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United Nations Secretariat Building

The United Nations Secretariat Building is a skyscraper at the headquarters of the United Nations in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It contains the offices of the United Nations Secretariat, the executive organ of the United Nations (UN). The building, designed in the International Style, is 505 ft tall with 39 above-ground stories. It was designed by a group of architects led by Wallace Harrison. Although the building is located within the United States, the site is under UN jurisdiction, so the building is exempt from some local regulations.

The Secretariat Building is designed as a rectangular slab measuring 72 by; it is oriented from north to south and is connected with other UN headquarters buildings. The wider western and eastern elevations of the facade are glass curtain walls, while the narrower northern and southern elevations are made of marble. The Secretariat Building has 889000 ft2 of space. There are press offices, staff rooms, and other functions on the lower stories. The Secretariat offices are placed on the upper stories, which were originally arranged in a modular layout. The building also features various pieces of artwork. The building's style has inspired the construction of other glass curtain wall buildings in Manhattan.

The design process for the United Nations headquarters formally began in February 1947, and a groundbreaking ceremony for the Secretariat Building occurred on September 14, 1948. Staff started moving into the building on August 21, 1950, and it was completed in June 1951. Within a decade, the Secretariat Building was overcrowded, prompting the UN to build additional office space nearby. The building started to deteriorate in the 1980s due to a lack of funding, worsened by the fact that it did not meet modern New York City building codes. UN officials considered renovating the building by the late 1990s, but the project was deferred for several years. The Secretariat Building was renovated starting in 2010 and reopened in phases from July to December 2012.

Site
The Secretariat Building is part of the headquarters of the United Nations in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It occupies a land lot bounded by First Avenue to the west, 42nd Street to the south, the East River to the east, and 48th Street to the north. Although it is physically within the United States, the underlying land is under the jurisdiction of the United Nations (UN). The site is technically extraterritorial through a treaty agreement with the US government, though it is not a territory governed by the UN. Most local, state, and federal laws still apply within the UN headquarters. Due to the site's extraterritorial status, the headquarters buildings are not New York City designated landmarks, since such a designation falls under the purview of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.

The Secretariat Building is directly connected to the Conference Building (housing the Security Council) at its northeast and the Dag Hammarskjöld Library to the south. It is indirectly connected to the United Nations General Assembly Building to the north, via the Conference Building. West of the Secretariat Building is a circular pool with a decorative fountain in its center, as well as a sculpture executed in 1964 by British artist Barbara Hepworth in memory of Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld. The Japanese Peace Bell is just north of the building, and a grove of sycamore trees is planted next to the Secretariat Building. On the western part of the site, along First Avenue, are the flags of the UN, its member states, and its observer states.

Outside of the UN headquarters, Robert Moses Playground is directly to the south, and Tudor City and the Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice are to the west. In addition, the Millennium Hilton New York One UN Plaza hotel (within One and Two United Nations Plaza) is to the northwest. The building is physically isolated from other nearby structures, with the nearest New York City Subway station being several blocks away. Because of this, the Secretariat Building appears as a freestanding tower.

Historically, the site was part of a cove called Turtle Bay. The cove, located between what is now 45th and 48th Streets, was fed by a stream that ran from the present-day intersection of Second Avenue and 48th Street. A creek from the southern end of modern-day Central Park also drained into Turtle Bay. The first settlement on the site was a tobacco farm built in 1639. The site was developed with residences in the 19th century. Slaughterhouses operated on the eastern side of First Avenue for over a hundred years until the construction of the United Nations headquarters. The UN purchased the site in 1946 under the sole condition that it could never slaughter cattle on the land.

Architecture
The Secretariat Building was designed in the International Style by a team of ten architects working under planning director Wallace K. Harrison. The Board of Design comprised Nikolai Bassov of the Soviet Union; Gaston Brunfaut of Belgium; Ernest Cormier of Canada; Le Corbusier of France; Liang Seu-cheng of China; Sven Markelius of Sweden; Oscar Niemeyer of Brazil; Howard Robertson of the United Kingdom; G. A. Soilleux of Australia; and Julio Vilamajó of Uruguay. Abel Sorenson was the interior designer. In addition, David Fine of United States Steel oversaw the construction of the Secretariat Building. The building houses the administrative functions of the UN, including day-to-day duties such as finance and translation. It contains three basement levels and 39 above-ground stories. When the building was completed, it was cited as measuring 544 ft tall, although Emporis and The Skyscraper Center both cite the height as 505 ft.

Form and facade
The building is designed as a rectangular slab measuring 72 by, with the longer axis oriented north–south. The Secretariat's architects wanted to design the massing as a slab without any setbacks. This contrasted with older buildings, such as those at the Rockefeller Center complex, which featured setbacks corresponding to the tops of their elevator banks.

The cornerstone of the UN headquarters was dedicated at the Secretariat Building in 1949. The cornerstone is a block of New Hampshire granite, weighing 3.75 ST and measuring 4 by. The name of the United Nations is inscribed in English, Spanish, French, Russian, and Chinese, which at the time were the five official languages of the United Nations. The cornerstone was initially intended to be relocated to the General Assembly Building when that building was completed. UN officials ultimately decided to permanently affix the stone to a high pedestal next to the Secretariat Building.

Curtain walls
The wider western and eastern elevations of the facade consist of glass curtain walls set within a metal grid. The Secretariat Building was the first skyscraper in New York City to use a glass curtain wall. The western and eastern elevations contain 5,400 windows in total. A total of 300000 ft2 of glass was used, a greater proportion than any other structure in the world at the time. The General Bronze Corporation manufactured and supplied the building with 5,400 individual windows, spandrel frames, louvers, and architectural metalwork. The original curtain wall was a single layer of blue-green glass that absorbed heat. The reflective glass was chosen mainly as a means to reduce heat on the western elevation, which absorbed most of the sunlight during a typical workday. The eastern elevation was clad in the same material for aesthetic reasons. General Bronze Corporation manufactured the windows to meet the specifications of Harrison's design: "a curtain wall cantilevered two feet, nine inches, in front of the steel structure so that it formed a flush skin of blue-green Thermopane heat-absorbing glass, painted black on the inner face." The modern facade, installed in 2010, is made of low emissivity glass that resembles the original facade. The modern curtain wall consists of two layers of glass panes, which are more resistant to shattering in case of a bombing.

When the building was completed, the curtain walls were cantilevered 2 ft from the superstructure and were attached to the concrete floor slabs. Each of the original windows were aluminum sash windows,  separated by aluminum mullions that projected slightly from the facade. The sash windows were compatible with conventional window cleaning equipment. The modern curtain walls are hung from the superstructure via outrigger plates, and there are projecting aluminum mullions similar to those on the original sash windows. The western and eastern elevations are each divided vertically into ten bays, each measuring 28 ft wide. Within each bay are seven panels, each measuring 4 ft wide and 12 ft tall. Three of the old curtain-wall panels are preserved in the Museum of Modern Art.

Spandrel panels separate the windows on different stories. The inner faces of the spandrels are painted black, insulating the building while also giving the impression of depth. The curtain walls initially had weep holes, which were intended to prevent the windows from cracking. Most of the weep holes were plugged in 1952 and 1953 because the building's shape and its susceptibility to high winds frequently caused rainwater to leak into the building. Floors 6, 16, 28, and 39 house mechanical equipment and thus contain pipe galleries rather than glass panels. The facades of these mechanical stories consist of latticed panels, except on floor 39, where there is a mechanical penthouse behind an open-air grille. The architect Henry Stern Churchill wrote that the mechanical penthouse was "a very simple shape and could very well have been left visible".

Marble slabs
The narrower northern and southern elevations are made of masonry clad with Vermont marble. These elevations rise as unbroken slabs and do not contain any openings. The building's steel superstructure, including steel bracing, was concealed within these marble slabs. According to Harrison, the marble walls not only allowed the Secretariat Building to be seen as a monument, but also reduced competition between staff members who wanted corner offices.

