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Battle of Nanshan

The Battle of Nanshan (南山の戦い), also known as the battle of Jinzhou or Chinchou (Сражение при Цзинь-чжоу/Кинь-чжоу), was one of many vicious land battles of the Russo-Japanese War. It took place on 24–26 May 1904 across a two-mile-wide defense line across the narrowest part of the Liáodōng Peninsula, covering the approaches to Port Arthur and on the 116-meter high Nanshan Hill, the present-day Jinzhou District, north of the city center of Dalian, Liaoning, China.

Background
After the Japanese victory at the Yalu River, the Japanese Second Army commanded by General Yasukata Oku landed on Pitzewo (modern day Pikou), on the Liaodong Peninsula, some 70 miles northeast from Port Arthur. The Second Army was 38,500 strong and consisted of three divisions: the First Division (Tokyo), Third Division (Nagoya) and Fourth Division (Osaka). Landing was completed by 5 May 1904.

The Japanese intention was to break through this Russian defensive position, capture the port of Dalny, and lay siege to Port Arthur.

Russian Viceroy Yevgeni Alekseyev had been recalled to Moscow for consultations with Tsar Nicholas II. He had left Major-General Baron Anatoly Stoessel in command of Russian ground forces in the Kwantung Peninsula, and Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft in control of the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. Since no direct orders had been left, the indecisive and incompetent Admiral Vitgeft allowed the Japanese landing to proceed unopposed.

General Stoessel had approximately 17,000 men and the 4th, 5th, 13th, 14th and 15th East Siberian Rifles (all were under the full supervision of General Mitrofan Nadein), from which about 3,000 men of the 5th East Siberian Rifles under Colonel Nikolai Tretyakov were dug into fortified positions on Nanshan hill, where they planned to hold out despite knowing they would be greatly outnumbered. The reserve divisions were under command of Lieutenant-General Alexander Fok, a former police officer who had risen to his position through political patronage rather than experience or ability. The Russian forces had 114 pieces of field artillery, machine guns, and had dug a network of trenches and barbed wire. The Japanese were well aware of the fortifications, as a Colonel Doi of Japanese intelligence was one of the thousands of "Chinese laborers" recruited by the Russians to work on the project in 1903.

The battle
On the Russian side, the overall direction of the battle was first exercised by General Nadein, and then by General Fok.

On 24 May 1904, during a heavy thunderstorm, the Japanese Fourth Division under the command of Lieutenant General Ogawa Mataji attacked the walled town of Chinchou (modern-day Jinzhou District 金州), just north of Nanzan hill. Despite being defended by no more than 400 men with antiquated artillery, the Fourth Division failed on two attempts to breach its gates. Two battalions from the First Division attacked independently at 05:30 on 25 May 1904, finally breaching the defenses and taking the town.

With his flank thus secure, General Oku could then commence the main assault on the entrenched Russian forces on Nanshan Hill. The assault was postponed a day due to the weather. On 26 May 1904, Oku began with prolonged artillery barrage from Japanese gunboats offshore, followed by infantry assaults by all three of his divisions. The Russians, with mines, Maxim machine guns and barbed wire obstacles, inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese during repeated assaults. By 18:00, after nine attempts, the Japanese had failed to overrun the firmly entrenched Russian positions. Oku had committed all of his reserves, and both sides had used up most of their artillery ammunition.

Finding his calls for reinforcement unanswered, Colonel Tretyakov was amazed to find that the uncommitted reserve regiments were in full retreat: in the midst of battle Nadein ordered 2 battalions from reserve to occupy the empty trenches of the left flank, but for some reason only 2 companies were sent in. Tretyakov's remaining ammunition reserves had been blown up under orders of General Fok. Fok, paranoid of a possible Japanese landing between his position and the safety of Port Arthur, was panicked by a flanking attack by the decimated Japanese Fourth Division along the west coast. In his rush to flee the battle, Fok had neglected to tell Tretyakov of the order to retreat, and Tretyakov thus found himself in the precarious position of being encircled, with no ammunition and no reserve force available for a counter-attack. Tretyakov had no choice but to order his troops to fall back to the second defensive line. By 19:20, the Japanese flag flew from the summit of Nanshan Hill. Tretyakov, who had fought well and who had lost only 400 men during the battle, lost 650 more men in his poorly supported retreat back to the main defensive lines around Port Arthur.

Results
The Russians lost a total of about 1,400 killed, wounded and missing during the battle. Although the Japanese did not win lightly, having at least 6,198 casualties, they could claim victory. Among the 739 dead was the eldest son of General Nogi Maresuke. The Japanese had fired 34,000 artillery shells during the battle – more than had been expended during the entire First Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese had also fired 2.19 million rifle and machine gun rounds in one day of fighting- more than the number (c. 2 million) fired by the Prussians during the entire Austro-Prussian War.

Due to lack of ammunition, the Japanese could not move from Nanshan until 30 May 1904. To their amazement, they found that the Russians had made no effort to hold the strategically valuable and easily defendable port of Dalny, but had retreated all the way back to Port Arthur. Although the town had been looted by the local civilians, the harbor equipment, warehouses and railway yards were all left intact.

After Japan occupied Dalny, a memorial tower was erected on top of Nanshan Hill with the famous poem by General Nogi. The tower was demolished after the Pacific War, and only the foundation is left. A portion of the stone tablet with the poem is now stored in the Lüshun Prison.

title: Battle of Nanshan


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Intraspecific breeding

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 14:15, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Intraspecific breeding
Intraspecific breeding is the act of breeding two varieties (variety_(biology)) of the same species. None of the examples are of the breeding of two varieties of the same species. Instead, they are of two species of the same genus. RickK 07:44, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Author of article seems misunderstand the topic - just Google for "intraspecific breeding" (49 hits). You use word "intraspecific" for something occuring between one specific species, eg - competition between a pack of lions for mates. Nick04 20:03, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep but with rewrite and expansion (I'll place a draft copy up on the Talk page). @ Megan1967 01:18, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I've corrected the article, probably needs more expansion. Megan1967 04:23, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, needs work but that's OK. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:35, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but it needs expansion --nixie 02:25, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Richard Hannay

Major-General Sir Richard Hannay, KCB, OBE, DSO, is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist John Buchan and further made popular by the 1935 Alfred Hitchcock film The 39 Steps (and other later film adaptations), very loosely based on Buchan's 1915 novel of the same name. In his autobiography, Memory Hold-the-Door, Buchan suggests that the character is based, in part, on Edmund Ironside, from Edinburgh, a spy during the Second Boer War, and a British Army field marshal and CIGS.

By Buchan
Hannay appears in several novels as a major character, including:
 * The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915)
 * Greenmantle (1916)
 * Mr Standfast (1919)
 * The Three Hostages (1924)
 * The Island of Sheep (1936)

He also appears as a minor character in:
 * The Runagates Club (1928) short story, 'The Green Wildebeest'
 * The Courts of the Morning (1929)
 * Sick Heart River (1940)

By other authors
Robert J. Harris has written The Thirty-One Kings (2017) which purports to be the beginning of a new series called "Richard Hannay Returns" about his adventures during World War II; however the next book in the series, Castle Macnab (2018), is set in the 1920s.

In Combined Forces (1985), a humorous novel by Jack Smithers, Hannay teams up after World War II with the similar heroes "Sapper"'s Bulldog Drummond and Dornford Yates' Jonah Mansel.

 * Thirty-Nine Steps From Baker Street (J. R. Trtek, 2015, 978-1-51715-300-7)

Radio, film, television and theatre
Hannay has been portrayed in four film versions of The Thirty Nine Steps respectively, by actors Robert Donat (in the original and most famous film adaptation, directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1935), Kenneth More, Robert Powell and Rupert Penry-Jones (in a 2008 BBC production). Powell reprised the role for the ITV series Hannay (1988–1989).

Orson Welles portrayed Hannay in a radio play of The Thirty-Nine Steps in 1938, as did Glenn Ford in 1948 on Studio One, Herbert Marshall on Suspense in 1952.

The 1973 BBC documentary Omnibus: The British Hero had Christopher Cazenove playing Hannay in a scene from Mr. Standfast, as well as a number of other such heroic characters, including Beau Geste, Bulldog Drummond and James Bond. Barry Foster played Hannay in a 1977 television adaptation of The Three Hostages.

In the 2000s, BBC Radio 4 adapted four of the Hannay books, each starring David Robb: The Thirty-Nine Steps (2001), Greenmantle (2005), Mr Standfast (2008) and The Three Hostages (2009).

