text:
Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh

Jaunpur is a city and a municipal board in Jaunpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located 228 km southeast of state capital Lucknow. Demographically, Jaunpur resembles the rest of the Purvanchal area in which it is located.

History
Earliest Hindu rulers of Jaunpur were The Ahirs/Yadavs, Heerchand Yadav was the first Ahir Ruler of Jaunpur Ahirs/Yadavs have built forts at Chandwak and Gopalpur villages of jaunpur

It is believed that the famous temple of Chaukiya Devi was built in the glory of their clan-deity either by the Yadavs or the Bhars- but in view of the predilections of the Bhars, it seems more logical to conclude that this temple was built by the Bhars. The Bhars were non-Aryans. The worship of Shiv and Shakti was prevalent in the non-aryans. The Bhars also held some power in Jaunpur.

In 1359, the city was invaded by the Sultan of Delhi Feroz Shah Tughlaq and named in memory of his cousin, Muhammad bin Tughluq, whose given name was Jauna Khan. In 1388, Feroz Shah Tughlaq appointed Malik Sarwar, a eunuch, who is notorious for having been the lover of Feroz Shah Tughlaq's daughter, as the governor of the region. The Sultanate was in disarray because of factional fighting for power, and in 1393 Malik Sarwar declared independence. He and his adopted son Mubarak Shah founded what came to be known as the Sharqi dynasty (dynasty of the East). During the Sharqi period (1394 and 1479) the Jaunpur Sultanate was a strong military power in Northern India, and on several occasions threatened the Delhi Sultanate. The Jaunpur Sultanate attained its greatest height under the younger brother of Mubarak Shah, who ruled as Shams-ud-din Ibrahim Shah (ruled 1402–1440). To the east, his kingdom extended to Bihar, and to the west, to Kanauj; he even marched on Delhi at one point. Under the aegis of a Muslim holy man named Qutb al-Alam, he threatened the Sultanate of Bengal under Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah.

During the reign of Husain Shah (1456–76), the Jaunpur army was perhaps the biggest in India, and Husain decided to attempt a conquest of Delhi. However, he was defeated on three successive attempts by Bahlul Khan Lodi. It is a dominant trend in modern historiography of the period that this defeat was a cause of a large number of eunuchs in the military ranks. Finally, under Sikandar Lodi, the Delhi Sultanate was able to reconquer Jaunpur in 1493, bringing that sultanate to an end.

The Jaunpur Sultanate was a major center of Urdu and Sufi knowledge and culture. The Sharqi dynasty was known for its excellent communal relations between Muslims and Hindus, perhaps stemming from the fact that the Sharqis themselves were originally indigenous converts to Islam, as opposed to descendants of Persians or Afghans. Jaunpur's independence came to an end in 1480, when the city was conquered by Sikander Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi. The Sharqi kings attempted for several years to retake the city, but ultimately failed.

Although many of the Sharqi monuments were destroyed when the Lodis took the city, several important mosques remain, most notably the Atala Masjid, Jama Masjid (now known as the Badi (big mosque) Masjid) and the Lal Darwaza Masjid. The Jaunpur mosques display a unique architectural style, combining traditional Hindu and Muslim motifs with purely original elements. The old bridge over the Gomti River in Jaunpur dates from 1564, the era of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. The bridge is still being used for transportation. The Jaunpur Qila, a fortress from the Tughlaq era, also remains in good form.

Jaunpur district was annexed into British India based on the Permanent settlement of 1779, and thus was subject to the Zamindari system of land revenue collection.

During the Revolt of 1857 the Sikh troops in Jaunpur joined the Indian rebels. The district was eventually reconquered for the British by Gurkha troops from Nepal. Jaunpur then became a district administrative center. The major rebellion took place in Jaunpur when freedom fighters, led by Pandit Badrinath Tiwari, unfurled national flag at the railway station of Nibhapur. It was marked by a series of government-led suppressions of Pandit Badrinath Tiwari and his fellow freedom fighters throughout the district brave Pandit Ji refused to bow down in front of British atrocities.

Present state
Jaunpur is the district headquarters. The district has 2 Lok Sabha and 9 Vidhan Sabha constituencies.

Rivers
Gomti, Sai, Varuna, Pili Nadi ('yellow rivulet' or 'river'), Mayur and Basuhi are the five rivers which make its land fertile.

Demographics
As per 2011 Indian Census, Jaunpur NPP had population of 180,362 of which male and female were 93,718 and 86,644 respectively, that is a sex ratio of 1024 females per 1000 males. Child population in the age range of 0–6 years was 22,710. The total number of literates in Jaunpur was 128,050, which constituted 71% of the population with male literacy of 75.2% and female literacy of 66.5%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Jaunpur was 81.2%, of which male literacy rate was 86.1% and female literacy rate was 75.9%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 12,703 and 195 respectively. There were 26216 households as of 2011.

Economy
GSG, GS Green Enterprise Katehari-Leduka Jaunpur was established in March 2017 by the Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, under U.P. Industrial Area Development Act, 1976 to facilitate concentrated effort on Industrial development of eastern Uttar Pradesh.

In its 1st phase of activity, the authority has a fully developed growth center area on 10 acres of land, under growth center scheme of Govt. of India. Hawkins Cookers Limited company has one of the three manufacturing plants in India at Jaunpur to manufacture pressure cookers and cookware.

Satharia Industrial Development Authority was established in November 1989 by the Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, under U.P. Industrial Area Development Act, 1976 to facilitate concentrated effort on Industrial development of eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Sidhwan-Rampur Industrial Development Authority has now setting its base in Rampur Nirvachan Kshetra on Jaunpur-Bhadohi Road in Mariyahu tehsil.

In its 1st phase of activity, the authority has a fully developed growth center area on 508 acres of land, under a growth center scheme of Govt. of India.

Virtually all kinds of industrial, commercial and social infrastructural facilities, such as medical, educational, residential, roads, transportation, drainage, telecommunication, dedicated industrial power 33/11 KV supply, post office, bank, water supply, community center, shopping center, and field hostel have been fully established and are operative.

Under One District, One Product (ODOP) Scheme 2018 of the UP Govt., perfume and carpet industry have been selected for Jaunpur district.

Landmarks

There are a number of tourist attractions in Jaunpur including monuments, and holy places.

Monuments

 * Shahi Bridge
 * Shahi Quila (Jaunpur Fort)

Religious sites

 * Atala Masjid
 * Char Angul Mosque
 * Jhanjhari Masjid
 * Jama Masjid
 * Lal Darwaza Masjid
 * Sheetala Chaukia Dham Mandir

Rail
Jaunpur is well-connected with all major cities of India thanks to Indian Railways. It has four major railway stations: Jaunpur City Railway Station(JOP) and Jaunpur Junction (JNU), Shahganj Junction (SHG), Janghai Junction, Kerakat railway station (KCT). Zafarabad (ZBD) also a railway station where's many train routes are diverted i.e., Allahababd, Varanasi, Lucknow Via Sultanpur, Lucknow via Shahganj, Ghazipur via Jaunpur junction.

Road
Jaunpur is well-connected to Lucknow, Gorakhpur, Varanasi, Allahabad and other cities like Azamgarh, Mirzapur, Janghai, Sultanpur, Kerakat, Ghazipur etc. Mariahu NH-56, SH-36 are the roadways connecting all major cities to Jaunpur.Jaunpur to Babatpur NH-56 is now 4-lane highway.

On 20 December 2021 Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath and Minister for Road Transport & Highways Nitin Gadkari announced new highways worth ₹1500 crore that are currently under construction. They are:

 * Jaunpur-Mariyahu-Bhadohi, 38 km
 * Machlishahr-Janghai-Bhadohi, 48 km
 * Janghai-Bhadohi Greenfield Bypass, 36 km

Air
The nearest airport is Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport in Varanasi, which is roughly 39 km from the city. The other nearest airport to Jaunpur is in Prayagraj which is roughly 142 km away. An airport was planned to be built near Pali village of Mariyahu Tehsil in 2018 which was later cancelled.

University

 * Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, formerly Purvanchal University, is in Jaunpur. It was established in 1987 as a residential-cum-affiliating university and is named after Vir Bahadur Singh, former chief minister of Uttar Pradesh.
 * Umanath Singh Autonomous State Medical College (UNS ASMC), in Siddiqpur has also been inaugurated by Prime Minister under One District One medical college during late 2021.

Notable institutes

 * Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, 21 km south from the district headquarters on Lumbini - Duddhi Road in Katghara Village near Mariahu Tehsil.
 * Prasad Institute of Technology, affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
 * Tilak Dhari Singh Post Graduate Degree College, is in heart of the Sadar tehsil. It has stadium, parking and auditorium facilities as well.

Science and Technology (Innovation)
World's largest language speaking social and educational humanoid robot "Robot Shalu". Shalu, the world-famous robot made of waste material capable of speaking 47 languages, has been developed by a scientist and educator from Jaunpur.

Local media
Mostly all major English, Hindi and Urdu dailies including Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, Dainik Jagran, Amar Ujala, Hindustan, Rashtreey Sahara, Inquilab, Hausla News available in Jaunpur. Hindi and Urdu dailies also have their bureaus in the city. Almost all major Hindi TV news channel have stringers in the city. A Hindi newspaper Tarunmitra is also published from Jaunpur. The city also catches Radio FM waves from neighboring city Varanasi they are:

 * RED FM 93.5
 * Radio Mirchi 98.3
 * Big FM 92.7
 * Vividh Bharti 100.6

Notable people

 * Hasan Abidi
 * Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay
 * Munna Bajrangi
 * Banarasidas
 * Ashok Bhushan
 * Yadavendra Dutt Dubey
 * Syed Wazir Hasan
 * Majid Ali Jaunpuri, Islamic scholar
 * Muhammad Jaunpuri
 * Ravi Kishan
 * Shailendra Yadav Lalai
 * Mohammad Akram Nadwi, Islamic scholar
 * Sushma Patel
 * Tribhuvan Ram
 * Dhananjay Singh
 * Harivansh Singh
 * Indu Prakash Singh
 * Kripashankar Singh
 * Lalji Singh
 * Shakeel Ahmed Samdani
 * Jagdish Sonkar
 * Rajesh Vivek
 * Rambhadracharya, spiritual leader
 * Girish Chandra Yadav
 * Jagmohan Yadav, former Director general of police of Uttar Pradesh Police
 * Jawahar Yadav, politician
 * Lucky Yadav, politician
 * Parasnath Yadav, politician, founding member of Samajwadi Party
 * Surendra Kumar Yadav, judge

title: Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh


text:
Talk:Tartan

Tartan colours
The colours used in a tartan's sett do have certain meanings, as does the amount of one colour in relation to other colours. I'm not very sure about many of them and would appreciate a list of the colours and the usual meaning, so as to be better able to read classic Clan settsn (and also weigh the claims made by the many "fictive" and fashion setts, chuckle chuckle... ;=} ).

