text:
Miyake-jima

Miyake-jima (三宅島) is a volcanic island in the Izu archipelago in the Philippine Sea approximately 180 km southeast of Tokyo, Japan. As with the other islands in the Izu Island group, Miyake-jima forms part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park.

Etymology
There are many theories about the origin of Miyake-jima's name. One theory claims a manuscript about the island's genesis called the Miyakeki (三宅記), written by a Shinto priest from the island, influenced the name. The manuscript explains how a deity, Mashima (三嶋), constructed his palace on the island after having built two other houses on neighbouring islands. Each of the houses had their backs facing the palace, thus giving a lined up impression. This belief is known as the 'three house theory'. Another hypothesis says that the shrines on Miyake-jima are historically related to those on Miyajima, an island in Hiroshima Bay. As there are many more speculations, the true origin cannot be known.

Geography
The island is a stratovolcano with a granitic composite cone, dating from the late Pleistocene period, between 10,000 and 2,000 years ago. The island has a roughly circular coastline, 88.3 kilometers in length, with an average diameter of eight kilometers. The highest elevation Mount Oyama (雄山) is an active volcano with a height of 759 meters. The mountain has been recorded to have erupted numerous times throughout history, and is mentioned as far back as Nara period written records. Over the past 890 years, it has erupted 13 times, including five times since the start of the Meiji period. A lava flow in 1940 killed 11 people, and other eruptions occurred in 1962 and 1983.

On July 14, 2000, Mount Oyama began another series of eruptions, and by September, the island was completely evacuated. After a four-year period of volcanic emissions, residents were allowed to return permanently on February 1, 2005. After the eruption, there has been a constant flow of sulfur dioxide gas coming from Mount Oyama. Residents of the island were once required to carry gas masks with them at all times. However, masks have not been needed for years. Alarms go off if there is a dramatic increase in the levels of toxic gases in the air. Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System, which detects pre-eruptive degassing of rising magmas, improving prediction of volcanic activity.

Climate
Miyake-jima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and mild winters. Precipitation is abundant throughout the year, but is somewhat lower in winter.

Flora and fauna
Miyake-jima is home to an unusually rich flora and fauna with several rare species of birds and animals, although its natural habitats are constantly under threat from human and volcanic activity. Underwater, the island is valued by divers for its coral reefs and marine fauna (including the dolphin population outside nearby Mikura-jima). The island has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Japanese wood pigeons, Japanese murrelets, Pleske's grasshopper warblers, Ijima's leaf-warblers and Izu thrushes (akakokko).

Administration
The island is administered by the Miyake subprefecture of the Tokyo Metropolitan government. As of June 1, 2016, the population of the island was 2451. Miyake Village (三宅村) serves as the local government of the island, and also includes nearby tiny uninhabited Ōnoharajima west south-west of Miyake-jima.

Miyake village consists of the five traditional hamlets of Izu, Kamitsuki, Igaya, Ako and Tsubota, with Tsubota on the southeast coast as the administrative center.

Access
The island is accessible by an over-night ferry called the Tachibana Maru (橘丸), which is operated by Tōkai Kisen. The ferry departs from Takeshiba Pier, near Hamamatsuchō Station, Tokyo at 22:30 and arrives at Miyakejima at 5:00. Depending on the wind and weather conditions, the Tachibana Maru will dock at one of three ports; Miike Port Pier (三池港桟橋), Igaya Port (伊ヶ谷港), or Sabigahama Port (錆ヶ浜港). The port where the boat will dock is not predictable and changes on a daily basis. Generally, the boat will arrive at a port that is complementary with the wind direction. A second large passenger ship named Salvia Maru (さるびあ丸) will also start servicing Miyake-jima on June 25, 2020.''

There are flights connecting Miyakejima Airport and Haneda Airport with an approximate flying time of 50 minutes. Flights are also operated from Chofu Airport. The area is prone to high volume of sulfuric gas and flights were suspended for almost eight years after the July 14, 2000 volcano eruption. Flights resumed during April 2008, after sulfuric gases in the air dropped to levels below 0.2ppm. There is a helicopter that arrives via Izu Ōshima. There are also two helicopter flights operated by Tokyo Island Shuttle which originate in Aogashima and Izu Ōshima and fly to Toshima, Miyake-jima, Mikura-jima, Hachijō-jima and Aogashima.

There are two bus routes on the island. Both bus routes service the same stops, but one route goes clockwise and the other route goes counter-clockwise. The time between each bus stop arrival can vary greatly from a few minutes to up to 3 hours.

title: Miyake-jima


text:
Talk:Jim Brown

Multiple arrests
To answer an earlier inquiry regarding Brown's incarceration: he has been arrested numerous times, for charges including domestic violence, battery, assault and even rape. In most cases he was either acquitted or the charges were dropped, though I do believe he did some jail time for vandalizing his wife's vehicle. He has a notoriously quick fuse.

Brown's numerous brushes with the law have somewhat tarnished his legacy here in NE Ohio.

Jim Brown was hard to bring down (Biographical sketch, also discusses Brown's apparent "dark side.")
 * Update: here are a couple of links; hope these help.

List of arrests (Also lists more acting credits)

I'm not seeing the neutrality of the second source. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mellowinman (talk • contribs) 18:01, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

I think the material about his "dark side" should be included in this article.

