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Gwenllian of Wales

Gwenllian of Wales or Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn (June 1282 – 7 June 1337) was the daughter of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last native Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru). Gwenllian is sometimes confused with Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd, who lived two centuries earlier.

Lineage
Gwenllian (pronounced ) was born in the Gwynedd royal home in Abergwyngregyn near Bangor, Gwynedd. Gwenllian's mother, Eleanor de Montfort, died during childbirth, or shortly afterwards, on 19 June 1282. Gwenllian was descended from dual royal bloodlines: not only was she the daughter of the Prince of Gwynedd and heiress of the royal family of The House of Aberffraw, but her maternal great-grandfather was King John of England.

Capture by King Edward I
A few months after Gwenllian's birth, northern Wales was encircled by the English army of King Edward I. On 11 December 1282 her father, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, was killed in battle; the exact circumstances are unclear and there are conflicting accounts of his death. Both accounts agree, however, that Llywelyn was tricked into leaving the bulk of his army and was then attacked and killed. Gwenllian's uncle, Dafydd ap Gruffudd, assumed her guardianship, but on 21 June 1283, he was captured with his family at Nanhysglain, a secret hiding place in a bog by Bera Mawr in the uplands of northern Wales. Dafydd, severely injured, was taken to Rhuddlan then moved under guard to Shrewsbury, where he was later executed.

Confinement
Gwenllian and the daughters of her uncle Dafydd ap Gruffudd were all confined for life in remote priories in Lincolnshire and never allowed freedom. Gwenllian was placed in the Gilbertine Priory at Sempringham, where she remained until her death 54 years later. In committing her to a convent, Edward's aim was partly to prevent her from becoming a focus for Welsh discontent, perhaps by marrying and having sons who might lay claim to the Principality of Wales. He chose Sempringham Priory in Lincolnshire. It has been speculated that the girls were taken to Lincolnshire from Gwynedd by sea.

Gwenllian's royal rank was acknowledged at least once by the English Crown. When writing to the Pope, attempting to secure more money for Sempringham Priory from the Church, the English king stated that "...herein is kept the Princess of Wales, whom we have to maintain". The title "Princess of Wales" as used here did not have its usual accepted meaning.

Having been taken from her native land so young, Gwenllian is unlikely to have remembered any Welsh she may have learned as a toddler, and perhaps never knew the correct pronunciation of her own name. The priory record-keepers listed her as "Wencilian" and was herself shown to have signed her name "Wentliane".

Old age and death
Edward III of England, Edward I's grandson, endowed Gwenllian with a pension of £20 per year; this was not money for her personally, simply a sum paid on her behalf to the priory in respect of her food and clothing. Her death there was recorded by the priory's chronicler in June 1337, a few days before her 55th birthday.

Fate of her male cousins
Dafydd's two young sons, heirs to the Principality or Kingdom of Wales, were taken to Bristol Castle, where they were held prisoner; Llywelyn ap Dafydd died there in 1287, four years after his capture, and was buried in the Dominican Church. Owain ap Dafydd survived his brother. The date of his death is unknown, but it was after 1305, when the King of England ordered a cage made of timber, bound with iron, in which to hold Owain ap Dafydd more securely at night.

Edward I took the title of "Prince of Wales" for the Crown, bestowing it upon his son, Edward, at a Parliament held in Lincoln in 1301 at the age of seventeen. The title is still given to the heir apparent to the British crown to this day.

Gwenllian in later tradition

 * A memorial (pictured at right) made of Welsh granite was erected near Saint Andrew's Church, Sempringham, known to locals as Sempringham Abbey, in Lincolnshire. There is also a display about Gwenllian inside the church, although visitors must request the key to enter and view it.
 * Gwenllian has been commemorated at least twice in poetry. "Gwenllian", by T. James Jones, was inspired by the site of her memorial stone."In Sempringham" is by Mererid Hopwood. Hopwood is notable for being the first woman ever to win the Bardic Chair at the National Eisteddfod, Wales' top honour for poetry.
 * On 26 September 2009, Carnedd Uchaf, in the Carneddau mountain range in Snowdonia, was formally renamed Carnedd Gwenllian in her memory following a lengthy campaign by the Princess Gwenllian Society. The Ordnance Survey added the names Carnedd Uchaf / Carnedd Gwenllian on its maps to be published from 2010 onwards. The original name of Garnedd Uchaf, which is within the Bounds of Abergwyngregyn, is Garnedd Lladron.
 * A plaque has also been placed on a rock just below the summit of Snowdon commemorating "the Princess Gwenllian (1282-1337), only child of Prince Llewelyn ap Gruffudd, Lord of Snowdonia, Prince of Wales."

Primary source references

 * Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1281–92, 321 (Inquiry of 1289 concerning the custody of the Welsh royal children)
 * Calendar of Papal Letters, ii, 185, 273
 * Calendar of Memoranda Rolls, 1226–7, no. 2160
 * Calendar of Close Rolls, 1327–30, 65, 175, 273, 322, 438
 * Public Record Office, London E101/351/9 (Letter, noting provision made for the needs of the Welsh royal children, 11 November 1283)
 * Calendar Ancient Petitions, 458 (letter from Gwenllian)
 * Robert Manning (a canon at Sempringham then at Sixhills) see The Works of Thomas Hearne, 4 vols (London, 1810)
 * Annales Prioratus de Dunstaplia, 293-4
 * Accounts of Bristol Castle

title: Gwenllian of Wales


text: Talk:Ghost Dance War

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ghost Dance War


text:
Web conferencing

Web conferencing is used as an umbrella term for various types of online conferencing and collaborative services including webinars (web seminars), webcasts, and web meetings. Sometimes it may be used also in the more narrow sense of the peer-level web meeting context, in an attempt to disambiguate it from the other types known as collaborative sessions. The terminology related to these technologies is exact and agreed relying on the standards for web conferencing but specific organizations practices in usage exist to provide also term usage reference.

In general, web conferencing is made possible by Internet technologies, particularly on TCP/IP connections. Services may allow real-time point-to-point communications as well as multicast communications from one sender to many receivers. It offers data streams of text-based messages, voice and video chat to be shared simultaneously, across geographically dispersed locations. Applications for web conferencing include meetings, training events, lectures, or presentations from a web-connected computer to other web-connected computers.

Installation and operation
Web conferencing software is invoked by all participants in a web meeting. Some technologies include software and functionality that differs for presenters and attendees. Software may run as a web browser application (often relying on Adobe Flash, Java, or WebRTC to provide the operational platform). Other web conferencing technologies require download and installation of software on each participant's computer, which is invoked as a local application. Many web conferencing vendors provide the central connectivity and provisioning of meeting "ports" or "seats" as a hosted web service, while others allow the web conference host to install and run the software on its own local servers. Another installation option from certain vendors allows for use of a proprietary computer appliance that is installed at the hosting company's physical location.

Depending on the technology being used, participants may speak and listen to audio over standard telephone lines or via computer microphones and speakers. Some products allow for use of a webcam to display participants, while others may require their own proprietary encoding or externally provided encoding of a video feed (for example, from a professional video camera connected via an IEEE 1394 interface) that is displayed in the session.

Vendor-hosted web conferencing is usually licensed as a service based on one of three pricing models: a fixed cost per user per minute, a monthly or annual flat fee allowing unlimited use with a fixed maximum capacity per session, or a sliding rate fee based on the number of allowed meeting hosts and per-session participants (number of "seats").

Visual materials are typically shown in one of two ways. The web conferencing software may show the whole or part of the presenter's computer screen. Renderable files (in formats such as PDF or Microsoft PowerPoint) can be displayed by the presenter uploading them and a computer server converting them into a form convenient for streaming.

Etymology
The term "webinar" is a portmanteau of web and seminar, meaning a presentation, lecture, or workshop that is transmitted over the web. The coined term has been attacked for improper construction, since "inar" is not a valid root. Webinar was included on the Lake Superior University 2008 List of Banished Words, but was included in the Merriam-Webster dictionary that same year.

The term "webcast" derives from its original similarity to a radio or television broadcast. Early usage referred purely to transmission and consumption of streaming audio and video via the World Wide Web. Over time, webcast software vendors have added many of the same functional capabilities found in webinar software, blurring the distinction between the two terms. Webcasts are now likely to allow audience response to polls, text communication with presenters or other audience members, and other two-way communications that complement the consumption of the streamed audio/video content.

Features
Other typical features of a web conference include:

 * Slideshow presentations – where images are presented to the audience and markup tools and a remote mouse pointer are used to engage the audience while the presenter discusses slide content.
 * Live or streaming video – where full-motion webcam, digital video camera or multi-media files are pushed to the audience.
 * VoIP – Real-time audio communication through the computer via use of headphones and speakers.
 * Web tours – where URLs, data from forms, cookies, scripts and session data can be pushed to other participants enabling them to be pushed through web-based logons, clicks, etc. This type of feature works well when demonstrating websites where users themselves can also participate.
 * Meeting recording – where presentation activity is recorded on the client side or server side for later viewing and/or distribution.
 * Whiteboarding with annotation (allowing the presenter and/or attendees to highlight or mark items on the slide presentation. Or, simply make notes on a blank whiteboard.)
 * Text chat – For live question and answer sessions, limited to the people connected to the meeting. Text chat may be public (echoed to all participants) or private (between two participants).
 * Polls and surveys (allows the presenter to conduct questions with multiple choice answers directed to the audience)
 * Screen sharing/desktop sharing/application sharing (where participants can view anything the presenter currently has shown on their screen. Some screen sharing applications allow for remote desktop control, allowing participants to manipulate the presenters screen, although this is not widely used.)

