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Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials

 * This page is for editors who would like to grant permission to Wikipedia to use their own previously published work. For information on verifying permission to use work previously published by others, see Requesting copyright permission.

Often, people wish to "donate" copyrighted materials to Wikipedia. These materials may be text (including monographs, articles, etc.) or images (including photographs). They may or may not already be posted on some other website. They may or may not actually be appropriate for inclusion in Wikipedia. This page exists to provide some guidance in these matters.

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What it means to donate material to Wikipedia
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If you are not the copyright holder of the material you cannot donate rights to Wikipedia! The last thing we want are copyright problems: we try to be ruthless in rooting out material where there is even the slightest question about our right to use it.

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dreamgirl: My Life As a Supreme

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 03:08, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dreamgirl: My Life As a Supreme
Memoirs by Mary Wilson, essentially the story of her group, The Supremes. An anon made it last night to represent a reference to an incorrect fact they attempted to add to the article (ironically, the very reference they claimed supported their fact actually disproves it). Anyways, there's no point to have this article, as nothing links to it except a misformatted re-direct page. The book is covered in all the detail it needs to be covered in within the Supremes and Mary Wilson articles. Redirect, perhaps? --b. Touch 20:03, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If it was really "one of the most successful rock and roll autobiographies ever published," or even a reasonably successful one as I'm sure it was, I would like to be able to see it in Category:Autobiographies, Category:1986 books, and either Category:Music books or Category:Popular culture books or something related. Keep, expand (reverse merge information about it from Mary Wilson (singer) and The Supremes?) Samaritan 20:53, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If we are to reverse-merge (not a bad idea, Samaritan), what should we do about the sequel? Wilson wrote two books: Dreamgirl: My Life as a Supreme covers the Diana Ross years, Supreme Faith: Someday We'll be Together covers the rest of the group's history and Wilson's own solo career. If we make the article about both books, do we need to list it under Dreamgirl & Supreme Faith: My Life as a Supreme (the 2000 reprint/combination title) or do we just need to set up redirects and leave everything in the article that presently exists? --b. Touch 21:41, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oooh, good question. I'd think the 2000 combination title, but keep the [year] books categories for the originals (and maybe 2000, especially if anything significant was added). I wish it was possible to pipe membership in categories so it Dreamgirl:... would show as the 1986 book, etc. even if they redirected to a common title. Samaritan 22:02, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, we did it. The Wilson and Supremes articles were reverse-merged into the Dreamgirl article. I...guess were finished here, then. --b. Touch 00:24, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Btw, I guess I've changed my vote to Keep. --b. Touch 22:31, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What makes the redirect misformatted? The article was originally at Dreamgirl: my life as a supreme, and I did a Move to the current title.  The redirect is correctly formatted.  RickK 20:55, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I meant that the original page was the misformatted one. The Dreamgirl: my life as a supreme page. --b. Touch 21:41, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a very well-known autobiography. --Centauri 21:01, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Mary Wilson. I have that book, there's a cool embossed gold record thing on the cover. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  21:05, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Mary Wilson (singer), no redirect. Megan1967 03:03, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Another vote for merge into Mary Wilson. It's a notable book, but it's unlikely anyone looking for information on Wilson or the Supremes would type the title in first. 23skidoo 05:45, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable biography. If it is the will of the majority to delete this article, then merge with Mary Wilson.Capitalistroadster 10:25, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Barely notable biography. --JuntungWu 04:11, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Mahlabatini

Mahlabatini is a small town in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It was established in 1898 by the British.

Village 48 km south-west of Nongoma. Established as a Norwegian mission station, it became the seat of magistracy of the Mahlabatini district. The name is Zulu, said to mean ‘country of white, sandy soil’. Known locally as Mashona, situated on the Mashona Engashoni Ridge.

Neighbouring localities include Ulundi (10 km); Melmoth (55 km); Nongoma (53 km); Hlabisa (99 km).

title: Mahlabatini


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Jonathan Klein (businessman)

Jonathan David Klein (born 1960) is co-founder and Chairman of Getty Images, Inc., a global digital media company.

Life and career
Born in Johannesburg, South Africa, Klein received a degree in law from Cambridge University. He co-founded Getty Images with former Chairman Mark Getty in March 1995 and since then has led the company's growth from an analog image collection with transparencies, laboratories and print catalogs, to a multibillion-dollar, global digital business.

Under Klein's direction, Getty Images has acquired and integrated more than 100 image collections and companies worldwide, including PhotoDisc and iStockphoto. The company also launched news, sports and entertainment coverage, and has grown to include video, music, digital asset management, rights services and assignment photography.

In 2005, Fast Company recognized Klein in its “Fast 50” as a business leader who “will change the way we work and live” and he was named number one on American Photo's list of the “100 Most Important People in Photography.” He received the Suffolk University Sawyer Business School's 2012 award for Global Leadership in Innovation and Collaboration, as well as the Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria's Business Excellence for Innovation award.

Under Klein's leadership, Getty Images received the first International Center of Photography Trustees Award, for the company's “commitment to the field of photography, through technology and philanthropy, and dedication to the power of photography to create change.”

In 13 March 2015, Klein announced his resignation as CEO and voting member of the Executive Board, internally called, "Ex-Com". On the same day, it was announced that he intended to accept the role, duties and office of Chairman of The Board. On the same day, it was announced that Klein would stay on as caretaker CEO, taking a prominent role in vetting potential replacements.

Klein spoke out in several interviews and company communiques against the 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting.

He serves on the boards of directors of the Committee to Protect Journalists and Grassroot Soccer and is chairman of Friends of the Global Fight Against AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. He is a member of the corporate advisory board of GBCHealth and serves on the boards of directors of Bloom & Wild, the Groton School, Etsy, Getty Images, Getty Investments and Squarespace.

title: Jonathan Klein (businessman)


text: User talk:150.176.238.34

title: User talk:150.176.238.34


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Frank J. G. Dorsey

Frank Joseph Gerard Dorsey (April 26, 1891 – July 13, 1949) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Biography
He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 26, 1891; attended grade and high schools; was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1917; served on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania in 1916 and 1917; enlisted as a private in the Ordnance Department, United States Army, in July 1917 and was honorably discharged as a lieutenant on April 18, 1919; engaged in the manufacture of steel tools in 1919; also engaged in banking; elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fourth and Seventy-fifth Congresses (January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1939); unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1938 to the Seventy-sixth Congress; member of the United States Sesquicentennial Constitution Commission in 1938; director, Region III, Wage and Hours and Public Contracts Division, United States Department of Labor, from 1939 until his death in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, July 13, 1949; interment in St. Dominic's Cemetery.

title: Frank J. G. Dorsey


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Religion in Germany

Christianity is the largest religion in Germany. It was introduced to the area of modern Germany by 300 AD, while parts of that area belonged to the Roman Empire, and later, when Franks and other Germanic tribes converted to Christianity from the fifth century onwards. The area became fully Christianized by the time of Charlemagne in the eighth and ninth century. After the Reformation started by Martin Luther in the early 16th century, many people left the Catholic Church and became Protestant, mainly Lutheran and Calvinist. In the 17th and 18th centuries, German cities also became hubs of heretical and sometimes anti-religious freethinking, challenging the influence of religion and contributing to the spread of secular thinking about morality across Germany and Europe.

In 2022, around 50.7% of the population were Christians, among them 47.4% members of the two large Christian churches. About half of Christians in Germany are Catholics, mostly Roman Catholics; Catholicism is stronger in the southern and the western part of the country. About half belongs to the Protestant Church in Germany (EKD) predominant in the northern regions, and the rest to several small Christian denominations such as the Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany, the Eastern Orthodox Church or the Jehovah's Witnesses. Estimations for the percentage of Muslims vary between 3.6% and 6.7%, while much smaller religions include Buddhism, Judaism, Hinduism and Yazidism. The rest of the population is not affiliated with any church, and many are atheist, agnostic, or otherwise irreligious. 60% of German residents say that they believe there is a God, 9% say that they believe there is a higher power or spiritual force and 27% say that they do not believe there is a God, higher power or spiritual force. In another survey, 44% said that they believe there is a God, 25% said that they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 27% said that they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 35% of residents identify with their religion or belief. A 2023 IPSOS religion survey found that 24% of Germans identified as Protestant/Evangelical while 20% identified as Catholic.

Nearly half of Germans have no religion. Demographics of religion in Germany vary greatly by region and age, with sharp divides that reflect both the country's history as an Enlightenment hub and its later experiences with post-war communism. Non-religious people typically represent the majority in Germany's major cities, including Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen, Munich and Cologne and the absolute majority of 70–80% in the eastern states of what between 1949 and 1990 used to be East Germany. By contrast, rural areas of the western states of what in the same period used to be West Germany are more religious, and some rural areas are highly religious.

