text:
Talk:The Andrews Sisters

Page move
I moved this from Andrews Sisters to The Andrews Sisters, citing the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Beach Boys, etc. See the Manual of Style's page on the matter: Naming conventions (definite and indefinite articles at beginning of name). - Vague | Rant 10:10, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Names
Is she written Maxine or Maxene? --Ohno 2005-07-09 10:03:53 (UTC)

Date of birth of LaVerne
On Find-A-Grave's tumbstone you see her birth date as 1916, and WP gives it as 1911, why? Lincher 19:45, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Because, when LaVerne was going into the hospital just before she was diagnosed with cancer, Maxene overheard her stating her birth year as 1916. Maxene laughed to herself and said "Well, I knew that someday LaVerne and I would end up being the same age!" When LaVerne subsequently passed away, it was decided to honor LaVerne's version of her age. If you will notice, now that Maxene's name has joined LaVerne's on the plaque at Forest Lawn, it appears that both girls were born in 1916. Most of their career, it was said that the girls were each 2 years apart in age, and those were the days when "everyone" subtracted years from their ages. The truth is that LaVerne was born in 1911, a baby named Anglyn was born in 1913(?), but died before Maxene (then spelled Maxine) came along in 1916.

lwellsnyc —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lwellsnyc (talk • contribs) 03:25, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

60 or 90 million
The Andrews Sisters official web site says they sold 90 million records while the Wiki says 60. I won't change it but I think we could improve the accuracy of the article with a cite or two for the sales. Here are some figures from the site which, if a credible print source can be found, could be added to a trivia section.

·	Earned nine gold records ·	Recorded over 700 songs ·	First US all-female group to have a record go platinum ·	Sold over 90 million records ·	One of the first vocal groups inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame ·	Over 100 songs on top 30 Billboard charts ·	46 songs reach the top 10 on the Billboard charts

http://www.cmgworldwide.com/music/andrews/about/achievements.htm

Similarly should the List_of_best-selling_girl_groups page be revised? Wayne Stewart (talk) 02:31, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Filmography
Why are this group listed under the filmography of The Lion, Witch and the Wardrobe (and Memoirs of a Geisha)? Did they contribute a song to the film or did the only surviving member appear in the films? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rogerthat (talk • contribs) 05:50, 13 February 2007

 * In the case of Memoirs of a Geisha the soundtrack include the Andrews Sisters' recording of "Bei Mir Bist Du Schon (Means That You're Grand)" —Preceding unsigned comment added by JohnRogers (talk • contribs) 08:38, 13 February 2007

Book advertising?
I removed the following two paragraphs as they seem more advertising than content:

Some interest in the trio was renewed in 2000 with the publication of John Sforza's "Swing It! The Andrews Sisters Story" (University Press of Kentucky; Cloth, 1999; Paperback, 2004), the first biography of the immensely popular and iconic trio, including a detailed discography, filmography, and listing of their radio and television appearances between 1938-1967. Said People magazine, "The book is best read as a colorful and flattering portrait of a vital part of American popular culture in the World War II era. Engaging look at the ultimate sister act." The book is available in paperback form by order at bookstores, at Barnesandnoble.com & at Amazon.com.

The most complete biography of the trio is "The Andrews Sisters" (McFarland & Co., Inc.) by H. Arlo Nimmo; Cloth 2004; Paperback 2007 (scheduled). "Based on extensive research, unpublished letters, and interviews with family, friends, and colleagues, this book documents not only the lives and work of the Andrews Sisters but also the popular culture spanned by their long careers. The book contains a complete discography of their released, unreleased, and solo recordings, including recording dates, record numbers, and accompaniment.  Also included are a filmography and documentation of their radio and television appearances." (from book cover)

I someone sees a reason to have them in the article, put a brief pointer in a "References" section. --162.84.220.16 03:15, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Citations & References
See Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the  tags Nhl4hamilton (talk) 10:39, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Missing #1 hit? (mistery solved)
Question: After the recent passing of song-writer Artur Beul, Swiss media widely report that one of his songs stayed at the top of the US American charts for over six months in its English version sung by the Andrew Sisters: "When a Swiss Boy goes calling to a Swiss Miss in June" (original title in Swiss German dialect: "Nach em Räge schint d'Sunne"). This must have been somewhen in the second half of the 1940ies (the song became a hit in Switzerland during 1945). Interesting point: The English version was performed by the Andrew Sisters "for free", because Switzerland had no applicable copyright laws back then. Solution of the mistery: According to the web-site http://www.webfitz.com/lyrics, the song was released under the title "Toolie Oolie Doolie" and "The Yodel Polka", performed by the Andrew Sisters (together with Vic Schoen & His Orchestra). According to the same page, the song's lyrics were co-written by Arthur (note the incorrect "h") Beul and Vaughn Horton, the latter probably signing for the English translation. It peaked at #3 in 1948. Album unknown.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.21.71.152 (talk) 15:37, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Category:The Andrews Sisters songs
Hi. I have created a category to keep track of the songs made famous by this musical group. Some help populating the category would be helpful. Thanks, Brian the Editor (talk) 02:10, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Early life: Father's name and surname
revision summary:" →Early life: Added "(proper probable Greek form of name Petros Andreou)" cause "Peter Andreas" is already an anglicization;Greek for Peter is Petros and genitive of Andreas (->Andreou) is used when surnames are concerned" So as one can see I've added this after their father's name:"(proper probable Greek form of name Petros Andreou)". This btw would also have been their surname in Greek: Andreou. Feel free to change the text back to how it had been before, cause what I've added is only an educated guess in the absence of more correct records, but be warned: as I've mentioned already Peter Andreas is already an anglicization(this is not a guess) so the info-text would be or return to being even less factually correct... ;-) P.S.Another possible way would be to have the text as it was before and mention somewhere the fact that Peter Andreas is already an anglicization or something like that... Thanatos|talk 16:34, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

This article doesn't say anything about who their parents were or what their ethnicity was. I heard they were Greek-American. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.119.151.233 (talk) 08:04, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

Mudkip?
Have reverted to previous version of page to remove the many instances where names have been replaced with Mudkip. 86.128.39.118 (talk) 10:53, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Suggestion for improvement to box in top right of article
I have a suggestion for how to improve the box in the top right hand corner of this article, which refers to "past members" of the Andrews Sisters. Would it not help if - after naming each of the sisters  - the box listed the dates for each of these people? For example, it has been mentioned extensively in news reports on Radio Four that, at about the time I type this (January 2013), the last surviving member of the Andrews Sisters, Patty Andrews ([presumably, the one called "Patricia Andrews" in the box) has just died, aged 94. Her dates could go in the box. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 16:06, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

Her dates - she was born on February 16 1918, she died on January 30 2013. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 16:11, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

These were the dates of the other two Andrews Sisters: - LaVerne Andrews (born July 6, 1911; died May 8, 1967) Maxene Andrews (born January 3, 1916; died October 21, 1995).

ACEOREVIVED (talk) 16:18, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Actually I'm not sure why it even lists "past members" as the trio were the ONLY members and listing the trio is redundant. I'm just going to delete this part of the info box. Ckruschke (talk) 16:36, 31 January 2013 (UTC)Ckruschke

Great - I think you have done a great job now and the article is looking better now it does put in the dates for each sister. I think that you have a good point about why it was rather stupid for the box to list "past members" - also, to refer to "past memmbers" would confuse people and may have led some to believe that there were still some current members, which  - now Patty Andrews has died  - is not the case. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 20:37, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

Need to Add classic Christmas Song with Bing Crosby, "Mele Kalikimaka" released in 1950 (see separate entry)
Need to Add classic Christmas Song with Bing Crosby, "Mele Kalikimaka" released in 1950 (see separate entry). It may not have charted, but it is one of their most famous. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.244.174.112 (talk) 14:57, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Saying that this is "one of their most famous", would be highly debatable and a non-NPOV statement and definitely not something we can say in the article (in addition to the perception that "Santa Claus Is Coming To Town" and "Jingle Bells" are better known collaborations with Bing). However, if you want to put it in the list along with the long list of their other songs, feel free. Ckruschke (talk) 18:25, 1 February 2013 (UTC)Ckruschke

I am inclined to agree with the point that to say this was their most famous song would be highly debatable - personally, I would have thought that more well-known to many people was their version of "Don't Go Walking Under the Apple Tree with Any One Else But Me". ACEOREVIVED (talk) 13:41, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Chattanooga choo choo?
Hi! I'm a sort of railways historian in Italy, writing an article about the famous train/song. strolling here I can't find any quote about this song, certainly sang by the trio. And a brief search doesn't show me also "Beguin the beguine" etc. Sure there is a reason for such a stange thing. Bye! --Silvio Gallio (talk) 10:30, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Andrews Sisters


text:
Category:British food writers

 * Food writers from the United Kingdom or its predecessor states.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:British food writers


text:
FTLife

FTLife Insurance Company Limited (FTLife) is a Hong Kong insurance company that focuses on health insurance and life insurance products. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Chinese conglomerate NWS Holdings.

