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Planning Domain Definition Language

The Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) is an attempt to standardize Artificial Intelligence (AI) planning languages. It was first developed by Drew McDermott and his colleagues in 1998 mainly to make the 1998/2000 International Planning Competition (IPC) possible, and then evolved with each competition. The standardization provided by PDDL has the benefit of making research more reusable and easily comparable, though at the cost of some expressive power, compared to domain-specific systems.

Overview
PDDL is a human-readable format for problems in automated planning that gives a description of the possible states of the world, a description of the set of possible actions, a specific initial state of the world, and a specific set of desired goals. Action descriptions include the prerequisites of the action and the effects of the action. PDDL separates the model of the planning problem into two major parts: (1) a domain description of those elements that are present in every problem of the problem domain, and (2) the problem description which determines the specific planning problem. The problem description includes the initial state and the goals to be accomplished. The example below gives a domain definition and a problem description instance for the automated planning of a robot with two gripper arms.

PDDL becomes the input to planner software, which is usually a domain-independent Artificial Intelligence (AI) planner. PDDL does not describe the output of the planner software, but the output is usually a totally or partially ordered plan, which is a sequence of actions, some of which may be executed in parallel.

The PDDL language was inspired by the Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver (STRIPS) and the Action description language (ADL), among others. The PDDL language uses principles from knowledge representation languages which are used to author ontologies, an example is the Web Ontology Language (OWL). Ontologies are a formal way to describe taxonomies and classification networks, essentially defining the structure of knowledge for various domains: the nouns representing classes of objects and the verbs representing relations between the objects.

The latest version of PDDL is described in a BNF (Backus–Naur Form) syntax definition of PDDL 3.1. Several online resources of how to use PDDL are available,   and also a book.

PDDL1.2
This was the official language of the 1st and 2nd IPC in 1998 and 2000 respectively. It separated the model of the planning problem in two major parts: (1) domain description and (2) the related problem description. Such a division of the model allows for an intuitive separation of those elements, which are (1) present in every specific problem of the problem-domain (these elements are contained in the domain-description), and those elements, which (2) determine the specific planning-problem (these elements are contained in the problem-description). Thus several problem-descriptions may be connected to the same domain-description (just as several instances may exist of a class in OOP (Object Oriented Programming) or in OWL (Web Ontology Language) for example). Thus a domain and a connecting problem description forms the PDDL-model of a planning-problem, and eventually this is the input of a planner (usually domain-independent AI planner) software, which aims to solve the given planning-problem via some appropriate planning algorithm. The output of the planner is not specified by PDDL, but it is usually a totally or partially ordered plan (a sequence of actions, some of which may be executed even in parallel sometimes). Now lets take a look at the contents of a PDDL1.2 domain and problem description in general... (1) The domain description consisted of a domain-name definition, definition of requirements (to declare those model-elements to the planner which the PDDL-model is actually using), definition of object-type hierarchy (just like a class-hierarchy in OOP), definition of constant objects (which are present in every problem in the domain), definition of predicates (templates for logical facts), and also the definition of possible actions (operator-schemas with parameters, which should be grounded/instantiated during execution). Actions had parameters (variables that may be instantiated with objects), preconditions and effects. The effects of actions could be also conditional (when-effects). (2) The problem description consisted of a problem-name definition, the definition of the related domain-name, the definition of all the possible objects (atoms in the logical universe), initial conditions (the initial state of the planning environment, a conjunction of true/false facts), and the definition of goal-states (a logical expression over facts that should be true/false in a goal-state of the planning environment). Thus eventually PDDL1.2 captured the "physics" of a deterministic single-agent discrete fully accessible planning environment.

PDDL2.1
This was the official language of the 3rd IPC in 2002. It introduced numeric fluents (e.g. to model non-binary resources such as fuel-level, time, energy, distance, weight, ...), plan-metrics (to allow quantitative evaluation of plans, and not just goal-driven, but utility-driven planning, i.e. optimization, metric-minimization/maximization), and durative/continuous actions (which could have variable, non-discrete length, conditions and effects). Eventually PDDL2.1 allowed the representation and solution of many more real-world problems than the original version of the language.

PDDL2.2
This was the official language of the deterministic track of the 4th IPC in 2004. It introduced derived predicates (to model the dependency of given facts from other facts, e.g. if A is reachable from B, and B is reachable from C, then A is reachable from C (transitivity)), and timed initial literals (to model exogenous events occurring at given time independently from plan-execution). Eventually PDDL2.2 extended the language with a few important elements, but wasn't a radical evolution compared to PDDL2.1 after PDDL1.2.

PDDL3.0
This was the official language of the deterministic track of the 5th IPC in 2006. It introduced state-trajectory constraints (hard-constraints in form of modal-logic expressions, which should be true for the state-trajectory produced during the execution of a plan, which is a solution of the given planning problem) and preferences (soft-constraints in form of logical expressions, similar to hard-constraints, but their satisfaction wasn't necessary, although it could be incorporated into the plan-metric e.g. to maximize the number of satisfied preferences, or to just measure the quality of a plan) to enable preference-based planning. Eventually PDDL3.0 updated the expressiveness of the language to be able to cope with recent, important developments in planning.

PDDL3.1
This was the official language of the deterministic track of the 6th and 7th IPC in 2008 and 2011 respectively. It introduced object-fluents (i.e. functions' range now could be not only numerical (integer or real), but it could be any object-type also). Thus PDDL3.1 adapted the language even more to modern expectations with a syntactically seemingly small, but semantically quite significant change in expressiveness.

Current situation
The latest version of the language is PDDL3.1. The BNF (Backus–Naur Form) syntax definition of PDDL3.1 can be found among the resources of the IPC-2011 homepage or the IPC-2014 homepage.

PDDL+
This extension of PDDL2.1 from around 2002–2006 provides a more flexible model of continuous change through the use of autonomous processes and events. The key this extension provides is the ability to model the interaction between the agent's behaviour and changes that are initiated by the agent's environment. Processes run over time and have a continuous effect on numeric values. They are initiated and terminated either by the direct action of the agent or by events triggered in the environment. This 3-part structure is referred to as the start-process-stop model. Distinctions are made between logical and numeric states: transitions between logical states are assumed to be instantaneous whilst occupation of a given logical state can endure over time. Thus in PDDL+ continuous update expressions are restricted to occur only in process effects. Actions and events, which are instantaneous, are restricted to the expression of discrete change. This introduces the before mentioned 3-part modelling of periods of continuous change: (1) an action or event starts a period of continuous change on a numeric variable expressed by means of a process; (2) the process realizes the continuous change of the numeric variable; (3) an action or event finally stops the execution of the process and terminates its effect on the numeric variable. Comment: the goals of the plan might be achieved before an active process is stopped.

NDDL
NDDL (New Domain Definition Language) is NASA's response to PDDL from around 2002. Its representation differs from PDDL in several respects: 1) it uses a variable/value representation (timelines/activities) rather than a propositional/first-order logic, and 2) there is no concept of states or actions, only of intervals (activities) and constraints between those activities. In this respect, models in NDDL look more like schemas for SAT encodings of planning problems rather than PDDL models. Because of the mentioned differences planning and execution of plans (e.g. during critical space missions) may be more robust when using NDDL, but the correspondence to standard planning-problem representations other than PDDL may be much less intuitive than in case of PDDL.

MAPL
MAPL (Multi-Agent Planning Language, pronounced "maple") is an extension of PDDL2.1 from around 2003. It is a quite serious modification of the original language. It introduces non-propositional state-variables (which may be n-ary: true, false, unknown, or anything else). It introduces a temporal model given with modal operators (before, after, etc.). Nonetheless, in PDDL3.0 a more thorough temporal model was given, which is also compatible with the original PDDL syntax (and it is just an optional addition). MAPL also introduces actions whose duration will be determined in runtime and explicit plan synchronization which is realized through speech act based communication among agents. This assumption may be artificial, since agents executing concurrent plans shouldn't necessarily communicate to be able to function in a multi-agent environment. Finally, MAPL introduces events (endogenous and exogenous) for the sake of handling concurrency of actions. Thus events become part of plans explicitly, and are assigned to agents by a control function, which is also part of the plan.

