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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nautica Thorn

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 13:52, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Nautica Thorn
Porn actress. Notability not established. Radiant! 16:06, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, pr0ncruft. —Korath (Talk) 18:22, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't think we need an entry on every single porn actor, <irony>only the important ones</irony>. HyperZonktalk 19:17, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Simon 19:20, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote. She does return over 56,300 google hits  -- is Google an unfair barometer in this instance?  GRider\talk 20:13, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment:It's not that google is an unfair barometer, it's that being a porn star requires no special talent, and/or that articles on porn stars made wikipedia look bad Kappa 20:25, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How that is relevant, I do not understand. Is it our job to maintain a unique and complete on-line encyclopedia or play the role of the morality police?  GRider\talk 20:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I strongly disagree that it makes Wikipedia look bad. We have quite a bunch of R-rated categories already. However, it is true that being a porn star requires nothing but a certain morality, and the appearance (if female) or endurance (if male). Also, anything sex-related is likely to be over-represented on the internet, so the google test is not quite a balanced criterium when applied to porn. Radiant! 21:01, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Making no comment on the morality issue, I point out that Google Web is an exceptionally unfair barometer when it comes to pornography and pornographic actors and actresses, maybe even more so than it is for bloggers. The pornography web site publishers go to great lengths to ensure that it is that way. Try the Google Groups test instead of the Google Web test. (Hint: "Nautica Thorn" gets less than 1% of the number of Google Groups hits than my real name does.) Uncle G 01:20, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * If this is being used to set a precedent I'd better vote keep. The google hits are adequate evidence of importance, and I'm sure she would pass the 'album test' if it applied equally to musicians and porn performers. Normally I probably wouldn't vote because I sympathize with the "no talent required" angle and it goes against consensus. Kappa 21:25, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm trying to set the precedent that, while the google test is a very good test of notability in most cases, it should not apply as easily to a porn actress. Radiant! 22:19, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Her imdb entry lists 100 videos. Keep. RickK 23:32, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Who are you and what have you done with the real RickK. —RaD Man (talk) 23:50, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: In, what, a year or so?  What does that tell us about the production effort and noteworthiness of each?  Barno 23:36, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Checked IMDB: Oldest of those movies was 2003, except for "Texas Sex Tour (1998)".  Her DOB is listed as 1984 so she was fourteen (or thirteen and a fraction) in that appearance.  Barno 23:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What in the blazes is a fourteen-year-old doing in a porn movie? Either her birthdate is wrong, the date of the movie is wrong, she didn't really appear there, or there's something really shady going on. 193.167.132.66 09:54, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur with Radiant's last two comments.  Porn's overrepresentation on the Web is not a proportionate measure of its significance for WP's purposes.  For actresses, movies, and other potential topics in this category, I believe the Google test should be considered less decisive.  Similar criteria for encyclopedic noteworthiness should apply to these performers as to other occupations.  In other words, not every Hairy Dickin' Tom should be in a general Wikipedia.  Barno 23:36, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep any and all porno stars who have participated in more than 100 films listed on IMDb. —RaD Man (talk) 23:50, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Google is not a good indicator when it comes to pr0n. Megan1967 23:52, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep while i agree google overrepresents porn, the fact that theres more than 100 films in her imdb entry says she's noteable.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 23:58, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've been trying to figure out how many hits a "nobody" in the porn industry would get. Some of the people on the cast lists only get 1,000-6,000 hits, so assuming that is "nobody" level, 50,000+ hits is "somebody". Kappa 00:03, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not the Encyclopedia of Pornography, and only a few porn actors ever become generally notable.  --BM 01:04, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. With over 100 films and over 50,000 indicates that plenty of people have seen her films whether they are to our tastes or not. Capitalistroadster 10:42, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Cr, you've proven yourself pretty resourceful. If she is a notable person, I challenge you to find out her real name, her date of birth, her educational background and training as an actress, the city she currently lives in, and a few other standard facts that biographies of living people on Wikipedia ought to have.   The porn industry apes Hollywood, and wants to package the people they cast in the movies as "stars".   Almost without exception, they are just exploited labor, and no more notable than a stripper, which most of them were or are.  Wikipedia shouldn't be buying this nonsense.  She might have a 100 video "credits" to her name but as Barno pointed out above, she is only 19 and has been working in the porn industry for a year or so, probably doing at least one video per week.  Think about it.   We shouldn't be evaluating the notability of these people like normal actors.  --BM 12:31, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Wow — how insulting can you be towards one of the biggest (positive) contributors to wikipedia?  If a 19 year old pron star is churning out "at least one video per week" for 100 weeks straight, that sounds pretty notable to me.  If you want to stalk this girl go do it on your own time.  —RaD Man (talk) 18:28, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. BM, what you challenge Cr to find out is unfeasible when it comes to porn actors, who act usually under fake names and try to hide almost every personal details of their lives. By the way, this is not just a matter of personal choice, but a policy strongly inforced by the porn industry. It is generally assumed that part of the "fantasy" involved in the enjoyment of this type of material would be destroyed if the viewer had knowledge of such information: the performances would look unreal if one knew this actress to be a mother with two kids, or this gay actor to be a dedicated husband. My point is: notability standards for porn actors cannot be the same as for, as you say, "normal actors". I concur, nevertheless, that number of video "credits" may not be a good one either. Could number of personal websites ("shrines" and the like) be considered a reasonable measure for porn notability? vlad_mv 21:53, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. RaD, I can be a lot more insulting, since so far I haven't been insulting at all.   By the way, Nautica Thorn was indeed a stripper.   But my point is that these actors are so lacking in notability that none of the usual information about them is available and verifiable. In fact, I'd propose the "Birth date test" for biographical notability: if it is impossible to find out the actual name and birthdate of a person from verifiable published sources, or any personal details, then that person is probably not notable enough for the Wikipedia.   The publicists for the porn companies frame these people as "movie stars", and apparently some people are willing to buy into this framing, but these people are essentially faceless, history-less, nameless, pawns of the porn movie producers, and completely unnotable as individuals, with very rare exceptions. But Wikipedia doesn't need to fall for this.  --21:33, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. BM, I still stick to the above line of defense. We have to use different notability standards for porn actors and actresses. Knowing one's birthday does not apply here, though I'm not really sure what could possibly apply. As I said, I'm making a point on a broader discussion: I will abstain from voting on this particular matter, because I am not prepared to establish in a definite way whether this person is really notable. vlad_mv 22:00, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Vlad MV. Radiant! 13:22, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep barely, so to speak. — RJH 17:56, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. 100+ movies would reach tens of thousands of people.  That is notable.  Johntex 02:13, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * CommentThere are a lot of interesting points being raised in this discussion. I would like to comment on several:
 * I don't think we need turn away from Google as a barometer. We routinely use Google a as measure of the fame of computer related topics, which are similarly biased towards high Google scores.  Likewise, we know that the failure to get Google hits on a notable person from a developing nation is not a conclusive negative result.  What we need to do is establish some topic-specific guidelines.  For example:
 * N hits on a topic/person in a country with low internet usage
 * 4N hits on a topic/person in a country with high internet usage
 * 8N hits on a topic/person related to computers
 * 8N hits on a topic/person related to pornography
 * 10N hits on a topic/person related specifically to the internet, etc...
 * I don't think we should try to compare the level of effort or talent or skill or hard work between fields so much as we should try to look for what is notable within a field. For example, it could be said that just working in the porn industry for a year or two to produce 100-200 movies is not much of an accomplishment.  But it doesn't take any longer than that to run for Mayor, or write a few comic books, or discover a few beetles (for a field biologist).  We should judge these people against others in their industry.  What percentage of all full-time musicians meet our criteria for inclusion?  Perhaps we should try to profile a similar percentage of porn stars.  I can tell you right now that will be a big percentage.
 * I don't think a "Birth Date test" is appropriate in this case. Surely we would not pull an article on a famous person from the 1800's because of uncertainty over the year they were born.  We would not rule out a fictional character from a novel on that basis either.  Similarly, the special characteristics of this industry mean that a publicized birthdate is not a common barometer of how important (or not) they are to their field.  Johntex 02:13, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent point, Johntex. I think we can all agree that a porn actor/actress/movie is not inherently notable. So the question is, what makes a person notable within the field of porn? I think the amount of fans a person has would be representative. Also being represented in the media in another field than porn would help. Radiant! 13:22, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. ComCat 02:42, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for orgasmic growth. ElBenevolente 03:14, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. — J3ff 00:30, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep.  S γ ω Ω η Σ  tαlk 12:45, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Haham hanuka 14:54, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep 100 films is quite an achievement. She's earned her fame -- Longhair 15:06, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep She earned her fame -- Darwinek 16:20, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Gilgamesh he 16:51, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, despite nominator squeamishness - David Gerard 23:38, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You know, David, it's not that hard to make a vote without making a personal attack. Radiant! 10:21, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A distinct member of a distinct industry.
 * Delete: pr0ncruft. Another product of the sex industry assembly line. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:27, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, porncruft. JamesBurns 11:14, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There is no harm in it staying. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia of knowledge. Knowledge encompasses alot of things not just intellectual topics. There are plenty of articles similar to this one that have remained untouched. Vincent Gray 15:16, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and there have been plenty of others that have been deleted. This is not encyclopaedic material. Leanne 23:54, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Naveed Burney

