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Grange Academy, Kilmarnock

Grange Academy (Scottish Gaelic: Acadamaidh Grange) is a non-denominational secondary school based in Kilmarnock in East Ayrshire, Scotland. It serves the Bonnyton and town centre areas of the town, with the associated primaries being Crosshouse Primary, Annanhill Primary, Hillhead Primary, Gargieston Primary and Shortlees Primary.

The current school estate was constructed in 2007, with the new campus, Grange Campus, opening in 2008 which also houses Annanhill Primary School and Park School. The current Head Teacher, Scott Robertson, took up post in March 2022 following the retirement of Robert Johnston. Scott Robertson is also the head of the wider Grange Campus.

In 2022, Grange Academy was ranked as 202nd best performing state school in Scotland, an increase from 254th in the 2021 league table rankings.

History
The original Grange Academy opened to pupils and staff in August 1966. The Grange Academy building was closed for renovations in 2013. Although Grange Academy serves the catchment areas of Bonnyton, town centre, Gargieston, Shortlees, Hillhead, Longpark and Crosshouse areas of Kilmarnock, the school has also served pupils from other areas across Ayrshire from primary schools including Beith (in Beith, North Ayrshire, Moorpark (Irvine, North Ayrshire), Struthers (Troon), Kilmaurs, Onthank (Kilmarnock), West, Kingcase (Prestwick), Sacred Heart (Girvan), Whatriggs (Kilmarnock), Loanhead (Kilmarnock) and St Andrews (Kilmarnock) primaries. These pupils would have been admitted to the school based upon successful placing requests as their residence and primary school is outwith the catchment area of Grange Academy.

Grange Campus
In September 2008, the new Grange Campus was completed and incorporated Grange Academy, Annanhill Primary School and Park School. The opening of the campus was pushed back from August 2008 to October 2008. The Grange Campus provides home to three schools; namely Annanhill Primary School, Grange Academy and Park School, which educates children with special needs. The teaching spaces are separate, but the games hall, assembly hall and dining area are shared. Built as a public-private partnership, the building was designed by Glasgow-based Archial Architects and constructed by a consortium, led by German contractor Hochtief, with two Paisley-based companies; Barr Construction and McLaughlin & Harvey.

Completed in 2008, the site provides an education for up to 1800 pupils. Grange Academy is a six-year non-denominational secondary school with a roll is 1203 pupils and 80 staff (2015). The campus has its own dedicated police officer.

The former Grange Academy building, opened in 1966, was demolished soon after the completion of the new school building in order to allow the construction and erection of new pitches and open area for pupils.

Grange Academy plays host to a SRU 'School of Rugby'. In 2012, the school was selected as the Ayrshire base for the Scottish Football Association's Performance Schools, a system devised to support the development of the best young talented footballers across the country (there are seven such schools across Scotland). As of 2018, the dedicated coach for the young players at Grange Academy is James Grady.

Capacity concerns
Despite being a recent educational investment and new programme for building undertaken by East Ayrshire Council, in 2021 there were reports of Grange Academy and the wider Grange Campus being overcrowded and operating above the agreed capacity of students. Pupils in Annanhill Primary, also located within the Grange Campus, have claimed they feel unsafe, with claims of primary pupils having to share toilets with those attending the secondary school (Grange Academy). Due to the overcrowding, pupils from Annanhill Primary had to be taught in four classrooms housed in Grange Academy, meaning they also had to share other facilities such as toilet accommodations. In order to address concerns, East Ayrshire Council, the local authority in charge of the schools operations, have limited the pupil intake at Annanhill Primary in 2021 to address overcrowding and over capacity concerns, and also approved plans for the construction of two new modular classrooms for Annanhill Primary School. The overall Grange campus has a capacity of 1,860 pupils, but in 2021 there were 1,953 pupils across the campus. Annanhill Primary has capacity for 459 pupils but the school had 526 in 2021.

A spokesperson for East Ayrshire Council addressed the issue, saying "The School Estate Management Plan (SEMP) has highlighted capacity issues within Grange Academy on an annual basis over a number of years, and it would be prudent to consider a more sustainable option, that safeguards the campus occupancy levels in the longer term."

Head of Campus post
Following the retirement of Robert Johnston from the post of Head Teacher, East Ayrshire Council appointed Scott Robertson, Head Teacher at nearby Loudoun Academy to succeed Johnston in the post of Head Teacher. As part of the appointment, as well as being Head Teacher of Grange Academy, Robertson shall be the Head of Campus, with direct responsibility for the daily operation of Grange Campus which includes Annanhill Primary School and Park School. A similar arrangement is in place at another East Ayrshire school, Robert Burns Academy, where the Head Teacher of the secondary school is also Head of Campus (Barony Campus) in Cumnock.

Scott Robertson was released from his duties as Head Teacher at Loudoun Academy on 5 March 2022 to take up the post at Grange Academy, allowing for a period of transition between him and Johnston before Johnston retired at the start of the Easter holidays.

School motto
The motto for Grange Academy which is displayed on the school badge is ‘Bono Animo Esto’ which means ‘Be of Good Courage’. This, the school says, is an encouragement for pupils to go about their lives in a spirit of positivity and grit which reflects the school ethos and underpins the core values of the school which are Respect, Responsibility, Resilience, Excellence and Ambition.

SFA Performance School
Grange Academy is home to the Scottish Football Association performance school, one of seven schools in Scotland that have been operating since 2012 with the aim to support the development of Scotland's best young footballing talent. The Performance Schools programme is designed to give talented boys and girls, with the best potential to develop their abilities, the opportunity to practise football everyday within an educational environment. Footballer Billy Gilmour previously attended Grange Academy and the SFA Performance School for four years between 2013 and 2017.

Notable former pupils

 * Kirsty McCabe, weather forecaster
 * Billy Gilmour, attended the SFA Academy at Grange, currently plays for Brighton and Hove Albion FC
 * Harry Cochrane, Scottish footballer
 * Zoë Strachan, author

title: Grange Academy, Kilmarnock


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Battle of St. Quentin

There have been a number of battles known as the Battle of Saint Quentin, most of which were fought in the vicinity of Saint-Quentin, Aisne in Picardy, France.

 * Battle of St. Quentin (1557), Savoy-Spanish victory over the French in the Habsburg-Valois Wars
 * Battle of St. Quentin (1871), during the Franco-Prussian War
 * Battle of St. Quentin (1914), also known as the Battle of Guise, between French and German forces
 * Battle of St. Quentin (1918), part of the German Spring Offensive Operation Michael
 * Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, attack at Mont St. Quentin near Péronne by the Australian Corps in August 1918
 * Battle of St Quentin Canal, attack by the British Fourth Army on the Hindenburg Line in September 1918
 * Capture of Saint-Quentin, encircle Saint-Quentin by the French First Army in October 1918

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of St. Quentin


text: Category:Images of signs

title: Category:Images of signs


text:
Eugenia (disambiguation)

Eugenia is a genus of plants. Eugenia may also refer to:
 * Eugenia (fly), A fly in the family Tachinidae

 * Eugenia, Ontario, Canada
 * Eugenia (given name), and persons bearing it
 * Eugenia (Lady of Quality), a pseudonym used by an unknown 18th century protofeminist pamphleteer
 * Eugenia (telenovela), in Mexico
 * The Eugenia, a 1964 English contract law case
 * Eugenia metro station, in Mexico City, Mexico
 * Eugenia (Mexico City Metrobús), a BRT station in Mexico City
 * SS Eugenia, 1950s and '60s name for SS Empire Conrad
 * 45 Eugenia, an asteroid
 * Eugenia (Joplin), a 1906 composition by Scott Joplin

title: Eugenia (disambiguation)


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Benoni Defense

The Benoni Defense, or simply the Benoni, is a chess opening characterized by an early reply of ...c5 against White's opening move 1.d4.

The original form of the Benoni, now known as the Old Benoni, is characterized by
 * 1. d4 c5

This leaves Black a few options such as an early ...f5 and an early dark-squared bishop trade by ...Be7-g5, but has the drawback that White is no longer committed to playing c2-c4 after the response 2.d5. White may prefer to occupy c4 with a knight, or to inconvenience Black's development with an early bishop check on b5.

More commonly, it is reached by the sequence:
 * 1. d4 Nf6
 * 2. c4 c5
 * 3. d5

Black can then offer a pawn sacrifice with 3...b5 (the Benko Gambit), otherwise 3...e6 is the most common move, leading to the Modern Benoni. 3...d6 or 3...g6 are also seen, typically transposing to main lines, or to lines of the King's Indian Defense. 3...e5, the Czech Benoni, is now considered old-fashioned and allows White a clear space advantage.

Etymology
Benoni (Ben-Oni) is an ancient Hebrew name, still occasionally used, meaning "son of my sorrow". It is a reference to the Biblical account of the dying Rachel giving birth to Benjamin, whom she named Ben-Oni.

In 1825 Aaron Reinganum, a prominent member of the Frankfurt Jewish community, published a book entitled Ben-Oni oder die Vertheidigungen gegen die Gambitzüge im Schache in which he analyzed several defenses to the King's Gambit and the Queen's Gambit, as well as the then unknown opening 1.d4 c5. Reinganum, who studied chess to alleviate his depression, conceived the name "Ben-Oni" as a nickname for his writings rather than the name of an opening.

In the 1843 Staunton–Saint Amant match, Saint Amant met 1.d4 with 1...c5 in the second and fourth games. Saint Amant wrote in Le Palamède (1843): "This opening is not favorable to Black. Bennoni [sic] gives some examples; but it loses time to White, which deprives Black of all the advantages of a good opening." Staunton wrote in The Chess-Player's Companion (1849): "M. St. Amant derived this somewhat bizarre defense from Benoni. (Benoni, oder Vertheidigungen die Gambitzüge im Schache, &c. Von Aaron Reinganum, Frankfort, 1825.)" Staunton also mentions "Ben-Oni" while commenting on the move 1...c5 in The Chess-player's Handbook (1847, page 382).