Standards
Web conferencing technologies are not standardized, which has reduced interoperability and transparency and increased platform dependence, security issues, cost and market segmentation. In 2003, the IETF established a working group to establish a standard for web conferencing, called "Centralized Conferencing (xcon)". The planned deliverables of xcon include:

 * A binary floor control protocol. Binary Floor Control Protocol (BFCP) published as RFC 4582
 * A mechanism for membership and authorization control
 * A mechanism to manipulate and describe media "mixing" or "topology" for multiple media types (audio, video, text)
 * A mechanism for notification of conference related events/changes (for example a floor change)

Deployment models
Web conferencing is available with three models: hosting service, software and appliance.

An appliance, unlike the online hosted solution, is offered as hardware. It is also known as "in-house" or "on-premises" web conferencing. It is used to conduct live meetings, remote training, or presentations via the Internet.

History
Real-time text chat facilities such as IRC appeared in the late 1980s. Web-based chat and instant messaging software appeared in the mid-1990s. The PLATO computer learning system allowed students to collaborate on networked computers to accomplish learning tasks as early as the 1960s, but the early networking was not accomplished via the World Wide Web and PLATO's collaborative goals were not consistent with the presenter-audience dynamic typical of web conferencing systems. PLATO II, in 1961, featured two users at once.

In 1992, InSoft Inc. launched Communique, a software-based Unix teleconferencing product for workstations that enabled video/audio/data conferencing. Communique supported as many as 10 users, and included revolutionary features such as application sharing, audio controls, text, graphics, and whiteboarding which allowed networked users to share and manipulate graphic objects and files using simple paint tools.

Several point-to-point and private-network video conferencing products were introduced in the 1990s, such as CU-SeeMe, which was used to link selected schools around the United States of America in real-time collaborative communications as part of the Global Schoolhouse project from Global SchoolNet.

In May 1995, PictureTel announced LiveShare Plus as a general-use data collaboration product for Windows-based personal computers. The software allowed application sharing, user-granted control of a remote PC, shared whiteboard markup, file transfer, and text messaging. List price was given as $249 per computer. PictureTel referenced an agreement with Microsoft in its announcement press release, and a May 26, 1995 memo from Bill Gates to Microsoft executive staff and direct reports said "Our PictureTel screen sharing client allowing Window sharing should work easily across the Internet."

In May 1996, Microsoft announced NetMeeting as an included component in Internet Explorer 3.0. At the time, Microsoft called NetMeeting "the Internet's first real-time communications client that includes support for international conferencing standards and provides true multiuser application-sharing and data-conferencing capabilities."

In 1996, PlaceWare was founded as a spinoff from Xerox PARC. In November of that year, PlaceWare Auditorium was described in a public talk at Stanford University as allowing "one or more people to give an interactive, online, multimedia presentation via the Web to hundreds or thousands of simultaneous attendees; the presentation can include slides (made in PowerPoint or any GIF-image editor), live annotation on the slide images, real-time polls of the audience, live audio from the presenter and those asking questions, private text and audio conversations in the auditorium's "rows", and other features." PlaceWare Auditorium was formally announced in March 1997 at a price of $150 per simultaneous user.

Unveiled in 1996 by InSoft Inc., CoolTalk was a multimedia software tool that let PC users view data displayed on a shared whiteboard, exchange real-time messages via a chat tool or speak with each other via a TCP/IP voice connection. The product worked with Microsoft Sound System-compatible audio boards and was available in a 14.4-kbit/s version or 28.8-kbit/s version. CoolTalk was later packaged with popular Web browsers of the time. CoolTalk 14.4 and 28.8 sold for $49.95 and $69.95, respectively, in 1996.

In February 1998, Starlight Networks released StarLive! (the exclamation point being part of the product name). The press release said "customers can access familiar Web browser interfaces to view live and pre-recorded corporate presentations, along with synchronized slides. End users can communicate directly with the presenter using real-time chat technology and other Web-based collaboration tools."

In June 1998, PlaceWare 2.0 Conference Center was released, allowing up to 1000 live attendees in a meeting session.

In February 1999, ActiveTouch announced WebEx Meeting Center and the webex.com website. In July 1999 WebEx Meeting Center was formally released with a 1000-person meeting capacity demonstrated. In September of the same year, ActiveTouch changed its company name to WebEx.

In April 1999, Vstream introduced the Netcall product for web conferencing as "a fee-based Internet software utility that lets you send business presentations and other graphic information via e-mail to a Vstream server. Vstream converts the content, again using streaming technology, and makes the presentation available for viewing by up to 1,200 people at a time." Vstream changed the company name to Evoke Communications in 2000, with a further change to Raindance Communications in 2002. In February 2006, Raindance was acquired by the InterCall division of West Corporation.

In December 2003, Citrix Systems acquired Expertcity, giving it the GoToMyPC and GoToAssist products. The acquired company was renamed as the Citrix Online division of Citrix Systems. In July 2004, Citrix Online released GoToMeeting as its first generic web conferencing product. In June 2006, GoToWebinar was added, allowing additional registration and reporting functionality along with larger capacity in sessions.

In January 2003, Macromedia acquired Presedia, including the Breeze Presentation product. Breeze Live was added with the 4.0 release of Macromedia Breeze to support web conferencing. In April 2005, Adobe Systems announced acquisition of Macromedia (completed in December 2005) and changed the Breeze product name to Adobe Connect.

A trademark for the term WEBinar (first three letters capitalized) was registered in 1998 by Eric R. Korb (Serial Number 75478683, USPTO) and was reassigned to InterCall. The trademark registration was cancelled in 2007. Learn.com filed a claim for the term "webinar" without regard to font or style in 2006 (Serial Number 78952304, USPTO). That trademark claim was abandoned in 2007 and no subsequent filing has been made.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, webinars became the norm of teaching and instruction in numerous schools, universities and workplaces around the world. This new form of transferring knowledge challenged institutions and instructors, and it fostered new practices of teaching. At the same time this new form of teaching also demonstrated the advantages of moving these events online, as virtual conferences were found to be more inclusive, more affordable, less time-consuming and more accessible worldwide, especially for early-career researchers. Providing a great opportunity to identify best practices for designing intentionally inclusive online events, so the positive advantages of these can continue when in-person conferences resume.

title: Web conferencing


text:
Party of Italian Communists

The Party of Italian Communists (Partito dei Comunisti Italiani, PdCI) was a communist party in Italy established in October 1998 by splinters from the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC). The split was led by Armando Cossutta, founder and early leader of the PRC, who opposed Fausto Bertinotti's leaderhip and, especially, his decision to withdraw support from Romano Prodi's first cabinet. In December 2014, the party was transformed into the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I), which would later evolve into the new version of the Italian Communist Party (PCI).

Foundation and early years
In October 1998, the PRC was divided between those who wanted to stop supporting Romano Prodi's first government, led by PRC secretary Fausto Bertinotti; and those who wanted to continue the alliance, led by PRC president Cossutta. The central committee endorsed Bertinotti's line, but Cossutta and his followers decided to support Prodi nonetheless. The votes of cossuttiani were not enough and the government lost a confidence vote in Parliament. The dissidents, who controlled the majority of deputies and senators, split and formed a rival communist outfit, the PdCI, which immediately joined the first cabinet led by Massimo D'Alema, leader of the Democrats of the Left and first post-communist to hold the job of Prime Minister of Italy. Under D'Alema, PdCI's Oliviero Diliberto served as Minister of Justice.

Despite the split of most of PRC's parliamentary representation, the PRC remained more popular than the PdCI with voters, both in the 1999 European Parliament election (4.3% to 2.0%) and the 2001 general election (5.0% to 1.7%).

Leadership of Diliberto
Diliberto, who had been elected secretary in 2000, led the PdCI to continue its participation in the centre-left coalition (known at the time as The Olive Tree) at the 2001 general election, which registered a victory by Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right House of Freedoms coalition. The PdCI obtained 1.7% of the vote and a handful of deputies and senators.

In the 2006 general election, the party was a member of the winning The Union coalition and won 2.4% of the vote and 16 deputies while the Together with the Union electoral list consisting of the PdCI, the Federation of the Greens and United Consumers won 11 senators. Subsequently, the PdCI entered Prodi's second government, which would last until January 2008.

In the meantime, Diliberto had become the undisputed leader of the party and since 2005 clashes between him and Cossutta became frequent. In 2006, the latter resigned from president and was replaced by Antonino Cuffaro. In 2007, Cossutta left the party altogether.

For the 2008 general election, the PdCI formed a joint list named Rainbow Left (SA) along with the PRC, the Greens and Democratic Left under Bertinotti's leadership. SA obtained a mere 3.1% (compared to 10.2% won by the constituent parties individually two years before) and no seats. In 2008, Diliberto was re-elected secretary and proposed to the PRC a re-unification of the two parties through a "communist constituent assembly".

Out of Parliament
In the run-up of the 2009 European Parliament election, the PdCI formed along with the PRC and minor groups the Anticapitalist and Communist List. The list got 3.4% of the vote and no MEPs. In April 2009, the list was transformed into the Federation of the Left, which would be disbanded by the end of 2012 and officially dissolved in 2015. In the 2013 general election, the PdCI ran within Civil Revolution along with the PRC, the Greens, Italy of Values and minor groups, gaining 2.2% of the vote and no seats. The PdCI did not contest the 2014 European Parliament election, withdrawing its early support for The Other Europe electoral list.

Before and after the 2009 European election, the PdCI lost its right- and left-wings, respectively. In February, Unite the Left, led by Katia Bellillo (a former minister) and Umberto Guidoni (an incumbent MEP), left the party in order to participate in the election with the Left and Freedom list and would eventually merge into Left Ecology Freedom. In June, Marco Rizzo (the other incumbent MEP and former Diliberto's number two) was expelled and would later form the hard-line Communist Party.

In July 2013, Diliberto stepped down from secretary after thirteen years and was replaced by Cesare Procaccini, a 65-year-old former metalworker from Marche.

