text:
Getting Away with Murder (album)

Getting Away with Murder is the fourth and third major-label studio album by the American rock band Papa Roach. The album was a departure from the band's previous works, showcasing an alternative rock and hard rock sound instead of a nu metal and rap metal sound. Unlike their previous albums, the album features no rapping and instead only features Jacoby Shaddix singing. It was released on August 31, 2004, via Geffen Records and has been certified Gold in Canada, Silver in the United Kingdom and Platinum in the United States. Getting Away with Murder peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200.

Background
Production lasted from October to December 2003. During the recording of Getting Away With Murder, the band was not signed to a label as their previous label DreamWorks Records had recently been bought out. The band would later sign to Geffen Records. The album features a departure from the band's rap metal sound, as the band's vocalist Jacoby Shaddix was tired of rapping.

The track "Just Go (Never Look Back)" was recorded in the album's sessions, but was ultimately left off the album. The track would later be released on the band's future greatest hits album, ...To Be Loved: The Best of Papa Roach.

Release and promotion
Papa Roach released Getting Away With Murder on August 31, 2004. The album's first single was the title track. The album debuted at number 17 on the Billboard 200, with 52,000 copies sold, less than a half of "Lovehatetragedy". However, the title track saw success through radio and peaked at number two in the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, number four on the Modern Rock Tracks and number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100. The second single, "Scars", peaked at number four on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, number two on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number seven on the Pop Songs chart, becoming the band's biggest hit in the United States. "Scars" was ranked at number 36 as the greatest song of 2005 and as the most successful song of the year by Billboard, becoming the band's first and only song to be included on Billboard's year-end charts, in addition, "Scars" was the band's first song to crossover to top 40 radio since their breakthrough hit, "Last Resort". The song "Take Me" also charted on the Alternative songs chart (at number 23), and on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart (at number 11) despite not being released as a single. To support the album, the band toured throughout 2004 and 2005. Getting Away With Murder eventually achieved a Platinum certification in the United States, after spending 61 weeks on the Billboard 200 thanks to the hit of "Scars", outselling "Lovehatetragedy". It is their second best-selling album after their debut "Infest", also their first and only album to have at least two Hot 100 hits.

Several other tracks were used to promote the album across various mediums. The track "Blood (Empty Promises)" was featured on the Saw II soundtrack and the track "Getting Away with Murder" was featured in the end credits of The Chronicles of Riddick, as well as the video games MechAssault 2: Lone Wolf and MX vs. ATV Unleashed. "Not Listening" was used in the trailer for Resident Evil: Apocalypse and is also featured in the video games NASCAR 2005: Chase for the Cup, Gran Turismo 4, and FlatOut 2.

Reception
Critical response to Getting Away with Murder was mixed. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 59, based on eight reviews.

Papa Roach

 * Jacoby Shaddix – lead vocals
 * Jerry Horton – guitar, backing vocals
 * Tobin Esperance – bass, backing vocals
 * Dave Buckner – drums

Additional musicians

 * Programming by Howard Benson and Paul Decarli
 * Keyboards by Howard Benson

Production

 * Produced by Howard Benson at Bay 7 Studios Valley Village, CA and Sparky Dark Studio, Calabasas, CA
 * Mixed by Chris Lord-Alge at Image Recorders, Hollywood, CA
 * "Blanket of Fear" mixed by Mike Plotnikoff at Bay 7 Studio, Valley Village, CA
 * Recorded by Mike Plotnikoff
 * Additional engineering by Eric Miller
 * Pro Tools editing by Paul Decarli, Mike Plotnikoff, and Eric Miller
 * Mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound, NYC
 * Drum technician: Gersh for Drum Fetish
 * Guitar guru: Keith Nelson
 * Pre-production technician: Bob Wall
 * Pre-production studios: Mates
 * Production coordinator: Dana Childs
 * Management by Mike Renault and Dennis Sanders
 * Booking: Jenna Adler for Creative Artists Agency
 * European booking: John Jackson for Helter Skelter
 * Business management: Jonathan Schwartz for GSO
 * Legal representation: Eric Greenspan for Myman, Abell, Fineman, Greenspan, and Light LLP
 * A&R coordination: Graham Martin
 * Marketing by Jen Littleton
 * Art direction by Greg Patterson, Jerry Horton and Dave Buckner
 * Band photography by Olaf Heine, Jerry Horton
 * Additional photography: Michael D. Knight, Lisa Sweet, and Dave Rau
 * Graphic design: Greg Patterson for singlemanriot.com
 * Enhanced CD produced by Greg Patterson and Devin Dehaven for FORTRESSDVD
 * Edited by Devin Dehaven, Tim Mardesich and Tony Minter
 * Opening sequence by BACKWARDHEROES
 * Avid DS operator: Bruce. W. Cathcart
 * A&R: Ron Handler

Appearances

 * The song "Not Listening" was featured in the video games NASCAR 2005: Chase for the Cup in 2004, FlatOut 2 in 2006, and Gran Turismo 4, and was also featured in the trailer for the 2004 film Resident Evil: Apocalypse.
 * The song "Getting Away with Murder" was featured in MechAssault 2: Lone Wolf in 2004 and MX vs. ATV Unleashed in 2005.
 * The song "Stop Looking Start Seeing" was featured in EA's NFL Street 2 in 2004.

title: Getting Away with Murder (album)


text:
Category:Archaeological sites in Jordan

 * Archaeological sites — in Jordan.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Archaeological sites in Jordan


text:
List of Norfolk Southern Railway predecessor railroads

The following railroads merged to form the Norfolk Southern Railway.

 * The Southern Railway changed its name to the Norfolk Southern Railway on December 31, 1990.
 * The Norfolk and Western Railway was leased by the Southern Railway on December 31, 1990, and merged into the Southern in 1997.
 * The New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate Road) merged into the Norfolk and Western Railway on October 16, 1964.
 * The Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway was leased by the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad on December 1, 1949, and merged into the Norfolk and Western Railway on September 16, 1988.
 * The Akron, Canton and Youngstown Railway was leased by the Norfolk and Western Railway on October 16, 1964, and merged January 1, 1982. Its remaining lines were spun off to the new Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway on May 17, 1990.
 * The Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway was leased by the Norfolk and Western Railway on October 16, 1964, but was leased to the new Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway on May 17, 1990.
 * The Wabash Railway was leased by the Norfolk and Western Railway October 16, 1964 before becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the Norfolk & Western in December 1991. In 1997, the Wabash was merged into NS along with its parent, the N&W.
 * The Virginian Railway merged into the Norfolk and Western Railway on December 1, 1959.

Other companies:
 * Alabama Great Southern Railroad
 * Atlanta and Charlotte Air-Line Railway
 * Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad
 * Central of Georgia Railroad
 * The Georgia and Florida Railroad merged into the Central of Georgia Railway June 1, 1971.
 * The Savannah and Atlanta Railway merged into the Central of Georgia Railway in 1971.
 * City Point Railroad
 * East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway
 * Georgia Pacific Railway
 * Illinois Terminal Railroad
 * Lawrenceville Branch Railroad
 * Memphis and Charleston Railroad
 * Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad
 * Norfolk Southern Railway (1942–1982)
 * North Carolina Railroad
 * North Eastern Railroad (Georgia)
 * Orange and Alexandria Railroad
 * Piedmont Railway
 * Piedmont Air-Line Railway
 * Rabun Gap Short Line Railway
 * Richmond and Danville Railroad
 * Richmond and West Point Terminal Railway and Warehouse Company
 * Richmond and York River Railroad
 * Shenandoah Valley Railroad
 * South Side Railroad
 * Virginia and Tennessee Railroad


text:
Spectreman

Spectreman (スペクトルマン) is a tokusatsu science fiction superhero television series. Produced by P Productions and created by producer Souji Ushio, the series aired on Fuji TV in Japan from January 2, 1971 to March 25, 1972 with a total of 63 episodes (divided into three segments), not counting the pre-series pilot episode. This was the first major Japanese superhero show of the 1970s.

Plot
Banished from the peaceful and highly advanced simian Planet E in the Geisty Solar System, the mutant mad scientist Dr. Gori and his brutish gorilla-like assistant Karras (Ra in the Japanese version) search for a new world to rule after Gori's plot to conquer Planet E had been foiled by its government. Traveling to Earth in their flying saucer, the blond alien apeman is captivated by its beauty but appalled by its inhabitants' misuse of its environment, leading to severe pollution (a huge topic back when this series was made, since Tokyo in Japan was the most polluted city in the world at the time), so humankind must be quickly conquered if this planet is to remain habitable. Gori therefore plots, rather ironically, to use the pollution that is plaguing Earth to create horrible, giant, rampaging monsters to wipe out and/or enslave humankind.

Hope comes in the form of the Nebula 71 Star, an artificial satellite resembling twin planet Saturns joined together that observes Earth incognito. Fearing that Gori may eventually make Earth uninhabitable, they dispatch Spectreman, their super-cyborg agent, to battle the menace of the mad apeman. Spectreman disguises himself as a Japanese man named Jôji Gamô to walk among the humans and scout out Gori's weekly menace for the Nebula 71 Star. He works with a government-run group called the Pollution G-Men, run by Chief Kurata. This group investigates phenomena involving pollution, but they do not (until late in the show's run) have the facilities to handle giant monsters, so unbeknownst to them, their comical-yet-mysterious teammate Jòji disappears on them, only to help them as Spectreman!

As the series comes to a conclusion, Dr. Gori's subordinates - and even Ra - are largely defeated, forcing the mad scientist to face Spectreman by himself in the last episode. While the hero tries to convince him that his remarkable intelligence should be put at the service of good rather than be used for destruction and tyranny, Gori commits suicide after replying that he would rather die than live with such an inferior and self-destructive race as the humans.

Spectreman specifications and powers
Disguised as a human being (Jôji "George" Gamô), Spectreman requests his transformation from the unseen stern but benevolent Overlord of the Nebula Star, or is ordered by same to do so. Saying "Ryōkai" (了解 - Japanese for "Roger"), or "Ready" in the US version, he raises his right hand towards the Nebula Star, which shoots a beam at him, transforming into Spectreman, a super-powered cyborg in a gold-and-copper cuirass, with a fin-topped full helmet with an angular metal face somewhat resembling the Rocketeer's signature headgear. Before transforming back into a human, however, he simply faints.

Spectreman starts out as human-sized and can increase his size at will.