I know there is one for landownership (brown or green?), one for coastal or Islay clans (blue, IIRC), yellow or gold--wealthy clan (e.g. Buchanan), black--clan with much ties to the clergy, there is one for livestock-wealth (was it green for the pasture or read for the meat?), military connections (red?)... What else are there, and could an authority on the topic pls. insert them in the Tartan article?

Thanks,

DJ Vollkasko

Temporary Newton Library

http://www.stillnewt.org/library

(User:212.149.48.43 11:08:03 8 February 2006)
 * The article now covers this, as entirely a modern thing. There is nothing like an established code of meanings for colours. Rather, the designer of the tartan asserts what inspiration they had for using particular colours, and this is best recorded at that tartans's individual entry in a tartan database. (Example: ).  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  09:13, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
 * PS: I can't find any source anywhere for ideas like yellow meaning money, black meaning clergy, etc., etc. Modern tartans, however, frequently come with notes in the tartan databases like TartanRegister.gov.uk indicating why designers chose particular colours, but these are specific to a designer and are not a shared set of symbolic meanings. PS: The "16th century" section covers how red setts were more common in the eastern clans and green/blue ones in the west.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  20:58, 2 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The legend of colours conveying a heraldic-style differencing system is addressed at the "Colour, palettes, and meaning" section in a footnote. In lots and lots and lots of reading, I have yet to encounter any claims that brown/green stood for land ownership, gold/yellow for wealth, black for clergy, etc., so the article is not specifically addressing them (no sources). I think the "gold for wealth" is a distortion of the idea that some of the brighter colours were more costly (due to imported dyestuffs; it's part of why they tended to be used as thin over-checks, but I haven't found a really clear source on this yet I have now, and have cited it. ). "Black for clergy" can probably be traced to one or another alleged clerical tartans made up in the Vestiarium Scoticum being black and white (Scarlett 1990 mentioned this in passing - correction: it was Logan; see below ). But at this point it's basically original research on my part; I would need a source more directly spelling this out. (I would like to be able to dispel this "colours have specific meanings" legend, but I can't find a source that even mentions it yet, beyond the old Victorian belief that it was a heraldic differencing system.)  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  16:00, 13 June 2023 (UTC); rev'd. 04:57, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Some more on alleged clerical tartans: First, the church kept better records than anyone, so we would expect to find some evidence therein, but there is none. Rather the opposite: there are bans on the ministerial wearing of bright or "variant" coloured clothing, and the latter would surely include tartan. Not to mention tartan plaids themselves, by name, were banned several times by various church bodies. James Logan in the execrable The Scottish Gaël (1831), the first in a series of Victorian tartan books that veered between plagiarism and extreme imagination, listed a "Clergy" tartan in black, white, and grey, as if it were something of antiquity, but it is clearly based on an 1820+ fashion pattern by Wilsons of Bannockburn, which was named "Priest". Frank Adam in The Clans, Septs, and Regiments of the Scottish Highlands (1908, and another work that is basically crap, even in the later edition heavily revised by Thomas Innes of Learney) listed a blue, black, and white "clerical" tartan with a made-up Gaelic name, but it is also clearly a rip-off of the Wilson's "fancy" pattern. (Source: James D. Scarlett, Tartan: The Highland Textile, 1990, pp. 10–11.) I'm not sure "ecclesiastical tartans" are enough of a pervasive tartan legend to bother covering in the WP article, which is already quite long.  If so, I guess it could be a footnote under "Tartans for specific purposes". Though I'm skeptical anyone reads the footnotes, and more of them should be converted into main-body text, after the article is split up.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  04:57, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

Tartan etiquette
This is part of the article, the last part of the 'clan tartans' section. I don't think it belongs there though. I wonder if the article could have a short 'tartan etiquette' section. That is what this paragraph appears to be. We would need some references though. What does anyone think? --Celtus (talk) 05:05, 12 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The article's structure is better now, and there is an etiquette section. I cannot find any reliable (or even unreliable for that matter) sourcing for the Queen Anne claims. This sounds like yet another bit of misty legend.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  21:23, 2 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Speaking of which, all this talk of "original" this and "originally" that is wrong. The royal Stewart pattern can only be dated to c. 1800, in records of Wilsons of Bannockburn. The idea that it's some pre-Jacobite "ancient" clan tartan is another bit of sourceless legendry.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  23:47, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

Tartan vs plaid
Why is this article not called Plaid? I can tell you that no one in North America says "tartan." Explain that in Scotland "a plaid is a tartan cloth slung over the shoulder or a blanket." But don't call the article "tartan" because of that. Macarion (talk) 01:09, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a North American encyclopedia - it's a global one, see WP:WORLDVIEW. As such any local dialect of English can be used, but there are fairly strict rules about what dialect to use when the subject has a particularly close association with a particular country - see WP:ENGVAR. In this case, the article obviously has a close association with Scotland and so its title and contents should be in British English (and arguably Scottish English, but that's another matter...). Hence it's called "tartan".  However if you go to the Plaid article you will get a link here as one of the options. Usually it works the other way - us non-Americans have to put up with North American usage for all sorts of articles on Wikipedia, so it's only fair to have a bit of give and take. Le Deluge (talk) 22:55, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I totally agree with Deluge that since the tartan is culturally associated with Scotland, this article should use the word tartan and not plaid. As much as I find it shocking that my coworker here in California does not know what a tartan is, still, the world does not revolve around American English or Wikipedia articles purely written in American English. Another word for small is wee and you can say grand for good. This is an opinion of someone who lived both in Scotland and U.S.A. ICE77 (talk) 07:40, 13 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Not to mention the fact that the idea that Americans don't know what tartan means and don't use it is just wrong anyway. It tends to be used more for named (clan, family, district, organizational, etc.) setts, with generic "fashion" setts begin called plaid. Virtually no one in the US would speak of a "plaid kilt", even if they're also likely to use "plaid shirt" rather than "tartan shirt", but they know what you mean if you say "tartan shirt". The previous attempt to rename this page failed for good reasons.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  00:14, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 8 July 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. There is clear consensus that the article should not be moved to the proposed title, nor is there consensus regarding any of the other titles which were proposed. (closed by non-admin page mover) Jack Frost (talk) 05:57, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

Tartan → Scottish and Irish tartan – Please place your rationale for the proposed move here. HLHJ (talk) 03:04, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

Either we need to rename this article to something culture-specific like "Scottish and Irish tartan", or we need to include all the other cultures that use tartan/plaid/patterns made by varying the colour of both warp and weft. There's traditional plaid/tartan cloth in Japan, in India, in various parts of Africa, etc.. I'd suggest a rename. This article deals primarily with Scotland (and a bit of Ireland); the short description even ignores Ireland. The weaving technique is hardly restricted to these places. We need an article somewhere on these woven patterns generally; this article does not represent a worldwide view of the subject, which is fine but it should be named accordingly. Suggestions for other names for a general article are welcome.

 * Oppose. Utterly overwhelmingly, English-language sources use the word to refer to what is described in this article. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:57, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I think we've established that there's opposition to the proposed move, there is opposition to discussing alternate terms here, and the discussion has apparently gotten TL;DR. HLHJ (talk) 23:58, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

 * oppose. The title Tartan is & has always been ethnic to Scots/Scottish, or Scotland & Celtic heritage. A separate page should be crated for general checked garments of different cultures, or races. The opinion, with pictures is a good example of an individual who does not know, understand, or care for the individuality of cultural, racial garments, simply "they look similar" so "I believe they are the same thing"!, this is irresponsible thought. The page is for Tartan, with a kind, already existing reference that tartan & its heritage relates outside Scotland, lets try avoid globalising Scottish clothing/identity with improper opinions. 194.73.217.219 (talk) 15:38, 12 June 2024 (UTC)C.Cardivil

Follow-up (on internationalising)
(Aside from confusion of Scottish and Irish) one of the big flaws in the proposal above and of much of the reasoning througout the discussion is that the fact of modern-day worldwide use of tartan/plaid (terms which are now entirely adequately explained in the lead), and a bunch of photographic evidence of tartan and more often simple chequer-board pattern from around the world, tells nothing encyclopedic and historic. Of course tartan is all over the world, just as T-shirts and jeans are; modern manufacturers have a global market. This doesn't indicate that we need to devote space to presentation of information about Western informal dress in every society, nor do we need to do something like that for use of tartan everywhere. A few other quibbles: the Ghana picture doesn't illustrate anything related to tartan (the grid-like pattern on one cloth is a printed pattern, not woven, as the colours do not blend); checkerboard (dicing) is also not related to tartan but is a patchwork or printed pattern in which, again, colours do not blend (same goes for the modern "chequered kimono" image – it is an unrelated kind of textile to tartan); the two gingham examples are mis-described as three- and four-colour (they are both two-colour, which is definitionally true of the gingham pattern; if it's got three, it's tattersall); and "heraldic tartan" isn't a real term.

What be of encyclopedic relevance would be evidence of use of tartan-style patterns outside Northwestern Europe in the pre-modern era. Of all the evidence presented above, the only thing useful is the 1780s Japanese woodcut. This inspired me to do some digging and we now have an "In other cultures" section with a "Japanese kōshi" subsection. It's a start, and we will probably need some additional subsections on use of similar cloth in other parts of the world without any clear connection to Scottish tartan. This requires source research, and a bunch of whining that the article is "too Scottish" isn't helpful. Our article is heavy on Scotland-related details because all the reliable source material is.

— SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  00:12, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * One gap I can identify: coverage of Maasai shúkà (we have a little on it at Maasai people). It is frequently in tartan patterns, almost emblematically so. The Maasai and the British were 19th-century allies for a time in various of the colonial-period wars.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  08:45, 17 May 2023 (UTC); rev'd. 07:14, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I've added a subsection, Tartan that covers this, but it's actually got more detail and sourcing than the corresponding Maasai people, so at Talk:Maasai people I've suggested some merging or even a separate Shúkà article.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  12:23, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, as noted in an earlier thread, there's a tartan tradition in Nazaré, Portugal. Need to find some sources on this.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  23:32, 17 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Image to use for this later: File:Museu dos Texteis - MUTEX 22.jpg – antique loom, with tartan cloth, in Museu dos Têxteis (Museum of Textiles) in Castelo Branco, Portugal.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  13:45, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Commons appears to have zero images of the clothing style. From what I gather here, it's a style called escocês ('Scottish'), and was formerly commonly worn, along with a long sock-like cap ending in a tassel, by fishermen. What I can tell from other materials is that it's a now-old folk costume (obsolescent after maybe the 1950s), and is not the common wear of the people today, but just put on (perhaps for the benefit of tourists) during a few saints day festivals and a carnival period starting in early January.  A recent photo of fishermen in the area at work doesn't show them wearing tartan stuff. I can't find any source to corrorborate the story posted above in another thread: "Legend has it this was from when the Scots landed there to help the Spanish and Portuguese defeat Napolean's army. The locals were so happy to see them or so taken with their garments that they fashioned lighter, more colorful versions." However, there appears to be a book that would be a good source, if it can be found and someone fluent in Portuguese can read it:  In the interim, I cannot find any usable colour images, and only a tiny handful of black and white ones (a couple of Edwardian-era postcards) that could be poached for Commons. Beyond that, I don't have anything further to report on Nazaré tartan. There's just not yet enough material to work with.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  17:48, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, our lead image at Tatars shows 1870 Tatars of Kazan wearing tartan-patterened clothing, so we need to cover their use of this kind of cloth. Haven't found much; one blog showed examples and also said they're similar to patterns used by Finnic peoples. The angel in Annunciation with St. Margaret and St. Ansanus, with a tartan cloak, is generally held to be wearing "Tatar" cloth, but that meant Mongol cloth.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  15:27, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, I got those integrated into the article.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  20:28, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * J. F. Campbell (1862), p. 366, wrote of tartan (and other) patterns being common in the South Sea Islands (though that's a vague term, and could refer to peoples of Polynesia, Melanesia, or Micronesia).  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  07:34, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Still haven't found anything usable on this sub-subject.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  00:24, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Potential source: – An expensive academic volume.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  09:53, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Scarlett (2008) also observed tartan patterns in Bhutan. Newsome has an article on it here and there may be enough material for a little subsection on it. There's some more on it here, but not a reliable source. Bhutanese weaving is often far more complex than tartan, but does include tartan patterns.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  21:24, 11 June 2023 (UTC); rev'd. 20:45, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Found some Bhutan pics on Commons, so will add some to gallery. Google Scholar has papers that might go into it ; I have not trawled through them yet.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  21:32, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Some of the terminology is mathra, pangtsi, bura, and kira, though I'm not sure yet which are terms for particular garments, for types of cloth, or for patterns. Found an entire book, substantial portions of which are online:   — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  21:41, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * From that book, I'm gathering that the generic term is bumthang, with various specific varieties having their own names (mathra, adha[ng] mathra, sethra, burai mathra, pangtsi; non-tartan linear stripes, like seersucker cloth, is called adha mathra). I can't really tell more, because the full relevant pages are not available from the GBooks preview.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  22:09, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * There was enough material accessible online from that book (by browsing its full-accessible pages and by searching snippet-view in it) to write up a short subsection on mathra (the actual general term) tartans in Bhutan, so I did, with some Commons pics.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  01:43, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * South American tartans/plaids have been mentioned in a source or two. I went through both Weaving identities: Construction of dress and self in a highland Guatemala town by C. E. Hendrickson (1995), and Costume and Identity in Highland Ecuador by A. P. Rowe & L. Meisch (1998), and while I saw a few pictures that had a tartan-ish appearance, some were not true tartan but the product of supplementary weaving (colours crossing each other without blending), regular linear-striped cloth was more prevalent, and even more represented were complex abstract and figural patterns. Neither book addressed tartan/plaid patterns as a particular style in Guatemala or Ecuador at all, so it seems we have to look elsewhere in South America for an encyclopedically noteworthy tradition of weaving this kind of cloth.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  21:02, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Try Bolivia next. I did see a pic of handmade Bolivian poncho cloth (looked like cotton) that was a simple tartan.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  09:02, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

Splitting of article
I think the clan and regimental tartans sections are long and developed enough to consider splitting out into side articles. The whole article is still shorter than plenty of other articles (e.g. on countries, on major politicians and other public figures, etc.) – it's not even in the top 500 largest WP articles – but it is getting pretty long. Leaving behind a WP:SUMMARY-style précis of each will take a fair amount of careful editing, though. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  09:06, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The whole set of history sections might actually be splittable as History of tartan, much as Silk is now split off to History of silk and a lot of additional side articles. For now, I prefer to work on sourcing as much material as possible. I'm basically taking a working vacation and doing source-research on tartan full time until I run out of steam.  We can re-arrange it later.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  10:10, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

Separate articles that I think can be spun off, so far: I think also some stubs can be created: That said, I – being the only one doing any of this work at all – do not want to do this splitting any time soon, as I'm still sourcing the material on a daily basis, and doing so would become vastly more difficult if the work were spread across half a dozen or more separate articles; often a single source page provides material relevant to three or more sections of the WP article. (Given that I just ordered 10+ more source books, this is going to take a while.) Just the splitting itself is going to be a tremendous job, because all the source citations will have to be repaired on a page-by-page basis, and then the material has to be summarized (sometimes multiple times, e.g. clan and regimental tartans have to be differently summarized for the main article and for the history article, with differing levels of detail and a different focus/intent). Per WP:HASTE (and WP:IAR for that matter), there is no hurry, and this article is still smaller than a bunch of others across many topics, like List of Glagolitic manuscripts, List of Statutory Rules and Orders of Northern Ireland, Tawag ng Tanghalan (season 6), List of Hindi songs recorded by Asha Bhosle, Municipal history of Quebec, 1922 regnal list of Ethiopia, List of battles by geographic location, List of Gunsmoke (TV series) episodes, List of common misconceptions, Opinion polling for the 2023 Spanish general election, List of 2021–22 NBA season transactions, 2022 in science (many of them rote lists that are barely encyclopedic). If they aren't breaking anything, then neither is Tartan. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  20:32, 9 July 2023 (UTC); updated 01:44, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Tartan design and weaving, from the "Weaving construction", "Styles and design principles", and "Colour, palettes, and meaning" sections
 * History of tartan, from the "Pre-medieval origins", "Medieval", "16th century", "17th and 18th centuries", "Late Georgian", "Victorian", and "20th century to present" sections, with compressed summaries also of "Regimental tartans" and "Clan tartans".
 * Regimental tartan, from the "Regimental tartans" section
 * Clan tartan, from the "Clan tartans" section
 * Shúkà, from the "Maasai shúkà" subsection
 * Kōshi (textile), from the "Japanese kōshi" subsection
 * Mathra (textile), from the "Bhutanese mathra" subsection
 * Can probably also do one for Suurrätt, by translating the Estonian article.
 * This has gotten unwieldy enough yet also well-developed enough to start splitting it now. I'm starting with the "Regimental tartans" section, then will do "Clan tartans", then probably "History of tartan". This will take a lot of work since all the citations will have to be repaired, new leads written, WP:SUMMARY material left behind in its place, etc., etc.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  06:43, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Regimental tartan is now live. I will next work on compressing Tartan to a concise WP:SUMMARY.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  11:13, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Done with the post-split cleanup in that section. It could be compressed even further, but I'll wait until splitting off of History of tartan and see how long that turns out (that side article will need its own summary of regimental tartans, probably the text of that section here now, to be replaced in turn by an even shorter version).  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  05:14, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Next working on splitting out a Tartan weaving and design article, to encompass the current "#Weaving construction", "#Styles and design principles", and "#Colour, palettes, and meaning" sections. Will do Clan tartan after that.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  05:14, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I've got most of the Tartan design and weaving article split and "massaged" into shape at User:SMcCandlish/Incubator/Tartan design and weaving, but still need to build a lead section for it.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  13:50, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Still working on it (about 95% done, but there are a few more tidbits in the main article that could move into it). Have some pressing "real life" stuff to deal with this week.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  14:14, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Haven't forgotten about it; just got side-tracked for a while by an off-site project.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  08:24, 1 October 2023 (UTC)
 * And then an on-site one. Still working on this.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  12:13, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Additional sources
Found these, but only the abstracts are available for free:
 * Also available at ResearchGate and ScienceGate  but paywalled there, too.
 * Also available at ResearchGate but paywalled there, too.
 * Also available at JSTOR but paywalled there, too.  Hinderks (2014) says: "As late as 1794, it was documented that only military regiments had fixed tartans.", and cites Dziennik (2012) for this, but it's too vague a claim to use in our own article; need to see what Dziennik actually wrote and on what basis.
 * Also available at U. Glasgow and ResearchGate  but paywalled there, too.
 * – said to be directly related to tartan
 * An old primary source:
 * – Something about adapting programmable wearable-art tech to a tartan pattern
 * – Seems to be focused on the tension between (individual) intellectual property and (collective) cultural heritage concerns; involves tartan, Scotch whisky, Harris tweed, etc.
 * The Proceedings of the Scottish Tartans Society, journal, 1980s-1990s – will be nearly impossible to find, probably, except in Scottish libraries.
 * Legal case documents to get access to: Holmes et al. v. LL Bean Inc., US District Court for Maine (Portland Office); case no. 2:2006cv00211; 30 November 2006 . Need access to the PACER system, which might be possible through The Wikipedia Library. In this case, one Jane or Jan and David Holmes of Plymouth, Maine, sued US clothing company LL Bean for using a tartan design Jan[e] acquired the rights to, in LL Bean's "Americana Tartan Shirt"; company defended its use by arguing that the tartan is in the public domain since it is widely recognised as the state tartan of Maine. I can't find any info yet on how this case went. THere was at least one bit of news coverage when the case was filed . As of 2007, neither that tartan nor a competing one were official tartans of the state.
 * A key economic report (behind the "Tartans Bill" that created the Scottish Register of Tartans) has gone missing: ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd, The Economic Impact of the Tartan Industry in Scotland: A Report Submitted to Scottish Enterprise National Textiles Team, C3365 / May 2007, apparently actually written in 2006. It used to be here, but is gone and web.archive.org did not capture it, and it seems to be nowhere else either. May have to ask people at Scottish-Enterprise.com.
 * – Don't know how to get that paper, but it seems to have been reworked into a chapter of:
 * Probably only findable on paper in a British library: The Coat of Arms, July–October 1959, includes: "D. A. and R. Saunders discuss, with the assistance of numerous diagrams, the history and making of Scottish tartans".
 * A key economic report (behind the "Tartans Bill" that created the Scottish Register of Tartans) has gone missing: ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd, The Economic Impact of the Tartan Industry in Scotland: A Report Submitted to Scottish Enterprise National Textiles Team, C3365 / May 2007, apparently actually written in 2006. It used to be here, but is gone and web.archive.org did not capture it, and it seems to be nowhere else either. May have to ask people at Scottish-Enterprise.com.
 * – Don't know how to get that paper, but it seems to have been reworked into a chapter of:
 * Probably only findable on paper in a British library: The Coat of Arms, July–October 1959, includes: "D. A. and R. Saunders discuss, with the assistance of numerous diagrams, the history and making of Scottish tartans".
 * Probably only findable on paper in a British library: The Coat of Arms, July–October 1959, includes: "D. A. and R. Saunders discuss, with the assistance of numerous diagrams, the history and making of Scottish tartans".