I think the bit about not being convicted of a "major crime" really ought to be stricken or expanded because it implies his multiple arrests for violence aren't major. As others have stated, he had a infamously short fuse, and I think were it not for his stardom, he would have been convicted of crimes, particularly today. I realize that arrests and convictions are different things, but perhaps it would be best to change the wording reflect what he was actually convicted with, as opposed to assigning an assessment of the seriousness of the charge. I would argue that domestic abuse is viewed as "major" by most people today, even if it wasn't at the time the alleged offenses occurred. I'm also aware that the NYT article sourced here used the "major crime" wording, though I don't think this biased statement ought to be used here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rkughen (talk • contribs) 06:31, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Just a note that the second source is deprecated per this 2019 RFC. The person who loves reading (talk) 20:31, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I would argue that domestic abuse is viewed as "major" by most people today: While he was arrested, he was not convicted, which is what is sourced to the NYT.—Bagumba (talk) 00:33, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

Jim Brown
There were allegations made about Jim Brown on the current docuseries  on A&E about Hugh Hefner and the Playboy mansion. The allegations basically described him as a predator and very violent toward the bunnies at the mansion. 2600:1702:38A0:2E30:D887:14BD:8F70:EC56 (talk) 20:27, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

 * need reference specifics HammerFilmFan (talk) 22:45, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

It says he's one of the greatest running backs of all time. He's a Tailback, more specifically a Fullback. Not a running back.
Check info 2001:569:F9F6:9B00:D89:61A1:2936:A0A2 (talk) 21:20, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

 * They are both types of running backs. —Bagumba (talk) 17:50, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

CBS COMMENTATOR
why isnt it mentioned he works for CBS as the host of The NFL Today? 155.95.101.64 (talk) 20:55, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you are mistaking him with James Brown? —Bagumba (talk) 08:17, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

Section sizes
As Brown was quite a multi-faceted character, we have the challenge of balancing our coverage of these different aspects. To assist, I have added section sizes to the templates at the top of this page. This summarises the overall structure of the article and so may help. Andrew🐉(talk) 06:26, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

Death
Barry Sanders posting on Twitter that "You can't underestimate the impact Jim Brown had on the NFL." Should be "You can't overestimate the impact Jim Brown had on the NFL." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:5C2:100:F210:ADEF:9DA5:FA55:ED06 (talk) 02:57, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

 * That's not what the cited source has. —Bagumba (talk) 17:46, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * He meant to say "overestimate". "Underestimate" is an insult. Do the right thing and update it. 2601:5C2:100:F210:ADEF:9DA5:FA55:ED06 (talk) 23:46, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Are any reliable sources altering it? I get your point, but double negatives sometimes run into this problem, where people interpret it differently than maybe what it literally says. —Bagumba (talk) 01:18, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

One Night in Miami...
Would it be worthwhile to include he was portrayed by Aldis Hodge in the film One Night in Miami...? Scholarlydoubt (talk) 16:32, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Only if there is a cultural impact. See MOS:CULTURALREFS.—Bagumba (talk) 16:36, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

In 1975 Carolyn Freeman Brown was married to Jim Brown They had one child in 1979 named Felicia Brown 2600:1700:5120:1670:C4A2:5C45:C891:64ED (talk) 04:47, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Infobox photo edit war
Pardon me if you are not interested in this issue. A bit of an edit war on the infobox photo. Pinging recent editors: I find the photo / scan of a trading card File:Jim Brown 1959 Topps cropped and recoloured.jpg, is a much more representative of Jim Brown than the photo recently added: File:JimBrownByPhilKonstantin.jpg. I restored the trading card photo. Should the trading card photo, the JimBrownByPhilKonstantin photo or another be used? Adakiko (talk) 11:30, 13 January 2024 (UTC) Repinging - miscopied "Jimknutt" Adakiko (talk) 11:32, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Adakiko (talk) 12:00, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

 * For deceased subjects, bios typically use a picture from their prime as the lead image. For Brown, he's primarily notable as a football player, not a 70-year old senior. —Bagumba (talk) 11:51, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay, I understand, it just needs to be based on what it is used for (such as images) Houtyuhn (talk) 12:13, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * He did have a notable post-playing life, and a photo like File:Jim_Brown_at_LBJ_Foundation_2014_(cropped).jpg would look pretty good in the infobox as an alternative to a playing photo. I don't have a preference per se, but that this disagreement could be decided by an RfC. – Muboshgu (talk) 16:27, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with @Muboshgu, that photo looks good. At least Mr. Brown is smiling! Bringingthewood (talk) 01:24, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No doubt he was more than a football player. I just think he's still primarily known as a football player, over his acting and activism. I don't understand the concern with the image being lifted from a trading card. —Bagumba (talk) 01:46, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Boy, would I love to link his place of death. I'll save that for a later date... one war at a time. Bringingthewood (talk) 02:17, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "War"? Perhaps you are confused. This is not a WP:BATTLEGROUND. If you want to fight a war, enlist in the armed services. – Muboshgu (talk) 02:26, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No confusion here. That must have been directed towards the title up there. Bringingthewood (talk) 02:38, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Agree with @Muboshgu Jim_Brown_at_LBJ_Foundation_2014_(cropped).jpg looks good. Adakiko (talk) 05:32, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the trading card looks ok enough to stay. It may not be the cleanest image compared to the current head images of, say, Elizabeth II or Pelé, but the subject is still identifiable in the image, the photo was taken in his prime, and Brown is wearing his Browns uniform with the 32 jersey that would be retired in his honor. Few, if not none of the other images illustrate the best of what Jim Brown was most notable for in such a powerful fashion.
 * Edit: And I should add he was in his early-to-mid 20s in '59, so his youthfulness is another factor. Carlinal (talk) 01:53, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

No Fred Williamson mention. How come??
I have made some entries on his film section with Fred Williamson. It seems very strange to me that given his impact in film that there's no mention of his work with Williamson. They did five films together. The first three also starred martial artist actor Jim Kelly. They were Three the Hard Way (1974), Take a Hard Ride (1975), One Down, Two to Go (1982), Original Gangstas (1996) and On the Edge (2002). Brown and Williamson also appeared in various tv shows incl. CHiPs, the "Roller Disco: Parts 1 & 2" etc. Thanks Karl Twist (talk) 13:21, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jim Brown


text:
Bonneval

Bonneval may refer to:

Places

 * France
 * Bonneval, Eure-et-Loir
 * Bonneval, Haute-Loire
 * Bonneval, Savoie
 * Bonneval-sur-Arc, Savoie

 * United States
 * Bonneval, Wisconsin

Other uses

 * Bonneval (horse), a New Zealand racehorse
 * Bonneval (surname)
 * Bonneval Abbey (Aveyron)
 * Bonneval Abbey (Eure-et-Loir)

title: Bonneval


text:
Talk:Ga language

Inaccurate native speaker count
I cannot access ethnologue as it is paywalled, but the quoted figure of 8.5 million native Ga speakers is very obviously inaccurate. Almost all other sources that I could find give figures around 750 thousand, even Languages of Ghana states that Ga has 745,000 native speakers, citing Ethnologue (2019). Changing the number to 745000 for this reason. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lfgteam (talk • contribs) 19:42, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

Edit: used wayback machine to access source, the source does not say 8.5 million — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lfgteam (talk • contribs) 19:45, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Carlylewin.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:59, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
The Ga Language article was very short so I decided to add a section on the Ga alphabet. Will add some form of pronunciation guide later. After that I'll put up a short grammar of the language.

