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Capella, Queensland

Capella is a rural town and locality in the Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Capella had a population of 974 people.

Geography
Capella is midway between Emerald and Clermont on the Gregory Highway. The highway, also known as Peak Downs Street, passes through Capella from north to south and is Capella's Main Street. Capella is served by the Capella railway station (-23.08333°N, 148.02139°W) on a railway line from Emerald to Blair Athol; it is a branch line of the Central Western railway line. The branch line also runs from north to south and is immediately adjacent and to the west of the highway.

Capella Creek flows from east to west across the northern part of the locality to the immediate north of the town. Capella Creek is a tributary of the Nogoa River, which in turn is a tributary of the Fitzroy River which enters the Coral Sea.

Despite its name, Capella airport is at Airport Road in neighbouring Hibernia but on the boundary with Capella (-23.0922°N, 148.0068°W). It has a 985 by 10 m gravel airstrip. It has no lighting, so it is only suitable for daytime use. It is operated by the Central Highlands Regional Council.

History
Capella was founded on traditional Wangan land in the 1860s by graziers influenced by the good reports of Ludwig Leichhardt.

The town takes its name from Capella Creek, which was in turn named after the star Capella. The Creek was probably named by surveyor Charles Frederick Gregory who, following the discovery of copper at Copperfield, about 60 kilometres to the north, surveyed three township sites in the Peak Downs area in 1862: Crinum Creek (Lilyvale), Capella, and Hoods Lagoon (Clermont).

The town remained a small roadside stopping place halfway between Emerald, to the south, and Clermont, to the north, until a railway line was built connecting the two larger towns in 1882. The same year saw the establishment of a post office, which opened on 5 December.

In June 1883 Mr Jorgensen was contracted to build a Presbyterian Church and school for £146, to be completed in one month.

Capella Provisional School opened on 29 August 1883. In July 1884 the school had an enrolment of 35 children, and an average attendance of 28 children. In 1900 it became Capella State School. In 1978 a pre-school was added. In 1984 a secondary department was added, but it ceased when Capella State High School opened on 23 January 1989.

Gordon Downs Provisional School opened circa 1885 and closed circa 1886.

Land resumed from large pastoral runs was made available to small farm selectors in 1883 and small cropping and dairying became early industries; a Butter Factory was built in 1900 under the "Meat and Diary Encouragement Act."

From 1894 Wesleyan Methodist services were held at Capella State School by Reverend Taylor, minister of the Wesleyan Church in Clermont. On 2 May 1898, Reverend J.R. Williams, based at Clermont, held the first Wesleyan service in the Capella church.

By the late 1890s it was reported that "great improvements have been made at this place of late": in 1898 new offices for the Peak Downs Divisional Board (the fore-runner of the Peak Downs Shire Council) were opened, a number of new shops had been built, and the Old Exchange Hotel and the Peak Downs Hotel were renovated and re-opened.

Mrs Lucy Stuart of Gordon Downs Station laid the foundation block for the Holy Spirit Anglican Church on Easter Monday 1 April 1907. The church was opened on 23 October 1907.

The early 20th century was a time of stable growth and development in the town, although the population only increased from about 250 in 1900 to 300 in 1930. The 1920s saw a great deal of building. Mrs M.J. Walsh opened a café in October 1925 and a bakery opened shortly thereafter. A new Roman Catholic church, St Joseph's, seating 200 people, was dedicated in April 1926. The same year also saw a new hall, picture theatre and Country Women's Association clubrooms built. A branch of the Queensland National Bank opened in 1930, and a new Catholic presbytery was built. The town became the council seat of the Shire of Peak Downs in 1927 and a new Shire Hall was built in 1936. The mid 1930s also saw the town's main streets kerbed and channelled and a "bitumen emulsion paved footpath" laid in the main street, Peak Downs Street.

A town electricity supply was introduced in December 1954, although other services had to wait for another decade or more, being introduced between 1962 (a town water supply) and 1982 (mains sewerage).

In the 1950s the Queensland British Food Corporation introduced large-scale grain production into the district on land formerly used for grazing. A run of poor seasons led to the project's failure, but it introduced new crops such as sunflower and sorghum.

The Capella Hotel, on the corner of Peak Downs and Crinum Streets, was built in 1955. This was the site of the former Commercial Hotel, built in 1929, which was destroyed by fire in February 1943. The destruction of the Commercial left the town with only one other hotel and the Peak Downs Shire Council, realising the need to provide additional accommodation for visitors to the town, undertook to build the hotel as a function of local government. Several local authorities in Queensland built and ran their own licensed premises in the 1950s, including Rockhampton, Townsville and Winton. The new Capella Hotel was designed by Mr E.A. Hegvold and built by J.J. Booker and Sons at a cost of £33,000. The hotel was officially opened on 7 May 1955.

The Peak Downs district was part of the Brigalow Development Scheme in the 1960s with large-scale clearing of the brigalow scrub by mechanical means. The large new farming blocks opened up by the clearing of the Brigalow lent itself to the broadland growing of grain and cereal crops, particularly sunflower and sorghum. Bulk storage facilities for these new crops was built in 1964 and the population of the district increased with new farming families. Capella saw the opening of a range of new activities and facilities, including a district agricultural show (1961), Girl Guides (1966), and a swimming pool (1969).

Coal was discovered at Tieri, about 36 kilometres east of Capella, in 1982 and a large open-cut mine was developed. The mine boosted the economy of the area and the 1980s saw a number of new developments and buildings in Capella, including the Capella Cultural Centre and a pioneer village.

Capella State High School opened on 23 January 1989, replacing the secondary department at Capella State School.

In 2003 the security of Capella's water supply was assured by a pipeline to Tieri.

In 2008 the Shire of Peak Downs was amalgamated into the Central Highlands Regional Shire, with its seat in Emerald.

Demographics
In the, the town of capella had a population of 796 people.

In the, the locality of Capella had a population of 926 people.

In the, the locality of Capella had a population of 1,010 people.

In the, the locality of Capella had a population of 974 people.

Heritage listings
Capella has a number of nearby heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Lilyvale Road, Crinum: Lilyvale Stand Monument

Economy
Capella is a service town catering to the large coal-mining interests in the area as well as pastoralists and farmers.

GrainCorp have a receiving depot (-23.0832°N, 148.0198°W) beside Capella railway station for crops such as sorghum, wheat, chickpea and barley.

Education
Capella State School is a government primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 41 Huntley Street (-23.0826°N, 148.0247°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 171 students with 13 teachers (11 full-time equivalent) and 14 non-teaching staff (7 full-time equivalent).

Capella State High School is a government secondary (7–12) school for boys and girls at 35-45 Gordon Street (-23.0881°N, 148.0304°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 110 students with 18 teachers (15 full-time equivalent) and 13 non-teaching staff (8 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program..

Facilities
Capella Police Station is at 35 Huntley Street (-23.0813°N, 148.0244°W).

Capella Fire Station is at 18 Conran Street (-23.0857°N, 148.0252°W).

Capella SES Facility is at 20 Hibernia Road (-23.087°N, 148.0203°W).

Capella Outpatients Clinic is at 5 Slider Street (-23.0803°N, 148.022°W). It is one of the Central Queensland Rural Outpatient Clinics.

Capella Ambulance Station is at 9 Gordon Street (-23.0895°N, 148.0255°W).

The Peak Downs Shire cemetery is located in Walsh Street, Capella (-23.0806°N, 148.009°W). It has a memorial listing those who were buried in the first Capella Cemetery (1865-1899) located east of Capella.

Amenities
The Central Highlands Regional Council operates Capella Library at 83 Peak Downs Street (-23.0866°N, 148.0237°W).

Capella Cultural Centre is an entertainment centre at 89 Peak Downs Street (-23.0878°N, 148.0243°W) capable of seating up to 500 people in its main auditorium. It serves as a cinema, a conference venue and has a program of touring entertainers.

Bridgeman Park Sporting Complex at 23 Hibernia Road (-23.0875°N, 148.0163°W) contains the Capella Showgrounds, polocrosse fields, football fields, a cricket pitch, and a covered arena. It has powered camping facilities, stables and stockyards, and a dining area with bar. Regular activities include campdrafting, polocrosse, rugby league, rugby union, and cricket.

Capella Aquatic Centre is a swimming pool and fitness complex at 107 Peak Downs Street (-23.0883°N, 148.0243°W). It has swimming pools, waterslides, gymnasium and squash courts, as well as a cafe and barbeque facilities.

The Capella branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the QCWA Hall at 87 Peak Downs Street (-23.087°N, 148.0237°W).

Holy Spirit Anglican Church is at 32 Conran Street (corner of Burn Street, -23.0855°N, 148.0266°W). It is within the Clermont Parish of the Anglican Church Central Queensland.

St Joseph's Catholic Church is at 59 Abor Street (-23.0848°N, 148.0242°W). It is within the Capella Tieri Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockhampton.

Capella Uniting Church is at 43 Huntley Street (-23.0834°N, 148.0251°W).

Events
There is an annual campdraft event in March as part of a larger regional program of campdraft events.

The Capella Show is held annually in May.

The Capella Polocrosse Carnival is held annually in July.

The Capella Cattledogs are the local rugby union team which compete in the Central Highlands Rugby Union competition which runs from March to September.

The Peak Downs Pirates are local rugby league team which compete in the Central Highlands Rugby League competition.

Attractions
Capella Pioneer Village is a museum in Pioneer Street (-23.079°N, 148.0194°W). It is located in Australia's largest restored drop-plank construction homestead with over 5,000 artefacts grouped into themed exhibits.

title: Capella, Queensland


text:
Miau

Miau is a realist novel by Spanish writer Benito Pérez Galdós, released in 1888. It tells a story about a lower-middle class family of Madrid in the 19th century. The main character is Ramón Villaamil, an ex-employee from the Ministry of Economy and Finance. He lives with his wife doña Pura, his sister-in-law Milagros, his daughter Abelarda, his grandson Luis Cadalso, and his detestable son-in-law Víctor Cadalso. Víctor's wife, Luisa Villaamil, who is dead, was the mother of Luis.

Miau is the Spanish onomatopoeia for the sound made by cats, but it also stands for: Moralidad, Income tax, Aduanas y Unificación de la deuda (morality, income tax, customs and unification of the debt), the four main ideas of Villaamil to improve the ministry administration.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Miau


text:
Kansas Bankers Surety Company

Kansas Bankers Surety Company (KBS) is an insurance company based in the United States. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, the investment vehicle of Warren Buffett. It specializes in the writing of surety bonds for the officers of small, state chartered banks in the Midwestern United States. It formerly also wrote deposit insurance at such banks for coverage in excess of the per-depositor limits of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, but this line of business was discontinued in 2008.

Kansas Bankers Surety was acquired by Wesco Financial Corporation in 1996. Berkshire Hathaway had owned 80% of Wesco since the 1970s, and in 2010 it announced its intention to acquire the remainder and become 100% owner of Wesco. Kansas Bankers Surety became part of the Berkshire Hathaway Companies on December 31, 2013. As part of a 2015 rebranding, the company began referring to itself as simply KBS.

