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Roha

Roha is a town and taluka in the Raigad district of the Maharashtra state of India. It is located 120 km southeast of Mumbai. It is the starting point of Konkan railways and end point of central railways (Mumbai). Many chemical industries have opened up their manufacturing bases in Roha. Roha is located between the banks of the Kundalika River and the hills of Kalasgiri. It has a population of over 20,849. Roha is connected to Mumbai by Panvel-Roha railway line. Roha is also the northern end of the Konkan Railway. Roha is off of the Mumbai Goa Highway, via the Kolad road.

Tourism
Roha is very well known for its Dhavir Temple. Dhavir Maharaj is the prime deity of Roha. Every year the town celebrates Navaratri by holding a ten-day festival called Dasra at the Dhavir Temple. On the day following Dasra, a palkhi (sedan chair) carrying the statute of Dhavir Maharaj is taken through the town where it visits each house for the aarti. It is presumably, only after Durga, Kolkata, that the palkhi is given government salaami (21-gun salute) with full honours.

Hanuman Tekadi A beautiful temple of Lord Hanuman is built on a hill (Tekadi). At its top, the full city of Roha can be seen, as well as panoramic views of the city and the sunset. The road to the top is a popular route for morning and evening walks among residents of Roha.

Getaways & Places of Tourist Interest There are many beaches in the vicinity -
 * Dhavir Temple - Roha
 * Bande Ali Sha Dargah - Roha
 * Wilder West Adventures, Kolad - 12 km (River Rafting and Adventure Activities)
 * Birla Mandir, Salav - 36 km
 * Kolaba Fort, Alibag - 48 km
 * Murud Janjira Fort - 36 km
 * Shri Ballaleshwar Ashtvinayak Temple, Pali - 30 km
 * Raigad Fort - 60 km
 * Murud Beach - 33 km
 * Nandgaon Beach - 38 km
 * Alibag Beach - 48 km
 * Kashid Beach - 50 km
 * Kihim Beach - 57 km
 * Mandwa Beach - 65 km

Kundalika River
The Kundalika River is a small river flowing from the Hills of Sahyadri to the Arabian Sea. This river originates at a small town called Bhira in the Indian State of Maharashtra, 150 km southeast of Mumbai. Roha is located on the banks of Kundalika. The river is gaining popularity in recent times due to the rafting opportunities it provides during certain months at Kolad, a place on the National Highway no 17, about 10 km from Roha.

Notable people

 * 1) Sir C. D. Deshmukh, was the first Indian Governor of RBI (1943-1949) and Finance Minister of India (1950−56), who spent his childhood in Roha. He was also member of an Indian Civil Service.
 * 2) Pandurang Vaijnath Shastri Athavale was born on 19 October 1920 in the village of Roha. He was an Indian philosopher, spiritual leader, social reformer and Hinduism reformist, who founded the Swadhyay Movement and the Swadhyay Parivar organization.

Fort
Avchitgad:- The fort is situated near Roha. At the base of this fort is a village called Medha. The approximate height of this fort is 977 feet[1] It is a fairly easy trek through the jungle up to the fort which takes about an hour to climb. The great Maratha king Chhatrapati Shivaji is also believed to have reconstructed this fort. The work was carried out in a hurry and hence the name 'Avchit' (hurry) 'gad' (fort).

Industrial setup
Roha has a huge industrial setup. This area is a Chemical Industry Zone as declared by Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC), which was set up in the 1970s is located at Dhatav. Roha Industrial Area has many industrial units. Majority of these are chemical process industries. The late '70s and early '80s saw a major influx of people related to the chemicals industry which gave a unique cosmopolitan nature to Roha which was till then only a farming and trading town. The recession of the early 2000s saw many units being closed down. However, several Industries are still operating.

Some major Industries are:

• 	Albright & Wilson Chemicals India Ltd. • 	Kores India Ltd. • 	Anek Prayog Pvt. Ltd 	               • 	Neelicon Food Dyes & Chemicals Ltd. • 	Anshul Speciality Molecules Ltd. • 	Pepsico India Holdings(P) Ltd. • 	DRT Anthea Aroma Chemicals         • 	Raptakos Brett & Co. Ltd. • 	BEC Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. • 	Rathi Dye Chem Ltd. • 	Calchem Industries (India) Ltd. • 	Roha Dye Chem Pvt. Ltd. • 	Clariant Chemicals (India) Ltd. • 	Sadhana Nitro Chem Ltd. • 	Deepak Nitrite Ltd. • 	Sempertrans Nirlon Ltd. • 	Dharamsi Morarji Chemical Company Ltd. • 	Sudarshan Chemical Industries Ltd. • 	Excel Industries Ltd. • 	Taskar Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. • 	FDC Ltd. • 	Unichem Laboratories Ltd. • 	Kisan Irrigation Ltd. •	Iftex Oil & Chemicals Ltd.

Due to dire need of GST, internal audit, stock audit and Income Tax related knowledge in this area for such a big MIDC and industrial setup as well as the ancillary businesses, a branch of authorised Chartered Accountancy Firm called "APMH & Associates LLP" was setup in 2012.

Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical wet and dry (Aw).

Summers are hot and humid with temperatures touching 37-39 degrees Celsius. Rains are pretty heavy during monsoon. Winters are not so chilly with temperatures falling to 11-12 degrees Celsius. Average annual rainfall in Roha is 3450mm.

Transport
Road Roha is well connected to other cities of state as well as the country. Roha lies off the National Highway 66. One can reach the highway through Kolad which is 12 km away from Roha. By road, it is 120 km southeast of Mumbai, 146 km west of Pune and 57 km southeast of the district headquarters Alibag. Bus The state owned MSRTC buses also connect Roha with Panvel,Mumbai,Borivali,Nashik, Pune,Kolhapur, Tulajapur , shirdi,Alibag ,pune,Aurangabad,Satara, Mahabaleshwar,Mahad of Maharashtra. Rail Roha falls under Mumbai Division of Central Railways. Roha railway station is the end point of Central Railways and starting point of Konkan Railways. Many trains run from Roha to Mumbai daily Diva Roha Memu. Air The nearest airport Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Mumbai is 113 km away from Roha. The under construction Navi Mumbai International Airport in Panvel will be 77 km from Roha.

Water Although this is not a feasible mode of transport for Rohekars, the way exists. Catamaran/ferry services are available from Mandwa to Gateway of India, Mumbai. Ferry services are also available to Ferry Wharf (Bhau cha dhakka), Mumbai from Revas. Mandwa and Rewas are 65 km and 63 km respectively from Roha.

title: Roha


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Dolloff cave spider

The Dolloff cave spider (Meta dolloff) is a spider native to California, among the rarest spiders of North America.

This species was listed as vulnerable in 1996 on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. This doesn't provide legal protection for the species, but the list tracks animals that may become endangered.

Habitat
The Dolloff cave spider has been found in caves in the Empire Cave System near University of California, Santa Cruz, and in the Gray Whale Ranch State Park.

Since the discovery of Meta dolloff in the Empire and Dolloff Caves, Santa Cruz, California, M. dolloff have been found to regularly exist and reproduce outside of caves in other subterranean habitats such as railroad tunnels and human-dug soil pits at UC Santa Cruz.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dolloff cave spider


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Interscope Communications

Interscope Communications, Inc. (also known as Interscope Pictures) was a motion picture production company founded in 1982 by Ted Field. It soon became a division of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment.

In 1999, after Seagram merged PolyGram into Universal Pictures, Interscope Communications was sold to USA Networks and merged into the recently formed USA Films, which in 2002, would later be merged with other film labels after being acquired by Universal to become Focus Features.

History
Interscope Communications (the studio shared its name for a former racing team, "Interscope Racing") was founded in 1982 by media mogul Ted Field, who aimed to create films with mass appeal. Field acted as a producer or executive producer on a number of films in Interscope's filmography. The company's first film, Revenge of the Nerds, was released in 1984 and was a box office success. That same year, Robert W. Cort, a former executive of 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures, joined Interscope and became the president of the company. Cort also co-produced a number of films.