Subsequently, the name "Benoni" came to be associated with the opening 1.d4 c5, and later with 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 and other openings in which Black counters d2–d4 with an early ....c7–c5, without first having played ...d7–d5.

Old Benoni: 1.d4 c5
The Old Benoni Defense starts with 1.d4 c5. White usually replies 2.d5 in order to gain, as 2.dxc5 e6 leads to no advantage, and 2.e4 transposes to the Morra Gambit, also promising at best. The Old Benoni may transpose to the Czech Benoni, but there are a few independent variations. This form has never attracted serious interest in high-level play, though Alexander Alekhine defeated Efim Bogoljubow with it in one game of their second match, in 1934. The Old Benoni is sometimes called the Blackburne Defense after Englishman Joseph Henry Blackburne, the first player known to have used it successfully.

Czech Benoni: 3...e5
In the Czech Benoni, also known as the Hromadka Benoni, after Karel Hromádka, Black plays 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e5. The Czech Benoni is more than the Modern Benoni, but also more passive. The middlegames arising from this line are characterized by much maneuvering; in most lines, Black will look to break with ...b7–b5 or ...f7–f5 after due preparation, while White may play Nc3, e4, h3, Bd3, Nf3, and g4, in order to gain space on the and prevent ...f5. Grandmaster Ben Finegold often plays this line; he notably beat Mamedyarov in this variation.

Benko Gambit: 3...b5
The Benko Gambit, also known as the Volga Gambit, begins 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5. Play usually continues 4.cxb5 a6 5.bxa6 Bxa6. Black sacrifices a pawn for open lines and long-term positional pressure on the queen's side.

Modern Benoni: 3...e6
The Modern Benoni, 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6, is the second most common form of Benoni after the Benko Gambit. Black's intention is to play ...exd5 and create a pawn, whose advance will be supported by a fianchettoed bishop on g7. The combination of these two features differentiates Black's setup from the other Benoni defenses and the King's Indian Defense, although transpositions between these openings are common. The Modern Benoni is classified under the ECO codes A60–A79.

Blumenfeld Countergambit: 3...e6 4.Nf3 b5
The Blumenfeld is a variant of the Modern Benoni beginning 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nf3 b5. While it superficially resembles the Benko Gambit, it has a different strategic goal, that being to initiate counterplay against White's pawn center rather than develop positional pressure on the queen's side.

Snake Benoni: 3...e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 Bd6
The Snake Benoni is a variant of the Modern Benoni where the bishop is developed to d6 rather than g7. This opening was invented in 1982 by Rolf Olav Martens, who gave it its name because of the sinuous movement of the bishop—in Martens's original concept, Black follows up with 6...Bc7 and sometimes ...Ba5—and because the Swedish word for "snake", orm, was an anagram of his initials. Normunds Miezis has been a regular exponent of this variation. Aside from Martens's plan, 6...0-0 intending ...Re8, ...Bf8 and a potential redeployment of the bishop to g7, has also been tried. White appears to retain the advantage against both setups.

ECO
The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings has many codes for the Benoni Defense.

Old Benoni Defense:
 * A43 1.d4 c5
 * A44 1.d4 c5 2.d5 e5

Benoni Defense:
 * A56 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 (includes Czech Benoni)
 * A57–A59 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5 (Benko Gambit)
 * A60 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6
 * A61 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.Nf3 g6

Fianchetto Variation:
 * A62 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.Nf3 g6 7.g3 Bg7 8.Bg2 0-0
 * A63 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.Nf3 g6 7.g3 Bg7 8.Bg2 0-0 9.0-0 Nbd7
 * A64 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.Nf3 g6 7.g3 Bg7 8.Bg2 0-0 9.0-0 Nbd7 10.Nd2 a6 11.a4 Re8

Modern Benoni:
 * A65 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4
 * A66 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4

Taimanov Variation:
 * A67 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4 Bg7 8.Bb5+

Four Pawns Attack:
 * A68 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4 Bg7 8.Nf3 0-0
 * A69 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4 Bg7 8.Nf3 0-0 9.Be2 Re8

Classical Benoni:
 * A70 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3
 * A71 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Bg5
 * A72 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 0-0
 * A73 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 0-0 9.0-0
 * A74 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 0-0 9.0-0 a6
 * A75 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 0-0 9.0-0 a6 10.a4 Bg4
 * A76 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 0-0 9.0-0 Re8
 * A77 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 0-0 9.0-0 Re8 10.Nd2
 * A78 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 0-0 9.0-0 Re8 10.Nd2 Na6
 * A79 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 0-0 9.0-0 Re8 10.Nd2 Na6 11.f3

title: Benoni Defense


text:
User talk:Zpd

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Selphie 12:07, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC) *talk*

title: User talk:Zpd


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B18

B18 or B-18 may refer to:

 * Alton Bay Seaplane Base (FAA LID: B18)
 * B-18 Bolo, an American bomber aircraft by Douglas based on the Douglas DC-2
 * B 18, a Swedish bomber aircraft made by SAAB
 * B18 (New York City bus) serving Brooklyn
 * B18 road (Cyprus)
 * Caro-Kann Defence, in chess (Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code B18)
 * HLA-B18, an HLA-B serotype
 * Honda B engine
 * Volvo B18 engine
 * Boron-18 (B-18 or 18B), an isotope of boron
 * LNER Class B18, classified B1 until 1943
 * 18th Street gang (Barrio 18)

title: B18


text:
French frigate La Motte-Picquet

La Motte-Picquet was a F70 type anti-submarine frigate of the French Navy. She was the fourth French vessel named after the 18th Century admiral count Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte. she was serving in the Persian Gulf. The ship was decommissioned in October 2020.

Service history
On 22 August 2007, she took custody of the Danish freighter MV Danica White which had been captured by pirates on 3 June.

2011/12 tour
She left Brest on 9 November 2011 for active duty in the Indian Ocean and was refuelled by the US replenishment ship USNS Patuxent (T-AO-201) on 10 January 2012. On 22 January she passed through the Straits of Hormuz with the British frigate HMS Argyll (F231) and a US battlegroup centred on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72).

Opération Chammal
In November 2015, a French Navy press release stated that La Motte-Picquet will be part of the FRENCH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Charles de Gaulle task force launching strikes against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant starting January 2016.

Tracking Russian warships
In March 2016, La Motte-Picquet shadowed the RUSSIAN DESTROYER Vice-Admiral Kulakov, an oiler and a tugboat as it passed near French waters.

British-French CJEF
In April 2016, La Motte-Picquet was part of the Anglo-French CJEF exercise.

title: French frigate La Motte-Picquet


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List of stations in London fare zone 3

Fare zone 3 is an inner zone of Transport for London's zonal fare system used for calculating the price of tickets for travel on the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and, since 2007, on National Rail services. It was created on 22 May 1983 and extends from approximately 4 mi to 7.75 mi from Piccadilly Circus.

List of stations
The following stations are in zone 3:

Changes

 * January 1999: East India and Pudding Mill Lane (DLR) from Zone 3 to Zone 2/3 boundary
 * January 2000: Beckton, Cyprus, Gallions Reach and Beckton Park (DLR) from Zone 4 to Zone 3
 * January 2008: Hampstead Heath from Zone 3 to Zone 2, Willesden Junction from Zone 3 to Zone 2/3 boundary and Acton Central from Zone 2 to Zone 3
 * January 2016: Stratford, Stratford High Street, Stratford International DLR station, West Ham, Canning Town, Star Lane and Abbey Road from Zone 3 to Zone 2/3 boundary.
 * December 2023: Addition of Brent Cross West

title: List of stations in London fare zone 3


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shadowmech

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:19, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Shadowmech
The Talk page says it was speedily deleted, but then brought back because of a dispute, in December 2004. Nothing links to it. Google shows nothing. The two red wiki-links also had articles. Sonicultra went through a speedy, revert, and VfD. Neosonix was also speedied, reverted, then deleted somehow. ANYWAY, I think it's time to finish cleaning this out. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-16 12:11 Z This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Extremely non-notable, attempt at vanity, and POV. Radiant! 12:36, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 15:07, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 15:08, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, prankish vanity. Wyss 19:11, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Volvo B18 engine

The B18 is a 1.8 L inline four cylinder overhead valve automobile engine produced by Volvo from 1961 through 1968. A larger 2.0 L derivative called the B20 debuted in 1969.

Despite being a pushrod design, the engines can rev to 6,500 rpm. They are also reputed to be very durable. The world's highest mileage car, a 1966 Volvo P1800S, traveled more than 3039122 mi on its original B18 engine.

B18
The B18 is a 1.8 L overhead valve (OHV) engine with two valves per cylinder. It has five main bearings, two more than the B16.

With a bore of 84.14 mm and stroke of 80 mm, the B18 displaces 1778 cc. The cylinders are on 105 / split bore centers, where the spacing between cylinders 2 and 3 is wider than that between cylinders 1 and 2 or 3 and 4. The engine was used in Volvo's PV544, P210 Duett, 120 (Amazon), P1800 and 140 series. It could also be found in the L3314 and the Bandvagn 202 military vehicles. The B18 was fitted to many Volvo Penta sterndrive marine propulsion systems. It was also used in the Facel Vega Facel III and the Marcos 1800 GT.

There are four variations of this engine:
 * B18A: Single carburettor version.
 * B18B: Dual carburettor version with a higher compression ratio, fitted variously with dual sidedraft SU or Zenith/Stromberg carburettors.
 * B18C: Single carburettor version with a lower compression ratio and mechanical RPM regulator, fitted in the gasoline powered versions of the Volvo BM 320 tractor. This version was also used for the elevator in the PS-15 radar system.
 * B18D Dual carburettor version with a lower compression ratio.