Structural features
The foundation includes concrete piers that extend down to the underlying bedrock. Steel pilings are used at points where the bedrock is more than 20 ft deep. The piles are installed in sets of 5 to 20 and range from 50 to 90 ft deep. Each set of pilings is covered by a concrete cap. The building's structural loads are carried by an internal superstructure that includes about 13000 ST of steel. The columns of the superstructure are arranged in a 10×3 grid. The ten north–south bays are all 28 ft wide, but the three west–east bays are all of different widths. The westernmost bay is 20 ft wide; the central bay is 18 ft wide; and the easternmost bay is 27 by wide. The narrow central bay was used as an elevator core. The floors are generally made of mesh and reinforced concrete, which is covered by either terrazzo, cement, asphalt-tile, or carpeting. Electrical and air ducts are placed underneath each floor slab. The interior partition walls are made of rough masonry, marble, plaster, glass, aluminum, or pointed steel.

Interior
The Secretariat Building was constructed with 889000 ft2 of space and, at the time of its completion, could accommodate 4,000 workers. Floors 6, 16, and 28 are used as mechanical floors, and floor 39 serves as a mechanical penthouse, accessible only by stairs. In addition, the United Nations headquarters had a pneumatic mail system, with tubes connecting to a central collection point in the Secretariat Building. Objects could be transported between floors via a conveyor belt system that traveled at 100 ft/min. There was also a dumbwaiter that stopped at every floor except for the lobby and the mechanical stories. The pneumatic mail system only served two stories, while the conveyor belt and dumbwaiter systems were primarily used by the building's messenger stations, which occupied only eleven stories. The building is decorated with various pieces of art from the United Nations Art Collection.

The Secretariat Building was built with 21 high-speed passenger elevators and eight bronze-and-glass escalators. The building has two freight elevators serving all stories and three banks of six passenger elevators. The low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise banks of elevators respectively serve floors 2–15, 16–27, and 28–39. The elevators were programmed so that, if a person on one of the office floors was waiting for a "down" elevator for more than 60 seconds, they would instead be able to enter the next "up" elevator. The elevators were initially staffed by elevator operators before being converted to manual operation in 1967.

Lower stories

Under the building is a three-story garage for UN employees, with 1,500 parking spaces. The first basement level also houses the UN's post office and a studio for educational films. On the second basement level are lockers for maintenance workers and a room for printing and collating documents. The third basement level includes a small firehouse for the UN headquarters and a furnace room, as well as a document distribution room in the third basement. The radio department of the United Nations Department of Public Information is headquartered on one of the basement levels. Tunnels from the basements lead south to the library and north to the General Assembly Building.

The building's lobby has black-and-white terrazzo floors, as well as columns covered with green Italian marble. Black-and-white terrazzo floors are also present at all entryways, and all corridors in the building near the elevator banks. There are full-height windows within the lobby. Also within the lobby is Peace, a 15 by stained glass window by Marc Chagall, dedicated in memory of Hammarskjöld in 1964. When the building was constructed, the lowest stories were to contain broadcasting studios, press offices, staff rooms, and other functions. Media correspondents for the United Nations occupied floors 2 to 4. There was a meditation space on floor 2 that doubled as a press conference room. In addition, there was a bank branch on floor 4. The fourth and fifth floors were connected by an open stairway.

On floor 5 are employee amenities, including a health clinic and a passageway to a staff dining room above the adjacent Conference Building. The dining room was initially supposed to be an open-air terrace facing the East River, but it was partially enclosed due to pollution from a nearby power plant. The dining room frequently hosted parties and receptions for UN staff before being converted into offices in 1981. The modern-day dining room, completed in 1982, is a 750-seat space in the headquarters complex's South Annex. Floor 7 had a large telephone switchboard for the UN's Information Office. The switchboard, installed by the New York Telephone Company, was originally designed to accommodate 3,000 lines, though it could be expanded to as many as 8,000 lines. Floor 17 housed an interpreters' lounge and the UN's art and cartography divisions, while floor 20 had an in-house barber shop.

Offices
The offices were placed on the upper floors. Each office story has a gross floor area of 19000 ft2. There were private offices on the perimeter of each floor. Secretarial offices, support staff, and elevator cores were clustered in the middle of each story. The eastern side of the building was more desirable because it faced the East River, and higher-level diplomats needed large amounts of space for secretaries, filing cabinets, and other functions. As a result, low-level officials worked on the shallower western side of the building, while high-level officials worked on the eastern side. Spaces such as the women's restrooms were originally also placed on the western side, overlooking Midtown Manhattan. High-ranking officials, such as Under-Secretaries-General, had wood-paneled suites with attached conference rooms.

The offices are divided into modules measuring 4 ft wide, with movable partitions that align with the facade's mullions. The offices initially included French desks as well as aluminum chairs. Some of the original furnishings were restored in 2010, while others were replaced with replicas. The building uses over 10 acre of acoustic ceiling tiles. Each ceiling has lighting fixtures spaced at regular intervals, which are outfitted with egg-crate louvers to reduce glare. The ceilings slope up near each window. Each office had a set of Venetian blinds, allowing occupants to adjust natural light levels as necessary; there were 2,200 Venetian blinds in total. The New York Times reported that the building contained 7 mi of partitions, 260 mi of electrical wiring, 11,000 electrical outlets, and 46 mi of pipes. Throughout the late 20th century, the original layout of the offices was changed. The partitions initially reached from the floor to the ceiling, but they were replaced with half-height partitions in 2010, when each story was converted into an open plan.

The Secretariat Building's air-conditioning system had 4,000 individual sets of controls. This system not only reduced cooling costs by at least 25 percent, but also allowed delegates and staff to customize the temperatures of their own offices. Offices within 12 ft of a window are cooled by high-velocity air conditioning units underneath the windows. For offices near the center of the building, cool air is delivered through low-velocity units in the ceilings. The cool air was provided by a pair of centrifugal compressors, which could collectively generate 2,300 tons of air. There are hot-water heating units beneath the windows, within the north and south walls of the building, and underneath the floor slab of the first story; in addition, there are steam heaters in the pipe galleries. The dehumidifiers on each story are supplied by chilled water from the East River at a rate of more than 14000 gal per minute. The use of East River water precluded the need for a dedicated cooling tower, which would have required increasing the building's height and strengthening the superstructure.

On floor 38 are offices and an apartment for the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The suite was donated by the Austrian Chamber of Commerce and designed by Gerhard Karplus of New York City and Mr. and Mrs. Karl Mang of Vienna. Prior to a 2000s renovation, it was covered in walnut paneling. The Secretary-General's conference room was decorated with various pieces of furniture designed by Austrian architects and a watercolor painting by Raoul Dufy, while the Secretary-General's office on the East River had a kitchen and more Austrian furniture. In addition, floor 38 had a private switchboard and an office for the President of the United Nations General Assembly; most Secretariat employees were not allowed to visit this story.

Development
Real estate developer William Zeckendorf purchased a site on First Avenue in 1946, intending to create a development called "X City", but he could not secure funding for the development. At the time, the UN was operating out of a temporary headquarters in Lake Success, New York, although it wished to build a permanent headquarters in the US. Several cities competed to host the UN headquarters before New York City was selected. John D. Rockefeller Jr. paid US$8.5 million for an option on the X City site, and he donated it to the UN in December 1946. The UN accepted this donation, despite the objections of several prominent architects such as Le Corbusier. The UN hired planning director Wallace Harrison, of the firm Harrison & Abramovitz, to lead the headquarters' design. He was assisted by a Board of Design composed of ten architects.