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 14:53, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Naveed Burney
Author of a single book. Notability not established. Radiant! 16:06, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * A book published by a vanity press, no less. Delete. —Korath (Talk) 18:20, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable enough. Zzyzx11 21:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 23:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nci

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 15:00, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Nci
Danish institute in India? Sounds self-contradictory. Notable? Radiant! 16:06, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Surprisingly, relatively high rank on Alexa (7819, better than 10,000 is often considered notable). However, the article is a direct quote from their website and doesn't even include their mission. Not qualified to comment on notability, so I'm not voting here. HyperZonktalk 19:15, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, rewrite and expand, passes notability. Megan1967 23:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Should be renamed the Nordic Centre of India.Capitalistroadster 10:50, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree. NCI should be created per other TLA disambigs, and Nci redirected to NCI after a move to Nordic Centre of India. Alphax (t) (c) (e) 03:55, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Alexa rank indicates adequate interest. Kappa 22:22, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename. JamesBurns 11:17, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nci


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University of Zambia

The University of Zambia (UNZA) is a public university located in Lusaka, Zambia. It is Zambia's largest and oldest learning institution. The university was established in 1965 and officially opened to the public on 12 July 1966. The language of instruction is English.

History
The beginnings of UNZA can be traced back to before the Second World War when the idea to establish a University in Northern Rhodesia was conceived. However, plans were halted when the war broke out and only revived after. The colonial government instituted plans to set up a Central African University College, for Africa, due to the development of higher education institutions in most parts of Africa.

The Central Africa council (CAC) appointed a committee to investigate requirements for a college for higher education and, it subsequently recommended that a college for higher education be established. A subsequent investigation into the need for higher education for Africans in Central Africa was conducted by Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders in 1952, with a follow-up report submitted in March 1953. The Southern Rhodesia Government accepted the establishment of a multi-racial University College and the commission consequently recommended that an institution be established in Salisbury. However, a minority report written by Alexander Kerr, provided a counter argument suggesting that the establishment of a higher education institution on the basis of equality between races was not feasible and thus recommended that a university for non-Europeans be established in Lusaka.

The political climate, as a result of the independence struggle, in the late 1950s and early 1960s made the idea of an all-inclusive University College of Rhodesia less attractive. As a result, plans to solicit support for the establishment of a higher education institution in Lusaka were initiated. In March 1963, the new Northern Rhodesia Government appointed a commission, the Lockwood Commission, led by Sir John Lockwood to assess the feasibility of setting up a university for Northern Rhodesia. The commission placed a lot of emphasis on autonomy and thus recommended the establishment of a university with no ties with already established universities in Britain. The report also recommended the establishment of the University of Zambia as a full-fledged university from the onset.

A Provisional Council of the University of Zambia was put in place after enactment of the University of Zambia Act, 1965. In July 1965, Douglas G. Anglin was appointed Vice Chancellor and, in October 1965, President Kenneth David Kaunda gave the assent of Act no 66 of the 1965 act.

The University of Zambia was inaugurated on 13 July 1966 following the appointment of President Kenneth David Kaunda as the first Chancellor on 12 July 1966.

Following his release from prison South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader Nelson Mandela addressed students at the University of Zambia in February of 1990 in his first trip abroad and first university speech since his release.

The School of Veterinary Medicine was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister’s Commendation for their contributions to promotion of international cooperation in the technical cooperation field on December 1, 2020.

Campus

Its main campus, the Great East Road Campus, is along the Great East Road, about 7 km from the CBD. It also has the Ridgeway Campus also located within Lusaka City at the University Teaching Hospital; this campus houses students pursuing medical and pharmacological courses.

Organisation
The University of Zambia has over 157 undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes. The University of Zambia is divided into the following faculties:

School of Agricultural Sciences

 * Agricultural Economics and Extension Education
 * Animal Science
 * Food Science and Nutrition
 * Plant Science
 * Soil Science

School of Engineering

 * Agricultural Engineering
 * Civil and Environmental Engineering
 * Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Geomatic Engineering

School of Education

 * Adult Education and Extension Studies
 * Advisory Unit For Colleges Of Education
 * Educational Administration and Policy Studies
 * Educational Psychology, Sociology and Special Education
 * Library and Information Science
 * Language and Social Sciences
 * Mathematics and Science Education
 * Primary Education
 * Religious Studies

School of Humanities and Social Sciences

 * Development Studies
 * Economics
 * History
 * Political and Administrative Studies
 * Population Studies
 * Psychology
 * Philosophy and Applied Ethics
 * Media and Communication Studies (formerly Mass Communication)
 * Literature and Language
 * Gender Studies
 * Social Work and Sociology

School of Law

 * Public Law
 * Private Law

School of Mines

 * Geology
 * Mining Engineering
 * Metallurgy and Material Processing

School of Medicine

 * Anatomy
 * Biomedical Sciences
 * Physiological Sciences
 * Nursing Sciences
 * Medical Education Development
 * Obstetrics and Gynaecology
 * Paediatrics and Child Health
 * Pathology and Microbiology
 * Pharmacy
 * Physiotherapy
 * Psychiatry
 * Public Health
 * Surgery
 * Internal Medicine

School of Natural Sciences

 * Biological Sciences
 * Chemistry
 * Mathematics and Statistics
 * Physics
 * Geography
 * Computer Studies

School of Veterinary Medicine

 * Biomedical Studies
 * Clinical Studies
 * Disease Control
 * Para-Clinical Studies
 * Central Services and Supply

Graduate School of Business
 * Business Administration
 * Masters in Business Administration

Research

 * The Institute of Economic and Social Research.
 * The University of Zambia Library.
 * The Institute of Distance Education

Affiliations
UNZA is a member of the Association of African Universities, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, and the International Association of Universities.

title: University of Zambia


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Henri de Latouche

Hyacinthe-Joseph Alexandre Thabaud de Latouche, commonly known as Henri de Latouche (2 February 1785 – 9 March 1851) was a French poet and novelist known for his publication of André Chénier and early encouragement of George Sand. (His family name is also seen as "Thabaud de La Touche" and even sometimes "Delatouche".)

