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Interval tree

In computer science, an interval tree is a tree data structure to hold intervals. Specifically, it allows one to efficiently find all intervals that overlap with any given interval or point. It is often used for windowing queries, for instance, to find all roads on a computerized map inside a rectangular viewport, or to find all visible elements inside a three-dimensional scene. A similar data structure is the segment tree.

The trivial solution is to visit each interval and test whether it intersects the given point or interval, which requires $$O(n)$$ time, where $$n$$ is the number of intervals in the collection. Since a query may return all intervals, for example if the query is a large interval intersecting all intervals in the collection, this is asymptotically optimal; however, we can do better by considering output-sensitive algorithms, where the runtime is expressed in terms of $$m$$, the number of intervals produced by the query. Interval trees have a query time of $$O(\log n + m)$$ and an initial creation time of $$O(n \log n)$$, while limiting memory consumption to $$O(n)$$. After creation, interval trees may be dynamic, allowing efficient insertion and deletion of an interval in $$O(\log n)$$ time. If the endpoints of intervals are within a small integer range (e.g., in the range $$[1, \ldots, O(n)]$$), faster and in fact optimal data structures exist with preprocessing time $$O(n)$$ and query time $$O(1+ m)$$ for reporting $$m$$ intervals containing a given query point (see for a very simple one).

Naive approach
In a simple case, the intervals do not overlap and they can be inserted into a simple binary search tree and queried in $$O(\log n)$$ time. However, with arbitrarily overlapping intervals, there is no way to compare two intervals for insertion into the tree since orderings sorted by the beginning points or the ending points may be different. A naive approach might be to build two parallel trees, one ordered by the beginning point, and one ordered by the ending point of each interval. This allows discarding half of each tree in $$O(\log n)$$ time, but the results must be merged, requiring $$O(n)$$ time. This gives us queries in $$O( n + \log n) = O( n)$$, which is no better than brute-force.

Interval trees solve this problem. This article describes two alternative designs for an interval tree, dubbed the centered interval tree and the augmented tree.

Centered interval tree
Queries require $$O(\log n + m)$$ time, with $$n$$ being the total number of intervals and $$m$$ being the number of reported results. Construction requires $$O(n \log n)$$ time, and storage requires $$O(n)$$ space.

Construction
Given a set of $$n$$ intervals on the number line, we want to construct a data structure so that we can efficiently retrieve all intervals overlapping another interval or point.

We start by taking the entire range of all the intervals and dividing it in half at $$x_{\textrm{center}}$$ (in practice,  $$x_{\textrm{center}}$$ should be picked to keep the tree relatively balanced). This gives three sets of intervals, those completely to the left of  $$x_{\textrm{center}}$$ which we'll call $$S_{\textrm{left}}$$, those completely to the right of   $$x_{\textrm{center}}$$ which we'll call  $$S_{\textrm{right}}$$, and those overlapping   $$x_{\textrm{center}}$$ which we'll call  $$S_{\textrm{center}}$$.

The intervals in $$S_{\textrm{left}}$$ and  $$S_{\textrm{right}}$$ are recursively divided in the same manner until there are no intervals left.

The intervals in $$S_{\textrm{center}}$$ that overlap the center point are stored in a separate data structure linked to the node in the interval tree. This data structure consists of two lists, one containing all the intervals sorted by their beginning points, and another containing all the intervals sorted by their ending points.

The result is a binary tree with each node storing:
 * A center point
 * A pointer to another node containing all intervals completely to the left of the center point
 * A pointer to another node containing all intervals completely to the right of the center point
 * All intervals overlapping the center point sorted by their beginning point
 * All intervals overlapping the center point sorted by their ending point

Intersecting
Given the data structure constructed above, we receive queries consisting of ranges or points, and return all the ranges in the original set overlapping this input.

With a point
The task is to find all intervals in the tree that overlap a given point $$x$$. The tree is walked with a similar recursive algorithm as would be used to traverse a traditional binary tree, but with extra logic to support searching the intervals overlapping the "center" point at each node.

For each tree node, $$x$$ is compared to $$x_{\textrm {center}}$$, the midpoint used in node construction above. If $$x$$ is less than $$x_{\textrm {center}}$$, the leftmost set of intervals,  $$S_{\textrm{left}}$$, is considered. If $$x$$ is greater than $$x_{\textrm {center}}$$, the rightmost set of intervals,  $$S_{\textrm{right}}$$, is considered.

As each node is processed as we traverse the tree from the root to a leaf, the ranges in its $$S_{\textrm {center}}$$ are processed. If $$x$$ is less than $$x_{\textrm {center}}$$, we know that all intervals in  $$S_{\textrm {center}}$$ end after $$x$$, or they could not also overlap  $$x_{\textrm {center}}$$. Therefore, we need only find those intervals in $$S_{\textrm {center}}$$ that begin before $$x$$. We can consult the lists of $$S_{\textrm {center}}$$ that have already been constructed. Since we only care about the interval beginnings in this scenario, we can consult the list sorted by beginnings. Suppose we find the closest number no greater than $$x$$ in this list. All ranges from the beginning of the list to that found point overlap $$x$$ because they begin before $$x$$ and end after $$x$$ (as we know because they overlap $$x_{\textrm {center}}$$ which is larger than $$x$$). Thus, we can simply start enumerating intervals in the list until the startpoint value exceeds $$x$$.

Likewise, if $$x$$ is greater than $$x_{\textrm {center}}$$, we know that all intervals in  $$S_{\textrm {center}}$$ must begin before $$x$$, so we find those intervals that end after $$x$$ using the list sorted by interval endings.

If $$x$$ exactly matches $$x_{\textrm {center}}$$, all intervals in  $$S_{\textrm {center}}$$ can be added to the results without further processing and tree traversal can be stopped.

With an interval
For a result interval $$r$$ to intersect our query interval $$q$$ one of the following must hold:

 * either the start or end point of $$r$$ is in $$q$$; or
 * $$r$$ completely encloses $$q$$.

We first find all intervals with start and/or end points inside $$q$$ using a separately-constructed tree. In the one-dimensional case, we can use a search tree containing all the start and end points in the interval set, each with a pointer to its corresponding interval. A binary search in $$O(\log n)$$ time for the start and end of $$q$$ reveals the minimum and maximum points to consider. Each point within this range references an interval that overlaps $$q$$ and is added to the result list. Care must be taken to avoid duplicates, since an interval might both begin and end within $$q$$. This can be done using a binary flag on each interval to mark whether or not it has been added to the result set.

Finally, we must find intervals that enclose $$q$$. To find these, we pick any point inside $$q$$ and use the algorithm above to find all intervals intersecting that point (again, being careful to remove duplicates).

Higher dimensions
The interval tree data structure can be generalized to a higher dimension $$N$$ with identical query and construction time and $$O(n \log n)$$ space.

First, a range tree in $$N$$ dimensions is constructed that allows efficient retrieval of all intervals with beginning and end points inside the query region $$R$$. Once the corresponding ranges are found, the only thing that is left are those ranges that enclose the region in some dimension. To find these overlaps, $$N$$ interval trees are created, and one axis intersecting $$R$$ is queried for each. For example, in two dimensions, the bottom of the square $$R$$ (or any other horizontal line intersecting $$R$$) would be queried against the interval tree constructed for the horizontal axis. Likewise, the left (or any other vertical line intersecting $$R$$) would be queried against the interval tree constructed on the vertical axis.

Each interval tree also needs an addition for higher dimensions. At each node we traverse in the tree, $$x$$ is compared with $$S_{\textrm {center}}$$ to find overlaps. Instead of two sorted lists of points as was used in the one-dimensional case, a range tree is constructed. This allows efficient retrieval of all points in $$S_{\textrm {center}}$$ that overlap region $$R$$.

Deletion
If after deleting an interval from the tree, the node containing that interval contains no more intervals, that node may be deleted from the tree. This is more complex than a normal binary tree deletion operation.

An interval may overlap the center point of several nodes in the tree. Since each node stores the intervals that overlap it, with all intervals completely to the left of its center point in the left subtree, similarly for the right subtree, it follows that each interval is stored in the node closest to the root from the set of nodes whose center point it overlaps.