Communist Party of Italy
In December 2014, the PdCI was transformed into Communist Party of Italy, taking the name of the late Communist Party of Italy.

Leadership

 * Secretary: Armando Cossutta (1998–2000), Oliviero Diliberto (2000–2013), Cesare Procaccini (2013–2014)
 * Coordinator: Marco Rizzo (1998–2009), Orazio Licandro (2009–2013), Alessandro Pignatiello (2013–2014)
 * President: Armando Cossutta (2000–2006), Antonino Cuffaro (2007–2013), Manuela Palermi (2013–2014)
 * Honorary President: Antonino Cuffaro (2013–2014)
 * Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Oliviero Diliberto (1998), Tullio Grimaldi (1998–2001), Marco Rizzo (2001–2004), Pino Sgobio (2004–2008)
 * Party Leader in the Senate: Luigi Marino (1998–2006), Manuela Palermi (leader of the PdCI-Green's group, 2006–2008)
 * Party Leader in the European Parliament: Lucio Manisco (1998–2004), Marco Rizzo (2004–2009)

title: Party of Italian Communists


text: User talk:216.188.192.85

title: User talk:216.188.192.85


text:
John Tierney (journalist)

John Marion Tierney (born March 25, 1953) is an American journalist and a contributing editor to City Journal, the Manhattan Institute's quarterly publication. Previously he had been a reporter and columnist at the New York Times for three decades since 1990. A self-described contrarian, Tierney is a critic of aspects of environmentalism, the "science establishment," and big government, but he does support the goal of limiting overall emissions of carbon dioxide.

Early and personal life
Tierney was born in 1953 outside Chicago, and grew up in "the Midwest, South America and Pittsburgh". He graduated from Yale University in 1976. He was previously married to Dana Tierney, with whom he had one child. They later divorced; Tierney married anthropologist and love expert Helen Fisher in 2020.

Career
After graduating college, Tierney was a newspaper reporter for four years, first at the Bergen Record in New Jersey and then at the Washington Star. Starting in 1980, he spent ten years in magazine journalism writing for such magazines as Atlantic Monthly, Discover, Esquire, Health, National Geographic Traveler, New York, Newsweek, Outside, Rolling Stone. Tierney began working at The New York Times in 1990 as a "general assignment" reporter in the Metro section. Tierney writes a science column, "Findings", for the Times. He previously wrote the TierneyLab blog for the Times. In 2005 Tierney began to write for the Times Op-Ed page and as of 2015 his writings appeared in both the Times Op-Ed and "Findings" science column. He also writes for the City Journal.

In 2009 Tierney wrote about mathematics popularizer Martin Gardner and in that same year started featuring recreational mathematics problems, often curated by Pradeep Mutalik in his New York Times TierneyLab blog. In 2010, Tierney retired from writing the blog, and Mutalik continued it under a new name (NumberPlay). In time, Gary Antonick took that over until he retired it in October 2016.

Views
Tierney described his TierneyLab blog as being "guided by two founding principles":
 * Just because an idea appeals to a lot of people doesn't mean it's wrong.
 * But that's a good working theory.

The About section of the TierneyLab blog started with, "John Tierney always wanted to be a scientist but went into journalism because its peer-review process was a great deal easier to sneak through".

His column about New York, "The Big City", ran in the New York Times Magazine and the Metro section from 1994 to 2002. His criticism of rent stabilization, the war on drugs, Amtrak and compulsory recycling, have been described as questioning "some of the complacent shibboleths of urban liberalism". His 1996 article "Recycling Is Garbage" broke the New York Times Magazine's hate mail record and was praised by libertarians for bringing "libertarian ideas to America's big-government bible". Critics complained that in the article he quoted "not a single representative of the recycling industry", but did cite the head of "an environmental consulting business for hire to solid waste companies". In a 2001 column, Tierney cited a study suggesting that global warming would boost the U.S. economy.

Tierney identifies himself as a libertarian and has become increasingly identified with libertarianism.

Joseph J. Romm has written that Tierney is one of the "influential but misinformed skeptics" who have helped prevent the United States from taking action on climate change. In his 2007 book Hell and High Water, Romm refutes Tierney's misinformation. Columbia Journalism Review complains Tierney "has a tendency to support his point of view using sources with a clear ideological or special interest agenda, without properly identifying them".

In 2007 Tierney wrote a column claiming that Silent Spring, Rachel Carson's 1962 book on the detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment, is a "hodgepodge of science and junk science" whose rhetoric still "drowns out real science", such as the work of agricultural bacteriologist Ira Baldwin. Among those who have accused him of errors of fact and misrepresentation are Erik M. Conway, Naomi Oreskes, and Merrill Goozner.

In 2016 Tierney accused President Barack Obama of "politicized science to advance his agenda" and appointees in the Obama administration of "junk science—or no science—to justify misbegotten crusades against dietary salt, trans fats, and electronic cigarettes. According to Tierney, they cited phony statistics to spread myths about a gender pay gap and a rape crisis on college campuses".

Awards

 * 1998–99, New York News Publishers Association: Distinguished Column Writing Award.
 * 1988, American Association for the Advancement of Science/Westinghouse Science Journalism Award, for a cover story in Newsweek, "The Search for Adam and Eve."
 * 1983, American Institute of Physics–United States Steel Foundation Science Writing Award.

Books

 * God Is My Broker, A comic novel written in parody of financial and spiritual self-help book was written in collaboration with novelist Christopher Buckley.
 * Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength. Co-wrote in 2011, along with Florida State University psychologist Roy F. Baumeister.  They state that self-control and willpower function analogously to muscles. Thus, they write that willpower can be exhausted from overuse but generally speaking is strengthened through exercise (exercise that modern people tend to disregard). Publishers Weekly praised the book as "a very fine work" that is "clear and succinct" as well as "based on solid research".
 * The Best-Case Scenario Handbook: A Parody Sep 16, 2002. a parody of the popular Worst-Case Scenario Handbook series.
 * The Power of Bad: How the Negativity Effect Rules Us and How We Can Rule It. Co-written with Baumeister and published in 2019.

title: John Tierney (journalist)


text:
Talk:Runology

Untitled
I am not completely sure about what language "götiska" is, but I think the author is referring to the language of the geats. (Maybe that would be Geatic or Geatish in English?)
 * OK, this would make some more sense, The link is in Swedish, and I think the explanation of "götiska" and "göticism" would require an article in itself, since the background history seems rather complicated. http://genealogi.casterud.com/uppsats.htm
 * this is a question of the history of philology and linguistics, it is hopelessly complicated, and at present we have no place to address this centrally. At the time in question, the relationship between the Germanic languages was simply not known, and the term "gothic" vaguely referred to anything that was old and germanic. dab (ᛏ) 09:49, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * In this case, I believe it is a mistake by the original writer. "Götisk" referred both to "Geatish", "Old Norse" and to "Gothic". See for instance Göticism.--Wiglaf 18:16, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Runology


text:
Ahmed El Esseily

Ahmad El Esseily (أحمد العسيلي), born 1976, is an Egyptian film and television editor/director, and host of radio and television shows. He graduated from the German Department of the Faculty of Alsun (Linguistics) in 1997.

From 1999 to 2004 Esseily was a professional film editor, assistant director and director, working mainly on television commercials, music videos, documentaries, short films and Satellite programs for Egyptian and Arabian channels.

Biography

 * FMTV Season I (TV & Radio Show) 2004–2005   	Mazzika TV & Nogoom FM
 * FMTV Season II 	(TV & Radio Show) 		2005–2006	Mazzika TV & Nogoom FM
 * "Thursday at eight" (الخميس الساعة تمانية)(On-air Radio Show) 2006	Nogoom FM
 * (حبة عسيلي)(a bit of Esseily) (TV Show) Season I 	2007–2008	Otv
 * (حبة عسيلي)(a bit of Esseily) (TV Show) Season II 	2008		Otv
 * "Esseily on the radio" (عسيلي على الراديو) daily 5 min. during the morning show 2008 	Nogoom FM
 * "Esseily on the radio in Ramadan" (عسيلي على الراديو في رمضان) Season I, II, III, IV	2007 / 2008 / 2009 / 2010 Nogoom FM
 * Esseily also writes a monthly article in "Us"(إحنا) magazine published by Core Publications since 2006
 * His first book "A book without a name" (كتاب مالوش إسم) was published in August 2009.
 * His second book titled "The second book" (الكتاب التاني) also published by "Dar el Shorouk" ) (دار الشروق) on 1 January. 2011.

title: Ahmed El Esseily


text:
Talk:Richard Le Gallienne

Date of death of first wife
by inference the dedication in this book http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/0/2/15025/15025-h/15025-h.htm suggests she died on DECEMBER 6 1893, not in 1894 as stated in the article --Tagishsimon (talk)

Whose daughter was Gwen Le Gallienne?
Both the current and an older 1959 version of the Oxford DNB state that Gwen was Richard and Irma's daughter. The latter says that a drawing of Richard by Gwen is "in her possession" and among the sources lists "private information; personal knowledge". This could mean that Gwen, who by 1959 lived in London, was known to the author and considered herself to be Le Gallienne's daughter, not Hinton Perry's. This could mean that Richard already had an affair with Irma as early as 1900, while both where still married to their previous spouses. Within the Perry family it was always believed that Le Gallienne was cause for the break up of Hinton Perry's first marriage (personal knowledge). Gwen's year of birth, however, is also not certain: the NY Times announcement by her mother and Le Gallienne of her (short-lived) marriage on 1 Dec 1919 to the Dutch-born Violinist André Polah gives her first name as "Gwendolyn", describes her as "the daughter of of Mrs. Le Gallienne by her first husband" and as "just 20" years old. Her death records at Kensington and Chelsea from Nov 1990 give her first name as "Gwendoline" and her date of birth as 5 Nov 1908. She may well have fiddled her DOB over her long life in order to infer that Le Gallienne rather than Perry was her natural father. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.27.56.1 (talk) 17:22, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Le Gallienne


text: User talk:207.233.99.161

title: User talk:207.233.99.161


text:
HD 107146

HD 107146 is a star in the constellation Coma Berenices that is located about 90 ly from Earth. The apparent magnitude of 7.028 makes this star too faint to be seen with the unaided eye.

