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Talk:Kekoskee, Wisconsin

We in Kekoskee, Wisconsin are looking for any information that could be supplied for an upcoming book in honor of the sesquicentennial of our village. If you can supply us with anything at all, please e-mail me at gtennies@iglide.net. We appreciate ANY help that might be available for this large task. Thanks!!

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Meaning of name?
Anyone knowledgeable in Hocąąk (Ho-chunk) to know what this community's name means? Rev. C. Verwyst in 1911 suggests Kekoshka [sic] comes from the Ojibwe giigoozensikaa meaning "it is abundant with little fish (minnows)" but other than a small Potawatomi contingency, the region Kekoskee is in is not Ojibwe-Ottawa-Potawatomi territory, and so this Ojibwe name origin likelihood of its name is suspect. CJLippert (talk) 18:56, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kekoskee, Wisconsin


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Native American Film and Video Festival

The Native American Film and Video Festival was a noncompetitive showcase of film, video and audio productions. It was held biennially in New York City from 1997 to 2011. Each festival screened between 50 and 80 documentaries, short features and animations, introduced by their producers and members of the native communities represented. Works to be featured in a given festival were chosen by a team of selectors made up of media makers and cultural activists from among indigenous peoples of the Americas and the program staff of the Film and Video Center of the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of the American Indian. Selectors have included indigenous film makers such as Chris Eyre, Randy Redroad, and Nora Naranjo-Morse, and Native American cultural experts and academics such as G. Peter Jemison, Beverly Singer, and Paul Apodaca.

Founded in 1979, the Festival is internationally recognized as the first to feature Native productions from throughout the Americas and the Arctic Circle; indigenous media makers participate from Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico, and the United States (including Hawaii).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Native American Film and Video Festival


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Alderney Landing

Alderney Landing is a convention centre, art gallery, market, events plaza and theatre facility in Downtown Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. It was opened in May 1999. The theatre hosts many concerts, conventions and other events, and is the home of Halifax Theatre for Young People, San Family Productions, Coastal Dance, Maritime Marionettes.

The market on the lower level of Alderney Landing is home to a weekly farmers market, the Craig Art Gallery, Evan's Seafood Restaurant, the Casaroma Wellness Centre, Meadowvale Meat Market, a Noggin's Corner outlet and a Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation retail store.

The parking lot on the north side of the building bordering the harbour doubles as a large outdoor multi-use space called the Events Plaza, which can be used for outdoor concerts or festivals. There is a large stage build on one side of Alderney Landing facing the events plaza, with a permanent roof, used for outdoor concerts which can accommodate up to 10,000 people. There are also washrooms and electrical facilities on the opposite end of the plaza.

Alderney Landing hosts various outdoor events each year including; Canada Day Concert, Natal Day Events, Mother Goose Festival, Bluenose Ghosts Festival, and the Christkindlmarket.

When the complex was constructed it was integrated via a pedway into Alderney Gate, an existing building housing municipal government offices and the Dartmouth Regional Library (now a branch of the Halifax Public Libraries) completed in 1990, and the Halifax Transit ferry terminal built in 1979.

title: Alderney Landing


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Jet (mathematics)

In mathematics, the jet is an operation that takes a differentiable function f and produces a polynomial, the truncated Taylor polynomial of f, at each point of its domain. Although this is the definition of a jet, the theory of jets regards these polynomials as being abstract polynomials rather than polynomial functions.

This article first explores the notion of a jet of a real valued function in one real variable, followed by a discussion of generalizations to several real variables. It then gives a rigorous construction of jets and jet spaces between Euclidean spaces. It concludes with a description of jets between manifolds, and how these jets can be constructed intrinsically. In this more general context, it summarizes some of the applications of jets to differential geometry and the theory of differential equations.

Jets of functions between Euclidean spaces
Before giving a rigorous definition of a jet, it is useful to examine some special cases.

One-dimensional case
Suppose that $$f: {\mathbb R}\rightarrow{\mathbb R}$$ is a real-valued function having at least k + 1 derivatives in a neighborhood U of the point $$x_0$$. Then by Taylor's theorem,

 * $$f(x)=f(x_0)+f'(x_0)(x-x_0)+\cdots+\frac{f^{(k)}(x_0)}{k!}(x-x_0)^{k}+\frac{R_{k+1}(x)}{(k+1)!}(x-x_0)^{k+1}$$

where
 * $$|R_{k+1}(x)|\le\sup_{x\in U} |f^{(k+1)}(x)|.$$

Then the k-jet of f at the point $$x_0$$ is defined to be the polynomial
 * $$(J^k_{x_0}f)(z)

=\sum_{i=0}^k \frac{f^{(i)}(x_0)}{i!}z^i =f(x_0)+f'(x_0)z+\cdots+\frac{f^{(k)}(x_0)}{k!}z^k.$$

Jets are normally regarded as abstract polynomials in the variable z, not as actual polynomial functions in that variable. In other words, z is an indeterminate variable allowing one to perform various algebraic operations among the jets. It is in fact the base-point $$x_0$$ from which jets derive their functional dependency. Thus, by varying the base-point, a jet yields a polynomial of order at most k at every point. This marks an important conceptual distinction between jets and truncated Taylor series: ordinarily a Taylor series is regarded as depending functionally on its variable, rather than its base-point. Jets, on the other hand, separate the algebraic properties of Taylor series from their functional properties. We shall deal with the reasons and applications of this separation later in the article.

Mappings from one Euclidean space to another
Suppose that $$f:{\mathbb R}^n\rightarrow{\mathbb R}^m$$ is a function from one Euclidean space to another having at least (k + 1) derivatives. In this case, Taylor's theorem asserts that

\begin{align} f(x)=f(x_0)+ (Df(x_0))\cdot(x-x_0)+ {} & \frac{1}{2}(D^2f(x_0))\cdot (x-x_0)^{\otimes 2} + \cdots \\[4pt] & \cdots +\frac{D^kf(x_0)}{k!}\cdot(x-x_0)^{\otimes k}+\frac{R_{k+1}(x)}{(k+1)!}\cdot(x-x_0)^{\otimes (k+1)}. \end{align} $$

The k-jet of f is then defined to be the polynomial

 * $$(J^k_{x_0}f)(z)=f(x_0)+(Df(x_0))\cdot z+\frac{1}{2}(D^2f(x_0))\cdot z^{\otimes 2} + \cdots + \frac{D^kf(x_0)}{k!}\cdot z^{\otimes k}$$

in $${\mathbb R}[z]$$, where $$z=(z_1,\ldots,z_n)$$.

Algebraic properties of jets
There are two basic algebraic structures jets can carry. The first is a product structure, although this ultimately turns out to be the least important. The second is the structure of the composition of jets.

If $$f,g:{\mathbb R}^n\rightarrow {\mathbb R}$$ are a pair of real-valued functions, then we can define the product of their jets via

 * $$J^k_{x_0}f\cdot J^k_{x_0}g=J^k_{x_0}(f\cdot g).$$

Here we have suppressed the indeterminate z, since it is understood that jets are formal polynomials. This product is just the product of ordinary polynomials in z, modulo $$z^{k+1}$$. In other words, it is multiplication in the ring $${\mathbb R}[z]/(z^{k+1})$$, where $$(z^{k+1})$$ is the ideal generated by polynomials homogeneous of order ≥ k + 1.

We now move to the composition of jets. To avoid unnecessary technicalities, we consider jets of functions that map the origin to the origin. If $$f:{\mathbb R}^m\rightarrow{\mathbb R}^\ell$$ and $$g:{\mathbb R}^n\rightarrow{\mathbb R}^m$$ with f(0) = 0 and g(0) = 0, then $$f\circ g:{\mathbb R}^n \rightarrow{\mathbb R}^\ell$$. The composition of jets is defined by $$J^k_0 f\circ J^k_0 g=J^k_0 (f\circ g).$$ It is readily verified, using the chain rule, that this constitutes an associative noncommutative operation on the space of jets at the origin.

In fact, the composition of k-jets is nothing more than the composition of polynomials modulo the ideal of polynomials homogeneous of order $$> k$$.

Examples:
 * In one dimension, let $$f(x)=\log(1-x)$$ and $$g(x)=\sin\,x$$. Then

 * $$(J^3_0f)(x)=-x-\frac{x^2}{2}-\frac{x^3}{3}$$

 * $$(J^3_0g)(x)=x-\frac{x^3}{6}$$

and

\begin{align} & (J^3_0f)\circ (J^3_0g)=-\left(x-\frac{x^3}{6}\right)-\frac{1}{2}\left(x-\frac{x^3}{6}\right)^2-\frac{1}{3} \left(x-\frac{x^3}{6}\right)^3 \pmod{x^4} \\[4pt] = {} & -x-\frac{x^2}{2}-\frac{x^3}{6} \end{align} $$

Analytic definition
The following definition uses ideas from mathematical analysis to define jets and jet spaces. It can be generalized to smooth functions between Banach spaces, analytic functions between real or complex domains, to p-adic analysis, and to other areas of analysis.

Let $$C^\infty({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)$$ be the vector space of smooth functions $$f:{\mathbb R}^n\rightarrow {\mathbb R}^m$$. Let k be a non-negative integer, and let p be a point of $${\mathbb R}^n$$. We define an equivalence relation $$E_p^k$$ on this space by declaring that two functions f and g are equivalent to order k if f and g have the same value at p, and all of their partial derivatives agree at p up to (and including) their k-th-order derivatives. In short,$$f \sim g \,\!$$ iff $$ f-g = 0 $$ to k-th order.