Playwright Patrick Barlow's comedic stage adaptation of the 1935 Hitchcock film opened in London's Tricycle Theatre, and after a successful run, transferred to the Criterion Theatre in Piccadilly. On 15 January 2008, the show made its US Broadway premiere at the American Airlines Theatre; it transferred to the Cort Theatre on 29 April 2008 and then moved to the Helen Hayes Theatre on 21 January 2009, where it ended its run on 10 January 2010. It reopened at off-Broadway venue New World Stages on 25 March 2010. The London show closed on 5 September 2015 after nine years in the West End. In this theatrical adaptation, the character's full name is given as Richard Charles Arbuthnot Hannay.

Character biography based on the Buchan canon
As revealed through the various novels, Richard Hannay was born in Scotland about 1877; his father was Scottish and had German business partners. He was brought up to speak German pretty fluently. At the age of six he joins his father in South Africa. He becomes a mining engineer, spending three years prospecting for copper in German Damaraland and makes a small fortune in Bulawayo. He takes part in the Matabele Wars, serves two years with the Imperial Light Horse and serves as an intelligence officer at Delagoa Bay in the Boer War. He goes to England in 1914, shortly before the events of The Thirty-Nine Steps.

The First World War breaks out seven weeks after the events of The Thirty-Nine Steps, and Hannay immediately joins the New Army, and is promptly commissioned captain on the strength of his Matebele campaign experience. He is wounded in the leg and neck in the Battle of Loos in September 1915, by which time he had reached the rank of major. Greenmantle, the sequel to The Thirty-Nine Steps begins in late 1915, with Hannay in Hampshire where he has arrived to convalesce after Loos. During the events of Greenmantle, his work as a spy in wartime Europe and Turkey earn him a DSO and CB, respectively. Following this, he returns to regular service in the army and is rapidly promoted to brigadier-general. In early 1917, however, he is called back to the Secret Service to hunt a dangerous German spy during the decisive months of the First World War. As told in Mr Standfast, he meets and falls in love with Mary Lamington, an intelligent, beautiful young nurse and fellow spy. Later, in 1918, now promoted to major-general, he returns to the front lines and participates in desperate fighting following the Germans' massive, last-ditch effort to win the war.

Soon after the end of the war, Hannay marries Mary Lamington, and the following year they have a son, Peter John Hannay. The boy is named after Hannay's two great friends John Scantlebury Blenkiron (an American businessman and spy who had often helped him) and Peter Pienaar ("Mr Standfast"), an old Boer scout who seems to have been a kind of father-figure to him. The family settles in Mary's old home in the Cotswolds, Fosse Manor, Oxfordshire and Hannay (now a KCB) finds peace and enjoyment as a farmer. However, in 1920 or 1921, Hannay again finds himself in an adventure, this time with his wife's help unravelling a kidnapping mystery in The Three Hostages.

His last adventure, The Island of Sheep, occurs some 12 years later when Hannay, now in his fifties, is called by an old oath to protect the son of a man he once knew, who safeguards the secret of the greatest treasure on earth. This book also focuses on Hannay's son, Peter John, now a bright but solemn teenager.

Though the Hannay books stop short of the Second World War, Buchan's last novel, Sick Heart River (published just after the author died in 1940) offers a hint about Hannay's future: dying in Canada, Hannay's friend Sir Edward Leithen hears of the outbreak of war in Europe and guesses that many of his old friends, including Hannay, will have taken up arms again.

title: Richard Hannay


text: File:CultureClubColourByNumbersAlbumcover.jpg


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Mola di Bari

Mola di Bari, commonly referred to simply as Mola (Barese: Màule), is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Bari, in the region of Apulia, in Southern Italy, on the Adriatic Sea.

In recent times, the town was best known for having primarily whitewashed buildings, however, growth, modern construction, and building design have changed the image significantly, particularly in the northern (and more modern) part of the town.

Mola's city center is its main piazza, Piazza XX Settembre near the port and it also boasts a church (Chiesa Matrice, i.e. Mother Church) dating back to the 13th century.

Bakeries in Mola are known for their focaccia food. Until the early 1990s, there were two privately owned public firewood ovens available to the inhabitants of Mola, one located on Via Nino Bixio, on the southern part of the town, and the other located on Via Pesce, on the opposite side of the main Piazza. These businesses served the local residents by providing a place to cook baked goods, primarily focaccia and breads. Typically, focaccia pans were quite large (some approaching half a meter in diameter) and were difficult to cook in one's home. The tradition of sending items to be baked by the local oven has passed.

Mola is also home to a large fishing industry that supplies fresh fish throughout the southern Italian region.

History
The old settlement of Neolithic people is confirmed by some archaeological remains. The origin of the city is not known entirely because of lack of sufficient traces to assert a Greek origin (coins now dispersed, with an old emblem showing the symbol of Athens) or Roman (with a Roman villa of the imperial period close to the northern coast and the remains of a water tank). The proof of the existence of an urban settlement remains scarce and contradictory up until 1277, when Charles I of Anjou ordered the reconstruction of the city along with the building of city walls, a church, and a castle.

After its re-foundation by Charles of Anjou in the 13th century, Mola then passed its ups and downs and retained the status of city-state, almost continually, until the early fifteenth century. According to some local historians, this was a period of relative prosperity for the town, whose population recorded a significant increase. Virtually painless was the descent in Southern Italy of the Hungarian army of Louis I in 1348, to whom the local population immediately declared fidelity, saving the place from being looted, as it happened to other neighboring centres.

With the passage of the Kingdom of Naples from the Angevins to the Crown of Aragon, the indebtedness of the Crown determined the sale of state property to the creditors. Mola thus lost the status of a free city-state and was subjected to different feudal lords: the Gesualdo from 1417, the Maramaldo from 1435 and the Toraldo from 1464.

In 1495, with the arrival in Italy of Charles VIII of France to claim the Kingdom of Naples, Mola, along with other ports in Apulia, was ceded by the Aragonese to the Republic of Venice, in exchange for a huge loan. Venice attacked the city repeatedly but was never able to conquer the city castle, which remained loyal to Naples. With the period of Venetian rule, which lasted until 1530, Mola strengthened ties with the other side of the Adriatic and recorded an overall economic progress.

Back again under the Toraldo family, the city then passed to the Carafa, and in 1584 the people from Mola managed to collect the considerable sum of 50,000 ducats, which allowed them to break free from the feudal yoke to be subject only to the royal property. Soon, however, the estate was bought by Antonio Carafa, who a few years later was forced to sell it at auction to pay his debts.

It was only in 1670 when Mola was finally able to get rid of remnants of feudal power and to restore its original status within the Kingdom of Naples.

Angevin Castle
In order to defend the coast from pirate raids, together with the rebuilding of the town by its walls, Charles I of Anjou in 1277 ordered the construction of a palacium, entrusting the direction of the work to the famous royal carpenters Pierre d'Angicourt and Jean from Toul. The project was completed two years later. Between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the building followed the fate of the town and passed through the hands of various feudal lords, resisting numerous attacks without ever being taken. However the considerable damage with the Venetian siege of 1508 imposed a radical restoration, which took place a few years later on a military project by architect Evangelista Menga, who gave it its current form of star polygon. The mighty walls scarp, built in order to withstand an attack with firearms, were still equipped with numerous trap doors. A moat surrounded the building and communicated with the sea, while the castle was connected to the city walls by means of a bridge.

Cathedral
Dedicated to St. Nicholas of Bari, it is located inside the old town, not far from the sea. Built in the late thirteenth century, presumably during the re-founding of the city by the Anjou, it was already in very poor condition in the sixteenth century. The Archbishop of Bari Girolamo Sauli therefore requested its reconstruction, which took place in the years 1547–1575 through the work of Dalmatian masters Francesco and Giovanni from Šibenik and John from Korcula. The building is a fine example of Adriatic Renaissance, although the Baroque extensions have altered the appearance of the apse and some chapels. Recent renovations have enhanced the rose window and the two portals, the Lions (on the left side) and Dwarfs bearing the door columns (in front). The interior space is divided into three naves, the lateral ones with vaults that characterize the overall style and the imposing Corinthian columns.