The physical properties of this star are similar to the Sun, including the stellar classification G2V, making this a solar analog. The mass of this star is about 109% of the solar mass and it has about 99% the radius of the Sun. It is a young star with an age between 80 and 200 Myr. The axis of rotation is estimated at $0.993$ degrees to the line of sight and it completes a rotation in a relatively brief 3.5 days.

Circumstellar disc
In 2003, astronomers recognized the excess infrared and submillimeter emission indicative of circumstellar dust, the first time such a debris disk phenomenon was noted around a star of similar spectral types to the Sun, though having a much younger age. In 2004 the Hubble Space Telescope detected the presence of a spatially resolved disk surrounding the star.

The star's circumstellar disc has dimensions of approximately 210 × 300 AU. The dusty ring is cool, with a temperature of 51 K, and has a dust mass of 0.250$5,850$  and nearly no gas. Analysis of the debris disk in the far-infrared and submillimeter wavelengths, carried out using the Hubble Space Telescope, suggests the presence of small grains in the disk. The disk appears to be slightly elongated to form an ellipse with its minor axis at a position angle of 58° ± 5°; working under the assumption that the disk is in fact circular gives it an inclination of 25° ± 5° from the plane of the sky. An analysis published in 2009 suggests the possible presence of a planet at a separation of 45-75 AU, in the wide gap centered at 75.4 AU which may be carved by the planet, but no planet with mass exceeding 1-2 was observed in the gap.

title: HD 107146


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Faisal bin Turki Al Saud (1785–1865)

Faisal bin Turki Al Saud (فيصل بن تركي آل سعود; 1785 – December 1865) was the second ruler of the Second Saudi State and seventh head of the House of Saud.

Early life
Faisal was the son of Imam Turki bin Abdullah. He was one of the members of the Al Saud family who was taken to Cairo following the capture of Diriyah by Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali, in May 1819. Faisal returned to Riyadh in 1827-1828.

In 1830 Faisal was sent on military operations to Al Hasa in the east. But his father was assassinated by Mishari bin Abdul Rahman, a second-cousin of his father in 1834. Faisal hurried back to Riyadh to deal with the revolt. His troops stormed the castle and killed Mishari. Emir of Jabal Shammar, Abdullah bin Rashid, helped Faisal in this attack. Those not directly involved in the murder were spared and the town pledged allegiance.

Early reign and captivity
Imam Faisal first ruled the Second Saudi State from 1834 to 1838. Then he was forced into exile in Cairo by the Ottomans who sent an expedition to Najd due to his rejection of paying tribute to the Egyptian forces in Hejaz.

Faisal continued to oppose the Ottoman forces, however, and the Egyptian governor of Arabia, Khurshid Pasha, supported a rival candidate - Khalid bin Saud, a second-cousin of Faisal. Khalid was a member of the senior line of the Saud family. Faisal was forced to flee the city and take refuge with the al Khorayef princes of the Bani Tamim tribes. In December 1838, he attempted to come to terms with Khurshid Pasha, but was forced to return to captivity a second time in Cairo. He was accompanied by his younger brother Jiluwi, his sons, Abdullah and Muhammad, and his cousin, Abdullah bin Ibrahim bin Abdullah, a son of his uncle. In 1843, he was released in Cairo and returned to Riyadh following the total withdrawal of the remaining Egyptian troops from Najd in 1841.

Return to Riyadh
Following his return to Riyadh Faisal reclaimed the throne in 1843 and ruled until 1865. He easily defeated his third-cousin Abdullah bin Thunayan, who had revolted against the ineffective Khalid and taken control. Faisal depended on a close alliance with the Al Rashid family of Ha'il. Abdullah bin Rashid played a key role in his success, and the two families were extensively intermarried. Early in his reign, Faisal appointed Abdullah as the Amir of Ha'il in 1835 in return for his loyalty. In his second term Faisal also established cordial relations with the Ottomans who appointed him governor of Najd. In turn, Faisal recognised the supremacy of the Ottoman Empire in the region.

Faisal consolidated his power by subduing opposition tribes in Najd. This centralized authority required financial resources, prompting Faisal to target Al-Ahsa, Qatif, and Saihat—key economic hubs. He imposed his control over these regions, ensuring a steady flow of funds to his treasury by imposing what was termed zakat, though it functioned as a tax in contemporary terms.

Faisal's ambitions extended beyond these territories. In 1847, he attempted to intervene in Bahrain, exploiting internal conflicts within the ruling family. Although unsuccessful in capturing Bahrain, he settled for a peace agreement that included a tribute payment. His inability to seize Bahrain was primarily due to attacks on the Al-Qassim Province by Muhammad bin Awn and Khalid bin Saud, and the firm stance of the British government against Saudi expansion in the Persian Gulf. The British, who had substantial interests in the region, closely monitored Faisal's movements. Their support for the Bahraini sheikh and their strategic positions in the Gulf influenced the broader regional dynamics.

Faisal formally requested the support of the British Political Resident in Bushire through his representative in Trucial Oman in 1848.

Battle of Mesaimeer
The Battle of Mesaimeer was a significant military engagement in the Persian Gulf region, taking place from June 2-4, 1851, near the village of Mesaimeer in Qatar. Faisal bin Turki, having consolidated his power in central Arabia, sought to extend his influence to the Gulf coast, with the ultimate aim of controlling Bahrain and its lucrative pearl fisheries. His strategy involved using Qatar as a stepping stone for this expansion. This campaign, which began in May 1851, marked his third attempt at invading the island.

Opposing Faisal were the local Qatari tribes led by Mohammed bin Thani and his son Jassim bin Mohammed, progenitors of the future ruling family of Qatar. Although nominally allied with Bahrain, which was represented by the forces of Ali bin Khalifa, the Qatari forces acted largely independently during the battle. The engagement unfolded in three phases. On 2 June, initial clashes resulted in unexpected setbacks for Faisal's forces near Al Bidda (modern Doha). The next day, 3 June, witnessed intense fighting, with Qatari forces under Jassim bin Muhammad launching a determined close-quarters assault on Faisal's forces near Al Bidda. Finally, on 4 June, further engagements occurred, culminating in the retreat of Faisal's forces to their camp at Mesaimeer.

British sources, notably dispatches from political resident Samuel Hennell, confirm the defeat of Wahhabi forces on June 2 and 4. Shortly after the final day of battle, Mohammed bin Thani sent a letter to Faisal's camp requesting peace and agreeing to be his subject, to which Faisal obliged. On 8 June, Qatari forces assumed control of Burj Al-Maah, a watchtower guarding Doha's main water source, close to Al Bidda Fort where the forces of Ali bin Khalifa were stationed. Upon hearing the news, Ali bin Khalifa fled to Bahrain without incident, much to the dismay of Faisal who admonished Mohammed bin Thani for not capturing him.

Following British interference on the side of Bahrain in order to prevent the Ottoman Empire from gaining a stronghold in the Peninsula and the loss of his ally Mubarak in a major naval engagement near Qatif, Faisal was forced to reassess of his strategy. Relinquishing his designs upon Bahrain, Faisal made a conciliatory overture on 20 July, 1851, proposing to dispatch his two brothers and son to parley with Ali bin Khalifa aboard his ship. This proposal, however, met with unequivocal rejection from Ali bin Khalifa.

Due to the mediation efforts of Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan, an agreement between Ali bin Khalifa and Faisal was reached on 25 July. The resultant accord stipulated that Ali would remit 4,000 German krones annually as zakat to Faisal, while the latter agreed to restore Al Bidda Fort to Ali bin Khalifa and to abstain from interference in Qatari affairs.

Later reign
Following unsuccessful attempts to gain authority in Al Qassim, Faisal appointed his younger brother Jiluwi governor to the region. However, Jiluwi did not manage to obtain full loyalty of people there who revolted against him 1854. During the 1850s Faisal unsuccessfully attempted to capture Oman and Bahrain. His next target was the Trucial States which he attacked in the 1860s. His both attempts were not fruitful, and the British forces militarily stopped his attacks. In 1865 a colonel in the British army, Lewis Pelly, officially visited Faisal in Riyadh.

Income
Faisal's major income sources included zakat, import duties, pilgrim fees, one-fifth share from raids and warfare, fines, revenues from the ruler’s personal domains, and tributes paid by neighbouring countries such as Bahrain and Muscat. He governed the Emirate with success until his death in December 1865. However, around the end of his rule the de facto ruler of the Emirate was his heir and son, Abdullah, and infighting among his four sons eventually destroyed the state.

Personal life and death
Faisal bin Turki had four sons, Abdullah, Saud, Muhammad and Abdul Rahman. Of them Abdullah and Muhammad were full brothers so were Saud and Abdul Rahman. The mother of Abdullah and Muhammad was from the Al Saud whereas the mother of Saud and Abdul Rahman was from the Ajman tribe. One of his daughters married Rashidi Emir, Abdullah bin Rashid. Another, Tarfa, married Nasser Al Saud who was a great great grandson of Farhan bin Saud.

Faisal became very frail and blind during the later years. He died following a prolonged illness in Riyadh in December 1865 and was succeeded by his son Abdullah.

For further reading

 * Second State of Saudi Arabia

title: Faisal bin Turki Al Saud (1785–1865)


text: File:Richard Le Gallienne - Project Gutenberg eText 15025.png


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Mail merge

Mail merge consists of combining mail and letters and pre-addressed envelopes or mailing labels for mass mailings from a form letter.

