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Talk:Book of Jeremiah

pessimist?
Is it not relevant here that "Jeremiah" has become a byword for a pessimist? --DominicSayers 07:48, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Heavily Edited
"Both versions are heavily edited and reflect the perspectives of later ages" - this appears prejudicial at least from the standpoint that there are alternative views and explanations for the differences. Since the majority of the Book of Jeremiah is preserved with about 15-17% variance in content (not order of content), to say the book is heavily edited can be misunderstood. It would be better to explain what is meant by heavily edited, and give at least a paragraph or two on why that paradigm is better than the concept that contents have been preserved. JohnRajendra (talk) 13:17, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

 * After reading over the source material provided for the disputed point, the word "redacted" seems to have triggered the use of "heavily edited". In checking the context of the source, the issue seems to be talking more about the problems with having two different versions of Jeremiah that, while parts of it are the same, other parts differ. I've changed the sentence to the following one in light of that information:"'Scholars have had differing opinions as to how to reconstruct the historical aspects of the Book of Jeremiah due to the differences each version contains when compared with each other.'"That change also required the source to include p.85 in addition to p.86. If there's any problems with the edit or otherwise, please let me know. Thanks, Azureindignation (talk) 01:06, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

Contents
The current contents section says that Jeremiah is arranged in 5 subsections, or "books". However, the division it describes scatters its "books" among the chapters. clearly doesn't reflect the book's actual organization, but rather, some commentator's views of how to categorize the contents. Could the commentatot's views be sourced, pleased? Otherwise this appears to be original research.

Title (Aramaic)
The Hebrew title of this work, according to the Hebrew Wikipedia, is ספר ירמיהו, which translates to The Book of Jeremiah in English. But, this work wasn't composed entirely in Hebrew. As the article itself states, verse 10:11 was in Aramaic. Yet, there is no mention here of how the work is referred to commonly in Aramaic, nor whether said title also translates to The Book of Jeremiah in English. For that matter, there is not even a mention of this work on the Aramaic Wikipedia. allixpeeke (talk) 01:34, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Distinctive how?
It has come down in two distinct though related versions, one in Hebrew, the other known from a Greek translation.[3]

What is distinctive, other than the language? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pspadaro (talk • contribs) 12:06, 23 February 2018 (UTC)
 * The contents.PiCo (talk) 06:44, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

 * This article would be much improved if the differences between the two versions were set out: what verses are omitted in each, what the order of passages in each is. That is significant information. -- llywrch (talk) 02:35, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

Longest book in the Bible
Should this article mention that if one goes by word count, the Book of Jeremiah is the longest book in the Bible? To me, this would make a good addition to the start of the article. YTKJ (talk) 10:51, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

 * A good point. I did a quick look for a reliable source, but was disappointed. The best answer seems to be that in the Masoretic Hebrew, Jeremiah has the most words, 33,002, followed by Genesis, 32,046. But for the number of letters, I don't know. And then there id the problem that the Hebrew of Jeremiah is about 1/8 longer than the Septuagint Greek - if one can meaningfully compare different languages - which would place Genesis as the longest.
 * And all of this is whether the sources that I found are reliable. TomS TDotO (talk) 18:35, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Book of Jeremiah


text:
Lop

Lop may refer to:
 * Lop County, county in Hotan, Xinjiang, China
 * Lop language, a language spoken in Lop County, China
 * Lop Desert, a desert in China
 * Lop Nur, a group of small, now seasonal salt lake sand marshes
 * Lop rabbit, several breeds of rabbits whose ears lie flat

People with the surname

 * Ferdinand Lop (1891–1974), French politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lop


text:
Google Scholar

Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.

Google Scholar uses a web crawler, or web robot, to identify files for inclusion in the search results. For content to be indexed in Google Scholar, it must meet certain specified criteria. An earlier statistical estimate published in PLOS One using a mark and recapture method estimated approximately 79–90% coverage of all articles published in English with an estimate of 100 million. This estimate also determined how many online documents were available. Google Scholar has been criticized for not vetting journals and for including predatory journals in its index.

The University of Michigan Library and other libraries whose collections Google scanned for Google Books and Google Scholar retained copies of the scans and have used them to create the HathiTrust Digital Library.

History
Google Scholar arose out of a discussion between Alex Verstak and Anurag Acharya, both of whom were then working on building Google's main web index. Their goal was to "make the world's problem solvers 10% more efficient" by allowing easier and more accurate access to scientific knowledge. This goal is reflected in the Google Scholar's advertising slogan "Stand on the shoulders of giants", which was taken from an idea attributed to Bernard of Chartres, quoted by Isaac Newton, and is a nod to the scholars who have contributed to their fields over the centuries, providing the foundation for new intellectual achievements. One of the sources for the texts in Google Scholar is the University of Michigan's print collection.

Scholars have gained a range of features over time. In 2006, a citation importing feature was implemented supporting bibliography managers, such as RefWorks, RefMan, EndNote, and BibTeX. In 2007, Acharya announced that Google Scholar had started a program to digitize and host journal articles in agreement with their publishers, an effort separate from Google Books, whose scans of older journals do not include the metadata required for identifying specific articles in specific issues. In 2011, Google removed Scholar from the toolbars on its search pages, making it both less easily accessible and less discoverable for users not already aware of its existence. Around this period, sites with similar features such as CiteSeer, Scirus, and Microsoft Windows Live Academic search were developed. Some of these are now defunct; in 2016, Microsoft launched a new competitor, Microsoft Academic.

A major enhancement was rolled out in 2012, with the possibility for individual scholars to create personal "Scholar Citations profiles". A feature introduced in November 2013 allows logged-in users to save search results into the "Google Scholar library", a personal collection which the user can search separately and organize by tags. Via the "metrics" button, it reveals the top journals in a field of interest, and the articles generating these journal's impact can also be accessed. A metrics feature now supports viewing the impact of whole fields of science and academic journals. Google also included profiles for some posthumous academics, including Albert Einstein and Richard Feynman. For several years, the profile for Isaac Newton indicated he was as a "professor at MIT", with a "verified email at mit.edu".

Features and specifications
Google Scholar allows users to search for digital or physical copies of articles, whether online or in libraries. It indexes "full-text journal articles, technical reports, preprints, theses, books, and other documents, including selected Web pages that are deemed to be 'scholarly.'" Because many of Google Scholar's search results link to commercial journal articles, most people will be able to access only an abstract and the citation details of an article, and have to pay a fee to access the entire article. The most relevant results for the searched keywords will be listed first, in order of the author's ranking, the number of references that are linked to it and their relevance to other scholarly literature, and the ranking of the publication that the journal appears in.

Groups and access to literature
Using its "group of" feature, it shows the available links to journal articles. In the 2005 version, this feature provided a link to both subscription-access versions of an article and to free full-text versions of articles; for most of 2006, it provided links to only the publishers' versions. Since December 2006, it has provided links to both published versions and major open access repositories, including all those posted on individual faculty web pages and other unstructured sources identified by similarity. On the other hand, Google Scholar does not allow to filter explicitly between toll access and open access resources, a feature offered Unpaywall and the tools which embed its data, such as Web of Science, Scopus and Unpaywall Journals, used by libraries to calculate the real costs and value of their collections.

Citation analysis and tools
Through its "cited by" feature, Google Scholar provides access to abstracts of articles that have cited the article being viewed. It is this feature in particular that provides the citation indexing previously only found in CiteSeer, Scopus, and Web of Science. Google Scholar also provides links so that citations can be either copied in various formats or imported into user-chosen reference managers such as Zotero.

"Scholar Citations profiles" are public author profiles that are editable by authors themselves. Individuals, logging on through a Google account with a bona fide address usually linked to an academic institution, can now create their own page giving their fields of interest and citations. Google Scholar automatically calculates and displays the individual's total citation count, h-index, and i10-index. According to Google, "three-quarters of Scholar search results pages ... show links to the authors' public profiles" as of August 2014.

Related articles
Through its "Related articles" feature, Google Scholar presents a list of closely related articles, ranked primarily by how similar these articles are to the original result, but also taking into account the relevance of each paper.

US legal case database
Google Scholar's legal database of US cases is extensive. Users can search and read published opinions of US state appellate and supreme court cases since 1950, US federal district, appellate, tax, and bankruptcy courts since 1923 and US Supreme Court cases since 1791. Google Scholar embeds clickable citation links within the case and the How Cited tab allows lawyers to research prior case law and the subsequent citations to the court decision.

Ranking algorithm
While most academic databases and search engines allow users to select one factor (e.g. relevance, citation counts, or publication date) to rank results, Google Scholar ranks results with a combined ranking algorithm in a "way researchers do, weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the piece has been cited in other scholarly literature". Research has shown that Google Scholar puts high weight especially on citation counts, as well as words included in a document's title. In searches by author or year, the first search results are often highly cited articles, as the number of citations is highly determinant, whereas in keyword searches the number of citations is probably the factor with the most weight, but other factors also participate.

Limitations and criticism
Some searchers found Google Scholar to be of comparable quality and utility to subscription-based databases when looking at citations of articles in some specific journals. The reviews recognize that its "cited by" feature in particular poses serious competition to Scopus and Web of Science. A study looking at the biomedical field found citation information in Google Scholar to be "sometimes inadequate, and less often updated". The coverage of Google Scholar may vary by discipline compared to other general databases. Google Scholar strives to include as many journals as possible, including predatory journals, which may lack academic rigor. Specialists on predatory journals say that these kinds of journals "have polluted the global scientific record with pseudo-science" and "that Google Scholar dutifully and perhaps blindly includes in its central index."

