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Le bruit et l'odeur

"Le bruit et l'odeur" refers to a speech given in 1991 by Jacques Chirac, the mayor of Paris who later became French president; it translates as "the noise and the smell."

The speech
This is an excerpt from the speech:

Comment voulez-vous que le travailleur français qui travaille avec sa femme et qui ensemble gagnent environ 15 000 FF et qui voit sur le palier à côté de son HLM, entassée, une famille avec un père de famille, trois ou quatre épouses et une vingtaine de gosses et qui gagne 50 000FF de prestations sociales sans naturellement travailler... Si vous ajoutez à cela le bruit et l'odeur, eh bien le travailleur français sur le palier, il devient fou. Et ce n'est pas être raciste que de dire cela. Nous n'avons plus les moyens d'honorer le regroupement familial et il faut enfin ouvrir le débat qui s'impose dans notre pays qui est un vrai débat moral pour savoir si il est naturel que les étrangers puissent bénéficier au même titre que les Français d'une solidarité nationale à laquelle ils ne participent pas puisqu'ils ne payent pas d'impôts.

 * English translation: How do you want a French worker who works with his wife, who earn together about 15,000 FF [] and who sees next to his council house, a piled-up family with a father, three or four spouses and twenty kids earning 50,000 FF [] via benefits, naturally without working... If you add to that the noise and the smell, well the French worker, he goes crazy. And it is not being racist to say this. We no longer have the means of honouring the family regrouping [policy], and we need to finally start the essential debate in this country, as to whether it is moral and normal that foreigners should profit to the same extent as French people, from a national solidarity to which they don't participate, as they pay no taxes.

In this speech, Chirac contrasts the situation of older generations of immigrants (coming from Italy, Spain, Portugal or Poland) to what he considers the current "overdose" of immigration, mostly from Muslim Arabs and Blacks coming from former colonies that once wanted and got their independence from France. He deplores polygamy, family regrouping policy (adopted by his own initiative) in 1976, exaggerated social assistance (assistanat) and also the situation of working-class French who have trouble making ends meet and see next door large immigrant families living in Europe the African way of life, with one man, three or four spouses, and dozens of children, all living off welfare, not working, not contributing to social taxes, and making noises and smells in their council houses. (At the time, France recognized polygamous marriages that had been performed abroad.)

He then explains that in such conditions, the French worker, without being a racist, is bound to become mad.

This speech became famous when it was sampled in 1995 by the French band Zebda on their hit "Le bruit et l'odeur" from the album of the same name. Three of the seven members of the group Zebda are ethnically Maghrebis, while the rest are ethnically European.

External references

 * Part of Chirac's speech and other quotations

title: Le bruit et l'odeur


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sojourn

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Speedy deleted because Dictdef already in Wiktionary

Sojourn
Belongs in wiktionary User:damicatz 00:24, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * It's already in Wiktionary, and has been for months. Delete. Uncle G 01:02, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Since that's the case, this can be deleted --nixie 02:26, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, since iterwiki would be useless. --Sn0wflake 03:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg (talk) 04:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. CSD rule A2 should be expanded to cover cases like this. jni 08:50, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That was my immediate thought, too. Uncle G 13:49, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Delete under CSD case A2 (leftover after successful transwiki).  The current wording of the case is a holdover from when the only other WikiMedia projects were other languages.  Rossami (talk) 02:50, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. HyperZonktalk 18:29, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sojourn


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Well defined outcome

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:49, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Well defined outcome
A list of questions to ask oneself to achieve a well-defined (or well-formed?) outcome. Not encyclopedic; I don't believe the topic is either, at least not without starting over. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 00:28, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete unless fixed. It's basically a how-to. Linked from Neurolinguistic programming, but statistics, game theory etc also have a concept of well defined outcomes. Kappa 00:55, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not very descriptive; if it had a source, it'd make more sense, somewhat. But as it is, it looks like it was extracted straight from a self-improvement book. --Sn0wflake 03:43, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but it needs a complete re-write. Well-formed outcome is a concept that could have a valid entry. A quick google search for "well-formed outcome" found this and this. Surely there's enough info here to make a decent article. --DaveTheRed 03:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Like my teacher says, "this is ugly". Delete. -- Riffsyphon1024 03:45, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The well defined outcome of this will be deletion. -R. fiend 04:06, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A "how-to" guide, and I am being generous. Delete. - Mike Rosoft 15:05, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Of no value. Giano 15:37, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Since as it was mentioned it is part of Neurolinguistic programming, and it is very important concept in that one, I would suggest to put it there or redirect to other NLP pages.


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Cape Feare

"Cape Feare" is the second episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 7, 1993. The episode features guest star Kelsey Grammer in his third major appearance as Sideshow Bob, who attempts to kill Bart Simpson again after getting out of jail, spoofing the 1962 film Cape Fear and its 1991 remake. Both films are based on John D. MacDonald's 1957 novel The Executioners and allude to other horror films such as Psycho.

The episode was written by Jon Vitti and was the final episode directed by Rich Moore. The idea was pitched by Wallace Wolodarsky, who wanted to parody Cape Fear. Originally produced as the last episode for the fourth season, it was held over to the fifth and was, therefore, the last episode produced by the show's original writers, most of whom subsequently left. The production crew found it difficult to stretch "Cape Feare" to the standard duration of half an hour (minus commercials), and consequently padded several scenes. In one such sequence, Sideshow Bob continually steps on rakes, the handles of which then hit him in the face; this scene has been cited as one of the show's most memorable moments. The score received an Emmy Award nomination.

Plot
Sideshow Bob sends anonymous threatening letters in the mail to Bart from prison, wanting revenge on Bart for his previous defeats. Bob is soon paroled; the parole board no longer considers him a threat to society. After encountering Bob at a local movie theater and realizing he sent the letters, the Simpsons join the Witness Protection Program, which relocates them to a houseboat in Terror Lake and changes their surname to "Thompson". As the family drives to their new home, they are unaware that Bob is strapped to the underside of the car. While suspended there, Bob is hit with speed bumps, has hot coffee poured on him by Homer, and is driven through a large cactus patch. After arriving in Terror Lake, Bob unstraps himself from the car and steps on rakes several times, injuring himself. Bob encounters Bart, but is promptly trampled by a parade of several elephants.

During the night, Bob reaches the houseboat and unmoors it from the dock. He ties up Homer, Marge, Lisa, Maggie and Santa's Little Helper so they cannot stop him. Bob then enters Bart's room and almost dispatches him as he flees out of the window. Bob catches up to Bart and corners him at the edge of the boat, offering him a last request. Having noticed a sign saying Springfield is fifteen miles away, Bart quickly has an idea: to stall for time, he compliments Bob on his beautiful voice and asks him to sing the entire score of H.M.S. Pinafore. Delighted by Bart's compliment, Bob grants his request by delivering a performance that includes several props, costumes and backdrops.

As the musical concludes, Bob prepares to murder Bart until the boat runs aground, knocking him off his feet and preventing him from doing so. Bob is arrested by Chief Wiggum, whose police force was patronizing a riverside brothel. With Bob defeated once more, the Simpsons return home and discover that Grampa has grown breasts and long hair because he had left his medications inside the formerly abandoned house.

Production

Sideshow Bob is a recurring character on The Simpsons. Since season three's "Black Widower" (1992), the writers have echoed the premise of Wile E. Coyote chasing the Road Runner from the 1949–1966 Looney Tunes cartoons by having Bob unexpectedly insert himself into Bart's life and attempt to kill him as revenge for the events of the Season 1 episode "Krusty Gets Busted" and the numerous other times Bart foiled his plans. Executive producer Al Jean has compared Bob's character to that of Wile E. Coyote, noting that both are intelligent yet always foiled by what they perceive as an inferior intellect. The scene in which Bob is stomped on by multiple elephants and bounced right back up is a reference to Wile E. Coyote.

American actor Kelsey Grammer was brought in to guest star as Sideshow Bob for the third time. At that time, Grammer had become a household name as the lead of the television series Frasier, which was in production at the same time as this episode and would premiere on September 16, 1993. Grammer did not know the rake scene was extended because he had made the moan only once and was surprised when he saw the final product. The show's writers admire Grammer's singing voice and include a song for each appearance, including this episode. Alf Clausen, the primary composer for The Simpsons, commented that "[Grammer] is so great. He's just amazing. You can tell he has this love of musical theater, and he has the vocal instrument to go with it, so I know whatever I write is going to be sung the way I've heard it."

In Planet Simpson, author Chris Turner writes that Bob is built into a highbrow snob and conservative Republican, so the writers can continually hit him with a rake and bring him down. He represents high culture while Krusty, one of his archenemies, represents low culture, and Bart, stuck in between, always wins out. In the book Leaving Springfield, David L. G. Arnold comments that Bart is a product of a "mass-culture upbringing" and thus is Bob's enemy.

Bob's intelligence serves him in many ways. For example, during this episode, the parole board asks Bob why he has a tattoo that says "Die Bart, Die"; Bob replies that it is German for "The Bart, The". The board members are impressed and release him because "no one who speaks German could be an evil man" (an allusion to Adolf Hitler). However, his love of high culture is sometimes used against him. In this same episode, Bob agrees to perform the operetta H.M.S. Pinafore in its entirety as a last request for Bart. The tactic stalls Bob long enough for the police to arrest him.

Even though the episode aired during the beginning of the fifth season, it was produced by the fourth season's crew. A large part of the original crew left the show after season four. This led to the addition of several scenes that normally would not have been considered because the departing crew's mentality was, "what are they going to do, get us fired?" Although most of the episode was completed by the staff of season four, the end was rewritten by the team of season five.

