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Millionaires' Mile

The Millionaires' Mile, Millionaires' Row, Billionaires Row, Golden Mile or Alpha Street are the exclusive residential neighborhoods of various cities, often along one scenic strip such as a riverside or hilltop drive, or a wide city boulevard.

Characteristics
Millionaires' Miles are often found in neighborhoods by the name of the Gold Coast, from Gold Coast (region), in West Africa. There is the Gold Coast of Long Island, Boston's Gold Coast, and Chicago's Gold Coast to name a few.

Millionaires' Miles are characterized by the presence of great houses in varying architectural styles. Depending on the location, these may be stately homes, mansions, townhouses, esoteric modern creations or other imposing designs.

United States
Some well-known Millionaires' Miles include the following:
 * Alexandria Bay, New York: A chain of islands in the Saint Lawrence River, from Stony Crest Island to Heart Island
 * Asheville, North Carolina: Biltmore Forest
 * Atlanta: West Paces Ferry Road and Riverside Drive NW
 * Baltimore: North Charles Street and St. Paul Street
 * Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Dalrymple Drive and Lakeshore Neighborhood; Garden District
 * Beverly Hills, California: Sunset Boulevard and Flats of Beverly Hills (north of Santa Monica Boulevard)
 * Birmingham, Alabama: Crest Road, Stratford Road, Argyle Road, and Redmont Road
 * Boston: Beacon Hill, Commonwealth Avenue, the Back Bay
 * Boca Raton, Florida: Between Federal Highway (US 1) and Ocean Boulevard (including Downtown Boca Raton)
 * Buffalo, New York: Delaware Avenue
 * Charlotte, North Carolina: Queens Road West and Eastover Road
 * Chicago: North Burling Street, The Magnificent Mile, particularly north Michigan Avenue, Lake Shore Drive
 * Cincinnati: Dayton Street Historic District.
 * Cleveland: Euclid Avenue (historic)
 * Dallas: Swiss Avenue, Strait Lane, Preston Hollow
 * Deal, New Jersey: Ocean Avenue and surrounding streets
 * Detroit: Palmer Woods, Strathcona Drive
 * Fort Lauderdale, Florida: Bayview Drive, Rio isle, Las Olas
 * Fort Worth, Texas: Crestline Road, Westover Circle, Shady Oaks Lane
 * Golden Beach, Florida: Collins Avenue (State Road A1A)
 * Hartford, Connecticut: Prospect Avenue (Governor's Row)
 * Hillsboro Beach, Florida: Hillsboro Mile (State Road A1A)
 * Houston: River Oaks
 * Indian Creek, Florida: Indian Creek Island Road
 * Indianapolis: Meridian Street
 * Jacksonville, Florida: Ponte Vedra Boulevard
 * Kansas City, Missouri: Ward Parkway, Janssen Place, Belinder Avenue
 * Lafayette, Louisiana: West Bayou Parkway
 * Lake George, New York: Along east and partially west sides of the lake
 * Las Vegas: MacDonald Highlands east of MacDonald Ranch Drive, Grand Hills Drive in Seven Hills, Southern Highlands north of Golf Estates Drive, The Ridges north of Promontory Ridge Drive
 * Laurel, Mississippi: Sixth Avenue and the lower numbered blocks of 5th Avenue.
 * Longboat Key, Florida: Gulf of Mexico Boulevard, Longboat Key Club
 * Los Angeles: Bel Air, Brentwood north of San Vicente Blvd., Wilshire Boulevard east of Westwood Village, North Carolwood Drive and South Mapleton Drive in Holmby Hills, Hollywood Hills, Mullholland Drive
 * Malibu, California: Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) in Carbon Beach.
 * Meridian, Mississippi: Poplar Springs Drive, 2300 to 3500 blocks and 29th Avenue, the 2800 to 3500 blocks
 * Memphis, Tennessee: Adams Street
 * Miami, Florida: Brickell (Brickell Avenue) and Coconut Grove (Coco Plum)
 * Miami Beach, Florida: Mid-Beach and South Beach (along Collins Avenue,) Star Island, Palm Island, and Hibiscus Island (all of the islands are on the MacArthur Causeway)
 * Middletown, Ohio: South Main Street District
 * Milwaukee: Lake Drive
 * Minneapolis: The Cedar-Isles-Dean, Kenwood, and Lowry Hill neighborhoods of the affluent Calhoun-Isles community, located in scenic territory around the city's famous Chain of Lakes.
 * Mobile, Alabama: Government Street
 * Nashville, Tennessee: Belle Meade and Brentwood
 * New Orleans: The Garden District, particularly St. Charles Avenue and its side streets, especially the gated Audubon Place
 * New York City: along Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side, The Hamptons (South Fork of Long Island)
 * Newport, Rhode Island: Bellevue Avenue
 * Oklahoma City: Nichols Hills, particularly Grand and Wilshire Boulevards
 * Palm Beach, Florida: Worth Avenue and parts of South Ocean Boulevard
 * Pasadena, California: South Orange Grove Boulevard
 * Pass Christian, Mississippi: Scenic Drive
 * Philadelphia: The Main Line, Chestnut Hill, Rittenhouse Square, and Society Hill
 * Pittsburgh: Fifth Avenue
 * Plaquemine, Louisiana: LaBauve Avenue and Bayou Road
 * Portland, Oregon: Dunthorpe
 * Raleigh, North Carolina: Holt Drive in Hayes Barton Historic District, White Oak Road in Anderson Heights, and Lakeview Drive in Country Club Hills
 * Richmond, Virginia: Monument Avenue, River Road and Cary Street
 * Richmond, Indiana: Main Street, on National Road
 * St. Louis: Central West End near Forest Park, Lindell Boulevard, Portland Place and Westmoreland Place (both private)
 * San Diego: Historic US Route 101 through Del Mar.
 * San Francisco: Pacific Heights, Sea Cliff, St. Francis Wood
 * St. Paul, Minnesota: Summit Avenue
 * St. Petersburg, Florida and Clearwater, Florida: Gulf Blvd., Mandalay, Beach Drive, Snell Isle
 * San Antonio: Contour Drive (Olmos Park), Ivy Lane (Terrell Hills)
 * Santa Monica, California: Montana Avenue (north of Montana) and San Vicente Boulevard (north of San Vicente)
 * Springfield, Ohio: East High Street
 * Tampa, Florida: South Tampa, including Davis Island and Harbor Island, Fishhawk (The Preserve, Chapman Crossing, among others), Stone Lake Ranch, Cheval
 * Washington, D.C.: Massachusetts Avenue, Kalorama, areas around Washington National Cathedral, River Road (MD), Georgetown Pike (VA)
 * Williamsport, Pennsylvania: Millionaire's Row Historic District, West Fourth Street
 * Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: River Street Historic District, Riverside Drive and South Franklin Street

International examples

 * Bacolod, Negros Occidental, Philippines: Burgos Street
 * Brussels: Avenue Louise, Square du Bois
 * Calgary: 'American Hill' (home to many Canadian oil tycoons), Mount Royal, Calgary
 * Cape Town: Nettleton Road, Clifton, Cape Town
 * Dublin: Shrewsbury Road, Ailesbury Road, Raglan Road, Dublin
 * Hamburg: Elbchaussee, Harvestehuder Weg
 * Hobart, Australia: Sandy Bay Road
 * Hong Kong: Severn Road
 * Jakarta: Kebayoran Baru, Menteng, Puri Indah, Pondok Indah, Pantai Indah Kapuk.
 * London: Park Lane, The Bishop's Avenue in Hampstead Garden Suburb, the squares of Belgravia and Knightsbridge, Kensington Palace Gardens
 * Lyon, France: Boulevard des Belges
 * Makati, Philippines: McKinley Road in Forbes Park
 * Marseille: Corniche Kennedy
 * Melbourne: Towers Road, St Georges Road, Albany Road (Toorak). Monomeath Avenue and Mont Albert Road (Canterbury)
 * Mexico City: along Paseo de la Reforma as it winds through Lomas de Chapultepec
 * Montreal: Summit Circle area, Westmount; Golden Square Mile; Senneville
 * Mumbai: Peddar Road, Malabar Hill and Altamount Road
 * Paris: Parts of the 16th arrondissement
 * Poole, Dorset, England: Sandbanks
 * Starnberg (millionaires' town) near Munich, Germany: Seestraße
 * Surabaya: Many locations in West Surabaya (Darmo Permai, Graha Famili, Citraland, Satelit), Kertajaya Indah.
 * Sydney: Wolseley Road, Point Piper
 * Toronto: Bridle Path, York Mills, Lawrence Park, Forest Hill, and Rosedale in Toronto.
 * Vancouver: West Vancouver and Shaughnessy.
 * Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Beach Drive in Uplands, Oak Bay. Queenswood Drive in Ten Mile Point, British Columbia.
 * Wellington, New Zealand: Oriental Bay Drive
 * Winnipeg: Wellington Crescent, River Heights and Tuxedo
 * Zürich: Goldcoast (Switzerland)

title: Millionaires' Mile


text:
File:Carson signing Solemn League and Covenant.jpg

Licensing
Reasoning for new PD-UK licence:

Newly found sources clearly indicate date of creation and there is no evidence of author, so a 70-year term in the UK is appropriate. If it was an official photo covered by crown copyright the image would have come into the public domain after 50 years.

