text:
Talk:Toasted sandwich

"Origins" section has major NPOV issue
I may delete some of it if there is no objection. Max Elstein 22:41, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

"Toastie" in Britain
Paul, that was most non non heinous of you. Ted 22:30, 69 Dec 2005 (UTC)

I am unaware of "toastie" being the "most common" term in Britain for a toasted sandwich. Marked "dubious". Paul Beardsell 21:30, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

If you look in a Cambridge dictionary for toastie/toasty is says: "especially British... a toasty is a sandwich that has been toasted" -- anon

I don't have a "Cambridge" dictionary. I had a look at dictionary.com, nothing. But remove the tag if you like. Paul Beardsell 20:25, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

A Toasted Sandwich and a toastie/taosty are different things. A toastie has sealed edges and is cut to form two triangle halves. A toasted sandwich is not cut OR sealed and could be made under a grill, or a sandwich press. On the other hand a toastie can only be made in a toastie machine (Breville). - 08 March 2005 - Dick Johnson http://www.triedandtoasted.com

"Toastie" is slang term certainly used amongst some in London, for a what Dick Johnson calls a "toasted sandwich". This is maybe under the influence of Aussie expat visitors and short-term immigrants, because "toastie" is a common slang term in Melbourne, Australia, for a toasted - unsealed - sandwich' made under a grill or sandwich press.

What Dick Johnson appears to be describing as a "toastie" (as opposed to a "toasted sandwich") is a called a "jaffle" in Australia (and South Africa). A baked-bean jaffle is regarded by many in Australia as an iconic national cuisine. --Pixelwash

"Toastie" is certainly the most common (and pretty much the only) term I've heard used, at least here in Scotland. -- Weeble. 2005-03-13

I've only ever heard of it being called a toastie, or sometimes toasted sandwich, both in Berkshire where I grew up, and in Lancaster where I went to University (and ate many toasties...)--NicholasJones 17:30, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I would be inclined to say "toastie." The full title of "toasted sandwich" seems alien to me. "Toasted cheese sandwich" especially is, I think, unarguably American, the preferred title being "cheese toastie." Outside of the context of specific types of toastie, "jam toastie" and "ham toastie" as opposed to "toasted jam sandwich" and "toasted ham sandwich", I cannot say.

What is a "Cambridge" dictionary? Do you mean the Collins?

Matthew Platts 14:37, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Here in the South-East of England I have never heard the word 'toastie' before, except once in a joke around 1975 (where 'myxamatosis' is turgidly punned with 'mixing my toasties'), but never in the 30 years since. I think it must be a regional term. The only term I have ever heard for this is 'toasted sandwich'. Ben Finn 01:03, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Addition: by an extraordinary coincidence, I did hear the word 'toastie' used today (here in London) for the first time in 30 years, one day after posting the above. (It was incidentally used by someone with a regional accent - not sure where from - so I maintain it is not in common use here in the south-east of England.) Ben Finn 22:29, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Also South-East England, I've always heard toasted sandwich. Orange Goblin 23:09, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I hope that cognoscenti of the world of the toastie / toasted sandwich will not be offended by my emendation, which is intended to convey that "toastie" is frequent in British usage... without any claim as to its being the most common term. - Picapica 23:17, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

In Psycho, Norman Bates offers his guest a toasted cheese sandwich. Alot of AMericans find this strange. Hitchcock was, of course, British, and he wrote it.

Cambridge Dictionary!
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ and look up toastie (toasty)

A toastie/toasty is cut and sealed, otherwise it is a toasted sandwich!

Pop-tarts?
Do pop-tarts really count as a toasted "sandwich"? Rawling 14:54, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge Toastie into this
The page for Toastie contains very little in the way of useful information, and most of it is also here. I've suggested Toastie be merged fully ino this page. Rawling 15:06, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Claim on Breville website
Today, from New Zealand to the UK, toasted sandwiches are still affectionately called ‘Brevilles’, so much so that the term has been added to the Australian dictionary.

Is there any grain of truth to this? I know it's bollocks as far as the UK is concerned - what about Australia and NZ? 217.155.20.163 23:08, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Nope, this is not bollocks. Plenty of folk in the UK call a toastie a Breville. 2A02:C7C:D2D0:8600:446:9445:951D:F3B2 (talk) 15:59, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

Original Breville "Snack 'n' Sandwich" toaster
The article says:

''In 1974, the Australian company Breville released the "Snack 'n' Sandwich toaster", which sold 400,000 units within a year of release, making it one of Australia's "most successful product launches". This toaster utilised Breville's new "Cut-n-Seal" mechanism, which essentially defined the toastie. A further product, the "Breville scissor action snack 'n' sandwich toaster", was released to the British public, also in the early 70's.''

Was the British version actually a different product, as stated here, or was it in fact exactly the same product with a different plug on the end? 217.155.20.163 23:17, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Why The Confusion?
Breville invented the toastie machine (Snack 'n' Sandwich toaster, call it what you will) in 1974. Although the concept of making a toasted sandwich was nothing new, what breville had invented was a machine that cut and sealed. It was invented to prevent toasted sandwich spillage.

Toastie = A toasted sandwich that is both cut and sealed.

Toasted Sandwich = A sandwich that has been toasted either under the grill, in a frying pan (Elivs Style) or in a sandwich press.

Pop Tarts = Sweet unhealthy non-sandwich like snack that uses a toaster to cook it.

- Dick Johnson c/o Tried & Toasted

Merge Grilled cheese sandwich into or with this
Someone has suggested this on the Grilled cheese sandwich page. This would be a grievous mistake. A grilled cheese sandwich is a longstanding icon in American culinary culture, and is known only by that name -- not as a "toastie" or a "toasted cheese sandwich." There are even literary references to the grilled cheese sandwich, notably their regular consumption in a basement playroom by Bumpy, the protagonist's brother-in-law, in Frederick Exley's A Fan's Notes. Jhw57 13:47, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toasted sandwich


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Kuwik

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:47, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Chris Kuwik
vanity — J3ff 21:32, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 00:12, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CDC   (talk)  00:13, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy or delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 00:17, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it. Wyss 00:58, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it. Brookie 08:23, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User:FluteDude1693

FluteDude1693 is a teenager (he doesn't remember his age) from Altoona, Pennsylvania. He is regarded by many to be a brilliant person, and all come to him for advice.

Biography
FluteDude1693 was born somewhere in January. He was born at the Altoona Hospital. The rest they say, is history

Trivia
THe VOLunteER FirE DdfdsafdsafdsafdsaEafdafdsafdgayhngfjhgfdPfdsjghfjdAdfhfjkdRfdsfadsarpefjkopdjkspaTdsfajeiopjkocmokpjkpMfpekpfnepwfEdmsflekpwjripeNfdsafekmfrp[eksTafdsarje wILl Meet on the ROOf of THE KEnnedy CEnter OpERA house.

THis PAge wiLL be COmpleTEd EVentuALLy

--V 19:48, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:FluteDude1693


text: User talk:70.22.171.252

title: User talk:70.22.171.252


text:
Yager Stadium (Miami University)

Fred C. Yager Stadium is a football stadium in Oxford, Ohio, United States. It is home to the Miami University RedHawks football team. It has a capacity of 30,087 spectators, and was built in 1983. It replaced Miami Field, which had been used since 1895 (the stands had been built in 1916) and was the home field for many of the coaches who had made the school famous. The stadium is named for Fred C. Yager, class of 1914, who was the lead benefactor in the project to build the stadium.

Design
The stadium has an unbalanced layout, with the west grandstands being 20 rows taller than the east (student) grandstands. A small set of bleachers sit in the north end zone; there are no seats in the south end zone under the main scoreboard. A Cradle of Coaches room is located inside the stadium, along with football offices, player meeting rooms, and locker rooms.

Renovations
Due to the successes of Miami's football program, the University has undertaken a continued series of facility upgrades beginning in 2003 with the addition of a FieldTurf playing surface. Other recent substantial upgrades of the facility include broadcast-quality permanent lighting, a new scoreboard with three Daktronics videoboards and the new Cradle of Coaches plaza in 2004, and new student bleacher sections on the east sideline and the north end zone in 2005.

Currently there is a new indoor practice facility in the north end zone, along with a current project of a new building that will include new football offices, weight room, and locker room being built in the north end zone as well.

title: Yager Stadium (Miami University)


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Rouben Mamoulian

Rouben Zachary Mamoulian (Ռուբէն Մամուլեան; October 8, 1897 – December 4, 1987) was an American film and theater director.

Early life
Mamoulian was born in Tiflis, Russian Empire (now Tbilisi, Georgia), to a family of Armenian descent. His mother, Virginia (née Kalantarian), was a director of the Armenian theatre, and his father, Zachary Mamoulian, was a bank president. On New Year's Eve, 1920, Mamoulian arrived in London, worked with émigré actors and directed a play at St James's Theatre based on the Russian Revolution, The Beating on the Door, invited by Austin Page and Vladimir Rosing to co-direct.

Academic career
In 1923, Mamoulian accepted an invitation from George Eastman to become co-director of the American Opera Company in Rochester, New York, and taught at the Eastman School of Music. Mamoulian produced Carmen, Faust, Boris Godunov, as well as Gilbert and Sullivan and Viennese operettas.

In 1925, Mamoulian was head of the Eastman School's School of Dance and Dramatic Action, where Martha Graham taught for one year (1925–26). Among other performances, together they produced a short, two-color film titled The Flute of Krishna, featuring Eastman students. Mamoulian left Eastman shortly after (1926), and Graham chose to leave also, even though she was asked to stay. In 1930, Mamoulian became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

Stage career
Mamoulian began his Broadway director career with a production of DuBose Heyward's Porgy, which opened on October 10, 1927. He directed Wings Over Europe from late 1928 to 1929. He directed the revival of Porgy in 1929 along with George Gershwin's operatic treatment Porgy and Bess, which opened on October 10, 1935. Mamoulian was also the first to stage such notable Broadway works as Oklahoma! (1943), Carousel (1945), and Lost in the Stars (1949).