Wallace Wolodarsky had seen the 1991 version of Cape Fear and pitched the idea of spoofing the film. Jon Vitti was then assigned to write a parody of the original Cape Fear film from 1962 as well as the remake (both films are based on the 1957 novel by John D. MacDonald, entitled The Executioners ). Instead of using the spoof as only a part of the episode, which could have contained a B-story, the entire episode was devoted to this parody. Sideshow Bob was cast as the villain, and Bart became the main victim. The episode followed the same basic plot outline as the films and used elements from the original film's score by Bernard Herrmann (which was also used in the 1991 version). The theme was so popular that after this episode, it became Sideshow Bob's theme, usually played in the darkest Bob moments. This episode marked the first time a Sideshow Bob episode was not a mystery.

Difficulties were encountered with getting the episode to the minimum length, and many scenes were added in post-production. The episode starts with a repeat of a couch gag that was first used in the episode "Lisa's First Word", which is considerably longer than the typical couch gag. The crew added an Itchy & Scratchy cartoon, and a few red herrings as to who was trying to kill Bart. Even with all these additions, the episode still ran short of time. This led to creating the rake sequence, which became a memorable moment of the episode, and the entire series. Originally, Sideshow Bob was supposed to step on only one rake after he stepped out from the underside of the Simpson family's car, but this was changed to nine rakes in a row. According to executive producer Al Jean, the idea was to make the scene funny, then drag the joke out so that it is no longer funny, and then drag it out even longer to make it funny again.

Additions to the end musical number, including visual gags such as Bob appearing in uniform, were added after the animatics. The crew felt watching the character singing would not be interesting enough, and they had to include these gags to make it work. The Simpsons creator Matt Groening was surprised when he saw the additions because he originally thought they were silly and would not appear in the final cut, but he has grown to like them.

Cultural references

Besides borrowing the overall plot structure of the Cape Fear films, the episode made several direct references to specific scenes from the films. References to the original include: Marge's going to Chief Wiggum only to be told Sideshow Bob has not broken any laws (also references the 1991 remake). References to the 1991 remake include Sideshow Bob's tattoos; the shot of him leaving the prison gate; the scene with him smoking in the movie theater; part of his "workout" scene; his hiding under the Simpson family's car; Wiggum's rigging wire around the house to a toy doll as an alarm; his suggestion that Homer can do anything to someone who enters his home; Bob, strapped under a car, pulling up beside Bart for a conversation; and Homer's hiring a private investigator who attempts to persuade Bob to leave town.

The episode also contains elements of Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960 ), with Sideshow Bob staying at the Bates Motel. When Bart receives death threats in the mail, he asks who'd want to kill him, as he's "This century's Dennis the Menace." The scene featuring Ned Flanders with his "finger razors" references the 1984 film A Nightmare on Elm Street and its villain Freddy Krueger (threatening Bart with the razors); also the 1990 film Edward Scissorhands (shaping the hedge into an angel, just as Edward had done a dinosaur). Homer's surprising Bart with his new hockey mask recalls the film Friday the 13th Part III and Sideshow Bob's tattoos on his knuckles are similar to those of Robert Mitchum's character in The Night of the Hunter. (Mitchum also played the villain Max Cady in the original 1962 version of Cape Fear.) Bob, composing his to-do list in the Bates motel, exclaims "Ah! Le mot juste!", the maxim of Gustave Flaubert. Before driving to Terror Lake, Lisa notes that the Witness Relocation Program included a recording of The F.B.I. Light Opera Society Sings the Complete Gilbert and Sullivan. While singing "Three Little Maids From School Are We" from The Mikado during the car trip to Terror Lake, Homer's and Bart's hats recall I Love Lucy. Bart asks Bob to sing the complete score of the H.M.S. Pinafore to stall for time.

Reception and legacy
"Cape Feare" originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 7, 1993. It finished 32nd in the ratings for the week of October 4–10, 1993, with a Nielsen rating of 12.3. The episode was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week.

Cape Feare is considered one of the darkest and one of the best episodes of The Simpsons. Scenes which changed the ultimate feel of the storyline involved Bob nearly killing Bart by cornering him along with tying up the rest of the family, along with the bloody tone at the beginning due to Bob sending Bart those letters. With these particular reasons, many consider this episode as one of the best in the show. According to Matt Groening, people often include this episode among their top 10 favorites. In Entertainment Weekly ' s top 25 The Simpsons episodes ever, it was placed third. To celebrate the show's 300th episode "Barting Over", USA Today published a top 10 chosen by the webmaster of The Simpsons Archive, which had this episode at a ninth place. In 2006, IGN named "Cape Feare" the best episode of the fifth season. Vanity Fair called it the show's fourth-best episode in 2007, as "this episode's masterful integration of filmic parody and a recurring character puts it near the top." James Walton of The Daily Telegraph characterized the episode as one of "The 10 Best Simpsons TV Episodes", while the Herald Sun placed it in their "The Simpsons Top 20". Karl Åkerström of the Swedish newspaper Borås Tidning called it his "all-time favorite" episode of the show. Michael Moran of The Times and Emily VanDerWerff of Slant Magazine both ranked "Cape Feare" as the fourth-best in the show's history. Cast member Hank Azaria cited this episode as his favorite in the series.

IGN's Robert Canning gave the episode a perfect score of 10 out of 10 and named it the best Sideshow Bob episode of The Simpsons. He added that there are "many, many reasons for its perfection, but what stands out most for me was how savage and single-minded Bob is in the episode. He wants to kill Bart and he makes no secret of it, save for lying to the parole board. Episodes since have made Bob far too wishy-washy. This was Bob in his prime—his vengeful, glorious, hilarious prime." Canning also placed it at #1 on the list of the Top 10 Sideshow Bob episodes. Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club noted that the episode "turns limitations into strengths by spinning the need to fill out time into some of the series' sharpest, funniest and weirdest gags. The Rake Effect might be its greatest gift to comedy but its virtues go far beyond that. Sideshow Bob episodes consistently rank among the show's best and this represents the gold standard all subsequent Sideshow Bob episodes aspire to." Empire called Bob's mishaps while strapped under the Simpsons' car the eighth-best film parody in the show, and called the rake scene "the best bit of slapstick in Simpson history." The parody of Cape Fear was named the 33rd greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film ' s Nathan Ditum. The Norwegian newspaper Nettavisen listed Sideshow Bob's "Die Bart, die" tattoo from the episode as the fifth-best tattoo in film and television history. Entertainment.ie named it among the 10 greatest Simpsons episodes of all time. Screen Rant called it the best episode of the fifth season and the third greatest episode of The Simpsons. In 2019, Time ranked the episode ninth in its list of 10 best Simpsons episodes picked by Simpsons experts.

Anne Washburn's play Mr. Burns, a Post-Electric Play features a group of apocalypse survivors recounting the plot of the episode around a fire in its first act, the same survivors attempting to mount a play based on the episode in the second act, and the story having entered apocryphal legend decades later in the third act.

The "Treehouse of Horror XXXIV" segment "Ei8ht" begins with an alternate ending to this episode in which Bob successfully kills Bart, spurring Lisa to become a criminal psychologist.

title: Cape Feare


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Carol T. Christ

Carol Tecla Christ (born 1944) is an American former academic administrator. She served as the 11th Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley from 2017 to 2024.

Early life and education
Christ was born in New York City. In 1966, she graduated with high honors in English from Douglass College, the women's college at Rutgers University. She received an M.Phil. in 1969 and a Ph.D. in 1970 in English from Yale University.

Career
In 1970, Christ joined the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, and was chair of the English department from 1985 to 1988. In 1988, she was appointed dean of humanities, mathematics, and natural sciences. She also served as provost and dean of the College of Letters and Sciences. In 1994, Christ was appointed vice chancellor, assistant manager, and provost (and later became executive vice chancellor) at Berkeley. Christ was the highest-ranking female administrator at Berkeley until she returned to full-time teaching in 2000.

Christ became the 10th president of Smith College in 2002. At Smith, Christ led a strategic planning process to identify the distinctive intellectual traditions of the Smith curriculum and foster initiatives to further develop students’ essential capacities. Throughout her administrative career, Christ has maintained an active program of teaching and research. She has published two books: The Finer Optic: The Aesthetic of Particularity in Victorian Poetry and Victorian and Modern Poetics. She also edited a Norton Critical Edition of George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss and co-edited the Norton Anthology of English Literature and Victorian Literature and The Victorian Visual Imagination. Until recently, she was professor of English at Smith, offering seminars on science and literature and on the arts.

Christ was the president of Smith College from 2002 to 2013. She announced in May 2012 that she had, along with the Board of Trustees, begun the search for her successor. She retired in June 2013.

In May 2016, Christ returned to her role as Berkeley's Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost (interim), replacing Claude Steele, who stepped down. On March 13, 2017, University of California President Janet Napolitano named Christ as Berkeley's new Chancellor-elect, and three days later, the Regents of the University of California confirmed her appointment. On July 1, 2017, Christ became the 11th Berkeley Chancellor and the first woman to serve in this role, succeeding Chancellor Nicholas B. Dirks.

At the start of her first academic year as chancellor, Christ responded to the 2017 Berkeley protests in which protests against conservative speakers led to violent outbreaks. In a letter to the campus which quoted John Stuart Mill, she affirmed the administration's commitment to free speech and urged the community to remember its roots as part of the Free Speech Movement. She later took other steps in this direction which included moderating a panel on free expression and committing $800,000 to providing security for controversial speakers. In a September 2017 interview, she stated that some students find the concept of free speech objectionable.

Christ is a trustee of Central European University, served on the board of the Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE) and was a trustee of Sarah Lawrence College and Dominican University of California.

Christ retired as chancellor in June 2024. She was succeeded by former Haas School of Business dean Richard K. Lyons.

Honors
Christ was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2004 and a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013. Additionally, she was awarded Yale University's Wilbur Cross Medal in 2007, and in 2011, the American College of Greece awarded her an honorary doctorate.