Google Scholar does not publish a list of journals crawled or publishers included, and the frequency of its updates is uncertain. Bibliometric evidence suggests Google Scholar's coverage of the sciences and social sciences is competitive with other academic databases; as of 2017, Scholar's coverage of the arts and humanities has not been investigated empirically and Scholar's utility for disciplines in these fields remains ambiguous. Especially early on, some publishers did not allow Scholar to crawl their journals. Elsevier journals have been included since mid-2007, when Elsevier began to make most of its ScienceDirect content available to Google Scholar and Google's web search. However, a 2014 study estimates that Google Scholar can find almost 90% (approximately 100 million) of all scholarly documents on the Web written in English. Large-scale longitudinal studies have found between 40 and 60 percent of scientific articles are available in full text via Google Scholar links.

Google Scholar puts high weight on citation counts in its ranking algorithm and therefore is being criticized for strengthening the Matthew effect; as highly cited papers appear in top positions they gain more citations while new papers hardly appear in top positions and therefore get less attention by the users of Google Scholar and hence fewer citations. Google Scholar effect is a phenomenon when some researchers pick and cite works appearing in the top results on Google Scholar regardless of their contribution to the citing publication because they automatically assume these works' credibility and believe that editors, reviewers, and readers expect to see these citations. Google Scholar has problems identifying publications on the arXiv preprint server correctly. Interpunctuation characters in titles produce wrong search results, and authors are assigned to wrong papers, which leads to erroneous additional search results. Some search results are even given without any comprehensible reason.

Google Scholar is vulnerable to spam. Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley and Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg demonstrated that citation counts on Google Scholar can be manipulated and complete non-sense articles created with SCIgen were indexed within Google Scholar. These researchers concluded that citation counts from Google Scholar should be used with care, especially when used to calculate performance metrics such as the h-index or impact factor, which is in itself a poor predictor of article quality. Google Scholar started computing an h-index in 2012 with the advent of individual Scholar pages. Several downstream packages like Harzing's Publish or Perish also use its data. The practicality of manipulating h-index calculators by spoofing Google Scholar was demonstrated in 2010 by Cyril Labbe from Joseph Fourier University, who managed to rank "Ike Antkare" ahead of Albert Einstein by means of a large set of SCIgen-produced documents citing each other (effectively an academic link farm). As of 2010, Google Scholar was not able to shepardize case law, as Lexis could. Unlike other indexes of academic work such as Scopus and Web of Science, Google Scholar does not maintain an Application Programming Interface that may be used to automate data retrieval. Use of web scrapers to obtain the contents of search results is also severely restricted by the implementation of CAPTCHAs. Google Scholar does not display or export Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs), a de facto standard implemented by all major academic publishers to uniquely identify and refer to individual pieces of academic work.

Search engine optimization for Google Scholar
Search engine optimization (SEO) for traditional web search engines such as Google has been popular for many years. For several years, SEO has also been applied to academic search engines such as Google Scholar. SEO for academic articles is also called "academic search engine optimization" (ASEO) and defined as "the creation, publication, and modification of scholarly literature in a way that makes it easier for academic search engines to both crawl it and index it". ASEO has been adopted by several organizations, among them Elsevier, OpenScience, Mendeley, and SAGE Publishing, to optimize their articles' rankings in Google Scholar. ASEO has negatives.

title: Google Scholar


text:
Google Video

Google Video was a free video hosting service, originally launched by Google on January 25, 2005.

Initially focused on searching TV program transcripts, it soon evolved to allow hosting video clips on Google servers and embedding onto other websites, akin to YouTube.

With Google's acquisition of YouTube, new video uploads ceased in 2009, and the service was ultimately shut down on August 20, 2012.

Thereafter, the web address video.google.com has been reused to host Google Videos search engine.

Video content
Google Video was geared towards providing a large archive of freely searchable videos. Besides amateur media, Internet videos, viral ads, and movie trailers, the service also aimed to distribute commercial professional media, such as televised content and movies.

A number of educational discourses by Google employees were recorded and made available for viewing via Google Video. The lectures were done mainly at the employees' former universities. The topics covered Google technologies and software engineering but also include other pioneering efforts by major players in the software engineering field.

On January 6, 2009, the Google Video Store launched to sell downloads through Google Video. The service launched with independent films Aardvark'd: 12 Weeks with Geeks, and Waterborne, as well as content from media partners CBS, the NBA, The Charlie Rose Show, and Sony BMG. Initially, the content of a number of broadcasting companies (such as ABC, NBC, CNN) was available as free-streaming content or stills with closed captioning. In addition, the U.S. National Archive used Google Video to make historic films available online, but this project was later discontinued.

Google Video also searched other non-affiliated video sites from web crawls. Sites searched by Google Video in addition to their own videos and YouTube included GoFish, ExposureRoom, Vimeo, Myspace, Biku, and Yahoo! Video.

Video distribution methods
Google Videos offered both free services and commercial videos, the latter controlled with digital rights management.

Uploading videos
Until 2009, users were able to upload videos either through the Google Video website (limited to 100 MB per file); or alternatively through the Google Video Uploader, available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.

While the Video Uploader application was available as three separate downloads, the Linux version was written in Java, a cross-platform programming language, and would therefore also work on other operating systems without modifications, providing that the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is installed. This Java executable (.jar) file was a standalone application that did not require installation. Consequently, it could be run from removable media such as USB flash drives, CD-ROMs, or network storage. This allowed users to upload video even if the computer terminal on which they were working would not allow them to install programs, such as a public library computer.

Uploaded videos were saved as .gvi files under the "Google Videos" folder in "My Videos" and reports of the video details were logged and stored in the user account. The report sorted and listed the number of times that each of the user's videos had been viewed and downloaded within a specific time frame. These ranged from the previous day, week, month or the entire time the videos have been there. Totals were calculated and displayed and the information could be downloaded into a spreadsheet format or printed out.

Website
The basic way to watch the videos was through the Google Video website, video.google.com. Each video had a unique web address in the format of, and that page contained an embedded Flash Video file which could be viewed in any Flash-enabled browser.

Permalinks to a certain point in a video were also possible, in the format of (that is, with a fragment identifier containing a timestamp).

Flash video
The browser automatically cached the Flash file while it played, and it could be retrieved from the browser cache once it had fully played. There were also several tools and browser extensions to download the file. It could be then viewed in video players that could handle Flash, for example VLC media player, Media Player Classic (with ffdshow installed), MPlayer or an FLV player.

Google Video Player
Google Video Player was another way to view Google videos; it ran on Windows and Mac OS X. The Google Video Player played back files in Google's own Google Video File (.gvi) media format and supported playlists in "Google Video Pointer" (.gvp) format. When users downloaded to their computers, the resulting file used to be a small .gvp (pointer) file rather than a .gvi file. When run, the .gvp file would download a .gvi (movie) file to the user's default directory.

Google Video Player was discontinued on August 17, 2007. The option to download videos in GVI format was also removed, the only format available being MP4 format.

While early versions of Google's in-browser video player code were based on the open source VLC Media Player, the last version of Google Video Player was not based on VLC, according to its readme file. However, it did include the OpenSSL cryptographic toolkit and some libraries from the Qt widget toolkit.

Google Videos and the Google Video Player were ultimately phased out due to Google's acquisition of YouTube.

GVI format and conversion
Google Video Files (.gvi), and latterly its .avi files, are modified Audio Video Interleave (.avi) files that have an extra list containing the FourCC "goog" immediately following the header. Audio Video Interleaved (also Audio Video Interleave), known by its initials AVI, is a multimedia container format introduced by Microsoft in November 1992 as part of its Video for Windows technology. The list can be removed with a hex editor to avoid playback issues with various video players. The video is encoded in MPEG-4 ASP alongside an MP3 audio stream. MPEG-4 video players can render .gvi Google Video Files without format conversion (after changing the extension from .gvi to .avi, although this method of just renaming the file extension does not work with videos purchased with DRM to inhibit unauthorized copying). Among other software VirtualDub is able to read .gvi files and allows the user to convert them into different formats of choice. There are also privately developed software solutions, such as GVideo Fix, that can convert them to .avi format without recompression. MEncoder with "-oac copy -ovc copy" as parameters also suffices.

AVI and MP4
Besides GVI and Flash Video, Google provided its content through downloadable Audio Video Interleave (.avi) and MPEG-4 (.mp4) video files. Not all formats are available through the website's interface, however, depending on the user's operating system.

Where available, Google's "save as" function for Windows/Mac produced an .avi file, while the "save as" function for iPod and PSP produced an .mp4 file.

This .avi file was not in standard AVI format. To play the file in a popular media player such as Winamp or Windows Media Player, the file had to first be modified, using a hex editor to delete the first LIST block in the file header, which started at byte 12 (000C hex, first byte in file is byte 0) and ended at byte 63 (003F hex). Optionally, the file length (in bytes 4 to 7, little endian) should also be amended, by subtracting 52 (3F hex – 0C hex = 33 hex).

Winamp and Windows Media Player cannot play the unmodified .avi file because the non-standard file header corrupts the file. However, Media Player Classic, MPlayer, the VLC Media Player and GOM Player will play the unmodified .avi file, and the Google .mp4 file. Media Player Classic can do so only if an MPEG-4 DirectShow Filter, such as ffdshow, is installed. Most Linux media players (including xine, Totem, the Linux version of VLC Media Player, and Kaffeine) have no problem playing Google's .avi format.

An mp4 video file will play in Winamp 5 if an MPEG-4/H.264 DirectShow Filter such as ffdshow and an MP4 Splitter such as Haali are installed, and the extension; MP4 is added to the Extension List in the Winamp DirectShow decoder configuration.

In the spring of 2008, the option to download files in .AVI format was removed. Files were henceforth only available as Flash video or .MP4 video. The same videos, when accessed through the companion YouTube.com site, were available only in Flash video format.

