text:
Talk:Hungarians in Romania

Romanization efforts
Many hungarians are not even allowed to be called hungarians. This is often the case with celebrities, like olympic medalists: Zoltan Lunka etc Because of romanization there are many of unclear origin: Andrea Socaci — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.114.147.52 (talk) 11:26, 16 December 2014 (UTC) All my citations are removed, several times,  from Reka Zsofia Lazar-Szabo! Why? She is a hungarian, without doubt. Réka is a hungarian name, as is Zsófia. She reads in hungarian for her son, ergo she is a hungarian speaker!

Official status of Hungarian language
What the heck the following phrase could mean?
 * "Political agreements have brought the gradual implementation of major advances in the official status of the Hungarian language in all localities where it is spoken by more than 20% of the population."

So dense a politispeak is inacceptable in encyclopedia. Tell it straight: does Hung lang have any officially recognized staus or not? If yes, then to what extent? If no, then what are these "major advances" exactly?

 * Basically, in places with more than 20% Hungarians, Hungarian language is official at the local level, so the interaction between the people and the local authorities can be done in either Romanian and Hungarian. However, the interaction between the same people and the central authorities is always in Romanian. (If I'm wrong, please correct me)

 * There was also some dispute on whether, when marrying, the couples were allowed to say "igen" instead of "da", but I'm not sure which were the results. bogdan 23:14, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, Bogdan is correct. Hungarian has officially-recognised status in all "territorial-administrative units" (i.e. localities) where Hungarians make up more than 20% of the population (this applies not only to Hungarians but all other ethnic groups). In these localities, the local government is obliged to offer services in Hungarian, including access to the public administration, education, justice system and bilingual signage. At national level, however, Romanian is the only official language, which means that any correspondence with the national government must be in Romanian (there is still some grey area in this). I wouldn't really call this official recognition at local level a "major advance", but it certainly has offered a comprehensive legal basis for the use of minority languages in Romania. Before the introduction of this law, minority languages were still used in education and public administration, but there was no official, unified law regarding their use. In a Wikipedia context, this means that for localities where a minority makes up more than 20% of the population, that language must be placed in the infobox alongside the Romanian name, and it must definitely be mentioned in the lead. I don't understand why there is opposition to this. [[Image:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] Ronline ✉ 01:09, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Guys, I assumed you are wikipedians of professional level. I did not ask the question out of idle curiosity to make a small talk. Please update the article. This is a very serious issue. `'mikka (t) 03:43, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

the following i copy-pasted from talkpage of Oradea. bref, ''an ethnic minority citizen can employ his language in his relation with the administration in the localities where his minority forms 20% of the population, and besides the documents in ROmanian language he will receive a translation in his language. The documents preserved by the administration in that locality are written only in Romanian language''. Hungarian language is not an official language in ROmania. Criztu 14:37, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Take a look on this: http://www.cjbn.ro/legislatie/lege%20%20nr215%20pe%202001.doc. --fz22 15:47, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * perfect link thnx :

"ART. 90 (2) În unităţile administrativ-teritoriale în care cetăţenii aparţinând unei minorităţi naţionale au o pondere de peste 20% din numărul locuitorilor, în raporturile lor cu autorităţile administraţiei publice locale şi cu aparatul propriu de specialitate aceştia se pot adresa, oral sau în scris, şi în limba lor maternă şi vor primi răspunsul atât în limba română, cât şi în limba maternă.(in administrative-teritorial units where citizens belonging to an national minority form over 20% of the population, in their raports(relations) with public local administration authorities and their specialised apparatuses, are enabled to express, solicitate oraly or in writing in their maternal language also, and are enabled to a respons in both romanian and their language.)

''(4) Autorităţile administraţiei publice locale vor asigura inscripţionarea denumirii localităţilor şi a instituţiilor publice de sub autoritatea lor, precum şi afişarea anunţurilor de interes public şi în limba maternă a cetăţenilor aparţinând minorităţii respective, în condiţiile prevăzute la alin. (2).'' (local public administration authorities will provide inscriptions for the names of localities and public institutions under their authority, and display public interests announcements in the native language of the citizens of the respective ethnic minority in conditions stated at point (2))

(5) Actele oficiale se întocmesc în mod obligatoriu în limba română (official documents are made in romanian language, mandatory requirement) Criztu 16:12, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Atrocities
A note regarding atrocities: I think the article should address atrocities committed against Hungarians in the Southern Transylvanian territory remaining in Romania and the fact that in most cases in Northern Transylvania, the incoming Hungarian troops were attacked first by guerillas. The Hungarian government in Northern Transylvania had an official policy of appeasing minorities just as it was attested by Horthy's speech upon entry to Kolozsvár. An important reference to this period is the documentary novel by Albert Wass: Jönnek (They are coming).Árpád 06:34, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

...documentary novel by Albert Wass...:)))

 * Yes, he wrote a novel which reads like a documentary, detailing for example that the retreating Romanian troops were trying to vandalize and steal everything, even the nails from the walls. Another novel of his describing the same period is "Give me back my mountains" which exists in English translation, as well. Árpád 03:17, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have never read Albert Wass, I have only heard that he was a biased writer. It does not neccessary mean that, he wrote simply untruth. I am sure there are documents about nasty happenings on the other side as well. Such a conflict between two nations surely cause atrocities in both side.

 * People who have suffered are inherently biased, however it is not true that he was anti-Romanians (many of his novels have Romanian heros, like the "Funtineli boszorkány", the "Witch at Funtinel".

 * Yes, AFAIK, during WWII, there were atrocities on both sides: the Hungarian Army killing Romanian civilians (Treznea massacre and Ip massacre) and a Romanian guerilla group killing Hungarian civilians. (Sumanele Negre, we really need an article about this) bogdan 18:33, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * However, it would be important to point out that in the Ip and Treznea (Szilágyipp and Ördögkút) case, the Hungarian regular army troops were attacked by Iron Guardists first. Before the territorial exchange, the Romanian party pledged to collect all weapons from the population in order to prevent any irregular armed action. Looks like they have overlooked this particular area.
 * How many casualties did the hungarian army suffered at the hands of this romanian attackers ? At any rate taking it onto the defenseless civilian population makes this a massacre nevertheless.   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.233.19.63 (talk) 22:39, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

The challenge here, is how to write a neutral article! Therefore mutual actknowledgement of atrocities would be just enough. I would fear to go into details, it would just provoke sentiments. kuko 08:54, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

I believe that some of the so called atrocities described by Wass ,and many others, might be prone to alteration and fabrication, since the Hungarian leadership at the time was involved in heavy propaganda against Romanians, this of course having happened throughout modern history. But of course there are two sides to the story. It's really difficult to state facts since history in this case has clearly been written by the winning(controlling) side. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Denblau (talk • contribs) 13:07, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

Links
These links are are not only biased (I wouldn't mind that), but also factually inaccurate.

 * Genocide in Transylvania - Nation on the Death Row
 * Chronicle of Cruelties Romanian Mistreatment of the Hungarian Minority in Transylvania

The first one appears to be about Ceauşescu's rule, but it appears to be rather sensationalist. "OMG! GENOCIDE!"-style. If Ceauşescu's rule was a genocide for the Hungarian people, then it was a genocide against the Romanian people, too.

The second book has some good history parts, but again is overreacting over the "atrocities" (it has a chapter on the "Romanian atrocities" after 1989). bogdan 22:38, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with you about these links, they shouldn't be in the artcle. Maartenvdbent 14:27, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Minority day
I am interested in minority days, for example: What are the celebrated days of other minorities, Hungarian minority, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Turkish and etc? Why and how these days are celebrated? --82.207.121.0 10:06, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Deputatii au dat navala sa apere Ziua tatarilor

The minority situation after 1990
The part of the minority situation after 1990 is extremely biased. I added a segment at the end of the section in order to balance out the objectivity of the article. Some of the main points like the fact that Romania adhered to all minority laws required by the European Union were not present before.In fact one of the requirements for the Romanian accession to EU was the protection of minorities' rights. Moreover, Romania was cited as an example twice by the Clinton administration as an example of what a country can do in order to protect minorities.

ej 14:00, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, could someone else please review the recent changes to the paragraph beginning "Even though Romania adhered...", and the next paragraph, and see whether these are advisable? Biruitorul Talk 23:10, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Ok, I don't get it (as an'ethnic' Romanian I will acknoweledge my bias in advance)to my knowledge the Hungarian minorities in Romania weren't as persecuted as some may claim. I lived in the town of Timisoara (until the age of 16 ca. 1984 - during Ceausescu's socialist regime) and recall the statistics of the time boasting that the ethnic Hungarians were in fact being afforded more theatres per capita in the West of Romania than they are in Hungary itself. Yet in this article we hear so much about cultural oppression... What oppression ? they had schools in their native Hungarian financed by Ceausescu's socialist regime. I would like to see how my local government would react here in Australia if I approached it and demanded funding for Romanian High Schools and Universities under the shield of 'ethnic minority'. I think my local government representative would tell me to go spinning as the claim is unconstitutional. And that's in a rich country !

Another thing I don't quite get.. I mean someone correct me if my understanding of history is wrong ... but am I to believe that the Magyars have landed in Transylvania and the place was VACANT ??? !!! in AD 1000 ? before and after they admittedly pilliged every country in their way ? The Magyars were nomads, by definition migrating people... herdsmen chasing pastures... see below extract (not mine) ...

It feels to me, from this article as well as other literature on the topic that some Hungarian minorities in Transylvania are leading a life of protest aimed against Romanians. That they have no real intention to assimilate with the Romanian population or be of any real benefit to the country they chose to live in. I really do not feel that Romania owes these people anything... least of all Transylvania...am I the only one seeing it this way ?