Other sights

 * Mother Church, dedicated to St. Nicholas of Bari
 * Church of Santa Maria del Passo in Sant'Antonio di Padova
 * Church of Santissimo Rosario in San Domenico
 * Palazzo Roberti-Alberotanza (18th century)
 * Teatro van Westerhout (1888)

Twin towns
Mola di Bari is twinned with:

 * 🇲🇪 Tivat, Montenegro, since 1969
 * 🇪🇸 Pedrajas de San Esteban, Spain, since 2012
 * 🇮🇹 Bomporto, Italy, since 2013
 * 🇺🇸 Auburn, Washington USA, since 2016

People

 * Niccolò van Westerhout (Mola di Bari, 1857 – Naples, 1898), musician and composer
 * Anton Muscatelli (born 1962), economist and university president
 * Antonio Martinelli (born 1965), philanthropist, real estate magnate, restaurateur, master chef, baker

title: Mola di Bari


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User talk:WikiFan~enwiki

Please do not remove extenal links. --Haham hanuka 07:55, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:WikiFan~enwiki


text: Category:Municipalities of Luxembourg (Belgium)


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Purley station rail crash

The Purley station rail crash was a train collision that occurred just to the north of Purley railway station in the London Borough of Croydon on Saturday 4 March 1989, leaving five dead and 88 injured. The collision was caused by the driver of one of the trains passing a signal at danger; he pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to 12 months in prison plus six months suspended, although this was reduced to four months upon appeal, and in 2007 overturned. The Department of Transport report noted that the signal had a high incidence of being passed at danger and recommended that an automatic train protection system should be introduced without delay and in the interim a repeater for the signal that had been passed be installed.

Collision
On 4 March 1989 the 12:50 Horsham to London Victoria, consisting of a four-car class 423 electric multiple unit no. 3441, stopped at Purley railway station. As it left the station, it crossed from the slow line to the fast line as scheduled and at 13:39 was struck from behind by the following 12:17 Littlehampton to London Victoria, consisting of four-car class 421 units nos. 1280 and 1285 (for a total of eight cars). The first six coaches of the Littlehampton train left the track and came off the embankment, killing five passengers and injuring 88.

Aftermath
The first calls to the emergency services came from members of the public. The driver of a light engine running on an adjacent track saw the collision and contacted the signalbox. The signalling equipment had been damaged in the collision and alarms had sounded in the box. The signalmen in the box spoke to railway control at Waterloo, but due to confusion about the location of the trains, police in East Sussex were first contacted. The collision had tripped circuit breakers controlling the DC traction current, but safety could not be assured as the supervisory circuits had been damaged. The incident was attended by British Transport Police, the fire brigade and the ambulance service, and a police helicopter was used to fly doctors to the site. Passengers who were able to walk were evacuated via Purley station, the last casualty being taken to hospital at about 15:15; the search however continued until 17:00.

The railway was closed until 6 March, although the damaged vehicles that lay on the embankment side were not all removed until 9 March. The crossover was replaced, and normal operations were restored on 27 March.

Trial, report and appeals
Before the Ministry of Transport report was published, Robert Morgan – the driver of the Littlehampton train – pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to 12 months in prison plus six months suspended.

The report, published in 1989, found no fault in the Littlehampton train or signalling system, and concluded that the driver had failed to keep the train's speed under control, missing the preceding caution signal and passing the danger signal protecting the Horsham train. The line is equipped with four aspect colour light signalling and British Rail's Automatic Warning System (AWS). However the report noted that the signal had a high incidence of being passed at danger – four drivers had previously passed the signal when at danger in the previous five years. The AWS in use gave the same warning for either of the caution signals and danger, and was capable of being reset by a driver in a lapse of concentration. The report recommended that an automatic train protection system should be introduced without delay, and in the interim a repeater for the signal that had been passed be installed.

Morgan's sentence was later cut on appeal to four months, and on 12 December 2007 his conviction for manslaughter was overturned by the Court of Appeal, ruling the conviction unsafe as "something about the infrastructure of this particular junction was causing mistakes to be made" as new evidence showed that there had been four previous signals passed at danger at the same location in the five years before the crash. He died in March 2009, aged 66, as a result of drowning whilst sailing in the River Medina on the Isle of Wight.

Legacy
A memorial garden was created at the station to commemorate the accident.

title: Purley station rail crash


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United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development

The U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development is one of twelve subcommittees of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations. The United States Senate Committee on Appropriations has joint jurisdiction with the United States House Committee on Appropriations over all appropriations bills in the United States Congress. Each committee has 12 matching subcommittees, each of which is tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills.

Appropriations process
Traditionally, after a federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year has been passed, the appropriations subcommittees receive information about what the budget sets as their spending ceilings. This is called "302(b) allocations" after section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. That amount is separated into smaller amounts for each of the twelve Subcommittees. The federal budget does not become law and is not signed by the President. Instead, it is guide for the House and the Senate in making appropriations and tax decisions. However, no budget is required and each chamber has procedures in place for what to do without one. The House and Senate now consider appropriations bills simultaneously, although originally the House went first. The House Committee on Appropriations usually reports the appropriations bills in May and June and the Senate in June. Any differences between appropriations bills passed by the House and the Senate are resolved in the fall.

Appropriations bills
An appropriations bill is a bill that appropriates (gives to, sets aside for) money to specific federal government departments, agencies, and programs. The money provides funding for operations, personnel, equipment, and activities. Regular appropriations bills are passed annually, with the funding they provide covering one fiscal year. The fiscal year is the accounting period of the federal government, which runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following year.

There are three types of appropriations bills: regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental appropriations bills. Regular appropriations bills are the twelve standard bills that cover the funding for the federal government for one fiscal year and that are supposed to be enacted into law by October 1. If Congress has not enacted the regular appropriations bills by the time, it can pass a continuing resolution, which continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year (or with minor modifications) for a set amount of time. The third type of appropriations bills are supplemental appropriations bills, which add additional funding above and beyond what was originally appropriated at the beginning of the fiscal year. Supplemental appropriations bills can be used for things like disaster relief.

Appropriations bills are one part of a larger United States budget and spending process. They are preceded in that process by the president's budget proposal, congressional budget resolutions, and the 302(b) allocation. Article One of the United States Constitution, section 9, clause 7, states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law..." This is what gives Congress the power to make these appropriations. The President, however, still has the power to veto appropriations bills.

Jurisdiction
This subcommittee, as its name implies, is responsible for funding related to the Department of Energy and water development projects in the United States. It also oversees the Tennessee Valley Authority, the federal power marketing administrations, and non-defense nuclear power, including nuclear waste disposal and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

It is also responsible for the multibillion-dollar budget of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Interior Department's U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The Corps of Engineers is the primary federal agency with responsibility over "waters of the United States" that plans, designs, builds, and operates water resources and other civil works projects, while the Bureau of Reclamation oversees federal dams, irrigation, and rural drinking water projects in the Western United States.


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Vehicles & Animals

Vehicles & Animals is the debut studio album by British rock band Athlete. It was released on 7 April 2003 through Parlophone. After changing their music style from Britpop, Athlete released a self-titled extended play (EP) in early 2002; its lead track "Westside" brought attention from Parlophone and the band joined the label. "You Got the Style" was released as a single in mid 2002, after which Athlete recording their debut album with producer Victor Van Vugt. Vehicles & Animals is an indie rock and post-Britpop album that emulates the style of Blur, Eels and Stereophonics.

Vehicles & Animals received generally positive reviews from music critics, though some of them saw it as uninspiring. The album charted at number 19 in the United Kingdom, and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry in 2005. "Beautiful" was released as the second single from Vehicles & Animals, followed by the third single "El Salvador" and a UK tour in early 2003. The fourth single "Westside" and a re-release of "You Got the Style" appeared in June and September 2003, respectively. Two more UK tours followed, one closing 2003 and the other opening 2004. Of the album's singles, "El Salvador" had the highest chart peak, reaching number 31 in the UK and number 40 in Scotland.

Background and recording
When Athlete formed in 2000, their line up consisted of vocalist and guitarist Joel Pott, bassist Carey Willetts, keyboardist Tim Wanstall and drummer Steve Roberts. When Wanstall left the band to study at university, the other members continued playing gigs in Camden, London. Their style was akin to the Britpop sound of the 1990s but when Wanstall returned to the line up, they changed style to one similar to the works of Beck, Gomez and Turin Brakes. Athlete released a self-titled extended play (EP) on 4 March 2002 through Regal Recordings; its lead track "Westside" received airplay on BBC Radio 1 and attracted the attention of Parlophone, who signed the band soon after. Pott said the band had written only four songs at the time of the signing, whereas other bands would have an album's worth ready.

On 17 June 2002, "You Got the Style" was released as a single, which was followed by a tour of the United Kingdom and a supporting slot for Suede. In late 2002, Atlete recorded their debut album, co-producing it with Victor Van Vugt. Sessions were held in the basement of a church; during recording, they took a break from recording to tour with Mansun and the Polyphonic Spree. Parlorhone told the band to record at their own pace because they did not want the band to quickly release a product solely to keep momentum going. Pete Collis served as engineer on "Westside" and "Dungeness". Athlete and Bird & Bush – consisting of Marshall Bird and Steve Bush – did the initial production on "Dungeness". Matt Frost and Adam "A Skillz" Mills did additional programming on "Out of Nowhere", and Vugt and the band mixed the final recordings.