Lordan 04:36, 2005 Feb 3 (UTC)
 * Cool, I'm looking forward to it!  — mark ✎ 13:07, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Classification / relation to Gbe
Recently the following was added to both this article and Gbe languages. I have pulled it out of both articles so that we can discuss it here first.
 * A CORRECTION --- The Dangme, or Ga-Dangme, language/or language family (which should be considered as two languages 1.Ga and 2.Adangbe/or 2.Ga-Adangbe), is found in Southeastern Ghana, it is usually classified and considered as a part of the Kwa language family.  This misclassification is possibly due to the fact that the language has undergone some changes due to the significant amount of influence from the more populous and well settled Kwa speakers within the area now known as Ghana -- primarily the Akan speakers.  Ga-Adangme, or as the tribesmen themselves refer to as Adangbe -- Adan-[GBE] or Ga-Adangbe -- Ga-Adan-[GBE], is in essence should be considered a part of the [GBE] language family and in reality related to the Fongbe, Ajagbe, and Gengbe languages listed above.  In addition, it is well known amongst the tribe and the people of Ghana that the Ga-Adangbes settled in the Accra coastal plains centuries ago, migrating along the West African coast westward from neighboring Togo where the gbe speakers are found.  Some historians even suggest that proto-Ga-Adangbes migrated from as far as Ile-Ife, an old Yoruban city state.

(end of pulled-out section).

Response. In the books and articles cited in Gbe languages, I did not come across this theory, and obviously the mere coincidence in sound of the language names isn't going to be the kind of evidence such a theory needs. Wikipedia is not the place for original research. On a sidenote, the Gbe languages are classified as Kwa, too, so the languages are indeed distantly related. As far as I know, no African linguist has claimed that Ga-Dangme should be considered one a Gbe language. — mark ✎ 18:43, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

The allophone
Does this sound similar to the nguy in Nguyen?

Ga language template
If you are a native speaker of Ga then you can help translate this template into your own language:

Edit

--Amazonien (talk) 21:41, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

The ŋʷ allophone sounds like ng, however, i am not sure i am not sure it has the same sound as ng in nguyen. I have had native Vietnamese pronounce the name with the g silent, which makes it sound like N'uen or Nwen. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.152.158.201 (talk) 16:14, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

How are you
How are you 2600:1700:47F9:B040:CC91:F673:86EE:5427 (talk) 14:25, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ga language


text:
Talk:1838 Mormon War

removing opinion
"The church was persecuted for religion, which is against the constitution, the people in missouri were wrong.[5]" — Preceding unsigned comment added by MisterGumby (talk • contribs) 22:36, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Indeed, the cult was not "persecuted for religion." Note that the Saints had been robbing people, selling fake stocks, passing counterfeit bank notes and USA Treasury notes, taking land from the owners, and preventing free trade to the point where food produced by non-Saints sat in warehouses rotting. The Saints also set up their own government, with their own laws, and refused to pay taxes on USA government services they used such as roads and bridges. The victims wanted the Saints out of their lives and out of their region. In year 2009 the LDS published for public review over two million private letters written by Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and other Saints, explaining why they were "persecuted:" it was because of their crimes. Desertphile (talk) 17:26, 18 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I have been reviewing LDS-related articles and noticed that many contributors have expressed concerns about the quality and neutrality of this particular article. This prompted me to join this talk page discussion.
 * Firstly, I must point out that both contributors in this debate seem to be struggling with significant WP:POV issues, Mormons faced persecution and that's a fact. 12 It is essential to adhere to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy to ensure that the article presents a balanced and fair representation of the events. Calling the church a cult is not fair to bring up in this discussion.
 * The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri is a complex war and I understand that. On one hand, the Latter-day Saints did face religious persecution, which included hostility and violence from non-Mormon settlers who were wary of their growing influence and distinct religious practices. On the other hand, it is also necessary to acknowledge the actions and policies of the LDS community that contributed to the tensions.
 * If you ask me I feel like this article is decent but I could use other editors options. LuxembourgLover (talk) 05:39, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

changed the text
I changed the text about Governor Boggs back, but I softened the writing by saying "a degree of" and "somewhat" and this sort of thing. This change "Boggs had shown fairness" --- where does that come from? I think historians --- not just Mormons --- agree that Boggs didn't show fairness. If anyone has a source that says otherwise, I would like to see a reference. --John Hamer 04:38, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Inaccurate Changes to Daviess Expedition Removed
The section on the Daviess Expedition was changed to include information that is not accurate. The text was changed to read:

 * Splitting into three companies, the Mormons marched on the three major non-Mormon settlements in the county under the direction of General Parks and as official state militia. The purpose was to disperse the mobs forming to attack Adam-ondi-Ahman and restore order to the county. Apostle David W. Patten led the attack on Gallatin, Lyman Wight headed the troops assigned to Millport, and Seymour Brunson led a smaller detachment against the Grindstone Forks settlement. Fleeing, the mobbers set fire to their homes and fields and blame the mormons later.

[Changes in bold.]

While it is true that apologists for the Mormons used to make the preposterous claim that the Missourians set fire to their own homes, no reputable historian would ever repeat such a thing today. See the two key current sources on the Mormon War:

 * Stephen C. LeSueur, The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri, University of Missouri Press, 1990.
 * Alexander L. Baugh, A Call to Arms: The 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri, BYU Studies, 2000.

