text:
Somewhere I Belong

"Somewhere I Belong" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park. It was released to US radio on February 24, 2003, as the first single from their second studio album, Meteora (2003), and is the album's third track. It entered the top ten on several music charts, including the New Zealand Singles Chart, where it peaked at No. 1 in April 2003.

Commercial performance
Warner Bros. Records officially released "Somewhere I Belong" to American rock radio formats on February 24, 2003. The song debuted at No. 47 on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaked at No. 32 during its 15th week on the chart, and remained on the listing until its 20th week. It also topped the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts. In Canada, the song reached the top five on the Canadian Singles Chart, peaking at No. 3.

"Somewhere I Belong" was released in Australia and the United Kingdom on March 17, 2003. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 33 on April 6, 2003, and jumped to number one the following week, becoming Linkin Park's most successful single there. It entered the top 10 in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, and it was a top-20 success in Australia, Austria, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. It additionally reached the top 40 in France and Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia).

Music video
The video was directed by the band's turntablist, Joseph Hahn. It presents the band playing the song in front of a fire, with occasional shots of Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda in front of a waterfall with what appears to be monks around them. The doors in what is supposedly Bennington's room have the Chinese characters for fire and water, which possibly represent the waterfall and burning fire behind Shinoda while rapping.

During the video, on a dresser sits several props, most notably, Master Grade Gunpla models of the MSN-04 Sazabi from Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack, XXXG-00W0 Wing Gundam Zero (EW Version) from Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz, and RX-78GP01-Fb Gundam "Zephyranthes" Full Burnern from Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory. At the last time they sing the chorus, the bed sets on fire, and forms the Hybrid Theory Soldier. Near the ending of the video, tall, long-legged, tusked creatures that were on a painting (reminiscent of Salvador Dalí's The Elephants and The Temptation of St. Anthony) behind Chester's bed march past, even at one point the creature paintings seemed to move before stopping again. It was awarded as Best Rock Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, and was the first music video broadcast on Fuse TV. MTV's James Montgomery named the video as Linkin Park's fifth best, saying that while the video is "massive", he said "it's the minimal touches that make it one of their all-time best", and called the end result a "stirring, powerful piece".

Track listing
CD single

7-inch vinyl

Personnel
Linkin Park Production
 * Chester Bennington – lead vocals, additional guitar
 * Mike Shinoda – rap vocals, rhythm guitar, piano, sampler
 * Brad Delson – lead guitar
 * Dave "Phoenix" Farrell – bass guitar
 * Joe Hahn – turntables, samplers
 * Rob Bourdon – drums
 * Don Gilmore – producer
 * Linkin Park – producer

In other media

 * The song was one of the three songs off of Meteora that played during The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers' win at the 2003 MTV Movie Awards. "Somewhere I Belong" played during "Best Movie" while "From the Inside" and "Faint" appeared during the nominee montage for "Best On-Screen Team" and "Best Action Sequence" respectively.
 * Conservative commentator Mark Levin's son selected the song's instrumental as the main bumper music theme for his father's radio talk show.
 * The song was also featured in a profile video for Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
 * The instrumental version played in the opening video for the AST Dew Tour.
 * In January 2011, "Somewhere I Belong" was released in a Linkin Park DLC pack for Rock Band 3.
 * The song was used for a promo of the Nature entitled "Chasing Big Cats".
 * On November 18, 2013, a 2002 demo of this song, titled as "Pretty Birdy", is chosen and featured on LP Underground XIII.
 * Israel Adesanya used the song as his Walkout song during UFC 263.

title: Somewhere I Belong


text:
Avon Valley School

The Avon Valley School and Performing Arts College is a mixed secondary school in the Newbold area of Rugby, Warwickshire, England. The school is non-selective, catering for students aged 11–16.

The school opened on its current site on Newbold Road in 1956 as Newbold Grange High School. Until the early 1990s, under the headship of Mr Turbayne, the school was subject to much criticism, with a relatively bad reputation.

In September 1992, Mark Braine took over as headteacher, at which point the school was renamed The Avon Valley School. Since then, the school roll has grown in number. On 28 June 2004, the school was reduced to rubble by fire. From the following September, it moved into temporary class rooms.

In October 2004, Mark Braine took leave of absence, left the school's employment in April 2005, and on 27 September 2006, a disciplinary order was made against him by the General Teaching Council, taking effect on 11 October 2006. Mark Braine was also found guilty of unacceptable professional conduct, including bullying and manipulating colleagues, making unwanted advances to seven women staff members, and giving his wife and daughter jobs at the school.

In 2006, Don O'Neill, who had been deputy headteacher under Mark Braine and acting headteacher from October 2004, was appointed headteacher. In September 2007, the school reopened in brick buildings for the first time since the fire, this time, as The Avon Valley School and Performing Arts College.

In 2014 Alison Davies was appointed Headteacher of the school. Currently David Pearson and Darren Walden are Deputy Headteachers and Lee Hawkins, Laura Bindley and Nancy Carnell are Assistant Headteachers at the school.

Refurbishments
After two severe cases of arson attack, Avon Valley was newly built and refurbished in 2007. This meant that new resources were supplied, including drama rooms, an assembly hall and a gym. Also supplying students with new art materials.

News items

 * Arson in December 2006
 * Repairs to school in March 2006
 * Headmaster leaves in June 2005
 * Stabbing in 2005
 * £5m for school in February 2005
 * Severe fire June 28 2004

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Avon Valley School


text: Category:Charities for the elderly

title: Category:Charities for the elderly


text:
Walter Wink

Walter Wink (May 21, 1935 – May 10, 2012) was an American Biblical scholar, theologian, and activist who was an important figure in Progressive Christianity. Wink spent much of his career teaching at Auburn Theological Seminary in New York City. He was well known for his advocacy of and work related to nonviolent resistance and his seminal works on "The Powers", Naming the Powers (1984), Unmasking the Powers (1986), Engaging the Powers (1992), When the Powers Fall (1998), and The Powers that Be (1999), all of them commentaries on the Apostle Paul's ethic of spiritual warfare described here: For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the cosmic powers over this present darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places. Breaking with Christian hermeneutic tradition of Christian demonology, he interprets Paul's hierarchy of "rulers" to refer to imperial powers, with corresponding and political theologies and ideologies of state violence. Giving examples from ancient Babylon through the popular media of today, these are supported by, in a phrase he coined "the myth of redemptive violence".

Career
Wink earned a B.A. from Southern Methodist University in 1956, majoring in history, and minoring in philosophy and English. He completed his Master of Divinity in 1959 and his Ph.D. in 1963, both from Union Theological Seminary in New York City. Ordained as a Methodist minister in 1961, he served as Pastor of First United Methodist Church, in Hitchcock, Texas from 1962–67. He then returned to Union Seminary as an Assistant Professor of New Testament, then Associate Professor of New Testament, from 1967–1976. After being denied tenure at Union, he began teaching at Auburn Theological Seminary, remaining there until his death, when he was Professor Emeritus. His faculty discipline was Biblical interpretation. In 1989–1990, he was a Peace Fellow at the United States Institute of Peace.

He was known for his work on power structures, his commentary on current political and cultural matters, and his contributions to the discourse on homosexuality and religion, pacifism, the relationship between psychology and biblical studies, and research related to the historical Jesus. Neal Stephenson likens some of Wink's ideas to "an epidemiology of power disorders", a phenomenology of oppression. Author Philip Yancey references Wink frequently in his work.

One of Wink's major avenues for teaching has been his leadership of workshops to church and other groups, based on his method of Bible study (The Bible in Human Transformation, 1973), and incorporating meditation, artwork, and movement. These workshops were often presented jointly with his wife, June Keener-Wink, a dancer and potter.

One of Walter Wink's sons—Chris Wink—is known as a founding member of the Blue Man Group.

Partial bibliography

 * John the Baptist in the Gospel Tradition, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1968. (out of print)
 * The Bible in Human Transformation, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1973. (out of print)
 * The Powers Trilogy:
 * Naming the Powers: The Language of Power in the New Testament, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. ISBN 0-8006-1786-X
 * Unmasking the Powers: The Invisible Forces That Determine Human Existence, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986. ISBN 0-8006-1902-1
 * Engaging the Powers: Discernment and Resistance in a World of Domination, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8006-2646-X
 * Violence and Nonviolence in South Africa, Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1987. (out of print)
 * Transforming Bible Study, second edition, Nashville: Abingdon, 1990. (out of print)
 * Proclamation 5: Holy Week, Year B, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993. (out of print)
 * Cracking the Gnostic Code: The Powers in Gnosticism, (Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series), Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993. ISBN 1-55540-860-5
 * When the Powers Fall: Reconciliation in the Healing of Nations, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8006-3127-7; Swedish edition: Healing a Nation's Wounds: Reconciliation on the Road to Democracy (Uppsala, Sweden: Life and Peace Institute, 1997)
 * The Powers That Be: Theology for a New Millennium, New York: Doubleday, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48752-5
 * Homosexuality and Christian Faith: Questions of Conscience for the Churches (editor), Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8006-3186-2
 * Peace Is The Way: Writings on Nonviolence from the Fellowship of Reconciliation., (editor), Orbis Books, 2000. ISBN 1-57075-315-6
 * John the Baptist in the Gospel Tradition, Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2001. ISBN 1-57910-529-7
 * The Human Being: Jesus and the Enigma of the Son of the Man, Fortress Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8006-3262-1
 * Jesus and Nonviolence: A Third Way, Augsburg Fortress, 2003. ISBN 0-8006-3609-0
 * Just Jesus: My Struggle to Become Human, Image, 2014. ISBN 978-0307955814
 * The System Belongs to God DVD, UMCom Productions, http://secure.umcom.org/Store/the-system-belongs-to-god.

title: Walter Wink


text:
B&H Airlines

B&H Airlines d.o.o. was the flag carrier of Bosnia and Herzegovina with its head office in Sarajevo. It operated scheduled and charter passenger services as well as small cargo services from its home base at Sarajevo International Airport. It ceased operating in June 2015.