History
In 1994, NZI Life (Bermuda) Limited was acquired and renamed Top Glory Insurance Company (Bermuda) Limited (TGI). In the same year Pacific Century Group became the major shareholder of TGI.

In 1999, the company name was changed into Pacific Century Insurance. In July of the same year the Pacific Century Insurance Holdings Limited (PCIHL) was listed on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited. Pacific Century Insurance Company Limited (PCI) became the subsidiary operating life insurance and other insurance businesses.

In 2007, Pacific Century Regional Developments entered into an agreement with Fortis on the sale of Pacific Century Insurance. In August 2007, the company renamed as Fortis Insurance Company (Asia) Limited.

In July 2010, Fortis Insurance Company Asia Limited was renamed as Ageas Insurance Company (Asia) Limited to align with the new brand adopted by the parent company Ageas.

In May 2016, JD Group successfully acquired Ageas Insurance Company (Asia) Limited from Ageas Group. In September 2016, Ageas Insurance Company (Asia) Limited was renamed as FTLife Insurance Company Limited.

In November 2019, NWS Holdings Limited completed the acquisition of FTLife.

title: FTLife


text:
Talk:Gavin Menzies

Seems to be an attack on the book
I was under the impression that a Wiki entry should be about the subject. It seems that most of the information here DEBUNKS the book. It seems out of proportion with the amount of space devoted to describing the book. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.70.75.153 (talk) 20:58, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

 * A Wiki search for Gavin Menzies should produce an objective public record of the man, and the events of his life. The author(s) have not quite been successful, however, in masking their own contempt for the man described; the article is pidgeon-holed with several uncited subjective notes of opinion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Threebillygoats (talk • contribs) 10:21, 27 March 2018 (UTC)
 * What "uncited subjective notes of opinion" are you referring to? All of the criticisms of Menzies currently presented in this article are cited to reliable sources. --Katolophyromai (talk) 13:46, 27 March 2018 (UTC)

That's exactly it, this article is nothing more than criticism. From the beginning paragraph there is a clear agenda to discredit the man, and obvious underlying assumptions are supported with random critique of character and qualification. Even the man's service record (during a Cold War hushed in secret) is brought into question.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Threebillygoats (talk • contribs) 01:38, 28 March 2018 (UTC)
 * The article reflects what the reliable sources on Menzies say about him. Wikipedia is supposed to reflect the views of mainstream historical scholars. If virtually all modern historians say the man is not credible, then we report that. We are not manipulating sources or anything in a deliberate effort to discredit him or anything; we are just reporting what reputable historians say about him. Regarding his service record, the article is not doubting whether or not he actually served, but rather his claim that his time in the Navy has made him an expert on cartography and navigation, since his books plainly reveal a startling ignorance of both those subjects. --Katolophyromai (talk) 02:19, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

Now I see the first comment may have been a bit ambiguous, sorry. In no way does the article break from academic structure; in fact, one could argue that the content is over-sourced and entirely unoriginal, which is what I'm really trying to get at here.. The "uncited subjective notes of opinion" are subtle, underlying assumptions only partly masked by citation of "reliable sources." The article is fairly well structured and written, but the cited facts serve a certain context of the story, rather than the story itself. A decent book review I suppose, but inadequate as a short biography. Threebillygoats (talk) 04:41, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

It's really an attack on his books, which wouldn't be a problem if done correctly and not misusing Wikipedia's proceedings. You made an inversion: created an article supposedly about the person, but starts it commenting the controversies on the books, puts "gender: pseudohistory" above, and creates the topic "Biography" below. The correct (usual in Wikipedia) would be to start with a summary biography, where you might even cite the books and the polemics around them, and after create below the topic "Controversies" to detail and explore the criticisms against his works. Paolo E F Maurício (talk) 04:09, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

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Gavin Menzies or Debunking a Book
I'm not sure if this article is about author Gavin Menzies or it's a platform for people who hate on his books.

Shouldn't most of the comments be located on a page about the books, not a person's page?
 * The books do not have their own articles, nor should they, as this article is sufficient and Menzies is not famous for anything other than his books (which, incidentally, were almost entirely written by anonymous ghostwriters). In respect to your complaint that the article is overly critical of Menzies, this is because Wikipedia is supposed to reflect the views of mainstream scholarship and Menzies's writings have been universally rejected by respected scholars as fraudulent pseudohistory. We are obligated to accurately describe what he has claimed, but also explain why real historians agree that almost everything he says is fundamentally wrong. --Katolophyromai (talk) 04:04, 11 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Exactly. Wikipedia needs to reflect academic views. If they're almost all negative, that's too bad for Menzies and his fans. John Smith's (talk) 18:21, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * There used to be an article about the book 1421, which seems to have been deleted in favour of putting all discussion of it here. That is unfortunate in that the article contained a more detailed discussion of Menzie's claims and evidence and the criticism thereof.Bill (talk) 03:22, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 May 2018
Put the Category:Academic people related to Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories on this page because he is related to a Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theorie which shows a Chinese landfall in America before Christopher Columbus arrive in America in 1492. 191.180.142.106 (talk) 14:42, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * , category looks likely to be deleted soon. -- SarekOfVulcan (talk) 14:52, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Menzies is also not an academic either, so the category does not work. --Katolophyromai (talk) 15:13, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Why the Category:Academic people related to Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories will to be deleted soon? Because this category is an important category about Scholars related to Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories. - 2804:18:819:8D33:F1D3:B54C:AEA4:D991 (talk) 20:36, 22 May 2018 (UTC).

Semi-protection request (25 July 2019)
"Off topic" content copied, as suggested, from Requests for page protection:

———————————————————————————

Temporary semi-protection: The ip said everything was a personal attack and removed most of the sources. Jack90s15 (talk) 22:32, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

 * No, user Jack90s15 is lying. The whole article of Gavin Menzies is filled with personal attacks and non-neutral vitriol against Gavin Menzies. This is in direct violation of Wikipedia official policy on biographies of living persons. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1011:B004:1D90:7C9B:B7CC:547C:B8D8 (talk) 22:44, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

The IP is removing citations that show that his work as been debunked and is POV pushing Jack90s15 (talk) 22:48, 24 July 2019 (UTC) like this,

On 21 July 2004, the Public Broadcasting System (PBS) broadcast a two-hour-long documentary debunking all of Menzies's major claims, featuring professional Chinese historians. In 2004, historian Robert Finlay severely criticized Menzies in the Journal of World History for his "reckless manner of dealing with evidence" that led him to propose hypotheses "without a shred of proof". Finlay wrote:

National University of Singapore, acknowledges that there was a cross exchange of technological ideas between Europe and China, but ultimately classifies Menzies' book as historical fiction and asserts that there is "absolutely no Chinese evidence" for a maritime venture to Italy in 1434. Jack90s15 (talk) 22:51, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavin_Menzies&diff=907735350&oldid=907733521

 * User Jack90s15 is lying in an vain attempt to reinsert his character assassination of a living person violating Official Wikipedia policy on biographies of living persons. user Jack90s15 is also deleting source references such as:

1.) https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1386655/Explorer-from-China-who-beat-Columbus-to-America.html 2.) https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ancient-chinese-explorers/ 3.) https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2005/11/29/documentary-on-zheng-hes-adventures/ 4.) http://thephotosociety.org/products/zheng-he-tracing-the-epic-voyages-of-chinas-greatest-explorer/ 5.) https://www.boatus.com/magazine/2013/august/the-greatest-explorer-you-never-heard-of.asp 6.) https://www.ancient.eu/article/1334/the-seven-voyages-of-zheng-he/ 7.) https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8120894.ece — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1011:B004:1D90:7C9B:B7CC:547C:B8D8 (talk) 22:59, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

The ip is still pov pushing and Removing Content Jack90s15 (talk) 23:09, 24 July 2019 (UTC) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavin_Menzies&action=history

———————————————————————————

 * It's the usual fringe-pushing stuff, utterly ignoring the overwhelming view of professional historians that Menzies views are junk. That's hardly a BLP violation, that's supporting the WP:N core policy.  Zero attempts at discussion by the IP just the attempts at intimidation by spouting off some policies they've heard but don't understand.  And they've gotten FAR more recognition than they should.  WP:RBI.  Ravensfire  (talk) 02:04, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gavin Menzies


text:
Category:Food writers

 * This category is about food writers, which includes food critics, restaurant critics, food historians, cookbook authors etc.

title: Category:Food writers


text: Category:Insurance companies of Hong Kong


text:
Phra Ram 9 MRT station

Phra Ram 9 station (สถานีพระราม 9,, ) is a Bangkok MRT station named after Rama IX on the Chaloem Ratchamongkhon line, in Bangkok, Thailand. It serves Fortune Town and G-Land developments around the road junction of the same name, where Din Daeng, Asok-Din Daeng, Ratchadaphisek and Rama IX roads intersect.