Arrival in Pannonia and Magyar Raids, 895-970

''The Proto-Magyars were a Finno-Ugric people living in the steppes of the lower Volga region; in around 880/890 seven Magyar tribes, joined by the non-Magyar Kabar (believed to be aTurkic federation of three tribes), split from the Khazar Khanate, becoming a tribal federation of their own. Under High Prince Almos, they soon dominated the steppe of Etelköz, between lower Volga and the Carpathians, until the lower Danube. In 895, pressed out of Etelköz by the Pechenegs, they moved into the Carpathian Basin, the old center of the Avar Khanate, at first occupying only the plains to the east of the Danube. Here they grazed their herds, well-protected by the Carpathian mountains. From here they launched raids into central Europe - into Italy in 898, in 902 into Moravia, in 915 and 933 deep into the Empire, in 924 into Aquitaine, in 928 to Rome, in 934 into Bulgaria, in 942 even across the Alps and Pyrenees into Andalusia, in 954 into Flanders. The tribal federation was strong under the rule of Almos (858-895) and Arpad (895-907); when a Magyar peace offer was rejected by the Empire, Magyars proceeded to occupy Pannonia (the plains to the west of the Danube, c.900). Italic text'' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.91.17.201 (talk) 14:13, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

"Historical background"
Most of the assertions reflect the "proto-chronist" Hungarian POV.
 * E.g. in historiography it is not attested that the vague territory called Atelkuzu (Magyarized Etelköz "between rivers") coincided with the territory of Moldova or that some areas of it were included in Atelkuzu. Atelkuzu was rather a territory between the rivers Don and Dnepr or Dnepr and Dnestr. Even the oldest Hungarian medieval chroniclers point out that the 9th c. Hungarians (led by dissident Khazars called Kavars) moved out of a territory close to... Kiev/Kiiv.
 * "A Roman Catholic Hungarian community was settled in Moldavia during and after the period, on the Siret and Trotuş valleys (see also Cotnari);" The first Roman-Catholic initiative in this respect was that of... Vatican: the bishopric for the Cumans, who ruled in Moldova (esp. in the southern regions of it) and who emigrated around 1238 fearing the approaching Mongolian armies of prince Batu); the bishopric of Milcovia, a.k.a. in Latin "de Multo" (in Hungarian, "a milkói püspökség"). Letters by the Pope in Rome to the Hungarian kings say that the aim of that initiative were the Cumans as well as the "schismatici Walati" ("schismatic", i.e. Greek-Orthodox, Vlachs, i.e. Romanians), so, not because of a significant number of Hungarian-speaking colonists. But in the article, this important bishopric isn't mentioned! The emergence of the so-called Chango population is of a much later period, and its kind of Hungarian is that of a population barely assimilated somewhere in Transylvania; the language is by no means an ancient Hungarian (as some of today's proto-chronist commentators insist on propagating). There was a Hungarian minority in the middle ages, even some nobility at the "vayvode"'s court, but the probability that Changos are the continuation of that (unassimilated!) Hungarians tends to nil.
 * Hence some changes in this and other respects. - Ralsog Iref (talk) 19:44, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Ralsog Iref's arguments have merit but let's wait for a response in the form of citations. I move to insert a few "citation needed" marks for the moment and will remove the paragraph after a while. Also, expressions found in this paragraph (i.e. "might have been", "might have vanished") are weak without supporting evidence - certainly not in line with the otherwise clean editing aspect of this article.Kyry101 (talk) 05:48, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Re-read both CFHB and CSHB versions of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (C.P.) "De Administrando Imperio" (main literary source for the Atelkuzu location) and added as citation. Still don't understand why C.P. would choose to describe the area so convoluted: instead of Dnieper, Siret, Bug he goes Dnieper, Dniester, Bug then (jumps to) Prut and Siret. Anyway, his description locates part of Atelkuzu in Romanian region of Moldavia and Moldavia proper - as assumed in the article.Kyry101 (talk) 08:40, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

In keeping with the changes by Euqauhaneuqolt (who is probably the same as 89.133.42.243), I padded his "summarized" background with some of the info from before his edits. Also, some other changes (references, Wiki links, and so on). hope we agree on having a talk here first before major changes are done again. Kyry101 (talk) 10:13, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

Magyars vs. Hungarians
Why do (ethnic) Hungarians called Magyars? Is it to make the Hungarian connection ambiguous? I suggest exchanging all occurences of "Magyar" to "Hungarian" (or "ethnic Hungarian", where necessary). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.2.83.59 (talk) 02:49, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, much time passed, but I think you are right, so I changed those to Hungarian, to avoid confusion and misleading. Qorilla (talk) 20:06, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Language differences
I'm no expert but there is only a minor reference to the language differences between Hungarian nationals and Transylvanian Hungarians. Can anyone explain the differences? My girlfriend has been accused of speaking like an old person by hungarians e.g. Transylvanians learn an older more traditional form of hungarian. Maybe someone can fill us in on the the technical details.--Chrisjwowen (talk) 16:43, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * That's mostly about pronunciation. However, if you go further east, the Székely and the Csángó Hungarians may also use strange words for the ears of those who live in Hungary. In Hungary, young people tend to change their accent to that of the television and media, which is the dialect of the capital, Budapest (which originates from a western, Transdanubian dialect if I'm not mistaken). Maybe this is not so strong in the detached areas, and possibly they retain their dialect more. I'm not sure about that as I live in small Hungary. Qorilla (talk) 20:01, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Hungarian Population and Names
I have corrected the various (minor) discrepancies between the actual number of the Hungarian population as mentioned in the official census of 2002 and the numbers present in the articles. I have also replaced a broken link with two other functional ones offering the data of the official 2002 census conducted in Romania. Since the Hungarian population is below 1% in the Bacau County and Bucharest I am considering removing those from the population table, as in previous versions. Another important aspect was the removal of the Hungarian names used for the Counties of Romania, since the Counties were created in 1968 and have only one official name, the Romanian one. Amon Koth (talk) 17:50, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Hungarians in Romania
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Hungarians in Romania's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "books.google.com": From Transylvania: Paul Lendvai, Ann Major. "The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat" C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, page 146; http://books.google.com/books?id=9yCmAQGTW28C&pg=PA146&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&lr= From History of Transylvania: Paul Lendvai, Ann Major. The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, page 146; http://books.google.com/books?id=9yCmAQGTW28C&pg=PA146&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&lr=

Reference named "Britannica": From Transylvania:  From History of Transylvania: Transylvania. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 01:42, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

Checked and corrected the references. Kyry101 (talk) 04:20, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

Maps
The article as it stands looks like overcrowded with the maps. I'd personally keep the first 3 ones, as more detailed. It's not exactly helpful to collect all of the images like the case is, so some should be removed. Miacek and his crime-fighting dog (woof!) 11:42, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hungarians in Romania


text:
Tizi Ouzou Province

Tizi Ouzou (Kabyle: Tawilayt n Tizi Wezzu, ولاية تيزي وزو) is a province (wilayah) of Algeria in the Kabylia region. Its capital is Tizi Ouzou.

History
In 1984, Boumerdès Province was carved out of its territory.

Administrative divisions
The province is divided into 21 districts (daïras), which are further divided into 67 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 * 1) Aïn El Hammam
 * 2) Azazga
 * 3) Azzefoun
 * 4) Béni Douala
 * 5) Béni Yenni
 * 6) Boghni
 * 7) Bouzeguène
 * 8) Draâ Ben Khedda
 * 9) Draâ El Mizan
 * 10) Iferhounène
 * 11) Larbaâ Nath Irathen
 * 12) Maâtka
 * 13) Makouda
 * 14) Mekla
 * 15) Ouadhia
 * 16) Ouacifs
 * 17) Ouaguenoun
 * 18) Tigzirt
 * 19) Tizi Gheni
 * 20) Tizi Ouzou
 * 21) Tizi Rached

Communes

 * 1) Abi Youcef
 * 2) Aghni-Goughrane (Agouni Gueghrane)
 * 3) Aghrib
 * 4) Aïn El Hammam (Ain-El-Hammam)
 * 5) Aïn Zaouia (Ain-Zaouia)
 * 6) Ait Aggouacha
 * 7) Ait Bouaddou
 * 8) Ait Boumehdi (Ait Boumahdi)
 * 9) Ait Chaffaa (Ait-Chaffaa, Ait Chafâa)
 * 10) Ait Khelili (Ait Khellili)
 * 11) Ait Mahmoud (Ait-Mahmoud)
 * 12) Ait Oumalou
 * 13) Ait Toudert
 * 14) Ait Yahia (Ait-Yahia
 * 15) Ait Yahia Moussa (Aït Yahia Moussa)
 * 16) Akbil
 * 17) Akerrou
 * 18) Assi Youcef
 * 19) Azazga
 * 20) Azzefoun (Azeffoun)
 * 21) Beni Aissi (Beni Aïssi)
 * 22) Beni Douala (Beni-Douala)
 * 23) Beni Yenni
 * 24) Beni Ziki (Beni Zikki, Beni Zekki)
 * 25) Beni Zmenzer
 * 26) Boghni
 * 27) Boudjima
 * 28) Bounouh
 * 29) Bouzguen (Bouzeguene)
 * 30) Djebel Aissa Mimoun (Djebel-Aissa Mimoun)
 * 31) Draa Ben Kheda (Draa Ben Khedda, Draâ Ben Khedda)
 * 32) Draa El Mizan (Draâ El Mizan)
 * 33) Freha
 * 34) Frikat
 * 35) Iboudraren
 * 36) Idjeur
 * 37) Iferhounene (Iferhounène)
 * 38) Ifigha
 * 39) Iflissen
 * 40) Illilten
 * 41) Iloula Oumalou (Illoula Oumalou)
 * 42) Imsouhal
 * 43) Irdjen
 * 44) Larba Nait Irathen (Larbaâ Nath Irathen)
 * 45) M'Kira
 * 46) Maatkas (Mâatkas)
 * 47) Makouda
 * 48) Mechtrass
 * 49) Mekla
 * 50) Mizrana
 * 51) Ouacifs
 * 52) Ouadhia
 * 53) Ouaguenoun
 * 54) Sidi Nâamane
 * 55) Souamaa (Souamâa)
 * 56) Souk El Tenine (Souk El Thenine)
 * 57) Tadmait (Tadmaït)
 * 58) Tigzirt
 * 59) Timizart
 * 60) Tirmirtine (Tirmitine)
 * 61) Tizi Ghenif (Tizi-Ghenif)
 * 62) Tizi N'Thlata (Tizi N'Tleta)
 * 63) Tizi Ouzou
 * 64) Tizi Rached (Tizi-Rached)
 * 65) Yakouren (Yakourene)
 * 66) Yatafene (Yattafene, Yattafène)
 * 67) Zekri

Villages

 * Tala Allam
 * Tala Athmane
 * Lake Akfadou

Notable people

 * Mohamed Belhocine, Algerian medical scientist, professor of internal medicine and epidemiology.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tizi Ouzou Province


text:
Camera dolly

A camera dolly is a wheeled cart or similar device used in filmmaking and television production to create smooth horizontal camera movements. The camera is mounted to the dolly and the camera operator and focus puller or camera assistant usually ride on the dolly to push the dolly back and forth. The camera dolly is generally used to produce images which involve moving the camera toward or away from a subject while a take is being recorded, a technique known as a "dolly shot". The dolly grip is the dedicated technician trained to operate the dolly by manually pushing it back and forth.

