text:
Drive bay

A drive bay is a standard-sized area for adding hardware to a computer. Most drive bays are fixed to the inside of a case, but some can be removed.

Over the years since the introduction of the IBM PC, it and its compatibles have had many form factors of drive bays. Four form factors are in common use today, the 5.25-inch, 3.5-inch, 2.5-inch or 1.8-inch drive bays. These names do not refer to the width of the bay itself, but rather to the width of the disks used by the drives mounted in these bays.

8.0-inch
8.0-inch drive bays were found in early IBM computers, CP/M computers, and the TRS-80 Model II. They were 4+5/8 in high, 9+1/2 in wide, and approximately 14+1/4 in deep, and were used for hard disk drives and floppy disk drives. This form factor is obsolete.

5.25-inch
5.25-inch drive bays are divided into two height specifications, full-height and half-height.

Full-height bays were found in old PCs in the early to mid-1980s. They were 3+1/4 in high, 5+3/4 in wide, and up to 8 in deep, used mainly for hard disk drives and floppy disk drives. This is the size of the internal (screwed) part of the bay, as the front side is actually 5+7/8 in. The difference between those widths and the name of the bay size is because it is named after the size of floppy that would fit in those drives, a 5.25-inch-wide square.

Half-height drive bays are 1+5/8 in high by 5+3/4 in wide, and are the standard housing for CD and DVD drives in modern computers. They were sometimes used for other things in the past, including hard disk drives (roughly between 10 and 100 MB) and floppy disk drives. Often represented as 5.25-inch, these floppy disk drives are obsolete. As the name indicates, two half-height devices can fit in one full-height bay.

The dimensions of a 5.25-inch floppy drive are specified in the SFF standard specifications which were incorporated into the EIA-741 "Specification for Small Form Factor 133.35 mm (5.25 in) Disk Drives" by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA). Dimensions of 5.25 optical drives are specified in the SFF standard (they are somewhat shorter and not only size of the body is standardized, but also size of the bezel).

3.5-inch

3.5-inch bays, like their larger counterparts, are named after diskette dimensions; their actual dimensions are 4 in wide by 1.028 in high. Those with an opening in the front of the case are generally used for floppy or Zip drives. Hard drives in modern computers are typically mounted in fully internal 4″ (nominally 3.5″) bays. Most modern computers do not come with a floppy drive at all, and may lack any externally accessible 3.5″ bays. There are adapters, sometimes called a "sled", which can be used to mount a 3.5″ device in a 5.25″ bay.

More recently, it is becoming common to use 3.5″ bays for smart card and memory card readers, or for panels with additional USB ports. A 3.5″ drive containing both a card reader and a floppy drive, as well as a USB port, is also available.

The dimensions of a 3.5″ drive are specified in the SFF standard specifications SFF-8300 and SFF-8301, which were incorporated into the EIA-740 specification by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA).

2.5-inch

For 2.5-inch bays, actual dimensions are 2+3/4 in wide, between 5 mm and 3/4 in high, and 3.955 in deep. However, most laptops have drive bays smaller than the 15 mm specification. 2.5-inch hard drives may range from 7 mm to 15 mm in height. There are two heights that appear to be prominent. 9.51 mm size drives are predominantly used by laptop manufacturers. 2.5-inch Velociraptor and some higher capacity drives (above 1 TB), are 15 mm in height. The greater height of the 15 mm drives allows more platters and therefore greater data capacities. Many laptop drive bays are designed to be removable trays in which the drives are mounted, to ease removal and replacement.

The dimensions of a 2.5-inch drive are specified in the SFF standard specifications SFF-8200 and SFF-8201, which were incorporated into the EIA-720 specification by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA).

1.8-inch
1.8-inch bays have two specifications, a 60 mm × 70 mm form factor, and a 54 mm × 78 mm form factor. The actual dimensions of the 60 mm × 70 mm are 2.75 in wide by 0.276–0.374 in high and 2.362 in deep (69.85 mm × 7–9.5 mm × 60 mm). The actual dimensions of the 54 mm × 78 mm are 2.126 in wide by 0.197 or 0.315 in high and 3.091 in deep (54 mm × 5 or 8 mm × 78.5 mm). These drives have been used in small devices, including as add-ons to game systems.

The dimensions of a 1.8-inch drive are specified in the SFF standard specifications SFF-8111 and SFF-8120, which were incorporated into the EIA-720 specification by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA).

Usage
Drive bays are most commonly used to store disk drives, although they can also be used for front-end USB ports, I/O bays, card readers, fans, fan controllers, RAID controllers, tool storage, and other uses. Some computers have a small system monitor LCD mounted in a drive bay.

When installing a drive in a bay, it is usually secured with four screws that hold the drive in the bay, although toolless fasteners are becoming more common. Then, any necessary power, data transfer, and other cables are routed into and connected to the rear of the drive. The drive bay is usually just big enough for the drive to fit inside. Since computers have 12 V rails on their motherboards, some computer hobbyist websites even sell addons for cigarette lighter receptacles to power or recharge devices made to draw power from automobiles, though USB is already available for charging devices like cell phones and portable media players.

Drive bay-compatible computer case accessories that do not connect to the motherboard or power supply at all are also common, such as small storage drawers or even cup holders.

title: Drive bay


text:
River Looe

The River Looe (Logh, meaning deep water inlet) is a river in south-east Cornwall, which flows into the English Channel at Looe. It has two main branches, the East Looe River and the West Looe River. The eastern branch has its source near St Cleer only 0.5 km away from the Golitha Falls on the River Fowey, and flows south, passing close to the western outskirts of Liskeard. The western branch has its source near Dobwalls.

South of Liskeard, the Looe Valley Line railway follows the course of the East Looe River to Looe. The railway is so close to the river that flooding is a common occurrence.

The lowest stretch of the rivers combine to form the tidal harbour and estuary of Looe. The combined length of the two rivers (including the tidal confluence) is 49.05 km.

The river is tidal to Watergate on the West Looe and Sandplace on the East Looe. After Sandplace, the river was connected to the Liskeard and Looe Union Canal so that minerals and stone could be transported from the workings and quarries above Liskeard to the harbour at Looe. The tidal estuarine section is an example of a Ria (a drowned river valley) and at low tide, the rivers almost dry up to a very small natural level.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: River Looe


text:
Talk:Banjo-Pilot

untitled
This article's contents should not have been moved from Banjo Pilot. There is no dash in its official name -- the dashes in the logo are just stylistic. (If we took the logo literally, then the title would actually be Banjo--Pilot, since the logo has two dashes.) See the game's official page -- in every instance, the title is written as Banjo Pilot, with no dashes. Jason One 01:47, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The article wasn't even properly moved to begin with. I was not sure what the proper title of the game was so I didn't do anything about it.  As for the official title it is quite weird.  All the previous Banjo-Kazooie games have had the dash between the name (note: only one dash although box art shows one on both lines).  See Banjo-Kazooie, Banjo-Tooie, and ''Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge.  Why they seemed to break that pattern with this game is beyond me. --TheDotGamer 02:41, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's a good point. I hadn't noticed that all the previous games had the same two dashes in their logos. In this case, though, I would still lean toward Banjo Pilot instead of Banjo-Pilot. The dash makes sense in Banjo-Kazooie, where it indicates Banjo and Kazooie are working together as one unit. But in this game, Banjo isn't working with a pilot -- he is a pilot, so the dash doesn't seem right to me. I don't know. Jason One 08:59, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Banjo isn't working with Tooie in Banjo-Tooie. - Vague | Rant 10:45, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

Eng var
re: fwiw, this article was originally written in mdy, not dmy. It has no strong national ties to the British English variation. You should feel free to revert to the original format. (not watching, please )  czar  11:36, 20 October 2018 (UTC)
 * , the older revisions of the page also use dmy and the Use dmy dates has been in the article since July 2015 JOE BRO  64  00:36, 22 October 2018 (UTC)
 * It's ultimately your call as the author. That template was added arbitrarily in 2015. czar  00:38, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Banjo-Pilot


text:
Talk:Drive bay

Full-height
"They were 2" high..." Are you sure about this? I admit I'm bad at estimating, but that seems too small for these drives. --Ntg 04:10, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * It is, they'r ~3.5", I just measured them. Corrected as appropriate. Boffy b 23:15, 2005 Jan 31 (UTC)

LCD
Some people put LCD display into the 5.25" drive bay. The LCD display reports CPU fan rotation speed, CPU temperature, motherboard temperature, etc or other stuff.
 * Article system monitor.