On November 13, 1984, the company received an agreement with The Walt Disney Studios for a two-year term, to become the company's first independent supplier within the studio, after several years working with an agreement at 20th Century-Fox in order that Interscope would finance films for the studio.

On December 10, 1986, Interscope Communications inked a three-picture domestic feature pact with United Artists Pictures, whereas production would be jointly financed by UA and Interscope, and that Interaccess Film Distribution and Vestron Inc. would participate in Interscope's share of financing, and domestic videocassette rights to Interscope's features going to Vestron Video, and foreign theatrical, TV and home video distribution of Interscope's films going to Interaccess Film Distribution.

On May 20, 1987, Interscope Communications rises into the rank as a film supplier, in order to set films from different major film studios, mostly MPAA members, which included five of the films that were donated by Interscope to the major motion picture studios, such as Touchstone Pictures, Tri-Star Pictures, Warner Bros., Orion Pictures, 20th Century Fox and De Laurentiis Entertainment Group, as well as his involvement with a $1 million in-house development kitty.

In early July 1987, Interscope Communications decided to accelerate its TV production phase from four productions from its first four years of existence to a slate of 13 new projects for the next eighteen months, and which include two movies-of-the week, a miniseries and a conventional series for NBC, and Patricia Clifford runs the company's television operations for Interscope's television division, acknowledged a markedly pronounced greater receptivity than in previous years to telefilms dealing with black experience in the U.S., and offered a series of failed pilots and television movies on the air.

In 1990, Nomura Babcock & Brown (NBB) invested $250 million in a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company and Interscope Communications. The deal called for NBB to co-produce and finance films for Interscope and Disney for four years. The joint venture produced five films between 1992 and 1995, all of which were marketed and released under two of Disney's production banners, Touchstone Pictures and Hollywood Pictures. The most successful film co-produced by Interscope and NBB was The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992), while other films produced by the joint venture were critical and commercial failures.

Also that year, it purchased Marble Arch Productions from ITC, and decided that ITC Entertainment would co-finance the projects for U.S. and foreign distribution.

PolyGram
In 1992, PolyGram bought a controlling interest in Interscope Communications' film unit. Production and marketing budgets were to be paid by PolyGram. Robert W. Cort, president of Interscope, left the company at the end of 1995 believing that PolyGram "took on much more of a corporate environment than it had before and that consequently his role had become more like an executive's than a producer's." Field purchased Cort's 12% stake in the corporation.

Beginning in 1996, Interscope began using PFE's PolyGram Filmed Entertainment Distribution for distribution.

USA Films merger and shut down
In 1998, after PolyGram was bought by Universal Studios, Interscope's film unit was retained as a subsidiary of Universal until in 1999, it was sold off to Barry Diller's USA Networks, which later merged Interscope Communications with October Films and Gramercy Pictures to become USA Films. In 2001, Universal acquired USA and its divisions from Diller, resulting in USA Films combining its operations with Universal Focus and Good Machine to become Focus Features. Interscope Communications managed to remain in-name-only until it was shut down in 2003. Remaining films that were intended to be produced under the Interscope Communications name were drafted to Focus Features.

Interscope Records, however, still exists as part of the Interscope Geffen A&M faction of Universal Music Group (whose predecessor, MCA, purchased Atlantic's stake in the label in 1995).

Filmography
Interscope Communications has produced 56 films. Of the 56 films produced, only 14 are direct-to-video or made-for-television productions. Currently, all of the films that Interscope produced for Orion Pictures, and De Laurentiis Entertainment Group between 1989 and 1991, as well as PolyGram Filmed Entertainment and Gramercy Pictures before March 31, 1996, are owned by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), which acquired the studios in separate transactions. Films produced for PolyGram or Gramercy after April 1, 1996, are now owned by Universal Studios or its division Focus Features. Note that in all cases the distributor or distributors are also co-producers. The box office column reflects the worldwide gross for the theatrical release of the films in United States dollars.

1 Direct-to-video release. 2 Released as a made-for-television film

title: Interscope Communications


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François Laurent

François Laurent (8 July 1810 – 11 February 1887) was a Belgian historian and jurisconsult.

Life and works
He was born in Luxembourg City. He held a high appointment in the ministry of justice for some time before he became professor of civil law at the university of Ghent in 1836. His advocacy of liberal and anti-clerical principles both from his chair and in the press made him bitter enemies, but he retained his position until his death in 1887.

He treated the relations of church and state in L'Églisé et l'État (Brussels, 3 vols., 1858-1862; new and revised edition, 1865), and the same subject occupied a large proportion of the eighteen volumes of his chief historical work, Études sur l'histoire de l'humanité (Ghent and Brussels, 1855-1870), which aroused considerable interest beyond the boundaries of Belgium.

His fame as a lawyer rests on his authoritative exposition of the Code Napoleon in his Principes de droit civil français (Brussels, 33 vols., 1869-1878), and his Le droit civil international (Brussels, 8 vols., 1880-1881).

He was charged in 1879 by the minister of justice with the preparation of a report on the proposed revision of the civil code. Besides his anti-clerical pamphlets, his minor writings include much discussion of social questions, of the organization of savings banks, asylums, &c. Laurent had much in common with Gustave Callier, whose funeral in 1863 was made the occasion of a display of clerical intolerance, and he founded the Societé Callier for the encouragement of thrift among the working classes. The efforts of the society were directed to the continuation of Callier's philanthropic schemes.

For a complete list of his works, see Auguste de Koninck, Bibliographie nationale : dictionnaire des écrivains belges et catalogue de leurs publications 1830 - 1880 (Brussels, vol. ii., 1892).

title: François Laurent


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Amal Movement

The Amal Movement (حركة أمل) is a Lebanese political party and former militia affiliated mainly with the Shia community of Lebanon. It was founded by Musa al-Sadr, Mostafa Chamran and Hussein el-Husseini in 1974 as the "Movement of the Deprived." The party has been led by Nabih Berri since 1980. The Greek Catholic Archbishop of Beirut, Grégoire Haddad, was among the founders of the movement.

The Amal movement gained attention from Shia outcry after the disappearance of Musa al-Sadr and saw a renewal in popularity after Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1978. The Iranian Revolution of 1978–79 also provided momentum for the party. The Amal Movement is the largest predominantly Shia party in parliament, having fourteen representatives to Hezbollah's thirteen. Amal has an alliance with Hezbollah.

Name
The movement's current name was originally used by the Deprived Movement's militia, the "Lebanese Resistance Regiments" (أفواج المقاومة اللبنانية). This name, when abbreviated, created the acronym "Amal", which is Arabic for "hope".

Harakat al-Mahrumin / Movement of the Deprived
Harakat al-Mahrumin (حركة المحرومين meaning The Movement of the Deprived or The Movement of the Dispossessed or The Movement of the Disinherited) was established by Imam Musa al-Sadr and member of parliament Hussein el-Husseini in 1974, as an attempt to reform the Lebanese system, although the beginnings can be traced to 1969 in declarations by the Imam al-Sadr calling upon peace and equality among all Lebanese confessions and religions, so that no one confession would remain "deprived" in any region in Lebanon, noting that the Shia community in Lebanon remained the poorest and most neglected by the Lebanese government.

While acknowledging its support base to be the "traditionally under-represented politically and economically disadvantaged" Shi'a community, it aimed, according to Palmer-Harik, to seek social justice for all deprived Lebanese. Although influenced by Islamic ideas, it was a secular movement trying to unite people along communal rather than religious or ideological lines.

The movement had support from many confessions, but membership remained mainly within the Shia confession and was considered as a definitive Shia force against the traditional Shia families hegemony at the time.

The Greek Catholic Archbishop of Beirut, Grégoire Haddad, was among the founders of the movement.