Paganism and Roman settlement (1000 BC–300 AD)

Ancient Germanic paganism was a polytheistic religion practised in prehistoric Germany and Scandinavia, as well as Roman territories of Germania by the first century AD. It had a pantheon of deities that included Donar/Thunar, Wuotan/Wodan, Frouwa/Frua, Balder/Phol/Baldag, and others shared with northern Germanic paganism. Celtic paganism and later Gallo-Roman syntheses were instead practised in western and southern parts of modern Germany, while Slavic paganism was practised in the east.

Late Roman and Carolingian eras (300–1000)
In the territories of Germany under the control of the Roman Empire (the provinces Raetia, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior), early Christianity was introduced and began to flourish after the fourth century. Although pagan Roman temples existed beforehand, Christian religious structures were soon built, such as the Aula Palatina in Trier (then the capital of the Roman province Gallia Belgica), completed during the reign of Roman emperor Constantine I (306–337).

During the Carolingian period, Christianity spread throughout Germany, particularly during the reign of Charlemagne (r. 768–814). Religious structures built during the Carolingian period include the Palatine Chapel, Aachen, a surviving component of the Palace of Aachen built by architect Odo of Metz during the reign of Charlemagne.

Pre-Reformation period (1000–1517)
Territories of the present-day Germany, like much of Europe, were entirely Roman Catholic with religious break-offs being suppressed by both the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperor.

Reformation, Counter-Reformation and the Thirty Years' War (1517–1648)
Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the advent of the Protestant Reformation changed this drastically. In the early 16th century abuses (such as selling indulgences in the Catholic Church) occasioned much discontent, and a general desire for reform emerged. In 1517 the Reformation began with the publication of Martin Luther's 95 Theses detailing 95 assertions which Luther believed showed corruption and misguidance within the Catholic Church. The Reformation demonstrated Luther's disagreement both with the way in which the higher clergy used and abused power, and with the very idea of a papacy. In 1521 the Diet of Worms outlawed Luther, but the Reformation spread rapidly. Luther translated the Bible from Latin to German, establishing the basis of the modern German language. A curious fact is that Luther spoke a dialect which had minor importance in the German language of that time. After the publication of his Bible translation, his dialect evolved into what is now standard modern German.

With the protestation of the Lutheran princes at the Imperial Diet of Speyer (1529) and rejection of the Lutheran "Augsburg Confession" at the Diet of Augsburg (1530), a separate Lutheran church emerged. From 1545 the Counter-Reformation began in Germany. Much of its impetus came from the newly founded (in 1540) Jesuit order. It restored Catholicism to many areas, including Bavaria. The Holy Roman Empire became religiously diverse; for the most part, the states of northern and central Germany became Protestant (chiefly Lutheran, but also Calvinist/Reformed) while the states of southern Germany and the Rhineland largely remained Catholic. In 1547 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V defeated the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Protestant rulers. The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 brought recognition of the Lutheran faith. But the treaty also stipulated that the religion of a state was to be that of its ruler (cuius regio, eius religio).

In 1608/1609 the Protestant Union and the Catholic League formed. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, played out primarily in German lands, but involved most of the countries of Europe. It was to some extent a religious conflict, involving both Protestants and Catholics.

Post-Thirty Years' War period and Protestant church unions (1648–1871)

Two main developments reshaped religion in Germany after 1814. There was a movement to unite the larger Lutheran and the smaller Reformed Protestant churches. The churches themselves brought this about in Baden, Nassau, and Bavaria. However, in Prussia King Frederick William III was determined to handle unification entirely on his own terms, without consultation. His goal was to unify the Protestant churches, and to impose a single standardised liturgy, organisation, and even architecture. The long-term goal was to have fully centralised royal control of all the Protestant churches. In a series of proclamations over several decades the Evangelical Church of the Prussian Union was formed, bringing together the more numerous Lutherans and the less numerous Reformed Protestants. The government of Prussia now had full control over church affairs, with the king himself recognised as the leading bishop. Opposition to unification came from the "Old Lutherans" in Prussia and Silesia who followed the theological and liturgical forms they had followed since the days of Luther. The government attempted to crack down on them, so they went underground. Tens of thousands migrated to South Australia and the United States, where they formed the Missouri Synod. Finally, in 1845 the new king, Frederick William IV, offered a general amnesty and allowed the Old Lutherans to form separate free church associations with only nominal government control.

From the religious point of view of the typical Catholic or Protestant, major changes were underway in terms of a much more personalised religiosity that focused on the individual more than the church or the ceremony. Opposing the rationalism of the late 18th century, there was a new emphasis on the psychology and feeling of the individual, especially in terms of contemplating sinfulness, redemption, and the mysteries and the revelations of Christianity. Pietistic revivals were common among Protestants. Among Catholics there was a sharp increase in popular pilgrimages. In 1844 alone, half a million pilgrims made a pilgrimage to the city of Trier in the Rhineland to view the Seamless robe of Jesus, said to be the robe that Jesus wore on the way to his crucifixion. Catholic bishops in Germany had historically been largely independent of Rome, but now the Vatican exerted increasing control, a new "ultramontanism" of Catholics highly loyal to Rome. A sharp controversy broke out in 1837–38 in the largely Catholic Rhineland over the religious education of children of mixed marriages, where the mother was Catholic and the father Protestant. The government passed laws to require that these children always be raised as Protestants, contrary to Napoleonic law that had previously prevailed and allowed the parents to make the decision. It put the Catholic Archbishop under house arrest. In 1840, the new King Frederick William IV sought reconciliation and ended the controversy by agreeing to most of the Catholic demands.

Kulturkampf and the German Empire (1871–1918)
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck would not tolerate any base of power outside Germany and launched the Kulturkampf ("culture war") against the power of the pope and the Catholic Church. This gained strong support from German liberals, who saw the Catholic Church as the bastion of reaction and their greatest enemy. The Catholic element, in turn, saw the National Liberals as its worst enemy and formed the Center Party.

Catholics, although about a third of the national population, were seldom allowed to hold major positions in the Imperial government or the Prussian government. After 1871, there was a systematic purge of Catholics; in the powerful interior ministry, which handled all police affairs, the only Catholic was a messenger boy.

The German Empire passed the Pulpit Law (1871), which made it a crime for any cleric to discuss political issues, and the Jesuits Law (1872) drove this order out of German territory. In 1873, Bismarck, as prime minister of Prussia, launched further anti-church measures: Public schools and the registration of births, marriages and deaths were transferred from religious authorities (including the Protestant state church) to the state. Germans could now change their religious affiliation through the civil registry. Other German states followed through with similar measures. Nearly all Catholic bishops, clergy, and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws, and were defiant facing the increasingly heavy penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck's government. Historian Anthony Steinhoff reports the casualty totals:

"As of 1878, only three of eight Prussian dioceses still had bishops, some 1,125 of 4,600 parishes were vacant, and nearly 1,800 priests ended up in jail or in exile. ...Finally, between 1872 and 1878, numerous Catholic newspapers were confiscated, Catholic associations and assemblies were dissolved, and Catholic civil servants were dismissed merely on the pretence of having Ultramontane sympathies."

The British ambassador Odo Russell reported to London in October 1872 how Bismarck's plans were backfiring by strengthening the ultramontane (pro-papal) position inside German Catholicism:

"The German Bishops who were politically powerless in Germany and theologically in opposition to the Pope in Rome – have now become powerful political leaders in Germany and enthusiastic defenders of the now infallible Faith of Rome, united, disciplined, and thirsting for martyrdom, thanks to Bismarck's uncalled for antiliberal declaration of War on the freedom they had hitherto peacefully enjoyed."

Bismarck underestimated the resolve of the Catholic Church and did not foresee the extremes that this struggle would entail. The Catholic Church denounced the harsh new laws as anti-catholic and mustered the support of its rank and file voters across Germany. In the following elections, the Center Party won a quarter of the seats in the Imperial Diet. The conflict ended after 1879 for two reasons: Pope Pius IX died in 1878 and was succeeded by the more conciliatory Pope Leo XIII. Bismarck was also looking for greater parliamentary support after his alliance with the National Liberals ended over Bismarck's tariff changes and Social-Democrats emerged as new threat. Following negotiations with Leo XIII, peace was restored: the bishops returned, and the jailed clerics were released. Laws were toned down or taken back (Mitigation Laws 1880–1883 and Peace Laws 1886/87), but the Jesuits Law and the Pulpit Law were not repealed until 1917 and 1953, respectively. The changes concerning schools, civil registry, marriage and religious disaffiliation remain in place today. The Center Party gained strength and became an ally of Bismarck, especially when he attacked socialism.

Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany (1918–1945)

The national constitution of 1919 determined that the newly formed Weimar Republic had no state church, and guaranteed freedom of religion. Earlier, these freedoms were mentioned only in state constitutions. Protestants and Catholics were equal before the law, and freethought flourished. The German Freethinkers League attained about 500,000 members, many of whom were atheists, before the organisation was shut down by the Nazis in May 1933.

When Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party seized power in January 1933, it sought to assert state supremacy over all sectors of life. The Reichskonkordat neutralized the Catholic Church as a political force. Through the pro-Nazi Deutsche Christenbewegung ("German Christians movement") and the forced merger of the German Evangelical Church Confederation into the Protestant Reich Church, Protestantism was brought under state control. Following a "gradual worsening of relations" in late 1936, the Nazis supported Kirchenaustrittsbewegung ("movement to leave the church"). Although there was no top-down official directive to revoke church membership, some Nazi Party members started doing so voluntarily and put other members under pressure to follow their example. Those who left the churches were designated as Gottgläubig: they believed in a higher power, often a creator-God with a special interest in the German nation, but did not belong to any church, nor were they atheists. Many were Germanic neopagans. This movement, especially promoted by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, remained relatively small and by 1939, 3.5% of Germans identified as Gottgläubig; the overwhelming majority of 94.5% remained Protestant or Catholic, and only 1.5% did not profess any faith. From 1933, Jews in Germany were increasingly marginalised, expelled and persecuted for a combination of religious, racial and economic reasons. From 1941 to the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, they were actively massacred during the Holocaust.

Cold War and contemporary period (1945–present)

In the aftermath of World War II, two states emerged in Germany in 1949: West Germany under the aegis of the Western Allies, and East Germany as part of the Soviet bloc. West Germany, officially known as the Federal Republic of Germany, adopted a constitution in 1949 which protected freedom of religion and adopted the regulations of the Weimar Constitution; consequently, secularisation in West Germany proceeded slowly. East Germany, officially known as the German Democratic Republic, had a communist system which actively tried to reduce the influence of religion in society; the government restricted Christian churches and discriminated against Christians. In the 21st century, eastern German states, including the area of the former eastern capital, East Berlin, are less religious than western German states.

Religious communities which are of sufficient size and stability and which are loyal to the constitution can be recognised as Körperschaften öffentlichen Rechtes (statutory corporations). This gives them certain privileges – for example, being able to give religious instruction in state schools (as enshrined in the German constitution, though some states are exempt from this) and having membership fees collected (for a fee) by the German revenue department as "church tax" (Kirchensteuer): a surcharge of between 8 and 9% of the income tax. The status mainly applies to the Catholic Church, the mainline Protestant Church in Germany, a number of free churches, and Jewish communities. There has been much discussion about allowing other religious groups (such as Muslims) into this system as well.

In 2018 the states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and Bremen made Reformation Day (31 October) a permanent official holiday. This initiative began after the day had been held as a nationwide holiday in 2017, due to the 500th Reformation anniversary of the Reformation, and also due to the fact that the northern German states have significantly fewer holidays than the southern ones.

In 2019 the Catholic News Agency reported that the Catholic church in Germany had a net loss of 216,078 members the previous year. The Protestant churches in Germany had a similar net loss of membership of about 220,000 members. While the total of Catholic and Protestant church membership stands at 45 million or 53%, demographers predict that based on current trends it will fall to 23 million by 2060. In 2020 it was reported that the Catholic church in Germany had a 402,000 loss in membership, the largest ever single year decrease up to that point. The Protestant churches in Germany also had a large drop in membership of about 440,000.

Demographics
[[File:Religious denominations in Germany, 2011 Census, self-identification of the population.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|alt=A Map of Germany showing religious statistics by district. And Catholicism predominates the south and west, Protestantism Swabia and the north, and other or no religion dominates the east and some major cities.|Predominant denominations in Germany as revealed by the 2011 Census using the self-identification question.

Blue: Protestant plurality

Green: Catholic plurality

Red: Non-religious / unaffiliated plurality

Darker shades indicate a majority between 50 and 75% while the darkest shades indicate a large majority of more than 75%. ]] Nowadays, Protestants are concentrated in northern and central Germany, while Catholics are predominant in the south and west, while unaffiliated people are concentrated in the east, where they make up the majority of the population, and are significant in the north and west of the country, mainly in metropolitan areas. With the decline of Christianity in the late 20th and early 21st century, accentuated in the east by the official atheism of the former German Democratic Republic, the northeastern states of Germany are now mostly not religious (70%), with many of the people living there being agnostics and atheists.

Immigrations in the late 20th and early 21st century have brought new religions into Germany, including Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Orthodox Christianity is practised among immigrated Greeks, Serbs, Russians, Romanians and other communities. Most Muslims are Sunnis, but there are a small number of Alevis, Shi'a and other sect minorities. Moreover, Germany has Europe's third-largest Jewish population (after France and the United Kingdom).

Censuses
In modern Germany, several censuses have been carried out. From the reformation until the 1960s, the majority of the German population was Protestant (mainly Lutherans belonging to the Protestant Church in Germany) while approximatively one-third of the population was Catholic. After the German reunification, the religious landscape was significantly changed, as found by the 2011 Census, the first one since the 1960s.

The latest census in 2011 found that Christianity was the religion of 53,257,550 people or 66.8% of the total population, among whom 24,869,380 or 31.2% were Catholics, 24,552,110 or 30.8% were Protestants of the Protestant Church in Germany, 714,360 or 0.9% were members of Protestant free churches, and 1,050,740 or 1.3% were members of Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches. A further 2.6% was affiliated to any other Christian denomination. Jews were 83,430 people or 0.1%, and 4,137,140 or 5.2% were members of other religions. The remaining 22,223,010 people, or 27.9% of the total German population, were not believers in or not members of any religion (including atheists, agnostics and believers in unrecognised religions).

Church figures and other estimates
German major religious bodies publish yearly updated records of their membership.

Only certain religious group publish updated figures on their official membership, and this kind of data is collected in order to levy taxes on the registered membership of those churches, which corresponds to 9% of the total income tax (8% in Baden-Württemberg). Many members choose not to formally register to their church anymore in order to have lighter taxes, since those who opt out aren't obligated to pay the additional church surtax. According to a study, approximately 44% of the persons who unregistered from their church in 2018 did so in order to avoid paying the church tax. According to a 2017 study by the Pew Research Center, around 20% of people who are not registered to any church nonetheless consider themselves Christians. Therefore, the official church count may underestimate the actual number of people who consider themselves as Catholic or Protestant, as noted by the 2011 Census, which provides comparable data on the religious statistics based on self-identification and the church register.

According to these church stats, Christianity is the largest religious group in Germany, with around 44.9 million adherents (52.7%) in 2021 of whom 21.6 million are Catholics (26.0%) and 19.7 million are Protestants (23.7%).

According to other estimates, Orthodox Christianity has 1.6 million members or 1.9% of the population. Other minor Christian religions counted together have approximately 0.8 million members, forming 1.1% of the total population.

The second largest religion in Germany is Islam, with around 3.0–4.7 million adherents (3.6–5.7% of the population), almost all of whom have full or partial foreign background. Smaller religious groups include Buddhism (0.2–0.3%), Judaism (0.1%), Hinduism (0.1%), Yazidis (0.1%) and others (0.4%). At the end of 2021, 34.9 million or 41.9% of the country's population were not affiliated with any church or religion.

Demographers estimate that in Germany there are around 100,000 religious Jews (Judaism), and a further 90,000 ethnic Jews with no religion, around 100,000 Yazidis, 130,000 Hindus, and 270,000 Buddhists.

Survey data

 * In 2017, a survey conducted by Pew Research Center found that 71% of German adult population consider themselves Christians when asking about their current religion (irrespective of whether they are officially members of a particular Christian church). The same survey shows that most of Christians in Germany are non-practicing (defined as people who identify as Christians, but attend church services no more than a few times per year). 5% of people questioned state they have a non-Christian religion and 24% are of no religion.
 * In 2016, the German Politbarometer, found that 34.2% of the adult population entitled to vote were Protestants, 31.9% were Catholics, 28.8% were unaffiliated, 2.5% were Muslims, 0.02% were Jews and 1.8% were affiliated with another religion. A further 0.9% did not answer to the question.
 * In 2016, the German General Social Survey found that 64.5% of Germans declared themselves to be affiliated to a Christian denomination, 30.5% were Catholics, 29.6% were members of the Evangelical Church, 1.7% were members of the Evangelical Free Church, 1.4% were Orthodox and 1.3% were other Christians. Non religious people comprised the 32.4% of the population, Muslims were the 2.6% and 0.5% were members of other religions.
 * In 2015, Eurobarometer found that 72.6% of the adult population were Christians, the largest Christian denomination being Protestantism, comprising 33.1% of the population, followed by Catholicism with 31.1%, and Eastern Orthodoxy with 0.9%, and unspecified other forms of Christianity with 7.5%. A further 2.2% were Muslims, 0.4% were Buddhists, 0.1% were Jews and 1.3 belonged to other religions. A further 23.5% of the population were not religious, comprising 12.8% who were atheists and 10.7% who were agnostics. The Eurobarometer Poll 2010 found that 44% of German citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 25% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 27% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". 4% gave no response.
 * According to a 2015 Worldwide Independent Network/Gallup International Association (WIN/GIA) poll, 34% of adult citizens said that they are religious, 42% said that they are not religious and 17% said that they are convinced atheists. 7% gave no response.
 * In 2018, according to a study jointly conducted by London's St Mary's University's Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society and the Institut Catholique de Paris, and based on data from the European Social Survey 2014–2016, among 16 to 29 years-old Germans 47% were Christians (24% Protestant, 20% Catholic, 2% Orthodox and 1% other Christian), 7% were Muslims, 1% were of other religions, and 45% were not religious. The data was obtained from two questions, one asking "do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination?" to the full sample of 900 people, and the other one asking "which one?" to the sample who answered "yes".