Life
He was born at La Châtre (Indre).

Among his works may be distinguished his comedies: Projets de sagesse (1811), and, in collaboration with Émile Deschamps, Selmours de Florian (1818), which ran for a hundred nights; also La Reine d'Espagne (1831), which proved too indecent for the public taste; a novel, Fragoletta ou Naples et Paris en 1799 (1829), which attained success of notoriety; La Vallée aux loups (1833), a volume of prose essays and verse; and two volumes of poems, Les Adieus, (1843) and Les Agrestes (1844).

Latouche's chief claim to remembrance is that he revealed to the world the genius of André Chénier, then only known to a limited few. The remains of the poet's work had passed from the hands of Daunou to Latouche, who had sufficient critical insight instantly to recognize their value. In editing the first selection of Chénier's poems (1819) he made some trifling emendations, but did not, as Beranger afterwards asserted, make radical and unnecessary changes.

Latouche was guilty of more than one literary fraud. He caused a licentious story of his own to be attributed to the duchess of Duras, the irreproachable author of Ourika. He made many enemies by malicious attacks on his contemporaries. The Constitutionnel was suppressed in 1817 by the government for an obscure political allusion in an article by Latouche. He then undertook the management of the Mercure du XIXe siècle, and began a bitter warfare against the monarchy.

After 1830 he edited Le Figaro, and spared neither the liberal politicians nor the romanticists who triumphed under the monarchy of July. In his turn he was violently attacked by Gustave Planche in the Revue des deux mondes for November 1831. But it must be remembered to the credit of Latouche that he did much to encourage George Sand at the beginning of her career.

The last twenty years of his life were spent in retirement at Val d’Aulnay.

Sainte-Beuve, in the Causeries du lundi, vol. 3, gives a not too sympathetic portrait of Latouche. See also George Sand in the Siecle for the 18th, 19th and 20 July 1851.

title: Henri de Latouche


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PanzerArmee Afrika (board game)

PanzerArmee Afrika, subtitled "Rommel in the Desert, April 1941 - November 1942", is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) in 1973 that simulates the World War II North African Campaign that pitted the Axis forces commanded by Erwin Rommel against Allied forces. The game was revised and republished in 1984 by Avalon Hill.

Description
In February 1941, Erwin Rommel was ordered to stabilize the situation in North Africa after British troops routed the Italian army. This game simulates Rommel's campaign from April 1941 until his defeat at the Battle of El Alamein in November 1942.

Components
The magazine pull-out edition had the following components: SPI also published the game in a "flat-pack" box with integral counter tray and clear plastic lid.
 * One 22 x 34" paper hex grid map, scaled at 12 mi (19 km) per hex
 * 200 die-cut counters
 * 12-page rules booklet

In the Avalon Hill boxed set, the map was mounted, and a 6-sided die was included.

Gameplay
Each turn, which represents a month of game time, is divided into 4 phases for the Allied player, and then the same phases for the Axis player:
 * 1) Supply Determination Phase
 * 2) Movement Phase
 * 3) Combat Phase
 * 4) Replacements and Reinforcement Phase

New rules
This game used several unusual rules:
 * If a unit survives an attack, it can counterattack at double strength.
 * Supply units, which must be set up in a chain, do not move themselves, and can be captured by enemy units.
 * Units have 50–60 Movement Points, considered a very large number in comparison to other wargames

Publication history
PanzerArmee Afrika was designed by Jim Dunnigan, with the system design and graphics by Redmond A. Simonsen and game development by Irad Hardy and Hank Zucker. It was first published by SPI in Strategy & Tactics #40, and also in a "flat-pack" box.

After SPI was taken over by TSR in 1982, TSR sold off some of SPI's games to Avalon Hill, including Panzergruppe Guderian and PanzerArmee Afrika. Avalon Hill printed a revised edition of PanzerArmee Afrika in 1984 in a "bookcase" box.

Reception
In his 1977 book The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming, Nicholas Palmer called it an "enduringly popular operational-level game." He noted the "lightning movement emphasized with movement factors up to sixty." Palmer also highlighted the "controversial Command Control system [...] realistic and extremely irritating for the player affected!" He concluded, "Moderate complexity, good choice of strategic and tactical options, rather realistic."

In a post-publication discussion in Moves #17, SPI R&D staff agreed that if both players were aggressive, gameplay would favour the Allied player; but if the Axis player was content to simply occupy Tobruk and defend it, the result was almost guaranteed to be an Axis marginal victory.

In The General, Bob Medrow felt that the revised Avalon Hill edition took away the "reasonably careful and conservative" play option that had guaranteed a German victory in the older SPI edition. He concluded that the new rules made a good game even better, saying, "For years, [the SPI edition of] PanzerArmee Afrika was a favorite among garners looking for a fast-moving, exciting challenge. [...] The Avalon Hill Game Company is to be congratulated on keeping this game on the market — and even improving it."

In Volume 25, Issue 6 of The General, Martin Shaw made an in-depth analysis of the strategies and tactics of this game and warned players the game was never over until the final skirmish, pointing out, "In this game of desert warfare you should never give up, as it is very easy for you to leave a seeming gap in your lines so your opponent can fatally overextend himself as he rushes through that gap." Shaw concluded, "Victory in PanzerArmee Afrika will usually go to the bold, but rarely to the reckless. And that, in conclusion, sums up this intriguing, challenging game best of all."

In The Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training, Martin Campion commented, "For a short game, PanzerArmee Afrika gives the feel of the North African campaign well. The supply rule is abstract and difficult to remember, but the rest of the game moves smoothly." Campion concluded, "The game shows many of the factors that were important in the campaign, but it does not show that Axis supply was erratic, a fact which continually influenced Rommel's plans to attack."

Other reviews

 * Fire & Movement #10 and #60
 * Europa #6-8
 * Simulacrum #19
 * Pursue & Destroy #17
 * Wargame News #17

title: PanzerArmee Afrika (board game)


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Portal:Mathematics/FAQ

This is a list of Frequently Asked Questions about Mathematics (and Wikipedia in general).

If you have a question that is not answered on this page, leave a message on the talk page, and someone will answer your question as soon as possible.

Frequently Asked Questions

 * I found an article that is in need of help. What should I do?

You can list or edit a mathematics article needing attention here:
 * Pages needing attention: Mathematics

 * I was looking for information on a certain topic, but no article exists!

Try using the Search function on the side of the page. If you are familiar with the area it belongs to (for example algebra) you can use the category system to bring up a list of articles in that area. Numerous lists of specialised topics also exist; sometimes these can be found by backlinks (i.e. by use of the 'What links here' function).

If you still can't find an article about the topic, you can request that a mathematics article be written, or start writing one of the articles listed, here:

 * Requested articles: Mathematics

title: Portal:Mathematics/FAQ


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vorpal Sword

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT. jni 10:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Vorpal Sword
Name overlap with the redirect Vorpal sword (The S in Sword is uppercase in this page, lowercase in the redirect). The page Vorpal, pointed to by the redirect, contains a superset of the information in the canidate page. Allen3 16:11, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * A redirect to Vorpal is cheap. —Korath (Talk) 18:16, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect — Completely redundant. — RJH 20:13, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Vorpal. Agree. Zzyzx11 21:39, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Vorpal. Jayjg (talk) 23:16, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Carl Correns

Carl Erich Correns (19 September 1864  – 14 February 1933) was a German botanist and geneticist notable primarily for his independent discovery of the principles of heredity,  which he achieved simultaneously but independently of the botanist Hugo de Vries, and for his acknowledgment of Gregor Mendel's earlier paper on that subject.