The movement was absorbed in 1975 into what is now called the Amal Movement.

Lebanese Resistance Regiments
On January 20, 1975, the 'Lebanese Resistance Regiments' (أفواج المقاومة اللبنانية | Afwaj al-Muqawama al-Lubnaniyya), also designated variously as the 'Lebanese Resistance Battalions', 'The Battalions of the Lebanese Resistance', 'Lebanese Resistance Detachments' and 'Battalions de la Resistance Libanaise (BRL)' in French were formed as the military wing of Harakat al-Mahrumin under the leadership of al-Sadr, and came to be popularly known as Amal (in Arabic أمل) from the acronym Afwaj al-Mouqawma Al-Lubnaniyya).

Amal Movement
Amal became one of the most important Shi'a Muslim militias during the Lebanese Civil War. It grew strong with the support of, and through its ties with, Syria and the 300,000 Shi'a internal refugees from southern Lebanon after the Israeli bombings in the early 1980s. Amal's practical objectives were to gain greater respect for Lebanon's Shi'ite population and the allocation of a larger share of governmental resources for the Shi'ite-dominated southern part of the country.

At its zenith, the militia had 14,000 troops. Amal fought a long campaign against Palestinian refugees during the Lebanese Civil War, called the War of the Camps. After the War of the Camps, Amal fought a bloody battle against rival Shi'a group Hezbollah for control of Beirut, which provoked Syrian military intervention. Hezbollah itself was formed by religious members of Amal who had left after Nabih Berri's assumption of full control and the subsequent resignation of most of Amal's earliest members.

Timeline
On January 20, 1975 T5, the Lebanese Resistance Detachments, also called 'The Battalions of the Lebanese Resistance' in English, is formed as a military wing of The Movement of the Disinherited under the leadership of al-Sadr. In 1978 the founder Al-Sadr disappears in mysterious circumstances while visiting Libya. He was succeeded by Hussein el-Husseini as leader of Amal.

In 1980, Palestinian guerrillas attempt to assassinate then-Secretary General Hussein el-Husseini by launching missiles into his home, outside Beirut. El-Husseini had refused, despite Syrian pressure, to get involved in the Lebanese Civil War and fight alongside the PLO or any other faction.

Subsequently, in 1980, el-Husseini resigned from the leadership of Amal and was replaced by Nabih Berri, marking the entry of Amal in the Lebanese Civil War.

In the summer of 1982 Husayn Al-Musawi, deputy head and official spokesman of Amal, broke away to form the Islamist Islamic Amal Movement.

In May 1985, heavy fighting erupted between Amal and Palestinian camp militias for the control of the Sabra, Shatila and Burj el-Barajneh camps in Beirut, sparking the so-called "War of the Camps" which lasted until 1987.

In December 1985, Nabih Berri of Amal, Walid Jumblatt of the Druze Progressive Socialist Party (PSP), and Elie Hobeika of the Lebanese Forces signed the Tripartite Accord in Damascus which is supposed to give strong influence to Damascus regarding Lebanese matters. The agreement never came into effect due to Hobeika's ousting.

Two months later Amal militiamen were driven out of West Beirut by their Communist (PLA) and Druze (PSP) rivals in a week of street fighting, artillery exchanges and looting which led to the Syrian army returning to Beirut on 22 February after an absence of three and a half years.

On February 17, 1988, the American Chief of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) observer group in Lebanon, Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, was abducted and later killed after meeting with Amal's political leader of southern Lebanon. Amal responded by launching a campaign against Hezbollah in the south, It was believed that Hezbollah abducted him. Hezbollah to this day denies it and insists that it was done to create problems between them and the Amal movement.

In April 1988 Amal launched an all-out assault on Hezbollah positions in south Lebanon and the southern suburbs of Beirut. Early in May 1988 Hezbollah gained control of 80% of the Shi'ite suburbs of Beirut through well-timed assaults.

In 1989, Amal accepted the Taif agreement (mainly authored by el-Husseini) in order to end the civil war.

In September 1991, with background in the Syrian controlled end of the Lebanese Civil War in October 1990, 2,800 Amal troops joined the Lebanese army.

War of the Camps
The War of the Camps was a series of controversial battles in the mid-1980s between Amal and Palestinian groups. The Druze-oriented Progressive Socialist Party (PSP), the leftists, and also Hezbollah supported the Palestinians, while the Syrian government backed Amal.

First battle (May 1985)
Although most of the Palestinian guerrillas were expelled during the 1982 Israeli invasion, Palestinian militias began to regain their footing after the Israeli withdrawal from first Beirut, then Sidon and Tyre. Syria viewed this revival with some anxiety: though in the same ideological camp, Damascus had little control over most Palestinians organizations and was afraid that the build-up of Palestinian forces could lead to a new Israeli invasion. In Lebanon, Shia–Palestinian relations had been very tense since the late 1960s.

After the multinational force withdrew from Beirut in February 1984, Amal and the PSP took control of west Beirut and Amal built a number of outposts around the camps, in Beirut and the south. On April 15, 1985, Amal and the PSP attacked Al-Murabitun, the main Lebanese Sunni militia and the closest ally of the PLO in Lebanon. Al-Murabitun were vanquished and their leader, Ibrahim Kulaylat was sent into exile. On May 19, 1985, heavy fighting erupted between Amal and the Palestinians for the control of the Sabra, Shatila and Burj el-Barajneh camps, all in Beirut.

On May 28, 1985, Amal suffered a suicide attack by four young female Palestinian suicide bombers in Shatila. Despite its efforts, Amal could not take the control of the camps. The death toll remains unknown, with estimates ranging from a few hundreds to a few thousands. This and heavy Arab pressure led to a cease-fire on June 17.

Second battle (May 1986)
The situation remained tense and fights occurred again in September 1985 and March 1986. On May 19, 1986, heavy fighting erupted again. Despite new armaments provided by Syria, Amal could not take control of the camps. Many cease-fires were announced, but most of them did not last more than a few days. The situation began to cool after Syria deployed some troops on June 24, 1986.

Third battle (September 1986)
There was tension in the south, an area where Shi'as and Palestinians were both present. This led to frequent clashes. On September 29, 1986, fighting erupted at the Rashidiyye camp (Tyre). The conflict immediately spread to Sidon and Beirut. Palestinian forces managed to occupy the Amal-controlled town of Maghdouché on the eastern hills of Sidon to open the road to Rashidiyye. Syrian forces helped Amal and Israel launched air strikes against PLO position around Maghdouche.

A cease-fire was negotiated between Amal and pro-Syrian Palestinian groups on December 15, 1986, but it was rejected by Yasser Arafat's Fatah. Fatah tried to appease the situation by giving some of its positions to Hezbollah and to the Murabitun. The situation became relatively calm for a while, but the bombing against the camps continued. In Beirut, a blockade of the camps led to a dramatic lack of food and medications inside the camps.

In early 1987, the fighting spread to Hezbollah and the PSP who supported the Palestinians. The PSP, having won numerous battles, quickly seized large portions of west Beirut. Consequently, Syria occupied west Beirut beginning February 21, 1987. On April 7, 1987, Amal finally lifted the siege and handed its positions around the camps to the Syrian army. According to The New York Times (March 10, 1992, citing figures from the Lebanese police), 3,781 were killed in the fighting.

War of Brothers
On February 17, 1988, Col William R. Higgins, American Chief of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) observer group in Lebanon, was abducted from his UN vehicle between Tyre and Nakoura after a meeting with Abd al-Majid Saleh, Amal's political leader in southern Lebanon. It soon became "clear that Sheikh al-Musawi, the commander to Hezbollah's Islamic Resistance, had been personally responsible for the abduction of Lt. Col Higgins in close cooperation with both Sheikh Abdul Karim Obeid, the local commander of Hizballah's military wing, and Mustafa al-Dirani, the former head of Amal's security service."