Religion by state
In 2016, the survey Politbarometer provided data regarding religion in each of the states of Germany for adults who are entitled to vote (18+), as reported in the table below. Christianity is the dominant religion of Western Germany, excluding Hamburg, which has a non-religious plurality. Northern Germany has traditionally been dominated by Protestantism, especially Lutheranism. The two northernmost provinces of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony have the largest percentage of self-reported Lutherans in Germany. Southern Germany has a Catholic majority, but also a significant Lutheran Protestant population (especially in Northern Württemberg and some parts of Baden and Franconia (Northern Bavaria)), in contrast to the almost entirely Protestant Northern Germany. Irreligion is predominant in Eastern Germany, which was the least religious region amongst 30 countries surveyed in a study in 2012.

Personal beliefs
According to a survey by Pew Research Center in 2017, 60% of German adult population believe in God, while 36% do not believe in God (9% don't believe in God but in a higher power, 27% do not believe in God or any higher power):

Christianity
At its foundation in 1871, about two-thirds of the population of the German Empire belonged to a state Protestant church; in 2021 the Protestant Church in Germany was the faith of 23.7%. In 1871, one-third of the population was Catholic; in 2021 its membership was 26.0%. Other faiths have existed in the state, but never achieved the demographic significance and cultural impact of these denominations.

As of 2021, Christianity, with around 44.9 million members, was the largest religion in Germany (52.7% of the population)  Consequently, a majority of the German people belong to a Christian community, although many of them take no active part in church life. About 1.9% of the population was Orthodox Christian in 2021, and about 1.1% followed other forms of Christianity (including other Protestant churches, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and others).

Protestantism
Source for all data: REMID
 * Protestant Church in Germany — 20,713,000 (2019) — 24.9% of the German population
 * Free Baptist and Mennonite Groups — 290,000 (2007)
 * Baptists (mostly Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany; see Baptists in Germany) — 80,195 (2020)
 * Methodists — 52,031 (2016)
 * Pentecostals (Bund Freikirchlicher Pfingstgemeinden) — 51,896 (2015)
 * Mennonites — 44,714 (2017)
 * Bund Freier evangelischer Gemeinden — 41,203 (2017)
 * Seventh-day Adventist Church — 34,811 (2014)
 * Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church — 33,175 (2014)
 * Independent African Churches — 30,000 (2005)
 * Evangelical Lutheran Free Church — 1,300 (2017)

Catholicism
Catholic churches in full communion: Church not in communion:
 * Roman Catholic Church in Germany — 22,600,000 (2019) — 27.2% of the German population
 * Maronite Church Catholics — 6,000
 * Old Catholic Church — 15,715

Eastern Christianity

 * Orthodox Christians — around 1.6 million (1.9%)
 * Eastern Orthodox Churches
 * Churches of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople — 570,000
 * Greek Orthodox Church — 410,000
 * Ukrainian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Europe — 10,000
 * Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of the Russian Tradition in Western Europe — 200
 * Serbian Orthodox Church — 337,000
 * Russian Orthodox Church — 270,000
 * Romanian Orthodox Church — 150,000
 * Ukrainian Orthodox — 143,000
 * Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate — 110,000
 * Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate — 33,000
 * Bulgarian Orthodox Church — 130,000
 * Oriental Orthodox Churches
 * Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch — 100,000
 * Armenian Apostolic Church — 35,000
 * Coptic Orthodox Church — 22,000
 * Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church — 20,000
 * Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church — 15,000
 * Church of the East
 * Assyrian Church of the East — 10,000

Others

 * New Apostolic Church — 341,202 (2015)
 * Jehovah's Witnesses — 168,763
 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints — 38,739
 * The Christian Community — 20,000 (2010)

No religion
As of 2021, 34.9 million or 41.9% of the Germans are irreligious. Before World War II, about two-thirds of the German population was Protestant and one-third was Roman Catholic. In the north and northeast of Germany especially, Protestants dominated. In the former West Germany between 1945 and 1990, which contained nearly all of Germany's historically Catholic areas, Catholics have had a small majority since the 1980s. Due to a generation behind the Iron Curtain, Protestant areas of the former states of Prussia were much more affected by secularism than predominantly Catholic areas. The predominantly secularised states, such as Hamburg or the East German states, used to be Lutheran or United Protestant strongholds. Because of this, Protestantism is now strongest in two strips of territory in the former West Germany, one extending from the Danish border to Hesse, and the other extending northeast–southwest across southern Germany.

There is a non-religious majority in Hamburg, Bremen, Berlin, Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In the eastern state of Saxony-Anhalt, only 19.7% belong to the two main denominations of the country. This is the state where Martin Luther was born and lived most of his life.

In what used to be East Germany both religious observance and affiliation are much lower than in the rest of the country, after forty years of Communist rule. The government of the German Democratic Republic encouraged a state atheist worldview through institutions such as Jugendweihen (youth consecrations) — secular coming-of-age ceremonies akin to Christian confirmation which all young people were encouraged to attend. The number of christenings, religious weddings, and funerals is also lower than in the West.

According to a survey among German youths (aged 12 to 24) in the year 2006, most German youths are non-religious (51%). 30% of German youths stated belief in a personal god, 19% believe in some kind of supernatural power, 23% share agnostic views and 28% are atheists.

Islam
Islam is the largest non-Christian religion in the country. There are between 3.0 and 4.7 million Muslims, around 3.6% of the population. The majority of Muslims in Germany are of Turkish origin, followed by those from Pakistan, countries of the former Yugoslavia, Arab countries, Iran, and Afghanistan. This figure includes the different denominations of Islam, such as Sunni, Shia, Ahmadi, and Alevi. Muslims first came to Germany as part of the diplomatic, military, and economic relations between Germany and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century.

Between 2010 and 2016, the number of Muslims living in Germany increased from 3.3 million (4.1% of the population) to nearly 5 million (6.1%). The most important factor in the growth of Germany's Muslim population is immigration.

 * Muslims — 3.0–4.7 million (3.6%):
 * Sunnis — 2,640,000
 * Alevis — 500,000
 * Twelver Shi'as — 225,500
 * Alawites — 70,000
 * Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat Deutschland K.d.ö.R. — 35,000
 * Sufis — 10,000
 * Salafis — 9,700
 * Ismailis — 1,900
 * Zaydis — 800
 * Ibadis — 270
 * Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement — 60

Judaism

Jewish communities in German speaking regions go back to the fourth century. In 1910, about 600,000 Jews lived in Germany. After Adolf Hitler assumed power in 1933, he began systematically persecuting Jews in Germany. Systematic mass murder of Jews in German-occupied Europe began with the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of World War II, four years later, around 6 million Jews had been killed by the National Socialist government.

About ninety thousand Jews from the former Eastern Bloc, mostly from ex-Soviet Union countries, have settled in Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall. This is mainly due to a German government policy which effectively grants an immigration opportunity to anyone from the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Baltic states with Jewish heritage, and the fact that today's Germans are seen as more significantly accepting of Jews than many people in ex-Soviet regions.

Recently, antisemitic abuse against Jews in Germany has increased. The Central Council of Jews has urged Jewish Germans to avoid wearing their kippahs in public.

 * Total religious Jews — 100,000 (0.1%)
 * Jews whose religious status is not ascertained — 90,000. They come from Eastern Europe and have no membership in any Jewish community.
 * Union of Progressive Jews in Germany — 5,000 members
 * Central Council of Jews in Germany — 23 national associations of 108 communities comprising approximately 100,500 members in 2014.

Buddhism
Buddhists are the third largest group of believers in Germany after different religious denominations of Christianity and Islam. There are around 270,000 Buddhists who are living in Germany.

Most of them are followers of the Buddhist school of Theravada especially from Sri Lanka. Furthermore, there are followers of Vajrayana, also referred to as Tibetan Buddhism as well as followers of Nichiren Buddhism mainly from Japan and Zen Buddhism from Japan, as well. Around 59,000 Buddhists are from Thailand who follow the school of Theravada and keep 48 temples in Germany and form one of the largest Buddhist community of Buddhists of Asian origin in Germany. A large portion of Buddhists in Eastern Germany are part of the Vietnamese community. Most of the different Buddhist schools and organisation in Germany are members of the non-profit association Deutsche Buddhistische Union e.V. (DBU).