Planning
The design process for the United Nations headquarters formally began in February 1947. Each architect on the Board of Design devised his own plan for the site, and some architects created several schemes. All the plans had to include at least three buildings: one each for the General Assembly, the Secretariat, and conference rooms. The plans had to comply with several "basic principles"; for example, the Secretariat Building was to be a 40-story tower without setbacks. It would be a freestanding tower surrounded by shorter structures, something which may have been influenced by Le Corbusier's ideals. Early designs called for the Secretariat tower to accommodate 2,300 workers; the architects subsequently considered a 5,265-worker capacity before finalizing the capacity at 4,000 workers. The tower was to be placed at the south end of the complex because it was near 42nd Street, a major crosstown street, and because the underlying bedrock was shallowest at this end.

By March 1947, the architects had devised preliminary sketches for the headquarters. The same month, the Board of Design published two alternative designs for a five-building complex, anchored by the Secretariat Building to the south and a pair of 35-story buildings to the north. After much discussion, Harrison decided to select a design based on the proposals of two board members, Oscar Niemeyer and Le Corbusier. Even though the design process was a collaborative effort, Le Corbusier took all the credit, saying the buildings were "100% the architecture and urbanism of Le Corbusier". The Board of Design presented their final plans for the United Nations headquarters in May 1947. The plans called for a 45-story Secretariat tower at the south end of the site, a 30-story office building at the north end, and several low-rise structures (including the General Assembly Building) in between. The committee unanimously agreed on this plan.

The Secretariat tower was planned to be the first building on the site, and it was initially projected to be finished in late 1948. The project was facing delays by mid-1947, when a slaughterhouse operator on the site requested that it be allowed to stay for several months. The complex was originally planned to cost US$85 million. Demolition of the site started in July 1947. The same month, UN Secretary-General Trygve Lie and the architects began discussing ways to reduce construction costs by downsizing the headquarters. Lie then submitted a report to the General Assembly in which he recommended reducing the Secretariat tower from 45 to 39 stories. The UN had contemplated installing a swimming pool in the building during the planning process, but the pool was eliminated due to objections from American media organizations. The General Assembly voted to approve the design for the headquarters in November 1947. By the next month, the architects were considering adding granite panels to the western elevation of the facade, since sunlight would enter through that facade during the majority of the workday.

In April 1948, US President Harry S. Truman requested that the United States Congress approve an interest-free loan of US$65 million to fund construction. Because Congress did not approve the loan for several months, there was uncertainty over whether the project would proceed. Around that time, the UN had decided to reduce the Secretariat Building to 39 stories. The height reduction, along with other modifications, was expected to save US$3 million. Congress authorized the loan in August 1948, of which US$25 million was made available immediately from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Lie predicted the US$25 million advance would only be sufficient to pay for the Secretariat Building's construction. To ensure that the project would remain within its US$65 million budget, Lie delayed the installation of the building's furnishings, thereby saving US$400,000.

Construction
The groundbreaking ceremony for the initial buildings occurred on September 14, 1948. Workers removed a bucket of soil to mark the start of work on the Secretariat Building's basement. The next month, Harrison requested that its 58 members and the 48 U.S. states participate in designing the interiors of the building's conference rooms. It was believed that if enough countries designed their own rooms, the UN would be able to reduce its expenditures. Also in October, the American Bridge Company was hired to construct the steel superstructure of the Secretariat Building. Le Corbusier insisted that the facade of the Secretariat Building contain brises soleil, or sun-breakers, even as Harrison argued that the feature would be not only expensive but also difficult to clean during the winter. This prompted the architects to erect a mockup of the planned facade on the roof of the nearby Manhattan Building. By late 1948, the Secretariat Building was scheduled to receive its first tenants in 1950.

Fuller Turner Walsh Slattery Inc., a joint venture between the George A. Fuller Company, Turner Construction, the Walsh Construction Company, and the Slattery Contracting Company, was selected in December 1948 to construct the Secretariat Building, as well as the foundations for the remaining buildings. The next month, the UN formally awarded a US$23.8 million contract for the Secretariat Building's construction to the joint venture. The Secretariat Building was to be completed no later than January 1, 1951, or the joint venture would pay a minimum penalty of US$2,500 per day to the UN. The joint venture had started constructing the piers under the building by the end of January 1949, and site excavations were completed the next month. In April 1949, workers erected the first steel beam for the Secretariat Building, and the flag of the United Nations was raised above the first beam. The cornerstone of the headquarters was originally supposed to be laid at the Secretariat Building on April 10, 1949. Lie delayed the ceremony after learning that Truman would not present to officiate the cornerstone laying. The cornerstone was held in a storage yard in Maspeth, Queens, in the meantime.

The Secretariat Building's steel structure had been completed by October 1949. At a topping out ceremony on October 5, the UN flag was hoisted atop the roof of the newly completed steel frame. The facade was still not completed; the aluminum had only reached the 18th floor and the glass had reached the 9th floor. Six days later, Truman accepted an invitation to the cornerstone-laying ceremony. New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey laid the headquarters' cornerstone on October 24, 1949, the fourth anniversary of the United Nations' founding. Construction workers completed a sample office on the eighth floor in January 1950. By that June, the building was 80 percent completed, and the first occupants were scheduled to move there within two or three months. The southern half of the parking lot, underneath the Secretariat Building, was also finished; the northern half was being completed as part of the General Assembly Building. The building as a whole was not planned to be completed until January 1951.

Opening
The first portion of the building to be completed was its parking lot, which opened in July 1950. Staff started moving into the Secretariat on August 21, 1950, with 450 staff members moving into the basement levels and the first 15 stories. Staff members with frequent meetings, such as interpreters, remained at the Lake Success office for the time being. The lobby contained a temporary location for the UN's bookstore, which relocated to the General Assembly Building in 1952 following that structure's completion. At the time, the UN had 57 member states and could accommodate 13 more nations.

Initially, the UN did not allow visitors in the Secretariat Building. Shortly after the building opened, it was discovered that smoke from Consolidated Edison's nearby Waterside Generating Station was polluting the air intakes for the building's air conditioning system. The UN ultimately agreed in November 1950 to relocate the Secretariat Building's air intakes. The same month, the UN decided to spend US$360,000 to furnish three floors of offices for UNICEF and the Technical Assistance Administration. Media correspondents moved into the building in January 1951, and the Secretariat Building was fully occupied by that June. Building officials also announced in early 1951 that they would repair the windows, which were leaking due to poor weather-stripping. Officials had recorded 4,916 instances of leaks before the windows were repaired in mid-1951. During a storm that October, after the windows had been repaired, officials recorded only 16 leaks.

The building had 3,000 workers by the end of 1951. A Chicago Daily Tribune reporter said the staff were "neither united nor very peaceful", in part because staff tended to sit with those from their own countries. William R. Frye of The Christian Science Monitor said that the Secretariat Building's vertical office layout had led many staff members to express nostalgia for the old Lake Success offices. The Secretariat Building's cafeteria opened in January 1952, and the fountain outside the building was dedicated in June 1952. The Secretariat Building finally began receiving visitors that year, after the rest of the UN complex opened. By the end of 1952, the complex received about 1,500 visitors per day. Workers cleaned the building for the first time in April 1953, and repairs to the facade were completed by that September.

UN expansion
The UN's membership expanded during the 1950s, prompting officials to expand the building's communications equipment in 1958. The next year, Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld proposed allocating US$635,000 to install automatic elevators in the Secretariat Building due to increasing labor costs. At that time, the building received about 2,500 to 3,000 tourists a day. By 1962, the Secretariat Building was occupied by 3,000 Secretariat employees (three-quarters of the total staff), as well as other UN organizations. That year, Secretary-General U Thant proposed constructing a two-story annex at a cost of US$6.3 million, but a UN committee rejected this proposal. A journalists' club in the building was opened the same year. In 1964, a UN panel approved a proposal to replace the elevators and renovate two of the building's unoccupied stories, but it rejected other proposals to expand the headquarters. Two years later, Thant proposed constructing another office building within the UN headquarters. By then, the Secretariat Building was nearing capacity, and some organizations, such as UNICEF, had been forced to relocate. The building's manual elevators were replaced by automatic cabs in 1967.