Personal life
Christ's late husband, Paul Alpers, was a scholar of Renaissance English literature and the founding director of Berkeley's Townsend Center for the Humanities until his death in 2013. She has two grown children, Jonathan and Elizabeth Sklute, from a previous marriage, as well as two grandchildren. She currently lives in Berkeley, California.

title: Carol T. Christ


text: User talk:81.157.42.64

title: User talk:81.157.42.64


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Edinburgh International Film Festival

The Edinburgh International Film Festival (EIFF), established in 1947, is the world's oldest continually running film festival. EIFF presents both UK and international films (all titles are World, International, European, UK or Scottish Premieres), in all genres and lengths. It also presents themed retrospectives and other specialized programming strands.

History
The International Festival of Documentary Films, a programme of documentaries, was presented by the Edinburgh Film Guild alongside the 1947 Edinburgh International Festival. At the time, Cannes and Venice were the most significant annual film festivals. Over the subsequent years, the programme expanded to include fiction films and experimental work in addition to documentaries.

Linda Myles was director of the Festival from 1973 to 1980, initiating a number of reappraisals and new viewpoints, notably "The Women's Event" organised by Myles, Claire Johnston and Laura Mulvey at the 1972 Festival.

In 2008, the film festival moved from its traditional August slot to June.

In past editions, a number of awards were developed by the festival. These included The Michael Powell Award for Best New British Feature Film (selected by a jury), the Audience Award, and the Best International Feature Award (selected by a panel of judges). There were previously several awards given for short films.

The artistic director from September 2006 to 2010 was Hannah McGill, previously a film critic and cinema columnist for The Herald newspaper. Her predecessor, Shane Danielsen, served from 2002 to 2006. Tilda Swinton, Robert Carlyle and Seamus McGarvey were honorary patrons. In December 2009, Hannah McGill collected the prestigious Talkback Thames New Talent Award at the Women in Film and Television Awards.

Following McGill's departure, a new format was announced in December 2010 with no artistic director and a series of guest curators led by producer James Mullighan.

The Festival returned to a more conventional format in 2012 under artistic director Chris Fujiwara, who stepped down in 2014.

In 2014, the film critic/programmer Mark Adams – who had been Chief Film Critic for Screen International; Director of Cinema at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA), and Head of Programme Planning at the National Film Theatre – took over as Artistic Director. He decided to step down in late 2019 after heading five editions. The festival was cancelled in 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic.

As of June 2021, the festival board introduced its newest creative director, Kristy Matheson, who formerly served as Director of Film at Australia's national museum of screen culture, ACMI.

In October 2022, the festival's organiser, the Centre for the Moving Image, went into administration. The festival’s main venue, Edinburgh’s celebrated Filmhouse cinema, also closed in 2022. CMI released a statement explaining that: “The charity is facing the perfect storm of sharply rising costs, in particular energy costs, alongside reduced trade due to the ongoing impacts of the pandemic and the cost of living crisis. The combination and scale of these challenges is unprecedented and means that there was no option but to take immediate action.”

In March 2023, it was announced that the festival would return in a special one-year iteration as part of the Edinburgh International Festival, running from 18–23 August 2024. Screen Scotland also supported the festival, who took on the festival brand after the administration of the Centre for the Moving Image. The 2023 programme was led by Programme Director Kate Taylor, with Kristy Matheson leaving the role. Details of the programme, which included 36 features films, of which 24 were new, were published in July 2023.

In July 2023, Screen Scotland facilitated the recruitment of Chairperson Andrew Macdonald to lead the establishment of a new company to run the festival.

In November 2023, Paul Ridd, a long-term acquisitions executive at Picturehouse Cinemas, was named as the new Director of the festival.

In January 2024, it was announced that the festival would return from 15–21 August 2024.

The festival will open with the UK premiere of Nora Fingscheidt's Orkney-set drama The Outrun starring Saoirse Ronan. The film is based on Amy Liptrot's 2016 memoir, The Outrun.

Spanning 7 days, the relaunched festival is set to honour 70+ years of festival history, showcasing the very best talent in filmmaking in a re-energised format that is rooted in a local Scottish context whilst embracing the international diversity of creative expression.

The festival is poised to accelerate the discovery of new talent through the inauguration of two major competitions, The Sean Connery Prize for Feature Filmmaking Excellence and a competition for Shorts, with significant prize-money awarded to the filmmakers.

Venues
During the festival's early years, screenings took place at various cinemas and other venues across the city, including the New Victoria in Clerk Street, the Playhouse in Leith Walk, the Odeon in Lothian Road and the Central Hall, Tollcross. In 1958, it acquired its own base at 3 Randolph Crescent, a Georgian town house with its own cinema. In 1979, it moved to the Edinburgh Filmhouse, which remained its base until its closure in 2022. Other recent venues have included Fountainpark Cineworld, Edinburgh Festival Theatre, and the VUE Cinema at the Omni Centre.

EIFF Awards (historic and present)

 * The Michael Powell Award for Best British Feature Film, with a £20,000 cash prize
 * The Award for Best Performance in a British Feature Film
 * The Award for Best International Feature Film, with a £10,000 cash prize
 * The Award for Best Documentary Feature Film, with a £10,000 cash prize
 * The McLaren Award for Best New British Animation
 * The Award for Best Short Film
 * The Award for Creative Innovation in a Short Film
 * The Award for Outstanding Individual Contribution to a Short Film
 * The Audience Award
 * The Sean Connery Prize for Feature Filmmaking Excellence (2024-)
 * Best Short Film (2024-)

title: Edinburgh International Film Festival


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Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge

The Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge is a 145188 acre wildlife sanctuary is located west of Boynton Beach, in Palm Beach County, Florida. It is also known as Water Conservation Area 1 (WCA-1). It includes the most northern remnant of the historic Everglades wetland ecosystem.

Bordering the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) to the west and the urban communities of Palm Beach County to the east, the conservation area contains nearly 145,000 acres of Everglades wetland habitat. Owned by the state, WCA-1 is currently managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and provides an area specified for recreation, wildlife population maintenance and habitat management and restoration.

Overview
The Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge is located seven miles west of the city of Boynton Beach in Palm Beach County, Florida. The refuge was established in 1951 under the authority of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act and is managed through a license agreement between the South Florida Water Management District and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In total, the refuge includes nearly 145,000 acres of northern Everglades habitat. The refuge contains one of three water conservation areas (WCAs) in south Florida and is maintained to provide water storage and flood control, as well as habitat for native fish and wildlife populations. Water is regulated by a series of pumps, canals, water control structures, and levees built by the Army Corps of Engineers. These freshwater storage areas and part of the Everglades National Park are all that remain of the original Everglades.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, the area has a monsoon climate, abbreviated "Am" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in the refuge was 103 F on July 27, 1962, while the coldest temperature recorded was 24 F on January 20, 1977 and January 12, 1982.

Controversy
In 2016, the South Florida Water Management District announced that it was providing notice to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that it would cancel the lease of the property to the federal government for failure to control invasive species. SFWMD is believed to have created the invasive species problem in the first place. It is believed that this approach is being taken to allow for polluted water in excess of 10 ppb phosphorus to be stored on the land.

Management activities
According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the refuge's management activities focus primarily on wetland habitat restoration, particularly through water quality and hydropattern improvement, and exotic plant control. A large portion of refuge management effort is spent controlling exotic and invasive plants and pursuing funding to eliminate these threats. The three most problematic exotic plant species on the refuge are melaleuca, Brazilian pepper, and Old World climbing fern (lygodium). The refuge is working together with many other federal agencies and state agencies regionally in South Florida to address these issues and restore Everglades habitat for the benefit of wildlife.

Features
Loxahatchee NWR is one of over 500 national wildlife refuges located throughout the United States and administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The refuge not only preserves and protects native wildlife, but also offers compatible public recreational and educational opportunities including walking trails, a canoe trail, bike trail, boat ramps, fishing platform, observation towers, butterfly garden, and a visitor center. It is home to American alligator, the endangered snail kite, coastal plain cooter and Florida softshell turtles, and as many as 257 species of birds. As such, it has been designated a 'gateway site' for the Great Florida Birding Trail.

Not quite all of the 145188 acre refuge is Everglades marsh habitat. A 400 acre bald cypress swamp is the largest remaining remnant of a cypress strand that once separated the pine flatwoods in the east from the Everglades marshes. A boardwalk into the swamp gives the visitor a chance for an up-close swamp experience without getting their feet wet. Hurricane Wilma damaged the refuge in October 2005, and the administration building was condemned. The Lee Road fishing pier was damaged by Hurricane Irma and will remain closed until further notice.

 * Conservation

Despite all of its treasures, the refuge is in serious danger of quickly becoming an exclusive haven for invasive plants, especially the broad-leaved paper bark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) and Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum), both rapidly growing non-native species, which are quickly overgrowing the native flora and are likely not compatible with the native wildlife.

Park Activities
The refuge allows multiple activities in the park such as, fishing, hunting, hiking and also offers guided tours. Fishing is allowed in only three areas of the refuge which are Hillsboro, Headquarters and the 20-mile bend. All fishermen must also carry a valid fishing license in the state of Florida. There are also over 16 different species of fish present within the refuge that are able to be caught. Hunting is allowed within the refuge to manage wildlife populations. It is one of 330 refuges open to the population for hunting. Waterfowl hunting is permitted in the late fall and early winter months. All hunters are required to possess a valid Florida State Hunting License and a Florida State Duck Stamp. Alligator hunting is only available by permit from the state of Florida. There are also numerous hiking trails throughout the refuge. One is a bald cypress swamp boardwalk that is located directly behind the visitor center. The others are accessible through the Lee Road parking lot. The refuge also offers guided tours throughout the year. They offer, canoe tours, night walks and tram tours by reservation only.

title: Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge


text:
Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II

Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II (also known as Wizards and Warriors II: Ironsword) is an action platform video game developed by Zippo Games and published by Acclaim Entertainment for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was released in North America in December 1989 and in Europe on March 27, 1991. It is the sequel to Rare's 1987 title Wizards & Warriors. In Ironsword, the player controls the knight warrior Kuros as he ventures in the land of Sindarin. He must defeat the evil wizard Malkil, who has assumed the elemental forms of Earth, Wind, Fire, and Water. Kuros must collect the parts of and assemble the legendary "IronSword" in order to defeat Malkil, who resides at the top of IceFire Mountain.