In addition to superhuman strength and agility and the ability to fly, Spectreman's weapons included:
 * Spectre-Flash: Spectreman's ultimate weapon, a rainbow-like energy beam he shoots from his hands or wrists (depending on the pose he performs with his hands).
 * Shuriken: Multicolored shuriken, which he pulls from his belt buckle.
 * Spectre-Blades: Razor-sharp blades that spring forth from Spectreman's forearms.
 * Spectre-Sword & Shield: Sword and shield sent to Spectreman from Nebula Star when requesting them.
 * Spectre-Gun: A huge gun sent to Spectreman from Nebula Star when requesting them.

While Spectreman is virtually invincible, he can still be damaged. In one episode, when injured in the leg by an opposing monster, he bled green blood. He bled one other time, when bitten in the neck by a space vampire. Notably, his blood color had changed to bright yellow.

United States release
The entire 63-episode Spectreman series was dubbed into English and syndicated to television stations across North America, including Superstation TBS, starting in the fall of 1978 (more than seven years after the Japanese premiere). The English dubbing was co-written and performed by character actor Mel Welles, who is best known for his performance in the original film version of The Little Shop of Horrors. While the U.S. version is faithful to the original show for the most part, the most notable change is the new theme song created by a song writing team using the song "The First Day of Forever" from the album Awakening by the Mystic Moods Orchestra. The instrumental version was used as a substitute for the Japanese language theme song and was played over action scenes. The instrumental version of the Japanese theme song was usually left alone. Other changes were edits to remove some of the violence considered too intense for a U.S. children's show at the time. The dialogue was sometimes altered to add some of Mr. Welles' offbeat humor. While once available on VHS, the U.S. version has not been released on DVD or Blu-ray.

Episodes

 * 1) The Uncommon enemy (ゴリ・地球を狙う! "Gori, Chikyu o Nerau !")
 * 2) Hedron lives ! (公害怪獣ヘドロンを倒せ! "Kougai-kaiju Hedoron o Taose !")
 * 3) The Threat of Zeron ! (青ミドロの恐怖 "Ao-midoro no Kyoufu")
 * 4) Apeman in the streets ! (ラー地球人をさぐる "Rah, Chikyu-jin o Saguru")
 * 5) Terror of the Pollution People (恐怖の公害人間!! "Kyoufu no Kougai-ningen")
 * 6) Save The Beautiful Earth (美くしい地球のために!! "Utsukusii Chikyu no Tameni !!")
 * 7) The Killer smog (黒の恐怖 "Kuro no Kyoufu")
 * 8) Gokinosaurus (決斗!!ゴキノザウルス "Ketto !! Gokinozaurusu")
 * 9) Attack of the two headed beast (恐怖のネズバートン "Kyoufu no Nezubahdon")
 * 10) Attack of the two headed beast (怪獣列車を阻止せよ!! "Kaiju-ressha o Soshi Seyo")
 * 11) The Man-monster (巨大怪獣ダストマン出現!! "Kyodai-kaiju Dustman Shutsugen !")
 * 12) The Man-monster (よみがえる恐怖!! "Yomigaeru Kyoufu")
 * 13) The Dying sea (ヘドロン大逆襲 (前編) "Hedoron Dai-gyakushu Zenpen")
 * 14) The Dying sea (ヘドロン大逆襲 (后編) "Hedoron Dai-gyakushu Kouhen")
 * 15) The Day the Earth shook (大地震東京を襲う!! "Dai-jishin Tokyo o Osou")
 * 16) The Day the Earth shook (モグネチュードンの反撃!! "Mogunechudon no Hangeki !")
 * 17) Monster from the deep (空とぶ鯨サンダーゲイ "Sora-tobu Kujira Thunder-gei !")
 * 18) The Monster from the deep (怪獣島に潜入せよ!! "Kaiju-tou ni Sennyu Seyo")
 * 19) Terror in New Town (吸血怪獣バクラー現わる!! "Kyuuketsu-kaiju Bakurah Arawaru !")
 * 20) Terror in New Town (怪獣バクラーの巣をつぶせ!! "Kaiju Bakurah no Su o Tsubuse !")
 * 21) Visitor from Zunoh (謎のズノウ星人対ギラギンド "Nazo no Zunou-seijin Tai Giragindo")
 * 22) Visitor from Zunoh (二刀流怪獣ギラギンド大あばれ! "Nitou-ryu Kaiju Giragindo oh-abare !")
 * 23) Hit and run (交通事故怪獣クルマニクラス!! "Koutsuu-jiko Kaiju Kurumanikurasu !")
 * 24) Hit and run (危うし!!クルマニクラス "Ayaushi ! Kurumanikurasu")
 * 25) A Star called Satan (マグラー、サタンキング二大作戦!! "Magurah, Satanking Nidai-sakusen !")
 * 26) A Star called Satan (二大怪獣東京大決戦!! "Nidai-kaiju Tokyo Dai-kessen !")
 * 27) And the dead shall rise (大激戦!!七大怪獣 "Dai-gekisen ! 7 dai-kaiju")
 * 28) The Salamander (サラマンダー恐怖の襲撃!! "Saramandah Kyoufu no Shuhgeki")
 * 29) The Salamander (兇悪怪獣サラマンダーを殺せ!! "Kyouaku-kaiju Saramandah o Korose")
 * 30) Terror from the sea (タッグマッチ怪獣恐怖の上陸!! "Tag Match Kaiju Kyoufu no Jouriku")
 * 31) Terror from the sea (あの灯台を救え!! "Ano Toudai o Sukue !")
 * 32) The Three headed dragon (よみがえる三つ首竜!! "Yomigaeru Mitsu-kubi-ryu")
 * 33) The Three headed dragon (SOS!!海底油田 "SOS ! Kaitei-yuden")
 * 34) The Moon dweller's revenge (ムーンサンダーの怒り!! "Moonthunder no Ikari")
 * 35) The Moon dweller's revenge (スペクトルマンが死んだ!? "Spectreman ga Shinda !?")
 * 36) The Monster hunters (死斗!!Gメン対怪獣ベガロン "Shitou ! G-men tai Kaiju Begaron")
 * 37) Ape men from space (ゴリの円盤基地爆破大作戦!! "Gori no Enban-kichi Bakuha Dai-sakusen")
 * 38) The Floating sphinx (スフィンクス前進せよ!! "Sphinx Zensin seyo")
 * 39) Cave of spiders (怪獣地区突破作戦!! "Kaiju-chiku Toppa-sakusen")
 * 40) The Dancing monster (草笛を吹く怪獣 "Kusa-bue o fuku Kaiju")
 * 41) The Dancing monster (ガス怪獣暁に死す!! "Gas Kaiju Akatsuki ni Shisu")
 * 42) The Mask of evil (宇宙から来た太陽マスク "Uchu kara kita Taiyou-mask")
 * 43) The Mask of evil (怪獣カバゴンの出現!! "Kaiju Kabagon no Shutsugen !!")
 * 44) The Vampire from outer space (宇宙の通り魔キュドラー星人 "Uchu no Tohri-ma Kyudorah-seijin")
 * 45) The Vampire from outer space (パル遊星人よ永遠なれ!! "Pal-yuusei-jin yo Eien nare")
 * 46) Invasion from Gamma (死者からの招待状 "Shisha kara no Shoutai-jou")
 * 47) Invasion from Gamma (ガマ星人攻撃開始!! "Gama-seijin Kougeki Kaishi !!")
 * 48) Smart boy (ボビーよ怪獣になるな!! "Bobby yo Kaiju ni Naruna !!")
 * 49) Smart boy (悲しき天才怪獣ノーマン "Kanashiki Tensai-kaiju Noman")
 * 50) The Igorians are coming (イゴール星人を倒せ!! "Igohru-seijin o Taose !")
 * 51) The Igorians are coming (コバルト怪獣の謎 "Cobalt Kaiju no Nazo")
 * 52) The Birdman (怪獣マウントドラゴン輸送大作戦!! "Mount Dragon Yusou Dai-sakusen !!")
 * 53) The Day the Dog-God howled (恐怖の鉄の爪 "Kyoufu no Tetsu no Tsume")
 * 54) The Day the Dog-God howled (打倒せよ!!コンピューター怪獣 "Datou-seyo ! Computer-kaiju")
 * 55) The Lone Comet (スペクトルマン暗殺指令!! "Spectreman Ansatsu-shirei")
 * 56) The Lone Comet (宇宙の殺し屋流星仮面 "Uchu no Korosi-ya Ryusei-kamen")
 * 57) The Space witch (魔女グレートサタンの復活 "Majo Great Satan no Fukkatsu")
 * 58) The Space witch (まぼろしの怪獣ゴルダ "Maborosi no Kaiju Goruda")
 * 59) The Killer formula (地獄の使者ジェノス星人 "Jigoku no Shisha Genos-seijin")
 * 60) The Killer formula (怪獣ドクロン死の踊り "Kaiju Dokuron Shi no Odori")
 * 61) Fun City caper (恐怖の怪獣ショー "Kyoufu no Kaiju-show")
 * 62) The Flash game (最後の死斗だ猿人ゴリ!! "Saigo no Shitou da Enjin Gori")
 * 63) The Flash game (さようならスペクトルマン "Sayounara Spectreman")

In popular culture
Tuyama made a Spectreman Bowling Pump water gun in 1971. It resembled a bowling pin with an SD Spectreman sticker.

Spectreman was parodied in the Franco-Belgian series Télechat as Leguman. Rather than being made of machinery, Leguman was made of vegetables with carrots for arms, pea pods for legs, a jack o'lantern pumpkin for a head, and a radish chest emblem on his leotard, and he engaged in brief inane low budget live action battles with bizarre robot monsters based on everyday items (vacuum cleaners, juicers, etc.) in mundane urban settings, all while a male voice chanted his repetitive Spectreman-inspired theme song.

Spectreman is shown in the graphic novel The Arab of the Future by Riad Sattouf, as a Japanese TV show that the protagonist, as a kid, watches in Libya. The protagonist's father makes racist remarks, comparing ape-like villains with Africans, but the protagonist notices similitudes between Dr. Gori and his father.

The antagonist of the series Space Dandy, Dr. Gel, was inspired partially by Dr. Gori.

The hand gestures of the Powerpuff Girls character Mojo Jojo are clearly a tribute to Dr. Gori.

In Thailand, the series aired in 1972, leading to a large number of makers of toy products related to Spectreman, including a play money known as Bank Gamô (according Spectreman's human form name) and is still popularly known to this day.