Composition and lyrics
The sound of Vehicles & Animals has been described as indie rock and post-Britpop in the style of Blur, Eels and Stereophonics. In a review for The Guardian, journalist Alexis Petridis wrote for the majority of the release, "Athlete sound like finalists in a contest to discover Britain's Most Unfashionable Band, mixing Parklife chirpiness with the acid songwriting style of Joe Jackson ... and occasionally throwing in big beat-like rhythms". Pott's vocals resemble those by the Police frontman Sting. Discussing the album's title, Pott said; "Vehicles and animals on their own are two interesting things, and when you put them together it sounds quite weird. We like to have good pop tunes but couple that with weird sounds and mess it up". One of the album's recurring topics is the members finding happiness in their home town Deptford. Wanstall said it was "very much a bunch of stories about our little community, in our little corner of London, and just full of the joys" of being a recently-signed act.

Vehicles & Animals opens with "El Salvador", which, according to journalist Gareth Dobson, comes across as a British iteration of Pavement "heading for a quick cuppa in a little cafe with their mates the Super Furry Squeezes". The song's opening resembles the work of the Beta Band, merging folk elements and sound effects. Pott said "El Salvador" is about the band's first year of being on a label and their uplifting "experiences – from going to a dingy studio before we got signed to suddenly touring around Europe and meeting people who work for us trying to sell our records". Like the previous song, "Westside" begins as a quiet piece with a loud chorus, eventually fading out. It was written after witnessing acts who were copying the style of others, evoking "Everything's Not Lost" (2000) by Coldplay. Pott and Roberts used to live in Camden, where they saw people "who were just desperate to be famous".

"One Million" is anchored by reversed drum loops, ending with an electro bass breakdown in the style of Grandaddy. "Shake Those Windows" incorporates country-tinged guitar parts, recalling Synchronicity (1983) by the Police, and deals with music the band members used to listen to. "Beautiful" mixes the styles of the Flaming Lips and Super Furry Animals, with Pott emulating Hamilton Leithauser of the Walkmen. "New Project" deals with religious tolerance; it starts as a piano ballad and ends with radio noise. The Pulp-like song "You Got the Style" is in waltz time and talks about the 2001 Oldham riots. The chorus section incorporates a section of "Hot in Herre" (2002) by Nelly. "Vehicles & Animals" was influenced by Pott's nephew, who would frequently play with toy animals, cars and trains, and is followed by "Dungeness", which talks about an outing to the town of the same name. "Out of Nowhere" echoes the work of Beck and includes elements of funk and bossa nova, and is followed by the ballad "You Know".

Release
Following "You Got the Style", "Beautiful" was released as the album's second single on 4 November 2002; it includes the B-side "On and On" and the music video for "Beautiful". The video sees the band walking down a street during night time. On 18 February 2003, Vehicles & Animals was announced for release in two months' time. In the interim, Athlete embarked on a headlining UK tour, which was supported by Longview and Saint Rose, and the band debuted new material. On 24 March 2003, "El Salavador" was released as the album's third single, and was promoted at an in-store performance at the Virgin Megastore in Brighton. Two versions of the song were released on CD; the first includes live versions of "Dungeness" and "You Got the Style", and the music video for "El Salvador"; while the second CD includes "Moving Out" and "Loose Change". The "El Salvador" video revolves around a man in a hospital as he waits and eventually receives facial surgery.

Vehicles & Animals was released on 7 April 2003 through Parlophone. Mikael Wood of Dallas Observer said the artwork "depicts a stairway of trash spiraling toward heaven", alluding to the band's "colorful sound, which cobbles together elements from American and English alt-rock of the past decade". The band promoted the album with an in-store set and a signing session at the Virgin Megastore in London. "Westside" was released as the album's fourth single on 23 May 2003. Two versions were released on CD; the first with the B-side "Count Me In", a remix of "Westside" performed by Elbow, and the music video for "Westside", while the second disc features live versions of "Westside", "Vehicles & Animals" and "One Million". The "Westside" video opens with the band performing in a darkly-lit room, which eventually illuminates to show a vacant warehouse; they continue to perform as they move outside and end up at a beach.

Following this, they appeared at the T in the Park, Move, One Big Sunday and V Festivals. "You Got the Style" was re-released on 22 September 2003. The CD single features a live version of "Beautiful" while the DVD version includes videos of "You Got the Style" and "Westside", and audio tracks "You Got the Style", "Hot Sun Pavement" and a live version of "Westside". The "You Got the Style" video takes place in an empty theatre; Pott is seen reading a book, the illustration in which come to life. In October 2003, the band went on a headlining UK tour, which was followed in January 2004 by a short tour with Snow Patrol. On 18 May 2004, Vehicles & Animals was released in the United States by Astralwerks, with "A Few Differences" and the music video for "You Got the Style" as bonus tracks.

"El Salvador", "Westside", "Beautiful" and "You Got the Style" were included on Athlete's first compilation album Singles 01–10 in 2010. In May 2013, the band embarked on a six-date tour to mark the tenth anniversary of Vehicles & Animals; a live album of recordings from the tour was released the same year.

Critical reception
Vehicles & Animals was met with generally favourable reviews from music critics. At review-aggregating website Metacritic, the album received an average score of 63 based on 17 reviews.

Critics were largely positive to the songwriting. AllMusic reviewer Ned Raggett said Vehicles & Animals is "perfectly, almost aggressively pleasant" and that it "generally makes for a great listen on a lazy, warm afternoon". Petridis called it a "great record" that is "guilelessly cheery and knowingly witty in equal measure". Cross Rhythms founder Tony Cummings praised the "attention-grabbing production" from Vugt as it "bursts of synth, dazzling programming and enough pro-tools wizardry to bring out every wistful note of Joel's poignant vocals". The staff at Time Out complimented the sound's "unapologetic pop sensibility and [...] knack for creative experimentation", calling the album a "gloriously understated and wonderfully consistent" debut release. According to Cam Lindsay of Stylus Magazine, the album stands on the "brink of being quite good" but "it just couldn't make it", coming across as a "bad sugar rush". The staff at Belfast News Letter thought it "show[ed] promise", though if they made another album, they would have to "come up with more of the spine-tingling melodies, catchy hooks and occasional glimpses of rock" that was displayed here.

Many reviewers were negative towards the mix of sounds found on the album. BBC Music's Dan Tallis stated that there is an array of "electronic trickery, squelchy noises and kooky beats on display" that hold each track "together seamlessly". The Irish News writer Jason Douglas complimented the experimental nature of the album, and though similar to Gomez, Athlete were "held back by their reliance on odd noises and fuzzy guitars as substitutes for actually doing something new". No Ripcord's Ben Bollig said by attempting to "mix quirky, quiet electronica with beer-swilling pop, without the two informing each other, Athlete too often fall into a formulaic and predictable model". The staff at Uncut said the band's "very amiability begins to grate, as does the fact that, for all their diverse influences, Vehicles And Animals is a wearyingly one-dimensional 45 minutes". Yahoo! Launch writer Ben Gilbert echoed this statement, saying the band are unable to "grasp edge, drama, even depth and soul, with any real nerve, as they plunder a myriad of seemingly incompatible influences". Maya Singer for Cleveland Scene said the "music dances merrily along that narrow line between catchy and cute, clever and precious, accomplished and unbelievably annoying", which the staff at Daily Mirror similarly agreed with.

Some were also negative towards the lyrics. PopMatters said Vehicles & Animals "manages both annoyance and perfection", frequently "sacrific[ing] substantial meaning". According to NME writer Mike Carhart-Harris, the lyrics are "shockingly mundane. Ruminations on childhood innocence are fine ... but find Athlete running on the spot". Pitchfork contributor Johnny Loftus contrasted this by saying the emotions "conveyed are certainly real, but the organi-tronic flower power flow on display here is hardly unique to Athlete".

Commercial performance
Vehicles & Animals peaked at number 19 on the UK Albums chart and by February 2005, it had sold 240,000 copies in the UK. "You Got the Style" reached number 37 in the UK singles chart and at number 41 in Scotland. The re-released version charted at number 42 in the UK. "Beautiful" peaked at number 41 in the UK and at number 49 in Scotland. "El Salvador" reached number 31 in the UK and number 40 in Scotland. "Westside" charted at number 42 in the UK and at number 53 in Scotland.