Early years
The airline was founded on 12 August 1994 as Air Bosna. In the autumn of 2003, the airline ceased operations due to inability to repay its debt. It remained defunct until May 2004, when the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina promised to revive it. In June 2005, it restarted operations as B&H Airlines, operating a pair of ATR-72 aircraft.

In late 2007, the Bosnian government announced it was to sell shares in B&H Airlines. On 23 February 2008, it was reported that Turkish Airlines was in negotiations to buy the airline, and on 30 March 2008, Croatia Airlines was also interested in a stake. The government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina also invited Comintel and MyAir (in addition to Turkish Airlines and Croatia Airlines) to recapitalise the airline.

Bids were received from Turkish Airlines, Malaysia's Comintel Corporation and a Jordanian consortium, which included Royal Jordanian. On 29 October 2008, the Bosnian government announced that Turkish Airlines had been picked as the best bidder in an auction for B&H Airlines shares. Turkish Airlines proposed to sub-lease B&H Airlines two Boeing aircraft, if requested by the airline, and in return for 49% of the shares of the company, covered the lease payments of the Boeing aircraft and participated in capital increase decisions. However, in June 2012, Turkish Airlines ended the joint venture following which the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina gave the airline a cash injection of €3.5 million.

Developments since 2012
As of mid-2012, the airline was jointly owned by the government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (99.93%) and Energoinvest (0.07%), after the government's purchase of a former joint stake by Turkish Airlines (49%). In April 2013, the airline had to cancel flights when its only airworthy ATR 72 aircraft was withdrawn for maintenance. Its other ATR 72 had been previously grounded for similar maintenance.

In June 2015, the Federation government of Bosnia and Herzegovina decided to liquidate the carrier. The Federal Minister for Transport and Communication, Denis Lasić, said that the best option would be for the airline to declare bankruptcy. "They [B&H Airlines] have eaten up everything they had and now they are in a situation where they must redirect all state funding to HETA". B&H has some eight million euros worth of debt owed to HETA, the asset management company, for the financial lease of its two ATR 72s. The Minister added, "I have held talks with the Prime Minister Fadil Novalić and the conclusion is to liquidate the carrier." B&H Airlines owed the airport of Sarajevo over 3,5 million Euros and the lessor of their aircraft over 7,5 million Euros. The total debt was over 17 million US-Dollars at the time of closure. The airline flew its last commercial service on 11 June 2015. The company's Air operator's certificate was revoked on 2 July 2015.

Destinations
, B&H Airlines operated scheduled flights to the following destinations:

 * Bosnia and Herzegowina
 * Sarajevo - Sarajevo International Airport base
 * Banja Luka - Banja Luka International Airport

 * Switzerland
 * Zürich - Zürich Airport

Fleet
As of the time of closure, the B&H Airlines fleet consisted of one ATR 72–212 seating 66 passengers.

Historic fleet
Previously, B&H Airlines operated the following aircraft:
 * Airbus A319-100
 * ATR 42
 * Boeing 737-200
 * Boeing 737-400
 * CASA C-212 Aviocar
 * Fokker 50
 * McDonnell Douglas MD-80
 * Yakovlev Yak-42

title: B&H Airlines


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nico Demonte

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was copyvio. Joyous 17:51, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Nico Demonte
Despite a great deal of editing and discussion, this still appears to be an only partly wikified band vanity article and I'm surprised it hasn't been previously nominated for deletion. No evidence of notability despite many varied attempts to obtain it. The main author has repeatedly resisted attempts to list the article on cleanup, and seems to edit mainly or perhaps only to promote this artist. Google gives me 237 hits at various sites but most and perhaps all can be explained as promotion. Andrewa 13:50, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep if they really have released an album, though I find this dubious.  -- Scott  eiπ + 1 = 0  20:37, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * The present article looks like crap, by the way, and should probably be shot. I may change my vote to delete if someone doesn't clean it up soon.  -- Scott  eiπ + 1 = 0  20:41, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do I feel that "The present article looks like crap, by the way, and should probably be shot", should be a standard template? -- Cyrius|✎ 02:30, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I change my vote to delete, as the article still looked awful before it got the copyvio notice, and no one is writing a temp page.  -- Scott  eiπ + 1 = 0  22:56, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Requires serious editing by someone who is not starstruck with or involved in the band. Also verification by a neutral party. Otherwise, delete. Radiant! 23:54, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Amazon doesn't have anything by Nico Demonte.  Non-notable, vanity, copyvio... there are quite a lot of reasons for vaporizing this article. --Idont Havaname 01:11, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic, possible vanity. Megan1967 02:23, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I was about to VfD this myself.  See my entry on the talk page for my arguments in more detail. neckro 02:55, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hugely energetic bio when it comes to name-dropping, but the subject seems unnotable. Delete. -- Hoary 04:17, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)
 * Delete, at first I wanted to vote keep, but skive the PoV and fluff and what have they done? Wyss 12:00, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * has survived two separate and strangely identical attempts on his life by his studio equipment  (note the dates carefully) plus people "misunderstand his artistic vision" I say delete this article just for his own safety and sanity.
 * Delete for not meeting WikiProject:Music's guidelines for inclusion (as far as I can tell from reading the article, though it seems to try to imply more than it says) Tuf-Kat 03:53, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons stated. The guy tries to co-opt the site for self-promotion and then cries libel when his "article" is up for deletion?  Sigh... - Lucky 6.9 18:37, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Follow-up comment: The entire history of this IP has been dedicated to this same self promotion.  That and the threat of legal action was enough for me to list the IP on the VIP page.  This has got to stop. - Lucky 6.9 18:47, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- The Anome 18:55, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, no more. Kiand 19:12, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Sillydragon 20:07, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If perchance a non-copyvio version is written at /Temp, delete that too. —Korath (Talk) 22:51, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Libel. These Wikipedians below are creating a potential Libel against Nico Demonte. First, wikipedia has identified this entity using identifiable voices, likenesses, or descriptions of or concerning a person or a company. Wikipedia's comments by its users present the following potential libel case against the artist: 1) It would reflect badly on the character of the person or entity and 2) It could harm the reputation, diminish the esteem, respect or good will in which the person or entity's relevant community holds him, her or it. Insinuations made by Wikipedia's workers, drones, editors, and Users, might reflect badly on character and/or harm reputation of Nico Demonte based on insinuations (see below), insinuations, and statements that imply that there are unstated defamatory facts underlying such statements. Warning: Republication of a libel creates another libel and labeling such artist within said framework, including but not limited to "Vandalism" constitutes further libel. (Special thanks to the legal advice of Georgia Harper @ utsystem.edu)

 * What is the definition of libel?

 * The classic definition is:

 * "a publication without justification or lawful excuse which is calculated to injure the reputation of another by exposing him to hatred, contempt or ridicule."
 * (Parke, B. in Parmiter v. Coupland (1840) GM&W 105 at 108) (reference: http://www.cyberlibel.com/libel.html)

 * Unsigned comment by User:67.167.86.158.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Airlines of Bosnia and Herzegovina


text:
The Sixteen

The Sixteen (previously known as the Symphony of Harmony and Invention ) are a United Kingdom-based choir and period instrument orchestra; founded by Harry Christophers, they started as an unnamed group of sixteen friends in 1977, giving their first billed concert in 1979.

The group performs early English polyphony, works of the Renaissance, Baroque and early Classical music, and a diversity of 20th- and 21st-century music.

The Sixteen are "The Voices of Classic FM", TV media partner with Sky Arts and associate artists of the Southbank Centre in London and Bridgewater Hall in Manchester. The group promotes an annual series at the Queen Elizabeth Hall as well as the Choral Pilgrimage, a tour of Britain's finest cathedrals: bringing music back to the buildings for which it was written. The BBC television series Sacred Music was produced in collaboration with the Sixteen; between 2008 and 2015, two full series aired along with numerous specials.

The Sixteen are a registered charity under English law.

Tours
The Sixteen tour throughout Europe, Asia, Australia and the Americas and have given regular performances at major concert halls and festivals worldwide, including the Barbican Centre in London, the Bridgewater Hall in Manchester, the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, the Sydney Opera House, Tokyo Opera City and the Vienna Musikverein. They have also performed at the BBC Proms and the festivals of Granada, Lucerne, Istanbul, Prague and Salzburg.. In the United Kingdom, each year since 2000 (excepting pandemic years) they have toured a selection of UK cathedrals and other venues with a tour entitled "The Choral Pilgrimage".

In addition, the Sixteen's period orchestra have taken part in semi-staged performances of Purcell's Fairy Queen in Tel Aviv and London, a fully-staged production of Purcell's King Arthur in Lisbon's Centro Cultural de Belém, followed by new productions of Claudio Monteverdi's Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria at the Lisbon Opera House and The Coronation of Poppea at the English National Opera.

Education
The Sixteen have an education programme and projects have included a series of school matinées for hundreds of primary school children in Bury St Edmunds, Liverpool and Southwell under the national Sing Up initiative. The Sixteen also have close ties with the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity College of Music, offering opportunities for young people about to embark on careers as professional musicians.

Discography
Over 90 recordings reflect the Sixteen's range of work, spanning the music of 500 years and winning many awards including the Grand Prix du Disque, numerous Schallplattenkritik, a Gramophone Award (Early Music, 1992), the Classical Brit Award in 2005 for Renaissance and IKON, which was nominated for a Grammy Award and two Classical Brits. These latter two discs were recorded as part of the group's contract with Universal Classics and Jazz.

Since 2001, the Sixteen have had their own record label, CORO, which has released over 90 titles to date. More recent recordings include Handel's oratorio Messiah, with soloists Carolyn Sampson, Catherine Wyn-Rogers, Mark Padmore and Christopher Purves (winner of a MIDEM Classical Award 2009), Dixit Dominus featuring Handel's eponymous early work and Steffani's Stabat Mater, Ceremony and Devotion: Music for the Tudors, which accompanied the 2010 Choral Pilgrimage, and Hail, Mother of the Redeemer which accompanied the 2011 Choral Pilgrimage.

title: The Sixteen


text:
List of Aster synonyms

The genus Aster (sunflower family - Asteraceae) is now generally restricted to the Old World species. The other species have now been reclassified as Afroaster, Almutaster, Canadanthus, Doellingeria, Eucephalus, Eurybia, Ionactis, Oligoneuron, Oreostemma, Sericocarpus and Symphyotrichum.