The k-th-order jet space of $$C^\infty({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)$$ at p is defined to be the set of equivalence classes of $$E^k_p$$, and is denoted by $$J^k_p({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)$$.

The k-th-order jet at p of a smooth function $$f\in C^\infty({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)$$ is defined to be the equivalence class of f in $$J^k_p({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)$$.

Algebro-geometric definition
The following definition uses ideas from algebraic geometry and commutative algebra to establish the notion of a jet and a jet space. Although this definition is not particularly suited for use in algebraic geometry per se, since it is cast in the smooth category, it can easily be tailored to such uses.

Let $$C_p^\infty({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)$$ be the vector space of germs of smooth functions $$f:{\mathbb R}^n\rightarrow {\mathbb R}^m$$ at a point p in $${\mathbb R}^n$$. Let $${\mathfrak m}_p$$ be the ideal consisting of germs of functions that vanish at p. (This is the maximal ideal for the local ring $$C_p^\infty({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)$$.) Then the ideal $${\mathfrak m}_p^{k+1}$$ consists of all function germs that vanish to order k at p. We may now define the jet space at p by

 * $$J^k_p({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)=C_p^\infty({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)/{\mathfrak m}_p^{k+1}$$

If $$f:{\mathbb R}^n\rightarrow {\mathbb R}^m$$ is a smooth function, we may define the k-jet of f at p as the element of $$J^k_p({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)$$ by setting

 * $$J^k_pf=f \pmod {{\mathfrak m}_p^{k+1}}$$

This is a more general construction. For an $\mathbb{F}$-space $$M$$, let $$\mathcal{F}_p$$ be the stalk of the structure sheaf at $$p$$ and let $${\mathfrak m}_p$$ be the maximal ideal of the local ring $$\mathcal{F}_p$$. The kth jet space at $$p$$ is defined to be the ring $$J^k_p(M)=\mathcal{F}_p/{\mathfrak m}_p^{k+1}$$($${\mathfrak m}_p^{k+1}$$ is the product of ideals).

Taylor's theorem
Regardless of the definition, Taylor's theorem establishes a canonical isomorphism of vector spaces between $$J^k_p({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)$$ and $${\mathbb R}^m[z_1, \dotsc, z_n]/(z_1, \dotsc, z_n)^{k+1}$$. So in the Euclidean context, jets are typically identified with their polynomial representatives under this isomorphism.

Jet spaces from a point to a point
We have defined the space $$J^k_p({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)$$ of jets at a point $$p\in {\mathbb R}^n$$. The subspace of this consisting of jets of functions f such that f(p) = q is denoted by
 * $$J^k_p({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m)_q=\left\{J^kf\in J^k_p({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^m) \mid f(p) = q \right\}$$

Jets of functions between two manifolds
If M and N are two smooth manifolds, how do we define the jet of a function $$f:M\rightarrow N$$? We could perhaps attempt to define such a jet by using local coordinates on M and N. The disadvantage of this is that jets cannot thus be defined in an invariant fashion. Jets do not transform as tensors. Instead, jets of functions between two manifolds belong to a jet bundle.

Jets of functions from the real line to a manifold
Suppose that M is a smooth manifold containing a point p. We shall define the jets of curves through p, by which we henceforth mean smooth functions $$f:{\mathbb R}\rightarrow M$$ such that f(0) = p. Define an equivalence relation $$E_p^k$$ as follows. Let f and g be a pair of curves through p. We will then say that f and g are equivalent to order k at p if there is some neighborhood U of p, such that, for every smooth function $$\varphi : U \rightarrow {\mathbb R}$$, $$J^k_0 (\varphi\circ f)=J^k_0 (\varphi\circ g)$$. Note that these jets are well-defined since the composite functions $$\varphi\circ f$$ and $$\varphi\circ g$$ are just mappings from the real line to itself. This equivalence relation is sometimes called that of k-th-order contact between curves at p.

We now define the k-jet of a curve f through p to be the equivalence class of f under $$E^k_p$$, denoted $$J^k\! f\,$$ or $$J^k_0f$$. The k-th-order jet space $$J^k_0({\mathbb R},M)_p$$ is then the set of k-jets at p. As p varies over M, $$J^k_0({\mathbb R},M)_p$$ forms a fibre bundle over M: the k-th-order tangent bundle, often denoted in the literature by TkM (although this notation occasionally can lead to confusion). In the case k=1, then the first-order tangent bundle is the usual tangent bundle: T1M = TM.

To prove that TkM is in fact a fibre bundle, it is instructive to examine the properties of $$J^k_0({\mathbb R},M)_p$$ in local coordinates. Let (xi)= (x1,...,xn) be a local coordinate system for M in a neighborhood U of p. Abusing notation slightly, we may regard (xi) as a local diffeomorphism $$(x^i):M\rightarrow\R^n$$.

Claim. Two curves f and g through p are equivalent modulo $$E_p^k$$ if and only if $$J^k_0\left((x^i)\circ f\right)=J^k_0\left((x^i)\circ g\right)$$.

 * Indeed, the only if part is clear, since each of the n functions x1,...,xn is a smooth function from M to $${\mathbb R}$$. So by the definition of the equivalence relation $$E_p^k$$, two equivalent curves must have $$J^k_0(x^i\circ f)=J^k_0(x^i\circ g)$$.

 * Conversely, suppose that $$\varphi$$; is a smooth real-valued function on M in a neighborhood of p. Since every smooth function has a local coordinate expression, we may express $$\varphi$$; as a function in the coordinates. Specifically, if q is a point of M near p, then

 * $$\varphi(q)=\psi(x^1(q),\dots,x^n(q))$$

 * for some smooth real-valued function ψ of n real variables. Hence, for two curves f and g through p, we have

 * $$\varphi\circ f=\psi(x^1\circ f,\dots,x^n\circ f)$$
 * $$\varphi\circ g=\psi(x^1\circ g,\dots,x^n\circ g)$$

 * The chain rule now establishes the if part of the claim. For instance, if f and g are functions of the real variable t, then

 * $$\left. \frac{d}{dt} \left( \varphi\circ f \right) (t) \right|_{t=0}= \sum_{i=1}^n\left.\frac{d}{dt}(x^i\circ f)(t)\right|_{t=0}\ (D_i\psi)\circ f(0)$$

 * which is equal to the same expression when evaluated against g instead of f, recalling that f(0)=g(0)=p and f and g are in k-th-order contact in the coordinate system (xi).

Hence the ostensible fibre bundle TkM admits a local trivialization in each coordinate neighborhood. At this point, in order to prove that this ostensible fibre bundle is in fact a fibre bundle, it suffices to establish that it has non-singular transition functions under a change of coordinates. Let $$(y^i):M\rightarrow{\mathbb R}^n$$ be a different coordinate system and let $$\rho=(x^i)\circ (y^i)^{-1}:{\mathbb R}^n\rightarrow {\mathbb R}^n$$ be the associated change of coordinates diffeomorphism of Euclidean space to itself. By means of an affine transformation of $${\mathbb R}^n$$, we may assume without loss of generality that ρ(0)=0. With this assumption, it suffices to prove that $$J^k_0\rho:J^k_0({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^n)\rightarrow J^k_0({\mathbb R}^n,{\mathbb R}^n)$$ is an invertible transformation under jet composition. (See also jet groups.) But since ρ is a diffeomorphism, $$\rho^{-1}$$ is a smooth mapping as well. Hence,

 * $$I=J^k_0I=J^k_0(\rho\circ\rho^{-1})=J^k_0(\rho)\circ J^k_0(\rho^{-1})$$

which proves that $$J^k_0\rho$$ is non-singular. Furthermore, it is smooth, although we do not prove that fact here.

Intuitively, this means that we can express the jet of a curve through p in terms of its Taylor series in local coordinates on M.

Examples in local coordinates:

 * As indicated previously, the 1-jet of a curve through p is a tangent vector. A tangent vector at p is a first-order differential operator acting on smooth real-valued functions at p. In local coordinates, every tangent vector has the form

 * $$v=\sum_iv^i\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}$$

 * Given such a tangent vector v, let f be the curve given in the xi coordinate system by $$x^i\circ f(t)=tv^i$$. If φ is a smooth function in a neighborhood of p with φ(p) = 0, then

 * $$\varphi\circ f:{\mathbb R}\rightarrow {\mathbb R}$$

 * is a smooth real-valued function of one variable whose 1-jet is given by

 * $$J^1_0(\varphi\circ f)(t)=\sum_itv^i \frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial x^i}(p).$$

 * which proves that one can naturally identify tangent vectors at a point with the 1-jets of curves through that point.

 * The space of 2-jets of curves through a point.
 * In a local coordinate system xi centered at a point p, we can express the second-order Taylor polynomial of a curve f(t) through p by

 * $$J_0^2(x^i(f))(t)=t\frac{dx^i(f)}{dt}(0)+\frac{t^2}{2}\frac{d^2x^i(f)}{dt^2}(0).$$

 * So in the x coordinate system, the 2-jet of a curve through p is identified with a list of real numbers $$(\dot{x}^i,\ddot{x}^i)$$. As with the tangent vectors (1-jets of curves) at a point, 2-jets of curves obey a transformation law upon application of the coordinate transition functions.