I will look up the exact references when I have them in front of me. Using the term "mobbers" to refer to the Missourians who were being driven from their homes is rather the opposite of NPOV. In fact, it is the Mormons who were acting as a "mob," in that they illegally entered the county, drove out the Missourian settlers, stole their chattles and burned their homes.

The article as written was neutral. It acknowledged the wrongs and injustices of both the Mormons and the Missourians. I've reverted it to the way it had been. --John Hamer 00:07, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I was quoting journal selections from some of the members of the expedition. It was compiled in the history book that I have at home and I'll quote when I get back. Jgardner 21:09, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know by what means you claim no historian would claim that anti-mormons would set fires to their own property. They were murderous rapists bent on driving the mormons from the state and taking their property. Mormon records indicate that no property was taken except to feed the army. No property was burned by the mormons. When the mormons would arrive at a burning property, they would put the fire out. They weren't driving them out - they were disbanding the mobs!

 * I'd also like to state for the record that what you are arguing has no effect on the other change. The mormons were assembled at the order of the state militia. They fought as legitimate state militia. They were ordered by the general to disband the mobs. The mobs were threatening to drive out the mormons from Daviess with physical force, while the mormons were peacefully co-existing with them, even submitting to the duly elected judge of the county. The term "mob" is especially appropriate because they were not pacifists - they were assembling and conspiring to do to Adam-ondi-Ahman what they had recently accomplished in De Witt! Jgardner 21:21, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The Missourians in Daviess County were "murderers and rapists," were they? Who did they murder?  Who was raped?  I'm sorry to say that you seem unaware of the facts.  Your use of the highly partisan term "mobbers" implies to me that you are an apologist.  I suggest you read BYU professor Alexander Baugh's work, ''A Call to Arms: 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri."

 * Baugh states: "On October 18, Mormon companies made up of men from Caldwell and Daviess Counties, and comprised of both regular militia as well as members of the Danite society, visited the three settlements" [Millport, Gallatin, Grindstone Fork].  He continues, "The attack on Gallatin, the county seat, came as a surprise to the townspeople..."  He quotes Joseph H. McGee, saying "150 [Mormons] came into Gallatin and finding but 17 men in the place they run them out and took possession of the town.  The removed the goods out of Stolling's store and burned the house.  They then took the goods to Di Ammon" [Adam-ondi-Ahman]. (p. 86)

 * Baugh concludes: "Gallatin was nearly completely gutted.  The only structure left unscathed was a small shoemaker's shop owned by a Mr. Borwell.  The effects of the Mormon destruction at Gallatin could be seen for several miles."  He states, "Similar activities were conducted at Millport as well as a smaller settlement known as Splawn's Ridge." (p. 87)

 * Baugh corrects your error in claiming that the Mormons only took property for the needs of the army. He states:  "During the days following the assaults on Gallatin, Millport and Grindstone Fork, Mormon soldiers brought into Diahman wagons loaded with furniture, household items, bedding, clothing, foodstuffs, and bee-stands confiscated during the raids." (p. 89)

 * I've discussed the claims about mobbers burning their own houses in my revision of your revision.

 * Your statements about General Hiram G. Parks are confused. You are conflating a legitimate movement of the non-Mormon state militia to Caldwell and Daviess Counties in mid-September with the illegal movement of the Mormon militia from Caldwell County to Daviess County that occurred in mid-October.  The Mormons did not fight as legitimate state militia.  To do so, they would have to be so authorized to act outside their county.  They were not.  As such they were a "mob."  The residents of Daviess County whose homes were burned and whose property was stolen by the Mormon "mob" --- which term, though accurate, I am not using in the article, please note --- included many people who were not involved in any anti-Mormon vigilante activity.  The Mormons expelled the entire non-Mormon population from the county. --John Hamer 03:05, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry I wrote you off so quickly. I've been trying to research out this period myself and I am constantly amazed by how much misinformation and misrepresentations there are made about these events. It seems that there are two sides to the stories told during this period. They are irreconciliably different. My interest, ultimately, is to get to the bottom of it and find the truth of the matter. I am an apologist. I can't deny that. But I have a sincere interest in discovering the truth because I believe at the bottom of it all is justification or at least a good rationalitization.

 * I hope my naivety doesn't put you off. I am not a historian by training. I don't think that matters, however, because even in my field I have seen experts who haven't had much training either. Let's write this article in three facets: The facts as near as can be told; the representation of the facts by LDS apologists; and the representation of the facts by Missourian apologists.

 * For starters, I think the most reliable source of information is going to be found in the letters of the generals themselves. For an LDS view, we can turn to church history books and to the journal of Joseph Smith. For the Missourian view, I think Joseph H. McGee is a good representation.

 * Here is my list of facts as near as I can tell:
 * Joseph Smith went with Lt. Col. Hinckle with about 100 men. Joseph Smith rallied the troops. Lt. Col. Hinckle led them. General Doniphan ordered it to be done. The purpose was to protect Diahman from the reported 800 people gathering from neighboring counties. These 800 were beating Mormons; driving away their flocks and herds; stealing their goods; burning their houses. The 800 had a cannon with them.
 * General Parks was sent by Governor Boggs to investigate the Mormon conflict in Daviess. Upon arrival, he orders Col. Lyman Wight to raise troops and put down the assembling mob.
 * The 800 flee when they hear of the Mormon militia forming. They bury the cannon in the road.
 * The Mormon militia spread out into the county; they plunder the county; they burn houses. Some of the 800 also burn houses to blame the Mormons later. The cannon is discovered by a sow digging in the road.
 * No fighting takes place. No one is injured or killed.
 * The goods taken are given to the church. After the Mormon War, people go to Diahman and Far West to recover their stolen goods.

 * We can talk about the apologetics' explanations and rationalizations later.