Old justification for retaining on English Wikipedia:

PD in the US since it was published before 1923. However, no source exists for this image, so until this is fixed, its copyright status cannot be determined in its country of origin (Great Britain). This makes this image incompatible with Commons' rules.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Agibney

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia, nice work on Thai Bangkaew Dog. But, although you credit the source, that's not enough for here. Either contributions have to be your own work, or you have to have full and explicit permission from the copyright holders to release their text and images under the GFDL. We can't have any copyright violations here. What's the situation in this case? Have you discussed the use of images and text with the copyright holders? Are they aware that us using this text means that anyone else can also use this text for any reason? Thanks and welcome again -- sannse (talk) 11:05, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Agibney, just to let you know I've listed the article as a copyright problem for now - let me know if we have full, free-use, permission and we can sort it out. Sorry for the difficultly.  Regards -- sannse (talk) 12:00, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I am the author of the article and photographer of all the pictures. I give full permission to use all of the pictures and text and I read all of the copyright information when I put it up there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Agibney (talk • contribs)

 * Thanks Agibney, sorry for the delay in seeing this - I've not had a chance to check my watchlist in days! I've restored the article - thanks for your work :) -- sannse (talk) 16:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Could you confirm the copyright status of PuppiesJitti10.jpg? Is it licensed under the GFDL as preferred, or has permission been given only for it to be used on Wikipedia? Cheers --Pak21 00:22, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Agibney


text:
R-14 Chusovaya

The R-14 Chusovaya (Р-14 Чусовая, named for the Chusovaya river) was a single stage Intermediate-range ballistic missile developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was given the NATO reporting name SS-5 Skean and was known by GRAU index 8K65. It was designed by Mikhail Yangel. Chusovaya is the name of a river in Russia. Line production was undertaken by Facility No. 1001 in Krasnoyarsk.

Overview
Development of the R-14 began by directive on 2 July 1958. The preliminary design was completed in December 1958, with flight tests beginning in June 1960 and completed in February 1961. The missile was accepted into service on 24 April 1961; initial operational capability for the first division of four launchers was achieved on 31 December 1961, with the first regiment organized the next day. By the end of 1962 two regiments were fully operational in Ukraine and Latvia, with later surface launch pad sites in Kaliningrad and Belarus. A regiment consisted of two divisions, with eight launchers total; by the 1970s one mobile regiment consisted of 3 control units and 4-5 launchers. Upon introduction, the primary targets of R-14s were Thor missile sites in Britain, Jupiter missile sites in Italy and Turkey, and the Polaris missile submarine base at Rota, Spain. Production of the missile was initially done at Factory 586 in Dnepropetrovsk and Factory 1001 in Krasnoyarsk, with the RD-216 engine built only at Factory 586. From 1962 onward, production was shifted exclusively to Aviation Factory 166 in Omsk.

Prior to the onset of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet Union planned to deploy two regiments with 32 R-14 IRBMs and 16 launchers to Cuba. By the time the United States declared a quarantine of the island, 24 one-megaton warheads had arrived but no missiles or launchers had yet been shipped. The warheads were removed and the deployment of the R-14 to Cuba was cancelled after the crisis was resolved.

In May 1960, development of the R-14U (universal) version, which could be launched from both surface pads or 'Chusovaya' complex missile silos, was authorized and test launches began in January 1962. In the silo-launched version, each regiment consisted of two divisions, each division being a single emplacement with a hardened command and control technical point and three silos. The silos were placed at least 100 m from the other about the technical point. Each silo was 30 m deep and hardened to withstand overpressures of 2 kg/cm2. The silo design was accepted for service in June 1963, and the first R-14U silo division became operational at Priekule, Latvia in 1964. Complexes were also built in the Russian Far East, Kazakhstan, Ukraine.

Deployment of the R-14 and R-14U reached its peak from 1964-1969 with 97 launchers. Reaction time in the normal readiness condition is 1-3 hours for soft sites and 5-15 minutes for hard sites. Readiness states for reaction times of 3-5 minutes could be held for several hours at soft sites and several days at hard sites. Phasing out of hard sites began in 1971 and R-14Us (in mixed deployment with mobile launchers) was retired in the late 1970s. Some soft site phase-outs began in 1969, and the missile was gradually replaced by the RSD-10 Pioneer between 1978 and 1983, being completely withdrawn from service in 1984. Following the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, the remaining six R-14 missiles in storage were scrapped on 9 August 1989.

Derivatives
The missile was the basis of the Kosmos-3 launch vehicle family. In 1964, the R-14 was equipped with a smaller second stage to create the Kosmos-1 (65S3) booster and eight were flown over the next year from LC-41 at Baikonur. By 1966, the fully operational Kosmos-3 (11K65) booster was in use, but it was flown only four times before being succeeded by the definitive Kosmos-3M (11K65M) launcher, used for assorted light civilian and military satellites, most being launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome (only some of them were flown from Kapustin Yar). This launch vehicle was used for over 420 successful launches until retired from service in 2010.

Operators

 * Strategic Rocket Forces − Scrapped
 * Strategic Rocket Forces − Scrapped

title: R-14 Chusovaya


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Presidential Palace, Helsinki

The Presidential Palace (Presidentinlinna, Presidentens slott) is one of the three official residences of the president of the Republic of Finland. It is situated in Helsinki, on the north side of Esplanadi, overlooking Market Square.

Origins and early history
At the beginning of the 19th century, a salt storehouse stood on the site. Johan Henrik Heidenstrauch, then one of the elite of Helsinki's merchants, purchased the entire lot and erected between 1816 and 1820 a stately residence designed by architect Pehr Granstedt. The Heidenstrauch House resembled a palace more than a merchant's house. In 1837 it actually became a palace when it was purchased for the price of 170 000 rubles to be converted into a residence for the Governor-General of Finland. However, Nicholas I desired that it should become the official residence in Helsinki of the Emperor of Russia, the Grand Duke of Finland, and so the building became the Imperial Palace in Helsinki.

The necessary rebuilding and furnishing work, carried out between 1843 and 1845, was directed by architect Carl Ludvig Engel, the creator of neoclassical Helsinki and, after his death, by his son, Carl Alexander. Giacomo Quarenghi also looked over the plans. All the timber storehouses behind were torn down and a new wing added. This wing, built along the north of the courtyard, contained on the second floor the chapel (the present library), ballroom, banquet hall in direct connection with the earlier reception floor of the main building, as well as a kitchen.

Imperial Palace
The palace was completed in 1845, though repairs had to be made from time to time as mostly it stood empty and was not regularly heated. It was visited for the first time by a member of the Imperial family nine years later, in February 1854, when Emperor Nicholas I's younger son, Grand Duke Constantine, stayed there for a month. His brother Nicholas stayed there in June of the following year, after Nicholas I's death. In 1856, the palace was also visited by the new Emperor's three oldest sons – Nicholas, Alexander, and Vladimir. It was during the reign of their father, Alexander II, that the Palace had its most brilliant time. He visited the city in 1863 and 1876, staying on both occasions at the Palace. In 1863 the Diet of Finland was opened by Alexander II in the Great Ballroom. The Ballroom was accordingly converted into a Throne-Room, with the Imperial throne placed on a dais. Alexander returned to the palace again in 1876 to open that year's session of the Diet. The Throne-Room continued to be used as the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Diet until 1906.

That was the last Imperial festivity in the palace. Alexander III did stay there in 1885 (although he resided at his Finnish residence in Langinkoski more often). The palace was refurbished during 1904–1907 by Johan Jacob Ahrenberg. He built a new suite of reception rooms, including a new Throne Room (the present Hall of State) where the sculpture Psyche and Zephyr by Walter Runeberg was placed, and a reception vestibule facing Mariankatu. The palace was last visited by a member of the Imperial family when Nicholas II visited the palace for one day in 1915.

Post-imperial use
Under the political conditions of World War I the palace was converted into Helsinki Temporary Military Hospital I in October 1915. With the February Revolution of 1917 and the abdication of the Emperor/Grand Duke, the palace ceased to be a military hospital and became the property of the Senate which renamed it as the Former Imperial Palace. From March to April 1918, the palace was used as the headquarters of the Executive Committee of the Helsinki Workers and Soldiers Soviet. With the victory of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War, the Reds abandoned the Palace, which was temporarily used by German and White Finnish military staff. From June 1918 onwards, renovations and repairs were made to the palace in anticipation of its role as a royal residence for Prince Frederick of Hesse, who was elected as King of Finland in October 1918. However, the international political situation in the aftermath of World War I led to him renouncing his acceptance of the Finnish throne in December 1918. Following this, the upper floors served as the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

Presidential Palace and office
After the new Constitution was passed in 1919 it was clear that the most suitable residence for the President was the Former Imperial Palace. Complete repairs were made at speed, with the furnishings and art collections of the Palace being returned from storage in the National Museum and the Ateneum Art Museum, and also being supplemented. Since then, it served as the official residence of the President. The Palace was again refurbished and modernised by Martti Välikangas in 1938.