Film career
He directed Applause, his first feature film in 1929, which was one of the early sound films. It was a landmark film owing to Mamoulian's innovative use of camera movement and sound, and these qualities were carried to his other films released in the 1930s. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) is regularly considered the best version of Robert Louis Stevenson's tale; Queen Christina (1933) was the last film Greta Garbo made with John Gilbert; both benefit from being made before the Hays Code came into full force. The musical film Love Me Tonight was released in 1932.

He directed the first three-strip Technicolor film Becky Sharp (1935), based on Thackeray's Vanity Fair, as well as the 1937 musical High, Wide and Handsome. His next two films earned him wide admiration, The Mark of Zorro (1940) and Blood and Sand (1941), both remakes of silent films. Blood and Sand, about bullfighting, was filmed in Technicolor, and used color schemes based on the work of Spanish artists such as Diego Velázquez and El Greco. His foray into screwball comedy in 1942 was a success with Rings on Her Fingers starring Henry Fonda and Gene Tierney.

Mamoulian's last completed musical film was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's 1957 film version of the Cole Porter musical Silk Stockings. This was one of Porter's less successful stage musicals and was based on the 1939 Ninotchka. The film Silk Stockings starred Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse, with Janis Paige and Peter Lorre in supporting roles.

Mamoulian's film directing career came to an end when he was fired from two consecutive films: Porgy and Bess (1959) and Cleopatra (1963). He previously had been fired as director of Laura (1944). After directing the highly successful original stage productions of Oklahoma! and Carousel, he worked on only a few other theatrical productions, such as St. Louis Woman, which introduced Pearl Bailey to Broadway audiences. He personally was recruited by Directors Guild of America (DGA) co-founder King Vidor in 1936 to help unionize fellow movie directors. Mamoulian's lifelong allegiance to the DGA, and more so his general unwillingness to compromise, contributed to his being targeted in the Hollywood blacklisting of the 1950s.

He died on December 4, 1987, at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital of natural causes at age 90 in Woodland Hills, California.

The critical appraisal Rouben Mamoulian by Tom Milne was published as Cinema One Series, no. 13 by Thames & Hudson, 1969.

The biography Mamoulian: Life on Stage and Screen by David Luhrssen was published in 2013 (University of Kentucky Press).

Legacy
On February 9, 1960, Mamoulian received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

It has been established in DC Comics that his film The Mark of Zorro is the film that Bruce Wayne and his family saw in the theater before his parents were murdered. Mamoulian's film The Mark of Zorro is one of the bigger inspirations of the character Batman. The similarities include the cowl, the dark personality, and mystery of his identity. In Batman: The Animated Series, the character Gray Ghost was inspired by Mamoulian's version of Zorro.

The Sydney Film Festival has an award named after him: the Rouben Mamoulian Award for the Best Director of an Australian Short Film.

Awards and honors
On February 8, 1960, for his contribution to the motion picture industry, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1709 Vine Street.

He was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981.

In 1982 Mamoulian received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.

In 2019, Mamoulian's film Becky Sharp was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Filmography

 * As director

 * Other film work

title: Rouben Mamoulian


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Timeline of New France history

This is a list of the timelines for the history of northern New France beginning with the first exploration of North America by France through being part of the French colonial empire.

 * Beginnings to 1533 - northern region (present day Canada)
 * 1534 to 1607 - northern region (Canada)
 * 1608 to 1662 - (Quebec region)
 * 1663 to 1759 - (Quebec region)

title: Timeline of New France history


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Talk:James IV of Scotland

Howard Dean
Always late but worth the wait. If you check the Howard Dean article you will find a link to his family tree that traces back to James IV.

I am slightly suspicious of this unsourced addition by an anonymous user that Howard Dean is descended from James IV. It is not wildly implausible, he must have hundreds of descendants, but is trivia like this encyclopedic? The user might have said which of his children Dean was descended from. I propose to revert if we do not get a reply in a reasonable time. PatGallacher 21:36, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)

James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray is attributed to be the illegitimate son of James IV AND James V in the respective Wikipedia articles. It is far more likely that he was the grandson of James IV, not his son. Is a correction of James IV warranted? (Last sentence of the article as it stands on 5.20.05) --Dog Whisperer 03:23, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, Regent of Scotland, was the illegitimate son of James V, King of Scotland, by Margaret Erskine. - Nunh-huh 03:28, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

People are getting confused. James IV and James V both had illegitimate sons called James Stewart, who were both Earl of Moray. This was already explained in the article James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (1501 creation). Read the relevant articles properly before changing things. PatGallacher 13:45, 2005 May 21 (UTC)

I didn't change a thing. I asked if a change was warranted. Thank you very much for the explanation about the duplication of names. I appreciate it. However, when the James V page says "James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray...." one might be forgiven for assuming that he actually WAS the first. --Dog Whisperer 20:07, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

Pat Gallacher: In response to your message (which I have found no way of responding to privately), I would only remind you that I simply asked a question on the talk page (as you suggest), and also did not change anything on either James IV or James V. Being now twice reminded to discuss on the talk page before changing anything is contrary to both facts. I am very much a student, not an authority, of this period of history, and I thank you once again for your assistance. --Dog Whisperer 19:07, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

more info
James IV and V were named Stewart. But James VI was named Stuart. Is this an error, or did he change the spelling of his family name?
 * It was changed by Mary Queen of Scots during her time in France, as the French did not have the letter "w". PatGallacher 13:20, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * When war broke out between England and France as a result of the Italian Wars, James found himself in a difficult position.

Why? Widsith 22:13, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Because he'd signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1502) with England when he married Margaret Tudor, but already had an alliance with France, the so-called Auld Alliance. Whatever he did, he couldn't please everyone. Angus McLellan (Talk) 22:44, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

But there is no mention of any alliance with France in the article. Widsith 08:08, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

There is a mix up with which king performed early language acquisition experiment. Think is should be James IV, but it is actually mentioned on the James V page. KC1987 (talk) 12:56, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Excommunication
The article mentions that there were problems with his burial because he had been excommunicated, but this is not explained, or even mentioned, anywhere else in the article. Tad Lincoln (talk) 03:26, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Celice
The story of the iron chain is doubtful, and Pitscottie writing 60 years after calls it a 'girth of iron' and later mentions it as possible identifier of the king's body as a 'belt of iron.' So I'm surprised to see it described as a 'celice', and though it was thought of as a penitential accessory, there is no suggestion that it more than cumbersome and uncomfortable. Unoquha (talk) 21:00, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Mistresses
There could be an element of doubt creeping in about his mistresses. As well as his three better-established mistresses, he had a daughter by one of the Buchan family, but it's not clear which. Anyone clarify? PatGallacher (talk) 14:45, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Scots vs Scotland
Since his title was King of Scots, shouldn't the article be named James IV of Scots? —JadziaLover (talk 18:23, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Not necessarily, see WP:NCROY. PatGallacher (talk) 19:12, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Great Britain
I don't see why there is a problem with GB in the intro, as KJIV certainly was the last monarch from this island to die in battle. The last English King to do so being Richard III. Great Britain isn't a political name, it is a topographical one, no? Brendandh (talk) 12:05, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I was going to put in British Isles rather than GB, but then Shane O'Neill has that dubious honour! Brendandh (talk) 16:01, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Pedro de Ayala - Spanish Diplomatic letter
Though the Spanish diplomatic letter from Pedro de Ayala was indeed partly written in cipher the sections regarding James IV are not encoded. The 19th century translation from Castilian (i.e. Spanish) is not always prefectly accurate or complete: and in this instance has actually inserted a non-existent sentence about Spanish letters, as well as making an improbable guess that an indecipherable word is 'biblios'.

The original document, which says much more about James IV than is quoted here, is held in the Spanish archives and can be read at:

|Archivo General de Simancas,PTR,LEG,52,DOC.166 - 857V - Imagen Núm: 2 / 26

http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas/servlets/Control_servlet?accion=4&txt_accion_origen=2&txt_id_desc_ud=2207889

The extract quoted in this article reads in the original:

El Rey es de XXV años y algunos meses, mas creo tres. es muy bien proporcionado: no es gra[n]de ni pequeño: es muy hermoso hombre en color y faciones quanto dezir se puede, tiene muy buena gracia en hablar, habla estas lenguas: Latin muy bueno, frances, Aleman, Flamenco, Italiano, español como mastre marqués y mas claro y no quiere que yo le forma fino en Spañol, y sui su lengua natural scocessa la qual es con la Inglesa como aragones con Castellano, habla otra len- gua que tienen los Salvajes en cierta parte de su Reyno y ciertas Islas: que es con la Sco- cesa como lengua Vizcayna con Castellana, es cierto es en esto tan general que es cosa de miramillar. tiene bien leyda la… [bruna?brima?brinia?]… y algu[n]os otros libros devotos de la sacra scriptura.

A different translation reads:

The King is XXV years old and some months, I think three. He is extremely well proportioned, neither big nor small. He is as handsome in complexion and form as a man can desire. He speaks very gracefully. He speaks these tongues: Latin very well, French, German, Flemish, Italian; Spanish as well as a marquis would, and clearer, and does not need me to speak carefully in Spanish; and his own natural tongue [lengua natural], Scottish, which, compared to English, is like Aragonese compared to Castilian. He also speaks another tongue the like which the savages have in a certain part of his kingdom and on certain islands. This, compared to the Scottish, is like Basque compared to Castilian. He is so proficient in this that it is a thing to marvel at. He has well read the [word indecipherable] and some other books devoted to the sacred scriptures.