Actual sizes
There must be standards somewhere regarding the actual sizes of these drive bays. But who would have them now? ---Ransom (--208.25.0.2 (talk) 20:07, 20 November 2007 (UTC))

Looking at the T13/1698D Volume 2 Revision 0 (ATA 8 Parallel Transport), it says it's 5.748" in width and 3.250", 1.634" or 1.020" max in height. This appears correct as on my system between sets of holes, it is a bit more than 1-5/8" (1.625"), and less than 1-11/16" (1.6875"). I do not have a caliper to take exact measurements to confirm. Though the spec I have does appear to get which end of a 5.25" CD-ROM drive has the connectors on wrong, so who knows how reliable this info is. (The also never updated the right header, but did update the left header for the spec version.)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.17.45.168 (talk) 09:16, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Not important at ALL: —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.240.240.35 (talk) 21:46, 9 February 2009 (UTC) This is a reminder to all the drive Bay is on the frount of the computer box!

There are three elements to the actual size, the size of the hardware (which is accurate as mentioned above). The second element is the size of the Bezel that goes on the front. The standard size of the Bezel is missing from the document. every manufacturer makes the Bezel a bit different. but they are offcourse using some standard and staying within it. This standard for the Bezel is hard to find. The third element is the opening or Aperture that the hardware slides into, which has to be a bit larger than the Bezel so the Bezel sits in it comfortably. That is also a missing mechenical spec that is hard to find. Another way to look at it is.. suppose you are building something that will take two CD-ROM drives in a Dual Bay, one on top of each other. How would you figure out the distance between the set of screw holes on the side of the CDROM between the two CDROM ? the Bezel and the opening size would dictate the true distance between the two screw hole sets on the two CDROMS. Off course you can use a caliper, or build larger holes so you have room to move.. but that not how you achieve perfection. It would be a great help if someone has the answer to the 2nd and 3rd elemnts above. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.196.179.117 (talk) 23:58, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

The cited SFF specs have the nominal dimensions. They are 5.75×3.25″ (by up to 8″ deep) for a full-height and half that (1.625″) for half-height. Obviously, look at the specs for tolerances (generally 0.025″). 71.41.210.146 (talk) 14:48, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

5.25 name
Why 5.25" has such name? It is wider than 5.25" `a5b (talk) 15:57, 12 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Cause the size of the floppy disks that the drives used were 5.25" Letharin (talk) 11:46, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

5.25" Bays for Slot Loading/Slim Line Drives
Okay so I've been looking at compact computer cases recently and noticed that a few have 5.25" bays, but with the caveat that they're for slime-line optical drives. Do these have any kind of standard dimensions, if so, could someone please add them to the article? -- Haravikk (talk) 20:15, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

The 3.5" 25/26mm dimension is still in use.
E.g. Seagate seems to use 26.1mm/26.11mm for all Desktop-HDDs with 2TB or more and also some smaller capacity models. --MrBurns (talk) 21:05, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

PS: The specifications linked in the article mention 3 height dimension (17.80mm, 26.10mm and 42.00mm) and don't state that only the dimension of 17.80 mm should be used for HDDs. 42mm is obviously obsolete, but 26.10mm obviously not. --MrBurns (talk) 21:13, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hello! Well, 26.1 mm is the standard height for the vast majority of modern 3.5-inch HDDs, see this for example. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 07:54, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Oops, look at that, Seagate still makes consumer-grade 3.5-inch HDDs as small as 160 GB, and packs them into sub-20 mm frames. I was under impression that frames thinner than the standard 26.1 mm died off together with those ancient slim Maxtor HDDs. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 08:01, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Dimensions given in "Form factors" do not match SFF standards
Some of the exact dimensions listed in the "Form factors" section appear to be wrong. They contradict themselves and the SFF standards.

For example, 3.5" bay width is given in the article, with an incorrect unit conversion, as "4 inches (100 mm)"; the actual linked standard says 101.60 mm / 4.000".

They should be fixed to match the standards. 73.202.12.249 (talk) 05:59, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

No source for the term drive bay
None of the references contain the word bay. Something should be referenced that states that these things are actually called drive bays. 88.112.62.49 (talk) 20:19, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drive bay


text:
Carraroe

Carraroe (in Irish, and officially, an Cheathrú Rua, meaning 'the red quarter') is a village in Connemara, the coastal Irish-speaking region (Gaeltacht) of County Galway, Ireland. It is known for its traditional fishing boats, the Galway Hookers. Its population is widely dispersed over the Carraroe peninsula between Cuan an Fhir Mhóir (Greatman's Bay) and Cuan Chasla (Casla Bay). Carraroe has an unusual beach, Trá an Dóilín, a biogenic gravel beach made of coralline algae known as "maerl".

Galway hookers

Galway Hookers are a distinctive form of native Irish boat, and Carraroe hosts an annual regatta of these vessels. As of 2006 this event, which is named Féile an Dóilín after the area's "coral strand", was the largest ever regatta of Galway hookers. The main boats are the larger Báid Mhóra (big boats) and Leathbháid (half-boats), which in earlier times were used for hauling turf from the peat bogs in Connemara to the Aran Islands and The Burren of County Clare, where peat is absent. The smaller boats are the Gleoiteoga, which were traditionally used for fishing. These boats can be found at Sruthán Pier, which is the main pier in Carraroe and in the Caladh Thadhg area.

The main activity of these boats is racing, and there are several regattas along the Connemara coast. Currach racing is held on Loch an Mhuilinn, the lake close to the village. Every year at the festival of Cruinniú na mBád, a flotilla of traditional Connemara boats race across Galway Bay from Carraroe to Kinvara.

Irish language

Irish (specifically the Connacht dialect) is the main spoken language of Carraroe, the settlement being the most populous Irish-speaking village in the Connemara Gaeltacht.

In 2016, Carraroe was a town with one of the highest percentages of daily Irish speakers in Ireland, with 61.6 percent stating that they spoke it daily. Under the Gaeltacht Act 2012, the Gaeltacht was redefined into 26 Language Planning Areas. Of these, Carraroe area recorded the third largest proportion of daily Irish speakers in Ireland in 2016, at 65.1 percent.

There are two summer schools that teach Irish to English-speaking secondary-school students from all over Ireland. The Carraroe area is also a centre for Irish-language media, and the former national Irish-language newspaper Foinse had its head office in the village. The Irish-language radio station, RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, is in nearby Casla, and the Irish-language television station, TG4, is based at Baile na hAbhann, a few kilometres east. Roman Catholic church services are in Irish only. All school lessons are conducted in Irish.

Beach
Trá an Dóilín is a Blue Flag beach near the village which is noted for its fine "coral". Though the beach is known in English as "Coral Strand", it is actually made of coralline algae known as maerl. This biogenic gravel beach is rare and of great conservation importance.

Education
Áras Mháirtín Uí Chadhain (Máirtín Ó Cadhain House) is one of the Gaeltacht centres of Oifig na Gaeilge Labhartha (the Department of Spoken Irish) of the National University of Ireland, Galway. The facility opened in 1977. The centre is named in honour of Máirtín Ó Cadhain, author of Cré na Cille ('Graveyard Clay').