The Presidential Palace served as the official residence of all the Presidents of Finland up to 1993, except for Presidents Risto Ryti, Gustaf Mannerheim, and Urho Kekkonen, who preferred to reside at Tamminiemi. The Palace ceased to be used as the President's principal official residence during the presidency of Urho Kekkonen. He and his wife disliked the noise of nearby traffic and the lack of gardens, and soon moved to Tamminiemi, which remained Kekkonen's residence until his death. However, the palace again served as the principal residence of the President during the presidency of Mauno Koivisto, until the new residence, Mäntyniemi, was completed.

The Palace contains private apartments and reception rooms for the President on its third floor, including the Yellow Room, the Red Waiting Room, and the President's Study. The Palace also contains the Office of the President, which includes offices for the Secretary General, the Special Counsel to the President, and the Master of the Household. The Palace's State rooms include the Hall of State, the Dining Hall, and the Hall of Mirrors (the small Hall of State). They are used by the President for official functions and receptions. These include the promotion and appointment ceremony for Defence Forces and Frontier Guard cadets, State Banquets, and the Independence Day reception.

The latest major renovations to the palace were done in 2012–2014 when the building services engineering was brought up to date for a cost of 45 million euros.

Incidents
On 3 May 2024, a taxi crashed into a pillar located near one of the palace's guardhouses. The driver, who was believed to have suffered a medical seizure at the time of the incident, was hospitalised.

Visitors
In its role as the official residence of the President of Finland, the Presidential Palace has hosted a number of important foreign visitors and dignitaries. Royal visitors to the palace have included Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Olav V of Norway, Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Juan Carlos I of Spain, the Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, and Emperor Akihito of Japan. A number of US Presidents have visited the palace, including Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush. Other distinguished visitors have included Pope John Paul II, Josip Broz Tito, Nikita Khrushchev, Boris Yeltsin, Horst Köhler, Xi Jinping, Shinzō Abe, and Vladimir Putin. On 16 July 2018 a summit between US President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin was held at the Presidential Palace.

Visiting guests do not stay at the Presidential Palace nowadays, although they did in the past. Although the palace has nearly 3 000 square metres of floor space, and private apartments for the President and their family, much of the palace is occupied by offices and accommodation for the Office of the President, including the Secretary General, Presidential Cabinet, military Aides-de-Camp, and the household staff. Foreign guests can be housed at Mäntyniemi, the Königstedt Manor in Vantaa, or the Finnish State Guest House next to the Hilton Helsinki Kalastajatorppa Hotel in Munkkiniemi.

title: Presidential Palace, Helsinki


text:
Talk:GNU Chess

Playing Strength
Anything on it's playing strength/rating? 70.111.219.18 13:08, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * So weak that it isn't listed on most computer chess rating lists. On the WBEC, v4 is at 2200, and v5 is at 2000. --IanOsgood (talk) 23:07, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Recently GNU Chess 5.07 64-bit JA (Jim Ablett's compile) was introduced into CCRL 40/4 rating list, where it's rating is now 2372 Elo points without opening book and 2328 Elo points with general opening book. 333ES (talk) 02:01, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Isn't this time-dependent - the longer you allow the computer to think the better it gets? How are these rankings calculated? 2fort5r (talk) 00:30, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Strength improves with the passage of time as computers get faster, but since the ratings are by playing against other machines with the same total time per game, typically the time allowed per move or per game doesn't affect ratings dramatically (although no doubt some programs will make better use of time than others). 5.08 is substantially stronger than 5.07 because a number of issues with the eval function were fixed, but GNU Chess 6 is using algorithms not present in the FSF 5 releases and is better code. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.45.158.52 (talk) 20:45, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

New image
I don't know what the point was in replacing one gnome/ubuntu chess image with another, but the position in the new image doesn't even make any sense. Arvindn 05:39, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Windows
When was the MS Windows version released? 2fort5r (talk) 11:14, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:GNU Chess


text:
Washington (tree)

The Washington tree is a giant sequoia in the Giant Forest Grove in Tulare County, California, within Sequoia National Park. It is named after George Washington, first President of the United States. Until it partially collapsed in January 2005, the Washington tree was the second largest tree in the world (after the General Sherman tree). Though badly damaged, the tree is still living.

Before damage
The tree was studied in 1999 by scientists from Humboldt State University and University of Washington. The tree was 253.7 ft tall, with a basal diameter of 29.9 ft. Its total volume was 49550 ft3, including the main stem 47930 ft3 and the 46 largest branches 1620 ft3. The scientists discovered a large cavity in the trunk of the tree, measuring 115 ft in height by 10 ft in diameter. The cavity was accessible only by a hole situated 190 ft above the ground. The significance of this finding is that the volume of wood in the tree had been greatly overestimated by previous measurements.

Damage and collapse

In September 2003, a fire caused by a lightning strike damaged the tree's crown. National Park Service officials decided to let the fire burn without human intervention. The tree lost a large portion of its crown in the fire, reducing its height to about 229 ft.

The structurally weakened tree partially collapsed in January 2005, as the result of a heavy snow load in the remaining portion of its crown. The tree lost more than half its height, most of its branches, and much of the trunk, including the entire hollow upper portion of the trunk. It is now 115 ft high, with only a few branches living near the top of the tree.

The Washington tree is no longer one of the top ten largest giant sequoias, though the National Park Service still lists it as the second largest, due to current documentation policy (trees are calculated as if they did not suffer damage). Even in its damaged state, the tree may not be dying, as it still has half a dozen significant branches. Many other sequoias have survived with less foliage, and the tree might live decades or centuries longer.

Regrowth
One side of the Washington tree has been showing signs of regrowth since at least 2007.

title: Washington (tree)


text:
R-37 (missile)

The Vympel R-37 (NATO reporting name: AA-13 "Axehead") is a Russian hypersonic air-to-air missile with very long range. The missile and its variants also had the names K-37, izdeliye 610 and RVV-BD (Ракета Воздух-Воздух Большой Дальности (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosti), "Long range air-to-air rocket"), and the NATO codenames "Axehead" and "Andi". It was developed from the R-33.

It is designed to shoot down tankers, AWACS and other C4ISTAR aircraft while keeping the launch platform out of range of any fighters that might be protecting the target.

According to Janes there are two variants, the R-37 and the R-37M; the latter conceived as having a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to "300–400 km" (160–220 nm). In 2023, Rosoboronexport introduced the export version of the R-37M, designated RVV-BD. It has a launch range of up to 200 km and maximum altitude of 25 km with a 60 kg warhead. The missile is compatible with Sukhoi Su-57, Sukhoi Su-30, Sukhoi Su-35, Mikoyan MiG-31BM and Mikoyan MiG-35.

Design
The R-37 was developed from the R-33. For compatibility with aircraft that did not have the MiG-31's sophisticated radar, the semi-active seeker was replaced with a variant of the Agat 9B-1388 active seeker. Similarly, folding tail controls allow semi-conformal carriage on planes that are not as big as the MiG-31.

Mid-body strakes enhance lift and hence increase range. According to Defence Today, the range depends on the flight profile, from 80 nmi for a direct shot to 215 nmi for a cruise glide profile.

The R-37M designation has since been used for a modernized variant of the missile, also known as RVV-BD (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolyshoy Dalnosty, or Long-Range Air-to-Air Missile). R-37M's range exceeds 200 km, and it is capable of hypersonic speeds (~Mach 5). It will be carried by the modernized MiG-31BM interceptors and Su-35S and Su-57 multirole fighters.

A further derivative designed for internal carriage in the Su-57, designated as Izdeliye 810, has folding rear fins, shorter strakes, and updated seeker and motor.

The missile can attack targets at altitudes of 15 –, guided semi-actively or actively through the Agat 9B-1388 system.

History
The missile was designed in the early 1980s and first flown in 1989. Testing of the R-37 continued through the 1990s, and in 1994, a trial round scored a kill at a range of 162 nmi. However, the program appears to have been dropped around 1998 on grounds of cost.

Work on the missile appears to have restarted in late 2006, as part of the MiG-31BM program to update the Foxhound with a new radar and ground attack capability.

In 2018, the R-37M had finished its operational validation tests.

Zvezda TV reports have recorded the Su-35 carrying the R-37, apparently as part of an air combat loadout. In this configuration, the craft carries two R-73s in the central wing pylon, two R-77s slung underneath the engine nacelles, and two R-37s on the hardpoints between the engines, with an option to carry a few more missiles, such as a Kh-31 anti-radiation missile.

Operational history
The R-37M has, since October 2022, been the main threat against the Ukrainian Air Force. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, MiG-31 aircraft have reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft, mainly by using the long range R-37. By remaining at high speed and high altitude, MiG-31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukrainian fighters lacking range, speed, or altitude necessary to engage the MiG-31. The Ukrainian Air Force lacks fire and forget missiles. They relied on the R-27 missiles, both the R-27R and R-27ER. The Ukrainian pilot must illuminate the Russian aircraft with their radar to guide the missile to the target. Russian pilots firing active radar, fire and forget, R-77 give the Russian pilots the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots were forced to "exploit ground clutter and terrain-masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged".

A report by the Royal United Services Institute states that in October some six R-37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day. The Su-35S is also used as a carrier for the R-37M. Four MiG-31 were also deployed to Crimea at the Belbek Air Base in mid 2022.