The master plan map of the Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (M-Map) contains a planned station of the planned MRT Grey line with the same station name.

Nearby attractions

 * Central Rama 9
 * Fortune Town

title: Phra Ram 9 MRT station


text:
Hannes Keller

Hannes Keller (September 20, 1934 – December 1, 2022) was a Swiss physicist, mathematician, deep diving pioneer, and entrepreneur. In 1962, he reached a depth of 1000 ft in open ocean. In the 1970s through the 1980s, Keller made himself a name as an entrepreneur in the IT industry. Keller was also an amateur classical pianist who produced two CDs and occasionally performed for audiences of up to 2000 people.

Deep diving

Keller was born in Winterthur, Switzerland. He studied philosophy, mathematics, and theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. He became interested in deep diving and developed tables for mixed-gas decompression, supported by Albert A. Bühlmann who suggested suitable gases. Keller successfully tested his idea in Lake Zurich, where he reached a depth of 400 ft, and Lake Maggiore, where he reached a depth of 728 ft. On December 3, 1962, he set a new world record when he reached a depth of 1000 ft off the coast of Santa Catalina Island, California, together with Peter Small. This major achievement was overshadowed by the tragic end of the mission: Keller was lucky to survive while Peter Small and Chris Whittaker, a young UCLA student and supporting diver, lost their lives.

In the following years, navies and hospitals bought decompression chambers constructed by Keller.

Career after diving
In the 1970s, Keller sold his own line of computers and in the 1980s became a leading vendor of IBM PCs in Switzerland. He developed a series of software products (Witchpen, Ways for Windows, and Wizardmaker) which provided automatic spell checking, literal machine translation, and macro recording.

Keller used to run Visipix the largest fine art and photo museum online with 1.3 million exhibits, all with free copyrights for any use.

After 2005, Keller was a full-time artist.

In 2009, Keller joined the advisory board for the United States Historical Diving Society.

Keller died on 1 December 2022 in Niederglatt, Switzerland, at the age of 88.

title: Hannes Keller


text:
Huai Khwang district

Huai Khwang (ห้วยขวาง, ) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It is east of the city centre. Neighbouring districts are Chatuchak, Wang Thonglang, Bang Kapi, Suan Luang, Watthana, Ratchathewi, and Din Daeng.

History
Huai Khwang district was established in an area formerly part of Phaya Thai in 1973. Adjustments to the district were made in 1978, adjusting boundaries with neighboring districts Phaya Thai and Bang Kapi, and again in 1993, creating the new Din Daeng District.

The name "Huai Khwang" literally meaning 'barricaded creek' (huai means 'creek' and khwang means 'barricaded'). Because the terrain here in the past consisted of wetlands and creeks; waterways were the main means of transport.

Today, the district has attracted a new generation of Chinese, leading it to be called "New Chinatown", as distinct from Bangkok's traditional Chinatown, Yaowarat, in Samphanthawong district.

Administration
The district is divided into three sub-districts (khwaeng). The missing number 3 belongs to the sub-district which was split off to form Din Daeng district.

Places

 * Thailand Cultural Centre (ศูนย์วัฒนธรรมแห่งประเทศไทย), a venue consisting of two auditoriums and one outdoor stage, used for live performances throughout the year. It was built with a grant from Japan, and opened on 9 October 1987. It can be reached via MRT's Thailand Cultural Centre Station.
 * Ratchada Grand Theatre, the site of the Siam Niramit show.
 * Royal City Avenue (RCA), a nightlife area.
 * CentralPlaza Grand Rama IX
 * Ganesh Shrine, a shrine of Ganesha at the corner of Huai Khwang near the Huai Khwang MRT station, where many worship (it is just over the border in Din Daeng District).
 * Praram 9 Hospital, a leading private hospital

Transportation
The MRT passes along the west side of Huai Khwang, providing six stations: Phetchaburi, Phra Ram 9, Thailand Cultural Centre, Huai Khwang, Sutthisan and Ratchadaphisek.

The Huai Khwang MRT station is at the intersection of Ratchadaphisek Road with Prachasongkroa and Pracharat Bamphen Roads. From this station, several entertainment complexes are within walking distance, including some belonging to the famous Davis Group of massage parlours.

The main depot of the Metro is in Huai Khwang District, covering an area of 0.48 km2.

Economy
Nok Mini (formerly SGA Airlines) has its headquarters in the district.

Thai Sky Airlines formerly had its head office in Room 708 of the 7th floor of the Le Concorde Tower in Huai Khwang District.

Education

 * KIS International School, Thai-Japanese Association School and Modulo Language School are in Huai Khwang District.
 * Triamudomsuksapattanakarn Ratchada School

title: Huai Khwang district


text:
Inventive step and non-obviousness

The inventive step and non-obviousness reflect a general patentability requirement present in most patent laws, according to which an invention should be sufficiently inventive—i.e., non-obvious—in order to be patented. In other words, "[the] nonobviousness principle asks whether the invention is an adequate distance beyond or above the state of the art".

The expression "inventive step" is used in European Patent Convention and in Patent Cooperation Treaty, while the expression "non-obviousness" is predominantly used in United States patent law. The expression "inventiveness" is sometimes used as well. Although the basic principle is roughly the same, the assessment of the inventive step and non-obviousness varies from one country to another. For instance, the practice of the European Patent Office (EPO) differs from the practice in the United Kingdom.

Rationale
The purpose of the inventive step, or non-obviousness, requirement is to avoid granting patents for inventions which only follow from "normal product design and development", to achieve a proper balance between the incentive provided by the patent system, namely encouraging innovation, and its social cost, namely conferring temporary monopolies. In the US patent law, quid pro quo expression is used to justify the need for the non-obviousness requirement.

The non-obviousness bar is thus a measure of what society accepts as a valuable discovery. Additional reasons for the non-obviousness requirement are providing incentives for fundamental research rather than for "incremental improvements", and minimizing the "proliferation of economically insignificant patents that are expensive to search and to license".

Inducement theory
According to the inducement theory, "if an idea is so obvious that people in the field would develop it without much effort, then the incentives provided by the patent system may be unnecessary to generate the idea". Thus, there is a need "to develop some means of weeding out those inventions which would not be disclosed or devised but for the inducement of a patent." Merges and Duffy regret that "the inducement standard was not influential in the legal doctrine, and its absence from subsequent case law raises one of the great unanswered questions of patent law: How can courts continue to ignore a seemingly reasonable and theoretically solid approach to determining patentability?"

Controversies and alternatives
While trying to weed out the "easy" inventions, the non-obviousness requirement brings in several downsides to the overall patent system, particularly in the pharmaceutical field, which depends on patent protection most heavily. For example,

1. "The nonobviousness standard has the ironic effect of turning progress in the pharmaceutical sciences against itself because the standard withholds patent protection from drugs based on the scientific advances that allowed researchers to identify them as ones that are likely to be effective." Pharmaceutical companies "frequently abandon promising drug candidates on account of perceived weaknesses in their patent protection". "The problem of obvious—and thus unpatentable—drugs promises to grow worse over time because the nonobviousness requirement, almost by definition, turns progress in the pharmaceutical sciences against itself; that is, it denies patent protection to new drugs based on the very advances in science that led to their discovery." "The real problem is the nature of the nonobviousness requirement itself, which withholds patent protection from the drugs that appear most promising in early research and penalizes progress in the pharmaceutical sciences. Given these strange tendencies within the doctrine, it is not surprising that drug researchers frequently encounter the nonobviousness requirement as a barrier to patenting their discoveries." "The social costs of losing such drugs likely far outweigh any benefits to the public from faster access to inexpensive generics of the unpatentable drugs that actually reach the market." "Whenever the patent rules prevent the introduction of a new drug or therapy, or even just delay it, as may be happening with finasteride (for preventing prostate cancer), the injury to the public can be severe." "Current patent policy, which withholds patent protection from drugs because they lack novelty or are obvious, therefore poses a substantial threat to the public's well-being." "the patent standards suppress pharmaceutical innovation by limiting patents to innovative new ideas for drugs such that the system offers no incentive for the development of socially valuable drugs that were disclosed or made to look promising in earlier publications."