OPT
OPT (Ontology with Polymorphic Types) was a profound extension of PDDL2.1 by Drew McDermott from around 2003–2005 (with some similarities to PDDL+). It was an attempt to create a general-purpose notation for creating ontologies, defined as formalized conceptual frameworks for planning domains about which planning applications are to reason. Its syntax was based on PDDL, but it had a much more elaborate type system, which allowed users to make use of higher-order constructs such as explicit λ-expressions allowing for efficient type inference (i.e. not only domain objects had types (level 0 types), but also the functions/fluents defined above these objects had types in the form of arbitrary mappings (level 1 types), which could be generic, so their parameters (the domain and range of the generic mapping) could be defined with variables, which could have an even higher level type (level 2 type) not to speak of that the mappings could be arbitrary, i.e. the domain or range of a function (e.g. predicate, numeric fluent) could be any level 0/1/2 type. For example, functions could map from arbitrary functions to arbitrary functions...). OPT was basically intended to be (almost) upwardly compatible with PDDL2.1. The notation for processes and durative actions was borrowed mainly from PDDL+ and PDDL2.1, but beyond that OPT offered many other significant extensions (e.g. data-structures, non-Boolean fluents, return-values for actions, links between actions, hierarchical action expansion, hierarchy of domain definitions, the use of namespaces for compatibility with the semantic web).

PPDDL
PPDDL (Probabilistic PDDL) 1.0 was the official language of the probabilistic track of the 4th and 5th IPC in 2004 and 2006 respectively. It extended PDDL2.1 with probabilistic effects (discrete, general probability distributions over possible effects of an action), reward fluents (for incrementing or decrementing the total reward of a plan in the effects of the actions), goal rewards (for rewarding a state-trajectory, which incorporates at least one goal-state), and goal-achieved fluents (which were true, if the state-trajectory incorporated at least one goal-state). Eventually these changes allowed PPDDL1.0 to realize Markov Decision Process (MDP) planning, where there may be uncertainty in the state-transitions, but the environment is fully observable for the planner/agent.

APPL
APPL (Abstract Plan Preparation Language) is a newer variant of NDDL from 2006, which is more abstract than most existing planning languages such as PDDL or NDDL. The goal of this language was to simplify the formal analysis and specification of planning problems that are intended for safety-critical applications such as power management or automated rendezvous in future manned spacecraft. APPL used the same concepts as NDDL with the extension of actions, and also some other concepts, but still its expressive power is much less than PDDL's (in hope of staying robust and formally verifiable).

RDDL
RDDL (Relational Dynamic influence Diagram Language) was the official language of the uncertainty track of the 7th IPC in 2011. Conceptually it is based on PPDDL1.0 and PDDL3.0, but practically it is a completely different language both syntactically and semantically. The introduction of partial observability is one of the most important changes in RDDL compared to PPDDL1.0. It allows efficient description of Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) and Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) by representing everything (state-fluents, observations, actions, ...) with variables. This way RDDL departs from PDDL significantly. Grounded RDDL corresponds to Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) similarly to PPDDL1.0, but RDDL is more expressive than PPDDL1.0.

MA-PDDL
MA-PDDL (Multi Agent PDDL) is a minimalistic, modular extension of PDDL3.1 introduced in 2012 (i.e. a new  requirement) that allows planning by and for multiple agents. The addition is compatible with all the features of PDDL3.1 and addresses most of the issues of MAPL. It adds the possibility to distinguish between the possibly different actions of different agents (i.e. different capabilities). Similarly different agents may have different goals and/or metrics. The preconditions of actions now may directly refer to concurrent actions (e.g. the actions of other agents) and thus actions with interacting effects can be represented in a general, flexible way (e.g. suppose that at least 2 agents are needed to execute a  action to lift a heavy table into the air, or otherwise the table would remain on the ground (this is an example of constructive synergy, but destructive synergy can be also easily represented in MA-PDDL)). Moreover, as kind of syntactic sugar, a simple mechanism for the inheritance and polymorphism of actions, goals and metrics was also introduced in MA-PDDL (assuming  is declared). Since PDDL3.1 assumes that the environment is deterministic and fully observable, the same holds for MA-PDDL, i.e. every agent can access the value of every state fluent at every time-instant and observe every previously executed action of each agent, and also the concurrent actions of agents unambiguously determine the next state of the environment. This was improved later by the addition of partial-observability and probabilistic effects (again, in form of two new modular requirements,  and , respectively, the latter being inspired by PPDDL1.0, and both being compatible with all the previous features of the language, including  ).

Example
This is the domain definition of a STRIPS instance for the automated planning of a robot with two gripper arms.

And this is the problem definition that instantiates the previous domain definition with a concrete environment with two rooms and two balls.

title: Planning Domain Definition Language


text:
Talk:Onkelos

Untitled
I have corrected the story of the conversion. Onkelos is said to have summoned three individuals not 2, Titus as well as Balaam and Yeshu. Moreover its "Yeshu" not "Yoshke" and saying that this is a reference to Jesus is POV bias, see the Yeshu article. The order of individuals Titus, Balaam, Yeshu suggests that is a reference to someone who lived before Balaam. Kuratowski's Ghost 23:03, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Onkelos


text:
Talk:Euskaltzaindia

Untitled
This article borrowed heavily from the Euskaltzaindia web page. Unfortunately this article says that Euskaltzaindia believes that Basque is an Indo-European language when the group's web page says that it isn't, right on the front page. This article needs to be rewritten.

The phrase "Academy watching the official Basque language" is a bit odd. If the Euskaltzaindia has an analagous function to Real Academia Española, the phrase used by that article ("...is the institution responsible for regulating the xxx language.") seems like a better choice. -- John Fader 02:20, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Euskaltzaindia website
It says : Indoeuroparra ez den hizkuntza da euskara El euskera es un idioma no indoeuropeo Basque is a non-Indo-European language

Ambiguous link
There is an ambiguous Basque link in the "Creation" section. I'm not sure how to redirect this. Gil Gamesh 13:09, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Under the batua section: Gipuzkoan was chosen for its isolation from French and Spanish influences, not for its literary tradition. That would be Lapurdian with the literary tradition. For more, see Estibaliz Amorrortu's Basque Sociolinguistics, isbn 1-877802-23-9.

title: Talk:Euskaltzaindia


text:
M64 motorway

The United Kingdom's M64 motorway was planned during the 1970s to link the M6 at Stoke-on-Trent with the M1 near Castle Donington, by way of Uttoxeter and Derby. Its purpose would have been to allow traffic travelling from the south-east to the north-west to avoid the busy M6 around Birmingham. It was cancelled in 1976. During the 1990s, the A50 between Stoke and Derby was upgraded to dual carriageway instead, following roughly the same route as the middle section of the M64. However, instead of terminating on the M6, the new dual carriageway terminated deep inside the urban area of Stoke on the A500, and at the eastern end, it terminated on the M1 further north than originally planned. Meanwhile, the M6 Toll motorway was built to ease traffic congestion north of Birmingham.

The "M64" number had previously been reserved for the Manchester motorway that opened as the M602 in 1971.

title: M64 motorway


text: User talk:65.93.13.20

title: User talk:65.93.13.20


text:
Learning Management

Learning Management is the capacity to design pedagogic strategies that achieve learning outcomes for students. The learning management concept was developed by Richard Smith of Central Queensland University (Australia) and is derived from architectural design (an artful arrangement of resources for definite ends) and is best rendered as design with intent. Learning management then means an emphasis on ‘the design and implementation of pedagogical strategies that achieve learning outcomes. That is, in the balance between and emphasis on curriculum development and pedagogy, the emphasis is definitely on pedagogical strategies. Underpinning the learning management premise is a new set of knowledge and skills, collectively referred to as a futures orientation and which attempts to prepare the mindsets and skillsets of teaching graduates for conditions of social change that pervade local and global societies in the 2000s. The practitioner of learning management is referred to as a learning manager. Adjunct to the theory and practice of learning management is the Learning Management Design Process (LMDP). The LMDP is a curriculum planning process comprising 8 'learning design based' questions. The process was developed by Professor David Lynch of Central Queensland University in 1998 and is used primarily as a tool to train teachers to teach [3]. These 'eight questions' when answered in sequence focus the teacher to what is important when planning to teach students. The LMDP organizes its 8 questions through three sequential phases: Outcomes, Strategy, and Evidence. Each phase represents the bodies of information that its associated questions seek to pursue. The LMDP represents a rethink of the various curriculum development models that have predominated the planning of teaching and curriculum in the developed world over past decades. The teacher develops their 'teaching plan' by engaging with each phase and its questions and recording ‘findings’ (or answers) in plan form.