This was seen as a direct challenge to Amal by Hezbollah, and Amal responded by launching an offensive against Hezbollah in the south where it "scores decisive military victories ... leading to the expulsion of a number of Hizballah clergy to the Beqqa". In Beirut's southern suburbs however, where fighting also raged, Hizballah was much more successful. "[E]lements within Hizballah and the Iranian Pasdaran established a joint command to assassinate high-ranking Amal officials and carry out operations against Amal checkpoints and centers."

By May, Amal had suffered major losses, its members were defecting to Hezbollah, and by June, Syria had to intervene militarily to rescue Amal from defeat. In January 1989, a truce in the "ferocious" fighting between Hizballah and Amal was arranged by Syrian and Iranian intervention. "Under this agreement, Amal's authority over the security of southern Lebanon [is] recognized while Hizballah [is] permitted to maintain only a nonmilitary presence through political, cultural, and informational programmes."

Amal after the war
Amal was a strong supporter of Syria after 1990 and endorsed Syria's military presence in Lebanon. After Rafik Hariri's assassination in 2005, Amal opposed the Syrian withdrawal and did not take part in the Cedar Revolution.

Since 1992, the party has been represented in the Lebanese parliament and the government. Amal's enemies often criticize it for corruption among its semi-major leaders. Nabih Berri was elected speaker of parliament in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2009 and 2016. Following the 2018 Lebanese general election, Amal has had 17 representatives in the 128-seat Lebanese parliament. This was an increase from the 13 representatives at the 2009 election, 14 at the 2005 election, 10 at the 2000 election, 8 at the 1996 election and 5 at the 1992 election.

According to Amal officials, the party's militants "have been involved in every major battle since fighting began" during the 2006 Lebanon War, and at least 8 members were reported to have been killed.

Amal's military wing began participating in the 2023 Israel-Lebanon border clashes in November by launching strikes on Israeli military barracks; one of its members was later killed by Israeli shelling of the town of Rab Thalathine.

title: Amal Movement


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Dan (rank)

The dan (段) ranking system is used by many Japanese, Okinawan, Korean, and other martial arts organizations to indicate the level of a person's ability within a given system. Used as a ranking system to quantify skill level in a specific domain, it was originally used at a Go school during the Edo period. It is now also used in most modern Japanese fine and martial arts.

Martial arts writer Takao Nakaya claims that this dan system was first applied to martial arts in Japan by Kanō Jigorō (1860–1938), the founder of judo, in 1883, and later introduced to other East Asian countries. In modern Japanese martial arts, holders of dan ranks often wear a black belt; those of higher rank may also wear either red-and-white or red belts depending on the style. Dan ranks are also given for strategic board games such as Go, Japanese chess (shōgi), and renju, as well as for other arts such as the tea ceremony (sadō or chadō), flower arrangement (ikebana), Japanese calligraphy (shodō), and Japanese archery (Kyudo). Today, this ranking system is part of the hallmark, landscape, and cultural "adhesive" of modern Japanese society.

The Chinese character for the word dan (段) literally means step or stage in Japanese, but is also used to refer to one's rank, grade, or station, i.e., one's degree or level of expertise, knowledge and seniority. In Chinese pinyin, however, the same character is pronounced duàn in Mandarin with the 4th tone, and was originally used to mean phase. Dan is often used together with the word kyū (級) in certain ranking systems, with dan being used for the higher ranks and kyū being used for lower ranks.

History
The dan ranking system in Go was devised by Hon'inbō Dōsaku (1645–1702), a professional Go player in the Edo period. Prior to the invention, top-to-bottom ranking was evaluated by comparison of handicap and tended to be vague. Dosaku valued the then highest title holder, Meijin at 9 Dan. He was likely inspired by an ancient Chinese Go ranking system (9 Pin Zhi) and an earlier court ranking system (nine-rank system), although lower numbers are more senior in those systems.

Dan ranks were transferred to martial arts by Kanō Jigorō (1860–1938), the founder of judo. Kanō started the modern rank system in 1883 when he awarded shodan (the lowest dan rank) to two of his senior students (Shiro Saigo and Tomita Tsunejirō). Prior to this, martial arts schools rewarded progress with less frequent menkyo licenses, giving the disciple the right to teach what he has learnt, the menkyo system containing in itself several ranks, the latter being the menkyo kaiden (免許皆伝）, the license attesting that the disciple has mastered the whole teaching of the art ; another way of rewarding a particularly skilled disciple was by choosing him as next sōke by transmitting him the secret scrolls of the school, the densho (伝書）.

There was still no external differentiation between yūdansha (black belt ranks) and mudansha (those who had not yet attained a dan grade). Different athletic departments within the Japanese school system were already using markers of rank, most notably in swimming, where advanced swimmers wore a black ribbon around their waists. Kano adopted the custom of having his yūdansha wear black obi (belts) in 1886.

At that time, these obi were not the belts that karateka and jūdōka wear today; the students were still practicing in kimono. They wore the wide obi still worn with formal kimono. In 1907, Kanō invented the modern keikogi (white practice uniforms), and belts in white for mudansha and black for yūdansha.

Modern usage in Go

Traditionally, the level of Go players has been defined using kyū and dan ranks. Kyu ranks are considered student ranks, whilst dan ranks are considered master ranks. Especially in amateur play, these ranks facilitate the handicapping system, with a difference of one rank roughly corresponding to one free move at the beginning of the game. With the ready availability of calculators and computers, "rating" systems have been introduced. In such systems, a rating is rigorously calculated on the basis of game results.

Dan (abbreviated online as "d") ranks are for advanced players. Although many organizations let players choose their own kyū rank to a certain extent, dan ranks are often regulated. This means that players will have to show good results in tournaments or pass exams to be awarded a dan rank. Serious students of the game will often strive to attain a dan rank. Dan ranks are generally available up to about 7th dan; professional player ranks go up to 9th dan.

Modern usage in shogi

As in Go, shogi has also traditionally used "dan" and "kyū" ranks to define the playing strength of a shogi player. Amateur players can, through over-the-board (OTB) play, achieve ranks from 15-kyū to 8-dan. In addition to dan and kyū, an Elo-type rating system is also used by the Japan Amateur Shogi Association for the tournaments it organizes.

The ranking system used by the Japan Shogi Association (JSA) for professionals uses similar terminology, but is actually quite different in terms of ability. Professional player ranks start at 4 dan and go up to 9 dan. There also used to be 10 dan ranking, but this is no longer used. Amateur players train to become professionals at one of the JSA's apprentice schools and are ranked from 6-kyū to 3-dan. Since only exceptionally strong amateur players are able to qualify for the shōreikai, it is generally believed that the typical shōreikai 6-kyū is at least the equivalent of an amateur 3 or 4 dan player. Shōreikai 3-dan players who either win or finish runner-up in one of the two 3-dan league tournaments held each year are awarded the rank of 4-dan and granted professional status.

Although there is no difference in the systems used for men and women amateurs, the JSA and the Ladies Professional Shogi-players' Association of Japan, or LPSA, do use a slightly different system for ranking women professionals. Women professionals are ranked from 3-kyū to 6-dan and it is commonly believed that even the strongest women professionals are generally only equivalent in playing strength to shōreikai 1- or 2-dan ranked players. In fact, no woman professional has ever successfully completed the shōreikai system and been awarded the rank of 4-dan. Three women have made it as far as 1 dan in the shōreikai, and two have made it as far as 3 dan.

Usage in martial arts
While the use of the kyū/dan system, and colored belts is common to both gendai budō or arts of other east Asian origin, and to arts that are derived from these, or from other areas, it is not universal.

Japanese martial arts
In modern times, a dan-ranked practitioner of a style is usually recognized as a martial artist who has surpassed the kyū, or basic, ranks. They may also become a licensed instructor in their art. In many styles, however, achieving a dan rank means that, while one is no longer considered a beginner, one is not yet necessarily an expert. Rather, it indicates a high degree of competence across a reasonable range of techniques.