This feature is usually employed in a word processing document which contains fixed text (which is the same in each output document) and variables (which act as placeholders that are replaced by text from the data source word to word).

Some word processors can insert content from a database, spreadsheet, or table into text documents.

It is a powerful tool for writing a personalized letter or e-mail to many people at the same time. It imports data from another source such as a spreadsheet and then uses that to replace placeholders throughout the message with the relevant information for each individual that is being messaged.

History
Mail merge dates back to early word processors on personal computers, circa 1980. WordStar was perhaps the earliest to provide this, originally via an ancillary program called Mail merge. WordPerfect also offered this capacity for CP/M and MS-DOS systems; Microsoft Word added it later on, as did Multimate.

Advanced features
Money can be saved by pre-sorting on zip code and grouping by postal-discount requirements (same ZIP code, same SCF).

A paperless approach is to use mail merge to format email.

Going beyond words, in 2018 The New York Times detailed a further instance of "mass customization" - personalized videos.

Overview
The data source is typically a spreadsheet or a database which has a field or column for each variable in the template. When the mail merge process is run, the word processing system creates an output document for each row in the database, using the fixed text exactly as it appears.

The mail merging process generally requires the following steps:
 * 1) Creating a main document and the template.
 * 2) Creating a data source.
 * 3) Defining the merge fields in the main document.
 * 4) Merging the data with the main document.
 * 5) Saving/exporting.

A common usage is for creating "personalized" letters, where a template is created, with a field for "Given Name", for example. The templated letter says "Dear ", and when executed, the mail merge creates a letter for each record in the database, so it appears the letter is more personal. It is often used for variable data printing. It can also be used to create address labels from a customer relationship management database, or for mass emails with pertinent information in them, perhaps a username and password.

title: Mail merge


text:
File:The Adventures of Captain Comic gameplay.jpg

Screen shot of the first level of the Captain Comic game.

Summary
This image is considered fair use in the Captain Comic article because it serves to illustrate the subject of the article where no free equivalent is available. It is not expected that this use will diminish the commercial value of the original work. SchuminWeb (Talk) 02:22, 3 June 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:Makrendith

We are a relatively unknown religion, a small circle, but I and a few others would like to elaborate on our beliefs in hope that you will understand our ideas and maybe see the value in them sometime in the distant future.

Maddipper (usually spelled in bright green and capital letters, but we are known to make exceptions) unearthed a small spot in Spanish-speaking Nicaragua thousands of years ago. Our beliefs center around the idea that he was experimenting with (or testing) the earth. He played with metaphysics and space-time and created a vast multitude of magic and miracles. This forgotten land we call simply Maddipper (for that is what he marked the spot with). It is known as our holy land.

Maddipper would disappear on and off, and upon one miraculous day a Spanish man named Lunar stumbled upon this joyful spot while wandering through an empty, unknown territory (in all likelihood he had gotten lost while on an expedition for a European ship captain, but we are not entirely sure).

Now, what caught his eye was a symbol engraved in the ground. It was said to have glowed bright green, lighting up the earth and sky. This symbol consisted of two hollow circles standing upon each other, a series of lines, a bow, and hundreds of tilde. Most likely, Maddipper had been fascinated with the Spanish language and experimented constantly with this strange symbol used for phonetics.

Lunar gaped in amazement. Seconds later, a piece of bread and water was conceived upon the very ground that he gazed at. And too, a map.

Lunar ran home to his village to tell his friends. He did not want to tell the entire town, for a high number of inhabitants would disturb Maddipper greatly if they tread upon his land, so Lunar thought.

They followed Lunar hesitantly, assured he was crazy, but sure enough, there stood the same spot with a symbol of magic and peace engraved upon the ground. They grew to enjoy this spot immensely, and would return on and off. They too would mark the territory with self expression, leave, and upon coming back they would sometimes see a response, lit in green.

This went on for some time. The group formed their own language to speak to Maddipper, mostly with a series of simplistic abbreviations of the language that the Spanish spoke with. They reduced their vocabulary and this seemed to have a profound effect on Maddipper's joy. He even granted the group magical powers one day, for he felt blessed by their presence, and the group likewise.

One day a small peasant, disdained wholly by the public, whom the townsfolk referred to as Element, overheard the group discussing Maddipper. He followed them to the spot and was instantly spellbound by its magic. Unfortunately, he informed the townsfolk of its presence and almost immediately a rush of people came to Maddipper.

They polluted the area, stretched out the land with symbols of fraud self expression, and upset Maddipper immensely. He called out in a dispirited, angry voice, "No more of this. It is bad and you shall be bannished." He bannished them all from the area and sealed all entrances to this great land.

Long story short, years of visions and witnessing miracles have led us to believe that we are the heirs of the original elite, conceived from the Elite's powers in a last-hope attempt to spread the word of Maddipper.

Much to our offense we have been called crazy, spontaneous, and at times racist. But we hope you will hear us out and and take note of the things we see every day —things we hold dear, just like you.

title: User:Makrendith


text:
The Adventures of Captain Comic

The Adventures of Captain Comic is a platform game written by Michael Denio for MS-DOS compatible operating systems and released as shareware in 1988. It was one of the first side-scrolling games for IBM PC compatibles reminiscent of games for the Nintendo Entertainment System, and it presaged a trend of shareware platform games in the early 1990s. A version for the NES was later published by Color Dreams as an unlicensed title.

A sequel, Captain Comic II: Fractured Reality, was released in 1990.

Plot
Captain Comic is on a mission to the planet Tambi, where the quest begins. Comic must find three artifacts: the Mystical Gems of Lascorbanos, the Thousand Coins of Tenure, and the Crown of the Ages. To find them, he must travel through many varied environments. The game is completed when Comic is in possession of all three treasures.

Gameplay

The game is divided into eight major areas, and each contains three smaller zones. Transitioning between zones plays a short tune, all enemies are removed from the screen, and Comic's position is saved.

Comic has twelve "shield" points which act as health. Each time an enemy hits him, two points are removed. When at zero, Comic dies on the next hit. Occasionally, shields can be found which instantly replenish the health to full, or if it is already full, give an extra life. Comic starts with four lives, and an extra life is given for each 50,000 points earned if Comic isn't already at the maximum of five extras.

If Comic is killed by either falling off the bottom of the screen, or hit with no shield points remaining, a life is lost and he is returned to the point where he last entered this zone.

Enemies have different behaviors, from simply bouncing off walls and following preset paths to seeking Comic as he passes by. After picking up a Blastola Cola, Comic can shoot at and destroy enemies for points.

Development
Michael Denio previously wrote an interactive demo of a platform game called The Adventures of Captain Pixel of the Galactic Security Patrol in 34010 AD for a TMS34010 coprocessor board. The credits screen has a 1987 copyright notice for the graphics. The TMS34010 is a CPU with graphics-oriented instructions which was later used in arcade video games such as Narc and Mortal Kombat.

Denio wrote in the introduction to the Captain Comic manual: "The Adventures of Captain Comic started out as an experiment to test the viability of two theories, the first as to whether a real arcade type game can be done on a standard IBM PC with an EGA card, and secondly, given the first can be done, if it is possible to make any money doing it. Well, I've come to a conclusion on the second point, but I'll let you judge the first point for yourself."

Music
The original theme song for Captain Comic was a rendition of the United States Marine Corps Hymn. The song was replaced in the final revision of the game, released in 1991, by George Frideric Handel's Harpsichord Suite in D Minor, HWV 428, Air. The NES version of the soundtrack is composed entirely of classical music.

Legacy
A sequel from the same author was published in 1990 as Captain Comic II: Fractured Reality.

In 2012, PC World called Captain Comic the twelfth greatest shareware game of all time, writing that "it inspired many other shareware authors, including the folks who would later create Commander Keen."

The original game was cloned for the SAM Coupé. It was also cloned as The Adventures of Pioneer Ksenia in 1990 by a team of Ukrainian programmers.

title: The Adventures of Captain Comic


text:
List of protected species in Hong Kong

List of protected species in Hong Kong.

Plants
Protected Species under Forestry Regulations Cap. 96A

Animals
Protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170

title: List of protected species in Hong Kong


text:
Talk:Kurtz (Heart of Darkness)

Colonel
Previously a colonel? I think this conflates the novel with the film _Apocalypse Now_. The word "colonel" does not appear in Conrad's text. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.61.106.145 (talk) 02:34, 15 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Well-spotted. That was added by an IP without explanation exactly a year ago today, as it happens. I've reverted. -- Tamzin  [cetacean needed] (they|xe|she) 04:24, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kurtz (Heart of Darkness)


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Cropping (image)

Cropping is the removal of unwanted outer areas from a photographic or illustrated image. The process usually consists of the removal of some of the peripheral areas of an image to remove extraneous visual data from the picture, improve its framing, change the aspect ratio, or accentuate or isolate the subject matter from its background. Depending on the application, this can be performed on a physical photograph, artwork, or film footage, or it can be achieved digitally by using image editing software. The process of cropping is common to the photographic, film processing, broadcasting, graphic design, and printing businesses.

In photography, print, and design
In the printing, graphic design and photography industries, cropping is the removal of unwanted areas from the periphery of a photographic or illustrated image. Cropping is one of the most basic photo manipulation processes, and it is carried out to remove an unwanted object or irrelevant noise from the periphery of a photograph, change its aspect ratio, or improve the overall composition.

In telephoto photography, most commonly in avian and aviation photography, an image is cropped to magnify the primary subject and further reduce the angle of view. When a lens of sufficient focal length to achieve the desired magnification directly is not available. It is considered one of the few editing actions permissible in modern photojournalism along with tonal balance, color correction and sharpening. A cropping made by trimming off the top and bottom margins of a photograph, or a film, produces a view that mimics the panoramic format (in photography) or the widescreen format in cinematography and broadcasting. Neither of these formats is cropped as such, but rather they are products of highly specialized optical configurations and camera designs.