Papers available in full-text:
 * – This is an old primary source, but might contain something usable.
 * – This is an old primary source, but might contain something usable.
 * – This is an old primary source, but might contain something usable.
 * – This is an old primary source, but might contain something usable.
 * – This is an old primary source, but might contain something usable.
 * – This is an old primary source, but might contain something usable.
 * – This is an old primary source, but might contain something usable.

Books to check out:
 * – "This critical re-evaluation of tartan in Scottish culture draws together contributions from leading researchers in a wide variety of disciplines, resulting in a highly authoritative volume." I have this on hand and it is what I'm currently going through for the WP article, as of 2023-07-05. This is going to be a lot of slow work, as it is dense, academic material.
 * – One essay from this edited volume has already been cited, but there are probably more of use here. It's a non-cheap academic volume, but may be available from JSTOR.
 * – I have used this source (all of it) already, as of 2023-07-05.
 * – I have plundered most of this for material already. I did not go over the tartan-by-tartan "The Setts of the Tartans" chapter that makes up the bulk of the book (and there are surely a few gems hidden in there), because there are much bigger source fish to fry.
 * – the two printings have the same number of pages so are probably equivalent. The ISBN here is for the 1990 printing, but the URL goes to the 1981 version. I have the 1990 version on order anyway.
 * 2 vols. – I've bit the bullet and ordered this, trans-Atlantic (because the US sellers wanted even more than the British ones with shipping).
 * – This sounds worth getting, but it's available free online, so yay.
 * – This appears to just be a newered edition, under a new title, of the work below. I have this one on-hand.
 * – There's a newer 2013 printing/edition from another publisher (see above), but unknown if it materially differs. We cite it once, so see if the page number cited for the paper one above still works for this online version (if so, swap out a citation to this one, since it's online-verifiable).
 * – The one is different from the above two. I have a copy on order.
 * – Only 84 pages, but a reviewer says "explains a lot in a very concise and easily understood manner. It is a great tool and resource in a small package." Might be useful for terminology citations, etc. I ordered a copy, since I found it cheap.
 * – Might have useful info in it, but has become a pricey collectors' item.
 * – Sounds worth a look, so I ordered it.
 * The old 1991 edition is available online . I have the 3rd ed. on hand now.
 * – Surprisingly makes a case for Lowland origin of tartan and its spread to the Highlands; this is too bold a claim to even mention in the WP article without reading it in detail and giving it a serious WP:DUEWEIGHT analysis.
 * – I think this covers some tartan-style cloth in South America and elsewhere. Old edition is available online.
 * – The old 2008 edition is available online . I have the current edition on order.
 * – This is old enough it should be treated as a primary source. Update: I have plundered this already for everything usable in it for this article.
 * – Old; treat as primary source. This material may be integrated into the larger, later, multi-author source just above.
 * – This one may actually have some historical information about tartan in it. However, there's a newer edition than this, 1998, ISBN 978-0760711200. The article already has one citation to the 1994 version. I've ordered the 1998 version, since I found it for a pittance.
 * – This is mostly a pocket flip-book of clan tartans, but did have some usable info in it; it's cited at least once in the article. If the same info can be found in their other book above, might be better to just cite the one.
 * – Despite the vague topical scope, apparently has a significant amount of kilt & tartan stuff in it.
 * – Very broad topic, but does address tartan as a nationalism symbol. Hinderks (2014) cited an old edition of this.
 * – very partial text is available online here
 * – Has good material in it, quoted by a blogger here. I'll use that intermediary source in the interim, as the original book is very elusive.
 * – I've ordered a copy of this.
 * – I've ordered a copy of this.
 * – Seems to be a combination of an overview book like Banks & de La Chapell's Tartan: Romancing the Plaid and a clan-tartans identifier book. I ordered it anyway just in case because I found it for very cheap.
 * – This is potentially useful, but I'm not ordering it until working on a district tartans side article. Never mind; I found it cheap, so I ordered it.
 * – This is the classic clan tartan "flip book", in the latest edition I can identify. I ordered this one since I found it very cheap, and should probably have one of these (though will only need one, so might as well go with the original).
 * – Little 32-page local-history publication; will be nearly impossible to find.
 * – Book is a general sociological overview of modern Scotland; chapter focuses on tartan, Kailyard literature, Clydseism, and other themes.
 * – Blurb says it has a chapter on "the invention of tartan and the romance of the Highlands"
 * – Something potentially interesting in this work on "social ideologies" behind British approaches to design: "[The author] reminds us how William Morris was urged ... to search for something 'English in character' in his designs ... 'reinventing a golden age of English design, before the factory system'. Use is made of ideas relating to 'the invention of tradition' to draw attention to the fabricated preindustrial origins of Highland dress and specific tartans in Scotland, the author further developing the discussion in a brief exploration of aspects of the Celtic Revival in Ireland, including attempts to invent a national costume." It's quite expensive for about a 100-page book, so good that it's available via Internet Archive "check out".
 * – From review: "an examination of the revival of Irish and Scottish cottage textile crafts — the embroidering of poplin, lacemaking, and the weaving of tweed and tartan — that also demonstrates the complexities and tensions caused by the 'internal colonization' of the so-called Celtic fringe by London society." One of the sources we're already citing seems to have been influenced by this, perhaps tertiarily, as it used the exact phrase "internal colonisation", namely Hinderks (2014), pp. 8–9, citing Dziennik (2012), and Nicholson (2005). The books is comparatively quite expensive, around $75 used. :-(
 * – A bit pricey.
 * – There may be a useful sentence or two in this mini-essay.
 * – Book is a general sociological overview of modern Scotland; chapter focuses on tartan, Kailyard literature, Clydseism, and other themes.
 * – Blurb says it has a chapter on "the invention of tartan and the romance of the Highlands"
 * – Something potentially interesting in this work on "social ideologies" behind British approaches to design: "[The author] reminds us how William Morris was urged ... to search for something 'English in character' in his designs ... 'reinventing a golden age of English design, before the factory system'. Use is made of ideas relating to 'the invention of tradition' to draw attention to the fabricated preindustrial origins of Highland dress and specific tartans in Scotland, the author further developing the discussion in a brief exploration of aspects of the Celtic Revival in Ireland, including attempts to invent a national costume." It's quite expensive for about a 100-page book, so good that it's available via Internet Archive "check out".
 * – From review: "an examination of the revival of Irish and Scottish cottage textile crafts — the embroidering of poplin, lacemaking, and the weaving of tweed and tartan — that also demonstrates the complexities and tensions caused by the 'internal colonization' of the so-called Celtic fringe by London society." One of the sources we're already citing seems to have been influenced by this, perhaps tertiarily, as it used the exact phrase "internal colonisation", namely Hinderks (2014), pp. 8–9, citing Dziennik (2012), and Nicholson (2005). The books is comparatively quite expensive, around $75 used. :-(
 * – A bit pricey.
 * – There may be a useful sentence or two in this mini-essay.
 * – Blurb says it has a chapter on "the invention of tartan and the romance of the Highlands"
 * – Something potentially interesting in this work on "social ideologies" behind British approaches to design: "[The author] reminds us how William Morris was urged ... to search for something 'English in character' in his designs ... 'reinventing a golden age of English design, before the factory system'. Use is made of ideas relating to 'the invention of tradition' to draw attention to the fabricated preindustrial origins of Highland dress and specific tartans in Scotland, the author further developing the discussion in a brief exploration of aspects of the Celtic Revival in Ireland, including attempts to invent a national costume." It's quite expensive for about a 100-page book, so good that it's available via Internet Archive "check out".
 * – From review: "an examination of the revival of Irish and Scottish cottage textile crafts — the embroidering of poplin, lacemaking, and the weaving of tweed and tartan — that also demonstrates the complexities and tensions caused by the 'internal colonization' of the so-called Celtic fringe by London society." One of the sources we're already citing seems to have been influenced by this, perhaps tertiarily, as it used the exact phrase "internal colonisation", namely Hinderks (2014), pp. 8–9, citing Dziennik (2012), and Nicholson (2005). The books is comparatively quite expensive, around $75 used. :-(
 * – A bit pricey.
 * – There may be a useful sentence or two in this mini-essay.
 * – There may be a useful sentence or two in this mini-essay.