The game was fairly well-received, selling 500,000 copies in North America and 50,000 copies in Europe. It received praise for its size, graphics and sound, detailed characters and bosses, and gameplay, with criticism for its lack of originality. Rare responded positively to the game, which led to Zippo Games being contracted to develop games for Rare such as Solar Jetman: Hunt for the Golden Warpship and Wizards & Warriors III: Kuros: Visions of Power, eventually being folded into the company as Rare Manchester.

Gameplay
Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II is a platforming video game in which the player controls the renowned warrior Kuros as he explores the land of Sindarin to defeat the evil wizard Malkil. This time, Malkil has taken the form of the four "Elementals", based on the classical Greek elements – Earth, Wind, Fire, and Water – to stop Kuros in his quest. The objective is to assemble the legendary "IronSword" – the only weapon that can defeat Malkil –  and defeat the evil wizard who lies at the peak of IceFire Mountain. In the game, players can move Kuros left or right, or make him crouch with the control pad; the buttons allow Kuros to jump, to use his sword or a magic spell to defeat enemies, to access the "Magic Spell Screen", or to pause the game. Kuros has a life meter that decreases every time he sustains damage from an enemy or a dangerous projectile, or if he falls for too long a distance. Along the way, players can collect chicken and brew to replenish Kuros's life meter. Kuros loses a life when his life meter runs out, and the game ends when he loses all his lives. However, players may continue and restart the game where they left off up to two times. The continue feature would normally be disabled after the player had completed the earth domain, but due to an in-game bug, the player actually loses the continue function immediately upon merely setting foot in the domain.

Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II consists of four levels called "domains," each named after the four elementals. In each domain, Kuros must find a golden artifact that belongs to the domain's "Animal King" and return it to him. Upon doing so, the path to the second part of the domain will appear. In the second part, Kuros must find the magic spell necessary to defeat the boss – the domain's Elemental. Without the spell, it is impossible to damage the boss, or even remain in the room with him. Once the elemental in each stage has been destroyed, Kuros obtains a piece of the IronSword, which is needed for the final battle on Icefire Mountain. Throughout the game, players must collect items, spells, and money to progress. Money helps buy magic spells, more powerful weapons, shields, helmets, keys to open locked treasure chests, and additional food. Treasure chests – located throughout the game –  can contain one of the following items: Additional money, magic spells, or weapon and armor upgrades. In each domain, players can visit inns where they can buy food, keys, or items; they may also participate in a "Bonus chance" game where they may gamble their money to see which cup a bouncing skull will fall into.

In the game, magic spells help against enemies and Elemental bosses; some are bought, while others must be found. Magic spells include "The Familiar Spell," which turns enemies into money and helps retrieve golden objects, the "Dragon Tooth Spell," which turns enemies into food, the "Veil of Slumber Spell," which slows down enemies, the "Silver Fleece Spell," which makes Kuros temporarily invincible, and the "Water Spout Spell," which creates an upward column of water that allows Kuros to reach high places. Each spell has a limited number of uses before it vanishes from the player's inventory. Other magic spells are necessary to defeat the Elemental bosses. These spells are found in each of the four domains, and include "Windbane," "Blightwater," "Firesmite" and "Earthscorch." These spells can be used only in the corresponding levels in which they are obtained, and each consumes magic upon use. Players can obtain additional magic by collecting small, floating, gold bubbles that appear randomly or are triggered by the player's proximity to secret locations.

Players may also increase their score by defeating enemies or collecting items. Hidden along the way are the "Relics of Sindarin," which are worth many points when collected; these consist of a book, cross, gauntlet, and ring. At the end of the game, players with a high enough score can place their names in the "IronSword Hall of Fame." However, the list resets when the console is turned off. The game also includes a password feature in which players can obtain a password from the "Magic Spell Screen" to use to continue the game at a later time, even after the console has been turned off.

Development
Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II was developed by UK-based computer game company Zippo Games, headed by Ste and John Pickford; this was the first game Zippo developed for fellow UK-based video game company Rare. At the time, Zippo Games had just completed a previous game titled Cosmic Pirate - a game that was published by Palace Software and released for the Commodore 64, Atari ST, and Amiga in 1988. New to the technical capabilities of the Nintendo Entertainment System, the Pickford brothers visited Rare and were pleased with their NES library, though they thought they were backtracking by deciding to develop games for the console. According to Ste Pickford: "The NES seemed primitive by comparison, sub-Commodore 64. But the games were ten times better than everything being released for home computers, which we appreciated, and we wanted to try to make games as good as that." Rare decided to hire Zippo Games to develop this Wizards & Warriors sequel; Pickford remarked: "Rare showed us Wizards & Warriors and asked us to develop the sequel, and pretty much left us to it." Rare felt that Zippo Games was trustworthy enough to develop the sequel without much help from them.

Development started in early 1989, when the Pickford brothers were still learning about the NES and what it could do. At the same time, as being new to developing console video games, they were also learning about the market aspects and Nintendo's policies and restrictions on games. Feeling that the graphics in most of the games in the NES library were poor, they placed emphasis on the graphics and animation. Pickford was particularly pleased with the animation of the enemy eagles and their movement. Rare assisted with the sound, and all of the game's background music was composed by video game composer David Wise, who Pickford said "did a fantastic job on IronSword". As far as gameplay was concerned, they tried to expand upon its predecessor, introducing more adventure-based gameplay and additional RPG elements such as magic, inns, and money.

Graphics and animation
Ste Pickford developed the gameplay map for Ironsword. According to him, he basically copied the map that was used in a conversion port of Ghosts 'n Goblins that he developed a couple of years earlier. Moreover, the Pickford brothers were trying to resemble Ghosts 'n Goblins and similar games by Capcom as part of their attempt to earn the rights to develop the game from Rare. For the map screen, Ste Pickford used specific character data in the ROM itself, used the font from elsewhere in the data that was inserted separately, and overlaid the Elementals' floating heads over the top of the graphic. According to Pickford: "The job of graphic was always about 30% drawing, and about 70% fiddly technical stuff (which was why so many terrible artists – people who couldn't draw at all – made decent video game artists back then, if they could manage the technical side of things well enough)."

In developing the game's graphics, Ste Pickford translated black and white sketches into the character maps in the game. For the bosses, the plan was to use the entire screen while involving as few moving sprites as possible "to fool the player into thinking the whole thing was alive". The same was done with the "Dragon King", which was not one of the game's bosses; the dragon's head and neck were composed of sprites, while the rest of the body was considered part of the background. The dragon's neck stretched out vertically due to NES hardware sprite limitations horizontally.

The animation of the eagle (the "Eagle King") that transports Kuros to the Wind Elemental was one of Ste Pickford's first graphics which he drew for the NES. It was done in Deluxe Paint for the Amiga with sketching done by mouse - without assistance from graphics tablets or other scanners. He took eagle drawings from a book on animals in motion by Eadweard Muybridge. Pickford wanted to show off the possible graphical capabilities of the NES; he said, "I wanted to do something 'flashy' early in the game, trying to show off my amazing graphic art skills on the rather primitive NES. We were working on Amiga and ST games at the same time, so were always trying to push the NES with bigger and better graphics, right from the start of our work on the machine." The eagle consisted of only three colors and between 11 and 17 sprites per frame of animation. There was a smaller version of the same eagle, which was used as a regular enemy in that level.

Development of the game's title screen was inspired by loading screens that were used in most computer games at the time; the objective was to create a nice-looking graphic while waiting for the game to load, even though the NES, more rooted in arcade traditions, did not require that. Pickford spent most of his character space on the title screen image; he was limited in the number of available colors due to the more limited graphic capabilities of the NES (as opposed to most home computers), as it was more designed for scrolling and animation and not for stationary graphics. The sword in the title screen used character sprites and used a different palette from the picture of Kuros himself; the sword had to be vertical as the NES hardware did not allow for too many sprites horizontally. Pickford planned to use, and completed, an Ironsword logo of his own when Acclaim made him use their planned logo, which he said "was a bit more bland and blocky, with detail that didn't work very well at such a low pixel resolution".

Release
Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II was first unveiled in North America as part of the 1989 Winter Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada and was displayed with other games to be released later that year by Acclaim. It was mentioned as a future game in the May 1989 premiere issue of video gaming magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly. It was also covered in GamePro's premiere issue the same month. Finally, it was previewed by Nintendo Power in its July–August 1989 issue.

For the game's cover, Acclaim hired Italian male model Fabio Lanzoni to pose as Kuros; Fabio was presented on the cover bare-chested and without armor. When Zippo Games saw the image of the cover a week prior to its release, they were perplexed. According to Ste Pickford, "Our jaws hit the floor when we first saw this image (which was, being merely the developers, probably about a week before the game's release). Why on earth did they choose a photograph of a bare-chested barbarian to promote a game starring a knight in shining armour?". Pickford added that "We used it as an example of the lack of imagination of Americans", while suggesting that having an actual suit or armor would be too costly to use for a photo shoot. Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II was released by Acclaim for the NES in North America in December 1989 and in Europe and Australia in 1991. It managed to sell about 500,000 copies in North America and about 50,000 copies in Europe. Following the game's release, Zippo Games would proceed to develop its next game for Rare, Solar Jetman: Hunt for the Golden Warpship; they would eventually also release the third installment in the Wizards & Warriors series, Wizards & Warriors III: Kuros: Visions of Power.