Third-party download services
Google offered users the means to save only some of the videos on the site, mostly for copyright reasons. Their documentation went so far as to claim that only these videos could be downloaded. However, since viewing a video requires downloading it to the computer, their software merely made saving videos less than trivially difficult, not impossible: a number of solutions, including external software and bookmarklets, have been developed.

Market adoption
Despite downloading being available in multiple formats, being less restrictive on video uploads, and Google being tremendously well-known, Google Videos had only a minor share from the online video market, amassing around 2.5 million videos uploaded.

While initially only available in the United States, over time Google Videos had become available to users in more countries and could be accessed from many other countries, including the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Canada and Japan.

Regardless of general availability, content providers were given the opportunity to limit access to video files to only users from certain countries of residence. However, methods of circumventing geographical filtering existed.

Shutdown
On October 9, 2006, Google bought former competitor YouTube. Google announced on June 13, 2007, that the Google Video search results would begin to include videos discovered by their web crawlers on other hosting services, in YouTube and user uploads. Thereafter, search result links opened a frameset with a Google Video header at the top, and the original player page below it.

As of August 2007, the DTO/DTR (download-to-own/rent) program ended. Users who previously purchased a video from Google Video were no longer able to view them. Credits for users were made available as values for Google Checkout and were valid for 60 days.

In 2009, Google ended the ability for users to upload videos to Google Video. Videos that were already uploaded continued to be hosted. Later, other navigation features were retired, such as ability to cross-reference videos back to now-inactive user accounts, as well as selection of top videos.

On April 15, 2011, Google announced that they would stop hosting user-uploaded videos. The plan would make videos unavailable for public viewing on April 29 and removed from users' accounts in 28 days. On April 22, 2011, a week after the announcement, Google announced that due to feedback they would not be removing videos at this time. They will start automatically migrating videos to YouTube instead, as well as providing easier tools for account holders to do so themselves.

On August 20, 2012, the video hosting service was ultimately shut down and the remaining Google Video content was automatically migrated to YouTube. By default, the videos were set to private but the original content owners could later publish them as public videos if they desired.

As of 2021, the video search engine continues to operate as Google Videos. The domain previously associated with Google Video is now internally used to store videos uploaded to Google Photos and YouTube.

title: Google Video


text: User talk:68.15.166.245

title: User talk:68.15.166.245


text:
Impact play

Impact play is a human sexual practice in which one person is struck (usually repeatedly) by another person for the gratification of either or both parties which may or may not be sexual in nature. It is considered a form of BDSM.

There are a number of activities that qualify as impact play.

In erotic spanking the sub is struck on the buttocks either with the dom's open hand, or a rigid implement such as a paddle, cane or riding crop. In the latter case the activity is often referred to as paddling, caning or cropping.

In erotic flagellation the sub is struck with a flexible implement such a whip or belt. Whips are classified by how many falls they have:

 * Single tails such as a bullwhip have a single fall. The associated activity is referred to as single tailing.
 * Floggers, such as a cat o' nine tails have many falls. The associated activity is referred to as flogging.

For safety, impact play should be done on areas of the human body well protected by fat or muscle; spots to avoid include the kidneys, neck, tailbone, hipbones, the head and all joints. The usual targets for flagellation are the buttocks and the two areas of the upper back below the shoulder blades. With care, the thighs, the backs of the calves and the chest can be targets as well. Breasts are another potential (but high-risk) target, and should only be used with experience.

The use of a whip means that the dom must take great care to hit the intended target area, and avoid wrapping; when a whip or flogger makes contact with the target area somewhere up its length and the remaining length wraps around the sub's body to deliver a sharp, non-erotic, and possibly injurious off-target blow, such as to the hipbones or ribs. The longer the falls, the more skill is required by the Dom to land a safe blow. Advanced flogging techniques use a pair of floggers employed in a martial arts style alternating pattern, a technique commonly referred to as "florentining" or "florentine flogging."

Less common forms of impact play include punching and face slapping. A slapper or smacker may also be used. This consists of a broad (3 to 4 inch wide) semi flexible leather paddle with rounded and tapered edges, designed to minimize the severity of tip strike.

The sensations produced by impact play depend on the area in which the impact is concentrated. Wide implements such as an open hand, paddle or flogger produce a dull "thuddy" sensation. Narrow implements such as a cane, riding crop, belt or single tail produce a sharp "stingy" sensation.

History

One of the earliest depictions of erotic flagellation is found in the Etruscan Tomb of the Whipping from the fifth century BC, named after its depictions of eroticized flagellation. Another reference related to flagellation is to be found in the sixth book of the Satires of the ancient Roman Poet Juvenal (1st–2nd century A.D.) further reference can be found in Petronius's Satyricon where a delinquent is whipped for sexual arousal.

There are anecdotal reports of people willingly being bound or whipped, as a prelude to or substitute for sex, during the 14th century. Flagellation practiced within an erotic setting has been recorded from at least the 1590s, as evidenced by a John Davies epigram, and references to "flogging schools" in Thomas Shadwell's The Virtuoso (1676) and Tim Tell-Troth's Knavery of Astrology (1680). Visual evidence such as mezzotints and print media is also identified revealing scenes of flagellation in the 1600s, such as in the late seventeenth-century English mezzotint "The Cully Flaug'd" from the British Museum collection.

In the 1639 book, De Usu Flagrorum (which David Savran declared was the authoritative text on the subject for two hundred years), the author Ioannes Henricus Meibomius “rejoice[s]” to know that when someone doing flogging for sexual gratification was found in Germany, they would be burned alive.

John Cleland's novel Fanny Hill, published in 1749, incorporates a flagellation scene between the character's protagonist Fanny Hill and Mr Barville. This book is considered "the first original English prose pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel". It is one of the most prosecuted and banned books in history. A large number of flagellation publications followed it, including Fashionable Lectures: Composed and Delivered with Birch Discipline (c1761), promoting the names of ladies offering the service in a lecture room with rods and cat o' nine tails.

Representations of erotic spanking and flagellation make up a large portion of Victorian pornography, for instance 1000 Nudes by Koetzle. Hundreds of thousands of engravings, photographs, and literary depictions of spanking and flagellation fantasies circulated during the Victorian era, including erotic novellas like The Whippingham Papers, The Birchen Bouquet, Exhibition of Female Flagellants or the pornographic comic opera Lady Bumtickler's Revels.

Theresa Berkley (died 1836) ran a high-class flagellation brothel at 28 Charlotte Street (which is today's 84–94 Hallam Street). She was a "governess", i.e. she specialised in chastisement, whipping, flagellation, and the like. In 1828 she invented the "Berkley Horse", an apparatus that reportedly earned her a fortune in flogging wealthy men and women of the time. Her fame was such that the 1830 pornographic novel Exhibition of Female Flagellants was attributed to her, probably falsely.

Interest in sexual gratification received from giving, receiving and witnessing spanking began to increase during the 1800s (particularly within France and the United Kingdom). Interest was not only confined to spanking literature, but the development of photography during 19th century resulted in the beginning of the creation of spanking photography. In the context of literature, this growing demand caused the publication of numerous limited edition spanking novels (although, while the term novel is/was used many of these works from this time and subsequently can be instead classified as novellas).

This interest for spanking (both in regards to literature and photography) followed into the next century, with the early 20th century being considered the "Golden Age" of spanking literature. This period of spanking literature is marked by three notable characteristics. First, greater audiences were reached with the availability of less expensive editions and greater print runs. Second, many of the spanking novels contained numerous illustrations (many of which have fallen under public domain and are easily available online). Third, this period saw a gradual increase in the output and publication of spanking literature, growing particularly within the 1920s and peaking within the 1930s. Much of the output of spanking literature during this period was by French publishers, writers and illustrators. Similarly, within the context of spanking photography, France was also the home to the creation of much content, with the most notable studios being the Biederer Studio and the Ostra Studio. This "Golden Age" of spanking literature (and French spanking photography) came to an end as a result of the Second World War, more specifically due to the German occupation of France between 1940 and 1944 and later the enforcement of censorship laws. A somewhat notable exception to the decline of spanking literature during this period was John Willie’s bondage Bizarre magazine (published between 1946 and 1959). Of the many French works from the "Golden Age" few at the time were translated into other languages within which spanking literature was popular, namely English and German, but beginning during the mid-1960s a number of these French works were translated into English and published, along with these works being republished in French and older British works also being republished. The occurrence of this was facilitated by the availability of mass-produced paperbacks and changes in censorship laws.

Today, a subculture known as Christian domestic discipline (CDD) promotes spanking of wives by their husbands as a form of punishment; some describe CDD as a form of abuse and controlling behavior, but others consider it a simple sexual fetish and an outlet for sadomasochistic desires. Christian conservative radio host Bryan Fischer said to the Huffington Post that it was a "horrifying trend – bizarre, twisted, unbiblical and un-Christian".

title: Impact play


text:
Encompass Health

Encompass Health Corporation, based in Birmingham, Alabama, is one of the United States' largest providers of post-acute healthcare services, offering both facility-based and home-based post-acute services in 36 states and Puerto Rico through its network of inpatient rehabilitation hospitals, home health agencies, and hospice agencies. Effective January 2, 2018, the organization changed its name to Encompass Health Corporation and its New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) ticker symbol from HLS to EHC.

In 2003, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission took action against the company's CEO, Richard M. Scrushy, who was accused of directing company employees to falsely report company earnings to meet stockholder expectations.

The company currently operates three divisions: inpatient rehabilitation, home health, and hospice. The company formerly operated an outpatient rehabilitation, surgery center and diagnostics division. The company also previously owned and operated several acute care hospitals that specialized in orthopedics, but sold all of those hospitals by 2006. The former outpatient division also operated an occupational medicine division until 2001, when it was sold. HealthSouth also sold its Long-term acute care facilities in May 2011. The long-term hospitals contributed around $200 million in revenue.