Correns was a student of Karl Nägeli, a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas, and who subsequently engaged in a brief exchange of letters concerning reproducibility of the results in another species (Hieracium). Because of the special properties of Hieracium, those experiments failed and Mendel dropped his studies on the subject.

Early life and education
Carl Correns was born September 1864 in Munich. Orphaned at an early age, he was raised by an aunt in Switzerland. He entered the university of Munich in 1885. While there, he was encouraged to study botany by Carl Nägeli. After completing his thesis, Correns became a tutor at the University of Tübingen and in 1913 he became the first director of the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem. He married a niece of Karl Nägeli, Elisabeth Widmer.

Key experiments and findings
Carl Correns conducted much of the foundational work for the field of genetics at the turn of the 20th century. He rediscovered and independently verified the work of Mendel in a separate model organism. He also discovered cytoplasmic inheritance, an important extension of Mendel's theories, which demonstrated the existence of extra-chromosomal factors on phenotype. Some of his unpublished work and most of his lab books were destroyed in the Berlin bombings of 1945.

Rediscovery of Mendel
In 1892, while at the University of Tübingen, Correns began to experiment with trait inheritance in plants. Correns published his first paper on 25 January 1900, which cited both Charles Darwin and Mendel, recognising the relevance of genetics to Darwin's ideas. In Correns' paper, "G. Mendel's Law Concerning the Behavior of the Progeny of Racial Hybrids", he restated Mendel's results as the' law of segregation' and introduced a new 'law of independent assortment'.

Cytoplasmic inheritance
After rediscovering Mendel's laws of heredity, which can be explained with chromosomal inheritance, he undertook experiments with the four o'clock plant Mirabilis jalapa to investigate apparent counterexamples to Mendel's laws in the heredity of variegated (green and white mottled) leaf color. Correns found that, while Mendelian traits behave independently of the sex of the source parent, leaf color depended greatly on which parent had which trait. For instance, pollinating an ovule from a white branch with pollen from another white area resulted in white progeny, the predicted result for a recessive gene. Green pollen used on a green stigma resulted in all green progeny, the expected result for a dominant gene. However, if green pollen fertilized a white stigma, the progeny were white, but if the sexes of the donors were reversed (white pollen on a green stigma), the progeny were green.

This non-Mendelian inheritance pattern was later traced to a gene named iojap which codes for a small protein required for proper assembly of the chloroplast ribosome. Even though iojap assorts according to Mendel's rules, if the mother is homozygous recessive, then the protein is not produced, the chloroplast ribosomes fail to form, and the plasmid becomes non-functional because the ribosomes cannot be imported into the organelle. The progeny could have functional copies of iojap, but since the chloroplasts come exclusively from the mother in most angiosperms, they would have been inactivated in the previous generation, and so will give white plants. Conversely, if a white father is paired with a green mother with functional chloroplasts, the progeny will only inherit functional chloroplasts, and will thus be green. In his 1909 paper, he established variegated leaf color as the first conclusive example of cytoplasmic inheritance.

His son Carl Wilhelm Correns became a geologist, his second son Erich Correns (chemist) a chemist, his daughter, Anna-Eva Correns, a medical doctor.

title: Carl Correns


text:
User:Mony~enwiki

Salutato!

title: User:Mony~enwiki


text:
Archbishopric of Ohrid

The Archbishopric of Ohrid, also known as the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid
 * T. Kamusella in The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, Springer, 2008, ISBN 0230583474, p. 276;
 * Aisling Lyon, Decentralisation and the Management of Ethnic Conflict: Lessons from the Republic of Macedonia, Routledge, 2015, ISBN 1317372042, p. 24;
 * R. Fraser, M. Hammond ed. Books Without Borders, Volume 1: The Cross-National Dimension in Print Culture, Springer, 2008, ISBN 0230289118, p. 41;
 * H. Cox, D. Hupchick, The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Eastern Europe, Springer, 2016, ISBN 1137048174p. 67;
 * J. Rgen Nielsen, Jørgen S. Nielsen ed. Religion, Ethnicity and Contested Nationhood in the Former Ottoman Space, Brill, 2011, ISBN 9004211330,p. 234;
 * John Phillips, Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans, I.B.Tauris, 2004, ISBN 0857714511, p. 19;
 * Frederick F. Anscombe, State, Faith, and Nation in Ottoman and Post-Ottoman Lands, Cambridge University Press, 2014, ISBN 110772967X,p. 151;
 * D. Hupchick, The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, Springer, 2002, ISBN 0312299133, p. 67;
 * Chris Kostov, Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 3034301960, p. 55.
 * J. Pettifer as ed., The New Macedonian Question, St Antony's Series, Springer, 1999, ISBN 0230535798, p. 8. (Българска Охридска архиепископия; Охридска архиепископија), originally called Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima and all Bulgaria, was an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church established following the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria in 1018 by lowering the rank of the autocephalous Bulgarian Patriarchate due to its subjugation to the Byzantines. In 1767, the Archbishopric's autocephaly was abolished, and the Archbishopric was placed under the tutelage of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Name
The initial title of the archbishopric was simply "Bulgaria", but under the famous archbishop Theophylact Hephaistos (1078–1107) it was expanded to "All Bulgaria" or "Whole Bulgaria" (πᾶσα Βουλγαρία). John IV (1139/42–1163/64), the cousin of Emperor John II Komnenos, was the first to use the title of "Archbishop of Justiniana Prima and All Bulgaria" (ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Πρώτης Ἰουστινιανῆς καὶ πάσης Βουλγαρίας) in 1157, reflecting a recently developed trend that claimed for the see the succession and prerogatives of the short-lived Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima (535 – c. 610), founded by Justinian I. This title apparently fell into disuse by John's immediate successors, possibly due to pressure from the Patriarchate of Constantinople, but in the early 13th century it was revived by the ambitious Demetrios Chomatenos (1216–1236) to support his claims of quasi-patriarchal status in his clash over authority with the patriarchs of Constantinople in exile at the Empire of Nicaea. The designation finally became accepted by Constantinople and the Byzantine imperial chancery after 1261, and a fixed part of the archbishops' titulature; in the fullest form, the see was hence known as the Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima, Ohrid and all Bulgaria (ἀρχιεπίσκοπὴ Πρώτης Ἰουστινιανῆς Ἀχριδῶν καὶ πάσης Βουλγαρίας).

"Archbishopric of Ohrid" is the most common term of reference for the see because for the duration of its existence; from 1020 to 1767, its seat was in the city of Ohrid.

Background
Shortly after 934, the Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos recognized the head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Archbishop Damian, to the rank of patriarch, following the terms of the peace treaty that ended the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927. In 971, Emperor John I Tzimiskes dismissed Damian after annexing the capital city of Great Preslav and parts of northeast Bulgaria, but the Bulgarian patriarchate was probably restored under Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria. During his rule, the residence of the Bulgarian patriarchs remained closely connected to the developments in the war between Samuel and the Byzantine emperor Basil II. Thus, the next Patriarch German resided consecutively in Moglena (Almopia), Vodena (Edessa) and Prespa. Around 990, the last patriarch, Philip, moved to Ohrid.