Dr. Gori and Rah make guest appearances in the 2005 film Cromartie High – The Movie based on the manga Cromartie High School.

title: Spectreman


text:
Loy Yang Power Station

The Loy Yang Power Station is a brown coal- fired thermal power station located on the outskirts of the city of Traralgon, in south-eastern Victoria, Australia. It consists of two sections, known as Loy Yang A (4 units) and Loy Yang B (2 units). Both Loy Yang A and B are supplied by the Loy Yang brown coal mine. The Loy Yang power stations are located in the brown coal rich Latrobe Valley, along with the Yallourn Power Station.

If Loy Yang A and Loy Yang B are counted together they are the largest power station in Australia, generating 3280 MW of power (however, if counted separately, the 2,880 MW Eraring Power Station is the largest). Loy Yang A & B are base load power stations, and together produce 50% of Victoria's electricity requirements. Loy Yang also serves as the mainland connection point for the Basslink electricity interconnector cable which runs under Bass Strait, connecting it to the George Town sub-station in northern Tasmania.

Technical Features
All six Loy Yang boilers are of the forced circulation tower type and are made by International Combustion Australia. Steam is supplied at a pressure of 16 MPa and a temperature of 540 °C.

Loy Yang A
Loy Yang A has four generating units with a combined capacity of 2210 MW, which have been completed between 1984 and 1988. Loy Yang A consists of three units with Kraftwerk Union alternators (units 1, 3 and 4) and one unit by Brown Boveri & Cie (unit 2) that was supposed to be the second unit at the gas-fired Newport Power Station. Later during the 2000s the turbine/generator couplings were upgraded on the 3 Kraftwerk Union units to allow an increase in MCR to 560 MW. Loy Yang A is the mainland connection point for the Basslink electricity interconnector cable.

Loy Yang B
Loy Yang B has two units with a capacity of 1070 MW which entered service in 1993 and 1996. The two units have Hitachi turbo generators.

Loy Yang B employs up to 152 full-time staff and another 40 contractors. It is Victoria's newest and most efficient brown coal-fired power station and can generate approximately 17% of Victoria's power needs.

Fuel supply
Four giant bucket-wheel excavators, called dredgers, operate 24 hours a day in the Loy Yang open cut mine, mostly feeding coal directly to the boilers via conveyor belt, 18 hours of reserve supply is held in a 70000 t coal bunker. Each year approximately 30 e6t of coal are extracted from the open pit. The open cut coal mine pit is about 200 m deep, 3 km and 2 km wide at its widest. The current mining licence has been extended by the Victorian Government up to the year 2065.

History

The squatter James Rintoul established a stock run in the 1840s at the place where Sheepwash Creek meets the Latrobe River, which he called "Loy Yang", an Aboriginal name meaning "Big Eel".

Loy Yang facility was originally constructed through the 1980s by International Combustion Australia, who was contracted by the government-owned State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV). It consists of two separate units, Loy Yang A and Loy Yang B. Constructed in stages, it was originally planned that the Loy Yang complex would consist of eight generating units, of 525 MW each upon completion. The privatization of the SECV resulted in only six generating units being completed, four in Loy Yang A and two in Loy Yang B. The chimneys were constructed by Thiess Contractors.

In 1992, the Labor government sold a 51% stake of Loy Yang B to Mission Energy. Later Edison Mission bought the complete plant, and later again sold it to the joint venture International Power Mitsui. The Loy Yang complex was privatised in 1995, as were most of the assets of the SECV.

In 1995, Loy Yang B was the world's first coal-fired power station to gain quality accreditation to ISO 9001 and the first Australian power station to gain environmental accreditation to ISO 14001.

In March 2010 it was announced that the operators of Loy Yang A (Loy Yang Power) signed a contract with Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals Australia for the supply of electricity to power aluminium smelters at Portland and Point Henry until 2036. The Point Henry Smelter ceased operation in 2014 and is now closed.

In June 2012 AGL Energy acquired Loy Yang A and the Loy Yang coal mine. In 2020, AGL announced plans to build a 200 MW / 800 MWh (4 hours) battery storage power station at Loy Yang A to increase flexibility.

Until November 2017, Loy Yang B was jointly owned by Engie (formerly GDF Suez Australia), which held a 70% stake, and Mitsui & Co with 30%. In November 2017, Engie sold Loy Yang B to Chow Tai Fook Enterprises for a reported AU$1.2 billion, despite some reported that it was acquired by Chow Tai Fook Enterprises' subsidiary Alinta Energy instead.

In February 2024 all four units at Loy Yang A shut down after two transmission lines collapsed, while Loy Yang B continued operation. Wholesale power prices soared to the market cap at $16.6/kWh.

Greenhouse gas emissions
Carbon Monitoring for Action estimates this power station emits 14.4 e6t of greenhouse gases each year as a result of burning coal. On 3 September 2007 the Loy Yang complex was the target of climate change activists. The activists locked themselves to conveyor belts and reduced power production for several hours before being cut free. Four people were arrested.

On 23 September 2021 Environment Victoria took legal action against AGL Energy, which owns Loy Yang A (and also EnergyAustralia, owner of Yallourn power station, and Alinta at Loy Yang B) for failure to manage climate pollution, in a case that was the first to test the Victorian government’s climate change laws.

Engineering heritage award
The power station received an Engineering Heritage Marker from Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.

Future
In September 2022, AGL announced that Loy Yang A would close in 2035.

Alinta Energy, the owner of Loy Yang B, has announced an intention to operate it until 2047. However, the state government has announced a target that 95% of Victoria's electricity will be generated by renewable energy by 2035. It would be impossible to meet this target if Loy Yang B continued to operate in its present form. The Ex-Premier of Victoria, Daniel Andrews, has stated that it is unlikely to operate to the previously announced closure date.

title: Loy Yang Power Station


text: User talk:213.114.242.29

title: User talk:213.114.242.29


text: User talk:147.106.56.230

title: User talk:147.106.56.230


text:
DC One Million

"DC One Million" is a comic book crossover storyline which ran through an eponymous weekly miniseries and through special issues of almost all of the "DCU" titles published by DC Comics in November 1998. It featured a vision of the DC Universe in the 853rd century (85,201–85,300 AD), chosen because that is the century in which DC will have published issue #1,000,000 of Action Comics if it maintains a regular monthly publishing schedule. The miniseries was written by Grant Morrison and drawn by Val Semeiks.

Set-up
The core of the event was a four-issue miniseries, in which the 20th-century Justice League of America and the 853rd-century Justice Legion Alpha cooperate to defeat a plot by the supervillain Vandal Savage (who, as an immortal, lives to the far flung century) and future Superman nemesis Solaris the Living Sun. Thirty-four other series then being published by DC also put out a single issue numbered #1,000,000, which either showed its characters' involvement in the central plot or gave a glimpse of what its characters' descendants/successors would be doing in the 853rd century. Hitman #1,000,000 was essentially a parody of the entire storyline. A trade paperback collection was subsequently published consisting of the four-issue mini-series and the tie-in issues that were necessary to follow the main plot. The series was then followed by a one-shot issue titled DC One Million 80-Page Giant #1,000,000 (1999), which was a collection of further adventures in the life of the future heroes.

Plot
In the 853rd century, the original Superman ("Superman-Prime One Million") still lives, but has spent over 15,000 years in self-imposed exile deep within his Fortress of Solitude, located at the heart of the Sun, in order to keep it alive. During this time of absence, everyone he knew and loved died one by one. One of his descendants is "Kal Kent", the Superman of the 853rd century.

The galaxy in this far future is protected by the Justice Legions, which were inspired by the 20th-century Justice League and the 31st-century Legion of Super-Heroes, among others. Justice Legion Alpha, which protects the solar system, includes Kal Kent and future analogues of Wonder Woman, the Hourman, Starman, Aquaman, the Flash and Batman. Advanced terraforming processes have made all the Solar System's planets habitable, with the ones most distant from the Sun being warmed by Solaris, a "star computer" which was once a villain, but was reprogrammed by one of Superman's descendants.

Superman-Prime announces that he will soon return to humanity and, to celebrate, Justice Legion Alpha travels back in time to the late 20th century to meet Superman's original teammates in the JLA and bring them and Superman to the future to participate in games and displays of power as part of the celebration.

Meanwhile, in Russia, Vandal Savage single-handedly defeats the Titans (Arsenal, Tempest, Jesse Quick and Supergirl) when they attempt to stop him from purchasing nuclear-powered Rocket Red suits. He then launches four Rocket Red suits (with a Titan trapped inside each of the four) in a nuclear strike on Washington D.C., Metropolis, Brussels and Singapore.

One member of the Justice Legion Alpha (the future Starman) has been bribed into betraying his teammates by Solaris, which has returned to its old habits. Before the original heroes can be returned to their own time, the future Hourman android collapses and releases a virus programmed by Solaris to attack machines and humans.

The virus affects the guidance systems of the Rocket Red suits and causes one of them to instead detonate over Montevideo, killing over 1 million people. Tempest (the Titan inside) had escaped long before the suit exploded by using the ice that formed on the suit at high altitude, although he subsequently blacked out and fell into the sea. The virus also drives humans insane, causing an increase in anger and paranoia worldwide. Believing that this was deliberately planned by the JLA to stop him, Savage launches an all-out war on superhumans using "blitz engines" he had created and hidden while allied with Hitler during World War II. The paranoia caused by the virus also leads the Justice Legion Alpha and the contemporary heroes to attack each other, although the Justice Legion Alpha manage to coordinate themselves enough to stop the other Rocket Red suits from hitting their targets.

The remnants of the JLA that stayed in the present and the Justice Legion Alpha overcome their paranoia when the future Superman and Steel realize the significance of the symbol they both wear; as the Huntress had pointed out to Steel earlier, wearing the 'S' means that he has to make the hard choices. The two JLAs are eventually able to stop the virus when it is discovered that it is a complex computer program looking for appropriate hardware. To provide this hardware, the heroes are forced to build the body of Solaris (including in it a DNA sample of Superman's wife Lois Lane) and the virus flees from Earth to this body, bringing Solaris to life. In a final act of repentance, the future Starman sacrifices himself to banish Solaris from the Solar System. The future Superman forces himself through time using confiscated time travel technology he finds in the Watchtower, almost dying in the process due to the drain on his powers.