In 2016, KBS announced that it would be exiting the bank insurance market and discontinuing all insurance products.

title: Kansas Bankers Surety Company


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Cy-Fair High School

Cy-Fair High School is a secondary school located in Cypress, which is an unincorporated place in Harris County, Texas, near Houston. The school is located along U.S. Highway 290 and is part of the Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District. Cy-Fair High School is the only CFISD high school with a hyphen in its official name. The school mascot is the bobcat, and the school's colors are white and maroon. Students attending the school have classes from 7:15 a.m. to 2:40 p.m.

Establishment of the Cypress and Fairbanks's separate school systems, Cypress School, and Rural High School No. 5
When the New Orleans Railroad Company's track line to Houston was built in 1856, two towns were established, with Cypress on one side of the track and Fairbanks on the other. Cypress and Fairbanks remained being two separate towns with separate school systems throughout the early 1900s. Though both of their school systems had schools for children up to eighth grade, once they reached high school, students in Fairbanks had to travel to Houston every day for school, and the Cypress high school students had to travel to Addicks.

A 20-acre plot of land that was handed out to the district by Louis Telge, also known as the grandfather of the previous School Board members John and Chester Telge. On the newly donated land, a school called, "Big Cypress Schoolhouse, No. 2. Dist. 6," was built in the year of 1884, in Cypress, Texas. It was also called the "Cypress School". When it was first built in 1884, the building was a one-room school, however, over the years, new rooms were built on, and soon enough, the Cypress School later consisted of seven rooms, a superintendent's office, a library, and a wood-framed schoolhouse for high school students by 1937. By that year, however, was when elementary and high school students who went to this school were divided up, and the high school students transitioned to a separate facility. The facility they were transferred to was Rural High School No. 5, built in 1937, which was part of the Fairbanks School District. In December 1939, citizens voted to get the two districts to unite together into one.

The opening of Cy-Fair High School, Racial Desegregation, Carverdale Students, and Jersey Village High School
Finally, a few years after Cypress and Fairbanks had officially consolidated, Cy-Fair High School was officially opened in the spring of 1942, and students from Rural High School No. 5 were transferred to the new school. The school received its accreditation less than a year after opening. According to Community Impact, Jane Ledbetter with the Cypress Historical Society had said that the school "really solidified the two districts coming together." and that it was "symbolic". Meanwhile, the wood-framed schoolhouse at the Cypress School burned down that same year.

Since the Cypress area was more rural at the time, many students in the area lived on farms, so the school system had a very strong agricultural program. However, in the latter half of the 20th century, Cypress was transitioning from rural to suburban. As Cypress started to grow rapidly over time, becoming more suburban, the school leaders recognized the need for stronger academics. T.S. Hancock, who was a superintendent from 1955 to 1967, implemented individualized teaching methods and a complete testing program to measure scholastic achievement. The teachers at the school during this time received in-service training, and more emphasis was placed on science, math, electronics, foreign languages, and journalism.

Following court-ordered desegregation, the Carverdale School for African-American students, which was open from 1926 to 1970 and served students ranging from 1st grade to 12th grade, was permanently shut down on August 3, 1970, and the students who were stationed to attend school at Carverdale school were transferred to Cy-Fair High School. African-American students first began enrolling at Cy-Fair in 1966 under the "Freedom of Choice" option that was available that year. When the former students of Carverdale transferred to Cy-Fair, one member (Andrew Jones) of Carverdale's basketball team joined the Cy-Fair High School team, which won celebrated state and national championships in 1971. Years later, the building that was once Carverdale School was repurposed as the Carverdale campus for the Houston Community College System, only to later become torn down and replaced with industrial warehouses.

Cy-Fair High School remained the only standing high school in the Cypress Fairbanks School District until Jersey Village High School opened in 1972.

School Renovation starting in the 90s, 2016 Flood, 2017 Super Bowl, Rezoning, and Hurricane Harvey
For 1999–2001, the school was renovated and expanded, adding 20 classrooms and a new library. Plans were made to renovate the school in 1998, due to the school becoming increasingly cramped over the years and the desire to update the classrooms to make way for advancing technology. Voters approved for a bond issue that granted the school more than $29 million in funding for the restoration of the building. They started in the summer of 1999. The roof of the main corridor at the school was soon removed, and the old Cy-Fair Brigade gym was taken down.

Cy-Fair High School was flooded after a heavy rainfall on April 18, 2016, that left a flood in the greater Houston area due to the April 2016 North American storm complex, sometimes referred to as the "Tax Day Flood" by some. The flood left some damage to Cy-Fair High School, and the carpet had to be replaced in twenty classrooms, as well as the carpet for the school library. The floor for the school's weight room also had to be removed and replaced. Cy-Fair was one of the 57 campuses in the Cypress Fairbanks District that faced damage due to the flood. Unsurprisingly, all of the schools in the district were closed from April 18–22.

On Sunday, February 5, 2017, the Cy-Fair High School Brigade, along with many other dance teams from the school district, performed with Lady Gaga at the Super Bowl LI Halftime show that took place at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas.

As part of high school rezoning, a portion of Cy-Fair's attendance zone, as well as portions of Cypress Falls High School and Cypress Woods High School's attendance zones, was to be reassigned to Cypress Ranch High School in 2017.

On August 26, 2017, the school was, once again, flooded, as a result of Hurricane Harvey. Cy-Fair High School, as well as all of the schools in the Cypress Fairbanks District, postponed the first day of school for the school year of 2017-2018 for two weeks before reopening and setting its new first day of the school year on September 11, 2017. Shortly after the hurricane hit, Cy-Fair High School's rugby team volunteered to clean out the flood-damaged homes within their community, twenty-seven homes being the total amount that they helped to clean out. As a result, they were honored with a plaque for their contributions to the community.

Covid-19 Pandemic and 2021 Snow Storm
At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic that started COVID-19 lockdowns during the spring of 2020, Cy-Fair High School and the rest of the schools in the Cypress-Fairbanks School District shut down their campuses, cancelling all in person classes for the rest of the 2019–2020 school year and transitioning them to an online learning option that was created for students and teachers to use online without being on campus.

When the new school year 2020-2021 rolled around, teachers and some students returned to campus for a traditional classroom setting, although students had the option to continue to use online learning at home that year as well. Some officials have said that they believe that the students benefited with the in-person option rather than the newer online option. For 2021–2022, though Cy-Fair students would no longer have the option to learn via the online remote learning program, this program that was put for the 2020–21 school year would be held on to for students after the COVID-19 pandemic in case remote learning is needed in the future due to an emergency. Linda Macias, also known as The Chief Academic Officer, said that because of CFISD needing to create the online learning program due to the pandemic, the school district had broken down innumerable technological barriers that had been in the way of students and teachers before.

In February 2021, Cy-Fair High School and the rest of the school district were shut down when Texas was hit with a snowstorm, caused by the February 2021 North American cold wave, that lasted from February 11 until February 20, which resulted in the 2021 Texas power crisis. It left more than 60 of the campuses throughout the district with massive water damage, some suffering with burst pipes caused by power outages and extremely low temperatures. The students were able to return to school on February 22, with the damages being fixed.

In the school year 2020–2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Cy-Fair High School students, staff, and teachers were required to wear a face mask on campus to protect each other from contacting COVID-19. Although Governor Greg Abbott made his announcement that went effective on March 10, 2021, which stated that Texans will no longer be required by state law to wear a mask in public, the school and the other schools in the district were still legally allowed to implement mask mandates.

However, later on, in May of that same year, the district soon had no choice but to end the mandate due to Abbott signing an executive order that banned government entities, including public schools, from mandating masks. Therefore, face masks in Cy-Fair High School, and every other school in their district, were restricted from being able to choose whether or not to make mask mandates active in 2021–2022. On the other hand, they were able to keep social distancing guidelines in Cy-Fair High School, like in all of the schools in the district until the pandemic was over.

Out of all of the schools in the Cypress Fairbanks School District, Cy-Fair High School has had the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the 2021–22 school year, according to district data.

Academics
For the 2018–2019 school year, the school received an A grade from the Texas Education Agency, with an overall score of 90 out of 100. The school received a B grade in two domains, School Progress (score of 87) and Closing the Gaps (score of 85), and an A grade in Student Achievement (score of 92). The school received one of the seven possible distinction designations for Top 25%: Comparative Academic Growth. Cy-Fair was one out of the thirteen CFISD schools have been named to the 2018-2019 Texas Honor Roll, which is an award that recognizes public elementary, middle and high schools that demonstrate high levels of student academic achievement, improvement in achievement over time, and reduction in achievement gaps. For high schools, Honor Roll recognition includes measures of college readiness in students.

The average SAT score at Cy-Fair High School was 1177 for 2018-2019 graduates. The average ACT score was 20.5.

Athletics
Cy-Fair competes athletically in District 17-6A of the University Interscholastic League.

Football
In 1976, the Bobcats clinched the 16-4A Conference Championship with one of the most electrifying offenses in the Houston area, racking up an impressive average of over 30 points per game. Despite their stellar season, the Bobcats' run ended in the state playoffs, where they fell to a powerhouse Temple Wildcats squad that advanced to the state championship game.

The 1985 football team finished with a 13-1-1 record, losing to perennial power Permian High School 7–10 in the 5A state semifinals.

In 1987, a third-round playoff game against North Mesquite High School ended in a 28–28 tie, with Cy-Fair advancing to the next round due to a 6–5 advantage in penetrations within the 20-yard line. They lost to the eventual champion Plano Senior High School 21–24 in the 5A state quarterfinals.

In 2017, the football team was undefeated with a 15–0 record, winning the 6A Division 2 State Championship over Midway High School.

Boys' Basketball
The 1969-70 boys' basketball team advanced to the 3A state championship game, losing in the final.

In the 1970–71 season, the team won the 4A State Championship, and were given the honorific title of "National Champions." The 1970–71 season was the first in 4A for Cy-Fair High School It is worth noting that Cy-Fair only used five players in the State Championship game against Wheatley. The five were twin brothers Ronald and Donald Dunlap, Jerry Mercer, Bobby Metcalf and Andrew Jones. Jones transferred to Cy-Fair from Carverdale, when Carverdale was closed in the summer of 1970. The other four starters played on the 1969-1970 State 3A runner-up team.

It's worth noting that Cy-Fair's head coach, Ronnie Truitt, has a special connection to basketball history. He was a member of the Milan (Ind.) High boys basketball team, the very team that inspired the classic film "Hoosiers."

The team advanced to the 4A state semifinals in the 1977–78 season. Led by all state selection Alan Howard

Boys' basketball was co-district champion for the first time in over a decade in the 2019–20 season achieving a 25–9 overall record and 13–2 in district.

Girls' Basketball
The girls' basketball team won the 5A state championship in the 2007–08 season, defeating DeSoto High School in the final with senior All-American Nneka Ogwumike and her sister sophomore Chiney Ogwumike. The team won another 5A state championship in the 2009–10 season.