The total number of dan ranks is style-specific (1st through 5th and 1st through 10th are common in Japanese martial arts). The lower dan grades normally are attained through a grading examination or sometimes through competition. The higher dan grades usually require years of experience and contribution to the relevant modern martial art. This may be through instruction or research and publication. These grades can only be awarded by a higher-graded representative of the principal dojo or sometimes by a steering committee. There is no set achievement level that is universal. Ranking systems are specific to the school or style, so ranks do not necessarily translate across different martial arts styles. In fact, dan ranks do not necessarily indicate one wears a black belt. In martial arts such as iaidō, kendō or jōdō, no external signifier of rank is worn, though a black belt is by far the most recognizable symbol to the general public.

The highest dan ranks are sometimes reserved for the founder or leaders of a style and only high-ranking students can be promoted to them. For example, only five living people hold a tenth dan in judo and only about thirty-five worldwide have been promoted to the rank since its inception; of those 10th dan promotions only fifteen were conferred by the Kodokan, all of them to Japanese judoka. In other styles, the dan ranks are not the highest level that might be attained, with instructor certification and judge/judgment authorization being understood as higher-level or more sophisticated.

Ranks in Japanese
Many arts use between one and ten dan ranks:

In many martial arts, black belts are often worn for all dan grades. In others, different colors are used, with the highest grade (10th dan) sometimes wearing a red belt in some systems. In Jūdo, 6th to 8th dan may wear a red and white-patterned belt, and 9th dan and above may wear a solid red belt. Blue with a red stripe is sometimes worn for Renshi (錬士) or for a person recognized by the older Ryu Kyu Kingdom title of Shinshi (from Shenshi, 紳士), a general Confucian term for a resident Chinese scholar and emissary. There is some variation even within styles. Generally, belts do not have markings that indicate the actual dan grade. Okinawan styles often use gold bars to denote the various masters titles rather than grades after fifth dan. Thus one gold stripe can designate Renshi (錬士), two designated Kyōshi (教士), and three designated Hanshi (範士). In the early 2000s, different Okinawan styles started using the stripes to designate individual dan grades above godan. Others, including many Uechi organizations, have followed suit, while others have not.

In many styles shodan implies that the basics of the style have been mastered. At about sandan, the student may start teaching independently but under the supervision of their teacher. The license for this level is shidōin (指導員), literally "member of instruction/coaching", which is often translated as "assistant instructor." At about the grade of godan, the holder may receive a full teaching license: shihan (師範), literally "instructor/model." Traditionally, someone who holds the shihan title may open their own school with this license. Many styles also have the separate teaching or "master" grades of renshi, kyoshi, and hanshi.

Generally, the lower dan grades are achieved by gaining greater knowledge and understanding of the art along with physical skill. The higher the dan grade, the more leadership ability, teaching experience, and service to the style play a role in promotion.

In modern kendo, the dan system was recently changed so that 8th dan is the highest attainable rank. Unlike Judo, all dan promotion within the All Japan Kendo Federation, International Kendo Federation and its member countries is by examination. Whereas dan grades are awarded for technical ability, there is a parallel shogo system awarding the higher teaching grades of renshi, kyoshi, and hanshi. Renshi and kyoshi are awarded by written examination while hanshi is awarded by election.

Although the dan system is distinctly Japanese, it has been adopted by many other martial arts styles. The dan system and the well-known symbol of a black belt have been absorbed into common usage to represent a person with above-average or highly trained skills in a particular discipline.

Chinese martial arts
In 1998, the Chinese Wushu Association together with the National Sport Commission and the Chinese Wushu Research Institute established a graduation system based on nine Duan levels. In 2011 the Duan Wei system was changed and a set of style books was issued for duan wei 1-6 exams. Examinations for each level are based on preset forms and applications, including partner forms. The badge has also been changed to include the duan wei number i.e. 1–6. Entry level for experienced practitioners has now been limited to 3rd Duan and below so as to tighten up the rankings.

Symbol: 段位 Duan Wei "level"

Beginning Level:

So-called basic duans for students with some years of experience.

1. Qingying—yi duan: Bronze/blue Eagle 2. Yinying—er duan: Silver Eagle 3. Jinying—san duan: Gold Eagle

Intermediate Level:

Middle-level duans are for wushu students/coaches who are able to teach and have between 5 and 10 years of wushu coaching experience, depending on level applied for. Starting from 5th Duan, there has to be proof of a scientific work in wushu research, i.e. publications, DVD, training of Duanwei examined students. Six Duanwei can use the title of Master as this is the highest technical grade.

4. Qinghu—si duan: Bronze/blue Tiger 5. Yinhu—wu duan: Silver Tiger 6. Jinhu—liu duan: Gold Tiger

Advanced Level:

Advanced level is only awarded to very experienced masters with excellent reputation in Wushu. The person awarded such a Duan is officially entitled to use the title "Grand Master".

7. Qinglong—qi duan: Bronze/blue Dragon 8. Yinlong—ba duan: Silver Dragon 9. Jinlong—jiu duan: Gold Dragon

The term Dan was used on the badges up to 2005 when the term Duan was adopted, however the term Dan was never used on the certificates of grade; the certificates always use the term Duanwei.

Korean martial arts

Korean martial arts lacked a grading system up until the Japanese occupation (1910–1945) during which a variety of Japanese martial arts were introduced into the Korean school system, most notably judo, karate-do and kendo. After the occupation ended, newly emerging martial arts like taekwondo, tang soo do, soo bahk do and hapkido adopted the dan (단, 段) and geup (급, 級) ranks. The dan rank system is also used by baduk players. Nowadays, the Korea Taekkyon Association also issues dan ranks to taekkyeon practitioners.

Someone who has received a dan rank is called a yudanja (유단자, 有段者). Someone who has received a "high" dan rank (6th Dan upwards) is called a godanja (고단자, 高段者).

In some Korean schools, most notably in Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo, there is also a poom system in place (품, 品; "pum" using standard Romanization). Practitioners who have not yet reached the age of 15 cannot test for a dan rank. For them, there is a system of four poom grades. After they reach the age of 15, their poom-grade can be changed to the corresponding "dan"-grade.

Ranks in Korean
When numbering the dan ranks, Sino-Korean numbers are used. Common names for the dan ranks are thus:

†For most Korean martial arts, the dan ranks do not go past ninth dan, although on some occasions in some organizations, a tenth dan has been issued.

title: Dan (rank)


text:
User talk:Rnt20

Re: Andor links
Hello Rnt20, I saw your comment and complaint about me adding unauthorised links. I did not add any link to Andor to articles. I have one on my user page but I never included it in the EMCCD article or any other entry site. The only modifiction I did was my linking to "impact ionisation". I am aware of the official policy and never tried to add commercial links. It must be is some misunderstanding that I am blamed for something I did not do. I am not entirely sure why I was notified about this violation since, it is not my IP, as far as I know. It's true, I work for Andor but the whole issue is not my doing. I posted the same comment on the talk page of user 62.172.106.114 who apparently did it. Best regards. SSN21 10:46, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi,
 * Please note that the comments clearly related to 62.172.106.114, and no complaint was made about your use of the EMCCD page. Regards, Rnt20 10:59, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, I noted it was for 62.172.106.114 but for some reason I got notfied about a new message for me. Then I saw comments of you and other users and thought that I must have done something totally wrong but now I see it wasn't the case. Anyway, I don't think it was someone using my computer but most likely it was someone who works for Andor or is a huge fan of its products ;) Thanks for clarifying the issue. SSN21 11:40, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

fr:Image:Paris europe train map fr.png
Hello,

Thanks for your valuable picture on the Paris article. How about releasing this picture under the GNU FDL Licence? fr:Utilisateur:Teofilo-Folengo19:28, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, my previous suggestion to upload the picture on "Commons" was wrong, as language-specific items should not be uploaded there.