Meanwhile, in the 853rd century, the original JLA are fighting an alliance between Solaris and Vandal Savage. Savage has found a sample of kryptonite on Mars (where it was left by the future Starman back in the 20th century), which he gives to Solaris. Savage has also hired Walker Gabriel to steal the time travel gauntlets of the 853rd century Flash (John Fox) to ensure the Justice Legion Alpha remains trapped in the past, but ultimately double-crosses Gabriel.

Solaris, in a final attack, slaughters thousands of superhumans so that it can fire the kryptonite into the sun and kill Superman-Prime before he emerges. The JLA's Green Lantern — a hero who uses a power that Solaris has never encountered before — causes Solaris to go supernova and he and the 853rd century Superman contain the resulting blast — but not before the kryptonite is released.

The future Vandal Savage teleports from Mars to Earth using the stolen Time-Gauntlets. It turns out, however, that Walker Gabriel and Mitch Shelley, the Resurrection Man (an immortal who had become Savage's greatest foe through the millennia), had sabotaged the Gauntlets so that Savage, instead of travelling only in space, also travels through time, arriving in Montevideo moments before the nuclear blast he caused centuries earlier, finally bringing his life to an end.

It is then revealed that a secret conspiracy — forewarned by the trouble in the 20th century, mainly in that the Huntress, inspired by the time capsules which students in her class were currently making, realized they had centuries to foil the plot — has spent the intervening centuries coming up with a foolproof plan for stopping Solaris. Their actions included replacing the hidden kryptonite with a disguised Green Lantern power ring, with which the original Superman emerges from the Sun and finishes off Solaris.

In the aftermath, the original Superman and the future Hourman use the DNA sample to recreate Lois Lane, complete with superpowers. Superman then also recreates Krypton, along with all its deceased inhabitants, in Earth's Solar system, and lives happily ever after with Lois.

Later, in the miniseries The Kingdom, it is established that this timeline is merely one of many possibilities and thus not definite due to the mutable effects of Hypertime.

Crossovers
Alongside the main DC One Million miniseries and the accompanying 80-Page Giant issue, the following ongoing DC Comics books also partook in the event:

 * Action Comics
 * Adventures of Superman
 * Aquaman
 * Azrael
 * Batman
 * Batman: Shadow of the Bat
 * Booster Gold
 * Catwoman
 * Chase
 * Chronos
 * Creeper
 * Detective Comics
 * Flash
 * Green Arrow
 * Green Lantern
 * Hitman
 * Hourman
 * Impulse
 * JLA
 * Legion of Super-Heroes (vol. 4)
 * Legionnaires
 * Lobo
 * Martian Manhunter
 * Nightwing
 * The Power of Shazam (vol. 2)
 * Resurrection Man
 * Robin
 * Starman (vol. 2)
 * Superboy
 * Supergirl
 * Superman (vol. 2)
 * Superman: The Man of Steel
 * Superman: The Man of Tomorrow
 * Wonder Woman
 * Young Heroes in Love
 * Young Justice

The Justice Legions
There are 24 Justice Legions, each based on 20th- and 30th-century superhero teams. Those featured include:
 * Justice Legion A is based on the Justice League.
 * Justice Legion B is based on the Titans. Members include Nightwing (a bat-like humanoid), Aqualad (a humanoid made from water), Troy (a younger version of the 853rd century Wonder Woman), Arsenal (a robot) and Joto (killed in a teleporter accident).
 * Justice Legion L is based on the Legion of Super-Heroes and protects an artificially created planetary system (all that remains of the 30th Century United Planets). Members include Cosmicbot (a cyborg based on magnetism, modelled on Cosmic Boy), Titangirl (the combined psychic energy of all Titanians, based on Saturn Girl), Implicate Girl (who contains the abilities of all three trillion Carggites in her "third eye", very loosely based on Triplicate Girl), Brainiac 417 (a disembodied intelligence, based on Brainiac 5 and Apparition), the M'onelves (who combine the powers of M'onel and Shrinking Violet) and barely humanoid versions of Umbra and Chameleon.
 * Justice Legion S consists of numerous Superboy clones, all with different powers. Members include Superboy 820 (with aquatic powers), Superboy 3541 (who can increase his size) and Superboy One Million (who can channel any of their powers through "the Eye"). They all (most notably One Million) resemble OMAC as much as Superboy. This was an intentional pun, as the title of the story was "One Million And Counting", which referred to the 1 million clones and formed the OMAC acronym.
 * Justice Legion T is based on Young Justice. Members include Superboy One Million (as referred to above), Robin the Toy Wonder (an optimistic robot sidekick to the 853rd century Batman) and Impulse (the living embodiment of random thoughts lost in the Speed Force).
 * Justice Legion Z (for Zoomorphs) is based on the Legion of Super-Pets. Members include Proty One Million and Master Mind. A version of Comet the Super-Horse is also a member.

Other characters
Several other futuristic versions of DC characters appeared in the crossover, including:
 * the Atom
 * Azrael
 * Booster Gold
 * Catwoman
 * Charade City
 * Gunfire
 * Lex Luthor
 * Supergirl
 * Captain Marvel

Later references
In 2008, 10 years after the crossover, an issue of Booster Gold (vol. 2) was published as Booster Gold #1,000,000 and was announced as an official DC One Million tie-in by DC Comics. This comic introduced Peter Platinum, the Booster Gold of the 853rd century.

Grant Morrison's All-Star Superman miniseries made several references to the DC One Million miniseries. The Superman from DC One Million makes an appearance and the series ends with Superman becoming an energy being who resides in the Sun after his body has been supercharged with yellow solar energy (similar in appearance to Superman-Prime) and Solaris makes an appearance as well.

Morrison's Batman #700 also briefly shows the One Million Batman and his sidekick—Robin, the Toy Wonder—alongside a number of future iterations of Batman.

The One Million Batman, Robin the Toy Wonder and One Million Superman play a significant role in Superman/Batman #79–80, in which Epoch battles Batmen and Supermen from various time periods.

By signing into WBID account in the video game Batman: Arkham Origins, the costume of the One Million version of Batman will be unlocked for use.

Awards
The original miniseries was a top vote-getter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Limited Series for 1999. The storyline was a top vote-getter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Award for Favorite Story for 1999.

Collected editions

 * DC One Million, later reprinted with the title JLA: One Million (208 pages, DC Comics, June 1999, ISBN 1-56389-525-0, Titan Books, June 1999, ISBN 1-84023-094-0, DC Comics, June 2004, ISBN 1-4012-0320-5) collects:
 * DC One Million (by Grant Morrison, with pencils by Val Semeiks and inks by Prentis Rollins/Jeff Albrecht/Del Barras, four-issue miniseries)
 * Green Lantern #1,000,000 (by Ron Marz, with pencils by Bryan Hitch and inks by Andy Lanning/Paul Neary)
 * Resurrection Man #1,000,000 (by Dan Abnett/Andy Lanning, with art by Jackson Guice)
 * Starman #1,000,000 (by James Robinson, with pencils by Peter Snejbjerg and inks by Wade Von Grawbadger)
 * JLA #1,000,000 (by Grant Morrison, with pencils by Howard Porter and inks by John Dell)
 * Superman: The Man of Tomorrow #1,000,000 (by Mark Schultz, with pencils by Georges Jeanty and inks by Dennis Janke/Denis Rodier)
 * Detective Comics #1,000,000 (by Chuck Dixon, with pencils by Greg Land and inks by Drew Geraci)
 * DC One Million Omnibus (1,080 pages, DC Comics, October 2013, ISBN 978-1-4012-4243-5) collects:
 * DC One Million #1–4, plus the #1,000,000 issues of Action Comics, Adventures Of Superman, Aquaman, Azrael, Batman, Batman: Shadow Of The Bat, Catwoman, Chase, Chronos, The Creeper, Detective Comics, The Flash, Green Arrow, Green Lantern, Hitman, Impulse, JLA, Legion of Super-Heroes, Legionnaires, Lobo, Martian Manhunter, Nightwing, Power Of Shazam, Resurrection Man, Robin, Starman, Superboy, Supergirl, Superman (vol. 2), Superman: The Man of Steel, Superman: The Man of Tomorrow, Wonder Woman and Young Justice; as well as Booster Gold #1,000,000, DC One Million 80-Page Giant #1 and Superman/Batman #79–80 (the Omnibus did not include the #1,000,000 issue of Young Heroes in Love, as it was a creator-owned series).

title: DC One Million


text:
High-definition video

High-definition video (HD video) is video of higher resolution and quality than standard-definition. While there is no standardized meaning for high-definition, generally any video image with considerably more than 480 vertical scan lines (North America) or 576 vertical lines (Europe) is considered high-definition. 480 scan lines is generally the minimum even though the majority of systems greatly exceed that. Images of standard resolution captured at rates faster than normal (60 frames/second North America, 50 fps Europe), by a high-speed camera may be considered high-definition in some contexts. Some television series shot on high-definition video are made to look as if they have been shot on film, a technique which is often known as filmizing.

History
The first electronic scanning format, 405 lines, was the first high definition television system, since the mechanical systems it replaced had far fewer. From 1939, Europe and the US tried 605 and 441 lines until, in 1941, the FCC mandated 525 for the US. In wartime France, René Barthélemy tested higher resolutions, up to 1,042. In late 1949, official French transmissions finally began with 819. In 1984, however, this standard was abandoned for 625-line color on the TF1 network.

Analog
Modern HD specifications date to the early 1980s, when Japanese engineers developed the HighVision 1,125-line interlaced TV standard (also called MUSE) that ran at 60 frames per second. The Sony HDVS system was presented at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers, April 1981 and Japan's NHK presented its analog high-definition television (HDTV) system at a Swiss conference in 1983.

The NHK system was standardized in the United States as Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) standard #240M in the early 1990s, but abandoned later on when it was replaced by a DVB analog standard. HighVision video is still usable for HDTV video interchange, but there is almost no modern equipment available to perform this function. Attempts at implementing HighVision as a 6 MHz broadcast channel were mostly unsuccessful. All attempts at using this format for terrestrial TV transmission were abandoned by the mid-1990s.

Europe developed HD-MAC (1,250 lines, 50 Hz), a member of the MAC family of hybrid analogue/digital video standards; however, it never took off as a terrestrial video transmission format. HD-MAC was never designated for video interchange except by the European Broadcasting Union.