 * Let (yi) be another coordinate system. By the chain rule,

\begin{align} \frac{d}{dt}y^i(f(t)) & = \sum_j\frac{\partial y^i}{\partial x^j}(f(t))\frac{d}{dt}x^j(f(t)) \\[5pt] \frac{d^2}{dt^2}y^i(f(t)) & = \sum_{j,k}\frac{\partial^2 y^i}{\partial x^j \, \partial x^k}(f(t))\frac{d}{dt}x^j(f(t)) \frac{d}{dt}x^k(f(t))+\sum_j\frac{\partial y^i}{\partial x^j}(f(t))\frac{d^2}{dt^2}x^j(f(t)) \end{align} $$

 * Hence, the transformation law is given by evaluating these two expressions at t = 0.

\begin{align} & \dot{y}^i=\sum_j\frac{\partial y^i}{\partial x^j}(0)\dot{x}^j \\[5pt] & \ddot{y}^i=\sum_{j,k}\frac{\partial^2 y^i}{\partial x^j \, \partial x^k}(0)\dot{x}^j\dot{x}^k+\sum_j\frac{\partial y^i}{\partial x^j}(0)\ddot{x}^j. \end{align} $$

 * Note that the transformation law for 2-jets is second-order in the coordinate transition functions.

Jets of functions from a manifold to a manifold
We are now prepared to define the jet of a function from a manifold to a manifold.

Suppose that M and N are two smooth manifolds. Let p be a point of M. Consider the space $$C^\infty_p(M,N)$$ consisting of smooth maps $$f:M\rightarrow N$$ defined in some neighborhood of p. We define an equivalence relation $$E^k_p$$ on $$C^\infty_p(M,N)$$ as follows. Two maps f and g are said to be equivalent if, for every curve γ through p (recall that by our conventions this is a mapping $$\gamma:{\mathbb R}\rightarrow M$$ such that $$\gamma(0)=p$$), we have $$J^k_0(f\circ \gamma)=J^k_0(g\circ \gamma)$$ on some neighborhood of 0.

The jet space $$J^k_p(M,N)$$ is then defined to be the set of equivalence classes of $$C^\infty_p(M,N)$$ modulo the equivalence relation $$E^k_p$$. Note that because the target space N need not possess any algebraic structure, $$J^k_p(M,N)$$ also need not have such a structure. This is, in fact, a sharp contrast with the case of Euclidean spaces.

If $$f:M\rightarrow N$$ is a smooth function defined near p, then we define the k-jet of f at p, $$J^k_pf$$, to be the equivalence class of f modulo $$E^k_p$$.

Multijets
John Mather introduced the notion of multijet. Loosely speaking, a multijet is a finite list of jets over different base-points. Mather proved the multijet transversality theorem, which he used in his study of stable mappings.

Jets of sections
Suppose that E is a finite-dimensional smooth vector bundle over a manifold M, with projection $$\pi:E\rightarrow M$$. Then sections of E are smooth functions $$s:M\rightarrow E$$ such that $$\pi\circ s$$ is the identity automorphism of M. The jet of a section s over a neighborhood of a point p is just the jet of this smooth function from M to E at p.

The space of jets of sections at p is denoted by $$J^k_p(M,E)$$. Although this notation can lead to confusion with the more general jet spaces of functions between two manifolds, the context typically eliminates any such ambiguity.

Unlike jets of functions from a manifold to another manifold, the space of jets of sections at p carries the structure of a vector space inherited from the vector space structure on the sections themselves. As p varies over M, the jet spaces $$J^k_p(M,E)$$ form a vector bundle over M, the k-th-order jet bundle of E, denoted by Jk(E).

 * Example: The first-order jet bundle of the tangent bundle.
 * We work in local coordinates at a point and use the Einstein notation. Consider a vector field

 * $$v=v^i(x)\partial/\partial x^i$$

 * in a neighborhood of p in M. The 1-jet of v is obtained by taking the first-order Taylor polynomial of the coefficients of the vector field:

 * $$J_0^1v^i(x)=v^i(0)+x^j\frac{\partial v^i}{\partial x^j}(0)=v^i+v^i_jx^j.$$

 * In the x coordinates, the 1-jet at a point can be identified with a list of real numbers $$(v^i,v^i_j)$$. In the same way that a tangent vector at a point can be identified with the list (vi), subject to a certain transformation law under coordinate transitions, we have to know how the list $$(v^i,v^i_j)$$ is affected by a transition.

 * So consider the transformation law in passing to another coordinate system yi. Let wk be the coefficients of the vector field v in the y coordinates. Then in the y coordinates, the 1-jet of v is a new list of real numbers $$(w^i,w^i_j)$$. Since

 * $$v=w^k(y)\partial/\partial y^k=v^i(x)\partial/\partial x^i,$$

 * it follows that

 * $$w^k(y)=v^i(x)\frac{\partial y^k}{\partial x^i}(x).$$

 * So

 * $$w^k(0)+y^j\frac{\partial w^k}{\partial y^j}(0)=\left(v^i(0)+x^j\frac{\partial v^i}{\partial x^j}\right)\frac{\partial y^k}{\partial x^i}(x)$$

 * Expanding by a Taylor series, we have

 * $$w^k=\frac{\partial y^k}{\partial x^i}(0) v^i$$
 * $$w^k_j=v^i\frac{\partial^2 y^k}{\partial x^i \, \partial x^j}+v_j^i\frac{\partial y^k}{\partial x^i}. $$

 * Note that the transformation law is second-order in the coordinate transition functions.

title: Jet (mathematics)


text:
Talk:Cerro Bayo Complex

Cerros Bayo
There are two Cerros Bayo at least in Argentina, one in not so far from General Las Heras in Santa Cruz Province, and shared with Chile, and anotherone near Villa La Angostura, Neuquén Province.

 * BAYO, cerro -45.1°N, -71.53333°W
 * BAYO, cerro -48.86667°N, -71.48333°W

Mariano (t/c) 08:46, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cerro Bayo Complex


text: User talk:168.11.51.252

title: User talk:168.11.51.252


text: Talk:Antofagasta de la Sierra

title: Talk:Antofagasta de la Sierra


text:
Foreclosure investment

Foreclosure investment refers to the process of investing capital in the public sale of a mortgaged property following foreclosure of the loan secured by that property.

In real estate, foreclosure is the termination of the equity of redemption of a mortgagor or the grantee in the property covered by the mortgage. Depending on the type of foreclosure proceeding, the sale may be administered by the courts (judicial foreclosure) or by an appointed trustee (statutory foreclosure). Proceeds from the sale are used to satisfy the claims of the mortgagee primarily, with any excess going to the mortgagor. Anyone may bid on properties sold at a foreclosure sale. As a practical matter, however, most properties are acquired by the lender, often for the amount owed on the foreclosed loan.

When interest rates rise, home owners with variable interest rates often become over-extended, providing opportunities for foreclosure investment professionals to obtain investment properties at depressed prices. The most common reason for foreclosure is dissolution of a marriage, followed by a failed business venture. Foreclosure investing can provide favorable returns; in February 2011, foreclosed homes accounted for 39% of home sales in the United States, most to investors.

Stages of foreclosure
The foreclosure process begins when a financially distressed homeowner fails to make a loan payment and is served with a summons from his or her creditors. After service, papers will be filed with the county clerk's office and be made a matter of public record (in some areas the place where deeds and mortgages are registered may go by a different name, such as the office of the land registrar). This notice is usually known as Lis Pendens, which is Latin for "pending legal action". At this point, any attempts by the homeowner to borrow from public credit sources will be met with a negative response. This stage is called pre-foreclosure, and during this stage, a homeowner has a few ways to avoid foreclosure. One of the ways to avoid a foreclosure is to short sell their property and pay off their outstanding mortgage. A pre-foreclosure short sale can be a good opportunity for investors to buy a property at a discount directly from a financially distressed homeowner. On completion of the publication process, the foreclosure action will be permitted to proceed and the owners have a limited amount of time to pay up, sell, or make other deals with creditors. If none of these actions are taken, a foreclosure sale will take place. If no one bids the amount owed, the property reverts to the lender and becomes a real estate owned property held in inventory by the lender. Experienced foreclosure investors may work in all of these various stages, but the possibility of making a transaction with the homeowner is no longer possible after the property is REO.

Often, foreclosure investment can take place before the actual foreclosure process begins through a pre-foreclosure sale. This scenario occurs when the homeowner attempts to sell a property before being foreclosed upon, often "short-selling" for less than they owe but more than they believe they would recover in a foreclosure.

title: Foreclosure investment


text: Talk:Antofalla

title: Talk:Antofalla


text: Talk:Caldera del Atuel

title: Talk:Caldera del Atuel


text: Talk:Cerro El Cóndor

title: Talk:Cerro El Cóndor


text:
John Chipman

John Chipman may refer to:

 * John Chipman (Nova Scotia politician) (1744–1836), judge and politician in Nova Scotia
 * John Smith Chipman (1800–1869), lawyer and U.S. Representative from Michigan
 * John Logan Chipman (1830–1893), lawyer and U.S. Representative from Michigan
 * John Chipman (economist) (1926–2022), Canadian economist
 * John Chipman (chief executive) (born 1957), director-general and chief executive of the International Institute for Strategic Studies

title: John Chipman


text:
Talk:Copahue

Accent
I believe Copahue does not have a written accent. I've been there (Argentine side), and all the people I saw referred to it as CoPAuhe, not CopaHUE. Also, all the sites I found that use accents don't put an accent on Copahue. Mariano (t/c) 09:58, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I moved the page to Copahue, since the word is not accentuated. Mariano (t/c) 08:52, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Copahue


text: Talk:Cordón del Azufre

title: Talk:Cordón del Azufre


text: Talk:Cerro Escorial

title: Talk:Cerro Escorial


text: Talk:Falso Azufre

title: Talk:Falso Azufre


text:
Mosteiros

Mosteiros, Portuguese for monasteries, may refer to the following places:

Cape Verde

 * Mosteiros, Cape Verde, a town on the island of Fogo
 * Mosteiros, Cape Verde (municipality), a municipality on the island of Fogo

Portugal

 * Mosteiros (Ponta Delgada), a civil parish in the municipality of Ponta Delgada, Azores
 * Mosteiros Islets, a group of islets off the coast of the civil parish of Mosteiros (not to be confused with the islet in Príncipe mentioned below)
 * Mosteiros, a civil parish in the municipality of Arronches

São Tomé and Príncipe

 * Ilhéu dos Mosteiros, an islet near Príncipe

title: Mosteiros


text: Talk:Domuyo

title: Talk:Domuyo


text:
Westward Ho! (novel)

Westward Ho! is an 1855 historical novel written by British author Charles Kingsley.