Graphic examples (photography)
Cropping in order to emphasize the subject:

Crop marks
To assist in precise cropping of a printed image, crop marks may be printed at the four corners of the image, just outside the central area to be retained:  ⌏  at the top left corner,  ⌎  at the top right corner,  ⌍  at the bottom left corner, and  ⌌  at the bottom right corner. The paper or paperboard on which the image is printed can then be cut on each side so that the crop marks are removed.

In Unicode, the crop marks are represented by:

Crop marks are useful for cropping images printed with bleed, and more generally, when the position of an image on the final sheet is not precisely known in advance.

In cinematography and broadcasting
In certain circumstances, film footage may be cropped to change it from one aspect ratio to another, without stretching the image or filling the blank spaces with letterbox bars (fig. 2).

Concerns about aspect ratios are a major issue in filmmaking. Rather than cropping, the cinematographer usually uses mattes to increase the latitude for alternative aspect ratios in projection and broadcast. Anamorphic optics (such as Panavision lenses) produce a full-frame, horizontally compressed image from which broadcasters and projectionists can matte a number of alternative aspect ratios without cropping relevant image detail. Without this, widescreen reproduction, especially for television broadcasting, is dependent upon a variety of soft matting techniques such as letterboxing, which involves varying degrees of image cropping (see figures 2, 3 and 4).

Since the advent of widescreen television, a similar process has removed large chunks from the top & bottom to make a standard 4:3 image fit a 16:9 one, losing 25 percent of the original image. Another option is a process called pillarboxing, where black bands are placed down the sides of the screen, allowing the original image to be shown full-frame within the wider aspect ratio (fig. 6).

Additional methods
Various methods may be used following cropping or may be used on the original image.
 * Vignetting is the accentuation of the central portion of an image by blurring, darkening, lightening, or desaturation of peripheral portions of the image
 * The use of nonrectangular mat or picture frame may be used for selection of portions of a larger image

Digital images
It is not possible to "uncrop" a cropped digital image unless the original still exists or undo information exists: if an image is cropped and saved (without undo information), it cannot be recovered without the original.

However, using texture synthesis, it is possible to artificially add a band around an image, synthetically "uncropping" it. This is effective if the band smoothly blends with the existing image, which is relatively easy if the edge of the image has low detail or is a chaotic natural pattern such as sky or grass, but does not work if discernible objects are cut off at the boundary, such as half a car. An uncrop plug-in exists for the GIMP image editor.

title: Cropping (image)


text:
William B. Provine

William Ball Provine (February 19, 1942 – September 1, 2015) was an American historian of science and of evolutionary biology and population genetics. He was the Andrew H. and James S. Tisch Distinguished University Professor at Cornell University and was a professor in the Departments of History, Science and Technology Studies, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.

Biography
Provine was born in Tennessee. He held a B.S. in mathematics (1962), and an M.A. (1965) and Ph.D. (1970) in History of Science from the University of Chicago. He joined the Cornell faculty in 1969. He suffered seizures in 1995 due to a brain tumour. Provine died on September 1, 2015, due to complications from the tumor.

History of theoretical population genetics
Provine's Ph.D. thesis, later published as a book, documented the early origins of theoretical population genetics in the conflicts between the biostatistics and Mendelian schools of thought. He documented later developments in theoretical population genetics in his biography of Sewall Wright, who was still alive and available for interviews. In this book, Provine criticizes Wright for confounding three different concepts of adaptive landscape: genotype to fitness landscapes, allele frequency to fitness landscapes, and phenotype to fitness landscapes. Provine later grew critical of Wright's views on genetic drift, instead attributing observed effects to the consequences of inbreeding and consequent selection at linked sites. John H. Gillespie credits Provine with stimulating his interest in the topic of hitchhiking or "genetic draft" as an alternative to genetic drift. Provine later published his critique of genetic drift in a book. Provine defended the importance of mathematics' contribution to the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Education reform
In 1970, Provine was instrumental in the founding of Cornell's Risley Residential College. He was the first faculty member in residence.

Philosophy
Provine was a philosopher, atheist, and critic of intelligent design. He engaged in prominent debates with theist philosophers and scientists about the existence of God and the viability of intelligent design. He debated the founder of the intelligent design movement, Phillip E. Johnson, and the two had a friendly relationship. Provine said that his course on evolutionary biology began by having his students read Johnson's book, Darwin on Trial.

Provine was a determinist, as he rejected the idea that humans exercise free will. Provine asserted that there is no evidence for the existence of God, no life after death, no absolute foundation for moral right and wrong, and no ultimate meaning or purpose for life. He was once a Presbyterian like his friend and intellectual rival Johnson, saying their worldviews had been much the same before he became an atheist.

In popular culture
Professor Provine appeared in Ben Stein's movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. Provine supervised the dissertation written by Bad Religion member Greg Graffin. Graffin was a student of history of science at Cornell. Provine also supervised Steve Leveen's sociology dissertation in 1982.

Selected bibliography

 * The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics, 1971, ISBN 0-226-68465-2
 * Mayr, E., and W. B. Provine, eds., The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology, 1980, ISBN 0-674-27225-0
 * Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology, 1986, ISBN 0-226-68473-3
 * Provine, W. B., ed., Evolution: Selected Papers by Sewall Wright, 1986, ISBN 0-226-91053-9
 * "Geneticists and Race", American Zoologist, 1986, 26:857–87.
 * "Progress in Evolution and Meaning in Life", in M. Nitecki, ed., Evolutionary Progress, 1989, ISBN 0-226-58692-8
 * Cain, A. J., and W. B. Provine, "Genes and Ecology in History", in Berry, R. J., et al., eds., Genes in Ecology: 33rd Symposium of the British Ecological Society, 1992, ISBN 0-521-54936-1
 * The "Random Genetic Drift" Fallacy, 2014, ISBN 9781500924126

title: William B. Provine


text: User talk:80.82.42.115

title: User talk:80.82.42.115


text:
Doug Chiang

Doug Chiang (born 16 February 1962) is an American film designer and artist. He is vice president and executive creative director of Lucasfilm and previous Chief Creative Officer (CCO) at Lucasfilm.

Early life
Chiang was born in Taipei, Taiwan. His dad had gone to Michigan in the United States for college, and moved the family to Dearborn, Michigan when Chiang was 5 years old. His parents encouraged him to assimilate into American culture by speaking more English, which Chiang described as one of the ways the family tried to fit in. Chiang therefore lost his ability to speak Chinese over the years. Nonetheless, he characterized his lifestyle as "still very culturally Chinese", citing the strong work ethic imposed by his parents.

Chiang was inspired by the original Star Wars film and the accompanying art design book. He studied industrial design at the College for Creative Studies until 1982. He later studied film production at UCLA and graduated in 1986. During his time in college, he was an illustrator and art director for the Daily Bruin and involved with the Association of Chinese Americans.

Career
During the late 1980s, he worked at various production studios including Rhythm and Hues. Chiang eventually joined Industrial Light & Magic as a creative director where he worked on films such as Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) and Forrest Gump (1994). In 1995, he was hired to lead Lucasfilm's art department; he was the design director for Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) and Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002). Afterwards, he was a production designer on Robert Zemeckis' The Polar Express. Outside of film, he collaborated with author Orson Scott Card on an illustrated science-fiction book called Robota.

He founded DC Studios in 2000 with his creation, Robota, as a primary project. Along with Sparx Animation Studios in Ho Chi Minh City, he created several animated shorts depicting the world of Robota in action.

In 2004, Chiang co-founded Ice Blink Studios and worked for Zemeckis on Beowulf. Ice Blink closed in 2007, becoming the core of the facility for ImageMovers Digital, a pioneering performance capture animation studio.

Chiang returned to the Star Wars franchise as the concept artist for The Force Awakens as well as production designer for Rogue One. His other Star Wars includes the films Solo and The Rise of Skywalker, and the television series The Mandalorian and Obi-Wan Kenobi.

Awards
Chiang has won numerous awards throughout his career, including an Academy Award and a BAFTA for Death Becomes Her, a BAFTA for Forrest Gump, a FOCUS Award for his independent film Mental Block, a Clio Award for his work on a Malaysian Airlines commercial and The BrandLaureate Award.

Films

 * Ghost (1990) (visual effects art director: ILM)
 * The Doors (1991) (visual effects art director: ILM)
 * Switch (1991) (visual effects art director)
 * Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1992) (visual effects art director: ILM)
 * Death Becomes Her (1992) (visual effects art director: ILM)
 * Forrest Gump (1994) (visual effects art director: ILM)
 * The Mask (1994) (visual effects art direction supervisor)
 * Jumanji (1995) (visual effects art director: ILM)
 * Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) (design director, visual effects production designer: ILM)
 * Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) (concept design supervisor)
 * The Polar Express (2004) (production designer)
 * War of the Worlds (2005) (concept artist)
 * Monster House (2006) (concept design supervisor)
 * Beowulf (2007) (production designer)
 * A Christmas Carol (2009) (production designer)
 * Mars Needs Moms (2011) (production designer)
 * Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) (concept artist)
 * Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016) (production designer)
 * Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018) (head of design)
 * Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) (head of design)

Television

 * The Mandalorian (2019–present) (design supervisor, art director)
 * Obi-Wan Kenobi (2022) (design supervisor)

Books

 * Robota (2003) (co-Writer, illustrator)
 * Mechanika: Creating the Art of Science Fiction with Doug Chiang (2008, 2015) (writer, illustrator)
 * Star Wars Art: Concepts (Star Wars Art Series) (2013) (introduction, concept artist)
 * The Art of Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) (concept artist)

Video games

 * Card Soldier Wars (2008) (artist)
 * The Looking Glass Wars Card Game (2009) (artist)

title: Doug Chiang


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Personal identification number (Denmark)

The Danish Personal Identification number (personnummer or informally CPR-nummer, CPR-normu or inuup-normua) is a national identification number, which is part of the personal information stored in the Civil Registration System (Det Centrale Personregister, Inunnik Qitiusumik Nalunaarsuiffik).