Volleyball
The 1986-87 girls' volleyball team were the 5A state champions, defeating Amarillo High School in the final.

The 2007-2008 girls' volleyball team competed in 5A Region III District 17, achieving a 45–3 overall record with an undefeated district season at 15–0. The team ranked 5th in the state of Texas and 49th nationally.

The 2013-14 girls' volleyball team competed in 5A Region III District 17, achieving a 45–4 overall record with an undefeated district season at 18–0. The team ranked 8th in the state of Texas and 47th nationally.

Cross Country
The Cy-Fair high school girls’ cross country teams placed among the top 15 teams at the UIL Class 6A Cross Country State Championships, held on November 8, 2014, at Old Settlers Park in Round Rock. Cy-Fair placed 10th overall with a score of 235.

Swimming
The 2021-2022 girls’ swim team claimed the District 17-6A titles, with 140 points, on February 2, 2022.

Band
On October 14, 2017, the Cy-Fair High School marching band claimed the grand champion award, or first place in Enrollment Class V, repeating in earning the top award at the third annual Battle at the Berry Marching Contest at Cy-Fair FCU Stadium. It was hosted by the Cypress Springs High School marching band. It featured 19 bands from across the Houston area competing in four different classifications based on marching band enrollments.

On April 2, 2022, at the Texas Color Guard Circuit Percussion/Winds State Championship Finals that was held at Texas A&M University's Reed Arena, Cy-Fair High School's indoor percussion ensemble won in its distinct division, known as the Percussion Scholastic Open division. They were first place in the Percussion Scholastic Open. They performed their winning performance at 7:35 pm on April 2.

On September 30 2023, the Cy-Fair High School marching band won their first Bands of America regional, or first place in Enrollment Class AAAA, at the North Houston Bands of America regional Marching Contest at Woodforest bank stadium. It was hosted by the College park High School marching band. It featured 33 bands from across the Houston area competing in two different classifications based on school enrollment.

On October 31st 2023, CYFAIR HIGHSCHOOL made state finals for the 1st time in school history.

Choir
On March 2, 2019, the Cy-Fair High School's Cy-Fair Singers won first place at the prestigious Madrigal & Chamber Choir Festival at the Coker United Methodist Church in San Antonio. They were crowned first-place winners out of 38 competing ensembles. They were named as the 2020 honor choir.

JROTC
In the second Marksmanship and Drill Meet, Cy-Fair High School won 10 trophies in 2018.

Cy-Fair High School Air Force JROTC unit has won the Distinguished Unit Award for four years in a row, starting from the school year 2016-2017 and until 2019–2020.

Journalism
The school won two awards for their student-produced publications, one of which was recognized at the Columbia Scholastic Press Association Spring Scholastic Convention, held March 16–18 at Columbia University in New York City. Journalism students at Cy-Fair High School receive a Silver Crown Award at the 2016 CSPA Spring Convention for their 2014-2015 student newspaper, The Reporter. The Reporter was one of 14 schools nationwide to receive the Silver News Print Crown. Prior to the CSPA convention, the 2014-2015 Cy-Fair yearbook, The Bobcat, won the gold medalist Certificate. In addition, the Reporter staff won third place in the Typography: Overall look of the entire paper category.

Art
For the art contest held by the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, in 2021, three Cy-Fair students won the 2021 Blue Ribbon Award, and one student even made it into the 2D finalist category, receiving a special merit award.

Foreign Language
In the 25th annual Texas State German Contest that happened in 2007, held at the University of Texas at Austin, Cy-Fair High School was placed in second place, followed by Austin Westwood High School. Because Cy-Fair had made it into the top 5, they received a plaque and a monetary contribution.

Clubs
Cy-Fair High School has many after school clubs, such as:

 * Book Club
 * Computer Science Club
 * Science Olympiad
 * Animation Club
 * Spanish Club
 * Key Club
 * HOSA
 * Asian Student Association
 * PALS
 * Paws For A Cause
 * BCTV (Bobcat TV)
 * Physics Club
 * Future Business Leaders of America
 * Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica
 * Drama Club
 * Environmental Action Committee
 * Future Farmers of America
 * Anime Club
 * Guitar Club
 * Magic: The Gathering (MTG) Club
 * Destination Imagination
 * Chess Club
 * Family, Career and Community Leaders of America.
 * Black Student Union (BSU)
 * Art Club
 * FCA
 * FCCLA
 * Finance Club
 * No Place For Hate
 * Student Mental Health Alliance
 * Table Top Teenagers

Students
The demographic breakdown of the 3,414 students enrolled for 2023-24 was:
 * White: 31.6%
 * Hispanic: 38.0%
 * African American: 17.6%
 * Asian: 8.6%
 * Native American: 0.5%
 * Pacific Islander: 0.1%
 * Two or More Races: 3.6%

47.9% of students attending Cy-Fair High School are economically disadvantaged.

38.4% of the students were eligible for free or reduced-cost lunch in the school year of 2019–2020.

For the class of 2020, the four-year graduation rate at Cy-fair High School is 94.2%, and the dropout rate for all students, regardless of grade level, was 0.9% in the school year of 2019–2020.

In 2018–2019, 3.5% of the students were enrolled in bilingual and English language learning programs. This increased in the school year 2020–2021, with the percentage being 4.2%.

Teachers/Staff
The average number of years a teacher has been employed in any district, whether or not there was an interruption in service, is 12.5 years.

The average teacher salary at the school is $55,737.

Feeder patterns
All Arnold Middle School and some Hamilton Middle School students are within Cy-Fair High School's attendance boundary.

There are four elementary schools that feed into Arnold Middle School:
 * Adam Elementary
 * Danish Elementary (partial)
 * Lamkin Elementary (partial)
 * Millsap Elementary (partial)

There are two elementary schools that feed into Hamilton Middle School within Cy-Fair's attendance boundary:
 * Black Elementary (partial)
 * Hamilton Elementary (partial)

Notable alumni

 * Austin Deculus — National Football League (NFL) player
 * Robbie Grossman — Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder
 * Lindsey Harding — professional basketball player
 * James Lopez — Senior Vice President of Production for Screen Gems
 * Jonathan Horton — gymnast
 * Braden Mann — National Football League (NFL) player
 * Sam McGuffie — National Football League (NFL) player, Olympic bobsledder
 * Cal McNair — National Football League (NFL) owner
 * Cody Risien — National Football League (NFL) player
 * Sandy Duncan — Actress, comedian, singer, and dancer; was in The Hogan Family, Miracle on Interstate-880, The Swan Princess, and Rock-A-Doodle; was nominated for three Tony awards
 * James Lopez — Movie Producer, produced movie such as Little, Girls Trip, What Men Want, and Beast
 * Johnny Rizer — Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder
 * Carlene Watkins — actress, was on shows such as Best of the West, Tough Enough, and Tortellis
 * Hayden Wesneski — Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher
 * Fred Whitfield — calf roper
 * Woody Williams — MLB pitcher
 * Brock Wright — National Football League (NFL) player
 * Tony Wyllie — NFL executive
 * Robert Beauchamp — CEO of BMC Software
 * Chiney Ogwumike — Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) professional basketball player
 * Nneka Ogwumike — Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) professional basketball player
 * Tony Oller — actor/musician, was on Disney Channel for the show As the Bell Rings and other shows such as CSI: NY and Gigantic
 * Ren Patrick — singer/American Idol contestant
 * Cannan Brumley — documentary producer and writer; produced "Ears, Open. Eyeballs, Click."
 * Robert Askins - playwright, wrote Hand to God (play)
 * Simon Haidamous - private equity financier at Genesis Park, renowned wine critic, and Hard Working Man.

Notable faculty

 * Dan Kubiak, member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1969 to 1983 and again from 1991 to 1998, taught and coached at Cy-Fair from 1963 to 1968
 * Ed Pustejovsky, head football coach from 2004 to 2020 and campus athletic director at Cy-Fair High School. Seven district football titles and 13 playoff trips. 6A Div II state championship title in 2017

title: Cy-Fair High School


text:
Kästner (crater)

Kästner is a lunar impact crater that is located near the eastern limb of the Moon, to the southwest of the Mare Smythii. Just to the northwest of Kästner is the walled plain Gilbert. To the south is the prominent crater Ansgarius, and to the southwest lies La Pérouse.

This formation belongs to the category termed a walled plain. It has a worn, irregular outer wall that is overlaid by several small craters and there is a small break along the north-northeast. Along the northeastern rim is Kästner B, and to the southwest is the small Kästner E. A shallow, unnamed crater is attached to the southern rim. The interior floor is relatively level and featureless, with only a few small craters and minor ridges.

The crater's name was approved by the IAU in 1961.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Kästner.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
 * Kästner F — See Black.

Kästner B, R, and S are called Defoe, Shekhov, and Cellini on some older maps, but these names were not approved by the IAU.

title: Kästner (crater)


text:
User:Candice

Hi, my name is Candice

title: User:Candice


text:
Robert Cushman

Robert Cushman (1577–1625) was an important leader and organiser of the Mayflower voyage in 1620, serving as chief agent in London for the Leiden Separatist contingent from 1617 to 1620 and later for Plymouth Colony until his death in 1625 in England. His historically famous booklet titled "Cry of a Stone" was written about 1619 and posthumously published in 1642. The work is an important pre-sailing Pilgrim account of the Leiden group's religious lives.

Cushman was most likely one of the first Mayflower passengers when the ship sailed from London to Southampton to meet the Speedwell coming from Leiden. The Speedwell was later forced to be abandoned.

Early life in England
Cushman was born in 1577 in Rolvenden, county Kent and is believed to be the second son of Thomas Couchman (Cushman) and Ellen Hubbarde. In 1601 Cushman's mother, wife of Thomas Tilden, her second husband, was buried in Ashford. Thomas Tilden was possibly a Puritan, whose descendants later emigrated to Scituate in Plymouth Colony.

The first known record of Robert Cushman appears in December 1597 in the parish of St. George the Martyr, Canterbury, co. Kent. City accounts provide information about 18-year-old Cushman's apprenticeship to grocer George Masters, being a second son who did not inherit land and moved to the city to become an apprentice. George Masters had the monopoly of tallow candle making which had been granted to him by the city of Canterbury, with city butchers being obliged to sell animal fat to him for candle production. The parish of St. George being especially malodorous laying between the cattle market on one side and the butcher's slaughterhouse on the other. Apprentice Robert Cushman lived in George Master's house in St. George the Martyr parish making tallow candles at least until 1599 and likely as late as 1602 or 1603.

Many of Cushman's religious beliefs may have come from other Canterbury Puritans and his attendance at illegal religious meetings known as "conventicles." The best view into his religious principles and possibly some other Mayflower Pilgrims can be found in his booklet titled "The Cry of a Stone." He writes that the Church of England "is wanting and defective", a "superstitious custome," and he would not wish to worship "humane devices." He writes that he decided to seek instead the "nearest fellowship that the Saints can have in this world, [that] most resembleth heaven." Cushman also writes that "God's people are still few, and scarce one of a hundred.." perhaps thinking of himself as one of the select few.