Plot
Set initially in Bideford in North Devon during the reign of Elizabeth I, Westward Ho! follows the adventures of Amyas Leigh, an unruly child who as a young man follows Francis Drake to sea. Amyas loves local beauty Rose Salterne, as does nearly everyone else; much of the novel involves Rose's elopement with a Spaniard.

Amyas spends time in the Caribbean coasts of Venezuela seeking gold, and in the process finds his true love, the beautiful Indian maiden Ayacanora. During the return journey to England, he discovers that Rose and his brother Frank have been burnt at the stake by the Spanish Inquisition. He vows revenge on all Spaniards, and joins in the defence of England against the Spanish Armada. When he is permanently blinded by a freak bolt of lightning at sea, he accepts this as God's judgement and finds peace in forgiveness.

Title

The title of the book derives from the traditional call of boat-taxis on the River Thames, which would call "Eastward ho!" and "Westward ho!" to show their destination. "Ho!" is an interjection or a call to attract passengers, without a specific meaning besides "hey!" or "come!" The title is also a nod towards the play Westward Ho!, written by John Webster and Thomas Dekker in 1604, which satirised the perils of the westward expansion of London. The full title of Kingsley's novel is 'Westward Ho! Or The Voyages and Adventures of Sir Amyas Leigh, Knight of Burrough, in the County of Devon, in the reign of Her Most Glorious Majesty, Queen Elizabeth, Rendered into Modern English by Charles Kingsley'. This elaborate title is intended to reflect the mock-Elizabethan style of the novel. Viola's use of "Westward ho!" in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night is an earlier reference.

Kingsley dedicated the novel to Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak, and Bishop George Selwyn, whom he saw as modern representatives of the heroic values of the privateers who were active during the Elizabethan era.

Themes
Westward Ho! is an historical novel which celebrates England's victories over Spain in the Elizabethan era.

Although originally a political radical, Kingsley had by the 1850s become increasingly conservative and a strong supporter of overseas expansion. The novel consistently emphasises the superiority of English values over those of the "decadent Spanish". Although originally written for adults, its mixture of patriotism, sentiment and romance deemed it suitable for children, and it became a firm favourite of children's literature.

A prominent theme of the novel is the 16th-century fear of Catholic domination, and this reflects Kingsley's own dislike of Catholicism. The novel repeatedly shows the Protestant English correcting the worst excesses of the Spanish Jesuits and the Inquisition.

The novel's virulent anti-Catholicism, as well as its racially insensitive depictions of the South Americans, has made the novel less appealing to a modern audience, although it is still regarded by some as Kingsley's "liveliest, and most interesting novel."

Adaptations

In April 1925, the book was the first novel to be adapted for radio by the BBC. The first movie adaptation of the novel was a 1919 silent film, Westward Ho!, directed by Percy Nash. A 1988 children's animated film, Westward Ho!, produced by Burbank Films Australia, was loosely based on Kingsley's novel.

Legacy
The book is the inspiration behind the unusual name of the village of Westward Ho! in Devon, the only place name in the United Kingdom that contains an exclamation mark.

J. G. Ballard, in an interview with Vanora Bennett, claimed that being forced to copy lines from the novel as a punishment at the age of eight or nine was the moment he realised he would become a writer.

title: Westward Ho! (novel)


text:
Talk:Lastarria

Sourcing
, putting this as a placeholder and taking a look....Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 22:56, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

The refs all look reliable at a glance, though might want to replace the oregon state webpage if you can. Good luck. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 23:00, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lastarria


text:
Talk:Llullaillaco

Climate data
Parking this source in case it's reliable for climate data. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 13:11, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

Animal enclosures?
This source claims that animal enclosures were found at high altitude, but I am not sure if it's qualified to make such an interpretation. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 14:32, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

Seeking permission to change existing ref tags to sfn ones
Currently the article uses a mix of ref and sfn tags, which is a bit awkward to use especially when a source is multiple pages long and its usage changes. I'd like to have permission to swap to a sfn only style. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:18, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Seeing no objections, I'll action this now. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:02, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

Ton error
Llullaillaco includes  which is an error. There is no such thing as. Instead, the unit should be  (short tons) or    (long tons) or maybe   (metric tons). Johnuniq (talk) 06:06, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Fixed, the correct way to write tons is something I keep getting confused over. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:26, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I have to look it up every time! Johnuniq (talk) 03:54, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

Prose comments
Most of the issues with prose go beyond the GA criteria, so opening a section here.
 * You write very densely and with a lot of numbers. That means that conversions into American units like feet quite strongly impede readability. Per MOS:CVT, scientific articles don't require these conversions. I would maybe only convert on first mention, and omit it later. Or omit it altogether.
 * I've pared the conversions down a lot. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 13:37, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The view from the mountain extends from Licancabur to the north over the Nevados de Cachi mountains in the east to[6] Ojos del Salado 250 kilometres (160 mi) to the south,[33] as well as on mountains between these and Llullaillac. It took me 3 tries to understand this. Split the sentence and reduce mid-sentence cites. —Femke 🐦 (talk) 13:21, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 13:37, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * with temperature maximums ranging −8 – −13 °C (18–9 °F) between summer and winter. This is a bit ambiguous. Does it mean with temperature maximum ranging from -13 in winter to -8 in summer? —Femke 🐦 (talk) 13:24, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 13:37, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Deposits in Quebrada de las Zorritas valley indicate that between 2,436.8 ± 49 and 1,593.1 ± 36 radiocarbon years ago runoff was more intense. False precision: no need to have a year fraction here. Also note that the source is very old, so "years ago" doesn't quite work. —Femke 🐦 (talk) 13:27, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 13:37, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Ground temperature of 12.5 doesn't have the degree sign. —Femke 🐦 (talk) 13:58, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Mended. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:22, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The lang template doesnt seem used for proper names. Did you know you can set italics=no in these cases. —Femke 🐦 (talk) 14:06, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Changed that one. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:22, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Llullaillaco


text:
Talk:Maipo (volcano)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Maipo (volcano)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Christian militants

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 19:48, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

List of Christian militants
Intended to be a list of "Christian militants". Inevitably an incoherent list with no clear criterion for inclusion. The entries will inevitably be POV and original research.

The inherent problems with the list are already evident from even the first two entries: Oliver Cromwell, the seventeenth century leader of the Parliamentarian side in the English Civil War, who defeated the monarchy, and became Lord Protector of England; and Eric Robert Rudolph a contemporary American fugitive charged with bombing an abortion clinic and killing a doctor and a nurse. Delete as unencyclopedic list. --BM 18:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Meaningless list. Capitalistroadster 19:33, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wanna bet that our old friend Footfootfoot is on there? Delete as per pointless list. Radiant! 22:14, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV useless list. Megan1967 23:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete Yuckfoo 04:14, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Trash. Delete. DJ Clayworth 04:34, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Apparently created by someone with an axe to grind. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 01:18, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain. I will now use this to justify my creation. I have been watching the discussions about List_of_Muslims (here) and when I saw no parallel list for Christianity it did trouble me.  I have no axe to grind just a sense of curiosity about how this will be dealt with and how this will affect the afore mentioned list.  I likely should have thought out my entries better but I would like to know if the list is bad because the subject matter is inherently worthless (which would then have to apply to List_of_Muslims) or if my shoddy attempts at starting this list are the problem.  I hope someone acknowledges the point I am trying to make (and the resolution through that) although I don't fully agree that it must always be POV because militancy is not as subjective as terrorism. gren 01:58, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The basic problem with a list like this is that the criterion for inclusion is not clear or coherent.   On the current list, the fact that Cromwell and Rudolph are both "militants", just illustrates that the concept of "militant" being applied is so broad as to be almost meaningless.  Furthermore, even if one could agree on a coherent criterion,  it is likely that there will still be a range of opinion as to whether a particular person fits the criterion. That is,  whether someone should be included on a list of "Christian militants" is probably going to be a matter of opinion, a point of view.  With a normal article, e.g. Christian militancy, editors can present possible rival definitions of the term. They can describe how manifestations of Christian militancy have evolved over the last 2000 years, and they can present arguments and facts for and against inclusion of various individuals as examples of militancy.  A list is binary: someone is either included or not included.   This means that any editor with an intermediate position regarding a particular person is necessarily not served by the format: they must come down on one side or another and that may not reflect their opinion correctly.   And, as between the inclusion POV versus the non-inclusion POV, someone must win and someone must lose, since a particular person cannot be both in the list and not in the list at the same time.   Generally the editors aiming for inclusion will win, because removing a name from a list will be decreed to be "removal of information" and therefore vandalism.   So, a list like this is inherently opposed to NPOV.   The same applies to List_of_Muslims. --BM 18:04, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I definitely see your point and that is why I had reservations about this. Since no progress was being made on the Muslim militancy debate and no VfD would work since it is only a section I figured I'd do this.  My only hope is that the admin who deals with this deals the same way with List_of_Muslims and any other such pages.  That, in the end, is the most important outcome of this, not only NPOV in an article, but NPOV among separate articles and leaving one but not the other brings a POV into wikipedia as a whole and I hope everyone who voted here will help press the issue there as well. gren 20:57, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and Cleanup The problem is that this article needs to have much more focused criteria on what they mean by militant. ScottM 00:25, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Pimpri-Chinchwad