DOHC
In 1971 Swedish engineer Gunnar Axelsson developed a DOHC cylinder head for the B18 engine family. This cylinder head was used in competition Volvos for several years. On 1 January 2014 the Grainger & Worrall company announced that they had partnered with Axelsson to reproduce the DOHC head for the B18 engine. Power output of the base engine was expected to be 190 bhp, while a high-output version developing 225 bhp would also be available.

B36
In 1952 Volvo unveiled the Volvo Philip concept car powered by a 3.6 litre V8 engine that would later be called the B36. The V8 engine had exactly the same bore and stroke dimensions as the four-cylinder B18, leading some to suggest that the B18 is one-half of the V8. Significant differences between the two engines included the fact that while the V8 engine has crossflow cylinder heads, the four cylinder has a reverse-flow cylinder head. This suggests that the engines are for the most part separate designs.

B20
The 2 L B20 is a bored-out B18 introduced in 1969, with its bore diameter enlarged to 88.9 mm and a displacement of 1986 cc. The design is virtually identical to the earlier B18, thus most parts are functionally interchangeable, albeit with running changes to the manufacture and design of components. The B20 engine was used in the Volvo 120, 1800, 140, C202 and 240 series, and also in the Bofors Haubits FH77 howitzer. A modified version was used in the one-off 1969 Volvo GTZ concept car. The B20 was produced until 1981.

There are five variations of this engine:
 * B20A: Single carburettor version. First produced in 1969.
 * B20B: Dual carburettor version with a higher compression ratio. First produced in 1969.
 * B20D: Dual carburettor version with a lower compression ratio. First produced in 1971.
 * B20E: Fuel injection version with a high compression ratio. First produced in 1970.
 * B20F: Fuel injection version with low compression ratio. First produced in 1972 for lower emissions.

The B20E and B20F versions featured larger valves, and intake/exhaust ports and for 1974–1975 switched from electronic D-Jetronic to mechanical K-Jetronic injection.

In 1974 the number of bolts holding the flywheel increased from 6 to 8 and the size of the connecting rods was increased.

The B20A was revived for use in the C202 from 1977 to 1981.

B30
The 3.0 L six-cylinder B30 is a B20 with two additional cylinders, introduced for the 1969 model for the newly released Volvo 164.

title: Volvo B18 engine


text:
Talk:Benoni Defense

Would be nice to have a diagram here 129.177.61.124 12:14, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The diagram has been sorted out; can you please delete this talk page to ensure that nobody thinks there is any real content here? (make the discussion tab red please?) Sjakkalle 08:39, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

There is no need to delete talk pages, quite the contrary. They can be edited down and old content removed to an archive if neccesary. Rich Farmbrough 09:43, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Benoni is more accurately (and poetically) tranlated as Son of Sorrow, so I made the change.

For example:

Rachel, the second wife of Jacob, gave birth to Benjamin, the name meaning "Son of the Right Hand". He was named Benjamin by Jacob after his mother, Rachel, in her sorrow, had named him Benoni, meaning "Son of Sorrow". Rachel died on the road to Ephrata (Bethlehem) after giving birth.

Genesis 35:18-20

Old Benoni Defence redirect
If Old Benoni Defence is going to redirect here, then there should be some content about what to do with the move order 1. d4 c5. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.54.1.137 (talk) 22:20, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

 * This is wikipedia, feel free to add what is missing. SunCreator (talk) 23:10, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I have a question. Why is it called the "Old Benoni"? Since the Benoni as a whole was first named in the 1825 manuscript mentioned in the article, the name "Old Benoni" suggests that this was the form of the opening considered in the original manuscript. Is this, in fact, the case? Does anyone know? 91.107.149.205 (talk) 18:13, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

Etymology
The manuscript is n o t  about this opening. By the way: It is a book!11:11, 26 June 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikiraven65 (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Benoni Defense


text:
List of stations in London fare zone 4

Fare zone 4 is an outer zone of Transport for London's zonal fare system used for calculating the price of tickets for travel on the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and, since 2007, on National Rail services. It was created on 22 May 1983 and extends from approximately 6.75 to 10 mi from Piccadilly Circus.

List of stations
The following stations are within zone 4:

Changes

 * January 2000: Beckton, Cyprus, Gallions Reach and Beckton Park (DLR) from Zone 4 to Zone 3
 * January 2004: Crystal Palace from Zone 4 to Zone 3/4 boundary
 * January 2007: Roding Valley, Chigwell, Grange Hill, Hainault, Fairlop and Barkingside from Zone 5 to Zone 4.
 * June 2019: Removal of Angel Road and addition of Meridian Water
 * May 2022: Addition of Woolwich
 * July 2022: Addition of Barking Riverside

title: List of stations in London fare zone 4


text: Category:Midbrain

title: Category:Midbrain


text:
List of stations in London fare zone 5

Fare zone 5 is an outer zone of Transport for London's zonal fare system used for calculating the price of tickets for travel on the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and, since 2007, on National Rail services. The zone was created in May 1983 and in January 1991 part of it was split off to create Travelcard Zone 6. It extends from approximately 9.75 to 12.75 mi from Piccadilly Circus.

List of stations
The following stations are within zone 5:

Changes

 * January 1991: zone 6 created from part of zone 5
 * January 2005: Cheam and Belmont from zone 6 to zone 5
 * January 2007: Stoneleigh from zone 6 to zone 5

title: List of stations in London fare zone 5


text:
French frigate Georges Leygues

Georges Leygues (D640) was the lead ship of the F70 type anti-submarine frigate of the French Marine Nationale. The French Navy does not use the term "destroyer" for its ships; hence some large ships, referred to as "frigates", are registered as destroyers. She was the second French vessel named after the 19–20th century politician and Navy Minister, Georges Leygues. She was the tender for the former helicopter cruiser Jeanne d'Arc.

Service history
In 1981, Georges Leygues and the fleet escort Guépratte, cruising in front of an Allied fleet during training sessions, detected a Soviet submarine, which they chased for 19 hours. A rare instance of submarine warfare occurred, the Soviet submarine tried running at 28 kn and diving under the sonar of Georges Leygues to try to avoid detection, before she was forced to surface, being formally identified as a Victor class submarine by the on-board Lynx WG13.

The same year, Georges Leygues intervened when the Iranian ship Tabarzin was captured by a commando hostile to the new regime, and sailed to France. The commando reached France and requested political refugee status, while the ship was returned to Iran.

In 1987, France and Iran having broken off diplomatic relations, Georges Leygues escorted commercial ships in the Persian Gulf.

In 1992, Georges Leygues took part in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia.

In 1999, she was partially modified to accommodate student officers, and started tending the cruiser Jeanne d'Arc in the context of the training voyages of the French Naval Academy. The same year, after catastrophic flooding occurred in Mozambique the two ships were re-routed to deliver humanitarian aid.

In early 2004, after the 2004 Haitian coup d'état, Jeanne d'Arc and Georges Leygues were re-routed to assist in the French intervention there. In December the same year, the two ships intervened in Indonesia after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. In 2011, the frigate took part in the evacuation of the civilians from Tunisia. The ship was decommissioned on 21 March 2014.

title: French frigate Georges Leygues


text:
Category:Scheduling (computing)

Category for articles related to scheduling of computer resources by operating system kernels, including scheduling of tasks, hard disk operations, and network messages.

title: Category:Scheduling (computing)


text: Template:Canoeing and kayaking at the Summer Olympics


text:
Kamphaeng Phet MRT station

Kamphaeng Phet station (สถานีกำแพงเพชร, ) is a Bangkok MRT station on the Blue Line in Bangkok, Thailand. It is beneath Kamphaeng Phet Road (Thanon), providing a direct access to the Chatuchak Weekend Market and OrTorKor Market. Not to be confused with the town or province of Kamphaeng Phet. An underground mall opened here in early 2009.

The preceding station is Bang Sue station and next station is Chatuchak Park.

The road is named after Purachatra Jayakara, Prince of Kamphaeng Phet (Thai, พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าบุรฉัตรไชยากร กรมพระกำแพงเพชรอัครโยธิน), the first Thai commander of State Railway of Thailand.

title: Kamphaeng Phet MRT station


text:
William Henry Harris

Sir William Henry Harris (28 March 1883 – 6 September 1973) was an English organist, choral trainer and composer.

Early life and education
Harris was born in Fulham, London and became a chorister at Holy Trinity, Tulse Hill. At the age of 14, he took up a "flexible" position as assistant organist at St David's Cathedral in Wales under Herbert Morris, followed at 16 by a scholarship to the Royal College of Music. His teachers there were Sir Walter Parratt, Charles Wood, and Henry Walford Davies.

Career
Harris was organist at St Augustine's Church, Edgbaston from 1911 to 1919 and concurrently assistant organist at Lichfield Cathedral. During this time he also taught at the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire in collaboration with Granville Bantock. A move to Oxford in 1919 saw him take up organist positions successively at New College and in 1929 Christ Church, Oxford. While at Oxford, he conducted the Oxford Bach Choir (1925-1933) and was instrumental in founding and conducting the Opera Club, which put on the pioneering production of Monteverdi's Orfeo staged by Jack Westrup in 1925. In 1933 he was appointed organist at St George's Chapel, Windsor in succession to Charles Hylton Stewart. There, he was at his most productive: composing for the Three Choirs Festival, conducting at both the 1937 and 1953 coronations, and producing two orchestral pieces premiered at The Proms: the overture Once Upon a Time (1940) and the Heroic Prelude (1942).