Company beginnings
HealthSouth was incorporated in Birmingham, Alabama as a Delaware company on February 22, 1984, as Amcare, Inc. by its founder Richard M. Scrushy. The company opened its first facility in Little Rock, Arkansas and one in Birmingham later that year. In 1985 the company changed its name to HealthSouth Rehabilitation Corporation. In 1986, the company went public with its IPO on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol HSRC. At the end of the company's last investor roadshow presentation in New York City before its IPO, Scrushy received a standing ovation from the investment bankers in attendance, an extreme rarity. In September 1988, the company moved to the New York Stock Exchange and became listed under the symbol HRC. By 1990 the company had expanded to 50 facilities across the US. HealthSouth finished out 1992 with $400 million in annual revenue. In 1993, the company acquired 28 hospitals and 45 outpatient rehabilitation facilities from National Medical Enterprise for around $300 million in cash. In 1994, HealthSouth further expanded when it announced it would buy fellow Birmingham-based ReLife for $180 million in stock. In 1995, the company acquired Caremark Orthopedic Services.

Growth
Throughout the mid-1990s, HealthSouth expanded rapidly through mergers and acquisitions. In 1995, the company changed its name to HealthSouth Corporation to better reflect its diversified interests in healthcare. On August 31, 1995, HealthSouth CEO Richard Scrushy announced that HealthSouth was going to build a new headquarters on US Highway 280 in Birmingham. The new corporate campus was to be built on 85 acre of land that the company had bought from Southern Company earlier that year. Southern Company had abandoned plans to build a corporate campus on the site, opting for an office complex further down Highway 280 in the Inverness area. The corporate campus plans included a five-story headquarters building with a connecting conference center, parking deck, print production building, and a campus land management building. HealthSouth was able save money on the site preparation by making use of the many improvements Southern Company had already made to the property, which included utilities and an access road. The company moved into the new headquarters building in December 1996.

In January 1995 the company entered the surgery center business with its $155 million acquisition of Surgical Health Corporation. One month later the company acquired Novacare's entire rehabilitational hospital business for $215 million in cash. In 1996 the company expanded into diagnostics with its purchase of Health Images Inc. In the beginning of 1996 the company adopted the slogan "The Healthcare Company of the 21st Century". Less than a year later the company adopted the "H" logo as its corporate identity. HealthSouth made its largest acquisition yet when it purchased Horizon/CMS for $1.8 billion in 1997. A few months later after the acquisition, HealthSouth sold the long-term care assets of Horizon/CMS it did not need to Integrated Health Services for $1.15 billion in cash. HealthSouth along with many Healthcare publications called this the "deal of the century". Also in February 1997 the company finally moved into its new corporate headquarters. The headquarters building itself contained a company store and museum. HealthSouth continued on its acquisition spree through 1999 by purchasing the majority of Columbia/HCA's surgical division.

In 2001 the company announced it would, along with Oracle Corporation, build the world's first all-digital hospital on its corporate campus. The 13 story structure was meant as a replacement for its aging HealthSouth Medical Center in downtown Birmingham. Construction began soon after on the new HealthSouth Medical Center.

Accounting scandal
The first of HealthSouth's accounting problems surfaced in late 2002 after CEO Richard M. Scrushy sold $75 million in stock several days before the company posted a large loss. HealthSouth was accused by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of an accounting scandal where the company's earnings were falsely inflated by $1.4 billion. In 1996, Scrushy allegedly instructed the company's senior officers and accountants to falsify company earnings reports in order to meet investor expectations and control the price of the company's stock. The fraud continued for seven years. In certain fiscal years, the company's income was overstated by as much as 4700%. The $1.4 billion represents more than 10% of the company's total assets. At one point, the company's corporate taxes—based on its fraudulent earnings—were higher than its actual earnings.

In 1998, HealthSouth was accused of violation of the Securities Exchange Act by failing to disclose negative trends and misrepresenting company's financial information.

In 2003, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission took action against HealthSouth regarding a corporate accounting scandal, in which its founder, chairman, and chief executive officer, Richard M. Scrushy, was accused of directing company employees to falsely report grossly exaggerated company earnings in order to meet stockholder expectations. In March 2003, HealthSouth's CEO Richard M. Scrushy was charged with the accounting fraud and the SEC announced it was investigating whether Scrushy's stock sale was related to HealthSouth posting a large loss.

HealthSouth hired an outside law firm to review Scrushy's stock sale, with the firm concluding that the sale and profit loss were not related, although this did not take the company off the SEC's radar. On the evening of March 18, 2003 FBI agents executed search warrants at the company's headquarters after the company's chief financial officer William Owens agreed to wear a wire in a failed attempt to get Scrushy to talk about the fraud.

The board of directors worked vigorously on rectifying the accounting issues, starting with the termination of CEO Scrushy in 2003 and paying $325 million in 2004 regarding allegations of the company having defrauded various federal healthcare programs.

In June 2005, Scrushy was acquitted on all 36 of the accounting fraud counts against him, most notably one count in violation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. By mid-to-late 2006, HealthSouth, which avoided filing for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection, completed its recovery and relisted its stock on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol HLS. In 2009, Scrushy was sued for fraud by HealthSouth investors and ordered to repay his company $2.8 billion.

Recovery and the new HealthSouth/Encompass Health
Following the raid at the company's corporate headquarters, the board of directors held an emergency meeting to discuss changes moving forward. One of the first actions was the termination of Richard Scrushy as chairman and CEO, and William Owens as CFO. Robert P. May was elected as interim CEO and Joel C. Gordon as chairman. Another issue that was immediately addressed by the board was the means by which it would obtain the cash for interest payments of senior bonds and principal payments due on a $344 million convertible bond. The board agreed that the company's cash flow problems were too great to tackle on its own. At the advice of its lender JPMorgan Chase, the company hired restructuring firm Alvarez and Marsal to bring its finances in order and immediately appointed Bryan Marsal Chief Restructuring Officer. By the end of 2003, the company had most of its finances reorganized and was able to avoid Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

Efforts were made at the corporate headquarters to eradicate all signs of the prior existence of Scrushy within the company. The board removed Scrushy's name from the conference center, closed the company store and museum and opened the fifth floor executive offices to all employees, which, during Scrushy's tenure, had been kept away. The board also sold all but a few of the company's eleven corporate aircraft, which included a Gulfstream V and a Sikorsky S-76 C+ helicopter. In an effort to save money, the company halted construction of its Digital Hospital, for which building costs had doubled, to $400 million. On May 10, 2004, Jay Grinney was chosen by the board as the company's permanent CEO. Soon after Grinney's appointment, the company moved forward with its goal of again becoming a current filer with the SEC. By doing so, the company restated earnings from 2000 to 2003. The company also sold or closed many underperforming facilities, including its medical center division, in its effort to return to profitability.

On May 15, 2006, the company completed its goal of once again becoming a current filer with the SEC when it filed its first quarter 2006 financial result. It was the first time the company had filed a 10-Q since its accounting scandal began. On August 14, 2006, the company unveiled its restructuring plan which included the sell, spin-off or other disposition of its surgery, outpatient, and diagnostic divisions, along with a 1-for-5 reverse stock split, to coincide with its relisting on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol HLS. The reverse stock split was approved by stock holders at a special meeting at the company's corporate headquarters on October 18, 2006. The last step in HealthSouth's recovery from its accounting scandal occurred on October 26, 2006, when it was again relisted on the New York Stock Exchange.

On January 29, 2007, the company announced it would sell its more than 600 outpatient centers to Select Medical Corporation for $245 million in cash. The transaction was completed on May 1, 2007.

On March 26, 2007, HealthSouth announced it would sell its surgery center division to private investment partnership TPG Capital for $920 million in cash and equity interest in the newly formed company worth between $25 million and $30 million. The surgery center division comprised 139 outpatient surgery centers and three surgical hospitals. It was also announced that the new surgery center company would remain headquartered in Birmingham. The transaction was completed on June 30, 2007, with the creation of Surgical Care Affiliates.

On April 29, 2007, HealthSouth announced a definitive agreement to sell its diagnostic division to the Gores Group for $47.5 million. It was also announced that the newly formed company was to remain in Birmingham. The transaction was completed on July 31, 2007, with Diagnostic Health Corporation being formed.

In July 2010, HealthSouth gave the American Cancer Society of Alabama the black V-12 2000 BMW 750iL, a bullet-proof sedan that HealthSouth purchased for security reasons under former CEO Richard Scrushy. Scrushy bought the car from HealthSouth in 2003 after an accounting scandal broke. Scrushy also owned a maroon 2000 bullet-proof V-12 BMW 750iL that was sold in 2009 by HealthSouth as part of a civil judgment against Scrushy. In 2009, HealthSouth had obtained ownership of Scrushy's black 2000 BMW 750iL.

In 2014, HealthSouth purchased Encompass Home Health and Hospice.

Offspring companies

 * MedPartners, Inc. — a pharmacy practice management company founded by the HealthSouth and Scrushy, today the company is known as CVS Caremark, a unit of CVS Health.
 * Capstone Capital Corporation — a real estate investment trust founded by HealthSouth
 * Diagnostic Health Corporation — former diagnostic imaging division
 * SourceMedical Solutions — healthcare technology systems founded by HealthSouth
 * Surgical Care Affiliates — former surgery center division

Previously affiliated companies

 * 21st Century Health Ventures (Birmingham, Alabama) — founded by Scrushy and former HealthSouth CEO Michael Martin.
 * GG Enterprises (Hoover, Alabama) — founded by Scrushy's mother and brother.
 * Go for It! Roadshow — a children's health education tour and television series sponsored by HealthSouth
 * MedCenterDirect.com (Atlanta, Georgia) — HealthSouth bought 6.4 million shares of this hospital supplies company.
 * HealthTronics Surgical Services Inc. (Marietta, Georgia) — Michael Martin was director while CFO at HealthSouth.
 * Total Nonstop Action Wrestling LLC. (Nashville, Tennessee)- Healthsouth was a major financial contributor but dropped support for the company in October 2002 amid the accounting scandal.
 * Integrated Health Services Inc. (Sparks, Maryland) — a nursing homes and rehabilitation center company that Scrushy was a director of in the 1990s.

title: Encompass Health


text:
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society

The Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (JBIS) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1934. The journal covers research on astronautics and space science and technology, including spacecraft design, nozzle theory, launch vehicle design, mission architecture, space stations, lunar exploration, spacecraft propulsion, robotic and crewed exploration of the solar system, interstellar travel, interstellar communications, extraterrestrial intelligence, philosophy, and cosmology. It is published monthly by the British Interplanetary Society.