Normal deletion operations in a binary tree (for the case where the node being deleted has two children) involve promoting a node further from the leaf to the position of the node being deleted (usually the leftmost child of the right subtree, or the rightmost child of the left subtree). As a result of this promotion, some nodes that were above the promoted node will become its descendants; it is necessary to search these nodes for intervals that also overlap the promoted node, and move those intervals into the promoted node. As a consequence, this may result in new empty nodes, which must be deleted, following the same algorithm again.

Balancing
The same issues that affect deletion also affect rotation operations; rotation must preserve the invariant that nodes are stored as close to the root as possible.

Augmented tree
[[File:Example of augmented tree with low value as the key and maximum high as extra annotation.png|thumb|236px|An augmented tree with low value as the key and maximum high as the extra annotation.For example, when testing if the given interval [40 ,60) overlaps the intervals in the tree shown above, we see that it does not overlap the interval [20, 36) in the root, but since the root's low value (20) is less than the sought high value (60), we must search the right subtree. The left subtree's maximum high of 41 exceeds the sought low value (40), so we must search the left subtree as well.  However, both descendants of the [3, 41) node have maximum highs less than 40, so the left subtree search ends there and it is not necessary to search them.]] Another way to represent intervals is described in.

Both insertion and deletion require $$O(\log n)$$ time, with $$n$$ being the total number of intervals in the tree prior to the insertion or deletion operation.

An augmented tree can be built from a simple ordered tree, for example a binary search tree or self-balancing binary search tree, ordered by the 'low' values of the intervals. An extra annotation is then added to every node, recording the maximum upper value among all the intervals from this node down. Maintaining this attribute involves updating all ancestors of the node from the bottom up whenever a node is added or deleted. This takes only O(h) steps per node addition or removal, where h is the height of the node added or removed in the tree. If there are any tree rotations during insertion and deletion, the affected nodes may need updating as well.

Now, it is known that two intervals $$A$$ and $$B$$ overlap only when both $$A_{\textrm{low}} \leq B_{\textrm{high}}$$ and $$A_{\textrm{high}} \geq B_{\textrm{low}}$$. When searching the trees for nodes overlapping with a given interval, you can immediately skip:
 * all nodes to the right of nodes whose low value is past the end of the given interval.
 * all nodes that have their maximum high value below the start of the given interval.

Membership queries
Some performance may be gained if the tree avoids unnecessary traversals. These can occur when adding intervals that already exist or removing intervals that don't exist.

A total order can be defined on the intervals by ordering them first by their lower bounds and then by their upper bounds. Then, a membership check can be performed in $$O(\log n)$$ time, versus the $$O(k + \log n)$$ time required to find duplicates if $$k$$ intervals overlap the interval to be inserted or removed. This solution has the advantage of not requiring any additional structures. The change is strictly algorithmic. The disadvantage is that membership queries take $$O(\log n)$$ time.

Alternately, at the rate of $$O(n)$$ memory, membership queries in expected constant time can be implemented with a hash table, updated in lockstep with the interval tree. This may not necessarily double the total memory requirement, if the intervals are stored by reference rather than by value.

Java example: Adding a new interval to the tree
The key of each node is the interval itself, hence nodes are ordered first by low value and finally by high value, and the value of each node is the end point of the interval:

Java example: Searching a point or an interval in the tree
To search for an interval, one walks the tree, using the key and high value  to omit any branches that cannot overlap the query. The simplest case is a point query:

where
 * returns a negative value if a < b
 * returns zero if a = b
 * returns a positive value if a > b

The code to search for an interval is similar, except for the check in the middle:

is defined as:

Higher dimensions
Augmented trees can be extended to higher dimensions by cycling through the dimensions at each level of the tree. For example, for two dimensions, the odd levels of the tree might contain ranges for the x-coordinate, while the even levels contain ranges for the y-coordinate. This approach effectively converts the data structure from an augmented binary tree to an augmented kd-tree, thus significantly complicating the balancing algorithms for insertions and deletions.

A simpler solution is to use nested interval trees. First, create a tree using the ranges for the y-coordinate. Now, for each node in the tree, add another interval tree on the x-ranges, for all elements whose y-range is the same as that node's y-range.

The advantage of this solution is that it can be extended to an arbitrary number of dimensions using the same code base.

At first, the additional cost of the nested trees might seem prohibitive, but this is usually not so. As with the non-nested solution earlier, one node is needed per x-coordinate, yielding the same number of nodes for both solutions. The only additional overhead is that of the nested tree structures, one per vertical interval. This structure is usually of negligible size, consisting only of a pointer to the root node, and possibly the number of nodes and the depth of the tree.

Medial- or length-oriented tree
A medial- or length-oriented tree is similar to an augmented tree, but symmetrical, with the binary search tree ordered by the medial points of the intervals. There is a maximum-oriented binary heap in every node, ordered by the length of the interval (or half of the length). Also we store the minimum and maximum possible value of the subtree in each node (thus the symmetry).

Overlap test
Using only start and end values of two intervals $$\left( a_{i}, b_i \right)$$, for $$i=0,1$$, the overlap test can be performed as follows:

$$a_0 < b_1$$ and $$a_1 < b_0$$

This can be simplified using the sum and difference:

$$s_i = a_i + b_i$$

$$d_i = b_i - a_i$$

Which reduces the overlap test to:

$$\left| s_1 - s_0 \right| < d_0 + d_1$$

Adding interval
Adding new intervals to the tree is the same as for a binary search tree using the medial value as the key. We push $$d_i$$ onto the binary heap associated with the node, and update the minimum and maximum possible values associated with all higher nodes.

Searching for all overlapping intervals
Let's use $$a_q, b_q, m_q, d_q$$ for the query interval, and $$M_n$$ for the key of a node (compared to $$m_i$$ of intervals)

Starting with root node, in each node, first we check if it is possible that our query interval overlaps with the node subtree using minimum and maximum values of node (if it is not, we don't continue for this node).

Then we calculate $$\min \left\{ d_i \right\}$$ for intervals inside this node (not its children) to overlap with query interval (knowing $$m_i = M_n$$):

$$\min \left\{ d_i \right\} = \left| m_q - M_n \right| - d_q$$

and perform a query on its binary heap for the $$d_i$$'s bigger than $$\min \left\{ d_i \right\}$$

Then we pass through both left and right children of the node, doing the same thing.

In the worst-case, we have to scan all nodes of the binary search tree, but since binary heap query is optimum, this is acceptable (a 2- dimensional problem can not be optimum in both dimensions)

This algorithm is expected to be faster than a traditional interval tree (augmented tree) for search operations. Adding elements is a little slower in practice, though the order of growth is the same.

title: Interval tree


text:
Lucien Polastron

Lucien X. Polastron (born 1944) is a French writer and historian, specializing in paper, books, writing, library history, and Chinese and Arab studies. He has written some 12 French-language books, some of which have been translated into other languages, including English. He lives and works in Paris.The 1992 destruction of the National Library in Sarajevo, the capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was the catalyst for Polastron's research into the destruction of libraries.

Books in English

 * Books on Fire: The Destruction of Libraries throughout History, Rochester, Inner Traditions, 2007, ISBN 978-1-59477-167-5, ISBN 1-59477-167-7
 * The Great Digitization and the Quest to Know Everything, Rochester, Inner Traditions, 2009, ISBN 978-1-59477-243-6

Selected works

 * Polastron, Lucien X.Le Papier: (2000) ans d'histoire et de savoir-faire, Imprimerie Nationale Editions (Paris, France), 1999.
 * Polastron, Lucien X. Découverte de l'enluminure médiévale, Dessain & Tolra (Paris, France), 2003.
 * Polastron, Lucien X. (2008) "Ce Que Construisent Les Ruines". In What Happened to the Ancient Library of Alexandria?, (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2008. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004165458.i-259.36

Awards
Société des Gens de Lettres Prize for Nonfiction/History, 2004, for Livres en feu: Histoire de la destruction sans fin des bibliothéques.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lucien Polastron


text:
Holabird, South Dakota

Holabird is an unincorporated community in Hyde County, South Dakota, United States.

