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Oslo Metro

The Oslo Metro (Oslo T-bane or Oslo Tunnelbane or simply T-banen) is the rapid transit system of Oslo, Norway, operated by Sporveien T-banen on contract from the transit authority Ruter. The network consists of five lines that all run through the city centre, with a total length of 85 km, serving 101 stations of which 17 are underground or indoors. In addition to serving 14 out of the 15 boroughs of Oslo, two lines run to Kolsås and Østerås, in the neighbouring municipality of Bærum. In 2016, the system had an annual ridership of 118 million.

The first rapid transit line, the Holmenkollen Line, opened in 1898, with the branch Røa Line opening in 1912. It became the first Nordic underground rapid transit system in 1928, when the underground line to Nationaltheatret was opened. After 1993 trains ran under the city between the eastern and western networks in the Common Tunnel, followed by the 2006 opening of the Ring Line. All the trains are operated with MX3000 stock. These replaced the older T1000 stock between 2006 and 2010.

Suburban lines in the west
Rail transport in Oslo started in 1854, with the opening of Hoved Line to Eidsvoll, through Groruddalen. In 1872, Drammen Line, going through Oslo West, and in 1879, Østfold Line going through Nordstrand opened, offering a limited rail service to those parts of the city. By 1875, Kristiania Sporveisselskab (KSS) opened the first horsecar trams. In 1894 electric trams were in service by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei (KES).

The first suburban tram line was the Holmenkollen Line that was opened by Holmenkolbanen in 1898; like all the later suburban tram line these were electric trams with a grade-separated right-of-way and proper stations instead of tram stops, making it the first rapid transit in Oslo. Unlike the other suburban tram lines that were built later, the Holmenkollen Line was not extended into the city as a streetcar—instead passengers had to change at Majorstuen to the streetcars, though the system did not take into use wider suburban stock (3.1 m) until 1909. A branch line was opened in 1912, to Smestad, and in 1916 the Holmenkollen Line was extended to Tryvann, with the last part from Frognerseteren single track and used for freight, and removed in 1939.

In 1912, the construction of the first underground railway in the Nordic Countries started, when A/S Holmenkolbanen started construction of an extension of their line from Majorstuen to Nationaltheatret; the 2.0 km line was opened in 1928 (and was then only the second underground railway to be opened in the Nordic countries after Boulevardtunnlen in Copenhagen which opened in July 1918 ), with one intermediate station at Valkyrie Plass, giving the two suburban lines access to the central business district of Oslo.

The success of the suburban lines tempted KES to extend their streetcar service west from Skøyen as a suburban line; the Lilleaker Line opened to Lilleaker in 1919, to Avløs in 1924 and to Kolsås in 1930. A new section from Jar to Sørbyhaugen opened in 1942, connecting the line from Jar to Kolsås to Nationaltheatret, and making it a rapid transit and the replacement of stock with wide suburban standard. This service remained part of the municipal Oslo Sporveier, that had bought all the streetcar companies in 1924.

Compensation for large amounts of damage to houses along the route during construction, along with higher construction costs than calculated was a heavy burden on the company, and in 1934, the municipality of Aker took over the common stock, though the preferred stock remained listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange until 1975, as Oslo Sporveier gradually took over the operation of the western suburban lines. Akersbanerne opened the connecting Sognsvann Line in 1934.

Metro
The first idea to launch a citywide rapid transit was launched in 1912 with the construction of the Ekeberg Line; constructed with the same width profile as the Holmenkollen Line, the plan was to build a tunnel under the city center and run through trains, but large cost expenditures on the first section of the Common Tunnel ceased the plans. As part of the rebuilding after World War II a planning office for a T-bane was established in 1949, with the first plans launched in 1951; in 1954, the city council decided to build the T-bane network in Eastern Oslo with four branches. The system would feature improvements over the suburban lines in having a third rail power supply, cab signaling with Automatic Train Protection, stations long enough for six-car trains and level crossings replaced by bridges and underpasses—specifications christened metro standard.

At the time there were two suburban tramways on the east side, the Ekeberg Line (opened in 1919) and the Østensjø Line (1923). Only the latter would be connected to the T-bane; the Ekeberg Line would remain a tramway, but three new lines were to be built—the Grorud Line on the north side and the Furuset Line on the south side of Groruddalen and the Lambertseter Line on the east of Nordstrand. These areas were all chosen as new suburbs for Oslo, and would quickly need a good public transport system; suburban lines would first be built out extending from the existing tramway, and later a final section with tunnel to the central station would be built. The Lambertseter Line was opened in 1957, from Brynseng to Bergkrystallen while the Østensjø Line was extended to Bøler in 1958.

The metro opened on 22 May 1966, when the Common Tunnel opened from Brynseng to the new downtown station of Jernbanetorget, located beside the Oslo East Railway Station. In October the Grorud Line opened to Grorud while the Østensjø Line was connected to the system in 1967 when the line also was extended to Skullerud. In 1970, the Furuset Line opened to Haugerud and extended to Trosterud in 1974, at the same time as the Grorud Line was extended to Vestli. By 1981, the Furuset Line had reached Ellingsrudåsen. The metro took delivery of T1000 rolling stock from Strømmens Værksted; from 1964 to 1978, 162 cars in three-car configurations were delivered for the eastern network.

One tunnel

The eastern network was extended from Jernbanetorget to Sentrum in 1977. This station was forced to close in 1983, due to water leakage, and when it opened again in 1987, renamed Stortinget, the west network tunnel had also been extended there. Through services were not possible at the time because of incompatibility of signaling and power equipment. Not until 1993 did the first trains run through the station, after the Sognsvann Line had been rebuilt to "metro standard"; the Røa Line followed in 1995. The Holmenkollen and Kolsås Lines remained non-metro, using dual mode trains that switch to overhead lines at Frøen and Montebello. The western network took delivery of 33 T1300 cars in 1978–81, with an additional 16 converted from T1000. In 1994 twelve T2000 cars were delivered for the Holmenkollen Line.

In 2003 the Ring Line opened, connecting Ullevål stadion to Storo. The following year, construction work caused a tunnel to collapse on the Grorud Line—the system's busiest—forcing a shutdown of the line until December, and creating a havoc of overcrowded replacement buses. In 2006 the ring was completed, to Carl Berners plass. At the same time the Kolsås Line was closed for upgrade to metro standard. In 2003 the section of the Kolsås Line in Bærum closed due to budget disagreements between the two counties; after a year of unpopular replacement buses, the line was reopened, only to close again in 2006 for upgrade to metro standard. Disagreements between the two counties meant the upgrade would be done separately on the two sides of the municipal boundary, with the Oslo side opening first. In 2006 the replacement of existing rolling stock with new MX3000 units commenced. The history of the metro and public transport in Oslo is celebrated at the Oslo Tramway Museum in Majorstuen.

Network
The current route network was introduced on 3 April 2016, with the opening of the connection tunnel from Økern to Sinsen and the new Løren station.

The Oslo Metro operates in all fifteen boroughs of Oslo, as well as reaching a bit inside the neighbouring municipality of Bærum. There are five lines, numbered 1 to 5, each colour-coded. They all pass through the Common Tunnel, serving eight branch lines. In addition two lines operate to the Ring Line. Two branches are served by two lines each: the Grorud branch is served by both lines 4 and 5, while the Lambertseter branch has full-time service by line 4 and limited service by line 1.

The Grorud and Furuset Line head northeast into Groruddalen, while the other two eastern branches head south into Nordstrand. On the west side, the Holmenkoll and Sognsvann Line cover the northern boroughs of Oslo, along with the Ring Line that connects the northeastern and northwestern parts of town. The Kolsås and Røa Line reach deep into the neighbouring municipality of Bærum. All the lines run through the Common Tunnel before reaching out to different lines, or into the Ring. All lines have a base service of four trains per hour while line 2 and the eastern section of line 3 have eight trains per hour weekdays 07:00–19:00. The eastern section of line 2 also has eight trains per hour Saturdays 10:00–19:00. A reduced half-hourly service operates on all lines during early weekend mornings. Trains run from about 05:00 (06:00 at weekends) to 01:00 the next morning.

Line 6 (under construction)
A new metro line that will extend from Majorstuen to Fornebu is under construction as of December 2020, aiming to be completed in 2027.

An agreement has been reached and signed between the Oslo city government and the Norwegian state that would share the cost of 13 billion NOK equally between the city and the national government.

Stations

The system consists of 101 stations, of which 17 are underground or indoors. The only underground station on the pre-metro western network was Nationaltheatret, and most of the underground station are in the common tunnel under the city center, or in shorter tunnel sections on the eastern network; in particular the Furuset Line runs mainly underground, with all but Haugerud built in or at the opening of a tunnel.

Stations in the city center are located close to large employment centers as well as connection possibilities to other modes of transport, such as tram, rail and bus. All stations can be identified at ground level by signs with a blue T in a circle. Stations outside the center are unmanned since the 1995, with ticket machines for fare purchase; some stations feature kiosks. A system of turnstiles have been installed, but will never be activated due to security issues. All stations have step-free accessibility through at least one entrance (except the inbound platform at Frøen), and the platform height is aligned with the train cars.

Intermodality

The metro is integrated into the public transport system of Oslo and Akershus through the agency Ruter, allowing tickets to also be valid on the Oslo Tramway, city buses, ferries, and the Oslo Commuter Rail operated by Vy. A new, wireless ticketing system, Reisekort, has in the recent years been implemented. As of June 2022, a single ticket for one zone (the entire metro system is in zone 1) costs NOK 39 for adults (a surcharge of 20 NOK is added if you buy onboard within zone 1); a 30-day ticket costs NOK 814 for adults. This includes all means of public transport within the zone where the ticket is first activated (again, for the metro, zone 1). There is a fine of NOK 950, or NOK 1150, for not having a valid ticket, depending on if the fine is paid on location or not.

Oslo maintains a street tram system with six lines, of which two are suburban lines. The street trams operate mostly within the borders of the Ring Line, providing a frequent service in the city centre, with lower average speeds but with more stops. There are major transfer points to the tramway at Majorstuen, Jernbanetorget, Jar, Storo and Forskningsparken.

The commuter train serves suburbs further away from Oslo, though some of the commuter rail services remind of a rapid transit service, in particular line L1 to Lillestrøm and Asker, line L2 to Stabekk and Ski, and line R31 to Jaren with higher service frequency through the continual populated area of Oslo. Transfer to railway services is available at Jernbanetorget (to Oslo S) and Nationaltheatret, the latter with a considerably shorter walk.