History
The journal was established in 1934 when the British Interplanetary Society was founded. The inaugural editorial stated: "The ultimate aim of the society, of course, is the conquest of space and thence interplanetary travel.....(the) immediate task is the stimulation of public interest in the subject of interplanetary travel and the dissemination of knowledge concerning the true nature of the difficulties which as present hinder its achievements." The first issue was only a six-page pamphlet, but has the distinction of being the world's oldest surviving astronautical publication.

Notable papers
Notable papers published in the journal include:
 * The B.I.S Space-Ship, H.E.Ross, JBIS, 5, pp. 4–9, 1939
 * The Challenge of the Spaceship (Astronautics and its Impact Upon Human Society), Arthur C. Clarke, JBIS, 6, pp. 66–78, 1946
 * Atomic rocket papers by Les Shepherd, Val Cleaver and others, 1948–1949.
 * Interstellar Flight, L.R.Shepherd, JBIS, 11, pp. 149–167, 1952
 * A Programme for Achieving Interplanetary Flight, A.V.Cleaver, JBIS, 13, pp. 1–27, 1954
 * Special Issue on World Ships, JBIS, 37, 6, June 1984
 * Project Daedalus - Final Study Reports, Alan Bond & Anthony R Martin et al., Special Supplement JBIS, pp.S1-192, 1978

Editors
Some of the people that have been editor-in-chief of the journal are:
 * Philip E. Cleator
 * J. Hardy
 * Gerald V. Groves
 * Anthony R. Martin
 * Mark Hempsell
 * Chris Toomer
 * Kelvin Long
 * Roger Longstaff


text:
Raymond Floyd

Raymond Loran Floyd (born September 4, 1942) is an American retired professional golfer who has won numerous tournaments on both the PGA Tour and Senior PGA Tour, including four majors and four senior majors. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1989.

Early years
Floyd was born on September 4, 1942, in Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and was raised in Fayetteville. Floyd's father L.B. had a 21-year career in the U.S. Army, much of it at Fort Bragg as the golf pro at its enlisted-men's course. He also owned a nearby driving range where Raymond and younger sister Marlene, a future LPGA Tour pro, honed their games. From an early age, Floyd could play equally well left-handed, and used his skills to enhance his allowance, winning money from soldiers on the course, as well as civilians in nearby towns.

Floyd graduated from Fayetteville High School (now named Terry Sanford High School) in 1960. Skilled in golf and baseball, he had an offer to pitch in the Cleveland Indians organization, but chose to attend the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, but only stayed for a semester.

Professional career
After leaving college, Floyd turned professional in 1961, and quickly established himself on the PGA Tour. His first victory came two years later at age 20 in March 1963 in Florida, winning $3,500 at the St. Petersburg Open Invitational, the first of his 22 wins on the PGA Tour, including four major championships.

Floyd won his first major title six years later at the PGA Championship in 1969, and the second came in 1976 at The Masters, by an eight-stroke margin and was won wire-to-wire. He won his second PGA Championship in 1982, after shooting a brilliant opening round of 63 in sweltering hot conditions at Southern Hills Country Club. Floyd's round of 63 was the lowest round in a major championship until 2017. Floyd finished 1982 ranked second in Mark McCormack's world golf rankings, behind only Tom Watson, who had won two majors that season; had those rankings been calculated over just two seasons, on a par with the system in place at the end of 2012, Floyd would have been ranked world number one in 1982, as he had earned more points from all events in total than Watson in both 1981 and 1982.

Floyd's fourth and final major title came at the U.S. Open in 1986 at Shinnecock Hills. After three rounds, he was tied for fifth place, three shots behind leader Greg Norman, who held the 54-hole lead at all four majors in 1986. Norman faltered on Sunday with a 75 (+5), but Floyd shot 66 to win by two strokes and became the then-oldest U.S. Open champion by a few months at 43 years and 9 months. (The record was Ted Ray's since 1920, and is now held by Hale Irwin, a champion at age 45 in 1990.)

The one major title that eluded Floyd, which prevented him from completing the career grand slam, was The Open Championship. His best result was in 1978 at St Andrews; he tied for second place, behind three-time winner Jack Nicklaus.

Floyd came very close to winning a second Green Jacket at the 1990 Masters, where he lost in a playoff to Nick Faldo. On the second playoff hole, Floyd pulled a 7-iron shot into the pond left of the 11th green. Afterward, he said, "This is the most devastating thing that's ever happened to me in my career. I've had a lot of losses, but nothing like this."

In 1992, Floyd again finished runner-up at The Masters, two strokes behind the winner Fred Couples. Floyd's final win on the PGA Tour came at the Doral-Ryder Open in 1992 at age 49, making him one of the oldest players to win a PGA Tour event. The Doral-Ryder Open victory also gave him the distinction of winning PGA Tour events in four decades, joining Sam Snead as the second player to achieve that feat. Floyd also won on the Senior PGA Tour (now PGA Tour Champions) later that season, making him the first player to win on both tours in the same year.

At the end of 1992, Floyd was ranked 14th on the Official World Golf Ranking at the age of 50, one of the highest positions ever attained by a player of that age. Floyd's successful run continued on the Senior Tour, with 14 wins between 1992 and 2000, including four senior majors and two Senior Tour Championships.

In addition to Floyd's victories on the PGA and Champions Tours, he won at least 24 additional tournaments around the world, taking his total victory tally to at least 60 events. While active, Floyd was considered by most golf experts to be the best at chipping the golf ball. He holed many shots from just off the green, the most famous may have been at the Doral-Eastern Open in 1980, where his successful birdie chip on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff defeated Jack Nicklaus.

On his decision to continue playing professional golf on the Senior Tour, Floyd spoke with Golf Digest and mused aloud: "Why do I enjoy golf after 31 years, going out there and doing things that are necessary to be competitive—having practice, having to work, having to dedicate yourself? I guess it comes down to the competition. My personality...I'm not going to play if I'm not competitive."

Floyd won the Vardon Trophy for lowest scoring average on the PGA Tour in 1983 and played for the U.S. on eight Ryder Cup teams (1969, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1991, and 1993).

Floyd was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1989. He captained the U.S. Ryder Cup team at The Belfry in England in 1989. At a gala dinner held before the start of the matches, Floyd famously introduced his American side as "The 12 greatest players in the world." This irritated European player Nick Faldo of England, who later said that he felt Floyd's comment was inappropriate.

Floyd was an assistant Ryder Cup captain in 2008. On the eve of the Masters in 2010, Floyd announced his retirement from competitive golf. He was the honoree at Nicklaus' Memorial Tournament in 2013.

PGA Tour wins (22)
PGA Tour playoff record (5–10)

Other wins (11)
Other playoff record (3–2)

Senior PGA Tour wins (14)
 * Note: The 1995 Emerald Coast Classic was shortened to 36 holes due to rain.

Senior PGA Tour playoff record (3–1)

Other senior wins (12)

 * 1992 Fuji Electric Grandslam
 * 1994 Diners Club Matches (with Dave Eichelberger), Senior Skins Game
 * 1995 Senior Skins Game, Senior Slam at Los Cabos, Lexus Challenge (with Michael Chiklis)
 * 1996 Senior Skins Game, Senior Slam at Los Cabos
 * 1997 Senior Skins Game, Lexus Challenge (with William Devane)
 * 1998 Senior Skins Game
 * 2006 Wendy's Champions Skins Game (with Dana Quigley)

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1984 Open Championship) WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 24 (1972 PGA – 1979 Masters)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (1976 Open Championship – 1977 Masters)

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} CUT = missed the halfway cut DQ = disqualified "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Wins (4)
1Floyd birdied the first extra hole.

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
 * Ryder Cup: 1969 (winners), 1975 (winners), 1977 (winners), 1981 (winners), 1983 (winners), 1985, 1989 (non-playing captain), 1991 (winners), 1993 (winners)
 * Dunhill Cup: 1985, 1986
 * Nissan Cup: 1985 (winners)
 * UBS Cup: 2001 (winners), 2002 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2004 (winners)
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Senior PGA Tour): 1992 (PGA Tour), 1993 (winners), 1994, 1995 (winners), 1996

title: Raymond Floyd


text:
Piece by Piece (book)

Piece by Piece is an autobiographical book by singer/songwriter Tori Amos and co-authored by rock music journalist Ann Powers. It was published in the U.S. on February 8, 2005 and in the U.K. in June 2005.

Synopsis
The book is told in a conversational style with questions posed by Ann and responded to by Tori. They compiled the material for the book through phone calls, e-mail conversations and in-person interviews. Along with details about Amos' career, music and personal life it also delves into mythology and religion in a fashion often associated with Amos. The lyrics "piece by piece" feature in the song "Datura" on the 1999 album To Venus and Back.

Commercial and critical success
The book received mixed reviews from critics, who generally agreed that Amos' writing on the music industry and recording process was the stellar part of the book. Blender magazine cited the work as "no mere star memoir ... it's more like a soul-map of Amos' stride from pop tart to poet provocateur." Regardless of reviews, the book was more successful than expected and was published in conjunction with Amos' solo album The Beekeeper (2005). The book peaked on the New York Times bestseller list at #12.