Sources to probably skip:

 * – Does not seem to be online, and probably not useful as a source anyway, since it's just a master's thesis.
 * – Skip this one; it's just a 62-page booklet.
 * – This one is just another tartan flip-book of clan and district tartans, that also includles US, Canadian, Australian, etc. entries. I don't think it goes into historical use of tartan-style cloth in world cultures, so it is unlikely to be of use for this article.
 * – This appears to be another flip-book of clan tartan images, like Bain's guide; probably of no use for this article.
 * – This be the newest edition of Urquhart; I'll have to check. This  seem to be the hardback edition from the same year, presumably with the same text. As a "flip book" of clans and tartans, I don't see much use for it at this article, though.
 * –Another tartans flip-book, probably not useful here.
 * – Another clan tartans flip-book, probably useless for this article.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto, and giving imprimatur to industry-created "Irish tartans" makes the reliability suspect, despite the publisher.
 * - Yet another clan tartans flip-book of dubious use for this article.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Ditto. (There's a 2000 edition, ISNB 9781585740949, but I doubt it's different (probably just hardcover vs. softcover.)
 * – Yet another clan-tartans book. And old enough it has to be treated as a primary source.
 * – Another clan tartans flip-book; can't see any use for that at this article.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Yet another clan tartans flip-book. Don't need this for this article.
 * – Sounds like another flip-book of clan tartans.
 * – Sounds like a "coffee table book", and seems (from its blurb) to devote a lot of material to US and Canadian designs; I'm skipping this one.
 * – Yet another tartan flip-book.
 * – Ditto. And just the fact that it takes "Irish tartans" seriously, despite them being wholly a product of the industry for marketing to Irish-Americans, with no connection to actual Irish tradition, makes it a suspect source.
 * – Same comment as above; this is clearly pandering to and being continually updated for bogus "Irish tartans" being churned out for Americans; won't have anything useful for a historical WP article. And it's expensive anyway. (Seems to originally have been titled Tartans for the Irish! Suggested Tartans for Irish and Ulster Scots Names, though that might actualy be a largely redundant separate book.) The only use I can think of for this is for eventual articles on non-Scottish tartans, since it covers Welsh, Manx, Cornish, etc.
 * – Yet another clan tartans index; can't see this being useful.
 * – This looks pretty thin on "history", versus pattern terminology.
 * – Sounded promising (despite being a very expensive academic volume), but doesn't seem to mention tartan at all.
 * – Possible this has some information on English woollen mills producing competitive tartan, but I'm doing going to buy it to find out.
 * 3 vols. – Ditto.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Has a chapter on woollen history, but unknown if it addresses tartan.
 * – May or may not cover tartan.
 * – Ditto.
 * – Seems very ecclectic and may not have relevant content.
 * – May be more about sewing and needlepoint than weaving.
 * – Entire book on the history of cochineal; not terribly relevant here, but might be good for improving enc. coverage of that dye.
 * – Exact content unknown; have material on the evolution of Highland dress, but I doubt it (look for detailed reviews).
 * – Might be of some relevance in interpreting dresses in old portraits
 * – Does have a segment on Highland dress, but this tertiary source is unlikely to contain anything not already found in better, secondary sources above.
 * – Very weak masters thesis; its central theme that Highland dress has been gendered, since before its spread from the Highlands, is correct; but in detail, it is a gender-politics polemic, and contains multiple factual errors on almost every page (probably because it is mostly lacking in quality source material).
 * – Very weak masters thesis; its central theme that Highland dress has been gendered, since before its spread from the Highlands, is correct; but in detail, it is a gender-politics polemic, and contains multiple factual errors on almost every page (probably because it is mostly lacking in quality source material).

On the Scottish Tartans Museum, which needs its own article:
 * – Has a little about the original museum in Comrie, Scotland.
 * – Has a little about the original museum in Comrie, Scotland.

See also:
 * Talk:Regimental tartan, Talk:Highland dress, Talk:Highland dance, Talk:Highland games/Archives/2023 1, Talk:Scottish diaspora, Talk:Tartanry, Talk:Tartan Day

— SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  02:50, 18 June 2023 (UTC); rev'd. 18:11, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

Sources on ancient samples, and history of cloth
Our article at Tarim mummies says "Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber, who examined the tartan-style cloth, discusses similarities between it and fragments recovered from salt mines associated with the Hallstatt culture." But it doesn't cite Barber's own book for this, instead citing some paywalled paper. Weird. Anyway, this book is probably worth reviewing for details on the cloth. We've mentioned her briefly (as cited by Banks & de La Chapelle). This is the book:
 * – I have ordered a copy of this, and hae it now.

An NYT article based on Wayland Barber's stuff says: "Tracing the origin of plaid cloth to Anatolia and the Caucasus, the steppe area north of the Black Sea, her conclusion is: 'Starting from the general vicinity of the Caucasus, one group went west, the other east.'"  So, she's apparently got some detailed analysis on the spread of early tartan-type cloth, which presumably includes other pre-medieval finds than the ones we're mentioning already. A different NYT article (May 1996) mentions her work again: "Dr. Elizabeth J. W. Barber, a linguist and archeologist at Occidental College in Los Angeles and the author of Prehistoric Textiles (Princeton University Press, 1991), said that plaid twills had first been discovered in the ruins of Troy, from about 2600 B.C., but had not been common in the Bronze Age." It also says that material (including by Victor H. Mair) relating the Tarim mummies was published in the then-current issue of

A Guardian article says: "Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber says in her new book, The Mummies of Urumchi, that the woollen plaids discovered on the mummies could only have been woven on warp-weighted looms, which originated in Europe via the Middle East."

Wayland Barber has another book of probable interest here, but this one is a more expensive academic volume: And other that could have something relevant in it:

Also: "University of Pennsylvania anthropologist Irene Good, a specialist in early Eurasian textiles" apparently analyzed some of the cloth, and may have published something separately. Another news quote about her, from 1996: " Irene Good, a specialist in textile archeology at the Pennsylvania museum, said that the plaid fabric was 'virtually identical stylistically and technically to textile fragments' found in Austria and Germany at sites from a somewhat later period, about 700 B.C." It would be good to find her publications.

Dunbar (1979), pp. 48–49, says: The early textiles to be found in Scotland have been well described by Audrey S. Henshall in papers published in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1951. The actual specimens date from the Romano-British period to the seventeenth century and are to be seen in the Scottish National Museum of Antiquaries, Edinburgh. This means there are extant samples between the "Falkirk tartan" and the "Glen Affic tartan" that our article is not accounting for. Might take some work to track down Henshall's articles, as Dunbar did not cite them in detail. He quotes from one, but not specify which, nor provide the estimated date of the sample being described, so it's presently useless for our article.

See also:
 * – Might have something on the Scandinavia tartan (Jutland, Sweden) reported from the Roman era, though it seems to mostly focus on Iceland and Greenland.

Newsome (in one of his weaker, more introductory articles) says "Tartan has been found on mummies in Kazakhstan from 2000 BC", but doesn't provide any further detail. Scottish Register of Tartans provides a reconstruction of what the tartan would have looked like originally, also without details. I'm not sure yet where this came from and have to hope that Wayland Barber's book covers it.

 * – Despite the craniometry focus, it apparently has information on the ancient Kazakhstan tartan.

— SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  19:44, 10 June 2023 (UTC), rev'd. 13:23, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

Term "Highland Revival period"
P. E. MacDonald uses this term fairly often, though with exact-date definitions that vary a little. "The years 1780-1840 are known as the Highland Revival period." and "There are no known examples of Highland Revival clothing being retrospective, they are stylistically all contemporary with the fashion of the time c.1780-1840." , versus "In costume terms the Highland Revival refers to the period c1782-1837 in which, as the name suggests, there was a revival of interest in, and wearing of, Highland Dress following the Act Repealing the Proscription of Highland Dress in 1782." (1837 was the beginning of Victoria's reign.)

Anyway, not sure whether to integrate it here at all or put it in Highland dress. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  01:26, 1 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I integrated this briefly at the top of the Georgian section.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  07:04, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

Tarim mummies factoid
An anon pasted in the following (kind of in mid-sentence):

This may be correct, but it's off-topic for this article (especially for it's lead section!), so I have removed it. If this source is good, it's probably something to include at Tarim mummies, and I'm making note of it here for that reason. If someone else doesn't get around to examining this and, if appropriate, including something about it over there, then I probably will at some point. something about this could be in the history section here, but this article is already over-long. (See other section about that, and splitting progress.)  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  12:01, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Kirkin' o' the tartan
We have an article on this now, so should integrate mention of it in the 20th-century+ section. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  15:19, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

Revert needed

 * I do not have an account and so cannot rollback this obvious vandalism. The "editor" already has a spam warning from self-promoting elsewhere.