In August 2022, Russian forces maintained a Combat Air Patrol of either a pair of Su-35S or MiG-31s on station to shoot down Ukrainian aircraft. The Royal United Services Institute stated: "The VKS has been firing up to six R-37Ms per day during October. The extremely high speed of the weapon, coupled with very long effective range and a seeker designed for engaging low-altitude targets, makes it particularly difficult to evade."

In February 2023, Ukraine obtained wreckage of a R-37M which would be of interest to Ukraine and Western countries.

According to a Russian source, the missile is carried by the Su-35S and Su-57 fighters, and the MiG-31BM interceptor.

According to Ukrainian pilots, the R-37M isn't achieving a lot of "hard kills", the destruction of actual Ukrainian aircraft. However, their launch forces pilots to abandon their current mission and take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots believe that the only defence is for their allies to supply them with F-16 fighter jets and AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles. While it won't close the distance, Ukrainian pilots hope that it will push back the effective range of missiles like the R-37. However according to Ukrainian official, Ukraine is looking for opportunities to modernize the F-16 Block 20 MLU fighter jets planned for transfer. Early generation AN/APG-66 radar of older F-16 Block 20 MLU only has similar range of Ukrainian Mig-29s and poses no significant advantage compare to current Ukrainian fighters radar over the radar of current Russian fighters used in the war such as Irbis-E and N110M Bars-M.

In August 2023, the National Police of Ukraine claimed that a R-37 missile had been used in an airstrike in Kramatorsk Raion.

title: R-37 (missile)


text:
Allders

Allders was an independent department store operating in the United Kingdom.

The original store was established in 1862 in Croydon by Joshua Allder. In the second half of the 20th century, this parent store was developed into a chain of department stores across England and Wales. By the turn of the millennium, the flagship store in Croydon was the third-largest department store in the United Kingdom. The chain was broken up and sold after it went into administration in 2005, although the Croydon store continued trading until 2012, having been purchased by Harold Tillman, the then-owner of the Jaeger clothing company. On 17 January 2013, the company closed the store along with the website, and the brand ceased to exist. In 2018 the brand relaunched with a department store in the former Co-op Department Store in the Paisley Centre in Paisley.

Joshua Allder
Allders was opened in 1862 at 102 and 103 North End, Croydon, as a "linen draper and silk mercer" by Joshua Allder (1838–1904) from Walworth, who had served his apprenticeship in Croydon. His shop was diverse, with special offers on silk dresses and also a morning dress section, and departments offering lower-cost items such as buttons and ribbons. This diversity showed a shrewdness in business and an understanding of his mostly female customers.

Croydon was a growing town, and Allder's business grew with it. In 1870, the shop expanded into 104, 106 and 107 North End, although he had to wait for some 20 years to acquire 105, a bakery. The wealth Allder made allowed him to play a prominent part in the local community, on the Local Board of Health, on the council of the County Borough of Croydon for nine years, and in the non-conformist church community. He supported greater rights for his workers, being instrumental in getting local stores closed for a half-day on Wednesdays. Allder died in 1904 leaving a store which had expanded beyond clothing and haberdashery to sell glass and porcelain, among other items.

His main residence in Pampisford Road, South Croydon, now houses Regina Coeli RC school, and two cul-de-sacs nearby are named Allder Way and Joshua Close.

Growth
In 1908 Allder's family sold the business to J. W. Holdron and F. C. Bearman, owners of stores in Peckham and Leytonstone respectively. They developed the store into 50 departments with 500 staff and owned the business until 1921. It then passed to the Lawrence family, under whose control it became a limited company.

In 1926, the famous North End facade was erected, uniting the frontage of the Croydon premises for the first time. In 1932 an Arcade from North End to George Street was completed, proving a very popular addition to the store. An extension to the restaurant was opened in the same year.

The building suffered considerable damage in World War II but never closed. Improvements during the 1950s included the takeover of a cinema auditorium as the gift department and the installation of Croydon's first escalators, built by J & E Hall, in 1954. By 1958, the Lawrence family was forced to sell as a result of death duties incurred after the death of Daniel Arthur Lawrence, managing director. The store was acquired by Jack & Bernard Lyons' United Drapery Stores (UDS), owners of Richard Shops, John Collier, Alexandre Tailors and several department stores. The son of D. A. Lawrence, S. John Lawrence, was kept on by UDS as managing director. Allders continued to expand, reaching £1 million turnover in 1958 and £3 million by 1963. Fashion's importance declined, with household items taking a greater role.

In the 1960s there was considerable change in Croydon, particularly the construction of the Whitgift Centre to the north of Allders, into which the store expanded, and the creation of the St George's Walk development. Transport and lifestyle changes led to greater competition with the West End and further improvements were required to modernise the store. The section fronting George Street was rebuilt and expanded, retaining a Victorian facade, alongside a new addition. Rebuilding works continued into Dingwall Avenue and by 1976 Allders had 1,700 staff and 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of floor space. It was a Croydon landmark and became the third-largest department store in the UK, after Harrods and Selfridges. It had the largest carpet department in Europe, amongst other claims. Croydon was by this time a major retail centre.

Allders' immediate competitor, Kennards, was renamed Debenhams in 1973, along with many other Debenhams stores. To compete with the central buying and advertising of Debenhams and other larger groups, the department stores owned by UDS were all gradually renamed Allders. This process began with Shinners of Sutton in 1979 and later Hinds of Eltham, Medhursts of Bromley, James Page of Camberley, Mackross of Cardiff, Willis Ludlow of Hull and Landport Drapery Bazaar (LDB) in Portsmouth. Only Arding & Hobbs at Clapham Junction in London and the furnishing store of Clover at Kirkstall in Leeds retained their original identities. A new geometric logo of ten orange 'A's arranged in a circle on brown and cream-coloured stationery, bags and carpets appeared across the group, together with the phrase "All that a great store should be".

In 1983 the Lyons family sold the UDS Group to Hanson plc and Allders became a flagship company of the group, with Lord Hanson appearing on Allders' roof in TV adverts. Allders expanded with new stores opening in Basildon and Chatham and in many international airports as duty-free concessions. A new 'Fourth Floor' was built on the roof of the Croydon store to house a new Audio and Television Department and two new restaurants as well as a link into the staff areas of London House on Dingwall Avenue. The group's brown, cream and orange livery was replaced with a scheme of light blue and gold lettering on a dark blue background.

In 1989 a management buyout saw the international arm spun off as a separate company. There was continued upheaval in Croydon with the complete refurbishment of the Whitgift Centre and of parts of the store. The vast carpet department was contracted to a secondary location allowing for the creation of a new perfumery and cosmetics hall at the centre of the ground floor. A new Allders store of 137000 sqft opened at Woking in 1992. Allders plc was floated on the stock market in 1993.

The growth of the group rapidly accelerated following stock market flotation with the acquisition of existing stores and the building of new ones. This began with the acquisition of Nottingham Co-op's lease on their Broad Marsh Centre store and the development of a chain of stand-alone home furnishing stores. The opening of a second Clover store at Rotherham was succeeded by the development of "At Home with Allders" a concept for new stores in out-of-town retail parks, the first of which opened at Aylesford in Kent in 1994. The Clover stores were both rebranded.

In September 1996 Allders purchased a number of department stores from the Owen Owen group that traded under the Lewis's and Owen Owen names. This included branches in Basingstoke, Coventry, Ilford, Leeds, Oxford, Redditch and Slough.

In 1997 Allders acquired the bankrupt Maples furniture brand and seven of its retail outlets. These stores were integrated into the Allders At Home portfolio and brought the brand to town centre locations in Bromley, Chelmsford, Crawley, Kingston upon Thames, Reading, Sutton Coldfield and Watford. The Bromley outlet, in direct competition with the town's main Allders store, was soon disposed of. The Kingston store, offering a range focussed solely on furniture, beds and carpets, struggled to compete with Bentalls and John Lewis. This competition in the town and the frontage of the store being obscured for some time whilst work on the Kingston Bridge was carried out led to the store's closure within two years. A second Kingston store was later opened in the former C & A building, offering a broader range of merchandise for the home.

Decline
Shares in Allders crashed in 1998 after disappointing sales and difficulties integrating the Maples furniture group. Nevertheless, it continued a policy of expansion, acquiring the premises of the former C & A stores at Guildford, Kingston upon Thames, Leicester, Sheffield (Meadowhall), and York in 2000 and later the large C & A building on the south side of Oxford Street in London. The "At Home with Allders" trading name was replaced with "Allders At Home" on conversion of a number of the C&A stores to an expanded home format. Problems continued, however. In Croydon, there were plans to build a new shopping centre, Park Place, on the store's site and much of the area to the south. A new Allders would be built opposite the Town Hall. Croydon Council's partner in this plan was developer Minerva plc. In late 2002 Minerva was part of a new group called Scarlett Retail, named after Terry Green's daughter, that bid for Allders, with Lehman Brothers investment bank and a management team including Terry Green, the former chief executive of Debenhams and BHS.

Some felt at the time that Scarlett's bid was based on Minerva's intention to acquire Allders' site for its Park Place project, in order to sell the plot to another retailer, probably John Lewis. The bid was felt by many to be overpriced. Nevertheless, Scarlett paid Tom Hunter an improved price and they landed the company in early 2003 for about £162m ($316m). Green became chief executive and set about an overhaul of Allders' image. It was claimed that some of the traditional homeware, haberdashery and clothing for middle-aged, middle-income women was reduced, with a new emphasis on young fashion and beauty products, though this was denied by Terry Green.