 * Does this agree with what you understand? Which aspects are in dispute and need further clarification? Have you read the letters in the RLDS History of the Church? Have you read Joseph Smith's account? I have read through McGee's account. Jgardner 05:17, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry that I was hasty too. I'm glad that we share a common goal of getting at the truth.  I see now that you are doing a lot of digging into the sources and so I'm not put off by you and I hope that we can work together, (see my note below).  Here's where I disagree with your above working notes:

 * I don't agree with the number "800" — people in the past often exaggerated numbers. How would the Mormons know how many people were in the opposing vigilante group?  If there were that many, why would they flee?  They'd outnumber the Mormons.  I prefer to say "groups of Missourian vigilantes."  There was more than one group of Missourian vigilantes.  The ones with the cannon had come up illegally from Carroll County, I think.  I'll have to check.  That group did bury the cannon and flee and the Mormons confiscated the cannon.

 * Doniphan did not order the Mormons to Daviess County. As Smith's lawyer, he cautioned that it would be illegal for the Caldwell militia to march under arms to Daviess County.  Parks did not authorize Wight to "put down the mob."  LeSueur has this to say about the sources you are relying on:  "The Mormons later tried to justify their activities in Daviess County by asserting that General Parks had ordered them into the field during his visit to Diahman.  This claim, like the assertion that General Doniphan authorized their expedition to Daviess County, is misleading.  First, Parks did not arrive in Diahman until after the Mormons had begun their activities, including the sacking of Gallatin.  Second, Parks did not report ordering the Mormons into the field.  Finally, although Parks probably advised the Mormons to fight in self-defense, he certainly did not instruct them to drive Daviess settlers from their homes." (LeSueur, p. 123).

 * I agree that the Missourian vigilantes burned Mormon houses. For any account of beatings, I would like to have a witness or a victim's account cited --- not just general hearsay that there were beatings.  I'm not denying that those occurred.  Like you say, this is a pivotal event and so we should be careful that specific crimes are well-documented.

 * The goods stolen by Mormons were called "consecrated property" and were given over to the bishop and stored in the bishop's storehouse. All of the property was supposed to be given over to the church in this way, but some was kept by individual Mormon vigilantes. --John Hamer 15:25, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

By the way, this source: History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, is completely out of date. The Community of Christ recognizes that it was filled with partisan errors, which is why they commissioned a newer, less partisan history: The Church through the Years by Richard Howard. A new official history has just been commissioned to replace Howard's book and it will be published in 2007.

 * Were the letters quoted false? Jgardner 05:17, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I've made corrections based on more recent scholarship to your expansion of the Daviess Expedition. The article is now accurate again, but I think that the expansion unfortunately emphasizes this part of the Mormon War. The fact is that Missourians acted as vigilantes and attacked Mormons in De Witt and elsewhere and later acted illegally when the Mormons were expelled from the state. But it's also true that the Mormons acted as vigilantes and attacked Missourians, e.g. in Daviess County and at Crooked River. Because you've required so much evidence to back up the latter reality, I think it overemphasizes the Mormon crimes. --John Hamer 04:18, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you are overquoting Baugh. What sources is Baugh relying on? Not even McGee mentions farms being plundered by Lyman Wight. He told only of the smoke rising from Gallatin. I can only find references to farms burning in the reports made to Governor Boggs by the anti-Mormons.

 * Why would Joseph Smith write the following? "About this time William Morgan, sheriff of Daviess County, Samuel Bogart, Colonel William P. Peniston, Doctor Samuel Venable, Jonathan J. Dryden, James Stone, and Thomas J. Martin, made communications or affidavits of the most inflammatory kind, charging upon the 'Mormons' those depredations which had been committed by the mob, endeavoring thereby to raise the anger of those in authority, rally a sufficient force around their standard, and produce a total overthrow, massacre, or banishment of the 'Mormons' from the State. These and their associates were the ones who fired their own houses and then fled the county, crying 'fire and murder.'"

 * Are we to discount Smith's testimony of the events?

 * I believe the Daviess County event is the pivotal event in the war. It is because of this and the reports of this that the Extermination Order is signed. We should document every atrocity committed by every person as accurately as we can. It is also the first time people felt that they were really at war. Jgardner 05:40, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that I over-referenced Baugh — I did that to show you the conclusions of a believing LDS professor as published by BYU Studies, i.e., to try to show you that this is not some "Anti-Mormon" conclusion. The same conclusions could be referenced from LeSueur's work.  There are a host of primary sources from the Latter Day Saint and Missourian sides that make it clear that it was the Mormons who burned the Missourians' homes in Daviess County.  (I will look several up and give them to you.  I will also change the article to cite the primary sources.)

 * Note, however, that you yourself even admit that the Mormons burned homes above, although you want to hold out and say that some of the homes were burned by the Missourians themselves. Unfortunately, yes, we are to discount Smith's testimony.  The testimony that Missourians were burning their own homes does not hold up.  (It doesn't even past the smell test — people don't generally burn their own homes just so they can blame their enemies for the crime.)  Why would Smith write that?  Perhaps because there was an outstanding warrant for his arrest on charges relating to these activities.  You may not want to believe that Prophets are imperfect and do both good and bad, but Smith would have been the first to correct you.  These were trying times, Smith and the Mormons felt threatened and decided to respond to that threat with their own aggression.  In doing so, they became just as guilty of mob activity as their perceived persecutors.--John Hamer 15:08, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Let's try to work together
Jgardner --- I'm likewise sorry that I dismissed you quickly and reacted hastily. When I read the change about "mobbers" burning their own houses, I thought you were just a Wikipedia vandal. I would have reacted the same to someone claiming that the Mormons burned their own houses in Jackson County in order to blame the Missourians. You'll note that I reacted similarly when some Anti-Mormon vandal tried to change this article to say that Boggs had always treated the Mormons fairly. That's simply not true — Boggs clearly acted with negative bias toward the Mormons.

I agree with you that the primary sources are the most important sources. There are a great bulk of primary sources for this period, and yes I have read many, many of them. However, many of the primary sources are partisan. You have to consider them all and weigh them against each other. For many of the events, much of scholarship has reached a reasonable consensus on many issues in the past 20 years. The accounts in both Baugh and LeSueur match on almost all the issues — I've been referencing Alex Baugh for you to show you what believing, practicing LDS scholars have now said.