Digital
High-definition digital video was not possible with uncompressed video due to impractically high memory and bandwidth requirements, with a bit rate exceeding $1 Gbit/s$ for 1080p video. Digital HDTV was enabled by the development of discrete cosine transform (DCT) video compression. The DCT is a lossy compression technique that was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972, and was later adapted into a motion-compensated DCT algorithm for video coding formats such as the H.26x formats from the Video Coding Experts Group from 1988 onwards and the MPEG formats from 1993 onwards. Motion-compensated DCT compression significantly reduced the amount of memory and bandwidth required for digital video, capable of achieving a data compression ratio of around 100:1 compared to uncompressed video. By the early 1990s, DCT video compression had been widely adopted as the video coding standard for HDTV.

The current high-definition video standards in North America were developed during the course of the advanced television process initiated by the Federal Communications Commission in 1987 at the request of American broadcasters. In essence, the end of the 1980s was a death knell for most analog high definition technologies that had developed up to that time.

The FCC process, led by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) adopted a range of standards from interlaced 1,080-line video (a technical descendant of the original analog NHK 1125/30 Hz system) with a maximum frame rate of 30 Hz, (60 fields per second) and 720-line video, progressively scanned, with a maximum frame rate of 60 Hz.

In the end, however, the DVB standard of resolutions (1080, 720, 480) and respective frame rates (24, 25, 30) were adopted in conjunction with the Europeans that were also involved in the same standardization process. The FCC officially adopted the ATSC transmission standard in 1996 (which included both HD and SD video standards).

In the early 2000s, it looked as if DVB would be the video standard far into the future. However, both Brazil and China have adopted alternative standards for high-definition video that preclude the interoperability that was hoped for after decades of largely non-interoperable analog TV broadcasting.

Technical details
High definition video (prerecorded and broadcast) is defined threefold, by:
 * The number of lines in the vertical display resolution. High-definition television (HDTV) resolution is 1,080 or 720 lines. In contrast, regular digital television (DTV) is 480 lines (upon which NTSC is based, 480 visible scanlines out of 525) or 576 lines (upon which PAL/SECAM are based, 576 visible scanlines out of 625). However, since HD is broadcast digitally, its introduction sometimes coincides with the introduction of DTV. Additionally, current DVD quality is not high-definition, although the high-definition disc systems Blu-ray Disc and the HD DVD are.
 * The scanning system: progressive scanning (p) or interlaced scanning (i). Progressive scanning (p) redraws an image frame (all of its lines) when refreshing each image, for example 720p/1080p. Interlaced scanning (i) draws the image field every other line or odd-numbered lines during the first image refresh operation, and then draws the remaining even numbered lines during a second refreshing, for example 1080i. Interlaced scanning yields image resolution if subject is not moving, but loses up to half of the resolution and suffers combing artifacts when subject is moving.
 * The number of frames or fields per second (Hz). In Europe more common (50 Hz) television broadcasting system and in USA (60 Hz). The 720p60 format is 1,280 × 720 pixels, progressive encoding with 60 frames per second (60 Hz). The 1080i50/1080i60 format is 1920 × 1080 pixels, interlaced encoding with 50/60 fields, (50/60 Hz) per second. Two interlaced fields formulate a single frame, because the two fields of one frame are temporally shifted. Frame pulldown and segmented frames are special techniques that allow transmitting full frames by means of interlaced video stream.

Often, the rate is inferred from the context, usually assumed to be either 50 Hz (Europe) or 60 Hz (USA), except for 1080p, which denotes 1080p24, 1080p25, and 1080p30, but also 1080p50 and 1080p60.

A frame or field rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second and 50i means 25 progressive frames per second, consisting of 50 interlaced fields per second. Most HDTV systems support some standard resolutions and frame or field rates. The most common are noted below. High-definition signals require a high-definition television or computer monitor in order to be viewed. High-definition video has an aspect ratio of 16:9 (1.78:1). The aspect ratio of regular widescreen film shot today is typically 1.85:1 or 2.39:1 (sometimes traditionally quoted at 2.35:1). Standard-definition television (SDTV) has a 4:3 (1.33:1) aspect ratio, although in recent years many broadcasters have transmitted programs squeezed horizontally in 16:9 anamorphic format, in hopes that the viewer has a 16:9 set which stretches the image out to normal-looking proportions, or a set which squishes the image vertically to present a letterbox view of the image, again with correct proportions.

The EU defines HD resolution as 1920 x 1080 pixels or 2 073 600 pixels and UHD resolution as 3840 x 2160 pixels or 8 294 400 pixels.

Ultra high-definition video modes
Note: 1 Image is either a frame or, in case of interlaced scanning, two fields (EVEN and ODD).

Also, there are less common but still popular UltraWide resolutions, such as 2560×1080p (1080p UltraWide).

There is also a WQHD+ option for some of these.

HD content
High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, high definition disc (BD), digital cameras, Internet downloads, and video game consoles.

 * Most computers are capable of HD or higher resolutions over VGA, DVI, HDMI and/or DisplayPort.
 * The optical disc standard Blu-ray Disc can provide enough digital storage to store hours of HD video content. Digital Versatile Discs or DVDs (that hold 4.7 GB for a Single layer or 8.5 GB for a double layer), are not always up to the challenge of today's high-definition (HD) sets. Storing and playing HD movies requires a disc that holds more information, like a Blu-ray Disc (which hold 25 GB in single layer form and 50 GB for double layer) or the now-defunct High Definition Digital Versatile Discs (HD DVDs) which held 15 GB or 30 GB in, respectively, single and double layer variations.

Blu-ray Discs were jointly developed by 9 initial partners including Sony and Phillips (which jointly developed CDs for audio), and Pioneer (which developed its own Laser-disc previously with some success) among others. HD DVD discs were primarily developed by Toshiba and NEC with some backing from Microsoft, Warner Bros., Hewlett Packard, and others. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced it was abandoning the format and would discontinue development, marketing and manufacturing of HD DVD players and drives.

Types of recorded media
The high resolution photographic film used for cinema projection is exposed at the rate of 24 frames per second but usually projected at 48, each frame getting projected twice helping to minimise flicker. One exception to this was the 1986 National Film Board of Canada short film Momentum, which briefly experimented with both filming and projecting at 48 frame/s, in a process known as IMAX HD.

Depending upon available bandwidth and the amount of detail and movement in the image, the optimum format for video transfer is either 720p24 or 1080p24. When shown on television in PAL system countries, film must be projected at the rate of 25 frames per second by accelerating it by 4.1 percent. In NTSC standard countries, the projection rate is 30 frames per second, using a technique called 3:2 pull-down. One film frame is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second), and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second) and then the process is repeated, thus achieving the correct film projection rate with two film frames shown in one twelfth of a second.

Older (pre-HDTV) recordings on video tape such as Betacam SP are often either in the form 480i60 or 576i50. These may be upconverted to a higher resolution format, but removing the interlace to match the common 720p format may distort the picture or require filtering which actually reduces the resolution of the final output.

Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings are recorded in either the 720p or the 1080i format. The format used is set by the broadcaster (if for television broadcast). In general, 720p is more accurate with fast action, because it progressively scans frames, instead of the 1080i, which uses interlaced fields and thus might degrade the resolution of fast images.

720p is used more for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because computer monitors progressively scan; 720p video has lower storage-decoding requirements than either the 1080i or the 1080p. This is also the medium for high-definition broadcasts around the world and 1080p is used for Blu-ray movies.

HD in filmmaking
Film as a medium has inherent limitations, such as difficulty of viewing footage while recording, and suffers other problems, caused by poor film development/processing, or poor monitoring systems. Given that there is increasing use of computer-generated or computer-altered imagery in movies, and that editing picture sequences is often done digitally, some directors have shot their movies using the HD format via high-end digital video cameras. While the quality of HD video is very high compared to SD video, and offers improved signal/noise ratios against comparable sensitivity film, film remains able to resolve more image detail than current HD video formats. In addition some films have a wider dynamic range (ability to resolve extremes of dark and light areas in a scene) than even the best HD cameras. Thus the most persuasive arguments for the use of HD are currently cost savings on film stock and the ease of transfer to editing systems for special effects.

Depending on the year and format in which a movie was filmed, the exposed image can vary greatly in size. Sizes range from as big as 24 mm × 36 mm for VistaVision/Technirama 8 perforation cameras (same as 35 mm still photo film) going down through 18 mm × 24 mm for Silent Films or Full Frame 4 perforations cameras to as small as 9 mm × 21 mm in Academy Sound Aperture cameras modified for the Techniscope 2 perforation format. Movies are also produced using other film gauges, including 70 mm films (22 mm × 48 mm) or the rarely used 55 mm and CINERAMA.

The four major film formats provide pixel resolutions (calculated from pixels per millimeter) roughly as follows:

 * Academy Sound (Sound movies before 1955): 15 mm × 21 mm (1.375) = 2,160 × 2,970
 * Academy camera US Widescreen: 11 mm × 21 mm (1.85) = 1,605 × 2,970
 * Current Anamorphic Panavision ("Scope"): 17.5 mm × 21 mm (2.39) = 2,485 × 2,970
 * Super-35 for Anamorphic prints: 10 mm × 24 mm (2.39) = 1,420 × 3,390

In the process of making prints for exhibition, this negative is copied onto other film (negative → interpositive → internegative → print) causing the resolution to be reduced with each emulsion copying step and when the image passes through a lens (for example, on a projector). In many cases, the resolution can be reduced down to 1/6 of the original negative's resolution (or worse). Note that resolution values for 70 mm film are higher than those listed above.

HD on the World Wide Web/HD streaming
Many online video streaming, on-demand and digital download services offer HD video. Due to heavy compression, the image detail produced by these formats can be far below that of broadcast HD, and often even inferior to DVD-Video (3-9 Mbit/s MP2) upscaled to the same image size. The following is a chart of numerous online services and their HD offering:

HD in video surveillance
Since the late 2000s a considerably large number of security camera manufacturers have started to produce HD cameras. The need for high resolution, color fidelity, and frame rate is acute for surveillance purposes to ensure that the quality of the video output is of an acceptable standard that can be used both for preventative surveillance as well as for evidence purposes.

Although, HD cameras can be highly effective indoor, special industries with outdoor environments called for a need to produce much higher resolutions for effective coverage. The ever-evolving image sensor technologies allowed manufacturers to develop cameras with 10-20 MP resolutions, which therefore have become efficient instruments to monitor larger areas.