Aster synonyms

 * Aster abatus : Xylorhiza tortifolia
 * Aster alpigenus ssp. alpigenus : Oreostemma alpigenum var. alpigenum
 * Aster alpigenus ssp. andersonii : Oreostemma alpigenum var. andersonii
 * Aster ananthocladus : Afroaster ananthocladus
 * Aster adscendens : Symphyotrichum ascendens
 * Aster bakerianus : Afroaster hispidus
 * Aster bowiei : Afroaster bowiei
 * Aster brachyactis : Symphyotrichum ciliatum
 * Aster breweri : Eucephalus breweri
 * Aster brickellioides var. brickellioides : Eucephalus brickellioides
 * Aster brickellioides var. glabratus : Eucephalus glabratus
 * Aster caerulescens : Symphyotrichum praealtum var. praealtum
 * Aster campestris var. bloomeri : Symphyotrichum campestre var. bloomeri
 * Aster campestris var. campestris : Symphyotrichum campestre var. campestre
 * Aster chilensis var. chilensis : Symphyotrichum chilense var. chilense
 * Aster chilensis var. invenustum : Symphyotrichum chilense var. invenustum
 * Aster chimanimaniensis : Afroaster chimanimaniensis
 * Aster ciliolatus : Symphyotrichum ciliolatum
 * Aster comptonii : Afroaster comptonii
 * Aster confertifolius : Afroaster confertifolius
 * Aster cordifolius : Symphyotrichum cordifolium
 * Aster dumosus L.: Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G. L. Nesom
 * Aster eatonii : Symphyotrichum eatonii
 * Aster elatus : Oreostemma elatum
 * Aster engelmannii : Eucephalus engelmannii
 * Aster ericoides : Symphyotrichum ericoides
 * Aster erucifolius : Afroaster erucifolius
 * Aster exilis : Symphyotrichum divaricatum
 * Aster falcatus var. crassulus : Symphyotrichum falcatum var. crassulum
 * Aster falcatus var. falcatus : Symphyotrichum falcatum var. falcatum
 * Aster foliaceus var. apricus : Symphyotrichum foliaceum var. apricum
 * Aster foliaceus var. foliaceus : Symphyotrichum foliaceum var. foliaceum
 * Aster foliaceus var. lyallii : Symphyotrichum hendersonii
 * Aster foliaceus var. parryi :  Symphyotrichum foliaceum var. parryi
 * Aster frondosus : Symphyotrichum frondosum
 * Aster glaucodes : Eurybia glauca
 * Aster greatae : Symphyotrichum greatae
 * Aster harveyanus : Afroaster serrulatus
 * Aster integrifolius : Eurybia integrifolia
 * Aster intricatus : Machaerantha carnosa var. intricata
 * Aster laevis var. geyeri : Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri
 * Aster laevis var. laevis : Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve
 * Aster lateriflorus var. lateriflorus : Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum
 * Aster lateriflorus var. pendulus : Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. horizontale
 * Aster ledophyllus : Eucephalus ledophyllus var. ledophyllus
 * Aster linariifolius : Ionactis linariifolius
 * Aster lydenburgensis : Afroaster lydenburgensis
 * Aster milanjiensis : Afroaster milanjiensis
 * Aster modestus : Canadanthus modestus
 * Aster novae-angliae : Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
 * Aster nubimontis : Afroaster nubimontis
 * Aster occidentalis var. intermedius : Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. intermedium
 * Aster occidentalis var. occidentalis : Symphytorichum spathulatum var. spathulatum
 * Aster oolentangiensis : Symphyotrichum oolentangiense var. oolentangiense
 * Aster oregonensis ssp. californicus : Sericocarpus oregonensis var. californicus
 * Aster oregonensis ssp. oregonensis : Sericocarpus oregonensis var. oregonensis
 * Aster paludicola : Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. yosemitanum
 * Aster paludosus : Eurybia paludosa
 * Aster paniculatus : Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ssp. lanceolatum
 * Aster pansus : Symphyotrichum ericoides var. pansum
 * Aster patens : Symphyotrichum patens var. patens
 * Aster pauciflorus : Almutaster pauciflorus
 * Aster peglerae : Afroaster peglerae
 * Aster perelegans : Eucephalus elegans
 * Aster perfoliatus : Afroaster perfoliatus
 * Aster pilosus : Symphyotrichum pilosum
 * Aster pleiocephalus : Afroaster pleiocephalus
 * Aster porteri : Symphyotrichum porteri
 * Aster praealtus : Symphyotrichum praealtum var. praealtum
 * Aster pseudobakerianus : Afroaster pseudobakerianus
 * Aster ptarmicoides : Oligoneuron album
 * Aster puniceus : Symphyotrichum puniceum
 * Aster radulinus : Eurybia radulina
 * Aster sagittifolius : Symphyotrichum cordifolium
 * Aster scaber : Doellingeria scaber
 * Aster scopulorum : Ionactis alpina
 * Aster sericeus : Symphyotrichum sericeum
 * Aster sibiricus : Eurybia sibirica
 * Aster simplex : Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ssp. lanceolatum
 * Aster siskiyouensis : Eucephalus glabratus
 * Aster subspicatus var. grayi : Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. grayi
 * Aster subspicatus var. subspicatus : Symphyotrichum subspicatum var. subspicatum
 * Aster tansaniensis : Afroaster tansaniensis
 * Aster umbellatus : Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata
 * Aster yukonensis : Symphyotrichum yukonense
 * Aster zuluensis : Afroaster zuluensis

title: List of Aster synonyms


text:
Rat Island

Rat Island may refer to:

 * Ilha dos Ratos, the original name for Ilha Fiscal in Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
 * Hawadax Island, Alaska, USA, formerly known as "Rat Island"
 * Rat Island, New York, USA
 * Rat Island (Houtman Abrolhos), an island in Western Australia
 * An alternative name for Burrow Island in Portsmouth Harbour, Hampshire, England
 * Motukiore, Bay of Islands, New Zealand
 * Rat Island, Lundy, a small island near the south end of Lundy, Devon, England
 * Rat Island: a small island west of Bengkulu (19th Century name)
 * Rat Island, St Lucia, St Lucia

title: Rat Island


text:
User talk:Bretagne 44

Come on then lets have it, out with it. Spit is out then!

 * Salut! Bravo ; tes contributions jusqu'ici sur la Cornouailles sont magnifiques ! Dis-donc, tu parles cornique, par hasard ? Parce que je suis toujours à la recherche des cornouphones pour contribuer à kw – dont je suis pour l'instant le seul contributeur actif. Comme c'est triste la solitude ! Ciao et bravo, QuartierLatin1968 03:09, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Salut, non je suis desolé, je ne parle pas Cornique à ce momont. Maintenant j'habite à Paris et il faut que j'apprenne le Francais et pour les Britaniques la langue étrangère est un vrai boulot. Mais apres j'ai envie d'apprendre les langues Bretonne et Cornique a Paris. Cependant il y a beaucoup de cornouphones qui peut etre vous aide.

 * Agan Tavas—The Society for the Promotion of the Cornish language
 * Cornish Language Fellowship

Merci pour votre encouragment

Excellent stuff
I hope you continue to contribute to Wikipedia, and that you can improve the section on modern Breton history.

Thanks for that, but i need to learn much more about Breton history first.

Cornwall
I'm sorry, but I have very little stomach to contribute to such pages. I've already had battles on subject areas I don't care about (beyond a certain general wish to see the status quo fairly represented), and have got sick of it.

Whether or not Cornwall is a county seems irrelevant to me. Flintshire is a county, but is not part of England. Greater London is not a county, but is nontheless part of England. I can't speak for the contents of the 1888 legislation, as I don't have a copy, but I can assure you the 1972 Act treats Cornwall no differently to Lancashire, and re-creates it a "county", in "England". It seems to me to be evidently a county palatine, though I know it hasn't historically been called that. An actual survey of usage over the centuries would be interesting, rather than just clipping out the pro-Cornish-nationalist highlights as seems to have been done when that section of the page was compiled. Morwen - Talk 21:28, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your response, as to the survey of usage I totally agree and i need help to do that. In fact i am going to move the information from the Cornish nationalism page to the Constitutional status of Cornwall page. I would ask though if you have very little stomach to contribute to such pages why did you contribute in the first place? "Whether or not Cornwall is a county seems irrelevant to me" that seems to be a odd attitude for someone who wants to contribute to pages about counties and add comments about the constitutional nature of Cornwall. Bretagne 44

English (people)≠Cornish (people)?
I am going to ask you one simple question. Are the Cornish people English or not? As far as I know, Cornwall is an English county just like all the others, without that meaning that all counties are the same. The culture of Cornwall differs from the culture of Northumberland, and the culture of Cumbria differs from the culture of East Anglia. Therefore there is no reasonable reason for Cornwall to be accorded any special treatment. Anyway, to get to the point, you left a message on the Talk page of the English (people) article and it began with if you are going to include all Cornish folk as a type of English person, what does this mean? Are the inhabitants of Cornwall not English people, if not who is? Also, I don't think much of your edits to the English (people) page. The page is now centered on Cornwall and the nationalistic feelings of just SOME Cornish people. REX 13:50, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

As i have said i recorded myself quite legally as Cornish (not English) on the last UK census in 2001, and in 2004 Cornish school children had the option to record their ethnicity as Cornish instead of English. These two facts mean that Cornish people have the option to describe their ethnicity or nationality as Cornish instead of English. Cornwall may have a de jure status as an English county however a large minority of Cornish folk think of themselves as Cornish not English and Cornwall as being a de facto Duchy and extraterritorial to England (but not the UK). In fact the de facto status of Cornwall as a Duchy was proved in case law in the 19th century please see the Constitutional status of Cornwall.

I think Cornwall and the Cornish merit being viewed as a constituent people and nation of the UK for the following reasons.