Bus services are provided to numerous stations. Most bus services provide feeding to the metro system where possible, and then do not continue into town. However, since the metro operates solely into town, instead of across it, many buses operate between stations on different lines, or provide alternative routes across town.

Future expansion
As part of the political agreement Oslo Package 3, a number of changes and expansions have been proposed for the Oslo Metro. Only one of these, the Fornebu Line, is currently being built - the other projects have been put on hold for it.

Proposed

 * Expansion of the Furuset Line to Lørenskog with stations at Skårer, Lørenskog Centre and a new terminus at Akershus University Hospital, with travel time to Jernbanetorget of 27 minutes.
 * A second common tunnel from Majorstuen to Tøyen, creating two new stations at Bislett and southern Grünerløkka (Nybrua). All lines will stop at Stortinget, which will get four platforms. Majorstuen station will be moved underground.

Under construction

 * The Fornebu Line is planned to run from Majorstuen to the old airport area at Fornebu, through Skøyen and Lysaker; a total of 6 new stations will be on this line. The line began construction in December 2020, with an opening date set around 2029, and will cost an estimated $2.6 billion USD. The line is funded in part by Oslo and Akershus county, among other sources.

Rolling stock

The trains on the Oslo metro are currently exclusively the MX3000, ordered in 2003 to replace the oldest T1000 stock. Delivery started in 2006, and unlike older stock the MX3000 units are painted white instead of red. 83 three-car units were ordered in 2006; a further 32 were ordered in December 2010.

A number of versions of the T1000 stock have earlier been used on the Oslo metro. This includes 146 cars of the types T1 through T4, that have third-rail only operation, and thus did not run on the Holmenkollen and Kolsås lines. These ran usually in units of three or six (sometimes four or five) cars. Types T5 to T8, 49 in total, delivered with both third-rail and overhead wire equipment, normally ran on the Holmenkollen line (two cars) and Kolsås line (three cars).

When the Holmenkollen Line was connected to the T-bane it was still using old teak cars; to allow through services the T2000, capable of dual-system running, was delivered in 1993. They were not particularly successful and only 12 units were delivered, operating in pairs on the Holmenkollen line sometimes connecting with the Lambertseter line, and scrapped in 2010.

Depots and facilities

 * Avløs Depot – located near Avløs station on the Kolsås Line, it has been closed for refurbishment since 2011 and reopened in August 2015.
 * Etterstad Depot – located on the shared section of the Østensjø Line, Furuset Line and the Lambertseter Line before Brynseng station, it is used as the main operations centre for the Oslo Metro and has a yard for maintenance of way equipment.
 * Majorstuen Depot – a small yard used mainly for storing trains, located close to the Oslo Tramway Museum and Majorstuen station.
 * Ryen Depot – the main storage and maintenance yard for all Oslo Metro trains, located on the Lambertseter Line near Ryen station.

title: Oslo Metro


text: Category:Cinematography

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Cinematography


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User talk:Mwparenteau

Westmore contribution
Thanks for your contributions to the Westmore, Vermont page. -Redjar 13:58, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Critical Mass
Hi! I noticed you uploaded some Critical Mass photos. They look great! :)

Since you have released them under GDFL or public domain, are you interested in uploading them to commons? Commons is a repository specifically for images (and other media). Images there can be automatically used by all wiki projects, like the other language wikipedias, as well as wikitravel, wiktionary etc etc. Images uploaded here can only be used by the en wikipedia.

If you upload them there, be sure to add them to at least one category - I just made a commons:Category:Critical Mass which would be a good start. :)

(oh, btw, WP:WELCOME to Wikipedia! ;)

--pfctdayelise 13:08, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

List of gay porn stars
Thanks for adding Tober Brandt to the list; I hope you'll try to write an article on him as well. I've removed the wikilinks (these symbols:  ); these should only be used once an article has been written for him. Feel free to ask questions at my talk page if you like. — Chidom   talk   07:50, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

WP meetup
-- phoebe/ (talk) 05:49, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia Campus Ambassador needed
Hi! My name is Annie Lin - I'm the Campus Team Coordinator at the Wikimedia Foundation. I'm contacting you because you're listed as a resident of San Francisco, and we're currently looking for a friendly Wikipedian to teach students in a University of San Francisco class how to use/edit Wikipedia. This is a role titled the "Wikipedia Campus Ambassador," and you'll basically be doing in-class presentations about Wikipedia, running Wikipedia labs/workshops, and in general providing face-to-face Wikipedia help for the professor and the students in the class. The time commitment is about 3-5 hours a week (with variations throughout the semester), and for this particular University of San Francisco class, most of the workload will be between March and May.

Please let me know if you're interested!

Thanks. Annie Lin (Campus Team Coordinator, Wikimedia Foundation) (talk) 19:44, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mwparenteau


text:
David Cecil

David Cecil may refer to:

 * David Cecil (courtier) (c. 1460–?1540), MP for Stamford 1504–1523
 * David Cecil, 3rd Earl of Exeter (c. 1600–1643), 17th Century British MP and peer
 * Lord David Cecil (1902–1986), British biographer, literary scholar and academic
 * David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter (1905–1981), British athlete, sports official and Conservative politician
 * David Cecil (producer), British theatre producer

title: David Cecil


text: User talk:204.118.170.1

title: User talk:204.118.170.1


text:
User:Cranberry~enwiki

Cranberries are good.

title: User:Cranberry~enwiki


text: User talk:204.39.176.224

title: User talk:204.39.176.224


text: User talk:168.216.129.11

title: User talk:168.216.129.11


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Brad Guzan

Bradley Edwin Guzan (born September 9, 1984) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Major League Soccer club Atlanta United FC.

A college soccer second-team All-American for the South Carolina Gamecocks, Guzan was second overall pick in the 2005 MLS SuperDraft, signing for Chivas USA, with whom he was the 2007 MLS Goalkeeper of the Year. In July 2008, he joined Premier League club Aston Villa for a fee of $1 million, where he made 171 total appearances across eight seasons. After a brief spell at Middlesbrough, he returned to MLS with Atlanta United in January 2017.

Guzan made his senior debut for the United States national team in 2006, earning over 60 caps. He was named in their squads for two FIFA World Cups and four CONCACAF Gold Cups, winning the latter in 2007, 2017 and 2021. He also featured for them at the 2008 Olympics, the 2007 Copa América, the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and the Copa América Centenario.

Youth and college soccer
Born in Evergreen Park, Illinois, Guzan, who is of Polish-American ancestry, played in his youth at the Chicago Magic Soccer Club and for the varsity soccer team at Providence Catholic High School in Illinois, from which he graduated in 2003. He went on to play two seasons in NCAA competition as a member of the South Carolina Gamecocks men's soccer team, where he was a second-team All-American in his sophomore season.

Chivas USA
After spending two years with the Chicago Fire Reserves in the USL Premier Development League, he chose to forgo the rest of his college years, signing a Generation Adidas contract with Major League Soccer (MLS). Chivas USA later drafted Guzan with the second overall pick of the 2005 MLS SuperDraft. On November 7, 2007, Guzan was named MLS Goalkeeper of the Year. During his time at Chivas USA, Guzan was affectionately nicknamed "El Gusano."

Aston Villa
On July 11, 2008, Aston Villa agreed a transfer fee in the region of £600,000, or $1 million, with MLS and Chivas USA to sign Guzan, significantly less than the £2 million agreed to in Aston Villa's failed move for the keeper in January 2008, the difference this time being that Guzan would have been out of his contract at the end of the 2008 season in November, allowing him to sign for Aston Villa during the January transfer window on a free transfer.

On August 1, 2008, Guzan was granted a work permit by the Home Office, allowing him to complete his move to Aston Villa. He was due to be officially introduced by Aston Villa after competing for the United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Guzan was the second American goalkeeper named Brad to be signed during the summer by Aston Villa, following the capture of Premier League veteran Brad Friedel.

Guzan made his Aston Villa debut in September 2008 in the League Cup at home to Queens Park Rangers. He made his European soccer debut in the UEFA Cup game away at Slavia Prague on November 6, 2008. The match finished 1–0 to Aston Villa, with Guzan making several saves to keep a clean sheet. His performance led to his manager Martin O'Neill describing him as a "class goalkeeper in the making." He also started in Aston Villa's first leg against CSKA Moscow in the round of 32 of the UEFA Cup at Villa Park on February 18, 2009, also later appearing as a substitute against Liverpool after Friedel's red card.

Guzan played in every game that Aston Villa won during their success in the 2009 Peace Cup, against Atlante, Porto and Juventus. He then helped Aston Villa overcome the Italians in the final, most notably in the penalty shootout during which he saved the attempts of Vincenzo Iaquinta and Alessandro Del Piero. The only game that Aston Villa did not win (in the group stages against Málaga) was the one in which Guzan did not feature.

Despite having a successful pre-season period, Guzan was dropped from the first team in favor of Friedel for Aston Villa's opening game of the 2009–10 season against Wigan Athletic. On October 27, 2009, Guzan saved four penalties in one match, one in normal time and three more in a penalty shoot-out win over Sunderland at the Stadium of Light in the last 16 of the League Cup. Despite these heroics, however, Friedel replaced him in goal for the final against Manchester United.

Hull City (loan)
On December 31, 2010, Guzan was loaned to Football League Championship side Hull City on a one-month loan deal. He made his debut for Hull on New Year's Day 2011, a 1–0 loss to Leicester City. His second appearance for the club ended on a higher note, as his team went on to win 2–3 at Portsmouth. He kept his first clean sheet for the club against Barnsley in a 2–0 win for Hull. On January 25, Guzan extended his loan until the end of February. He made a total of 11 league appearances for Hull before returning to Aston Villa on February 28.

On March 8, however, Hull re-signed Guzan on an emergency loan deal due to an injury to goalkeeper Vito Mannone. Guzan's first appearance back at the club was in a home match against Burnley. Guzan's last game for Hull City came in a 1–2 win away at Watford on April 9, 2011, after which he returned to Aston Villa.

Return to Aston Villa
On December 3, 2011, Guzan made his second Premier League appearance for Aston Villa, coming on for the injured Shay Given against Manchester United. Given had been ruled out for a month with a torn hamstring so Guzan retained his place in the first team, giving him an extended run in Aston Villa's first team.