Bruce Nightingale, who became senior chorister at Windsor during the wartime years, describes "Doc H" as having "a fat, usually jolly face with a few wisps of hair across an otherwise bald head." Although choir practice was normally conducted in a "benign atmosphere," Nightingale recounts that Harris would occasionally complain of a "batey practise" and, on the rare occasions he considered a performance mediocre, would scold the choirboys in a loud stage whisper from the organ loft. Harris was involved in the musical education of the teenage Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret Rose, who spent the wartime period at Windsor Castle. Every Monday he would direct madrigal practice in the Red Drawing Room at Windsor, where the two Princesses sang alongside four of the senior choristers with the lower voices augmented by Etonians, Grenadier Guards and members of the Windsor and Eton Choral Society. Jars of Argentinian honey, sent to Windsor by overseas subjects, were donated by the Princesses to the Choir School as a treat for the choristers.

Between 1923 and 1953 Harris served as a professor of organ and harmony and the Royal College of Music. He was also president of the Royal College of Organists (1946–8), and director of musical studies at the Royal School of Church Music (1956–61). He was appointed KCVO in 1954. Harris married Kathleen Doris Carter in 1913 and they had two daughters. After retirement from St George's Windsor in 1961 the couple went to live in Petersfield, Hampshire. Kathleen had suffered from deafness since 1925, but in the early 1960s her hearing was partially restored. She died in 1968. Harris died at the age of 90 five years later.

Compositions
Harris is best remembered today for his Anglican church music, though during his lifetime he was mainly known for his achievements as a choir-trainer. His most famous works are two anthems for unaccompanied double choir: Faire is the heaven (1925), a setting of Edmund Spenser's poem "An Hymne of Heavenly Beautie"; and Bring us, O Lord God, a setting of a poem by John Donne first heard in Windsor on 29 October 1959, and which was sung at the Committal Service of Queen Elizabeth II at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle on 19 September 2022.

Another popular anthem by Harris is Strengthen ye the weak hands (1949) for choir and organ. The late anthem Evening Hymn (1961), a setting of Thomas Browne's 'The Night is Come', is particularly notable for its intense and expressive ending (on the words 'when I shall never sleep again, but wake forever') set "in a cool, clear C major with the hint of a sharpened fourth". His Communion Service in F was frequently sung in a great many Anglican parish churches up until the 1970s. The canticles Harris in A and Harris in A minor are still sung at Evensong in a number of Anglican cathedrals. The hymn tune Alberta (often used for the words Lead, Kindly Light), and various Anglican psalm chants remain familiar.

Harris also composed cantatas and organ pieces. His largest composition, the 1919 choral-orchestral cantata The Hound of Heaven (a setting of the religious allegory by Francis Thompson), has been almost completely forgotten. A second cantata, Michael Angelo's Confession of Faith (to a poem by Morna Stuart, after Wordsworth), was composed for the Three Choirs Festival in 1935. The organ works span seventy-four years, from the 1899 Andante in D to the Prelude in G (1973), which was later played at the funeral of Princess Diana. Most of the organ pieces are miniatures, with the exception of the Organ Sonata (1938) and the two complex Fantasias on "Babylon Streams" (1922) and "Monks Gate" (1930).

title: William Henry Harris


text:
Ronald Nall-Cain, 2nd Baron Brocket

Arthur Ronald Nall Nall-Cain, 2nd Baron Brocket KStJ (4 August 1904 – 24 March 1967) was a prominent British Nazi sympathiser and Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.

Early life
He was born into a millionaire brewing family on 4 August 1904. His father, Charles Nall-Cain, was created a baronet in 1921 and Baron Brocket of Brocket Hall in 1933. After his death a year later, Arthur succeeded to his titles.

Nall-Cain was educated at Eton College and Oxford University, where he captained the golf team. He became a barrister and a Hertfordshire County Councillor.

Political career
He was elected as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Liverpool Wavertree at a by-election in 1931, and was a close associate of Neville Chamberlain. After his father died, Nall-Cain was required to leave the House of Commons as he was elevated to the House of Lords.

Nazi sympathiser
Brocket became known in society as a Nazi sympathiser. He became a committed member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, and his homes were used for entertaining supporters of Germany. Brocket, who considered Minister for Foreign Affairs Joachim von Ribbentrop a close personal friend, was so enamoured with Nazi Germany, he attended Hitler's 50th birthday celebration in Berlin in 1939. According to Neville Chamberlain, Foreign Secretary, the Earl of Halifax used Brocket as a conduit to convey the views of the British government to the leading German Nazis.

At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Brocket continued to work for an understanding between Britain and Germany. He urged a negotiated peace settlement and tried to arrange talks with Hitler. He had contact with Hermann Göring through the Swedish ornithologist Bengt Berg. Brocket also worked closely with the historian Arthur Bryant, who shared his far right views, to bring the negotiations to the attention of the UK Foreign Office. However, Brocket was informed that the proposal to grant Germany control over Poland and Czechoslovakia was not acceptable to the British government. Brocket was interned at the outbreak of war and his properties sequestrated by the War Office.

Landowner
In the 1930s, Brocket bought Inverie House and the Knoydart estate in Lochaber, Scotland. He would eventually owned 13,000 acres (53 km2) in England and 62,000 in Scotland. As an absentee landlord, he only used the Knoydart estate for shooting and fishing while opposing the rights of crofters and dismissing and evicting workers. At the outbreak of war, the house and estate was taken over by the British Army when Brocket was interned; it was used to train commandos and SOE agents. After the war, the British government returned ownership of the estate to Brocket. He ordered that anything which might have been used or touched by SOE agents removed from Inverie House; all the cutlery, crockery and toilets were dumped in the sea at the mouth of Loch Nevis.

In 1948, some returning Highland soldiers, who would become known as Seven Men of Knoydart, decided to take a stand against Brocket and the way he managed his estate. The group claimed portions of the Knoydart estate in a land raid. But after Brocket took legal action to get them evicted, the group agreed to vacate the land as a good faith action for court. However, once they left they were dispossessed and they lost the case. Shortly afterwards Brocket sold the Knoydart estate. In 1949, he bought the Carton House estate in Ireland.

Personal life
Brocket inherited two stately homes in the UK. Brocket Hall in Hertfordshire and Bramshill Park, in Hampshire. In 1927, Brocket married Angela Beatrix Pennyman, younger daughter of Rev. Preb. William Geoffrey Pennyman of Ormesby Hall in Yorkshire. Together, they were the parents of:

 * Ronald Charles Manus Nall-Cain (1928–1961), eldest son and heir apparent, who pre-deceased his father, having in 1950 married Elizabeth Mary Stallard, a daughter of R.J. Stallard of Bake House, Petersfield, Hampshire.
 * David Lawrence Robert Nall-Cain (born 1930), 2nd son, who inherited Carton House from his father. He married Katherine Elizabeth Palmer, a daughter of William Matthew Palmer, Viscount Wolmer (1912-1942), eldest son and heir apparent of Roundell Palmer, 3rd Earl of Selborne (1887–1971). In 1977 he sold Carton to the Mallaghan family.
 * Elizabeth Angela Veronica Rose Nall-Cain (born 1938), wife of Thomas Taylour, 6th Marquess of Headfort.

Descendants
Through his eldest son, he was a grandfather to convicted fraudster Charles Ronald George Nall-Cain, 3rd Baron Brocket (b. 1952), of Brocket Hall, and great-grandfather of Princess Antalya of Prussia (daughter of the 3rd Lord Brocket), and through his daughter grandfather to Christopher Taylour, 7th Marquess of Headfort.

Death
Nall-Cain died on 24 March 1967 and was succeeded by his grandson, Charles.

title: Ronald Nall-Cain, 2nd Baron Brocket


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Usher's Passing

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 20:15, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Usher's Passing
Book review. POV, and writer unspecified. Possible fanfic, probably not notable. Radiant! 12:25, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Not entirely famous, but based on my amazon results at least it's not a fanfic. Mgm|(talk) 13:54, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 15:08, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, book ad. Wyss 19:05, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 05:05, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability, and books are not inherently notable. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:25, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Urrbrae Agricultural High School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Joyous 20:17, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Urrbrae Agricultural High School
High school with 'almost 1000 students'. Probable misspelled title. Doubtful notability. Delete Radiant! 12:25, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Urrbrae is not misspelled, it's Australian. Genuine school. Terrible article, though. I believe this is one of those specialist schools (in this case, agriculture). Looking at the address at the bottom of their website, I'd suggest a merge of the useful information to Netherby, South Australia if that article existed. A google suggests that it is adjacent to part of the University of Adelaide and a number of agricultural research institutes, so it probably should be mentioned in an article on the local geographical area. Since we don't appear to have an article on Urrbrae, Netherby, South Australia, or Mitcham, South Australia it looks like a mention in the Educational Institutions section in the main Adelaide article is currently the only option for a merge. Average Earthman 13:43, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'd urge the author to read a lot of Wikipedia's policy and style pages and come up with a decent article for this. In my experience no one questions the notability of school articles if they are well-written. Trilobite (Talk) 15:09, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A good stub - SimonP 16:35, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Trilobite's experience is not mine. Non-notable school.  Delete.  RickK`
 * Delete, BEEFSTEW score of 3 (A,D,H). —Korath (Talk) 01:38, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Trilobite.  —RaD Man (talk) 02:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if there are university entries why not schools (oh, wait, why not delete the whole wikipedia)... Beta m (talk)
 * If there are Nobel Prize winner articles, why not articles on everyone with any science related qualification? Oh hold on, that's just silly. See the point? There has to be a line somewhere. Average Earthman 11:10, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Because universities do scientific research, and schools do not. For the same reason, the White House is listed in WP, but the Albuquerque town hall is not. Radiant! 13:04, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * If there are articles on actors, why not on every person who has ever lived? RickK 22:28, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Find the exact location, merge it into that article and delete - Skysmith 11:18, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a decent school stub, valid topic. --Andylkl 18:46, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, obviously - David Gerard 23:10, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/U.S. 41st Field Artillery Brigade

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Joyous 20:19, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

U.S. 41st Field Artillery Brigade
Probable vanity. Notability of this particular brigade not established. Main focus is on commander's name and external URL. Radiant! 12:26, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I added more info. Brigades are notable, if only for their size. Kevin Rector 14:40, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Whether it's notable or not there is little of value in this article. Trilobite (Talk) 15:12, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Having little of value makes it a stub not a candidate for deletion. Kevin Rector 15:17, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * On second thoughts I think you are right on this one. Keep. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:52, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Brigades are large and finite in number. "provides divisonal artillery support for the 1st Armored Division" is/was an adequately valuable fact. Kappa 15:15, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well done Kevin Rector. Capitalistroadster 15:54, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * All military units are notable. Keep.  RickK 00:08, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that I agree that all units are notable but brigades probably are. Below brigade level, they'd have to be an independent command or have an exceptional history.  Keep.  Rossami (talk) 00:32, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — Many brigades/regiments are very worthy topics. RJH 19:11, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Trend-stationary process

In the statistical analysis of time series, a trend-stationary process is a stochastic process from which an underlying trend (function solely of time) can be removed, leaving a stationary process. The trend does not have to be linear.