Definition
A learning management system (LMS) is a software application or Web-based technology that ranges from managing training and training records to distributing courses to employees/students over the internet. Typically, LMS' provide an employer/instructor with a way to create and deliver specialized content, monitor employee/student participation, and assess their overall performance and completion of the required courses. A learning management system may also provide employees/students with the ability to use interactive features such as managing courses, online assessment, threaded discussions, video conferencing, and discussion forums to reach their full potential.

This software allows for the employee/student to take learning into their own hands while either staying current in their specific field or branch out and learning new skills.

What is needed in a Learning Environment
Online learning environments are a fairly new and fast-growing industry that is available to many individuals and companies around the world. It is important for the learning environment to offer a secure place where a large number of people can come to receive training and new skills so that they can grow and learn in their fields. Many times it is no longer possible for managers and professors to get an entire group of people together for a course or mandatory training. Companies and institutes are finding it hard to keep track of paperwork proving training completion, forms, and evaluations. With LMS these problems are solved with everything now digital and available with just a few strokes on a keyboard. Some of the return that companies get back from investments in LMS’ are the ability to quickly train and track the learning of employees, and the ability to better train employees, avoid fines by being able to quickly showing compliance as well as giving employees room to grow and learn with a full scale of training. Because LMS is such an industry, the market is continuously growing and improving its services. Many of these companies encourage informational feedback from clients on what is working for them and what is not.

Learning Management Industry
In the relatively new LMS market, commercial vendors for corporate and education applications range from new entrants to those that entered the market in the nineties. In addition to commercial packages, many open-source software solutions are available.

In 2005, LMSs represented a fragmented $500 million market (CLO magazine). The six largest LMS product companies constitute approximately 43% of the market. In addition to the remaining smaller LMS product vendors, training outsourcing firms, enterprise resource planning vendors, and consulting firms all compete for part of the learning management market.

LMS buyers are less satisfied than a year ago. According 2005 and 2006 surveys by the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD), respondents that were very unsatisfied with an LMS purchase doubled and those that were very satisfied decreased by 25%. The number that was very satisfied or satisfied edged over 50%. (About 30% were somewhat satisfied.) Nearly one quarter of respondents intended to purchase a new LMS or outsource their LMS functionality over the next 12 months.

In a 2009 survey, a growing number of organizations reporting deploying an LMS as part of larger Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems.

Channel learning is underserved. For many buyers, channel learning is not their number one priority, according to a survey by Training Outsourcing. Often there is a disconnect when the Human Resources department oversees training and development initiatives, where the focus is consolidating LMS systems inside traditional corporate boundaries. Software technology companies are at the front end of this curve, placing a higher priority on channel training.

title: Learning Management


text:
William S. Godbe

William Samuel Godbe (June 26, 1833 – August 1, 1902) was a British convert to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He is remembered for leading a Mormon faction called the Church of Zion, better known as the "Godbeites".

Biography
Godbe was born in Middlesex, England, to Samuel Godbe, a music professor, and Sarah LaRiviere, a descendant of French Huguenots. Godbe was one of at least five children, and his father died when he was eleven. Godbe's uncle Daniel Grant, an engineer, took him in and taught the boy elements of his trade. Godbe was attracted to classics and travel literature, and by his early teens Godbe earned a living on the sea.

By 1850, Godbe was an experienced sailor who had traveled Western Europe, visited Constantinople, and the shores of Brazil and Africa. Godbe then became bound to a captain who, after retiring from the sea, worked the dock at Kingston upon Hull. In Hull, Godbe encountered Parley P. Pratt, an LDS missionary. By June 1850, Godbe was baptized, against the counsel of his immediate family.

Like most converts, Godbe emigrated to the LDS Church's headquarters in territorial Utah. As a seaman, he worked his way to New York City, then purchased his way by ferry from Albany to Chicago in 1851. From there Godbe walked to Kanesville, Iowa (now Council Bluffs). Too late to join an immigrant company, Godbe traveled with merchant Thomas S. Williams, who was bringing goods west. Godbe arrived in Salt Lake City the final week of October 1851.

Godbe kept his ties with Williams and was offered employment by the successful merchant. In the early 1850s, Godbe was dispatched to San Francisco, California, acting as Williams' agent and perhaps forming ties with John M. Horner, a Mormon businessman in the city. In 1854, Godbe traveled east with Williams' express mail entrepreneur Ben Holladay, returning with 22 wagons of merchandise to start his own sundry and drug store, supposedly the first between the Missouri River and San Francisco. Godbe's business sense propelled him to be in the upper 5% of Utah Territory income, with total assets of over $300,000 by 1870.

Formation of The Church of Zion
In 1868, Godbe and other Mormon merchants began criticizing the economic demands and policies of Brigham Young in Utah Magazine, a periodical that would eventually become The Salt Lake Tribune. That same year, Godbe traveled with his friend (architect, publisher, and fellow Latter-day Saint) Elias L. T. Harrison on an extended business trip to New York. At the time, both men were beginning to question their beliefs in the LDS Church, especially the idea that the church's president (whom members looked to as God's prophet on earth) was infallible.

In New York, the two men began attending séances in the hopes of obtaining wisdom and direction from former LDS leaders such as Joseph Smith and Heber C. Kimball who had died. Through the services of a spiritual medium, the men claimed to receive visitations from both Joseph Smith and Heber C. Kimball; also Peter, James, John, and Solomon from the Bible; and finally the German naturalist Alexander Humboldt. The spirits of Smith and Kimball apparently instructed Godbe and Harrison to reform the LDS Church, while the spirit of Humboldt told the two men he had important information for them that would revolutionize the world's understanding of evolution (a common theme of 19th Century Spiritualism).

Upon returning to Salt Lake, the two men intensified their criticism of the LDS Church in Utah Magazine. On October 25, 1869, they were called before a council of Mormon leaders and tried for apostasy. Brigham Young reportedly gave Godbe the option of selecting his own jury, including one consisting entirely of women and children, if he so desired. Godbe refused the offer, claiming that the composition of the jury would unlikely affect the trial's outcome. At the conclusion of the trial, Godbe and Harrison were excommunicated from the church.

Later known as the "Godbeites", Godbe and several of his followers soon formed The Church of Zion. Initially the new church based its practices around traditional LDS doctrines, with the intention of reforming those practices and policies that Godbe felt were incorrect. Many of the church's new members became disenfranchised, however, when Godbe and Harrison attempted to modify those doctrines to accommodate tenets of Spiritualism. By the 1880s, Godbe's church had ceased to exist.

Formation of Liberal Party of Utah
At the same time, Godbe believed that political reform—namely breaking Brigham Young's control over secular matters in the territory—could help spur religious reform. Thus, in February, 1870, Godbe helped found the Liberal Party of Utah to oppose LDS candidates in political elections. The party, however, fell out of Godbeite control, and became increasingly anti-Mormon instead of reform-minded.

Godbe, pressured in retail by LDS-backed businesses like Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution, began running out of liquid assets by 1871 when he had to sell a mine claim near Ophir, Utah to repay his debts. Other mining ventures failed to produce profits until he organized a high-volume silver mine in 1885. This investment turned to naught in 1892 when the worldwide silver crisis hit.

In 1899, he was the Populist Party candidate for mayor of Salt Lake City. Although without illusions of winning the election, he enjoyed entering progressive politics again.