Hinduism
There are approximately 100,000 Hindus living in Germany. Most of them are Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka (around 42,000 to 45,000); from India are around 35,000 to 40,000; of German or European origin are around 7,500 and around 5,000 Hindus are originally from Afghanistan. There are also Hindus from Nepal in Germany however this number is very low.

In addition, there are Hindus in Germany who are followers of New religious movements such as Hare Krishna movement, Bhakti yoga, and Transcendental Meditation. However, the total number of these followers in Germany is comparatively low.

Sikhism
Between 10,000 and 20,000 Sikhs are living in Germany. Many Sikhs in Germany have their roots from Punjab region in the north of India, as well as from Pakistan and Afghanistan. Germany has the third highest Sikh population in Europe after United Kingdom and Italy. The city Frankfurt is also known to the Sikhs, as Mini Punjab, because of a great Sikh Population, residing there.

Yazidism
There is a large Yazidi community in Germany, estimated to be numbering around 100,000 people. This makes the German Yazidi community one of the largest Yazidi communities in the Yazidi diaspora.

Druze Faith
In 2020, there were more than 10,000 Druze living in Germany, with the largest concentration in Berlin and North Rhine-Westphalia. The number of Druze has increased in recent years with thousands of Syrian refugees of the Syrian Civil War entered Germany to seek refugee status. Druze in Germany are mostly of Syrian descent, and they practice Druzism, a monotheistic religion encompasses aspects of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism and Greek philosophy, among influences.

Baháʼí Faith
A 1997–8 estimate is of 4000 Bahá'ís in Germany. In 2002 there were 106 Local Spiritual Assemblies. The 2007-8 German Census using sampling estimated 5–6,000 Bahá'ís in Germany. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 11,743 Bahá'ís.Following the German reunification in 1989–91 the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany handed down a judgment affirming the status of the Bahá'í Faith as a religion in Germany. Continued development of youth oriented programs included the Diversity Dance Theater (see Oscar DeGruy) which traveled to Albania in February 1997. Udo Schaefer et al.'s 2001 Making the Crooked Straight was written to refute a polemic supported by the Protestant Church in Germany written in 1981. Since its publication the Protestant Church in Germany has revised its own relationship to the German Bahá'í Community. Former member of the federal parliament Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker commended the ideas of the German Bahá'í community on social integration, which were published in a statement in 1998, and Chancellor Helmut Kohl sent a congratulatory message to the 1992 ceremony marking the 100th Anniversary of the Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh.

Neopaganism

Neopagan religions have been public in Germany at least since the 19th century. Nowadays Germanic Heathenism (Germanisches Heidentum, or Deutschglaube for its peculiar German forms) has many organisations in the country, including the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (Communion of Germanic Faith), the Heidnische Gemeinschaft (Heathen Communion), the Verein für germanisches Heidentum (Association for Germanic Heathenry), the Nornirs Ætt, the Eldaring, the Artgemeinschaft, the Armanen-Orden, and Thuringian Firne Sitte.

Other Pagan religions include the Celto-Germanic Matronenkult grassroots worship practiced in Rhineland, Celtoi (a Celtic religious association), and Wiccan groups. As of 2006, 1% of the population of North Rhine-Westphalia adheres to new religions or esoteric groups.

Sekten and new religious movements
The German government provides information and warnings about cults, sects, and new religious movements. In 1997, the parliament set up a commission for Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen (literally "so-called sects and psychic groups"), which in 1998 delivered an extensive report on the situation in Germany regarding NRMs. In 2002, the Federal Constitutional Court upheld the governmental right to provide critical information on religious organisations being referred to as Sekte, but stated that "defamatory, discriminating, or falsifying accounts" were illegal.

When classifying religious groups, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Church in Germany (EKD) use a three-level hierarchy of "churches", "free churches" and Sekten:
 * 1) Kirchen (churches) is the term generally applied to the Roman Catholic Church, the Protestant Church in Germany's member churches (Landeskirchen), and the Orthodox Churches. The churches are not only granted the status of a non-profit organisation, but they have additional rights as statutory corporations (Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts), which means they have the right to employ civil servants (Beamter), do official duties, or issue official documents.
 * 2) Freikirchen (free churches) is the term generally applied to Protestant organisations outside of the EKD, e.g. Baptists, Methodists, independent Lutherans, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists and others. However, the Old Catholics can be referred to as a free church as well. The free churches are not only granted the tax-free status of a non-profit organisation, but many of them have additional rights as statutory corporations.
 * 3) Sekten is the term for religious groups which do not see themselves as part of a major religion (but perhaps as the only real believers of a major religion).

Every Protestant Landeskirche (church whose canonical jurisdiction extends over one or several states, or Länder) and Catholic episcopacy has a Sektenbeauftragter (Sekten delegate) from whom information about religious movements may be obtained.

Freedom of religion
In 2023, Freedom House scored Germany 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.

title: Religion in Germany


text:
Link 16

Link 16 is a military tactical data link network used by NATO members and other nations, as allowed by the MIDS International Program Office (IPO). Its specification is part of the family of Tactical Data Links.

Link 16 enables military aircraft, ships, and ground forces to exchange their tactical picture in near-real time; it also supports the exchange of text messages, imagery, and voice (the latter on two digital channels: 2.4 kbit/s or 16 kbit/s in any combination). It is one of the digital services of the JTIDS / MIDS in NATO's Standardization Agreement STANAG 5516. MIL-STD-6016 is the related United States Department of Defense Link 16 MIL-STD.

Technical characteristics
Link 16 is a TDMA-based secure, jam-resistant, high-speed digital data link that operates in the radio frequency band 960–1,215 MHz, allocated in line with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio regulations to the aeronautical radionavigation service and to the radionavigation satellite service. This frequency range limits the exchange of information to users within line-of-sight of one another, although with satellite capabilities and ad hoc protocols, it is nowadays possible to pass Link 16 data over long-haul protocols such as TCP/IP using MIL-STD 3011 (JREAP) or STANAG 5602 (SIMPLE). It uses the transmission characteristics and protocols, conventions, and fixed-length or variable length message formats defined by MIL-STD 6016 and STANAG 5516 (formerly the JTIDS technical interface design plan). Information is typically passed at one of three data rates: 31.6, 57.6, or 115.2 kilobits per second (kbits/s), although the radios and frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) waveform itself can support throughput values well over 1 Mbit/s.

Link 16 information is primarily coded in J-series messages which are binary data words with well-defined meanings. These data words are grouped in functional areas, and allocated to network participation groups (NPG) (virtual networks), most importantly:
 * PPLI, or Precise Participant Location and Identification (network participation groups 5 and 6),
 * Surveillance (network participation group 7),
 * Command (Mission Management/Weapons Coordination) (network participation group 8),
 * (Aircraft) Control (network participation group 9),
 * Electronic Warfare & Coordination (network participation group 10).

Development
Link 16 is intended to advance Tactical Data Links (TDLs) as the NATO standard for data link information exchange. Link 16 equipment is located in ground, airborne, and sea-based air defense platforms and selected fighter aircraft. The U.S. industry is now developing a new Link 16 SCA compliant radio MIDS-JTRS which currently is projected to implement nine various tactical waveforms, including Link 16.

The MIDS program, which manage the development of the communication component for Link 16, is managed by the International Program Office located in San Diego, California. In the United States, the lead Air Force command for the MIL-STD-6016 standard, plans, and requirements is the Air Force Global Cyberspace Integration Center at Langley AFB, with JTIDS program execution managed by the 653d Electronic Systems Wing at Hanscom Air Force Base near Boston, Massachusetts. The MIL-STD-6016 Standard configuration management custodian is the Defense Information Systems Agency.