The register was established in 1968 by combining information from all the municipal civil registers of Denmark into one. The register came into force by royal assent in Greenland with the effect from 1 July 1972.

It is a ten-digit number with the format DDMMYY-SSSS, where DDMMYY is the date of birth and SSSS is a sequence number. The first digit of the sequence number encodes the century of birth (so that centenarians are distinguished from infants), and the last digit of the sequence number is odd for males and even for females.

Requisition
Any person registered as of 2 April 1968 (1 May 1972 in Greenland) or later in a Danish civil register, receives a personal identification number. Any person who is a member of ATP or is required to pay tax in Denmark according to the Tax-control Law of Denmark, but is not registered in a civil register, also receives a personal identification number.

Since the 2010s the civil register lists persons who:
 * Are born in Denmark including Greenland, or
 * Have their birth, baptism, wedding or ecclesiastical blessing of civil marriage registered in ’Dansk Elektronisk Kirkebog (DNK)’ (Danish electronic church-book), or
 * Are mother to a child born in Denmark, but not prior registered with an address in Denmark, or
 * Are an unmarried father to a child born in Denmark, who recognizes the paternity for the child, or
 * Reside legally in Denmark or Greenland for 3 months or more (non-Nordic citizens must also have a residence permit), or
 * Is required to pay tax in Denmark, or
 * Die in Denmark without previously having obtained a personal identification number.

Danish citizens, including newborn babies, who are entitled to Danish citizenship, but are living abroad, do not receive a personal ID number, unless they move to Denmark or Greenland or are baptised in the Church of Denmark in Denmark.

New development in 2007
The sequence numbers used to be chosen (and still are, preferentially) so that the last digit of the sequence number functions as a check digit for the entire personal identification number. In this case, the number satisfies the equation 4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + 7x4 + 6x5 + 5x6 + 4x7 + 3x8 + 2x9 + x10 ≡ 0 (mod 11) where the xi are the ten digits of the complete ID number, and the coefficients (4, 3, 2, 7, …) are all nonzero in the finite field of order 11.

However, in 2007 the available sequence numbers under this system for males born on 1 January 1965 ran out, and since October 2007 personal identification numbers do not always validate using the check digit. This had been predicted and announced several years in advance. Thus, most IT systems are presumed updated to accept numbers that fail the check-digit validation.

1 January was the first birth date to run out of sequence numbers. This was because for several years immigrants who did not know their exact date of birth were administratively registered with the fictitious birth date of 1 January. This made the date unusually frequent in the register. That practice stopped at a time before 2023.

Personal ID Number Certificate
Personnummerbevis is the Danish term for the personal identification number certificate. Today this certificate is of little use in Danish society, as it has been largely replaced by the much more versatile Sundhedskort ("Health Card"), which contains the same information and more. Both certificates retrieve their information from the Civil Registration System. However, personnummerbevis is still issued today and has been since September 1968.

It is received upon registration with the Civil Registration System, either by birth or by moving to the country. It may only be issued once and change of address does not entail issuing a new one. One can however request a new one from the Ministry of Welfare or in some cases the municipality one lives in.


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Breakdown (music)

In music, a breakdown is a part of a song in which various instruments have solo parts (breaks). This may take the form of all instruments playing the verse together, and then several or all instruments individually repeating the verse as solo parts.

A breakdown is a popular musical style particularly in bluegrass, notable examples being Earl Scruggs' "Foggy Mountain Breakdown" and Bill Monroe's "Bluegrass Breakdown".

Disco and later dance music
Disco producer, mixer, and remixer Tom Moulton invented the "disco break" or breakdown section in the early 1970s. Moulton had been remixing a record (”Dreamworld” by Don Downing) which "immaculated" (modulated to a higher key) towards the end, and he wanted to cut parts together that were in different keys. To do this, he separated two sections with non-tonal information. He edited in a section of drums, and the aesthetic effect was pleasing to dancers at the club. The placement was also useful for club DJs, providing a rhythm-only section of the recording over which to begin mixing in the next record. Moulton says his innovation was an accident. The placement followed the pattern of a traditional pop recording: it replaced the bridge typically found in such a record after the second chorus.

A later example is the breakdown in "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)" by En Vogue: a sampled male voice can be heard introducing this part of the record (at 3:27) with the sentence "and now it's time for a breakdown". Longer dance tracks often have two, three, or more breakdowns.

Initially, the transition to the breakdown was an abrupt absence of most of the arrangement in a disco record, as described above. Records in the hi-NRG style of the late 1970s to early 1980s would typically use a pronounced percussive element, such as a drum fill, to cover the transition. Later dance genres typically reach the breakdown section by a gradual reduction of elements, though a wide variety of styles have been employed since the mid-2000s.

In all genres, the stripping away of other instruments and vocals ("breaking-down" the arrangement) helps create intense contrast, with breakdowns usually preceding or following heightened musical climaxes. In many dance records, the breakdown often consists of a stripping away of the pitched elements (most instruments) – and often the percussion – while adding an unpitched or indistinctly pitched noise, a sound effect. This is often treated with a lot of reverb and rises in tone to build toward an exciting climax. This noise then typically cuts to a beat of silence, creating extra tension on the dance floor, before the drop – the sudden (and often percussive and volume-enhanced) return to the musical part of the track.

Heavy metal and punk rock
Breakdowns are often times found in metal and punk songs, as they can be used to eschew traditional verse–chorus–verse songwriting. When played live, breakdowns are usually responded to by the audience with high-intensity moshing (slam dancing).

The drumming is usually simple, with a four quarter-note ride pattern with the snare on the third beat. Most commonly, the drummer plays quarter notes on the crash cymbal or China cymbal. In some breakdowns where a very slow tempo is used, the drummer will play half notes, to give the music a very "heavy", slow feel. The guitarist usually follows the rhythm, or "chugs" (uses palm-muted strokes on the lowest two to three strings of the guitar) along with the kick drum. In most cases, the drummer will use the kick drum to complement such "chugs" of the guitars.

The guitars play a set of rhythmically oriented riffs, usually on lightly palm-muted strings to achieve a very high attack noise that decays slowly, making the overall sound more thick and "heavy". Sometimes, these are contrasted with either dissonant chords, such as minor second intervals, tritones (flatted fifths), or pinch harmonics.

In punk, breakdowns tend to be more upbeat, using the floor toms and snare to create a faster, "rolling" rhythm. This provides audience members with an opportunity to skank, mosh, or form a circle pit.

Many of the bands that play in the genres of deathcore and metalcore make heavy use of breakdowns, which may consist of slow-paced strumming on the guitar, or fast syncopated triplet-feel patterns, both of which are typically palm-muted and played on the lowest three strings of a guitar, and may also involve a bass drop. These strings are usually tuned down from somewhere between Drop D all the way down to Drop Eb tuning. As in modern metal genres and in other punk subgenres, breakdowns in metalcore and deathcore are signals for moshing at live shows.

Electronicore bands such as Horse the Band, Asking Alexandria, Attack Attack!, Capture the Crown, Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas, and Enter Shikari incorporate synthesizers that often add a dance-beat style to the breakdown.

Bluegrass
In bluegrass music, a break is a short instrumental solo played between sections of a song and is conventionally a variation on the song's melody. A breakdown is an instrumental form that features a series of breaks, each played by a different instrument. Examples of the form are "Bluegrass Breakdown" by Bill Monroe as well as "Earl's Breakdown" and "Foggy Mountain Breakdown", both of which were written by Earl Scruggs.

title: Breakdown (music)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caughtem

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. --Deathphoenix 17:06, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Caughtem
I believe Gotem(speech), a close ally of this "article", has already been through VfD and failed. It's time to delete Caughtem, too, for the same reasons. At best it's a neologism, at worst a hoax. Either way it's an orphan to boot. (It was labeled a "linguistics stub", which I changed to a normal stub, because even if it does stay, it has nothing to do with linguistics.) --Angr 20:23, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC) Speedy Deleted - re-posting of previous deleted content. Jayjg (talk) 05:33, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Patent nonsense, speedy delete. Martg76 21:24, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone find some justification for a speedy deletion. Let's get it out of here before the trolls return. -R. fiend 21:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable neologism of no encyclopedic notability. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:37, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete local neologism is not of common interest. - Jeltz talk  21:44, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * This article is a very obvious minor variation on Gotem(speech) that was created almost as soon as Votes for deletion/Gotem(speech) was closed and the original deleted. Speedy delete under a combination of criteria G3 (silly vandalism) and G4 (re-posting of previously deleted content). Uncle G 21:54, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)
 * Speedy I agree. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 22:05, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or could this be moved to Wiktionary perhaps. bakuzjw (aka 578) 22:14, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone provides more notable evidence. Zzyzx11 00:29, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Deleted content was: Dpbsmith (talk) 16:00, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Caughtem is a word of particular interest in Florida. It's origins are unknown, although it is suspected to be similar in meaning to gotem(speech). The word can be used in jubilant or otherwise celebratory situations, as well as if a person, place, or thing (see noun) is in a difficult situation requiring outside intervention. Caughtem is a controversial word because its similarity to gotem(speech) sometimes invokes cognitive dissonance during colloquial speeches as listeners are unable to distinguish differences in meaning.