Cushman's first problem with authorities came in 1603 while he was still apprenticed to Masters. This involved the illegal distribution of libels (derogatory religious writings) in Canterbury by Cushman "of the parish of St. Andrew of Canterbury." The libels were handwritten notices stating "Lorde have mercy uppon us" which were posted on church doors throughout Canterbury. The authorities ordered that the "lewd seditious persons" posting the libels be found, interrogated and committed to prison if they refused examination. Robert Cushman was arrested by the authorities and not providing satisfactory answers upon questioning, for "certain reasons" was committed to Westgate prison for one night. Friends of Cushman's from his prior parish of St. George were also involved in posting libels.

In 1604 Cushman was prosecuted by the Court of High Commission for distribution of libels and by the archdeaconry court for non-attendance at his parish church of St. Andrew's. His first excommunication came on 16 January 1604 for not acknowledging his offence of complaining that he could not be edified at his parish church. Per his request, he was absolved on 15 October 1604. His second excommunication was on 12 November 1604 likely for the offence of spreading libels. Per his request, on 7 July 1605 absolution was granted and the sentence lifted.

In 1605 Cushman completed his apprenticeship and became a freeman "grosser" for payment of four shillings and one pence. His surname was variously recorded as "Couchman" and "Cowchman," which were two of several surnames applied to him in records of the time.

Various close connections of Cushman were found in Canterbury parish records as well as those for apprenticeship and marriage. These persons likely thought of themselves as "Godly" and often were called 'Puritan." Due to the fact that their conventicles were illegal and secret it is very difficult to research these associations other than to state that these kinship and marriages relationships seem to be true to form for Canterbury non-conformist society. In the pre-Leiden Pilgrim families of Nottingham and Lincolnshire, similar marriage and kinship relationships were found.

In 1606 Cushman was involved in an additional religious disturbance when the rector of St. George's, Thomas Wilson, accused a St. George's the Martyr parishioner, Gilbert Gore, of "false erroneous and devilish opinions" contrary to the Church of England and "repugnant to the word of God." Gore was spreading opinions about predestination that apparently was contrary to Church of England doctrine. Thomas Reader, likely Cushman's brother-in-law, testified that "Cushman of Canterbury was also of Gore's opinion." And another St. George's parishioner stated that Cushman had been "corrupted " by Gore. There were many other depositions, mostly St. George parishioners, indicating the parish had a number of dissenters and a few Separatists. Several of these deponents were associated with Cushman in earlier religious controversies.

A number of Canterbury Pilgrims are known to have moved to Sandwich in Kent where they resided prior to sailing for Leiden, Holland, with the James Chilton family, as an example, moving from Canterbury about 1600.

In February 1607/1608 is found the last Canterbury record for the Cushman family at the baptism of Robert's son Thomas at St. Andrews. The next record of the Cushman family appears in Leiden in 1611 when Cushman bought a house in Nonensteeg which was next to the university.

Cushman family in Leiden
Robert Cushman and his family emigrated to Leiden, Holland, sometime before 4 November 1611, where he was a woolcomber. In the year 1616, the year before his appointment as agent of the Leiden (Leyden) Church, Robert Cushman had three family losses. His wife Sarah died early in the year – exact date unknown. One of their children had died in March and another in October.

Preparing for the voyage to the New World
Beginning in September 1617, Cushman spent much of his time in England, working on preparations for the voyage to the new colony He, along with John Carver, became an agent of the Leiden (Leyden) Holland congregation for doing business in England. With Elder William Brewster in hiding, being searched for by men of James VI and I for Brewster's distribution of religious tracts criticising the king and his bishops, the Separatists looked to John Carver and Robert Cushman to carry on negotiations with officials in London regarding a voyage to America. By June 1619 Carver and Cushman had secured a patent from the Virginia Company for the Separatists. In 1620 they were in Aldgate, London, staying at Heneage House, Duke's Place, from where they negotiated with Thomas Weston for financial backing from a group of merchants. Carver and Cushman quarrelled with Weston, and each other, over finances, contractual terms, shipping and provisions for the journey, to the point where Carver despaired of the whole venture. ‘We have begun to build’, he said, ‘and shall not be able to make an end.’ Cushman talked of 'a flat schism' between them. After Weston had hired the Mayflower ship, Cushman and Carver, as purchasing agents for the Leiden congregation, began to secure supplies and provisions in London and Canterbury.

The More children
As the Separatists gathered in London, they were joined by the More children, who were placed under the care of Weston, Cushman, and Carver. John Carver and Robert Cushman had jointly agreed to find them guardians among the passengers. The children were sent to the Mayflower by Samuel More, the husband of their mother Katherine, after an admission of her adultery. The children were to be indentured servants to certain passengers: Elinor, age eight, to Edward and Elizabeth Winslow; Jasper, seven, to the Carvers; and both Richard, five, and Mary, four, to William and Mary Brewster. All of the children except Richard died in the first winter of 1620.

Attempts to leave England on the Speedwell
The Mayflower sailed from London with its passengers at the end of July, 1620, to take on supplies and meet up with the Speedwell from Leiden at Southampton. When it was time to leave Southampton, in August 1620, Cushman made sure he joined his friends aboard the Speedwell, but the ship was not seaworthy. Cushman stated: "(S)he is as open and leaky as a sieve". Soon after Mayflower and Speedwell cleared the coast, they put in for repairs at Dartmouth, a port 75 miles west of Southampton. The repairs were completed on 17 August, but they were forced to remain in Dartmouth due to lack of wind. By then half their food had been eaten. In his writings Cushman was very concerned about this. Many of the passengers wanted to abandon the voyage, even though, to many, it meant losing everything they possessed. Cushman stated that the Mayflower captain refused to let them off. "(H)e will not hear them, nor suffer them to go ashore," Cushman stated, "lest they should run away." The months of tension had caught up with Cushman and he began to suffer a searing pain in his chest – "a bundle of lead as it were, crushing my heart." He felt he was going to die. The two ships left Dartmouth and sailed more than 300 miles, but then they again had to turn back, this time to Plymouth in Devon, because of trouble on the Speedwell. The Speedwell had to be abandoned because she would never have survived the voyage. The trade-off for a safer passage was the reduction of the 120 passengers to about 100, who then had to be squeezed aboard a single ship. Among those from the Speedwell who did not board the Mayflower was the family of Cushman, who stated he expected at any moment to become meate for ye fishes. After the decision to abandon the Speedwell, Cushman and his family had priority to sail on the Mayflower but they declined – probably because of Robert's illness.

Arrival in Plymouth in 1621
Robert Cushman and his son Thomas traveled to Plymouth Colony aboard the Fortune in 1621. Cushman carried with him a patent to the New Plymouth colony in the name of Mr John Pierce of London, one of the Merchant Adventurers.

Robert Cushman remained but a few weeks. His mission was to convince the settlers to accept the terms of their contract imposed by Thomas Weston and the London investors. This contract had incurred the resentment and anger of the Leiden contingent and they had angrily rejected it on 5 August 1620, the date of departure from Portsmouth. But Cushman found at Plymouth that the settlers had finally come to realise their situation and their need for assistance from London. Cushman did complete his mission, but left Plymouth on 13 December 1621, having already spent four months at sea, and left his son Thomas in the care of Governor Bradford. Bradford later reported on Cushman's visit to Plymouth that he "stayed not above fourteen days" and that the ship Fortune was "speedily dispatched away laden with (cargo) estimated to be worth near £500."

On the voyage back to England, the Fortune was attacked by French pirates and was robbed of its valuable cargo, along with the possessions of crew and passengers.

Cushman back in London 1622
Cushman arrived back in London, 17 February 1622. He was carrying with him a valuable document known as the Bradford-Winslow "Relation" – (or historically known as 'Mourt's Relation') the detailed journal-account, that is, day-to-day written record of the exploration of areas of Cape Cod and Plymouth bay and harbour. The "Relation" is the single most important historical document of its kind in early American history.

When Robert Cushman arrived in London at the end of February 1622, he hurried to have printed and disseminated 'Mourt's Relation' as quickly and widely as possible, which was obviously meant as propaganda for the colony.

The mission of Cushman in aid of the new Plymouth colony was much advanced by his return and arrival in London, 17 February 1622, with the signed approval of the terms of the Adventurers with him. It had been certified by the signatures of the leadership now led by Governor Bradford, successor to John Carver. This document had renewed the relationship between the colonist and the London investors and the investors were also relieved of ingratitude and culpable impropriety.

Cushman served as agent of the New Plymouth Colony and representative of the colony with the company of Merchant Adventurers of London until he died in May of 1625. Cushman did not die in London of the plague in 1625. There are no primary sources as evidence for this claim. Robert was visiting Benenden, Kent, the next door village to Rolvenden, where his brother, Richard, lived until Richard died in March 1623/24. Richard Couchman left a will probated in 1624 (PRC/17/65/443, Benenden). The will left a bequest to the children of "brother in lawe Stephen Everenden" (also Evernden). He married Richard and Roberts' sister, Sylvester Coucheman, in Rolvenden on 7 Nov 1593.

Robert Cushman intended to sail to Plymouth Colony and was visiting his relatives before he left. William Bradford, in his book Of Plymouth Plantation, wrote that Cushman's "own purpose was to come over and spend his [last] days with them". The St. Georges, Benenden archdeacon's transcript, primary source, record was May 6, 1625 "The 6 day Roberte Couchman a stranger." It was usual to identify a person as a "stranger" if they were from another parish. Robert lived in St. Botolph without Aldgate parish in northeast London.

William Bradford, Governor of Plymouth for many years, wrote upon receiving notice of Robert Cushman's death in England, that he "was as their right hand with their friends the (Merchant) Adventurers (London investment group), and for divers (sic) years had done and agitated all their business with them, to their great advantage."

Family
Robert Cushman's first marriage, in the parish of St Alphege, Canterbury, 11 July 1606, was to Sara Reder, who lived in the precincts of the cathedral and whose parentage has not been discovered. Sara Cushman died in Leiden, Holland, and was buried on 11 October 1616. Two of her three children died that year also.

The children of Robert Cushman and his wife Sara:

1. Thomas Cushman (ca.1607/08-1691) was baptised at St Andrew's church, Canterbury. He died in Plymouth, Massachusetts, 11 December 1691. He married Mary Allerton, daughter of Isaac Allerton about 1636 in Plymouth. They had eight children. Mary died in Plymouth 28 November 1699, the last of the Mayflower passengers.

Thomas Cushman at age fourteen, was left behind at New Plymouth in the charge of the governor, William Bradford, after his father, Robert, returned to England. Thomas Cushman became Ruling Elder of the Plymouth Church in 1649, and remained in that office forty-two years until his death in 1691.

2. (child) Buried at Pieterkerk, Leiden, Holland 11 March 1616.