My goal is to tell this story in a neutral way. I am not an Anti-Mormon in any way. My ancestors lived in Far West; their property was wrongly appropriated and they were illegally expelled from the state. I am having an article I wrote on this period published in a compilation by the LDS church's Deseret Book (which I mention to illustrate that my research has not been viewed by the LDS church as "anti")

Let's work together here, if we can. Quote specific sources and references and I'll do my best to answer. --John Hamer 14:53, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Johnston's Army
Could I suggest a disambig at the top to the page to Johnston's Army? Growing up Mormon (there's a title!), the only "Mormon War" I heard about was the US action against the western LDS Settlements. The Missouri troubles/persecutions were not labeled a "war" until college history class. So, our readers might need direction. WBardwin 15:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point. I wrote a little something, see if that works for you. --John Hamer 01:57, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Supplemental Articles
I've been expanding this article --- it was actually one of the first I wrote, and it really needed some flesh on its bones (especially references) --- but I don't want it to be too long, so I've started to expand some of the supplemental articles. I just made a massive expansion to the Battle of Crooked River article and I hope to hit some of the others soon. --John Hamer 01:57, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What happened next?
I understand that there are a great deal of Mormon articles in Wikipedia, its becoming something of the great saga. At the end of the articles such as this one could you enter a reference under 'see also' a link to the next part of the story. Such as that the Mormons are moved on to Illinois, but what happened there to end up seeing them go to Utah. I understand that these articles have been written, but I am wondering if you could link them up for us so that, if us readers come upon the story at any point we might be ushered on to the next installment or previous happening. Such seems the convenience of the almost linear development of the Mormon story, that it would be served well by this type of delivery.Danieljames626 05:08, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Merged content from Gallatin election day battle
Kville105125 00:59, 15 October 2007 (UTC) The article was a redundant stub. See its old talk page Talk:Gallatin election day battle

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. JPG-GR (talk) 05:26, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Mormon War → 1838 Mormon War — There is no widely preferred usage for Mormon War. If any term has an edge in history books it is the more broadly significant Utah War. I propose that Mormon War become a disambiguation page leading to 1838 Mormon War, Utah War, and the redirect Illinois Mormon War. Another possible title for this page after a move is Mormon Missouri War (sometimes Mormon-Missouri War, Missouri Mormon War, Mormon War in Missouri), although it seems to have less currency. In any case, the name Mormon War is too ambiguous by itself, since there were at least three significant conflicts given this name. The principle of least surprise suggests that most readers looking for "Mormon War" will want information about the Utah War. For example, of the three entries for "Mormon War" on Answers.com, ours is the anomaly. —Dhartung | Talk 00:50, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

This is BULLSHIT
Although tensions were indeed high there was NEVER any authorized killing by organized Morman Forces (Although they came close)66.41.186.212 (talk) 22:34, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Constant renaming of this article
This is the second renaming of this article. Renaming this article based on date is not helpful. There are three wars that are clearly identified by state -- Missouri Mormon War, Illinois Mormon War and Utah War. The Utah article at least keeps the state name in it. You have to be a hardcore historian to recognize the dates whereas the states keep it in perspective. Americasroof (talk) 20:45, 10 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I want to also add that Missouri would be more appropriate since the war was actually in two parts - 1833 (the eviction from Jackson County) and 1838. Americasroof (talk) 20:49, 10 November 2009 (UTC)
 * And I will add the Illinois war doesn't even have its own article -- it's a subset of History of Nauvoo, Illinois. Any search of "Mormon War" will produce the most results on the Missouri event.Americasroof (talk) 20:53, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

No inline references
Holy cow! I can't believe I just added the only inline reference on this article! For an article about something that is very controversial, that is pretty pathetic! Americasroof (talk) 02:53, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Not pathetic -- just old. Almost all of this article was created before the current "fad" of inline cites.  It takes a while for older articles to be rewritten and rereferenced.  71.219.150.164 (talk) 10:06, 16 February 2010 (UTC)
 * You are correct in that the article is not materially different from its first significant contribution in January 2005 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mormon_War_%281838%29&oldid=9236065 It caught me more of a surprise considering the considerable debates and references on its parts.  There is considerable controversy in some of the facts and inline references would help that.  But you are right it takes time to do it properly.Americasroof (talk) 12:21, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The article uses Harvard style references. They just have to be converted into links using the appropriate template. Per Citing sources, the citation style already established in the article must be followed. Therefore I have replaced the  style reference with one that is more similar to the style already used in the article. --Joshua Issac (talk) 01:49, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Infobox
The "cross" symbol next to David Patten's name is standard notation for US armed conflicts indicating death during combat &/or during the conflict; this is not a religious symbol in this usage, or some sort of a memorial. For another example please see War of 1812. This should not be removed again. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 15:31, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/publications/studies_spring_01/MHS2.1Black.pdf}}
 * In 1838 Mormon War on 2011-05-25 02:04:40, 404 Not Found
 * In 1838 Mormon War on 2011-06-01 22:48:18, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 22:48, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Rename this article to Missouri Mormon War
This article was moved without discussion. The other articles refer to the state (Utah Mormon War and Illinois Mormon War). People do not easily recognize the year. But they will recognize the state. Even the disambiguation refers to it as "AKA Missouri Mormon War."Americasroof (talk) 02:16, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

 * If we have citations that demonstrate that this is the most common usage, then I'd support this proposal. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 15:42, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

NPOV issues
All of the information here that discusses the forceful removal of Mormons appears to draw from sources affiliated with the LDS church. If the goal here is to inform a neutral audience, then there ought to be more effort involved. And is it really the case that there are no peer-reviewed sources on this topic outside of BYU? Rob Shepard (talk) 04:15, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I concur, this particular article, three years later, is still completely biased towards Mormons. It needs to be re-written to include as many counterpoint sources as possible. 24.49.173.118 (talk) 03:26, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