Also, it has been suggested that "since the FDA's clinical-trial requirements are the reason why firms rarely develop drugs without protection from generic competitors", the FDA should be able to administer the reward of exclusivity with the need for that protection, offering a convenient fix for the patent system's inadequacies in promoting drug development.

2. The fact that an inventor's own disclosures can be used as a prior art—not only for novelty but also for non-obviousness analysis—forces both for-profit and not-for-profit (since the Bayh–Dole Act in the US) business to delay (or to completely stop) dissemination of their research findings, complicates collaborations between different institutions, and gets in the way of the patents' constitutional purpose" to promote Progress of Science".

3. Very often the original patent on the invention, that has a very strong inventive step representing a major breakthrough invention, is filed more than 20 years before the commercialization of its technology commences, and the original inventors do not reap the fruits of their invention. Instead, people who came up later (closer to the start of the commercialization) with incremental improvements to the original technology, with such improvements have much weaker inventive step(s), get a better chance to monetize their invention(s). A famous example of such situation is Vanadium Redox-Flow Battery technology, invented and patented originally by Pelligri and Spaziante in 1978 (UK Patent 2030349, Oronzio de Nori Impianti Elettrochimici S.p.A., 1978) but not widely commercialized until ca 2017.

Although all countries with actively functional patent systems currently have a requirement for inventive step, the need for such a doctrine has been questioned. For example, "substantial novelty" has been proposed as an alternative approach. Also, many countries have, in addition to patents, utility models, which have a lower (or none) requirement for non-obviousness in return for a shorter monopoly term duration. The availability of utility model protection minimizes for inventors, developers and manufacturers the risk associated with the uncertainty of non-obviousness analysis (litigation) outcome (see below).

In the US, there is no gradation stronger inventive step - longer patent duration, and all-or-nothing approach is used. Under such a system, drawing the line between inventive(all) and obvious (nothing) is ambiguous, as numerous lawsuits with changing outcomes on appeal illustrate (e.g. Sanofi-Aventis GmbH v. Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, 748 F. 3d 1354 (Fed. Circuit 2014) ). Also, unique to the United States is the possibility to introduce as the evidence of non/obviousness facts, discovered after filing the patent application in question. (e.g. Knoll Pharm. Co. v Teva Pharm. USA, Inc. 367 F.3d 1381, 1385(Fed. Circ.2004) and Genetics Inst., LLC v. Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Inc. 655 F.3d 1291, 1307 (Fed.Circ.2011), In re Khelgatian 53 CCPA 1441, 364 F.2d 870, 876 (1966)).

Although the need for low bar of inventiveness has been well acknowledged, the proposed means of actually measuring such a bar have all been rather unsuccessful despite 200 years of case law history. "A standard that is clear and easy to apply consistently will mark where the non-obviousness bar exactly rests, providing society as a whole, and lawmakers in particular, with a benchmark to gauge the patent system's efficacy. Moreover, such a standard will allow the lower courts to determine non-obviousness correctly and consistently, at least hypothetically reducing uncertainty, inducing uniformity, and lowering reversal odds." Mr. Cecil D. Quillen Jr., Senior Advisor to Putnam, Hayes and Bartlett, Inc., and former General Counsel to the Eastman-Kodak Company, concurs: "The PTO should apply the same standard followed in the courts so that patentees receive a patent that is worthy of respect rather than merely an invitation to the roulette wheel of litigation." The US Supreme Court, however, has criticised the patent agency for failing to follow the same standards as the courts: "[I]t must be remembered that the primary responsibility for sifting out unpatentable material lies in the Patent Office. To await litigation is, for all practical purposes, to debilitate the patent system. We have observed a notorious difference between the standards applied by the Patent Office and by the courts. While many reasons can be adduced to explain the discrepancy, one may well be the free rein often exercised by Examiners in their use of the concept of 'invention'."

Canada
The requirement for non-obviousness is codified under section 28.3 of the Patent Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. P-4).

":28.3 The subject-matter defined by a claim in an application for a patent in Canada must be subject-matter that would not have been obvious on the claim date to a person skilled in the art or science to which it pertains, having regard to
 * (a) information disclosed more than one year before the filing date by the applicant, or by a person who obtained knowledge, directly or indirectly, from the applicant in such a manner that the information became available to the public in Canada or elsewhere; and
 * (b) information disclosed before the claim date by a person not mentioned in paragraph (a) in such a manner that the information became available to the public in Canada or elsewhere."

The Supreme Court of Canada affirmed the test for non-obviousness laid out in Windsurfing International Inc. v. Tabur Marine (Great Britain) Ltd. in Apotex Inc. v. Sanofi‑Synthelabo Canada Inc.:

 * 1) Identify the notional "person skilled in the art" and identify the relevant common general knowledge of that person;
 * 2) Identify the inventive concept of the claim in question or if that cannot readily be done, construe it;
 * 3) Identify what, if any, differences exist between the matter cited as forming part of the "state of the art" and the inventive concept of the claim or the claim as construed;
 * 4) Viewed without any knowledge of the alleged invention as claimed, do those differences constitute steps which would have been obvious to the person skilled in the art or do they require any degree of invention?

Canadian courts also recognize the equivalents of the US objective indicia, i.e. Factors That Support Patentability of an Invention :
 * 1) Long felt but unsatisfied need for the invention while the needed implementing arts and elements had long been available;
 * 2) Appreciation that a problem existed and what the problem was were previously unseen by those skilled in the art;
 * 3) Substantial attempts by those skilled in the art to fill the need of (1) or the cope with difficulties arising from the failure to understand the problem of (2);
 * 4) Commercial success of the invention causally related to the invention itself rather than to factors such as advertising or attractive packaging;
 * 5) Replacement in the industry of the prior art devices by the patented invention;
 * 6) Prompt copying of the patentee's invention by competitors;
 * 7) Acquiescence by the industry to the patent's validity by honouring the patent through taking licenses or not infringing the patent, or both:
 * 8) The existence of prior art or knowledge teaching away from the technical direction taken by the patentee;
 * 9) Unexpectedness of the results of the invention to those skilled in the art; and
 * 10) Disbelief and incredulity on the part of those skilled in the art that the patentee's approach worked.

European Patent Convention (EPC)
Pursuant to Article 52(1) in conjunction with Article 56, first sentence, EPC, European patents shall be granted for inventions which, among other things, involve an inventive step, that is, the invention, having regard to the state of the art, must not be obvious to a person skilled in the art.

The Examining Divisions, the Opposition Divisions, and the Boards of Appeal of the EPO almost always apply the "problem-solution approach" in order to assess and decide whether an invention involves an inventive step. The approach consists in:

 * 1) identifying the closest prior art, the most relevant prior art, or at least a realistic starting point;
 * 2) determining the objective technical problem, that is, determining, in the view of the closest prior art, the technical problem which the claimed invention addresses and successfully solves; and
 * 3) examining whether or not the claimed solution to the objective technical problem is obvious for the skilled person in view of the state of the art in general.

This last step is conducted according to the "could-would approach". Pursuant to this approach, the question to address in order to assess whether the invention involves an inventive step is the following (the question is the climax of the problem-solution approach):

 * Is there any teaching in the prior art, as a whole, that would, not simply could, have prompted the skilled person, faced with the objective technical problem formulated when considering the technical features not disclosed by the closest prior art, to modify or adapt said closest prior art while taking account of that teaching [the teaching of the prior art, not just the teaching of the closest prior art], thereby arriving at something falling within the terms of the claims, and thus achieving what the invention achieves?

If the skilled person would have been prompted to modify the closest prior art in such a way as to arrive at something falling within the terms of the claims, then the invention does not involve an inventive step.

The point is not whether the skilled person could have arrived at the invention by adapting or modifying the closest prior art, but whether he would have done so because the prior art would have incited him to do so in the hope of solving the objective technical problem or in expectation of some improvement or advantage. This must have been the case for the skilled person before the filing or priority date valid for the claim under examination.

United Kingdom
The fundamental test for assessing whether there is an inventive step remains the statutory test: Actavis v Novartis [2010] EWCA Civ 82 at [17]. That test is as follows: an invention shall be taken to involve an inventive step if it is 'not obvious' to 'a person skilled in the art', having regard to any matter which forms part of the 'state of the art' by virtue of section 2(2): s 3 Patents Act 1977.