Yet another expansion of the UN headquarters, including a park connected with the Secretariat Building, was proposed in 1968. This led to the construction of One United Nations Plaza, on 44th Street just outside the UN complex, in 1975. The main headquarters was expanded slightly from 1978 to 1981. As part of this project, a new cafeteria was built at the northern end of the headquarters, and the Secretariat Building's cafeteria was converted into additional offices. Another office tower outside the headquarters proper, Two United Nations Plaza, was completed in 1983. By then, the Secretariat had over 6,000 employees, some of whom were forced to work within the United Nations Plaza towers. The new buildings were barely sufficient to accommodate the UN's demand for office space; the organization itself had expanded to 140 members by the 1970s. Furthermore, the Secretariat Building's tenant list had largely remained constant from its opening through the end of the 20th century. As a result, the building housed several departments that had existed since the 1950s but were unrelated to the Secretariat. Newer Secretariat departments occupied space in nearby office buildings rather than in the United Nations Secretariat Building.

Maintenance issues and renovation proposals
Due to funding shortfalls in the 1980s, the UN diverted funding from its headquarters' maintenance fund to peacekeeping missions and other activities. The Secretariat Building's heating and cooling costs alone amounted to US$10 million a year. Because the headquarters was an extraterritorial territory, the Secretariat Building was exempt from various building regulations. Furthermore, the building's machinery created electromagnetic fields, which reportedly made some employees ill. Although the General Assembly had voted to fund the installation of electromagnetic shields in the building in 1990, that money was instead used for roof repairs.

By 1998, the building had become technologically dated, and UN officials considered renovating the headquarters. The Secretariat Building did not meet modern New York City building regulations: it lacked a sprinkler system, the space leaked extensively, and there were large amounts of asbestos that needed to be removed. The mechanical systems were so outdated that the UN had to manufacture its own replacement parts, and up to one quarter of the building's heat escaped through leaks in the curtain wall. The building used massive amounts of energy because, at the time of the tower's construction, the UN had not been as concerned about energy conservation. Part of one story had been vacated because of interference from electromagnetic fields. The New York Times wrote that "if the United Nations had to abide by city building regulations [...] it might well be shuttered". At the time, the UN had proposed renovating the building for US$800 million, as UN officials had concluded that the long-term cost of renovations would be cheaper than doing nothing.

The UN commissioned a report from engineering firm Ove Arup & Partners, which published its findings in 2000. The report recommended renovating the UN headquarters over six years and adding ten stories to the Secretariat Building. Several options for renovating the UN headquarters were presented. The most expensive alternative, costing US$245 million, called for the Secretariat Building to be rebuilt in several phases, requiring the relocation of one-third of the building's staff. Another option would have cost only US$74 million and would have entailed the construction of several smaller office buildings. The UN could not secure funding for the project at the time. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Secretariat Building's curtain walls were covered with a green coating, which was intended to limit damage in case of a bombing. In 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan proposed replacing the Robert Moses Playground with a new tower, relocating the Secretariat's offices there temporarily, and renovating the Secretariat Building itself. The UN selected Fumihiko Maki to design a building on the Moses site, but the New York State Legislature refused to pass legislation in 2005 that would have allowed these plans to proceed.

The UN then decided to renovate its existing structures over seven years for US$1.6 billion. The Secretariat Building would be renovated in four phases, each covering ten stories, and the UN would lease an equivalent amount of office space nearby. Louis Frederick Reuter IV was the original architect for the renovation, but he resigned in 2006 following various disputes between UN and US officials. Michael Adlerstein was hired as the new project architect. Engineering firm Skanska was hired to renovate the Secretariat, Conference, and General Assembly buildings in July 2007. At that point, the cost of the project had risen to US$1.9 billion. Prior to the start of the renovation, in 2008, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon approved a pilot program to reduce heat emissions by raising temperatures throughout the building. By then, the offices had been rearranged so frequently that the heating and cooling system no longer worked as intended.

Substantial renovation and reopening
The renovation of the United Nations headquarters formally began in 2008. Adlerstein planned to reconstruct the Secretariat Building's offices entirely while preserving the appearance of the exterior and public spaces. All of the building's 5,000 workers had to relocate to nearby office space. Work on the building began in mid-2010. The work involved redesigning the mechanical systems, adding blast protection, and upgrading the building to conform to New York City building codes. In addition, large amounts of asbestos were removed from the structure, and workers installed a fire-alarm and sprinkler system. The curtain wall was also rebuilt in several sections, starting from the lowest levels and working upward. The building was also retrofitted with various green building features as part of the project.

The building reopened in phases, with the first workers returning in July 2012. On October 29, 2012, the basement of the UN complex was flooded due to Hurricane Sandy, leading to a three-day closure and the relocation of several offices. By that December, the last workers had moved back into the Secretariat Building. Following the renovation, the Secretariat Building housed all of the Secretariat's divisions. Some of the building's previous occupants, such as the Department of Peace Operations, had relocated to other buildings. In 2019, due to a budget shortfall, the UN curtailed heating and air-conditioning service in the building, and it shut down some of the Secretariat Building's escalators.

Impact
When the Secretariat Building was being constructed in June 1949, Building magazine described the tower as "a vast marble frame for two enormous windows ... a mosaic reflecting the sky from a thousand facets". Newsweek characterized the structure as being "a cross between Hiroshima, an Erector set, and a glazier's dream house". Upon the building's completion in 1951, Office Management and Equipment magazine presented UN officials with a plaque recognizing the building as "office of the year". The Secretariat Building's staff quickly nicknamed it the "Glass House".

Following the building's completion, it received a significant amount of architectural commentary, though reviews were mixed. Vogue magazine compared the tower to an "ice-cream sandwich", describing it as being "as much monument as office". Time magazine wrote: "Some architectural critics have called the Secretariat everything from a 'magnified radio console' to 'a sandwich on end'." The architect Henry Stern Churchill wrote of the building: "Visually it completely dominates the group; when one thinks of U.N. one thinks only of the vast green-glass, marble-end slab." Architectural Forum wrote: "Not since Lord Carnarvon discovered King Tut's Tomb in 1922 had a building caused such a stir." The architect Aaron Betsky wrote in 2005: "The Secretariat becomes both an abstraction of the office grids behind it and an abstract painting itself, posed in front of Manhattan as one approaches from the major airports on Long Island."

Some critics had negative views of the building. British architect Giles Gilbert Scott described the Secretariat Building as "that soapbox", saying: "I don't know whether that's architecture." Architectural critic Lewis Mumford regarded the building as a "superficial aesthetic triumph and an architectural failure" that was only enlivened during the nighttime when the offices were illuminated. He wrote of the interiors: "So far from the being the model office building it might have been, it really is a very conventional job." Mumford reluctantly acknowledged that the building could be a global symbol, saying that the building represented the fact that "the managerial revolution has taken place and that bureaucracy rules the world".

Other glass-walled buildings in Manhattan, such as Lever House, the Corning Glass Building, and the Springs Mills Building, were built after the United Nations Secretariat Building. The development of Lever House and the glass-walled Seagram Building, in turn, led to development of other glass-walled skyscrapers worldwide. Additionally, One United Nations Plaza was designed to complement the style of the Secretariat Building. The Secretariat Building and its connected structures have been depicted in numerous films such as The Glass Wall (1953) and North by Northwest (1959). The 2005 film The Interpreter was the first filmed inside the headquarters.

title: United Nations Secretariat Building


text:
Syndicat Mixte

In France, a Syndicat Mixte is a joint venture between various public authorities of different types. Typically these might include a département together with a communauté d'agglomération or several communes.