Guzan was released by Villa at the end of his contract in June 2012. However, he was linked with a return to the club over the summer in a situation similar to that of fellow Aston Villa goalkeeper Andy Marshall in 2010. On July 16, 2012, Guzan was included in new manager Paul Lambert's 25-man squad for Aston Villa's tour of the United States and on the same day, the player confirmed via Twitter that he had renewed his contract and rejoined the club.

He made his return for Aston Villa against Newcastle United putting in a Man of the Match performance in a 1–1 draw at St James' Park. He kept Villa's first clean sheet of the season in a 2–0 win against Swansea City and performed well enough to keep his position in the starting lineup. At the end of the 2012–13 Premier League season, he was voted the Aston Villa Player of the Year thanks to his large contribution to Villa's bid to avoid relegation. On July 6, 2013, Guzan was rewarded for his play and signed a four-year contract extension with the Midlands club.

On July 18, 2013, Guzan stated that he hoped to give Aston Villa the best years of his career and said that signing a new contract was a "no-brainer."

On September 28, 2013, Guzan remarkably earned an assist on an Andreas Weimann goal in a 3–2 win over Manchester City in which Paul Lambert praised Guzan's distribution technique for goal kicks.

During the 2014–15 season, Guzan was dropped by new Aston Villa manager Tim Sherwood after a high-profile error against Manchester City gifted Sergio Agüero the opening goal in a 3–2 defeat on April 25, 2015, with Shay Given taking his place for the final games of the Premier League season. Guzan also missed out on Aston Villa's run to the 2015 FA Cup Final, with Given playing in every round.

Middlesbrough
On July 29, 2016, Guzan signed a two-year contract with newly promoted Premier League club Middlesbrough, joining on a free transfer, after Aston Villa were relegated to the Championship. He made his league debut for the club in a 2–1 win away at Sunderland.

Atlanta United
On January 26, 2017, it was confirmed that Guzan had signed a contract with recently formed MLS team Atlanta United on a free transfer, and would return to the United States following the conclusion of the 2016–17 Premier League season, after nine years in English football. He left Middlesbrough on June 10, 2017. For the remainder of the 2017 MLS season, Guzan wore the number 1 shirt. Guzan made his Atlanta United debut on July 24, 2017, a 1–0 road victory against Orlando City SC. During the 2017 MLS season, Guzan started 14 games, posted a 6–1–7 record, and kept eight clean sheets. He led the MLS in save percentage (79.2%) and won MLS Save of the Week three times. In 2018 Guzan won the MLS Cup with Atlanta United after a 2–0 victory over the Portland Timbers.

International career
Guzan made his United States national team debut on February 19, 2006, in a friendly 4–0 win over Guatemala in Frisco, Texas. He played the first 80 minutes before being replaced by fellow debutant Zach Wells. He was a non-playing member of the side that won the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He was called up for the 2007 Copa América in Venezuela, where he played in a 1–0 loss to Colombia for his next cap on July 5.

Guzan made his World Cup qualifying debut in the second leg of a second round qualifier against Barbados on June 14, 2008, in an 8–0 home victory. Weeks later, he was chosen for the Olympic team for the tournament in China, where he kept a shutout in an opening 1–0 win over Japan. When the United States came runners-up at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa, he played in a 3–0 group victory against Egypt that put the team into the semi-finals at the expense of their opponents and Italy.

Guzan was unused at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and played no international games between that November and May 2012, when he came on as a substitute for Tim Howard near the end of a 5–1 friendly win over Scotland in Jacksonville. Howard took an international sabbatical after starting at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, during which Guzan was first-choice. At the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup, in which the United States came fourth, Guzan and Michael Bradley were the only two Americans to start every game; he won the Golden Glove. Howard returned to the team for 2016's Copa América Centenario, but Guzan kept his place in a run to the semi-finals.

Guzan was in the American side that won the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He played the first two group games before Bill Hamid took his place for the third, then he and Sean Johnson were replaced in the squad by Howard and Jesse González. He was unused as the Americans won again in 2021.

Personal life
Guzan is a Christian. Guzan has spoken about his faith, saying, "My personal life, my faith life and my sport life – they all come together. I think they have to. You don't have one without the others, and you have to have Jesus in your life. That is how I get through my personal life, how I get through my professional life – following Christ. ... we all need Christ in our lives. Money, fame, all those objects, they don't mean anything if you don't have Jesus in your life. All of those things can be gone in the blink of an eye. We can't get caught up in it."

Honors
Aston Villa
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2014–15
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2009–10

Atlanta United
 * MLS Cup: 2018
 * U.S. Open Cup: 2019
 * Campeones Cup: 2019

United States
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2007, 2017, 2021
 * FIFA Confederations Cup runner-up: 2009

Individual
 * MLS Best XI: 2007
 * MLS Goalkeeper of the Year: 2007
 * Aston Villa Player of the Season: 2012–13
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Glove: 2015
 * MLS Save of the Year: 2017
 * MLS All-Star: 2018, 2019

title: Brad Guzan


text:
Grande Champagne

Grande Champagne is a French district, called a cru, known for its cognac. It produces the finest cognacs in a zone of 34703 hectares, of which 17% is dedicated to production of cognac, which can be marked as Grande Champagne or Grande Fine Champagne. At its heart is the town of Segonzac, in the Département of Charente. Grande Champagne is situated entirely in this département.

Cognac regions
Cru is a French word for growth region. There are six different sub-regions (Cru) within Cognac. Each is graded by the French government according to the quality of the cognac produced there. The six Cru are from best to least, (1) Grande Champagne, (2) Petite Champagne, (3) Borderies, (4) Fins Bois, (5) Bons Bois, and (6) Bois Ordinaires. Grande champagne is the first (and, according to many connoisseurs, the favored) cru. A blend of Grande and Petite Champagne cognacs, with at least half the eaux-de-vie coming from Grande Champagne, is known as Fine Champagne.

title: Grande Champagne


text:
Dermatome (instrument)

A dermatome is a surgical instrument for producing thin slices of skin from a donor area, for use in skin grafts. One of its main applications is for reconstituting skin areas damaged by third degree burns or trauma.

Dermatomes can be operated either manually or electrically. The first drum dermatomes, developed in the 1930s, were manually operated. Afterwards, dermatomes which were operated by air pressure, such as the Brown dermatome, achieved higher speed and precision. Electrical dermatomes are better for cutting out thinner and longer strips of skin with a more homogeneous thickness.

Free-hand knives
Those are manual dermatomes and the term knife or scalpel is used to describe them. Their disadvantages are harvesting of grafts with irregular edges and grafts of variable thickness. Their operator has to be experienced in their use for optimal results.

Types

There are several types of dermatomes, usually named after their inventor.

Knives

 * Blair/Brown knife
 * Humby knife: similar to the Blair knife with the addition of an adjustable roller which controls the thickness of the graft taken.
 * Braithwaite knife
 * Watson knife, a modified version of the Braithwaite knife
 * Cobbett knife, a modified version of the Braithwaite knife
 * Goulian/Weck knife
 * Silver knife, for the harvesting of small grafts

Drums

 * Padgett dermatome: It was the first rotary drum manual dermatome.
 * Reese dermatome

Electric dermatomes

 * Brown dermatome, the first with powered rotation to be developed, used mostly for large skin grafts. It is electrically operated.
 * Castroviejo dermatome, also electrically operated, is a precision dermatome with a small head and controllable thickness, which is most used for mucous membrane grafts.

Air dermatomes

 * The air dermatome is the presently most commonly used dermatome worldwide, used mostly for large skin grafts.

title: Dermatome (instrument)


text:
American Cinematographer

American Cinematographer is a magazine  published monthly by the American Society of Cinematographers. It focuses on the art and craft of cinematography, covering domestic and foreign feature productions, television productions, short films, music videos and commercials.

The emphasis is on interviews with cinematographers, but directors and other filmmakers are often featured as well. Articles include technical how-to pieces, discussions of tools and technologies that affect cinematography, and historical features.

History
The American Society of Cinematographers was founded in 1919. It began publishing American Cinematographer on November 1, 1920, as a twice-monthly four-page newsletter about the ASC and its members. In 1922, the publication went monthly. In 1929, editor Hal Hall started to change the publication; he reformatted it to standard magazine size, increased the page count, and included more articles on amateur filmmaking. For a while during the 1930s, the magazine was devoted to professional cinematography and amateur moviemaking in equal measure. In 1937, the ASC purchased a Spanish bungalow, near Grauman's Chinese Theatre, at 1782 North Orange Drive in Hollywood, California, which remains the headquarters of the ASC.

Modern era
Contributors to the magazine include its staff editors, freelance writers, cinematographers (including ASC members) and other filmmakers. The magazine has won several Maggie Awards and Folio: Eddie Awards for editorial excellence, and several awards for individual articles.

In 2006, the magazine introduced a digital edition. An app for iOS is currently available, and other versions of the app are in the works. The magazine's website (please see External Links for Official Website) features a blog by John Bailey, ASC, and occasional blogs by contributing writers.

Chronology of executive editors

 * "Captain Jack" Poland (1920–1921)
 * Mary B Howe (1921)
 * Silas Edgar Snyder (1921–March 1922, September 1927–April 1929)
 * Foster Gross (August 1922–August 1927)
 * Hal Hall (May 1929–September 1932, September 1943–December 1945)
 * Charles J. VerHalen (October 1932–February 1937)
 * George Blaisdell (March 1937–December 1940)
 * William Stull, ASC (January 1941–August 1943)
 * Walter R. Greene (January 1946–June 1948)
 * Arthur Gavin (July 1948–January 1965)
 * Herb Lightman (February 1965, February 1966–June 1982)
 * Will Lane (March 1965)
 * Don C. Hoefler (April 1965–January 1966)
 * Richard Patterson (July 1982–April 1985)
 * George Turner (May 1986–January 1992)
 * David Heuring (February 1992–June 1995)
 * Stephen Pizzello (July 1995–present)

title: American Cinematographer


text:
Chad Barrett

Chad Randall Barrett (born April 30, 1985) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a forward.

College
Born in San Diego, Barrett played two seasons of college soccer at UCLA and led the team in assists his second year. He chose to forgo the rest of his college career, signing a Generation adidas contract with MLS. He attended Southridge HS and played Club Soccer for Westside Metros in Beaverton Oregon.

Professional
Chicago Fire drafted Barrett with the third overall pick of the 2005 MLS SuperDraft, and he quickly established himself as a starter for the Fire during the 2007 season, scoring seven goals. He scored a key goal in the Fire's win at D.C. United in the first round of the playoffs.