In 2003, Vehicles & Animals was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize, an annual award honouring the year's best albums from the UK that was ultimately won by Boy in Da Corner by Dizzee Rascal. Q named Vehicles & Animals the 32nd-best album released that year, calling it "the year's best wobbly indie-rock album". In April 2005, the album was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry.

Track listing
All songs written by Athlete. All recordings produced by Victor Van Vugt and the band.

Personnel
Personnel per booklet, unless noted otherwise. The band members are intentionally not mentioned in the liner notes.

Athlete
 * Joel Pott – vocals, guitar
 * Carey Willetts – bass
 * Tim Wanstall – keyboard
 * Steve Roberts – drums

Additional musicians
 * Matt Frost – additional programming (track 9)
 * Adam "A Skillz" Mills – additional programming (track 9)

Production
 * Victor Van Vugt – producer, mixing
 * Pete Collis – engineer (track 2), initial engineer (track 10)
 * Bird & Bush – initial production (track 10)
 * Athlete – producer, mixing, initial production (track 10)

Artwork
 * Blue Source – art direction
 * Kam Tang – illustration
 * Ali Peck – photography

title: Vehicles & Animals


title: File:Dillo-wikipedia-20050226.png


text:
Zurvanism

Zurvanism is a fatalistic religious movement of Zoroastrianism in which the divinity Zurvan is a first principle (primordial creator deity) who engendered equal-but-opposite twins, Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu. Zurvanism is also known as "Zurvanite Zoroastrianism", and may be contrasted with Mazdaism.

In Zurvanism, Zurvan was perceived as the god of infinite time and space and also known as "one" or "alone." Zurvan was portrayed as a transcendental and neutral god without passion; one for whom there was no distinction between good and evil. The name Zurvan is a normalized rendition of the word, which in Middle Persian appears as either Zurvān, Zruvān or Zarvān. The Middle Persian name derives from Avestan (𐬰𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬥, a grammatically neuter noun).

Origins and background
Although the details of the origin and development of Zurvanism remain murky (for a summary of the three opposing opinions see below), it is generally accepted that Zurvanism was: 1) a branch of greater Zoroastrianism;  2) a sacerdotal response to resolve a perceived inconsistency in the sacred texts  (see  below); and 3) probably introduced during the second half of the Achaemenid era.

Zurvanism enjoyed royal sanction during the Sasanian Empire (226–651 CE) but no traces of it remain beyond the 10th century. Although Sasanian-era Zurvanism was certainly influenced by Hellenic philosophy, any relationship between it and the Greek divinity of Chronos "Time" has not been conclusively established. Non-Zoroastrian accounts of typically Zurvanite beliefs were the first traces of Zoroastrianism to reach the west, leading European scholars to conclude that Zoroastrianism was a monist religion, an issue of controversy among both scholars and contemporary practitioners of the faith.

Zurvan may be cognate with Sanskrit sarva, in which case the Sarvāstivāda, an early Buddhist school, is a continuation and reflects the etymology of both Zoroaster and Zurvan.

Evidence of the cult
The earliest evidence of the cult of Zurvan is found in the History of Theology, attributed to Eudemus of Rhodes (c. 370–300 BCE). As cited in Damascius's Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles (6th century CE), Eudemus describes a sect of the Medes that considered Space/Time to be the primordial "father" of the rivals Oromasdes "of light" and Arimanius "of darkness".

The principal evidence for Zurvanite doctrine occurs in the polemical Christian tracts of Armenian and Syriac writers of the Sasanian period (224–651 CE). Indigenous sources of information from the same period are the 3rd century Kartir inscription at Ka'ba-ye Zartosht and the early 4th-century edict of Mihr-Narseh, the mowbadān-mowbad or high priest under Yazdegerd I, the latter being the only native evidence from the Sasanian period that is frankly Zurvanite. The post-Sasanian Zoroastrian Middle Persian commentaries are primarily Mazdean and with only one exception (the 10th century Denkard 9.30 ) do not mention Zurvan at all.

Of the remaining so-called Pahlavi books, only two, the Mēnōg-i Khrad and the Selections of Zādspram (both 9th century) reveal a Zurvanite tendency. The latter, in which the priest Zādspram chastises his brother's un-Mazdaean ideas, is the last text in Middle Persian that provides any evidence of the cult of Zurvan. The 13th century Zoroastrian Ulema-i Islam ([Response] to Doctors of Islam), a New Persian apologetic text, is unambiguously Zurvanite and is also the last direct evidence of Zurvan as a First Principle.

There is no hint of any worship of Zurvan in any of the texts of the Avesta, even though the texts (as they exist today) are the result of a Sasanian era redaction. Robert Charles Zaehner proposed that this is because the individual Sasanian monarchs were not always Zurvanite and that Mazdean Zoroastrianism just happened to have the upper hand during the crucial period that the canon was finally written down. In the texts composed prior to the Sasanian period, Zurvan appears twice, as both an abstract concept and as a minor divinity, but there is no evidence of a cult. In Yasna 72.10 Zurvan is invoked in the company of Space and Air (Vata-Vayu) and in Yasht 13.56, the plants grow in the manner Time has ordained according to the will of Ahura Mazda and the Amesha Spentas. Two other references to Zurvan are also present in the Vendidad, but although these are late additions to the canon, they again do not establish any evidence of a cult. Zurvan does not appear in any listing of the Yazatas.

Ascent and acceptance
The origins of the cult of Zurvan remain debated. One view   considers Zurvanism to have developed out of Zoroastrianism as a reaction to the liberalization of the late Achaemenid-era form of the faith. Another view proposes that Zurvan existed as a pre-Zoroastrian divinity that was incorporated into Zoroastrianism. The third view  is that Zurvanism is the product of the contact between Zoroastrianism and Babylonian–Akkadian religions (for a summary of opposing views see Boyce ).

Certain however is that by the Sasanian Empire (226–651), the divinity "Infinite Time" was well established, and – as inferred from a Manichaean text presented to Shapur I, in which the name Zurvan was adopted for Manichaeism's primordial "Father of Greatness" – enjoyed royal patronage. It was during the reign of Sasanian Emperor Shapur I (241–272 CE) that Zurvanism appears to have developed as a cult and it was presumably in this period that Greek and Indic concepts were introduced to Zurvanite Zoroastrianism.

It is however not known whether Sasanian-era Zurvanism and Mazdaism were separate sects, each with their own organization and priesthood, or simply two tendencies within the same body. That Mazdaism and Zurvanism competed for attention has been inferred from the works of Christian and Manichaean polemicists, but the doctrinal incompatibilities were not so extreme "that they could not be reconciled under the broad aegis of an imperial church". More likely is that the two sects served different segments of Sasanian society, with dispassionate Zurvanism primarily operating as a mystic cult and passionate Mazdaism serving the community at large.

Decline and disappearance
Following the fall of the Sasanian Empire in the 7th century, Zoroastrianism was gradually supplanted by Islam. The former continued to exist but in an increasingly reduced state, and by the 10th century the remaining Zoroastrians appear to have more closely followed the orthodoxy as found in the Pahlavi books (see also below).

Why the cult of Zurvan vanished, while Mazdaism did not, remains an issue of scholarly debate. Arthur Christensen, one of the first proponents of the theory that Zurvanism was the state religion of the Sasanians, suggested that the rejection of Zurvanism in the post-conquest epoch was a response and reaction to the new authority of Islamic monotheism that brought about a deliberate reform of Zoroastrianism that aimed to establish a stronger orthodoxy. Zaehner is of the opinion that the Zurvanite priesthood had a "strict orthodoxy which few could tolerate. Moreover, they interpreted the Prophet's message so dualistically that their God was made to appear very much less than all-powerful and all-wise. As reasonable as it might have appeared from a purely intellectual point of view, such an absolute dualism had neither the appeal of a real monotheism nor any mystical element with which to nourish its inner life."

Another possible explanation postulated by Boyce is that Mazdaism and Zurvanism were divided regionally; that is, with Mazdaism being the predominant tendency in the regions to the north and east (Bactria, Margiana, and other satrapies closest to Zoroaster's homeland), while Zurvanism was prominent in regions to the south and west (closer to Babylonian and Greek influence). This is supported by Manichaean evidence that indicates that 3rd century Mazdean Zoroastrianism had its stronghold in Parthia, to the northeast. Following the fall of the Persian Empire, the south and west were relatively quickly assimilated under the banner of Islam, while the north and east remained independent for some time before these regions too were absorbed. This could also explain why Armenian/Syriac observations reveal a distinctly Zurvanite Zoroastrianism, and inversely, could explain the strong Greek and Babylonian connection and interaction with Zurvanism (see below).