3. (child) Buried at Pieterkerk, Leiden, Holland 24 October 1616.

In 1617 Robert Cushman married secondly, Mary Clarke Shingleton in Leiden, widow of Thomas Shingleton, who had died there. Cushman was forty and Mary twenty-seven. Prior to 1610, before sailing for Leiden, the Shingeltons had also moved from Canterbury where they lived, to St. Peter's parish, Sandwich, Kent. They later joined the Pilgrim Church in Leiden.

Cushman Monument on Burial Hill in Plymouth
Robert Cushman was buried in England in 1625. On 15 August 1855 a gathering of Cushman family members meeting on Burial Hill in Plymouth Massachusetts decided to erect a monument to him and his descendants. The family formed the Cushman Monument Association. with any person contributing to the Association receiving a certificate stating the amount contributed and a picture of the Monument. During the erection of the twenty-five-foot monument, the remains of Robert Cushman's son Elder Thomas Cushman, his wife Mary (Allerton) and other family members were found. These remains would later be buried within a space constructed beneath the monument, the completion of which was celebrated on 16 September 1858.

title: Robert Cushman


text:
Talk:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu

Hasdeu vs. Haşdeu
His name is "Hasdeu", with an "s", not Haşdeu. At least that's the way he always spelled his name. bogdan 13:12, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

invented book?
The article names a Hasdeu publication called "Istoria etnică a Românilor" from 1875. I can't find any trace of this publication anywhere on the Internet. Wordcat, other library catalogues, Romanian wikipedia. I will assume that it doesn't exist. At least not with exactly this title or not written by him. MauriceM3 (talk) 00:05, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu


text: Category:Insurance companies of France

title: Category:Insurance companies of France


text:
Homebush, Victoria

Homebush is a locality 10 km from Avoca in central Victoria, Australia. It is located within the Pyrenees Shire.

1850 - 1880
First settled in 1853 after a rush to a rich claim nearby, the town reached the height of its prosperity in the 1880s. But Homebush owed its existence entirely to the mines: when the gold ran out and the mines closed the town rapidly declined and died. All that remains of a once-flourishing community is a school building and some mullock heaps.

Planned development began in June 1860 when, following a second rush to the diggings, Homebush was surveyed and its streets laid out. Homebush Post Office opened on 1 October 1863 (closing in 1944).

Some miners and their families maintained a degree of elegance despite the challenging conditions.

An Office of Lands and Survey map shows the Township of Homebush ( Coordinates -37.05593°N, 143.52934°W ) as it was in January 1863. The map shows, the land subdivisions, some buildings and the location of the Star Hotel and the Wesleyan Chapel.

Three churches were built, and within little more than a decade. The town opened its railway station, homebush railway station. By 1884 Homebush was firmly established as a business centre, with two agents, a bootmaker, a butcher, two carpenters, two contractors, nine farmers, a gardener, a registrar, a station master, a storekeeper, and a teacher. Lower Homebush, three miles away, where the commercial life of the town had moved closer to some deep-lead mines, had a blacksmith, two bootmakers, a carpenter, a draper, an engineer, two farmers, three hotels, two mining managers, and twelve stores.

The Methodist Church / Wesleyan Chapel was built in 1872. As the town declined, in 1928 the church was dismantled and moved 6 km to Rathscar West.

1880 - 1930
In 1883 Vale's Reef mine, one of the district's largest, closed for lack of capital, and over the next decade many other companies also ceased operations. In 1889 hopes revived when the Madame Hopkins Company was formed with a large investment of capital to work an untried deep-lead to the east of Homebush, but this new company was not successful. In 1909 the Excelsior Company opened in Homebush and reputedly yielded rich returns from relatively small quantities of quartz, but by 1920 all large-scale gold mining activity in Avoca shire had ended. The combined population of Homebush and Homebush Lower had fallen to only 150, a huge decline from its peak of 14,000 during the rushes. Businesses closed and buildings were dismantled.

Schools
The rise and decline of Homebush and Lower Homebush can be seen in the history of its schools. In 1861 a Church of England school opened, with classes held in a rented building. Over the next two decades the number of students increased to more than two hundred and two more schools were built, one at Homebush, with another, even bigger, at Lower Homebush - the Lower Homebush Primary School. ( Coordinates -37.02982°N, 143.5269°W ) But by 1903 the average attendance at the Lower Homebush school was only forty. Gold yields had dropped and mining companies had ceased operating. Homebush School closed permanently in 1908. Lower Homebush School had small enrolments from the 1930s, and by 1967 it too had closed. By then the Homebush School had long gone.

The Pyrenees Shire Council has documented the history of the Lower Homebush Primary School, in the Avoca Heritage Study: 1864 - 1994 - Volume 3.

title: Homebush, Victoria


text:
Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act

The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act is a 1970 federal law in the United States designed to limit the practice of tobacco smoking. As approved by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Richard Nixon, the act required a stronger health warning on packages, saying "Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined that Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health". It also banned cigarette advertisements on American radio and television.

Origins
The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act was one of the major bills resulting from the 1964 report by the Surgeon General, Luther Terry. The report found that lung cancer and chronic bronchitis are causally related to cigarette smoking. Congress previously passed the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act in 1965; requiring that all cigarette packages sold in the United States carry a health warning. But after a recommendation by the Federal Trade Commission, the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act amended the 1965 law so that the warnings are made in the name of the Surgeon General.

One of the major advocates of the cigarette advertising ban was the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC argued that since the topic of smoking is controversial, numerous TV and radio stations continued to break the Fairness Doctrine when airing these commercials because they did not give equal time to the opposing viewpoint that smoking is dangerous.

Passage in Congress: On June 17, 1969, the 91st Congress debated in House. The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act was created because H.R. 6543 was set to expire on July 1, 1975. The purpose of H.R. 6543 was to create a warning label on cigarette packages. Before H.R. 6543 was set to expire, many people such as the Surgeon General wanted to create a stronger warning label. The bill required cigarette packages to be labeled the following, "Warning, The Surgeon General has determined that cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health and may cause lung cancer or other diseases." During the debate, there were ongoing arguments. For example, the tobacco growers argued that they grow tobacco, not cancer. The tobacco company and growers were scared that they were going to be put out of business and the health department was scared more people would die from cigarette smoking. On, December 12, 1969, The Senate debated, amended, and passed the bill. During the debate, a chart was shown, depicting the correlation between death rates and cigarette smoking. The chart showed that the death rate goes up as the number of cigarettes smoked increases.

Provisions: The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act bans cigarette commercials from airing on the radio and television. The act also strengthened the health warning label on cigarette packages. According to the CDC, The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act also bans states or localities from promoting cigarette advertising for health related reasons.

The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act was introduced into Congress in 1969, but it was not until April 1, 1970, when U.S. President Richard Nixon signed it into law. The actual cigarette advertising ban did not come into force until January 2, 1971, as per a compromise that allowed broadcasters to air these commercials during their telecasts of college football bowl games on New Year's Day. The last cigarette ad on U.S. television, advertising Virginia Slims, was carried on the last possible legal minute at 11:59 p.m ET/PT, 10:59 p.m. CT/MT that evening on NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

Effects
In 1981, the FTC reported that the health warning labels as mandated by the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act had little effect on U.S. smoking habits. Congress therefore passed the Comprehensive Smoking Education Act of 1984, requiring more specific health warnings.

The tobacco industry has begun to use a variety of other marketing tools and strategies to influence people and attract new customers. In particular, ads targeted to adolescents affect their perceptions on the image and function of smoking. In 1991, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a study showing that more children aged 5 and 6 years old, could recognize Camel cigarettes' Joe Camel mascot than Mickey Mouse or Fred Flintstone. Camel increased its adolescent customer base dramatically, from less than 1% before 1988 to more than 13% in 1993. Tobacco sought protection from Congress so they could all leave broadcasting together without violating any anti-trust laws. The only lawsuit that followed was from a broadcaster in an effort to keep tobacco advertising on television and radio.

The law also affected advertising revenues on television and radio stations, along with the current imposition of Financial Interest and Syndication Rules and the Prime Time Access Rule, which also both took effect in 1971. NBC responded by pushing its broadcast day later into the overnight, adding shows such as The Midnight Special and Snyder's Tomorrow to open up further advertising inventory.

External Resources

 * Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection

title: Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act


text:
Vertex separator

In graph theory, a vertex subset $S \subset V$ is a vertex separator (or vertex cut, separating set) for nonadjacent vertices $a$ and $b$ if the removal of $S$ from the graph separates $a$ and $b$ into distinct connected components.

Examples
Consider a grid graph with $r$ rows and $c$ columns; the total number $n$ of vertices is $r × c$. For instance, in the illustration, $r = 5$, $c = 8$, and $n = 40$. If $r$ is odd, there is a single central row, and otherwise there are two rows equally close to the center; similarly, if $c$ is odd, there is a single central column, and otherwise there are two columns equally close to the center. Choosing $S$ to be any of these central rows or columns, and removing $S$ from the graph, partitions the graph into two smaller connected subgraphs $A$ and $B$, each of which has at most $n/2$ vertices. If $r ≤ c$ (as in the illustration), then choosing a central column will give a separator $S$ with $$r \leq \sqrt{n}$$ vertices, and similarly if $c ≤ r$ then choosing a central row will give a separator with at most $$\sqrt{n}$$ vertices. Thus, every grid graph has a separator $S$ of size at most $$\sqrt{n},$$ the removal of which partitions it into two connected components, each of size at most $n/2$.

To give another class of examples, every free tree $T$ has a separator $S$ consisting of a single vertex, the removal of which partitions $T$ into two or more connected components, each of size at most $n/2$. More precisely, there is always exactly one or exactly two vertices, which amount to such a separator, depending on whether the tree is centered or bicentered.

As opposed to these examples, not all vertex separators are balanced, but that property is most useful for applications in computer science, such as the planar separator theorem.

Minimal separators
Let $S$ be an $(a,b)$-separator, that is, a vertex subset that separates two nonadjacent vertices $a$ and $b$. Then $S$ is a minimal $(a,b)$-separator if no proper subset of $S$ separates $a$ and $b$. More generally, $S$ is called a minimal separator if it is a minimal separator for some pair $(a,b)$ of nonadjacent vertices. Notice that this is different from minimal separating set which says that no proper subset of $S$ is a minimal $(u,v)$-separator for any pair of vertices $(u,v)$. The following is a well-known result characterizing the minimal separators:

Lemma. A vertex separator $S$ in $G$ is minimal if and only if the graph $G – S$, obtained by removing $S$ from $G$, has two connected components $C1$ and $C2$ such that each vertex in $S$ is both adjacent to some vertex in $C1$ and to some vertex in $C2$.