Content
The work consists of eight chapters, each of which includes "song canvases" explaining Amos' inspiration and process for developing particular songs.

 * Introduction: The Soul's Dance
 * Chapter 1: Corn Mother: Genealogies
 * Song canvases: "Ireland", "The Beekeeper", "Mother Revolution"

 * Chapter 2: Mary Magdalene: The Erotic Muse
 * Song canvases: "The Power of Orange Knickers", "God", "Marys of the Sea", "Lust", "I'm Not in Love"

 * Chapter 3: Saraswati: The Art of Composition
 * Song canvases: "Garlands", "Parasol", "Sweet the Sting", "Sleeps with Butterflies", "Cars and Guitars"

 * Chapter 4: Demeter: The Journey into Motherhood
 * Song canvases: "Pandora's Aquarium", "Muhammad, My Friend", and "Ribbons Undone"

 * Chapter 5: Dionysus: Bringing the Music Forth
 * Song canvases: "Wampum Prayer" and "Winter"

 * Chapter 6: Sane Satyrs and Balanced Bacchantes: The Touring Life's Gypsy Caravan
 * Song canvas: "Martha's Foolish Ginger"

 * Chapter 7: Venus: Creating a Public Self
 * Song canvas: "Goodbye Pisces"

 * Chapter 8: The Lioness: Surviving the Music Business
 * Song canvases: "Take to the Sky", "Hoochie Woman", "Witness", and "Barons of Suburbia"

 * Conclusion: Quan Yin: The Art of Compassion
 * Song canvas: "Jamaica Inn"

title: Piece by Piece (book)


text:
Mukuuri

Mûkûûrî is an administrative Location and township in Runyenjes Division, in Embu County, Kenya, with a population of about 25,000 people. It is named for a large, strong Sycamore Fig Tree (Mûkûû in Kiembu. Scientific name: Ficus Sycomorus) that stood for over 100 years at the current site of the township. The Sycamore Fig tree symbolizes strength, rejuvenation and regeneration. Mûkûû-rî region lies on the green, rolling hills of the Mount Kenya slopes. The administrative region begins from the stone cliffs of Nthûngû waterfalls, all the way to Nthenge Njerû falls, through the famous Kirimiri Forest, stretching to the historic Gogo Salt lick, bordering Gitare. It is home to four public primary schools, including Kubu Kubu Memorial Boarding School and Muragari School, which is among the oldest schools in Embu and Kîrînyaga districts.

Mukuuri is also home to the historic Kîrîmîri Forest Hill. The 800-acre forest was popular during Kenya's freedom war the Mau Mau. It's currently a major conservation area, and tourism attraction managed jointly by the Kenya Forest Service and the residents through the Kîrîmîri Community Forest Association. The Embu freedom fighter Kubu Kubu made the forest his main hideout during the pre-independence days. He was killed by the colonialists early 1950s. The colonial rulers burnt his body to ashes on the present location of Kubu Kubu Memorial School. General China, in his book The Mau Mau General, says women and children were forced to clap and sing as the body turned into ashes. This angered the residents and more Mau Mau fighters like Kaviu îtina were recruited.

It is also home to the historic Gogo Salt Lick, well-known as a place of Mûnyû (salt) for hundreds of years in Embu land. Gogo Salt Lick is located on five-acre grassy meadows, one kilometre from Mukuuri township, at the base of a ridge called Mürurîrî. According to the Mbeere Historical Texts by Prof Mwaniki Kabeca (2005), Gogo is the place where Mwenendega, the founder of Embu tribe, met his wife Nthara.

The time zone in Mukuuri is Africa/Nairobi Sunrise at 06:39 and Sunset at 18:46. Latitude. -0.4000°, Longitude. 37.5500° For Kirimiri - Latitude. -0.4167°, Longitude. 37.5500°

Notable residents
The area has produced a number of leaders at national and international levels. They include former Runyenjes MP and later Embu Governor and chairman of the Council of Governors Martin Nyaga Wambora, KASNEB founder and former Embu North MP Hon Stanley Nyaga Kithûng'a and Lee Njiru, the long-serving head of the Presidential Press Service and former Private Secretary of Kenya's Second President Daniel Arap Moi. Others are academics like Kenyan geneticist Prof Njiruh Nthakanio, Kagaari North MCA Muchangi Mwariama, former MCA Sicily Njiru, the journalist Peter Munaita, veteran (Retired) Embu Knut secretary general Mohammed Mwaniki Gakinya, and the long-serving Kagaari Ward councillor and Embu County Council chairman, the late Alexander Njeru Ngari. There is also the late freedom fighter General Kubu Kubu and religious leaders like former Embu Anglican Bishop Moses Njue (1992-2006), Embu Bishop of National Independent Church of Kenya (Nica) Bishop Amos Njiru (1993*-2003*), the late Archpriest John Njue Nthakanio who established the Orthodox Church in Embu County, and business leaders including Richard Nyaga wa Stanley, who served as MD of national carrier Kenya Airways (1981-1985) and later steered privatisation of the airline again as its Managing Director in 1999–2003. . Mzee Kariuki Kobuthi, the man who treated President Jomo Kenyatta by cutting off his uvula in 1960s when Kenyatta was very ill, also lived in Mukuuri.

title: Mukuuri


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Body Modification Code of Ethics.pdf

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 20:57, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Body Modification Code of Ethics.pdf
Um, what? RickK 08:02, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both the article and the referenced PDF file. WP is not a repository of ethics guidelines. jni 08:33, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Likely copyvio or advertisement to distribute this, but I think it could be reworked into Body modification. Suggest merge on Talk:Body modification, but delete if it's not used within a considerable amount of time. - Mgm|(talk) 10:18, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete. So many things wrong with this. For one thing, I don't believe that a list of good marketing tips, proper hygiene procedures, and restatements of general legal obligations constitutes a "Code of Ethics" (if it was actually a code, I'd suggest merge o body modification, but it's not). For another thing, I'm not sure I buy the "gpl" in combo with the copyright ... call me paranoid. Finally, the contents of the PDF file would have actually been easier to format as a wikified article, but for some reason it's a PDF. I could go on, but my grumpy pill is wearing off. HyperZonktalk 17:07, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete under criterion 3 for Articles: "Any article whose contents consist only of an external link, "See also" section, book reference, category tag, template tag, or interwiki link." – flamurai (t) 17:43, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the PDF for the reasons listed above. – flamurai (t) 00:14, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Speedy doesn't apply to uploaded pdf files as they aren't articles as defined by Wikipedia. Mgm|(talk) 23:22, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * The speedy delete proposal was to the article, not to the pdf file. RickK 00:07, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete this "article" since it is a mere link. Transwiki the actual .pdf to Wikisource.  Rossami (talk) 06:12, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Matzah ball

Matzah balls or matzo balls are Ashkenazi Jewish soup morsels made from a mixture of matzah meal, beaten eggs, water, and a fat, such as oil, margarine, or chicken fat. Known as knaidel in Yiddish (קניידלעך pl., singular קניידל ; with numerous other transliterations), they resemble a matzah meal version of knödel, bread dumplings popular throughout Central European and East European cuisine.

Matzah balls are traditionally served in chicken soup and are a staple food on the Jewish holiday of Passover, though they are not eaten during Passover by those who observe a prohibition on soaking matzah products.

The texture of matzah balls may be light or dense, depending on the recipe. Matzah balls made from some recipes float in soup; others sink.

Transliterations of knaidel
Although there are official transliterations of Yiddish words into English by the YIVO Institute, there are many non-standard transliterations. Alternate transliterations of the Yiddish term for matzah ball, in the singular, include: knaidl, knaidel, kneidl, and kneidel. Transliterations in the plural include: knaidels, knaidlach, knaidelach, kneidels, kneidlach, kneidelach, kneydls, kneydels, and kneydlach.

The various transliterations of the term gave rise to minor controversy in the United States in June 2013, when it was the winning word in the Scripps National Spelling Bee. Thirteen-year-old Arvind Mahankali of New York spelled "knaidel" correctly in accordance with Webster's Third New International Dictionary, the official dictionary of the Bee, to become the champion. However, there was controversy whether that was the definitive spelling of the term, with others preferring "knaydel", "kneydel", "knadel" or "kneidel".

See knödel for further information about the origin of the word and the food itself.

History
The exact origins of matzo balls, and the traditional matzo ball soup, are unknown. Some historians posit that the copious amounts of matzo meal produced during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century[Incomplete thought—needs elaboration], others believe that Jews used the crumbs leftover from matzo baking to produce the filling additions to their soup. It is believed that Jews began placing matzo balls in their soup as Eastern European cuisine began introducing dumplings in traditional foods, and Jews were adapting them to their dietary restrictions and culinary tastes. German, Austrian, and Alsatian Jews were the first to prepare matzo balls for their soup; middle eastern Jews introduced additional variations. An early recipe for matzoh ball soup, made with beef stock, is found in The Jewish manual, or, Practical information in Jewish and modern cookery (1846).

Preparation
Schmaltz (chicken fat) imparts a distinctive flavour, but many modern cooks prefer vegetable oils or margarine. The use of butter, while otherwise suitable, violates the Jewish law of kashrut prohibiting consumption of milk and meat products together, if the balls are eaten with chicken soup. A pareve variant uses vegetable broth as the soup base. The balls are dropped into a pot of salted boiling water or soup, then the heat turned down to a simmer and a lid placed on the pot. The balls swell during the cooking time of 20 to 30 minutes. Adding kosher baking powder for lightness is permissible, even for Passover.

While the recipe is simple, there are also ready matzah ball mixes, typically to be added to beaten egg.