Godbe remained in Salt Lake City in spite of being a social outcast both from Latter-day Saints and from non-Mormons alarmed with his continued practice of polygamy. After the death of Brigham Young in 1877 he wrote, "I think I will reside permanently in Salt Lake, it is pleasant for me there, now."

With failing health, in the summer of 1902 Godbe moved up into nearby Brighton to escape the heat in Salt Lake Valley.

title: William S. Godbe


text:
Fungal infection

Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is a disease caused by fungi. Different types are traditionally divided according to the part of the body affected; superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic. Superficial fungal infections include common tinea of the skin, such as tinea of the body, groin, hands, feet and beard, and yeast infections such as pityriasis versicolor. Subcutaneous types include eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis, which generally affect tissues in and beneath the skin. Systemic fungal infections are more serious and include cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Signs and symptoms range widely. There is usually a rash with superficial infection. Fungal infection within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes. Pneumonia-like symptoms or meningitis may occur with a deeper or systemic infection.

Fungi are everywhere, but only some cause disease. Fungal infection occurs after spores are either breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through the skin such as via a cut, wound or injection. It is more likely to occur in people with a weak immune system. This includes people with illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, and people taking medicines such as steroids or cancer treatments. Fungi that cause infections in people include yeasts, molds and fungi that are able to exist as both a mold and yeast. The yeast Candida albicans can live in people without producing symptoms, and is able to cause both superficial mild candidiasis in healthy people, such as oral thrush or vaginal yeast infection, and severe systemic candidiasis in those who cannot fight infection themselves.

Diagnosis is generally based on signs and symptoms, microscopy, culture, sometimes requiring a biopsy and the aid of medical imaging. Some superficial fungal infections of the skin can appear similar to other skin conditions such as eczema and lichen planus. Treatment is generally performed using antifungal medicines, usually in the form of a cream or by mouth or injection, depending on the specific infection and its extent. Some require surgically cutting out infected tissue.

Fungal infections have a world-wide distribution and are common, affecting more than one billion people every year. An estimated 1.7 million deaths from fungal disease were reported in 2020. Several, including sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis and mycetoma are neglected.

A wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals, and some can be transmitted from animals to people.

Classification
Mycoses are traditionally divided into superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic, where infection is deep, more widespread and involving internal body organs. They can affect the nails, vagina, skin and mouth. Some types such as blastomycosis, cryptococcus, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis, affect people who live or visit certain parts of the world. Others such as aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, mucormycosis and talaromycosis, tend to affect people who are unable to fight infection themselves. Mycoses might not always conform strictly to the three divisions of superficial, subcutaneous and systemic. Some superficial fungal infections can cause systemic infections in people who are immunocompromised. Some subcutaneous fungal infections can invade into deeper structures, resulting in systemic disease. Candida albicans can live in people without producing symptoms, and is able to cause both mild candidiasis in healthy people and severe invasive candidiasis in those who cannot fight infection themselves.

ICD-11 codes
ICD-11 codes include:

 * 1F20 Aspergillosis
 * 1F21 Basidiobolomycosis
 * 1F22 Blastomycosis
 * 1F23 Candidosis
 * 1F24 Chromoblastomycosis
 * 1F25 Coccidioidomycosis
 * 1F26 Conidiobolomycosis
 * 1F27 Cryptococcosis
 * 1F28 Dermatophytosis
 * 1F29 Eumycetoma
 * 1F2A Histoplasmosis
 * 1F2B Lobomycosis
 * 1F2C Mucormycosis
 * 1F2D Non-dermatophyte superficial dermatomycoses
 * 1F2E Paracoccidioidomycosis
 * 1F2F Phaeohyphomycosis
 * 1F2G Pneumocystosis
 * 1F2H Scedosporiosis
 * 1F2J Sporotrichosis
 * 1F2K Talaromycosis
 * 1F2L Emmonsiosis

Superficial mycoses
Superficial mycoses include candidiasis in healthy people, common tinea of the skin, such as tinea of the body, groin, hands, feet and beard, and malassezia infections such as pityriasis versicolor.

Subcutaneous
Subcutaneous fungal infections include sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, and eumycetoma.

Systemic
Systemic fungal infections include histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, mucormycosis, aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia and systemic candidiasis.

Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens originate normally in the lungs and may spread to other organ systems. Organisms that cause systemic mycoses are inherently virulent.. Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens are infections of people with immune deficiencies who would otherwise not be infected. Examples of immunocompromised conditions include AIDS, alteration of normal flora by antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy, and metastatic cancer. Examples of opportunistic mycoses include Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis and Aspergillosis.

Signs and symptoms
Most common mild mycoses often present with a rash. Infections within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes. Less common deeper fungal infections may present with pneumonia like symptoms or meningitis.

Causes
Mycoses are caused by certain fungi; yeasts, molds and some fungi that can exist as both a mold and yeast. They are everywhere and infection occurs after spores are either breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through the skin such as via a cut, wound or injection. Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infection in people, particularly as oral or vaginal thrush, often following taking antibiotics.

Risk factors
Fungal infections are more likely in people with weak immune systems. This includes people with illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, and people taking medicines such as steroids or cancer treatments. People with diabetes also tend to develop fungal infections. Very young and very old people, also, are groups at risk.

Individuals being treated with antibiotics are at higher risk of fungal infections.

Children whose immune systems are not functioning properly (such as children with cancer) are at risk of invasive fungal infections.

COVID-19
During the COVID-19 pandemic some fungal infections have been associated with COVID-19. Fungal infections can mimic COVID-19, occur at the same time as COVID-19 and more serious fungal infections can complicate COVID-19. A fungal infection may occur after antibiotics for a bacterial infection which has occurred following COVID-19. The most common serious fungal infections in people with COVID-19 include aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis. COVID-19–associated mucormycosis is generally less common, but in 2021 was noted to be significantly more prevalent in India.

Mechanism
Fungal infections occur after spores are either breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through a wound.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is generally by signs and symptoms, microscopy, biopsy, culture and sometimes with the aid of medical imaging.

Differential diagnosis
Some tinea and candidiasis infections of the skin can appear similar to eczema and lichen planus. Pityriasis versicolor can look like seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis rosea, pityriasis alba and vitiligo.

Some fungal infections such as coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis can present with fever, cough, and shortness of breath, thereby resembling COVID-19.

Prevention
Keeping the skin clean and dry, as well as maintaining good hygiene, will help larger topical mycoses. Because some fungal infections are contagious, it is important to wash hands after touching other people or animals. Sports clothing should also be washed after use.

Treatment
Treatment depends on the type of fungal infection, and usually requires topical or systemic antifungal medicines. Pneumocystosis that does not respond to anti-fungals is treated with co-trimoxazole. Sometimes, infected tissue needs to be surgically cut away.

Epidemiology
Worldwide, every year fungal infections affect more than one billion people. An estimated 1.6 million deaths from fungal disease were reported in 2017. The figure has been rising, with an estimated 1.7 million deaths from fungal disease reported in 2020. Fungal infections also constitute a significant cause of illness and mortality in children.

According to the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, every year there are over 10 million cases of fungal asthma, around 3 million cases of long-term aspergillosis of lungs, 1 million cases of blindness due to fungal keratitis, more than 200,000 cases of meningitis due to cryptococcus, 700,000 cases of invasive candidiasis, 500,000 cases of pneumocystosis of lungs, 250,000 cases of invasive aspergillosis, and 100,000 cases of histoplasmosis.

History
In 500BC, an apparent account of ulcers in the mouth by Hippocrates may have been thrush. The Hungarian microscopist based in Paris David Gruby first reported that human disease could be caused by fungi in the early 1840s.

SARS 2003
During the 2003 SARS outbreak, fungal infections were reported in 14.8–33% of people affected by SARS, and it was the cause of death in 25–73.7% of people with SARS.