History
Following his final subjugation of the Bulgarian state in 1018, Basil II, to underscore the Byzantine victory, established the Archbishopric of Ohrid by downgrading the Bulgarian patriarchate to the rank of the archbishopric. The now archbishopric remained an autocephalous church, separate from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. However, while the archbishopric was completely independent in any other aspect, its primate was selected by the emperor from a list of three candidates submitted by the local church synod. In three sigillia issued in 1020 Basil II gave extensive privileges to the new see.

Although the first appointed archbishop (John of Debar) was a Bulgarian from Kutmichevitsa, his successors, as well as the whole higher clergy, were invariably Byzantine, the most famous of them being Saint Theophylact (1078–1107). The Archbishops were chosen from among the monks in Constantinople. Adrianos Komnenos, under his monastic name of John (IV) (1143–1160), was the cousin of Emperor John II Komnenos and was the first Archbishop who held the title of Archbishop of Justiniana Prima. The later archbishop John V Kamateros (1183–1216) was a former imperial clerk.

In the 13th and the first half of the 14th centuries, the territory of the Archbishopric was contested by the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Empire, the Despotate of Epirus, the Second Bulgarian Empire and later Serbia. After the fall of Constantinople to the Latins in 1204 and with the foundation of the new states on the territory under the jurisdiction of the Ohrid Archbishopric, autonomous churches were founded in the states which did not accept the jurisdiction either of Constantinople or of Ohrid. After 1204, the Empire of Nicaea claimed the Byzantine imperial heritage and provided refuge to the exiled patriarchs of Constantinople. In the restored Second Bulgarian Empire, a new Archbishopric was founded with its see in Tarnovo. Tsar Kaloyan (1197–1207) did not succeed in putting the Ohrid Archbishopric under the jurisdiction of the Tarnovo Archbishopric but nevertheless managed to expel the Greek bishops and install Bulgarians instead. The next Bulgarian rulers were constantly trying to reunite the Ohrid Archbishopric with the Tarnovo Archbishopric. The Latin conquests, the restoring of the Bulgarian Empire and the formation of an independent Serbian state reduced the jurisdiction of the Ohrid Archbishopric immensely, but it did not disappear. During the time of Archbishop Demetrios Chomatenos, the autocephaly of the Archbishopric was confirmed with the act of anointing the despot of Epirus, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, as Emperor and in correspondence with the Patriarch.

The southward expansion of the Serbian state in the second half of the 13th century was also followed by changes in ecclesiastical jurisdiction of some sees. After the successful Serbian campaigns against the Byzantine empire in 1282–1283, cities of Skopje and Debar were annexed and local eparchies transferred to the jurisdiction of Serbian Archbishopric of Peć.

Serbian expansion reached its apogee at the time of king and tsar Stefan Dušan (1331–1355). Dušan had conquered Ohrid around 1334. Under Serbian rule the Archbishopric of Ohrid kept its autonomy. On 16 April 1346 (Easter), at the Serbian capital city of Skopje, a joined state and church assembly (Sabor) was held, attended by Serbian Archbishop Joanikije II, the Archbishop Nicholas I of Ohrid, the Patriarch Simeon of Bulgaria and other hierarchs and dignitaries, including monastic leaders of Mount Athos. The assembly proclaimed the raising of the autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric to the rank of Patriarchate. The Archbishopric of Ohrid was not annexed to the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and kept its autonomy, recognizing only the honorary seniority of the Serbian Patriarch.

After the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, and Battle of Kosovo in 1389, much of the territory of the Archbishopric of Ohrid was affected by the expansion of Ottoman Turks, who conquered Skopje in 1392 and annexed all southern regions after the death of Prince Marko in 1395. The archbishopric managed to survive the transition and was legalized by new Ottoman authorities. Not long after the fall of the Bulgarian Patriarchate in 1394, some of the bishoprics under its jurisdiction also entered the Ohrid Archbishopric. Thus, at the beginning of the 15th century, the Archbishop of Ohrid, attached the dioceses of Sofia and Vidin to the Archbishopric. In 1408, Ohrid came under Ottoman rule. Still, the Ottomans did not reach after the Ohrid Archbishopric, mostly because of their tolerance for monotheistic religions, and left the people to govern themselves regarding religion.

When the last medieval Serbian Patriarch died in 1463, there were no technical options to elect a new one, so the Ohrid Archbishopric had laid its claim over many of the Serbian Patriarchate's eparchies on the basis of its old 1019 territorial rights, predating Serbian autocephaly. By the 1520s, the Archbishopric of Ohrid had managed to put practically the entire Serbian Church under its jurisdiction, however, by the intervention of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha in 1557, the latter was renewed and reorganized. During the 15th century, dioceses from the other side of the Danube, from the duchies of Wallachia and Moldova, fell under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric. Nevertheless, this did not last for more than a hundred years. Towards the beginning of the 16th century, the Ohrid Archbishopric expanded its jurisdiction even over territories in Southern Italy, as well as in Dalmatia. The flock of this diocese was made of Greeks and Albanians. Towards the middle of the 16th century, the Ohrid Archbishopric lost the Diocese of Veroia, however, at the beginning of the 17th century, it gained the Diocese of Durazzo from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Since then and until its abolishment in 1767, the Archbishopric neither lost nor gained a diocese under its jurisdiction.

Abolition
The autocephaly of the Ohrid Archbishopric remained respected during the periods of Byzantine, Bulgarian, Serbian and Ottoman rule; the church continued to exist until its abolition in 1767, when it was abolished by the Sultan's decree, at the urging of the Greek Eastern Orthodox leaders of Istanbul, and was placed under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople. The division into phanariotes and autochthonists which occurred among the diocesan bishops of the Ohrid Archbishopric and, the difficult financial position of the Ohrid Archbishopric over a longer period of time, contributed to its abolishment. Just a year before, the Patriarchate of Constantinople abolished the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in the same manner, and its dioceses adjoined to the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Language
The Greek language quite early replaced Old Church Slavonic as the official language of the Archbishopric. All documents and even hagiographies of saints, for example the hagiography of Clement of Ohrid, were written in Greek. Despite this, the Slavonic liturgy was preserved on the lower levels of the Church for several centuries.

Administration
The Archbishopric of Ochrid was an autocephalous church, with full internal ecclesiastical self-governance. Only after the Ottoman conquest, as part of the millet system, did it come under the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

At the time of its establishment, the archbishopric comprised 32 suffragan sees. However, over the following decades many of the bishoprics removed from other jurisdictions and accorded to Ohrid by Basil II were returned to their original metropolises. Despite the creation of new bishoprics from existing ones, by the middle of the 12th century the number of suffragans—apart from Ohrid itself—had decreased to 23 (modern names in parentheses): Kastoria, Skopia (Skopje), Belebousdion (Velbazhd), Sardike or Triaditza (Sofia), Malesobe or Morobisdion (unlocated), Edessa or Moglena, Herakleia (Bitola) or Pelagonia, Prisdiana, Tiberioupolis or Stroummitza (Strumica), Nisos, Kephalonia or Glabinitze, Morabos or Branichevo, Sigida or Belegrada (Belgrade), Bidine (Vidin), Sirmion (Sremska Mitrovica), Lipenion, Rhasos (Ras), Selasphoros or Diabolis (Devol), Slanitza or Pella, Illyrikon or Kanina, Grebenon (Grevena), Drastar (Silistra), Deure (Debar), and the Vreanoti (Vranje), called also "bishopric of the Vlachs".

title: Archbishopric of Ohrid


text:
Third Eye Blind (album)

Third Eye Blind is the debut studio album by American rock band Third Eye Blind, released on April 8, 1997, by Elektra Records. The album was collectively written by Stephan Jenkins and Kevin Cadogan, while production was helmed by Jenkins and Eric Valentine. Recorded in and around San Francisco at Toast Studios, Skywalker Ranch, and H.O.S., the album incorporates elements of alternative rock, post-grunge, and power pop. Thematically, the album focuses on topics such as relationships, drug addiction, suicide prevention, and the band's experience of being signed to a major record label. Third Eye Blind was promoted with five singles: "Semi-Charmed Life", "Graduate", "How's It Going to Be", "Losing a Whole Year", and "Jumper".