 * Cornwall and the Cornish have had an identity distinct form the English for centuries as is evidenced by the existence of the Cornish language as a mother tongue up until the late 18th or early 19th century and the subsequent successful revival of said language in the 20thy century. The language exits also in our First, Familial and Place names.
 * The Cornish had and arguably continue to have a perceived national identity other than English. I would refer you to Mark Stoyle recent book "West Britons, Cornish identities in the early modern period". Additionally on the UK census of 2001 and the recent local school census it was possible to record oneself as Cornish (as opposed to English).
 * Many treaty's and documents up until the 18th century made reference to there being a distinction between Anglia and Cornubia. Additionally maps of the Isles produced up until the 18th century often showed Cornwall as a distinct entity on a par with Wales, look for the maps of CORNWALL & WALES ("Cornewallia & Wallia") 1564 at this site Mercators Atlas by walking tree press. I am happy to provide further examples if required?
 * Constitutionally the nature of Cornwall and its description of being a county of England are disputed see the following wiki pages for information: Cornish nationalist, Constitutional status of Cornwall. If correct these arguments would indicate a de jure status for Cornwall as a Duchy and a crown dependency not a county of England.
 * I present the following link to support my points.Look for "The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?" by M Stoyle on this BBC site

So you see REX your one simple question is just that 'simple'. Not all the people that live within what you think of as the boarders of England consider themselves English. Chechens are born in the Russian Federation but that does not make them Russians, Tibetans are born in the Peoples Republic of China but that does not make them Chinamen. Bretagne 44 22/3/05

So, what does all this have to do with the article? The article is about the people of England. If Cornwall is (de facto or de jure) an English county then it should be included in the article. I am from Durham, we too have a slightly different culture, history, form of English etc. from that of, say Kent. In November 2004 we were offered local autonomy (the NE Regional Assembly) and we rejected it even though Durham was a County Palatine and a Bishopric and part of the kingdom of Northumbria during the early Middle Ages (independent of Modern England, just like Cornwall), beacause most of us feel that England should not be divided up into parts, as if the people of each region or county were a distinct nation. However, this is what you are asking for. The article originally describes English people as a nation from England with various minor differences in each area. Do you think that the article should be named English (people) – Cornish and that there should be a separate Cornish (people) article? REX 18:49, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Yes maybe there should be a separate Cornish people page, what good idea. However as i have said the article before i changed it depicted all the inhabitants of Cornwall as English. Now as far as i am aware the only legal onus on me is to recognise that i am a citizen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, there is no legal requirement for the people of the UK to call themselves Cornish, English, Irish etc etc. Bearing that in mind i have pointed out that many (not all) in Cornwall consider themselves to be Cornish and not English, i have also pointed out concrete instances of where this sense of being Cornish and not English is officially recorded and recognised. This would seem to indicate that there are people who live in Cornwall who perceive themselves to be Cornish not English and that this is officially recognised. It is your POV that they are English but it is not the POV of the office of national statistics, Cornwall LEA / county council, the Council of Europe plus others. in Durham you have a regional English identity but this is not the same as believing yourself to be other than English as is the case for many Cornish folk. So what i am after is that if you mention Cornwall in this article you should say that many Cornish do not think of themselves as English, you do not have write English (people) – Cornish just tell the truth and that is a large minority of the Cornish do not think themselves English. Please see my latest changes and tell me if they are more acceptable to you.

Below are two extract from a document produced by the human rights organisation Cornwall 2000.

1.3 The Cornish are a pre-English minority group constituting some 175,000 - 200,000 people mostly living in their historic homeland of Cornwall/Kernow. A recent survey by Plymouth University found that, if given the opportunity, over a third of pupils in Cornwall schools would identity as Cornish. Elements within the group strive to maintain their region’s constitutional position and the group’s unique social outlook, linguistic heritage and cultural identity. 1.4 UK Census 2001 carried a 'Cornish' ethnic group category. Some public authorities carry out ethnic monitoring of the Cornish. The Cornish language has been accorded international protected status. The Council of Europe has urged the Government to extend the cultural, educational and other benefits of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities to the Cornish. Bretagne 44 23/3/05

If there truly is a Cornish nation, then it shouldn't even be on the article, which is about the English nation. A nation which is (linguistically, culturally and possibly genetically) related to the Germans, the Dutch, the Lowland Scots, the Protestants of Northern Ireland, the Danes, the Norwegians etc. Remember, a nationality may or may not be tied to a land. The English are a nation who now live all aver the world and consists of people who see themselves and are seen by others to be English. Therefore the article is not necessarily linked to England, so the Cornish don't have to be a part of it. As you have mentioned the census of 2001 allowed the inhabitants of Cornwall to choose their ethnicity (English or Cornish). Have the results of this census been published, if so, what percentage said YES? If it was the majority then there is no doubt about it, the Cornish are a distinct nation. REX 12:39, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I don't know what the figure are for either the 2001 or 2004 census all i can provide is what is above. You wrote: "If it was the majority then there is no doubt about it, the Cornish are a distinct nation"

Says who? This is just your POV and it is not a formula for proving the existence of a nation or national identity. Some people in Cornwall see themselves as Cornish and not English that is a fact. This is officially recognised by numerous organisation. OK if the Cornish don't have to be part of it then all reference to them should be removed. This for me would be unfortunate however because many Cornish people also think of themselves as English and so should be part of this article. Bretagne 44 23/3/05

This really isn't getting anywhere. Let me propose something, let the English (people) page be used in reference to the inhabitants of Cornwall who do see themselves as English, such as roughly two thirds (the majority) of Cornwall's schoolchildren, like you stated above, and present them as English people with Celtic roots such as the Cumbrians. Then everybody's happy. The inhabitants of Cornwall who see themselves as English are in the article, and the ones who don't are not. REX 17:45, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Why are you not prepared just to have a brief mention of the other Cornish who are Cornish, it does not distract from the main article, adds interest and is truthful. It shows that the identity of the English may not be as clear cut and as simple as saying they are the people who live in "England". I say we take it to wikipedia and see if they will arbitrate. Bretagne 44 24/3/05

I think that mentioning the Cornish who don't see themselves as English would be unnecessary IF they are not part of the English ethnic group, which is what the article is about. As I have already mentioned, the term English ethnic group does not refer to the inhabitants of England, it refers to people of English culture, who see themselves as English. I am also confused about the Cornish people's status. Are they a separate ethnic group or not? Almost all evidence is contradictory. I mean in Scotland everything is quite clear. While the Highlanders could be seen as a separate ethnic group from the Lowlanders they are not. They are of different descent; they speak different languages and have a slightly different culture. Nevertheless, they all see themselves as Scottish. There are similar examples in America and all over the world. We all know that constitutionally, England does not exist; it (including Cornwall) is merely the part of the UK without home rule. There are no official documents which mention the name England (except for the odd legal document which might mention England and Wales). Whatever we write could be seen as POV. I would like to know what is wrong with writing that the inhabitants of Cornwall are people with Celtic ancestry, that they used to have a Celtic language and that there is a separatist movement in progress. Also, what do you mean by I say we take it to wikipedia and see if they will arbitrate? REX 13:53, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

REX you said "this is not getting us any where" i agree so lets see if we can ask for a third opinion hopefully that of a wikipedia administrator. However it appears what you are saying is that you will give no ground and not try and work to a consensus. The changes i have made are minor and barely change the article what is it you do not like about them, give me some good reasons. In fact there is much about this page that need attention because it at times reads like a pamflet for the BNP as you have pointed out. "Almost all evidence is contradictory" says you, this is your POV, i have provided concrete examples of where official bodies record and therefore consider the Cornish an existent ethnic group. At the end of the day your perceived identity or ethnicity is a purely subjective phenomena. You talk about "official documents which mention the name of England" and then ask "Therefore, how can it be known if the Cornish are a separate ethnic group?". What have official documents got to do with the existence or not of a perceived ethnicity? You said it yourself "they all see themselves as Scottish" not all the Cornish see themselves as English and what you see yourself as is the best yard stick for measuring ones ethnicity. We still have a Celtic language which is officially recognised by the the UK government, the Council of Europe and EU. Around 3500 people speak it fluently and many more know some conversational Cornish and most know a few words. The demand to learn Cornish has at present out striped the supply of courses. I propose the following the traditional inhabitants of Cornwall are people with a Celtic ancestry, some speak the Cornish language and a minority claim Cornish ethnicity. Bretagne 44 24/3/05

To sum up: REX 09:47, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Good idea! Let's ask for a third opinion.
 * In my opinion, how a group sees itself is the minimum requirement for the existence of an ethnic group (a nation). You may want to check the respective pages to see why.
 * In the article the Cornish are only mentioned:
 * 1) Others, notably the Cornish and the Cumbrians have Celtic roots, a minority in Cornwall going so far as to say they are not English but Cornish.
 * 2) The only other language traditionally spoken is Cornish, a Celtic language originating in Cornwall that almost became extinct.
 * 3) The English (along with the Scots, Irish, Welsh and Cornish) found their old identities undermined somewhat in favour of 'Britishness'.
 * I can't help feeling that Wikipedia is being used to promote nationalism and (possibly misleading) propaganda in favour of Cornish Separatism, not in references 1 and 2 above, but in reference 3. Cornwall has not yet separated from England like Wales did in 1955 (before that Wales did not exist as a country but as an English region See Acts of Union 1536-1543). So mentioning Cornwall above like that is like implying that Cornwall in no longer part of England, which is not true. Given that Cornwall was and still is part of England, Cornish identity should have been undermined in favour of Englishness even before the Union with Scotland, so to mention it in my opinion above is not necessary. Personally, I find reference 3 above very POV as there has been No original research. In my opinion it has to be removed or at least changed as that sounds like something from the manifesto not from the BNP, but from the English Independence Party or the English Democrats Party.
 * About Arbitration, as far as I know, they only monitor the behaviour of editors (such as offencive language on Talk Pages, edit wars etc) not the issues. But, there is no harm in asking.