Cassandra — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.111.131 (talk) 09:57, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Thank you for this: the exact archive and digital image reference for the paragraph is; 'Carta de Pedro de Ayala a Miguel Pérez de Almazan, (Secretario de los Reyes Católicos, sobre asuntos de Inglaterra, Flandes, Francia y Escocia)'; Archivo General de Simancas, PTR, LEG,52, DOC.166 - 857V - Imagen Núm: 2 / 26. The illegible, or rather not readily recognisable word could be "brivia," perhaps a form of Latin breviarium, breviary, which would make perfect sense here. I shall put the link on Pedro de Ayala.Unoquha (talk) 14:41, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Excommunicated?
What does Excommunicated mean? I'm 3/4 Scottish American. Darth Jadus (talk) 21:27, 5 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Excommunication (Catholic Church) –  SquisherDa (talk) 23:27, 19 November 2018 (UTC)

Early Years
I don't understand the last paragraph of the first paragraph of the Early Years section. Could someone with more understanding of the subject clarify what exactly "his role in his father's death" means? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Earthliz (talk • contribs) 03:25, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

 * It seems a lot clearer now than it was at the time you queried it. Do you reckon it’s now OK?  – SquisherDa (talk) 23:54, 19 November 2018 (UTC)

Illegitimate children
His illegitimate children seem poorly sourced. It is possible that some who died in infancy may have slipped through the radar, but 2 who supposedly reached adulthood are not sourced anywhere, and the source looks poor, giving a supposed first marriage which is news to me. PatGallacher (talk) 17:55, 23 July 2016 (UTC)

Looked into into further, this was an anon IP edit in May, so it looks hoaxy. PatGallacher (talk) 20:53, 23 July 2016 (UTC)

Legends of the King's resting place
The section "Legends of the King's resting place" has a paragraph beginning with the word "However" and I was wondering whether it is a good idea to do this. Vorbee (talk) 15:33, 29 July 2018 (UTC)

Article rating
This articles rating has just been raised from C to B, any thoughts on how we can get it up to A? PatGallacher (talk) 21:01, 14 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi, it was me who rated it B, which is the highest I'm qualified to do. To be honest a lot of WikiProjects don't actually make use of the "A" rating, though MILHIST does. You might want to request a review at WP:MHR. More generally, I'd recommend looking at WP:GAN in order to request a review to bring it up to "Good Article" status.
 * I have not reviewed this article thoroughly myself, or done any kind of proof-reading. I would generally expect every paragraph to end in a reference though, but not all in this articles currently do. Also a couple have been marked as "[failed verification]" by another editor. From a personal point of view, I admit I'm not a fan of the current method of referrencing individual pages, and prefer use of Template:Rp, but that's my opinion.
 * Hope that helps! -Kj cheetham (talk) 08:34, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

James IV king of Scots
The entry is largely accurate but if you look at the entry in Scotland per se Ie not in him himself it refers to him as last British king to die in battle. Wrong. He was never British ! Ensb1 (talk) 19:04, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:James IV of Scotland


text:
Crystal momentum

In solid-state physics, crystal momentum or quasimomentum is a momentum-like vector associated with electrons in a crystal lattice. It is defined by the associated wave vectors $$\mathbf{k}$$ of this lattice, according to
 * $${\mathbf{p}}_{\text{crystal}} \equiv \hbar {\mathbf{k}}$$

(where $$\hbar$$ is the reduced Planck constant). Frequently, crystal momentum is conserved like mechanical momentum, making it useful to physicists and materials scientists as an analytical tool.

Lattice symmetry origins
A common method of modeling crystal structure and behavior is to view electrons as quantum mechanical particles traveling through a fixed infinite periodic potential $$V(x)$$ such that
 * $$V({\mathbf{x}}+{\mathbf{a}})=V({\mathbf{x}}),$$

where $$\mathbf{a}$$ is an arbitrary lattice vector. Such a model is sensible because crystal ions that form the lattice structure are typically on the order of tens of thousands of times more massive than electrons, making it safe to replace them with a fixed potential structure, and the macroscopic dimensions of a crystal are typically far greater than a single lattice spacing, making edge effects negligible. A consequence of this potential energy function is that it is possible to shift the initial position of an electron by any lattice vector $$\mathbf{a}$$ without changing any aspect of the problem, thereby defining a discrete symmetry. Technically, an infinite periodic potential implies that the lattice translation operator $$T(a)$$ commutes with the Hamiltonian, assuming a simple kinetic-plus-potential form.

These conditions imply Bloch's theorem, which states
 * $$\psi_n({\mathbf{x}})=e^{i{\mathbf{k} {\mathbf{\cdot x}}}}u_{n{\mathbf{k}}}({\mathbf{x}}), \qquad

u_{n{\mathbf{k}}}({\mathbf{x}}+{\mathbf{a}})=u_{n{\mathbf{k}}}({\mathbf{x}})$$, or that an electron in a lattice, which can be modeled as a single particle wave function $$\psi(\mathbf{x})$$, finds its stationary state solutions in the form of a plane wave multiplied by a periodic function $$u(\mathbf{x})$$. The theorem arises as a direct consequence of the aforementioned fact that the lattice symmetry translation operator commutes with the system's Hamiltonian.

One of the notable aspects of Bloch's theorem is that it shows directly that steady state solutions may be identified with a wave vector $$\mathbf{k}$$, meaning that this quantum number remains a constant of motion. Crystal momentum is then conventionally defined by multiplying this wave vector by the Planck constant:
 * $${\mathbf{p}}_{\text{crystal}} = \hbar {\mathbf{k}}.$$

While this is in fact identical to the definition one might give for regular momentum (for example, by treating the effects of the translation operator by the effects of a particle in free space ), there are important theoretical differences. For example, while regular momentum is completely conserved, crystal momentum is only conserved to within a lattice vector. For example, an electron can be described not only by the wave vector $$\mathbf{k}$$, but also with any other wave vector $$\mathbf{k}'$$such that
 * $$\mathbf{k'} = \mathbf{k} + \mathbf{K},$$

where $$\mathbf{K}$$ is an arbitrary reciprocal lattice vector. This is a consequence of the fact that the lattice symmetry is discrete as opposed to continuous, and thus its associated conservation law cannot be derived using Noether's theorem.

Physical significance
The phase modulation of the Bloch state $$\psi_n({\mathbf{x}})=e^{i{\mathbf{k} {\mathbf{\cdot x}}}}u_{n{\mathbf{k}}}({\mathbf{x}})$$ is the same as that of a free particle with momentum $$\hbar k $$, i.e. $$ k $$ gives the state's periodicity, which is not the same as that of the lattice. This modulation contributes to the kinetic energy of the particle (whereas the modulation is entirely responsible for the kinetic energy of a free particle).

In regions where the band is approximately parabolic the crystal momentum is equal to the momentum of a free particle with momentum $$\hbar k $$ if we assign the particle an effective mass that's related to the curvature of the parabola.

Relation to velocity
Crystal momentum corresponds to the physically measurable concept of velocity according to
 * $${\mathbf{v}}_n({\mathbf{k}}) = \frac{1}{\hbar} \nabla_{\mathbf{k}} E_n({\mathbf{k}}).$$

This is the same formula as the group velocity of a wave. More specifically, due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, an electron in a crystal cannot have both an exactly-defined k and an exact position in the crystal. It can, however, form a wave packet centered on momentum k (with slight uncertainty), and centered on a certain position (with slight uncertainty). The center position of this wave packet changes as the wave propagates, moving through the crystal at the velocity v given by the formula above. In a real crystal, an electron moves in this way—traveling in a certain direction at a certain speed—for only a short period of time, before colliding with an imperfection in the crystal that causes it to move in a different, random direction. These collisions, called electron scattering, are most commonly caused by crystallographic defects, the crystal surface, and random thermal vibrations of the atoms in the crystal (phonons).

Response to electric and magnetic fields
Crystal momentum also plays a seminal role in the semiclassical model of electron dynamics, where it follows from the acceleration theorem that it obeys the equations of motion (in cgs units):
 * $${\mathbf{v}}_n({\mathbf{k}}) = \frac{1}{\hbar} \nabla_{\mathbf{k}} E_n({\mathbf{k}}), $$
 * $${\mathbf{\dot{p}}}_{\text{crystal}} = -e \left( {\mathbf{E}} -\frac{1}{c} {\mathbf{v}} \times {\mathbf{H}} \right)$$

Here perhaps the analogy between crystal momentum and true momentum is at its most powerful, for these are precisely the equations that a free space electron obeys in the absence of any crystal structure. Crystal momentum also earns its chance to shine in these types of calculations, for, in order to calculate an electron's trajectory of motion using the above equations, one need only consider external fields, while attempting the calculation from a set of equations of motion based on true momentum would require taking into account individual Coulomb and Lorentz forces of every single lattice ion in addition to the external field.

Angle-resolved photo-emission spectroscopy (ARPES)
In angle-resolved photo-emission spectroscopy (ARPES), irradiating light on a crystal sample results in the ejection of an electron away from the crystal. Throughout the course of the interaction, one is allowed to conflate the two concepts of crystal and true momentum and thereby gain direct knowledge of a crystal's band structure. That is to say, an electron's crystal momentum inside the crystal becomes its true momentum after it leaves, and the true momentum may be subsequently inferred from the equation
 * $${\mathbf{p_{\parallel}}} = \sqrt{2 m E_{\text{kin}}}\sin \theta$$

by measuring the angle and kinetic energy at which the electron exits the crystal, where $$m$$ is a single electron's mass. Because crystal symmetry in the direction normal to the crystal surface is lost at the crystal boundary, crystal momentum in this direction is not conserved. Consequently, the only directions in which useful ARPES data can be gleaned are directions parallel to the crystal surface.

title: Crystal momentum


text:
Template talk:StarWars-stub

Why the change of picture?
Alex, was Yoda not good enough? -- Riffsyphon1024 21:38, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think this should be put into Yoda-style syntax. -Tmorrisey

 * I put the Star Wars logo in for the pic for now. Nationalparks 07:35, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

I have added a picture of Yoda and changed the text to Yoda-speak. --Cooksey 15:19, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Nice touch! Saberwyn 10:00, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Change of pic
Can it be the actual Star Wars logo and not this diagnoal SW thing?— Galactic Explorer  17:20, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:StarWars-stub


text:
User:SFont

SJPF
Dix-huit ans résidant de Victoria, CB Canada. Gradué est se joindre les forces canadiennes en six mois. Intéressé par la politique, les relations militaires et internationales et les issues sociopolitiques.