The television advertisement consisted of a boy who is shown playing the first Wizards & Warriors game when a Conan the Barbarian-lookalike enters his room after having defeated a monster and hands him a copy of Ironsword. After describing the brief plot and shortly showing clips of the game, the Conan-lookalike leaves his room while exclaiming, "The fate of the world is in your hands! Back vile beast!". At the end of the commercial, after briefly playing Ironsword, the boy opens the door in his room, only to find his dog, who now has smoke coming from his behind.

Reception
Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II was initially reviewed and received positive ratings in the June 1989 issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly. Steve Harris said that the game was very large and expansive, noting that it "is so big, and has so much to offer, most of the competition pales by comparison". Ed Semrad called the game "a worthy sequel that fortunately is better than the original", similarly noting the game's size as well as difficulty. Donn Nauert appreciated the game's good graphics which complement the adventure theme, but he noted that some of the precise movements that are required in various areas may cause some frustration in gameplay. Jim Allee praised all the aspects of the game, saying "if you liked Wizards & Warriors, you'll love Ironsword". All four reviewers lauded the game's involving gameplay and graphics.

The game would also be featured in the magazine's September 1989 issue, in which it was named the magazine's "Game of the Month"; it also featured the game's box art, with Fabio, on the cover. The reviewers, the U.S. National Video Game Team, noted that the game was superior to its predecessor as well as other games released at the time, noting that it was particularly better than Castlevania II: Simon's Quest. They praised its well-detailed and thought-out graphics, the inclusion of well-drawn out large bosses and supporting characters, the sound which "has an eerie tone that sets the mood for the whole game", and additional features which expanded upon the game's predecessor. They concluded that Ironsword was "one of the most welcome Nintendo Entertainment System games in a long time". The game was also one of the featured games in the November–December 1989 issue of Nintendo Power, where it received six pages of coverage and featured a poster of the game. Game Players magazine awarded Ironsword the "Game Player's NES Excellence Award" as one of the best games for the console in 1990.

The game was also featured in UK-based magazine Mean Machines in May 1991. Matt Regan said that he was not impressed with the game, saying that similar platforming games such as DuckTales and Gremlins 2: The New Batch were superior to Ironsword and had a more original approach in gameplay. He also criticized the fact that players cannot hit enemies while in mid-air. However, he noted the game's good gameplay. Julian Rignall also said that the game was fun, but it was not spectacular. However, just as Regan noted, Rignall said that the game did not offer anything special like with better titles such as Mega Man 2 or Super Mario Bros. 2. However, he noted the game's good graphics and challenge, though both noted that the backgrounds "are slightly bland". Both reviewers said the game was well-presented with good introductions and a password mode, easy controls, fair challenge, and "fairly good tunes and effects which fit the action well". Overall, they said that Ironsword was "a fun but ultimately limited game that will appeal to platform fans".

Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II was listed at #64 in IGN's list of "Top 100 NES Games". Reviewer Sam Claiborn said that the game was more expansive than its predecessor and that it featured many of the good graphics, gameplay, and usage of Middle English. He also noted that "Fabio's bare-breasted likeness smoldering on IronSword's cover art that made this game a smash hit with kids and moms alike". Website GamesRadar praised the game's music, especially the title theme; Brett Elston said it set a serious tone for the game, saying "its heavy, droning beats mix with a fantasy-minded melody that make it sound like a funeral dirge in the Shire".

The game's cover, which features Fabio, has received significant coverage from many gaming websites. IGN listed Ironsword as having one of the most notable covers in video game history, listing its cover as the 2nd best of all time behind Ninja Golf. Conversely, 1UP.com listed Ironsword as having one of the worst covers of all time, comparing it to the cover for Mega Man. GameSpy listed it as the 4th worst video game cover in history, saying that "thanks to the presence of Fabio on the cover, gamers got confused and thought they had accidentally picked up one of their mom's romance novels". In a retrospective of the NES for the console's 25th anniversary, Nintendo Power wrote that "the game's quality will be forever overshadowed by Acclaim's choice of Fabio as the cover model".

title: Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II


text:
Andisol

In USDA soil taxonomy, andisols are soils formed in volcanic ash and defined as soils containing high proportions of glass and amorphous colloidal materials, including allophane, imogolite and ferrihydrite. In the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), andisols are known as Andosols.

Because they are generally quite young, andisols typically are very fertile except in cases where phosphorus is easily fixed (this sometimes occurs in the tropics). They can usually support intensive cropping, with areas used for wet rice in Java supporting some of the densest populations in the world. Other andisol areas support crops of fruit, maize, tea, coffee or tobacco. In the Pacific Northwest US, andisols support very productive forests.

Andisols occupy about 1% of the global ice-free land area. Most occur around the Pacific Ring of Fire, with the largest areas found in central Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, the Pacific Northwest US, Japan, Java and New Zealand's North Island. Other areas occur in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya, Italy, Iceland and Hawaii.

Fossil andisols are known from areas far from present-day volcanic activity and have in some cases been dated as far back as the Mesoproterozoic 1.5 billion years ago.

Suborders

 * Aquands – Andisols with a water table at or near the surface for much of the year.
 * Gelands – Andisols of very cold climates (mean annual temperature <0 °C).
 * Cryands – Andisols of cold climates.
 * Torrands – Andisols of very dry climates.
 * Ustands – Andisols of semiarid and sub humid climates.
 * Udands – Andisols of humid climates.
 * Xerands – Temperate andisols with very dry summers and moist winters.
 * Vitrands – Relatively young andisols that are coarse-textured and dominated by glass.

title: Andisol


text:
Brännboll

Brännboll, known as rundbold in Denmark, Brennball in Germany, and sharing the names slåball and brentball with longball in Norway, is a bat-and-ball game similar to longball, played at amateur level throughout Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark and Germany. The game is mostly played on fields, sports grounds, and in public parks, but it is also part of the PE curriculum in some areas. The name is derived from the act of catching a player between two bases at the end of a batting round, referred to as "burning" them (bränna), roughly equivalent to being run out in cricket or out in baseball. The world championship, called Brännbollscupen, is an annual event in the Swedish city of Umeå.

Rules
The rules of brännboll differ between different areas and there is no governing body. Nevertheless, this section outlines some rules and traditions which are commonly upheld.

In contrast to baseball and cricket, there is no dedicated pitcher or bowler: but the batters themselves throw or bounce the ball (usually a tennis ball) before hitting it with their bat. A selection of bats is sometimes available, with a regular wooden or metallic baseball bat usually present, and a paddle-like bat (known as klappträ, washing paddle) resembling a cricket bat available for less experienced batters. On some occasions, there is also a stiff racket. The valid area for a successful batting is usually delimited by natural features such as trees, or simply an agreed upon imaginary border, this rule only restricts how widely the batter can hit, but not how far. The proportions of the field and positioning of the players are arbitrary, albeit usually adjusted according to the throwing and catching ability of the players, as well as team size.

When the batter successfully hits the ball, they drop the bat and make their way around the four bases (usually counter-clockwise), while the players in the catching team catch and throw the ball back to the designated catcher positioned by the outing base (brännplatta), who announces the end of the batting round with "out" (bränd, "burned") when the catcher has made contact with the outing base whilst holding the ball. Some local rules require the catcher to throw the ball at the ground while saying "out"(bränd, "burned"). If a player from the batting team is caught between two bases at the end of the batting round, they move back to either the last visited base or first base (depending on the local rules) and the catching team scores a point. If a batter is unsuccessful at batting after the three attempts allowed, they move to the first base and will run when the next batter bats a valid hit. There are no restrictions on the number of players at each base. If all players on the batting team fail to reach the fourth base (and thus rejoin the queue) and no batsmen remain in the queue, the inner team is caught out ("utebrända"), and depending on local rules extra points may be awarded to the opposing team in return for the safe passage of the players to the queue. Alternatively, the inner team gets to switch sides, as batting is often more lucrative for scoring points.

Each team get to play as both sides, usually one or two times, and sides are shifted at predetermined time intervals.

Scoring system
Score and time is kept by a score keeper, who also has the final say in whether inner team players are caught out at the end of a batting round.

Generic scoring system (Due to the lack of a professional organisation governing brännboll, many local varieties exist):
 * Home run (Frivarv/Helrunda) – 6 points for batting team
 * Player passing fourth base (Varvning) – 1 point for batting team
 * Team Caught out (Utbränd) – 5 points for catching team
 * Caught out (Bränd) – 1 point for catching team
 * Fly ball (catch the ball before it hits the ground) (Lyra) – 1 points for catching team
 * Single-Hand fly ball - 2 points
 * In some varieties, catching the ball with one hand only (Enhandslyra) may yield more points

Penalty system
Generic penalty system (Several varieties exist)

 * First time – warning.
 * Second time – 5 penalty points.
 * Third time – 10 penalty points.
 * Fourth time – disqualification, the opponent wins.

Popularity and variations
While not being an organized sport with teams, a league and clearly defined rules, it is appreciated by children of all ages during school or after, and friends after work play for fun.

Since 1974 an annual Students World Championship tournament has been held in the northern city of Umeå, whereby some standardized rules are followed. The world championship is called Brännbollscupen, which is followed by the festival Brännbollsyran.

Brännboll is enjoyed by elementary schoolchildren in the American Upper Midwest (particularly Minnesota), due to the area's large Scandinavian influence.

A similar game, brennball, is popular in PE classes at German schools. It is usually played indoors, with a larger ball (such as a volleyball or a basketball) and without a bat; batting is replaced by throwing. The bases are usually far larger than in baseball and more than one player can be on the same base at the same time. German brennball is rarely played outside a PE setting.