The organisations are governed by representatives elected by their member bodies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Syndicat Mixte


text:
Halt im Gedächtnis Jesum Christ, BWV 67

Halt im Gedächtnis Jesum Christ (Keep Jesus Christ in mind), BWV67, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in Leipzig for, the first Sunday after Easter, and first performed it on 16 April 1724.

Based on the prescribed gospel of the appearance of Jesus to the Disciples, first without then with Thomas, an unknown poet compares the situation of the doubtful Thomas to the Christian in general. He places Nikolaus Herman's Easter hymn "" in the centre of the cantata, repeats the line "" (Peace be with you) several times, and ends with the first stanza from Jakob Ebert's hymn "" (Thou Prince of Peace, Lord Jesus Christ). Bach structured the work in seven movements, arranged in symmetry around the central chorale, and scored it for three solo voices, a four-part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of a slide horn for hymn tunes, flauto traverso, two oboes d'amore, strings and basso continuo. Besides the unusual central chorale, the cantata contains a dramatic scena with Jesus repeating "Peace be with you" against the enemies.

History and words
Bach composed the cantata in his first year as Thomaskantorr in Leipzig, shortly after he first performed his St John Passion, for the First Sunday after Easter, called Quasimodogeniti. The prescribed readings for that Sunday were from the First Epistle of John, "our faith is the victory", and from the Gospel of John, the appearance of Jesus to the Disciples, first without then with Thomas, in Jerusalem. The unknown poet begins with a verse from the Second Epistle to Timothy, "Remember that Jesus Christ … was raised from the dead". The poet sees Thomas as similar to the doubtful Christian in general, whose heart is not at peace. The center of the cantata is the Easter hymn "Erschienen ist der herrlich Tag" (The glorious day has appeared) by Nikolaus Herman (1560), praising the day of the resurrection. In contrast, movement 5 recalls the danger by the enemies, until in movement 6 Jesus appears, as he did to his disciples in Jerusalem, finally bringing peace. The line "Friede sei mit euch" (Peace be with you) is repeated four times, framing three stanzas of a poem. The closing chorale is the first stanza of "" (Thou Prince of Peace, Lord Jesus Christ) by Jakob Ebert (1601).

Bach led the first performance on 16 April 1724.

Structure and scoring
Bach structured the cantata in seven movements, arranged symmetrically around a central chorale. He scored the work for three vocal soloists (alto, tenor, bass), a four-part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of corno da tirarsi (Ct, a slide horn that Bach scored for a short period), flauto traverso (Ft), two oboes d'amore (Oa), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo.

In the following table of the movements, the scoring follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4). The continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.

Movements
The opening chorus reflects the contrast of hope and resurrection versus simultaneous remembrance and doubt, which is present throughout the cantata. The chorus is structured in symmetry in seven sections, beginning with an instrumental sinfonia of all instruments, the horn introducing a theme representing remembrance in a melody which resembles the choral tune of "" which Bach would later use as a cantus firmus in the opening movement of his St Matthew Passion. Bach thus alludes to the idea that Jesus suffered innocently for the "sins of the world" before he rose again. In the second section, this melody is sung by the sopranos, while the lower voices stress the word "Halt" (hold) by several homophonic chords. In the third section, the sopranos repeat the melody in a fugue, while the altos simultaneously sing a countersubject that rises in fast movement for more than an octave, illustrating the resurrection. The fourth section is a reprise of the sinfonia with the voices added, then a variation of sections 2 to 4 follows as 5 to 7.

The tenor aria  (My Jesus is arisen) is accompanied by an obbligato oboe d'amore. The theme is presented in the opening by the strings and later picked up by the voice, illustrating the word "" by an upward run.

The Easter hymn "" marks the center of the composition. In symmetry, it is framed by two alto recitatives, the second a reprise of the first.

The idea of a solo singer alternating with a chorus is extended in the following movement, the bass aria with chorus  (Peace be with you). A string introduction depicts in agitated forte passages in 4/4 time the attack of the enemies. John Eliot Gardiner describes it as "a dramatic scena in which the strings work up a storm to illustrate the raging of the soul's enemies". In sharp contrast the bass as the vox Christi (voice of Christ) sings the greeting of Jesus from verse 19 of the Gospel, "Peace be with you", three times, accompanied by woodwinds in dotted rhythm in 3/4 time, marked piano. Musicologist Julian Mincham describes the music as serene, a "gentle, rocking, almost cradle-like rhythm creating a perfect atmosphere of peaceful contemplation". The upper voices of the choir (without basses) answer to the music of the introduction, seeing Jesus as help in the battle (""). The greeting and answering is repeated two more times in two stanzas of the poem, reflecting the strengthening of the weary in spirit and body (""), and finally overcoming death (""). The following fourth appearance of "Peace be with you" is accompanied by both woodwinds and strings, and peace is finally achieved. Klaus Hofmann describes the movement as an "operatic scene" and continues "Bach resorts to unconventional means; he shows himself as a musical dramatist and, in the process, stresses the element of contrast: he comments upon the words of the faithful with agitated, tumultuous string figures, whilst Jesus' peace greeting sounds calmly and majestically, embedded in pastoral wind sonorities." Bach adapted this movement as the Gloria of his Missa in A major, BWV 234.

The closing chorale "Du Friedefürst, Herr Jesu Christ" is a four-part setting.

Recordings
The table below is taken from the selection on the Bach Cantatas Website. Performing groups singing one voice per part (OVPP) and instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are marked by green background.

title: Halt im Gedächtnis Jesum Christ, BWV 67


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/WikiUser/Proposed decision

all proposed

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority aye vote will be enacted.
 * Items that receive a majority nay vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority aye or nay vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.

Conditional votes for or against and abstentions should be explained by the Arbitrator before or after his/her time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that she/he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were enacted.

On this case, 3 arbitrators are recused and 1 is inactive, so 5 votes are a majority.

Proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on.
 * For all items:

Motions and requests by the parties
Place those on the discussion page.

Proposed temporary injunctions
Four net aye votes needed to pass (each nay vote subtracts an aye) 24 hours from the first vote is normally the fastest an injunction will be imposed.

Template
1) {text of proposed orders}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

=Proposed final decision=

Template
1) {text of proposed principle}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

No personal attacks
1) No personal attacks.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 01:35, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:15, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Courtesy
2) Wikipedia users are required to be courteous in their dealings with other users.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 01:42, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:15, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Vandalism
3) Vandalism of Wikipedia will not be tolerated.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 01:52, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:15, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Edit warring / three-revert rule
4) Users are expected to avoid edit wars and to respect the three-revert rule.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 02:13, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Legal threats
5) No legal threats.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 02:33, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:29, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 12:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Editing Wikipedia during a legal dispute
5.5) It is best for both Wikipedia and its users that those who are in a legal dispute with it or its users discontinue editing until all legal disputes which they have initiated have been resolved.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 03:51, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:29, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 12:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Sockpuppetry
6) The use of sockpuppet accounts, while not generally forbidden, is discouraged. Abuse of sockpuppet accounts, such as using them to evade blocks and bans, make personal attacks or reverts, or vandalize, is strictly forbidden.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 02:53, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 12:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 16:31, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Reasonableness
7) Wikipedia users are required to maintain a reasonable attitude with respect to editing and relationships with other users.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 02:53, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Too vague - what does "reasonable attitude" mean? I like the idea, but the wording needs to be betterTheresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:15, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It means the sort of behavior exemplified by the examples cited at the finding of fact with respect to unreasonableness Fred Bauder 13:09, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) see 7.1
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) (Prefer 7.1.)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) 7.1