Eighteen year old Victoria, BC Canada resident. Graduated and heading off for basic in the Canadian Forces within the next six months. Interested in politics, the military, international relations and socio-political issues.

title: User:SFont


text:
Talk:Superman: Red Son

Article incorrect?
Whoa, there! According to the issue I've just read, *SPOILER WARNING* Superman disappears from world affairs in the first years of the 21th century, and Luthorism takes over the globe. Where does the article's info come from? -- Kizor 21:38, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah this page is full of crap. I'm editing it.

Huh, and just when I was checking if anything had happened to the article. My thanks, it looks a lot better now. I'll go over it and format a bit after I've slept some. -- Kizor 23:02, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * If I'm not mistaken the Silver Age Superman was much more powerful than the Golden Age ever was. The GA version even aged. --Talison 01:58, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * He did age when DC jumped all of its Golden Age characters ahead (mostly so they could market Infinity Inc. as a kind of "Junior Justice Society"). Since then whenever superman is depicted as aging (like in the recent "Batman/Superman Absolute Power" arc and in Red Son itself) he usually resembles the GA Superman.

 * Golden Age Superman has the most powers (including some weridies like "The ability to detect danger vibrations with his super-senses").

 * He shares the ability to breathe (and speak for some reason) both underwater and in space with SA Supes but typically he was depicted as much stronger (in CoIE he is literally throwing planets at the Anti-Monitor). I suppose it's a debatable point and if we want to edit the article to say something like "...more in common with the extremely powerful 'Pre-Crisis' Superman..." or something along those lines I wouldn't protest it.

 * I am however changing it back to Golden Age until we see some discussion. Also, whoever is doing it please stop removing "kryptonite" from the sentence that lists Commie Kal-L's weaknesses.  Braniace uses it (in energy beam form) to attack him on the White House lawn.
 * -James Ustano Therguy

 * I have never read anything that suggests that the Golden Age Superman is more powerful than the SA one. Quite the opposite in fact. I have a DC Heroes RPG Superman Sourcebook that covers SA and GA Superman. It says, "The Pre-Crisis Earth 1 Superman is the most powerful version of the Man of Steel. His physicl strength is unmatched by any other hero. In fact, this Superman even surpasses his own counterparts: the 1940's Earth 2 Superman an the present day Post-Crisis Superman." More info can be found here http://fortress.supermanthrutheages.com/comics.php --Talison 17:31, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The complication is that Earth-2 Superman isn't, strictly speaking, the same as Golden Age Superman. To make the difference between them clearer, Earth-2 Superman was limited to the power set he had in very early stories, in much the same way as he was shown as always working for the Daily Star, despite the Planet being a Golden Age invention. I don't know if he was actually more powerful that Silver Age Superman, though. Since SA Superman was often shown as "infinitely" powerful, I doubt it. Daibhid C 16:24, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm confused. If Kal-L came from the future, then he doesn't come from Krypton.  If he doesn't come from Krypton, then what is "Kryptonite"?  I have to read the book again, but I don't recall Braniac saying anything about Kryptonite. --DDG 19:02, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Update: Mark Millar has himself said that "kryptonite doesn't feature in the story" . I'm removing it from the list of weaknesses. --DDG 19:06, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * What then is the green shite Braniac is shooting at Superman during the climactic fight?

Having read the interview it seems as if he is saying that kryptonite is not used as an "out" in the story not that there is not kryptonite.

Original Q&A: ''NRAMA: Okay, gotta ask – too many times, we’ve seen the “big bad Superman” get this close to ruling it all, only to have the writer pull out the McGuffin of kryptonite as a rest button. Were you able to tell this one without the green stuff?

''MM: Kryptonite doesn't feature in the story, but I've never been embarrassed by it the way some people are. It's like super-breath. It's such a great idea and visually wonderful and I've seen Superman stories where they kind of tease the old concepts by talking about how ridiculous they are. Superman is far-fetched, of course, but the trick is to put that to one side and write the best story to your ability with all these things attached. People accept Superman because even a mainstream audience know everything about him and Kryptonite is a fun, little part of the box of tricks that comes with the character. Superman should be written unselfconsciously.''

By the way I don't delete portions of your arguments that I find inconvenient so please extend me the same courtesy. -J. Ustano Therguy

 * The green ray is probably thematically evocative of kryptonite. As the book does not say, though, the reader is left to speculate.  My guess would be something related to the Green Lantern rings, which make an appearance earlier in the title...  But that's original research and speculation, so not really suitable for this article. --DDG 17:45, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Previous appearances
Something about the Red Sons superman's appearances previous to this elseworld would I think be relevant, iirc he appeared in one of the hypertime facets in the 1998 series 'The Kingdom'. I'm not sure but I'm wondering if there may have been an older appearance, perhaps in one of those old 'imaginary stories'? Not sure, so I'll throw that one out there for someone else to answer.Number36 02:54, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

"Insect" in the bottled city of Stalingrad
At present the article says "His sole failure remains Stalingrad, which is ravaged by a stray insect." I was under the impresion this was some form of microscopic germ. Superman mentions Microfilters and the if you look at the size of the city in a bottle and actual insect would've been a lot bigger. What do you think guys? Does it need changing? Ryan4314 04:44, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I likely wrote that and know less of this than you do. Yes. --Kizor 14:15, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

The article now currently says "His sole failure remains Stalingrad, which is ravaged by a microscopic animal" It was first changed by an unregistered user to "Flea" then reverted back to germ then to changed to "Animal". I can see that is hardly a big deal, and I also concede that the creature itself is fictional, made up for a comic book. However when I consider someone reading our encyclopedia entry who has not read Red Son, they should have an accurate description so that they may conjure an image. The term "Microscopic Animal" makes me think of mini-tigers or something, I can see the logic in referring to it as just a "creature", although animal is a bad choice of words. It is referred to as an "orgainsim" in the book. We should remember that this creature is microscopic so words like insect should not be applicable. I think adding some links would help to. I will edit this, but by no means do I assume I have the right idea and I would like for other users to add their thoughts. Ryan4314 21:49, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Red sun 01.jpg
Image:Red sun 01.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:09, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Braniac
The article explains where most of the cast came from; however, Brainiac is curiously absent. Does the comic simply go, "Oh, and Brainiac was there too, the same as always"? Nedlum (talk) 15:27, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * As far as I can recall, Brainiac's basic concept was not revised in any way to fit into the setting (no pun intended) of the Red Son universe. So yes, he really is just the same old Brainiac. --Jayunderscorezero (talk) 19:13, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 17:38, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 14:36, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Done - needs more references all round and is missing a reception section, so I'm leaving it on a C. (Emperor (talk) 15:24, 6 January 2010 (UTC))

Waterbording Torture
I noticed last night while re-reading Red Son that when Hal Jordan is tortured, the method used appears to be that of water boarding. With the current controversy readers may find that interesting.

When I first read it, I don't think I recognized the torture as I really didn't know what water boarding was. However now with all the media hype The image is pretty obvious. With all the discussion about what is or isn't torture, I think it is pretty interesting that a comic that was published in 2003 (before all the water boarding hype), clearly identifies that this is torture.

Not trying to make any kind of political statement, only illustrating what I noticed the other night. Check it out yourself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.40.1.129 (talk) 15:49, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Krypton
Luthor refers to the aging Superman as a Kryptonian tyrant. --Gary123 (talk) 03:08, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Summary is not too long
I recently finished reading Red Son and I honestly don't think the summary is too long or over-detailed. It is an epic three-part story and I definitely think the summary given is almost perfect for what the comic book encompassed. Is it possible to have the headline marring the summary as being 'too long' removed? -Signed, a fan —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.183.105.224 (talk) 07:09, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. Dyaa (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:20, 24 February 2011 (UTC).

Article shortened
I've cleaned up the summary and removed the "too long" tag. If someone thinks I've removed something vital, feel free to replace it. If someone feels the plot is still too long, please specify where when you replace the tag. Argento Surfer (talk) 15:20, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Superman: Red Son


text: File:House of Yes.jpg

title: File:House of Yes.jpg


text:
Mass media in the United Kingdom

There are several different types of mass media in the United Kingdom: television, radio, newspapers, magazines and websites. The United Kingdom is known for its large music industry, along with its new and upcoming artists. The country also has a large broadcasting, film, video games and book publishing industries.

The United Kingdom has a diverse range of providers, the most prominent being the publicly owned and funded British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The BBC's largest competitors are ITV plc, which operates 13 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the ITV Network, the Sky Group and the publicly owned and commercially funded Channel Four Television Corporation.

Regional media is covered by local radio, television and print newspapers. Reach plc (formerly Trinity Mirror) operates 240 local and regional newspapers. The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport has overall responsibility over media ownership and broadcasting.