Courts of the United Kingdom have adopted a general framework to assist in approaching (not answering) the fundamental statutory test. It is known as the Windsurfing or Pozzoli test.

In Windsurfing International Inc. v Tabur Marine (GB) Ltd. [1985] RPC 59 the Court of Appeal suggested the following framework:

 * 1) Identify the inventive concept embodied in the patent;
 * 2) Impute to a normally skilled but unimaginative addressee what was common general knowledge in the art at the priority date;
 * 3) Identify the differences (if any) between the matter cited and the alleged invention; and
 * 4) Decide whether those differences (viewed without any knowledge of the alleged invention) constituted steps which would have been 'obvious' to the skilled man, or whether they required any degree of invention.

This test has been slightly reworked in the more recent Court of Appeal case Pozzoli Spa v BDMO SA & Anor [2007] EWCA Civ 588 (22 June 2007):

 * 1) (a) Identify the notional "person skilled in the art", (b) Identify the relevant common general knowledge of that person;
 * 2) Identify the inventive concept of the claim in question or if that cannot readily be done, construe it;
 * 3) Identify what, if any, differences exist between the matter cited as forming part of the "state of the art" and the inventive concept of the claim or the claim as construed;
 * 4) Viewed without any knowledge of the alleged invention as claimed, do those differences constitute steps which would have been obvious to the person skilled in the art or do they require any degree of invention?

In Schlumberger Holdings Ltd versus Electromagnetic Geoservices AS [2010] EWCA Civ 819 (28 July 2010), the Court of Appeal clarified that the fictional skilled addressee (which may be a skilled team) used for determining inventive step can vary from the one used for determining claim construction or sufficiency.

United States
"Non-obviousness" is the term used in US patent law to describe one of the requirements that an invention must meet to qualify for patentability, codified in 35 U.S.C. §103 in 1952. One of the main requirements of patentability in the U.S. is that the invention being patented is not obvious, meaning that a "person having ordinary skill in the art" (PHOSITA) would not know how to solve the problem at which the invention is directed by using exactly the same mechanism. Since the PHOSITA standard turned to be too ambiguous in practice, the U.S. Supreme Court provided later two more useful approaches, which currently control the practical analysis of non-obviousness by patent examiners and courts: Graham et al. v. John Deere Co. of Kansas City et al., 383 U.S. 1 (1966) gives guidelines of what is "non-obvious", and KSR v. Teleflex (2006) gives guidelines of what is "obvious".

title: Inventive step and non-obviousness


text:
Ministry of Defence (Singapore)

The Ministry of Defence (MINDEF; Kementerian Pertahanan; 新加坡國防部; தற்காப்பு அமைச்சு) is a ministry under the Government of Singapore responsible for overseeing the national defence of Singapore.

History
MINDEF, together with the Ministry of Home Affairs, was created on 11 August 1970 by splitting up the then Ministry of Interior and Defence.

Responsibilities
MINDEF's mission is to "enhance Singapore's peace and security through deterrence and diplomacy, and should these fail, to secure a swift and decisive victory over the aggressor."

It has a policy of Total Defence which consists of Military Defence, Civil Defence, Economic Defence, Social Defence, Psychological Defence and Digital Defence involving the people, public and private sectors of the country.

Organisational structure
MINDEF has one statutory board, the Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA).

The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), which consists of the Singapore Army, the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN), the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF), and the Digital and Intelligence Service (DIS), is a military component of MINDEF.

The Security and Intelligence Division (SID), the foreign intelligence service of Singapore, is autonomous within the ministry.

Ministers
The Ministry is headed by the Minister for Defence, who is appointed as part of the Cabinet of Singapore. The incumbent minister is Bishan-Toa Payoh GRC MP Ng Eng Hen from the People's Action Party.

title: Ministry of Defence (Singapore)


text:
Amy Carter

Amy Lynn Carter (born October 19, 1967) is the daughter of the 39th U.S. president Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalynn Carter. Carter entered the public spotlight as a child when she lived in the White House during the Carter presidency.

Early life and education
Amy Carter was born on October 19, 1967, in Plains, Georgia. She was raised in Plains until her father was elected governor and her family moved into the Georgia Governor's Mansion in Atlanta. In 1970, her father was elected governor of Georgia, and then in 1976, when she was nine, her father was elected President of the United States, and the family moved to the White House.

Carter attended public schools in Washington during her four years in the White House; first Stevens Elementary School and then Rose Hardy Middle School.

After her father's presidency, Carter moved to Atlanta and spent her senior year of high school at Woodward Academy in College Park, Georgia. She was a Senate page during the 1982 summer session. Carter attended Brown University but was academically dismissed in 1987, "for failing to keep up with her coursework". She later earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Memphis College of Art and a master's degree in art history from Tulane University in New Orleans in 1996.

Life in the White House
In January 1977, at the age of nine, Carter entered the White House, where she lived for four years. She was the subject of much media attention during this period, as young children had not lived in the White House since the early 1960s presidency of John F. Kennedy (and would not again do so after the Carter presidency until the inauguration of Bill Clinton, in January 1993, when Chelsea moved in.)

While Carter was in the White House, she had a Siamese cat named Misty Malarky Ying Yang, which was the last cat to occupy the White House until Socks, owned by Bill Clinton. Carter also accepted an elephant from Sri Lanka; the animal was given to the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.

Carter roller-skated through the White House's East Room and had a treehouse on the South Lawn. When she invited friends over for slumber parties in her tree house, Secret Service agents monitored the event from the ground.

Mary Prince (an African American woman convicted of murder, and later exonerated and pardoned) acted as her nanny for most of the period from 1971 until Jimmy Carter's presidency ended, having begun in that position through a prison release program in Georgia.

Carter did not receive the "hands off" treatment that most of the media later afforded to Chelsea Clinton. President Carter mentioned his daughter during a 1980 debate with Ronald Reagan, when he said he had asked her what the most important issue in that election was and she said, "the control of nuclear arms".

Once, when asked by a reporter whether she had any message for the children of America, she looked at the reporter square in the eyes, thought for a few moments, and said, "No."

On February 21, 1977, during a White House state dinner for Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, nine-year-old Amy was seen reading two books, Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator and The Story of the Gettysburg Address, while the formal toasts by her father and Trudeau were exchanged.

Activism
Amy Carter later became known for her political activism. She participated in sit-ins and protests during the 1980s and early 1990s that were aimed at changing U.S. foreign policy towards South African apartheid and Central America. Along with activist Abbie Hoffman and 13 others, she was arrested during a 1986 demonstration at the University of Massachusetts Amherst for protesting CIA recruitment there. She was acquitted of all charges in a well-publicized trial in Northampton, Massachusetts. Attorney Leonard Weinglass, who defended Abbie Hoffman in the Chicago Seven trial in the 1960s, utilized the necessity defense, successfully arguing that because the CIA was involved in criminal activity in Central America and other hotspots, preventing it from recruiting on campus was equivalent to trespassing in a burning building.

Personal life
Amy Carter illustrated The Little Baby Snoogle-Fleejer, her father's book for children, published in 1995.

In September 1996, Carter married computer consultant James Gregory Wentzel, whom she met while attending Tulane. Wentzel was a manager at Chapter Eleven, an Atlanta bookstore, where Carter worked part time. They have a son, Hugo James Wentzel. In 2005, the couple divorced. In 2007, Carter married John Joseph "Jay" Kelly. They have a son, Errol Carter Kelly.

Since the late 1990s, Carter has maintained a low profile, neither participating in public protests nor granting interviews (she gave an interview on Late Night with David Letterman in 1982). She is a member of the board of counselors of the Carter Center, which advocates for human rights and diplomacy; it was established by her father.