 * Abstain:

Reasonableness and disruption
7.1) Wikipedia users are expected to behave reasonably with respect to editing and relating to other users. Editing practices that cause disruption to the normal functioning of Wikipedia will not be tolerated.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 13:09, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) expanded, as discussed with Fred
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) (Taking "reasonable" to be an informal summary of a whole host of established policies, including "assume good faith", "don't disrupt Wikipedia to prove a point", "avoid edit wars", etc.)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 09:49, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:32, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Template
1) {text of proposed finding of fact}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Editing from an anonymous ip
1) User:WikiUser has frequently edited from the ip 217.204.65.210, see and

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 01:33, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:36, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Personal attacks
2) Editing from the ip 217.204.65.210 and as User:WikiUser WikiUser has made personal attacks:, , , ,  , "nazi raul654", , ,  , , ,  and

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 01:33, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:36, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Discourtesy
3. Editing from the ip 217.204.65.210 and under User:WikiUser WikiUser has been discourteous in his dealings with other users:, and
 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 01:44, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:38, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Vandalism
4) Editing from the ip 217.204.65.210 User:WikiUser vandalized Welcome, newcomers and pages on Simple English.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 01:50, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) (but note that we have no jurisdiction over simple.)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) (Noting the simple: vandalism merely as additional evidence of a pattern of disruptive behavior.)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 09:51, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Three revert rule
5) Alternating as User:Wikiuser and the anonymous ip 217.204.65.210 WikiUser created the article Secondary modern school . When another editor edited it he reverted at 11:35, Jan 22, 2005, again at 12:07, Jan 25, 2005, again at 14:49, Jan 25, 2005, again at 15:12, Jan 25, 2005 and again at 15:54, Jan 25, 2005.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 02:28, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) (a minor issue in this case though)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) (But a single 3-rr violation is fairly minor and an issue for a 24-hr block by a sysop rather than arbitration.)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Legal threats
6) Editing from the ip 217.204.65.210 on User talk:WikiUser User:WikiUser made legal threats.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 02:39, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:37, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 12:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Unreasonableness
7) User:WikiUser has on a number of occasions taken an unreasonable attitude with respect both to editing and with respect to the actions of other users:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 03:02, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 12:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 20:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 09:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Template
1) {text of proposed remedy}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Ban for personal attacks
1) User:WikiUser is banned for one year for personal attacks.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 01:36, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 21:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Ban for discourtesy
2) User:WikiUser is banned for one year for discourtesy.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 01:45, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * if discourtesy were a bannable offense, some highly-valued admins would be gone ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 21:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) prefer this as part of a more holistic ruling as below (5.1)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) (Not bannable per se IMO.)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Ban for vandalism
3) User:WikiUser is banned for one year for vandalism.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 01:53, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * sannse (talk) 21:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) this part of the pattern of problem behaviour that makes a ban necessary, but not enough for a year ban in itself (especially as we have no jurisdiction over simple.) See combined ruling below (5.1)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) (Not the main issue in this case.)
 * Sannse has convinced me. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 18:39, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) Not to an extent rating a year. This isn't at the core of the problems with WikiUser.

 * Abstain:

Ban for legal threats
4) User:WikiUser is banned for making legal threats.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 02:41, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:30, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 12:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 21:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) I suggest alternative wording to show the intent of this more clearly: "WikiUser is required to discontinue editing until all legal disputes he has initiated have been resolved." - or possibly I have misunderstood the intent?
 * Please see enforcement which limits the ban to one year after resolution of all legal disputes.
 * Then Nay - I believe strongly that we should not enact punitive bans for legal threats. They should be solely a protective withdrawal until all threats are withdrawn, expired or action completed. sannse (talk)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 23:11, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) changed vote - only valid in connection with Enforcement 2.3
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * sannse (talk) 10:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) see above

 * Abstain:

4.1) WikiUser is required to discontinue editing until all legal disputes he has initiated have been resolved.

 * Aye:
 * sannse (talk) 10:09, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) now covered an Aye for remedy 4, plus the change at enforcement 2.3
 * Fred Bauder 16:55, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) (in addition to a ban)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Ban for unreasonableness
5) User:WikiUser is banned for unreasonable behavior.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 03:05, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * "unreasonable behavior" is not bannable — must be more specific to get my vote ➥the Epopt 23:11, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) (Prefer 5.1.)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) 5.1

 * Abstain:
 * I like where I think this is going, but I'm not sure that this is the way to put it. Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps disruptive behaviour is a better way to put it? Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:32, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 12:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 21:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) see (5.1)

5.1) For behaviour causing significant disruption to the normal functioning of Wikipedia, including repeated personal attacks, discourtesy, vandalism, edit warring, and other unreasonable behaviour. WikiUser is banned for one year.

 * Aye:
 * sannse (talk) 21:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 22:29, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 23:11, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 18:37, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:40, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Template
1) {text of proposed enforcement}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Bans to run concurrently
1) All bans of definite duration shall run concurrently.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 03:44, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:31, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 12:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 21:42, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) Particularly as he's already run up a year ...

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Enforcement of bans for legal threats and unreasonableness
2) The bans for legal threats and unreasonableness are of indefinite duration and shall expire in the case of legal threats one year after resolution of all claims made by User:WikiUser against Wikipedia or any of its users and with respect to the ban for unreasonableness after successful editing of Wikipedia for a period of one month following the expiration of all other bans (in other words after the expiration of all bans of definite duration WikiUser may return to editing but shall be on probation for six months and may again be banned should he again begin to behave in an unreasonable way).

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 03:14, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) (Prefer versions below.)
 * ➥the Epopt 05:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * The wording is a bit convoluted, and one month is too short. Ambi 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've seperated the points and simplified them ( I hope) below. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 09:13, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 21:42, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

2.1) The ban for legal threats will expire one year after resolution of all legal claims made by WikiUser against Wikipedia or any of its users.

 * Aye:
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 09:12, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 12:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) persuaded
 * Fred Bauder 13:02, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 21:42, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) I misread, struck for further consideration
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) (Although if the resolution is in an amicable manner and circumstances look different than anticipated, WikiUser may of course appeal to have the ban dropped or shortened.)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) for consistency, I'm canceling this vote in favor of 2.3, which now has 5 votes

 * Nay:
 * sannse (talk) 10:13, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) - This should be on resolution, not one year after. If no specific withdrawl of threats is made then we presume resolution after a year, but if threats are withdrawn that should be the end of it (other bans would still apply of course) - alternative below  see 2.3
 * ➥the Epopt 05:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

2.2) The ban for legal threats will expire on resolution of all legal disputes. If one year passes with no further threats and no action taken it will be assumed that all disputes have been resolved.  Further legal threats will reset the ban.

 * Aye:
 * sannse (talk) 10:13, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) (only if 2.3 doesn't pass)
 * Fred Bauder 19:39, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 05:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Fred Bauder 16:57, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

2.3) After one year with no further legal threats and no action taken it will be assumed that all disputes have been resolved and the ban for legal threats will be lifted. Further legal threats will reset the ban, and the ban will remain in place during and after any formal action taken.  If other bans are not active and the matter is resolved prior to the lifting of this ban, Wikiuser can apply to the committee for a change to these conditions.

 * Aye:
 * sannse (talk) 23:11, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) I think this one helps with both mine and Freds concerns. A year, unless further threats/action are taken... instead of a year after threats are withdrawn (or two years if the are not withdrawn) as suggested in 2.1
 * Fred Bauder 23:59, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 05:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:40, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 05:01, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) Looks workable.
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 16:34, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Probation on return
3) WikiUser will be on a 6 month probation if he returns after the ban period has expired. If he behaves disruptively or unreasonably during that time he may be blocked for a period of up to one week.