History
Holabird was the maiden name of a railroad official's wife, the daughter of Connecticut lieutenant governor William S. Holabird. The community got its start when the railroad was extended to that point. A post office was established in Holabird in 1884 but is no longer in operation: Holabird mail services are provided by the post office in Highmore.

title: Holabird, South Dakota


text:
List of rivers of Singapore

The geographically small island nation of Singapore has few rivers of significant length or width. The longest of these, the Kallang River, is only 10 km in length. The Singapore River, perhaps the most famous in the country, is of a short length as well. However, the country's tropical climate and heavy rainfall require a very comprehensive network of natural draining systems, much of which has become a concrete system as urbanisation spread across the island.

Pulau Tekong

 * Sungei Belang
 * Sungei Chek Mat Nah
 * Sungei Pasir
 * Sungei Permatang
 * Sungei Sanyongkong
 * Sungei Seminei
 * Sungei Unum

Pulau Ubin

 * Sungei Asam
 * Sungei Batu Kekek
 * Sungei Besar
 * Sungei Jelutong
 * Sungei Mamam
 * Sungei Puaka
 * Sungei Pulau Ubin
 * Sungei Teris
 * Sungei Tiga
 * Sungei Wat Siam

Dammed and flooded

 * Sungei Chik Abu - flooded and part of Lower Seletar Reservoir
 * Sungei Puaka - flooded and part of Lower Seletar Reservoir
 * Sungei Kranji - now the Kranji Reservoir
 * Sungei Murai - now the Murai Reservoir
 * Sungei Poyan - now the Poyan Reservoir
 * Sungei Sarimbun - now the Sarimbun Reservoir
 * Sungei Sopok - flooded and part of Lower Seletar Reservoir
 * Sungei Tengeh - now the Tengeh Reservoir

title: List of rivers of Singapore


text:
Polastron

Polastron may refer to:

 * Lucien Polastron (born 1944), a French writer and historian
 * Yolande de Polastron (1749–1793), French noblewoman and royal favorite
 * Polastron, Gers, a commune in the Gers département, in France
 * Polastron, Haute-Garonne, a commune in the Haute-Garonne département, in France

title: Polastron


text:
Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha

The Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha (SDMS),, colloquially known as the Maha Sabha, is the largest and most influential Hindu organization in Trinidad and Tobago. It operates 150 mandirs, over 50 schools, and has its own radio station, Radio Jaagriti 102.7 FM, and TV channel, TV Jaagriti. They also operate the Indian Caribbean Museum of Trinidad and Tobago. It was formed in 1952 when Bhadase Sagan Maraj engineered the merger of the Sanatan Dharma Association and the Sanatan Dharma Board of Control. An affiliated group, the Pundits' Parishad, has 200 affiliated pundits. The organisation's headquarters are located in St. Augustine.

The Dharmacharya of the Maha Sabha is Pt. Dr. Rampersad Parasram, the President General is Pt. Krishna Rambally, and the Secretary General from 1977 to his death on November 16, 2019, was Satnarayan Maharaj, son-in-law of the founder, Bhadase Sagan Maraj. Satnarayan Mahahraj's son Vijay Maharaj has succeeded him as the acting Secretary General.

In 1881, a Sanatan Dharma Association was founded in Trinidad and Tobago in an attempt to consolidate Hindus and lobby on their behalf. This Association, however, was not known for any significant advances in Hindu organizational development. Other groups existed by the 1920s including the Trinidad Hindu Maha Sabha, San Feranado Hindu Sabha, and the Sanatan Dharma Prabartakh Sabha. But these, too, were not especially dynamic in shaping the course of Hindu history. The most significant advances in Hindu organizational development of these Sabhas came as a response to the Arya Samaj and its missionaries.

The controversies stirred by the Arya Samaj spokesmen acted as a kind of catalyst for the leaders of the Sanātanī (Orthodox Hindu) community to make greater strides towards effective organization. The Sanatan Dharma Association was incorporated by an act of Legislature in 1932. A conservative group of Hindus led by Pt. Sahadeo Tiwari, established a rival organization, the Sanatan Dharma Board of Control which was also incorporated in 1932. Each of these served to represent the interests of the Hindu community with regard to social action or issues surrounding the orthodoxy; they also served to liaise with colonial or parliamentary authorities. In 1935, in a move to demonstrate greater legitimacy, the Board became formally affiliated with the Sanatan Dharma Pratindhi Sabha based in Lahore, British India (present day Pakistan). Pundits and laymen throughout the island became affiliated with one or the other of the two national Hindu bodies. The Sanatan Dharma Board of Control, for example had branches in 32 villages by the late 1930s.

The greatest development in the Hindu communal activity in Trinidad and Tobago began in 1952 when under the guidance and direction of powerful Pt. Goberdhan JP of Siparia Old Road in southern Trinidad, British Trinidad and Tobago (who acted as a representative of the Governor General of Trinidad and Tobago at difficult times)  Bhadase Maraj united the Sanatan Dharma Association and the Sanatan Dharma Board of Control. In that year Maraj, a self-made millionaire and sugar union leader, merged the two Sanātanī Hindu bodies, to create a much more powerful pressure group and public organization. The new organization, the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha, was incorporated in 1952. The Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha's parishad, or council of pundits worked towards a complete coordination of temples activities and the standardization of ritual procedure. Relatively few structured, permanent religious groups existed in Trinidad's Indian villages until the advent of the Maha Sabha school building programme. Many mandirs were constructed or affiliated in addition. In order to ensure uniform teaching and practices, the Maha Sabha published literature to be used at all schools and temples.

Yet foremost on the new organization agenda was education, which its members saw as the key to promoting Hindu unity in all parts of the country, to promulgating the faith among future generations of Hindus, and to provide Indians with greater opportunities for social advancement. Between 1952 and 1956 the Maha Sabha built no less than 31 schools all over the island. Today the Maha Sabha operates 42 schools in Trinidad and Tobago, over 150 mandirs, and affiliated over 200 pundits.

Dharmacharyas

 * Pt. Basdeo Misir (1952-1954)
 * Pt. Jankie Persad Sharma (1954-1977)
 * Pt. Sahadeo Persad Dubay Sharma (1977-1986)
 * Pt. Krishna Maharaj (1986-2003)
 * Pt. Uttam Maharaj (30 April 2005 – 29 November 2018)
 * Pt. Dr. Rampersad Parasram (5 May 2019-present)

title: Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha


text:
Benjamin Hoff

Benjamin Hoff (born 1946) is an American author. He is best known as the author of The Tao of Pooh (1982) and The Te of Piglet (1992). In 2006, he denounced the publishing industry and announced his resignation from book-writing. His book, The Singing Creek Where the Willows Grow, won the American Book Award in 1988.

Personal life
Hoff grew up in the Portland, Oregon neighborhood of Sylvan, where he acquired a fondness of the natural world that has been highly influential in his writing. He attended elementary and middle school in Sylvan and attended both Benson Polytechnic High School and Lincoln High School in Portland. Hoff attended college at the University of Oregon in Eugene and the Portland Museum Art School (now the Pacific Northwest College of Art). Hoff obtained a B.A. in Asian Art from The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, in 1973.

Hoff has also studied architecture, music, fine arts, graphic design and Asian Culture. His studies in Asian Culture included reaching the certificate level in the Japanese Tea Ceremony. He had two years of apprenticeship in Japanese fine-tuning methods and four years of instruction in the martial art form of tai chi, including a year of qigong. Prior to his career in writing, he worked as a tree pruner, antiques restorer, hospital orderly, investigative reporter, photojournalist, recording musician, singer, and songwriter. In the 1960s, Hoff helped form the rock–pop band the United Travel Service. In his spare time, he practices Taoist qigong and tai chi. He enjoys playing classical guitar, composing music and taking nature photographs.