Administration, 2004–2005
In September 2004, Minerva announced that Allders had made a loss of £22.6m for the year to 30 June 2004, blaming the speed of the transformation of the business. In December 2004, it announced the business was up for sale. There was some early interest that Primark was to purchase some of the stores but no interest was found in taking on the company as a whole and it was placed in administration on 26 January 2005. It was revealed that there was a pensions deficit of £15 million. 130 of the staff at the Croydon headquarters were laid off, including Green and other senior managers. An under-construction store at the Drake Circus Shopping Centre in Plymouth was never opened and was split into stores for Next and Primark when the centre opened in October 2005.

Kroll, the administrators, searched for buyers for the chain or individual stores. Of Allders' 50 stores, only 35 received offers, with rival retailers such as House of Fraser, BHS, Debenhams and Primark said to have expressed an interest. The ten remaining stores, including the Oxford Street branch, began closing-down sales on 5 February and had started to close from March 2005: all had closed by May 2005 with the Leeds store being the last to close down on 22 May 2005, with the exception of Croydon.

Croydon store, 2005–2013
In May 2005 it was announced that the owners of Jaeger would take on the flagship Croydon store and that it would continue to trade as Allders. In the first year of operation the new managing director, Andrew MacKenzie, turned the fortunes of the company around and projected a £1 million gross profit. Significant investment was made to attract back to the store its Croydon audience. It was the only Allders store to survive the 2005 administration.

In April 2006 it was announced that Allders had secured an extension to their lease through to 2008. The land and store that Allders leased had regular break clauses to the benefit of the "virtual freehold leaseholder" held by Minerva plc subsidiary companies for 250 years. The freehold interest was held by the Whitgift Foundation. Development plans by Minerva for a 1.08 million sq.ft shopping centre were complicated by uncertainty over its tenancy, and competition from the new 1.615 million sq.ft Westfield development at White City, and the 1.3 million sq.ft shopping development at Bluewater to the east of London.

In December 2011, Allders director Max Menon was named as new chairman of Croydon Business Improvement District.

Allders of Croydon was placed into administration on 15 June 2012. It was blamed on the "tough market conditions of the retail sector" at the time. The administrators Duff & Phelps failed in their search for a new investor and Allders finally closed down after the last day of trading on 22 September 2012. It was reported in Scotland on Sunday that Metis, a Glasgow-based intellectual property firm were looking to sell brands that were owned by Allders. Along with the Allders name, the administrators were seeking to sell furniture brands Maples and Waring & Gillow. Allders ceased trading on 17 January 2013. Later that year the Croydon building reopened as "Croydon Village Outlet".

In July 2019, Croydon Council took possession of the site as part of the proposed redevelopment of the Centrale and Whitgift Centre shopping malls. Businesses and franchises within the Village Outlet had to move or close altogether.

In 2018 Allders purchased the rights to the Co-op Department Store in Paisley at the Paisley Centre and set up a department store on three floors.

In May 2021 it was announced by Allders that the Paisley Store was to close down and a closing down sale began. The official closing down date has yet to be announced.

Department stores

 * Basildon (opened 1985; now Debenhams) Closed 2021.
 * Basingstoke (former Owen Owen; now Primark)
 * Bromley, 162 High Street (formerly Medhursts / F Medhurst; now Primark)
 * Camberley (formerly Pages / James Page; now partly occupied by British Heart Foundation)
 * Cardiff (formerly Mackross; site redeveloped as Queens Arcade)
 * Chatham (opened November 1979; became Debenhams, closed 15 January 2020)
 * Clapham Junction (formerly Arding & Hobbs; building divided and subsequently occupied by Debenhams and T K Maxx with a section of the Ilminster Gardens range redeveloped for residential use; Debenhams closed 23 March 2020)
 * Coventry (former Owen Owen; now Primark )
 * Croydon (flagship store, traded until September 2012; building since occupied by Croydon Village Outlet, closed 2019 )
 * Eltham (formerly Hinds; building since occupied by Sports Direct, Carpetright, Peacocks and Bath Store)
 * Horsham (building since occupied by Beales, 2006–2019; now Dunelm)
 * Hull (formerly Willis Ludlow / Willis Brothers; now Primark)
 * Ilford (former Owen Owen; now Debenhams)
 * Ipswich (former Owen Owen; became T J Hughes, since redeveloped for T K Maxx and Empire Cinema)
 * Lakeside (former Bentalls; now Primark)
 * Leeds (former Lewis's; building repurposed as office and retail space for tenants including Sainsbury's, Argos, T K Maxx and Clas Ohlson)
 * Leicester (former C&A; now Primark )
 * London, Oxford Street (former C&A flagship store; originally the Oxford Street branch of Gamages; now Primark)
 * Nottingham (former Nottingham Co-operative Society department store; became T K Maxx; now vacant)
 * Oxford (opened 1996). Originally G R Cooper, bought by Selfridges in 1966. Original store demolished 1973 as part of Westgate development and replaced with new store. Rebranded Lewis's in 1989. Later Primark 2006-2016 when they relocated to a larger unit in the extended part of the centre; original store partially demolished in 2016, now smaller units
 * Portsmouth (formerly Landport Drapery Bazaar; now Debenhams)
 * Redditch (former Owen Owen; now Primark)
 * Romford (became Boundary Mill Stores; now Iceland and The Range)
 * Slough (former Owen Owen; originally Suters; became Debenhams, closed 23 March 2020)
 * Southport (now The Range)
 * Sutton, High Street (formerly Shinners; closed 1992 on relocation to St Nicholas Shopping Centre; main building demolished with redeveloped site partly occupied by Woolworths 1994–2008 and now Waterstones; former furniture building now occupied by Wilko; Hill Road building now occupied by Wetherspoons). This store featured in the second episode of the ITV comedy series Mr. Bean from 1990, where in the episode titled "The Return of Mr. Bean", Mr. Bean shops in the department store, with the name Allders clearly seen throughout.
 * Sutton, St Nicholas Shopping Centre (opened 1992 on relocation from High Street; now Debenhams)
 * Woking (opened 1992; now Debenhams)

Home stores

 * Aylesford (Allders at Home / At Home with Allders; became BHS until closure in 2016, since redeveloped for Smyths Toys and M&S Food Hall)
 * Bolton
 * Bromley, 44 High Street (former Maples)
 * Broughton, Flintshire (opened 1999; became BHS until closure in 2016, since redeveloped for Primark and OUTFIT)
 * Chelmsford (former Maples; became Dansk Design, since redeveloped for multiple tenants including The Gym Group)
 * Chichester (opened 1999; became BHS until closure in 2016)
 * Chineham (building redeveloped for multiple tenants; now occupied by Matalan, M&S Foodhall and Poundland)
 * Crawley (former Maples, Became T.K.Maxx)
 * Guildford (former C&A; became Primark)
 * Handforth (became BHS until closure in 2016)
 * Kingston upon Thames, 2 Clarence Street (former Maples; now T K Maxx)
 * Kingston upon Thames, 76 Eden Street (former C&A; now Primark)
 * Kirkstall (Allders at Home / At Home with Allders / Clover / Ludlows / Thrift Stores; became BHS until closure in 2016, since demolished)
 * Knaresborough (became BHS until closure in 2016)
 * Lincoln (became BHS until closure in 2016)
 * Northampton (became BHS until closure in 2016, since redeveloped for Iceland and The Range)
 * Reading (building demolished; the site forms part of that now occupied by IKEA)
 * Rotherham (At Home with Allders / Clover; closed to coincide with the opening of Meadowhall location)
 * Sheffield, Meadowhall (Allders at Home; former C&A)
 * Slough, Clover (former Grange furnishing store; opened 1981; closed 1983)
 * Southampton (now Wickes)
 * Sutton Coldfield (former Maples; now Aldi)
 * Thornaby-on-Tees
 * Watford (former Maples)
 * York, Clifton Moor (now Wilko and Pets at Home)
 * York, Coppergate (former C&A; now TopShop and Primark)

title: Allders


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gormless

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Transwikied to Wiktionary. (already done.) -- AllyUnion (talk) 07:33, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Gormless
Content is only Wiktionary material, concerned with word usage and etymology, specially motivates by the appearance of the term in the online comic strip User Friendly; as such, it approaches being a vanity page for readers of the strip (you may see comments in that respect at their site). A notice that the article was unencyclopedic was removed by another user, as was a previous move-to-Wiktionary notice. A Wiktionary entry already exists. --Taragui 11:15, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a dictionary.  While very detailed, this is still only a discussion of the meaning, origins and usage of a word.  The expanded content should be added to the Wiktionary entry.  Rossami (talk) 18:45, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You mean move to Wikitionary Dan100 21:36, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikitionary As one of the main editors of User Friendly's article, I agree with some of the comments which have been made, and as such feel that it would be better in the Wikitionary. Epideme 09:02, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge alternative spellings and citations with already existing gormless article, that was created six months prior to this one. Discard all remaining content as useless chaff.  Then  . Uncle G 17:39, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to the Wiktionary entry. Megan1967 08:11, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and provide a link to Wiktionary entry Kickstart70 19:01, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge Yep, definitely more apropriate in Wikidictionary Aix tom 20:01, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as noted above unjust
 * Moved to Wiktionary --Taragui 09:21, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Jno

Hi Jno and welcome to Wikipedia. Good to see that you're keen to improve our coverage of Soviet technology, but please don't simply copy and paste material from other sites into the pedia - this creates potential copyright problems for the project. I hope you'll continue contributing though, while using your own words. Cheers, Rlandmann 11:16, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

copyright, copyleft...
in this case i just copy data from my own site. and leave the links to the original pages. all the questions about the data should be directed there. am i right? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jno (talk • contribs).