In order to further increase the resolution of security cameras, some manufacturers developed multi-sensor cameras. Within these devices several sensor-lens combinations produce the images, which are later merged during image processing. These security cameras are able to deliver even hundreds of megapixels with motion picture frame rate.

Such high resolutions, however, requires special recording, storage and also video stream display technologies.

HD in video gaming
Both the PlayStation 3 the Xbox 360 game consoles can output native 1080p through HDMI or component cables, but the systems have few games which appear in 1080p; most games only run natively at 720p or less but can be upscaled to 1080p. Visually, native 1080p produces a sharper and clearer picture compared to upscaled 1080p. The Wii does not support HD. In the 8th generation, Nintendo's Wii U and Nintendo Switch, Microsoft's Xbox One, and Sony's PlayStation 4 display games 1080p natively. The Nintendo Switch is an unusual case, due to its hybrid nature as both a home console and a handheld: the built-in screen displays games at 720p maximum, but the console can natively display imagery at 1080p when docked. The Xbox One X and PlayStation 4 Pro can display some games in 4K. The PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X can display games in 4K and 8K.

Generally, PC games are only limited by the display's resolution and GPU driver support. Some PC hardware supports DisplayPort 2.1 for native 8k resolution at high refresh rates. Ultrawide monitors are supported, which can display more of the game world than a traditional display with a 16:9 aspect ratio, and multi-monitor setups are possible, such as having a single game span across three monitors for a more immersive experience.

title: High-definition video


text:
Free Software Magazine

Free Software Magazine (also known as FSM and originally titled The Open Voice) is a Web site that produces a (generally bi-monthly) mostly free-content online magazine about free software.

It was started in November 2004 by Australian Tony Mobily, the former editor of TUX Magazine, under the auspices of The Open Company Partners, Inc. (based in the United States), and carried the subtitle The free magazine for the free software world.

History
FSM was originally conceived by its creator as a magazine to be sold in both print and electronic formats, with a higher signal-to-noise ratio than mass-produced print Linux magazines. Under this model, the articles were freely licensed six weeks after the print edition's publication. As O'Reilly Media's onLAMP.com noted, "several excellent magazines cover Linux, but they’re directed at particular subsets of Linux users and don’t have the broad mandate of Free Software Magazine."

However, the high costs of printing and postage resulted in the magazine moving to exclusively electronic publication via PDF.

PDF version history
Initially a print-ready, hand-crafted PDF version was available for download. With Issue 16 (February 2007), this was withdrawn, with the publishers citing time and money constraints. As a result, the magazine is no longer available in print copy. This move sparked a harsh response from some members of the community. As a result, from March 2008, PDF and printer friendly version of articles and PDF versions of entire issues were made available to all logged-in users. These PDF files are created automatically using TOXIC$\langle\rangle$ and omit the styling and presentation of the print-ready ones.

Content
FSM devotes most of its context to Linux, the GNU Project and free software in general, including articles about software freedom and how it can be protected. The issues had three main sections:
 * Power-up: Non-technical articles about various subjects (interviews, opinions, book reviews, etc.)
 * User space: Articles aimed at end users.
 * Hacker's code: Technical articles about what can be achieved with free software.

Most of the articles are released under a free license (generally a Creative Commons License or GNU Free Documentation License). Some articles are released under a verbatim-copying-only license.

In keeping with the move to more on-line content, FSM moved to blog-style columns where regular authors write on more political, philosophical and ethical aspects of the free software world, and discuss free software advocacy and community in addition to tutorials and reviews of free software. There is also a community posts section which allows registered users to post similar blog-style pieces. The site also features a regular webcomic "the Bizarre Cathedral".

Free Software Daily
Free Software Daily (FS Daily) was a website originally created by the staff of FSM that posted summaries of articles about free software. At first, it was based on Slash and was similar in nature to Slashdot.org. However, the project died before it could gain momentum, mainly because of the huge hardware resources required by Slash and the time constraints of the FSM staff.

The FSM website's blogs somewhat filled the gap that Free Software Daily originally planned to fill. But later, FS Daily came back, first as a Pligg based site, and then as a Drigg site. Drigg was developed by Free Software Magazine's editor Tony Mobily specifically for FSDaily. However, Drigg is now available as a standard Drupal module.

Although Free Software Magazine and Free Software Daily share similar motives and a common root, they are no longer directly connected.

Free Software Magazine Press
In 2009 Free Software Magazine Press published their first book under the imprint of Free Software Magazine Press. The book, Achieving Impossible Things with Free Culture and Commons-Based Enterprise by Terry Hancock, was published both as a printed book and as a series of free articles released under an "Attribution Share-Alike" Creative Commons license.

title: Free Software Magazine


text:
Sunny Day Real Estate (album)

Sunny Day Real Estate is the second studio album by American rock band Sunny Day Real Estate. The band's label, Sub Pop, distributed the album under the title LP2. Due to its simple pink cover, the album is often referred to as "The Pink Album". It was the band's final release to feature founding bassist Nate Mendel until their single "Lipton Witch", released in 2014 after their third breakup.

The album was remastered and reissued in 2009, with bonus tracks and newly written liner notes. The bonus tracks are "Spade and Parade" (originally a B-side of the song "Friday") and "Bucket of Chicken" (released as a B-side to the song "How It Feels to be Something On").

Overview
The album is entirely covered in pink, with the band's name across the cover in small type, and doesn't include any liner notes. The cover's simple design and nickname is a reference to The Beatles' eponymous 1968 double album, known as "The White Album". This album was released in November 1995, several months after the band's first break-up.

"8" and "Friday" were re-recorded for the album. Both songs had been recorded and released previously on 7-inch singles. The final track, "Rodeo Jones", was recorded during the sessions for the previous album, Diary, and was previously released as a b-side on the "In Circles" promo single. In addition, "8" is featured on the Batman Forever soundtrack.

In November 1995, Sub Pop released the band's second album, bearing only the label Sunny Day Real Estate. The album was released without cover art or liner notes, and was distributed by Sub Pop as LP2. It has also occasionally been referred to as "The Pink Album", a reference to its solid pink cover. When Sub Pop contacted the band for artwork for the release, the band had nothing to offer, so Goldsmith suggested that they "make it pink". The album included the songs recorded during the brief sessions, as well as tracks such as "Rodeo Jones" that were recorded during the sessions for Diary.

Enigk confessed in an interview in December 2008 that because the band had already broken up during the recording of LP2, he and Hoerner never sat down to complete the lyrics; "We broke up and we just felt like we were done. We put no energy into the artwork or into anything. On a lot of songs, there aren’t lyrics! In a lot of cases, we never sat down to write them, because we just wanted to get it out of the way as fast as possible. So I just sang a lot of gibberish, which makes it really quirky. My favorite is the Japanese translations".

"Red Elephant" was ranked at number 44 on Spin's "The 95 Best Alternative Rock Songs of 1995" list.

Demos
The band recorded demos for all the songs on the album except for "Rodeo Jones", which had already been demoed and recorded at the Diary sessions. "The Crow" was later re-recorded as "Bucket Of Chicken" and released as a b-side to the song "How It Feels To Be Something On" in 1998. Only one tape from those sessions has surfaced. The demos for "J'nuh" and "Iscarabaid" are instrumental. The track list is as follows:

 * 1) "Theo B"
 * 2) "5/4"
 * 3) "Red Elephant"
 * 4) "Friday"
 * 5) "Waffle"
 * "8"
 * 1) "J'nuh"
 * 2) "Iscarabaid"
 * 3) "The Crow"

Personnel

 * Jeremy Enigk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards
 * Dan Hoerner – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Nate Mendel – bass guitar
 * William Goldsmith – drums, percussion

title: Sunny Day Real Estate (album)


text:
Olivary body

The olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin oliva and olivae, singular and plural, respectively) are a pair of prominent oval structures on either side of the medullary pyramids in the medulla, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei.

Structure
Each olivary body is located on the anterior surface of the medulla lateral to the pyramid, from which it is separated by the antero-lateral sulcus and the fibers of the hypoglossal nerve.

Behind (dorsally), it is separated from the postero-lateral sulcus by the ventral spinocerebellar fasciculus. In the depression between the upper end of the olive and the pons lies the vestibulocochlear nerve.

In humans, it measures about 1.25 cm in length, and between its upper end and the pons there is a slight depression to which the roots of the facial nerve are attached.

The external arcuate fibers wind across the lower part of the pyramid and olive and enter the inferior peduncle.

Olivary nuclei
The olive consists of two parts:
 * The inferior olivary nucleus (or 'complex'), which is a part of the olivo-cerebellar system and is mainly involved in cerebellar motor-learning and function.
 * The superior olivary nucleus, considered part of the pons and part of the auditory system, aiding the perception of sound.

The inferior olive in itself is divided to 3 main nuclei:
 * The primary olivary nucleus (PO) which consist of the major laminar structure.
 * The medial accessory olivary nucleus (MAO) lies between the primary olivary nucleus and the pyramid, and forms a curved lamina, the concavity of which is directed laterally.
 * The dorsal accessory olivary nucleus (DAO) is the smallest, and appears on transverse section as a curved lamina behind the primary olivary nucleus.

Small additional inferior olivary structures consist of the dorsal cap of Kooy and the ventrolateral outgrowth.

title: Olivary body


text:
Inferior olivary nucleus

The inferior olivary nucleus (ION) is a structure found in the medulla oblongata underneath the superior olivary nucleus. In vertebrates, the ION is known to coordinate signals from the spinal cord to the cerebellum to regulate motor coordination and learning. These connections have been shown to be tightly associated, as degeneration of either the cerebellum or the ION results in degeneration of the other.

Neurons of the ION are glutamatergic and receive inhibitory input via GABA receptors. There are two distinct GABAα receptor populations that are spatially organized within each neuron present in the ION. The GABAα receptor make-up varies based on where the receptor localizes on the ION neuron. The reason for this spatial distribution is unknown. It has been proposed that the distinct populations of GABAα receptors allows for fine-tuned regulation within the ION.

Structure
The inferior olivary nucleus (ION) has a distinct laminar structure. It is located posterior to the pyramid but anterior to the inferior cerebellar peduncle. These lamina house the cell bodies of the olivocerebellar fibers. These neurons are the major input source for the cerebellum. Their axons are referred to as climbing fibers. These climbing fibers leave the ION medially through the hilum, cross the midline, and ascend into the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. The target for each climbing fiber is a specific neuron in the cerebellum referred to as a Purkinje Cell. During development, there are multiple climbing fibers on a purkinje cell, however these are pruned off during postnatal development, thus leaving a mature purkinje cell with a single climbing fiber.