In 2006, Hoff published an essay on his website titled "Farewell to Authorship", in which he denounced the publishing industry and announced his resignation from book-writing. This is the only website he has officially endorsed or been involved with. As of August 2010 the website displayed a series of letters sent between Hoff and staffers from the Oregon Historical Society, where Hoff criticizes the OHS-produced Oregon Experience: Opal Whiteley, saying that many of the facts were ignored or untrue. Hoff wrote the 1986 book The Singing Creek Where the Willows Grow, a biography about Opal Whiteley which also includes her diary.

Books
Benjamin Hoff has written five books: "The Way to Life" (1981), "The House on the Point" (2002), "The Singing Creek Where the Willows Grow" (1986), The Tao of Pooh (1982), and The Te of Piglet (1992). The Tao of Pooh and its successor, "The Te of Piglet" are Hoff's best known books. They discuss Taoist beliefs and writings through Winnie-the-Pooh. "The Singing Creek Where the Willows Grow" is a biography of Opal Whiteley, another American author from Oregon.

Awards and commendations
Hoff was awarded the American Book Award in 1988 for The Singing Creek Where the Willows Grow: The Rediscovered Diary of Opal Whiteley. The Tao of Pooh, The Te of Piglet, and The Singing Creek Where the Willows Grow were all book-of-the-month choices. The Tao of Pooh and The Te of Piglet were also chosen by the Quality Paperback Book Club. The Tao of Pooh was an international bestseller and spent 49 weeks on The New York Times' bestseller list. The Te of Piglet also became an international bestseller and spent 59 weeks on The New York Times' bestseller list.

title: Benjamin Hoff


text:
Houghton, South Dakota

Houghton is an unincorporated community in Brown County, South Dakota, United States. Its population is not tracked by the Census Bureau.

History
Houghton was platted in 1886. It was named for C. W. Houghton, an original owner of the town site. A post office was established in Houghton in 1886.

Notable people

 * Ralph Herseth, twenty-first Governor of South Dakota from 1959 to 1961.
 * Stephanie Herseth Sandlin, Former U.S. Representative and president of Augustana University.

title: Houghton, South Dakota


text:
Stari Jankovci

Stari Jankovci (Стари Јанковци, Ivanóc) is a village and a municipality in Vukovar-Syrmia County, Croatia

The village is located to the northeast of the M104 railway route. The village is connected with the rest of the country by the D46 state road connecting it with the town of Vinkovci and continuing into Serbia as the State Road 120 to the nearest town of Šid.

Population
The population is distributed in the following settlements:
 * Novi Jankovci, population 934
 * Orolik, population 512
 * Slakovci, population 958
 * Srijemske Laze, population 572
 * Stari Jankovci, population 1,429

The total municipality population was 5,216 in 2001, with 69.50% Croats, 23.24% Serbs and 5.06% Hungarians.

History
During the Croatian War of Independence, the village was occupied by the rebel Serbs in 1991. The parish church of Blessed Virgin Mary, built in 1780 with a notable Baroque-Classical main altar, was severely damaged.

Stari Jankovci is an underdeveloped municipality which is statistically classified as the First Category Area of Special State Concern by the Government of Croatia.

Name
The name Stari Jankovci means Old Jankovci, while to the southwest there is a smaller village of Novi Jankovci, meaning New Jankovci.

The name of the village in Croatian is plural.

History
Traces of continuous human settlement at the area of the municipality are investigated at two prehistoric settlements and one necropolis, one archaeological site from antiquity and medieval necropolis "Balkan". In the area of Jankovci, there was a larger estate whose owner was the nobleman Herka around 1260, and after him duke Pavle Gorjanski. The Turks ruled the Jankovci area from 1526 to 1688. After the departure of the Turks, the Jankovci were part of the Vukovar Manor until 1945 and belonged to civilian Croatia.

Municipal government
The municipality assembly is composed of 15 representatives. As of 2009, the member parties/lists are:

Minority councils
Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Hungarians and Serbs of Croatia fulfilled legal requirements to elect 10 members minority councils of the Stari Jankovci Municipality with Hungarians electing full and Serbs 9 members council in the end.

title: Stari Jankovci


text:
Olaus Martini

Olof Mårtensson (1557 – 17 March 1609) also known by the Latin form Olaus Martini, was Archbishop of Uppsala from 1601 to his death.

Born in Uppsala, Sweden, he first enrolled in the University of Uppsala, but when it was temporarily closed in 1578 he travelled abroad. In 1583 he received his master's degree at the University of Rostock and then travelled home again.

On returning, he made a reputation for himself when he criticized the liturgy of Swedish King John III, who held somewhat Catholic beliefs despite Sweden having been Lutheran since 1531.

The king's brother Duke Charles, who later became King Charles IX, promoted Olaus to Archbishop of Uppsala in 1601. Despite his support, Martini was fundamentally in opposition to the beliefs of duke Charles, a conflict which eventually led to disputes between the two. Martini was an orthodox Lutheran, while Duke Charles is believed to have been inclined towards Calvinistic tenets—which he himself denied (see: crypto-Calvinism).

In 1606 Martini had a text published which was sharply polemising against Catholic and Calvinistic tenets.

Although he was in opposition to the king and the duke, he was considered a hard-working and trustworthy man by the University of Uppsala and by his communion.

title: Olaus Martini


text:
Howes, South Dakota

Howes is an unincorporated community in Meade County, South Dakota, United States. There is just a combined store with gas pumps, post office, truck pullover and farm home there. Population and other demographics of Howes are not reported by the Census Bureau. The Howes post office serves the ZIP code of 57748.

title: Howes, South Dakota


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Kırşehir

Kırşehir, historically known as Mocissus or Mokissos (Μωκισσός) and Justinianopolis (Ἰουστινιανούπολις) in ancient times, is a city in Turkey. It is the seat of Kırşehir Province and Kırşehir District. Its population is 150,700 (2022). Its elevation is 1027 m. The Mayor of Kırşehir is Selahattin Ekicioğlu.

History

The history of Kırşehir dates back to the Hittites. During the period of the Hittites, the basin of Kırşehir was known as the country of "Ahiyuva", meaning "the Land of the Achaeans", as the Greeks were known to the Hittites. This basin also took the name Cappadocia at the time of the Romans and Byzantines.

Kırşehir was once known as Aquae Saravenae. The Seljuks took the city in the 1070s and bestowed the current name. In Turkish, "Kır Şehri" means "steppe city" or "prairie city". It became the chief town of a sanjak in the Ottoman vilayet of Angora, which possessed, c. 1912, 8000 inhabitants, most of them Muslim Turks.

In the 19th century, Kırşehir was attached to the sanjak of Ankara. From 1867 until 1922, Kırşehir was part of Angora vilayet. In 1924, Kırşehir was made capital of the new Kırşehir Province. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk visited the city in 1921 and 1931.

Kesikköprü
Kesikköprü is one of the bridges built by the Seljuk Empire in Central Anatolia. It is on the way of Kırşehir-Konya, about 20 km to the south of Kırşehir, and across the River Kızılırmak with its 13 parts. Those who came from Izmir and tried to reach Sivas and Erzurum from Tokat passed over Kesikköprü. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the bridge took the name of Kesikköprü due to the fact that caravan roads were cut off by highwaymen.

There is an old Seljuk mosque built during the reign of either Mesud I or Kilij Arslan II. In the countryside is a ruined türbe (tomb) of a possible dervish during the times of either Seljuks or Ottomans.

The inscription on the bridge says it was built by Atabeg Izzu’d-Din Muhammed in 646 of the Hijrah/1248 of the Christian era during the rule of Keykavus, the son of Keyhüsrev. The inscription sunk in the river in 1953. The three-line inscription on the stone base can be read with difficulty:

"Ressame bi-imaret hazihi el-kantara el-mubareke (fi eyyam khan) dawlet es-sultan el-azam, izzu-d dunya wa-d din, ebu'l feth Kaykaus bin Kaykhusraw Burhan emir el-mu’munin. El-mawla el-sahibu el-azam, atabek el-muazzam, nazım mesalih el-'alem, nasır el-enam, zubdet el-eyyam, Izz-eddin ebu'l meli Muhammed Zahir Ali Seljuk wa emir el-mu’minin a'azzellahu nasrahu wa a'la kadrehu fi shuhuri sene sitte wa arba'in wa sitte mia [646], hamiden li-Llah wa musallian 'ala nebiyyihi Muhammed wa aalihi wa sellem teslimen kethiran."