Movement
The camera dolly may be used as a shooting platform on any surface but is often raised onto a track, to create smooth movement on a horizontal axis known as a tracking shot. Additionally, most professional film studio dollies have a hydraulic jib arm that raises or lowers the camera on the vertical axis. When a dolly grip operates a dolly on perpendicular axes simultaneously, it's known as a compound move.

Dolly moves may also be executed without track, giving more freedom on the horizontal plane and with it, a higher degree of difficulty. These are called dancefloor moves and may either be done on the existing surface (if smooth enough) or on an overlay designed for dolly movement. The ground overlay usually consists of thick plywood as a bottom layer and masonite on top.

Camera dollies have several steering mechanisms available to the dolly grip. The typical mode is rear-wheel steering, where the front wheels remain fixed, while the wheels closest to the operating handle are used to turn. A second mode, round steering, causes the front wheels to turn in the opposite direction from the rear wheels. This mode allows the dolly to move in smooth circles and is frequently used when the dolly is on curved track. A third mode, called crab steering, is when the front wheels steer in the same direction as the rear wheels. This allows the dolly to move in a direction diagonal to the front end of the dolly. Dolly moment.

Types
Studio dollies are large and stable and can feature hydraulics. These are the first choice for studio, backlot and location shoots when using professional cameras. A studio dolly usually needs a specialized operator called a "dolly grip", and many are built for the camera operator to ride on the dolly with the camera.

Lightweight dolly systems are more simple and affordable, and are best used with lighter-weight cameras. Lightweight systems are usually favored by independent filmmakers and students because they are easier to carry and operate. These dollies support only the camera, and the operator needs to move alongside. Some lightweight dollies are small enough to be carried in a backpack.

The best way to be able to replicate the same camera movement for multiple takes (which is important for editing) is to use a dolly on track.

Remote dolly systems

In TV production, remote controlled camera dollies are often used for fast but discreet camera movement. A metal rail is laid out for example in front of a stage and a remote controlled dolly is moving the broadcast camera horizontally, where a cameraman would obstruct the view for the audience behind the camera. A common remote dolly system with camera stabilization is a Blackcam dolly with a Newton stabilized camera head.

Track
Dolly tracks used for heavy cameras have traditionally been constructed of steel or aluminium. Steel, although heavier than aluminum, is less expensive and withstands heavier use. Longer track segments, while heavier to transport, allow track to be laid straighter with less effort. Curved track is also available. Plastic versions of track have been used with lightweight dolly systems. In the 2000s, flexible rubber track allowed quicker set up and easier transportation for use with light cameras.

title: Camera dolly


text: Category:Concurrency control

title: Category:Concurrency control


text: User:Mirohh~enwiki

title: User:Mirohh~enwiki


text: User talk:207.203.140.254

title: User talk:207.203.140.254


text:
EZ Aquarii

EZ Aquarii is a triple star system 11.1 ly from the Sun in the constellation Aquarius within the Milky Way. It is also known as Luyten 789-6, Gliese 866 and LHS 68. It is a variable star showing flares as well as smaller brightness changes due to rotation. The aggregate mass of the system is 0.3262±0.0018 solar masses. All three seem to have masses close to the hydrogen burning mass limit.

The configuration of the inner binary pair may permit a circumbinary planet to orbit near their habitable zone, however no exoplanets have yet been observed. EZ Aquarii is approaching the Solar System and, in about 32,300 years, will be at its minimal distance of about 8.2 ly from the Sun. The ChView simulation shows that currently its nearest neighbouring star is Lacaille 9352 at about 4.1 ly from EZ Aquarii.

System
All three components are M-type red dwarfs. The pair EZ Aquarii AC form a spectroscopic binary with a 3.8-day orbit and a 0.03 AU separation. This pair share an orbit with EZ Aquarii B that has an 823-day period. The A and B components of Luyten 789-6 together emit X-rays.

EZ Aquarii A
This star is a red dwarf of type M5V which has a mass of $2.251$ solar masses. It has a parallax of $0.346$. Its period in days around EZ Aquarii C is $0.437$ with an eccentricity of 0 which together make up the primary of the system. It has an absolute magnitude at wavelengths centered at 5500 Angstroms of 15.33 making it the brightest of the three. Some alternate designations for it are EZ Aqr, GL 866A, L 789-6 A and LHS 68.

EZ Aquarii B
There is less known about this star compared to A. Its type is likely a type MV with a mass of $112.4$ solar masses. It orbits the AC system with a period of $162.1$ at an eccentricity of $-17.7$. It has an absolute magnitude of 15.58, making it dimmer than A but brighter than C. Some alternate designations for it are GL 866B and L 789-6 B.

EZ Aquarii C
Like the other two, this star is likely a type MV with a mass of $0.119$ solar masses. It orbits A in a period of $0.093$ with a nearly circular orbit. It is the dimmest of the three with an absolute magnitude of 17.37. An alternate designation for it is GL 866C.

Other details
The high proper motion of EZ Aquarii may have been discovered by Willem Jacob Luyten with his automated photographic plate scanner.

title: EZ Aquarii


text:
Linguistic Society of America

The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) is a learned society for the field of linguistics. Founded in New York City in 1924, the LSA works to promote the scientific study of language. The society publishes three scholarly journals: Language, the open access journal Semantics and Pragmatics, and the open access journal Phonological Data & Analysis. Its annual meetings, held every winter, foster discussion amongst its members through the presentation of peer-reviewed research, as well as conducting official business of the society. Since 1928, the LSA has offered training to linguists through courses held at its biennial Linguistic Institutes held in the summer. The LSA and its 3,600 members work to raise awareness of linguistic issues with the public and contribute to policy debates on issues including bilingual education and the preservation of endangered languages.

History
The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) was founded on 28 December 1924, when about 75 linguists met to select officers, ratify a constitution, and present papers in order to facilitate communication within the field of linguistics. The foundational members included 31 women, most of whom worked as educators rather than as scholars at research institutions. By 1935, half of the female foundational members had left the society—a rate similar to that of male members—largely due to the professionalization of the field of linguistics that disproportionately affected women as most worked outside of academia.

Before the foundation of the LSA, a number of other similar societies existed including the American Philological Society and the Modern Language Association, and with the publication of Sapir's Language and Saussure's Course in General Linguistics in 1921 and 1922, the field of linguistics began to take shape as an independent discipline. Though an international discipline, the founders of the LSA had a growing feeling of an American linguistics different from the traditional European topics and methodologies popular at the time. One of the founding members, Leonard Bloomfield, explained the need for and establishment of the society so that the science of language, similar to but separate from other sciences, could build a "professional consciousness.

From the start the LSA focused on establishing the science of linguistics, separate from other fields such as philology and anthropology. The founders were characterized as "scientific revolutionaries" as the early scholarship of the society's members contributed to the development of descriptive linguistics through their rejection of previous linguistic scholarship and methods in favor of new ones. Though when the views of the female members of the society are taken into account, the society was less revolutionary and more diverse in their scholarship.

The LSA published the first edition of its flagship journal, Language, in March 1925. That same year the society elected its first president, Hermann Collitz. In 1927, three years after the organization's founding, the LSA was admitted into the American Council of Learned Societies. The following year, one of the founding members of the LSA, Edgar Sturtevant, organized the first of the Linguistic Institutes which the LSA still holds biennially.

As the LSA grew, it began to take on a larger role outside of the professional sphere. During World War II, the LSA helped the United States government with language training programs through its Linguistic Institutes. After the longtime Secretary-Treasurer Archibald Hill retired from his position in 1969, the LSA made large changes to its organizational structure to better accommodate its new and growing role. The responsibilities of the secretary-treasurer were expanded and the LSA established a secretariat in Washington, D.C., in order to act as a liaison between the members, federal government, and other professional organizations. In 1981, the LSA and 9 other professional organizations founded the Consortium of Social Science Associations in order to advocate for the governmental support of social science research.

Organizational structure
The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) is governed by three officers and an executive committee. The three officers—president, vice-president, and secretary-treasurer—are elected by the members of the LSA. The president, elected to a one-year term, serves as the chair of the executive committee, as well as presiding over the annual meeting of the society. The president is first elected to the vice-presidency for a one year-term, which also carries the title of president-elect, and then assumes the presidency at the conclusion of the annual meeting. The secretary-treasurer is nominated by the executive committee and elected by the membership to a five-year term. They serve as the chief financial officer of the LSA. Larry Horn currently serves as president for 2021, with John Baugh serving as vice-president. The current secretary-treasurer, having taken office in January 2018, is Lenore Grenoble who will serve until at least 2023.