Pimpri-Chinchwad, also known as "PCMC", is a city in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The city is about 15 km northwest of the historic city of Pune, at an altitude of 590 m above sea level. It is the fifth largest city in Maharashtra and the nineteenth largest city in India and the sixteenth largest satellite city in the world by population. The city is located 135 km southeast from the state's capital Mumbai. It is one of the most rapidly developing suburban areas in India and has emerged as the third fastest growing city in the country. It is well known for its automotive, IT and manufacturing industry.

History
The first reference to Pune region is found in two copper plates dated to 758 and 768 AD, issued by Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna I. The plates are called "Puny Vishaya" and "Punaka Vishaya" respectively. The plates mention areas around Pune such as Theur, Uruli, Khed, Dapodi, and also Bhosari, now part of the city.

Chinchwad is noted for the shrine of Morya Gosavi, a prominent saint of the Ganapatya denomination of Hinduism that worships Lord Ganesha as the Supreme Being or its metaphysical concept of Brahman. Various sources place Moraya Gosavi between the 13th and 17th centuries CE. The inscription on the temple records that its construction began in 1658 CE.

Chapekar brothers
Chinchwad is the birthplace of the Chapekar brothers: Damodar Hari (1870–1898), Balkrishna Hari (1873–1899) and Vasudeo Hari, who assassinated W. C. Rand, a British civil service officer and the chairman of the Special Plague Committee of Poona (Pune), on 22 June 1897.

Pimpri Camp
Following the partition of India, the Government of India constructed 1,609 residences and laid out around 300 plots on 203 acres of land in the Pimpri area. This area came to be known as Pimpri Camp is one of the 31 refugee camps in Bombay State (present day Maharashtra) set up during the period.

Pimpri-Chinchwad after independence
After Indian independence from the British in 1947. In 1955, Hindustan Antibiotics was set up in Pimpri with the cooperation of WHO and UNICEF with the social objective of providing affordable drugs throughout India. It was inaugurated by India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 10 March 1954. Production began in 1955. The establishment of Hindustan Antibiotics in 1954 marked the beginning of industrial development in the Chinchwad, Bhosari, and Pimpri areas. MIDC provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations.

Geography
The area within the city limits is widely considered as 'flat' given the altitude varying between 530 and 570 m above sea level. The city is situated approximately at 18° 37' north latitude and 73° 48' east longitude bordering limits of Pune Municipal Corporation on the north and northwest. The historic centre is 15 km from each end. Three rivers Pavana, Mula and Indrayani flow through this area. The rivers originates from the Western Ghats. The base rock found throughout the city is Deccan trap basalt. Building stone is the only commercially important mineral found in the area. In 1970s, due to increased industrialisation on Mumbai–Pune Highway, many villages around the highway were merged to form Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation. The earliest villages which were absorbed were Pimpri, Chinchwad, Dapodi, Bhosari etc.

Climate
The city experiences three seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Typical summer months are February to May with maximum temperatures above 35 °C and reaching up to 42 °C on hotter days. The city receives most of its 722 mm of rainfall in the monsoon months of June to September. The temperature in the winter months of October to January ranges from 12 °C (min) to 30 °C (max), with night temperatures often falling below 10 °C.

Pimpri-Chinchwad has a tropical wet and dry (type Aw) climate, with the characteristics of a hot semi-arid climate (type BSh) climate with average temperatures ranging between 20 and 28 C. Typical summer months are from mid-March to mid-June, with maximum temperatures sometimes reaching 42 C. The warmest month in Pimpri-Chinchwad is May. The city often has heavy dusty winds in May, with humidity remaining high. Even during the hottest months, the nights are usually cool due to Pune's high altitude. The highest temperature recorded was 43.3 °C on 30   April 1897.

The monsoon lasts from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 C. Most of the 722 mm of annual rainfall in the city falls between June and September, and July is the wettest month of the year. Hailstorms are not unheard of.

For most of December and January the daytime temperature hovers around 26 °C while night temperatures are below 9 °C, often dropping to 5 to 6 C. The lowest temperature recorded was 1.7 °C on 17   January 1935.

Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India, the Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation area had a population of 1,729,692. The sex ratio was 833 females per 1000 males. About 13% of the population was under seven years of age with a sex ratio of 875 females per 1000 males. Around 8% of the city's population lives in slums. Pimpri-Chinchwad has an average literacy rate of 89.22% (92.41% males; 85.37% females), higher than the national average of 74.04%. The main language spoken in the city is Marathi. There is a significant Sindhi population in Pimpri, which dates to the partition of India in 1947. The neighbourhood has considerable Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, Gujarati, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu speaking population.

Religion
Hinduism is the dominant religion in the city. Other religions with a significant presence include Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism.

The samadhi (resting) places of the two most revered Marathi Bhakti saints, Dnyaneshwar and Tukaram, are at Alandi and Dehu respectively. The Khandoba Mandir in Akurdi is one the family deity for most Marathi Hindus. The Peshwa era rulers provided endowments to more Maruti temples than to temples of other deities such as Shiva, Ganesh or Vitthal. Even in the present time, there are more Maruti temples than those of other deities.
 * Alandi - The town attracts millions of devotees annually to the resting place or (Samadhi) of the 13th century Marathi Bhakti saint, Sant Dnyaneshwar.
 * Dehu - The town on the banks of the indrayani river is associated with Tukaram, the 17th-century poet-saint of the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra. The town is visited by hundreds of thousands of people for the annual Pandharpur Wari when the paduka (symbolic sandals) of the saint are carried to Pandharpur in a palkhi.

Economy
Pune is one of the major industrial hubs in Asia in which the majority contributes from the neighbourhood of Pimpri-Chinchwad. The formation of MIDC in 1962 resulted in a constant process of industrial land acquisition and the creation of required support infrastructure. Since then, there has been a massive influx of several European companies who continue to be keen on setting up manufacturing facilities in PCMC, Pune. It has a rapid growth in terms of the industries and most of the major automobile companies and their headquarters are located here. There is also a rapid growth in the software and IT departments.

Industrialization started in 1954 with the arrival of antibiotics research institute Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL). PCMC, Pune is now home to the Indian operations of major automobile companies like Bajaj Auto, BEL Optronic Devices Limited, Daimler Chrysler, Force Motors, General Motors, Jaguar Land Rover, Kawasaki, Kinetic Engineering, Mahindra & Mahindra, Mercedes-Benz India, Premier Ltd., TATA Motors, Thermax and Volkswagen.

In addition to this, several heavy industries such as Alfa Laval, Atlas Copco, ATS Automation Tooling Systems, Bharat Forge, Bosch, Bridgestone, Finolex Group, Forbes Marshall, Geberit, General Electric, Hyundai Heavy Industries, IKEA, KSB Pumps, Lear Corporation, Lumax, Manitowoc Cranes, New Holland Agriculture, Sandvik, Sany, Schindler Group, Sigma Corporation, SKF, Suzlon, ThyssenKrupp, Varroc have their manufacturing units in the city.

The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjawadi is a ₹60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). The IT Park encompasses an area of about 2800 acre and is home to over 800 IT companies of all sizes.

Government and public services
On 4 March 1970, the villages of Pimpri, Chinchwad, Bhosari and Akurdi merged into a single municipal authority, the Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Council, Pune. Two years later, the Pimpri Chinchwad New Town Development Authority, Pune was established. Its chief objective was to create a planned environment for the working population in the vicinity of their work place. On 11 October 1982, the Municipal Council was merged with seven surrounding villages and the PCNTDA area to form the a new Municipal Corporation (Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, and it split apart from the Haveli taluka to become the 15th and newest of Pune district's talukas.  The size of the city more than doubled in 1997 (from 84.51 km2 to 170.51 km2.) with the addition (in part or in full) of 18 villages located at the periphery of the PCMC as it existed in 1982. Tathawade was added to the city in 2008, bringing the total area of the neighbourhood to 176.41 km2.

Civic Administration
The Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune is the local governing body. It comprises two branches: the executive branch headed by the Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer appointed by the Government of Maharashtra, and an elected deliberative branch, the general body, headed by the Mayor. Municipal elections are held every five years to elect councilors, popularly known as 'corporators', who form the general body of the PCMC. The corporators, in turn, elect the mayor and the deputy mayor. In the Municipal Elections held in February 2017, 128 corporators were elected to represent the 32 electoral wards (4 corporators per ward). While the position of the mayor is mostly ceremonial, the chief executive of the city is the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The JNNURM award for Best Performing neighbourhood, under Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance, was given to PCMC, Pune. The "System of Assisting Residents and Tourist Through Helpline Information" (SARATHI), the grievance portal of the city, has gained national recognition and is a role model for other cities.