The "twin brother" doctrine
"Classical Zurvanism" is a term coined by Zaehner to denote the movement to explain the inconsistency of Zoroaster's description of the "twin spirits" as they appear in Yasna 30.3–5 of the Avesta. According to Zaehner, this "Zurvanism proper" was "genuinely Iranian and Zoroastrian in that it sought to clarify the enigma of the twin spirits that Zoroaster left unsolved." As the priesthood sought to explain it, if the Malevolent Spirit (lit: Angra Mainyu) and the Benevolent Spirit (Spenta Mainyu, identified with Ahura Mazda) were twins, then they must have had a parent, who must have existed before them. The priesthood settled on Zurvan – the hypostasis of (Infinite) Time – as being "the only possible 'Absolute' from whom the twins could proceed" and which was the source of good in the one and the source of evil in the other.

The Zurvanite "twin brother" doctrine is also evident in Zurvanism's cosmogonical creation myth; the classic form of the creation myth does not contradict the Mazdean model of the origin and evolution of the universe, which begins where the Zurvanite model ends. It may well be that the Zurvanite cosmogony was an adaptation of an antecedent Hellenic Chronos cosmogony that portrayed Infinite Time as the "Father of Time" (not to be confused with the Titan Cronus, father of Zeus) whom the Greeks equated with Oromasdes, i.e. Ohrmuzd / Ahura Mazda.

Creation story
The classic Zurvanite model of creation, preserved only by non-Zoroastrian sources, proceeds as follows: "In the beginning, the great God Zurvan existed alone. Desiring offspring that would create "heaven and hell and everything in between", Zurvan sacrificed for a thousand years. Towards the end of this period, androgyne Zurvan began to doubt the efficacy of sacrifice and in the moment of this doubt Ohrmuzd and Ahriman were conceived: Ohrmuzd for the sacrifice and Ahriman for the doubt. Upon realizing that twins were to be born, Zurvan resolved to grant the first-born sovereignty over creation. Ohrmuzd perceived Zurvan's decision, which He then communicated to His brother. Ahriman then preempted Ohrmuzd by ripping open the womb to emerge first. Reminded of the resolution to grant Ahriman sovereignty, Zurvan conceded, but limited kingship to a period of 9,000 years, after which Ohrmuzd would rule for all eternity."

Christian and Manichaean missionaries considered this doctrine to be exemplary of the Zoroastrian faith and it was these and similar texts that first reached the west. Corroborated by Anquetil-Duperron's "erroneous rendering" of Vendidad 19.9, these led to the late 18th-century century conclusion that Infinite Time was the first Principle of Zoroastrianism and Ohrmuzd was therefore only "the derivative and secondary character". Ironically, the fact that no Zoroastrian texts contained any hint of the born-of-Zurvan doctrine was considered to be evidence of a latter-day corruption of the original principles. The opinion that Zoroastrianism was so severely dualistic that it was, in fact, ditheistic or even tritheistic would be widely held until the late 19th century.

Types of Zurvanism
According to Zaehner, the doctrine of the cult of Zurvan appears to have three schools of thought, each to a different degree influenced by alien philosophies, which he calls These are described in the following subsections. Zaehner proposes that each of three arose out of the classical Zurvanism.
 * materialist Zurvanism,
 * ascetic Zurvanism, and
 * fatalistic Zurvanism.

Materialist Zurvanism
Materialist Zurvanism was influenced by the Aristotelian and Empedoclean view of matter, and took "some very queer forms".

While Zoroaster's Ormuzd created the universe with his thought, materialist Zurvanism challenged the concept that anything could be made out of nothing. This challenge was a patently alien idea, discarding core Zoroastrian tenets in favor of the position that the spiritual world – including heaven and hell, reward and punishment – did not exist.

The fundamental division of the material and spiritual is not altogether foreign to the Avesta; Geti and Mainyu (middle Persian: menog) are terms in Mazdaist tradition, where Ahura Mazda is said to have created all first in its spiritual, then later in its material form. But the material Zurvanites redefined menog to suit Aristotelian principles to mean "that which did not (yet) have matter", or alternatively, "that which was still the unformed primal matter". Even this is not necessarily a violation of orthodox Zoroastrian tradition, since the divinity Vayu is present in the middle space between Ormuzd and Ahriman, the void separating the kingdoms of light and darkness.

Ascetic Zurvanism
Ascetic Zurvanism, which was apparently not as popular as the materialistic kind, viewed Zurvan as undifferentiated Time, which, under the influence of desire, divided into reason (a male principle) and concupiscence (a female principle).

According to Duchesne-Guillemin, this division is "redolent of Gnosticism or – still better – of Indian cosmology". The parallels between Zurvan and Prajapati of Rig Veda 10.129 had been taken by Widengren to be evidence of a proto-Indo-Iranian Zurvan, but these arguments have since been questioned. Nonetheless, there is a semblance of Zurvanite elements in Vedic texts, and, as Zaehner puts it, "Time, for the Indians, is the raw material, the materia prima of all contingent being."

Fatalistic Zurvanism
The doctrine of Limited Time (allotted to Ahriman by Zurvan) implied that nothing could change this preordained course of the material universe, and the path of the astral bodies of the 'heavenly sphere' was representative of this preordained course. It followed that human destiny must then be decided by the constellations, stars and planets, who were divided between the good (the signs of the Zodiac) and the evil (the planets): "Ohrmazd allotted happiness to man, but if man did not receive it, it was owing to the extortion of these planets."

- Menog-i Khirad 38.4–5

Fatalistic Zurvanism was evidently influenced by Chaldean astrology and perhaps also by Aristotle's theory of chance and fortune. The fact that Armenian and Syrian commentators translated Zurvan as "Fate" is highly suggestive.

Mistaken identity
In his first manuscript of his book Zurvan, Zaehner identified the leontocephalic deity of the Roman Mithraic Mysteries as a representation of Zurvan. Zaehner later acknowledged this mis-identification as a "positive mistake", due to Franz Cumont's late 19th century notion that the Roman cult was "Roman Mazdaism" transmitted to the west by Iranian priests. Mithraic scholars no longer follow this so-called 'continuity theory', but that has not stopped the fallacy (which Zaehner also attributes to Cumont) from proliferating on the Internet.

The legacy of Zurvanism
No evidence of distinctly Zurvanite rituals or practices have been discovered, so followers of the cult are widely believed to have had the same rituals and practices as Mazdean Zoroastrians did. This is understandable, inasmuch as the Zurvanite doctrine of a monist First Principle did not preclude the worship of Ohrmuzd as the Creator (of the good creation). Similarly, no explicitly Zurvanite elements appear to have survived in modern Zoroastrianism.

"Dhalla explicitly accepted a modern Western version of the old Zurvanite heresy, according to which Ahura Mazda himself was the hypothetical 'father' of the twin Spirits of Y 30.3 ... Yet though Dhalla thus, under foreign influences, abandoned the fundamental doctrine of the absolute separation of good and evil, his book still breathes the sturdy, unflinching spirit of orthodox Zoroastrian dualism."

- Mary Boyce

Zurvanism begins with a heterodox interpretation of Zarathushtra's Gathas:

"Yes, there are two fundamental spirits, twins which are renowned to be in conflict. In thought and in word, in action they are two: the good and the bad."

- Y 30.3 (trans. Insler)

"Then shall I speak of the two primal Spirits of existence, of whom the Very Holy thus spoke to the Evil One: "Neither our thoughts nor teachings nor wills, neither or words nor choices nor acts, not our inner selves nor our souls agree.""

- Y 45.2

A literal, anthropomorphic "twin brother" interpretation of these passages gave rise to a need to postulate a father for the postulated literal "brothers". Hence Zurvanism postulated a preceding parent deity that existed above the good and evil of his sons. This was an obvious usurpation of Zoroastrian dualism, a sacrilege against the moral preeminence of Ahura Mazda.

The pessimism evident in fatalistic Zurvanism existed in stark contradiction to the positive moral force of Mazdaism, and was a direct violation of one of Zoroaster's great contributions to religious philosophy: his uncompromising doctrine of free will. In Yasna 30.2 and 45.9, Ahura Mazda "has left to men's wills" to choose between doing good and doing evil. By leaving destiny in the hands of fate (an omnipotent deity), the cult of Zurvan distanced itself from the most sacred of Zoroastrian tenets: that of the efficacy of good thoughts, good words and good deeds.