Barrett is known for his workman-like play. In his three seasons with Chicago, he led the team in goals two years, and was second the other. Not known for a great first touch, his industrious play resulted in eighteen league goals in his time in Chicago where the often more heralded Calen Carr failed to impress.

With the Chicago Fire, Barrett won the 2006 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. On April 12, 2008, Barrett led Chicago Fire over San Jose Earthquakes 1–0 in front of 20,038 fans at the Earthquakes home opener at McAfee Coliseum. Barrett tallied the game-winning goal in the ninth minute, while Fire goalkeeper Jon Busch recorded eight saves in his second shutout of the season.

He, along with a first-round pick in the 2009 MLS SuperDraft and allocation money, was traded to Toronto FC on July 25, 2008, in exchange for the rights to Brian McBride. Barrett signed a 4-year contract extension with Toronto FC on September 1, 2008.

On April 28, 2010, Barrett scored his first goal of the 2010 season, the second goal in a 2–0 win over Montreal Impact during the opening game of the 2010 Canadian Championship On May 8, 2010, Barrett added his first league goals of the season, scoring a pair in Toronto's 4–1 win over his former team Chicago Fire.

In the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League preliminary round tie against C.D. Motagua, Barrett scored two goals (one in each leg), helping Toronto F.C. to a 3–2 aggregate win.

Barrett was traded to LA Galaxy on January 13, 2011, in exchange for future considerations. On October 2, 2011, Barrett scored his 40th career goal in a 2–1 over Real Salt Lake. This goal placed Barrett in the top 50 MLS scorers of all time.

After a brief trial, Barrett was loaned to Norwegian club Vålerenga on July 30, 2012.

Los Angeles declined Barrett's contract option for 2013 and he elected to enter the 2012 MLS Re-Entry Draft. On December 14, 2012, Barrett was selected in stage two of the draft by New England Revolution with the number 4 overall pick. He later officially signed a deal with the club on February 11, 2013.

On December 18, 2013, Barrett was picked up in the second stage of the 2013 MLS Re-Entry Draft by Seattle Sounders FC. On March 8, 2014, in the Sounders season opener against Sporting KC, Barrett scored the game-winning goal in stoppage time with the game ending 1–0.

On December 28, 2015, Barrett signed with San Jose Earthquakes as a free agent.

On January 23, 2017, Barrett signed with Real Salt Lake as a free agent. His option was declined at the end of the 2017 season. He officially announced his retirement as an active player on his Instagram account on September 25, 2018.

International
Barrett has played for various youth United States national teams. He was a key player on the Under-20 team at the 2005 World Youth Championship and was named to the U-23 men's national team for 2008 Olympic qualifying.

He made his debut for the United States men's national soccer team on June 22, 2008, coming on as a second-half substitute in a World Cup qualifier against Barbados.

Media
Whilst recovering from injury Barrett and teammate David Horst would do live radio shows entitled 'the horse, the bear and the lion' which would be streamed on the RSL Facebook page.

He previews and commentates on MLS matches for ESPN700 Sports in Salt Lake.

Chicago Fire

 * U.S. Open Cup (1): 2006

Toronto FC

 * Canadian Championship (2): 2009, 2010

LA Galaxy

 * MLS Cup (1): 2011
 * Supporters' Shield (1): 2011
 * Western Conference (Playoffs) (1): 2011

Seattle Sounders FC

 * Supporters' Shield (1): 2014
 * U.S. Open Cup (1): 2014

title: Chad Barrett


text:
Agehananda Bharati

Swami Agehananda Bharati (अगेहानन्द भारती; Vienna, April 20, 1923 – New York, May 14, 1991) was the monastic name of Leopold Fischer, professor of anthropology at Syracuse University for over 30 years. He was an academic Sanskritist, a writer on religious subjects, and a Hindu monk in the Dasanami Sannyasi order.

Early life
Fischer was born in Vienna, Austria, on April 20, 1923, to Hans and Margarete Fischer. Growing up, he joined the Indian Club and began to study Hindi and classical Sanskrit, which led to his decision to become an Indologist. Later, Fischer became a member of Germany's "Free India Legion", a military unit raised during the Second World War part of the Waffen-SS which intended to serve as a liberation force for British-ruled India, and converted to Hinduism, taking on the name Ramachandra.

Career
Although he attended the University of Vienna, Bharati kept up his studies as a monk and took up teaching as well. Agehananda Bharati's travels were as extensive as his teachings were impressive. He was a professional expert in cultural anthropology, South Asian studies, linguistics, and comparative philosophy. Most of these subjects he taught in Delhi University, Banaras Hindu University, and Nalanda Institute in India. He also taught in a Buddhist academy in Bangkok, Thailand, where he first began his teachings on comparative religion. Bharati became a visiting professor of Indian philosophy at the University of Tokyo and Kyoto.

In 1956, Bharati came to the U.S. as a research associate for Washington University in Seattle. A year later he transferred to Syracuse and joined the anthropology faculty. He settled down in Syracuse and became Ford-Maxwell Professor of South Asian Studies. It wasn't long before he became the chairman of his department. He was granted U.S. citizenship in 1968. Although he lived in Syracuse that didn't mean that he had stopped traveling. He managed to go to Hawaii, Britain, Michigan, Soviet Union, Germany, and Ireland for research and as a visiting professor. Bharati had become a member of numerous organizations including: American Association of University Professors, American Anthropological Association (fellow), Association for Applied Anthropology (fellow), American Linguistic Society, International Association for General Semantics, Mensa International, Mind Association, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Royal Philosophical Society, Royal Siam Society, International Academy of Human Rights, and New York Academy of Sciences. (Contemporary Authors, 2003) Agehananda Bharati died on May 14, 1991, of cancer at the age of 68, in a friend's house in Pittsford, New York.

By the time he died, Bharati had over 500 published works, including an autobiography called The Ochre Robe.

Works

 * The Tantric Tradition. London: Rider, 1966. Revised Edition: Red Wheel Weiser, 1975. ISBN 0877282536
 * The Light at the Center: Context and Pretext of Modern Mysticism. Santa Barbara, CA: Ross-Erikson. 1976. ISBN 0-915520-04-4
 * The Ochre Robe: An Autobiography. Second Revised Edition, with New Epilog.  Santa Barbara, CA: Ross-Erikson, 1980. ISBN 0-915520-28-1

Biography

 * Brief academic biography at the homepage of the Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs

Bibliography and book review

 * Selected Publications of Prof. Agehananda Bharati at the homepage of the Maxwell School of Syracuse University
 * Review of The Light at the Center by Brad Darrach, Time. September 13, 1976.

Articles available online

 * Fictitious Tibet: The Origin and Persistence of Rampaism, an article published in the Tibet Society Bulletin (Bloomington, Ind.), Vol. 7, 1974
 * Excerpts from The Light at the Center on LSD and zero-experiences
 * "Past and Future Trends in Contemporary Hinduism" by Agehananda Bharati

title: Agehananda Bharati


text:
Talk:Spectacled bear

Is the Giant Panda a bear?
I thought the giant panda was not a bear. Shouldn't this be corrected? I am not an authority, however. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.205.73.14 (talk • contribs)

 * Giant Pandas are indeed bears, belonging to the family Ursidae (with genetic evidence). - Slow Graffiti 05:01, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * they were, then they weren't, now they are again. --86.135.125.235 (talk) 23:35, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Pictures
What about attaching a picture to the article? It's stupid to talk about an animal and not displaying its picture.

Brazil not is an distribution area
The references is wrong, this bear occur only in the Andeans Moutains, and Brazil have no one of this. For sure search in us red books of endangered species. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.15.18.139 (talk) 05:45, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Since all Tremarctine bears are 'short-faced', I'd like to edit the first paragraph to show that direct relationship. --Paddling bear (talk) 00:49, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Chinese traditional medicine?
How is a bear from South America traditional to Chinese medicine? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.68.111.72 (talk) 00:29, 19 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Same reason why Chinese food is traditional South American food. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.87.19.194 (talk) 02:48, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Omnivore, not carnivore
"The Spectacled Bear is the only bear native to South America and is technically the largest land carnivore on that continent, although as little as 5% of its diet is composed of meat."

I believe this classifies it as an omnivore. Carnivore defines an animal whose diet consists of mostly or exclusively meat. 5% is neither. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.162.83.253 (talk) 12:21, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

It is a carnivore in the same sense that a Giant Panda (which does not eat meat at all) is a carnivore: it belongs to the order Carnivora.82.139.86.180 (talk) 17:56, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Does that really make it carnivorous though? 104.187.66.104 (talk) 13:05, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

Spectacled bear attacking a tapir
This article says that a bear was recorded killing a tapir. Could you show me the video? Sarsath3 (talk) 21:22, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:51, 17 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Anverso nueva moneda 50 pesos colombianos.jpg (discussion)
 * Reverso nueva moneda 50 pesos colombianos.jpg (discussion)

Taxonomy section
Taxonomy section needed. S C Cheese (talk) 22:09, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

Inappropriate stance...
"The Andean bear is of great importance to our indigenous nationalities" S C Cheese (talk) 22:11, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

Distribution section
Distribution "It could be said that Ecuador is the land of bears." Inappropriate style. S C Cheese (talk) 22:12, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

Last sentence in introduction
"They appear in Magolor's Devo Film, where three bears in Peru are devolved into giant short-faced bears." What does this mean? Who is Magolor? The.... Kirby enemy? If this is a thing that exists, which I'm not certain it is, shouldn't it link to whatever that is?