Development Agencies
Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA), which was on the cards since 1997, was formed on 31 March 2015 and is responsible for the integrated development of the PMR. Currently its jurisdiction extends over 7,256.46 km2 and includes the municipal corporations of Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune and Pune Municipal Corporation, three cantonment boards, seven municipal councils, 13 census towns and 842 villages.

Law and order
The PCMC Police in Pune is the law enforcement agency for the neighbourhood of PCMC, Pune. It was carved out of Pune City Police Department and took charge on 15 August 2018. It is a division of the Maharashtra Police and is headed by the Police Commissioner, an officer of the Indian Police Service.

Civic utilities
The Pavana dam located 35 km from PCMC, Pune is the sole source of water for the city. The water lifted at the Ravet bund is pumped to the Nigdi filtration plant from where it distributed to the entire city. As of 2018, Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation Administration provided around 450 million liters per day (MLD) of water to the city. This led to the generation of around 290 MLD of sewage, of which the civic body had capacity to treat only 240 MLD at its 13 sewage treatment plants, a problem that has persisted for years. The untreated water is let into the rivers which lead to several health and environmental problems. Similar problems in the areas of PMC as well as in the suburban areas, the rivers in the PMR are among the most polluted rivers in the state.

The state owned Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited supplies electricity to the city. The power comes from thermal, hydro, gas and renewable sources such as solar, wind and sugarcane bagasse. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), owned by the central government, as well as private enterprises such as Vodafone, Bharti Airtel, Reliance, Idea Cellular, Aircel, Tata DoCoMo, Tata Teleservices, Virgin Mobile, and MTS India, are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.

Air
The air gateway is the Pune International Airport located at Lohegaon which is about 19 km east of the neighborhood. It is operated by the Airports Authority of India. In addition to domestic flights to all major Indian cities, the airport serves international direct flights to Dubai (operated by Air India Express) and to Frankfurt (operated by Lufthansa). As of 2021, it is the 2nd busiest airport in the state and 13th busiest airport in India. The airport is awarded as best airport by hygiene measures in Asia-Pacific in 2020 by Airports Council International.

Due to the limited expansion options available, the airport will not be able to cope with the growing demand for air traffic into Pune. Hence, a greenfield airport for the Pune metropolitan region has been proposed. The Government of Maharashtra has entrusted the responsibility to Maharashtra Airport Development Company (MADC) for executing the Pune International Airport project. Probable sites for this project had earlier included areas around Talegaon Dabhade and Saswad near Pune. An area between Chakan and Rajgurunagar, around the villages of Chandus and Shiroli was under consideration. However, due to land acquisition issues, a new site has been proposed. The greenfield airport will be located near the villages of Ambodi, Sonori, Kumbharvalan, Ekhatpur-Munjawadi, Khanwadi, Pargaon Memane, Rajewadi, Aamble, Tekwadi, Vanpuri, Udachiwadi, Singapur near Saswad and Jejuri in Purandar taluka of Pune District in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The proposed airport in Purandar will be spread over 2,400 hectares. This airport will also boost trade from Pune and neighbouring districts as it will have its own dedicated cargo terminal.

Public transport
Public transport modes in PCMC limits include Suburban Railway, bus and Rainbow BRTS services operated by PMPML and auto rickshaws. Pune Metro, an urban mass rapid transit system is under construction in the twin cities. Uber and Ola Cabs also provide vehicle for hire services in the city.

Road
It is well connected to neighbouring cities via several highways. It has a 633-km long extensive network of roads connecting its various neighbourhoods. The NH 48 runs throughout the city and serves as the main connecting link for the PCMC and PMC. After the Mumbai–Pune Expressway was opened in 2002, this road came to be known as Old Mumbai–Pune Road. It starts in the suburb of Shivajinagar (earlier Bhamburde) and passes through the suburbs of Khadki cantonment, Bopodi, Dapodi, Kasarwadi, Pimpri, Chinchwad, Nigdi, Dehu Road cantonment, Kivale, Mamurdi, Gahunje, Talegaon Dabhade, and Vadgaon Maval all the way up to Mumbai.The NH 60 originates at Nashik Phata at Kasarwadi is another important road passes through the suburbs of Kasarwadi, Bhosari, Chikhli, Moshi, Chimbali, and Chakan all the way up to Nashik. The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope in Khodad is off this road. The Pimpri-Chinchwad link road connects the suburbs of Pimpri and Chinchwad, as one of the alternative roads to Mumbai–Pune Road. The Mumbai Pune Expressway that originates at Kiwale just outside the city, is India's first 6-lane wide concrete, access-controlled tolled expressway. It spans a distance of 94.5 km connecting Mumbai, the capital of Maharashtra state and the financial capital of India, with Pune, the cultural and educational capital of Maharashtra. The expressway, which was fully operationalized in 2002, introduced new levels of speed and safety in automobile transportation to Indian roads. It is one of India's busiest roads.

A ring road is being planned for the convenience of heavy traffic.

Bus service
Until 2007, PCMC, Pune served by its own public transport bus service provider, the Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Transport, Pune. On 19 October 2007, it was merged with the Pune Municipal Transport, Pune that served it's historic neighbourhood of Pune to form the Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited (PMPML; lit. Pune Metropolitan Transport Corporation Ltd.). PMPML runs buses on 371 routes that cover a radius of 20 km around the city of Pune, India. It also runs services on BRT corridors under the brand name Rainbow BRTS. As of May 2018, there are two operating BRT corridors in PCMC limits with a combined length of 22.5 km, while work is underway on three other corridors with a total length 28 km. Although the BRTS project has been deemed a failure in the historic PMC, PCMC claims that the two BRT corridors, Sangvi-Kiwale and Nashik Phata-Wakad, have seen a rise in ridership after they became operation in 2015. The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation operates buses from its main station at Vallabh Nagar, Pimpri to all major cities and towns in Maharashtra as well as in the neighbouring states. Private companies also run bus services throughout India.

Rail
Pimpri Chinchwad is served by five railway stations, Chinchwad, Akurdi, Pimpri, Kasarwadi and Dapodi, on the Pune Suburban Railway as well as the Mumbai Dadar–Solapur sections of the Indian Railways (Central zone). Local trains (EMUs) connect PCMC, Pune to its historic neighbourhood of Pune and the hill station of Lonavala, while daily express trains connect it to Mumbai. Daily express trains through Pune Junction connect the city to other parts of the country. Pune Suburban Railway, connecting PCMC, Pune to its historic core and its suburbs in Pune District, Maharashtra. It is operated by Central Railway (CR). The system operates on two routes, Pune Junction–Lonavala and its part Pune Junction–Talegaon. 18 trains operate on Pune Junction–Lonavala route and 5 trains operate on Pune Junction–Talegaon route.

Metro
Pune Metro, a mass rapid transit system, was inaugurated in March 2022. The system comprises 3 lines with a total length of 54.58 km. As of 2022, Pimpri-Chinchwad has been served by 6 metro stations of Purple Line which is, , , , ,. The 16.59 km Line 1 PCMC Bhavan – Swargate will be elevated between PCMC Bhavan to Range Hills, from where it will run underground. Line 2 will run from Vanaz to Ramwadi covering a distance of 14.66 km on an elevated viaduct. Lines 1 and 2 are expected to be operational in 2021. The 23.33-km elevated Line 3 will run from the Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjawadi via Balewadi to Civil Court. All three lines will align at the Civil Court interchange station. The detailed project report (DPR) was prepared for the initial two lines by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation which was approved by the State government in 2012 and by the Central government in December 2016. Out of the two lines, Line 1 will run through PCMC limits from PCMC Bhavan to Dapodi and further to Swargate in Pune, India. A detailed project report is being prepared for the extension of the line up to Nigdi. The project is being implemented by MahaMetro, a 50:50 joint venture of the State and Central governments. Line 3 from Hinjawadi to Civil Court, Shivajinagar was approved by the State and Central governments in January and March 2018, respectively. The 23.3-km line is being implemented by PMRDA on a public-private partnership basis and will have a station at Wakad in PCMC limits. Another metro route connecting Hinjawadi to Moshi via Nashik Phata, Bhosari is also being contemplated.

Personal transport
Rapid urbanization has led to the population of the city to double from 2001 to 2017. In the same period, the number of vehicles has increased of 700%. Like its neighbouring Pune, motorized two-wheelers dominate the streets. At the rate of 663 vehicles per 1000 residents, a total of 1.57 million vehicles are registered in the city in 2018, of which 1.17 million are two-wheelers. Public transportation in the city has not been able to keep up with the demand and is infamous for its unreliability leading to a constant upward trend in the number of vehicles. Unsurprisingly, the whopping number of vehicles has led to several problems including air pollution, noise pollution and traffic congestion.