Other animals
A wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals, and some can be transmitted from animals to people, such as Microsporum canis from cats.

title: Fungal infection


text:
Talk:Robertson–Seymour theorem

Merging
There was a request on Planetmath about merging this entry. The following was commented:

''The status of Robertson-Seymour theorem seems to be very fuzzy at the moment. They have claimed to possess a proof sometime in 1980's, and the started publishing a long series of papers to establish it. So far they have not published the proof in its entirety, and what they published is published with the longest delayed I have seen ever (for example, ``Minors 18 were submitted on 5 June 1990, and published in 2003; ``Minors 15 were submitted on 15 March 1992, and published in 1996, i.e., they were submitted _two years after_ the paper they used the results from it). At such rate when (or whether) the proof will be published is questionable. So, I would hesitate to call the Wagner's conjecture to be Robertson-Seymour theorem. ''

Can anyone comment if this was really proved and if this theorem has been acknowledged as such by the mathematical community? --Drini 23:12, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yes. The last paper for the Robertson-Seymour theorem was already published in 2004. Graph Minors. XX. Wagner's conjecture Neil Robertson, P.D. Seymour Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B 92 (2004) 325-357. --glancing 21 Sep 2005

Move
I propose to move this article back to Robertson-Seymour theorem, instead of its current location Robertson%E2%80%93Seymour_theorem. Actually, I do not see the point of having a non-ascii character that is almost the same of - instead of -. - Liberatore(T) 17:22, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Consequences
The Consequences section restates ideas. Sometimes something is restated 3 times! The motivation behind this seems to be that it may make the material easier to understand. However, it makes the text take longer to read. The only reason I can see that something is being restated is that technical terms are used and they may not be understood by some. It is much prefered (by me at least) to use more linking which would better enable the reader to discover the meanings of technical terms. --GrimRC 86.4.53.107 15:18, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

missing information
This article says the following sets of finite graphs are downwardly closed:

 * The set of all graphs that are disjoint unions of paths
 * The set of all forests
 * The set of all planar graphs
 * The set of all outerplanar graphs
 * The set of all graphs that can be embedded without edge intersections in a torus
 * the set of all graphs that can be embedded without edge intersections in a fixed arbitrary surface $$S$$
 * the set of all graphs that are knotlessly embeddable in Euclidean 3-space
 * the set of all graphs that are linklessly embeddable in Euclidean 3-space

The theorem says that in each such case there's a finite set of forbidden minors. I think the article should state explicitly what the set of forbidden minors is in each case. I know what they are in the case of planar graphs; I used to know in at least a couple of other cases---I'd have to dig out some old notes if I can find them. Michael Hardy 23:30, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

It would be great if we knew : even on the torus, the answer is not known, except that the obstruction set has more than 16889 members... F3etoiles (talk) 12:30, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

For many of these classes, the forbidden minors are known:
 * Disjoint union of paths: exclude K_{1,3} (easy)
 * Forests: exclude K_3 (easy)
 * Planar graphs: exclude K_5, K_{3,3} (Kuratowski's Theorem)
 * Outerplanar graphs: exclude K_4, K_{2,3} (follows easily from Kuratowski's)
 * Torus: unknown -> many
 * Any surface: The only surface besides the sphere with a known list is the projective plane. There are 35 excluded minors. See Dan Archdeacon's homepage.
 * Knotlessly embeddable: unknown
 * Linklessly embeddable: The 7 graphs in the Peterson family (Robertson, Seymour, Thomas)

I'm not sure if this information is really relevant to the page, honestly. But many of the excluded minors are known. Pkiverson (talk) 07:35, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Generalizations?
Does anyone know if R-S theorem allows for graphs with loops (i.e., graphs with edges going in and out from the same vertex)?

Are the results still valid for directed graphs? And for multigraphs?

Thanks, Jose Brox —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.0.102.184 (talk) 22:08, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Non-constructive?
We can simply enumerate all obstruction sets until the right one is found. Since it always exists, this can be done in finite time. Now the algorithm is constructive. The only problem is whether we can recognize the right obstruction set when we see it. Wangzirui (talk) 16:00, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It may be "the only problem", but it is a problem, one that prevents this from being an algorithm and from being constructive. —David Eppstein (talk) 20:05, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Polynomial time recognition
Can we remove the phrase “in the size of the larger graph”, from the run-time? The two inputs are the graph-to-check, and G, the minor-to-check-for. But isn't G considered fixed, since there is also “contains a constant factor in this polynomial that depends superpolynomially on the size of G”? [This seems pretty clear to me, but since I haven't read/understood the original result, I'll leave this for somebody who has. If I am missing something obvious, my apologies. If it's something non-obvious, that might be worth a clarification as well.] not-just-yeti (talk) 14:35, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
 * It is not a polynomial time algorithm. When measured in terms of the size of its entire input (G and the supposed minor), it takes more than polynomial time. The minor does not have to be of bounded size. So no, this would be inaccurate. More technically this is fixed-parameter tractable (FPT), not polynomial (P). —David Eppstein (talk) 16:09, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks. As the section is written, it definitely seems to be fixing the minor-to-check-for: “for each fixed graph G, there is a polynomial time algorithm for testing whether larger graphs have G as a minor.”  My confusion had been the phrase "this algorithm's runtime is cubic in the **larger** graph", I now think they wrote “larger” just to mean the algorithm's input, rather than meaning "cubic in max(|G|,|input|)" [which isn't sensible if G once G is fixed, which is why I was confused].
 * [Btw, using `G` to mean the (fixed) minor, and not the input-graph, is confusing; I'll clean that up.]
 * About the non-constructive nature: When the next paragraph says
 * > “the theorem proves that the problem can be solved in polynomial time, but does not provide a concrete polynomial-time algorithm for solving it.”
 * I'm *thinking* that “the problem” suddenly means “given a set of graphs, is it closed under minors?” (and no longer meaning the algorithm “for fixed G, finding if a graph contains G as a minor”).
 * In that case, it's easy to see that the cubic algorithm doesn't constructively solve "is a set of graphs closed under minors".
 * But if I'm misunderstanding, and the situation is actually worse — “For an arbitrary fixed graph G, we don't know how to feasibly produce the algorithm for `contains-G-as-minor`”, then please let me know!, and I'll take a stab at clarifying that.
 * not-just-yeti (talk) 17:37, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The algorithm is for testing membership of a graph G in a minor-closed family F, not for testing whether a family F is minor-closed. The algorithm is: for each obstruction H for F, test whether H is a minor of G. That part is concrete. The part that is not concrete is listing the obstructions for F. —David Eppstein (talk) 17:51, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robertson–Seymour theorem


text:
Talk:Tony Iommi

Dates
I would like clarification of dates. This article suggests Tony continued with the band until 2000. Since he is a lefty, he's easy to spot but this video from youtube suggests he played with them in 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cen1SvpTsYk Euc (talk) 01:23, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

The use of the word "talent" and "talented"
Well, technically talent is Neutral, because he is most certainly "technically talented" when it comes to the guitar. Also..if a guitarist is ranked best heavy metal guitarist as well as #86 on the list of Rolling Stone's greatest guitarist who ever lived I think that it's safe to say that he can be ranked as AT LEAST "Talented." It would almost be offensive not to call him as such. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kaji132007 (talk • contribs) 06:30, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion
The Iommi (band) should have a split page, so that this seems less cluttered. Vegetaman 10:41, 15 August 2006 (CST)

Headings
This article needs to be cleaned up and wikified. Too much information without Headers. Jack 12:32, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

not exactly NPOV
"amazingly talented" for instance.

-- Beardo 04:16, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

you try playing guitar with 2 less fingers on your fretting hand then!

Early history
I recall his saying in an interview that his family were keen accordion players (he is of Italian ancestry) and when he was growing up, they used to have musical get togethers based around this instrument.

- Meltingpot

62.137.152.165 20:22, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Guitar Style Section
Poorly written POV with an oversized image to boot. If I had the time I'd re-write it myself. Unfortunately I don't. It certainly needs it because right now it reads like it was written by a ten year old. Someone want to take a stab at cleaning that mess up? (unknown user)

 * Well, I'd like to clean it up, but I also do not have time. Vegetaman 07:21, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Django Reinhardt as an influence
The dark sound of heavy metal was influenced by the gypsy Django Reinhardt
 * no, iommi was inspired by the fact that Django didn't give up ; it doesn't matter if Django was a redneck hillbily playing the banjo bluegrass style, called bobby and his mother was his cousin, what matters is that Django had the ability to carry on despite insumountable odds. Jackpot Den 22:14, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

I would have to disagree, I dont know if your a musician, but Gypsy music= A lot of Minor chords,Heavy Metal=A lot of Minor Chords+Distortion. Toni Iommi knows where the sound came from.