In popular culture
Little House on the Prairie actress Alison Arngrim impersonated Carter on the 1978 Laff Records comedy album Heeere's Amy.

title: Amy Carter


text:
Talk:Jenin massacre

On April 16, 2005, this article was the subject of a VfD debate. The result of the debate was to redirect. See Votes for deletion/Jenin massacre for discussion. Mackensen (talk) 05:13, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jenin massacre


text:
Talk:Ephraim Kishon

Untitled
Author and satirist Ephraim Kishon passed away late Saturday night at the age of 80 (30.jan.2005) 80.98.130.228 10:23, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You are #1
The number one all-time director! If he wasn't an Israeli and would of been in Hollywood he would be greater han Speilberg. Usually I don't watch old movies but he is just a genious! In every movie he made that I watched I cried, laughed, freaked out and felt every emotion possible. Tribute to Ephraim Kishon! --Aviv Maliniak 17:32, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 3 one external links on Ephraim Kishon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071217143811/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/_MultimediaServer/Documents/12516738.pdf to http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/_MultimediaServer/Documents/12516738.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091019124022/http://cms.education.gov.il:80/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsab/EfraimKishon/KorotHaimEpraimKison.htm to http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsab/EfraimKishon/KorotHaimEpraimKison.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091019124027/http://cms.education.gov.il:80/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsab/EfraimKishon/NimukeyHashoftim.htm to http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsab/EfraimKishon/NimukeyHashoftim.htm

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"rather right wing"
"he still felt he was getting negative treatment from the Israeli media due to the fact he was rather right wing in his political views"

So Kishon thought of himself as "rather right wing"? Or is it the WP writer who believes this?

Is "rather right wing" like saying "rather Trotzkyist", or "rather Trumpist"? Or don't we care and just use a lazy cop-out phrase? 2A02:AA1:1149:651A:D518:ECC0:7E6B:AC8A (talk) 19:38, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ephraim Kishon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stevenson Ranch, California

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Deathphoenix 02:34, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Stevenson Ranch, California
This just seems to be a neighborhood and there is no mention of notability. Delete. — Brim 10:25, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep and cleanup. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-13 10:55 Z
 * Keep and cleanup. --SPUI (talk) 11:01, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it, cleanup tone. Wyss 11:05, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Move - can it find a nice home in some geo' based article? Brookie 11:44, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep real places. Kappa 13:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all real places. RickK 22:19, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Real exurb near LA. Capitalistroadster 10:47, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's real, it should stay. Carrp | Talk 17:38, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and delete crackhead vfd poseurs. —RaD Man (talk) 02:13, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Premier

Welcome!
Hi Premier, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 10:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

124.184.224.64
I've re-established your existing one week block and given you an extra week for block evasion. Sarah Ewart (Talk) 04:03, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Lalor.jpg
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Sockpuppetry case
You have been accused of sockpuppetry. Please refer to Suspected sock puppets/Premier for evidence. Please make sure you make yourself familiar with notes for the suspect before editing the evidence page. → bsnowball 12:07, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Walter-roth.jpg
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Sockpuppetry case
You have been accused of sockpuppetry. Please refer to Suspected sock puppets/Premier 2nd for evidence. Please make sure you make yourself familiar with notes for the suspect before editing the evidence page. ⇒ bsnowball  18:10, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Amicus.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Amicus.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image is unlicensed for use on Wikipedia and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

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Blocked
Your incessant flaming of Talk:Indigenous Australians (e.g. most recently ) has become tiresome. You have been blocked from editing. Hesperian 11:09, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Advance-australia-fair.jpg
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title: User talk:Premier


text:
User talk:TrueGnu

Welcome!
Hi TrueGnu, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 10:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:Alan Riddell Retraction.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded, Image:Alan Riddell Retraction.JPG, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Superm401 - Talk 04:47, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:TrueGnu


text:
User talk:Lovro

Welcome!
Hi Lovro, 150.202.8.1 21:57, 24 January 2006 (UTC) Did you get a response to the name of the panels in the Debian screenshot. I have been looking all over for the System Monitor software. It doesn't look like Gkrellm. batteryman@dslextreme.com Thanks ......

Hi Lovro, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 10:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lovro


text:
User talk:Maxhoo

Welcome!
Hi Maxhoo, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 10:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maxhoo


text:
User:Foamgod

What's so interesting about me?

title: User:Foamgod


text:
Gretta Chambers

Gretta Chambers (née Taylor; January 15, 1927 – September 9, 2017) was a Canadian journalist and former Chancellor of McGill University.

Life and career
Chambers grew up in Outremont and attended Miss Edgar's and Miss Cramp's School and Netherwood School. She received a BA in political science from McGill University in 1947. She worked in radio and television and wrote for several newspapers and magazines. From 1966 until 1980, she was the host of the weekly CBC radio show called The Province in Print. From 1977 to 2002, she had a weekly column in the Montreal Gazette.

Since its inception in 1991, until her death in 2017, she was involved with the Montreal Consortium for Human Rights Advocacy Training (MCHRAT) at McGill University. When a MCHRAT project, the McGill Middle East Program (MMEP), took off in 1997, Chambers became a co-chair of its executive and management committees.

She was chancellor of McGill University from 1991 to 1999, the first woman to serve in this position. In 2003, Martin Cauchon, Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, appointed her to the Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission, effective until August 31, 2007.

Her brother is McGill University philosopher Charles Taylor. Her husband was Egan Chambers, former Canadian member of parliament.

Honours and awards
In 1993, she was named an Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 1994, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada, and she was promoted to Companion in 2000.

title: Gretta Chambers


text:
Beah Richards

Beulah Elizabeth Richardson (July 12, 1920 – September 14, 2000), known professionally as Beah Richards and Bea Richards, was an American actress of stage, screen, and television. She was also a poet, playwright, author and activist.

Richards was nominated for an Oscar and a Golden Globe for her supporting role in the film Guess Who's Coming to Dinner in 1968, as well as winning two Primetime Emmy Awards for her guest roles in the television series Frank's Place in 1988 and The Practice in 2000. She also received a Tony Award nomination for her performance in the 1965 production of The Amen Corner.

Early life and education
Beulah Elizabeth Richardson was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi; her mother was a seamstress, and her father was a Baptist minister. In 1948, she graduated from Dillard University in New Orleans, and two years later, she moved to New York City.

She was taught dance by Ismay Andrews.

Career
Her career began in 1955 when she portrayed an 84-year-old-grandmother in the off-Broadway show Take a Giant Step. She often played the role of a mother or grandmother, and continued acting her entire life. She appeared in the original Broadway productions of Purlie Victorious, The Miracle Worker, and A Raisin in the Sun.

As a writer, she wrote the verse performance piece A Black Woman Speaks, a collection of 14 poems, in which she points out that white women played an important role in oppressing women of color. The play's first performance was in 1950 for the organization Women for Peace, a white women's organization in Chicago. Her first play was written in 1951 titled One Is a Crowd about a black singer who seeks revenge on a white man who destroyed her family. It was not produced until decades later.

From the 1930s to the late 1950s, Richards was a member and organizer with the Communist Party USA in Los Angeles after befriending artist Paul Robeson. She is among the Black women who "actively participated in movements affiliated with the CPUSA" between 1917's Bolshevik Revolution and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev's 1956 revelations. She was later a sponsor of the National United Committee to Free Angela Davis.

Richards was known professionally as Beah Richards, and is also referred to in several sources as Bea Richards.

Notable movie appearances include The Amen Corner (1965), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), Hurry Sundown, The Great White Hope, Beloved and In the Heat of the Night. She appeared in Roots: The Next Generations as Cynthia Murray Palmer, the grandmother of Alex Haley.

She made numerous guest television appearances, including roles on Beauty and the Beast, The Bill Cosby Show, 227 (TV series), Sanford and Son, Benson, Designing Women, The Facts of Life, The Practice, Murder, She Wrote, The Big Valley and ER (as Dr. Peter Benton's mother.)

Recognition and awards
Richards was nominated for a Tony Award for her 1965 performance in James Baldwin's The Amen Corner.

She received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Mrs. Mary Prentice, Sidney Poitier's mother in the 1967 film Guess Who's Coming to Dinner.

She was the winner of two Emmy Awards, one in 1988 for her appearance on the series Frank's Place and another in 2000 for her appearance on The Practice.

Death and legacy
Richards died from emphysema in her hometown of Vicksburg, Mississippi at the age of 80, less than a month after winning an Emmy award.

In the last year of her life, Richards was the subject of a documentary created by actress Lisa Gay Hamilton. The documentary Beah: A Black Woman Speaks was created from over 70 hours of their conversations. The film won the Grand Jury Prize at the AFI Film Festival.

title: Beah Richards


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Talk:Elections in Denmark

Untitled
I'm not clear about this: "135 of them are elected by proportional representation in 17 constituencies". Later it says that 40 are elected by proportional representation. This is a bit confusing.