The main BBC public service broadcasting channels accounted for an estimated 28.4% of all television viewing; the three main independent channels accounted for 29.5% and the increasingly important other satellite and digital channels for the remaining 42.1%. Sales of newspapers have fallen since the 1970s and in 2009 42% of people reported reading a daily national newspaper. In 2010, 82.5% of the United Kingdom population were Internet users, the highest proportion amongst the 20 countries with the largest total number of users in that year.

Organisations
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom. Headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, it is the world's oldest national broadcaster, and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, employing over 22,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 19,000 are in public-sector broadcasting. The BBC is established under a royal charter and operates under its agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households, companies, and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and is used to fund the BBC's radio, TV, and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK. Since 1 April 2014, it has also funded the BBC World Service (launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service), which broadcasts in over 40 languages and provides comprehensive TV, radio, and online services in Arabic and Persian.

The BBC operates several television channels nationally and internationally. The main two in the UK are BBC One and BBC Two, where each English region, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have variations of the channel (excluding BBC Two in Scotland where it is BBC Scotland). Others include youth-focused channel BBC Three, cultural and documentary channel BBC Four, news channels BBC News and the BBC World News, parliamentary channel BBC Parliament, Scottish Gaelic-language channel BBC Alba, and two children's channels, CBBC and CBeebies. The BBC has ten radio stations serving the whole of the UK, a further seven stations in the "national regions" (Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland), and 39 other local stations serving defined areas of England. These are BBC Radio 1, offering new music and popular styles and being notable for its chart show; BBC Radio 2, playing adult contemporary, country and soul music amongst many other genres; BBC Radio 3, presenting classical music and opera, jazz, world music, drama, culture and the arts. The station broadcasts the BBC Proms concerts, live and in full, each summer in addition to performances by the BBC Orchestras and Singers. There are regular productions of both classic plays and newly commissioned drama. BBC Radio 4, focusing on current affairs, science, history, factual and other speech-based programming, including drama and comedy; and BBC Radio 5 Live, broadcasting 24-hour news, sport and discussion programmes.

In addition to these five stations, the BBC runs a further five stations that broadcast on DAB and online only. These stations supplement and expand on the big five stations, and were launched in 2002. BBC Radio 1Xtra sisters Radio 1, and broadcasts new black music and urban tracks. BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra sisters 5 Live and offers extra sport analysis, including broadcasting sports. BBC Radio 6 Music offers alternative music genres and is notable as a platform for new artists. BBC Radio 4 Extra, provided archive drama, comedy and children's programming. The final station is the BBC Asian Network, providing music, talk and news to this section of the community.

As well as the national stations, the BBC also provides 40 BBC Local Radio stations in England and the Channel Islands, each named for and covering a particular city and its surrounding area (e.g. BBC Radio Bristol), county or region (e.g. BBC Three Counties Radio), or geographical area (e.g. BBC Radio Solent covering the central south coast). A further six stations broadcast in what the BBC terms "the national regions": Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. These are BBC Radio Wales (in English), BBC Radio Cymru (in Welsh), BBC Radio Scotland (in English), BBC Radio nan Gaidheal (in Scottish Gaelic), BBC Radio Ulster, and BBC Radio Foyle, the latter being an opt-out station from Radio Ulster for the north-west of Northern Ireland.

For a worldwide audience, the BBC World Service provides news, current affairs and information in over 33 languages, including English, around the world and is available in over 150 capital cities. It has an estimated weekly audience of 192 million, and its websites have an audience of 38 million people per week. The service is funded by a Parliamentary Grant-in-Aid, administered by the Foreign Office. BBC Online operates numerous sub sites that focus on different knowledge genre centred around the topics of science, nature and wildlife, arts and culture, religion and ethics, food, and history and language. For example, BBC Food contains recipes featured on various BBC cookery programmes, BBC History shares an interactive timeline of key events and individuals, BBC Nature contains a database of nature and creatures, and the language site teaches phrases and more in 40 languages. Included in this range was the well received Your Paintings website that catalogued every painting in public ownership for view. Other BBC services include BBC Music, BBC Film, BBC Earth, BBC Weather, BBC Learning, BBC Schools, BBC Research, BBC Archives, BBC Sounds, and BBC Culture.

The Channel Four Television Corporation is another publicly owned media company founded in 1982. Unlike the BBC, it receives no public funding and is instead funded entirely by its own commercial activities. It consists of 12 channels including Channel 4, Film4, E4, and its own streaming service.

Sky is a broadcaster and telecommunications company that provides television and broadband Internet services. Sky's flagship product is Sky Q and its flagship channels are Sky Showcase, Sky Max, Sky Arts, and Sky Atlantic. UKTV, is a multi-channel broadcaster, wholly owned by BBC Studios. It was formed on 1 November 1992 through a joint venture between the BBC and Thames Television. It is one of the United Kingdom's largest television companies. UKTV's channels are available via a digital satellite or cable subscription in the UK and Ireland. The Dave, Drama and Yesterday channels are also available on Freeview and Freesat, two free-to-air television services in the UK. Most programmes on the channels are repeat broadcasts of productions from the BBC Archives. Other players in the United Kingdom media include ITV plc, which operates 11 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the ITV Network.

News UK is the current publisher of newspapers such as The Times and The Sunday Times. Reuters is an international news organisation founded and based in England. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide and is one of the largest news agencies in the world.

London
London dominates the media sector in the United Kingdom as national newspapers, television and radio networks are largely based there. Notable centres include Fleet Street and BBC's Broadcasting House. Specialist local paper City A.M. is a free, business-focused newspaper published in print Monday to Friday. It is typically available from around 6am at London commuter stations and is handed out at key points in the City, Canary Wharf and other central London locations.

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester is also a significant national media hub. Notable centres include MediaCityUK a 200-acre (80ha) media production facility in Salford.

The Guardian national newspaper was founded in Manchester in 1821, and was known as the Manchester Guardian until 1959. In the 1950s, coinciding with the growth in television, the Granada Television franchise was set up by Sidney Bernstein. Consequently, the Granada Studios were the first purpose-built television studios in the United Kingdom. The franchise produced television programmes such as Coronation Street and the Up Series.

The BBC currently has two of its six major business divisions based here BBC North Group that comprises a number of important departments including BBC Breakfast, BBC Children's, BBC Sport, BBC Radio 5 and BBC North West. The other division is BBC Future Media. In addition ITV has two major divisions of its business based here ITV Studios responsible for UK and international network production and ITV Granada its regional service provider. The University of Salford also has a media campus and research center based at Media City.

Other key centres
Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Cardiff are important centres of newspaper and broadcasting production in Scotland and Wales respectively.

Print
Freedom of the press was established in Great Britain in 1695. Founded by publisher John Walter in 1785, The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, and is the originator of the widely used Times Roman typeface, created by Victor Lardent and commissioned by Stanley Morison in 1931. Newspaper and publishing magnate Alfred Harmsworth played a major role in "shaping the modern press" – Harmsworth introduced or harnessed "broad contents, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control" – and was called "the greatest figure who ever strode down Fleet Street."

The Economist was founded by James Wilson in 1843, and the daily Financial Times was founded in 1888. Founding The Gentleman's Magazine in 1731, Edward Cave coined the term "magazine" for a periodical, and was the first publisher to successfully fashion a wide-ranging publication. Founded by Thomas Gibson Bowles, Vanity Fair featured caricatures of famous people for which it is best known today.

A pioneer of children's publishing, John Newbery made children's literature a sustainable and profitable part of the literary market. The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes was published by Newbery in 1765. Founded by Sir Allen Lane in 1935, Penguin Books revolutionised publishing in the 1930s through its inexpensive paperbacks, bringing high-quality paperback fiction and non-fiction to the mass market. Formed in 1940, Puffin Books is the children's imprint of Penguin Books. Barbara Euphan Todd's scarecrow story, Worzel Gummidge, was the first Puffin story book in 1941.

The Guinness Book of Records was the brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver. E. L. James' erotic romance trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed, have sold over 125 million copies globally, and set the record in the United Kingdom as the fastest selling paperback. Copyright laws originated in Britain with the Statute of Anne (also known as the Copyright Act 1709), which outlined the individual rights of the artist. A right to benefit financially from the work is articulated, and court rulings and legislation have recognised a right to control the work, such as ensuring that the integrity of it is preserved. The Statute of Anne gave the publishers rights for a fixed period, after which the copyright expired.

The United Kingdom print publishing sector, including books, server, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people. Popular national newspapers include The Times, Financial Times, The Guardian, and The Daily Telegraph. According to a 2021 report by the Media Reform Coalition, 90% of the UK-wide print media is owned and controlled by just three companies, Reach plc (formerly Trinity Mirror), News UK and DMG Media. This figure was up from 83% in 2019. The report also found that six companies operate 83% of local newspapers. The three largest local publishers—Newsquest, Reach and JPI Media—each control a fifth of local press market, more than the share of the smallest 50 local publishers combined.

Newspapers
Traditionally British newspapers have been divided into "quality", serious-minded newspapers (usually referred to as "broadsheets" because of their large size) and the more "tabloid" varieties. For convenience of reading many traditional broadsheets have switched to a more compact-sized format, traditionally used by tabloids. Online-only newspapers based in the UK such as PinkNews also exist.

The Guardian is a liberal, "quality" broadsheet and the Financial Times is the main business newspaper, printed on distinctive salmon-pink broadsheet paper. Scotland has a distinct tradition of newspaper readership (see list of newspapers in Scotland). The tabloid Daily Record has the highest circulation of any daily newspaper, outselling The Scottish Sun by four to one, while its sister paper the Sunday Mail similarly leads the Sunday newspaper market. The leading "quality" daily newspaper in Scotland is The Herald, though it is the sister paper of The Scotsman, and the Scotland on Sunday that leads in the Sunday newspaper market. In November 2014, a new newspaper was launched in Scotland called The National.