In Norway another similar game, called dødball (deadball or deathball), is common. The game has six or five rings (approximately one meter in diameter) marked on the ground instead of four bases, limiting the number of players secured by a given ring to the amount that can fit within it. The term "dead" (død) is used instead of "burnt" or "out". When the catcher gets the ball he or she also has to bounce it on the ground (usually on a predetermined square called døboksen, "the death box") and shout "dø" ("die"). A dead player is exempt from play for the rest of the round unless a home run is achieved; in which case a set number of dead players (usually either one or all of them, depending on the rule-set) are "saved" and allowed to rejoin the queue. To complete a run a player has to reenter the "in" side of the field rather than just reaching the last base. Scoring- and win-conditions varies widely from rule-set to rule-set. Points can be determined by runs, just by home runs, by rounds won (usually determined by reaching set numbers of home runs for the in-team or dead players for the out-team) or by combinations of the above. Sometimes points are not used at all and a game ends with no formal winner after a set amount of time.

Another version of the game, popular among students, is called ölbrännboll (beer-brännball), where beercases are used as bases so the players of the batting team, waiting to run can drink freely. It is however not mandatory to drink while waiting. One version of the game where drinking is mandatory is vinbrännboll (wine-brännball), where you take a glass of wine after passing the fourth base and thus being "safe".

title: Brännboll


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 21, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 21, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 21, 2005


text:
West Indian Girl

West Indian Girl is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California, United States. The band's name comes from a type of lysergic acid (LSD) that was popular in the early 1960s. The initials are also a reference to Robert James' and Francis Ten's previous band, "WIG".

History
The band released their self-titled debut album in August 2004 on Astralwerks.

West Indian Girl singer and guitarist Robert James and bassist Francis Ten first met in Detroit in the early 1990s. After Ten moved to Los Angeles, the pair continued their collaboration through the mail until James followed westward. Taking their name from a strain of early street LSD, James and Ten signed with EMI's imprint Astralwerks and formed a proper band for live gigs. After the 2004 release of their self-titled debut album, West Indian Girl released a more dance-oriented remix EP in 2006. Parting company with Astralwerks after their two releases failed to ignite much notice, West Indian Girl signed with the indie label Milan Records and announced the release of their second proper album, 4th and Wall, in October 2007.

In August 2007, the band signed a recording and wireless distribution deal with digital media and entertainment company Flycell. The first single, Blue Wave, was released on September 25, 2007. The band released "4th On the Floor Remixes, Vol. 2" on January 6, 2009, on Smash Hit Music Co.

In January 2012, the band stated via their Facebook page that they were still in the studio working on their newest album. The album was projected to be finished by late 2012.

Band members
Current members
 * Robert James - guitar, vocals
 * Francis Ten - bass
 * Nathan Van Hala - piano, keyboards
 * Jesper Kristensen - drums
 * Eva Zeva - vocals

Past members
 * Chris Carter - keyboards 2004–2005
 * Mariqueen Maandig - vocals 2004–2009
 * Mark Lewis - drums 2004–2009
 * Amy White - keyboards, vocals 2007–2010
 * Laura Vall - vocals

Discography

 * West Indian Girl, August 24, 2004, Astralwerks ASW 78431
 * Remix EP, August 15, 2006, Astralwerks ASW 70470
 * 4th & Wall, October 23, 2007
 * 4th On The Floor (Remixes, Vol. 2) January 6, 2009
 * We Believe, July 7, 2009 (B-sides and rarities collection), Origami Records
 * Shangri La, April, 2013

title: West Indian Girl


text:
The Wife of Usher's Well

"The Wife of Usher's Well" is a traditional ballad, catalogued as Child Ballad 79 and number 196 in the Roud Folk Song Index. An incomplete version appeared in Sir Walter Scott's "Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border" (1802). It is composed of three fragments. They were notated from an old woman in West Lothian. The Scottish tune is quite different from the English tune, and America produced yet another tune. William Motherwell also printed a version in "Minstrelsy Ancient and Modern" (1827). Cecil Sharp collected songs from Britain but had to go the Appalachian Mountains to locate this ballad. He found 8 versions and 9 fragments. In the first half of the twentieth century many more versions were collected in America.

The ballad concerns a woman from Usher's Well, who sends her three sons away, to school in some versions, and a few weeks after learns that they had died. The woman grieves bitterly for the loss of her children, cursing the winds and sea.

 * "I wish the wind may never cease,
 * Nor flashes in the flood,
 * Till my three sons come home to me,
 * In earthly flesh and blood."

The song implicitly draws on an old belief that one should mourn a death for a year and a day, for any longer may cause the dead to return; it has this in common with the ballad "The Unquiet Grave". When, around Martinmas, the children return to their mother they do so as revenants, not, as she hoped, "in earthly flesh and blood", and it is a bleak affair. They wear hats made of birch. The children are dead but wear birch wood. The symbolism here is unclear. Conventionally birch protects the living from the dead not the other way round. The birch comes from a tree that grows at the gates of Paradise. The mother expects a joyous reunion, in some versions preparing a celebratory feast for them, which, as subjects of Death, they are unable to eat. They consistently remind her that they are no longer living; they are unable to sleep as well and must depart at the break of day.

 * "The cock doth craw, the day doth daw,
 * The channerin worm doth chide;
 * Gin we be mist out o our place,
 * A sair pain we maun bide."

The most popular versions in America have a different tone and an overtly religious nature. They return at Christmas rather than Martinmas, and happily return to their Savior at the end. Indeed, Jesus may speak to the Wife at the end, telling her she had nine days to repent; she dies at that time and is taken to heaven.

The ballad has much in common with some variants of "The Clerk's Twa Sons O Owsenford". The Christmas appearance has been cited to explain why, in that ballad, the two sons are executed, but their father tells their mother they will return at Christmas; the father may mean they will return as ghosts.

Recordings
Buell Kazee recorded the song as "Lady Gay" in 1928.

Recorded by John Jacob Niles in 1941 on Victor 2173-A [Digitised version on archive.org]

Recorded by Jean Ritchie on "Traditional British Ballads vol 2" (Folkways Records) in 1961

Recorded by Peggy Seeger in 1962 on "A Song For you and Me" (Prestige)

Recorded by Hedy West in 1965 on the album "Old Times and Hard Times"

Recorded by Ewan MacColl in 1967 on the album "The Long Harvest Vol 5"

The Chieftains recorded it as "Three Little Babes" on "Further Down the Old Plank Road".

A version of the ballad by folk-rock pioneers Steeleye Span can be heard on their 1975 album All Around My Hat. Andreas Scholl performs the song on the album Wayfaring Stranger: Folksongs (2001), and Karine Polwart on her album Fairest Floo'er (2007). Versions appear on the Bellowhead album Broadside and on the Runa album Current Affairs.

Recorded by Cerys Hafana in 2023.

Adaptations
In autumn 2010, Quondam toured an Arts Council England-supported "new play with songs" called The Wife of Usher's Well to 27 venues. Inspired by the border ballad, this reprised the historic text in a new setting of a mother's losing her son in the war in Afghanistan. The writer was Jules Horne and the cast was Helen Longworth, Danny Kennedy, Ruth Tapp and Andrew Whitehead.

In July 2018, as part of the SHEnyc festival, an adaptation written by Sophie Netanel was performed in the Connelly Theater, New York.

Joanna Newsom recorded a version of this song calling it 'Three Little Babes', on her album The Milk Eyed Mender.

title: The Wife of Usher's Well


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 22, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 22, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 22, 2005


text:
Talk:George Monbiot

Opening Sentence
The citations used, including instagram, do not support that he is a. not a writer b. only an activist. Cambial — foliar❧ 09:08, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Monbiot


text:
Jake Epstein

Jacob Lee Epstein (born January 16, 1987) is a Canadian actor and singer. He played Craig Manning, a musician with bipolar disorder, on Degrassi: The Next Generation. He also played Will in the First National Tour of American Idiot, and originated the role of Gerry Goffin in the Broadway production of Beautiful: The Carole King Musical.

Early life
Epstein was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His mother Kathy Kacer is a Norma Fleck Award-winning writer of children's stories about the Holocaust; and his father Ian Epstein (born 1955) is a lawyer. He has an older sister, Gabi, an actress and jazz singer.

Epstein is Jewish, and was raised in Conservative Judaism. Epstein stated in 2019, "I would consider myself spiritually Jewish rather than religiously Jewish. It was certainly a big part of my upbringing and certainly a big part of my identity."

Career
Epstein made his professional stage debut in a Soulpepper Theatre Company production of Our Town at the Royal Alexandra Theatre (May 7 – June 19, 1999) before playing the Artful Dodger in Mirvish Productions' stage production of Oliver! (Nov. 2, 1999 – Jan. 2, 2000). After appearing on the TV show The Zack Files, he played Craig Manning on Degrassi: The Next Generation for five seasons and won the Gemini Award. The character of Craig became a musician on the show and had to cope with parental abuse and bipolar disorder. Epstein said, "At the time, mental illness was not really something anyone was talking about. There was a huge stigma attached — I had never seen [bipolar disorder] on TV, and certainly not in a teenager. I loved the opportunity to portray someone who was conflicted and not perfect..." Craig impregnated a girl named Manny who gets an abortion, and Epstein noted that those episodes were "initially banned" in the United States. Epstein indicated that he "got the chance to really flesh out this guy that felt like a darker extension of me."

He left Degrassi during the fifth season to attend the National Theatre School of Canada in Montreal and made theater his new focus. Epstein said, "One of the things I love about theatre is how raw it is. There's no faking it… I really wanted to have a base in theatre, and that kind of opened up all these doors for me." Epstein returned to Degrassi for minor guest appearances in season 6–8.