There are three major components of the IO.
 * 1) Primary olivary nucleus (PO) – This is the major laminar structure, and its distinct folds can be seen clearly.
 * 2) * The PO receives signals from other components of the brainstem, such as the red nucleus and the N. Darkschewitsch. The PO also receives signals from the cerebral cortex.
 * 3) * The PO targets the intermediate cerebellum as well as the cerebellar hemispheres.
 * 4) Medial accessory olivary nucleus (MAO) – This nucleus is between the PO and the pyramids. It is visualized as a curved lamina.
 * 5) * The MAO receives signals from the tectum and the pretectum.
 * 6) * Climbing fibers from the MAO synapse with the vermis, the flocculus, and the cerebellar hemispheres
 * 7) Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus (DAO) – This nucleus also is a curved lamina. It is the smallest nucleus in the IO and is behind the PO.
 * 8) * The DAO receives signals from the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei.
 * 9) * The DAO synapses with vermis.

Motor coordination and learning
Patient studies revealed the connection between the inferior olivary nucleus (ION) and the cerebellum. Lesions in the ION impair the ability to learn higher level motility, such as performing a perfect jumpshot. Further investigation of the neuroanatomy confirmed the intimate connection between the IO and the cerebellum in motor coordination and learning.

The IO sends signals to the cerebellum based on information sent from the spino-olivary tract. Regulation following this point is highly debated. The original hypothesis as to how the IO influenced the cerebellum involved long term depression (LTD). In this scenario, deep cerebellar nuclei send GABA projection to inhibit ION. More recent studies suggest that encoding the timing of sensory input is the key component of these connections. The ION sends signals through different cell clusters. These signals vary in location and in frequency bundles and appear inconsistent. However, the temporal pattern of these signals is consistent. Therefore, ongoing research on motor learning is investigating how these timed signals develop and their role in motor learning.

Steroidogenesis
The inferior olivary nucleus (ION) expresses key enzymes involved in steroidogenesis required for neuroprotection and maintenance. The most crucial of these enzymes is aromatase, which is the enzyme that is necessary for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol. Without aromatase, the ION is unable to make estradiol, and cannot recover from injury properly.

Clinical significance
Because the inferior olivary nucleus (ION) is tightly associated with the cerebellum, lesions in either the IO or the cerebellum results in degeneration in the other. There is little known about damage to the inferior olivary nucleus (IO) independent from the cerebellum. To date, the only known disorder which specifically targets the ION is an extremely rare form of degeneration called hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD).

Although the ION is not often investigated on its own, degeneration in the ION has been identified in disorders that are typically associated with the cerebellum. These disorders include supranuclear palsy, Leigh disease, and SCA6, and there are several more. These disorders all involve motor coordination. Dysfunction of the ION is also believed to play a central role in the etiology of essential tremor, though that convention is not universally accepted.

title: Inferior olivary nucleus


text:
Metabolic typing

Metabolic typing is considered by some a pseudoscience whose proponents believe that each person has a unique metabolism, and that the proportion of macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates and fats) which are optimal for one person may not be for a second, and could even be detrimental to them.

Metabolic typing uses common visible symptoms related to the skin, eyes, and other parts of the body to assess different aspects of a person's metabolism and categorize them into broad metabolic types. In addition, some proponents of metabolic typing use tests such as hair analysis to determine a person's metabolic type.

A number of somewhat different metabolic typing diet plans are currently marketed, though the validity and effectiveness of metabolic typing have yet to be established.

Background
Metabolic typing was introduced by William Donald Kelley, a dentist, in the 1960s. Kelley advocated basing dietary choices on the activity of one's sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. In 1970, Kelley was convicted of practicing medicine without a license, as he had diagnosed a patient with lung cancer based on a fingerstick blood test and prescribed nutritional therapy. He continued to promote a metabolic typing diet through the 1980s. The practice has been further developed by others including Harold J. Kristal and William Wolcott.

Effectiveness
Some metabolic typing companies use a battery of blood and urine tests performed by reputable laboratories, but interpret the results in an unconventional and medically questionable fashion. During a 1985 investigation into one such firm, an investigator sent two separate samples of his own blood and urine for analysis. He received two drastically different "metabolic typing" reports and dietary plans. Both plans involved the purchase of dietary supplements costing several dollars per day.

Metabolic therapies
"Metabolic therapy", including administration of laetrile, was promoted for cancer patients by John Richardson in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1970s, until his arrest for violating the California Cancer Law and revocation of his license by the California Board of Medical Quality Assurance.

The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) website describes metabolic therapies as "strict dietary and detoxification regimens touted to prevent and treat cancer and degenerative diseases", a term and definition different from that used for metabolic typing in this Wikipedia article. The MSKCC website notes, in relation to three such anti-cancer therapies, that "...retrospective reviews of the Gerson, Kelley, and Contreras metabolic therapies show no evidence of efficacy."

Metabolic diet
William Donald Kelley, in his book, classified the Metabolism of an individual into three categories. Few are fast oxidizer, few are a slow oxidizer. Some have a normal rate of food oxidization called mixed oxidizer. Based on this rate of oxidization the Diet (nutrition) for an individual varies. Since fast oxidizers oxidize food quickly, they are advised to rely more on fat protein efficient diet. This diet will help them to bear hunger. Meanwhile, slow oxidizers are given carbohydrate efficient diet. Eating more proteins or fats can cause Abdominal pain in them. Mixed oxidizer eat a mixture of fat and protein efficient diet.

title: Metabolic typing


text:
Tripe soup

Tripe soup or tripe stew is a soup or stew made with tripe (cow or lamb/mutton stomach). It is widely considered to be a hangover remedy.

Etymology
The Turkish name işkembe çorbası, meaning "tripe soup", consists of işkembe ("stomach/tripe"), çorba ("soup"), and the possessive affix -i that links the two words. It came from Persian shekambe (شکمبه, "rumen") and shurba (شوربا, "soup"). Some South Slavic languages borrowed the dish name from Turkish: as škembe čorba (шкембе чорба) in Bulgarian and čkembe čorba (чкембе чорба) in Macedonian, as škembić (шкембић) in Serbian and Bosnian, and Çorbë in Albanian.

Southeastern Europe
Tripe chorba (işkembe çorbası, ciorbă de burtă, шкембе чорба, чкембе чорба) is a common dish in Balkan, Eastern European and Middle Eastern cuisines. It is widely (not universally) considered to be a hangover remedy.

In Greek cuisine, tripe soup is known as patsas (πατσάς) from Turkish (paça) which means trotter. Trotter/(paça) is a different soup in the Turkish cuisine.

Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, škembe čorba (шкембе чорба) is made with whole pork, beef or lamb tripe, boiled for a few hours, chopped in small pieces, and returned to the broth. The soup is spiced with ground red paprika which is briefly fried (запръжка), and often a small quantity of milk is added. Traditionally, the soup is served with mashed garlic in vinegar and hot red pepper. There is a variant of the soup with intestines instead of tripe.

The soup was very popular with the working class until the late 1980s, and there were many restaurants serving only shkembe chorba (шкембеджийница, "shkembe-restaurant"). Later they were replaced by fast food restaurants but the soup is still highly regarded, and is part of the menu in any cheap to moderately-priced restaurant.

Romania
The Romanian name for the sour tripe soup is ciorbă de burtă (from ciorbă 'sour soup' < Turkish çorba + burtă 'tripe'). The Romanian ciorbă de burtă is similar to ciorbă de ciocănele (soup from pork legs). Ciorbă de burtă is often thickened with flour, high fat sour cream/creme fraiche and egg yolks, colored with fried grated carrots or peppers, and seasoned with vinegar, high fat sour cream (smântână) and garlic dip (crushed garlic mixed with oil), called mujdei. The Romanian journalist Radu Anton Roman said this about Ciorbă de burtă: "This dish looks like it is made for drunk coachmen but it has the most sophisticated and pretentious mode of preparation in all Romanian cuisine. It's sour and sweet, hot and velvety, fatty but delicate, eclectic and simple at the same time."

If sour base made of fermented wheat bran called borş is used in sour tripe soup, the sour soup is called a borş, not a ciorbă.

Serbia
In Serbia, this soup is made of fresh tripe cooked with onions, garlic and paprika. It is usually seasoned with fried bacon and more garlic, sometimes thickened with flour (запршка). Some versions of shkembe chorba are made with milk; garlic, vinegar, and chili peppers are often added as seasoning.

Turkey
In Turkey, tripe çorba (işkembe çorbası) is generally made of cow's stomach and eaten usually with a vinegar-garlic sauce added on the table or with the addition of an egg yolk-lemon juice (called terbiye) in the kitchen, after cooking and before service. Although the general name işkembe çorbası is very common, especially at the traditional restaurants dedicated to this soup, offal of cow and sheep and kelle (sheep head meat, especially cheeks, baked) are also offered. A dish can be ordered and made from the various parts of the stomach: "Tuzlama, işkembe, şırdan and damar". As in several other countries, it is seen as a "hangover remedy" and finds itself a place in almost all New Year's Eve menus, served right after midnight. This has been the case since the 1800s, when it was first reported as a popular soup among Ottomans to consume immediately after a session of heavy social drinking, usually of rakı.

Central Europe
In Croatian cuisine, it is known as Fileki, Tripice or Vampi.

In Czech cuisine, tripe soup is heavily spiced with paprika, onions and garlic resulting in very distinct spicy goulash-like flavour. The Czech name is dršťková polévka, often shortened to dršťkovka.

In German cuisine, there are a number of different versions of sour tripe soup from southern parts of the country, including Bavaria, Saxony and Swabia. Seasonings include lard, onions, garlic, meat broth, wine vinegar, bay leaf, salt, and pepper. In the nineteenth century in parts of the German Empire that are now Poland (like Silesia), flaki were a street food. The tripe was cooked with long bones, celery root, parsley root, onions, and bay leaf. The tripe was then sliced, breaded and fried, and returned to the broth with some vinegar, marjoram, mustard, salt, and pepper.

In Hungarian cuisine, tripe soup is called pacalleves or simply pacal. Pacalpörkölt is a tripe stew heavily spiced with paprika.

In Polish cuisine, tripe soup is known as flaki or flaczki.