When Britishness was promoted to the public it interacted and worked to undermine Cornish identity in the same way English identity had before. The Cornish identity was very distinct in the early modern period as is described in the book by Mark Stoyle " West Britons - Cornish identities in the early modern period". The advent of British nation building was just one in a line of assaults on the Cornish national identity. The same for the Welsh in fact, Welsh identity should have been undermined by union with England before the union with Scotland but Wales is still mentioned in reference to the British project following the union with Scotland so why not Cornwall? I do see some double standards on this page. It is OK for the page to mention thousands of people in other countries such as the USA or Australia. They are described, near enough, as being English and the grounds for this is purely the way they choose to describe themselves as being of English decent. However when a group of people who live in what is commonly thought of as England say they are not English, even when there is a historical precedent for people in this region to think of themselves as Cornish (or other than English) then this causes a problem. Is this English chauvinism, as long as other groups in other countries say they are of English decent and bolster the numbers thats OK, even if they are Americans or Australians but when a small 'internal' group says "no actually we feel we are Cornish and descended from the Britons and people have been feeling that way for centuries in this area" this causes a big problem, why? How about "The English along with other peoples of the (isles) (Archipelago) (Celtic fringe) found their identities undermined in favour of the new British identity". Are we reaching a deal here REX? Bretagne 44 25/3/05

There is common sense in what you are saying, so to reach a conclusion quickly, I propose that you edit the article so that it is free from the influence of POVs and is not too pro or anti Cornish nationalism. When you are done, let me know and if there is something specific I disagree about I will tell you what it is and why so that we can reach an agreement. I think that you should do it because you know more about the issues than me. REX 20:01, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

OK, and thank you for a spirited debate, a refreshing change for what often passes over the Internet. Bretagne 44 26/3/05

Knizar
Hey, I saw you removed Knizar's listing from the New User Log, but I couldn't figure out why; I don't mean to pry, but, why? -- Essjay ·  Talk 17:04, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Hells teeth that was quick!!! I think i have blundered i removed Knizar by accident whilst adding myself to the log, sorry. I hoped no one would notice. Bretagne 44 13/7/05

 * I was watching real-time Recent Changes, that's why I saw it so quick. (Nothing around here doesn't get noticed by somebody.) Don't worry, Kinzar went by and put it back in on her own, so no harm no foul. By the way, Welcome! ; - ) -- Essjay ·  Talk 17:14, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks

Category:Wikipedians in Cornwall
This is (technically) improper use of a category. The right way to do this is stick Category:Wikipedians in Cornwall to the end of the userpage of any users who want to appear in the category, and remove the - see Category:UK Wikipedians for examples on how to do this. It definitely shouldn't have a list of people manually maintained in the Category description! I'll leave you to sort this out. Thanks, Morwen - Talk 15:28, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

uhhh what?

 * Ok, I've sorted that out for you. If Fulub wants adding to it too, the correct procedure is to add the text Category:Wikipedians in Cornwall to the end of the userpage.  Morwen - Talk 16:31, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Cheeeeers

Mediation?
Oh Bretagne 44. What prompted you to rush to this without informing the rest of us? Cowardly tactics! You just revealed that you have no sources to support your arguments. Why else would you secretly take action? GrandfatherJoe 21:28, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

GrandfatherJoe You really are a sad case are'nt you mmmm? I have asked for mediation because you have acted as nothing but an abusive bully and you have shown nothing but double standards Bretagne 44 15:46, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

I most certainly am not an abusive bully. That still doesn't change the procedures for Mediation. Have you read them yet? All I ever did was to question the facts; I never edited the article. What is wrong with me questioning your sources? Are you telling me that you are so unbelievably arrogant that you reject any possibility that you may have been mislead? As for the English populations, I gave my views. GrandfatherJoe 16:08, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

As to you abusive nature i will let others make up their own minds after reading what you have writen on the talk page of the Cornish people page.

So GrandfatherJoe, aside from your insults, are you saying that 50 million people in England are English? The total population of England is English? Do you think it OK to use the total population of England as the indicator for the numbers of English in England. If that is the case then for the Cornish people page the total population of Cornwall should be used for the numbers of Cornish?.

Secondly it is not my claim that there are 250,000 Cornish people so what are you going on about? All i have added of late is that a recent survey found that 44% of the Cornish populace thought themselves Cornish rather than British or English.

according to a recent Morgan Stanley Bank survey, 44 per cent of the inhabitants of Cornwall believe themselves to be Cornish rather than British or English

Thirdly, i also wrote that you could record your ethnicity as Cornish on the 2001 UK census, you asked for proof and i provided it.

Here are some more links so you can find out a bit more about what you are trying to comment on.

In Cornwall, 44% of those asked said they felt Cornish, rather than English or British.  The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?By Dr Mark Stoyle  Learn Cornish with Blas Kernewek at the BBC  Celtic cousins' Cornish campaign  Scots leader backs Cornish assembly  Cornish gains official recognition  Computer help for Cornish language students  Cornish language conference held  Historic signs case trio bound over  Blair gets Cornish assembly call  Blueprint for Cornish parliament  Volunteers can dig in for saint  St Piran's Day  Flags fly to honour Cornish saint  Cornish flag is favourite for signs  Cornish Wrestling  Celtic Frontier or County Boundary? Competing discourses of a late nineteenth century British border  The cases of Protestant Ulster and Cornwall

Bretagne 44 16:23, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Apologies for aggressiveness
I would like to apologise for being overly aggressive on Talk:Cornish people. I was reading what is written there and I was horrified, that is not how I usually do things. I was worried about other matters and it seems that I let my frustration out onto Wikipedia (I am not trying to make excuses). GrandfatherJoe 13:33, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

GrandfatherJoe i was at fault as well and would like to apologise for inappropriate comments that help nobody. Bretagne 44 16:07, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Funding to publicise the Welsh tickbox?
Hi there. I noticed a remark on Talk:Cornish people which intrigued me. In the discussion about censuses, you mentioned the allocation of a census code for Welsh and said "the Welsh received substantial government funding to publicise that fact". This (government funding) is complete news to me. Was this the Westminster government or the Assembly? I missed it totally. What I remember is an aggrieved response when it was discovered that there would be no box saying "Welsh" for people to tick and that we would have to tick "other" and write it in. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/986948.stm is an example of the reaction. I had no idea that there was government funding involved in these campaigns at all. Can you provide a cite? I'd be very interested to know more about this. Telsa 14:17, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

please stop wiki-spamming
Caution: You have been wiki-spamming. Please stop - people have been blocked for that kind of thing. Rex(talk) 18:36, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Please explain what you mean, i have raised questions that are relevent to the all pages i posted on. If you have a problem then just try and block me, if not keep your threats to yourself. Bretagne 44 19:34, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Your User Page
Hi; I don't want to seem rude or insultive, so please excuse me if I do, but I believe that your user page probably goes against the following Wiki Policy:

 * Use Your User Pages Appropriately

Notably, it says "Generally, you should avoid any substantial content that is unrelated to Wikipedia. Examples include...Opinion pieces not related to Wikipedia or other non-encyclopedic material". I understand that your opinions on Cornwall are central to many of your edits, so I think it's reasonable for you to include something about this on your page, maybe with one or two links... but at the moment it seems a bit excessive.

This is just meant to be a friendly warning, as I think that such a user page will reduce the respect that other Wikipedians have for you in your editing! Robdurbar 16:27, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the advice Bretagne 44 18:36, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

traditional county infobox
Hello. Noting your comments made on the [|deletion discussion], I've added an extra variable to the template to change the way it deals with Cornwall. Please have a look and tell me if you think this is an improvement. Incidentally; it seems somewhat self-defeating to oppose this infobox - one that will call Cornwall what it really is - when the standard, administrative infobox will remain if it gets deleted and will continue calling Cornwall a county. I hope you might therefore reconsider you vote. Thanks. Stringops 22:32, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Hi
When editing an article on Wikipedia there is a small field labelled "Edit summary" under the main edit-box. It looks like this: The text written here will appear on the Recent changes page, in the page revision history, on the diff page, and in the watchlists of users who are watching that article. See m:Help:Edit summary for full information on this feature. When you leave the edit summary blank, some of your edits could be mistaken for vandalism and may be reverted, so please always briefly summarize your edits, especially when you are making subtle but important changes, like changing dates or numbers. Thank you.

Also, please don't delete fact templates. It's Wikipedia policy (see WP:V) to mark any dubious statements with those until a reliable source is found supporting them. Happy editing, Telex 13:56, 6 May 2006 (UTC).

 * Is it wikipedia policy to paste fact templates every where just because you don't like an article. Please have a look at where i removed the templates before making such comments.

Bretagne 44 13:59, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

I've seen them, no sources are cited, there is no proof that they are true. That is why they should be marked. Telex 14:01, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Why don't you go and look for the sources then, it would be a lot more constructive. Mmm, i like this template thing, i can just march around wikipedia and put them where ever i want because most quotes have no citations, so where should i start? Bretagne 44 14:03, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The burden of proof is on you (or whoever want to include the dubious information) - see Verifiability. Telex 14:04, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You can start wherever you want. If you think I'm lying to you, feel free to ask at the help desk. Telex 14:08, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

No but I think you politics cloud your judgment. For example a citation template on the “The constitutional status of Cornwall, in the southwest of Great Britain, is the subject of ongoing debate ”.!?

Apart from providing links to pressure groups who question the constitutional status of Cornwall it also contains information on the Cornish foreshore case which witnessed the Duchy itself take the crown to court concerning the status of Cornwall, yet a citation is still need for this statement.

 * As far as I know, the government is not debating anything. Telex 14:31, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

The there is ''“The Kilbrandon Report (1969–1971) into the British constitution recommends that, when referring to Cornwall official sources should cite the Duchy not the County. This was suggested in recognition of its constitutional position ”.''

The citation is the Killbrandon report, oh la la!

 * Are those the exact words of the report, or a Cornish regionalist POV interpretation. It would be nice if we could get our hands on the exact words. Telex 14:31, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

The we have this classic already discussed on the Cornish people page “Cornishmen and women continued to regard themselves as descendents of Corineus until well into the early modern period.”

How about Dr Mark Stoyle, West Britons, Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State; chap 1 page 13. ISBN 0 85989 688 9, University Of Exeter Press.

 * Say then: According to Dr Mark Stoyle in his book West Britons, Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State, Cornishmen and women... Telex 14:31, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Come on try and learn about the subject before you get involved.