The executive committee has ultimate authority over all policy decisions of the LSA. The committee is composed of 12 members, 11 of which have voting privileges. The executive director serves ex officio without a vote, while the three officers and the previous year's president serve as voting members of the body. The remaining seven positions are specifically elected and held by members of the LSA. One is a student member, elected to a two-year term, while the remaining six are full members elected to three year terms. The elections for the three-year terms are staggered, with two members elected each year. The executive director is nominated by the executive committee and appointed by the president. They serve as the chief administrative officer, overseeing the society's application and adherence to policies, and report directly to the executive committee.

Membership in the LSA is open to any person who pays dues and entitles the member to receive the society's flagship publication, Language, as well as submit manuscripts to LSA publications and abstracts to be considered for the annual meeting. Scholars who live outside of the United States may be elected as honorary members of the LSA after being nominated by the executive committee. There are currently about 3,500 members.

The LSA has a number of standing committees and special-interest groups on various issues in linguistics, including:
 * Committee on Endangered Languages and their Preservation (CELP)
 * Ethics Committee
 * Committee on Ethnic Diversity in Linguistics (CEDL)
 * Linguistics in the School Curriculum Committee (LiSC)
 * Linguistics in Higher Education Committee (LiHeC)
 * Public Relations Committee
 * Committee on Public Policy (CoPP)
 * Committee on Student Issues and Concerns (COSIAC)
 * Committee on Gender Equity in Linguistics (COGEL), formerly on the Status of Women in Linguistics (COSWL)
 * Committee on Scholarly Communication in Linguistics (COSCIL)
 * Committee on LGBTQ+ Issues in Linguistics (COZIL)
 * Linguistics Beyond Academia Special Interest Group

Meetings
The first meeting of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA) took place on 28 December 1924, at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The society met biannually until 1982, meeting once in the summer in conjunction with the Linguistic Institute and once in the winter. Since 1982, the LSA has met annually in the winter. The meetings took place in December until 1990 when the meetings were moved to early January.

The four-day Annual Meeting co-meets with a number of sister organizations such as the American Dialect Society, the American Name Society, the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, the North American Association for the History of the Language Sciences, North American Research Network in Historical Sociolinguistics, Society for Computation in Linguistics, and the Society for Pidgin and Creole Languages. Members of the LSA may submit abstracts to the Program Committee for consideration for talks and poster sessions at the annual meeting. The LSA also offers "minicourses" at its annual meeting which offer instruction in various fields such as Python scripting and statistical methods using R.

Linguistic Institutes
The LSA holds a four-week biennial Linguistic Institute in the summer which includes talks and coursework on various aspects of linguistics. Considered by the membership to be one of the most important services of the LSA, the institute has helped influence the development of the field through promotion of new directions such as psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. Each institute features a number of endowed chairs named after prominent linguists: the Sapir chair in general linguistics,   the Hermann and Klara H. Collitz Chair in historical linguistics, and since 2005, the Ken Hale chair in linguistic fieldwork and the preservation of endangered languages. The newest endowed professorship is named after the late LSA President Charles Fillmore. The LSA also endows a series of student fellowships, named after prominent linguists and family members. These include fellowships named for Ken Hale, James McCawley, Ivan Sag, and Julia Bloch. The Bloch fellow also serves a simultaneous appointment to the LSA's executive committee and as the chair of its Student Committee. For the 2019 Institute, the LSA made two additional fellowship awards: the first named after Charles Fillmore, and the second named after Yuki Koroda.

The idea for a Linguistic Institute was first proposed in the spring of 1927 by Reinhold Saleski. The fledgling Society was hesitant at first, but Edgar Sturtevant was keen on the idea. Sturtevant molded Saleski's idea into a model still used today: a gathering of scholars in conjunction with coursework. The executive committee voted to authorize the first Linguistic Institute, to be held 1928, along with authorization for a second institute in 1929. After the fourth Institute in 1931, the program took a four-year hiatus due to the great depression. Institutes were held every year concurrently with summer meetings of the LSA until 1988 when, due to increasing costs, the society announced that the Linguistic Institutes would be held every other year. It was at that same time that the summer meeting of the LSA was also discontinued. (See Falk 2014 for a detailed history of the Linguistic Institutes.)

In addition to the main Linguistic Institute, the LSA also sponsors the Institute for Collaborative Language Research (CoLang), which is held in alternate years from the main institute. The 2018 CoLang was held at the University of Florida, the 2020 CoLang planned to be held at the University of Montana was postponed, due to COVID-19, the 2022 CoLang will now be held at the University of Montana. The LSA will sponsor a series of student fellowships at this event.

Publications
The LSA publishes two journals of its own, as well as publishing conference proceedings for the Annual Meeting of Phonology, the Annual Meeting of Semantics and Linguistics Theory (SALT), the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society (BLS), and extended conference abstracts from its own Annual Meetings.

The flagship journal of the LSA, Language, is ranked as one of the top journals in the field. The journal is almost as old as the society itself. First published in March 1925 and edited by George Melville Bolling, Aurelio Espinosa, and Edward Sapir, the journal published its 92nd volume in 2016 under the editorship of Gregory Carlson. Dr. Carlson's successor, Andries Coetzee, was elected editor of language in 2016 and assumed office in 2017 for a term of seven years. The journal is partially open access, allowing articles to be published open access after a year, or immediately for a fee.

Its sister publication, Semantics and Pragmatics is fully open access. It was founded in 2008 as a co-journal of the eLanguage publishing platform the LSA developed, but became a full journal in its own right in 2013 with the discontinuation of eLanguage. The goal of the new publication was to not only publish articles, but also do so with the advances in open publishing including fast turnaround times and free and open access.

In 2018, the LSA launched a second "sister" journal to Language, titled "Phonological Data and Analysis". A call for submissions was issued at that time, and the first article was published in June 2019.

The LSA publishes a series of conference proceedings, including: Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), The Annual Meetings in Phonology (AMP), the Berkeley Linguistic Society (through volume 45), and Proceedings of the LSA (formerly Extended Abstracts). All are fully open access publications.

Advocacy
The LSA aims to advance the scientific study of language and accomplishes this goal through advocacy efforts. The society, recognizing its growing role in advocacy, established a secretariat in Washington, D.C., in 1969 to better liaise between its membership and the government. Around that same time, the LSA began working with other professional organizations to meet and exchange research as part of the Consortium of Social Science Associations (COSSA). During the Reagan administration after cuts to social science funding in 1981, the LSA and 9 other professional organizations founded COSSA as an advocacy effort for the funding of social science research.

Advocacy efforts are not only limited to science funding, but larger issues of public policy as well. Over the years, the LSA membership have passed a number of resolutions regarding issues of public policy. In 1987, the LSA officially took a stand against the English-only movement in the United States stating that "English-only measures ... are based on misconceptions about the role of a common language in establishing political unity, and ... are inconsistent with basic American traditions of linguistic tolerance." Furthering that stance, the membership ratified a statement on linguistic rights in 1996 declaring "the government and people of the United States have a special obligation to enable indigenous peoples to retain their languages and cultures" and declared 7 fundamental linguistic rights including the right "to have their children educated in a manner that affirmatively acknowledges their native language abilities..." which includes the possibility of education in a language other than English. 5 years later, the LSA lent its support for the recognition of sign languages as equal to that of other languages. The resolution, passed in 2001, "affirm[ed] that sign languages used by deaf communities are full-fledged languages with all the structural characteristics and range of expression of spoken languages" and urged that sign languages be given the same respect as other languages in academic and political life.

The society has also engaged in more targeted advocacy efforts. In 1997, an LSA resolution supported the Oakland school-board in its attempt to favor teaching that is sensitive to the distinctive characteristics of African American Vernacular English, the "Ebonics" debate. More recently, the LSA has advocated for the passage of bills funding revitalization programs for Native American languages. Their efforts are not limited strictly limited to language however. Citing an interest in promoting diversity (particularly linguistic diversity), the LSA, along with other professional societies, signed an amicus curiae brief in the Supreme Court case of Fisher v. University of Texas stating the importance of affirmative action policies and urging for their retention.

Awards
The LSA presents a series of awards during its annual meeting. The list of awards, their descriptions, and selected holders are listed below:

 * Best Paper in Language: awarded to the best paper published in the journal Language that year; all published papers written by at least one LSA author are eligible.
 * Early Career Award: awarded to a member who has made "outstanding contributions to the field of linguistics" early in their career.
 * Excellence in Community Linguistics Award: awarded to members of language communities (typically outside the academic sphere of professional linguists) who make "outstanding contributions" for the benefit of their community's language.
 * Kenneth L. Hale Award: named after linguist Kenneth Hale, this award is given to a member who has done "outstanding work" on the documentation of a particular language or family of languages that is endangered or no longer spoken.
 * Leonard Bloomfield Book Award: named after linguist Leonard Bloomfield, this award is given to a book that has made an "outstanding contribution of enduring value" to our understanding of language and linguistics.
 * Linguistics Service Award: awarded to a member who has performed "distinguished service" for the society
 * Linguistics, Language and the Public Award: awarded to a member for work that "effectively increases public awareness and understanding of linguistics and language" in the four years immediately preceding the nomination deadline; works in any medium are eligible and can be considered for multiple cycles.
 * Student Abstract Award: awarded to a student who has submitted an abstract to the annual meeting.
 * Victoria A. Fromkin Lifetime Service Award: named after linguist Victoria Fromkin, this award is given to a member who has performed "extraordinary service to the discipline and to the Society" throughout their career
 * Linguistics Journalism Award: First awarded in 2014, this award is given to "the journalist whose work best represents linguistics" in the prior year.

Linguistics, Language, and the Public Award recipients
Past winners of the Linguistics, Language, and the Public Award include:

 * Anne Curzan
 * Michael Erard
 * Leanne Hinton
 * Anne H. Charity Hudley
 * Language Log
 * Gretchen McCulloch
 * John McWhorter
 * Donna Jo Napoli
 * North American Computational Linguistics Open Competition
 * Geoffrey Nunberg
 * Steven Pinker
 * John R. Rickford
 * Deborah Tannen
 * Walt Wolfram

title: Linguistic Society of America


text:
User experience

User experience (UX) is how a user interacts with and experiences a product, system or service. It includes a person's perceptions of utility, ease of use, and efficiency. Improving user experience is important to most companies, designers, and creators when creating and refining products because negative user experience can diminish the use of the product and, therefore, any desired positive impacts. Conversely, designing toward profitability as a main objective often conflicts with ethical user experience objectives and even causes harm. User experience is subjective. However, the attributes that make up the user experience are objective.