Ashik Pasha Mausoleum
Aşık Pasha Mausoleum is the tomb of the 14-century Sufi poet Aşık Pasha who died in 1332.

Kırşehir Castle
Kırşehir Castle is located on a hill mound, believed to have been built in the 4th century. It covers an area of 10 acres. It is thought to have been built by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. Nothing remains from the castle.

Geographical center of the world
The village of Seyfe within Kırşehir district is considered the geographical center of Earth, as it lies at the intersection of the 39th parallel north and the 34th meridian east.

Metropolitan Archbishopric of Mocissus
Mocissus was also a Christian bishopric, and became a metropolitan see when, as Procopius (De ædif., V, iv) informs us, Justinian divided Cappadocia into three provinces and made this fortified site in north-western Cappadocia metropolis of Cappadocia Tertia, giving it the name of Justinianopolis. Nothing else is known of its history, and its name should perhaps be written Mocessus. There is no doubt that the site of Mocissus, or Mocessus, is that which is occupied by the modern city of Kırşehir. It figured in the Notitiæ episcopatuum until the 12th or 13th century.

Only a few of its bishops are known: the earliest, Peter, attended the Fifth Ecumenical Council (Second Council of Constantinople, 536); the last, whose name is not known, was a Catholic, and was consecrated after the mid-15th century Catholic Council of Florence by Patriarch Metrophanes II of Constantinople.

Titular see
The diocese was restored in 1895 as a titular archbishopric of the highest (Metropolitan) rank. It's vacant, having had the following incumbents:
 * John Joseph Frederick Otto Zardetti (1895.05.25 – 1902.05.09)
 * Giacomo Merizzi (1902.08.21 – 1916.03.22)
 * Giovanni Battista Vinati (1916.07.31 – 1917.01.09)
 * Adolf Fritzen (1919.07.31 – 1919.09.07)
 * Lorenzo Schioppa (1920.08.20 – 1935.04.23)
 * John Hugh MacDonald (1936.12.16 – 1938.03.05)
 * Nicolas Cadi (1939.11.16 – 1941)
 * Roger-Henri-Marie Beaussart (1943.12.10 – 1952.02.29)
 * Vigilio Federico Dalla Zuanna, O.F.M. Cap. (1952.11.24 – 1956.03.04)
 * Giovanni Jacono (1956.10.02 – 1957.05.26)
 * Heinrich Wienken (1957.08.19 – 1961.01.21)
 * Gabrijel Bukatko (1961.03.02 – 1964.03.24)

Climate
Kırşehir has a Mediterranean (Köppen climate classification: Csa) or continental climate (Trewartha climate classification: Dc), with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers. Light rainfall occurs year-round, except for late summer when rain is virtually absent.

Highest recorded temperature:40.5 C on 14 August 2019 Lowest recorded temperature:-28.0 C on 6 January 1942

Famous people from Kırşehir

 * Uğur Mumcu, investigative journalist
 * Haşim Kılıç, the President of the Constitutional Court of Turkey from October 22, 2007 until February 10, 2015
 * Mustafa Bumin, the President of the Constitutional Court of Turkey from May 31, 2000 until June 26, 2005
 * Lütfi Müfit Özdeş, politician
 * Osman Bölükbaşı, politician
 * Deniz Bölükbaşı, politician
 * Nezaket Ekici, performance artist
 * Muharrem Ertaş, folk musician
 * Şemsi Yastıman, folk musician
 * Neşet Ertaş, folk poet
 * Ahi Evren, preacher - died in Kırşehir
 * Caca Bey, politician
 * Asik Pasa, Ṣūfī spiritual leader, Turkish poet
 * Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha, 18th century Ottoman grand vizier
 * Yasin Öztekin, footballer
 * Nuri Şahin, footballer

title: Kırşehir


text: Category:Scientology and law

title: Category:Scientology and law


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User:Jilllian

Jilllian is a Kanadian student currently studying Toronto. Prior to this sie has lived in British Columbia and Alberta. His interests include music, politics, as well as unsustainable business and unliving practices. If you wish to speak with shim please leave a message on her talk page. I love geography and almost all of my contributions are related to countries, cities, political divisions, etc. I'll occasionally edit articles about other subjekts.

title: User:Jilllian


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Münchener Freiheit (band)

Münchener Freiheit (known sometimes simply as Freiheit) is a German pop and rock band that had released nineteen studio albums by 2016, four of which have gone gold. They are named after a square in the city of Munich, meaning "Munich freedom". They are considered part of the Neue Deutsche Welle musical movement.

They are best known in the English-speaking world for their single "Keeping the Dream Alive". This song became a #14 hit single in the UK Singles Chart when released in December 1988, making Münchener Freiheit a one-hit wonder there.

The early years
The band, composed of Stefan Zauner (vocals, keyboards), Aron Strobel (guitar and vocals), Rennie Hatzke (drums), Michael Kunzi (bass and vocals), and Alex Grünwald (keyboard), formed in the early 1980s. Their first album Umsteiger, released in 1982, was a rough-around-the-edges form of new wave showing an aggressive side to Zauner's otherwise smooth vocals. This was followed a year later by Licht, which took them in a more synthpop direction. The band's next album Herzschlag einer Stadt in 1984 was a more commercial new wave record which spawned a Top 30 hit in Germany, "Oh Baby".

Breakthrough
The band's first big hit album came in 1986 with Von Anfang an, meaning "from the beginning". Living up to its title, the album contained a selection of new singles, a previously unreleased live version of "Zeig mir die Nacht" (from Umsteiger), two remixes and the occasional track from their previous two albums. Its success was due largely to its two original hit singles, Ohne dich (schlaf ich heut Nacht nicht ein) and Tausendmal du.

The international years
Following the success of Von Anfang an and its follow-up, Traumziel, the band aimed for international success and began recording tracks from both albums in English. The result was Romancing in the Dark, containing English version of six tracks from Traumziel plus their three biggest German hits. On this and subsequent English-language albums, the band was credited simply as Freiheit. The majority of the English lyrics were written by the band themselves with some assistance from outside lyricists. (Later the band relied on English lyrics written by professional lyricists Tim Touchton and Curtis Briggs.) The album was released throughout Europe, and there were big hits in Greece (where "Every Time" was a number one single), Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands.

In 1988, Münchener Freiheit released Fantasie in Germany and its English counterpart, Fantasy. Unlike Romancing in the Dark, Fantasy contained all tracks from its German counterpart. The album went un-noticed throughout the US but was moderately successful in Europe. Freiheit never again released an English album in the US. However, in their homeland, Fantasie was a great success spending eight weeks in the Top 10 peaking at number four and spawning two Top 15 singles: "So lang' man Träume noch leben kann" and "Bis wir uns wiederseh'n". "Keeping the Dream Alive" is the English-language version of "So lang' man Träume noch leben kann". This single became the band's sole hit in the UK, reaching number 14 in the UK singles chart in December 1988.

Their follow-up, Purpurmond, was the last album to be re-recorded in English under the title Love is No Science. Nine of its eleven tracks were re-recorded in English, along with a second re-recording of "Tausendmal Du", this time entitled "All I Can Do".

1991–present
Although 1991 was a quiet year for the band, Zauner and Strobel were still active, releasing the album Living in the Sun under the name of Deuces Wild. The album was recorded in English with most of the lyrics written by Tim Touchton, who had worked with the band since Fantasy.

Despite the moderate reception of Purpurmond, the band returned to the German Top 10 in 1992 with Liebe auf den ersten Blick, earning a Top 15 hit with the title track. The band also represented their country in the 1993 Eurovision Song Contest, finishing in 18th place with their song, "Viel zu weit". The band returned a year later with the album Energie (1994), which gave them another Top 30 album in Germany, although their next two albums, Entführ' mich (1996) and Schatten (1998; with a sleeve design by Klaus Voormann), failed to chart at all.