Festivals and events
Like most Indian cities, a number of festival are celebrated across all communities in the city including Ganeshotsav, Navaratri, Dussehra, Janmashtami, Dahi Handi and Onam Holi, Diwali, Eid al-fitr, Eid al-Adha, Christmas, Buddha Purnima, Cheti Chand, Chalio, and several others. The birth anniversary celebrations of historical figures like Chhatrapati Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire, and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, the principal architect of Indian Constitution, among others are also celebrated with great pomp and show. The national holidays of Republic Day and Independence Day are also celebrated. Individual towns also organize annual village fairs which are dedicated to the local deity. The Bhairavnath fair in Bhosari is perhaps the well-known village fair for its controversial bullock cart race. The PCMC festival is an annual cultural event held in the city. It was started by the Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune in 1996 under the name 'Ganesh Festival' as it used to be organized on the occasion of Ganeshotsav. Since 2004, the PCMC stopped organizing the festival and it was kept alive by the PCMC Social Club. Since 2014, the festival is not organized during Ganeshotsav but at another time of the year. Pavanāthaḍi Jatrā (Marathi: पवनाथडी जत्रा) is an annual event organized by the Women and Child Welfare Committee of the PCMC. It is a three to five day long exhibition cum sale of goods produced by women's self-help groups in the city and features over 300 stalls. The city also participates in the Pune International Film Festival with screening of several films at a cinema in the city limits.

Parks
Durga Tekdi and Bhakti-Shakti are one of main public parks in Pune. The Bhakti Shakti garden hosted the second largest national flag of India at 351 ft. The Boat Club Garden, Thergaon on the bank of Pawana River hosts kids play area, toy train ride, 15 meter high watch tower, boating and rafting. The city also has a zoo named after Nisargakavi Bahinabai Chaudhari in Chinchwad East. A lake garden is also located close to the zoo called the Bird Valley because of the water birds like cranes which come migrating here. Appu Ghar also known as Indira Gandhi Udyan is an amusement park located in the Pradhikaran area.

Pimpri Chinchwad Science Park, Pune is one of the latest tourist attraction and activity based Science Centre of Pune region. The Science Centre houses Galleries on different themes of Science & Technology, Activity area, Inflatable Taramandal and an Auditorium. It also has an open air Science Park spread over 3.5acres. Most of the exhibits in the science centre and science park are interactive in nature and visitors can explore science in an entertaining way.

Recreation
There are ten public swimming pools run by Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation. Chapekar wada in Chinchwadgaon, the residence of the revolutionary Chapekar brothers has been restored and is now a memorial cum museum dedicated to their life and displays swords and weapons used by freedom fighters during the struggle for Indian independence.

Ramkrushna More Prekshagruha in Chinchwad, Acharya Atre Rangmandir in Sant Tukaramnagar, Ankushrao Landage Natyagruha in Bhosari, Nilu Phule Rangmandir in Sangvi are the auditoria in the city. There is a fort in Punawale that was built by and named after the Peshwa Minister Sardar Borge. The Vaishnodevi Temple in Pimpri attracts devotees from all over the city.

Shopping and Malls
Pimpri market is one of the shopping street in Pune for clothing, electronics and jewellery. There are several cinema halls as well as shopping malls in the city.

Cricket
Cricket is one of the most popular sports in this city. Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Gahunje (also known as MCA Stadium), inaugurated in 2012, hosts both one day internationals and test matches with a seating capacity of 37,000 spectators. It serves as the home stadium for the Maharashtra cricket team including headquarters for the Maharashtra Cricket Association.

Hockey
PCMC Hockey Stadium also known as The Major Dhyanachand Stadium is a field hockey stadium in the city of Pune, India. It has a seating capacity of 5,000 people. It serves as the home ground of the hockey franchisee based in Pune Strykers, for World Series Hockey. It was built in 1993, was the first polygrass stadium of the district. Women's hockey matches of National Games which was held here in 1993.

Football
Annasaheb Magar PCMC Stadium is a multi purposed stadium owned and managed by the PCMC Administration. The ground was named after Indian National Congress leader Annasaheb Magar who was Member of Parliament from 1977 to 1980 from Khed

Rowing
CME rowing channel, Dapodi is Asia's second largest rowing channel after China.

Education
PCMC Administration runs 136 public schools, locally called 'Municipality Schools'. According to the PCMC Website, the neighbourhood also has 208 private schools that are run by individuals or educational trusts. Public schools are affiliated to the State Board. Private schools vary in their choice curriculum and may follow the State Board or one of the two central boards of education, the CBSE or CISCE.

According to the 2011 Census, the city has 75 colleges (undergraduate and above), three medical colleges and 3 engineering colleges. Most colleges in PCMC, Pune are affiliated to the Savitribai Phule Pune University. The College of Military Engineering is located in the Dapodi area. The city is also home to the National AIDS Research Institute (NARI) of the Indian Council of Medical Research established in October 1992 in Bhosari MIDC. Central Institute of Road Transport is also located in Bhosari MIDC.

Schools

 * City International School
 * Elpro International School, Chinchwad
 * Global Indian International School
 * Hindustan Antibiotics School
 * Jai Hind High School and Junior College, Pimpri
 * Jnana Prabodhini
 * S.N.B.P. International School
 * VIBGYOR Group of Schools
 * Vidya Niketan School
 * Wisdom World School, Wakad

Colleges

 * D Y Patil College of Engineering, Pimpri.
 * International Institute of Information Technology, Hinjewadi.
 * Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering
 * Pimpri Chinchwad Polytechnic
 * Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Akurdi.
 * Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering and Research, Ravet.
 * S. B. Patil Institute of Management, Akurdi.
 * S B Patil Junior College, Ravet.
 * National AIDS Research Institute, Bhosari.

International relations

 * 🇰🇷 Gunsan, South Korea
 * 🇨🇳 Xiangyang, China

Notable people

 * Ruturaj Gaikwad – professional cricketer, played for India, plays for Maharashtra cricket team, Chennai Super Kings in IPL.
 * Mukta Barve - Marathi actress
 * Bhushan Pradhan - Marathi actor

title: Pimpri-Chinchwad


text:
Talk:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

AASHO --> AASHTO date?
When did AASHO become AASHTO? A quick search turns up nothing. --SPUI (talk - don't use sorted stub templates! ) 19:06, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * November 13, 1973 according to this site Toiyabe 20:17, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Official?
Is it an official state association or a privat one? --84.44.153.208 (talk) 01:31, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

U.S. constitutional law on interstate compacts
The lede states "Although AASHTO sets transportation standards and policy for the United States as a whole, AASHTO is not an agency of the federal government; rather it is an organization of the states themselves. Policies of AASHTO are not federal laws or policies, but rather are ways to coordinate state laws and policies in the field of transportation." In 2019, the Congressional Research Service (CRS) issued a report reviewing the proposed National Popular Vote Interstate Compact. (Neale & Nolan) The CRS report cited the U.S. Supreme Court case Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors (1985) as suggesting that the creation of an interstate government entity (e.g. the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey) is a sufficient condition for an agreement between state governments to qualify as an interstate compact under the Compact Clause of Article I, Section X, (Neale & Nolan pp. 22–23) and in cited both Northeast Bancorp and Virginia v. Tennessee (1893) as stating that any agreement between two or more states that "cover[s] all stipulations affecting the conduct or claims of the parties", prohibits members from "modify[ing] or repeal[ing] [the agreement] unilaterally", and requires "'reciprocation' of mutual obligations" constitutes an interstate compact. (Neale & Nolan pp. 23–24) In Cuyler v. Adams (1981), the Supreme Court ruled that all congressionally approved interstate compacts are federal laws, whether approved explicitly following the Presentment Clause of Article I, Section VII (as with the Republican River Compact) or implicitly under Virginia v. Tennessee and as in U.S. Steel Corp. v. Multistate Tax Commission (1978). (Neale & Nolan p. 26; Drake pp. 691–694)

-- CommonKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:12, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

 * @CommonKnowledgeCreator: in 50 words or less, what is the issue you have with the article? I read a lot of stuff in your initial posting here, and I fail to find a succinct or coherent point being made, or a proposed change to any wording.
 * AASHTO is a trade organization with the state departments of transportation as its members. It creates various engineering standards, similar to the role of ANSI, and it coordinates the numbering of a few interstate highway systems, like the Interstate Highway System, the United States Numbered Highway System and the U.S. Bicycle Route System.  Imzadi 1979  →   00:58, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The article states that while AASHTO is not a federal agency, it is an interstate government organization that every state transportation department executive has a voting seat on. Even if though AASHTO is not a government agency, whatever charter that authorizes its existence (i.e. e.g. articles of association) would qualify as an interstate compact per Northeast Bancorp and Virginia v. Tennessee cited above if AASHTO creates policies that the states mutually agree to follow (such as the route numbering system for the United States Numbered Highway System and the United States Bicycle Route System since hodonyms are arbitrary and unrelated to engineering) and coordinates the creation of laws the states mutually agree to implement. The article states "While AASHTO is not a government body, it does possess quasi-governmental powers in the sense that the organizations that supply its members customarily obey most AASHTO decisions." Interstate compacts are federal laws under Cuyler v. Adams, so the lede's statement that AASHTO's policies are not federal laws is dubious. — CommonKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:01, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, there's no need to be rude. The point was always there; you just don't recognize it as being valid. -- CommonKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:44, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @CommonKnowledgeCreator: no rudeness was intended, but I read a lot of content here but I didn't see what you wanted to change in the article. Dumping a legal brief on a talk page doesn't help clarify things.  Imzadi 1979  →   20:41, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Concur with Imzadi1979's lucid analysis. AASHTO has nothing to do with interstate agreements because the states themselves are not parties. It's a professional organization.
 * This basic distinction is very obvious to anyone who has ever been a member of a professional organization. For example, an attorney normally participates in social functions hosted by bar associations as an individual professional and not on behalf of his or her law firm or government agency, though one may mention their law firm in passing for networking purposes. --Coolcaesar (talk) 00:03, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

With respect to "cover[ing] all stipulations affecting the conduct or claims of the parties" per Northeast Bancorp and Virginia v. Tennessee:

 * Article III of the AASHTO's by-laws states "Member Departments shall be defined as those departments or agencies of the States of the United States" and that "Active members shall be defined as those Member Departments that are current in paying the Association's specified annual dues, and shall have the privilege of serving on committees, taking part in discussions, and voting on all matters except as otherwise provided herein."