Music and lyrics
The central theme of Third Eye Blind is loss, with the album exploring subjects such as suicide, crystal methamphetamine addiction, and sexual abuse. "Semi-Charmed Life", an alternative rock song composed with a rap-influenced singing style, was one of the first songs recorded for the album. The song focuses on a crystal methamphetamine addiction, although Jenkins contends that it more broadly relates to changing periods in one's life.

Title and artwork
When developing a band name and a title for their debut record, Jenkins sought a name with "wit and a sense of punk-rock irony". The name "Third Eye Blind" is meant to refer to a metaphysical third eye; however, the band also intended to satirize the concept. Alli and Ro-Starr were responsible for the album's art direction, with the latter also crafting the band's "falling man" logo. Kate Garner was responsible for the album's photography, with the exclusion of the album cover which was shot by Christine Alicino on December 16, 1996, in San Francisco, California. The shot features model Shandra Boatwright, eyes closed with her mouth wide open, as her and Jenkins' hands are placed on her forehead. Alicino commented that she was hired to "photograph a young woman with an expressive mouth in my edgy polaroid style". In order to achieve this expressive appearance, Boatwright wore bright red lipstick and dark eyeliner.

The first pressing of Third Eye Blind in the United States featured a sepia-toned album cover with a red band logo. This pressing was limited to approximately 500,000 copies in the country. However, it was still employed in the United Kingdom and other European nations. The second pressing of the album featured these colors reverted, with a red-toned cover and yellow band logo. In Japan, the album was released with a cyan, negative photo cover. The 20th anniversary edition of the album features a black-toned version of the cover.

In April 2022, Jenkins stated on Twitter that the sepia-toned cover is "how [the artwork is] supposed to be," although the artwork was changed to a red-tone due to Elektra Records finding the latter to be "more flashy."

Documentary
In December 2019, a 22-minute documentary short film titled Motorcycle Drive By was announced on Third Eye Blind's Twitter page. The documentary is directed by David Wexler and focuses on the backstory of the song of same name. The documentary was originally planned to premiere on April 17, 2020, at the 19th Tribeca Film Festival, although the film festival was indefinitely postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The documentary was then released on May 29, 2020, on YouTube as part of the We Are One: A Global Film Festival.

Touring
Third Eye Blind performed across the United States alongside Eve 6 on MTV's Campus Invasion tour. The band also performed as an opening act for the Rolling Stones and U2 on their respective tours. The band performed the album in its entirety during the first Summer Gods Tour in 2017.

Reception
Critical reception to Third Eye Blind was generally positive. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described Third Eye Blind as "easy on the ears," stating that "its straight-ahead professionalism makes it a pleasurable listen for post-grungers". David Grad of Entertainment Weekly described the album as "balancing a cheery ear for harmonies with a finely honed sense of despair".

Third Eye Blind was a sleeper hit, entering the Billboard album charts at number 135 and then peaking at number 25 nearly a year after release. The album spent a total of 106 weeks on the chart, and was certified 6x platinum by the RIAA in August 2001. As of April 2017, Third Eye Blind has sold over 6 million units in the U.S., selling approximately 84,000 units in its best week. The album remains as Third Eye Blind's most successful release, accounting for the plurality of their career sales.

Legacy
In 2017, the band reissued the album to celebrate its 20th anniversary, which includes three rerecorded versions of their initial unreleased songs "Alright Caroline", "Scattered", and "Tattoo Of The Sun", and five demos.

In 2022, Avril Lavigne cited the album as one of the biggest influences in her music career.

Personnel
Third Eye Blind
 * Kevin Cadogan – lead guitar (all except 11); backing vocals (tracks 1–7, 10); autoharp (track 6)
 * Brad Hargreaves – drums (tracks 3–5, 7–10, 12, 14)
 * Stephan Jenkins – lead vocals (all tracks); percussion (tracks 1, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14); brushes (track 3); guitar (3, 4, 7, 11); programming (tracks 3, 13); keyboard arrangements (tracks 4, 7, 11, 14); drums (tracks 11, 13); acoustic guitar (tracks 3, 13)
 * Arion Salazar – bass guitar (all tracks except 11); backing vocals (tracks 2, 4–6, 9, 10, 13); piano (track 4)

Additional musicians
 * Michael Urbano – drums (tracks 1, 2, 6, 13)
 * Eric Valentine – programming (tracks 3, 11, 13); piano (tracks 7, 14); guitar (track 11); keyboards (track 11)
 * Ari Gorman – cello (track 6)

Production
 * Stephan Jenkins – production (all tracks)
 * Eric Valentine – production (all tracks); engineering (all except 6); additional engineering (6); mixing (3-5, 7-14)
 * Tom Lord-Alge – mixing (1, 2, 6)
 * Dave Gleeson – engineering (6, 7, 14)
 * Ted Jensen – mastering
 * Ren Klyce – additional arrangement (3); production (6)
 * Kevin Cadogan – additional arrangement, additional production
 * Arion Salazar – additional arrangement, additional production

Design
 * Alli – art direction
 * Ro-Starr – art direction, logos/design
 * Christine Alicino – front cover photo
 * Kate Garner – photography

title: Third Eye Blind (album)


text:
International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Associations

The International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Associations (IUF) is a global union federation of trade unions with members in a variety of industries, many of which relate to food processing.

History
The federation was founded in 1920 with the merger of the International Federation of Bakers, Pastry Cooks and Allied Workers' Associations, the International Federation of Meat Workers, and the International Federation of Brewery Workers. Originally named the International Union of Food and Allied Workers' Associations (IUFAWA), its affiliates were all European until 1950, but it then rapidly expanded worldwide.

In 1958, the International Federation of Tobacco Workers merged into the federation, which renamed itself as the International Union of Food, Drinks and Tobacco Workers' Associations, then in 1961 the International Union of Hotel, Restaurant and Bar Workers merged in, and the federation became the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Associations (IUF). By 1978, the federation's affiliates had a total of 2.1 million members.

During the 1980s, the IUF campaigned against Coca-Cola following the assassination of union leaders in Guatemala. In 1988, the IUF was the first international trade union to sign a global framework agreement with the French food multinational BSN (Danone). In 1994, the International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers merged into the IUF, which took its present name. In 2006, most of the former affiliates of the World Federation of Agriculture and Food Workers joined the federation.

Current operations
In 2019, the IUF was composed of 422 member organisations in 127 countries, representing more than 10 million workers.

The organization represents workers employed in agriculture, the preparation and manufacture of food and beverages, hotels, restaurants and catering services and in tobacco processing.

The international headquarters of IUF is located in Geneva, Switzerland. Within the organization, there are autonomous regional organizations for Africa, Asia/Pacific, the Caribbean, Europe and Latin America.