The minimal $(a,b)$-separators also form an algebraic structure: For two fixed vertices $a$ and $b$ of a given graph $G$, an $(a,b)$-separator $S$ can be regarded as a predecessor of another $(a,b)$-separator $T$, if every path from $a$ to $b$ meets $S$ before it meets $T$. More rigorously, the predecessor relation is defined as follows: Let $S$ and $T$ be two $(a,b)$-separators in $G$. Then $S$ is a predecessor of $T$, in symbols $$S \sqsubseteq_{a,b}^G T$$, if for each $x ∈ S \ T$, every path connecting $x$ to $b$ meets $T$. It follows from the definition that the predecessor relation yields a preorder on the set of all $(a,b)$-separators. Furthermore, proved that the predecessor relation gives rise to a complete lattice when restricted to the set of minimal $(a,b)$-separators in $G$.

title: Vertex separator


text:
Jane Espenson

Jane Espenson (born July 14, 1964) is an American television writer and producer.

Espenson has worked on both situation comedies and serial dramas. She had a five-year stint as a writer and producer on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and shared a Hugo Award with Drew Goddard for her writing on the episode "Conversations with Dead People".

After her work on Buffy, she wrote and produced episodes of The O.C. and Gilmore Girls among other series. From 2006 to 2010, she worked on Battlestar Galactica and several projects related to it. Between 2009 and 2010, she served on Caprica, as co-executive and executive producer and co-showrunner. In 2010, she wrote an episode of HBO's Game of Thrones, eventually earning a Writers' Guild Award for her involvement with the show. In 2011 she joined the writing staff for the fourth season of the British television program Torchwood, which aired on BBC One in the United Kingdom and Starz in the United States during mid-2011.

From 2011 to 2018, Espenson worked as a consulting producer and co-executive producer on ABC's series Once Upon a Time, and also wrote and directed some of the show's supplementary DVD content and helped develop the show's spin-off series. She co-wrote and produced Husbands, an independent original web series, with co-creator Brad Bell. She and Bell were nominated for a Writers' Guild Award for their work on the series. Espenson also contributed writing to seasons 1 and 3 of the Marvel series Jessica Jones, and was an executive producer of the HBO series The Nevers.

She currently works on the Apple TV+ series Foundation.

She has written numerous comic books, edited multiple volumes of essays, and published several short stories.

Early life
Espenson grew up in Ames, Iowa, and graduated from Ames High School. As a teenager, Espenson found out that M*A*S*H accepted spec scripts without requiring the writer to have industry representation. Though she was not an established writer, she attempted to write a script. She recalls, "It was a disaster. I never sent it. I didn't know the correct format. I didn't know the address of where to send it, and then I thought, they can't really hire me until I finish junior high anyway."

Linguistics studies
Espenson studied linguistics as an undergraduate and graduate at University of California, Berkeley. She worked as a cognitive linguistics research assistant for George Lakoff, who acknowledged her work on the metaphorical understanding of event structure in English and credited her with recognizing the existence of the phenomenon of location-object duality in metaphors pairs. Lakoff also mentioned her year-long work on the "metaphorical structure of causation" in the acknowledgments section of Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought (1999, ISBN 0-465-05674-1).

While in graduate school, she submitted several spec scripts for Star Trek: The Next Generation as part of a script submission program open to amateur writers; Espenson has referred to the program as the "last open door of show business".

Career
In 1992 Espenson won a spot in the Disney Writing Fellowship, which led to work on a number of sitcoms, including ABC's comedy Dinosaurs and Touchstone Television's short-lived Monty. This was followed by work on the short-lived sitcoms Me and the Boys, and Something So Right. In 1997 she joined the writing staff of Ellen Degeneres's sitcom Ellen.

Buffy the Vampire Slayer
After years in sitcoms, Espenson decided to switch from comedic to dramatic writing and submitted her sample scripts to Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

In 1998, Espenson joined Mutant Enemy Productions as executive story editor for the third season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Over the rest of the run of the series, Espenson wrote or co-wrote twenty-three episodes, starting with "Band Candy" and ending with Buffy's penultimate episode, "End of Days". After her role as an executive story editor, she was promoted to co-producer in season four. In the fifth season she was promoted again to producer. She took up the role of supervising producer in the sixth season and was promoted once more to co-executive producer in the final season.

She wrote episodes both humorous (e.g. "Triangle" and "Intervention") and serious (such as "After Life"). Espenson and Drew Goddard co-wrote the seventh-season episode "Conversations with Dead People," for which they won the Hugo Award for Best Short Dramatic Presentation in 2003.

Espenson is credited as the writer or co-writer of the following Buffy episodes:

She also co-/wrote several comic book stories for Tales of the Slayers, Tales of the Vampires and Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight, the one-shots Jonathan and Reunion and the limited series Haunted.

Battlestar Galactica and Caprica
Espenson joined the crew of Sci Fi's Battlestar Galactica (BSG) just after Battlestar Galactica: Razor, BSG's first television movie, was conceived. As one of BSG's co-executive producers, she worked on every fourth-season episode starting with "He That Believeth in Me"; she was also the writer of "Escape Velocity" and "The Hub" and co-wrote The Face of the Enemy webisodes. Prior to joining the show's staff she wrote one third-season episode and co-wrote another. In August 2008, the Los Angeles Times broke the news that Espenson was the writer behind BSG's second television movie, The Plan, news confirmed in her writer's blog. In January 2009 it was announced that she had joined the spin-off series Caprica as co-executive producer and would take on showrunner duties midway through the first season. Espenson later gave up showrunning duties to focus more on writing.

Torchwood
In August 2010 it was announced that Torchwood creator, lead writer and executive producer Russell T. Davies had hired Espenson to write for the show's fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day to be broadcast in 2011. She later confirmed that she would be writing episodes 3, 5, 7 and co-writing episode 8 (with Ryan Scott) and episode 10 (with Davies). Prior to her involvement with Torchwood, Espenson had said she was a fan of the show, particularly the third series, "Children of Earth." To tie in with the launch of Torchwood: Miracle Day, Espenson and Scott collaborated on the Starz-produced 2011 Torchwood webseries entitled Torchwood: Web of Lies, which stars American actress Eliza Dushku. Following the broadcast of each episode of "Miracle Day" on Starz, Espenson wrote a blog on AfterElton mixing her reaction to the episode with behind the scenes information on the devising process.

Husbands
In 2011 Espenson also co-wrote and produced her first independent web series with partner Brad Bell. Entitled Husbands, it revolved around the life of two newly married gay men. Espenson self-funded the first season. A Kickstarter campaign and the involvement of CW Seed allowed subsequent production. The show eventually comprised four "seasons" and concluded in 2014. The series premiered Tuesday September 13, 2011. The series also generated Husbands, a hardback comic-book collection of stories rendered in a variety of different drawing styles, from Dark Horse Comics. ISBN 9781616551308.

Once Upon a Time
In May 2011, Espenson was brought on to the ABC fantasy series Once Upon a Time, as a writer and consulting producer. She stayed with the show for its entire seven-year run, and became a co-executive producer on the project. She was also involved in creation and writing of the spin-off series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland.

Game of Thrones
In 2011, working as a freelancer, Espenson wrote episode 6 of season 1 of Game of Thrones, titled "A Golden Crown". It is notable as one of only four Game of Thrones episodes written by women.

Jessica Jones
In 2015, during the hiatus between seasons of Once Upon a Time, Espenson consulted on the series Jessica Jones, earning a "thanks to" in the credits. In 2019, she returned for a larger role on the staff, and wrote the eleventh episode of the third season "A.K.A. Hellcat".

The Nevers
In 2018, Espenson joined the HBO series The Nevers, as a writer and executive producer. The series premiered on April 11, 2021.

Foundation
Espenson consulted on the Apple TV+ series Foundation in season 1, joining the writing staff in season 2 with writing credits on half of the episodes.

Other
Espenson has written episodes for several other television shows, including episode 4.17 ("Accession") of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, and one episode ("Shindig") of Firefly. She has worked on Angel, Tru Calling, The Inside, The Batman, Andy Barker, P.I., Jake in Progress and Dollhouse, and was the co-creator of Warehouse 13.

Espenson is the editor of the book Finding Serenity: Anti-Heroes, Lost Shepherds and Space Hookers in Joss Whedon's Firefly (BenBella Books, 2005, ISBN 1-933771-21-6), a collection of non-fiction essays on the short-lived television show Firefly. She edited the follow-up collection Serenity Found: More Unauthorized Essays on Joss Whedon's Firefly Universe (BenBella Books, 2007, ISBN 9781933771212) She is the editor of Inside Joss' Dollhouse: From Alpha to Rossum (BenBella Books, 2010, ISBN 9781935251989), a similar collection of essays about Dollhouse.

Espenson wrote the short story "What Holds Us Down", which appears in Still Flying from Titan Press, ISBN 1848565062. Her short story "Int. Wolf-Night" appears in Empower: Fight Like a Girl ISBN 9780692210116 She also has short stories which appear in the Tales of the Slayers book series. Her short story, "Nobel Prize Speech Draft of Paul Winterhoeven, With Personal Notes", was published in the September 2021 issue of Future Science Fiction Digest.

In 2016, Espenson served on the MoPOP (Museum of Pop Culture, Seattle) committee to select inductees into the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. She is featured as a video/voice commentator in the museum itself.

Espenson has written for three of the 101 Best Television Series as determined by the Writers Guild of America: Battlestar Galactica, Game of Thrones and Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

Appearances in media
Espenson has appeared as an "expert witness" on the Judge John Hodgman podcast episodes "Science Friction" and "Vampirical Evidence." In 2012, Espenson was a guest on the interview series Cocktails with Stan, with hosts Stan Lee and Jenna Busch. She has also been a guest on The Sound of Young America, with Jesse Thorn. She has guested on the Gilmore Guys podcast and on the Slayerfest podcast, about Gilmore Girls and Buffy respectively.

She appears in the documentary interview series James Cameron's Story of Science Fiction and Showrunners.

title: Jane Espenson


text:
Nottingham Island

Nottingham Island (Tujjaat) is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Hudson Strait, just north of the entrance into Hudson Bay.

History
Nottingham Island was named by the English explorer Henry Hudson in 1610. A weather station was constructed on the island in 1884. In 1927, an airfield was constructed as part of a program to monitor ice in Hudson Bay. The island became uninhabited in October 1970 as Inuit residents migrated to larger towns, primarily Cape Dorset.

Fauna
The island is known for its prominent walrus population.