How can you be elected to one position by proportional representation? Wouldn't this be more of a first past the post system? Also, how do "personal" votes and "party" votes play into this? Thanks,

Peregrine981 10:33, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Who can vote
Could someone add a section about Dannish voting rights? There are rumors that voting right granded only for citizens destributed to the goverment budget, is it true? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.116.210.207 (talk) 20:52, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Election dates
The precise election dates of all parliamentary elections can be seen here on the official Folketing website. It is in Danish, so here is a translation of the names of the days: Manday = Monday, Tirsdag = Tuesday, Onsdag = Wednesday, Torsdag = Thursday, Fredag = Friday, Lørdag = Saturday, Søndag = Sunday. Valentinian (talk) 22:55, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Merge Election stats
I propose we merge Danish Folketing election, 1895 into this article. The figures on their own do not make an article and this article is clearly a stub. I propose this merger take place if there is no objection within the next 14 days. Alan.ca 22:52, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think that is good idea. Both articles are just stubs, but I don't see any problem with having stub articles. Also, I'm not sure if you've noticed, but there are whole bunch of stub articles on Danish elections, so merging just the 1895 one seems a bit odd, and there are too many to merge them all. Hemmingsen 17:30, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Nyalliance.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:27, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Election funding?
How are elections and campaigns funded in Denmark? Since it's supposed to be a government with low levels of corruption, this would be useful to know, to better understand how effective governments deal with flows of money. Evan R. Murphy (talk) 06:42, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Why is the state flag being used instead of the national flag File:Flag of Denmark.svg? Lochglasgowstrathyre (talk) 11:50, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elections in Denmark


text:
Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents

The Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents, also colloquially referred to as a Home Return Permit or Home Visit Permit,  is a travel document to Mainland China issued to permanent residents of or Chinese nationals who settled in Hong Kong and Macau. The permit is issued by the Exit and Entry Administration of the People's Republic of China through China Travel Service sub-branches in Hong Kong and Macau and allows holders to travel freely to mainland China.

The name "Home Return Permit" was chosen because it was used by Chinese émigrés in Hong Kong and Macau for visits to their families in mainland China. Most holders of this permit are people with permanent residence status in Hong Kong and/or Macau, and the permit served as a de facto identification card for Hong Kong and Macau residents in mainland China until the Residence Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents was introduced in September 2018.

Eligibility
The Home Return Permit, under the guideline of the China Travel Service which serves as the authorized agent as the receiver of application in Hong Kong and Macau, is issued to:

 * Permanent residents of Hong Kong or Macau possessing Chinese Nationality by birth or naturalization in one of these regions;
 * Mainland residents who have been approved by mainland authorities to immigrate to Hong Kong or Macau and have already established residency in one of these regions (also known as one-way permit holders);
 * Permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau born in a country or region other than Hong Kong or Macau and possess Chinese nationality by birth, descent or naturalization.

The permit is only issued by the Exit and Entry Administration of the Ministry of Public Security, and all applications must be made in either Hong Kong, Macau or mainland China. Hong Kong and Macau permanent residents can be issued Chinese Travel Documents when abroad, albeit with a shorter validity period.

Prior to July 2024, the permit was only issued to permanent residents of Hong Kong or Macau who are also Chinese nationals. Starting from 10 July, foreign nationals who are permanent residents of Hong Kong or Macau are also eligible to apply for a permit that allows for 90 day access for a 5-year period.

History

Before the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macau, "home-return permits" were issued to any ethnic Chinese person in those territories.

Prior to 1999, those permits were named Home-visiting Certificate for Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macau and was a passport-like booklet. These booklets were considered inconvenient, because they were relatively cumbersome to carry around. Furthermore, the booklets were also found to be inefficient because they could only be used at staffed border crossing checkpoints where an entry stamp would be placed by an immigration official. Frequent border crossing residents, such as lorry drivers, were required to replace the booklet every few months due to the lack of pages for entry and exit stamps. The booklets were eventually phased out.

In 1999, the permit was changed into its current credit-card-like form and the official name has also changed to its current name, following the handover of sovereignty of both territories. A new version came to circulation in 2013 with enhanced security features and an embedded biometric chip.

Appearance
The current and older permits are credit card-sized which makes it more efficient to carry in one's wallet. The older permit is also machine readable, which facilitates entry into mainland China at any staffed immigration checkpoint or through self-service immigration gates (currently available at Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Macau-Zhuhai crossings, Beijing West Railway Station, and international airports throughout mainland China). These gates scan the permits with an optical reader and use the software to verify one's biometric information, such as thumb prints and facial scans, with the database. After the inspection is completed, the person is released.

Starting from 2 January 2013, the current version of the permit came to circulation with a new design. A biometric chip, like the one used on biometric passports, was added to the permit. The numbering scheme of the permit has been revamped: the previous 11-digit permit number has been separated to a 9-digit permit number and a 2-digit issuing sequence number. The permits now also have an English description which reads "This card is intended for its holder to travel to the mainland of China", and it was added because holders of the older version may have difficulties to board flights outside the Greater China Region as no English description was given on the older permit. The Simplified Chinese name of holder on his or her Hong Kong or Macau Identity Card appears on the front of the permit, whereas the original Traditional Chinese name of holder appears on the back of the permit. The issuing authority of this permit have been changed from Public Security Bureau of Guangdong to the Bureau of Exit and Entry Administration of the Ministry of Public Security.

Permits issued to foreign permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau have card numbers starting with HA and MA respectively, and are visually different from the ones issued to Chinese nationals. They are partially labeled in both simplified Chinese and English, and includes a note that indicates the maximum duration of stay (90 days) allowed for foreign nationals on the reverse.

Validity
Most permits for adults are valid for 10 years; minors under 18 years old are issued permits valid for five years. Temporary permits are given for certain reasons, such as when a person's permit has expired and the replacement has not arrived. There have been instances of limited single and double entry home visit permits issued due to political reasons. For permits issued to foreign nationals, they are valid for 5 years.

Requirements when staying in Mainland China
Holders of the Home Return Permit are able to freely enter Mainland China for all purposes within the validity of their travel document, regardless whether the point of origin is Hong Kong, Macau, or overseas. However, they must register with the local Public Security Bureau within 24 hours — or within 72 hours in the countryside — if they are staying overnight in a friend or relative's home.

Those residing in the Mainland for more than six months may apply for the Residence Permit for Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Residents.

Applying for a Home Return Permit
The China Travel Service (CTS) is the sole authorized agency by the Public Security Bureau (PSB) to provide services to help accept applications in Hong Kong and Macau. However, the PSB of Guangdong processes all applications and issues the permit on behalf of the Ministry of Public Security.

Holders who have lost their Home Return Permit in Mainland can apply for a temporary replacement at the CTS branch in Huanggang. They will, however, need to apply for a new Home Return Permit on return to Hong Kong or Macau with the CTS.

Hong Kong and Macau Chinese Nationals in foreign countries, who do not already have a Home Return Permit, can apply to their local Chinese foreign mission for a passport-like Chinese Travel Document to visit mainland China.

Nationality of holders
A home return permit issued to a Chinese national constitutes proof of Chinese nationality in Mainland China. Its status in Hong Kong law is less clear, due to the principle of one country, two systems and the designation of the Hong Kong Immigration Department as the competent authority to determine matters under the Chinese Nationality Law relating to Hong Kong permanent residents. As Vice-president of the Court of Appeal Wally Yeung wrote:

 * Mr. Pun has also emphasized that the fact that Yiu Hon holds a Home Visit Permit shows that the Chinese Government recognizes Yiu Hon has the status as a Chinese national. I do not understand the principle on which the Chinese Government issued Yiu Hon a Home Visit Permit. However, under the principle of one country, two systems, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will not be subject to the decision of the Chinese Government on the above question. The Court shall decide whether or not Yiu Hon is still a 'Chinese national' in accordance with the Chinese Nationality Law and related provisions. The fact that Yiu Hon holds a Home Visit Permit has no direct bearing or significance on the matter in question.

Furthermore, not all Chinese nationals in Hong Kong or Macau have a Home Return Permit. Unlike the compulsory Hong Kong Identity Card or Macau Resident Identity Card, application for a Home Return Permit is voluntary. Those who do not apply for the Permit are still eligible for an HKSAR passport issued by the Immigration Department of Hong Kong, or an MSAR passport by the Identification Services Bureau of Macau. The SAR passports are only issued to Chinese nationals with the right of abode in Hong Kong or Macau. The HKSAR passport or MSAR passport allows the holder to travel to other countries and regions, but it may not be used for travelling to Macau/Hong Kong(except transit). The HKSAR passport or MSAR passport is also used as a travel document for travel to Taiwan in conjunction with the Exit and Entry Permit issued by the government of Republic of China. Chinese nationals holding an HKSAR passport cannot use it to enter mainland China, and the HKSAR Government has stated that "in line with the one country principle, it was considered inappropriate to adopt HKSAR passport as a travel document to enter the Mainland."