He replaced Kyle Riabko as Melchior Gabor in the First National Tour of Spring Awakening, officially beginning his run on July 7, 2009. Epstein commented on the show, "I think it really doesn't talk down to its audience. I think it portrays teen sexuality in a way that's real, in a way that's entertaining, and in a way that's just really connects with people. Spring Awakening really doesn't hold back, and I think people appreciate that."

Also in 2009, Epstein starred as CB (a.k.a. Charlie Brown) in Dog Sees God: Confessions of a Teenage Blockhead, described as a "comedic deconstruction of the famous Peanuts characters." In this production, CB copes with the recent death of his beagle and discovers that he is in love with Beethoven (a.k.a. Schroeder). Theatre critic Richard Ouzounian wrote, "Jake Epstein is brilliant as CB, a bunch of nerve endings searching for a place to settle. Epstein is so beautifully open and honest that you go with him on every step of his journey."

In July 2011, Epstein played Billy's older brother in a Toronto production of Billy Elliot the Musical. He spoke about working with alternate leads, "The most unique part of this show is working with a new Billy every night. Every Billy is different. They each bring something interesting and specific to the role. I am a different older brother each night, depending on who's on..."

He played Will in Green Day's Tony-winning rock musical American Idiot during the 2011–2012 North American tour. Epstein said, "I always think of American Idiot as my generation's The Who's Tommy or Pink Floyd's The Wall. American Idiot was very much like that time in the world, right after Sept. 11th...It was like a time of not knowing what to feel and that's what spawned this show." In a 2013 interview, Epstein identified Will as the most challenging role he had ever played. He said, "I sat on a couch and never left the stage for the majority of the show. That experience was a whole lesson in pacing, in creating a whole world for yourself on stage, and in letting the experience you are having that night dictate your arc for the show."

Epstein made his Broadway debut in Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark as the alternate for lead role Peter Parker/Spider-Man. He joined the company on December 4, 2012, and performed Saturday and Sunday matinees, with his first show taking place on December 8 at the Foxwoods Theatre. Epstein referred to the role as a "childhood fantasy come true." He played his final performance on August 12, 2013, to begin rehearsing for a new musical titled Beautiful: The Carole King Musical, which opened on Broadway on January 12, 2014. This marked his second Broadway show in less than a year. The musical was based on Carole King's life, and Epstein portrayed her former husband Gerry Goffin. He noted that it was not easy playing the man who broke King's heart. Epstein said that "...it was tough, because Goffin was alive at the time. I was in touch with Carole King, who kept encouraging me, 'Do everything you can not to make him the villain.'" Beautiful had undergone major script changes and the version of Goffin that appeared in the final show was different from the part that Epstein had first auditioned for. Epstein said, "I'm trying to make his struggle clear, so people understand why he did the things he did. He's not just a villain. I hope people see it's more complicated than that." He remained with the cast until September 21, 2014.

Many of the characters Epstein portrayed were troubled types. He said in December 2013, "I'm a pretty upbeat person. I think I sometimes get cast as these brooding types because I bring light and joy, which hopefully makes them more likable."

Epstein played "geeky FBI computer nerd" Chuck Russink in the American TV show Designated Survivor (2016–2018). It was cancelled by ABC after two seasons, and he was no longer in the show when it was picked up and aired by Netflix for a third season.

In 2016, Epstein starred as a closeted gay man in the off-Broadway show Straight. He said of the script: "What resonated with me is how a straight person is just a person, but a gay person is a gay person—it's part of the title you give somebody...I thought the whole angle that the play takes about not a fear of coming out but a fear of definition, a fear of being labeled as a gay man, was an argument that's not really made in our sort of post-acceptance society. It's not about a guy who's afraid of coming out; it's about a guy who's not connected with quote-unquote 'gay culture.'" Critic Michael Glitz described Epstein's performance as "immensely appealing" and wrote that the three-member cast "elevated the show considerably with their charm and chemistry, led by Epstein's increasingly substantial stage chops." New York Times critic Andy Webster wrote, "Mr. Epstein ably embodies a vaguely passive-aggressive, noncommittal male archetype."

In July 2019, Epstein debuted his original one act autobiographical show Boy Falls From the Sky: Jake Epstein Live at Supermarket at the 2019 Toronto Fringe Festival. The show in part detailed his experiences on Broadway with the title referring to his time performing in Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark. Reviewer Wayne Leung described the show as "pitch-perfect." He wrote, "Epstein carries the solo show with a casual ease, as if he were regaling a group of friends over beers at a bar. He is affable, down-to-earth, and his narrative is sprinkled with gentle self-deprecating humour." Epstein said that his wife Vanessa Smythe got him "to realize that there's nothing like somebody with a microphone, telling a true story, something that's funny or horrific or whatever. There's so much power in that."

In December 2019, Epstein starred in the world premiere of the play Dear Jack, Dear Louise, inspired by playwright Ken Ludwig's parents. He played Army doctor Jack Ludwig, who exchanges letters with an aspiring Broadway actress during World War II. Epstein said, "One of the things that drew me to this project was that for my wife and I, the first five years of our relationship was long distance." He described Dear Jack, Dear Louise as "a wink to the original form of online dating." Critic Thomas Floyd wrote, "Epstein plays Jack with bookish likability and a nervous smile, even as the war erodes his optimism." Critic Em Skow wrote, "...Jack's character was the truest example in the show of Ken Ludwig's propensity to use humor in order to help us absorb serious moments, and Epstein's deft fluidity in finding the balance between those opposing dispositions was outstanding."

Personal life
Epstein married actress Vanessa Smythe in 2018. They welcomed their first child, son Miles August Epstein, on May 25, 2023.

Discography

 * "My Window" — Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation
 * "Rescue You" — Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie
 * "Swan Song" — Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie

title: Jake Epstein


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Darwinek

Darwinek
final (10/6/4) ending 00:32 28 February 2005 (UTC)

Over 3100 edits since September 2004. Lots of good work on articles, especially as regards biographies and American Civil War-related articles. Has done a lot of work on the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica project and other Wiki projects such as Collaboration of the Week. Has not yet been overly involved in many of the more admin-oriented areas of Wikipedia, but has shown maturity in the areas he has. Grutness|hello? 00:33, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I am proud to accept the nomination. Darwinek 12:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) How could I nominate and not support?  Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 00:34, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Everyking 00:58, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) gadfium 01:09, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Comrade Nick  @ )---^--  01:12, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) R yan!  |  Talk  02:18, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) <AOL!>Jordi·✆ 12:43, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) The borderline copyvio stuff is not good, but I'll chalk it up to newbieness, and since we're only now mentioning it, I think it's fair to see if he jumps to clean it up quickly. (Sort of like a ministerial candidate fixing up tax liabilities :-) ) Stan 16:39, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) The copyvio thing is not a big problem. See comments section. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  22:06, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support. I'm satisfied that Darwinek understands that posting copyvio stuff is a mistake and that he hasn't done that recently and won't do it again. Posting PD stuff is OK of course, although I would advise Darwinek to make liberal use of license tags and comments to make sure the origin of the material and its legal status is clear. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:40, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) I believe that the copyvio issue has been addressed and that Darwinek will make a good admin. Carrp | Talk 19:54, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) This should be no big deal. --JuntungWu 10:45, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) I'm sure this editor is a very good user overall, but I simply can't support an administrator whose contributions include copyright violations and posting public domain material without including the original source. Copyright problems is bursting at the seams with listings, and we should have administrators who fight against this problem, not contribute to it. Gamaliel 00:52, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Maybe later. Efforts to improve underdeveloped areas of Wikipedia are laudable, but "posting public domain material without including the original source" is plagiarism. Also, I generally like to see more community involvement (including housekeeping) of prospective janitors. Lupo 10:29, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Concerned about copyvios, especially in light of commments about failure to correct them by marking them as copyvios. Also, the blanking of talk pages without archiving is not something I condone. —Lowellian (talk) 01:26, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Agree with the above. Keep up the good work, just not admin material yet. - Taxman 13:27, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) An admin must know the meaning of plagiarism.  "Since now I will be citing my sources."  Not good enough—go back and provide sources for text and images you've already uploaded.  Clean up your own mistakes.  Then come back here.  dbenbenn | talk 01:41, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Does not meet my new admin criterion, jguk 14:33, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Though I greatly respect Darwinek's huge contributions of content to areas of Wikipedia that are much more underdeveloped, I hold reservations about this user because of large numbers of copyvio articles that he has created with content from websites (most particularly the Athens 2004 site) being plagerised and simply reordered. See, for example James Beckford from. There are a number more copyvios, but still probably a minority of this users contributions (some are copied from PD etc) I have any objection to. I have been unable to look at many of the contributions - Estel (talk) 13:54, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) He looks like a good user but the copyvio issue concerns me, as does the brevity of the answers below. Also I'm not too sure that I like his citing an unmodified, save for wikification, PD upload, Christian Fleetwood, as one of his contributions he is particularly pleased with. I may well change my vote in a few months if he gets more involved with the community and makes more original contributions. Rje 15:55, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) I would support later but not now due to the copyvio issues. JuntungWu 12:10, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Concur with Rje and Juntung. Neutralitytalk 21:23, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Comments 17:13, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, I confess. I added that articles on athletes when I was a newbie. It was long time ago. I realize that it's a copyvio, but is uncomfortable for me to mark it as copyvio myself. So, go ahead and mark them. And by the way I think that uploading PD text to Wikipedia is a meritorious act. Uploading PD images is alright, so uploading PD text too. My sources are Library of Congress, National Park Service and many others. I have wrote a few times to Library of Congress to assure that text like this is really in public domain and it's free to put it to Wikipedia. --Darwinek 17:13, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I never meant to say that there was anything wrong with uploading PD text. Though I am curious as to why you recently blanked a large part of your talk page rather than archive it. - Estel (talk) 19:33, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Since now I will be citing my sources. I'll be posting public domain material including information on its source. Darwinek 12:50, 23 Feb, 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. My aim is to help other admins to deal with vandalism. Dealing with vandalism is most important issue to secure Wikipedia's bright future.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. Richard Sears and Christian Fleetwood definitely. Although more important for me is article on Richard Sears, I had more work with it.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I had a few little conflicts at the start of my Wikipedia career, but it wasn't anything big. I think that every day on Wikipedia is for me a new experience.


text:
Prince Ernst of Hohenberg

Prince Ernst of Hohenberg (Ernst Alfons Franz Ignaz Joseph Maria Anton von Hohenberg; 27 May 1904 – 5 March 1954) was the second son of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, who were assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914.