That the Zurvanite view of creation was an apostasy even for medieval Zoroastrians is apparent from the 10th century Denkard, which in a commentary on Yasna 30.3–5 turns what the Zurvanites considered the words of the prophet into Zoroaster recalling "a proclamation of the Demon of Envy to mankind that Ohrmuzd and Ahriman were two in one womb".

The fundamental goal of "classical Zurvanism" to bring the doctrine of the "twin spirits" in accord with what was otherwise understood of Zoroaster's teaching may have been excessive, but (according to Zaehner) it was not altogether misguided. In noting the emergence of an overtly dualistic doctrine during the Sasanian period, Zaehner asserted that "[There must] have been a party within the Zoroastrian community which regarded the strict dualism between Truth and the Lie, the Holy Spirit and the Destructive Spirit, as being the essence of the Prophet's message. Otherwise the re-emergence of this strictly dualist form of Zoroastrianism some six centuries after the collapse of the Achaemenian Empire could not be readily explained. There must have been a zealous minority that busied itself with defining what they considered the Prophet's true message to be; there must have been an 'orthodox' party within the 'Church'.

This minority, concerned now with theology no less than with ritual, would be found among the Magi, and it is, in fact, to the Magi that Aristotle and other early Greek writers attribute the fully dualist doctrine of two independent principles – Oromasdes and Areimanios. Further, the founder of the Magian order was now said to be Zoroaster himself. The fall of the Achaemenian Empire, however, must have been disastrous for the Zoroastrian religion, and the fact that the Magi were able to retain as much as they did and restore it in a form that was not too strikingly different from the Prophet's original message after the lapse of some 600 years proves their devotion to his memory. It is, indeed, true to say that the Zoroastrian orthodoxy of the Sasanian period is nearer to the spirit of Zoroaster than is the thinly disguised polytheism of the Yashts."

Thus – according to Zaehner – while the direction that the Sasanians took was not altogether at odds with the spirit of the Gathas, the extreme dualism that accompanied a divinity that was remote and inaccessible made the faith less than attractive. Zurvanism was then truly heretical only in the sense that it weakened the appeal of Zoroastrianism.

Nonetheless, that Zurvanism was the predominant brand of Zoroastrianism during the cataclysmic years just prior to the fall of the empire, is, according to Duchesne-Guillemin, evident in the degree of influence that Zurvanism (but not Mazdaism) would have on the Iranian brand of Shi'a Islam. Writing in the historical present, he notes that "under Chosrau II (r. 590–628) and his successors, all kinds of superstitions tend to overwhelm the Mazdean religion, which gradually disintegrates, thus preparing the triumph of Islam." Thus, "what will survive in popular conscience under the Muslim varnish is not Mazdeism: it is Zervanite fatalism, well attested in Persian literature". This is also a thought expressed by Zaehner, who observes that Ferdowsi, in his Shahnameh, "expounds views which seem to be an epitome of popular Zervanite doctrine". Thus, according to Zaehner and Duchesne-Guillemin, Zurvanism's pessimistic fatalism was a formative influence on the Iranian psyche, paving the way (as it were) for the rapid adoption of Shi'a philosophy during the Safavid era.

According to Zaehner and Shaki, in Middle Persian texts of the 9th century, Dahri (from Arabic–Persian dahr, time, eternity) is the appellative term for adherents of the Zurvanite doctrine that the universe derived from Infinite Time. In later Persian and Arabic literature, the term would come to be a derogatory term for 'atheist' or 'materialist'. The term also appears – in conjunction with other terms for skeptics – in Denkard 3.225 and in the Skand-gumanig wizar where "one who says god is not, who are called dahari, and consider themselves to be delivered from religious discipline and the toil of performing meritorious deeds".

A surviving Zurvanist myth describes him as "both male and female" and the one "god of time" who existed before all other things and gave birth to Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu.

title: Zurvanism


text:
Talk:Purley, London

Purley Oaks
Is Purley Oaks on the Brighton Mail Line, or the Tattenham Corner Line or both?

Tabletop 08:14, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Purley Oaks is on the Brighton Main Line (but north of Purley, so it's also served by Tattenham Corner Line trains.) rossb 08:21, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Political issues - NPOV
Hi, Mrstevier, having removed the following: "Consequently, there is a strong will within Purley to leave the borough and return to independent district status which would mean planning decisions (the most controversial issue) would be made by local citizens. The sale and conversion of the Purley town hall (pictured) which might have quashed such ambition has instead increased the resolve of many local residents to secede from the London Borough of Croydon", are you sure this was POV? I think you were pretty high-handed removing this part of the para. Please give reason why you think it was POV. Have you looked into this, or is this a notion you dislike personally, thus including your own POV reasons for removing that part of the article? Or is it the word secede that bothers you? That can always be replaced by another word. You need to give a reason, Mrs. I, for one would be grateful. Dieter Simon 00:32, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry not to put a note in talk - I thought it was obvious. There is no source for this and wiki is not a soapbox. I'll clarify the phrases causing most problems:

 * there is a strong will within Purley

 * increased the resolve of many local residents

 * How is this measured or documented? What %age want this? Is there a survey? Is this just a feeling the author has? Sounds like POV. What Wikipedia is not. MRSC 06:54, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I support the statement's removal as it is unsubstantiated and, if factual, deserves a place on Croydon or Croydon Council, not as a footnote on one page about the south of the borough.

 * However, at the last meeting of Croydon Council (18th July), a Conservative Party councillor ended a speech with something akin to "...and that is why so many people in the South would like to split from Croydon rather than be dominated by Labour in the north [of Croydon]". The Tories all cheered but it was a point made in sarcasm and it is that kind of petty point-scoring meeting on both sides (available to view on webcast on Croydon Council website).

 * I have not heard this as a serious proposal from anyone in the south, but I have heard several people in north Croydon suggest this, perhaps ironically. I have seen no discussion of this idea in the Croydon Advertiser or the journals of the local civic societies such as the Croydon or Bourne Societies. The only proposals out there are by Ken Livingstone who wishes to see eight London Boroughs stretching to the M25, the Association of London Government who want to keep things as they are but focus on new powers for councils, and the government who put in their manifesto that they want parish councils for London, but have not explained any further than that. Mtiedemann 08:12, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's good enough for me, then, I too support the removal. I can't recall seeing mention in the local press either, however I thought I'd make sure just in case I hadn't heard. Dieter Simon 23:55, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

How high above sea level is Purley?
I am a resident of Purley and i was just wondering if anyone knew how high above sea level it is. I have looked for contour meps on the internet but i cannot find any. All help is appreciated. :-)
 * It's between 500 and 600 feet above sea level. Don't forget Purley is embedded in the North Downs to a certain extent. It's therefore essential to know which parts of Purley you are referring to. Dieter Simon 00:39, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Schools
How about a list of all the schools in Purley?Breakfast100 18:58, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal: Laleham Lea Primary School
It has been suggested that  Laleham Lea Primary School be merged here. Please add your Support, Oppose, or Comment in a bulleted list below.
 * Possibly does not  meet WP:GNG and WP:ORG  criteria for standalone page.
 * Merge/redirect may  be possible as per WP:WPSCH 'outcomes'.

 * Support - unless reliable sources can be found that clearly  assert notability. --Kudpung (talk) 08:29, 5 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Support merge - no notability asserted. Pam  D  10:16, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Toponym
I am about to remove some information from the toponym section regarding Purley Farm, the Carew family etc. I am putting this talk section for reference as to why. The information appears to be for the wrong Purley. See for instance. It is Purley Berkshire. Purley Surrey in what was Sanderstead parish is named for the estate deeded in 1200 as per the source I found. Sirfurboy🏄 (talk) 22:14, 10 September 2022 (UTC)

Monty Python
Nothing about its use in the “Nudge Nudge” sketch? Does Purley have some sort of reputation? Or is it supposed to be so boring that anyone thinking that girls from there are ‘fast’ knows nothing and is a complete poser? That is sort of the point of the sketch. Some reference would be useful, since it is why many people have heard of the place.