Yeah, well, there's an interview in the UK music paper "Melody Maker", November 04 1972, titled 'Django Was My Inspiration'. In this, Iommi tells how, after his accident, he was inspired by the tale of Django, who played guitar despite having his hands burned in a caravan fire. Inspiration, not influence. Alister, UK PS You've called him 'Toni', BTW. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.129.10.125 (talk) 09:29, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Religion ?
Is Iommi Catholic/christian, since he seems to use the cross quite a lot as a motif, or is he an atheist/agnostic using it because "it looks cool" ? Jackpot Den 22:15, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Last I knew, Iommi (in fact, none of the guys from the original line-up of Black Sabbath) claim to be anything other than Christian. It's the media and poor interpretation of their music that made it seem otherwise. Vegetaman 07:20, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

He is atheist. I have been working on the Personal Life section as of August 2011, so I will add this information with citations within the month. I also have some cool facts about his crosses- he's been wearing them since Ozzy gave him a sterling silver one- and yes, he wears them for nonreligious reasons.

He is NOT atheist...in his book he says he was raised Catholic (though not strictly) and "believes in God" but doesn't feel the need to go to church to prove it.Dyscard (talk) 17:11, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Actually, to be specific: Iommi says his parents were religious in the book. On page two, Iommi says: "My parents were Catholic, but I've only seen them go to church once or twice.... I hardly ever go to church either... I actually do believe in a God, but I don't go to church to press the point." Believing in "a God" does not imply he himself is Catholic, or even follows any sort of organized religion. In fact, Birmingham Mail has called him "famously agnostic".

Jethro Tull and T.I.
The reference to the subject's duration with Jethro Tull as a participating ‘live’ performer cannot be correct as the subject is clearly seen and identifiable in the film released I believe WAY LATE (i.e.: commercial foul as in ye olde reference - Merchant of Venice, Act 1, Scene 3) Isle of Wight. I saw this film at the Telluride Festival of ca. 1997. A grain of sand in the MASSIVE BEACHES of the world’s history, made available to all by way of the I.Cisum.ili.dilm 02:38, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Re Tull at the Isle of Wight festival: it's Martin Barre. That footage is now commercially available. Iommi mimed Mick Abrahma's guitar on "Song For Jeffrey" on the Stones RnR Circus - all the band mimed, save for Ian Anderson who sang live. Alister (UK) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.129.10.125 (talk) 09:40, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Departure to join Jethro Tull
The article states that Iommi briefly left to join Jethro Tull in August 1969, but was in The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus, meaning that he would have had to depart at least before 11 December 1968. However, I still don't know his date of departure, so it would be useless to correct the date at this time.

This article states his only performance with JT was The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus, but the page for JT mentions footage of him playing at the Isle Of Wight festival the same year. Don't see any links/citations though so won't edit for now unless I see something. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.107.28.202 (talk) 21:02, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Mick Abraham's last gig with Tull was end of November 1968; Martin Barre's first was end of December 1968. The Stones RnR Circus was on December 11th. Tull played only the third (and final) IOW Festival, that being 1970. Footage of this is commercially available, and clearly features Martin Barre, which it would do, as Sabbath had already released the debut and were gigging as Black Sabbath. We should consider ourselves fortunate that Iommi's only Tull gig, at the Stones RnR Circus, was filmed, even if he himself is miming (Ian Anderson sang live, however). 86.168.26.38 (talk) 02:22, 12 December 2010 (UTC) Al (UK)

Career Span
I think that the span of his career should be typed on the sidebar as having started in 1964-65, as being stated in the article itself. Gumdropster 13:50, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

incorrect information in the accident part thing
it says he was 15 when he lost his fingers but watching VH1's metal documentary, it said he lost them in 1968, and being born in 1948 would make him 20 years old, not 15Slash's snakepit 00:20, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Sandwiches on tour
Ozzy (Osbourne) once said that when Black Sabbath were first starting out and short of money, Tony's mother would make sandwiches for the band to eat (they all travelled in a van).

- Meltingpot

Meltingpot 13:00, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Early history
In an interview with an American metal magazine, Tony claimed that his family (who were part of Birmingham's Italian community) were keen accordion players and would hold musical "get togethers" playing this instrument.

- Meltingpot

Meltingpot 13:00, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Heaven and Hell tour
The drummer at the NYC Heaven and Hell concert was Carmine Appice, not Vinny.71.70.128.97 20:09, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

What? You mean the Radio City Music Hall gig, on March 30 2007? The one released on CD and DVD? That was the only gig they played in NYC. Watch the video: it's Vinny. Listen to Dio - he introduces Vinny. face it: it's Vinny. Alister, UK —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.129.10.125 (talk) 09:36, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

How does this quote make sense?
From the article: "according to critic Greg Prato[1], 'Iommi is one of only two guitarists (the other being Led Zeppelin's Jimmy Page) that can take full credit for pioneering the mammoth riffs of heavy metal.'" If Tony Iommi is sharing credit with Jimmy Page, how can he "take full credit"? Tigerthink (talk) 07:32, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Ancestry
Since he does not have the looks typical for Anglo-Saxon type, I wonder what Iommi's ethnic roots are - is he Italian? Can somebody provide information on that matter? 83.172.120.77 (talk) 18:00, 27 November 2009 (UTC)
 * After Ronnie Jame Dio and Vinny Appice joined Black Sabbath, Ozzy once referred to them as 'Geezer and the three wops'. J04n(talk page) 09:56, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

No personal info?
Married, family, divorces? People usually go through that stuff —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.164.10.150 (talk) 18:21, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

I have added what I know, but Tony is intensely private. Feel free to expand/correct.--Locutus1966 (talk) 02:15, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Only with reliable sources, please. I have just removed the entire section about his three supposed marriages for lack of sourcing. This is a BLP, and we need to be careful. Drmies (talk) 18:28, 17 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I cited all the ones I could. Are not album liner notes and a published biography of the band by a respected writer, Chris Welch, not enough? Do you need ISBN's? I can do that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Locutus1966 (talk • contribs) 20:40, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

I have been working on the Personal Life section. I am not a registered wikipedia user, but my work IP is 70.60.182.61 and my home IP is 76.190.38.242. I will be adding many more facts about his marriages and current wife, as well as citations and rewriting the section as needed over the upcoming month. Please flag the text with the BLP citation, do not delete the entire section. As of August 2011, the section is looking much better (all info is currently cited)... look for updates soon. It was FOUR marriages... as said by Tony himself (see my citation)... and he isn't private, just interviewers don't ask about his personal life.

For his third marriage, I don't see his usage of the word "son" in that context as confirming he has a biological son (as this part seems to imply). He seemed to be referring to Jay. Either needs more evidence or should be reworded. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.7.14.162 (talk) 23:29, 14 October 2012 (UTC)

According to his autobiography, Jay was his stepson, the son of his third wife, Valery.Dyscard (talk) 23:33, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

Genre
Altered the genre to remove rock and roll. Not really what Tony is known for. MH441967 (talk) 21:12, 24 July 2010 (UTC)MH441967

Instruments
He play the mellotron, the piano, the flute, the organ and synthesizer .he played all these instruments in black sabath
 * If you have references to support all of this it should be included in the text of the article. Please don't simply add them to the infobox. J04n(talk page) 16:32, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

he play the piano and mellotron in changes in article of changes in the wiki say this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.253.129.137 (talk) 16:45, 2 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Him playing a particular instrument on one song may be significant for that song's page, but when you consider the vast number of songs that he only plays the guitar these other instruments pale to insignificance. As I said earlier, a referenced section detailing other instruments that he has played would be a welcomed addition to the page but the infobox should be reserved for his primary instrument. J04n(talk page) 17:17, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

pero en instrumentos se pone los instrumentos que toca no los instrumentos que toca mas seguido. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.253.129.137 (talk) 20:49, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Tony does play the flute. In the VHS copy of The Black Sabbath Story Vol 1 and 2, Geezer Butler goes into detail about a specific concert where Tony was attempting to play the flute at a show but was too high to realize that his mouth was missing the mouthpiece and was just shooting air over the top of the flute into the microphone. Put the instrument flute under his credits for instruments. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Trowerr (talk • contribs) 14:46, 8 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Learning from personal observation that he made an unsuccessful attempt to play the flute is probably not enough to warrant inclusion. Drmies (talk) 20:13, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

He is credited with flute on the Born Again album. He also plays flute (uncredited) on "Solitude" and "Looking For Today."Dyscard (talk) 23:24, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

British guitar company Patrick Eggle (the one that still makes the Berlin and Vienna models) had made two Iommi signature guitar models. One was basically a 24-fret Berlin with pickups specified by him and a Tune-O-Matic bridge, while the other (the Tony Iommi Artist Model, from 1995) looked like his SGs and had a Schaller fine-tuning hardtail bridge. I think they should be included in the relevant section.