In March 2016, The Independent ceased printing its physical newspaper, becoming an online-only publication. On 29 November 2019, its sister newspaper, the i newspaper and the i's website were bought by the Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT).

Reach plc operates 240 local and regional newspapers in the United Kingdom as well as the national newspapers Daily Mirror, Sunday Mirror and The People, purchased Northern & Shell in 2018. In 2018 TheGuardian.com, News UK and The Daily Telegraph created a joint platform for advertisers to buy online adverts across the multiple leading news websites, called The Ozone Project. Later in the year Reach plc joined the platform, bringing nearly all of UK's national newspapers onto the platform. As of 2020, the newspaper with the highest circulation is the free of charge newspaper Metro with 1,426,535 readers. The Sun and other tabloid daily newspapers have seen a large drop in circulation.

In March 2024, the Conservative government of Rishi Sunak announced a ban on acquisitions of newspapers by foreign states, following The Daily Telegraph and The Spectactor purchases by an Emirati group led by Sheikh Mansour, deputy prime-minister and vice-president of the United Arab Emirates, virtually forcing those takeovers terminated.

Broadsheet and former broadsheet newspapers

 * {| class="sortable wikitable"

! Title ! Days of publication ! Circulation ! Established ! Editor ! Owner ! Political orientation ! Political party support in the 2019 general election ! Format
 * The Daily Telegraph || Daily
 * rowspan="4" |N/A|| 1855
 * Chris Evans|| rowspan="2" |Press Holdings (Frederick Barclay) || rowspan="2" |Right-wing|| rowspan="4" |Conservative Party|| rowspan="2" | Broadsheet
 * The Sunday Telegraph || Sundays || 1961
 * Allister Heath
 * The Times || Daily
 * 1785
 * John Witherow|| rowspan="2" |News Corporation
 * rowspan="2" |Centre-right|| Compact
 * The Sunday Times || Sundays || 1821
 * Emma Tucker|| rowspan="2" | Broadsheet
 * Financial Times || Daily
 * 104,024
 * 1888
 * Roula Khalaf||Nikkei Inc. || Centrist || None
 * The Guardian
 * Daily
 * 111,953
 * 1821
 * Katharine Viner
 * rowspan="2" |Scott Trust Limited's Guardian Media Group.
 * rowspan="2" |Centre-left
 * Labour Party
 * rowspan="4"|Compact
 * The Observer
 * Sundays
 * 152,129
 * 1791
 * Paul Webster
 * rowspan="4" |None
 * i || Daily
 * 148,163
 * 2010
 * rowspan="2" |Oliver Duff|| rowspan="2" |Daily Mail and General Trust|| rowspan="3" |Centrist
 * i Weekend
 * Saturdays
 * rowspan="2" |N/A
 * 2017
 * The Independent
 * N/A
 * 1986
 * Chris Broughton
 * Sultan Muhammad Abuljadayel Alexander Lebedev Evgeny Lebedev
 * Online only
 * }
 * rowspan="2" |N/A
 * 2017
 * The Independent
 * N/A
 * 1986
 * Chris Broughton
 * Sultan Muhammad Abuljadayel Alexander Lebedev Evgeny Lebedev
 * Online only
 * }
 * }

Tabloid newspapers

 * {| class="sortable wikitable"

! Title !Days of publication !Format ! Established !Editor ! Owner ! Political orientation ! Political party support in the 2019 general election
 * Daily Mail
 * Daily
 * Broadsheet (1896 – 1971) Tabloid (since 1971)
 * 1896
 * rowspan="2" |Geordie Greig
 * rowspan="2" |Daily Mail and General Trust plc
 * rowspan="2"|Right-wing, conservative
 * rowspan="6"|Conservative Party
 * The Mail on Sunday
 * Sundays
 * Tabloid
 * 1982
 * Daily Express
 * Daily
 * Broadsheet (1900 – 1977) Tabloid (since 1978)
 * 1900
 * Gary Jones
 * rowspan="2"|Reach
 * rowspan="2"|Right-wing, conservative
 * Sunday Express
 * Sundays
 * Broadsheet (1918 – 1992) Tabloid (since 1992)
 * 1918
 * Michael Booker
 * The Sun || Daily || Tabloid || 1964
 * rowspan="2" |Tony Gallagher|| rowspan="2" |News Corporation|| rowspan="2" |Right-wing, conservative
 * The Sun on Sunday || Sundays || Tabloid || 2012
 * Daily Mirror || Daily || Tabloid || 1903
 * rowspan="2" |Lloyd Embley|| rowspan="5" |Reach ||rowspan="3"| Centre-left ||rowspan="3"| Labour Party
 * Sunday Mirror || Sundays || Tabloid || 1915
 * Sunday People || Sundays || Tabloid || 1881
 * Paul Henderson
 * Daily Star || Daily || Tabloid || 1978
 * Jon Clark|| rowspan="2" | Largely non-political ||rowspan="2" |None
 * Daily Star Sunday || Sundays || Tabloid || 2002
 * Stuart James
 * Morning Star || Daily || Tabloid || 1930
 * Ben Chacko||People's Press Printing Society||Left-wing, socialist || Labour Party
 * Eastern Eye
 * Weekly
 * Tabloid
 * 1989
 * Asian Media Group
 * None
 * }
 * Daily Star Sunday || Sundays || Tabloid || 2002
 * Stuart James
 * Morning Star || Daily || Tabloid || 1930
 * Ben Chacko||People's Press Printing Society||Left-wing, socialist || Labour Party
 * Eastern Eye
 * Weekly
 * Tabloid
 * 1989
 * Asian Media Group
 * None
 * }
 * Asian Media Group
 * None
 * }
 * }

Freesheet newspapers in urban centres

 * {| class="sortable wikitable"

! Title ! Days of publication ! style=" text-align:center;"| Format ! style="text-align:center;"| Established ! Editor ! Owner ! Political orientation ! Distribution Lord Rothermere (24.9%) ||Centre-right, conservative || Greater London
 * Evening Standard || Weekdays (evening) || Tabloid || 1827
 * George Osborne||Alexander Lebedev (75.1%)
 * George Osborne||Alexander Lebedev (75.1%)
 * Metro || Weekdays|| Tabloid || 1999
 * Ted Young||Daily Mail and General Trust plc ||Non-partisan, neutral (self-claim)
 * Wide availability in the major cities
 * City A.M. || Weekdays (morning)|| Tabloid || 2005
 * Christian May|| City A.M. Ltd || Centre-right, conservative || Wide availability in the major cities
 * The Shuttle || Weekly|| Tabloid || 1870
 * Peter John|| Newsquest Media Group ||Local politics
 * Wyre Forest area of Worcestershire
 * The Shuttle || Weekly|| Tabloid || 1870
 * Peter John|| Newsquest Media Group ||Local politics
 * Wyre Forest area of Worcestershire

 * Asian Express
 * Weekly
 * Tabloid
 * 1999
 * Media Buzz Ltd
 * Yorkshire Reporter
 * Monthly
 * Tabloid
 * 2013
 * Pick up Publications Ltd
 * Widely available in Leeds and its surrounding areas
 * Asian Standard
 * Weekly
 * Tabloid
 * 2017
 * RF Publishing Ltd
 * Widely available as regional titles in Bradford, Kirklees, North East and Leeds
 * }
 * Weekly
 * Tabloid
 * 2017
 * RF Publishing Ltd
 * Widely available as regional titles in Bradford, Kirklees, North East and Leeds
 * }
 * Widely available as regional titles in Bradford, Kirklees, North East and Leeds
 * }

Magazines
A large range of magazines are sold in the United Kingdom covering most interests and potential topics. British magazines and journals that have achieved worldwide circulation include The Economist, Prospect, Nature, New Scientist, New Statesman, The Spectator, the Radio Times, and NME.

Books
In 1477 William Caxton in Westminster printed The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, considered "the first dated book printed in England." The history of the book in the United Kingdom has been studied from a variety of cultural, economic, political, and social angles. The learned Bibliographical Society first met in 1892. In recent years influential scholars include Frederic Sutherland Ferguson, Philip Gaskell, Ronald Brunlees McKerrow, and Alfred W. Pollard. As of 2020, seven firms in the United Kingdom rank among the world's biggest publishers of books in terms of revenue: Bloomsbury, Cambridge University Press, Informa, Oxford University Press, Pearson, Quarto, and RELX Group.

The University of Oxford's Bodleian Library was founded in 1602. The British Library was formally established in 1973 and is the national library of the United Kingdom. It is one of the largest libraries in the world. As a legal deposit library, the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and Ireland, including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK. The library is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The British Library is also a major research library, with items in many languages and in many formats, both print and digital: books, manuscripts, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, videos, play-scripts, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings. Its collections include around 14 million books, along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and items dating as far back as 2000 BC. The library maintains a programme for content acquisition and adds some three million items each year occupying 9.6 km of new shelf space.

The Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 stipulates that the British Library receives a copy of every printed work published in the United Kingdom. Five other libraries are entitled to copies: Cambridge University Library, University of Oxford's Bodleian Library, the National Library of Scotland, and the National Library of Wales. The London-based Copyright Agency became the Edinburgh-based Agency for the Legal Deposit Libraries in 2009. In 2013 the publishing contributed to the UK creative economy with 231,000 jobs. British publishers such as Penguin Books and Pearson remain dominant players within the industry and continue to publish titles globally.

Radio

Radio in the United Kingdom is dominated by the BBC, which operates radio stations both in the United Kingdom and abroad. The BBC World Service radio network is broadcast in 33 languages globally. Domestically the BBC also operates ten national networks and over 40 local radio stations including services in Welsh on BBC Radio Cymru, Gaelic on BBC Radio nan Gàidheal in Scotland and Irish in Northern Ireland. The domestic services of the BBC are funded by the television licence. The internationally targeted BBC World Service Radio is funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, though from 2014 it will be funded by the television licence. The most popular radio station by number of listeners is BBC Radio 2, closely followed by BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio 1. Advances in digital radio technology have enabled the launch of several new stations by the Corporation.