212.79.110.147 (talk) 14:17, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tartan


text:
Talk:Vitantonio Liuzzi

Untitled
Is there any particular reason why he's cited as living in both Italy and Chelsea, but both presented like he only lives in one? I'll try and find out for certain.Helmetlad 14:56, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Class=start
Almost nothing on his only complete F1 season to date?! 4u1e 19:15, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Year of birth
Liuzzi was actually born in 1980, he faked his age but I can confirm his actual birth year is 1980 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.43.248.70 (talk) 13:49, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Do you have a reliable reference for that? DH85868993 13:56, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

yes, I have personal references (he went to school with a friend of mine that is born in 1980). Moreover it's been quoted in biggest Motorsport magazine in Italy called Autosprint. If you google "Liuzzi 1980" you will find that there are sources quoting it (http://www.formula1news.it/drivers/liuzzi.htm). The matter that Liuzzi has faked his ID is well known in italy, while it might not be abroad. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.140.6.97 (talk) 23:35, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * FORIX shows it as 1980. That's good enough for me. I've changed it to 1980, and added a footnote identifying that it is disputed. If you can provide a reference to a publication (name, issue number/date, page number) or a website that states that he faked it, we can add that too. DH85868993 (talk) 02:13, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I've made some checks with the Italian Agenzia delle Entrate Codice Fiscale system; if you calculate the fiscal code (for example here with: Liuzzi, Vitantonio, M, Locorotondo, BA, 06/08/1980) with 1980 as birth year and you put the code here the system says that the code is valid; if you calculate the code with 1981, it says that it's not valid. So it's sure it's 1980, try it yourself! 79.17.82.226 (talk) 15:56, 10 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I've changed it back to 1980. DH85868993 (talk) 10:45, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Vitantonio Liuzzi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130213154336/http://www.touchline.tv:80/gaming/gran-turismo-academy-series-confirmed-for-itv4 to http://www.touchline.tv/gaming/gran-turismo-academy-series-confirmed-for-itv4
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130307021222/http://eu.gran-turismo.com:80/ie/news/d50120.html to http://eu.gran-turismo.com/ie/news/d50120.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:40, 16 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Vitantonio Liuzzi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071010054558/http://www.f1db.com/f1/page/Vitantonio_Liuzzi to http://www.f1db.com/f1/page/Vitantonio_Liuzzi

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:49, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vitantonio Liuzzi


text:
Heat transfer coefficient

In thermodynamics, the  heat transfer coefficient or film coefficient, or film effectiveness, is the proportionality constant between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat (i.e., the temperature difference, $ΔT$ ). It is used in calculating the heat transfer, typically by convection or phase transition between a fluid and a solid. The heat transfer coefficient has SI units in watts per square meter per kelvin (W/m2K).

The overall heat transfer rate for combined modes is usually expressed in terms of an overall conductance or heat transfer coefficient, $U$. In that case, the heat transfer rate is:

 * $$\dot{Q}=hA(T_2-T_1)$$

where (in SI units):
 * $$\dot{Q}$$: Heat transfer rate (W)
 * $$h$$: Heat transfer coefficient (W/m²K)
 * $$A$$: surface area where the heat transfer takes place (m²)
 * $$T_2$$: temperature of the surrounding fluid (K)
 * $$T_1$$: temperature of the solid surface (K)

The general definition of the heat transfer coefficient is:

 * $$h = \frac{q}{\Delta T}$$

where:
 * $$q$$: heat flux (W/m²); i.e., thermal power per unit area, $$q = d\dot{Q}/dA$$
 * $$\Delta T$$: difference in temperature between the solid surface and surrounding fluid area (K)

The heat transfer coefficient is the reciprocal of thermal insulance. This is used for building materials (R-value) and for clothing insulation.

There are numerous methods for calculating the heat transfer coefficient in different heat transfer modes, different fluids, flow regimes, and under different thermohydraulic conditions. Often it can be estimated by dividing the thermal conductivity of the convection fluid by a length scale. The heat transfer coefficient is often calculated from the Nusselt number (a dimensionless number). There are also online calculators available specifically for Heat-transfer fluid applications. Experimental assessment of the heat transfer coefficient poses some challenges especially when small fluxes are to be measured (e.g. < 0.2 W/cm$2$).

Composition
A simple method for determining an overall heat transfer coefficient that is useful to find the heat transfer between simple elements such as walls in buildings or across heat exchangers is shown below. This method only accounts for conduction within materials, it does not take into account heat transfer through methods such as radiation. The method is as follows:

 * $$ \frac{1}{U \cdot A} = \frac{1}{h_1 \cdot A_1} + \frac{dx_w}{k \cdot A} + \frac{1}{h_2 \cdot A_2} $$

Where:

 * $$ U $$ = the overall heat transfer coefficient (W/(m2·K))
 * $$ A $$ = the contact area for each fluid side (m2) (with $$ A_{1} $$ and $$ A_{2} $$ expressing either surface)
 * $$ k $$ = the thermal conductivity of the material (W/(m·K))
 * $$ h $$ = the individual convection heat transfer coefficient for each fluid (W/(m2·K))
 * $$ dx_w $$ = the wall thickness (m).

As the areas for each surface approach being equal the equation can be written as the transfer coefficient per unit area as shown below:

 * $$ \frac{1}{U} = \frac{1}{h_1} + \frac{dx_w}{k} + \frac{1}{h_2} $$

or

 * $$ U = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{h_1} + \frac{dx_w}{k} + \frac{1}{h_2}} $$

Often the value for $$dx_w$$ is referred to as the difference of two radii where the inner and outer radii are used to define the thickness of a pipe carrying a fluid, however, this figure may also be considered as a wall thickness in a flat plate transfer mechanism or other common flat surfaces such as a wall in a building when the area difference between each edge of the transmission surface approaches zero.

In the walls of buildings the above formula can be used to derive the formula commonly used to calculate the heat through building components. Architects and engineers call the resulting values either the U-Value or the R-Value of a construction assembly like a wall. Each type of value (R or U) are related as the inverse of each other such that R-Value = 1/U-Value and both are more fully understood through the concept of an overall heat transfer coefficient described in lower section of this document.

Convective heat transfer correlations
Although convective heat transfer can be derived analytically through dimensional analysis, exact analysis of the boundary layer, approximate integral analysis of the boundary layer and analogies between energy and momentum transfer, these analytic approaches may not offer practical solutions to all problems when there are no mathematical models applicable. Therefore, many correlations were developed by various authors to estimate the convective heat transfer coefficient in various cases including natural convection, forced convection for internal flow and forced convection for external flow. These empirical correlations are presented for their particular geometry and flow conditions. As the fluid properties are temperature dependent, they are evaluated at the film temperature $$T_f$$, which is the average of the surface $$T_s$$ and the surrounding bulk temperature, $${{T}_{\infty }}$$.

 * $${{T}_{f}}=\frac{{{T}_{s}}+{{T}_{\infty }}}{2}$$

External flow, vertical plane
Recommendations by Churchill and Chu provide the following correlation for natural convection adjacent to a vertical plane, both for laminar and turbulent flow. k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid, L is the characteristic length with respect to the direction of gravity, RaL is the Rayleigh number with respect to this length and Pr is the Prandtl number (the Rayleigh number can be written as the product of the Grashof number and the Prandtl number).

 * $$h \ = \frac{k}{L}\left({0.825 + \frac{0.387 \mathrm{Ra}_L^{1/6}}{\left(1 + (0.492/\mathrm{Pr})^{9/16} \right)^{8/27} }}\right)^2 \, \quad \mathrm{Ra}_L < 10^{12}$$

For laminar flows, the following correlation is slightly more accurate. It is observed that a transition from a laminar to a turbulent boundary occurs when RaL exceeds around 109.

 * $$h \ = \frac{k}{L} \left(0.68 + \frac{0.67 \mathrm{Ra}_L^{1/4}}{\left(1 + (0.492/\mathrm{Pr})^{9/16}\right)^{4/9}}\right) \, \quad \mathrm10^{-1} < \mathrm{Ra}_L < 10^9 $$

External flow, vertical cylinders
For cylinders with their axes vertical, the expressions for plane surfaces can be used provided the curvature effect is not too significant. This represents the limit where boundary layer thickness is small relative to cylinder diameter $$D$$. The correlations for vertical plane walls can be used when
 * $$\frac{D}{L}\ge \frac{35}{\mathrm{Gr}_{L}^{\frac{1}{4}}}$$

where $$\mathrm{Gr}_L$$ is the Grashof number.

External flow, horizontal plates
W. H. McAdams suggested the following correlations for horizontal plates. The induced buoyancy will be different depending upon whether the hot surface is facing up or down.

For a hot surface facing up, or a cold surface facing down, for laminar flow:
 * $$h \ = \frac{k 0.54 \mathrm{Ra}_L^{1/4}} {L} \, \quad 10^5 < \mathrm{Ra}_L < 2\times 10^7$$

and for turbulent flow:

 * $$h \ = \frac{k 0.14 \mathrm{Ra}_L^{1/3}} {L} \, \quad 2\times 10^7 < \mathrm{Ra}_L < 3\times 10^{10} .$$

For a hot surface facing down, or a cold surface facing up, for laminar flow:

 * $$h \ = \frac{k 0.27 \mathrm{Ra}_L^{1/4}} {L} \, \quad 3\times 10^5 < \mathrm{Ra}_L < 3\times 10^{10}.$$

The characteristic length is the ratio of the plate surface area to perimeter. If the surface is inclined at an angle θ with the vertical then the equations for a vertical plate by Churchill and Chu may be used for θ up to 60°; if the boundary layer flow is laminar, the gravitational constant g is replaced with g cos θ when calculating the Ra term.

External flow, horizontal cylinder
For cylinders of sufficient length and negligible end effects, Churchill and Chu has the following correlation for $$10^{-5}<\mathrm{Ra}_D<10^{12}$$.

 * $$h \ = \frac{k} {D}\left({0.6 + \frac{0.387 \mathrm{Ra}_D^{1/6}}{\left(1 + (0.559/\mathrm{Pr})^{9/16} \, \right)^{8/27} \,}}\right)^2$$

External flow, spheres
For spheres, T. Yuge has the following correlation for Pr≃1 and $$1 \le \mathrm{Ra}_D \le 10^5$$.

 * $${\mathrm{Nu}}_D \ = 2 + 0.43 \mathrm{Ra}_D^{1/4}$$

Vertical rectangular enclosure
For heat flow between two opposing vertical plates of rectangular enclosures, Catton recommends the following two correlations for smaller aspect ratios. The correlations are valid for any value of Prandtl number.

For $$ 1 <\frac{H}{L} < 2 $$ :

 * $$h \ = \frac{k}{L}0.18 \left(\frac{\mathrm{Pr}}{0.2 + \mathrm{Pr}} \mathrm{Ra}_L \right)^{0.29} \, \quad \mathrm{Ra}_L \mathrm{Pr}/(0.2 + \mathrm{Pr}) > 10^3$$

where H is the internal height of the enclosure and L is the horizontal distance between the two sides of different temperatures.