Conversely, if the process requires differencing to be made stationary, then it is called difference stationary and possesses one or more unit roots. Those two concepts may sometimes be confused, but while they share many properties, they are different in many aspects. It is possible for a time series to be non-stationary, yet have no unit root and be trend-stationary. In both unit root and trend-stationary processes, the mean can be growing or decreasing over time; however, in the presence of a shock, trend-stationary processes are mean-reverting (i.e. transitory, the time series will converge again towards the growing mean, which was not affected by the shock) while unit-root processes have a permanent impact on the mean (i.e. no convergence over time).

Formal definition
A process {Y} is said to be trend-stationary if

 * $$Y_t = f(t) + e_t,$$

where t is time, f is any function mapping from the reals to the reals, and {e} is a stationary process. The value $$f(t)$$ is said to be the trend value of the process at time t.

Simplest example: stationarity around a linear trend
Suppose the variable Y evolves according to

 * $$Y_t = a \cdot t + b + e_t$$

where t is time and et is the error term, which is hypothesized to be white noise or more generally to have been generated by any stationary process. Then one can use  linear regression to obtain an estimate $$\hat{a}$$ of the true underlying trend slope $$a$$ and an estimate $$\hat{b}$$ of the underlying intercept term b; if the estimate $$\hat{a}$$ is significantly different from zero, this is sufficient to show with high confidence that the variable Y is non-stationary. The residuals from this regression are given by

 * $$\hat{e}_t = Y_t - \hat{a} \cdot t - \hat{b}.$$

If these estimated residuals can be statistically shown to be stationary (more precisely, if one can reject the hypothesis that the true underlying errors are non-stationary), then the residuals are referred to as the detrended data, and the original series {Yt} is said to be trend-stationary even though it is not stationary.

Exponential growth trend
Many economic time series are characterized by exponential growth. For example, suppose that one hypothesizes that gross domestic product is characterized by stationary deviations from a trend involving a constant growth rate. Then it could be modeled as

 * $$\text{GDP}_t = Be^{at}U_t$$

with Ut being hypothesized to be a stationary error process. To estimate the parameters $$a$$ and B, one first takes the natural logarithm (ln) of both sides of this equation:

 * $$ \ln (\text{GDP}_t) = \ln B + at + \ln (U_t).$$

This log-linear equation is in the same form as the previous linear trend equation and can be detrended in the same way, giving the estimated $$(\ln U)_t$$ as the detrended value of $$ (\ln \text{GDP})_t $$, and hence the implied $$U_t$$ as the detrended value of $$\text{GDP}_t$$, assuming one can reject the hypothesis that $$(\ln U)_t$$ is non-stationary.

Quadratic trend
Trends do not have to be linear or log-linear. For example, a variable could have a quadratic trend:

 * $$Y_t = a \cdot t + c \cdot t^2 + b + e_t.$$

This can be regressed linearly in the coefficients using t and t2 as regressors; again, if the residuals are shown to be stationary then they are the detrended values of $$Y_t$$.

title: Trend-stationary process


text:
French frigate Dupleix

Dupleix was a F70 type anti-submarine frigate of the French Navy. She was the fourth French vessel (beside also two French commercial ships) named after the 18th century Governor of Pondichéry and Governor-General of the French possessions in India marquess Joseph François Dupleix. She was decommissioned in 2014.

Service history
Dupleix was constructed by the Brest Arsenal, France, with her keel being laid down on 17 October 1975. The vessel was launched on 2 December 1978 and was commissioned into the French Navy on 13 June 1981. The vessel was named for Joseph François Dupleix, the 18th century Governor of Pondichéry and Governor-General of the French possessions in India. The ship was decommissioned in 2014, and taken to Saint-Mandrier, to replace the ex-Rance at the diving school located there.

title: French frigate Dupleix


text:
KHR

KHR may be:
 * Cambodian riel, the currency of Cambodia
 * Kharkhorin Airport in Mongolia (IATA code)
 * KHR Arkitekter, a Danish architecture company
 * KHR-1, a robot

title: KHR


text:
Talk:IiNet

Westnet / Netspace Aquisition and Branding
Westnet and Netspace operate as "seperate entities" but are run under the same office; same departments; same teams; only with different branding. This has been the case since at least 2011.

Ozemail has been purchased by iiNet making them the 3rd largest ISP in Australia

citation of claims?
It claims it was the first ISP to offer PPP access in Australia, and believed to be the first to base operations on the then new Linux operating system.. Any citation that it has claimed this or it is true. I know of ISPs in NZ using Linux in 1993 so possibly it was common in Aus too. - SimonLyall 20:15, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The Sydney and Newcastle APANA hubs were Linux systems from February 1993. (Newcastle being the first to be 100% reliant on Linux, with Sydney taking a while to upgrade all its several backbone systems.) I managed to find a posting to the Newcastle local news hierarchy from the time... It would place the date of Scorch's upgrade to Linux as the 25th of February that year.
 * It is a pity the long history of APANA isn't on Wikipedia... ---203.14.156.193

Newsgroups: ncle.computers Path: scorch!cbaird From: cbaird@scorch.apana.org.au (Chris Baird) Subject: Re: LINUX Organization: Craggenmoore public Unix system, Newcastle , Oz  Date: Sun, 28 Feb 1993 01:39:19 GMT Message-ID: <1993Feb28.013919.770@scorch.apana.org.au> References: <1993Feb23.184425.21665@scorch.apana.org.au> <esMkrAWKBh107h@krikkit1.apana.org.au> <1993Feb27.180009.22364@scorch.apana.org.au%gt; Keywords: Linux SLS telnet ftp SLIP jarqui@scorch.apana.org.au (Jared Quinn) writes: > . . . and was able to telnet to my own system (wow!)... How about resuming the SLIP project, now that a couple of  systems have the capability? (Granted, SLIP over 2400bps lines  isn't gonna be breathtaking, but it'll mean near-instant email   to other local machines, with a bit of fun ftp'ing thrown in.   Hell, the packet radio mob have put up with 1200bps...) If there's anything that needs to be ftp'd, just ask me. --  Chris Baird,,  <cbaird@scorch.apana.org.au>

Gang of four / Ozemail buy
I have heard that one reason behind the buy of ozemail was to get into the "Gang of Four" peering arrangement. However this fell though when the others in the gang decided that the peering stayed with MCI rather than with Ozemail. Anyone got any sources on this? - SimonLyall 03:44, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

 * AFAIK it was never the plan - iiNet was buying Ozemail from MCI and MCI was the one with the GoF peering arrangement, not Ozemail. Asking the iinet reps on the Whirlpool forum will get you a 100% correct answer. -- Chuq 04:24, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, looks like it's unsourced and/or probably untrue so we can't say that. I did here some rumors though, especially wrt depeering/repeering at PIPE around that time. Don't believe everything you read on Whirlpool. - SimonLyall 04:32, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Recent re-write
I notice the entire section "regulatory conflict with Telstra" was removed. Does anyone else believe that it should be re-instated? -- Chuq 23:34, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * if it were me it really needs to be rewritten with a wider perspective including iinet's battles (in conjunction with other providers) in the ACCC over access and other rights, and the media coverage of iiNets changes in the west australian newspaper. the section as it stood on reading the history had a lot of iinet spin in it - often the point of spin is to preempt criticism with a defence. 203.59.8.150 09:17, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well the main problem I have with its removal is that it described the difference between iiBroadband, iiBroadband1, iiBroadband2 and iiBroadband2+, and their respective similarities (or lack of) between those and ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+. I thought it was fairly neutral in describing the differences, at least more neutral that what you would find on the official site.  If there is a problem with it then I would recommend editing or adding to it to make it better, as a preference to deleting valid content. -- Chuq 22:15, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Good point - the revised version of the reinstated paragraph definitely feels less "branded", which is a good thing. The "branding" was my basic problem with the entire article as it stood 2 days ago - apologies for my overenthusiasm in removing this particular section. The other stuff the earlier poster mentioned does indeed belong here, but I wouldn't know where to start looking for it. Orderinchaos78 15:44, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

the west article comment misleading
I removed the part about 'the west' citing that Mr Malone had stepped down from his position. This was in the article reading it, however it is biased and full of speculation, and MM has not stepped down. like anything else you will read on the issue at the moment, so I removed it.