Sport
Páirc an Chathanaigh is a community-owned sports ground in the village. It is the home ground of both Gaelic football club CLG An Cheathrú Rua and An Ghaeltacht RFC rugby union club. It also hosted Galway United F.C.'s 1986–87 UEFA Cup soccer match against FC Groningen when Terryland Park failed to meet UEFA standards.

Local soccer club C.S. Mac Dara competes in the Galway & District League. Connemara Isles Golf Club is a nine-hole course in nearby Lettermore.

Transport
Carraroe is served by Bus Éireann route 424 from Galway.

Popular culture
The village is mentioned in the lyrics of the Waterboys' 1993 hit "Glastonbury Song", which refers to several Irish and British sites associated with ancient Celtic ritual:
 * We came down from the hill of dreams
 * Bernadette, mother earth and you and me
 * Through Carraroe, down the wildwood side.

The town gives its name to the traditional tune "Carraroe Jig". The jig has been recorded by several artists, including Patrick Street, Mick Moloney and The Corrs.

Carraroe is the home of the fictional Nuala Anne McGrail, heroine of novelist Andrew Greeley's "Irish" series which began with Irish Gold in 1994.

Notable people

 * Charles Lamb (1893–1964), artist, lived in Carraroe from 1921 until his death
 * Tomás Mac Eoin, sean-nós singer, lives in An Cheathrú Rua

title: Carraroe


text:
User talk:Throbblefoot

Archived talk

 * /Archive 1: Jan 2005 – Oct 2008

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Throbblefoot


text:
Traffic Giant

Traffic Giant is a video game released in 2000 by Austrian developer JoWooD Productions. It allows players to create a working public transportation system in a city using buses, streetcars, commuter rail, suspended monorail (much like the Schwebebahn Wuppertal), and Maglev trains. The game used 2D isometric graphics for its interface.

Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

title: Traffic Giant


text:
User talk:Wanderingbear

Im trying to fing out if I know WArd Churchill and why he knows my philosophy. Wandering Bear http://www.hippieland.net

Speedy deletion of Wanderingbear
A tag has been placed on Wanderingbear, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to have no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent. If the page you created was a test, please use the sandbox for any other experiments you would like to do. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions about this.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. TN ‑ X - Man 20:39, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

The article Wanderingbear has been speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Please also note that articles must be on notable subjects and should cite to reliable sources which verify their content. Please only repost the article in a form that meets these standards. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Dloh  cierekim'''  21:00, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Wanderingbear
A tag has been placed on Wanderingbear requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Anonymous101 (talk) 21:02, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wanderingbear


text: Category:Politics of Mozambique

title: Category:Politics of Mozambique


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xaero

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT. dbenbenn | talk 22:12, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Xaero
This article was link from a badly linked list, also, it is a rather useless subject. I vote it be deleted, since it has been orphaned as well. --Jimius 14:49, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The above was begun by Jimius. I finished the procedure for him, and added a note on his Talk: page. My vote is Merge with something. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-10 12:35 Z

 * Delete. He is already mentioned on Quake III Arena. Article adds no further info. Phils 15:14, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect in that case. Kappa 17:15, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, cruft. Wyss 19:41, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Quake III Arena. Megan1967 02:33, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xaero


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anarki

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Redirect to Anarchy and merge. -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:56, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Anarki
This article was link from a badly linked list, also, it is a rather useless subject. I vote it be deleted, since it has been orphaned as well. --Jimius 13:25, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The above was begun by user:Jimius. I am attempting to finish the procedure for him. (placed note on his user talk page). merge somewhere and delete. trivia. RJFJR 04:06, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Quake III Arena, and add redirect. Megan1967 05:31, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, cruft. Wyss 22:09, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect turn this page into a redirect for a misspelling of Anarchy  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 08:51, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Delete Lectonar 08:33, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Quake III Arena, then Redirect to Anarchy. Bart133 (t) 02:26, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anarki


text:
Talk:Jam band

Spiritualized and The Warlocks as jam bands?
Much of the material of both acts does feature jamming, but I am not sure if either one could be considered a jam band per se. Both have incorporated influences generally rejected by the jam band crowd, such as Spacemen 3 and Jesus and Mary Chain in the case of both, and The Cure and Black Sabbath in the case of the Warlocks. While both acts do jam, and both draw upon blues based influences that jam bands also have, I don't know if influences from 1980s British post-punk are conducive to the jam band genre.

Who deleted the jazz comment?
Not sure what went wrong here. I recently added the Jam Band's jazz branch to the article in a very small way. All I wanted to do was mention that Jazz (the original improv that stormed the US and eventually lead to Jam Bands) has a few bands, going all the way back to the 1970's, who have crossed the boundaries back and forth from legit Jazz to Jam bands. The Dirty Dozen is a great example of how a brass band can find themselves in a psychedelic freestyle jam and then bring it back (usually) to Jazz. I also mentioned The Primate Fiasco who is more recently doing the same thing, but with a slightly more Dixieland or Trad-Jazz feel blended with somewhat of a funk/disco.

I would appreciate an explaination of how this in not part of the Jam band scene. While you're explaining, please explain why we don't remove String Cheese. Or Carl Denson. Should we shove Medeski back into "modern Jazz" while we're at it?

After the whole debate about Dave matthews, it seems clear that we all agree that it's not about the style or sound, it's about the free flowing ideas that happen only once and then are different at the next show. The Dixieland/Jam combination is probably one of the most obvious examples.

I'm going to go ahead and put that back up. It's one sentence and I think if you take a moment you'll realize what you may otherwise be missing out on.

PS. I'm glad to see this much intelligent enthousiasm about Jam bands. Even from those who disagree with my point of view. This genre will remain part of music history much more than pop will.

Hopelessly bad writing
I started tightening the text, but I give up.

According to the chronology section, between 1990 and 1999 Phish was the only active jam band
The Paragraph "1990–1999: Phish" is ridiculous, it mentions no other band, it basically looks as if it was written by a boy-band teenage fan. Dave Matthews band was founded and came to prominence during that decade (with their 1994 album released under a major label) yet they're not even mentioned once. Instead, they are mentioned in the 80's paragraph, despite the fact that the band formed in 1991. The 1990-1999 paragraph does contain some interesting info but, in the form it is today, it is unsalvageable. So I decided to merge it with the previous paragraph, given that the previous paragraph actually covers the 90's. Mastazi (talk) 00:00, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jam band


text:
Talk:Empirical Bayes method

Data sets are conditionally independent given the prior parameters
As far as I understand from the modern Bayesian perspective empirical Bayes is about hierarchical Bayesian models and learning the parameters of a prior distribution by sharing that distribution across different data sets. In other words it is an assumption that these data sets are conditionally independent given the prior parameters. I don't detect any of that in this article. Am I missing the point or something?

 * I don't see how you're failing to detect it. Look at the quantity called Θ in the article. Michael Hardy 22:44, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

So the point is that there are several approachs to Empirical Bayes, and what is presented here is the simply the "Robbins" Method (See Carlin and Louis).

In a broader context, Empirical Bayes is about using empirical data to estimate and/or evaluate the Marginal distribution that arises in the Posterior, from Bayes Theorem. For simple models (with simple conjugate priors such as Beta-Bionomial, Gaussian-Gaussian, Poission-Gamma, Multinomial-Dirichlet, Uniform-Pareto, etc), there are several simple and elegant results that basically estimate the Marginal using Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE), and then a simple point estimate for the posterior (i.e. a point estimate for the prior). The basic results are quite easy to interpret (i.e as a linear regression) and implement. It would be nice to have discussion on these topics here, and some summary of the basic models.

A good example would be to work out the Beta-Bionomial Model, since this model is somewhat complicated and is a good starting point for modeling small, discrete data sets.

Once the basic ideas are laid out, it would be good to then add sections on computational methods for complex models, such as Expectation Maximization, Markov Chain Monte Carlo, etc.