Platforms
Some examples of platforms currently using the Link 16 capability are:

Aircraft

 * AH-1Z Viper
 * AH-64E Apache
 * ATR 72MP
 * B-1B Lancer
 * B-2 Spirit
 * C-130J
 * E-2C Hawkeye
 * E-3 Sentry
 * E-7A Wedgetail
 * E-8 Joint STARS
 * EA-6B Prowler
 * EA-18G Growler
 * EP-3E
 * Embraer C-390 Millennium
 * Eurocopter Tiger
 * Eurofighter Typhoon
 * F-15 Eagle
 * F-16 Fighting Falcon
 * F/A-18 Hornet
 * F/A-18 Super Hornet
 * F-22 Raptor
 * F-35 Lightning II
 * JAS 39 Gripen
 * KC-30A MRTT
 * KC-46
 * MH-60S/R Seahawk
 * HH-60W
 * Mirage 2000D
 * Mirage 2000
 * P-3C Orion
 * P-8A Poseidon
 * Rafale
 * R-99
 * RC-135 Rivet Joint
 * S 100B Argus
 * Sea King Mk 7 ASaC
 * Tornado

Ships

 * U.S. carrier battle groups
 * French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R91)
 * Italian aircraft carrier Cavour (550) and Giuseppe Garibaldi (551)
 * Royal Navy ships, Canadian, Australian, French, Italian, Spanish, Danish, Norwegian, Dutch, New Zealander and German frigates
 * German K130 Braunschweig-class corvette
 * Swedish Visby-class corvette
 * Finnish Hämeenmaa-class minelayer
 * Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Akizuki-class
 * Republic of Korea Navy Sejong the Great-class
 * Taiwanese Kee Lung Class Destroyers
 * Japan MSDF Kongō-class destroyer
 * MILGEM project class

Missile defense systems

 * Arrow
 * SAMP/T
 * Patriot ICC and Battery Command Post (BCP)
 * THAAD
 * JTAGS
 * NASAMS
 * Joint Land Attack/Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensors (JLENS)

Networked weapons

 * SDB II
 * JSOW-C1

Command and control

 * Joint Data Network

The U.S. Army is integrating Link 16 into select command and control elements of its UH-60 Black Hawk fleet, and intends to pursue fielding to AH-64 Apache and other aviation assets.

The USAF will add Link 16 to its Rockwell B-1 Lancer and Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bombers with the Common Link Integration Processing system. Early versions of the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor could only receive but not transmit Link 16 data, on the basis that transmitting data would reveal its location. Upgrades to the F-22 have since given it the ability to transmit Link 16 as well.

title: Link 16


text:
Talk:Frank J. G. Dorsey

Untitled
Text of the article was obtained from public domain site. Darwinek 20:04, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frank J. G. Dorsey


text:
Air Littoral

Air Littoral was a French regional airline based in Montpellier–Méditerranée Airport that operated from 1972 to 2004. The airline operated domestic services as well as a small amount of regional routes. The airline also operated feeder services on behalf of Air France.

History
Air Littoral was founded in April 1972 and originally based at Montpellier-Méditerranée Airport in Montpellier. It started operations on 23 May 1972 with a Nice-Montpellier-Perpignan service. In 1975 it was headquartered at Aérodrome du Castellet.

Over the years KLM, Euralair, Lufthansa and the SAir Group (Swissair), which sold their stake in 2001, all had ownership stakes in Air Littoral. A takeover failed in 2003 and the company was declared bankrupt. A number of groups considered taking over Air Littoral including Azzurra Air (which shortly after ceased operations due to its own financial difficulties), but none succeeded and the airline was closed down by the French authorities in February 2004.

By the moment of bankruptcy Air Littoral was operating a fleet of 17 Canadair CRJ-100s from bases in Nice, Montpellier, Paris (Orly) and Marseille, and was well known for the bright livery that its aircraft sported in the years before its demise.

"In the 1990s, Air Littoral approached Metzler & Associés of Paris for a new identity which would propel it into a new market, and that is what was delivered. However, the design, a mix-and-match collection of identity elements, was so innovative that the airline's executives were afraid to implement it - until they called a company-wide meeting and showed Air Littoral employees models of the aircraft painted in the vivid new style. Marc-Antoine Herrmann, creative director & lead designer for the project told airline officers, 'We must show all the positive things associated with the south - its warmth, friendliness and joie de vivre. This is your difference, and you must use it so people will feel they take a part of the south with them when they go on board.'

To help the design team develop a palette and graphic approach unique to the south, mood boards were created, displaying photos of the region and examples of its rich graphic heritage."

Fleet
Air Littoral has operated the following aircraft throughout its existence:
 * ATR 42
 * ATR 72
 * Beechcraft 1900
 * Boeing 737-300
 * Bombardier CRJ
 * Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante (4)
 * Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia
 * Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner
 * Fokker F27 Friendship
 * Fokker 70
 * Fokker 100
 * Nord 262

Accidents

 * 21 December 1987: Air Littoral Flight 1919, an Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia, operating a regular service from Brussels to Bordeaux, descended below the glideslope at Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport and crash-landed in the midst of trees in the vicinity of the airport, ultimately causing the deaths of all 16 aboard.
 * 18 November 1988: Air Littoral Flight 440, a Swearing SA-226 metroliner, operating a regular service from Montluçon – Guéret Airport to Orly Airport, climbed to 2,000 feet before impacting the ground due to a stick-shaker warning, resulting in all four passengers and crew to perish.
 * 30 July 1997: Air Littoral Flight 701, an ATR 42 on a service from Nice Côte d'Azur Airport to Florence, Italy, overran the runway on landing at Florence Airport, crashed through the perimeter fence and into a ditch next to the nearby A11 motorway. The captain died of his injuries four days later; fourteen other people on board were injured.

title: Air Littoral


text:
Talk:Alfred Sisley

Untitled
See the external links to some Sisley biographies. More images of his work, too. --sparkit (talk) 23:45, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

Come on, four arms? I'm taking that off, as a joke. If I'm wrong, let me know. --Etacar11 20:07, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

About 20 years ago there was a travel exhibition across the United States of Impressionists works. I saw the exhibition is San Francisco's Legion of Honor. There was a canvas of Sisley included in the exhibit and I remembered I liked very much. I don't agree with some who say Sisley work most resembles Monet. I prefer to say his work most resembles Pisarro and somewhat Seurat. Art4humanists 22:07 15 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 02:12, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Sisley (disambiguation)
I just moved Sisley to Sisley (disambiguation), as none of the other items listed there have articles for them...  Litho  derm  17:32, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

"Lane Near a Small Town" is by Paul Vogler
The painting "Lane Near a Small Town" turned out to be by Paul Vogler, not Alfred Sisley. The Kunsthalle Bremen is aware of that and already published articles about the process of the discovery. https://www.kunsthalle-bremen.de/blog/von-alfred-sisley-zu-paul-vogler-eine-gefaelschte-signatur-und-ihre-geschichte-1/

Changing the caption of the painting and the content in general would be highly appreciated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.10.241.16 (talk • contribs) 10:06, March 3, 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alfred Sisley


text:
Talk:Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport

Correct name
Could someone move the article to Buyant Ukhaa Airport? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 217.225.244.5 (talk • contribs).

According to airlinecodes], the correct name is Buyant Uhaa. Anyone know for sure? Vegaswikian 03:30, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

New name
The name now officialyy changed to Chingis Khaan International Airport, can we change this? guidoverboom 10:30, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Yes, I'll change it. -- PRueda29  / Ptalk29 / Pcontribs29 15:41, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Alright, the name change is complete. Thanks for confirming it (I knew they were changing the name, but couldn't find a set date for when this would be done.) -- PRueda29  / Ptalk29 / Pcontribs29 15:47, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Dead Link
The  link seems to lead to nothing. Would someone check this out?

A380
Does this airport can landing Airbus A380 aircraft?Roded86400 04:32, 28 June 2007 (UTC)Lai International

 * Why don't you find some reliable sources and tell us? --Latebird 08:47, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 2 July 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: closed as moot. The request was never contested, and the move has already been performed. Mdaniels5757 (talk) 19:24, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

Chinggis Khaan International Airport → Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport – The airport has now been officially renamed to "Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport" (see http://en.airport.gov.mn/) BabelStone (talk) 09:35, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Bingo bro   (Chat)  10:21, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Support Per this source the New Ulaanbaatar Airport (UBN) is to be named Chinggis Khaan while this one will revert back to its original name Buyant-Ukhaa. Apart from that other news articles and travel sites are showing this airport (ULN) as Buyaant-Ukhaa.  Bingo bro   (Chat)  10:21, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:New Ulaanbaatar International Airport which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:06, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport


text:
Nea Filadelfeia

Nea Filadelfeia (Νέα Φιλαδέλφεια, meaning New Philadelphia) is a suburban town in the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Nea Filadelfeia-Nea Chalkidona of Central Athens regional unit, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 2.850 km2. It was named after the Anatolian city Filadelfeia, now Alaşehir in Turkey, and it was settled by Greek refugees from Asia Minor after the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922).

Geography
Nea Filadelfeia is a suburb of Athens, 6 km north of the city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with that of municipality of Athens and the surrounding suburbs Nea Chalkidona, Agioi Anargyroi, Acharnes, Metamorfosi and Nea Ionia. Motorway 1 (Athens - Thessaloniki) and Greek National Road 1 pass through the town. Nea Filadelfeia has a large park, Alsos Neas Filadelfias, which covers 0.48 km2. The park formerly hosted a large zoo which operated since 1955 to 1995. Nea Filadelfeia is roughly located at the geographical center of the Attica peninsula, around 13 km from the sea to the south suburbs and at a low elevation.

Education
Nea Filadelfeia has 9 primary schools, 4 secondary schools (one of them is athletic type) and 3 high schools. Among them is the 3rd High School of Nea Filadelfia "Miltos Kountouras".