Church name
NOT trying to start any kind of edit war here, but the change in the church name does have a bearing on this article. The name of the church is mentioned at the beginning of one section as the Church of Christ, which is correct--but by the time the war commenced, the name had officially changed to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. While I would agree that it has no major bearing on the outbreak of the war, it does represent the official name of this organization at the time the conflict erupted; hence I think this article should pay at least passing credit to that fact. There is no need for any extended discussion, but the article should at least give the name that was being used officially in 1838, somewhere in the article prior to the portion that details the beginning of the conflict. Just my opinion, though--as I said, I'm not trying to start any edit wars. Cheers! - Ecjmartin (talk) 04:20, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * The name of the church has no direct bearing on the issues involved with the 1838 Mormon War; it was not an antecedent factor to the conflict, it was not an action taken during the conflict, nor was it a result of the conclusion of the conflict. The links at the beginning of the article to Latter Day Saints (which redirects to Latter Day Saint movement), Mormons, and especially to Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) all adequately describe the change in name in a far better way than the the awkward wording, and poor placement of the material you added. The edit in question does not add materially to a readers understanding of the 1838 Mormon War, and is off topic. If you feel a need to included the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" name in the article in order to avoid anachronistic naming usage, there are far better, less intrusive ways to do this than the way you have. — Asterisk *  Splat → 15:11, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Have it your way. - Ecjmartin (talk) 17:30, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I did not mean to cause offense; I myself make plenty of mistakes, and don't always word things in the most clear manner (see the repeat word issue in my reply above). It would have been better if I had not characterised the wording as being awkward, as that wasn't needed, and I should have foreseen that using that word could cause conflict. That was foolish of me, and I'm sorry. — Asterisk *  Splat → 18:10, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * No worries; these things happen to all of us--me, included! I fully accept your apology, and also apologize to you in turn if anything I did or said was offensive to you.  Have a super day. - Ecjmartin (talk) 00:34, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

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"Daviess County had been balanced between Whigs and Democrats": unverified
This claim is highly is questionable. The county itself was newly created, and its first election was scheduled precisely in 1838. Without historical voting records, how would it even be even possible to verify this assertion about a pre-existing political balance?

It's clear that the influx of Mormon settlers into the region did significantly impact local politics. It was the hot, new controversial issue that political candidates had to address. But this specific claim is just unsubstantiated. I have marked it as unverified and would appreciate if more work could be done on adressing the Mormons' disruptive impact on regional political dynamics. Gottagitgud (talk) 20:59, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:1838 Mormon War


text:
Apple scab

Apple scab is a common disease of plants in the rose family (Rosaceae) that is caused by the ascomycete fungus Venturia inaequalis. While this disease affects several plant genera, including Sorbus, Cotoneaster, and Pyrus, it is most commonly associated with the infection of Malus trees, including species of flowering crabapple, as well as cultivated apple. The first symptoms of this disease are found in the foliage, blossoms, and developing fruits of affected trees, which develop dark, irregularly-shaped lesions upon infection. Although apple scab rarely kills its host, infection typically leads to fruit deformation and premature leaf and fruit drop, which enhance the susceptibility of the host plant to abiotic stress and secondary infection. The reduction of fruit quality and yield may result in crop losses of up to 70%, posing a significant threat to the profitability of apple producers. To reduce scab-related yield losses, growers often combine preventive practices, including sanitation and resistance breeding, with reactive measures, such as targeted fungicide or biocontrol treatments, to prevent the incidence and spread of apple scab in their crops.

History and distribution
The earliest official reports of apple scab were made in 1819 by Swedish botanist, Elias Fries. However, genetic studies have indicated that apple scab likely emerged in Central Asia. As neither the spores nor conidia of this disease are capable of travelling great distances, it is likely that apple scab spread through the movement of domesticated apple trees by migrating humans. By the end of the 19th century, the disease had spread to North America and Oceania alongside the importation of host plants. Today apple scab is present in nearly all regions where apples are cultivated, with the most significant infections occurring in temperate areas, where it is cool and moist in the spring.

Disease cycle
The disease cycle begins in early spring, when cool temperatures and abundant moisture promote the release of sexual spores (ascospores) from overwintering structures (pseudothecia) found in the debris at the base of previously-infected trees. Moisture is a critical factor in the development of the disease as rainfall not only triggers the release of ascospores, but also facilitates the infection of new hosts by helping the spores adhere to and germinate on the healthy tissue of new hosts. Following their dissemination, ascospores are transported to the surfaces of newly-emerged leaves and blossoms by wind and splashing water. The tissue is then penetrated either directly with a germ tube or indirectly using an appressorium, thus initiating a new infection. Shortly after penetration, light-green, irregularly shaped lesions develop on infected foliar tissue and gradually darken, expand, and pucker as the infection progresses. Lesions on fruit are black or brown and irregularly shaped, with older fruit lesions causing the underlying tissue to become dry, corky, and eventually disfigured by splitting. Within 10 days of infection, asexual conidia will develop on the darkened lesions and allow for the establishment of secondary infections in healthy leaf and fruit tissue. Under optimal conditions, this cycle may repeat every 1–2 weeks during the growing season. At the end of the season, heavily-infected fruit and foliage fall from the canopy, allowing for the development of pseudothecia, which serve as a source of primary inoculum for the next spring.

Predicting infection
First developed in 1944 by American plant pathologist, W.D. Mills, a Mills Table predicts the likelihood of an apple scab infection developing based on the average temperature and the number of hours of leaf wetness that the host plant is exposed to. This prediction system has been rapidly adopted in both Europe and North America, where apple growers use it as an early warning system for new infections, allowing them to apply preventive fungicides when appropriate. Several revisions have been made to the Mills Table since its creation. The most notable revision was made in 1989 by plant pathologists William MacHardy and David Gadoury, who determined that ascospores required 3 hours less than originally calculated in order to establish a new infection. While other methods of prediction include ascospore maturation models and leaf orchard leaf canopy models, the Mills Table, combined with electronic weather monitoring, remains the most-widely used tool for predicting apple scab infection periods.