Affiliates
As of December 2019, the IUF has the following affiliates:

General Secretaries

 * 1920: Jean Schifferstein
 * 1941: Hermann Leuenberger (acting)
 * 1949: Juul Poulsen
 * 1968: Dan Gallin
 * 1997: Ron Oswald
 * 2017: Sue Longley

Presidents

 * 1920: Max Wilhelm
 * 1934: Robert Fischer
 * 1939: Hermann Leuenberger
 * 1949: Marius Madsen
 * 1958: Hans Nätscher
 * 1964: John Swift
 * 1967: Henri Ceuppens
 * 1970: Daniel E. Conway
 * 1977: Sigvard Nyström
 * 1981: Günter Döding
 * 1989: Lage Andréasson
 * 1993: Willy Vijverman
 * 1997: Frank Hurt
 * 2002: Paul Andela
 * 2012: Hans-Olof Nilsson
 * 2017: Mark Lauritsen


text:
Herbert P. Bix

Herbert P. Bix (born 1938) is an American historian. He wrote Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, an account of the Japanese Emperor and the events which shaped modern Japanese imperialism, which won the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 2001.

Bix was born in Boston and attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He earned the PhD in history and Far Eastern languages from Harvard University. He was a founding member of the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars. For several decades, he has written about modern and contemporary Japanese history in the United States and Japan.

He has taught at many universities, including Hosei University in Japan in the years 1986 through 1990, and Hitotsubashi University in 2001. As of 2013, he is Professor Emeritus in History and Sociology at Binghamton University.

His book Peasant Protest in Japan, 1590–1884 was hailed as 'a sensitive rendering of the actions of great masses of people' and a superior 'Marxist history'.

Selected works

 * Peasant Protest in Japan, 1590–1884. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986.
 * "Hiroshima in History and Memory: A Symposium, Japan's Delayed Surrender: A Reinterpretation." Diplomatic History 19, no. 2 (1995): pp. 197–225.
 * Remembering the Nanking Massacre
 * Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. HarperCollins, 2000.

title: Herbert P. Bix


text:
Portal talk:Mathematics/FAQ

All questions regarding Mathematics and Wikipedia should be posted here. Replies will be posted as soon as possible.

arithmatic -x- =+
arithmatic is quite a simple form of mathematics which is easy to understand and seem to have certain easy rules like 1.1 x 1.1 wil be more than 1.1 and .9 x .9 will be less than .9 most can see why but this can dedemonstrated. Then how does a minus times a minus make plus figure is there any demonstrable example of this. or is it just the case that it can not be easily demontated so its deemed to be the case. regards paul

 * This question has been unanswered for some time, perhaps because the questioner seems challenged by the English language. However, it's an insightful, common, and fun question, deserving a brief response. Before arithmetic there was counting: 1, 2, 3, … . Each of these natural numbers has a successor, a number that is one larger. If we count two piles of stones separately, then bring them together and count again, we discover the operation of addition. We can formally define addition by repeatedly taking successors. Similarly, we can formally define multiplication by repeated addition. Using stones, we can form multiples by lining up rows and columns. In both our formal methods and our physical methods we notice certain reliable patterns, certain facts which are always true regardless of the specific numbers involved. One of these facts is that multiplication distributes over addition. For example, we know that 5 = 2+3, and we know that 20 = 4×5; distribution means we can expect that 4×5 = 4×(2+3) = 4×2+4×3. And, indeed, 8 = 4×2, 12 = 4×3, and 20 = 8+12. Pictured in stones, this is obvious:

* * * * *        * * *   * * * * * * *         * * *   * * * * * * *    =    * * *   * * * * * * *         * * *   * *

 * From these humble beginnings we extend our operations to do more sophisticated calculations. We subtract and divide, take powers and square roots, and with our ancient ancestors in Babylon and Egypt learn to do trigonometry with sines and cosines and tangents. To keep up, our numbers grow to include zero and fractions and negative numbers. But we still expect our familiar patterns to hold. So consider the multiplication 4×5 again, but now use subtraction to write 4 = 7−3 and 5 = 6−1. The way negative numbers relate to subtraction allows us to also write 4 = 7+(−3) and 5 = 6+(−1). Now what happens when we multiply these sums? Play with stones (removing rows and columns to subtract), or play with distribution and find out! For example, the picture above can also explain 4×3 = 4×(5−2). By such experiments or calculations, we discover that the only way to get the answers we expect is to make negative times negative equal positive. If this still seems peculiar, take solace in knowing that for thousands of years mathematicians in the Western world did not accept negative numbers as numbers, and  accountants still use debits and credits and red ink to avoid them. --KSmrqT 11:16, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * My own version why minus times minus is plus... imagine it isn't i.e. -1 * -1 = -1 --> -1 * -1 / -1 = -1 */-1 -->  -1 * (-1 / -1) = (-1 / -1) --> -1 * 1 = 1 --> -1 = 1, which clearly isn't true. Hence it can't be true that that -1 * -1 = -1 . Tompw 17:28, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Factor the following
1:b^-3/5-7b^-2/5+2b^2/5

2:3(x+3)^-1/3+2(x+3)^4/3

About this portal subpage
This portal subpage and talk page seem to be stale and unused. Should they be deleted, marked as historical, or moved elsewhere (e.g., userfied)? - dcljr (talk) 18:51, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Mathematics/FAQ


text:
Erich von Tschermak

Erich Tschermak, Edler von Seysenegg (15 November 1871 – 11 October 1962) was an Austrian agronomist who developed several new disease-resistant crops, including wheat-rye and oat hybrids. He was a son of the Moravia-born mineralogist Gustav Tschermak von Seysenegg. His maternal grandfather was the botanist, Eduard Fenzl, who taught Gregor Mendel botany during his student days in Vienna.

He received his doctorate from the University of Halle, Germany, in 1896. Tschermak accepted a teaching position at the University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna in 1901, and became professor there five years later, in 1900. Von Tschermak is one of four men—see also Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and William Jasper Spillman—who independently rediscovered Gregor Mendel's work on genetics. Von Tschermak published his findings in June, 1900. His works in genetics were largely influenced by his brother Armin von Tschermak-Seysenegg.

Decorations and awards

 * Member Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture (1912)
 * Honorary doctorate from the University of Vienna (1950)
 * Member Royal Swedish Academy of Physiography (1951)
 * Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1951)
 * Austrian Decoration for Science and Art

title: Erich von Tschermak


text: User talk:68.9.182.63

title: User talk:68.9.182.63


text: User talk:63.97.146.254

title: User talk:63.97.146.254


text:
Category:Cities and towns in Russia

See also Category:Urban-type settlements in Russia and Category:Rural localities in Russia

title: Category:Cities and towns in Russia


text:
William J. Bell

William Joseph Bell (March 6, 1927 – April 29, 2005) was an American screenwriter and television producer, best known as the creator of the soap operas Another World, The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful.

Early life
Bell was born and raised in Chicago as an only child. His father was an accountant for the Link-Belt Company. His mother was primarily a homemaker, with a part-time job with Mrs. Steven's Candies. (In later years, his parents adopted a daughter.) Bell grew up listening to radio soap operas when he came home from school for lunch and late at night, including Life Can Be Beautiful, The Romance of Helen Trent and Our Gal Sunday. As a depression-era child, he would work at various odd jobs on weekends to help the family. In high school, he participated in the ROTC. After serving in the Navy as a corpsman, he attended the University of Michigan.

Chicago radio writer
At the age of 21, Bell worked at WJJD radio as a writer for two shows, with the focus being teen problems. That work led him to seek a job at WBBM radio as a comedy writer; specifically, character-oriented comedy, rather than jokes. He worked there for about three years.

Advertising industry
Bell went to McCann Erickson, then the second-largest advertising agency worldwide. He wrote radio and television commercials for Standard Oil of Indiana, the agency's biggest account; he was subsequently promoted to account executive, responsible for five small accounts. After three years there. Bell was offered an account executive position with Cunningham & Walsh.