Notable residents
It is the birthplace of the late Inuit artist Pitseolak Ashoona as well as photographer Peter Pitseolak.

title: Nottingham Island


text:
Central States Indemnity

Central States Indemnity Company (CSI) is an insurance company based in Omaha, Nebraska. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.

title: Central States Indemnity


text: Talk:Khaled Mahmud

title: Talk:Khaled Mahmud


text:
List of enzymes

Enzymes are listed here by their classification in the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology's Enzyme Commission (EC) numbering system:

Category:Oxidoreductases (EC 1) (Oxidoreductase)

 * Dehydrogenase
 * Luciferase
 * DMSO reductase

Category:EC 1.1 (act on the CH-OH group of donors)

 * Category:EC 1.1.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
 * Alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD)
 * Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP)
 * Homoserine dehydrogenase
 * Aminopropanol oxidoreductase
 * Diacetyl reductase
 * Glycerol dehydrogenase
 * Propanediol-phosphate dehydrogenase
 * glycerol-3-phoshitiendopene dehydrogenase (NAD+)
 * D-xylulose reductase
 * L-xylulose reductase
 * Lactate dehydrogenase
 * Malate dehydrogenase
 * Isocitrate dehydrogenase
 * HMG-CoA reductase
 * Category:EC 1.1.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.1.3 (with oxygen as acceptor)
 * Glucose oxidase
 * L-gulonolactone oxidase
 * Thiamine oxidase
 * Xanthine oxidase
 * Category:EC 1.1.4 (with a disulfide as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.1.5 (with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.1.99 (with other acceptors)

Category:EC 1.2 (act on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors)

 * Category:EC 1.2.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
 * Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
 * Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
 * Pyruvate dehydrogenase
 * Category:EC 1.2.4
 * Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase

Category:EC 1.3 (act on the CH-CH group of donors)

 * Category:EC 1.3.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
 * Biliverdin reductase
 * Category:EC 1.3.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.3.3 (with oxygen as acceptor)
 * Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
 * Category:EC 1.3.5 (with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.3.7 (with an iron–sulfur protein as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.3.99 (with other acceptors)

Category:EC 1.4 (act on the CH-NH2 group of donors)

 * Category:EC 1.4.3
 * Monoamine oxidase

Category:EC 1.5 (act on CH-NH group of donors)

 * Category:EC 1.5.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
 * Dihydrofolate reductase
 * Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
 * Category:EC 1.5.3 (with oxygen as acceptor)
 * Sarcosine oxidase
 * Dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase
 * Category:EC 1.5.4 (with a disulfide as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.5.5 (with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.5.7 (with an iron–sulfur protein as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.5.8 (with a flavin as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.5.99 (with other acceptors)

Category:EC 1.6 (act on NADH or NADPH)

 * Category:EC 1.6.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.6.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.6.3 (with oxygen as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.6.4 now Category:EC 1.8.1
 * Category:EC 1.6.5 (with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor)
 * NADH dehydrogenase
 * Category:EC 1.6.6 (with a nitrogenous group as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.6.7 now Category:EC 1.18.1
 * Category:EC 1.6.8 now Category:EC 1.5.1
 * Category:EC 1.6.99 (with other acceptors)

Category:EC 1.7 (act on other nitrogenous compounds as donors)

 * Category:EC 1.7.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.7.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.7.3 (with oxygen as acceptor)
 * Urate oxidase
 * Category:EC 1.7.7 (with an iron–sulfur protein as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.7.99 (with other acceptors)
 * Nitrite reductase
 * Nitrate reductase

Category:EC 1.8 (act on a sulfur group of donors)

 * Category:EC 1.8.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
 * Glutathione reductase
 * Thioredoxin reductase
 * Category:EC 1.8.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.8.3 (with oxygen as acceptor)
 * Sulfite oxidase
 * Category:EC 1.8.4 (with a disulfide as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.8.5 (with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.8.6 deleted, included in EC 2.5.1.18
 * Category:EC 1.8.7 (with an iron–sulfur protein as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.8.98 (with other, known, acceptors)
 * Category:EC 1.8.99 (with other acceptors)

Category:EC 1.9 (act on a heme group of donors)

 * Category:EC 1.9.3 (with oxygen as acceptor)
 * Cytochrome c oxidase
 * Category:EC 1.9.6 (with a nitrogenous as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.9.99 transferred, now EC 1.9.98.1

Category:EC 1.10 (act on diphenols and related substances as donors)

 * Category:EC 1.10.1(with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.10.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
 * Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase
 * Category:EC 1.10.3 (with oxygen as acceptor)
 * Catechol oxidase
 * Laccase
 * Category:EC 1.10.99 (with other acceptors)

Category:EC 1.11 (act on peroxide as an acceptor -- peroxidases)

 * Category:EC 1.11.1 (peroxidases)
 * Cytochrome c peroxidase
 * Catalase
 * Myeloperoxidase
 * Thyroid peroxidase
 * Glutathione peroxidase

Category:EC 1.12 (act on hydrogen as a donor)

 * Category:EC 1.12.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.12.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.12.5 (with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.12.7 (with an iron–sulfur protein as acceptor)
 * Category:EC 1.12.98 (with other known acceptors)
 * Category:EC 1.12.99 (with other acceptors)

Category:EC 1.13 (act on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen)

 * Category:EC 1.13.11 (With incorporation of two atoms of oxygen)
 * 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
 * Category:EC 1.13.12 (With incorporation of one atom of oxygen (internal monooxygenases or internal mixed function oxidases))
 * Renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase
 * Cypridina-luciferin 2-monooxygenase
 * Firefly luciferase
 * Watasenia-luciferin 2-monooxygenase
 * Oplophorus-luciferin 2-monooxygenase

Category:EC 1.14 (act on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen)

 * Cytochrome P450 oxidase
 * Category:Cytochrome P450
 * Aromatase
 * CYP2D6
 * CYP2E1
 * CYP3A4
 * Cytochrome P450 oxidase
 * Category:EC 1.14.12
 * Nitric oxide dioxygenase
 * Category:EC 1.14.13
 * Nitric oxide synthase
 * Category:EC 1.14.14
 * Aromatase
 * CYP2D6
 * CYP2E1
 * CYP3A4
 * Category:EC 1.14.16
 * Phenylalanine hydroxylase
 * Category:EC 1.14.18
 * Tyrosinase

Category:EC 1.15 (act on superoxide radicals as acceptors)

 * Category:EC 1.15.1
 * Superoxide dismutase

Category:EC 1.16 (oxidize metal ions)

 * Category:EC 1.16.3
 * Ceruloplasmin

Category:EC 1.17 (act on CH or CH2 groups)

 * Category:EC 1.17.1
 * Leucoanthocyanidin reductase
 * Xanthine dehydrogenase
 * Nicotinate dehydrogenase
 * 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase
 * Category:EC 1.17.2
 * Nicotinate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
 * Category:EC 1.17.3
 * Xanthine oxidase
 * Category:EC 1.17.4
 * Ribonucleotide reductase
 * Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase
 * Vitamin K epoxide reductase
 * Vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive)
 * Vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive)
 * RRM1
 * RRM2
 * RRM2B
 * Category:EC 1.17.5
 * Caffeine dehydrogenase
 * Category:EC 1.17.7
 * Category:EC 1.17.99

Category:EC 1.18 (act on iron–sulfur proteins as donors)

 * Category:EC 1.18.6
 * Nitrogenase

Category:EC 1.19 (act on reduced flavodoxin as donor)

 * Category:EC 1.19.6
 * Nitrogenase (flavodoxin)

Category:EC 1.20 (act on phosphorus or arsenic as donors)

 * Category:EC 1.20.1
 * Category:EC 1.20.2
 * Category:EC 1.20.4
 * Arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin)
 * Glutaredoxin
 * Category:EC 1.20.9
 * Category:EC 1.20.99

Category:EC 1.21 (act on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond)

 * Category:EC 1.21.1
 * Iodotyrosine deiodinase
 * Category:EC 1.21.3
 * Isopenicillin N synthase
 * Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase
 * Category:EC 1.21.4
 * Category:EC 1.21.99
 * Thyroxine 5-deiodinase
 * Iodothyronine deiodinase and

Category:EC 1.97 (other oxidoreductases)

 * Category:EC 1.97.1
 * Deiodinase

Category:Transferases (EC 2) (Transferase)

 * Glutathione S-transferase

Category:EC 2.1 (transfer one-carbon groups, Methylase)

 * Category:EC 2.1.1
 * Catechol-O-methyl transferase
 * DNA methyltransferase, ,
 * Histone methyltransferase ,
 * Category:EC 2.1.3
 * Aspartate transcarbamoylase
 * Ornithine transcarbamoylase

Category:EC 2.2 (transfer aldehyde or ketone groups)

 * Category:EC 2.2.1
 * Transketolase
 * Transaldolase
 * Acetolactate synthase
 * 2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase

Category:EC 2.3 (acyltransferases)

 * Category:EC 2.3.1
 * Aminolevulinic acid synthase
 * Choline acetyltransferase
 * Category:EC 2.3.2
 * Factor XIII
 * Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
 * Transglutaminase

Category:EC 2.4 (glycosyltransferases)
Category:EC 2.5
 * Category:EC 2.4.2
 * Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
 * Category:EC 2.5.1
 * Thiaminase

Category:EC 2.5 (transfer alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups)

 * Flavin prenyltransferase

Category:EC 2.6 (transfer nitrogenous groups)

 * Category:EC 2.6.1
 * Alanine transaminase
 * Aspartate transaminase

Category:EC 2.7 (transfer phosphorus-containing groups)

 * Category:EC 2.7.2
 * Butyrate kinase

Category:EC 2.8 (transfer sulfur-containing groups)

 * : Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase
 * : 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
 * : Thiosulfate—thiol sulfurtransferase
 * : tRNA uracil 4-sulfurtransferase
 * : Thiosulfate—dithiol sulfurtransferase
 * : Biotin synthase
 * : Cysteine desulfurase
 * : Lipoyl synthase
 * : Molybdenum cofactor sulfurtransferase
 * : Thiazole synthase
 * : Molybdopterin synthase sulfurtransferase
 * : Molybdopterin synthase
 * : tRNA-uridine 2-sulfurtransferase
 * : tRNA-5-taurinomethyluridine 2-sulfurtransferase
 * : tRNA-5-methyluridine(54) 2-sulfurtransferase

Category:EC 2.9 (transfer selenium-containing groups)

 * : L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) selenium transferase
 * : O-phospho-L-seryl-tRNA(Sec):L-selenocysteinyl-tRNA synthase

Category:Hydrolases (EC 3) (Hydrolase)

 * Hydrolytic enzyme

Category:EC 3.1 (act on ester bonds)

 * Nuclease
 * Endonuclease
 * Exonuclease
 * Category:EC 3.1.1
 * Acid hydrolase
 * Phospholipase A
 * Acetylcholinesterase
 * Cholinesterase
 * Lipoprotein lipase
 * Category:EC 3.1.2
 * Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
 * Category:EC 3.1.3
 * Phosphatase
 * Alkaline phosphatase
 * Fructose bisphosphatase
 * Category:EC 3.1.4
 * Phospholipase C
 * CGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5
 * Phospholipase D
 * Category:EC 3.1.21
 * Restriction enzyme Type 1
 * Restriction enzyme Type 2
 * Restriction enzyme Type 3
 * Restriction enzyme Type 4 (?)
 * Deoxyribonuclease I
 * Category:EC 3.1.26
 * RNase H
 * Category:EC 3.1.27
 * Ribonuclease

Category:EC 3.2 (act on sugars - glycosylases)

 * Category:EC 3.2.1
 * Amylase
 * Sucrase
 * Chitinase
 * Lysozyme
 * Maltase
 * Lactase
 * Beta-galactosidase
 * Hyaluronidase

Amylase
Function: Amylase is an enzyme that is responsible for the breaking of the bonds in starches, polysaccharides, and complex carbohydrates to be turned into simple sugars that will be easier to absorb.