Bretagne 44 14:27, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Replied. Telex 14:31, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

1) Is it only the government that can debate such issues, thats news to me? Are you denying the existence of the Cornish foreshore case?

2) Yes they are the exact words, go read the report.

3) Feel free to make this change.

Bretagne 44 14:37, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Your document: WMN, UKIP and Cornwall
Thank you. Someone else sees it the same way. Sees also the way its going. Knows the populist propaganda lowest-common-denominator shite thats poured out morning noon and bloody night by the Daily HateMail Group. I'm Cornish-born, of half Cornish and half London Jewish/Anglo-mongrel parentage. Back here 9 years. Will be follwoing things a bit more now. Ta and all the best Plutonium27 00:51, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Constitutional status of Cornwall
Can you please keep a close eye on this article just now please. A couple of editors keep on insisting on removing material which does not agree with their viewpoint. --MacRusgail 13:41, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bretagne 44


text:
Saraswat Brahmin

Saraswat Brahmins are Hindu Brahmins, who are spread over widely separated regions spanning from Kashmir and Punjab in North India to Konkan in West India to Kanara (coastal region of Karnataka) and Kerala in South India. The word Saraswat is derived from the Rigvedic Sarasvati River.

Classification
Saraswats Brahmins are classified under the Pancha Gauda Brahmin classification of the Brahmin community in India.

In Western and South India, along with the Chitpavan, Karhades (including Padhyes, Bhatt Prabhus), and Konkani-speaking Saraswat Brahmins are referred to as Konkani Brahmins, which denotes those Brahmin sub-castes of the Konkan coast which have a regional significance in Maharashtra and Goa.

Based on Veda and Vedanta
In Karnataka and Kerala, Majority of Gaud Saraswat Brahmins are followers of Madhvacharya, while the Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins are Smarthas, followers of Adi Shankara. Writer Chandrakant Keni and former I.C.S officer V. N. Kudva says, "The majority of the Saraswats, including those in Goa, are now Vaishnavas".

Origin
The Saraswat Brahmins originating in Balochistan were called sindhur and were considered a low caste. They have a legend of origin related to Lord Ramachandra (not the same as Parashurama), who could not find a priest in Balochistan and applied a Tilaka on the head of some Mleccha. Jürgen Schaflechner cites the historian Rowe who states that such "low ranking Brahmins" formed a symbiotic relationship with Vaishya castes such as Khatris, Lohanas, etc. who were trying to raise their varna status - which in turn would benefit the Saraswats as well. For this purpose, certain religious texts were written during the British Raj era.

Saraswats of western India claim to be part of the Saraswat brahmin community of the north based on the Sahyadri Khanda of Skanda Purana. As per the Purana, Parshurama brought Saraswats to Konkan. However, Sanskrit scholar Madhav Deshpande, Indologist and Sanskrit Scholar Stephan Hillyer Levitt and historian O'Hanlon consider the portion of the Sahyādrikhaṇḍa that describes Saraswats to be corrupted and recently interpolated by Saraswats themselves in order to improve their status.

The southward migration of Saraswat Brahmins is explained in the Skanda Purana. The Sayhadrikhand of Skandapurana narrates the founding myths of various Brahmin communities.In the text, Shiva narrates the following founding myths to Skanda: Parshurama brought Sarasvatas from Tirhut to Konkan, settling them in the villages of Kelosi and Kusasthal. These settlers were "attractive, well-behaved, and skilled in every rite". The deities Shantadurga, Mangesh, Mhalsa, Nagesh and Mahalakshmi accompanied them to Konkan.

Scholarly interpretation
According to Rosalind O'Hanlon, the core of the text was likely written around the end of the 1st millennium, it contains stories about Brahmin village settlements that have fallen from virtue. The remaining text appears to have been written later, as it describes the Pancha Gauda and Pancha Dravida classification of Brahmins, which became popular during the 13th-14th centuries.

Migration
Saraswats were spread over a wide area in northern part of the Indian subcontinent. One group lived in coastal Sindh and Gujarat, this group migrated to Bombay State after the partition of India in 1947. One group was found in pre-partition Punjab and Kashmir, these also have tended to migrate away from the part of Punjab located in Pakistan after 1947. Another branch known as Dakshinatraya Saraswat Brahmin are now found along the western coast of India.

Philosophy and literature
Saraswats have contributed to the fields of Sanskrit, Konkani, Marathi and Kannada literature and philosophy. All the mathadhipathis of Kashi Math, Gokarna Math, Kavale Math and Chitrapur Math without a single exception are from the Saraswat Brahmin community. The 17th-century Madhva Saraswat scholar, Sagara Ramacharya, authored the Konkanabhyudhaya.

Advaita saints such as Gaudapada, grand-teacher of the philosopher Shankaracharya; Narayana Tirtha, the first peetadhipathi of Gokarna Math and Yadavendra Tirtha, the first peetadhipathi of Kashi Math, are some of the prominent saints from the Saraswat Brahmin community.

Kashmir
In Kalhana's Rajatarangini (12th century CE), the Saraswats are mentioned as one of the five Pancha Gauda Brahmin communities residing to the north of the Vindhyas.

According to M. K. Kaw (2001), Kashmiri Pandits, a part of the larger Saraswat Brahmin community hold the highest social status in Kashmir. Based on the calendar used, they divided into two groups-Malmasi (who remained in the valley despite religious persecution) and Banmasi (who are said to have immigrated or re-immigrated under King Zain ul Abidin in the fifteenth century) The former follow the lunar calendar while latter who are in the majority follow the solar calendar. Walter Lawrence states that the Kashmiri Pandit community to be divided into the following classes - the Jotish (astrologer), the priestly class Guru or Bachabat and the Karkun (working class) that was employed in government service. Philosophers like Sureśvara, the first peetadhipathi of Sringeri Sharada Peetham, Mandana Mishra, were Kashmiri Saraswat Brahmins. and Parijnanashram I, was the first peetadhipathi of Chitrapur Math.

Punjab and Sindh
Mohyal Brahmins are a sub-caste of Saraswat Brahmins from the Punjab region, who are sometimes referred to as 'Warrior Brahmins'. Mohyal Brahmins stopped practising priestly duties.

A small minority of Mohyals also have an association with Shia Muslims because they helped Imam Hussain in the Battle of Karbala, these Mohyal Brahmnins are called Hussaini Brahmins.

Eastern India
In Gangetic belt mainly in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Saraswat Brahmins were landlords and priests. They follow Shakta tradition, Vaishnavism and Shaivism.

Western and Southern India
Here the Saraswat Brahmins are divided into three sub-groups, they are, Gaud Saraswat Brahmins, Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins and Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins. Vaishnavas among them are followers of Kashi Math and Gokarna Math, while the Smarthas are followers of Kavale Math and Chitrapur Math.

Western India
The majority of Saraswats speak Konkani, one of the languages of the Indo-Aryan language family. The major dialects of Konkani used by Saraswats are Goan Konkani, Maharashtrian Konkani and Canarese Konkani.

Historian Sanjay Subrahmanyam states that Saraswats at "Basrur on the Kanara coast south of Goa" were a "caste of open status", which sometimes claimed to be Brahmins although they were associated with mercantile activity and called as "Chatins" from Chetti by the Portuguese. Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta had also visited Basrur, which was considered "the great center of Saraswat trade", two centuries earlier than the Portuguese, but it did not interest him as much as it did the Portuguese. Chatins de Barcelor was the term used for the Saraswat community of merchants at Basrur in the time of Diogo do Couto, but the term Chatin acquired a pejorative meaning later. It is likely derived from the Tamil 'Chati', which is a suffix for many trading castes that were present on the southern side of the Godavari river.

The Saraswats and Gujarati Vanias in Goa, were involved not only in trade but also in tax related income. After the 1540s discrimination against non-Christians in Goa increased and there were mass conversions to Christianity. Despite this, between 1600 and 1670, about 80% of the tax farms or rendas were held by the Hindus, especially Saraswats. The prominent Saraswat merchants mentioned at this time, that is, early 1600s are Govinda, Pondya as well as the Kini and Nayaks. The rendas were on various items such as spices(pepper), cotton and silk cloths, food shops and duties on gold. Michael Pearson has given an example of members and relatives of a Saraswat Naik family to show that when a person successfully did a bidding for a renda from the government, he had to name some guarantors - who were usually his relatives or caste members.

The Saraswats also traded at the Vengurla and Raybag ports and acted as suppliers of rice and pepper that they imported from Kanara. In this context, they also dealt with the Dutch who has established a factory in the port of Vengurla. Scholars mention a certain P. Nayak who was a notable merchant in the 1670s.

Saraswat merchant families during the Portuguese rule of Goa also were involved in trade with Portuguese colonies around the globe including in the African slave trade. In the 19th century also, French slave merchants came to Goa and contacted the Portuguese and Saraswat Brahmins who sold them African slaves.

In Konkan, the Saraswat as well as the fishermen communities were traditionally traders as well as sailors. The reason for seafaring was that the land of Konkan suffered due to salinisation and unpredictable rains. This caused the Saraswats to look for livelihood outside of Konkan and they would often use the Arabian Sea for travelling for trade. Dabhol was the main Konkan port in 1600 to Hormutz and the traders traded with Socotra and Yemen but by 1700 Dabhol was ruined due to silting and sandbanks. Moreover, the cities with which the trading occurred had also declined.

During Shivaji's coronation, the ritual status of the Saraswats to be Brahmins was supported by Gaga Bhatt, a leading Brahmin from Benares.

Historically, in Maharashtra, Saraswats had served as low and medium level administrators under the Deccan Sultanates for generations. In the 18th century, the quasi-independent Shinde and the Holkar rulers of Malwa recruited Saraswats to fill their administrative positions. This made them wealthy holder of rights both in Maharashtra and Malwa during the eighteenth century. During the same period in Peshwa ruled areas, there was a continuation of filling of small number of administration post by the Saraswats. During the rule of the Chitpavan Brahmin Peshwas in the 18th century, Saraswat Brahmins was one of the communities against whom the Chitpavans conducted a social war which led to Gramanya (inter-caste dispute).