Wait a minute
I expected bears wearing glasses. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1010:B126:52F4:408D:355C:D83:8019 (talk) 19:00, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

Bears in mountain
They are as harmful as a zombie. when they are hungry they eat anything they can see in front of them. 122.162.147.8 (talk) 13:53, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: ENGW3307 Adv Writing for the Sciences 11520
— Assignment last updated by Diegoorret (talk) 16:01, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spectacled bear


text:
Talk:George Martin

James Bond: From Russia...
I'm pretty sure George Martin produced Matt Munro's version of From Russia With Love. However, I'm not sure who produced the version in the opening credits as it's just the instrumental version of the song - Munro's vocal version isn't until the credits and I'm unsure if it was the single from the soundtrack. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.229.57.146 (talk) 15:32, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Selected non-Beatles hit records produced or co-produced by George Martin
A bit confusing this, as the dates given for these hits are sometimes UK, sometimes US. For "how do you do it", which was a #1 in the UK, the American date and highest spot reached are given. However, I don't intend to do the necessary tidying up myself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.24.32.224 (talk) 14:48, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

I've edited the section to reflect the UK number one placement of "How Do You Do It" and "Bad To Me", but I haven't checked the remaining entries to make sure that they give the highest chart placement. Given that Martin was a British producer, I think the list should give the UK chart placement of each song by default, with US chart placements given only if they were higher than those in the UK, and of course US chart placements should be indicated as such. Sonitus (talk) 05:45, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

Honorofics?
On this page http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/Martin.htm the intials "Kt." preced the initials "C.B.E.". Why is "Kt." absent from George Martin's Wikipedia page? As a Knight Bachelor (a Knight who is not a Knight in an Order of Chivalry (or is it "Order of Knighthood"), Martin is referred to as "Sir". His being a C.B.E. (rank of Commander, in the Order of the British Empire) would not result in his being referred to as "Sir" because "Commander" is not a high enough rank in the Order of the British Empire to be a Knight. Hence without the "Kt." and only the "C.B.E." there the "Sir" is a bit of a head-scratcher, no? I am making the parallel edit to Paul McCartney's talk-page where the only difference is that McCartney, as a MEMBER of the British Empire, is even lower-ranked than Martin and likewise would not be a "Sir" if he were not also a Knight Bachelor affiliated with no Order.76.8.67.2 (talk) 23:43, 26 May 2012 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson
 * See my reply at Talk:Paul McCartney. Evanh2008 (talk) (contribs) 05:10, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
 * "Kt" is almost never used as a postnom except in the most formal usage. For a Knight Bachelor, the pretitle "Sir" usually appears alone. The College of Arms is not actually in error, since in recording his arms it is using the most formal version of Martin's name, but it would not be usual usage. -- Necrothesp (talk) 09:33, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

Beatles RfC
You are invited to participate in an RfC at Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/The Beatles on the issue of capitalising the definite article when mentioning that band's name in running prose. This long-standing dispute is the subject of an open mediation case and we are requesting your help with determining the current community consensus. Thank you for your time. For the mediators. ~ GabeMc  (talk 23:49, 22 September 2012 (UTC)

Ron Richards and John Burgess at AIR Studios
The Ron Richards article states "In August 1965, Richards joined Martin in leaving EMI to start AIR Studios", but there is no mention of Ron Richards in the Associated Independent Recording (AIR) article. Assuming Ron Richards did join AIR Studios, did he start AIR Studios with George Martin and John Burgess? In addition, the George Martin article doesn't mention John Burgess, was Burgess a business partner, or a fellow record producer? Best Regards. DynamoDegsy (talk) 09:40, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

Marriages
His two marriages are mentioned in the article but is it not standard practice to mention this and his children in the mini bio that appears beneath the picture? Adagio67 (talk) 16:25, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

The Art of Noise
Came here from Wikiproject: Orphanage. Is it possible to mention Martin's work on The Art of Noise (radio show) here? There is a section for his TV work, but I didn't see a place for his radio work. PaintedCarpet (talk) 16:38, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

Lewisohn's biography puts the Beatles signing into a slightly different light
I'm currently reading Mark Lewisohn's biography of the Beatles and that puts George Martin's decision to sign the band into a different light; according to Lewisohn, there were two events that led to the signing: EMI publishers had heard that some of the Beatles songs were unpublished and wanted to get the publishing rights for them (mainly, ISTR, Love of the Loved). Secondly, senior EMI managers had recently found out that Martin was having an affair with his secretary - in 1962 this might have been a sacking offence. George Martin wasn't that impressed with the Decca recording, but EMI management essentially used the knowledge of the affair to pressure him to sign the band to get hold of the unpublished songs - which, of course, they actually lost to Northern Songs. I'm going through the extended edition of the book now, unless someone beats me to it, I'll try and come up with a section that presents the Lewisohn information - perhaps calling it something like (Other factors in the Beatles' signing). Apepper (talk) 18:30, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20141030211422/http://www.eastlondonhistory.com/norman%20newell.htm to http://www.eastlondonhistory.com/norman%20newell.htm
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 * Last two links have permanently disappeared. Karst (talk) 10:59, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

Big Train
What's the issue with the Big Train sketch? It is documented in multiple reliable sources as mocking public image towards Martin, rather than the man himself. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  09:15, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree with the removal of this trivia. Per WP:IINFO, we do not have to include every snippet of information simply because it's reported in a reliable source.  If material is trivial, and gives no additional understanding of the subject of the article, it should be removed.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 09:19, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

 * This one was mentioned in multiple reliable sources years after the sketch, particularly this Time Out source which mentions it in the context of The Beatles directly. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  09:55, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Kevin Eldon
In the current version we go from Martin as the fifth Beatle (no chronology issue), then to Kevin Eldon in recent times, and then to comments by John Lennon about George Martin back in 1970. The mention of Eldon in this location does not have any logic.

Additionally, this article on George Martin will be read by the widest possible spread of English speakers throughout the world. It is unclear if Eldon has any significant following outside the UK, and his inclusion may possibly be a distraction for most users. It is not only a case of the passage's location, but its relevance. For this reason, I removed the passage. As noted in the "Big Train" section above, the existence of a reliable source does not mean we automatically have to make use of the content. Philip Cross (talk) 09:31, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Artist test vs commercial test
The section about the distinction between different types of audition - artist test vs commercial test - seems to have a bit too much detail and is not specifically relevant to the life/career of George Martin (and I notice has also been added to articles about other Beatle-related persons, e.g. Pete Best). What do others think? MFlet1 (talk) 11:50, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 5 October 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Clear consensus to not move this.  Anarchyte  ( work  |  talk )  04:29, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

– The record producer by this name may well have been the "fifth Beatle" by some estimations, but he wasn't a Beatle; he may be the most notable "George Martin" (George R. R. Martin might challenge him for that title now), but with nearly thirty people in the encyclopedia with that name, including athletes, actors, politicians, etc., it seems implausible that there is a primary topic for this very common name. bd2412 T 20:43, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * George Martin → George Martin (record producer)
 * George Martin (disambiguation) → George Martin
 * Note: 90 day pageview comparison of "George Martin" and "George R. R. Martin" - |George_R._R._Martin note how the spikes in interest for "George R. R. Martin" are shaped like the back of a dragon. So far as I can see from a quick and fairly random sweep, other holders of the name get lower levels of pageviews. bd2412  T 20:50, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Comment George R. R. Martin is not a famous George Martin. He is a famous George R. R. Martin. DuncanHill (talk) 21:06, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose, at least for now. My own thoughts echo DuncanHill's. Is there any indication that users are searching on "George Martin" when they're looking for "George R. R. Martin"? I know that for me, those "R.R." initials always stand out, and he's not commonly referred to as "George Martin". Of the entities who might be referred to as "George Martin", the record producer is the primary topic. TJRC (talk) 21:30, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The argument "it's a common name" seems untenable when you consider pages means primary topic status for common names is never going to be set in stone. He is by far the most notable George Martin (no one even comes close to challenging that many common names have primary topics and the nature of people having Wikipedia his pageviews & significance), so I suppose the argument rests on if you consider George R. R. Martin "George Martin". I personally wouldn't; if I do a google search for "George Martin" (quotes included to limit the search) I only get results for the Beatles producer. GRRM is much more well known with his prominent inititals. Nohomersryan (talk) 03:15, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose, have to oppose this one, mainly for WP:ILIKEIT (he's the fifth Beatle! Aside from Pete Best, who should also have statues and holidays). And per the comments above, the R.R. seems a consistent and familiar part of G.R.R.M.'s common name. But support attention to BD2412's discovery of the dragon-in-the-details. Randy Kryn (talk) 01:33, 7 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination. The George Martin (disambiguation) page list 29 names --- far too many for one holder of this common name to maintain a claim to greater prominence and notability than the other 28 combined. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 19:07, 9 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose. He is still famous enough to merit direct access to a WP search. I believe most people who will type in this name are indeed looking for Sir George, not a cricket player...As for GRRM, most will type the two Rs Poirier2000 (talk) 23:39, 11 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose Still looks like the primary topic. Among the people widely known simply as George Martin, all are quite obscure except the admiral and the comedian. —innotata 09:38, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Your First Number One
My Beatle library, which dates from 1962, tells me that Martin actually telephoned the pub where The Beatles were having a pint after the recording session, to tell them that in his opinion 'Please, Please Me' was Number One material.

McCartney makes clear in the long interview that commences Lewissohn's book about Beatle recording sessions, that they were forbidden to set foot in the engineering booth, and had no say in their early mix-downs. So Martin could not have addressed them 'over the console' that night. Martin was a producer, not a technician. He supervised, he didn't twiddle faders or splice tapes. He had people for that.

I have reservations about Some of Spitz's work ... not a reliable source, IMNSHO. 2001:44B8:3102:BB00:C8B5:22D9:7625:9289 (talk) 09:19, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

Lewisohn and the Beatles' signing to EMI
As has been noted years earlier on this talk page, the All These Years: Tune In book by Mark Lewisohn casts strong doubt on the conventional narrative of the Beatles' signing to EMI, and George Martin's role in it. I am going to be BOLD and substantially alter the text of the article covering this, relying on Lewisohn's work. Though it is appropriate to explain George's own account of these years, Lewisohn is nearly universally regarded among Beatle experts as an authoritative source. In my view his work deserves considerable weight here, enough that it should be presented as the orthodox historical view. (See Erin Torkelson Weber's The Beatles and the Historians for a professional historiographer's analysis of why Lewisohn's work is a vast improvement in scholastic methodology over earlier works.)

As always, feel free to revert and discuss as necessary. -- Jprg1966 (talk) 22:32, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

Musician
Honorary Doctorate in Music by Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Honorary degree, Doctor of Music, from the University of Oxford. Honorary Doctorate in Music by Leeds Beckett University. George Martin was also a MUSICIAN. It must be written. Only a MUSICIAN can do such arrangements. Ciao. Simoneschiaffino (talk) 10:41, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Vandalism
There has been recent vandalism on George Martin's wikipedia page. Is it possible at all to lock the page? Or is this too extreme? Penguinmeadow (talk) 07:46, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

Date of British Empire honor?
The first paragraph says "CBE". The article gives the date that he was made a Knight Bachelor. What is the reason Wikipedia will not tell us when he got the C.B.E.? Was there not enough space after telling us of the all-important "James Joyce Award by the Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin"? I've searched for every occurrence of "BE", "B.E.", and "Empire". It's just not here.2600:1700:6759:B000:1C64:8308:33BC:E2D6 (talk) 06:05, 11 November 2023 (UTC)Christopher Lawrence Simpson

title: Talk:George Martin


text:
QEMU

QEMU (Quick Emulator ) is a free and open-source emulator. It emulates a computer's processor through dynamic binary translation and provides a set of different hardware and device models for the machine, enabling it to run a variety of guest operating systems. It can interoperate with Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) to run virtual machines at near-native speed. QEMU can also do emulation for user-level processes, allowing applications compiled for one processor architecture to run on another.