 * If you're the owner of the www.aviation.ru site, you should leave a notes on the discussion pages of the articles you're contributing. That way you can let Wikipedia know that there is no copyright problem, and that you are licensing Wikipedia to use this material freely. Without this notice, other editors have to assume that the material has been taken without the owner's permission...

 * PS, when replying to another user, it's usual to do it on their talk page - that way they know that someone has left a message for them! :) --Rlandmann 11:35, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

No problem :) Most of the time, when we see material here that comes from somewhere else on the internet, it's because they've just taken it - it's a nice change to see someone legitimately sharing their own material! (see []) for over 800 problems in the last week!) Let me also take this opportunity to congratulate you on your extremely useful site - it's been a great resource to me personally here (see the link to your OKB list on my user page...) I'll undo the copyright notices I put on your contributions...  —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jno (talk • contribs).

You may also like to take a look at WikiProject Aircraft, the attempt to co-ordinate the aircraft content on the pedia. --Rlandmann 11:47, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, both the second and third type of materials can cause problems for us. Basically, Wikipedia needs the copyright owner to grant a licence allowing Wikipedia to use the material and to re-distribute it. Obviously, only the actual owner of the copyright material can give that permission... Anyway, there's so much good stuff on your site that seems to fall into category 1 that this shouldn't be a problem :) --Rlandmann 12:04, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

To undo the copyright notices, just click on the "history" tab, then select the last version before I edited it. If you then click "edit this page", you'll get a warning that you're editing an out-of-date version, but ignore that and just click "Save page". Actually, you don't need to worry, because I'm working on them for you now (since it was me who put the copyright notice there!) --Rlandmann 12:24, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for all your patience and understanding. I hope that you will become a regular contributor here. You might also like to take a look at the Manual of Style. Once again, welcome! :) --Rlandmann 12:37, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bomber stubs
Hello. I noticed you contributed some articles om bomber aircraft and included in them the tag. You may want to know that there is a specific stub message for bomber aircrafts. The tag is, wich will generate this message. You can see all these standard messages and their respective tags at Template messages. For stub messages, see Template messages/Stubs. And wellcome to Wikipedia! JoaoRicardo 13:20, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, please don't. Category:Bomber stubs and its accompanying template are the work of one individual who even himself seems now to have abandoned this idea (and never implemented it generally anyway).

 * All aircraft stubs should be tagged . As you've already discovered, there's also for people, and  for more general military technologies. You should probably also note  for companies and corporations - probably the most appropriate choice for OKBs. But please, only one tag per article! Wikipedia at the moment is battling against a proliferation of these things, and there's no real advantage in placing it in multiple categories - in short articles, the information in the tags just about outweighs the text of the article itself... --Rlandmann 02:48, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Other stuff
You have no obligation to do so, but it would be really helpful if you could take note of a few formatting points for aircraft:

1. Please start each article with a complete sentence, indicating the topic of the article in bold, and linking it to the appropriate manufacturer/design bureau -

 * eg: "The Boeing 747 is a large US-built airliner that first flew in 1969."

2. Please thumbnail all images. The convention for aircraft articles is 300px wide, right justified, and captioned.

 * eg: thumb|right|300px|This is a plane in the air

3. Please use the tag at the end of the article - this links it to the rest of our aircraft coverage in Wikipedia.

4. The most difficult request! - Please learn the Category system and categorise your new articles. Aircraft categories follow the pattern nation-role-decade, for example Category:Soviet bomber aircraft 1930-1939. The decade refers to the year that the aircraft first flew. The role is the original, primary role that the aircraft was designed for. You can find a full explanation here: WikiProject Aircraft/Categories. Until you get used to the system, it can help to look at the category of a similar aircraft and copy or adapt it. Note that for Russian/Soviet aircraft, aircraft built between 1910-1919 are labelled "Russian", 1920-1929 "Soviet and Russian", 1930-1939 up to 1980-1989 as "Soviet", 1990-1999 "Soviet and Russian", and 2000-2009 "Russian" again...

But like I said, please consider this a request only - not a prerequisite to contribute here! --Rlandmann 02:48, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Various things!
I'm glad to see that I haven't scared you away yet! Sorry that I am dumping so much information on you in such a small space of time. Most contributors here start by making a few small edits here and there and gradually pick up the "feel" of Wikipedia articles from that (by osmosis!). You, instead, have chosen to start big :)

 * 1. There is a way to make the template you asked me about on my talk page. I've created it for you under User:Jno/template1. To use it: start to edit a new article, then paste in and save the article. Now click on edit again, and fill in the details! I also created User:Jno/template2, which also includes the standard aircraft data section and navigation section, for when you feel ready to start using them.

 * Anything that you create as a subpage of your User page can be changed into a template this way.

 * 2. To save you from having to give individual permission on every talk page, I also made Template:Aviation.ru, based on another aviation website that we have permission to use material from (Template:Vectorsite). To use it, just put at the end of the article text (just after where the stub notice goes, if the article has one).

 * 3. Stubs are very very short articles - only a sentence or two. Anything bigger than that should not have a stub notice on it.

 * 4. The title (page name) of an article about a person should be given that person's full name in first name/surname order. Take a look at Category:Russian scientists for examples.

 * You will see that Wikipedia policy is still not fixed about including patronymics in Russian names - but I think it's a good idea to include them (since this is how they're known in their own language). In practice, articles about Russians well known in the West do not ususally include the patronymic in the article title (Sergei Korolev, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky). Those less well-known usually do. This is not a policy - just an observation!

 * In any case, the first line of the article should include the full name in first name/patronymic/surname order, first in Roman, (then, ideally, in Cyrillic).

 * 5. Finally, on a related note, single names, (such as Tupolev, Petlyakov, Sukhoi, also Western names like Boeing) are used in English to refer to the (O)KB or firm, not the man. (the article on the (O)KB should link prominently to the man anyway...) The only exceptions are when the man never had a firm/OKB/corporation named after him (like Abramovich...)

Once again, sorry that this is so long and detailed. If I annoy you too much, please tell me to go away! :) --Rlandmann 23:08, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've corrected the category for Kamov Ka-8 to the corresponding military one. Thanks for catching my mistake.

The link for the Rybinsk RD-600 engine is correct though - in this case, Rybinsk isn't referring directly to the town, but to Rybinsk Motors. Some Wikipedians link engines like this: Pratt & Whitney R-1830 ( Pratt & Whitney R-1830 ), so Rybinsk RD-600 ( Rybinsk RD-600 ) would be fine too. Personally, I don't think it's necessary - if someone follows the link to the engine, then the engine article should link straight to the manufacturer/design bureau anyway...

It's not possible to move images - they have to be deleted and re-uploaded with the new name. Please upload the picture again with whatever name you want, and then I'll delete the existing image. --Rlandmann 21:53, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Aviadvigatel/Soloviev
Actually, the prefix refers to the firm/company/OKB that designed the aircraft/engine/weapon. In the case of the Soloviev D-25, "Soloviev" does not refer to Pavel Soloviev directly, but to OKB Soloviev/OKB-19 - which is (part of) Aviadvigatel JSC since 1992.

Of course, it makes most sense to prefix pre-1992 engines as "Soloviev" and post-1992 engines as "Aviadvigatel". Just like we have Douglas DC-3, not Boeing DC-3! So you arrived at the right conclusion, even for the wrong reason... :)

Thank you for catching another of my errors. --Rlandmann 22:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Comment response.
Heya! I noticed your comment on Wikipedia talk:Extended image syntax, and wanted to let you know that I had responded. If you have any questions, drop a line here or on my talk page. Hope that helps! grendel|khan 19:22, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC)

Sikorsky Alexander Nevsky and more
Hi, Jno! I wrote articles on Sikorsky Alexander Nevsky and Sikorsky Russky Vityaz, but I'm not sure if my technical English is any good. And there's a lot of stuff missing regarding their specifications. Could you please check it out? I asked Rlandmann to take a look at them awhile ago, but he probably forgot. Maybe, you can help. Thanks a lot! KNewman 04:38, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)

Moving pages and deleting content
Hi there,

I noticed the page Main Agency of Missiles and Artillery of the Ministry of Defense of the Sovient Union and that it was a misspelling. Just to let you know that if you make a misspelled article title, you should usually move it using the Move link at the top of the page. Also, if you create an article in error and want it to be deleted, just edit the page and put db-author at the top.

Thanks for your contributions! Stifle 13:29, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for directions! --jno 10:46, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Vympel R-33
I have no idea about the development of the R-33, only the production variants, and have not edited anything about the development versions. I was wondering, you say that you "stated your source", could you please show me where you did? I can't seem to find it, and it sounds like it may have some interesting data. We do agree that the production variants are semi-active, correct?