Sports
Nea Filadelfeia is the historical home of A.E.K., a major Greek Multi-Sports Club established in 1924 in Nea Filadelfeia. It is also the home of Ionikos Nea Filadelfeia. The now demolished Nikos Goumas Stadium was the home ground of AEK F.C. from 1930 to 2003, while the Agia Sophia Stadium is the new home ground from 2022. The Ionikos Nea Filadelfeia sports club is renowned in Greece and abroad for its handball, volleyball and basketball achievements.

Climate
Nea Filadelfeia has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). The area is notorious in Greece for its summer heat; according to the Hellenic National Meteorological Service it registers Greece's highest mean maximum summer temperatures for the period 1955-1997. On 26 June 2007, during the 2007 European heat wave, Nea Filadelfeia recorded 46.2 °C while on the same day, the nearby official automatic H.N.M.S. weather station recorded 47.5 °C, which is Europe's highest June temperature to date.

Highest temperatures recorded
Below a list of the highest temperatures ever recorded in Nea Filadelfeia, Athens.

Notable people

 * Elena Nathanael, Greek actress
 * Ange Postecoglou, former coach of the Australian national football team and current head coach of Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

title: Nea Filadelfeia


text:
Millisecond pulsar

A millisecond pulsar (MSP) is a pulsar with a rotational period less than about 10 milliseconds. Millisecond pulsars have been detected in radio, X-ray, and gamma ray portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The leading hypothesis for the origin of millisecond pulsars is that they are old, rapidly rotating neutron stars that have been spun up or "recycled" through accretion of matter from a companion star in a close binary system. For this reason, millisecond pulsars are sometimes called recycled pulsars.

Millisecond pulsars are thought to be related to low-mass X-ray binary systems. It is thought that the X-rays in these systems are emitted by the accretion disk of a neutron star produced by the outer layers of a companion star that has overflowed its Roche lobe. The transfer of angular momentum from this accretion event can increase the rotation rate of the pulsar to hundreds of times per second, as is observed in millisecond pulsars.

There has been recent evidence that the standard evolutionary model fails to explain the evolution of all millisecond pulsars, especially young millisecond pulsars with relatively high magnetic fields, e.g. PSR B1937+21. Bülent Kiziltan and S. E. Thorsett (UCSC) showed that different millisecond pulsars must form by at least two distinct processes. But the nature of the other process remains a mystery.

Many millisecond pulsars are found in globular clusters. This is consistent with the spin-up hypothesis of their formation, as the extremely high stellar density of these clusters implies a much higher likelihood of a pulsar having (or capturing) a giant companion star. Currently there are approximately 130 millisecond pulsars known in globular clusters. The globular cluster Terzan 5 contains 37 of these, followed by 47 Tucanae with 22 and M28 and M15 with 8 pulsars each.

Millisecond pulsars, which can be timed with high precision, have a stability comparable to atomic-clock-based time standards when averaged over decades. This also makes them very sensitive probes of their environments. For example, anything placed in orbit around them causes periodic Doppler shifts in their pulses' arrival times on Earth, which can then be analyzed to reveal the presence of the companion and, with enough data, provide precise measurements of the orbit and the object's mass. The technique is so sensitive that even objects as small as asteroids can be detected if they happen to orbit a millisecond pulsar. The first confirmed exoplanets, discovered several years before the first detections of exoplanets around "normal" solar-like stars, were found in orbit around a millisecond pulsar, PSR B1257+12. These planets remained, for many years, the only Earth-mass objects known outside of the Solar System. One of them, PSR B1257+12 D, has an even smaller mass, comparable to that of the Moon, and is still today the smallest-mass object known beyond the Solar System.

Pulsar rotational speed limits

The first millisecond pulsar, PSR B1937+21, was discovered in 1982 by Backer et al. Spinning roughly 641 times per second, it remains the second fastest-spinning millisecond pulsar of the approximately 200 that have been discovered. Pulsar PSR J1748-2446ad, discovered in 2004, is the fastest-spinning pulsar known, as of 2023, spinning 716 times per second.

Current models of neutron star structure and evolution predict that pulsars would break apart if they spun at a rate of c. 1500 rotations per second or more, and that at a rate of above about 1000 rotations per second they would lose energy by gravitational radiation faster than the accretion process would accelerate them.

In early 2007 data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer and INTEGRAL spacecraft discovered a neutron star XTE J1739-285 rotating at 1122 Hz. The result is not statistically significant, with a significance level of only 3 sigma. While it is an interesting candidate for further observations, current results are inconclusive. Still, it is believed that gravitational radiation plays a role in slowing the rate of rotation. One X-ray pulsar that spins at 599 revolutions per second, IGR J00291+5934, is a prime candidate for helping detect such waves in the future (most such X-ray pulsars only spin at around 300 rotations per second).

Gravitational wave detection using pulsar timing
Gravitational waves are an important prediction from Einstein's general theory of relativity and result from the bulk motion of matter, fluctuations during the early universe and the dynamics of space-time itself. Pulsars are rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars formed during the supernova explosions of massive stars. They act as highly accurate clocks with a wealth of physical applications ranging from celestial mechanics, neutron star seismology, tests of strong-field gravity and Galactic astronomy.

The proposal to use pulsars as gravitational wave detectors was originally made by Sazhin and Detweiler in the late 1970s. The idea is to treat the solar system barycenter and a distant pulsar as opposite ends of an imaginary arm in space. The pulsar acts as the reference clock at one end of the arm sending out regular signals which are monitored by an observer on the Earth. The effect of a passing gravitational wave would be to perturb the local space-time metric and cause a change in the observed rotational frequency of the pulsar.

Hellings and Downs extended this idea in 1983 to an array of pulsars and found that a stochastic background of gravitational waves would produce a quadrupolar correlation between different pulsar pairs as a function of their angular separations on the sky. This work was limited in sensitivity by the precision and stability of the pulsar clocks in the array. Following the discovery of the first millisecond pulsar in 1982, Foster and Backer improved the sensitivity to gravitational waves by applying in 1990 the Hellings-Downs analysis to an array of highly stable millisecond pulsars.

The advent of digital data acquisition systems, new radio telescopes and receiver systems, and the discoveries of many new millisecond pulsars advanced the sensitivity of the pulsar timing array to gravitational waves in the early stages of the international effort. The five-year data release, analysis, and first NANOGrav limit on the stochastic gravitational wave background were described in 2013 by Demorest et al. It was followed by the nine-year and 11-year data releases in 2015 and 2018, respectively. Each further limited the gravitational wave background and, in the second case, techniques to precisely determine the barycenter of the solar system were refined.

In 2020, the collaboration presented the 12.5-year data release, which included strong evidence for a power-law stochastic process with common strain amplitude and spectral index across all pulsars, but statistically inconclusive data for the critical Hellings-Downs quadrupolar spatial correlation.

In June 2023, NANOGrav published the 15-year data release, which contained the first evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background. In particular, it included the first measurement of the Hellings-Downs curve, the tell-tale sign of the gravitational wave origin of the observations.

title: Millisecond pulsar


text:
Talk:Southam

Doesn't Adam Woodyatt from EastEnders live in Southam?. I seem to remeber hearing that he does/did. G-Man 20:13, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep I can verify that - my mum has given up her parking space for him on occasion. Greg Robson 09:07, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Missing Information
In the caption: Approximate route of the London-Birmingham section - of what?! C0pernicus (talk) 22:46, 11 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The proposes route of HS2 railway line. It's given as the image title.  I don't know if it's a relevant image without a mention in the transport links section of the article or whether it should be deleted.  Either way I don't know how to edit an image or its caption so someone else will have to do it.  MidlandLinda (talk) 21:28, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Southam Library
I don't go home as much as I should, but from what I understand the Library no longer exists. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.7.136.238 (talk) 14:31, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Incorrect. The library is still in place and fully functioning. Snoopjohnd (talk) 20:43, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Local currency???
The article currently says "In the medieval era the town minted its own local currency because local people found regular English currency too high in value for everyday use.", but no source is cited and this seems, prima facie, a very doubtful assertion. Can anyone with good local knowledge substantiate the claim? My hunch is that it might be a garbled allusion to 17th-century (not medieval) traders tokens. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.13.8.104 (talk) 23:53, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

I have now added a 'citation needed' tag to this claim. If, after a reasonable time, it still remains unsupported then I will delete it. 92.12.17.70 (talk) 18:59, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

 * I have now deleted the sentence, as no citation has been provided and I doubt one will be. 92.7.62.35 (talk) 19:02, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Southam


text:
Bruno the Great

Bruno the Great (May 925 – 11 October 965) was the Archbishop of Cologne from 953 until his death and the Duke of Lotharingia after 954. He was the youngest brother of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Life
Bruno was the youngest son of Henry the Fowler and his second wife Matilda. While he was still a child, it was decided that he should pursue a clerical career. In the early 940s he was educated in Trier by the leading scholar, Israel the Grammarian. In 951, Otto appointed Bruno as his archchaplain.