~Luke Redgen

 * firstly, the west did not cite that, nor did 53149897 claim it - I wrote "said Mr Malone had been sidelined", which was very similar to the west's "with Mr Malone this week being effectively sidelined" (para 5 of article). the west's business section is the state's leading business publication, operating and being seen in iinet's main market. hence I readded it, but people can read this section and the article for themselves to find out about mr malone. i note the above poster comes from an iinet ip. 220.235.18.209 12:59, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have reinserted a reference to the West's claim, as WA Business News has now actually contradicted the claim, so both sides are now presented. As for the above two posts - the original addition did attribute the POV to the newspaper without expressing an opinion.

 * Regardless of who we work for or who we use, in the absence of accurate information, the media are all we have, and as they can be sued or taken to the regulators or the PCC if they knowingly publish false information. The West are covering it, News Ltd papers aren't getting involved, WA Business News is offering another opinion (which as an independent publication is great I think) and iiNet occasionally chuck a press release out there. In some cases, a better interpretation of the source material is possible and I see that was done a few days ago on the earlier WABN article. Orderinchaos78 17:20, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * In an article published today, June 21st, WA Business News again stated that Malone was still CEO and firmly in charge. Tonight, the company announced that Malone had spent over $4m increasing his holdings to 20%.  All the announces are signed off by Malone, as was the deal with PowerTel.  Other than the one comment from the West about being "effectively sidelined", is there any evidence at all that anything at all has changed? (203.59.64.196 21 June 2006 14:48) (Please sign your posts)

 * Malone certainly seems to be in charge now, but at the time of the original article's publication some changes in the management structure had taken place giving more business-centred people effective control, and Malone's personal stake in the business fell. That being said, it was valid from the start to quote the West - there was no verifiable proof anywhere that it was "biased and full of speculation" and as far as I can see, there still isn't - and to quote other information (both supporting and contradicting) as it emerged on a breaking story. There is also such things as corporate damage control and PR, which may explain the subscriber exclusive for WABN. Orderinchaos78 16:22, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Possible Corporate Bias and Factual Inaccuracy
Below are some detailed points challenging the bias and accuracy of this page, in accordance with my understanding of the Neutral_point_of_view policy. Please note that the comments below are not written from a NPOV, and could possibly show bias in the other direction. No bias against iiNet, or tarnishing of iiNet's reputation is either intended or desired.

The comments below are not suggested as a replacement for the article text, but more as a starting point to develop a more accurate and less biased article. Where items are not referenced, it is hoped that the points are easily verifiable or self evident. 130.95.128.51 13 June 2006 05:02

 * I can wear some of the criticism in this section, as some of the paragraphs referred to were authored by myself, ironically with the intent to provide a *less* pro-iiNet article (if you look at [|the page as it stood until 9 May], you'll see what I saw). Now that it's limping, we've got to make it walk.

 * I agree strongly with the need to develop a more accurate, less biased, referenced article and I think you've raised some excellent points which can go some way to fixing this up. Verification will be an issue in some instances primarily due to the age of the matters under discussion, as well as the commercial nature of the information meaning independent confirmation is rarely possible and corporate announcements, not known for NPOV, are the main documentary source of information.

 * It's very clear to me that you have a clear and informed understanding of the Internet market and technology in the 1990s in Western Australia, and it's nice to know we've got some good heads on this little project! I'm curious who you are now, as I probably know you. Orderinchaos78 17:45, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Just to make this more readable, as it can get otherwise very quickly. :) Please add to this schema if you edit.

The issue as a heading Quote from article

 * Comments by 130.95.128.51 on 13 June
 * Comments by Orderinchaos78 on 15 June

Third largest ISP?
''iiNet Limited (ASX: IIN) is one of Australia's major Internet Service Providers. Focusing primarily on ADSL-based Internet access, it is currently Australia's third largest ISP. The company trades as iiNet in Australia and as ihug in New Zealand.''

 * There is no citation for being Australia's third largest ISP
 * Agreed. Google suggests the source is iiNet and MCI articles, while Primus also claim the title. Not clear whether this is ADSL alone or total size. A news article I read in 2005 claimed the Ozemail acquisition had pushed iiNet from 6th to 3rd but I don't know where they got their measurements from. Unfortunately it is difficult to measure - while there is no doubt Telstra and Optusnet are largest in that order, what comes after is questionable, given the unwillingness of ISPs to agree on a common system of rules for measuring their own size, and the obvious commercial advantages of providing the highest number possible.

 * Also the nature of the business is such that it can be hard to measure (I actually tried to do this for a company I was working for back in 2000) - is a suspended customer or one who hasn't paid for two months (or six) a customer or not a customer? Do some sets of figures include overseas customers, with others including only Australia? Are customers with two different products treated as two separate customers? Is a customer who only buys an email box for $5 a month equivalent to a corporate cohoster - i.e. is size measured in customer terms or in FTQ terms? OneTel used to claim higher internet share based on bundles, but customers often weren't aware they had been bundled - is that still a problem with other companies today?

 * These questions can't be answered easily, and apply not just to iiNet but to the entire industry. I've looked and can find no reliable page that ranks Australian ISPs. Yahoo Finance's iiNet profile says 620,000 for iiNet at some unspecified time in 2005. Primus claims 600,000 and 700,000, Optusnet claims 825,000  and to be well ahead of all others bar Bigpond. Telstra claims 1.2m, 1.5m or 2.0m depending on where you source. A now-defunct blog, badtelstra.blogspot.com, quoted a 14 July 2005 article on australianit.news.com.au saying iiNet had dropped from 3rd to 4th - this was after the acquisition of Ozemail. Several sources in 2004 (including MCI, iiNet and The Age) say 4th at that time.  Orderinchaos78 18:19, 15 June 2006

 * Maybe this will help a little?
 * "According telecommunications analyst firm Paul Budde Communications EFTel trails the top five ISPs Telstra (1,800,000), Optus (890,000), iiNet (650,000), Primus (570,000) and TPG (300,000), and second tier providers Veridas, Dodo and TPG."
 * Then again, it doesn't tell us whether that's total customers, total active customers, or DSL customers. Also, the Australian had a graph in the first half of March - don't know when specifically.
 * ''the graph from the australian (which was looking at broadband only) had:
 * ''telstra 42.8%
 * ''optus 19%
 * ''iinet 6.1%
 * ''primus 4.6%
 * ''tpg 4.3%
 * ''westnet 3.1%
 * ''aapt 2.6%
 * ''people telecom 2.5%
 * ''unwired 1.6%
 * ''exetel 1.2%
 * ''other 12.2%
 * = 100% (sourced from whirlpool )
 * Greg 03:50, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Good find!! I looked far and wide for something like that :P Thanks. Orderinchaos78 21:31, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

PPP/Linux - Was it first? Probably not.
iiNet was founded in 1993 by Michael Malone and Michael O'Reilly, who started the business in a suburban garage in Perth, Western Australia as iiNet Technologies Pty Ltd. It began as one of the first Australian ISPs to offer TCP/IP Internet access, as opposed to the store-and-forward techniques (such as MHSnet) that were then in use at other ISPs.

It claims it was the first ISP to offer PPP access in Australia, and to be the first to base operations on the then new Linux operating system.''

 * PPP access was also offered by other ISPs close to the time of the release of RFC1661 in 1994.

 * The claim that it was the first to base itself upon Linux is misleading. Informed Technology and other Perth ISPs had Linux based systems before iiNet was founded.

 * Agreed on both counts. This paragraph is called into doubt the moment one verifiable example contradicts it. IT is a likely candidate - not sure of any others? Either the dispute of iiNet's claim should be noted, or the point should be removed entirely (from an encyclopaedic view does it matter to the operations of a modern large carrier?) Personally I think the former would be preferable simply because we do have people that spot missing things and put them in, which means we revisit this entire question in 6 months' time.

 * IT was not an ISP in 1993, when iiNet began. Informed Technology commenced life about the same time as iiNet, but as a Bulletin Board System, perhaps using Linux.  In 1994, several months after iiNet began, IT joined Perthnet, a link up between several Perth BBS's.  In mid 1994, they got their first full Internet link.  At the time that iiNet launched PPP, there were no linux drivers available at all.  Michael O'Reilly wrote the drivers, and submitted them into the open source effort, although his base package was not the one used, several of his later patches were. (203.59.64.196 21 June 2006 14:53) (Please sign your posts.)

 * IT was a BBS as early as 1990, I remember it well from the Fidonet days, it had a node number of 3:690/101 and several users were quite active there. It made a move to the Internet no later than Feb 1993. Orderinchaos78 16:17, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * IT did not make their move to "the Internet" until after iiNet. They did have email and USENet news, along with dialix, much earlier than that, certainly in 1993.  iiNet was the first entity to offer full Internet access, meaning open access to irc, gopher, telnet and the like.  IT's own web site states "... in 1993 became the second Western Australian owned provider of Internet access to the general public." - .  Note the second, following iiNet.

Telstra prior to 1997
''The company outgrew its suburban home in 1995 and moved to CBD office accommodation. Its early growth during the Internet boom was hampered by the ability of Telstra (not itself an ISP until 1997) to deliver enough telephone lines to cope with demand, and by the sheer competitive pressure in the Perth market, which had a comparative oversupply of low-cost providers.''

 * The claim of Telstra starting as an ISP in 1997 incorrect. Telstra ran the aarnet network commercially from 1994.
 * Bigpond commenced operations in 1997 - replacing the failed OnAustralia MSN service which was designed to compete with the Internet which ran for most of 1996 as a joint venture with Microsoft. While it did run the aarnet network, this was not a commercial ISP offering. The above section was mine, and I agree it lacks clarity. At the time I was looking for authoritative references to OnAustralia but could find none. (Anyone else know of any?)