Rather than operating as independent entities, many commercial local radio stations are owned by large radio groups which broadcast a similar format to many areas. The largest operator of radio stations is Global Radio, owner of the major Heart, Smooth Radio and Capital radio brands. It also owns Classic FM and Radio X. Other owners are News Broadcasting and Bauer Media Audio UK. There are a number of licensed community radio stations which broadcast to local audiences.

Television
The United Kingdom has no analogue television. A free to air digital service is made up of two chartered public broadcasting companies, the BBC and Channel 4 and two franchised commercial television companies, (ITV and Channel 5) specializing in entertainment, drama, arts, science, nature, documentary, sports, comedy etc. In addition to this, the United Kingdom's free-to-air Freeview service runs a large number of entertainment, music, sport and shopping channels from the likes of CBS, UKTV and Sky. There are five major nationwide television channels: BBC One, BBC Two, ITV (ITV1/STV), Channel 4 and Channel 5 — currently transmitted by digital terrestrial, free-to-air signals with the latter three channels funded by commercial advertising. The vast majority of digital cable television services are provided by Virgin Media with satellite television available from Freesat or Sky and free-to-air digital terrestrial television by Freeview. The entire country switched to digital (from a previously analogue signal) in 2012. The BBC operates several television channels in the United Kingdom and abroad. The BBC's international television news service, BBC World News, is broadcast throughout the world. The domestic services of the BBC are funded by the television licence and not only operates BBC One and BBC Two, but also BBC Four, the BBC News, BBC Parliament and children's television channels CBBC and CBeebies. The international television broadcast services are operated by BBC Studios on a commercial subscription basis over cable and satellite services. This commercial arm of the BBC also owns UKTV. Channel 4 is similarly chartered to the BBC, with a remit to provide public service broadcasting and schools programs, however it runs commercial advertisements to provide a revenue stream. It produces a number of digital channels, branded as Channel 4, as well as More4 and Film4.

The commercial operators rely on advertising for their revenue, and are run as commercial ventures, in contrast to the public service operators. The ITV franchise transmits two different networks in different parts of the country. These are known as ITV1 in England, Wales, Scottish Borders, Northern Ireland, Isle of Man and Channel Islands and STV in Central and Northern Scotland. ITV also operates ITV2, ITV3, ITV4, and ITVBe via ITV Digital Channels. The broadcaster Sky owns several flagship channels, including Sky Arts, Sky Showcase, Sky Nature, Sky Cinema and Sky Atlantic.

The Royal Television Society (RTS) is an educational charity for the discussion, and analysis of television in all its forms, past, present, and future. It is the oldest television society in the world. The Radio Academy is dedicated to "the encouragement, recognition and promotion of excellence in UK broadcasting and audio production". It was formed in 1983 and is run via a board of trustees, with a Chair and a Deputy Chair, and a Managing Director. Their responsibilities include designing, planning, and implementing projects and programmes.

Internet
The United Kingdom has been involved with the Internet throughout its origins and development. The telecommunications infrastructure in the United Kingdom provides internet access to businesses and home users in various forms, including fibre, cable, DSL, wireless and mobile.

The share of households with internet access in the United Kingdom grew from 9 percent in 1998 to 93 percent in 2019. Virtually all adults aged 16 to 44 years in the UK were recent internet users (99%) in 2019, compared with 47% of adults aged 75 years and over; in aggregate, the third-highest in Europe. Online shoppers in the UK spend more per household than consumers in any other country. Internet bandwidth per Internet user was the 7th highest in the world in 2016, and average and peak internet connection speeds were top-quartile in 2017. Internet use in the United Kingdom doubled in 2020. The United Kingdom's most visited websites include google.com, youtube.co.uk, facebook.com, bbc.co.uk, google.co.uk, and ebay.co.uk.

Regulation
Following the Leveson Inquiry the Press Recognition Panel (PRP) was set up under the Royal Charter on self-regulation of the press to judge whether press regulators meet the criteria recommended by the Leveson Inquiry for recognition under the Charter. By 2016 the UK had two new press regulatory bodies, the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO), which regulates most national newspapers and many other media outlets, and IMPRESS, which regulates a much smaller number of outlets but is the only press regulator recognised by the PRP since October 2016.

Broadcast media (TV, radio, video on demand, streaming), telecommunications, and postal services are regulated by the Office of Communications (Ofcom). Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, streaming, radio, telecoms and postal sectors. It has a statutory duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition and protecting the public from harmful or offensive material. Some of the main areas Ofcom presides over are licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition and protecting radio. Ofcom also oversees the use of social media and devices and analyses media use of the youth (ages 3 to 15 years old), to gather information of how the United Kingdom utilises its media.

title: Mass media in the United Kingdom


text:
Hinton Rowan Helper

Hinton Rowan Helper (December 27, 1829 – March 9, 1909), from North Carolina, was a writer, abolitionist, and white supremacist. In 1857, he published a book that he dedicated to the "non-slaveholding whites" of the South. Titled The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It and written partly in North Carolina but published when the author was in the Northern United States, it argued that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South. Anger over his book due to the belief he was acting as an agent of the North attempting to split Southerners along class lines led to Southern denunciations of "Helperism."

Biography
Helper "(originally Helfer: his grandfather had come from Heidelberg)" was born near Mocksville, North Carolina. He was the son of a small slave-owning farmer in Western North Carolina. His father died before Helper was a year old, but he was cared for by a wealthy extended family and obtained a good education with the financial help of his uncle. He graduated from Mocksville Academy in 1848 and went to California in 1851 hoping to get rich, but he came back in 1854, disillusioned.

In 1855 Helper wrote the book ''The Land of Gold. Reality versus Fiction'', in which he "attempted to tell, incidentally, of his discovery in the course of his travels that slave labor was less profitable than free labor and in Baltimore, where the book was to be published, he had run into a Maryland statute, dating from 1831, which made it a felony with a penalty of not less than ten years in jail knowingly to write or print anything 'having a tendency to excite discontent ... amongst the people of color'.... Compelled to excise these comments, Hinton Helper — an irascible man — resolved to speak out his whole mind in a book devoted entirely to this subject." The book was The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It. Expressing Helper's deep opposition to slavery and the condition of Southern culture and the South's lack of economic progress, it was one of the most effective criticisms of the South. Helper argued that the South's growth, prosperity, and cultural development were being held back by slavery. He deployed statistics from the census to show that land values, literacy levels, and manufacturing rates were considerably lower in the South than in the North. He warned of the devastation caused by slavery through deforestation. He proposed that slaveholders be taxed to colonize all free blacks in Africa or Latin America.

The success of The Impending Crisis of the South made Helper famous overnight. It also heightened the political crisis by raising fears among Southerners that poor landless Southern whites might turn against slavery if they saw that it did not benefit them. The fear of class divisions within the white community was enough to lead many Southerners who had previously been opponents of secession to embrace it after the election of Abraham Lincoln.

After the war, Helper appeared as a Fire Eater, urging the wholesale expulsion of former slaves. He believed the United States should be exclusively white (also excluding Chinese, Native Americans, and other non-white groups). "A. B. Burdick, the publisher of The Impending Crisis, testified that Helper ... avoided all contacts with Negroes, refusing even to patronize hotels or restaurants which employed Negroes in menial capacities. Another man who knew Helper before the war recalled that 'he has always been inflexibly opposed to all the relations and conditions which have kept the two races close together; and this ... was one of the principal grounds of his opposition to slavery." Nevertheless, Southern enemies of Reconstruction were unwilling to forgive his previous opposition to slavery, and he remained a marginal and increasingly unstable character in postwar America.

Lincoln appointed Helper as United States consul in Buenos Aires from 1861 to 1866. He spent most of the postwar years promoting a scheme to build an intercontinental railroad connecting North and South America, which would help replace black and brown peoples with whites. The "Three Americas Railway" was supposed to extend from the Bering Sea to the Strait of Magellan. His schemes never came to anything, and he committed suicide by turning on the gas in his Washington, D.C. apartment.

The Impending Crisis of the South
The book, which was a combination of statistical charts and provocative prose, attracted little attention until 1859, when it was widely reprinted in a condensed volume called the Compendium by Northern opponents of slavery. Helper concluded that slavery hurt the Southern economy by preventing economic development and industrialization and was the main reason why the South's economic progress was inferior to the North's (according to the results of the 1850 census). Helper spoke on behalf of the majority of Southern whites of moderate means—the Plain Folk of the Old South—who he said were oppressed by a small but politically dominant aristocracy of wealthy slave owners. Per W. E. B. Du Bois, Andrew Johnson "early became a follower" of Helper, and "used his figures".

The reaction in the South was very negative. John Spencer Bassett studied the issue and observed in 1898 that circulating Helper's book could be the basis of criminal charges. Politicians often accused each other of having read it, but many of the most successful politicians read it and used its observations of the negative effects of slavery as the basis of their attempts to solve some of the problems Helper pointed out slavery caused. In his 1867 essay, "War of races. By whom it is sought to be brought about. Considered in two letters, with copious extracts from the recent work of Hilton [sic] R. Helper", John Harmer Gilmer calls Helper "a profane miscreant", one of many insults directed at Helper in that essay.

The book has few references to black people; its focus is on denouncing slavery as an economic institution. It generated a furor in the South, where authorities banned its possession and distribution and burned copies that it seized. Between 1857 and 1861, nearly 150,000 copies of the book were circulated. "In December 1859 Democrats returning to Congress reacted with astonishment and indignation when it was discovered that sixty-eight Republicans had endorsed a shortened compendium version to be used as campaign literature in the presidential election of 1860". Opponents blocked the election of Republican John Sherman as speaker because he had endorsed the book.