Bruno soon received further advancement. In 953, the Archbishopric of Cologne fell vacant just when Conrad the Red, Duke of Lotharingia and Otto's son-in-law, had joined a rebellion against Otto. By appointing Bruno to the vacant position, Otto provided himself with a powerful ally against Conrad (much of Lotharingia fell under the archdiocese of Cologne) just when he needed one most. By the next year, the rebellion had collapsed. Otto deposed Conrad as Duke of Lotharingia and appointed Bruno in his place.

Bruno was to be almost the last duke of the whole of Lotharingia: in 959 two local nobles, Godfrey and Frederick, were appointed as margraves of Lower Lotharingia and Upper Lotharingia respectively. Both margraves were recognised as dukes after Bruno's death. The two duchies were reunited between 1033 and 1044 under Gothelo I, Duke of Lotharingia.

The combined positions of archbishop and duke — or archduke, as his biographer Ruotger called him — made Bruno the most powerful man after Otto not just in Germany but also beyond its borders. After the deaths of Louis IV of West Francia in 954 and Hugh the Great, his most powerful feudatory, in 956, Bruno, as brother-in-law to both of them and maternal uncle to their heirs Lothair, the new king, and Hugh Capet, acted as regent of west Francia.

From 962 onwards, Bruno was also appointed as Otto's regent in Germany while Otto was absent in Italy. Bruno died in Reims in 965 and was buried in the monastery of St Pantaleon, which he had founded, just outside Cologne.

Legacy
Bruno's position in Cologne was little short of royal. Indeed, Otto delegated to Bruno and his successors as archbishop a number of normally royal privileges — the right to build fortifications and set up markets, to strike coins and collect (and keep) such taxes as the special ones on Jews in return for royal protection, those on market trading and tolls from traffic along the Rhine. Even though Bruno's successors as archbishops would not be dukes as well, they would be the secular as well as the ecclesiastical rulers of Cologne until the battle of Worringen three centuries later.

Bruno's court in Cologne was the main intellectual and artistic centre of its period in Germany — far more so than that of his brother Otto, which was far more peripatetic and militarily oriented. Among others, Ratherius and Liutprand of Cremona spent time at the court. Many of the next generation of German ecclesiastical leaders were educated at Bruno's court, like Everaclus of Liège, Gerard bishop of Toul, Wikfrid, bishop of Verdun, and Theoderic, bishop of Metz.

Bruno's effect on medieval Cologne was immense. Apart from building a palace, he extended the cathedral to the point where it was regarded as rivalling Old Saint Peter's in Rome (this cathedral burned down in 1248 and was replaced by the current one). He brought the area between the old Roman walls and the Rhine within the city fortifications; and built new churches to Saint Martin of Tours within this area and to Saint Andrew just outside the northern city wall and a Benedictine monastery dedicated to St Pantaleon to the south-west of the city.

Bruno translated St. Patroclus' relics from Troyes and buried them in 964 at St Patrokli Dom in Soest, where Patroclus is still today venerated.

Canonization
Bruno was venerated at St Pantaleon throughout the Middle Ages. Ruotger depicts him as a moral example, but not a wonderworker. In the 12th century, there was an ephemeral miracle cult at his tomb. He was formally beatified in 1870. In 1871, Archbishop Paul Melchers made 11 October a double feast in his honour. His tomb was opened in 1747 and 1892. In 1895, he was canonized. The historian Jonathan Wright (born 1941) situates the promotion of his cult against the background of the Kulturkampf. That is, it stemmed from a desire to preserve the Catholic identity of Cologne as it was drawn into the Protestant dominated German Empire.

title: Bruno the Great


text: User talk:165.138.113.252

title: User talk:165.138.113.252


text:
Eva Mylott

Eva Theresa Mylott (27 February 1875 – 20 March 1920) was an Australian contralto opera singer.

Early life
Eva Mylott was born in Tuross Head, New South Wales, Australia. Her parents, Patrick Mylott (1838-1899), an importer of wine and spirits and Mary Heffernan (1839-1931) (the daughter of Edmund and Honora Heffernan), were Irish Roman Catholics who settled in the Colony of New South Wales. Patrick was born 1838 in County Mayo, the son of Patrick Mylott and Mary McDermott. He arrived in 1861 aboard the John Masterman. Mylott became a protégé of Dame Nellie Melba and in 1902, she went to England with her to pursue an opera career outside Australia.

Personal life
On 17 June 1917 in New York City, she married American businessman John Hutton Gibson (died ca. 1933); they had two sons: Hutton Gibson in 1918 and Alexis Mylott Gibson.

Mylott died in 1920, aged 45, in Chicago, after slipping in the shower and injuring her neck, leaving two-year-old Hutton and infant Alexis in the care of her husband, who died seventeen years later.

Legacy
Mylott is the paternal grandmother of actor and film director Mel Gibson.

title: Eva Mylott


text: User talk:204.38.191.99

title: User talk:204.38.191.99


text:
Talk:Amateur press association

This article is particularly weak on history and on the transition to assembly art. It may also make sense to categorise the list of APAs under sub-headings. --Theo (Talk) 20:18, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Overdue promotion from stub to start on size.WP:PSA Twang (talk) 21:26, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

BAPA UK or British
I used the word "British" and the associated wiki link British to describe BAPA because it was founded with members from the island of Great Britain. Subsequently it attracted members from Northern Ireland, Ireland (Eire) and elsewhere but originally it was British. I plan to revert the wiki link change of United Kingdom back to British. --Theo (Talk) 19:35, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

On 21 Feb 2005 Rich Farmbrough wrote at User talk:TheoClarke
 * "By all means chagne the link, perhaps British Isles is a more accutate place to link to? The concept of "UK + Eire" isn't easily represented, but is significant in a lot of ways - perhaps there should be another article... Good luck choosing the link. Rich Farmbrough 10:21, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) Having read your comment on BAPA discussion, perhaps you do mean United Kingdom (which excludes Ireland) after all. It does't seem salient that there were no Northern Irish in the originnal group. Rich Farmbrough 10:58, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)"

I have considered this further and I am now spiralling in wild indecision! Before getting too involved in this I feel that I should warn that my interest is largely intellectual: analytical pedantry rather than operational pedantry. The original central mailing address of BAPA was Welsh and all the other founder members were in England. So, the tightest geopolitical entity to which BAPA can be assigned is that fine legal demesne "England and Wales". But IIRC Phil Greenaway launched it as BAPA, the "British APA". Did he mean the British APA or the British Isles APA? I will mull on this. --Theo (Talk) 18:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

ANZAPA
Please be aware that the ANZAPA wikipedia page has been deleted following a XfD. It was not considered notable. I am pondering an appeal against this decision. I'll keep you posted. --Perry Middlemiss (talk) 23:42, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

APAplexy
Much of the controversy over this is due to the ill-will by some prominent members of Ottawa Science Fiction Society against Farrell McGovern due to a number of indiscretions committed by Mr. McGovern while he was trying to survive being abused by his father. It may also comes from the fact that the convention Marc "The Starwolf" Gerin-Lajoie started, Maplecon, failed, while the convention that Mr. McGovern and Mr. Botte started survived named CAN-CON.

"Some claim that 'Plexy was spun off from TAPA by Farrell McGovern and there may be some minor truth in that statement, as there may have been a discussion between McGovern and The Starwolf, however, the start up work for the publication was done by The Starwolf."

I am sure that is a posting by Starwolf, as it has his typical "voice", and it's not from a logged-in Wikipedia contributer. Elisabeth, Starwolf, Farrell and other people who are obviously too close to the atmosphere and memories of the time should refrain from commenting on this subject.

Interpersonal politics should not enter Wikipedia entries, and I have updated the entry based upon that. 16:45, 28 February 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nhaflinger (talk • contribs)

 * Comment: I can live with that. farrellj (talk) 04:05, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment: I wish people who don't like what has been said would not try to sanitize Wikipedia by deleting contributions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.244.214.59 (talk) 15:24, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
 * If it isn't verifiable from published reliable sources, it has no place here. That goes double for anything attacking a living person. That's not censorship, it's our established practice. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  17:53, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amateur press association


text: Category:Children's charities

title: Category:Children's charities


text:
User talk:Eriathwen

What are anniseed balls? Are they those black licorice candies that come in bags? --Munchkinguy 20:20, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

No, they're not liquorice, though the flavour of aniseed is sort of similar. I much prefer aniseed though. And just today I had some sweets which were a mixture of aniseed and liquorice - yuk! Aniseed balls are hard and round, a bit like gobstoppers, but a bit smaller than the average marble. They're very difficult to get hold of these days. And they may just be a British thing. Eriathwen 23:30, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps you should make an article on them. I'm planning on making an article on Clodhoppers [1 --Munchkinguy 03:44, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eriathwen