 * Article IV of the AASHTO by-laws states "The AASHTO Board of Directors shall consist of the duly constituted head or other Chief Executive Officer designated to serve as a Director by each Member Department" and that "The Board of Directors shall be the policy-making and oversight body of the Association. It shall be concerned with such matters as official positions on federal legislative and policy proposals; the development of official policy statements; membership dues; adoption of the Association strategic plan; changes in the Association's Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Operating Policy; the establishment of forums, councils, special committees, and committees, based on the recommendation of the Strategic Management Committee; and all other policy matters pertaining to the operation or activities of the Association. In acting on such matters, each voting Director from a Member Department shall have a single vote.

 * "Representation by a majority of all voting Board Members shall constitute a quorum to initiate and transact general business. A majority vote of the voting Board Members present on matters of general business shall be considered binding on the Association's officers and committees. For policy matters, a two-thirds favorable vote of all voting Board Members, taken either at the meeting or by electronic or letter ballot, shall be considered binding on the Association's officers and committees.

 * "The Board of Directors shall meet during the Association's Annual and Spring Meetings. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the President upon his or her own initiative. A special meeting shall be called by the President or the Executive Director upon the written request of not less than ten voting members of the Board. In the event that a Board Member is unable to attend a meeting, the Member Department shall designate by letter to the Executive Director prior to each Board meeting, the individual who shall serve as the Member Department's representative on the Board at that meeting.

 * "In the event that a Board Member is unable to attend a meeting, the Member Department shall designate by letter to the Executive Director prior to each Board meeting, the individual who shall serve as the Member Department's representative on the Board at that meeting."

 * Pages 10 through 33 of AASHTO by-laws describes the Board of Directors Operating Policy.

With respect to "modify[ing] or repeal[ing] [the agreement] unilaterally":

 * Article II of AASHTO's articles of incorporation states that the charter's "period of duration is perpetual."

 * Article XI of AASHTO by-laws states "The Bylaws may be amended by two-thirds affirmative vote of all voting members of the Board of Directors at any duly called Board of Directors meeting provided at least two-thirds of the voting Board Members are duly represented in attendance and the proposed amendment has been provided to the Board Members at least 14 days prior to the meeting. If not provided 14 days in advance of a meeting, unanimous consent of the voting Board Members present must be secured for consideration of the proposed amendment; thereafter, approval of the amendment will require a two-thirds affirmative vote of all voting members of the Board of Directors.

 * "Three or more voting Board Members may also initiate proposed amendments to the Bylaws to be presented in writing at any duly called meeting of the Board of Directors. Such proposals may be amended by a two-thirds favorable vote at such meeting. Such proposals shall thereafter be submitted to a vote by the voting Board Members by electronic or letter ballot. Ballots shall be sent to the voting Board Members by the Executive Director within 30 days after the meeting at which the proposed amendment was submitted. Ballots returned to the Executive Director within 30 days after such meeting shall be recorded and tabulated by the Executive Director, who shall report the results of such ballot to all the Board Members. If a two- thirds majority of all voting Board Members approve the amendment, it shall become effective in accordance with its terms."

With respect to "'reciprocation' of mutual obligations":

 * Article IX of AASHTO by-laws states "The Member Departments of the Association agree to maintain an active interest in all Association affairs, to attend all meetings whenever possible, to make available from their Department personnel such individuals as may be selected to serve on forums, councils, special committees and committees of the Association, to vote upon all matters submitted to them for electronic or letter ballot, and to maintain their good standing as Member Departments in the Association through the payment of the specified annual dues."

 * Article X of AASHTO by-laws states "Dues shall be set by the Executive Committee, and confirmed by a two-thirds vote of all members of the Board of Directors. The payment of annual dues by a Member Department, in conformity with the schedule set forth by the Executive Committee, shall entitle all representatives from such Member Department to full participation in the Association. The right to vote on any matter shall be limited to voting Member Departments that are current in paying the Association’s specified annual dues at the time of the annual meeting of the Association."

-- CommonKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:03, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

It appears to me that you are both wrong. The states are parties to the organization, and upon closer examination of the organization's governing documents, it strongly appears to satisfy the requirements of an interstate compact under the Compact Clause, Northeast Bancorp, and Virginia v. Tennessee. -- CommonKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:09, 27 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It's pretty hard to make the case that AASHTO decisions are binding in any way when sometimes they make decisions that conflict with federal law (e.g. US-377 and the 'damned if you do, damned if you don't' position they put Oklahoma DOT in, which isn't reflected in that article yet because I've been too lazy to write the whole thing up since discovering it). —Scott5114↗ [EXACT CHANGE ONLY] 03:35, 27 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @CommonKnowledgeCreator: you'll need to find a published reliable source that says that AASHTO is an interstate compact. Your analysis on this talk page amounts to original research.
 * AASHTO's articles of incorporation from 1984 state that it was incorporated under the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act. Would an interstate compact be so incorporated? The organization ( under EIN 53-0204654) has 501(c)3 status with the IRS. Would an interstate compact be so classified? AASHTO itself describes itself as "nonprofit, nonpartisan association", so absent some specific source to the contrary, notwithstanding the pontificating of editors here, their self-description appears to be accurate.  Imzadi 1979  →   03:58, 27 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I haven't read AASHTO's bylaws for over a decade (when I was much more curious about transportation policy than I am now), so I had forgotten that the departments are the members. But even then, the bylaws indicate that the member departments are members of the organization, not the states.
 * Also, if you go and read the actual text of several interstate compacts (which I just did right now), they are often drafted as statutory acts to be enacted by the legislature of each member state as evidence of its consent. That's not the case here.
 * Finally, I don't see anything in the bylaws or other AASHTO governing documents in which the member departments expressly agree on behalf of their state governments to be bound by or to follow AASHTO decisions. In contrast, interstate compacts always do include such language.  Notice how the Interstate Compact for the Supervision of Adult Offenders repeatedly states that this or that clause is "binding" on each "Compacting State".  --Coolcaesar (talk) 08:39, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

Given that you are an attorney and I am not, I will take your word for it in assumption of good faith. But it seems like it shouldn't be that much of a distinction if the members are executive departments of a state government or the state government as a whole since the condition for active membership in AASHTO is a due which is presumably paid out of an appropriation from a state legislature and thus could qualify as implicit agreement to being a party to its charter (especially if the appropriation specifically authorized the spending for the membership due). But I most certainly concede the point about interstate compacts typically being explicitly authorized by statute in each state and that it does not appear that AASHTO was created by such legislation, as well as about AASHTO decisions appearing to being non-binding (although that seems peculiar considering that that would permit the state DOTs to violate the route numbering decisions and throw those designation systems into disarray).

WP:NOR applies only to articles and not to talk pages, so my "pontificating" is acceptable here. (I believe ":P" and ":)" are the appropriate emojis at this juncture. Apologies for the assumption of rudeness.) I initiated this discussion because it did not appear that the cited content in the article was entirely accurate even though the source cited was published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, which has an ex officio non-voting seat on the AASHTO board of directors. (It occurs to me that the "August 4, 1964: Report to the American People on the Gulf of Tonkin incident" is or ought to be a standard example of why primary sources can be unreliable. Just because the government says it doesn't make it true.)

To someone who is not a lawyer (but is an American citizen trying to understand how his government works), the language of those Supreme Court rulings, the CRS report, and the Compact Clause appears quite broad with respect to what can be authorized by an interstate compact, about how interstate compacts can be enacted implicitly, and that the governing documents of AASHTO superficially appear to qualify as an interstate compact, and thus, that whatever resolutions AASHTO has passed could have qualified as federal regulations made pursuant to a federal law under Cuyler v. Adams (unless there is a Supreme Court, federal court, or state supreme court ruling that stipulates that entry into an interstate compact must be done by explicit vote of the state legislature for the specific compact and that state executive departments may not enter them under previously existing state laws).

Also, upon reviewing the language of Northeast Bancorp more carefully, it is unclear why a corporate charter that creates a non-governmental organization which states (or state government executive departments) are parties to would not qualify as an interstate compact. State legislatures are authorized to issue corporate charters just as legislative bodies have had the authority to do dating back to the Roman Republic and as the United States Congress did for nearly two centuries beginning with the First Bank of the United States. If states wished to do so by an interstate compact, it is unclear why that would not be constitutionally permissible if it is not in restraint of trade, does not violate some legally authorized monopoly, does not alter the vertical balance of power between the federal government and state governments, or does not alter the horizontal balance of power among state governments (or violates some other part of the U.S. Constitution or a state constitution). But I digress.

There is no such thing as a "lazy" Wikipedian. We are supposed to be volunteer nerds after all, and it is hard to call someone "lazy" in the performance of a duty or responsibility if they are under no legal or social obligation to perform it (although IMO contributing to Wikipedia as a volunteer and in accordance WP:NPOV and WP:SOAP should qualify as a form of civic engagement). :) -- CommonKnowledgeCreator (talk) 19:07, 27 December 2022 (UTC)