Likewise, the Home Return Permit cannot be used to enter Hong Kong or Macau, and residents are required to use their Hong Kong Identity Card or a Macau Resident Identity Card.

Home Return Permits issued to foreign nationals state their nationality.

Issues faced by British passport holders
Many, but not all, residents of Hong Kong are dual Chinese nationals and British Nationals (Overseas) (BN(O)s). The PRC Government does not recognise BN(O) passports issued to Hong Kong residents of Chinese descent. They cannot use their BN(O) passports to enter mainland China before or after the handover.

If a person in Hong Kong is a British citizen but not a Chinese national, they can only enter the mainland with a British passport affixed with a Chinese visa, although they may be eligible for brief group tourist trips to the Pearl River Delta and Hainan Province, or visits to mainland cities while in transit to and from other countries or regions (including Hong Kong).

Issues faced by other foreign passport holders
Besides BN(O) status, British citizenship and Chinese nationality, many residents of Hong Kong have obtained citizenship in countries such as Australia, Canada, or the United States. Officially speaking, if they have not made a "declaration of change of nationality" at the Immigration Department of Hong Kong, they are regarded by the Chinese authorities as Chinese nationals. In this case, they can use their Home Return Permits to enter mainland China instead of their foreign passports. Under the master nationality rule, persons entering mainland China with a Home Return Permit are Chinese nationals and are accordingly not entitled to foreign consular protection. Now, the mainland is allowing permanent residents of Hongkong who do not have Chinese citizenship to apply for a permit to visit the mainland for up to 90 days, for everything other than to work, study or claim benefits.

Ching Cheong
In 2005, Ching Cheong, a Hong Kong-based journalist of the Singapore-based newspaper The Straits Times, was arrested by the Chinese Ministry of State Security and was accused of stealing "state secrets". The correspondent entered Mainland with his Home Return Permit while holding a BN(O) passport. Since he is both a Chinese national, a British National (Overseas), as well as a permanent resident of Singapore, organisations like the Hong Kong Journalists' Association and Reporters Without Borders, urged the British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw to intervene. The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office said it had no plans to comment on the case. British officials have indicated that if there were any representations to be made, they would take place behind the scenes. A London spokesperson confirmed: "We can offer consular assistance but we cannot interfere in the legal affairs of another country." The Chinese Central People's Government never recognized any British National (Overseas) status, and stated that its nationals from Hong Kong cannot enjoy foreign consular protection on Chinese soil on the basis of holding foreign passports. The Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom stated that "Mr Ching is a British National (Overseas) passport holder and we have pressed the central authorities for information on the circumstances of his arrest and will continue to seek consular access as a matter of urgency, which so far has been denied." There were other cases that the British Government was asked to assist BN(O) passport holders detained in mainland China.

Pro-democracy politicians
Before the handover, some pro-democracy Hong Kong politicians, such as Margaret Ng, Emily Lau and Christine Loh attempted to use their British citizen passports to enter mainland China because they were denied a Home Return Permit, hence denied from entering mainland China. Those politicians, however, are still Chinese nationals under the Chinese nationality law; acquisition of Chinese nationality of ethnic Chinese residents born in Hong Kong is involuntary, although they may choose to relinquish their Chinese nationality if they hold citizenship of other countries, except for the British National (Overseas) status and the British citizenship obtained in the British Nationality Selection Scheme.

Albert Ho, who had his Home Return Permit cancelled by the Central government, ran for Chief Executive in 2012. During the election campaign, Henry Tang pledged that if he became the next Chief Executive, he would talk to Beijing to secure a new permit for Ho. Leung Chun-ying gave a more generic response that did not answer to Ho specifically, and said if he became the next Chief Executive, he welcomes anyone to seek his help.

Umbrella movement
Three members of the Hong Kong Federation of Students led by Alex Chow, who had booked air tickets to Beijing to put their case in front of the national leadership during the 2014 Hong Kong protests, found out through airline agents that Chinese authorities had revoked their Home Return Permit, effectively banning them from travelling to Mainland. No official notification of the revocation or explanation of the grounds for their cancellation were ever made to the holders.

Lee Bo
In 2016, issues regarding the disappearances of Lee Bo, the owner of Causeway Bay Books, were raised by British Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond as Lee is a British citizen with a Home Return Permit who was later confirmed to be kidnapped from Hong Kong by Chinese law enforcement officials. Hammond demanded the Chinese government to launch a thorough investigation regarding the breach of independent jurisdiction rights enjoyed by Hong Kong. The Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi responded by saying that China would refuse to do so because Lee is, "first and foremost, a Chinese citizen (national)" under the Chinese nationality law and the Basic Law of Hong Kong, therefore the British government would have no say on internal affairs of China. This case came under international attention because, unlike Ching Cheong, Lee was neither arrested or had any charges against him in mainland China, and his British citizen status, unlike Ching's BN(O), was recognized by the Chinese government.


text:
Johann Natterer

Johann Natterer (9 November 1787 – 17 June 1843) was an Austrian naturalist and explorer. He was the son of royal falconer Joseph Natterer and along with his brother Joseph Natterer (1786–1852) took a keen interest in natural history. He collected natural history specimens extensively from South America and numerous species from his collections were named after him.

Family and early life

Johann Natterer was born in Laxenberg, the son of the natural history specimen collector and falconer Joseph Natterer Sr. (1754–1823) and Maria Anna Theresia Schober (his mother), the daughter of a master baker from Laxenburg. He had a brother (Joseph Natterer, 1786–1852). Joseph Natterer Sr. was the last mounted falconer of Austria. When Emperor Franz I dissolved the falconry (Falknerei) in Laxenburg, he bought the collection of Joseph Natterer Sr. This contained numerous domestic birds, mammals, and insects, and Franz I assigned it the further support and the development of the collection.

The collection was brought in 1794 to Vienna and incorporated in the Tiercabinet with the k.k physical-astronomical as well as the Kunstcabinet. The collection was soon made accessible to the public, however without scientific or didactic value. Joseph Natterer Sr. introduced both his sons to the collection and taught them the art of preparing skins and mounts. The director of the collection was Karl von Schreibers and he was assisted by Joseph Natterer junior, who began his career as a volunteer aide and terminated as first curator (Kustos) of the collection, while Johann became, in 1808, a volunteer (freiwilliger) coworker.

Johann Natterer initially attended a Piarist school; however, in 1794, he transferred to a normal school and completed high school (gymnasium) there. From 1802 to 1803, Johann Natterer attended the material academy and heard scientific lectures at the university. He travelled through Europe collecting specimens and preparing them for the museum. He travelled to Turkey and Italy with the taxidermist Dominik Sochor from 1812 to 1814.

Expeditions
In 1817, Emperor Franz I financed an expedition to Brazil on the occasion of the wedding of his daughter Archduchess Maria Leopoldina to the Portuguese crown prince, Dom Pedro of Alcantara (who was later to become Emperor of Brazil). Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, a keen naturalist considered it an opportunity to send a team of naturalists and scientists. Natterer was initially considered for the expedition leader position but this was given to Johann Christian Mikan and he was selected as the zoologist on the expedition and was accompanied by other naturalists including Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius. The team fell apart with several members falling sick. The Austrian government withdrew support in 1821 following unrest in Brazil. Johann Natterer and his friend Dominik Sochor remained in South America. He fell sick with hepatitis in 1825 and the next year Sochor died at São Vicente. He continued to collect specimens until 1835, returning to Vienna with a large collection of specimens, including new species such as the South American lungfish, which he gave to the Imperial Natural-Science Cabinet (K.k. Naturaliencabinet), the predecessor of the Naturhistorisches Museum.

Field notes
Natterer did not publish an account of his travels, and his notebooks and diary were destroyed in the Hofburg fire of 1848 during the Vienna Revolution; however, his specimen collections of 60,000 insects were a part of the "Brazilian museum" in the "Harrach' house" and escaped the fire.

Natterer also collected word lists of dozens of indigenous South American languages, including of various Arawakan, Tupian, Bororoan, and other languages. The lists are mostly still in unpublished manuscripts that are currently still being digitized.

Species named after Natterer
A number of animals are named after Johann Natterer, including Natterer's slaty antshrike and Natterer's bat. Three species of reptiles are named in his honor: Lystrophis nattereri, Philodryas nattereri, and Tropiocolotes nattereri.

The fish Copella nattereri Steindachner, 1876 is named after him.

The catfish Corydoras nattereri Steindachner, 1876 is named after him.

The South American fish Leporinus nattereri Steindachner 1876.

title: Johann Natterer