 * Oops! I uploaded three versions to commons before I saw this comment! Rnt20 21:04, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Edinburgh in French is Édimbourg and Hamburg becomes Hambourg. Köln becomes Cologne, and Muenchen : Munich (as in English).

 * Maybe a solution would be to make the drawing multilingual by writing London/Londres Muenchen/Munich and so on. This way the picture could be OK on Commons.

 * template "PD-self" is a red link on French Wikipedia. You should change it into fr:Modèle:Domaine public. (But personaly, I think GFDL fr:Modèle:GFDLis more meaningful under French law).

Theo F 20:04, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You can pick-up the cities' names in several languages from this article : List of European cities with alternative names.--Theo F 20:14, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Images etc
I shall have a look at the possibility for doing this. The image would be a banner, but I would need to check the copyright status of images to be included first. I shall check it out in the next couple of days. I shall sort out my images with relation to the Commons in a few days' time as well – for various reasons, I am very busy at the moment and wiki has dropped down my list. Cheers for the note, smoddy 22:08, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks really good. I have refactored it slightly (with XHTML compliance – mainly), so that the coding is less obtrusive.  Hope this is OK! Cheers, smoddy 13:31, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Instituto_de_Astrofísica_de_Canarias
I suggested the article you put on the translation page to become Spanish Translation of the Week. You can add your support-vote there if you would like it to become translated.--Fenice 16:17, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

GFDL
Hi Rnt20. Please see my comment at Wiki content from the internet regarding the image you're proposing for adding a GFDL license to your webpage. Angela. 02:21, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

images
Hi Rnt20 Why do you not upload your pictures in Wikimedia Commons ? Every Wiki can use pictures from there. I have uploaded 'Mun flags frauenkirche.jpg' to Wikimedia Commons. That picture is great !! --gildemax 16:06:59, 2005-08-20 (UTC)

 * Oh, I thought I'd copied them all onto commons, but I must have missed that one. Rnt20 10:30, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

John Baldwin
I've left some Queens' dates on the talk page - please check, add and use if you wish. Linuxlad 16:03, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Astrophysical Journal
Hi there. Just spotted you "shadowing" my changes to Nature and Science. :) On related travels I've just been to the article on scientific journals, and spotted that the Astrophysical Journal seems to be getting a bit of a raw deal (see my comment in the talk page).  As you're an astronomer, I thought you might like to redress this slur (I'm only an oceanographer, an know nothing of the heavens above).  Cheers.  --Plumbago 09:52, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Dome C
I appreciate your edits. I think you may be interested in helping with SETI@home (see discussion on my talk page). Cheers -- Svest 20:21, 25 October 2005 (UTC) Wiki me up™

CMB
Hi, I'm trying to improve the cosmic microwave background page to contain more information about CMB physics and such. I have made a new cosmic microwave background experiments page which contains some of the material from the old page. If you have the time, it would be great if you could help to improve these pages. In particular, I am trying to add a short section to the main CMB page about the design of CMB experiments, while moving the list of experiments to the experiments page. I know something about data analysis, but very little about experimental design. If you have anything to contribute to this, that would be much appreciated. Thanks. –Joke 17:33, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Italian user page
Hi, i'm an italian wikipedian and I saw your userpage on it.wiki: unfortunately the redirect between different wikipedias not work. I suggest to put a plain link on italian user page that links here. Regards --Jacopo86 16:46, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Huygens surface sum.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Huygens surface sum.gif. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Nacon Kantari  e |t||c|m 20:41, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Improvements to Punt (boat)
Thanks for your work today on Punt (boat). I am sure these are good faith edits to improve the article, and the new picture is very welcome, so please don't take it amiss that I have tidied it up a little. In your several attempts to get the flow of the pictures right, you have broken up the flow of the text and section headings, so that some of the material about punting on the lower Thames is now in the Oxford section. I don't know if I have got it right even now, and your help is very welcome, but if & when you do any more work on this article can you please keep the headings and text consistent? Many thanks Thruston 22:32, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ami_sep_2005.jpg
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Image Tagging for Image:Mrao_ami_sba.jpg
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WP:PNA/Physics comments moved
Hey there. I notice you changed a comment on Optical interferometry from your name to mine. However, the comment is indeed yours. It was posted to Pages needing attention/Physics; I'm putting it on its talk page as part of a redo of PNA/Physics in support of Cleanup process/Cleanup sorting proposal. I have reverted the comment change. Thanks. Alba 20:13, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

1C?
Someone has started a stub for 1C, and someone else has set a delete tag 15 minutes later.

I think that later surveys referred to

 * Ryle M, Smith F G & Elsmore B (1950) MNRAS vol 110 pp508-523 'A preliminary survey of radio stars in the Northern Hemisphere'

as if it were 1C. But this is just a 'guess'. Do you have any access say to 2C and 3C to check what they meant by 1C? Linuxlad 11:13, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

No, I am afraid I know nothing about this. I spotted this text in Google though:

 * The 1C catalog listed about 50 radio sources, detected at 3.7 m with a fixed meridian interferometer. (Later most of the sources from 1C were recognized to be the effect of confusion, i.e. they were not real objects.
 * Ryle M., Smith F.G., Elsmore B. A Preliminary Survey of the Radio Stars in the Northern Hemisphere, MNRAS, 110, 508-523 (1950).

and:

 * Smith, F. Graham (1923-) Astronomer who joined Martin Ryle's radio group in 1946. He observed Cygnus A using a Michelson interferometer at 80 MHz. He also built the Long Michelson Interferometer at the Old Rifle Range in Cambridge in 1950. This device operated at a wavelength of 3.7 meter, and was operated using Ryle's phase switching technique to compile the 1C survey in 1950. He also used the interferometer to measure the electron Eric Weisstein's World of Physics density in the ionosphere Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy (c.f., Evans). In 1977, his book Pulsars was published (Sullivan 1984, p. 413).

I have updated the 1C page accordingly. Rnt20 12:37, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Those articles look very useful. Good Work.

However, I wonder if the Russian one hasn't in turn 'confused' 1C and 2C (the text of their article seems out of order). (2C was the real and acknowledged turkey, going far too 'deep' (in fu terms) for the angular resolution). Linuxlad 13:16, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Interferometry feetnotes -
 * 1) do we need an article on phase switches.?
 * 2) I see there's now quite a good article on Hanbury-Brown & Twiss. I remember being intrigued by this when the subject came up in 2nd year optics(*). I was especially intrigued by the prediction that the stats of electrons would be different from those using photons, which were already expected to be puzzling enough at low intensities. At the end of the year I couldn't find any who wanted to explain the notes I'd taken back to me. (*The year was 1967 and the lecturer had been John Shakeshaft the radio-astronomer).

 * I think the difference comes from the fact that electrons are Fermions (which have Fermi exclusion, so multiple electrons cannot be in the same state), whereas photons are bosons (so multiple photons prefer to be in the same state). It is the boson nature of the photons which causes them to cluster in the same states, giving the measurable correlation in an intensity interferometer. Not sure about all the details of this. Rnt20 18:04, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Yes, that's the one bit I'd latched on to :-) but when you took all that in to account with the splitting stats at low intensity... (I hadn't apprecaiated until I read the article that the crucial confirmatory expeiments in both these areas were 10 or more years in the future, so this was HB&T pushing the boat out) Linuxlad.

Libya
Hi,

I've recently added Libya to the list of featured article candidates. Overall the candidature is going well with many of the objections now sorted out. The final concrete objection is with the article's prose. I have been the main contributor to the article and have been looking at it for the previous 9 - 10 months. My eyes no longer see it freshly, so I am not a suitable copy-editor!

To meet the final demand of copy editing, I have been advised to ask different people to edit parts of the article.

I would really love to get this article featured as you can probably see from the page's history! I've worked very hard on it and I see this as possibly being the final hurdle.