Some applications would be nice to, such as modeling consumer Marketing data (which is what I do with it) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Charlesmartin14 (talk • contribs)

deletion of a misguided paragraph
This section was recently added to the article (this version is after some cleanups including misspellings, fixing links, some TeX corrections, etc.):

 * Bayes' theorem

 * In the Bayesian approach to statistics, we consider the problem of estimating some future outcome or event, based on measurements of our data, a model for these measurements, and some model for our prior beliefs about the system. Let us consider a standard two-stage model, where we write our data measurements as a vector $$y = {y_1, y_2, \dots, y_n} $$, and our prior beliefs as some vector of random unknowns $$\theta$$.  We assume we can model our measurements with a conditional probability distribution (the  likelihood ) $$Pr(y|\theta)$$, and also the prior as $$\Pr(\theta|\eta)$$, where $$\eta$$ is some hyper-parameter.  For example, we might choose $$\Pr(y|\theta)$$ to be a  binomial distribution, and $$\Pr(\theta|\eta)$$ as a Beta distribution (the conjugate prior).    Empirical Bayes then employs empirical data to make inferences about the prior $$\theta$$, and then plugs this into the likelihood $$Pr(y|\theta)$$ to make estimates  for future outcomes.

This could leave the impression that empirical Bayes methods are an instance of the Bayesian approach to statistics. But that is incorrect: the Bayesian approach is about the degree-of-belief interpretation of probability.

This could also leave the impression that the Bayesian approach is about estimating FUTURE outcomes or events. It's not. (In some cases it may be about the future, but that's certainly nowhere near essential.)

This characterization of "likelihood" fails to make clear that the likelihood is a function of θ and not of y. It also works only for discrete distributions, whereas likelihood is more general than that.

It uses the word "hyperparameter" without explanation.

After the words "for example", the examples are far to terse to be comprehensible. The examples the article already gave are comprehensible. More could be useful if they were presented in the same way. Michael Hardy 21:23, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

This is an attempt to provide some additional information about how Empirical Bayes is done in practice and the basic formulation from first principles, as opposed to just saying "use Baye's theomr and the result pops out!" It is a first start...these things do take time

Some comments;

(1) I am not sure what you mean by saying the Likeliehood is not a function of y? Perhaps you mean it is not a function of the data? The point is that Empirical Bayes will eventually plug this in. (2) Add a section on the hyperparameter to define it...why did you delete it? (3) If you don't like the word future, then change it? Why did you delete everything?

(4) You leave the impression that Empirical Bayes is nothing more than Robbin's method?! Under your logic, I would delete the entire page and just start form scratcvh.

(5) Empirical Bayes (EB) is an approach to Bayesian statsitics which combines the Bayesian formalism and empirical data? Again, what's the problem? Here the issue is more between the Robbin's style Non-Parametric EB and the Carlin and Louis style Parametric EB.

(6) The examples ARE NOT comprehensible...you did not explain anything except give Robbin's formula and explain how to plug in the results...you need to explain WHY Robbin's is doing what he is doing in the more general context, based on the rgior and presentation in other areas of probability theory on the wikipedia. For example, you could explain that Robbin's method is actually the Bayes Estimate of the prior under Squaered Error Loss.

The point of the article should be to explain the primary models involved with some rigor and derivation, such as the Beta-Binomial, the Poisson-Gamma, etc, since these are commonly used and not explained elsewhere.

 * The likelihood function is L(θ) = fθ(x) where fθ is the probability density function given that θ is the value of the parameter. The argument to the function L(θ) is of course θ.

 * No, empirical Bayes is more than Robbins' examples. I have no problem with additional examples.

 * There's nothing inherently Bayesian about empirical Bayes methods. Empirical Bayes methods that are most often used are not Bayesian.  The mere fact that Bayes' theorem is used does not make it any more Bayesian than it would otherwise be.  Bayesianism is the degree-of-belief interpretation, as opposed to the frequency interpretation or some others, of probability.

 * The example I referred to is one that you very tersely mentioned but did not explain. The example that was already there was explained.  In the examples section below the paragraph I criticized, you could add some fully explained examples. Michael Hardy 22:48, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

This issue about the functional dependence is merely notation...I am simply following the convention in the wikipedia entry on Bayes Theorem and other well known treasties on conditional distributions, such as Carlin and Louis to papers. It would be good to have a consistant notation accross the wikipedia page after some other issues are cleaned up. I fail to see the need to use the term "bound variable" because that is really confusing to anyone who is not a programmer, and especially here, since the point of Empirical Baeys is to "unbind the varibales" and approximate them with their empirical counterparts in the marginal

 * I am not a programmer. The term "bound variable" is older than computers and older than computer software. Michael Hardy 17:33, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

The formulae presented are fine for discrete and continuous distributions? What specifically do you mean

As for being inherently Bayesian, the point is that Empirical Bayes methods use empirical data to approximate the Bayesian marginal and/or posterior distribution under certain approximations (such as squared error loss, Stein estimation, maximum likelihood estimate (MLE), etc), or they may use computational methods to approximate the marginal (Gaussian Quadrature, Metropolis Monte Carlo, Markov Chain Monte Carlo, etc.). This is true with Robbin's method, with the Beta-Binomial model, with Bayesian Regression, etc. Each "example" uses some combination of these approximation (i.e Robbins is a point estimate assuming a non-informative, unspecified prior and squared error loss).

 * I strongly object to the inclusion of numerical and simulation methods in this page as a type of empirical Bayes analysis. These computational methods do not modify the nature of the Bayesian inference, as they only induce some numerical error in the exploitation of the posterior. Empirical Bayes methods use the data to construct (part of) the "prior" and are thus conducting another form of inference that is not entirely Bayesian. Empirical has a specific meaning in the field, it does not mean approximate or ad hoc. Ethel Mannin (talk) 09:12, 24 July 2021 (UTC)

The current explanation of Robbin's method for Empirical Bayes does not clearly explain how the marginal is being approximated...indeed, you just refer to it as the "normalizing constant", and hwile there is a wikipedia entry on this, it is just not transparent and not the terminology used in the some of the popular literature on Empirical Bayes (Carlin and Louis, Rossi, etc). It is is also confusing since it is not actually constant (i.e. it will be a function of any hyperparameters as well as the data that appears in the Likelihood )

You should take out the comments like "That is why the word Bayes appears" and "that is why the word empirical appears" and, instead, explain concisely but from general first principles what is going on. I have tried to add some of this in the introduction. One good formulation, at least for Robbin's method, is to show that Bayes rule arises as a point estimate when you minimize the posterior squared error loss (i.e risk minimization), and it takes about 3-4 lines of basic calculus

I have included some of this and will need to fix up the notation to complete it...IMHO it would be important to present the basic derivations and their motivations

Your example with the normal distribution is incomplete because you are describing, again, a very specific case of Bayesian Regression, whereas a more complete discussion would at least include the Parametric Point Estimates for Gaussian and its conjugate priors (either for unknown mean and known variance, or for unknown mean and unknown variance).

Most importantly, the article should explain the difference between Non-Parametric and Parametric EB and also discuss the basic result of the Parametric EB and Point Estimation, which include the notions of information "borrowing,"  "shrinkage," and the trade-off between bias and variance

I have cleaned up the proof considerably by explaining why we can use a point estimate for the prior and clarified that we are essentially estimating the marginals. This will also make it easier to add a section on parametric Empirical Bayes. Clearly much more work is needed!

The next planned step is to add a section on Parametric Empirical Bayes, to derive the Beta-Binomial model, and to provide a numerical example.