World records
In 2008, Joey Chestnut held the world record for eating matzah balls: 78 of exactly 3+1/2 oz in 8 minutes, at the Inaugural World Matzoh Ball Eating Championship, a charity event.

In 2010, the world's largest matzah ball was prepared by Chef Jon Wirtis of Shlomo and Vito's New York City Delicatessen, located in Tucson, Arizona. He created a 426 lb matzah ball for New York's Jewish Food Festival. The ingredients were 125 lb of matzah meal, 25 lb of schmaltz, over 1,000 eggs and 20 lb of potato starch. This broke the previous record set by Chef Anthony Sylvestri of Noah's Ark Deli to raise awareness for a charity basketball game, which weighed 267 lb and was 29.2 in long and was made from "1,000 eggs, 80 pounds of margarine, 200 pounds of matzah meal, and 20 pounds of chicken base".

title: Matzah ball


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Embodied energy

Embodied energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services, considered as if that energy were incorporated or 'embodied' in the product itself. The concept can be useful in determining the effectiveness of energy-producing or energy saving devices, or the "real" replacement cost of a building, and, because energy-inputs usually entail greenhouse gas emissions, in deciding whether a product contributes to or mitigates global warming. One fundamental purpose for measuring this quantity is to compare the amount of energy produced or saved by the product in question to the amount of energy consumed in producing it.

Embodied energy is an accounting method which aims to find the sum total of the energy necessary for an entire product lifecycle. Determining what constitutes this lifecycle includes assessing the relevance and extent of energy into raw material extraction, transport, manufacture, assembly, installation, disassembly, deconstruction and/or decomposition as well as human and secondary resources.

History
The history of constructing a system of accounts which records the energy flows through an environment can be traced back to the origins of accounting itself. As a distinct method, it is often associated with the Physiocrat's "substance" theory of value, and later the agricultural energetics of Sergei Podolinsky, a Russian physician, and the ecological energetics of Vladmir Stanchinsky.

The main methods of embodied energy accounting as they are used today grew out of Wassily Leontief's input-output model and are called Input-Output Embodied Energy analysis. Leontief's input-output model was in turn an adaptation of the neo-classical theory of general equilibrium with application to "the empirical study of the quantitative interdependence between interrelated economic activities". According to Tennenbaum Leontief's Input-Output method was adapted to embodied energy analysis by Hannon to describe ecosystem energy flows. Hannon's adaptation tabulated the total direct and indirect energy requirements (the energy intensity) for each output made by the system. The total amount of energies, direct and indirect, for the entire amount of production was called the embodied energy.

Methodologies
Embodied energy analysis is interested in what energy goes to supporting a consumer, and so all energy depreciation is assigned to the final demand of consumer. Different methodologies use different scales of data to calculate energy embodied in products and services of nature and human civilization. International consensus on the appropriateness of data scales and methodologies is pending. This difficulty can give a wide range in embodied energy values for any given material. In the absence of a comprehensive global embodied energy public dynamic database, embodied energy calculations may omit important data on, for example, the rural road/highway construction and maintenance needed to move a product, marketing, advertising, catering services, non-human services and the like. Such omissions can be a source of significant methodological error in embodied energy estimations. Without an estimation and declaration of the embodied energy error, it is difficult to calibrate the sustainability index, and so the value of any given material, process or service to environmental and economic processes.

Standards
The SBTool, UK Code for Sustainable Homes was, and USA LEED still is, a method in which the embodied energy of a product or material is rated, along with other factors, to assess a building's environmental impact. Embodied energy is a concept for which scientists have not yet agreed absolute universal values because there are many variables to take into account, but most agree that products can be compared to each other to see which has more and which has less embodied energy. Comparative lists (for an example, see the University of Bath Embodied Energy & Carbon Material Inventory ) contain average absolute values, and explain the factors which have been taken into account when compiling the lists.

Typical embodied energy units used are MJ/kg (megajoules of energy needed to make a kilogram of product), t (tonnes of carbon dioxide created by the energy needed to make a kilogram of product). Converting MJ to t is not straightforward because different types of energy (oil, wind, solar, nuclear and so on) emit different amounts of carbon dioxide, so the actual amount of carbon dioxide emitted when a product is made will be dependent on the type of energy used in the manufacturing process. For example, the Australian Government gives a global average of 0.098 t = 1 GJ. This is the same as 1 MJ = 0.098 kg = 98 g or 1 kg = 10.204 MJ.

Related methodologies
In the 2000s drought conditions in Australia have generated interest in the application of embodied energy analysis methods to water. This has led to the use of the concept of embodied water.

Data
A range of databases exist for quantifying the embodied energy of goods and services, including materials and products. These are based on a range of different data sources, with variations in geographic and temporal relevance and system boundary completeness. One such database is the Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database developed at The University of Melbourne, which includes embodied energy data for over 250 mainly construction materials. This database also includes values for embodied water and greenhouse gas emissions. The main reason for differences in embodied energy data between databases is due to the source of data and methodology used in their compilation. Bottom-up 'process' data is typically sourced from product manufacturers and suppliers. While this data is generally more reliable and specific to particular products, the methodology used to collect process data typically results in much of the embodied energy of a product being excluded, mainly due to the time, costs and complexity of data collection. Top-down environmentally-extended input-output (EEIO) data, based on national statistics can be used to fill these data gaps. While EEIO analysis of products can be useful on its own for initial scoping of embodied energy, it is generally much less reliable than process data and rarely relevant for a specific product or material. Hence, hybrid methods for quantifying embodied energy have been developed, using available process data and filling any data gaps with EEIO data. Databases that rely on this hybrid approach, such as The University of Melbourne's EPiC Database, provide a more comprehensive assessment of the embodied energy of products and materials.

In common materials
Selected data from the Inventory of Carbon and Energy ('ICE') prepared by the University of Bath (UK)

In transportation
Theoretically, embodied energy stands for the energy used to extract materials from mines, manufacture vehicles, assemble, transport, maintain, and transform them to transport energy, and ultimately recycle these vehicles. Besides, the energy needed to build and maintain transport networks, whether road or rail, should be taken into account as well. The process to be implemented is so complex that no one dares to put forward a figure.

According to the Institut du développement durable et des relations internationales, in the field of transportation, "it is striking to note that we consume more embodied energy in our transportation expenditures than direct energy", and "we consume less energy to move around in our personal vehicles than we consume the energy we need to produce, sell and transport the cars, trains or buses we use".

Jean-Marc Jancovici advocates a carbon footprint analysis of any transportation infrastructure project, prior to its construction.

Manufacturing
According to Volkswagen, the embodied energy contents of a Golf A3 with a petrol engine amounts to 18 000 kWh (i.e. 12%  of  545 GJ as shown in the report ). A Golf A4 (equipped with a turbocharged direct injection) will show an embodied energy amounting to 22 000 kWh (i.e. 15% of 545 GJ as shown in the report ). According to the French energy and environment agency ADEME a motor car has an embodied energy contents of 20 800 kWh whereas an electric vehicle shows an embodied energy contents amounting to 34 700 kWh.

An electric car has a higher embodied energy than a combustion engine one, owing to the battery and electronics. According to Science & Vie, the embodied energy of batteries is so high that rechargeable hybrid cars constitute the most appropriate solution, with their batteries smaller than those of an all-electric car.

Fuel
As regards energy itself, the factor energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) of fuel can be estimated at 8, which means that to some amount of useful energy provided by fuel should be added 1/7 of that amount in embodied energy of the fuel. In other words, the fuel consumption should be augmented by 14.3% due to the fuel EROEI.

According to some authors, to produce 6 liters of petrol requires 42 kWh of embodied energy (which corresponds to approximately 4.2 liters of diesel in terms of energy content).

Road construction
We have to work here with figures, which prove still more difficult to obtain. In the case of road construction, the embodied energy would amount to 1/18 of the fuel consumption (i.e. 6%).

Other figures available
Treloar, et al. have estimated the embodied energy in an average automobile in Australia as 0.27 terajoules (i.e. 75 000 kWh) as one component in an overall analysis of the energy involved in road transportation.

In buildings
Although most of the focus for improving energy efficiency in buildings has been on their operational emissions, it is estimated that about 30% of all energy consumed throughout the lifetime of a building can be in its embodied energy (this percentage varies based on factors such as age of building, climate, and materials). In the past, this percentage was much lower, but as much focus has been placed on reducing operational emissions (such as efficiency improvements in heating and cooling systems), the embodied energy contribution has come much more into play. Examples of embodied energy include: the energy used to extract raw resources, process materials, assemble product components, transport between each step, construction, maintenance and repair, deconstruction and disposal. As such, it is important to employ a whole-life carbon accounting framework in analyzing the carbon emissions in buildings. Studies have also shown the need to go beyond the building scale and to take into account the energy associated with mobility of occupants and the embodied energy of infrastructure requirements, in order to avoid shifting energy needs across scales of the built environment.

EROEI
EROEI (Energy Returned On Energy Invested) provides a basis for evaluating the embodied energy due to energy.

Final energy has to be multiplied by $$ \frac  {\hbox{1}} {\hbox{EROEI-1}}$$ in order to get the embodied energy.

Given an EROEI amounting to eight e.g., a seventh of the final energy corresponds to the embodied energy.

Not only that, for really obtaining overall embodied energy, embodied energy due to the construction and maintenance of power plants should be taken into account, too. Here, figures are badly needed.

Electricity
In the BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2018, toe are converted into kWh "on the basis of thermal equivalence assuming 38% conversion efficiency in a modern thermal power station".

In France, by convention, the ratio between primary energy and final energy in electricity amounts to 2.58, corresponding to  an efficiency of 38.8%.

In Germany, on the contrary, because of the swift development of the renewable energies, the ratio between primary energy and final energy in electricity amounts to only 1.8, corresponding to an efficiency of 55.5%.