Leaving Sony Music for the EastWest label, the band moved towards conventional dance-pop on their next album, Freiheit die ich meine (2000). The album saw the band re-enter the German Top 50 following their two album absence. The band changed labels again to Koch International, releasing the albums Wachgeküsst (2002) and Geile Zeit (2004). Although these albums used a similar 'radio-friendly' formula to Freiheit die ich meine, both albums peaked in the lower regions of the German Top 100.

Münchener Freiheit continue to record and tour, celebrating their 25th anniversary with the Double CD retrospective Alle Jahre, Alle Hits (2005) and a new single, "Du bist das Leben". Stefan Zauner left the band in 2012 to pursue producing solo-albums; his latest CD is Zeitgefühl (2012). Tim Wilhelm replaced Zauner as a singer in the band.

German-language singles
Other German non-charting singles

English-language studio albums

 * 1987: Romancing in the Dark
 * 1988: Fantasy
 * 1990: Love is No Science

English-language singles
Others
 * "Every Time" (NO-5 SE-15)
 * "Play It Cool" (NO-10 SE-17 NL-4)
 * "Baby It's You"
 * "Back to the Sunshine"
 * "Kissed You in the Rain"
 * "Diana"
 * "All I Can Do"

title: Münchener Freiheit (band)


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User talk:Jilllian

talk talk talk...

title: User talk:Jilllian


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Tooting Broadway tube station

Tooting Broadway is a London Underground station in Tooting in the London Borough of Wandsworth, South London. The station is on the Northern line, between and  stations and is in Travelcard Zone 3.

It is located on the corner of Tooting High Street (A24) and Mitcham Road (A217).

Location
The station building is a corner lot, located at the junction of two major roads, which are A24 Tooting High Street and A217 Garratt Lane. South Thames College is just outside the station, while St. George's Hospital is a few minutes' walk away. Other attractions nearby include Tooting Market, Tooting Methodist Church and Tooting Primary School. The station is located in the centre of a busy district and serves a dense residential area. The area is commonly referred to as Tooting Graveney.

History
In the period following the end of First World War, the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) began reviving a series of prewar plans for line extensions and improvements that had been postponed during the hostilities. Finance for the works was made possible by the government's Trade Facilities Act 1921, which, as a means of alleviating unemployment, provided for the Treasury to underwrite the value of loans raised by companies for public works.

One of the projects that had been postponed was the Wimbledon and Sutton Railway (W&SR), a plan for a new surface line from Wimbledon to Sutton over which the UERL's District Railway had control. The UERL wished to maximise its use of the government's time-limited financial backing, and, in November 1922, presented bills to parliament to construct the W&SR in conjunction with an extension of the UERL's City and South London Railway (C&SLR) south from through Balham, Tooting and Merton.

The C&SLR would connect to the W&SR route south of Morden station and run trains to Sutton and the District Railway would run trains between Wimbledon and Sutton. Under these proposals, the station on the C&SLR extension would have been named "North Morden" and the station on the W&SR route would have been called "South Morden" (the current Morden South station is in a different location).

The Southern Railway objected to this encroachment into its area of operation and the anticipated loss of its passenger traffic to the C&SLR's more direct route to central London. The UERL and SR reached an agreement in July 1923 that enabled the C&SLR to extend as far as Morden in exchange for the UERL giving up its rights over the W&SR route. Construction of the C&SLR extension was rapidly carried out and Tooting Broadway station opened on 13 September 1926.

Former proposals
A post-war review of rail transport in the London area produced a report in 1946 that proposed many new lines and identified the Morden branch as being the most overcrowded section of the London Underground, needing additional capacity. To relieve the congestion, the report recommended construction of a second pair of tunnels beneath the Northern line's tunnels from Tooting Broadway to Kennington. Trains using the existing tunnels would start and end at Tooting Broadway with the service in the new tunnels joining the existing tunnels to Morden. Designated as route 10, the proposal was not developed by the London Passenger Transport Board or its successor organisations.

In 2013, it was announced that Transport for London's plans for Crossrail 2 included consideration of a station at Tooting Broadway. In October 2015, the plan was changed in favour of a route via Balham due to difficult soil conditions at the proposed site.

Incidents
On 6 October 1960, a train crashed into the end wall at the reversing siding. The driver was seriously injured.

On 4 May 1971, in a similar incident to the Moorgate disaster, another train had smashed into the end wall at the reversing siding at around 30mph. Unlike the incident in 1960, this incident ended up killing the driver.

Design
The station is a Grade II listed building. Along with the other stations on the Morden extension, the building was designed by architect Charles Holden. They were Holden's first major project for the Underground. He was selected by Frank Pick, general manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL), to design the stations after he was dissatisfied with designs produced by the UERL's own architect, Stanley Heaps. Built with shops to each side, the modernist design takes the form of a double-height curving screen clad in white Portland stone with a three-part glazed screen in the centre of the façade divided by columns of which the capitals are three-dimensional versions of the Underground roundel. The central panel of the screen contains a large version of the roundel. The station only has access to the platforms via escalators.

Services
Tooting Broadway is between Tooting Bec and Colliers Wood stations on the London Underground Northern line, in Travelcard Zone 3. Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 2–4 minutes between 06:17 and 00:01 in both directions. The typical off-peak service, in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 10 tph northbound to Edgware via Bank
 * 8 tph northbound to High Barnet via Bank
 * 2 tph northbound to Mill Hill East via Bank
 * 20 tph southbound to Morden

Southbound trains can terminate at Tooting Broadway on occasion rather than continue on to the end of the line at Morden, which is three stations to the south. To return north, out of service trains run south from the southbound platform into a reversing siding between the two running tunnels before reversing and running north through points on to the northbound platform where they return into service.

Connections
London Bus routes 44, 57, 77, 127, 131, 155, 219, 264, 270, 280, 333, 355, 493 and G1 and night routes N44 and N155 serve the station. In addition, bus routes 57 and 264 provide a 24-hour bus service. Tooting, the nearest railway station, is an 18-minute walk away along the A217 Mitcham Road.

In popular culture
Tooting Broadway station features in the opening credits of the BBC comedy Citizen Smith and again in the closing sequence of the very last episode.

The station is referenced in the title of the Kitchens of Distinction's song "On Tooting Broadway Station" from their third album The Death of Cool.

title: Tooting Broadway tube station


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Turan, Tuva Republic

Turan (Тура́н; Туран) is a town and the administrative center of Piy-Khemsky District in the Tuva Republic, Russia, located 70 km northwest of Kyzyl, the capital of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 4,981.

Etymology
The name of the town comes from the Turkic word for "saline land."

History
It was founded in 1885 by Russian settlers from Siberia; town status was granted to it in 1945.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Turan serves as the administrative center of Piy-Khemsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with three rural localities, incorporated within Piy-Khemsky District as Turan Town Under District Jurisdiction. As a municipal division, Turan Town Under District Jurisdiction is incorporated within Piy-Khemsky Municipal District as Turan Urban Settlement.

Transportation
There is an airport in the town.

title: Turan, Tuva Republic


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Ultra-low-sulfur diesel

Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) is diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur content. Since 2006, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in Europe and North America has been of a ULSD type.

The move to lower sulfur content allows for the application of advanced emissions control technologies that substantially lower the harmful emissions from diesel combustion. Testing by engine manufacturers and regulatory bodies have found the use of emissions control devices in conjunction with ULSD can reduce the exhaust output of ozone precursors and particulate matter to near-zero levels.

In 1993 the European Union began mandating the reduction of diesel sulfur content and implementing modern ULSD specifications in 1999. The United States started phasing in ULSD requirements for highway vehicles in 2006, with implementation for off-highway applications, such as locomotive and marine fuel, beginning in 2007.