You can see the prose objections, mostly raised by Sandy, on the candidature page. If you have the time, please choose a section (Politics, Religion, Culture etc.) and copyedit, perfect , ace it! I would be very grateful with any help I can get.

Thanks a lot,

--Jaw101ie 17:00, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

List of observatories
Hi, I've been working on this article lately and I noticed that you've done quite a bit of work in the area. I'm wondering what you think about adding space based observatories (like HST, Spitzer, etc.) to the list. There was a comment regarding this on the article's talk page a few years ago but there was never any debate about it. I'm in favor of adding the space-based astronomical observatories but I just wanted to get another opinion first. Let me know what you think. Thanks! --Nebular110 19:51, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good idea. At the moment the list seems to be a random list of a few of the well known observatories and a lot of fairly obscure ones. It would seem sensible to add a few more of the more famous observatories, including space ones. Rnt20 07:11, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, there are many obscure observatories on the current list. Do you think some of the really obscure ones, like those owned by individuals or small astronomy clubs, should be removed?
 * My eventual goal is to make this a featured list. Obviously this is still a ways off, the lead especially still needs a LOT of work. Right now we just have name, date established, and location for the columns. Is there any other information you think would add to the list? --Nebular110 18:09, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Something which would be very nice (but not essential) would be a link to an aerial photo for each one on www.wikimapia.org or maps.google.com. Keep up the good work! Rnt20 19:37, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

H5N1
Thanks for desiring to help out at the H5N1 suite of articles. You might be intereted in H5N1 clinical trials. Vaccination corporations can not be expected to tell the unbiased truth. They are trying to make money. WHO, CIDRAP, CDC are examples of unbiased sources. No one knows what mutations will occur that could create a pandemic strain, so no pandemic vaccine can be known to be effective until AFTER one or more pandemic strains evolves. H5N1 and H2N3 genes could mix creating both a pandemic H5N1 strain and a H2N3 pandemic strain. My point here is no matter what a company spokesman says, until there exists a pandemic strain it is unknowable what if anything any of our vaccines will do against it. WAS 4.250 14:28, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Image:Paris_europe_train_map_de.png
Hi, in the translation of is still a typo: The german translation of Zurich is Zürich. Can you correct it? --Prolineserver 20:50, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I have corrected it -- thanks for spotting that. Rnt20 20:27, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Nobel Medal
Hi Rnt20, Are you the guy that introduced a photo of the nobel prize medal? If so, pls can you clarify the copyright status? Best regards, bunix 08:32, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, the photos are public domain, but User:Mormegil claims that the sculpted designs are copyrighted so that the photos cannot be used on wikipedia. I don't know whether this is really true -- these are essentially photos of sculptures -- at what point does something become copyright? Are all photos of sculptures (or of buildings whose designs were copyrighted by the architect) also copyrighted? Rnt20 16:54, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Reason why I reverted your edits to Point source
Rnt20, I reverted your edits in the Point source article because they really should be in the Point source (disambiguation) page. That is why the the top of the Point source article has a link to the Point source (disambiguation) page.

The Point source article is intended primarily to focus only on pollution point sources. The other uses of that phrases are covered in the disambiguation page. If you think the disambiguation page needs more discussion of other uses of the phrase, please edit it. Regards, - mbeychok 18:19, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Meanwhile, there is a discussion on the Point source discussion page about the pros and cons of the article being specifically focused on pollution sources, as differentiated from radiation, optic, wave, and other uses of the phrase "point source". I would very much appreciate it if you would enter into that discussion. Thanks in advance, - mbeychok 21:31, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

I struck out my above comment because I placed it here by mistake. Please excuse me. - mbeychok 22:19, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation
STOP. Before you do any more damage, please read Disambiguation and Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). You don't seem to understand disambiguation, and as a result you are making bad edits that create more work for everyone. If you have changed the wiktionary links to point to the disambiguation page, please change them all back (or change them to point to an article) before you do anything else. It is never acceptable to deliberately link to a disambiguation page. Disambiguation pages exist to catch erroneous links; cases where someone makes a link without bothering to check that they are linking to the correct article. The ultimate goal is to have zero links to each dab page (except for dablinks at the beginning of articles, etc.) Disambiguation pages are not to contain any information beyond that needed for a reader to quickly find the link to the page they are looking for. --Srleffler 16:10, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * As mentioned before, there is a big problem here -- there is no suitable "general page" for point source which covers all the different types, so the only option is to link to the disambig page. I tried to create a "general page" for point source but the changes were quickly reverted. Rnt20 11:17, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Please come join the discussion at Talk:Point source. We need to decide as a group how best to handle this material.--Srleffler 07:01, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Missing images in Commons
Hello Trn20, you are doing a great job in the commons space, but could you also add the VLBI pictures  and  so that they can be used in the translations of the VLBI article. Thanks. Duckysmokton 08:52, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi,

 * I didn't do this after having received complaints for putting images containing English text (like these) on the commons before (the commons should be language-free). Feel free to edit the pictures as you wish and put them on the commons (I cannot do this at present as I am abroad). Rnt20 14:26, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Image:Indy cover 22 july 2006.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Indy cover 22 july 2006.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. Arniep 15:35, 24 October 2006 (UTC) -- Arniep 15:35, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

images images image (don't worry the madness will never end)
Hi, Could you please look at your talk page on wikinews? One of your images (from long long ago, so you probably have no idea by this point in time) are missing source information and may be deleted. Thanks, happy editing. Bawolff 04:02, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Volkswagen and Biodiesel
Hello, About a month ago, you added a chart that listed which Volkswagen models are capable of running on neat biodiesel. Because your chart does not seem to have a source, and because it contradicts an official VW publication, we are considering deleting it. Can you please skip over to talk:biodiesel and tell us where you found it? Thanks Christopher 16:08, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Union Flag
This is a terribly difficult area throughout Wikipedia, and I am quite frankly sick to the back teeth of it, but just let me explain part of my reasoning in this case. The Union Flag was invented in the early 17th century, and only reached its present design in 1801. To apply it to the High Middle Ages is just bizarre in the extreme, and frankly laughable in a supposèd encyclopaedia. Secondly, both England and Scotland (and their flags) still exist, unlike some other political units from that era. --Mais oui! 08:33, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Cam_one-mile_cen.jpg
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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. MER-C 10:31, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Nobel prize medal.jpg
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Image:Schoolreunion2.jpg
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Paris europe Train Map
Hello, it would be kind of you to modify when possible the map to integrate the new east-european fast train line (LGV Est) between Paris and Strasbourg, opening today. The new travel times indicated in the english article are correct. The green line (3hours) should also be a bit more west in Brittany (around the middle), Vannes and Saint-Brieuc are situated at 3h00 train from Paris. Western Normandy is also at less than 3h from Paris (Cherbourg : 2h50).Thanks in advance ! ;-) Clicsouris (French Wikipedia)

Sorry -- only just spotted this. I'll look for the files tonight. Rnt20 06:40, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Can't find the original file on my computer, so I'll try editing the bitmap. Rnt20 19:28, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Category:Multiple aperture telescopes
I first created Category:Interferometric telescopes to contain all of the articles in both Category:Multiple aperture telescopes and Category:Interferometers, as the two category overlapped significantly.

I then discovered that all multiple aperture telescopes were used either partially or completely as interferometers.
 * Actually, this statement is not entirely incorrect -- some multiple aperture telescopes such as XMM-Newton, MAGIC (telescope) etc. are not interferometers, but they are multiple aperture telescopes. I don't particularly mind the category multiple aperture telescopes being deleted though -- it's a bit of a random collection really. Rnt20 12:42, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

My plan is to speedy delete Category:Multiple aperture telescopes as empty.

As I usually do much of the category maintenance for WikiProject Astronomy and WikiProject Astronomical objects, I did not think that anyone else would be working on the categories or would object, However, if you object, then I am willing to run a formal proposal through Categories for discussion.