Say no more! 2601:647:667F:8610:8551:FD3A:8C5D:5EF5 (talk) 01:56, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

GA Nomination
I have nominated this article for GA status. Ahead of that review, if anyone wants to discuss areas it can be sharpened up to ensure success, please do discuss here. I have not taken an article through this before, but I believe it meets the Good article criteria because:

 * 1) Well-written - the prose meets the criteria, and I am not aware of any MOS issues.
 * 2) Verifiable with no original research - It is very well referenced now and I think I weeded out any OR. Definitely should not be any copyvios in there.
 * 3) Broad in its coverage - I think it broadly covers all aspects of Purley, whilst retaining focus.
 * 4) Neutral - We have had no neutrality issues and non neutral descriptions have been removed.
 * 5) Stable - It has been stable over a long period.
 * 6) Illustrated - It contains a range of relevant illustrations

However that is my view, and as I say, if anyone feels we can smarten it up a touch more to ensure success, please do discuss. Sirfurboy🏄 (talk) 10:48, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Purley, London


text:
Mother's Day (United States)

Mother's Day is an annual holiday celebrated in the United States on the second Sunday in May. Mother's Day recognizes mothers, motherhood and maternal bonds in general, as well as their positive contributions to their families and society. It was established by Anna Jarvis, with the first Mother's Day celebrated through a service of worship at St. Andrew's Methodist Church in Grafton, West Virginia, on May 10, 1908. Popular observances include holiday card and gift giving, churchgoing often accompanied by the distribution of carnations, and family dinners. In the United States, Mother's Day complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings Day and Grandparents Day.

Internationally, many Mother's Day celebrations have different origins and traditions, some also influenced by this more recent American tradition. For the international celebration, see Mother's Day.

First attempts to establish a holiday
During the 19th century, women's peace groups in the United States tried establishing holidays and regular activities in favor of peace and against war. A common early activity was the meeting of groups of mothers whose sons had fought or died on opposite sides of the American Civil War.

In 1868, Ann Jarvis, Anna Jarvis's mother, organized a committee to establish a "Mother's Friendship Day", the purpose of which was "to reunite families that had been divided during the Civil War." Ann Jarvis, who had previously organized Mother's Day Work Clubs to improve sanitation and health for both Union and Confederate encampments undergoing a typhoid outbreak, wanted to expand these into an annual memorial for mothers, but she died in 1905 before the annual celebration was established. Her daughter, who became almost obsessed with her, would continue her mother's efforts.

There were several limited observances in the 1870s and the 1880s. Still, none achieved resonance beyond the local level. At the time, Protestant schools in the United States already held many celebrations and observations such as Children's Day, Temperance Sunday, Roll Call Day, Decision Day, Missionary Day and others. In New York City, Julia Ward Howe led a "Mother's Day for Peace" anti-war observance on June 2, 1872, which was accompanied by an "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world" (nowadays known as Mother's Day Proclamation). The observance continued in Boston for about ten years under Howe's sponsorship, then died out. In these celebrations, mothers all around the world would work towards world peace.

Several years later, a Mother's Day observance on May 13, 1877, was held in Albion, Michigan over a dispute related to the temperance movement. According to local legend, Albion pioneer Juliet Calhoun Blakeley stepped up to complete the sermon of the Rev. Myron Daughterty who was distraught because an anti-temperance group had forced his son and two other temperance advocates at gunpoint to spend the night in a saloon and become publicly drunk. From the pulpit, Blakeley called on other mothers to join her. Blakeley's two sons, both traveling salesmen, were so moved that they vowed to return each year to pay tribute to her and embarked on a campaign to urge their business contacts to do likewise. At their urging, in the early 1880s, the Methodist Episcopal Church in Albion set aside the second Sunday in May to recognize the special contributions of mothers.

Frank E. Hering, alumnus and administrator at the University of Notre Dame and President of the Fraternal Order of Eagles, made a plea for "setting aside one day in the year as a nationwide memorial to the memories of Mothers and motherhood" in 1904. After observing a class of Notre Dame students sending home penny postcards to their mothers, Hering went on to be a vocal advocate for a national Mother's Day for the next decade. As Hering stated in a 1941 issue of Scholastic: "Throughout history the great men of the world have given their credit for their achievements to their mothers. [The] Holy Church recognizes this, as does Notre Dame especially, and Our Lady who watches over our great institution."

Establishment of holiday

In its present form, Mother's Day was established by Anna Jarvis with the help of Philadelphia merchant John Wanamaker following the death of her mother, Ann Jarvis, on May 9, 1905. Jarvis never mentioned Howe or Mothering Sunday, and she never mentioned any connection to the Protestant school celebrations, always claiming that the creation of Mother's Day was hers alone.

A small service was held on May 12, 1907, in the Andrew's Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia, where Anna's mother had been teaching Sunday school. The first "official" service of worship was on May 10, 1908, in the same church, accompanied by a larger ceremony in the Wanamaker Auditorium in the Wanamaker's store in Philadelphia. The next year the day was reported to be widely celebrated in New York.

Jarvis then campaigned to establish Mother's Day first as a U.S. national holiday and then later as an international holiday. The holiday was declared officially by the state of West Virginia in 1910, and the rest of the states followed quickly.

On May 10, 1913, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution calling on all federal government officials (from the president down) to wear a white carnation the following day in observance of Mother's Day. On May 8, 1914, the U.S. Congress passed a law designating the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day and requesting a proclamation. The next day, President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation declaring the first national Mother's Day as a day for American citizens to show the flag in honor of those mothers whose sons had died in war. In 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved a stamp commemorating the holiday.

In May 2008, the House of Representatives voted twice on a resolution commemorating Mother's Day, the first one being passed without a dissenting vote (21 members not voting). The Saint Andrews Methodist Church, where the first celebration was held, is now the International Mother's Day Shrine and is a National Historic Landmark.

Spelling
In 1912 Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases "Second Sunday in May" and "Mother's Day", and created the Mother's Day International Association. She specifically noted that "Mother's" should "be a singular possessive, for each family to honor its own mother, not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world." This is also the spelling used by President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation, by the Congress in relevant bills, and by various presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother's Day.

Traditions

Traditions on Mother's Day include churchgoing, the distribution of carnations, and family dinners. Mother's Day is the third largest holiday in the United States for sending cards. According to the greeting card industry, it is estimated that more than 50 percent of American households send greeting cards on this holiday. The holiday has been heavily commercialized by advertisers and retailers, and has been criticized by some as a Hallmark Holiday.

Carnations
Carnations have come to represent Mother's Day since Anna Jarvis delivered 500 at the first celebration in 1908. Many religious services held later adopted the custom of giving away carnations. This also started the custom of wearing a carnation on Mother's Day. The founder, Anna Jarvis, chose the carnation because it was her mother's favorite flower. In part due to the shortage of white carnations, and in part due to the efforts to expand the sales of more types of flowers in Mother's Day, florists invented the idea of wearing a pink carnation if your mother was living, or a white one if she was dead; this was tirelessly promoted until it made its way into the popular observations at churches. Other less traditional flower options may include roses, a live blooming plant, flower leis, or a bouquet of a variety of different flowers.

Commercialization
The commercialization of U.S. holidays began very early. Only nine years after the first official Mother's Day, it had become so rampant that Anna Jarvis herself became a prominent opponent of what the holiday had become, spending all her inheritance and the rest of her life fighting what she saw as an abuse of the celebration. She decried the practice of purchasing greeting cards, which she saw as a sign of being too lazy to write a personal letter. She was arrested in 1948 for disturbing the peace while protesting against the commercialization of Mother's Day, and she finally said that she "...wished she would have never started the day because it became so out of control ..." She died later that year.

Mother's Day is now one of the most commercially successful American occasions, having become the most popular day of the year to dine out at a restaurant in the United States and generating a significant portion of the U.S. jewelry industry's annual revenue, from custom gifts like mother's rings. Americans spend approximately $2.6 billion on flowers, $1.53 billion on pampering gifts—like spa treatments—and another $68 million on greeting cards.

It has been suggested that commercialization has ensured that the holiday has continued. In contrast, other holidays from the same time, such as Children's Day and Temperance Sunday, are no longer celebrated.

Sports
From 2005 to 2013, the Southern 500 auto race at Darlington Raceway was held on Saturday of Mother's Day weekend. From 2014 to 2019, the NASCAR Cup Series hosted the Digital Ally 400 at Kansas Speedway on Saturday of Mother's Day weekend. In 2020, the Blue-Emu Maximum Pain Relief 500 at Martinsville Speedway was scheduled to take place on the Saturday of Mother's Day weekend (although that race was postponed until June). In 2021, the Goodyear 400 auto race at Darlington Raceway occurred on Mother's Day and served as NASCAR's throwback race. Also, the IndyCar Grand Prix has been held on Saturday of Mother's Day weekend since 2014.

From 2007–2018, The Players Championship men's golf tournament was held on Mother's Day weekend, except in 2011 and 2014 when May 1 fell on a Sunday. In those cases, it was held the following weekend. Previously, the Kingsmill Championship women's golf tournament was played on Mother's Day weekend from 2004 to 2009.

Professional sports players often wear pink clothing accessories on Mother's Day weekend.

title: Mother's Day (United States)