Prodego talk  12:38, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Putting active radar on the R-37 would be pretty expensive, look what happened to the Phoenix :-). So it is a pretty safe bet it's still semi-active, but who knows. The MiG-31 is an excellent BVR fighter, and without an F-14 in service to shoot back, there really isn't enough of an advantage(in my opinion) to using an active radar missile over a semi-active radar missile at such range. But again, who knows. Happy editing.

 * Prodego talk  12:56, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course, a guess can't be used in an article, exactly, WP:NOR. The R-37 article needs alot of work, or perhaps it should be merged in with R-33, where the lack of information can be more clearly explained. What do you think?

 * Prodego talk  13:09, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

My userpage
Thank you for telling me about my userpage not displaying correctly. I expected some problems, as it is a rather complicated design. In fact, it shouldn't work at all in the the Safari web browser, because it uses the Click template. Could you upload a screenshot of the problem(press Alt-prtscr while the internet window is selected) under the Wikipedia page screenshot license, so I can try to fix the problem? Thanks,

Prodego talk  19:57, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * How does it look now?(It should scroll) I changed all but the barnstar section to display at a set width. FYI, I also changed the license of the 2 images you uploaded to the "Wikipedia screenshot" license. Prodego  talk  22:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for you help fixing these problems! Thanks for your help. Prodego  talk  22:50, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yea, I see the problem, I've asked Redvers(who uses firefox) to look into it. Prodego  talk  22:02, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know enough about how firefox interprets the Wiki code to fix it, unfortunatly. Prodego  talk  21:16, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Prodego  talk  14:13, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

WPSU
Hi, welcome to WPSU and thanks for joining! If you have any ideas, suggestions, either be bold, or ask us on the talk page :) - FrancisTyers 15:33, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

russian baby names
Hi:) Thanks for your message. We need a list of the top ten first names given to baby boys and girls born in Russia in 2005 (or 2004 if the new list is not available yet). In Britain this information is released by the Office of National Statistics and appears in the national newspapers. I expect the same is true in Russia but because of the different alphabet we havent been able to find it via google.ru. Thanks Jameswilson 22:36, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info. Do you know the year of the materinstvo list so I can use that? Jameswilson 22:35, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm confuesd - are the 7ya.ru figures for internet registrations, ie people of all ages, not babies? Or have I misunderstood? Jameswilson 22:33, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Vympel R-33

 * No problem! :) I've made a few more small changes. If you have time, produce stub articles for the redlinks - FrancisTyers 13:24, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

RE: Russian Air Force
Thanks!

The article definitely needs more work, but I got tired the other day, so was planning on coming back to it.

The USSR was the RSFSR before 1922 wasn't it?

Anyway, thanks for the feedback, it's much appreciated.

 * [[Image:Smiley.svg|left|60px| ]]

has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling to someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Smile to others by adding {{subst:smile}}, {{subst:smile2}} or {{subst:smile3}} to their talk page with a friendly message. Happy editing!

EVOCATIVEINTRIGUE  TALKTOME  |  EMAILME  11:56, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

RSFSR is an acronym (or abbreviation?) for one of 15 republics of the USSR. It was for Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (now just Russian Federation or even mere Russia). --jno 15:28, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought it was the Russian Soviet Federate Socialist Republic, but that's only a little point, there seem to be quite a few interpretations of what the letters stand for. It's an acronym I think. Russia gained its states back after the Treaty of Versailles, didn't it, which nulled the Treaty of Brest Litovsk? In which case, I'm now clearer on that, so thanks.

 * EVOCATIVEINTRIGUE  TALKTOME  |  EMAILME  15:33, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * RSFSR, to be precious, is Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, РСФСР. International treaties of that times didn't affect the state much. There was internal treaty of 1922 to form the USSR from some somehow "independant" states (including the RSFSR). The right for self-definition (eng??) was declared. Moreover, the Finland has used this right to peacefully separate from the new country. (btw, Finland is a very interesting neibour of USSR - there was the "winter war" of 1940 (I still cannot realize - was it victorious for the USSR or not), in the WW2 Finland started as an enemy of the USSR, but ended as an ally and still friendly, Finnish blue swastika appeared long before the German one, but was compromized by the later, Finnish army was (and somehow is) an assorted collection of numerous vehicles from East and West, etc) --jno 08:29, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

 * P.S. See this picture (now it's the building of The State Duma (parlament of RF)) and pay attantion to the State Emblem on it: there are only 7 "stripes" instead of common 15. It's just because the number of republics in the USSR was the subject of changes. --jno 08:35, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Ah, that's a lot clearer now. I'll take a look again at the article sometime soon for you. EVOCATIVEINTRIGUE  TALKTOME  |  EMAILME  13:48, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Portal:Russia
Hi there. I see that you edit Russia-related topics. Come check Portal:Russia/New article announcements and Portal:Russia/Russia-related Wikipedia notice board. You may even want to add these boards to your watchlist. Cheers, Ghirla  -трёп-  09:53, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Mi-17 article debate
G'day. To finally bring the facts about, without posting this into the main Mi-17 talk page as it's off-topic. If I've posted this at the wrong place, I apologize.

The problem is that Su-33 isn't an name for Su-27K, it's a synonim - K being Korabelnyi (shipborne). The Su-27IB isn't a predecessor of the Su-34 Fullback, it's absolutely the same plane (as well as its now obsolete designation Su-32MF - Mnogofunktsionalnyi). The Su-30 is a domestic fighter, that's true, but the Su-27MK isn't - it's a russian upgrade for the Su-27K. At least, that's the information I've been able to dig out through sites such as MilAvia.net and Airforce-Technoloy.com.

I wholeheartedly agree, it's one big mess, without standardized designations. But our issue in the article weren't the Su-27 series (and yes, I agree with making a "derivatives" page considering how many planes have been spawned on its airframe), but the Mi-17, ergo my need to post it here. Considering the differences between the Mi-17 and its base model, the Mi-8, I still believe that they are large enough to warrant two articles.

Regards, -- Stealth 19:33, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Mi-4.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mi-4.jpg. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the file also doesn't have a copyright tag, then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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 * I believe that is enough to clear up any confusion -Thanks! Nv8200p talk 14:20, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

UR-100
Hi, Jno! I noticed that you tried to revert vandalism to UR-100, but missed a portion of it, which makes me think that you removed it manually. Just wanted to make sure that you know that you can revert to one of the previous clean versions wholesale (you don't have to be an admin to be able to do that) without having to track vandalism by hand line by line. If you don't know how to do it, let me know, I'll gladly explain. If you do, just disregard this message. Best,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 14:53, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Jno, in order to revert to one of the previous versions, go to article's "history" (a tab next to the "edit this page" tab). I trust you know how to use this screen to see the diffs between versions (if not, let me know). Click on the date/time link of the version you want to revert to, then press "edit this page". You'll be presented with a normal edit screen, except there will be a pink warning at the top reminding you that the version you are about to edit is not current. Type "reverting vandalism" or something of that nature into the "edit summary" box and save the page. Voilà! Let me know if anything is still unclear, or see Help:Reverting for more detailed instructions. The only difference between admins and non-admins is that admins can revert to the previous version with one click, instead of going through multiple steps.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 12:04, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

GRAU designations
I've been working on the cleanup of Main Agency of Missiles and Artillery of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union lately. Part of the cleanup has been a number of language fixes. I've tried my best to be faithful to intent of the original text, but I of course can't be 100% certain. Could you give the article a once-over to make sure I didn't change the content on accident? Thanks! --Adamrush 08:51, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Requested articles
Hi Jno, know you're a missiles man, and we've had a request, following the allocation of the main request list to the individual task forces, for an article on the TOS-1 Buratino SP MRL. Appreciate your contribution if you'd like to start it or help me to start it collaberatively (I'm more a military organisations person, not technology...) Cheers Buckshot06 06:00, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Hey great work on the start of the page! Looks really good! Cheers Buckshot06 01:12, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Image:701 v12.jpg
You uploaded this image and tagged it with PD-release - which indicates you have the copyright holder's permission to release it. If this is the case you need to provide supporting evidence for this. If you took the photo you can change the license to PD-self and state that it is your own work in the image summary. If this is the case for other images you've uploaded you may want to consider changing their tags as well. Best wishes Madmedea 09:40, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Prodego-1.png)
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NowCommons: Image:701 v12.jpg
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The Military history WikiProject Newsletter : Issue XXXVI (February 2009)
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File permission problem with File:Tu-22.jpg
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The Bugle: Volume LVIX, January 2011
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Good photos
Hello Jno!

I have noticed your very good image contributions on Commons about the MAKS airshow in Moscow. I want to ask you if you have more photos of these airshows. Do you plan to visit the airshow in 2011, too? Greetings, High Contrast (talk) 09:55, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

The Bugle: Issue LXIV, June 2011
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Military Historian of the Year
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title: User talk:Jno


text:
Ilyushin DB-3

The Ilyushin DB-3, where "DB" stands for Dalniy Bombardirovshchik (Russian: Дальний бомбардировщик) meaning "long-range bomber", was a Soviet bomber aircraft of World War II. It was a twin-engined, low-wing monoplane that first flew in 1935. 1,528 were built. The DB-3 was the precursor of the Ilyushin Il-4 (originally designated DB-3F).