For $$ 2 < \frac{H}{L} < 10 $$ :

 * $$h \ = \frac{k}{L}0.22 \left(\frac{\mathrm{Pr}}{0.2 + \mathrm{Pr}} \mathrm{Ra}_L \right)^{0.28} \left(\frac{H}{L} \right)^{-1/4} \, \quad \mathrm{Ra}_L < 10^{10}.$$

For vertical enclosures with larger aspect ratios, the following two correlations can be used. For 10 < H/L < 40:

 * $$h \ = \frac{k}{L}0.42 \mathrm{Ra}_L^{1/4} \mathrm{Pr}^{0.012} \left(\frac{H}{L} \right)^{-0.3} \, \quad 1 < \mathrm{Pr} < 2\times10^4, \, \quad 10^4 < \mathrm{Ra}_L < 10^7.$$

For $$ 1 < \frac{H}{L} < 40$$ :

 * $$h \ = \frac{k}{L}0.46 \mathrm{Ra}_L^{1/3} \, \quad 1 < \mathrm{Pr} < 20, \, \quad 10^6 < \mathrm{Ra}_L < 10^9.$$

For all four correlations, fluid properties are evaluated at the average temperature—as opposed to film temperature—$$(T_1+T_2)/2$$, where $$T_1$$ and $$T_2$$ are the temperatures of the vertical surfaces and $$T_1 > T_2$$.

Forced convection
There is no data available.

Internal flow, laminar flow
Sieder and Tate give the following correlation to account for entrance effects in laminar flow in tubes where $$D$$ is the internal diameter, $${\mu }_{b}$$ is the fluid viscosity at the bulk mean temperature, $${\mu }_{w}$$ is the viscosity at the tube wall surface temperature.

 * $$\mathrm{Nu}_{D}={1.86}\cdot{{\left( \frac{D}{L} \right)}^{{}^{1}\!\!\diagup\!\!{}_{3}\;}}{{\left( \frac{{{\mu }_{b}}}{{{\mu }_{w}}} \right)}^{0.14}}$$

For fully developed laminar flow, the Nusselt number is constant and equal to 3.66. Mills combines the entrance effects and fully developed flow into one equation

 * $$\mathrm{Nu}_{D}=3.66+\frac{0.065\cdot\mathrm{Re}\cdot\mathrm{Pr}\cdot\frac{D}{L}}{1+0.04\cdot\left( \mathrm{Re}\cdot\mathrm{Pr}\cdot\frac{D}{L}\right)^{2/3}}$$

Internal flow, turbulent flow
The Dittus-Bölter correlation (1930) is a common and particularly simple correlation useful for many applications. This correlation is applicable when forced convection is the only mode of heat transfer; i.e., there is no boiling, condensation, significant radiation, etc. The accuracy of this correlation is anticipated to be ±15%.

For a fluid flowing in a straight circular pipe with a Reynolds number between 10,000 and 120,000 (in the turbulent pipe flow range), when the fluid's Prandtl number is between 0.7 and 120, for a location far from the pipe entrance (more than 10 pipe diameters; more than 50 diameters according to many authors ) or other flow disturbances, and when the pipe surface is hydraulically smooth, the heat transfer coefficient between the bulk of the fluid and the pipe surface can be expressed explicitly as:

 * $${h d \over k}= {0.023} \, \left({j d \over \mu}\right)^{0.8} \, \left({\mu c_p \over k}\right)^n$$

where:
 * $$d$$ is the hydraulic diameter
 * $$k$$ is the thermal conductivity of the bulk fluid
 * $$\mu$$ is the fluid viscosity
 * $$j$$ is the mass flux
 * $$c_p$$ is the isobaric heat capacity of the fluid
 * $$n$$ is 0.4 for heating (wall hotter than the bulk fluid) and 0.33 for cooling (wall cooler than the bulk fluid).

The fluid properties necessary for the application of this equation are evaluated at the bulk temperature thus avoiding iteration.

Forced convection, external flow
In analyzing the heat transfer associated with the flow past the exterior surface of a solid, the situation is complicated by phenomena such as boundary layer separation. Various authors have correlated charts and graphs for different geometries and flow conditions. For flow parallel to a plane surface, where $$x$$ is the distance from the edge and $$L$$ is the height of the boundary layer, a mean Nusselt number can be calculated using the Colburn analogy.

Thom correlation
There exist simple fluid-specific correlations for heat transfer coefficient in boiling. The Thom correlation is for the flow of boiling water (subcooled or saturated at pressures up to about 20 MPa) under conditions where the nucleate boiling contribution predominates over forced convection. This correlation is useful for rough estimation of expected temperature difference given the heat flux:

$$\Delta T_{\rm sat} = 22.5 \cdot {q}^{0.5} \exp (-P/8.7)$$

where:
 * $$\Delta T_{\rm sat}$$ is the wall temperature elevation above the saturation temperature, K
 * q is the heat flux, MW/m2
 * P is the pressure of water, MPa

This empirical correlation is specific to the units given.

Heat transfer coefficient of pipe wall
The resistance to the flow of heat by the material of pipe wall can be expressed as a "heat transfer coefficient of the pipe wall". However, one needs to select if the heat flux is based on the pipe inner or the outer diameter. Selecting to base the heat flux on the pipe inner diameter, and assuming that the pipe wall thickness is small in comparison with the pipe inner diameter, then the heat transfer coefficient for the pipe wall can be calculated as if the wall were not curved:
 * $$h_{\rm wall} = {2 k \over x}$$

where
 * $$k$$ is the effective thermal conductivity of the wall material
 * $$x$$ is the difference between the outer and inner diameter.

If the above assumption does not hold, then the wall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated using the following expression:

 * $$h_{\rm wall} = {2k \over {d_{\rm i}\ln(d_{\rm o}/d_{\rm i})}}$$

where
 * $$d_i$$ = inner diameter of the pipe [m]
 * $$d_o$$ = outer diameter of the pipe [m]

The thermal conductivity of the tube material usually depends on temperature; the mean thermal conductivity is often used.

Combining convective heat transfer coefficients
For two or more heat transfer processes acting in parallel, convective heat transfer coefficients simply add:

 * $$h = h_1 + h_2 + \cdots$$

For two or more heat transfer processes connected in series, convective heat transfer coefficients add inversely:

 * $${1\over h} = {1\over h_1} + {1\over h_2} + \dots$$

For example, consider a pipe with a fluid flowing inside. The approximate rate of heat transfer between the bulk of the fluid inside the pipe and the pipe external surface is:

 * $$q=\left( {1\over{{1 \over h}+{t \over k}}} \right) \cdot A \cdot \Delta T$$

where
 * $$q$$ = heat transfer rate (W)
 * $$h$$ = convective heat transfer coefficient (W/(m²·K))
 * $$t$$ = wall thickness (m)
 * $$k$$ = wall thermal conductivity (W/m·K)
 * $$A$$ = area (m²)
 * $$\Delta T$$ = difference in temperature (K)

Overall heat transfer coefficient
The overall heat transfer coefficient $$U$$ is a measure of the overall ability of a series of conductive and convective barriers to transfer heat. It is commonly applied to the calculation of heat transfer in heat exchangers, but can be applied equally well to other problems.

For the case of a heat exchanger, $$U$$ can be used to determine the total heat transfer between the two streams in the heat exchanger by the following relationship:

 * $$q = UA \Delta T_{LM}$$

where:
 * $$q$$ = heat transfer rate (W)
 * $$U$$ = overall heat transfer coefficient (W/(m2·K))
 * $$A$$ = heat transfer surface area (m2)
 * $$\Delta T_{LM}$$ = logarithmic mean temperature difference (K).

The overall heat transfer coefficient takes into account the individual heat transfer coefficients of each stream and the resistance of the pipe material. It can be calculated as the reciprocal of the sum of a series of thermal resistances (but more complex relationships exist, for example when heat transfer takes place by different routes in parallel):

 * $$\frac {1} {UA} = \sum \frac{1} {hA} + \sum R $$

where:
 * R = Resistance(s) to heat flow in pipe wall (K/W)
 * Other parameters are as above.

The heat transfer coefficient is the heat transferred per unit area per kelvin. Thus area is included in the equation as it represents the area over which the transfer of heat takes place. The areas for each flow will be different as they represent the contact area for each fluid side.

The thermal resistance due to the pipe wall (for thin walls) is calculated by the following relationship:

 * $$R = \frac{x}{kA}$$

where
 * $$x$$ = the wall thickness (m)
 * $$k$$ = the thermal conductivity of the material (W/(m·K))

This represents the heat transfer by conduction in the pipe.

The thermal conductivity is a characteristic of the particular material. Values of thermal conductivities for various materials are listed in the list of thermal conductivities.

As mentioned earlier in the article the convection heat transfer coefficient for each stream depends on the type of fluid, flow properties and temperature properties.

Some typical heat transfer coefficients include:

 * Air - h = 10 to 100 W/(m2K)
 * Water - h = 500 to 10,000 W/(m2K).

Thermal resistance due to fouling deposits
Often during their use, heat exchangers collect a layer of fouling on the surface which, in addition to potentially contaminating a stream, reduces the effectiveness of heat exchangers. In a fouled heat exchanger the buildup on the walls creates an additional layer of materials that heat must flow through. Due to this new layer, there is additional resistance within the heat exchanger and thus the overall heat transfer coefficient of the exchanger is reduced. The following relationship is used to solve for the heat transfer resistance with the additional fouling resistance:

 * $$\frac{1}{U_{f}P}$$ = $$\frac{1}{UP}+\frac{R_{fH}}{P_{H}}+\frac{R_{fC}}{P_{C}}$$

where
 * $$U_{f}$$ = overall heat transfer coefficient for a fouled heat exchanger, $$\textstyle \rm \frac{W}{m^2K}$$
 * $$P$$= perimeter of the heat exchanger, may be either the hot or cold side perimeter however, it must be the same perimeter on both sides of the equation, $$\rm m$$
 * $$U$$ = overall heat transfer coefficient for an unfouled heat exchanger, $$\textstyle \rm \frac{W}{m^2K}$$
 * $$R_{fC}$$ = fouling resistance on the cold side of the heat exchanger, $$\textstyle \rm \frac{m^2K}{W}$$
 * $$R_{fH}$$ = fouling resistance on the hot side of the heat exchanger, $$\textstyle \rm \frac{m^2K}{W}$$
 * $$P_C$$ = perimeter of the cold side of the heat exchanger, $$\rm m$$
 * $$P_H$$ = perimeter of the hot side of the heat exchanger, $$\rm m$$

This equation uses the overall heat transfer coefficient of an unfouled heat exchanger and the fouling resistance to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient of a fouled heat exchanger. The equation takes into account that the perimeter of the heat exchanger is different on the hot and cold sides. The perimeter used for the $$P$$ does not matter as long as it is the same. The overall heat transfer coefficients will adjust to take into account that a different perimeter was used as the product $$UP$$ will remain the same.