 * Aye:
 * Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 09:12, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 12:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 13:02, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 21:42, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 02:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 07:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 04:40, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

=Discussion by Arbitrators=

Motion to close
Four net Aye votes needed to close case (each Nay vote subtracts an Aye) 24 hours from the first motion is normally the fastest a case will close.

 * David Gerard 14:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) everything that should pass has; enforcement 2.3 could do with more, but has passed anyway
 * ➥the Epopt 15:05, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 15:07, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 16:23, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 16:36, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 22:11, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Cowichan Bay

Cowichan Bay is a bay and community located on the east coast of southern Vancouver Island near Duncan, in British Columbia, Canada. The mouth of the Cowichan River is near Cowichan Bay. Mount Tzouhalem with its hiking trails and ecological reserve stands to the north. The bay is known for its fishing and scenic value. The area's main industries are fishing and tourism.

The area is served by the nearby coast-spanning Island Highway and Island Rail Corridor.

First Nation history
For many thousands of years Cowichan Bay was home to First Nations people who harvested the wealth of salmon and shellfish found in its many coves, tidal flats and swiftly flowing rivers. A rare steatite anthropomorphic bowl was discovered on Cowichan Bay in the late nineteenth century. One of only about 50 so far found and estimated to originate from the Marpole Culture (400 BC-400 AD), it is now in the British Museum's collection.

European settlement
Cowichan Bay was the gateway for European settlement of the Cowichan and Chemainus valleys from the early 1860s. A steamer service from Victoria was the major link for goods and people before the coming of the railway. Bypassed by the Esquimalt and Nanaimo line and later by the Island Highway, Cowichan Bay nevertheless was a thriving little community, based on sport and commercial salmon fishing, and log and lumber exports.

From the early 1900s Cowichan Bay attracted sportsmen from all over the British Empire for salmon fishing in the Bay and the Cowichan and Koksilah rivers. It was, for a time, the Salmon Capital of the World offering not just fishing, but fine sailing waters, an annual regatta and, next to Wimbledon, the oldest grass tennis courts in the world.

Tourism
The village of Cowichan Bay is a tourist attraction in the summer. The community began a transformation in 2004 when Jonathan Knight opened a European inspired bakery at the centre of the seaside village. His success spawned other businesses to open in the bay; an organic clothing store; a local-made cheese shop; an old-style homemade ice-cream parlour; an upscale restaurant; a pottery shop run by a local artisan; as well as many other eateries and knick-knack shops. Cowichan Bay offers visitors a chance to see their wildlife through kayak tours and rentals and whalewatching tours. Depending on the time of year it is not uncommon to see bald eagles, seals, herons or other wildlife in the area.

South Cowichan Lawn Tennis Club
South Cowichan Lawn Tennis Club was founded in 1887. It is one of the oldest lawn tennis clubs in the world and the oldest lawn tennis club in Canada.

Economy
A noted deepwater port where tankers and container ships can still be seen at anchor regularly, Cowichan Bay has been plagued by derelicts abandoned at anchor and left to rot — most notably the fuel-filled Dominion, which dragged anchor during a winter storm before being towed away for scrap after a 5-year period, and the replica Beaver, which replaced her, towed in by the same tug that removed the derelict Dominion. Cowichan Bay's former economic base is declining, but being replaced with more recreational water activities, a revived interest in boatbuilding, an appreciation for the history and ecology of the Bay, and tourism.

Local politics
Cowichan Bay services are provided by the Cowichan Valley Regional District, with fire protection provided by the Cowichan Bay Improvement District which operates Cowichan Bay Fire Rescue. In 2009, Cowichan Bay became Canada and North America's first Cittaslow community.

Notable residents

 * James Dunsmuir - Former Premier and Lieutenant-Governor of BC
 * Robert William Service - Poet and writer of the Yukon Gold Rush, he worked in several farms of Cowichan Bay from June 1896 to November 1897 and then from October 1898 until October 1, 1903 in the Corfield Farm. A memorial bench has been erected in the Robert Service Wayside Park and a plaque has been embedded up the seat where it can be read few lines of a poem of Robert Service entitled "Heart o' the North" excerpt from "Rhymes of a Rolling Stone".
 * Arthur Vickers - Artist, story teller.

title: Cowichan Bay


text:
Talk:Primary source

The term in library science and medicine
The article focuses much on the term used in history, but very little on library science and medicine. Hope that Wikipedians familiar with these disciplines can use reliable sources to add information about it.--RekishiEJ (talk) 09:38, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

When was the primary source written that is all I want to know 🙄
When was the primary social and that's all I want to know 🙄 24.126.199.147 (talk) 21:34, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

A primary source is the material within an enveloping content that may contain other than solely primary source material.
One packet of content can contain largely primary source material with a bit of secondary. Another might contain largely secondary source material with a bit of primary. Other combinations can also work as follows:

I worked from the WP:NOR example given in the secondary source related text: "A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but where it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source for those experiences." (I summarised this as the book as including secondary source material with personal primary source material included). In more common practice "A book ... about ..." a topic might include photographs and various accounts related to that topic, (as potentially primary source material within secondary source material ). If the "book by a military historian" made reference to, say, another person's war experiences, that account may itself have included that "author's own thinking" on, for instance, personal perceived follies/successes in pervious wars, (secondary source material within primary source material ). Closer to home, Wikipedia calls itself "Wikipedia" (as primary within tertiary with a whole encyclopaedia's worth of PST references placed into a phenomenally voluminous content on the way).

There's also a current discussion on this at Wikipedia talk:No original research for anyone interested.

GregKaye 14:06, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I tried to add to the article about Primary Sources. For my addition, it is extremely important that I add an emoji. However, the automatic filter did not allow me to publish the addition of the emoji. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmrv1 (talk • contribs) 15:53, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

"The Primary Source" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Primary_Source&redirect=no The Primary Source] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 23:08, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Primary source


text: User talk:69.196.27.223

title: User talk:69.196.27.223


text: User talk:83.129.0.77

title: User talk:83.129.0.77


text:
Wayne Middaugh

Robert Wayne Middaugh (born September 20, 1967) is a Canadian curler. Born in Brampton, Ontario, Middaugh resides in Victoria Harbour, Ontario. He is the only player to have won the Canadian Men's Curling Championship (known as the Brier) at three different positions: skip (1998), third (2012), and second (1993). He was inducted into the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame in 2020. He currently coaches the Anna Hasselborg rink from Sweden.

Career
Middaugh is a three-time world champion, once as second for Russ Howard in 1993, as a skip in 1998, and as third for Glenn Howard in 2012. He has competed in ten Briers — in 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994 as Russ Howard's second, in 1998, 2001, 2005 and 2021 as a skip, and in 2012 and 2013 as third on the Glenn Howard rink — winning the title in 1993, 1998 and 2012. On top of this, Middaugh has won seven TSN Skins Games, was the World Curling Tour Money leader for three seasons and has won five World Curling Tour Players' Championships (1995, 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2013).

In March 2007, Jon Mead was announced as the Middaugh team's replacement for Wayne's cousin Peter Corner at the third position. He left the team in April 2010 to rejoin with his former skip Jeff Stoughton.

Following the retirement of Richard Hart from the Glenn Howard rink, Howard announced that Middaugh would replace Hart as his third. Middaugh would have immediate success with his new team, qualifying for the 2012 Tim Hortons Brier where the rink lost only one game during the event, and defeated Alberta's Kevin Koe in the final. Middaugh became the first curler to win the Brier at three different positions. In addition to the 2012 title, Middaugh was the winner of the annual Ford Hot Shots skills and shot-making competition that precedes the start of round-robin play. The team represented Ontario again at the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier, where they won a bronze medal.