 * Writing Pr(y|θ) is at best valid only for discrete distributions. "Pr" means probability, and must be between 0 and 1 (inclusive).  For continuous distributions, you need probability density, which, of course, need not be less than 1, and writing "Pr" for probability density seems rather strange to me. Michael Hardy 17:35, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The current version of the page already uses a more common notation

I have now schetched out mathematical details for the so-called "example for a normal distribution" There are some subtlies here I have avoided (such as a proper derivation of the conjugate priors), among other things

It would be good to create an example which uses the results of the mathematical derivation It would also be good to add specific sections for the Beta-Binomial model, which is non-trivial, and, perhaps, the multi-variate linear regression model (which is commented on in Estimation of covariance matrices)

Some confusions
In the introduction part, I understands most of them until the sentence "Empirical Bayes then employs the complete set of empirical data to make inferences about the prior θ, and then plugs this into the likelihood ρ(y | θ) to make estimates for future outcomes of individual measurements." First of all, what kind of estimation won't use the "complete set of empirical data"? I am not an expert in Statistics, so forgive me if I am ignorant. As far as I knew, for estimation, it is always better to use the entire dataset, except that you are talking about cross-validation. Secondly, what do you mean of "plugs this estimation into the likelihood"? It would be better to write it in a mathematical equation about the statement. I am guessing you are saying that one predicts new data y_new by p(ynew|yold)=p(ynew|$$\theta$$)p($$\theta$$|yold). Is it correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.121.137.101 (talk) 10:23, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

The entire section about using an iterative approximate approach to computing the hierarchical posterior should be removed as (a) it is not an empirical Bayes approach (b) requires an hyperprior (c) corresponds to a specific form of Gibbs sampling.

Clarity
This article should be re-written. I submit that it is way over the head of most Wikipedia readers. The Gunning Fog Index of the Introduction paragraph is over 19, indicating a post-graduate education is needed to understand it. The introductions should explain the basic concept to the average reader, even if the particulars are too technical.

I came to this article because Empirical Bayes is becoming common in highway safety research, but despite 3 years of math in college, and 16 years experience as a traffic engineer, I learned nothing from this article.--Triskele Jim (talk) 18:08, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I tried to write a short, to-the-point intro. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.238.115.164 (talk) 17:35, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Shrinkage/James-Stein estimators
The famous James-Stein estimator (the classic example of a shrinkage estimator) for the mean of a Gaussian has its theoretical foundation in empirical Bayes. It results from applying empirical Bayes to the estimation of the covariance matrix of a Gaussian prior with fixed mean zero. The JS estimate is simply the Bayes estimator for the resulting posterior. Would be interesting to add a section about this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.238.115.164 (talk) 17:17, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Original meaning of the term
[This is my first post. Please be forgiving] The term "Empirical Bayes" is used in many contexts with many different meanings. A short review is suggested in I. J. Good, “Introduction to Robbins (1955) An empirical Bayes approach to statistics,” Breakthroughs in Statistics: Foundations and basic theory (1992): 379. In a nutshell, it was originally used in an estimation problem with a physical (frequentist, non epistemic), non-parametric prior distribution. Soon enough it started being used for "pseudo-Bayes" problems with a parametric prior, and even for pure Bayes (epistemic/De Finetti prior) with a composite parametric prior, despite the original EB was purely frequentist. I believe emphasis should be put on the frequentist nature of the "original" empirical Bayes, versus it's epistemic spin offs.

 * What does epistemic mean in this context? As for what the article should focus on, I'd say that the essence of Empirical Bayes is that it is a frequentist's approach for selecting the hyperparameters that determine a Bayesian's prior distribution for the parameters.  — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 14:20, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

 * By "epistemic" I mean subjective prior. I.e.- the prior describes my beliefs and not the relative frequencies in some hyper-population. John.ros (talk) 15:50, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

Error in Poisson-Gamma model
There seems to be an error (or simply poor notation) in the final example. In particular, the example is using y as the full data, but the posterior is apparently only using 1 data point. Then the final bayes estimator includes ybar, but this is only correct for a sample of size one. For a sample of size n, the estimator should be $$\frac{n \bar y + \alpha}{n+1/ \beta}$$.

I'd make the change myself, but it would almost surely be reverted before anyone even looks at the change. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.113.126.119 (talk) 18:45, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Empirical Bayes method


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Ranchero

Ranchero is the term in the Spanish language for a rancher, meaning a person working on a ranch.
 * Rancheros in South America
 * Ranchos of California

Ranchero, or Rancheros, may also refer to:

Transportation

 * Ford Ranchero, a Ford Motor Company vehicle model, manufactured between 1957 and 1979

Film and television

 * The Ranchero's Revenge (1913)
 * The Gay Ranchero (1948)
 * Wavy Rancheros, a crocodile puppet recurring on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson

Music

 * Ranchero music
 * Huevos Rancheros (band)
 * Corazón Ranchero, the fourth studio album by Shaila Dúrcal

Sports

 * Santa Barbara Dodgers aka Santa Barbara Rancheros; former minor league baseball team in Santa Barbara, California

Other

 * Huevos rancheros, an egg cuisine dish
 * Rancheros visitadores, American social club

title: Ranchero


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Alsco 300 (Kentucky)

The Alsco 300 was a NASCAR Xfinity Series race held at Kentucky Speedway in Sparta, Kentucky, United States. The distance of the race was 300 miles (482.803 km).

History
Kentucky Speedway, opened in 2000 by Jerry Carrol, held its first Busch Series race in 2001. Brad Paisley sang the National Anthem, and then-Cincinnati Bengals player Corey Dillon gave the command to start engines. This race saw Travis Kvapil go upside down after clipping Rich Bickle's No. 59 car off of Turn 2, and the car slid all the way down the backstretch in the turn three grass. Kevin Harvick won the inaugural event.

Hypermarket chain Meijer was the race's sponsor since 2003 after previous sponsorship from Outback Steakhouse and Kroger. Nabisco, through its Oreo and Ritz brands, had been an associate sponsor since the 2002 race. For 2011, the race was sponsored by the Nonprofit organization Feed The Children. Starting in 2016, the race was sponsored by Alsco. In 2017, Alsco signed a multi-year agreement to continue being the sponsor of the NASCAR XFINITY Series race. Alsco is one of only two companies to serve as entitlement sponsor of multiple Xfinity Series events. Each year Alsco provides its sponsorship partners, employees, customer and prospects with over 1,500 tickets to the race.

The race received a doubleheader in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The second race, the Shady Rays 200, was held the day before the Alsco 300.

Kentucky was removed from the 2021 Xfinity schedule.

David Gilliland won here for an underfunded team in 2006 with 8 starts in his résumé. This win gave him the ride in the 38 car in mid-2006, replacing Elliott Sadler in the 38 car. Joey Logano is the first repeat winner, winning three straight years from 2008 to 2010. Also, four different drivers have won at Kentucky Speedway to claim their first Nationwide Series win. David Gilliland (2006), Stephen Leicht (2007), Joey Logano (2008), and Austin Dillon (2012).

Past winners

 * 2002: Race started on Saturday night but was finished on Sunday afternoon due to rain.
 * 2013: Race shortened due to rain.
 * 2016: Race extended due to overtime.
 * 2017: Race postponed from Friday night to Saturday afternoon due to severe weather.

Notable races

 * 2008: When Joey Logano won, he became the youngest winner in Nationwide Series history, at 18 years old, 21 days, shattering Casey Atwood's record (18 years, 313 days) that stood since 1999.
 * 2013: Rain struck Sparta as Feed the Children 300 ending short and the Quaker State 400 was moved to Sunday afternoon. Brad Keselowski won the rain-shortened race and would go on to get wrecked on Sunday as Kurt Busch turned into Keselowski. This may have started the Kurt Busch vs. Keselowski rivalry that would go on to the 2014 5-hour Energy 400.
 * 2014: Brad Keselowski overcame a speeding penalty to get a top 5 finish. Kevin Harvick held off a charging Kyle Busch and Brad Keselowski.

title: Alsco 300 (Kentucky)


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Collarenebri

Collarenebri is a town in north western New South Wales, Australia. The town is in the Walgett Shire Local Government Area and is situated on the Barwon River approximately 75 km northeast of Walgett and south west of Mungindi on the Gwydir Highway. It is 16 km from Pokataroo which was the nearest railway town prior to closure of the rail service there. The town is 150 m above sea level. Collarenebri is one of three towns ending in 'BRI' in Northern New South Wales.