 * The implication of deliberate hampering by Telstra is not balanced. The existing PSTN network was not designed for high capacity to be delivered to a suburban house, and many ISPs in Perth, including iiNet, started running from personal homes. Telstra did deliver many hundreds of phone lines to suburban houses to several ISPs, despite the limits of their own network.
 * Again a clarity issue - I was implying that Telstra was not geared to handle the Internet boom, in part due to its early belief that the Internet would subside to commercial offerings such as OnAustralia/MSN and Compuserve (update: the two articles linked both suggest that was their commercial position in 1995 and 1996). That an informed reader took a different conclusion from my comments suggests to me it needs rewording.

Adelaide branch. Need vfn/sources
In 1996, iiNet successfully expanded into the Adelaide market under the name light.iinet.net.au (named after Colonel Light) ...

 * Reference? iiNet's naming scheme at the time was to call their servers after types of music. light was fitting in with this, however it may have a double meaning,
 * iiNet advised the initial Adelaide customers at the start that this was the reason for the name. The naming scheme comment is correct as they had reggae, tango, jazz etc (as anyone who used IRC at the time would know) as server names. I looked on groups.google to see if there was any reference to this or any other info about light.iinet but couldn't.

''... in partnership with locals John Lindsay and Leigh Hart. The SA arm moved quickly to become the number three ISP in the state, before being acquired by Auslink in 1998.''
 * Reference for being #3 in South Australia?
 * Given the paucity of the information, and my own personal doubts as to its accuracy (Ozemail, Bigpond and Chariot were all bigger to my knowledge) I think the size comment should be removed (update: the source is iinet itself - |Timeline), but the reference to the subsequently-failed Auslink (which a friend of mine worked for at the time) is indeed correct and should stay.

WAIA formed WAIX.
Early growth

''A growing demand on infrastructure and a rapidly increasing number of staff saw the company relocate again in 1997 to the central QV.1 building. Shortly after, it was instrumental in forming the Western Australian Internet Exchange (WAIX) in the same premises in conjunction with other Perth providers.''

 * The Western Australian Internet Association was the organisation that formed WAIX (www.waia.asn.au). Along with several other ISPs, iiNet was one of the first members of WAIX (www.waia.asn.au/waix).
 * A combination of the above and the original wording would present the most accurate picture of the situation.
 * Replaced with "Also in early 1997, the Western Australian Internet Association, formed in 1995 to represent the Internet community in Western Australia [www.waia.asn.au], created a peering and interconnection arrangement known as WAIX (Western Australian Internet eXchange ) between its members, which included iiNet and several other Perth-based ISPs."
 * While I can see what you're getting at, iiNet *was* instrumental in the setup of WAIX. WAIA was, at the time, chaired by Michael Malone.
 * I was responsible for WAIX from Day 1 until 2001, and I worked at iiNet at the time. It was founded by iiNet and what were to be two of its subsidiaries (Wantree and Omen) under the banner of WAIX. It was clearly a WAIA initiative, but I doubt would have happened without iiNet. It was in space initially leased by iiNet, using iiNet's connectivity etc. Therefore it is fair to say they were instrumental. --kjd 03:55, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

the Western Australian Internet Association created a peering exchange to interconnect its members, which included iiNet and several other Perth ISPs, known as WAIX (Western Australian Internet Exchange).

Conversion to 56k in late 1997
'' In late 1997, the Internet market was moving towards 56K technology [1]. As one end of a 56k connection must be digital, the racks of modems found in every ISP became redundant overnight and expensive CBD-hosted equipment offered by Cisco, Ascend and Livingston became a requirement in order to survive in the marketplace.''

 * It is incorrect to say that rackmounted analog modems were redundant overnight. For years after the marketplace acceptance of 56k modems many ISPs, including iiNet, kept their racks of analog modems. They offered a path not dependent on ISDN connections, and a large amount of customers still had 28.8k or 33.6k modems, serviceable by analog rack modems.

 * In practice, though, most ISPs completely switched from entirely one system to entirely the other, with only a small number of analogue modems kept for emergency backup or admin remote access. I remember the string of announcements from Perth ISPs in late 1997 and early 1998 from one ISP after another changing their dialin number, phasing out the old one over a few months, etc. It became an issue of competitive pressure. I had a 33.6k modem right up until 2000 and was dialling into two such ISPs. The only two that I can remember that were late into the conversion game, apart from the micro-operations, were upnaway and Netway.

 * The price per port (or price per incoming line with modem) for 56k access servers connected via ISDN was comparable to the cost of the same number of analog modems and PSTN lines. It is misleading to call them expensive, especially when comparing them to the price of the pre-existing modems and lines.

 * A Livingston Portmaster at the time was costing $30,000 for 60 lines ($500 per line) compared to $180 or less for a modem, and it was usually necessary to buy some kind of support contract, and the cost of failure on a per-day basis was significantly greater. Engaging staff with Cisco etc experience/knowhow also became quite a part of this - that was certainly an issue where I worked.

 * It is incorrect to say that the 56k equipment needed to be hosted in the CBD. The terminating ISDN PRI connections were deliverable to much of the Perth metro area. Within 10km from the Perth CBD, pricing was identical to pricing in the CBD itself. Delivery of services over ISDN PRIs was actually more sustainable in the long term, with Telstra able to terminate PRI connections using less line 'pairs' per modem port, or over a fibre-optic connection for larger ISPs.

 * This is correct - although in practice I can't think of one major ISP that wasn't under Bankwest, Central Park, QV1, AMP or Exchange Plaza at the time. I could be wrong on this, however.

 * The above paragraph provides a distorted view of the internet industry at the time, which portrays iiNet's competitors at the time in a poorer light if not located in the CBD.

 * Not necessarily - my additions above came primarily from my experience working for iiNet's competitors.

Was national competition a factor in 98?
Also, in 1998, competitive pressure from budget national providers, led by One.Tel, started to reach the Perth market.

 * There is the implication here that ISPs faced tough competition from interstate and national providers, and that only the tough would survive through this competition.

 * Which is correct, and is what happened. I remember two companies I worked for mounting specific strategies to deal with attrition to One.Tel and iPrimus in particular, and to a lesser extent TPG.

 * Although this may have changed in the long term, in 1998 the competition from national providers was diminished by the idfferent pricing structures in place in the Western Australian ISP marketplace. In NSW and Victoria, the marketplace was dominated by services that charged by the hour for connectivity. In Western Australia, the marketplace was dominated by flat rate charging schemes which did not encourage 'clock watching' of using the internet. National providers offered the same pricing schemes as they were charging elsewhere, which were not palitable to many WA consumers. As such, national providers had minimal competitive impact on the WA market.

 * 100% correct - if you change 1998 to 1997. In late 1997 in a report I read at the time, the average price of Net per month in Perth was $33 while it was $63 in the E/S because of exactly what you have described. In 1998, however, One.Tel was a real factor - I remember friends with long term associations with iiNet and other ISPs changing to attractive $22 a month plans from OneTel in April and May of 1998, and the company's aggressive advertising. iPrimus, fresh with funding from the 1/7/97 deregulation of the telephone market, entered the market as did AAPT in late 1998. (It's interesting to note that the WA market factors noted in 1997 are now in place once again, but with ADSL instead of dialup.)

Post-consolidation of WA market
This was perceived by most observers as a rationalisation of an unsustainable services market, and allowed not only iiNet, but also other providers such as Westnet, EFTel (itself an agglomeration of several ISPs formed in 2000), ArachNet and Global Dial among others to grow in the local market and to expand into fully-fledged national providers.

 * "most observers" comes under the WeaselWords guidelines for WikiPedia. This paragraph is not overall biased towards iiNet. It would be incorrect however to suggest that the above ISPs were 'fully-fledged national providers' in 1998, or until several years afterwards.

 * First point - totally agreed (and my fault, too.)
 * Second point - I really should stop making Wiki edits after midnight :) I would believe the above sentence suggested they expanded in that direction *after* the rationalisation, which occurred in 1999-2000. Perhaps "and ultimately to expand... providers by around 2003-04" would work better? The original version suggested that iiNet pretty much *was* the WA industry, so I wanted to convey a sense that there was still strong and healthy competition in its home market, and they too had benefitted from the consolidation (if only in most cases by attrition from the ISP customers being acquired by iiNet).

Share price in 2000-01 - need sources
After the dot-com bubble burst in mid-2000, iiNet fared poorly on the markets - with shares at one stage falling to A$0.20 from a A$1.00 issue price - however its share price recovered as time progressed.

 * This should probably be referenced, both with the share price and with the implied causal link between the decline of the US based dot-com boom, and the IIN share price rather than due to any other factors.

 * The share price info should be available, although I'm not sure where it would be available in a place for free. I was working for a competitor at the time and we were monitoring the price daily.

First to ADSL? Need vfn/sources
In September 2000, iiNet became the first Western Australian provider to offer ADSL technology [2].

 * The reference given does not state or support the statement above. The link is to an iiNet press release in September 2000, which implies ADSL competition in the Western Australian market-place.

 * Yeah it's a difficult one. I do know they were the first, as we were trying to get our own offering up and they beat us to it, and at that stage even Telstra hadn't launched. But how to prove that with references? Good question.

Possible advertising copy
Growth through acquisition

''The company created a new registered telecommunications provider iiTel, later renamed Chime, that sought to improve Internet access prices by making wholesale telephone access much cheaper. This was possible through new interconnection agreements mandated by the Australian Government's deregulation of the telecommunications industry, and provided the foundation for iiNet's later move into telephony (via its iiPhone and iiNetPhone products).''

 * This reads like advertising copy for iiNet. Rather than stating the technology used, or generic industry terms, iiNet specific branding is used.

 * It is stated that iiNet 'sought to improve Internet access prices', without any references to support the intent of iiNet. It is implied that iiNet acted altruistically to change prices across the market.

 * Totally in agreement. This was the lone refugee from a one or two page section in the pre-9 May version.