According to EcoPassenger, overall electricity efficiency would amount to 34% in the UK, 36% in Germany and 29% in France.

Data processing
According to association négaWatt, embodied energy related to digital services amounted to 3.5 TWh/a for networks and 10.0 TWh/a for data centres (half for the servers per se, i. e. 5 TWh/a, and the other half for the buildings in which they are housed, i. e. 5 TWh/a), figures valid in France, in 2015. The organization is optimistic about the evolution of the energy consumption in the digital field, underlining the technical progress being made. The Shift Project, chaired by Jean-Marc Jancovici, contradicts the optimistic vision of the association négaWatt, and notes that the digital energy footprint is growing at 9% per year.

title: Embodied energy


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Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)

Munkatch (or Munkacs) Hasidism (חסידות מונקטש) is a Hasidic sect within Haredi Judaism of mostly Hungarian Hasidic Jews. It was founded and led by Polish-born Grand Rebbe Shlomo Spira, who was the rabbi of the town of Strzyżów (1858–1882) and Munkacs (1882–1893). Members of the congregation are mainly referred to as Munkacs Hasidim, or Munkatcher Hasidim. It is named after the Hungarian town in which it was established, Munkatsh (in Yiddish; or in Hungarian: Munkács; today: Mukachevo, in Ukraine).

The largest Munkacs community is in Boro Park, Brooklyn; there are also significant Munkacs communities in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and Monsey, New York; and other communities can be found across North America, in Europe, Israel, and Australia.

Roots
The dynasty traces its roots to Grand Rebbe Zvi Elimelech Spira (1783–1841), rabbi of Munkacs, and later of Dynów in Galicia. Himself an adherent of the Polish Hasidic leader Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin (the Chozeh of Lublin) and of his uncle, Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk, author of Noam Elimelech, Rabbi Spira was instrumental in bringing Hasidic Judaism to Hungary. He authored works such as Agra D'kala and Chidushei Mahartza, and is commonly called by the title of his most famous work B'nei Yissaschar ("Children of [the tribe] Issachar", named for the Biblical Issachar, son of Jacob, because he was told by Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin that he was a direct descendant of the tribe of Issachar). His descendants became leaders of the communities of Dynów, Poland (called Dinov in Yiddish), Munkacs, Hungary (now Mukachevo, Ukraine) (called Munkatch in Yiddish), and Błażowa, Poland (called Bluzhev in Yiddish). He was succeeded by his son, Rabbi Eluzer Spira of Lanczut, Poland, who was succeeded by his son, Rabbi Shlomo Spira of Munkacs, author of Shem Sh'lomo. He, in turn, was succeeded by his son, Rabbi Tzvi Hirsh Spira of Munkacs, author of Darkhei T'shuvah.

Pre-World War II Munkacs
The Rebbe of Munkatch, Grand Rebbe Chaim Elazar Spira, who led the community from 1913 until his death in 1937, was the most outspoken voice of religious anti-Zionism. He had succeeded his father, Grand Rebbe Zvi Hirsh Spira, who had earlier inherited the mantle of leadership from his father, Grand Rebbe Shlomo Spira. Rabbi Chaim Elazar led his community with unsurpassed dignity and drew worldwide respect and honor for Munkács. His keen understanding and vast knowledge in Jewish as well as worldly matters drew thousands of people to his home where they sought his advice and blessings. Under his leadership, the Munkács Jewish community grew by leaps and bounds, and at the time of his death in 1937, over half of the town's inhabitants were Jewish. After his death in May 1937, leaving an only daughter, Frima, he was succeeded as rebbe by his son-in-law, Grand Rabbi Baruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinovich, who led the Munkacs dynasty with much success, until the outbreak of World War II. After World War II, Rabbi Baruch resigned as Rebbe.

Munkacs today

After the Holocaust, the Munkatch dynasty and community was re-established in the United States in Brooklyn, New York, and developed a close affinity with the Satmar Hasidim, who also originated from North-Eastern Hungary (namely Szatmár county, hence the name of the dynasty). Currently, the Munkacs dynasty is led by the son of Rabbi Baruch, Grand Rebbe Moshe Leib Rabinovich.

The sect's main Brooklyn synagogue, which also serves as world headquarters for Munkacs Hasidim, is located in the Boro Park section of Brooklyn. The Hasidic group also boasts a plethora of educational and charitable institutions across the United States, Canada, England, Israel, and Australia.

Educational institutions
Rabbi Moshe Leib Rabinovich founded a network of large educational institutions, both yeshivas and girls' schools, running from pre-school through high school, as well as post-graduate advanced learning kollels for married men. The girls' schools are called Bnos Frima, and the yeshivas Tiferes Bunim. Munkacs also operates youth summer camps, Chaim V'Shalom, in the Catskill Mountains during the summer months.

Publishing
Hotzoas EMES (Hebrew acronym for O'hr T'orah M'unkacs) publishes the works of the rebbes of Munkacs, as well as periodicals on news and subjects of interest to the Munkacs Hasidic community. To date, they have published hundreds of works, which are used by Talmudic scholars around the world.

Spiritual lineage from Baal Shem Tov

 * Rebbe Yisrael Baal Shem Tov – founder of Hasidism
 * Rebbe Dovber, the Maggid of Mezritch – primary disciple of the Baal Shem Tov
 * Rebbe Elimelech of Lizhensk, author of Noam Elimelech – disciple of the Maggid of Mezritch
 * Rebbe Yaakov Yitzchak, the Seer of Lublin, author of Zikoron Zos – disciple of Rebbe Elimelech of Lizhensk

Dynasty

 * Grand Rabbi Tzvi Elimelech Spira of Dynów, author of B'nei Yisoschor, a disciple of the Seer of Lublin
 * Grand Rabbi Eleazar Spira of Strzyżów and Łańcut, author of Yod'ei Binah, son of the B'nei Yisoschor
 * Grand Rabbi Shlomo Spira of Strzyżów and Munkatch, author of Shem Sh'lomo, son of the Yod'ei Binah
 * Grand Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Spira of Munkatch, author of Darkhei T'shuvah, son of the Shem Sh'lomo
 * Grand Rabbi Chaim Elazar Spira of Munkatch, author of Minchas El'azar, son of the Darkhei T'shuvah
 * Grand Rabbi Baruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinovich, son-in-law of the Minchas El'azar
 * Grand Rabbi Moshe Leib Rabinovich, son of Rebbe Baruch, current Munkatcher Rebbe

title: Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)


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File:Piece by Piece.jpg

Cover of Piece by Piece by Tori Amos.

title: File:Piece by Piece.jpg


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User talk:Topgun9

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Please note that Wikipedia policy does not allow you to add your own original research to articles. Gazpacho 08:07, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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When uploading images please always edit the image description page and do two things:
 * 1) State the source of the image (created yourself, the address of a web page or another source.)
 * 2) State the copyright. The easiest way to list the copyright is to use a copyright tag. The most important tags are {{GFDL}}, {{PD}}, and {{fairuse}}. GFDL is for images that you create yourself. PD is for public domain images (pre-1923 in most cases). Fair use is for copyrighted images that we can use under the fair use rules in the USA.

Without proper source and copyright information, images will eventually be deleted!

If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images (on my talk page) and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much.

In particular Image:Loadbalance.JPG  — Zeimusu | Talk 13:39, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

''Removed the spam warning. My bad'' --GraemeL (talk) 15:02, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Credit links
Please do not add commercial links — or links to your own private websites — to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. brenneman (t) (c) 06:39, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Please stop. If you continue to use Wikipedia for advertising, you will be blocked from editing.   brenneman (t) (c)  06:56, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi brenneman, Please respond to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Debt_settlement I am just trying to improve the articles on Personal Finance. Any constructive feedback is appreciated.

Please become familiar with Wikipedia three revert rule before you make any more edits.--MONGO 07:03, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I did not know about it before. Topgun9 07:05, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I figured that you didn't know about it...it is designed to prevent edit wars, (reverting back and forth between several users). I also have to ask you to not post links to websites that do not help to support the article for references sake. Edits such as the ones you are posting are considered to be "spam" or "advertising" and Wikipedia does not permit these types of external links. Otherwise, let me know if there is anything else you need.--MONGO 07:08, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I created an article on debt settlement. It has been redirected to Debt I feel the topic of Debt settlement deserves an article of its own, and the article i wrote I think is a good starting point. Also I see that I have been reported as a spammer. How can I request for that to be removed. Topgun9 07:12, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Just take care not to do anymore spam please, and contribute as much as possible to the talk pages. Bear in mind, editors are not online non stop, so questions or comments left in talk pages may take a day or two to get a response. Patience, is the key--MONGO 07:18, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Feb 3 2006
Topgun - Hi. Have you reviewed the links I provided at the top of this section? They really do a better job than I could at explaining the problem. Please don't at all feel like you're being targeted if you see other similar links that aren't getting removed, that just means they aren't on anyone's radar. On Credit scoring for example I removed all the forum links. So, can I ask that you read the guidelines, think about how they apply, and comment on my talk page before you add anymore links to your website? - brenneman (t) (c)  05:29, 3 February 2006 (UTC) Topgun9 06:10, 3 February 2006 (UTC) Thanks, I will go through the guidelines in depth, might take me a couple of days.
 * We're in no hurry, I plan to be around for decades. If you have any questions, please use my talk page.  And thanks for being patient, I'm sure it seems a bit like I'm hounding you.  brenneman (t) (c)  06:22, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Topgun9 Its all in good fun.

title: User talk:Topgun9


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Talk:Jbis

Move request
I believe that this article belongs capitalized. Currently JBIS redirects here. Should be the other way around. (If this is against the naming conventions, let me know, thanks) Luqui 08:08, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)

 * Both now redirect to Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. —Slicing (talk) 01:48, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jbis