(Also, based on experience, category talk pages usually are not used for discussion.) Dr. Submillimeter 08:28, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I think I understand what is meant by "multiple aperture" here, but I am not certain. Some telescopes are made up of segmented primary mirrors, but all of these effectively function as a single aperture.  Is that why MAGIC (telescope) was in this category?  (XMM-Newton functions as three telescopes strapped to each other, but the webpage describes each subunit as containing 58 primary mirrors.)  Dr. Submillimeter 13:03, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Ooty Radio Telescope
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Critique
Hello Rnt20! I was curious if I could kindly ask you to look over my page entitled "Watershed Protection". It appears that you are a very active user and I think that you could offer some useful advice. I'm trying to improve myself as a communicator and feel that it would be good if I could get some feedback of any sort from the community!

Thanks! -Prevero-

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Chaj-02-preview.jpg
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FAR for Hubble Space Telescope
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Schoolreunion2.jpg
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Anthony head mr finch.jpg)
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Fair use rationale for Image:NavComm1.jpg
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 * Hi. Just for info, I've moved this to File:BBC Domesday Project Community Disc initial screen.jpg. -- Trevj (talk) 09:39, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

Notice: used one of your images
Hi bob, I just wanted to let you know that I used one of your images in one of my blogs:

I hope that you are ok with me doing this, and that the attribution (as of Austrian law) is enough for you!

All the best Tam Hanna

P.S. Should you have any questions, please get in touch at tamog AT gmx POINT at. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.178.74.20 (talk) 18:05, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

That's fine -- it's public domain. Rnt20 (talk) 10:36, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

I just wanted to let you know! Big thank you for the image! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.178.74.20 (talk) 01:47, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Please help!
Hi Rnt20, I am in great need of help: I need the EastAngliaUnivShield.PNG file redrawn in order to be used on the University of East Anglia article (current image = horrific quality). Your work in terms of the St. John's College coat of arms truly impressed me, so if you have time for a quick challenge and are eager to lend a help hand, I would be extremely grateful. Many thanks! AlpsAlpsAlps (talk) 23:33, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Artificial satellites currently orbiting Sun
I have nominated artificial satellites currently orbiting sun for renaming to spacecraft currently orbiting the sun. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you.  G W … 15:32, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Permission problem
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PLate OPtimizer
Hello, I'd like to ask you and a couple of other editors who might be interested in amateur astronomy technology to look at this article and tell me if I've achieved general notability guidelines WP:N as it is presently written. If it interests you I'd appreciate if you'd take a moment to look at it and if not, thanks for taking the time to read this note.Trilobitealive (talk) 02:06, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:UM infrared comparison.png
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Possible copyright issue
Hi, may I enquire if you are either John E. Baldwin or Christopher A. Haniff ? As you are the author of the first edit of History of astronomical interferometry, which is a copypasta from this article, if you are not one of them (or both of them, actually…) there must be a problem of copyright violation, so it would be better IMO to make it clear (maybe in the discussion page ?) that you have the authorization of both authors (and maybe even the Royal Society ?)… Skippy le Grand Gourou (talk) 13:27, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, after reading your discussion page, it seems that this is not the first time you use copyrighted material. Considering that I will not ask you your identity card anyway, I prefer to file a copyright violation issue and let you deal with admins. Skippy le Grand Gourou (talk) 13:36, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Here it is :

Copyright problem: History of astronomical interferometry
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Rnt20! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 01:00, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) John E. Baldwin -

Review article
Hello Rnt20. I was wondering if you could review the Italy article and please update its article status, since the current one is very old. It is currently B-class, and I was wondering if you could see if it would be the same, better or worse. Reply--Theologiae (talk) 12:10, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
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Fair use rationale for File:Cyberman2005.jpg
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-- yes, the cyberman screenshot has been superceded by a newer screenshot -- File:Cyberman.jpg Rnt20 (talk) 17:29, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

the Public Policy Initiative Assessment Team wants You!
Hi Rnt20, I got your name from the Editorial Team participant list, and wanted to tell you that we will be testing out assessment metrics in the Wikiproject: United States Public Policy, and I was hoping you would be interested in assessing articles with the | Public Policy Initiative. There is more info about assessment on the 9/13/2010 Signpost. If you're interested or just curious you can sign up on the project page or just contact me. Thanks! ARoth (Public Policy Initiative) (talk) 22:24, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

Astronomical interferometer wavebands
Would you please help out with RDS? Thank you! 99.24.223.58 (talk) 04:32, 12 July 2011 (UTC) Someone else answered; I hope you can verify the correctness. 99.24.223.58 (talk) 19:23, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

For info
The name Iles Malouines was conferred much later than the English equivalent, the Falkland Islands. I don't disagree with your edit but its likely to be reverted. Wee Curry Monster talk 10:16, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

Thank You for the Wikipedia Picture
Hello, My name is Duane Hurst and I recently made a free (non-commercial) English web site to share information with people. I added links to your Wikipedia/Wikimedia freeware picture (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mun_flags_frauenkirche.jpg). I also gave credit to you on my web pages for your work. Thank you for sharing with the public. My website is:

http://www.freeenglishsite.com/

I add pictures such as yours to one of the following major sections of my site: 1. World section - contains information and over 10,000 images of every world country and territory. Link at: http://www.freeenglishsite.com/world/index.htm

2. USA section - contains information and images of every USA state and territory. Link at: http://www.freeenglishsite.com/world/usa/index.htm

3. English section - "Mel and Wes" lessons in conversation format. Stories are located in various USA states and world countries such as China, England, Germany, Japan, Mexico and Thailand. Each lesson has many slang terms and idioms, which I link to my Slang Dictionary. This eventually will have over 5,000 terms. Currently, it has about 3,000 slang and idioms. I regularly add new lessons and slang terms. Link at: http://www.freeenglishsite.com/english/lessons/index.htm Slang Dictionary link at: http://www.freeenglishsite.com/english/slang/Eslang_a.htm

Prior to retirement, I taught English at several private and public universities in the United States.

Please share this free site with your friends. I hope all will enjoy the pictures and find the English information useful. Sincerely, Duane Hurst in Utah, USA

Email address: duanerhurst@freeenglishsite.com --75.162.206.53 (talk) 14:04, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

File:Atmos struct imaging.png listed for deletion
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File:Speckle aperture masking.png missing description details
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Astronomical interferometer figure
Hi, I wonder if you could modify your figure File:Interf diagram.gif a bit, to make it clearer that the optical path length to the focus is the same for all incoming parallel beams? After all, that is the fundamental principle which makes an interferometer work, but in your figure it appears as if some light rays have a much longer path to the focus than others (and would therefore arrive out of phase). In other words, your figure doesn't really show the proper location of the parabola's focus; the true focus is a lot closer to the parabola. Cheers, AxelBoldt (talk) 22:57, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

How did you create the speckle pattern examples?
I was searching for how to create simulated speckle short exposures to test an image reconstruction algorithm. You generated some of these images and I would ask for an explanation on/link to how you generated them. (I mean the negative images you created for the astronomic seeing page.) I don't want to just use real data because I do not have "known good" information about what should be the outcome of the reconstruction. Although I do not have that many time left to complete the project, I do have enough coding and documentation (I'm writing a paper on the (I hope improved, thought it is not enough of it coded to say for sure, it should at least make "one-click/just supplying size of the PSF and how many to use for each image" feasible) to do to provide some buffering time for you to reply. Also, don't fear about the help you provide to me, I just have to note it7include you in the refereces section of the paper (it's for "Jugend Forscht", so not an university or such) and also the whole thing will go open source once it is completed. Thanks in advance. Namibj (talk) 18:19, 26 December 2014 (UTC)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rnt20&action=edit&section=new#

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Speckle aperture masking.png
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File:Atmos struct imaging.png listed for discussion
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Nomination of Sixth Cambridge Survey of Radio Sources for deletion
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Orphaned non-free image File:School Reunion.jpg
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title: User talk:Rnt20