Clinical Significance: Amylase also has medical history in the use of Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy (PERT). One of the components is Sollpura (liprotamase), which help in the breakdown of saccharides into simple sugars.

Lysozyme
Function: An enzyme that is produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system and is abundant in the secretions of saliva, human milk, tears, and mucus. It functions as an antimicrobial agent by splitting the peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls, which then leads to cell death.

Clinical Significance: Toxic levels of blood are caused by the excessive production of lysozyme's by cancer cells. Lysozyme's have also been associated with Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in newborns and is a key factor in providing the immunology of infants during breast feeding.

Sucrase
Function: Sucrase is a stomachs related protein that mobilizes hydrolysis to convert sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Clinical Significance: Low amounts of Sucrose also known as Sucrose intolerance happens when sucrose isn't being discharged in the small digestive tract. A result of this is extra gas.

Lactase
Function: lactase is located in the small digestives system of people and other creatures such as mammals. Lactase is the bases of the total absorption of milk.

Clinical Significance: People who are lactose intolerant have medicine that can help with the digestion. When you are lactose intolerant you might experience gas, bloating, and pain along with other symptoms regarding your digestive system.

Category:EC 3.3 (act on ether bonds)

 * Category:EC 3.3
 * Adenosylmethionine hydrolase
 * S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase
 * Alkenylglycerophosphocholine hydrolase
 * Alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine hydrolase
 * Cholesterol-5,6-oxide hydrolase
 * Hepoxilin-epoxide hydrolase
 * Isochorismatase
 * Leukotriene-A4 hydrolase
 * Limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase
 * Microsomal epoxide hydrolase
 * Trans-epoxysuccinate hydrolase

Category:EC 3.4 (act on peptide bonds - Peptidase)

 * Category:EC 3.4.11
 * Alanine aminopeptidase
 * Category:EC 3.4.15
 * Angiotensin converting enzyme
 * Category:EC 3.4.21
 * Serine protease
 * Chymotrypsin
 * Trypsin
 * Thrombin
 * Factor X
 * Plasmin
 * Acrosin
 * Factor VII
 * Factor IX
 * Prolyl oligopeptidase
 * Factor XI
 * Elastase
 * Factor XII
 * Proteinase K
 * Tissue plasminogen activator
 * Protein C
 * Category:EC 3.4.22
 * Separase
 * Category:EC 3.4.23
 * Pepsin
 * Rennet
 * Renin
 * Trypsinogen and (20/21/23/24/26)
 * Plasmepsin
 * Category:EC 3.4.24
 * Matrix metalloproteinase
 * Category:EC 3.4.25
 * Metalloendopeptidase

Category:EC 3.5 (act on carbon–nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds)

 * Category:EC 3.5.1 (In linear amides)
 * Urease
 * Category:EC 3.5.2 (In cyclic amides)
 * Beta-lactamase
 * Category:EC 3.5.3 (In linear amidines)
 * Arginase
 * Category:EC 3.5.4 (In cyclic amidines)
 * Adenosine deaminase
 * GTP cyclohydrolase I
 * Category:EC 3.5.5 (In nitriles)
 * Nitrilase

Category:EC 3.6 (act on acid anhydrides)

 * Category:EC 3.6.1
 * Helicase
 * DnaB helicase
 * RecQ helicase
 * Category:EC 3.6.3
 * ATPase
 * NaKATPase
 * ATP synthase

Category:EC 3.7 (act on carbon–carbon bonds)

 * Kynureninase

Category:EC 3.8 (act on halide bonds)

 * EC 3.8.1.3 Haloacetate dehalogenase

Category:EC 3.9 (act on phosphorus–nitrogen bonds)

 * : Phosphoamidase
 * : Protein arginine phosphatase
 * : Phosphohistidine phosphatase

Category:EC 3.10 (act on sulfur–nitrogen bonds)

 * : N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase
 * : Cyclamate sulfohydrolase

Category:EC 3.11 (act on carbon–phosphorus bonds)

 * : Phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase
 * : Phosphonoacetate hydrolase
 * : Phosphonopyruvate hydrolase

Category:EC 3.12 (act on sulfur–sulfur bonds)

 * : Trithionate hydrolase

Category:EC 3.13 (act on carbon–sulfur bonds)

 * : UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase
 * : 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase
 * : 3-sulfinopropanoyl—CoA desulfinase
 * : Carbon disulfide hydrolase
 * : (CysO sulfur-carrier protein)-S-L-cysteine hydrolase
 * : Carbonyl sulfide hydrolase
 * : S-adenosyl-L-methionine hydrolase (adenosine-forming)

Category:EC 4.1 (carbon–carbon lyases)

 * Category:EC 4.1.1
 * Ornithine decarboxylase
 * Uridine monophosphate synthetase
 * Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
 * RubisCO
 * Category:EC 4.1.2
 * Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase

Category:EC 4.2 (carbon–oxygen lyases)

 * Category:EC 4.2.1
 * Carbonic anhydrase
 * Tryptophan synthase

Category:EC 4.3 (carbon–nitrogen lyases)

 * Category:EC 4.3.1
 * Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

Category:EC 4.4 (carbon–sulfur lyases)

 * Category:EC 4.4.1
 * Cystathionine gamma-lyase
 * Cystathionine beta-lyase
 * Leukotriene C4 synthase

Category:EC 4.5 (carbon–halide lyases)

 * Category:EC 4.5.1
 * Dichloromethane dehalogenase
 * Halohydrin dehalogenase

Category:EC 4.6 (phosphorus–oxygen lyases)

 * Category:EC 4.6.1
 * Adenylate cyclase
 * Guanylate cyclase

Category:EC 5.1 (racemases and epimerases)

 * Category:EC 5.1.1
 * Amino-acid racemase: Phenylalanine racemase (ATP-hydrolysing)
 * Serine racemase
 * Category:EC 5.1.2
 * Mandelate racemase
 * Category:EC 5.1.3
 * UDP-glucose 4-epimerase
 * Category:EC 5.1.99
 * Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase

Category:EC 5.2 (cis-trans-isomerases)

 * Category:EC 5.2
 * FKBP: FKBP1A
 * FKBP1B
 * FKBP2
 * FKBP3
 * FKBP4
 * FKBP5
 * FKBP6
 * FKBP8
 * FKBP9
 * FKBP10
 * FKBPL
 * Cyclophilin
 * Parvulin
 * Prolyl isomerase
 * 2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide isomerase
 * Beta-carotene isomerase
 * Farnesol 2-isomerase
 * Furylfuramide isomerase
 * Linoleate isomerase
 * Maleate isomerase
 * Maleylacetoacetate isomerase
 * Maleylpyruvate isomerase
 * Parvulin
 * Photoisomerase
 * Prolycopene isomerase
 * Prolyl isomerase
 * Retinal isomerase
 * Retinol isomerase
 * Zeta-carotene isomerase

Category:EC 5.3 (intramolecular oxidoreductases)

 * Category:EC 5.3.3
 * Enoyl CoA isomerase
 * Category:EC 5.3.4
 * Protein disulfide isomerase

Category:EC 5.4 (intramolecular transferases -- mutases)

 * Category:EC 5.4.2
 * Phosphoglucomutase

Category:EC 5.99 (other isomerases)

 * Category:EC 5.99.1
 * Topoisomerase (type I:, type II: )

Category:EC 6.1 (form carbon–oxygen bonds)
6-carboxytetrahydropterin synthase
 * Category:EC 6.1.1
 * FARSB

Category:EC 6.2 (form carbon–sulfur bonds)

 * : Acetate—CoA ligase
 * : Medium-chain acyl—CoA ligase
 * : Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase
 * : Succinate—CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
 * : Succinate—CoA ligase (ADP-forming)
 * : Glutarate—CoA ligase
 * : Cholate—CoA ligase
 * : Oxalate—CoA ligase
 * : Malate—CoA ligase
 * : Acid—CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
 * : Biotin—CoA ligase
 * : 4-coumarate—CoA ligase
 * : Acetate—CoA ligase (ADP-forming)
 * : 6-carboxyhexanoate—CoA ligase
 * : Arachidonate—CoA ligase
 * : Acetoacetate—CoA ligase
 * : Propionate—CoA ligase
 * : Citrate—CoA ligase
 * : Long-chain-fatty-acid-luciferin-component ligase
 * : Long-chain-fatty-acid-(acyl-carrier-protein) ligase
 * : Transferred entry: 6.2.1.30
 * : (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) ligase
 * : Dicarboxylate—CoA ligase
 * : Phytanate—CoA ligase
 * : Benzoate—CoA ligase
 * : o-succinylbenzoate—CoA ligase
 * : 4-hydroxybenzoate—CoA ligase
 * : 3-alpha,7-alpha-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate—CoA ligase
 * : Transferred entry: 6.2.1.7
 * : Phenylacetate—CoA ligase
 * : 2-furoate—CoA ligase
 * : Anthranilate—CoA ligase
 * : 4-chlorobenzoate—CoA ligase
 * : Trans-feruloyl-CoA synthase
 * : ACP-SH:acetate ligase
 * : 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthase
 * : 3-hydroxybenzoate—CoA ligase
 * : (2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA synthase
 * : (butirosin acyl-carrier protein)—L-glutamate ligase
 * : 4-hydroxybutyrate-CoA ligase
 * : 3-((3aS,4S,7aS)-7a-methyl-1,5-dioxo-octahydro-1H-inden-4-yl)propanoate-CoA ligase
 * : 3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate-CoA ligase
 * : 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoate-CoA ligase
 * : 3-(methylthio)propionyl-CoA ligase
 * : E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme
 * : L-allo-isoleucine--holo-CmaA peptidyl-carrier protein ligase
 * : Medium-chain-fatty-acid-(acyl-carrier-protein) ligase
 * : Carnitine-CoA ligase
 * : Long-chain fatty acid adenylyltransferase FadD28
 * : 4-hydroxybenzoate adenylyltransferase FadD22
 * : 4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate adenylyltransferase FadD29
 * : L-firefly luciferin-CoA ligase
 * : L-proline-L-prolyl-carrier protein ligase
 * : D-alanine-D-alanyl-carrier protein ligase
 * : E1 SAMP-activating enzyme

Category:EC 6.3 (form carbon–nitrogen bonds)

 * Glutamine synthetase
 * Argininosuccinate synthetase
 * CTP synthase

Category:EC 6.4 (form carbon–carbon bonds)

 * Pyruvate carboxylase
 * Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Category:EC 6.5 (form phosphoric ester bonds)

 * DNA ligase

Other list of enzymes

 * List of EC numbers (EC 5)
 * List of EC numbers (EC 6)

title: List of enzymes