After the liberation of Goa from the Portuguese colonial rule in 1961, many Goan Saraswats opposed merger of Goa into Maharashtra.

The 19th century Konkani scholar Shenoi Goembab,and the 20th century multi-faceted Marathi scholar Purushottam Laxman Deshpande are some of the prominent scholars from the Saraswat Brahmin community.

Southern India
According to Nagendra Rao, the trading communities of Saraswats, Jews, Arabs, Komatis, Nawayath, etc. were active in south Kanara when the Portuguese arrived for trading in the 1500s. The items of trade were rice, pepper, ginger, etc. International trade already existed at the time in South Kanara and business existed with Malabar, Maldives, ports of the Red Sea. In Mangalore, Saraswats were part of the trading community when the Portuguese arrived to import saltpetre. The items from Mangalore were exported to Malabar, Goa, Surat, Bengal, Malacca, Maldives, Mecca, Aden, Congo, Hormuz and Ceylon.

Studies show that between 1500 and 1650, in Kanara, Saraswats and Nawayath were dominant in commerce with ports outside India but it was Mappila Muslims and Middle Eastern Muslims who dominated in Malabar.

The rulers in India encouraged Tobacco production from the mid-1600s because chewing, smoking and sniffing Tobacco gathered momentum in India. The Dutch extended cultivation in Kerala. Some towns in Kerala received support from the King of Cochin for tobacco cultivation. Here, the Saraswat Brahmin merchants such as Nayak, Kamat, etc. took up tobacco farming in the latter half of the seventeenth century and this resulted in major income for the King of Cochin.

According to some socialists due to the pescatarian diet of saraswats the claim of satkarmi brahminhood of saraswats was contested by local Brahmins but majority of saraswat Brahmins were Vegetarians, this was discussed during the coronation of shivaji where Gagabhatt gave verdict in favour of saraswat Brahmins,further during British era this matter reached court which resulted in court declaring saraswat Brahmins as Satkarmi Brahmins Sociologist and researcher Ramesh Bairy writes that "Saraswat claim to Brahminhood is still strongly under dispute, particularly in the coastal districts of Karnataka".

According to the sociologist, Gopa Sabharwal (2006), in Belgaum, Karnataka, "marriages between Saraswat and non-Saraswat Brahmins are on the increase though they were unheard of before, mainly because the Saraswats eat fish and occasionally meat, while all other Brahmins are vegetarians". According to sociologist Ramesh Bairy, even in 2010, in Karnataka, "at the level of the community as a whole, Brahmins may not be incensed at the Saraswat claim to Brahminhood. But a non-Saraswat Brahmin will not be keen on proposing marriage with a Saraswat family".

Marriages
The Saraswat Brahmins are divided into various territorial endogamous groups, who did not intermarry.

Kashmir valley
Kashmiri Pandits eat mutton and fish, but obey restrictions laid down by the shastras of not eating the meat of forbidden animals. Professor Frederick J. Simoons says according to some reports, Saraswat Brahmins from northern India also consume fish as part of their diet.

Maharashtra and Goa
In Goa and Konkan region, Saraswat Brahmins have both vegetarians and pescetarians among them, while in Maharashtra they are pescetarians.

Gujarat
In Gujarat, Saraswat Brahmins are pure vegetarians and do not even consume masur dal and garlic. They chiefly live on Bajri (millet), wheat roti (unleavened bread) with rice during lunch,and Khichdi (a mixture of rice and pulse) in the Dinner.

Southern India
In Karnataka, Saraswat Brahmins are mainly concentrated in the coastal Kanara region. The sub-groups among Saraswats are Gaud Saraswat Brahmins, Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins and Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins are largely vegetarians. In Kerala, Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins and Gaud Saraswat Brahmins are chiefly vegetarians, but there are also pescetarians among them.

title: Saraswat Brahmin


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Toamasina

Toamasina, meaning "like salt" or "salty", unofficially and in French Tamatave, is the capital of the Atsinanana region on the east coast of Madagascar on the Indian Ocean. The city is the chief seaport of the country, situated 215 km northeast of its capital and biggest city Antananarivo. In 2018 Toamasina had a population of 325,857.

History
Under French rule, Toamasina was the seat of several foreign consuls, as well as of numerous French officials, and was the chief port for the capital and the interior. Imports consisted principally of piece-goods, farinaceous foods, and iron and steel goods; main exports were gold dust, raffia, hides, caoutchouc (natural rubber) and live animals. Communication with Europe was maintained by steamers of the Messageries Maritimes and the Havraise companies, and also with Mauritius, and thence to Sri Lanka, by the British Union-Castle Line.

During the colonial period, owing to the character of the soil and the formerly crowded native population, the town was often plagued by epidemics; the plague broke out in 1898, and again in 1900. Since the draining of the neighboring marshes, there is some improvement, although there are still outbreaks of malaria and other diseases, such as chikungunya.

Notable person

 * André Michaux (1746–1802), botanist and explorer, died in Tamatave.

Geography
Toamasina owes its importance to the existence of a coral reef which forms a spacious harbour, entered by two openings. The city center is built on a sandy peninsula which projects at right angles from the general coastline.

South of the town there is the mouth of the Ivondro River in the Indian Ocean.

Climate
Toamasina features a trade-wind tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen climate classification. While Toamasina has no true dry season month where less than 60 mm of precipitation (on average) falls, the seaport has noticeably wetter and drier periods of the year. September–November is the driest period of the year, while February–April is the wettest time of the year. Average temperatures are relatively constant throughout the course of the year, though it is slightly cooler in the months of July and August, where average highs are around 24 C, and warmer in the months of January and February, where high temperatures on average are 30 C. Toamasina averages 3368.2 mm of precipitation annually.

Transport
The town is the railhead for the line to the capital. Pousse-pousse (bicycle rickshaws), tuk-tuk (motorized rickshaws), and taxis are available throughout Toamasina to get around the city. Toamasina is the northern end of the Canal des Pangalanes.

The port of Toamasina serves as Madagascar's most important gateway to the Indian Ocean and to the world.

The city is served by Ambalamanasy Airport, which has limited domestic and international service. The city is the country's main seaport for international shipping.

Roads

 * National Road 2 leads westwards to Antananarivo
 * National Road 5 leads northwards to Maroantsetra.

Education
The University of Toamasina was founded in 1977. There is also a Lycée Français de Tamatave, a French international school.

Hospitals
The CHU Morafeno is the university hospital of Toamasina.

Sports
The Barikadimy Stadium with a capacity 25,000 spectators. It mostly hosts football competitions and the AS Fortior and Tia Kitra FC Toamasina.

Places of worship
Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar, Malagasy Lutheran Church, Assemblies of God, Association of Bible Baptist Churches in Madagascar, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toamasina (Catholic Church seated in the Cathedral of St. Joseph) and Iglesia ni Cristo. There are also Muslim mosques.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Toamasina is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Étienne, France
 * 🇷🇪 Le Port, Réunion

title: Toamasina


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User:Bretagne 44

Setting the record straight for the Cornish. Leave your comments on my talk page, if you please.

My google homepage can be found here: The Cornish Republican

title: User:Bretagne 44


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Category:Social welfare charities

This category is for charities which are engaged in poverty relief and welfare work in their home country or countries.

See also: Category:Humanitarian aid organizations and Category:Development organizations.

title: Category:Social welfare charities


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Reverberatory furnace

A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with combustion gases. The term reverberation is used here in a generic sense of rebounding or reflecting, not in the acoustic sense of echoing.

Operation
Chemistry determines the optimum relationship between the fuel and the material, among other variables. The reverberatory furnace can be contrasted on the one hand with the blast furnace, in which fuel and material are mixed in a single chamber, and, on the other hand, with crucible, muffling, or retort furnaces, in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion including gases and flying ash. There are, however, a great many furnace designs, and the terminology of metallurgy has not been very consistently defined, so it is difficult to categorically contradict other views.

The applications of these devices fall into two general categories, metallurgical melting furnaces, and lower temperature processing furnaces typically used for metallic ores and other minerals.

A reverberatory furnace is at a disadvantage from the standpoint of efficiency compared to a blast furnace due to the separation of the burning fuel and the subject material, and it is necessary to effectively utilize both reflected radiant heat and direct contact with the exhaust gases (convection) to maximize heat transfer. Historically these furnaces have used solid fuel, and bituminous coal has proven to be the best choice. The brightly visible flames, due to the substantial volatile component, give more radiant heat transfer than anthracite coal or charcoal.

Contact with the products of combustion, which may add undesirable elements to the subject material, is used to advantage in some processes. Control of the fuel/air balance can alter the exhaust gas chemistry toward either an oxidizing or a reducing mixture, and thus alter the chemistry of the material being processed. For example, cast iron can be puddled in an oxidizing atmosphere to convert it to the lower-carbon mild steel or bar iron. The Siemens-Martin oven in open hearth steelmaking is also a reverberatory furnace.

Reverberatory furnaces (in this context, usually called air furnaces) were formerly also used for melting brass, bronze, and pig iron for foundry work. They were also, for the first 75 years of the 20th century, the dominant smelting furnace used in copper production, treating either roasted calcine or raw copper sulfide concentrate. While they have been supplanted in this role, first by flash furnaces and more recently also by the Ausmelt and ISASMELT furnaces, they are very effective at producing slags with low copper losses.

History
The first reverberatory furnaces were perhaps in the medieval period, and were used for melting bronze for casting bells. The earliest known detailed description was provided by Biringuccio. They were first applied to smelting metals in the late 17th century. Sir Clement Clerke and his son Talbot built cupolas or reverberatory furnaces in the Avon Gorge below Bristol in about 1678. In 1687, while obstructed from smelting lead (by litigation), they moved on to copper. In the following decades, reverberatory furnaces were widely adopted for smelting these metals and also tin. They had the advantage over older methods that the fuel was mineral coal, not charcoal or 'white coal' (chopped dried wood).

In the 1690s, they (or associates) applied the reverberatory furnace (in this case known as an air furnace) to melting pig iron for foundry purposes. This was used at Coalbrookdale and various other places, but became obsolete at the end of the 18th century with the introduction of the foundry cupola furnace, which was a kind of small blast furnace, and a quite different species from the reverberatory furnace.