Can anyone remove the 86th greatest guitarist on Rolling Stones?
The rolling stones list has no credibility and they placed guitarists like Jack White, Tom Morello above Iommi, it is a disgrace to Tony Iommi he is one of the greatest of all time along with Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.99.137.35 (talk) 12:19, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
 * That may be so, in your opinion, but it's relevant information and it's properly verified. Drmies (talk) 18:29, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Tony's Name
Thank you so much for your contribution. Please find a reliable source that states the proper form, or it may continue to be open to debate. You've done a great thing by starting discussion on it! Now, keep the ball rolling. :D Happy editing! — Duncan What I Do / What I Say 01:28, 8 August 2011 (UTC) (don't forget to sign with the four tildes).

Joe Siegler, who has one of the most complete Black Sabbath pages on the Internet, says "Frank Anthony."http://www.black-sabbath.com/theband/iommi/ His site is generally authoritative, as he knows some Black Sabbath members personally.

Also, where on earth did the "Francis Melby Anthony Iommi" name come from? Dyscard (talk) 17:09, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Left handed?
Pre-accident, was he / did he play left- or right-handed? There's a lot of comment saying that post-accident he tried to learn to play right-handed, suggesting that he was originally a left-hander. Andy Dingley (talk) 17:01, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

He was always a lefty. His biography tells of how difficult it was to find left-handed instruments in England in the late '60s. The pictures in the book show him always playing left-handed, including a Fender Stratocaster that he calls "his first good guitar."Dyscard (talk) 23:36, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

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Psalm 133
Should this article state how, as broadcast on news on January 7 2017, he has been inspired to write music for Psalm 133?81.140.1.129 (talk) 23:18, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Here's a source and here's a link. Has now been added. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 23:43, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 14 external links on Tony Iommi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Tony Iommi Awards
I am planning to add a list of awards won by Tony Iommi as an individual (not including those he has won as a member of Black Sabbath or Heaven & Hell). Here is what I have: 2000: Lifetime Achievement – Guitar Magazine, 2007: Metal Guru – Classic Rock Magazine Roll Of Honour, 2008: Star on Birmingham Walk Of Stars, 2009: Armenian Order Of Honour, 2012 – King Of Rock 'N' Roll – Ronnie James Dio Stand Up And Shout Cancer Fund Awards, 2013: Riff Lord – Revolver Magazine Golden Gods, 2013: Rock Titan – Loudwire Music Awards, 2015: Gibson Les Paul Award – Q Magazine Awards, 2016: Lifetime Achievement – National Guitar Museum, 2017: The Courage Award – Loudwire Music Awards, 2018: Icon – Kerrang! Awards

Does anyone have any others to add, or feel any of the above should be excluded? Thanks Malcolm Dome (talk) 08:26, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, there's nothing in the guidelines (here nor here) that allows for a new section to be added for awards/honours. Given this, I'd be careful about this proposed addition. What I typically see is either a standalone article for such things, or the material is added into the prose in a relevant section. Honestly, most of the awards you've listed aren't significant by any stretch. Virtually every one was given by a magazine or website, thus they aren't significant awards on the level of a Grammy or something similar. I'd say keep it out of this article unless consensus decides otherwise. SolarFlashDiscussion 15:36, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Thanks. Would you feel the Birmingham Walk Of Stars and Armenian Order Of Honour are worthy of inclusion? Or should they be left out as well? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Malcolm Dome (talk • contribs) 16:31, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

 * The base criterion for including awards/honours/accolades in an article is: does an article already exist for the specific award? We should not add any award unless it is demonstrably notable, and notability is generally interpreted as having a pre-existing standalone article that can be linked to. The vast majority of these "awards" definitely don't meet this criterion. Birmingham Walk of Stars does have an article, but that one is already adequately covered in the prose. The Armenian Order Of Honour does not appear to meet the base criterion. A quick glance at your list tells me probably most of the others won't either. Many of these awards sound like a level of subjective assessment might be present as well, which we need to avoid. So I don't see any reason to include any of it in the article. SolarFlashDiscussion  17:51, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

In which case I shall follow your advice and not include any. Thanks for clearing this up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Malcolm Dome (talk • contribs) 17:56, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

I am a little confused. You say a pre-existing standalone article is a general interpretation for regarding an award as being notable. The Classic Rock, Q and Kerrang! Awards all have these. Surely this means they are notable? Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Malcolm Dome (talk • contribs) 12:37, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

As the Classic Rock, Q and Kerrang! Awards all have stand alone pages which indicate these are notable, does anyone object if I add these awards to the Tony Iommi page? Thanks. Malcolm Dome — Preceding unsigned comment added by Malcolm Dome (talk • contribs) 06:18, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tony Iommi


text:
IRDS

IRDS may refer to:

 * Infant respiratory distress syndrome. a syndrome characterized by difficult breathing in premature infants
 * International Roadmap for Devices and Systems, an international body for guiding the semiconductor industry
 * Information Resource Dictionary System, a United States Federal Information Processing Standard used to capture metadata during a system life cycle.

title: IRDS


text:
Wasmuth Portfolio

The Wasmuth Portfolio (1910) is a two-volume folio of 100 lithographs of the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959).

Titled Ausgeführte Bauten und Entwürfe von Frank Lloyd Wright, it was published in Germany in 1911 by the Berlin publisher Ernst Wasmuth, with an accompanying monograph by Wright. It contained plans and perspectives (in linework only) of buildings from 1893 to 1909. It was the first publication of any of Wright's work to appear anywhere in the world, as Wright had not published any of his work in his twenty previous years of activity in the United States. 500 copies reserved for American distribution burned in the Taliesin fire, delaying full recognition of Wright's accomplishment in his native land for years to come.

The portfolio is significant as a link between Wright's pioneering American architecture, and the first generation of modernist architects in Europe. Wright toured Europe for a year from October 1909 through October 1910, partly to support the publication of the portfolio, but also to experience first-hand a great deal of European architectural history.

Wright's early influence in northern Europe is unquestionable: Le Corbusier is known to have had and shared a copy, Czech architect Antonin Raymond and Austrian architects Rudolf Schindler and Richard Neutra all re-located to the United States in hopes of working for Wright, and one look at Willem Marinus Dudok's 1924 Hilversum Town Hall betrays its origins. At the time of the portfolio's publication, three major influential architects of the twentieth century (Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius) were all working essentially as apprentices in the atelier of Peter Behrens in Berlin, where it has been said that work stopped for the day when the portfolio arrived. If this story is true, it reveals the magnitude of the immediate impact of Wright's architecture in European circles, since Behrens could have conceivably received a copy of the Wasmuth portfolio merely days or weeks after its publication.

Wright would never admit that the exchange worked both ways, always claiming that he took nothing from his year in Europe, but the work of Wright scholar Anthony Alofsin suggests that Wright was heavily influenced by the work of the Vienna Secession. In turn, the Dutch De Stijl movement follows Wright's designs by just a few years. De Stijl's major contributors credit Wright with some influence.