Tributes

 * The Hinton Rowan Helper House was Helper's residence, 1829–49, and is a designated National Historic Landmark.
 * Liberty ship SS Hinton R. Helper. See List of Liberty ships (G–Je)

Helper's works

 * Various editions of The Impending Crisis
 * 1857 text of The Impending Crisis at the University of North Carolina
 * Compendium of the Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (1859 version online)
 * The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (1860 edition) online version
 * The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (1968). Fredrickson, George M., ed. and author of a 55-page introduction. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
 * The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (1968). Fredrickson, George M., ed. and author of a 55-page introduction. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

 * Nojoque: A Question for a Continent (1867)
 * Noonday Exigencies in America (1871) online
 * Oddments of Andean Diplomacy, and other oddment (1879) online
 * The Three Americas Railway (1881)
 * The Three Americas Railway (1881)

Works by other authors

 * War of races. By whom it is sought to be brought about. Considered in two letters, with copious extracts from the recent work of Hilton R. Helper, by John Harmer Gilmer (1867)
 * A Book for the impending Crisis! Appeal to the common sense and patriotism of the people of the United States. Helperism Annihilated! The "irrepressible conflict" and its consequences! by Louis Schade of Iowa, 1860

title: Hinton Rowan Helper


text:
D. Allan Bromley

David Allan Bromley (May 4, 1926 – February 10, 2005) was a Canadian-American physicist, academic administrator and science advisor to President George H. W. Bush. His field of research was the study of low-energy nuclear reactions and structure using heavy ion beams.

Life
Born in Westmeath, Ontario, Canada, he received a Bachelor of Science in 1949 and a Master of Science in 1950 from Queen's University. He received a M.S. and a Ph.D. degree in nuclear physics in 1952 from the University of Rochester in the United States. From 1952 to 1953, he was an instructor, and from 1953 to 1954 he was an assistant professor at the University of Rochester. In 1955, he was hired as an associate research officer, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., and from 1958 to 1960 he was a senior research officer and section head.

In 1960, he moved to the United States to become an associate professor of physics at Yale University. He became a U.S. citizen in 1970. He was appointed a professor in 1961 and was associate director of the Heavy Ion Accelerator Lab from 1960 to 1963. He was the founder, and from 1963 to 1989, the director, of Yale's A. W. Wright Nuclear Structure Lab. From 1970 to 1977, he was chairman of the physics department. In 1972, he was appointed the Henry Ford II Professor of Physics and was in this position until 1993.

Before being appointed under the Bush Cabinet, he was a member of President Ronald Reagan's White House Science Council. While serving as Bush's science advisor from 1989 to 1993, he pushed for major increases in scientific research funding so that the United States could compete with Japan and Germany in manufacturing. He also supported the expansion of the high-speed network which eventually became the Internet. In addition he is known for having played a key role in impeding progress toward international action on climate change at the Noordwijk Climate Conference. During the final negotiation, Bromley, urged by White House Chief of Staff John Sununu, convinced the conference to abandon the commitment to freeze emissions.

Following his public policy work, he returned to Yale University to serve as Sterling Professor of the Sciences and dean of the Yale Faculty of Engineering from 1994 to 2000. His tenure as dean substantially revived Yale's engineering programs and led to its re-establishment as the Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science. He continued teaching at Yale until his death in 2005.

Over his career, he had many honors including 33 honorary degrees and membership in the United States National Academy of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1988, Bromley was awarded the National Medal of Science.

title: D. Allan Bromley


text:
Corporate transparency

Corporate transparency describes the extent to which a corporation's actions are observable by outsiders. This is a consequence of regulation, local norms, and the set of information, privacy, and business policies concerning corporate decision-making and operations openness to employees, stakeholders, shareholders and the general public. From the perspective of outsiders, transparency can be defined simply as the perceived quality of intentionally shared information from the corporation.

Recent research suggests there are three primary dimensions of corporate transparency: information disclosure, clarity, and accuracy. To increment transparency, corporations infuse greater disclosure, clarity, and accuracy into their communications with stakeholders. For example, governance decisions to voluntarily share information related to the firm's ecological impact with environmental activists indicate disclosure; decisions to actively limit the use of technical terminology, fine print, or complicated mathematical notations in the firm's correspondence with suppliers and customers indicate clarity; and decisions to not bias, embellish, or otherwise distort known facts in the firm's communications with investors indicate accuracy. The strategic management of transparency, therefore, involves intentional modifications in disclosure, clarity, and accuracy to accomplish the firm's objectives.

High levels of corporate transparency can have positive impact on companies. It is known that high levels of corporate transparency improve investment efficiency and resource allocation. Companies with great corporate transparency are expected to enjoy lower cost of external financing resulting in more opportunities for growth. Next, transparency can lead to better reflection of company specifications in the stock prices and greater extent of monitoring by outside investors. Internally, corporate transparency has been shown to increase employee trust in the organization. Among other benefits of corporate transparency are lower transaction costs and greater stock liquidity associated with lower cost of capital which in return correlates with an increase in the firm value. On the other hand, low levels of corporate transparency are linked with moral hazard extracting firm resources for private benefit. This causes principal–agent problem and worsens firm performance.

Standard & Poor's has included a definition of corporate transparency in its Gamma methodology aimed at analysis and assessment of corporate governance. As a part of this work, Standard & Poor's Governance Services publishes a transparency index which calculates the average score for the largest public companies in various countries.

Customer support transparency
Corporations may be transparent to investors, the public at large, and to customers.

Opening up the customer support channels may mean using a feedback tool which allows users to publicly vote on new developments, having an open internet forum, or actively responding to social media questions.

European Union
Standards concerning corporate transparency in European Union are scrutinized under Directive 2014/95/EU, referred to as Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD). Under this legislation companies have to disclose information regarding employed practices related to environmental protection, social responsibility and treatment of employees, respect for human rights, anti-corruption and bribery and diversity on company boards (in terms of age, gender, educational and professional background). By 2018, companies are required to include non-financial statements in their annual reports. It was found that 60% companies disclose their non-financial information in their annual reports in contrast to 40% favoring a separate document in 2019.

Businesses with an obligation to publish such information are large public-interest companies with more than 500 employees, which amounts to approximately 6000 companies across European Union. Companies enjoy great flexibility how to disclose relevant information as they can either use international, European or national guidelines. For instance, they can use the UN Global Compact, the OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises or ISO 26000. Despite enclosed suggestions for guidelines, none is referred to by more than 10% of companies. To better understand the situation, companies are expected to describe their business model in relation to sustainability and strategic risks. This might not be reality as only nearly a half of companies mentioned at least one strategic risk related to sustainability and only 7.2% further described how those risks were being addressed in 2019. The most frequently listed risks where related to climate change (24.9%), environmental challenges (23.9%) and labour issues (23.8%).

As of 20 February 2020, the European Commission launched a public consultation on the review of the NFRD.

China
In 2008, researchers found that value maximization might not be the ultimate goal of Chinese listed companies as a result of the Chinese government being the major shareholder of state-owned enterprises (SOE). Comparing listed companies in different markets, it seems that those with sound corporate governance practices tend to showcase relatively good performance, which was in contrast to the situation in the Chinese market. It was believed that implementation of new reforms would result in higher corporate transparency of Chinese firms.

In 2002, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) issued a code of corporate governance affecting practices and structures employed by Chinese firms. One year later, the CSRC allowed qualified foreign institutional investors (QFII) to enter the Chinese stock market. It was found that QFIIs have greater control over state shareholders in state-owned companies than domestic mutual funds and are more prone to act as unbiased monitoring body.

Institutional ownership has positive effect on both, corporate governance transparency and accounting information transparency. However, there is not sufficient amount of evidence to support the claim that higher levels of corporate transparency lead to higher levels of institutional ownership in China.

Taiwan
Corporate transparency in Taiwan is assessed using Information Disclosure and Transparency Ranking System (IDTRS) launched in 2003 by Securities and Futures Institute. Whole process is on voluntary basis with evaluation executed annually in two-stage process where the ranking committee and companies with possibility of expressing their opinions participate.

Capital markets in Taiwan evolved over the recent decades from ones with insufficient protection of shareholders and stock market instability to markets with plausible transparency practices. Establishing IDTRS has increased the level of corporate transparency and information disclosure by Taiwanese companies. Their motivation is driven by the likelihood of their transparency ranking being made public and possible consequences of such action. Disclosing more information mediates information asymmetry, prevents moral hazard and can lead to higher liquidity and lower cost of capital. Ultimately, IDTRS has been successful in stimulating companies to disclose more information, increasing firm value and improving quality of forecasts of firm's performance in stock market.

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom government undertook consultation exercises in 2020 concerning proposed improvements to the quality and value of financial information on the UK companies register, the powers of the registrar and a ban on companies having corporate directors. It then issued a white paper on Corporate Transparency and Register Reform in February 2022, which sought to reflect the government's responses to these consultations.

United States
The Corporate Transparency Act, part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, introduced "beneficial ownership information reporting requirements" for companies in the United States.

Emerging countries
Countries with multi-party legislatures are associated with higher levels of corporate transparency. Furthermore, when a country transitions to multi-party legislature, opacity is expected to decrease.

Comparing democracies and authoritarian regimes, we can expect that firms are more transparent in democratic countries. Levels of corporate transparency are decreasing as we go from democracies to countries with semi-competitive authoritarian regimes. Lastly, firms in countries with non-competitive authoritarian regimes display the greatest opacity. When a regime changes from non-competitive authoritarian one to semi-competitive, corporate transparency tends to improve. However, this trend does not hold if a country transitions from a semi-competitive authoritarian regime to democracy.

title: Corporate transparency