Definitions
According to Nielsen Norman Group, 'user experience' includes all the aspects of the interaction between the end-user with the company, its services, and its products.

The international standard on ergonomics of human-system interaction, ISO 9241, defines user experience as a "user’s perceptions and responses that result from the use and/or anticipated use of a system, product or service". According to the ISO definition, user experience includes all the users' emotions, beliefs, preferences, perceptions, physical and psychological responses, behaviors and accomplishments that occur before, during, and after use. The ISO also lists three factors that influence user experience: the system, the user, and the context of use.

Note 3 of the standard hints that usability addresses aspects of user experience, e.g. "usability criteria can be used to assess aspects of user experience". The standard does not go further in clarifying the relation between user experience and usability. Clearly, the two are overlapping concepts, with usability including pragmatic aspects (getting a task done) and user experience focusing on users' feelings stemming both from pragmatic and hedonic aspects of the system. Many practitioners use the terms interchangeably. The term "usability" pre-dates the term "user experience". Part of the reason the terms are often used interchangeably is that, as a practical matter, a user will, at a minimum, require sufficient usability to accomplish a task while the feelings of the user may be less important, even to the user themselves. Since usability is about getting a task done, aspects of user experience like information architecture and user interface can help or hinder a user's experience. If a website has "bad" information architecture and a user has a difficult time finding what they are looking for, then a user will not have an effective, efficient, and satisfying search.

In addition to the ISO standard, there exist several other definitions for user experience. Some of them have been studied by various researchers.

History
Early developments in user experience can be traced back to the Machine Age that includes the 19th and early 20th centuries. Inspired by the machine age intellectual framework, a quest for improving assembly processes to increase production efficiency and output led to the development of major technological advancements, such as mass production of high-volume goods on moving assembly lines, high-speed printing press, large hydroelectric power production plants, and radio technology, to name a few.

Frederick Winslow Taylor and Henry Ford were in the forefront of exploring new ways to make human labor more efficient and productive. Taylor's pioneering research into the efficiency of interactions between workers and their tools is the earliest example that resembles today's user experience fundamentals.

The term user experience was brought to wider knowledge by Donald Norman in the mid-1990s. He never intended the term "user experience" to be applied only to the affective aspects of usage. A review of his earlier work suggests that the term "user experience" was used to signal a shift to include affective factors, along with the pre-requisite behavioral concerns, which had been traditionally considered in the field. Many usability practitioners continue to research and attend to affective factors associated with end-users, and have been doing so for years, long before the term "user experience" was introduced in the mid-1990s. In an interview in 2007, Norman discusses the widespread use of the term "user experience" and its imprecise meaning as a consequence thereof.

Several developments affected the rise of interest in the user experience:

 * 1) Recent advances in mobile, ubiquitous, social, and tangible computing technologies have moved human-computer interaction into practically all areas of human activity. This has led to a shift away from usability engineering to a much richer scope of user experience, where users' feelings, motivations, and values are given as much, if not more, attention than efficiency, effectiveness and basic subjective satisfaction (i.e. the three traditional usability metrics.)
 * 2) In website design, it was important to combine the interests of different stakeholders: marketing, branding, visual design, and usability. Marketing and branding people needed to enter the interactive world where usability was important. Usability people needed to take marketing, branding, and aesthetic needs into account when designing websites. User experience provided a platform to cover the interests of all stakeholders: making web sites easy to use, valuable, and effective for visitors. This is why several early user experience publications focus on website user experience.

The field of user experience represents an expansion and extension of the field of usability, to include the holistic perspective of how a person feels about using a system. The focus is on pleasure and value as well as on performance. The exact definition, framework, and elements of user experience are still evolving.

User experience of an interactive product or a website is usually measured by a number of methods, including questionnaires, focus groups, observed usability tests, user journey mapping and other methods. A freely available questionnaire (available in several languages) is the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). The development and validation of this questionnaire is described in a computer science essay published in 2008.

Higher levels of user experience have been linked to increased effectiveness of digital health interventions targeting improvements in physical activity, nutrition, mental health and smoking.

Google Ngram Viewer shows wide use of the term starting in the 1930s. "He suggested that more follow-up in the field would be welcomed by the user, and would be a means of incorporating the results of user's experience into the design of new machines." Use of the term in relation to computer software also pre-dates Norman.

Influences on user experience
Many factors can influence a user's experience with a system. To address the variety, factors influencing user experience have been classified into three main categories: user's state and previous experience, system properties, and the usage context (situation). Understanding representative users, working environments, interactions and emotional reactions help in designing the system during User experience design.

Momentary emotion or overall user experience
Single experiences influence the overall user experience: the experience of a key click affects the experience of typing a text message, the experience of typing a message affects the experience of text messaging, and the experience of text messaging affects the overall user experience with the phone. The overall user experience is not simply a sum of smaller interaction experiences, because some experiences are more salient than others. Overall user experience is also influenced by factors outside the actual interaction episode: brand, pricing, friends' opinions, reports in media, etc.

One branch in user experience research focuses on emotions. This includes momentary experiences during interaction: designing effective interaction and evaluating emotions. Another branch is interested in understanding the long-term relation between user experience and product appreciation. The industry sees good overall user experience with a company's products as critical for securing brand loyalty and enhancing the growth of the customer base. All temporal levels of user experience (momentary, episodic, and long-term) are important, but the methods to design and evaluate these levels can be very different.

Developer experience
Developer experience (DX) is a user experience from a developer's point of view. It is defined by the tools, processes, and software that a developer uses when interacting with a product or system while in the process of production of another one, such as in software development. DX has had increased attention paid to it especially in businesses who primarily offer software as a service to other businesses where ease of use is a key differentiator in the market.

title: User experience


text:
Lugalo

Lugalo is a village in Tanzania near Iringa which in 1891 was the site of a battle in which a German colonial military force under Emil von Zelewski was decisively defeated and almost annihilated by the Hehe army of Chief Mkwawa. This was the first major defeat for the German Schutztruppe and the beginning of the Hehe wars.

A German monument marks the site next to the modern TANZAM highway.

title: Lugalo


text:
Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Karl August, sometimes anglicised as Charles Augustus (3 September 1757 – 14 June 1828), was the sovereign Duke of Saxe-Weimar and of Saxe-Eisenach (in personal union) from 1758, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach from its creation (as a political union) in 1809, and grand duke from 1815 until his death. He is noted for the intellectual brilliance of his court.

Biography
Born in Weimar, he was the eldest son of Ernst August II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach (Ernest Augustus II), and Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.

His father died when he was only nine months old (28 May 1758), and the boy was brought up under the regency and supervision of his mother. His governor was the Count Johann Eustach von Görtz and in 1771, Christoph Martin Wieland was appointed his tutor. In 1774 the poet Karl Ludwig von Knebel came to Weimar as tutor to his brother, the young Prince Frederick Ferdinand Constantin, and in the same year the two princes set out, with Count Görtz and Knebel, for Paris. At Frankfurt, Knebel introduced Karl August to the young Goethe.

In Karlsruhe on 3 October 1775, after he returned to Weimar and assumed the government of his duchy, Karl August married Luise Auguste, daughter of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.

One of the first acts of the young duke was to summon Goethe to Weimar, and in 1776 he was made a member of the privy council. "People of discernment," the duke said, "congratulate me on possessing this man. His intellect, his genius is known. It makes no difference if the world is offended because I have made Dr Goethe a member of my most important collegium without his having passed through the stages of minor official professor and councillor of state."

The Weimaraner, a breed of gun dog is said to have been developed by August and his court for hunting. Karl August was also interested in literature, in art, in science, funding Goethe and the foundation of the Weimar Princely Free Drawing School and encouraging Weimar Classicism. Critics praised his judgment in painting; biologists found in him an expert in anatomy.

His aim was to educate his people to work out their own political and social salvation, the object of education being in his view, as he explained later to the dismay of Metternich and his school, to help men to independence of judgment. To this end Herder was summoned to Weimar to reform the educational system and the University of Jena attained the zenith of its fame under his rule. Weimar became the intellectual centre of Germany. Meanwhile, in the affairs of Germany and of Europe the character of Karl August gave him an influence out of all proportion to his position as a sovereign prince. He had early faced the problem presented by the decay of the Holy Roman Empire, and began to work for the unity of Germany. The plans of Emperor Joseph II, which threatened to absorb a great part of Germany into the heterogeneous Habsburg monarchy, threw him into the arms of Prussia, and he was the prime mover in the establishment of the league of princes (Fürstenbund) in 1785, by which, under the leadership of Frederick the Great, Joseph's intrigues were frustrated. He was, however, under no illusion as to the power of Austria, and he refused the offer of the Hungarian crown. In 1788 Karl August took service in the Prussian army as major-general in active command of a regiment. As such he was present, with Goethe, at the Battle of Valmy in 1792, and in 1794 at the Siege of Mainz and the Battle of Pirmasenz (14 September) and Kaiserslautern (28–30 November). After this, dissatisfied with the attitude of the powers, he resigned, but rejoined on the accession of his friend King Frederick William III to the Prussian throne. The disastrous campaign of Jena (1806) followed. On 14 October, the day after the battle, Weimar was sacked, and Karl August, to prevent the confiscation of his territories, was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine. From this time till after the Moscow campaign of 1812 his contingent fought on the French side in all Napoleon's wars. In 1813, however, he joined the Sixth Coalition, and at the beginning of 1814 took command of a corps of 30,000 men operating in the Netherlands.