The puddling furnace, introduced by Henry Cort in the 1780s to replace the older finery process, was also a variety of reverberatory furnace.

Aluminium melting
Reverberatory furnaces are widely used to melt secondary aluminium scrap for eventual use by die-casting industries.

The simplest reverberatory furnace is nothing more than a steel box lined with alumina refractory brick with a flue at one end and a vertically lifting door at the other. Conventional oil or gas burners are placed usually on either side of the furnace to heat the brick and the eventual bath of molten metal is then poured into a casting machine to produce ingots.

title: Reverberatory furnace


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Maipo (volcano)

Maipo is a stratovolcano in the Andes, lying on the border between Argentina and Chile. It is located 90 km south of Tupungato and about 100 km southeast of Santiago. It has a symmetrical, conical volcanic shape, and is among the southernmost 5,000 metre peaks in the Andes.

Maipo is located within the Diamante caldera, a feature measuring 15 km by 20 km that is about half a million years old. It rises about 1,900 m (6,230 ft) above the floor of the caldera. Immediately to the east of the peak, on the eastern side of the caldera floor, is Laguna del Diamante, a lake that formed when lava flows blocked drainage channels from the caldera in 1826. The Diamante Caldera erupted 450 km3 of tephra, 450 ka.

The region's climate is transitional between the drier Mediterranean climate of the peaks to the north and the cold, moist climate of Chilean Patagonia. Hence, while less glaciated than Patagonia, it has more permanent snow on the wet, Chilean side than peaks of similar elevation to the north.

title: Maipo (volcano)


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Daniela Peštová

Daniela Peštová (born 14 October 1970) is a Czech model. She was born in Teplice, Czech Republic, and was discovered by the Madison Modeling Agency's Dominique Caffin. She had plans to attend college after grammar school but after winning a modelling contest she moved to Paris to sign with Madison Modeling Agency. She moved to New York, and from there, her career took off.

Career
She has appeared on the covers of GQ, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan, Glamour and Elle. She appeared in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (second of Czechoslovak descent, after Paulina Porizkova) and has been modelling for the magazine for years, appearing on the cover three times, in 1995, 2000 and 2006. In addition to working with photographers on her Sports Illustrated shoots, she was the subject of Joanne Gair's inaugural body painting works as part of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. She has modelled for L'Oréal and Victoria's Secret.

Personal life
Peštová married Tommaso Buti (former CEO of Fashion Café) in 1995, but they were divorced in 1998. The couple had a son, Yannick Fausto (b. 1996).

She has a daughter, Ella Joy (born 21 July 2002) and a son, Paul Henry (born 2009) with her present partner, Slovak singer Pavol Habera, frontman of Slovak band TEAM. She was dubbed "The Chameleon" for continuously changing her look. She speaks Russian, English, French and Italian fluently, as well as her native Czech.

title: Daniela Peštová


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Tambour

In classical architecture, a tambour (Fr.: "drum") is the inverted bell of the Corinthian capital around which are carved acanthus leaves for decoration.

The term also applies to the wall of a circular structure, whether on the ground or raised aloft on pendentives and carrying a dome (also known as a tholobate), and to the drum-shaped segments of a column, which is built up in several courses.

A cover made of strips of wood connected together with fabric such as that of a roll-top desk is called a tambour. This has been adopted to describe an office cupboard that is designed to have doors that conceal within the cabinet when opened, also known as roller-shutters.

title: Tambour


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The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam

The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam is an essay on Ahmadiyya Islam by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahmadiyya religious movement. The original was written in Urdu with the title Islami Usool ki Philosophy, in order to be read at the Conference of Great Religions held at Lahore on December 26–29, 1896. It explicitly deals with the following five broad themes with detail set by the moderators of the Conference:

 * the physical, moral, and spiritual states of man;
 * what is the state of man after death?
 * the object of man's life and the means of its attainment;
 * the operation of the practical ordinances of the Law in this life and the next;
 * sources of Divine knowledge

The subjects of the soul, the threefold reformation of man, what is moral quality? Why the flesh of swine is prohibited, the attributes of God and heaven upon earth are also discussed.

In 1896, during the Christmas Holidays a Hindu named Swami Sadhu Shugan Chandra convened a conference of Great Religions at Lahore. A committee was appointed to oversee the arrangements. Six people were chosen as its moderators including the judge of the Chief Court of Punjab and the former governor of Jammu.

The committee invited representatives of the Hindu, Christian and Muslim faiths to set forth the excellences of their respective faiths. The main objective was to give them the opportunity to convince others of the truth of their religion through speeches. Each speaker was required to address the five themes set by the moderators and to confine his discourse to the holy scriptures of their religions. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of Hinduism, Freethought, the Theosophical Society, Christianity, Islam and Sikhism as well as various scholars, barristers, lawyers, professor, doctors and extra assistants, who numbered between 7 and 8 thousand.

The speech representing Islam was the essay written by Gulam Ahmad and though he could not attend himself due to poor health, it was read out by his disciple Mawlwi Abdul Karim. It could not be read out within the set time allotted for it; therefore the conference was extended to an extra day. The Report of the Conference of Great Religions said "The essay was delivered in four hours and from start to finish it was most interesting and well appreciated."

On 21 December 1896 Ghulam Ahmad declared that he had been informed by God that his essay would be the most overpowering one. He stated:

It was originally published in The report of the Conference of Great Religions and was later published in book form as Islami Usool Ki Falāsifi. It was subsequently translated into English. It has seen many editions and has been translated into French, Dutch, German, Spanish and various other languages.


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Talk:Mariupol

Split proposed
The history section of this article is long enough to merit its own article. See also Ukrainian-language article: History of Mariupol. Thoughts? -- M2545 (talk) 10:33, 2 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I think it fits fine in this article. Chidgk1 (talk) 12:38, 8 April 2022 (UTC)
 * No longer relevent. The city has been destroyed and the entire article needs to be renamed "The History of Mariupol". Chesapeake77 (talk) 07:06, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
 * It seems eminently helpful--the city has an especially unique history that reaches with relevance to today. Tachypaidia (talk) 17:58, 26 April 2022 (UTC)
 * agreed Cononsense (talk) 15:03, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Mariupol still exists, but anyway none of the subjects in Category:Destroyed cities are titled “history of.” —Michael Z. 16:43, 14 May 2022 (UTC)
 * As stated in the article, the Siege of Mariupol has been compared to the devastating Siege of Leningrad during World War II. Since then, the city has recovered completely and regained its former glory. Hemanth Nalluri 11 (talk) 01:31, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * No detailed mention of Soviet Era history, could benefit from its own article due to the depth of the history. (9-30-22)
 * I agree with you. --Synotia (talk) 15:27, 22 December 2022 (UTC)
 * That makes sense, but it needs significant trimming at the very least, half of it is Russo-Ukrainian War and so a lot of it needs to be removed or moved to a history article. Mellk (talk) 15:47, 22 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I've trimmed the section on the siege itself as much as I could, this might help. HappyWith (talk) 21:06, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, after the trimming it cleanly fits into this article. HappyWith (talk) 17:34, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose article prosesize is at a healthy 6037 words so there's no basis for the nom anymore. Would recommend this discussion is WP:SPEEDYCLOSE. Cheers, Dan the Animator 05:39, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

switch from Russian to Ukrainian spelling
It would be interesting to know when the switch happened from the Russian spelling of the city to the Ukrainian spelling. As far as I understand the city was renamed in 1780 by request of the Greeks to Mariupol. So this was the periode under the Russian Empire, hence the Russian spelling Мариуполь. When did the offical change happen to the Ukrainian spelling Маріуполь? Was this in 1989 or 1991 or sometime later? 2003:C9:F24:AC00:1970:6888:EC4A:B56 (talk) 02:52, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Not entirely sure I understood your question, the city was called Mariupol more or less since it was founded. It was spelled Маріуполь in Russian according to the pre-1917 Russian orthography, which changed to Мариуполь after 1917. According to the current Ukrainian orthography (which wasn't standardised until late 19th - early 20th century) it's spelled Маріуполь. Once Ukraine became independent and the Ukrainian became the sole official language this became the official name. Do you propose to change something in the article? Alaexis¿question? 07:58, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * History rewritten by law... Ukrainian was the official language for the whole country. But Ukraine recognized 18 other languages for regional use. Since a city is a very regional thing Mariupol with its Russian speaking majority and its Greek speaking minority had 3 official spellings: Маріу́поль,Мариу́поль and Μαριούπολη.) This became questionable when the use of regional languages was restricted in the small period of time in 2014 when Ukraine had no "real" government, tried to make a law to remove the languages fully (which failed because a much more reasonable Poroshenko never signed it.) replaced the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and filed a constitutional complain against these Languages which, in 2017, declared them being unconstitutional backwards for the whole time. Маріу́поль->Маріуполь came later when the languages became more distinct after Russian and Ukrainian speaking people rater exchanged bullets instead of words. --2001:7C0:3006:3014:1679:61C3:EC43:BD02 (talk) 14:08, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

Extended Confirmed edit request for typo
The final paragraph of the intro section says "seize" when it should say "siege" (indeed, it links to the "Siege of Mariupol" article). If anyone sees this. Denzera (talk) 03:15, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Thank you. Rsk6400 (talk) 08:35, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 30 December 2023
I request in the country section that Russia be added as (De facto) while Ukraine be considered (De Jure). LegendaryChristopher (talk) 00:53, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template.  Delta  space 42  (talk • contribs) 19:01, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 28 February 2024
Please add verb 'ended' or 'stopped' or an appropriate verb after 'When the fighting' and before the comma, at the beginning of the 3rd paragraph in the section 2022 Russian invasion. There is a verb missing. Veridica Small (talk) 18:50, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Jamedeus (talk) 00:26, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

Country
Shouldn't we change the flag to Russia after the capture and reconstruction? BarakHussan (talk) 13:54, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

 * No. We follow RS. Rsk6400 (talk) 16:20, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mariupol


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User:Ratzer

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