In the 2016 census, Collarenebri had a population of 650.

Collarenebri is an indigenous word of the Gamilaraay galariinbaraay, meaning 'place of flowers' or 'eucalyptus blossoms'. Collarenebri is well known for its flowers

History
Yuwaalaraay (also known as Yuwalyai, Euahlayi, Yuwaaliyaay, Gamilaraay, Kamilaroi, Yuwaaliyaayi) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Yuwaalaraay country. The Yuwaalaraay language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Shire of Balonne, including the town of Dirranbandi as well as the border town of Hebel extending to Walgett and Collarenebri in New South Wales.

Yuwaalayaay (also known as Yuwalyai, Euahlayi, Yuwaaliyaay, Gamilaraay, Kamilaroi, Yuwaaliyaayi) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Yuwaalayaay country. It is closely related to the Gamilaraay and Yuwaalaraay languages. The Yuwaalayaay language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Shire of Balonne, including the town of Dirranbandi as well as the border town of Goodooga extending to Walgett and the Narran Lakes in New South Wales.

Originally spelt "Collarindabri", Collarenebri is located near a shallow rocky ford on the Barwon River, which provided a hard bottomed shallow river crossing for stock and pioneering travellers.

The Gamilaroi Nation of Indigenous Australians resided in this region prior to white settlement.

In 1860 William Earl settled near the Collarenebri crossing and established "The Squatters Arms" to capitalise on the increasing traffic through the area. Earl and his pub later became famous for having been held up by bushranger Captain Thunderbolt. Earl is credited with having established present day Collarenebri, with a prominent street and aged housing carrying his name. A number of his descendants still reside in the town.

By the end of 1865, Collarenebri is described as having "two stores, a public house, with another nearly finished: the timber is also lying at Collarenebri for a Government punt; several small houses and a population of about 50 people stationary."

The town of Collarenebri was later gazetted on 12 July 1867. By 1890 Collarenebri had become a growing town with a hospital, police station, school and a number of businesses. The cemetery at Collarenebri dates back to 1906.

Collarenebri has long been recorded as a significant site for Aboriginal people living in the area. There are many artifacts and significant sites along the Barwon River. On Collymongle Station there are some very old aboriginal carved trees. There is a well maintained Aboriginal cemetery just outside the town which is unique to the area, with graves covered in crushed and melted glass and decorated with items that represent that person. Collarenebri continues to be a significant community for Aboriginal people.

Many of the buildings in Collarenebri today date back to c. 1910. Collarenebri was among the last places in Australia to be converted from a manual switchboard to an automatic telephone exchange (in 1986). Volunteers run Collarenebri's live, local radio station YAAMA-FM 95.9 specialising in indigenous programming.

Industries in the area include cotton and wheat farming, sheep and beef cattle breeding. Other activities include fossicking for gemstones such as topaz, agate and petrified wood.

The Barwon River area is regarded as one of the best inland fishing locations in Australia.

Sport
Collarenebri has a rugby league team, the Collarenebri Bulldogs, who compete in the Barwon Darling Rugby League competition.

Heritage listings
Collarenebri has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Gundabloui Road: Collarenebri Aboriginal Cemetery

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 650 people in Collarenebri.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 42.1% of the population.
 * 90.4% of people were born in Australia and 89.9% of people spoke only English at home.
 * The most common responses for religion were Anglican 31.1%, No Religion 26.3% and Catholic 17.3%.

title: Collarenebri


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Greater Orlando

The Orlando metropolitan area (officially, for U.S. Census purposes, the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area) is an inland metropolitan area in the central region of the U.S. state of Florida. Its principal cities are Orlando, Kissimmee and Sanford. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defines it as consisting of the counties of Lake, Orange (including Orlando), Osceola, and Seminole.

According to the 2020 U.S. Census, the population of Greater Orlando is 2,673,376, an increase of nearly 540,000 new residents between 2010 and 2020.

By population, it is the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida, the seventh-largest in the southeastern United States, and the 22nd largest in the United States. The MSA encompasses 4012 sqmi of total area (both land and water areas).

Definitions
The Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford MSA is further listed by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget as part of the Orlando–Lakeland–Deltona, Florida Combined Statistical Area (CSA). This includes the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach (Volusia and Flagler counties), Lakeland-Winter Haven (Polk County), and Wildwood-The Villages (Sumter County) MSAs. As of the 2010 census, the Combined Statistical Area population was 3,447,946, with a 2018 estimate at 4,096,575.

The MSA was first defined in 1950 as the Orlando Standard Metropolitan Area, consisting solely of Orange County. Seminole County was added to the MSA in 1959, Osceola County in 1973, and Lake County in 1992. The name was changed to Orlando–Kissimmee MSA in 2004, and to Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford MSA in 2009.

Climate
Like much of the Southern United States, according to the Köppen climate classification, Orlando has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The two basic seasons in the Orlando area are a hot and rainy season, lasting from May until late October (roughly coinciding with the Atlantic hurricane season), and a warm and dry season from November through April. The area's relatively low elevation and close proximity to the Tropic of Cancer are what accentuate the humidity during the summer months, when temperatures typically reach as high as the low 90s °F (32–34 °C), while low temperatures below the low 70s °F (22–24 °C) are pretty rare. The average window for 90 °F temperatures is April 9 to October 14. The area's humidity acts as a buffer, usually preventing actual temperatures from exceeding 100 °F, but also pushing the heat index to over 110 °F. The city's highest recorded temperature is 103 °F, set on September 8, 1921. Strong afternoon thunderstorms are common daily during these months, caused by the air mass from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean colliding over the region. These storms can be quite powerful, bringing heavy torrential downpours, powerful winds, and even damaging hail.

Humidity cools off during the winter months, resulting in more comfortable temperatures. The monthly daily average temperature in January is 60.6 °F. Temperatures dip below the freezing mark on an average of only 1.6 nights per year and the lowest recorded temperature is 18 °F, set on December 28, 1894. The annual mean minimum is just above 30 F putting Orlando in hardiness zone 10a. There have been some instances of snow accumulation over the years (despite it being rare), such as in January 1977 (which had also reached Miami), along with flurries that were observed in 1989, 2006, and in 2010.

The average annual rainfall in Orlando is 51.45 in, a majority of which occurs in the period from June to September. October through May are Orlando's dry season. During this period (especially in its later months), often a wildfire hazard exists. During some years, fires have been severe. In 1998, a strong El Niño caused an unusually wet January and February, followed by drought throughout the spring and early summer, causing a record wildfire season that created numerous air-quality alerts in Orlando and severely affected normal daily life, including the postponement of that year's Pepsi 400 NASCAR race in nearby Daytona Beach.

Like much of Florida, while hurricanes are a risk, the Orlando metro region's inland location gives the region more protection from storms, than compared to southern and coastal regions of the state. The city is located 42 mi inland from the Atlantic and 77 mi inland from the Gulf of Mexico. Despite its location, the city does see strong hurricanes, as was seen in the 2004 hurricane season, when the Orlando metro region was hit by three hurricanes that year (Hurricane Charley the worst of the three).

Largest cities

The following is a list of the fifteen largest cities in the Orlando metropolitan area as ranked by population.