At the Congress of Vienna (1815) Karl August was present in person and protested vainly against the narrow policy of the powers in confining their debates to the rights of the princes to the exclusion of the rights of the people. His services in the war of liberation were rewarded with an extension of territory and the title of grand duke (Großherzog), but his liberal attitude had already made him suspect, and his subsequent action brought him still further into confrontation with the reactionary powers. He was the first of the German princes to grant a liberal constitution to his state under Article XIII of the Act of Confederation (5 May 1816) and his concession of liberty to the press made Weimar for a while the focus of journalistic agitation against the existing order. Metternich dubbed him contemptuously der grosse Bursche for his patronage of the revolutionary Burschenschaften, and the celebrated festival held at the Wartburg by his permission in 1817, though in effect the mildest of political demonstrations, brought down upon him the wrath of the great powers. The grand duke was compelled to yield to the remonstrances of Prussia, Austria and Russia. The liberty of the press was again restricted in the grand duchy, but, thanks to the good understanding between the grand duke and his people, the regime of the Carlsbad Decrees pressed less heavily upon Weimar than upon other German states. Karl August died at Graditz, near Torgau, in 1828. Karl von Dalberg, the prince-primate, who owed the co-adjutorship of Mainz to the duke's friendship, said that he had never met a prince with so much understanding, character, frankness and true-heartedness; the Milanese, when he visited their city, called him the uomo principe, and Goethe himself said of him that "he had the gift of discriminating intellects and characters and setting each one in his place. He was inspired by the noblest good-will, the purest humanity, and with his whole soul desired only what was best. There was in him something of the divine. He would gladly have wrought the happiness of all mankind. And finally, he was greater than his surroundings. ... Everywhere he himself saw and judged, and in all circumstances his surest foundation was in himself." Karl August's correspondence with Goethe was published in 2 volumes at Weimar in 1863.

He left two surviving sons: Karl Frederick, by whom he was succeeded, and Karl Bernhard, a soldier, who, after the Congress of Vienna, became colonel of a regiment in the service of the King of the Netherlands, served as commander of the Dutch troops in the Belgian campaign of 1830 (the Ten Days' Campaign), and from 1847 to 1850 held the command of the forces in the Dutch East Indies. Bernhard's son, William Augustus Edward, known as Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar (1823–1902), entered the British army and ended his career as a field marshal.

Karl August's only surviving daughter, Caroline Louise, married Frederick Ludwig, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and was the mother of Helene (1814–1858), wife of Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans, eldest son of Louis Philippe I, King of France.

Children

Karl August and Luise Auguste had seven children:
 * 1) Luise Auguste Amalie (b. Weimar, 3 February 1779 – d. Weimar, 24 March 1784).
 * 2) a daughter (b. and d. Weimar, 10 September 1781).
 * 3) Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. Weimar, 2 February 1783 – d. Schloss Belvedere, near Weimar, 8 July 1853).
 * 4) a son (b. and d. Weimar, 26 February 1785).
 * 5) Caroline Louise (b. Weimar, 18 July 1786 – d. Ludwigslust, 20 January 1816), married on 1 July 1810 to Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
 * 6) a son (b. and d. Weimar, 13 April 1789).
 * 7) Karl Bernhard (b. Weimar, 30 May 1792 – d. Liebenstein, 31 July 1862).

In addition, Karl August acknowledged five children by him born out of wedlock:

 * With Eva Dorothea Wiegand (b. 1755 – d. 1828)
 * Johann Karl Sebastian Klein (b. Stützerbach, 9 June 1779 – d. Weimar, 28 June 1830), married on 22 April 1817 to Anna Fredericka Henriette Müller. They had three sons who possibly died young.
 * With Luise Rudorf (b. 1777 – d. 1852)
 * Karl Wilhelm of Knebel (b. Templin, 18 January 1796 – d. Jena, 16 November 1861), married firstly on 6 February 1825 to Fredericka of Geusau, with whom he had one son, who died in infancy, before they divorced in 1837; secondly he married on 14 May 1839 Josephine Karoline Emilie Trautmann, with whom he had one son and two daughters.
 * With Karoline Jagemann (b. 1777 – d. 1848), created Frau von Heygendorf
 * Karl Wolfgang of Heygendorff (b. Weimar, 25 December 1806 – d. Dresden, 17 February 1895)
 * August of Heygendorff (b. Weimar, 10 August 1810 – d. Dresden, 23 January 1874).
 * Mariana of Heygendorff (b. Weimar, 8 April 1812 – d. The Hague, 10 August 1836), married on 15 October 1835 to Daniel, Baron Tindal.


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Jerry Gray

Jerry Don Gray (born December 16, 1962) is an American football coach and former player who is the assistant head coach/defense for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). Gray played college football at the University of Texas at Austin, where he garnered All-American honors. Thereafter, he played professionally for the Los Angeles Rams, Houston Oilers, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the NFL.

Early life
Gray was born in Lubbock, Texas. He attended Lubbock Estacado High School. He was inducted into the Lubbock ISD Hall of Honor in 2011.

College
Gray was a two-time consensus first-team All-American at the University of Texas. During his career, he was known for being an especially hard hitter. He had 297 career tackles, 16 interceptions and 20 passes broken up and played on four bowl teams at Texas coached by Fred Akers. In 1996 he was inducted into the University of Texas Hall of Honor. In 2013, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Playing career
Gray was the Rams' first-round choice in the 1985 NFL Draft and played seven years in Los Angeles before finishing his career with the Oilers in 1992 and the Buccaneers in 1993. He had 28 career interceptions, including six for the Oilers in 1992.

Gray was selected to the Pro Bowl four times attending the game from 1986 through 1989. In his final appearance he earned Pro Bowl MVP honors after recording 7 tackles and a 51-yard interception return for a touchdown.

In 2001, Gray was nominated for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, but was not chosen as a semi-finalist.

SMU
After retiring as a player, Gray turned to coaching. His coaching career began in 1995 as a defensive backs coach for the SMU Mustangs football team.

Tennessee Oilers/Titans
He then worked for the Tennessee Oilers as a Defensive Quality Control coach from 1997 to 1998 before being promoted to defensive backs coach in 1999 when the team name was changed from "Oilers" to "Titans". He was with the team when they won the AFC Championship and went to Super Bowl XXXIV.

Buffalo Bills
In 2001, he was hired by former Titans defensive coordinator Gregg Williams to run the Buffalo Bills defense the same year Williams left Tennessee to become the Buffalo Head Coach. He served as the defensive coordinator for the Buffalo Bills from 2001 to 2005, where he oversaw one of the top defenses in the NFL until his final season. The Bills ranked 2nd in total defense in both 2003 and 2004.

Washington Redskins
After the 2005 season he was hired by the Washington Redskins to serve as their defensive backs coach

Seattle Seahawks
On January 18, 2010, Gray was hired as the new defensive backs coach for the Seattle Seahawks where he coached the rookie safety tandem of Earl Thomas and Kam Chancellor. The Seahawks won the NFC West and beat the defending Super Bowl champion Saints in the Wild Card round. They ultimately lost to Bears in the Divisional playoffs.

Texas Longhorns
On January 17, 2011, Gray agreed to return to his alma mater Texas as the assistant head coach and defensive backs coach.

Tennessee Titans (second stint)
On February 12, 2011, however, Gray rejoined the Titans as their defensive coordinator.

Minnesota Vikings
On January 22, 2014, Gray was hired as the new defensive backs coach for the Minnesota Vikings. In his 6 seasons with the team, the Vikings went to the playoffs three times, won the NFC North twice and went to the 2019 NFC Championship game.

Green Bay Packers
On January 29, 2020, Gray was hired as defensive backs coach for the Green Bay Packers. On March 1, 2021, Gray was promoted to defensive backs/passing game coordinator. In his three seasons with Green Bay, they won the NFC North twice and went to the 2020 NFC Championship game.

Atlanta Falcons
On January 31, 2023, Gray was hired as assistant head coach/defense for the Atlanta Falcons.

Personal life
Gray and his wife Sherry, also from Lubbock, have two sons together. The eldest was a defensive back for the SMU Mustangs.

Gray started the Jerry Gray Foundation in 2002 and it continues to actively supports youth in Lubbock, providing scholarships in partnership with Texas Tech.

title: Jerry Gray


text:
Superconvergence

In numerical analysis, a superconvergent or supraconvergent method is one which converges faster than generally expected (superconvergence or supraconvergence). For example, in the Finite Element Method approximation to Poisson's equation in two dimensions, using piecewise linear elements, the average error in the gradient is first order. However under certain conditions it's possible to recover the gradient at certain locations within each element to second order.

title: Superconvergence


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Lugano in 1909

Lugano in 1909
View of Lugano in 1909 is an early colour photograph by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, taken between 1905 and 1915, most likely in 1909. The image is featured in the article Lugano.