Middaugh left the Howard rink in 2014, and announced his retirement from competitive curling. However he returned in time to play in the Challenge Round to qualify for the 2015 Ontario Tankard, being added as skip to Peter Corner's rink. He returned to the Howard rink for the 2015–16 curling season before breaking his leg in a skiing accident partway though the season. The team qualified for the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier, but due to the injury Middaugh was relegated to coaching the team.

Middaugh's accident resulted in his leg being broken in 11 places, two years of recovery, and multiple surgeries. It also resulted in him getting a "titanium leg". This forced him to cut his curling career short, and he moved to the world of coaching, joining the 2018 Olympic gold medallist Anna Hasselborg rink as their coach. During the 2020–21 curling season, Middaugh's former skip Glenn Howard got into an accident of his own, while snowmobiling. Due to the accident, Middaugh joined the team to play in the 2021 Tim Hortons Brier, replacing Howard as skip. Despite his prior injury and time away from the game, Middaugh led the team to an 8–4 record, finishing in 5th place overall. After the event, Middaugh called it a "one off", stating that he could not "play a long event again".

Personal life
Middaugh works as the general manager at the Port Carling Golf & Country Club and is also the PGA of Canada golf pro. He is married to former Ontario women's champion Sherry Middaugh, and has two children.

title: Wayne Middaugh


text:
Johann Carl Fuhlrott

Johann Carl Fuhlrott (31 December 1803, Leinefelde, Germany – 17 October 1877, Wuppertal) was an early German paleoanthropologist. He is famous for recognizing the significance of the bones of Neanderthal 1, a Neanderthal specimen discovered by German laborers who were digging for limestone in Neander valley (Neanderthal in German) in August 1856. Originally disregarded, Fuhlrott, to his eternal credit, had the insight to recognize them for what they were: the remains of a previously unknown type of human.

Biography
His parents were the innkeeper Johannes Philipp Fuhlrott and his wife Maria Magdalena, née Nussbaum. His parents had died by the time he was ten and he was raised by his uncle, the Catholic priest Carl Bernhard Fuhlrott, in Seulingen. In 1835 he married Josepha Amalia Kellner (1812–1850), with whom he had six children.

After studying mathematics and natural sciences at the University of Bonn, Fuhlrott became a teacher at the Gymnasium in Elberfeld. In 1856, workers in a lime quarry in the nearby canyon called Gesteins or Neandertal (southwest of Mettmann) showed him bones they had found in a cave and thought to belong to a bear. Fuhlrott identified them as human and thought them to be very old. He recognized them to be different from the usual bones of humans and showed them to the Professor of Anatomy at the University of Bonn, Hermann Schaaffhausen. Together they announced the discovery publicly in 1857. In their view the bones represented the remnants of an ancient human race, different from contemporary humans. Their views were not readily accepted as it contradicted literal interpretations of the Bible, and Charles Darwin's work about evolution had not yet been published.

Today, Fuhlrott and Schaaffhausen are considered to be the founders of paleoanthropology, and the taxon they discovered is referred to as Homo neanderthalensis in honor of the site where it was first identified.

title: Johann Carl Fuhlrott


text:
User talk:Factoid

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 01:01, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Factoid


text:
User:Jdmiller82

www.miller-interactive.com

title: User:Jdmiller82


text:
Santa Pola

Santa Pola ( Valencian and Spanish: ) is a coastal town located in the comarca of Baix Vinalopó in the Valencian Community, Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of 58.6 km2 and has a population of 36,174 inhabitants of whom 6,000 are residents of the nearby town of Gran Alacant.

The town has an important salt evaporation pond known as the salines which remains in business, additionally, most of it is recognized as the Natural Park of Salines de Santa Pola, an important Ramsar site. The town was settled over the ruins of a Roman village called Portus Ilicitanus (literally, Harbour of Elche); after being abandoned for decades, then a castle was constructed in the 16th century which marked the repopulation of Santa Pola. The town has an archeological museum covering these phases.

Santa Pola is, at present, a coastal fishing and tourist town. Population more than doubles during the summer, with people coming mostly from the rest of the Alicante province, and also from the Basque autonomous community, Madrid, France and the UK, just to mention some. The nearby island of Tabarca (part of Alicante) can be visited by ship.

The new town of Gran Alacant, 5 km north of Santa Pola along the Alicante bay, accounts for about one third of the population of the district. Next to it is the Carabasi area, a nature reserve. Gran Alacant lies only a few kilometres from Alicante Airport and a few hundred metres from the town of Los Arenales which is located in the Elche district.

In June 2009, the Valencian Government announced that the Alicante Tram system will be extended southwards via Alicante Airport and El Altet, to stations in Gran Alacant and Santa Pola and then onwards to Guardamar and Torrevieja before terminating in Murcia.

Etymology
The name is derived from Saint Paula, itself derived from Saint Paul the apostle, who arrived at Tabarca island, as tradition holds. However, it is likely that the name comes from Latin "palus", thence "pauls", finally "pol".

History
The first settlements in the area remount to the third millennium BC, proof of which have been tools and paintings from the Neolithic found in the Cueva de las Arañas del Carabassí, as well as remains found from hunter-gatherers of the Palaeolithic in the Cueva de las Teresitas.

During the fourth century BCE, a small walled settlement was built near Vanalopó river. It served mainly as a Greek-Iberia economical hub. During the first century CE, near the former site a port was built, serving the city of Illici, named Portus Illicitanus (Ἰλλικιτάνος Λιμήν) (cited by Claudius Ptolemy in Geography).

This port proved paramount for the development of the region's maritime commerce, together with Cartagena's. In 460 AC, emperor Majorians flotilla set sail to attack north African vandals, but was burnt at that same port. From the Roman settlement a necropolis is still in place, as well as a fish-salting factory and the Roman House of Palmeral. Their remains are described as back as 1621 by Cristòfol Sanz, although they were excavated during the 20th century.

Economics
Economical activity in this region is based on agriculture, craft-making and fishing. 1.3% of the population was dedicated to agriculture in 2003, and that's only successful when coupled with artificial watering systems, needed for the 200 hectares of orange trees (102ha), mandarin trees (74ha), and pomegranate trees (18ha), together with 230ha used for vegetables such as melons, shallots, broccoli, etc.

Languages
According to article 35 of law n° 4/1983 (23 November), Santa Pola's official language is Valencian, together with Spanish (Spanish Constitution, article n°3, 1978). INE's latest census shows that 90% of the population speaks Valencian. There has been an increased positive trend in the influx of new language influences, in part due to immigration patterns in the region. This has caused suburbs such as Gran Alacant to have a significant population of English speakers.

title: Santa Pola


text:
Cowichan Valley

The Cowichan Valley is a region around the Cowichan River, Cowichan Bay and Cowichan Lake on Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. There is some debate as to the origin of the name Cowichan, which many  believe to be an anglicized form of the First Nations tribal name Quw'utsun.

Communities
Communities that lie within the actual Cowichan River/Cowichan Bay watershed include Duncan, Lake Cowichan, Cowichan Bay, Cowichan Station and Maple Bay. Other nearby communities are affiliated mainly through the Cowichan Valley Regional District. Crofton and Chemainus, lie within the Chemainus River Valley, while Cobble Hill, Shawnigan Lake, Mill Bay, and Ladysmith inhabit a coastal plain that includes the Cowichan and Chemainus River deltas.

The Trans Canada Trail goes through the Valley, and there are numerous options for hiking enthusiasts. On January 7, 2010 an air quality monitoring station was installed.

Agriculture
The Cowichan Valley is the home of a growing number of vineyards and wineries. They include Unsworth Vineyards, Cherry Point Vineyards, Blue Grouse, Glenterra, Vigneti Zanatta, Venturi-Schulze, and Averill Creek. The warm, dry summers and mild, moist winters make this area part of Canada's only maritime Mediterranean climate,  providing good growing conditions for many grape varietals.

title: Cowichan Valley