QEMU supports the emulation of various architectures, including x86, ARM, PowerPC, RISC-V, and others.

Licensing
QEMU was written by Fabrice Bellard and is free software, mainly licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL for short). Various parts are released under the BSD license, GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or other GPL-compatible licenses.

Operating modes
QEMU has multiple operating modes:

 * User-mode emulation: In this mode QEMU runs single Linux or Darwin/macOS programs that were compiled for a different instruction set. System calls are thunked for endianness and for 32/64 bit mismatches. Fast cross-compilation and cross-debugging are the main targets for user-mode emulation.
 * System emulation: In this mode QEMU emulates a full computer system, including peripherals. It can be used to provide virtual hosting of several virtual computers on a single computer. QEMU can boot many guest operating systems, including Linux, Solaris, Microsoft Windows, DOS, and BSD; it supports emulating several instruction sets, including x86, MIPS, 32-bit ARMv7, ARMv8, PowerPC, RISC-V, SPARC, ETRAX CRIS and MicroBlaze.
 * Hypervisor Support: In this mode QEMU either acts as a Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) or as a device emulation back-end for virtual machines running under a hypervisor. The most common is Linux's KVM but the project supports a number of hypervisors including Xen, Apple's HVF, Windows' WHPX and NetBSD's nvmm.

Features
QEMU can save and restore the state of the virtual machine with all programs running. Guest operating systems do not need patching in order to run inside QEMU.

QEMU supports the emulation of various architectures, including x86, MIPS64 (up to Release 6), SPARC (sun4m and sun4u), ARM (Integrator/CP and Versatile/PB), SuperH, PowerPC (PReP and Power Macintosh), ETRAX CRIS, MicroBlaze, and RISC-V.

The virtual machine can interface with many types of physical host hardware, including the user's hard disks, CD-ROM drives, network cards, audio interfaces, and USB devices. USB devices can be completely emulated, or the host's USB devices can be used, although this requires administrator privileges and does not work with some devices.

Virtual disk images can be stored in a special format (qcow or qcow2) that only takes up as much disk space as the guest OS actually uses. This way, an emulated 120 GB disk may occupy only a few hundred megabytes on the host. The QCOW2 format also allows the creation of overlay images that record the difference from another (unmodified) base image file. This provides the possibility for reverting the emulated disk's contents to an earlier state. For example, a base image could hold a fresh install of an operating system that is known to work, and the overlay images are used. Should the guest system become unusable (through virus attack, accidental system destruction, etc.), the user can delete the overlay and use an earlier emulated disk image.

QEMU can emulate network cards (of different models) which share the host system's connectivity by doing network address translation, effectively allowing the guest to use the same network as the host. The virtual network cards can also connect to network cards of other instances of QEMU or to local TAP interfaces. Network connectivity can also be achieved by bridging a TUN/TAP interface used by QEMU with a non-virtual Ethernet interface on the host OS using the host OS's bridging features.

QEMU integrates several services to allow the host and guest systems to communicate; for example, an integrated SMB server and network-port redirection (to allow incoming connections to the virtual machine). It can also boot Linux kernels without a bootloader.

QEMU does not depend on the presence of graphical output methods on the host system. Instead, it can allow one to access the screen of the guest OS via an integrated VNC server. It can also use an emulated serial line, without any screen, with applicable operating systems.

Simulating multiple CPUs running SMP is possible.

QEMU does not require administrative rights to run unless additional kernel modules for improving speed (like KQEMU) are used or certain modes of its network connectivity model are utilized.

Tiny Code Generator
The Tiny Code Generator (TCG) aims to remove the shortcoming of relying on a particular version of GCC or any compiler, instead incorporating the compiler (code generator) into other tasks performed by QEMU at run time. The whole translation task thus consists of two parts: basic blocks of target code (TBs) being rewritten in TCG ops - a kind of machine-independent intermediate notation, and subsequently this notation being compiled for the host's architecture by TCG. Optional optimisation passes are performed between them, for a just-in-time compiler (JIT) mode.

TCG requires dedicated code written to support every architecture it runs on, so that the JIT knows what to translate the TCG ops to. If no dedicated JIT code is available for the architecture, TCG falls back to a slow interpreter mode called TCG Interpreter (TCI). It also requires updating the target code to use TCG ops instead of the old dyngen ops.

Starting with QEMU Version 0.10.0, TCG ships with the QEMU stable release. It replaces the dyngen, which relied on GCC 3.x to work.

Accelerator
KQEMU was a Linux kernel module, also written by Fabrice Bellard, which notably sped up emulation of x86 or x86-64 guests on platforms with the same CPU architecture. This worked by running user mode code (and optionally some kernel code) directly on the host computer's CPU, and by using processor and peripheral emulation only for kernel-mode and real-mode code. KQEMU could execute code from many guest OSes even if the host CPU did not support hardware-assisted virtualization. KQEMU was initially a closed-source product available free of charge, but starting from version 1.3.0pre10 (February 2007), it was relicensed under the GNU General Public License. QEMU versions starting with 0.12.0 support large memory which makes them incompatible with KQEMU. Newer releases of QEMU have completely removed support for KQEMU.

QVM86 was a GNU GPLv2 licensed drop-in replacement for the then closed-source KQEMU. The developers of QVM86 ceased development in January, 2007.

Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) has mostly taken over as the Linux-based hardware-assisted virtualization solution for use with QEMU in the wake of the lack of support for KQEMU and QVM86. QEMU can also use KVM on other architectures like ARM and MIPS.

Intel's Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager (HAXM) is an open-source alternative to KVM for x86-based hardware-assisted virtualization on NetBSD, Linux, Windows and macOS using Intel VT. Intel mostly solicits its use with QEMU for Android development. Starting with version 2.9.0, the official QEMU includes support for HAXM, under the name hax.

QEMU also supports the following accelerators:
 * hvf, Apple's Hypervisor.framework based on Intel VT.
 * whpx, Microsoft's Windows Hypervisor Platform based on Intel VT or AMD-V.
 * tcg, QEMU's own Tiny Code Generator. This is the default.

Supported disk image formats
QEMU supports the following disk image formats:
 * macOS Universal Disk Image Format – Read-only
 * Bochs – Read-only
 * Linux cloop – Read-only
 * Parallels disk image – Read-only
 * QEMU copy-on-write
 * VirtualBox Virtual Disk Image
 * Virtual PC Virtual Hard Disk
 * Virtual VFAT
 * VMware Virtual Machine Disk
 * Raw images that contain sector-by-sector contents of a disk
 * CD/DVD images that contain sector-by-sector contents of an optical disk (e.g. booting live OSes)

QEMU Object Model
The QEMU Object Model (QOM) provides a framework for registering user creatable types and instantiating objects from those types.

QOM provides the following features:

 * System for dynamically registering types
 * Support for single-inheritance of types
 * Multiple inheritance of stateless interfaces

Parallel emulation
Virtualization solutions that use QEMU are able to execute multiple virtual CPUs in parallel. For user-mode emulation QEMU maps emulated threads to host threads. For full system emulation, QEMU is capable of running a host thread for each emulated virtual CPU (vCPU). This is dependent on the guest having been updated to support parallel system emulation, currently ARM, Alpha, HP-PA, PowerPC, RISC-V, s390x, x86 and Xtensa. Otherwise a single thread is used to emulate all virtual CPUS (vCPUS) which executes each vCPU in a round-robin manner.

VirtualBox
VirtualBox, first released in January 2007, used some of QEMU's virtual hardware devices, and had a built-in dynamic recompiler based on QEMU. As with KQEMU, VirtualBox runs nearly all guest code natively on the host via the VMM (Virtual Machine Manager) and uses the recompiler only as a fallback mechanism - for example, when guest code executes in real mode. In addition, VirtualBox did a lot of code analysis and patching using a built-in disassembler in order to minimize recompilation. VirtualBox is free and open-source (available under GPL), except for certain features.

Xen-HVM
Xen, a virtual machine monitor, can run in HVM (hardware virtual machine) mode, using Intel VT-x or AMD-V hardware x86 virtualization extensions and ARM Cortex-A7 and Cortex-A15 virtualization extension. This means that instead of paravirtualized devices, a real set of virtual hardware is exposed to the domU to use real device drivers to talk to.

QEMU includes several components: CPU emulators, emulated devices, generic devices, machine descriptions, user interface, and a debugger. The emulated devices and generic devices in QEMU make up its device models for I/O virtualization. They comprise a PIIX3 IDE (with some rudimentary PIIX4 capabilities), Cirrus Logic or plain VGA emulated video, RTL8139 or E1000 network emulation, and ACPI support. APIC support is provided by Xen.

Xen-HVM has device emulation based on the QEMU project to provide I/O virtualization to the VMs. Hardware is emulated via a QEMU "device model" daemon running as a backend in dom0. Unlike other QEMU running modes (dynamic translation or KVM), virtual CPUs are completely managed to the hypervisor, which takes care of stopping them while QEMU is emulating memory-mapped I/O accesses.

KVM
KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is a FreeBSD and Linux kernel module that allows a user space program access to the hardware virtualization features of various processors, with which QEMU is able to offer virtualization for x86, PowerPC, and S/390 guests. When the target architecture is the same as the host architecture, QEMU can make use of KVM particular features, such as acceleration.

Win4Lin Pro Desktop
In early 2005, Win4Lin introduced Win4Lin Pro Desktop, based on a 'tuned' version of QEMU and KQEMU and it hosts NT-versions of Windows. In June 2006, Win4Lin released Win4Lin Virtual Desktop Server based on the same code base. Win4Lin Virtual Desktop Server serves Microsoft Windows sessions to thin clients from a Linux server.

In September 2006, Win4Lin announced a change of the company name to Virtual Bridges with the release of Win4BSD Pro Desktop, a port of the product to FreeBSD and PC-BSD. Solaris support followed in May 2007 with the release of Win4Solaris Pro Desktop and Win4Solaris Virtual Desktop Server.