The fouling resistances can be calculated for a specific heat exchanger if the average thickness and thermal conductivity of the fouling are known. The product of the average thickness and thermal conductivity will result in the fouling resistance on a specific side of the heat exchanger.

 * $$R_f$$ = $$\frac{d_f}{k_f}$$

where:
 * $$d_f$$ = average thickness of the fouling in a heat exchanger, $$\rm m$$
 * $$k_f$$ = thermal conductivity of the fouling, $$\textstyle \rm \frac{W}{mK}$$.

title: Heat transfer coefficient


text:
Talk:Misogi

Untitled
Here are a couple of interesting threads on misogi:

 * http://www.aikiweb.com/forums/showthread.php?t=4916
 * http://www.aikiweb.com/forums/showthread.php?t=1872

Kuji Kiri?
"In some groups, the leader counts to nine and then cuts the air while shouting the word "yei!" to dispel this impurity." Could this be related to the Kuji Kiri (nine syllable cuts) ritual used in Japanese religions?. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.12.230.127 (talk) 16:33, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Translation?
Can someone translate ''"harae-tamae-Kiyome-tamae-ro-kon-sho-jo!" '' into English? RJFJR 00:49, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

January 27th Edit
I put some revisions into this text. There are several groups that still practice Misogi in Japan, all of them have slighty different traditions. The content of this article is good, but it seems to represent Misogi as it is found in Omotokyo Shinto more than a general guide (which is not a bad thing in itself). I am of the impression this should represent a overall feel of misogi and the practice here in Japan, so I added some additional kanji, explanation and information. Right now, I have to A) locate and B) translate additional informaton to add, it is just a matter of digging out the quotes and verifying it for the article's references. Small things such as incatations (such as Harahei Kotaba-which are really prayers) appear in different forms from group to group; there are different traditions that are practiced before entering the water (waterfalls, rivers or lakes) and there are several practices that are not mentioned. I will try to add them later! Thanks! Mekugi (talk) 08:27, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Something article forgot to mention
That is the fact that that water is FUCKING COLD.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Misogi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120219003348/http://www.csuchico.edu/~gwilliams/tsa/Appendix_c.html to http://www.csuchico.edu/~gwilliams/tsa/Appendix_c.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:56, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

can't find a word for 降り魂 in dictionaries, and I think it's usually written 振魂 or 魂振
降り魂 with my very basic Japanese knowledge means "spirit alighting"　(when googling this I cannot find any results. while "spirit shaking" would be 振魂, and for that too I cannot find a word in any dictionary for it, and upon googling the results are very limited, with the closest result being on Dota 2 (振魂石) does this practice even exist? Girpe (talk) 09:44, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Misogi


text:
Talk:George McGovern

Section re-organisation needed?
I came to this article wanting to find out more about McGovern and in particular his 1972 presidential campaign, what policies he had beyond being dead set against the Vietnam war. The problem I found is that the section about his campaign and candidacy is buried within the Senate years section. For a while I actually couldn’t find it. Seriously. And if I have that problem, then you can bet that others will also have it. Wouldn’t it be better to give the 1972 campaign its own section, rather than have it as a subsection? Yes, that will necessitate subdividing his senate years, but although the campaign was not successful, surely, rightly or wrongly, he is far better remembered for being the democratic presidential candidate of 1972 than for his years in the senate. Any objections? Boscaswell  talk  21:55, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

 * As the main contributor to this article, I am not in favor of moving that section. The section on the campaign is not buried: it is clearly visible in the table of contents, it occurs in chronological order as the article progresses, and it takes up some 1,600 words and is thus not hiding.  And anyone doing a ctrl-F browser search for '1972' will find it on the fourth click.  As for your experience, we all miss things sometimes for whatever reason, but I haven't heard of others having this difficulty.

 * And for what it's worth, the idea that McGovern should only be remembered for an initially successful but eventually disastrous presidential campaign is a notion that this article as a whole will hopefully dispel. Wasted Time R (talk) 16:19, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

"60 Minutes included him in a 1971 report about liberal politicians and journalists who advocated integrated schooling while avoiding it for their children.[nb 10]" This sentence should be removed from the paragraph about the economy and inserted in a related paragraph (sorry I don't know wiki formatting, but I think this kind of fits here) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C40:700:53A8:4055:AA17:A340:965C (talk) 18:35, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

[Paragraphing]
"60 Minutes included him in a 1971 report about liberal politicians and journalists who advocated integrated schooling while avoiding it for their children.[nb 10]" This sentence should be removed from the paragraph about the economy and inserted in a related paragraph (sorry I don't know wiki formatting, but I think this kind of fits here) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C40:700:53A8:4055:AA17:A340:965C (talk) 18:35, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

 * There isn't a better place to move it to, given the current contents of that section. But I have introduced a transition phrase to make that sentence seem less jarring from what came before it.  Wasted Time R (talk) 12:42, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Portrait vote
User:HistorianL

Vote on the portrait used in the article. I believe that Photo 1, the current one, is better since it's in color, facing forwards, not an odd super-close crop of McGovern speaking; instead an actual portrait. I vote for Photo 1.

Mycranthebigman of Alaska ^_^ 16:06, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Photo 2. Looking at it, Photo 1 is a crop of a low-resolution crop of a cheesy campaign cut-and-paste – look at the visible outlines in the uncropped original.  By contrast, Photo 2 is a good image from a professional photographer and captures more of what McGovern actually looked like.  Neither is ideal for the top photo, but between the two, Photo 2 is the better choice.  Wasted Time R (talk) 16:27, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Photo 2: Photo 1 is a hastily made crop that was took from a random piece of McGovern campiagn material, with one of the only reasons of it staying up on the article is that it is a colored image. Sometimes a B&W image is a better choice over an colored image as the B&W image looks like a image that was taken by a professional photographer. As @Wasted Time R has stated, neither image is ideal for the infobox, but between the two images, Photo 2 gives off a better image of Sen. George McGovern HistorianL (talk) 17:44, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Vote over. Photo 2 wins 2-1. Mycranthebigman of Alaska ^_^ 17:57, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

Political affiliations
On the right sidebar, it would be appropriate to add his affiliation with the Progressive Party, since later in the article it states that he was a delegate to their national convention in 1948.

Proposed text:

Political party Democratic Other political affiliations Progressive (1948) 199.79.170.209 (talk) 04:04, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅ I'm in favor of this. Mycranthebigman of Alaska ^_^ 09:12, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Added. Mycranthebigman of Alaska ^_^ 05:53, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 April 2023
Please fix the formatting of the infobox, specifically for the office of Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture. The ambassador_from1 and country1 parameters are used when really only the office1 parameter should be used (and would look better). Like so:

Using the ambassador_from parameter as it is currently used in the article makes the infobox look too fat with the name of the office unnecessarily stretched out. Using a simple office parameter would fix this issue. 195.99.8.32 (talk) 03:54, 7 April 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Tollens (talk) 07:41, 7 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:George McGovern


text:
Ernest Dimnet

Ernest Dimnet (1866-1954), French priest, writer and lecturer, is the author of The Art of Thinking, a popular book on thinking and reasoning during the 1930s.

Biography
Dimnet was born in France. He served as canon at the Cambrai Cathedral and was a professor at the Stanislas College in Paris. He started writing in for English magazines in 1898. He moved to the United States after the First World War and worked as a lecturer at Harvard University and the Williamstown Institute of Politics.

His most notable book was The Art of Thinking was on the best-seller lists in the US in the 1930s, alongside Dale Carnegie's self-help works, but it is mostly forgotten today. The book invites the reader into a state of honesty where he evaluates himself as a thoughtful human being. Dimnet brings up the fact that we too often only "think of thinking" about something instead of actually thinking. He provides useful tips and advice on how to improve one's concentration, and even endeavors to answer some timeless and all-important questions such as "How do I find myself?" Finding answers to these questions, Dimnet explains, is crucial to the production of any original thought. We must know ourselves in order to think for ourselves.

Works

 * In French
 * La Pensée catholique dans l'Angleterre contemporaine, V. Lecoffre, (1906)
 * Figures de moines, Perrin, (1909)
 * Les soeurs Brontë, Bloud, (1910)
 * L'Art de penser, Grasset, (1930)

 * In English
 * Paul Bourget: A Literary Biography, (1913)
 * France Herself Again, (1914)
 * The Evolution of Thought in Modern France, (1915)
 * From a Paris Balcony, (1924)
 * The Art of Thinking, (1929)
 * What We Live By, (1932)
 * My Old World, (1935)
 * My New World, (1938)

Source:

title: Ernest Dimnet


text:
User:Karlof

I am a Canadian yungerman living in Montreal. I mainly contribute on the french Wikipedia.

fr:Utilisateur:Karlof

title: User:Karlof


text: User talk:66.41.117.88

title: User talk:66.41.117.88


text:
File:007SilverFin.jpg

Summary
James Bond 007 - SilverFin

© 2004 Puffin Books

Rationale for "fair use" in the article SilverFin:

No free or public domain images have been located for this book.

Image is a promotional cover, intended for wide distribution as publicity for the book.

Image is of considerably lower resolution than the original, and is used for informational purposes only. Its use does not detract from either the original cover, or from the book itself.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: File:007SilverFin.jpg