Principal cities

Principal cities (sometimes called primary cities) are defined by the OMB based on population size and employment. In general, a principal city has more non-residents commuting into the city to work than residents commuting out of the city to work.
 * Orlando, pop. 307,573
 * Kissimmee, pop. 79,226
 * Sanford, pop. 53,570

Suburbs with more than 10,000 inhabitants

 * Alafaya
 * Altamonte Springs
 * Apopka
 * Azalea Park
 * Buenaventura Lakes
 * Casselberry
 * Clermont
 * Celebration
 * Conway
 * Daytona Beach
 * DeBary
 * Doctor Phillips
 * Eustis
 * Fairview Shores
 * Forest City
 * Goldenrod
 * Hunter's Creek
 * Lake Butler
 * Lake Mary
 * Lockhart
 * Longwood
 * Maitland
 * Meadow Woods
 * Mount Dora
 * Oak Ridge
 * Oviedo
 * Pine Castle
 * Southchase
 * Tavares
 * University
 * Wekiva Springs
 * Winter Park

Suburbs with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants

 * Bay Lake
 * Bay Hill
 * Bithlo
 * Belle Isle
 * Campbell
 * Chuluota
 * Eatonville
 * Edgewood
 * Ferndale
 * Fern Park
 * Geneva
 * Gotha
 * Groveland
 * Heathrow
 * Holden Heights
 * Lake Buena Vista
 * Lake Hart
 * Midway
 * Minneola
 * Montverde
 * Mount Plymouth
 * Oakland
 * Okahumpka
 * Orlo Vista
 * Paradise Heights
 * Sky Lake
 * Sorrento
 * South Apopka
 * Taft
 * Tangelo Park
 * Tangerine
 * Tildenville
 * Union Park
 * Vineland
 * Wedgefield
 * Williamsburg
 * Windermere
 * Zellwood

Economy

Greater Orlando is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world thanks to the many theme parks in the area. Famous attractions include Walt Disney World, SeaWorld Orlando and Universal Orlando. Millions of tourists visit these and other attractions every year.

In 2015, the Orlando area attracted 68 million people.

The citrus industry historically dominated the Orlando area economy, but has declined over the past 100 years. The Christmas 1989 impact freeze proved particularly damaging to commercial citrus farming within Greater Orlando. There are still three major orange juice plants remaining in the area: Cutrale Citrus Juices in Leesburg; Florida's Natural Growers in Umatilla; and Silver Springs Citrus in Howey-in-the-Hills. Minute Maid maintains a major juice flavoring plant in Apopka.

Other agricultural pursuits, particularly cattle farming, remain important parts of the Central Florida economy, but are now all located on the outer fringes of the metro area. Orlando is also a major food processing center.

Metro Orlando has served as a major military defense and aerospace center since World War II. The most prominent defense contractor in the area is Lockheed Martin, which operates both a laboratory and a manufacturing facility in Orlando. Military presence began in the 1940s, with the opening of McCoy Air Force Base and the Orlando Naval Training Center.

McCoy AFB was a major hub of B-52 Stratofortress operations. McCoy AFB was split between the city and NTC Orlando in 1974, and NTC Orlando closed in the mid-1990s. McCoy AFB is now the location of the Orlando International Airport. Farther north in Sanford, the Orlando Sanford International Airport was originally Naval Air Station Sanford.

Metro Orlando's economy has greatly diversified from tourism, and the area is now considered a primary city for the modeling, simulation and training (MS&T) industry. The University of Central Florida is home to more than 60,000 students, the second largest public university campus by enrollment, and established the UCF College of Medicine in 2006. The Central Florida Research Park is the seventh largest research park in the United States by number of employees, and fourth largest by number of companies. In addition to having a Lockheed Martin branch, it also hosts other major hi-tech companies such as Oracle Corporation, Electronic Arts, and Siemens.

Orlando is targeting the biotechnology and life sciences industries, with major new projects clustering in the Lake Nona Medical City. In addition to the UCF College of Medicine, a VA Hospital, a Sanford-Burnham Institute research center and a Nemours Foundation children's hospital are being constructed.

Industry
Tavistock Group, an investment firm that held 7000 acres of land immediately southeast of Orlando International Airport began formulating new possibilities for its land use after the decline in tourism to the state. Tavistock decided to use part of the land to establish a bio-sciences cluster.

In 2005, the state of Florida along with Tavistock Group and the University of Central Florida agreed that Tavistock would donate 50 acres and $12.5 million (which the state would match for a total of $25 Million) to start the UCF College of Medicine and the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences. The UCF College of Medicine won approval from the State Board of Governors in 2006. That decision was key to attracting Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute to Central Florida. Tavistock then donated another 50 acres and $17.5 million to Sanford-Burnham which allowed Sanford-Burnham's East Coast expansion.

In February and March 2007 respectively, Nemours and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs announced Lake Nona as the site of two new hospitals. Other prospective tenants of the Lake Nona Medical City included MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, the University of Florida research center, and Valencia Community College. It was determined in 2008 from a study done by Arduin, Laffer and Moore Econometrics that the Lake Nona Medical City cluster has in two years reached 80% of the Milken Numbers which were based on the commitments made by the economic development statements. The study then released new projections for the 10-year period which included 30,000 jobs created and a $7.6 billion economic impact.

In January 2020, KPMG completed construction of a $450 million, 55 acre, state-of-the-art training facility in the Lake Nona region of the Greater Orlando area. The site hosts KPMG professionals for training from across the United States, and provides direct shuttles from Orlando International Airport to the training facility. Only the firm's employees are permitted on the grounds.

Education

In Florida, each county has a school district coterminous with the county, distinct from the county government. Each school district is headed by an elected school board. Orange County has a school board with seven members elected from single-member districts plus a board chair elected at-large. Osceola County has a school board of five members elected from single-member districts. Lake and Seminole counties have school boards of five members elected by county-wide vote from districts in which they must reside. The school districts in the Greater Orlando metro area each have a professional superintendent who manages the day-to-day operations of the district. The superintendent in each of those districts is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the school board.

As of 2023, the Orange County Public School District is currently the 8th-largest public school district in the nation.

The University of Central Florida is a nationally recognized 4-year public university in the region. As of the Fall 2020 semester, the university's student population was 71,948, making it the largest university in the nation by enrollment. The university's 1,415 acre main campus is situated in northeast Orange County.

Nearby Winter Park is the home of Rollins College, a private college situated only a few miles from Downtown Orlando. In 2012, it was ranked #1 by U.S. News & World Report amongst regional universities in the South.

The Disney College Program (DCP) is a United States national internship program operated by the Disney Programs division of The Walt Disney Company. The DCP is located at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando (another version of the DCP is also featured at Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California). The program recruits college students (ages 18 and older) of all majors for a semester-long paid work experience program at either the Orlando or Anaheim resorts, with the option of extending to almost a full year.

Additional colleges and universities in the Greater Orlando area include:
 * Barry University (Dwayne O. Andreas School of Law)
 * Beacon College (for those with special needs)
 * Florida A&M University College of Law
 * Florida Technical College
 * Full Sail University
 * Johnson University Florida
 * Lake–Sumter State College
 * Seminole State College of Florida
 * Southern Technical College
 * Valencia College

Air
The primary major airports of the area are Orlando International Airport, at SR 528 Exit 11/SR 417 Exit 17, and Orlando Sanford International Airport, at SR 417 Exit 49.

Orlando International (MCO) is a focus city of JetBlue and Southwest Airlines. AirTran Airways was headquartered in Orlando and had a major hub in Orlando but it was merged into Southwest. JetBlue also has a training facility known as JetBlue University, and is the main training center for JetBlue's pilots, inflight crew, plus support training for its technical operations and customer service crew. JetBlue also provides general aircraft maintenance and LiveTV installation and maintenance in Orlando.

Orlando Sanford International (SFB) is generally served by charter flights from Europe, though it is also a hub for national small-city carrier Allegiant Air and home to Delta Connection Academy, a pilot training school.

In the Combined Statistical Area, Daytona Beach International Airport and Leesburg International Airport also serves the area, and is used by many tourists seeking to directly connect to Daytona Beach's many local offerings, such as Daytona Beach Bike Week, Speedweeks and Spring Break. It is located so its runways cradle Daytona International Speedway, making it convenient for some fans to arrive in Daytona, watch the Daytona 500 or Coke Zero 400, and then return home the same day. Daytona Beach International also serves as the main airport for pilot training at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

Municipal airports in the region include Orlando Executive Airport, Kissimmee Gateway Airport, Ormond Beach Municipal Airport and DeLand Municipal Airport.