Life

Prince Ernst was born at his parents' estate at Konopiště in Bohemia. Following his parents' assassination, which precipitated World War I, Ernst and his siblings, Sophie and Maximilian, were taken in by their uncle, Prince Jaroslav von Thun und Hohenstein.

In late 1918, their properties in Czechoslovakia, including Konopiště and Chlumec nad Cidlinou, were confiscated. The children moved to Vienna and Schloß Artstetten.

In 1938, following the Anschluss, some of the family members were arrested. Prince Ernst, having previously spoken at pro-monarchist meetings and having publicly opposed the Anschluss, was sent to Dachau concentration camp with his brother. Prince Ernst was later transferred to other camps and was freed in 1943. The family's Austrian properties were confiscated in 1939, but they were returned in 1945.

Marriage and issue
Prince Ernst married on 25 May 1936 in Vienna, Marie-Thérèse Wood (9 May 1910 in Vienna – 28 November 1985 in Radmer). She was daughter of Captain George Jervis Wood (1887-1974) and his wife, Countess Rosa Lónyay de Nagy-Lónya et Vásáros-Namény (1888-1970), daughter of Count Albert Lónyay de Nagy-Lónya et Vásáros-Namény (1850-1923) and Princess Marie of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (1861-1933), elder sister of Princess Eleonora Fugger von Babenhausen. The couple had two children:
 * Prince Franz Ferdinand Maximilian Georg Ernst Maria Josef Zacharius Ignaz of Hohenberg (14 March 1937 in Vienna – 8 August 1978 in Graz), married Heide Zechling (born 4 January 1941 in Eisenerz). They have one son.
 * Prince Ernst Georg Elemer Albert Josef Antonius Peregrinus Rupertus Maria of Hohenberg (1 March 1944 in Vienna – 12 January 2023), first married Patricia Caesar (born 12 June 1950 in Glen Cove) in 1973; they divorced in 1999. In 2007 he married Margareta Anna Ndisi (born 26 November 1959 in Östhammar. He has one daughter from his first marriage.

Death
Prince Ernst died at Graz in Austria in 1954, aged 49, his death considered to be connected to mistreatment he suffered in the concentration camps. He is buried in the crypt of the Hohenberg family's Artstetten Castle in Lower Austria. His wife's remains are in a sarcophagus to the right of his.

Honours

 * Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Family: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1945.

title: Prince Ernst of Hohenberg


text:
Eric Valent

Eric Christian Valent (born April 4, 1977), is an American former professional baseball outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Cincinnati Reds, and New York Mets. Valent is currently the National Cross Checker in the Miami Marlins organization.

High school
Valent was an All-American at Canyon High School in Anaheim, California. On June 1, 1995, he was drafted in the 26th round of the amateur draft by the Detroit Tigers, but he did not sign and instead elected to attend the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

College
Valent had a standout career at UCLA, alongside teammates Troy Glaus, Eric Byrnes, Chase Utley, and Garrett Atkins. He helped lead UCLA to the 1997 College World Series.

Valent has the most career home runs in Pac-10 history (69), and is the UCLA career runs batted in (RBI) leader (219), achieved in only three years of play.

Valent was the Pac-10 Player of the year in 1998. On June 2, 1998, he was selected in the first round (42nd overall) of the supplemental draft by the Phillies.

Of his collegiate career, Valent perhaps prophetically said:

In 1996, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the wood bat Cape Cod Baseball League.

Major leagues
In his brief playing career, Valent provided good power from the left side of the plate. A solid pinch hitter and valuable utility man, he was a competent first baseman who could play either left or right field effectively.

On August 31, 2003, Valent was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for catcher Kelly Stinnett.

On December 15, Valent was drafted by the New York Mets in the Rule 5 draft.

Most of Valent's MLB playing time was with the Mets. On July 29, 2004, he became the eighth player in Mets history to hit for the cycle, in a game against the Montreal Expos. In late August, Valent had three pinch-hit home runs. During his days with the Mets, he wore uniform number 57 (later worn by pitcher Johan Santana).

On January 12, 2006, Valent was signed as a free agent by the San Diego Padres, but was released on May 14, after playing in 30 games for their Triple-A farm club, the Portland Beavers. In a four-season career, Valent was a .234 hitter, with 13 home runs, and 37 RBIs, in 205 games.

Japanese baseball league
After being released from the Padres organization, Valent signed a one-year contract worth 50 million Yen to play right field for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in the Pacific League of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).

Coaching
In December 2008, Valent was named the hitting coach for the Single-A Williamsport Crosscutters of the Philadelphia Phillies organization, but was reassigned to a scouting position in January 2009.

title: Eric Valent


text:
Buckaroo

A buckaroo is a cowboy of the Great Basin and California region of the United States, from an Anglicization of the Spanish word vaquero.

Buckaroo or Buckaroos may also refer to:

Music

 * The Buckaroos, the backing band for country singer Buck Owens
 * "Buckaroo" (instrumental), a 1965 instrumental by Buck Owens and the Buckaroos
 * "Buckaroo" (song), a song from the self-titled debut album by country singer Lee Ann Womack

Teams

 * Kelowna Buckaroos (1961-1983), a former Tier II Junior "A" ice hockey team from Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
 * Summerland Buckaroos (1983-1988), the name of the team after relocating to Summerland, British Columbia
 * Port Coquitlam Buckaroos (1999-2006), an ice hockey team based in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia
 * Pendleton Buckaroos (1912-1914), a team in the short-lived professional baseball Western Tri-State League
 * Portland Buckaroos, several defunct ice hockey teams which were based in Portland, Oregon
 * Buckaroos, the sports teams and mascot of Breckenridge High School, Breckenridge, Texas
 * Buckaroos, the sports teams and mascot of Monticello High School in Monticello, Utah
 * Buckaroos, the sports teams and mascot of Kaycee School, Kaycee, Wyoming

Other uses

 * Buckaroo Banzai (character), in the film The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension and the Battletech fictional universe
 * Buckaroo: The Winchester Does Not Forgive, a 1968 Italian Spaghetti Western film
 * Buckaroo!, a children's game made by the Milton Bradley company
 * Temco T-35 Buckaroo, an unsuccessful low-cost 1940s trainer aircraft
 * Friendship knot, also known as a buckeroo knot
 * Buckaroo Broadcasting, LLC, former license owner of radio station KWNA-FM, serving Winnemucca, Nevada
 * Buckaroo (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse and leading sire
 * Nailbiter (comic) takes place in the fictional town of Buckaroo, Oregon
 * Slang term for dollar

title: Buckaroo


text:
Ozokerite

Ozokerite or ozocerite, archaically referred to as earthwax or earth wax, is a naturally occurring odoriferous mineral wax or paraffin found in many localities. Lacking a definite composition and crystalline structure, it is not considered a mineral but only a mineraloid. The name was coined from Greek elements Όζω ozο, to stink, and κηρός keros, wax.

Properties
Its specific gravity ranges from 0.85 to 0.95, and its melting point from 58 to 100 C. It is soluble in ether, petroleum, benzene, turpentine, chloroform, carbon disulfide and others. Galician ozokerite varies in color from light yellow to dark brown, and frequently appears green owing to dichroism. It usually melts at 62 C. Chemically, ozokerite consists of a mixture of various hydrocarbons, containing 85–87% by weight of carbon and 14.3% of hydrogen.

Mining
The mining of ozokerite began in Galicia in the 1880s, and was formerly carried on by means of hand-labor, but in the ozokerite mines owned by the Boryslaw Actien Gesellschaft and the Galizische Kreditbank, the workings of which extend to a depth of 200 m, and 225 m, respectively, electrical power is employed for hauling, pumping and ventilating. In these mines there are the usual main shafts and galleries, the ozokerite being reached by levels driven along the strike of the deposit. The wax, as it reaches the surface, varies in purity, and, in new workings especially, only hand-picking is needed to separate the pure material. In other cases much earthy matter is mixed with the material, and then the rock or shale having been eliminated by hand-picking, the "wax-stone" is boiled with water in large coppers, when the pure wax rises to the surface. This is again melted without water, and the impurities are skimmed off, the material being then run into slightly conical cylindrical moulds, and thus made into blocks for the market. The crude ozokerite is refined by treatment first with sulfuric acid, and subsequently with charcoal, when the ceresine or cerasin of commerce is obtained. The refined ozokerite or ceresine, which usually has a melting-point of 61 to 78 C, is largely used as an adulterant of beeswax, and is frequently colored artificially to resemble that product in appearance.

On distillation in a current of superheated steam, ozokerite yields a candle-making material resembling the paraffin obtained from petroleum and shale-oil but of higher melting-point, and therefore of greater value if the candles made from it are to be used in hot climates. There are also obtained in the distillation light oils and a product resembling vaseline. The residue in the stills consists of a hard, black, waxy substance, which in admixture with India-rubber was employed under the name of okonite as an electrical insulator. From the residue a form of the material known as heel-ball, used to impart a polished surface to the heels and soles of boots, was also manufactured.

Mining of ozokerite diminished after 1940 due to competition from paraffins manufactured from petroleum. It has a higher melting point than most petroleum waxes, and is favored for some applications, such as electrical insulators and candles.

title: Ozokerite