Procter and Gamble Productions
During his time as a comedy writer at WBBM radio in Chicago, he made a call to Irna Phillips' secretary Rose Cooperman asking her if Phillips had an opening for a writer, as she was a well-known soap opera creator and Bell had become aware that Phillips also resided in Chicago. Cooperman said Phillips did have an opening. While Bell was composing a sample script, he was informed that the writer who was supposedly leaving had decided to stay, so the writing job was not available. Later, during the time that Bell was in the advertising business, he ran into Phillips' niece. She mentioned him to her aunt and Phillips remembered who he was; she also knew his wife, who was a well-known celebrity due to her work on local television.

He started his writing career on Guiding Light and then moved over to As the World Turns, working under Phillips; Phillips' other protegee at the time was Agnes Nixon. Bell co-created Another World with Phillips in 1964. In 1965, he co-created the primetime As the World Turns spinoff Our Private World.

Days of Our Lives
In 1966, he was hired as head writer of the then-struggling soap Days of Our Lives. Bell was credited with the show's initial surge of popularity. Bell changed the dynamics of soaps when he began focusing on sexuality. Formerly, soap operas did not delve into the sexual side of their romances. He intended to leave the show around 1972 when he began creating his own show The Young and the Restless, but the owners of the show sued him, and he agreed to write long-term story projections for them. He remained as head writer until 1975.

The Young and the Restless
In 1972, CBS executives wanted a new daytime serial that was youth oriented. William along with his wife Lee Phillip Bell created The Young and the Restless for the network under the working title, The Innocent Years. However, before the show went into production, he had to rename the series as Bell mentioned..."We were confronted with the very disturbing reality that young America had lost much of its innocence,". "Innocence as we had known and lived it all our lives had, in so many respects, ceased to exist." They renamed the series The Young and the Restless because they felt it "reflected the youth and mood of the early seventies." He spent between ten and sixteen hours a day writing stories.

The Young and the Restless debuted on March 26, 1973. Although slow to rise in the ratings (he got very frustrated and asked head of CBS Daytime Bud Grant to cancel the serial), CBS had faith in the show and gave it a chance. Y&R was credited for breathing new life into the daytime serial, with its brightness, humor and cutting-edge storylines. As he did on Days of our Lives, Bell saw to sexuality also playing a major role in the stories. Bell guided Y&R as head writer from 1973 until stepping down in 1998, the longest tenure of any head writer in soap opera history. Y&R has been the highest-rated soap on the air since 1988 in households, and 1989 among viewers.

Controversy
Brenda Dickson, an original cast member of The Young and The Restless, claims that Bell blacklisted her after 15 years on the show after they partook in a secret love affair. He then went on to wreak havoc on her personal and professional life by hiring "Mafia cartel judges and attorneys" to "ruin" her life. As a result, she ended up "broke and homeless" and has been blocked from working ever since.

The Bold and the Beautiful
In 1986, he began working on creating another soap for CBS Daytime, but plans were halted until the end of the year when the network decided to cancel the soap Capitol and needed a replacement. He created The Bold and the Beautiful, which debuted on March 23, 1987. B&B is known for its glamorous look as it is set in the fashion industry. It followed Y&R and has been a ratings success as well.

Personal life
Bell was married to former talk show host Lee Phillip Bell (born Loreley June Phillip), who co-created The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful with him. Their three children, William James Bell, Bradley Phillip Bell, Lauralee Bell Martin, and daughter-in-law Maria Arena Bell have all been involved in their parents' soaps in some capacity.

On April 29, 2005, Bell died at age 78 from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He is buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

Bell acquired the Wallace Neff designed Sol Wurtzel House in Bel Air, Los Angeles in 1991.

Awards and recognition

 * In 1992, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 19th annual Daytime Emmy Awards.

Producing and writing credits
Another World
 * Co-Creator (with Irna Phillips)
 * Co-Head Writer: May 1964 – March 1965

As the World Turns
 * Co-Head Writer: 1965–1966
 * Writer: 1950s–1960s

The Bold and the Beautiful
 * Co-Creator (with Lee Phillip Bell)
 * Executive Producer: March 23, 1987 – February 14, 1996 (with Lee Phillip Bell)
 * Head Writer: March 23, 1987 – May 3, 1993
 * executive story consultant: May 4, 1993 - June 1, 1993

Days of Our Lives
 * Head Writer: 1966–1975

Guiding Light
 * Writer: 1950s

Our Private World
 * Co-Creator (with Irna Phillips)

The Young and the Restless
 * Co-Creator (with Lee Phillip Bell)
 * Executive Producer: March 26, 1973 – 1976, January 2004 – April 2005
 * Senior Executive Producer: 1976 – January 2004
 * Head Writer: March 26, 1973 – July 3, 1998
 * Executive Story Consultant: 1998 – April 2005

Legacy
As of December 2020, Bell holds the distinction of having created the largest number of soap opera characters that are still appearing, with over 25 characters on either The Young and the Restless, The Bold and the Beautiful, or Days of Our Lives such as:
 * Doug Williams (Days of Our Lives) - 1970–1984, 1986–1987, 1993–1996, 1999–present (played by Bill Hayes)
 * Jill Foster Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1973–present (currently played by Jess Walton)
 * Maggie Horton (Days of Our Lives) - 1973–1984, 1985–present (played by Suzanne Rogers)
 * Paul Williams (The Young and the Restless) - 1978–present (played by Doug Davidson)
 * Nikki Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1978–present (currently played by Melody Thomas Scott)
 * Victor Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1980–2009, 2010–present (played by Eric Braeden)
 * Jack Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1980–present (currently played by Peter Bergman)
 * Esther Valentine (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–present (played by Kate Linder)
 * Ashley Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–1995, 1996–2007, 2008–2012, 2013–present (currently played by Eileen Davidson)
 * Traci Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–1996, 1999, 2001–2002, 2006, 2007–present (played by Beth Maitland)
 * Victoria Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–2003, 2005–present (currently played by Amelia Heinle)
 * Lauren Fenmore (The Young and the Restless) - 1983–1995, 2000, 2001–present (played by Tracey E. Bregman)
 * Christine Blair (The Young and the Restless) - 1983–2001, 2002–2006, 2009–present (played by Lauralee Bell)
 * Eric Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–present (played by John McCook)
 * Ridge Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–2012, 2013–present (currently played by Thorsten Kaye)
 * Brooke Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–present (played by Katherine Kelly Lang)
 * Donna Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–1994, 1996–1998, 2000–01, 2004, 2006–present (currently played by Jennifer Gareis)
 * Katie Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–1989, 1991–2004, 2007–present (currently played by Heather Tom)
 * Nicholas Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1989–present (currently played by Joshua Morrow)
 * Chloe Mitchell (The Young and the Restless) - 1990–1991, 1994, 2008–2017, 2019-present (currently played by Elizabeth Hendrickson)
 * Rick Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1990–2006, 2007–present (currently played by Jacob Young)
 * Michael Baldwin (The Young and the Restless) - 1991–1993, 1997–present (played by Christian LeBlanc)
 * Nate Hastings (The Young and the Restless) - 1992–2002, 2011, 2019–present (currently played by Sean Dominic)
 * Billy Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1993–2003, 2006, 2008–present (currently played by Jason Thompson)
 * Sharon Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1994–present (currently played by Sharon Case)
 * Phyllis Summers (The Young and the Restless) - 1994–1997, 1997-1999, 2000–2013, 2014–present (currently played by Michelle Stafford)
 * Adam Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1995–1997, 2002, 2008–2016, 2019-present (currently played by Mark Grossman)
 * Lily Winters (The Young and the Restless) - 1995–1998, 2002–present (currently played by Christel Khalil)

title: William J. Bell