Cultural controls
Cultural controls may be used as a first step when seeking to reduce the incidence of new infections. These practices include cleaning leaf litter from the base of previously-infected trees, as well as removing infected woody material from the canopy when performing annual pruning. Doing so will reduce the amount of primary inoculum in the spring and subsequently delay the establishment of the disease. Furthermore, regular pruning will improve air flow and light penetration in the canopy, which ultimately inhibits the development and spread of disease. Another aspect of cultural control is water management. As water triggers ascospore release and promotes germination on vulnerable tissue, growers are advised to monitor watering periods and avoid using overhead watering systems. Doing so may ultimately aid in reducing infection periods caused by natural precipitation.

Chemical controls
The management of apple scab using chemical controls is primarily concerned with preventing the initiation of primary infection cycles by reducing the germination of ascospores. As such, fungicides are typically applied early in the season, when ascospores are first released. However, fungicide applications may also be made later in the season to prevent infection of old leaves, which can help reduce the amount of primary inoculum for the following season. Benzimidazole fungicides are among the most commonly-used classes of fungicide for managing apple scab in conventional orchards; however, there is some evidence that the disease is developing resistance to this class of fungicides, along with several others, including demethylation inhibitors and quinone outside inhibitors. To manage the development of fungicide resistance, growers can reduce the number of applications made throughout the season and alternate between different classes of fungicide.

In organic production systems, growers commonly use copper- or sulfur-based protectant sprays to reduce the efficacy of primary inoculum. Although these sprays were among the earliest methods of preventing the development of apple scab, they do little to manage pre-existing infections and application may significantly damage the foliage of treated trees. Moreover, research has indicated that applications of copper-based fungicides may result in changes in the structure and functionality of soil microbiota, thus having a negative effect on soil health. As such, alternative management strategies appropriate for organic production systems are currently being developed.

Biological Control
Biological control refers to the use of a population of one organism (a biological control agent) to suppress the population of another. There are very few biological control agents registered for the control of apple scab. One of the most widely-recognized products is Serenade® ASO, a microbial biofungicide which uses Bacillus subtilis as its active ingredient and may be used to control foliar diseases caused by bacteria or fungi. Furthermore, several fungal antagonists have been isolated and identified as potential biocontrols. One of such antagonists is Cladosporium cladosporioides (strain H39). This antagonistic fungus has demonstrated significant bioactivity against apple scab. This was indicated in a 2015 study, which found that applications of C. cladosporioides could reduce leaf scab incidence by 42-98% and apple scab incidence by 41-94% in both conventionally and organically managed orchards.

Resistance breeding programs
The first formal resistance breeding programs for apple scab began in the early 20th century with the development of the PRI Apple Breeding Program by Purdue University, Rutgers University, and the University of Illinois. Since its inception in 1945, the PRI Apple Breeding Program has used controlled crosses between cultivated apples and wild Malus species to develop 1500 resistant cultivars, 16 of which (including 'Prima,' 'Jonafree,' and 'Goldrush') have been named released into market. Modern genetic work has found that a total of fifteen genes may confer resistance to apple scab. Many of these genes have been isolated from wild Malus spp. populations in East Asia, where a high level of species diversity still remains. Of these resistance genes, the Vf (Rvi6) gene is the most well-studied and is currently being used by researchers seeking to develop resistant cultivars using transgenic technology. While the development of transgenic resistant cultivars may reduce management costs in orchards, limited market acceptance pose a barrier to early adoption by commercial growers. Moreover, researchers have observed a breakdown of resistance genes by Venturia populations, posing another significant barrier to the success of this technology.

title: Apple scab


text:
Indianapolis Ice

The Indianapolis Ice were a minor league professional ice hockey team based in Indianapolis, Indiana, that played in the International Hockey League from 1988 to 1999 and in the Central Hockey League from 1999 to 2004. Their original home arena was Fairgrounds Coliseum (then known as the Pepsi Coliseum) at the Indiana State Fairgrounds, though they later moved to Market Square Arena. After Market Square Arena closed, the Ice played some games at the Conseco Fieldhouse in downtown Indianapolis. Their major rivals during the 1990s were the Fort Wayne Komets.

This team was replaced by a team in the United States Hockey League called the Indiana Ice following the 2003–04 season, while they relocated to Topeka, Kansas, to become the Topeka Tarantulas.

The Ice won the 1990 Turner Cup and the 2000 Ray Miron Cup.

Season-by-season records
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

title: Indianapolis Ice


text:
Nominal power (radio broadcasting)

Nominal power is a measurement of a mediumwave radio station's output used in the United States. AM broadcasters are licensed by the Federal Communications Commission to operate at a specific nominal power, which may be (and usually is) different from the transmitter power output.

 * For non-directional stations, nominal power is normally equal to the RF power presented to the antenna, as determined from the base current and the antenna's nominal impedance at the carrier frequency.
 * For directional stations, nominal power is normally equal to the RF power at the common point (the point at which the transmitter output branches off into separate phasing networks for each tower).

In both cases, nominal power excludes losses in transmission lines between the tower or phasor and the transmitter; however, it includes losses in a resistor network used to decrease the efficiency of the antenna system.

Nominal power is ultimately a historical artifact of the regulatory regime employed by the FCC prior to the 1980s. In the old system, rather than allowing licensees to choose any power level which would meet the efficiency and interference standards for their class, stations were restricted to a small set of power levels: 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000, 10000, 25000, and 50000 watts. A station whose maximum coverage would otherwise be available at 4500 watts (given a specific directional pattern and antenna system efficiency) had a choice of either living with 2500 watts, or reducing the antenna efficiency to a level which would allow for 5 kW. Newly constructed stations could fairly easily design an antenna system to meet the requirements, but stations on or moving to a shared tower with higher efficiency had a problem. The resistor network exception was created to allow stations to reduce their antenna efficiency without having to modify the existing tower.

Rule changes in the 1980s did away with the fixed set of power choices, allowing stations to choose an appropriate power level for their antenna system ("dial-a-power"), so there should no longer be any need for the concept of nominal power. However, stations still take advantage of the resistor exception in some cases, simply because they perceive the marketing advantage of higher power (or at least "round" power) to be worth the cost of the wasted energy.

title: Nominal power (radio broadcasting)


text:
Talk:Robert of Gloucester (historian)

{{move}Robert_of_Gloucester}

title: Talk:Robert of Gloucester (historian)