 * Delete. Good call by Jayjg. Not the identical sequence of wors, but patently an attempt to recreate an article within a topic area that was judged to be wildly unencyclopedic in Votes for deletion/Gotem(speech). I'm formally adding my delete vote just in case the speedy doesn't stick. Dpbsmith (talk) 16:00, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Fingringhoe

Fingringhoe is a village and civil parish in the City of Colchester district of Essex, England. The centre of the village is classified as a conservation area, featuring a traditional village pond and red telephone box. The Roman River flows nearby before entering the River Colne. The name means "hill-spur of the Fingringas", a tribal name denoting the "people who dwell on the finger of land". It has frequently appeared on lists of unusual place-names.

Fingringhoe Wick
Fingringhoe is locally known for its salt marshes, which provide habitats for many birds and salt-water animals. These form part of the Fingringhoe Wick Nature Reserve managed by Essex Wildlife Trust.

Roman port
During the 1st Century AD Fingringhoe was home to a river port which serviced the nearby provincial capital of Roman Britain at Camulodunum (modern Colchester). Given the lack of a known road between Fingringhoe and Colchester, it is likely that seagoing vessels stopped in Fingringhoe, where their cargo was transferred to smaller riverboats.

Middle Ages
A manor located at Fingringhoe was donated by Henry I of England to the Norman abbey of Saint-Ouen at Rouen.

Trivia
Fingringhoe is mentioned in Lemon Jelly's "Ramblin' Man" and is in the top 20 list of "rude names" from the book Rude Britain.

Fingringhoe is one of many British towns and villages referenced in Karl Marx's Das Kapital as part of "Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation".

In 2009, an unexploded World War Two bomb was disarmed in the village.

St. Andrew's Church
A prominent feature in the centre of the village, the north wall of St. Andrew's Church dates back to the 12th century.

title: Fingringhoe


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KCCI Tower

KCCI's Alleman tower is a 609.6 m tall guyed television tower standing near Alleman, Iowa, United States at 41°48'35.0" N and 93°37'17.0" W. The tower was built in 1974 and is used to transmit KCCI's digital signal. In the vicinity are towers used by the other Des Moines-area television stations as well as several FM radio stations. KCCI is a subsidiary of Hearst Television, a division of the Hearst Corporation.

title: KCCI Tower


text:
Phosalone

Phosalone is an organophosphate chemical commonly used as an insecticide and acaricide. It is developed by Rhône-Poulenc in France but EU eliminated it from pesticide registration in December 2006.

The median lethal dose of oral exposure in rat is 85 mg/kg and that of dermal is 390 mg/kg. . It is a weak acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is taken by not only oral and inhalation but skin and it causes toxic symptoms peculiar to organophosphorus compounds such as miosis, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, chest pressure, pulmonary edema and fecal incontinence. It is flammable and decomposes to toxic gases such as phosphorus oxides, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. It is harmful especially to water creatures.

title: Phosalone


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Zoo Keeper (2003 video game)

Zoo Keeper is a tile-matching video game originally developed and published by Robot Communications for browsers. It was later ported to the Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS by Success, which remains its best known incarnation. Zoo Keeper was released for arcades in 2004. The game was then brought to American and European shores by Ignition Entertainment, and has since been released for iOS and Android devices under the title Zookeeper DX Touch Edition by Kiteretsu.

In Japan, before the release for Nintendo DS, Success released this game with alternative name Zooo. The PlayStation 2 version of this game was later released in Europe by 505 Game Street as Zoo Puzzle.

Gameplay

The objective of Zoo Keeper is to remove the animal tiles that fill up the screen by aligning three or more in a row or column. Levels end when a pre-determined number of each animal tile has been removed. These quotas are listed underneath each animal symbol.

Tiles are aligned by swapping ones adjacent to each other. If this causes a line of three or more matching tiles to form, the tiles stay in their new position and the matching tiles are removed. If no line of three or more matching tiles is formed the tiles revert to their original position. Lines can be horizontal or vertical, and combinations can cause many lines to disappear at the same time. When tiles disappear, any tiles above them on the screen fall down to fill the space. If this results in a further line of three, this line also disappears. This is called a 'chain'. An example of a chain can be seen in the screenshot: making a line of (green) crocodiles in the centre of the screen will cause the crocodiles to disappear, and the (red) gorillas will meet to make a line of three.

One important aspect that sets Zoo Keeper apart from Bejeweled and its many clones is the ability to switch tiles while another move is still 'in progress'. This allows the player to set up chains, or to 'fake' chains by creating multiple rows of three in quick succession.

If no moves are available the screen is reset, but the clock keeps ticking. Similarly, while chains are formed after a level is cleared the clock continues, though the player is locked out from playing. A key challenge when playing Zoo Keeper is the inability to find a valid move, which players know must exist (otherwise the screen would be reset). To combat this, players can use the "binoculars" tool to show the position of any unmade moves.

At any time during the game, a Special Panel may appear. This is a tile which quickly flicks through all animal types giving it a flashing effect. Tapping on this tile will cause it to stop on one of the animals and all tiles of this type will be instantly removed from the screen. A rare phenomenon is where a row of three Special Panels is made. The result is a rainbow-like animation of the tiles and the word 'Revolution' appearing on the screen. 1,000,000 bonus points are rewarded when this happens.

On the DS version of the game, as shown in the screenshot, the upper screen shows a favourite animal, for which captures generate increased points. It utilises touch screen operation and the opportunity to battle another DS owner. Other versions allow two players to play at once on one screen.

Zoo Keeper
Zoo Keeper mode sets a quota of animal tiles to remove in order to advance a level. This quota starts at three animals. As play progresses, this quota increases, while the time limit to meet the quota decreases.

Tokoton
Tokoton is similar to the main mode, but the quota is set at 100 animals. In addition, the player is not required to catch 100 of every animal, but instead 100 of just one type. When 100 elephants, for example, are captured, the screen clears and the points awarded for each cleared tile are increased. The counter for elephants is reset to zero, but the counters for all other animals remain as they are. Therefore, it is common to increase by a few levels in a short period of time.

Quest
This mode consists of ten stages, where the Curator of the zoo sets certain challenges. These challenges are:
 * capture 20 lions (while capturing as few other animals as possible)
 * capture 15 more giraffes than pandas (or 15 more pandas than giraffes)
 * create thirty chains
 * capture each animal only once
 * pick a flashing multiplier or bonus
 * move a flashing tile to the bottom of the screen
 * capture seven times without chaining
 * capture a group of four or more animals five times
 * capture ten vertical lines (while capturing as few horizontal lines as possible)
 * fill the timer

This mode has attracted much criticism, as the randomness of the challenges and reward system mean that progressing is as much a matter of luck as it is of skill. In particular, in reference to the seventh challenge, Stuart Campbell wrote in his review that the game doesn't take into account that the random new items filling the places of the captured animals can inadvertently generate new captures, making the player's challenge impossible.

Time Attack
This mode is the same as the main game, but with a time limit of six minutes. The quotas needed for each level are reduced.

Super Hard Mode
Initially, players can choose to play on 'easy', 'medium' or 'hard' difficulties. These difficulties give higher points values to each game type. Super Hard Mode is unlocked by placing top in each of the previous modes' high score tables.

title: Zoo Keeper (2003 video game)


text:
Talk:Bacteriostatic agent

Untitled
I suggest to move the page to Bacteriostatic agent. Does anybody disagree? Nina 20:30, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Is this page about Bacteriostatic antibiotics rather than Bacteriostatic or Bacteriostatic agents?
For example, bacteriostatic water contains no antibiotics but rather it contains Benzyl Alchhol. So "bacteriostatic" does not mean "Bacteriostatic antibiotic", does it? Iambk 22:48, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Erm.......bactricidal is spelt incorrectly on the link - just thought I'd mention this rather glaring error in this scholarly article! ;)

Dr. Jezz Dennij01 16:42, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

ohh... changed now - that was my first edit in wiki!

Dr. Jezz Dennij01 16:47, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Silver
Silver and/or silver compounds are used as bacteriostatic agents, correct? Badagnani (talk) 23:38, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Mention of Oligodynamic effect?
This page is linked from the aluminium bronze page, which discuss how marine organisms do not grow on the alloys due to the biostatic effect etc. This seems similar enough to the oligodynamic effect to make it worth mentioning in the article, but at the very least this should be added to the "see also" section? How about mentioning alloys in this article? Tevonic (talk) 20:01, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Merge discussion
A merger with Bacteriostat has been proposed.

As far as I see, these articles talk about different things: Bacteriostatic agent about bacteriostatic antibacterials, the other article about chemicals used to prevent growth of bacteria in plastics etc. A merger would be somewhat in line with the article Bactericide, which also is a sort of catch-all.

The other, and possibly cleaner, possibility would be to discuss bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibacterials in Antibacterial, bactericidal antiseptics in Antiseptic, bactericidal disinfectants in Disinfectant, and keep Bactericide as a disambig. Bacteriostatic agent/Bacteriostat could then be reserved for the discussion of such chemicals, probably with a hatnote to Antibacterial. --ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 10:33, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Support merge. It seems to me that "bacteriostat" is kind of a general descriptor word, more like a potential Wikitionary entry than a subject for an encyclopedia article. Therefore, I think the merge target should be Bacteriostatic agent, which refers to the molecules themselves (with Bacteriostat as a redirect). I take your point about pharmaceuticals versus chemical additives, but that distinction can be covered in the merged article. I don't think we need two stubs to cover, separately, what will remain a rather small amount of information. --Tryptofish (talk) 21:33, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Support merge. I agree with Tryptofish, just reading the first sentence in bacteriostat sounds like a dictionary reference. Additionally, other than mentioning different examples, they both sound the same content wise. I can see the subtle difference between the two chemically but that seems more like semantics and remnant of an underlying leaning on the parts of the original authors. Personally, when I hear the word "bacteriostatic" I think of bacteriostatic water used for dissolution or dilution of drugs before injection. That uses benzyl alcohol as a preservative, sort of combining the chemical and pharmaceutical aspects. Falconerd (talk) 04:24, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Merged. Needs work, though. --ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 09:09, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bacteriostatic agent