Roads and freeways
Limited-access highways in Greater Orlando include:

 * Florida's Turnpike, which heads southeast to the Treasure Coast and South Florida, as well as northwest to connect to Interstate 75 south of Ocala.
 * Interstate 4, which meets Florida's Turnpike near the Universal Orlando Resort, heads north through the Orlando area to Daytona Beach and southwest to Lakeland and Tampa (the only entirely non-tolled freeway in the area).
 * Interstate 95, Crosses Brevard County, and Volusia County running south connecting Treasure Coast & Miami–Fort Lauderdale–Pompano Beach and North connecting Jacksonville–St. Marys–Palatka & Georgia.
 * The Beachline (Formerly Bee Line Expressway; SR 528), which meets I-4 near SeaWorld and connects to the Orlando International Airport, Space Coast, Cape Canaveral, and the John F. Kennedy Space Center.
 * The Central Florida GreeneWay (SR 417), which passes around the edge of the eastern half of the area as a beltway, and connects to both Orlando International Airport and Orlando Sanford International Airport.
 * The East-West Expressway (SR 408), which crosses the area from west (where it connects to Florida's Turnpike) to east (where it connects to Colonial Drive, south of University of Central Florida), passing through downtown Orlando, where it connects to Interstate 4.
 * The Western Expressway (SR 429), which serves as the beltway in the western half of the area, connects to Interstate 4 on both ends from Sanford in the north, through Apopka and Ocoee, and around the west side of Walt Disney World to connect southwest of Kissimmee.
 * The Apopka Bypass (SR 414), is a partial tollway beginning at US 441 Orange Blossom Trail west of Apopka to Maitland Blvd at US 441 south of Apopka. From there, the road continues as "Maitland Blvd", but is a surface road. The spur west of Apopka will eventually run north to begin the "Wekiva Expressway".

The Beachline, Central Florida GreeneWay, East-West Expressway and Western Expressway are all run by the Central Florida Expressway Authority. Florida's Turnpike and portions of tollways not inside Orange County are run by Florida's Turnpike Enterprise, a special district of the Florida Department of Transportation.

Major surface highways include US 17, US 92 and US 441 (which overlap through Orlando as Orange Blossom Trail), US 27 (Claude Pepper Highway), US 192 (Irlo Bronson Highway), SR 50 (Colonial Drive and Cheney Highway), John Young Parkway, and International Drive.

Transit systems
Bus transportation in Orange, Osceola, and Seminole counties is provided by LYNX. LYNX operates 88 routes as of January 28, 2019. LYNX provides service on local, limited-stop (FastLink), and neighborhood, on-demand circulator routes (NeighborLink).

Lynx had express routes into Clermont and Volusia County, but these were eliminated in 2014 due to the opening of SunRail. Volusia County is primarily served locally by Votran and Lake County is primarily served locally by LakeXpress.

The SunRail opened for operation in 2014 and the second phase expansion into Osceola County opened on July 30, 2018, with terminal stations at Poinciana and DeBary. Studies are being conducted to extend SunRail to Orlando International Airport (OIA) and Deland.

Rail
SunRail (formerly referred to as Central Florida Commuter Rail) is a commuter rail system in the Greater Orlando, Florida area, linking Poinciana to DeBary through Downtown Orlando. Phase 1 opened in May 2014, and ran between DeBary and Sand Lake Station. Phase II opened in July 2018 and extended to Poinciana through Osceola County with the addition of four new stations.

Church Street Station, once a stop along the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, has since been redeveloped as an urban night life center, while the station itself will serve as Downtown Orlando's centerpiece SunRail stop.

Amtrak serves stations in the area in Kissimmee, Orlando, Winter Park, Sanford and DeLand. The Sanford station is the southern terminus for the Auto Train, which transports people and their vehicles, without intermediate station stops, directly to Washington, D.C., via Lorton, Virginia.

The other stations are served by the Silver Meteor and Silver Star, which both travel to New York City. The difference between the two lines is their paths through the states of South Carolina and North Carolina: Silver Meteor takes a coastal route through Charleston, South Carolina, and Fayetteville, North Carolina, while Silver Star moves inland through Columbia, South Carolina, and Raleigh, North Carolina.

Orlando was eastern terminus of the Amtrak Sunset Limited, until damage to train bridges caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 halted service east of New Orleans. , restoration of Amtrak service from New Orleans to Orlando appears to be unlikely.

Orlando is usually named as the initial focus of plans for a Florida High Speed Rail system in which the majority of its residents had supported, but 2.4 billion dollars of federal funding for this new system were refused by Governor Rick Scott of Florida after taking office in January 2011. Scott said that Florida taxpayers would be stuck with paying for expected large cost overruns if the rail system were built.

Orlando will be served by Brightline at Orlando International Airport's new intermodal terminal. Current service runs from Miami to West Palm Beach, with construction to Orlando to begin in March 2019. In addition, an extension of Brightline to Tampa is also proposed.

Orlando Chinatown
A Chinatown is situated at 5060 West Colonial Drive (located outside city limits) as of 2002. According to the West Orlando News, the Chinatown features a monument of Sun Yat Sen, a donation from his granddaughter Lily Sun who unveiled it on the 87th anniversary of his death in 2012, making this the first commercial location to hold such a monument. In March 2013, a paifang was unveiled at the entrance to the Chinatown plaza, "... helping legitimize the plaza as a center for Chinese commerce." The Chinatown features an eclectic blend of Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Vietnamese and Indian cultures through its numerous pan-Asian businesses.

According to an article by the Orlando Weekly, the location of Orlando's Chinatown was once the Westside Crossing Plaza, which was a Walmart shopping center with a Publix supermarket. In 2003, the old shopping center was converted to house "... 60 pan-Asian businesses and restaurants." Financing for the project came from Chinese investors.

The Orlando Sentinel further states that "... by retrofitting the mostly vacant strip center, which includes a former Wal-Mart discount store and Publix supermarket, a group of out-of-state Chinese investors are hoping to draw more than 60 Asian-owned businesses to the site by the end of the year. " The article states that this is "... creating what the project's developers are calling the region's first Chinatown." The amenities include bakeries, restaurants, and an Asian grocery store. So the article further elaborates by saying "... finally, there's a place to buy cuttlefish and black chicken."

Since the project was a success, its report on its conceptualization and development is used as a reference for the real estate and tourism industries.

Media
The primary newspaper of the area is the daily Orlando Sentinel, owned by Tribune Company. It was created as the Orlando Sentinel-Star in 1973 when the Orlando Morning Sentinel and the Orlando Evening Star were merged. It dropped "Star" from the name in 1982. It is also served by various weekly and semi-weekly papers, including Orlando Weekly, The West Orange Times, The East Orlando Sun and the Osceola News-Gazette in Kissimmee.

The extended area is also covered by The Daytona Beach News-Journal and Florida Today.

Greater Orlando makes up a large portion of the "Orlando–Ocala–Daytona Beach, FL" DMA, which ranks No. 19 in size with 1,466,420 households in 2007–08 according to Nielsen Media Research.

All six major broadcast networks are represented in Orlando with their own channels. WESH brought NBC to Orlando when it moved its main operations from Daytona Beach to Eatonville in 1991.

 * ABC: WFTV (Analog 9, Digital 39)
 * CBS: WKMG (Analog 6, Digital 58)

 * NBC: WESH (Analog 2, Digital 11)
 * FOX: WOFL (Analog 35, Digital 22)

 * The CW: WKCF (Analog 18, Digital 17)
 * MNTV: WRBW (Analog 65, Digital 41)

title: Greater Orlando