Public domain from the Library of Congress website. See http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/prokc.20214 for more information and the raw image. - Ghirlandajo 17:26, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nominate and support. It's a shame that no Prokudin-Gorskii images have been promoted to featured pictures as yet. I previously nominated Black Sea in 1915 and most people supported it, but for some reason it was not promoted. - Ghirlandajo 17:26, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Whow: Support -- Chris 73 Talk 00:00, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Entirely worthy for the color fidelity of its time. Denni ☯ 00:57, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC)
 * Support. Enochlau 01:36, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Ground 15:29, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. This illustrates early colour photography nicely, whilst still having some colour banding problems visible in the clouds. - Solipsist 11:03, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Compared to http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/prokc/20200/20214v.jpg it has been made too small, and sharpened too much. ed g2s  •  talk  15:35, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose current nominee. Support original. Performing post processing on a 1915 Prokudin-Gorskii colour photograph is like color correcting Rembrandt painting. You just do not do that. It's a pity too that the borders showing the techniques used to create the color photograph have been cropped off. Plus I agree with edg2s that the post processed one has been oversharpened.Janderk 13:05, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That's tricky. I think I might also prefer the version Ed g2s found, even though its a bit washed out, but mainly because the colour overprint adds extra interest. On the other hand, I don't have much problem with post processing the colours and contrast in an image like this (sharpening is perhaps not so good). Many photographers do a lot of post processing whilst printing in the darkroom. I presume most original Prokudin-Gorskii prints would have faded to nothing by now, so any modern prints from the glass plates involves interpretation. Even a Rembrandt, isn't trivial - pigments fade, varnishes yellow. There was a good bit of controversy of the Tate's restoration of Holbein's The Ambassadors, which became dramatically brighter and more vivid. -- Solipsist 16:33, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is argued that Old Masters, especially in the New World museums, have little resemblance to the originals due to excessive overbrightening. Xenia 07:36, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Neutralitytalk 05:14, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. No oversharp at all. The ancient original is unwieldy and ghastly. Xenia 07:36, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Warofdreams 14:53, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. If this were only appearing in an article on Prokudin-Gorskii then I don't think it would be appropriate in touched-up form, but as a photo for Lugano, I think it's beautiful and evocative. -- Oarih 06:08, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Promoted +10/-2/0 BrokenSegue 02:12, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC), sorry for the delay


text:
User:\\localhost

Hello everyone, I'm new.

title: User:\\localhost


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MG FF cannon

The MG FF was a drum-fed, blowback-operated, 20 mm aircraft autocannon, developed in 1936 by Ikaria Werke Berlin of Germany. It was a derivative of the Swiss Oerlikon FF F cannon (its FF suffix indicating Flügel Fest, for a fixed-mount, wing location from the Swiss original), with the Oerlikon FF design itself a development of the Imperial German World War I Becker 20 mm cannon, and was designed to be used in space-limited, fixed mountings such as inside aircraft wings, although it saw use as both an offensive and a defensive weapon, in both fixed and flexible format. It saw widespread use in those roles by the German Luftwaffe, particularly during the early stages of World War II, although from 1941 onwards it was gradually replaced by the Mauser firm's 20 mm MG 151/20, which had both a higher rate of fire and muzzle velocity.

One major disadvantage of the MG FF cannon was its extremely low ammunition count. One cannon only carried 90 bullets, and these were fired very quickly.

Development
MG FF stands for Maschinengewehr Flügel Fest, which translates into "machine gun, wing, fixed"; this reflects the fact that in Luftwaffe practice guns of 20 mm or less were designated as "machine guns" (maschinengewehr) as opposed to larger "machine cannons", or autocannons, which were "MK", for maschinenkanone. The "wing, fixed" part reflects the fact that the primary motivation behind its design was to create a 20 mm caliber weapon that was compact and light enough to be mounted in the wings of aircraft, especially fighters.

Compared to rival designs, such as the Hispano-Suiza HS.404 – which had been developed from the larger Oerlikon FF S – the MG FF had some disadvantages, such as low rate of fire and low muzzle velocity, as well as limited ammunition storage in its drums. On the other hand, it was much lighter and shorter. Even with its compact size, wing installation on the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters was not easy, as the drum required substantial space, and as a consequence the ammunition storage was initially reduced to 60 shells per drum. An ammunition drum of 90-round nominal capacity was developed for the Fw 190 A-5, and retrofitted to some earlier variants. There were also experiments with belt feedings.

The MG FF was adapted to fire a new type of high-capacity, high-explosive "mine shell" that featured a projectile with thinner walls that allowed increased explosive charge. This projectile was lighter and thus had a higher muzzle velocity than the previous ammunition; this also entailed that it generated less recoil than earlier projectiles requiring a modification of the recoil mechanism. With this modification it could fire the new mine shell, but accidentally using the heavier MG FF ammo could damage the gun. In the interest of avoiding such errors, the weapon was redesignated the MG FF/M. It was introduced with the Bf 109 E-4 and Bf 110 C-4 in summer 1940.

The MG FF fired a 134 g projectile with a muzzle velocity of some 600 m/s and a rate of fire of about 530 rounds per minute. The MG FF/M fired a 90 g HE/M (high explosive mine shell) projectile with a muzzle velocity of c. 700 m/s and a rate of fire of c. 540 rounds per minute. AP, HE and incendiary projectiles were also available (115 to 117 g projectiles, 585 m/s, c. 520 rpm) because the mine-shot was not capable of holding incendiary or tracer parts. There were also different types of high-explosive mine shell fillings with either standard Pentrit A (PETN + Aluminium), a mixture called HA 41 (RDX + Aluminium powder)(the latter had a 40 percent increased high explosive and incendiary effect).

Operational use

The MG FF and FF/M saw widespread use in fighters such as the Bf 109 E-3 to F-1, Bf 110 C to F, and Fw 190 A-1 to A-5. Early variants of the Fw 190 (A-1 to A-5) were typically fitted with an inboard pair of MG 151 and an outboard pair of MG FF/M, although the MG FF/M were sometimes removed in the field in order to save weight. The MG FF/M fed from a 60-round drum that required an underwing bulge to fit within the wing (90 rounds in the A-5). From the A-6 onward, the MG FF/M were replaced by a pair of MG 151/20 feeding from 125 round belts, or deleted altogether. The cannon was also fitted to bombers such as the Do 217, Ju 88, He 111, Do 17, as well as many other aircraft, either as aerial defense, or more often for anti-ship and defensive fire suppression. Although the MG FF was often replaced with the 20 mm MG 151/20 from 1941 onwards, it saw a comeback in 1943 as the primary Schräge Musik gun in the Bf 110 (and other) night fighters, as it fit perfectly into the rear cockpit, and muzzle velocity was less important in this application (there were also stocks of surplus guns and ammunition to be used up).

Technical data

 * Weight: 26.3 kg
 * Length: 1.37 m
 * Muzzle velocity:
 * 600 m/s (MG FF with HE),
 * 585 m/s (MG FF/M with AP or HE),
 * 575 m/s (MG FF/M with API),
 * 675 m/s (MG FF/M with (HE(M)),
 * 695 m/s (MG FF/M with (HE(M)),
 * 718 m/s (MG FF/M with (HE(M))
 * Rate of fire:
 * 530 rpm (MG FF with HE),
 * 520 rpm (MG FF/M with AP or HE),
 * 540 rpm (MG FF/M with HE(M))
 * Round types:
 * armor-piercing (AP) (MG FF/M),
 * armor-piercing incendiary (API) (MG FF/M),
 * armor-piercing high-explosive (APHE) (MG FF/M),
 * high-explosive (HE), all with or without tracer (MG FF, MG FF/M),
 * high-explosive incendiary (HEI), all with or without tracer (MG FF/M),
 * high-explosive mine shell (HE(M)) (only MG FF/M),
 * incendiary (I), all with or without tracer (MG FF/M)

title: MG FF cannon


text:
Mohammed Zahur Khayyam

Mohammed Zahur Khayyam Hashmi (18 February 1927 – 19 August 2019), better known mononymously as Khayyam, was an Indian music director and background score composer whose career spanned four decades.

He won three Filmfare Awards: for Best Music in 1977 for Kabhi Kabhie and 1982 for Umrao Jaan, and a lifetime achievement award in 2010. He was awarded the 2007 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in Creative Music, by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Theatre. He was awarded the third-highest civilian honour, Padma Bhushan, by the Government of India in 2011.

Early life
Khayyam was born to a Punjabi Muslim family on 18 February 1927 in Rahon in Punjab, British India. As a boy, Khayyam ran away to his uncle's house in New Delhi. There he was trained under classical vocalist and composer Pandit Amarnath.

Career
Khayyam went to Lahore looking for roles in films. There he met Baba Chishti, a famous Punjabi music director. After listening to a composition by Chishti, he sang to him its first part. Impressed, Chishti gave him an offer of joining him as an assistant. Khayyam assisted Chishti for six months and came to Ludhiana in 1943. He was only 17 then.

After a stint in the Army in the Second World War, Khayyam went to Bombay to fulfil his dream and made his debut as Sharmaji of the Sharmaji-Varmaji composer duo with the film Heer Ranjha in 1948. He went solo after his co-composer Rehman Verma went to the newly created Pakistan post partition. One of his earliest breaks was in the film Biwi (1950) in which the song "Akele Mein Woh Ghabrate To Honge" sung by Mohammed Rafi was a hit. "Shaam-e-Gham Ki Kasam" sung by Talat Mehmood from the film Footpath (1953) struck a chord among the masses. He gained greater recognition from the film Phir Subha Hogi (1958) starring Raj Kapoor and Mala Sinha, in which songs written by Sahir Ludhianvi and sung by Mukesh and Asha Bhosle were set to tune by Khayyam. Notable amongst them are "Wo Subha Kabhi To Aayegi", "Aasman Pe hai Khuda Aur Zameen Pe Hum" and "Chin-o-Arab Humara".

Songs from the film Shola Aur Shabnam (1961) written by Kaifi Azmi established Khayyam's reputation as a composer. From the Chetan Anand directed Aakhri Khat (1966) "Baharon Mera Jeevan Bhi Sawaron" by Lata and "Aur Kuch Der Theher" by Rafi were huge hits. Other notable songs are from the film Shagoon (1964) which had Khayyam's wife Jagjit Kaur sing "Tum Apna Ranj-o-Gham" and "Tum Chali Jaogi".

The 1970s saw Khayyam team up with Sahir Ludhyanvi once again to work in the Yash Chopra-directed Kabhi Kabhie (1976). The songs showed Khayyam's versatility with hits such as "Kabhi Kabhi Mere Dil Mein Khayal Aata Hai" (Sung by Mukesh and Lata), "Tere Chehre Se Nazar Nahin" (by Kishore & Lata) and "Main Pal Do Pal Ka Shayar Hoon" (by Mukesh).

Khayyam provided music to the films of the late-1970s and early-1980s. Songs from Trishul, Thodi Si Bewafaai, Bazaar, Dard, Noorie, Nakhuda, Sawaal, Bepannah, and Khandaan are some of his best works.

Khayyam was still to deliver his best, and the opportunity came in Muzaffar Ali's Umrao Jaan in 1981. He had Asha Bhonsle sing the songs "In Aankhon Ki Masti Ke", "Ye Kya Jagah Hai Doston", and "Dil Cheez Kya Hai", which are evergreen.