Approximately half of the images in the Wasmuth Portfolio are believed to be reworking of renderings by the architect and one-time Wright assistant Marion Mahony Griffin, whose visual style has a lot to do with the publication's success.

As of 2009, the Portfolio is in print as Drawings and Plans of Frank Lloyd Wright: The Early Period (1893–1909).

List of selected works contained in the Wasmuth Portfolio

 * Edwin H. Cheney House, Oak Park, Illinois (in a National Historic District)
 * Como Orchard Summer Colony, near Darby, Montana
 * Coonley House, Riverside, Illinois (a National Historic Landmark)
 * Dana–Thomas House, Springfield, Illinois (a National Historic Landmark)
 * Thomas P. Hardy House, Racine, Wisconsin (a National Historic Landmark)
 * William R. Heath House, Buffalo, New York
 * Larkin Administration Building, Buffalo, New York (demolished in 1950)
 * Darwin D. Martin House, Buffalo, New York (a National Historic Landmark)
 * Park Inn Hotel, Mason City, Iowa (a National Historic Landmark)
 * Robie House, Hyde Park, Chicago (a National Historic Landmark)
 * Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois (a National Historic Landmark)
 * Westcott House, Springfield, Ohio (a National Historic Landmark)
 * Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (a National Historic Landmark)

title: Wasmuth Portfolio


text:
John the Presbyter

John the Presbyter was an obscure figure of the early Church who is either distinguished from or identified with the Apostle John and/or John of Patmos. He appears in fragments from the church father Papias of Hierapolis as one of the author's sources and is first unequivocally distinguished from the Apostle by Eusebius of Caesarea. He is frequently proposed by some as an alternative author of some or all of the Johannine books in the New Testament.

Papias
John the Presbyter appears in a fragment by Papias, an early 2nd-century bishop of Hierapolis, who published an "Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord" (Greek κυριακῶν λογίων ἐξηγήσις — Kyriakôn logiôn exêgêsis) in five volumes. This work is lost but survives in fragments quoted by Irenaeus of Lyons (d. 202) and Eusebius of Caesarea (d. 339).

One of these fragments, quoted by Eusebius in his History of the Church (Book III, chapter 39), reads:

 * But I shall not be unwilling to put down, along with my interpretations, whatsoever instructions I received with care at any time from the elders, and stored up with care in my memory, assuring you at the same time of their truth. For I did not, like the multitude, take pleasure in those who spoke much, but in those who taught the truth; nor in those who related strange commandments, but in those who rehearsed the commandments given by the Lord to faith, and proceeding from truth itself. If, then, any one who had attended on the elders came, I asked minutely after their sayings – what Andrew or Peter said, or what was said by Philip, or by Thomas, or by James, or by John, or by Matthew, or by any other of the Lord's disciples, [and] which things Aristion and the presbyter John, the disciples of the Lord, say. For I imagined that what was to be got from books was not so profitable to me as what came from the living and abiding voice.

Interpretation
The interpretation of that text consists of two basic views: one view, first voiced by Eusebius of Caesarea, distinguishes between two Johns, the Apostle and the presbyter, while the other view (first advocated by Guericke in 1831) identifies only one John.

Distinction
The Church historian Eusebius of Caesarea, through whose quotation the above fragment survives, was the first to unequivocally distinguish a Presbyter John from the Apostle John. Accordingly, he introduced the quotation with the words:

 * Moreover, Papias himself, in the introduction to his books, makes it manifest that he was not himself a hearer and eye-witness of the holy apostles; but he tells us that he received the truths of our religion from those who were acquainted with them [the apostles] in the following words.

After quoting Papias, Eusebius continues:

 * It is worth while observing here that the name John is twice enumerated by him. The first one he mentions in connection with Peter and James and Matthew and the rest of the apostles, clearly meaning the evangelist; but the other John he mentions after an interval, and places him among others outside of the number of the apostles, putting Aristion before him, and he distinctly calls him a presbyter.
 * This shows that the statement of those is true, who say that there were two persons in Asia that bore the same name, and that there were two tombs in Ephesus, each of which, even to the present day, is called John's. It is important to notice this. For it is probable that it was the second, if one is not willing to admit that it was the first that saw the Revelation, which is ascribed by name to John.
 * And Papias, of whom we are now speaking, confesses that he received the words of the apostles from those that followed them, but says that he was himself a hearer of Aristion and the presbyter John. At least he mentions them frequently by name, and gives their traditions in his writings. These things we hope, have not been uselessly adduced by us.

Eusebius identifies John the Presbyter as a possible author of the Book of Revelation, the canonical status of which he disputed as he disagreed with its content, especially the Chiliasm implied in the "millennial kingdom".

The view of Eusebius was taken up by the Church Father Jerome in De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men). In Chapter 9, which deals with the Apostle John and his writings, he ascribes to the apostle both the Gospel and the First Epistle, and continues to say the other two may have been written by either the presbyter or the apostle:

 * The other two [Epistles] of which the first is "The elder to the elect lady and her children" and the other "The elder unto Gaius the beloved whom I love in truth," are said to be the work of John the presbyter to the memory of whom another sepulchre is shown at Ephesus to the present day, though some think that there are two memorials of this same John the evangelist.

In Chapter 18, discussing Papias, Jerome repeats the fragment quoted above and continues:

 * It appears through this catalogue of names that the John who is placed among the disciples is not the same as the elder John whom he places after Aristion in his enumeration. This we say moreover because of the opinion mentioned above, where we record that it is declared by many that the last two epistles of John are the work not of the apostle but of the presbyter.

Jerome's attribution of the Second and Third Epistle of John echoes the text of these books, in which the writer refers to himself ho presbyteros, which can be translated as "the presbyter, "the elder", "the ancient", "the old", the same word used by Papias.

The Decretum Gelasianum associated with Pope Gelasius I, though of later date, follows Jerome in accepting one letter of "John the apostle" and two letters of the "other John the elder".

In modern times, the distinction was frequently revived, mainly – and quite in contrast to Eusebius' views – "to support the denial of the Apostolic origin of the Fourth Gospel", whose "beauty and richness" some scholars had difficulty in ascribing to a "fisherman from Gallilee".

Identification controversy
Much of traditional Church scholarship squarely attributed all the Johannine books of the New Testament to a single author, the Apostle John. The view expounded by Eusebius has not remained uncontested. The Catholic Encyclopedia of the early 1900s, for instance, stated that the distinction "has no historical basis". To support this view, it related four main arguments:

In his "Letter to Florinus", which survives as a fragment, Irenaeus speaks of "Polycarp having thus received [information] from the eye-witnesses of the Word of life" including John, and as a "blessed and apostolical presbyter". Eusebius records that Irenaeus seems to canonize the gospel, the apocalypse, and at least one epistle as the writings of the same John.
 * The testimony of Eusebius is disputed, as his statement that Papias "was not himself a hearer and eye-witness of the holy apostles" is contradicted by a passage in Eusebius' Chronicle which expressly calls the Apostle John the teacher of Papias.
 * Eusebius' interpretation might derive from his opposition to Chiliasm and the Book of Revelation. Distinguishing between two persons called John, Eusebius could downgrade that book as the work of the Presbyter instead of the Apostle and also undermine Papias' reputation as a pupil of an Apostle.
 * In the fragment, Papias uses the same words - presbyter (or elder) and disciples of the Lord – both in reference to the Apostles and to the apparent 'second' John. The double occurrence of John is explained by Papias' "peculiar relationship" to John, from which he had learned some things indirectly and others directly.
 * Before Eusebius there exists no statement about a second John in Asia. Especially noteworthy in this context is Irenaeus of Lyons, himself a pupil of Polycarp of Smyrna. In his book Adversus Haereses, which survives in a Latin version, Irenaeus mentions "Papias, the hearer of John, and a companion of Polycarp" (Book V, chapter 33), without indicating that this was another John than "John, the disciple of the Lord, who also had leaned upon His breast [and] did himself publish a Gospel during his residence at Ephesus in Asia" (Book III, chapter 1).

title: John the Presbyter