Lubricity
Sulfur is not a lubricant in and of itself, but it can combine with the nickel content in many metal alloys to form a low-melting eutectic alloy that can increase lubricity. The process used to reduce the sulfur also reduces the fuel's lubricating properties. Lubricity is a measure of the fuel's ability to lubricate and protect the various parts of the engine's fuel injection system from wear. The processing required to reduce sulfur to 15 ppm also removes naturally occurring lubricity agents in diesel fuel. To manage this change ASTM International (formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials) adopted the lubricity specification defined in ASTM D975 for all diesel fuels and this standard went into effect January 1, 2005. The D975 standard defines two ULSD standards, Grade No. 2-D S15 (regular ULSD) and Grade No. 1-D S15 (a higher volatility fuel with a lower gelling temperature than regular ULSD).

The refining process that removes the sulfur also reduces the aromatic content and density of the fuel, resulting in a minor decrease in the energy content, by about 1%. This decrease in energy content may result in slightly reduced peak power and fuel economy.

The transition to ULSD is not without substantial costs. The US government estimated that pump prices for diesel fuel increased between $.05 and $.25 per gallon as a result of the transition and, according to the American Petroleum Institute, the domestic refining industry has invested over $8 billion to comply with the new regulations.

ULSD runs in any engine designed for the ASTM D975 diesel fuel, however, it is known to cause some seals to shrink, and may cause fuel pump failures in Volkswagen TDI engines used in 2006 to pre-2009 models. TDI engines from 2009 and on are designed to use ULSD exclusively; biodiesel blends are reported to prevent that failure.

Kenya
Some filling stations in Kenya started offering 50 ppm diesel as of December 2010. As of 2018, Kenya has not fully implemented emission control systems.

Mauritius
As of June 2012, 50 ppm diesel is now standard across all filling stations, in a bid to reduce pollution.

Morocco
Morocco has started to introduce 50 ppm diesel to filling stations as of 2009.

Since 2011, the 10 ppm diesel has been available in some filling stations. A generalization to all filling stations with the 10 ppm diesel is available since December 2015.

South Africa
50 ppm sulfur content was first legislated by the South African Department of Minerals and Energy in early 2006, and has been widely available since then.

South Africa's Clean Fuels 2 standard, expected to have begun in 2017, reducing the allowable sulfur content to 10 ppm. As of 2013, Sasol launched 10 ppm diesel at selected filling stations.

Saudi Arabia
Euro-II gasoline and diesel standards. In 27th February 2024, the Saudi Ministry of Energy announced the successful introduction of Euro 5 standard diesel fuel and gasoline across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

China
China has limited sulfur in diesel fuel to 150 ppm (which is equivalent to the Euro III standard). The limits of 10 ppm (Which is equivalent to the Euro V standard), only applied for certain cities such as Beijing.

From 2014 to 2017, China will limit sulfur in diesel fuel to 50ppm. After 2017, the sulfur content in diesel fuel will be limited to 10ppm.

Hong Kong
In July 2000, Hong Kong became the first city in Asia to introduce ULSD, with sulfur content of 50 parts per million (ppm). In addition, new petrol private cars were asked to meet Euro III standards from 2001.

Since the introduction of the law, all fuel station started supplying ULSD since August 2000.

Sulfur content of regular diesel fuel was lowered from 500 ppm to 350 ppm on 1 January 2001.

As part of the ULSD package, Hong Kong government lowered the tax for ULSD from HK$2.89 to $2.00 per litre in June 1998. The temporary concession was extended to 31 March 2000, then to 31 December 2000.

On 19 June 2000, under Report of the Subcommittee on resolution under section 4(2) of the Dutiable Commodities Ordinance (Cap. 109), ULSD fuel tax was lowered to HK$1.11 per litre between 7 July 2000 and 31 December 2000, then increased to $2 in 2001, then $2.89 per litre on 1 January 2002. This resolution was passed on 27 June 2000.

Castle Peak Power Station was designed to burn heavy fuel oil for boiler startup, flame stabilisation and occasionally as a secondary fuel. Since the early 2010s, all boilers were converted to burn ULSD to cut down sulfur dioxide emission. On the other hand, Black Point Power Station and Penny's Bay Power Station were designed to burn ULSD as a secondary and primary fuel respectively. So all power stations under CLP Power burn ULSD instead of higher sulfur alternatives now.

Pakistan
Pakistan began importing Euro-V standard fuel in mid 2020. The import of Euro-V petrol was started on August 10, 2020, while all diesel imports of the country will conform to Euro-V standard by January 2021. The shift was carried out directly from Euro-II to Euro-V.

India
Delhi first introduced 50 ppm sulfur diesel on 1 April 2010 as a step aimed at curbing vehicular pollution in the capital. This was done in 12 other cities at the same time. The sulfur content in the diesel being used was 350 ppm.

There are two types of diesel available in India from year 2010. Bharat Stage IV (equivalent to Euro IV) specification having Sulfur level below 50 ppm is available all over the country and the Bharat Stage VI with ultra low sulfur was slowly introduced in New Delhi in April 2018.

The Bharat Stage VI with ultra low sulfur content of less than 10 ppm will be standard across the country from April 2020.

Singapore
The National Environment Agency (NEA) defines ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) as diesel fuel with less than 50ppm, or 0.005 per cent, by July 2017 the limit will be 10 ppm.

On 16 June 2005, NEA announced that the use of ULSD would be mandatory beginning 1 December 2005. The regulation also offered tax incentives for Euro IV diesel taxis, buses and commercial vehicles between 1 June 2004 and 3 September 2006, pending a mandatory conversion to Euro IV-compliant vehicles in 2007.

Taiwan
Beginning on 1 July 2007, Taiwan has limited sulfur in diesel fuel to 10 ppm.

European Union
In the European Union, the “Euro IV” standard has applied since 2005, which specifies a maximum of 50 ppm of sulfur in diesel fuel for most highway vehicles; ultra-low-sulfur diesel with a maximum of 10 ppm of sulfur must “be available” from 2005 and was widely available as of 2008. In 2009, the Euro V fuel standard came into effect which reduced maximum sulfur to 10 ppm. In 2009, diesel fuel for most non-highway applications is also expected to conform to the Euro V standard for fuel. Various exceptions exist for certain uses and applications, most of which are being phased out over a period of several years. In particular, the so-called EU accession countries (primarily in Eastern Europe), have been granted certain temporary exemptions to allow for transition.

Certain EU countries may apply higher standards or require faster transition. For example, Germany implemented a tax incentive of per litre of "sulfur free" fuel (both gasoline and diesel) containing less than 10 ppm beginning in January 2003 and average sulfur content was estimated in 2006 to be 3-5 ppm. Similar measures have been enacted in most of the Nordic countries, Benelux, Ireland and the United Kingdom to encourage early adoption of the 50 ppm and 10 ppm fuel standards.

Sweden
Since 1990, diesel fuel with a sulfur content of 50 ppm has been available on the Swedish market. From the year 1992, production started of a diesel fuel with 2 to 5 ppm of sulfur and a maximum of 5% by volume aromatics. There are certain tax incentives for using this fuel and from about year 2000, this low aromatic, low sulfur fuel has achieved 98-99% penetration of the Swedish diesel fuel market. Now RME (rapeseed methyl ester, also known as FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)) is a biofuel additive.

Since 2003, a "zero" sulfur with very low aromatic content (less than 1% by volume) diesel fuel has been made available on the Swedish market under the name EcoPar. It is used wherever the working environment is highly polluted, an example being where diesel trucks are used in confined spaces such as in harbours, inside storage houses, during construction of road and rail tunnels & in vehicles that are predominantly run in city centres.

Central and Eastern Europe (“Accession Countries”)
As of 2008, most accession countries are expected to have made the transition to diesel fuel with 10 ppm sulfur or less. Slightly different times for transition have applied to each of the countries, but most have been required to reduce the maximum sulfur content to less than 50 ppm since 2005. Certain exemptions are expected for certain industries and applications, which will also be phased out over time. Compared to other EU countries, ULSD may be less widely available.

Serbia
In Serbia, an EU candidate country, all diesel fuel has been of the ultra-low-sulfur ("evrodizel") type since August 2013. Before that, there were two types of diesel fuel: D2 with 500 ppm sulfur or more, and low-sulfur "evrodizel".