Rajesh Khanna liked the songs of the film Kabhi Kabhie so much that he gifted Khayyam one of his cars. Subsequently, Khayyam composed music for Thodisi Bewafai, Dard (both 1981) and Dil-E-Nadaan (1982), all of them starring Khanna in the lead.

Khayyam created music for the Kamal Amrohi directed film Razia Sultan (1983) and his song "Aye Dil-e-Nadan" sung by Lata is considered as a milestone.

He also composed non-film songs. Some of them include "Paaon Padun Tore Shyam, Brij Mein Laut Chalo" and "Ghazab Kiya Tere Vaade Pe Aitbaar Kiya". He also gave music for Meena Kumari's album, I Write, I Recite (1971) featuring the "nazms" written and sung by her.

Khayyam always preferred to work with poets rather than film lyricists. That is the reason one finds poetry playing an equal role in Khayyam's compositions as the music or the singer. Khayyam prefers to give full freedom to the poets for expressing their views thereby making the expression of songs more poetic and meaningful.

He worked with both his contemporaries in the field of poetry. That's the reason one finds in his account the work profiled by Mirza Ghalib, Daagh, Wali Mohammed Wali, Ali Sardar Jafri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Sahir Ludhianvi, and among the new ones Naqsh Lyallpuri, Nida Fazli, Jan Nisar Akhtar and Ahmed Wasi.

Khayyam's music had the touch of ghazal but was rooted in Indian classical music. The compositions were soulful, melodious and emotional, the songs were rich in poetry and purpose and the style was noticeably different from the popular brand of music in those days, which used to be either semi-classical, ghazal or light and peppy.

On his 89th birthday, Khayyam announced the formation of a charitable trust, Khayyam Jagjeet Kaur KPG Charitable Trust, and decided to donate his entire wealth to the trust to support budding artists and technicians in India. His wealth at the time of announcement was valued at around inr 10.

He decided not to celebrate his birthday after the terrorist attack on India's border post of Pulwama and donated inr 5 to the kin of the martyrs.

Personal life
Khayyam married Jagjit Kaur in 1954 in one of the first inter-communal marriages in the Indian film industry. They had a son, Pradeep, who died of a heart attack in 2012. Inspired by their son's helping nature, they started a trust, "Khayyam Jagjit Kaur Charitable Trust" to help artistes and technicians in need.

Death
In his last days, Khayyam was suffering from various age related ailments. On 28 July 2019, Khayyam was admitted to Sujay Hospital in Juhu, Mumbai due to lung infection. He died on 19 August 2019 following a cardiac arrest at the age of 92. He was buried the following day with full state honours.

Awards and nominations
Won
 * 1977: Filmfare Best Music Director Award: Kabhi Kabhie
 * 1982: Filmfare Best Music Director Award: Umrao Jaan
 * 1982: National Film Award for Best Music Direction: Umrao Jaan
 * 2007: Sangeet Natak Akademi Award: Creative Music
 * 2009: Naushaad Sangeet Samman award
 * 2010: Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2011: Padma Bhushan
 * 2012: Mirchi Music Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2018: Hridaynath Mangeshkar Award

Nominated
 * 1980: Filmfare Best Music Director Award: Noorie
 * 1981: Filmfare Best Music Director Award: Thodisi Bewafai
 * 1982: Filmfare Best Music Director Award: Bazaar
 * 1984: Filmfare Best Music Director Award: Razia Sultan

Filmography

 * Singer
 * Romeo & Juliet (1947) — sang a duet with Zohrabai Ambalewali
 * Music director
 * Heer Ranjha (1948) — as Sharmaji (of Sharmaji-Varmaji duo, with Rahman Varma and Aziz Khan)
 * Biwi (1950)
 * Pyaar Ki Baatein (1951)
 * Foot Path (1953) — adopted the screen name Khayyam.
 * Gul Sanobar (1953) — with Bulo C. Rani
 * Gul Bahar (1954)
 * Dhobi Doctor (1954)
 * Tatar Ka Chor (1955)
 * Phir Subha Hogi (1958)
 * Lala Rukh (1958)
 * Barood (1960)
 * Bombai Ki Billi (1960)
 * Shola Aur Shabnam (1961)
 * Shagoon (1964)
 * Mohabbat Isko Kahete Hain (1965)
 * Aakhri Khat (1966)
 * Mera Bhai Mera Dushman (1967)
 * I Write, I Recite (1971) — Album consisting of nazms written and sung by Meena Kumari.
 * Pyaase Dil (1974)
 * Sandhya (1975)
 * Mutthi Bhar Chawal (1975)
 * Sankalp (1975)
 * Kabhi Kabhie (1976)
 * Naukar Biwi Da Punjabi black & white Movie The film began principal photography in the mid-1960s and was delayed for several years before being released in 1976
 * Shankar Hussain (1977)
 * Trishul (1978)
 * Khandaan (1979)
 * Noorie (1979)
 * Meena Kumari ki Amar Kahani (1979)

 * Thodi Si Bewafaai (1980)
 * Chambal Ki Kasam (1980)
 * Nakhuda(1981)
 *  Umrao Jaan  (1981)
 * Dard (1981)
 * Ahista Ahista (1981)
 * Dil-e-Nadaan (1982)
 * Bazaar (1982)
 * Baawri (1982)
 * Sawaal (1982)
 * Dil...Akhir Dil Hai (1982)
 * Razia Sultan (1983)
 * Mehndi (1983)
 * Lorie (1984)
 * Bepanaah (1985)
 * Tere Shahar Mein (1986)
 * Anjuman (1986)
 * Devar Bhabhi (1986)
 * Ek Naya Rishta (1988)
 * Parbat Ke Us Paar (1988)
 * Jaan-E-Wafa (1990)
 * Mohabbaton Ka Safar (1995)
 * Ek Hi Manzil (2000)
 * Yatra (2007)
 * Mission-The Last War (2008)
 * Bazaar E Husn (2014)
 * Ghulam Bandhu (2016) — Unreleased

title: Mohammed Zahur Khayyam


text:
User:Fishbucket

Fishbucket

title: User:Fishbucket


text:
Andrea Rau

Andrea Rau (born 1947 in Stuttgart, Germany) is a German actress and producer who has appeared in several German films as well as appearing in the television series Derrick.

Her most well-known film appearance was in the 1971 Belgian erotic vampire thriller Daughters of Darkness. She appeared on the cover of a large numbers of magazines such as Mayfair, Penthouse, Wochenend or Neue Revue between 1969 and 1978.

Selected filmography

 *  (1968)
 * Charley's Uncle (1969)
 * Why Did I Ever Say Yes Twice? (1969)
 * Hotel by the Hour (1970)
 * Come to Vienna, I'll Show You Something! (1970)
 * When the Mad Aunts Arrive (1970)
 * Jailbreak in Hamburg (1971)
 * Daughters of Darkness (1971)
 * Eins (1971)
 * Sergeant Berry (1974–1975, TV series)
 * Lola (1974)
 * Derrick - Season 1, Episode 3: Stiftungsfest (Derrick) (1974, TV)
 * The Net (1975)
 * The Expulsion from Paradise (1977)
 * Es muss nicht immer Kaviar sein (1977, TV miniseries)
 *  (1982, TV series)

title: Andrea Rau


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scott Carson

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. jni 12:46, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Scott Carson
A puff piece for a football player who, the article admits, hasn't become notable yet. Uncle G 17:27, 2005 Feb 3 (UTC)

 * Strong Keep. He plays for Liverpool, more than notable enough. Xezbeth  17:33, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep. Agree with Xezbeth.  —RaD Man (talk) 19:56, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep He's in the first team squad at Liverpool. Millions of people have heard of him.Philip 20:04, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 *  Weak keep I can see why this was nominated, though. It read like a puff piece, and he has only 3 league appearances. However, he has 8 England Under 21 appearances, so while I'd normally say that I'd want more time in a professional league to list a player (and have done so in the past), the international Under 21 caps and his transfer value (the BBC say 1 million pounds, not 250,000) give a strong indication that he is highly likely to have a significant career ahead of him, and certainly viewed as such by Liverpool FC. (Note - I've rewritten it myself in the hope of giving the article a fairer run, but I don't support any team involved) Average Earthman 20:24, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It should also be noted that he was out of contract in the Summer so the fee would otherwise have been significantly more Philip 20:37, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * But equally the teams may have been aware of UEFA plans to insist on a minimum number of 'homegrown' players for future matches in the Champions League and UEFA Cup, which would make a promising English player even more attractive to English teams. On the other hand, this only suggests he would be more likely to feature in a team for a match against European opposition, thus making him more notable... Average Earthman 09:56, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep. Bogus VFD. --Centauri 21:15, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not a bogus VfD, the original read very much like a puff piece and didn't mention England Under 21 internationals (will have 9 caps next Tuesday). He also hasn't actually played for Liverpool's first team yet, only the reserves (including last night). Average Earthman 09:56, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Thanks Average Earthman! Samaritan 04:14, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep - it's one thing for first team players for a major club to be notable, it's another thing for reserve players since a lot of English football players don't make it. On the other hand, England U21 players are notable, in my view.17:03, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That's from me. Signed incorrectly. JuntungWu 17:04, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Very weak keep for reasons stated by JuntungWu. --Lawlore 20:33, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep'. Yuckfoo 01:08, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Emperor Quadraxis

Emperor Quadraxis is a result of hundreds of years work by the Ings and the Quad M8s.

title: User:Emperor Quadraxis


text:
Charles Edward

Charles Edward may refer to:

 * Charles Edward (horse), a racehorse
 * Charles Edward Stuart, aka Bonnie Prince Charlie
 * Charles Edward Stuart, American politician
 * Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
 * Charles Edward Callwell, British soldier
 * Charles Edward Flower, British brewer responsible for the creation of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre
 * Charles Edward Jennings, Irish soldier
 * Charles Edward Magoon, American lawyer
 * Charles Edward Merriam, American professor
 * Charles Edward Russell, American journalist

title: Charles Edward