SerialICE
SerialICE is a QEMU-based firmware debugging tool running system firmware inside of QEMU while accessing real hardware through a serial connection to a host system. This can be used as a cheap replacement for hardware in-circuit emulators (ICE).

WinUAE
WinUAE introduced support for the CyberStorm PPC and Blizzard 603e boards using the QEMU PPC core in version 3.0.0.

Unicorn
Unicorn is a CPU emulation framework based on QEMU's "TCG" CPU emulator. Unlike QEMU, Unicorn focuses on the CPU only: no emulation of any peripherals is provided and raw binary code (outside of the context of an executable file or a system image) can be run directly. Unicorn is thread-safe and has multiple bindings and instrumentation interfaces.

Limbo X86 PC Emulator
Limbo is an X86 and ARM64 virtual machine for Android based on QEMU It is one of the few pieces of virtual machine software available for Android capable of emulating Microsoft Windows, although it was designed to emulate Linux and DOS. Unlike other QEMU-based emulators, it does not require users to type commands to use, instead having a user interface to set the virtual machine's settings.

It is more popular in developing countries in Asia such as India, Malaysia, and Thailand on YouTube due to the popularity of the Android Operating System. Limbo was removed from the Google Play Store for unknown reasons between February 2019 and December 2020, through it can still be installed off the developers website with an APK (Android Package) installation. Limbo is known for having stuttery and laggy audio quality, and no known fixes have been found as of 2023. Limbo is generally unknown in popularity compared to other virtual machine software, making troubleshooting very difficult.

It is required to install a special application known as "Hacker's Keyboard" to use many keyboard functions that a basic Android keyboard cannot do in Limbo X86, such as the Ctrl, Alt, Del, and function keys. It is recommended to install Hacker's Keyboard with an APK file due to the Google Play Store stating it does not support newer Android versions, however with an APK file you can install Hacker's Keyboard on newer versions of Android.

x86
Can emulate i386 and x86_64 architecture. Besides the CPU (which is also configurable and can emulate a number of Intel CPU models including (as of 3 March 2018) Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Haswell, Broadwell and Skylake ), the following devices are emulated:
 * CD/DVD-ROM drive using an ISO image
 * Floppy disk drive
 * ATA controller or Serial ATA AHCI controller
 * Graphics card: Cirrus CLGD 5446 PCI VGA-card, Standard-VGA graphics card with Bochs-VBE, Red Hat QXL VGA
 * Network card: Realtek 8139C+ PCI, NE2000 PCI, NE2000 ISA, PCnet, E1000 (PCI Intel Gigabit Ethernet) and E1000E (PCIe Intel Gigabit Ethernet)
 * NVMe disk interface
 * Serial port
 * Parallel port
 * PC speaker
 * i440FX/PIIX3 or Q35/ICH9 chipsets
 * PS/2 mouse and keyboard
 * SCSI controller: LSI MegaRAID SAS 1078, LSI53C895A, NCR53C9x as found in the AMD PCscsi and Tekram DC-390 controllers
 * Sound card: Sound Blaster 16, AudioPCI ES1370, ICH AC'97, Gravis Ultrasound, and Intel HD Audio
 * Watchdog timer (Intel 6300 ESB PCI, or iB700 ISA)
 * USB 1.x/2.x/3.x controllers (UHCI, EHCI, xHCI)
 * USB devices: Audio, Bluetooth dongle, HID (keyboard/mouse/tablet), MTP, serial interface, CAC smartcard reader, storage (bulk-only transfer and USB Attached SCSI), Wacom tablet
 * Paravirtualized VirtIO devices: block device, network card, SCSI controller, video device, serial interface, balloon driver, 9pfs filesystem driver
 * Paravirtualized Xen devices: block device, network card, console, framebuffer and input device

The BIOS implementation used by QEMU starting from version 0.12 is SeaBIOS. The VGA BIOS implementation of SeaBIOS is also used starting from version 2.0.0. The UEFI firmware for QEMU is OVMF.

PowerMac
QEMU emulates the following PowerMac peripherals:
 * UniNorth PCI bridge
 * PCI-VGA-compatible graphics card which maps the VESA Bochs Extensions
 * Two PMAC-IDE-Interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support.
 * NE2000 PCI adapter
 * Non-volatile RAM
 * VIA-CUDA with ADB keyboard and mouse.

OpenBIOS is used as the firmware.

PREP
QEMU emulates the following PREP peripherals:
 * PCI bridge
 * PCI VGA-compatible graphics card with VESA Bochs Extensions
 * Two IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
 * Floppy disk drive
 * NE2000 network adapter
 * Serial interface
 * PREP non-volatile RAM
 * PC-compatible keyboard and mouse

On the PREP target, Open Hack'Ware, an Open-Firmware-compatible BIOS, is used.

IBM System p
QEMU can emulate the paravirtual sPAPR interface with the following peripherals:
 * PCI bridge, for access to virtio devices, VGA-compatible graphics, USB, etc.
 * Virtual I/O network adapter, SCSI controller, and serial interface
 * sPAPR non-volatile RAM

On the sPAPR target, another Open-Firmware-compatible BIOS is used, called SLOF.

ARM32

QEMU emulates the ARMv7 instruction set (and down to ARMv5TEJ) with NEON extension. It emulates full systems like Integrator/CP board, Versatile baseboard, RealView Emulation baseboard, XScale-based PDAs, Palm Tungsten|E PDA, Nokia N800 and Nokia N810 Internet tablets etc. QEMU also powers the Android emulator which is part of the Android SDK (most current Android implementations are ARM-based). Starting from version 2.0.0 of their Bada SDK, Samsung has chosen QEMU to help development on emulated 'Wave' devices.

In 1.5.0 and 1.6.0 Samsung Exynos 4210 (dual-core Cortex-A9) and Versatile Express ARM Cortex-A9 ARM Cortex-A15 are emulated. In 1.6.0, the 32-bit instructions of the ARMv8 (AArch64) architecture are emulated, but 64-bit instructions are unsupported.

The Xilinx Cortex A9-based Zynq SoC is modeled, with the following elements:
 * Zynq-7000 ARM Cortex-A9 CPU
 * Zynq-7000 ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore
 * Triple Timer Counter
 * DDR Memory Controller
 * DMA Controller (PL330)
 * Static Memory Controller (NAND/NOR Flash)
 * SD/SDIO Peripheral Controller (SDHCI)
 * Zynq Gigabit Ethernet Controller
 * USB Controller (EHCI - Host support only)
 * Zynq UART Controller
 * SPI and QSPI Controllers
 * I2C Controller

SPARC
QEMU has support for both 32- and 64-bit SPARC architectures.

When the firmware in the JavaStation (sun4m-Architecture) became version 0.8.1 Proll, a PROM replacement used in version 0.8.2, was replaced with OpenBIOS.

SPARC32
QEMU emulates the following sun4m/sun4c/sun4d peripherals:
 * IOMMU or IO-UNITs
 * TCX Frame buffer (graphics card)
 * Lance (Am7990) Ethernet
 * Non-volatile RAM M48T02/M48T08
 * Slave I/O: timers, interrupt controllers, Zilog serial ports, keyboard and power/reset logic
 * ESP SCSI controller with hard disk and CD-ROM support
 * Floppy drive (not on SS-600MP)
 * CS4231 sound device (only on SS-5, not working yet)

SPARC64
Emulating Sun4u (UltraSPARC PC-like machine), Sun4v (T1 PC-like machine), or generic Niagara (T1) machine with the following peripherals:
 * UltraSparc IIi APB PCI Bridge
 * PCI VGA-compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions
 * PS/2 mouse and keyboard
 * Non-volatile RAM M48T59
 * PC-compatible serial ports
 * 2 PCI IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
 * Floppy disk

MicroBlaze
Supported peripherals:
 * MicroBlaze with/without MMU, including
 * AXI Timer and Interrupt controller peripherals
 * AXI External Memory Controller
 * AXI DMA Controller
 * Xilinx AXI Ethernet
 * AXI Ethernet Lite
 * AXI UART 16650 and UARTLite
 * AXI SPI Controller

LatticeMico32
Supported peripherals: From the Milkymist SoC
 * UART
 * VGA
 * Memory card
 * Ethernet
 * pfu
 * timer

Others
External trees exist, supporting the following targets:
 * Zilog Z80 emulating a 48K ZX Spectrum
 * HP PA-RISC
 * RISC-V

title: QEMU


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Powidl

Powidl (also porvidl, powidla, povidla, or powidel) is a plum butter, a type of fruit spread prepared from the prune plum, that is popular in Central Europe. Unlike jam or marmalade, and unlike the German Pflaumenmus (plum puree), powidl is prepared without additional sweeteners or gelling agents.

Powidl is cooked for several hours, in order to achieve the necessary sweetness and consistency. The plums used should be harvested as late as possible, ideally after the first frosts, in order to ensure they contain enough sugar.

In Austria, Moravia and Bohemia, powidl is the basis for Buchteln, powidl cake and Germknödel, but it is also used as a sandwich spread. Powidl will keep for a long time, especially if kept in traditional crockery.

Traditionally, large amounts of powidl to be used as a winter store and natural sweetener were prepared in late autumn during a communal event. Since constantly stirring the pot was exhausting work, people took turns, and did easier work in between turns. The Czech term povidla is plural only (the Polish word powidła as well).

Traditionally the plums were "overcooked," (to promote evaporation) in a copper kettle, or sometimes vinegar preserved, or even steamed. One recipe for "dark red plum jam" (povidl) begins with placing the plums in a fermentation crock along with sugar and cider vinegar, and letting the mixture sit for a day before cooking. Another recipe for "traditional Austrian plum butter" recommends roasting the plums in an oven and then transforming that compote-like dish into jam.

Powidl is a key ingredient of the popular Austrian street food pofesen, which is a jam-filled form of French toast.

title: Powidl


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Mark Kermode

Mark Kermode (, ; Fairey; born 2 July 1963) is an English film critic, musician, radio presenter, television presenter, author and podcaster. He is the co-presenter, with Ellen E. Jones, of the BBC Radio 4 programme Screenshot and co-presenter of the film-review podcast Kermode & Mayo's Take, alongside long-time collaborator Simon Mayo. Kermode is a regular contributor to The Observer, for which he was chief film critic between September 2013 and September 2023.