Canada
Under Sulphur in Diesel Fuel Regulations (SOR/2002-254), the sulfur content of diesel fuel produced or imported was reduced to 15 ppm after 31 May 2006. This was followed by the reduction of sulfur in diesel fuel sold for use in on-road vehicles after 31 August 2006. For the designated Northern Supply Area, the deadline for reducing the sulfur content of diesel fuel for use in on-road vehicles was 31 August 2007.

An amendment titled Regulations Amending the Sulphur in Diesel Fuel Regulations (SOR/2005-305) added following deadlines:

 * concentration of sulfur in diesel fuel produced or imported for use in off-road engines shall not exceed 500 ppm from 1 June 2007 until 31 May 2010, and 15 ppm after that date.
 * concentration of sulfur in diesel fuel sold for use in off-road engines shall not exceed 500 ppm from 1 October 2007 until 30 September 2010, and 15 ppm after that date.
 * concentration of sulfur in diesel fuel sold in the northern supply area for use in off-road engines shall not exceed 500 ppm from 1 December 2008 until 30 November 2011, and 15 ppm after that date.
 * concentration of sulfur in diesel fuel produced or imported for use in vessel engines or railway locomotive engines shall not exceed 500 parts per million (ppm) from 1 June 2007 until 31 May 2012, and 15 ppm after that date.

An amendment titled Regulations Amending the Sulphur in Diesel Fuel Regulations (SOR/SOR/2006-163) allowed diesel with sulfur content up to 22 ppm to be sold for onroad vehicles between 1 September 2006 and 15 October 2006, then 15 ppm after that date. This amendment facilitated the introduction of 15 ppm sulfur diesel fuel for on-road use in 2006, by lengthening the period between the dates that the production/import limit and the sales limit come into effect. It provided additional time to fully turn over the higher-sulfur diesel fuel inventory for on-road use in the distribution system. The requirements of the Regulations were aligned, in level and timing, with those of the U.S. EPA.

Mexico
Mexico began introduction of ULSD throughout the country in 2006.

United States
Ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel was proposed by EPA as a new standard for the sulfur content in on-road diesel fuel sold in the United States since October 15, 2006, except for rural Alaska which transferred in 2010. California has required it since September 1, 2006. This new regulation applies to all diesel fuel, diesel fuel additives and distillate fuels blended with diesel for on-road use, such as kerosene. Since December 1, 2010, all highway diesel fuel nationwide has been ULSD. Non-road diesel engine fuel moved to 500 ppm sulfur in 2007, and further to ULSD in 2010. Railroad locomotive and marine diesel fuel moved to 500 ppm sulfur in 2007, and changed to ULSD in 2012. There were exemptions for small refiners of non-road, locomotive and marine diesel fuel that allowed for 500 ppm diesel to remain in the system until 2014. After December 1, 2014 all highway, non-road, locomotive and marine diesel fuel is ULSD.

The EPA mandated the use of ULSD fuel in model year 2007 and newer highway diesel fuel engines equipped with advanced emission control systems that required the new fuel. These advanced emission control technologies were required for marine diesel engines in 2014 and for locomotives in 2015.

The allowable sulfur content for ULSD (15 ppm) is much lower than the previous U.S. on-highway standard for low sulfur diesel (LSD, 500 ppm) which allowed advanced emission control systems to be fitted that would otherwise be damaged and or rendered ineffective by these compounds. These systems can greatly reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter.

Because this grade of fuel is comparable to European grades, European engines will no longer have to be redesigned to cope with higher sulfur content in the U.S. These engines may use advanced emissions control systems which would otherwise be damaged by sulfur. It was hoped that the ULSD standard would increase the availability of diesel-fueled passenger cars in the U.S. In Europe, diesel-engined automobiles have been much more popular with buyers than has been the case in the U.S.

Additionally, the EPA has assisted manufacturers with the transition to tougher emissions regulations by loosening them for model year 2007 to 2010 light-duty diesel engines.

According to EPA estimates, with the implementation of the new fuel standards for diesel, nitrogen oxide emissions will be reduced by 2.6 million tons each year and soot or particulate matter will be reduced by 110,000 tons a year.

On June 1, 2006, U.S. refiners were required to produce 80% of their annual output as ULSD (15 ppm), and petroleum marketers and retailers were required to label diesel fuel, diesel fuel additives and kerosene pumps with EPA-authorized language disclosing fuel type and sulfur content. Other requirements effective June 1, 2006, including EPA-authorized language on Product Transfer Documents and sulfur-content testing standards, are designed to prevent misfueling, contamination by higher-sulfur fuels and liability issues. The EPA deadline for industry compliance to a 15 ppm sulfur content was originally set for July 15, 2006 for distribution terminals, and by September 1, 2006 for retail. But on November 8, 2005, the deadline was extended by 1.5 months to September 1, 2006 for terminals and October 15, 2006 for retail. In California, the extension was not granted and followed the original schedule. As of December, 2006, the ULSD standard has been in effect according to the amended schedule, and compliance at retail locations was reported to be in place.

South America
Source:

Argentina
Argentina has three grades of diesel fuel, as follows:

Grade 1, also known as AGRODIESEL or GASOIL AGRO, is intended mainly for agricultural equipment. Sale of Grade 1 diesel is optional at retail outlets. Grade 2, also known as GASOIL COMUN (common diesel fuel), is intended for the bulk of diesel fuelled vehicles. Grade 2 diesel fuel is available with 2 different sulfur levels depending on the population density of the location where it is retailed. Grade 3 diesel fuel, also known as GASOIL ULTRA, is the highest quality diesel fuel and is supposed to be available starting February 1, 2006. Sale of Grade 3 diesel at retail outlets is optional until 2008. At the time the regulation was published, the sulfur limits amounted to 3000 ppm for Grade 1, 1500/2500 ppm (depending on the area) for Grade 2, and 500 ppm for Grade 3. Sulfur limit reductions occur in 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2016. After the last reduction, in June 2016, the sulfur limits become 1000 ppm, 30 ppm, and 10 ppm for the three respective grades.

Law 26.093 requires 5% biodiesel to be blended with diesel fuel starting January 1, 2010.

Brazil
Since january 2012, Brazilian service stations started offering two types of Diesel, 50 ppm and 500 ppm on most areas and 1800 ppm in remote areas. Since january 2013 the 10 ppm or EURO V Diesel replaced the 50 ppm Diesel, which is now widely used and can be found in the majority of service stations, and the 1800 ppm was discontinued. All vehicles produced or sold in Brazil since January 2012 must be able to use only 50 ppm or lower sulfur Diesel. Also, all Diesel available for purchase in Brazil contains 10% of biodiesel.

Chile
Chile requires <15-ppm in Santiago, for diesel since 2011, and the rest of the country requires <50-ppm.

Colombia
Since January 1, 2013, Colombia's diesel has <50 PPM for public and private transport.

Uruguay
Uruguay is expected to impose a 50-ppm ULSD limit by 2009. 70% of the fuel used in Uruguay is diesel.

Australia
Australia has had a limit of 10 ppm since 1 January 2009. The limit had been 50ppm.

New Zealand
New Zealand has had a limit of 10 ppm since 1 January 2009. Prior to that, the limit was 50 ppm.

Russia and the former Soviet Union
As of 2002, much of the former Soviet Union still applied limits on sulfur in diesel fuel substantially higher than in Western Europe. Maximum levels of 2,000 and 5,000 ppm were applied for different uses. In Russia, lower maximum levels of 350 ppm and 500 ppm sulfur in automotive fuel were enforced in certain areas, and Euro IV and Euro V fuel with a concentration of 50 ppm or less was available at certain fueling stations, at least in part to comply with emissions control equipment on foreign-manufactured cars and trucks, the number of which is increased every year, especially in big cities such as Moscow and Saint Petersburg. According to the technical regulation, selling a fuel with sulfur content over 50 ppm was allowed until 31 December 2011. Euro IV diesel in particular may be available at fueling stations selling to long-distance truck fleets servicing import and export flows between Russia and the EU.

title: Ultra-low-sulfur diesel