Vague and unsubstantiated reference
''Based on its new abilities, and after consolidating its local position, iiNet focused on expanding to national coverage in the early 2000s through strategic acquisitions and natural growth. The acquisitions were:''

 * This paragraph states 'new abilities', without stating what they are. The previous paragraph focuses only on a 'later move to telephony'. Vague references to non-specific positive attributes draw strong parallels with advertising copy.

 * Agreed.

"Primary" providers?
''In 2003, iiNet made its biggest acquisition to date, purchasing key New Zealand provider ihug. The move cemented its position as one of the primary providers in the Australia/New Zealand Internet market.''

 * 'one of the primary providers in the Australia/New Zealand Internet market' needs to be justified. Without anything cited to back this up, it could easily be seen as just biased opinion.

 * Agreed. The wording needs work - it is a case where the comment is true, but worded by a marketer. I don't think there's any disputing that one of Australia and NZ's biggest providers would be one of the prime providers. I would simply have said "largest" as it is not a wholesaler (I would understand primary to imply a hierarchy which in this case doesn't exist). Also the words "to date" would now be incorrect due to the acquisition of Ozemail (which if I recall was at the time it occurred a case of the snake swallowing the horse).
 * Rewrote as "In 2003, iiNet made what was then its biggest acquisition, purchasing key New Zealand provider ihug. The acquisition significantly increased iiNet's share of the Australia/New Zealand Internet market." Various sources suggest it moved from no.6 to either no.4 or no.5, which was a big increase but at 390,000 it was still way behind several others, hence "largest" would have been factually incorrect. Orderinchaos78 13:01, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

better intro?
The introduction doesn't really tell a reader much. I'm thinking it should be something that summarises all the important details in something short and easy to read.... I'd suggest something like:

iiNet is Australia & New Zealand's 3rd largest ISP (2005/2006). Their focus is primarily on ADSL-based Internet access, and they have the largest rollout of their own ADSL2+ infrastructure in Australia.

iiNet provides services including:
 * high speed ADSL2+ (between 1.5 & 24Mbps, depending on line conditions) in a substantial number of suburbs in all capital cities
 * standard ADSL nationwide (resold from Telstra)
 * a full telephony service (bundled with their ADSL products)
 * a Voice-over-IP telephone service (providing very cheap phone calls over their own network to assure Quality-of-Service)
 * dial-up internet

iiNet has acquired (or merged with) many smaller ISPs in its growth. It built a substantial customer base in Western Australia, and then expanded significantly into the eastern states by acquiring Ozemail, and New Zealand through acquiring iHug.

The company trades as iiNet in Australia and as ihug in New Zealand, and is listed as iiNet Limited (ASX: IIN)

What do you think? Greg 03:21, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Come on SimonLyall... how about discussing things here? What do you mean too long for an intro? The intro should be enough that someone can work out at a glance who or what iiNet is and decide if they want to find out more. It used to say almost nothing. Greg 13:43, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry Greg didn't see your talk bit here.
 * 1. I removed you big list since that is what all ISPs do. It also looks weird in a NZ context which would required additional wording to make it obvious some of it is Australian only. And you would have to speel out the difference between the two ADSL products and the difference between the two voice products.
 * 2. I played around with the wording of the last paragraph(s) since the purchase of ihug resulted in a big jump in east coast customers as wells as ones in NZ. - SimonLyall 14:37, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Michael Malone departing from the iiNet Group
21 March 2014: Michael Malone has resigned today from his role as CEO and Board director of iiNet Limited.

This needs to be incorporated into the article. Reference available at press release: http://www.iinet.net.au/about/mediacentre/releases/20140321-michael-malone-resigns-as-ceo-and-board-director.html

Nazrila 202.89.160.207 (talk) 05:44, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

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Edit Request
Please change the following paragraphs "iiNet Limited is Australia's second-largest internet service provider with more than 1.3 million customers as of 15 August 2011. It was acquired by TPG Telecom in September 2015 for $1.56 billion,[1] but retained its retail brand name in the market. Its subsidiaries include Internode, Westnet, AAPT Limited, Adam Internet, TransACT and Netspace. Their focus is primarily on ADSL-based Internet access, using their own ADSL2+ infrastructure, reselling Telstra ADSL services and more recently in reselling the NBN. iiNet also provides optical-fibre, dial-up, and voice services. iiNet has in its growth acquired or merged with many smaller ISPs building a substantial customer base in Western Australia, and then, by acquiring ihug and OzEmail, expanded significantly into the eastern states"

to

"iiNet Limited is an Australian Internet Service Provider with subsidiaries including Internode, Westnet, Adam Internet, TransACT and Netspace. iiNet is one of the only major ISPs to offer NBN plans across every available NBN technology including NBN Fibre, Fixed Wireless and Satellite. iiNet also offers high speed broadband plans on its ULTRA Broadband networks delivering VDSL2 in the ACT /, HFC in Mildura. Ballarat and Geelong, and FTTB in selected buildings nationwide . iiNet also provides ADSL-based Internet access using their own ADSL2+ infrastructure, optical-fibre and voice services. In addition to its residential services, iiNet Business also provides high speed broadband over the NBN and over their own enterprise grade fibre network, phone solutions, domains, web hosting and hosted services targeted at small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). iiNet acquired or merged with many smaller ISPs to build a substantial customer base in Western Australia, and then expanded significantly into the eastern states by acquiring ihug and OzEmail. iiNet was acquired by TPG Telecom in September 2015 for $1.56 billion,[1] and has retained its retail brand name in the market."

due to the following parts being incorrect - No longer Australia's second largest ISP - 1.3 million customers is incorrect - The NBN is now iiNet's main focus due to ADSL2+ technology being phased out

Thank you Brent.Clinch (talk) 07:33, 18 July 2019 (UTC)Brent.ClinchBrent.Clinch (talk) 07:33, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Reply 18-JUL-2019
Regards, Spintendo  11:42, 18 July 2019 (UTC)
 * 1) The requested changes are WP:PROMOTIONAL in nature. Describing the company as one of the only major ISPs to offer NBN plans across every available NBN technology and as offering high speed broadband plans on its ULTRA Broadband networks delivering VDSL2 in the ACT .... and FTTB in selected buildings nationwide is to promote the company's services. Also describing how iiNet provides ADSL-based Internet access using their own ADSL2+ infrastructure, optical-fibre and voice services is information which is already included in the lead section. All of the proposed claims are also already made on the company's website.
 * 2) The sentence iNet also offers high speed broadband plans on its ULTRA Broadband networks delivering VDSL2 in the ACT [1]/, HFC in Mildura. Ballarat and Geelong, and FTTB in selected buildings nationwide is practically identical to the subsequent sentence which states In addition to its residential services, iiNet Business also provides high speed broadband over the NBN and over their own enterprise grade fibre network the only difference being one is business and the other is residential. Highlighting both in the lead section is repetitive and promotional, especially with the added qualifications that the business services offer phone solutions, domains, web hosting and hosted services targeted at small and medium-sized enterprises.
 * 3) Phrases such as iiNet acquired or merged with many smaller ISPs to build a substantial customer base in Western Australia, and then expanded significantly into the eastern states (which is already in the lead section) makes use of WP:PEACOCK words. A better way to phrase this would be "iiNet acquired or merged with many smaller ISPs to build a customer base in Western Australia, and then expanded into the eastern states by acquiring ihug and OzEmail."
 * 4) The COI editor is reminded not to WP:REFACTOR other editor's posts on talk pages.
 * 5) The COI editor is additionally reminded that if they receive, or expect to receive, compensation for any contribution they make, they must disclose their employer, client, and affiliation to comply with Wikipedia's terms of use and the policy on paid editing.

Edit Request
Please change the following paragraphs "iiNet Limited is Australia's second-largest internet service provider with more than 1.3 million customers as of 15 August 2011. It was acquired by TPG Telecom in September 2015 for $1.56 billion,[1] but retained its retail brand name in the market. Its subsidiaries include Internode, Westnet, AAPT Limited, Adam Internet, TransACT and Netspace. Their focus is primarily on ADSL-based Internet access, using their own ADSL2+ infrastructure, reselling Telstra ADSL services and more recently in reselling the NBN. iiNet also provides optical-fibre, dial-up, and voice services. iiNet has in its growth acquired or merged with many smaller ISPs building a substantial customer base in Western Australia, and then, by acquiring ihug and OzEmail, expanded significantly into the eastern states"

to

iiNet Limited is an Australian Internet Service Provider that delivers residential NBN™ plans across every available NBN technology; broadband plans on its own fibre-based networks; and own ADSL2+ infrastructure as well as voice and IPTV services. iiNet Business [4] also provides broadband over the NBN™ and over its own enterprise-grade fibre network, phone solutions, domains, web hosting and hosted services targeted at small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). iiNet has multiple subsidiaries including Internode, Westnet, Adam Internet and TransACT. Since launching in 1993, iiNet acquired many other ISPs such as ihug, OzEmail and Netspace. iiNet was acquired by TPG Telecom in September 2015 for $1.56 billion,[1]

due to the following parts being incorrect - No longer Australia's second largest ISP - 1.3 million customers is incorrect - The NBN is now iiNet's main focus due to ADSL2+ technology being phased out

This request is from an employee of iiNet

203.213.0.203 (talk) 07:12, 23 July 2019 (UTC)Brent.Clinch203.213.0.203 (talk) 07:12, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

Reply 23-JUL-2019
Regards, Spintendo  09:59, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * 1) The intro section already describes the company's use of NBN, however, this has been clarified by removing the term "recently" with regards to its use of NBN, so that it now states simply that the company uses NBN.
 * 2) The claim regarding being the "second largest" was omitted as it was unreferenced.
 * 3) The claim of having 1.3 million subscribers in 2011 was omitted as it was unreferenced.

title: Talk:IiNet


text: User talk:82.135.64.74

title: User talk:82.135.64.74