He is the author of several books on film and music, including It's Only A Movie, Hatchet Job, How Does It Feel? and The Movie Doctors (with Simon Mayo). Kermode has also written three volumes for the BFI's Modern Classics series, on The Exorcist, The Shawshank Redemption and Silent Running. Since the late 1980's he has contributed to the BFI's film magazine Sight & Sound and its predecessor The Monthly Film Bulletin, and since January 2016 he has presented a monthly live show, MK3D, at the British Film Institute (BFI), South Bank. It is the BFI's longest running live show.

Kermode previously co-presented the BBC Radio 5 Live show Kermode and Mayo's Film Review, and previously co-presented the BBC Two arts programme The Culture Show. Between 2018 and 2021, he co-wrote and presented three seasons of the BBC Four film documentary series Mark Kermode's Secrets of Cinema, and between 2019 and 2024 he presented a weekly film music show on Scala Radio. He is a member of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and a founding member of the skiffle band the Dodge Brothers, for which he plays double bass. Since 2008, The Dodge Brothers (with Neil Brand) have provided live accompaniment for silent films such as Beggars of Life, Hell's Hinges, White Oak (film) and The Ghost That Never Returns.

Early life
Kermode was born in the Royal Free Hospital in the London Borough of Camden. He was educated at the state-funded Church of England primary school St Mary's at Finchley and was granted a Barnet-council-funded free place at The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Elstree, Hertfordshire under the Direct grant grammar school scheme in 1974, at the same time as actor Jason Isaacs.

His mother was a GP, who was born in Douglas, Isle of Man, and practised in Golders Green, north London. His father, the son of a travelling flour salesman, worked in the London Hospital in Whitechapel. His grandmother was Swiss German. He was raised as a Methodist, and later became a member of the Church of England. His parents divorced when he was in his early 20s and he subsequently changed his surname to his Manx mother's maiden name by deed poll. He earned his PhD in English at the University of Manchester in 1991, writing a thesis on horror fiction.

Film criticism
Kermode began his film career as a print journalist, writing for Manchester's City Life, and then Time Out and NME in London. He has subsequently written for a range of publications including The Guardian, The Observer, The Independent, Vox, Empire, Flicks, 20/20, Fangoria, Video Watchdog and Neon.

Kermode began working as a film broadcaster on LBC in 1988, after which he moved to BBC Radio 5 (later rebranded as 5Live). Between February 1992 and October 1993, he was the resident film reviewer on BBC Radio 5's Morning Edition with Danny Baker. He became the film critic for BBC Radio 1 in 1993, on a regular Thursday night slot called Cult Film Corner on Mark Radcliffe's Graveyard Shift session. He later moved to Simon Mayo's BBC Radio 1 morning show. He hosted a movie review show with Mary Anne Hobbs on Radio 1 on Tuesday nights called ClingFilm.

From 2001 until 2022, Kermode reviewed and debated new film releases with Mayo on the BBC Radio 5 Live show Kermode and Mayo's Film Review. The programme won Gold in the Speech Award category at the 2009 Sony Radio Academy Awards on 11 May 2009. On 11 March 2022, it was announced by Simon Mayo, at the start of Kermode and Mayo's Film Review, that the last episode would be broadcast on 1 April 2022.

Kermode and Mayo launched a non-BBC film and television podcast called Kermode & Mayo's Take in May 2022.

Kermode has worked on film-related documentaries including The Fear of God; 25 Years of The Exorcist, Hell on Earth: The Desecration and Resurrection of Ken Russell's The Devils, Alien: Evolution, On the Edge of Blade Runner, Mantrap: Straw Dogs - The Final Cut, Shawshank: The Redeeming Feature, The Poughkeepsie Shuffle: Tracing the French Connection, Salo: Fade to Black, The Real Linda Lovelace and The Cult of The Wicker Man.

From 2001 to 2005, Kermode reviewed films each week for the New Statesman. Prior to becoming chief film critic in 2013, he wrote "Mark Kermode's DVD round-up" for The Observer, a weekly review of the latest releases. He also writes for the British Film Institute's Sight and Sound magazine. From 1995 to 2001, Kermode was a film critic and presenter for Film4 and Channel 4, presenting the weekly Extreme Cinema strand. He has written and presented documentaries for Channel 4 and the BBC, and until 2023 appeared on The Film Review for BBC News at Five. For BBC Two's The Culture Show, Kermode hosted an annual "Kermode Awards" episode, which presented statuettes to actors and directors not nominated for Academy Awards that year.

In 2002, Kermode challenged the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), the censor for film in the UK, about its cuts to the 1972 film The Last House on the Left. In 2008, the BBFC allowed the film to be re-released uncut. He has since stated that the BBFC do a good job in an impossible situation and expressed his approval of their decisions.

In a 2012 Sight & Sound poll of cinema's greatest films, Kermode indicated his ten favourites, a list later published in order of preference in his book Hatchet Job, as The Exorcist, A Matter of Life and Death, The Devils, It's a Wonderful Life, Don't Look Now, Pan's Labyrinth, Mary Poppins, Brazil, Eyes Without a Face and The Seventh Seal.

From September 2013 to September 2023, Kermode was the chief film critic for The Observer.

In 2018, he began to present his own documentary series Mark Kermode's Secrets of Cinema on BBC Four. A second series followed, as well as Disaster Movie, Christmas, and Oscar Winners specials.

Between 2019 and 2024, Kermode presented a soundtrack-themed show on classical radio station Scala Radio.

Kermode produces an annual "best-of-the-year" movie list, thereby providing an overview of his critical preferences. His top choices were:

Other writing
In February 2010, Random House released his autobiography, It's Only a Movie, which he describes as being "inspired by real events". Its publication was accompanied by a UK tour. In September 2011, he released a follow-up book entitled The Good, the Bad and the Multiplex, in which he expresses his opinions on the good and bad of modern films, and vehemently criticizes the modern multiplex experience and the 3D film craze that had grown in the years immediately preceding the book's publication. In 2013, Picador published Hatchet Job: Love Movies, Hate Critics in which he examines whether professional "traditional" film critics still have a role in a culture of ever increasing numbers of online bloggers and amateur critics.

In 2017, he collaborated with his idol William Friedkin on the feature documentary The Devil and Father Amorth, as a writer. The film had its first showing at the Venice Film Festival on 31 August 2017.

Other work
Kermode was a regular presenter on BBC Two's The Culture Show and appeared regularly on Newsnight Review. During a 2006 interview with Kermode for The Culture Show in Los Angeles, Werner Herzog was shot with an air rifle. Herzog appeared unflustered, later stating: "It was not a significant bullet. I am not afraid".

Kermode co-hosted an early 1990s afternoon magazine show on BBC Radio 5 called A Game of Two Halves, alongside former Blue Peter presenter Caron Keating.

Kermode appeared in a cameo role as himself in the revival of the BBC's Absolutely Fabulous on 1 January 2012.

In April 2008, Kermode started a twice-weekly video blog hosted on the BBC website, in which he discussed films and recounts anecdotes. He retired the podcast for its tenth anniversary at the close of 2018, with special episodes on his most and least favourite movies of the previous decade.

Kermode has recorded DVD, Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD audio commentaries for Tommy (with Ken Russell), The Devils (with Ken Russell and Mike Bradsell), The Ninth Configuration (with William Peter Blatty), The Wicker Man (with Edward Woodward, Christopher Lee and Robin Hardy), Gregory's Girl, Cruising (with William Friedkin), Bait, Enys Men (both with Mark Jenkin) and (with Peter O'Toole) Becket. He appears in the DVD extras of Lost in La Mancha, interviewing Terry Gilliam, and Pan's Labyrinth, where he interviews Guillermo del Toro about the film, which he has called a masterpiece. Kermode has written books, published by the BFI in its Modern Classics series, on The Exorcist, Silent Running and The Shawshank Redemption and his documentary for Channel 4, Shawshank: The Redeeming Feature, is on the film's tenth anniversary special edition DVD.

Kermode's family connections with the Isle of Man have led to him playing a role in Manx culture and the arts. This has seen him host various talks on the island. He has also been involved with the annual Isle of Man Film Festival.

Kermode became patron of the Sir John Hurt Film Trust in November 2019. He is a visiting fellow at the University of Southampton.

Music
Kermode played double bass for a skiffle/rockabilly band called The Railtown Bottlers in the early 1990s. The Railtown Bottlers were the house band on the BBC show Danny Baker After All for a series, starting in 1993, where he performed with the Madness lead singer Suggs, Nick Heyward, Alison Moyet, Aimee Mann, Nanci Griffith, Timm Finn and Squeeze. In 2001 he formed skiffle quartet The Dodge Brothers, playing double bass.

Talking about playing the chromatic harmonica with an orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall, he said: "Somehow I got away with it. You can listen to it. It's not terrible, it's not brilliant, but it's fine." Kermode says that sheer persistence is the key to his musical success: "I'd rate enthusiasm and persistence over talent. And that's been a guiding light, that you shouldn't be put off by being unprepared or technically inept. I have managed to surround myself with other people who can play. And actually that's the trick."

Personal life
Kermode is married to Linda Ruth Williams, a professor who lectures on film at the University of Exeter. From October to November 2004, they jointly curated a History of the Horror Film season and exhibition at the National Film Theatre in London. Kermode and Williams have two children.

Kermode has been described as "a feminist, a near vegetarian (he eats fish), a churchgoer and a straight-arrow spouse who just happens to enjoy seeing people's heads explode across a cinema screen".

In the mid-1980s, Kermode was an "affiliate" of the Revolutionary Communist Group (RCG) and was involved in the Viraj Mendis Defence Campaign, against the deportation of one of the group's members to Sri Lanka. This developed into a high-profile national campaign involving people from left-wing groups such as the RCG, local residents of Manchester and extending to church leaders and Labour Party Members of Parliament. Kermode describes himself in this period as "a red-flag waving bolshie bore with a subscription to Fight Racism Fight Imperialism and no sense of humour."

Awards and honours
Kermode is a patron of the charitable trust of the Phoenix Cinema in North London, which was his favourite cinema during his childhood in East Finchley. The tenth anniversary episode of Kermode and Mayo's Film Review was broadcast from the venue as part of its relaunch celebrations in 2010.

In 2013, Kermode was appointed an Island of Culture Patron by the Isle of Man Arts Council.

In 2016, Kermode was made an honorary Doctor of Letters at the University of Winchester.

In 2018, Kermode was appointed Honorary Professor in the Film Studies Department at the University of Exeter.

title: Mark Kermode