Design and development
The genesis of the DB-3 lay in the BB-2, Sergey Ilyushin's failed competitor to the Tupolev SB. Ilyushin was able to salvage the work and time invested in the BB-2's design by recasting it as a long-range bomber, again competing against a Tupolev design, the DB-2, to meet the stringent requirements of an aircraft capable of delivering a 1000 kg bombload to a range of 3000 km at a maximum speed no less than 350 km/h. He had redesigned the BB-2 to take advantage of the radial Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major 14Kdrs engine, for which the Soviets had purchased a license in 1934 as the M-85, and had begun construction of the prototype of the BB-2 2K-14 as the TsKB-26 that same year.

The TsKB-26 was more of a proof-of-concept vehicle to validate Ilyushin's ideas on how to obtain long range than an actual bomber prototype. To speed the construction process, it had a wooden fuselage and fin with metal wings and tail surfaces. It made its first flight in the summer of 1935 and proved to be stable, easily controllable and highly maneuverable; it performed the first loop made by a twin-engined aircraft in the Soviet Union. It went on to set six world records in its class, generally in payloads to height and speed over a 5000 km closed circuit.

The real prototype of the DB-3 was called the TsKB-30 and it was completed in March 1936. It had a number of improvements over the TsKB-26, notably an all-metal structure, an extended nose, an aft-sliding canopy with a fixed windscreen and improved engine cowlings. It passed the State acceptance trials and was ordered into production in August 1936 as the DB-3, although some sources refer to this initial series as the DB-3S for seriynyy (series-built).

The DB-3 was not a simple or easy aircraft to manufacture as Ilyushin had pushed the limits of the available construction technology to make it as light as possible. For example, the spar in each wing panel had four parts which had to be riveted together and there were numerous welds that each had to be inspected by an X-ray machine, with many failures. In addition the internal riveting of small-diameter tubing was also a difficult and time-consuming process.

The bomb bay was designed to carry ten 100 kg FAB-100 bombs, but heavier bombs could be accommodated on external bomb racks up to a total of 2500 kg on short-range missions. The defensive armament for the three crewmen consisted of three 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns. One in the tip of the nose manned by the bombardier-navigator and the two others protecting the rear. The rear gunner manned both the gun in the SU dorsal turret and the gun in an LU ventral hatch.

Flight tests of the second example pre-production aircraft, conducted May–October 1937, revealed that it was slightly inferior to the TsKB-30 in performance, but still exceeded its requirements by a considerable margin. It attained a speed of 390 km/h at an altitude of 5000 m. It could carry a bombload of 500 kg to a range of 4000 km and a 1000 kg bombload to a range of 3100 km. In comparison, the Heinkel He 111B then in production was 10 - 20 km/h slower and could carry only 750 kg of bombs to a range of 1660 km and 1500 kg to a distance of 910 km. This performance arguably made it the best twin-engined bomber in the world already or entering service in 1937. 45 DB-3s were built that year at Factory No. 39 in Moscow and No. 18 in Voronezh and the aircraft entered service with the VVS.

During 1938 the improved M-86 engine, rated at 950 hp for takeoff, replaced the M-85 on the production line. Aircraft with this engine are properly referred to as DB-3 2M-86, but are sometimes referred to as the DB-3A, after the three-step upgrade program planned for the aircraft. Other minor changes were introduced over the course of the year. Factory No. 126 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur also began producing DB-3s in 1938.

During 1938–39 the Tumansky M-87A engine was introduced on the production line in a gradual transition as were VISh-3 variable-pitch propellers. The M-87 had the same horsepower rating at takeoff as the M-86, but produced more power at higher altitudes. The M-87B further increased power at altitude and was introduced in 1939–40. These aircraft were known as the DB-3B as part of the second stage of the upgrade program. The last production batches in 1940 had the Tumansky M-88 that produced 1100 hp for takeoff. These increased the maximum speed to 429 km/h at 6800 m.

Nomenclature
Great confusion exists in the sources, including original Soviet documents, about the names commonly used for the DB-3. Formally the Soviet designation system used a two-letter abbreviation to designate the role of the aircraft, then a number for the model in that sequence followed by the number of engines, and the engine used. So SB 2M-100A is decoded as twin-engined fast bomber, first in the series, equipped with M-100A engines. Shorter abbreviations were informally used, but the use of them is not consistent between sources. For example, the listing for the strength of the VVS on 1 June 1941 shows a mixture of DB-3A and DB-3 aircraft, with the former predominating. But this does not match the account in Gordon where the DB-3A designation is used for one of the oldest versions of the DB-3. And where are the DB-3Bs?

Operational history
In 1939, 30 DB-3s were supplied to the Republic of China Air Force during the Second Sino-Japanese War and they saw heavy action against Japanese targets in the Wuhan region from their bases in Sichuan (mostly used by the 8th Group), before being replaced by B-24 Liberators in 1943.

Two DB-3s were responsible for shooting down the neutral Finnish civilian Junkers Ju 52 passenger and transport plane Kaleva on June 14, 1940.

The Finns captured five force-landed DB-3Ms during the Winter War and during 1941 they purchased a further six DB-3Ms and four DB-3F/Il-4s from German surplus stocks.

On the night of August 7–8, 1941, fifteen DB-3T torpedo bombers of the Baltic Fleet dropped the first Soviet bombs on Berlin. From August 11, DB-3Fs of the VVS resumed bombing.

Achievements

 * On June 27–28, 1938, the crew consisting of pilot Vladimir Kokkinaki and navigator Alexander Bryandinsky made a non-stop flight from Moscow to the Far East (Spassk-Dalny, Primorsky Krai) with a length of 7580 kilometers (6850 kilometers in a straight line) on the plane TsKB-30 "Moscow".

 * On April 28, 1939, a crew consisting of pilot Vladimir Kokkinaki and navigator Mikhail Gordienko made the first transatlantic non-stop flight from Moscow to the East Coast of North America (Miscou Island, New Brunswick, Canada) on the TsKB-30 "Moscow". The TsKB-30 flew almost 8000 km in 22 hours 56 minutes at an average speed of 348 km/h.

 * On July 27, 1940 on the plane TsKB-30N-2 "Ukraina" an all-female crew consisting of the first pilot Mariya Nesterenko, co-pilot Maria Mikhalyova and navigator Nina Rusakova made a non-stop flight on the route Khabarovsk-Lviv (the pilots traveled about 7000 km in 22.5 hours).

Variants

 * TsKB-26
 * Proof-of-concept prototype

 * TsKB-30
 * First real prototype. Later modified, including removal of armament, for long-range record attempts as the "Moskva". It flew from Moscow to Spassk-Dalny (7580 km) in 24 h 36 min (an average speed of 307 km/h) mostly at 7000 m under control of Vladimir Kokkinaki and A. M. Berdyanskij, then from Moscow to Miscou Island (New Brunswick, Canada) in 22 h 56 min. covering 8000 km at 348 km/h average airspeed (Kokkinaki and Mikhail Gordienko).

 * DB-3 2M-85
 * Initial production model

 * DB-3 2M-86 (DB-3A)
 * Engines upgraded to M-86, other minor changes

 * DB-3 2M-87A (DB-3B)
 * Engines upgraded to the Tumansky M-87A

 * DB-3T (TsKB-53)
 * Torpedo bomber built in 1938, with either the M-86 or M-87 engine, armed with 45-36-AN or 45-36-AV torpedoes.

 * DB-3TP (TsKB-51)
 * Seaplane torpedo bomber built in 1938. No production.

 * DB-3M
 * First major upgrade powered by two M-87B or M-88 engines.

 * DB-3F
 * Replaced DB-3 in 1940-1944, see Il-4.

 * TsKB-54
 * Escort aircraft ("air cruiser"), 1938. Not accepted for service.

 * TsKB-56
 * Bigger variant from 1940 with changed configuration (higher wing, twin-tail) and powered by two AM-37 engines. Cancelled, after two prototypes were built, in favour of the Yer-2.

 * DB-4
 * Production designation of the TsKB-56, which did not progress further than the two prototypes.

 * Il-4
 * The DB-3F was redesignated Il-4 in 1942

 * Il-6
 * Long-range bomber version powered by either 2 x Charomskiy ACh-30 diesel engines, or 2 x M-90 radial engines.

Operators

 * undefined
 * Chinese Nationalist Air Force
 * Finnish Air Force
 * Lentolaivue 46
 * Lentolaivue 48
 * Nazi Germany
 * Luftwaffe
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Soviet Naval Aviation
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Soviet Naval Aviation

Survivors
The only known surviving DB-3 is currently displayed at the Central Air Force Museum at Monino, near Moscow, Russia. The aircraft was found in taiga forests, 120 km from Komsomolsk-on-Amur. It was recovered in September 1988 and brought to the Irkutsk Aircraft Industrial Association (IAIA) factory on board an Ilyushin Il-76 transport. After over a year of restoration, the aircraft was delivered to Monino on board an Antonov An-22. On 22 December 1989, representatives of IAIA, headed by V.P. Zelenkov, handed over the DB-3 to museum officials.

This aircraft should not be confused with the Ilyushin Il-4 (cn 17404) exhibited in the Victory Park collection of the Central museum of Great Patriotic War, Moscow.

title: Ilyushin DB-3