In Slovak cuisine, it is known as držková polievka, usually shortened to držková. A stew based on pieces of pre-cooked tripe, lard, and onion spiced with paprika, garlic, caraway seeds, and marjoram. It may contain potatoes and rarely also carrots.

Western and Southern Europe
In French cuisine, tripes à la mode de Caen is a traditional dish of the cuisine of Normandy.

In Italian cuisine, trippa alla fiorentina is a traditional dish of the Florence and trippa alla milanese or busecca is a traditional dish of Milan. Caldume (Italian) or quarumi (Sicilian) is a Sicilian dish of veal tripe stewed with vegetables, served as a street food in Palermo and Catania.

North and South America
In Caribbean and Latin American cuisines, tripe soup known as sopa de mondongo is eaten.

In Mexican cuisine, menudo, a tripe soup with red chili pepper based-broth, is eaten.

East and Southeast Asia
In Chinese cuisine, Lanzhou-style lamian noodle soup is made with tripe.

In Indonesian cuisine, sekba or bektim is made using pork tripe and other offal. It is a Chinese-Indonesian dish.

In Filipino cuisine, sopa de mondongo is eaten.

Similar dishes
A similar dish made with trotters, called pache or pacha (paçe, pače, пача, πατσάς, kelle paça) is found in the Turkish, Greek, Balkan, and Eastern European cuisines.

title: Tripe soup


text:
Talk:GFA

I removed A common immunoperoxidase stain from the disambiguation because GFA does not appear in the immunoperoxidase article.

title: Talk:GFA


text:
Compactification (physics)

In theoretical physics, compactification means changing a theory with respect to one of its space-time dimensions. Instead of having a theory with this dimension being infinite, one changes the theory so that this dimension has a finite length, and may also be periodic.

Compactification plays an important part in thermal field theory where one compactifies time, in string theory where one compactifies the extra dimensions of the theory, and in two- or one-dimensional solid state physics, where one considers a system which is limited in one of the three usual spatial dimensions.

At the limit where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero, no fields depend on this extra dimension, and the theory is dimensionally reduced.

In string theory
In string theory, compactification is a generalization of Kaluza–Klein theory. It tries to reconcile the gap between the conception of our universe based on its four observable dimensions with the ten, eleven, or twenty-six dimensions which theoretical equations lead us to suppose the universe is made with.

For this purpose it is assumed the extra dimensions are "wrapped" up on themselves, or "curled" up on Calabi–Yau spaces, or on orbifolds. Models in which the compact directions support fluxes are known as flux compactifications. The coupling constant of string theory, which determines the probability of strings splitting and reconnecting, can be described by a field called a dilaton. This in turn can be described as the size of an extra (eleventh) dimension which is compact. In this way, the ten-dimensional type IIA string theory can be described as the compactification of M-theory in eleven dimensions. Furthermore, different versions of string theory are related by different compactifications in a procedure known as T-duality.

The formulation of more precise versions of the meaning of compactification in this context has been promoted by discoveries such as the mysterious duality.

Flux compactification
A flux compactification is a particular way to deal with additional dimensions required by string theory.

It assumes that the shape of the internal manifold is a Calabi–Yau manifold or generalized Calabi–Yau manifold which is equipped with non-zero values of fluxes, i.e. differential forms, that generalize the concept of an electromagnetic field (see p-form electrodynamics).

The hypothetical concept of the anthropic landscape in string theory follows from a large number of possibilities in which the integers that characterize the fluxes can be chosen without violating rules of string theory. The flux compactifications can be described as F-theory vacua or type IIB string theory vacua with or without D-branes.

title: Compactification (physics)


text:
Melanophryniscus

Melanophryniscus is a genus of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found in northern half of Argentina, southern Bolivia, southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Common name South American redbelly toads has been coined for them.

Species
There are 31 recognized species:

The AmphibiaWeb also recognizes Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai, which the Amphibian Species of the World treats as synonym of Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus.

title: Melanophryniscus


text:
Talk:DJ Icey

Untitled
On vanity, note that editors are never included in articles. Alikvar's name merits no mention, even when unlinked rather than pointing to his userpage(!) as before. 08:46, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Its a photo credit.
 * 2) I am not merely the "editor" I am IN THE PHOTO.
 * 3) I am not the one readding it so its not Vanity.
 * 4) please go do something constructive rather than waste your time starting a revert war.
 * ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 15:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Not only have I changed the photo, but this whole thing has been discussed on my talk page and the AK1200 page subsequent to an RFC on the subject. Themindset 18:33, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

multi-platinum?
This guy is multi-platinum? Is there a reference that substantiates that? He's charted one single, which peaked at 32. . -- Mikeblas 15:02, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Take into account the DJ's that purchase his singles to mix in their own sets. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.17.209.130 (talk) 20:12, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced, notability not established
Despite an extensive description promoting this person, there is no reference given for any of the facts provided. links to nonnotable online magazines dont count. Its exhausting seeing all the unreferenced promotional articles at WP, with no one reading or writing them doing anything. I have nothing against this person, hes probably a great DJ, but we need refs. if i cant find any, i will trim back the article to basics. he doesnt even have a link to his record label article, which is a total data dump, no indication of notability there at all. come on fans, do some work here.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 03:46, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

references cited for rewrite from these two sources
Two sources have been used for references in this edit, Allmusic (Allmusic (previously All Music Guide, AMG) is a service of music guide, owned by All Media Guide. Allmusic was founded in 1991, by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine as a guide for consumers. Its first reference book was published the following year. AMG on the Internet predates the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site. The site was launched in 1995 as an online demonstration for potential database licensees of the breadth of content included in the database.)

And Discogs (a website and database of information about music recordings, including commercial releases, promotional releases, and bootleg or off-label releases. The Discogs servers, currently hosted under the domain name discogs.com, are owned by Zink Media, Inc., and are located in Portland, Oregon, USA. Discogs is one of the largest online databases of electronic music releases and is believed to be the largest online database of releases on vinyl media. Across all genres and formats, 1.7 million releases are catalogued, featuring listings for nearly 1.3 million artists and over 140,000 labels.) I have inserted footnote references, hopefully correctly.Records_One (talk) 06:08, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * yes, those are excellent references to establish that he EXISTS. exactly how notable he is, though, cannot be determined by those links. I will, however, be the first to admit that its gonna get harder and harder to reference modern artists who get their notability from nontraditional sources, ie myspace, websales, etc. Mercurywoodrose (talk) 02:48, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

I have now included direct links to DJ Icey albums that have charted in various Billboard national charts to establish notability per the Wikipedia Notability guidelines. Records_One (talk) 12:29, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

 * ok, i see the references to billboard chartings. I am not an expert at the minutae of who gets notability for music, so this is now out of my hands, but i suspect this is enough. im not gonna worry about it, notability as far as i understand seems to have been met. thanks.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 03:32, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 23:04, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Photo is appropriate
I think the current photo is a very good visual representation of the artist. Good job to whoever took it / uploaded it for the article. Thanks. 24.130.33.45 (talk) 05:26, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:DJ Icey


text:
Category:Research vessels

Research vessels are ships whose main function is to carry out scientific research at sea.

title: Category:Research vessels


text:
Compactification

Compactification may refer to:
 * Compactification (mathematics), making a topological space compact
 * Compactification (physics), the "curling up" of extra dimensions in string theory

title: Compactification


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Espen Harbitz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Rossami (talk) 07:03, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Espen Harbitz
College professor that seems to be involved mostly in unrelated stuff like aerobics. Notability not established. Radiant! 08:54, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Vanity, nonnotable. --InShaneee 18:20, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't appear to be notable, article doesn't suggest otherwise. Xezbeth  19:02, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, molecular biologist who is "currently a frequent aerobics dancer in the gym", Bluemoose 14:46, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable tosh. -- Picapica 20:14, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sailor (band)

Sailor were a British pop/glam rock group, best known in the 1970s for their hit singles "A Glass of Champagne" and "Girls, Girls, Girls", written by the group's lead singer and 12-string guitar player, Georg Kajanus. According to the band's own website, Sailor stopped performing in May 2014.

In the 1970s
The group's leader, Georg Kajanus, had previously written "Flying Machine" for Cliff Richard in 1971, although it was Richard's first British single that failed to reach the top 30. Sailor developed from Kajanus Pickett, a singer-songwriter duo that had formed when Phil Pickett and Kajanus met in 1970 at E H Morris, a music publisher where Pickett briefly worked. They later recorded the album Hi Ho Silver for Signpost Records. Sailor first came together in 1973 with the addition of musicians Henry Marsh (ex-Gringo) and Grant Serpell (ex-Affinity).

The group's work included Kajanus's invention of a special nickelodeon made of pianos, synthesizers and glockenspiels that allowed the four-piece band to reproduce on stage the acoustic arrangements that they had done in the recording studio.

The group's first UK single was "Traffic Jam" from their first album, Sailor. "A Glass of Champagne", issued late the following year from the Trouble album, reached No. 2 in the UK Singles Chart. The follow-up "Girls, Girls, Girls" also made the Top 10, but of their subsequent singles, only "One Drink Too Many" registered in the UK Top 40.

Sailor's original line-up split up in 1978, although Pickett and Marsh released more material as Sailor with Gavin and Virginia David in 1980, with an album of Pickett compositions called Dressed for Drowning, produced by James William Guercio at his Caribou studio in Colorado (Epic / Caribou).

Revival
In 1989, Sailor reformed to release a new album after a ten-year silence with two new singles, "The Secretary" and "La Cumbia". The band started touring again in 1993, and performed on many television programmes in Europe. In 1995, Kajanus departed the band again to pursue other projects. The arrival of Peter Lincoln saw Sailor issue their first live album, Live in Berlin. Original member Marsh left in 1999, and was replaced by Anthony England. England left the band in May 2001, to be replaced by Rob Alderton; the new line-up recorded their first DVD in November 2002. In 2004, Sailor in a German TV show were named the 45th-most successful pop band of the last 40 years in Germany. A biography of the group by James McCarraher, entitled A Glass of Champagne – The Official Sailor Story, was published in June 2004. Alderton left in July 2005, and Marsh returned to the line-up.

Buried Treasure, a double album of previously recorded material, was released in February 2006. By September, Lincoln had left Sailor to join Sweet. After this, Marsh's classically trained son Oliver joined the band as their new guitarist and lead singer. He was replaced in 2009 by Nick Parvin but rejoined in May 2011 along with his brother Thomas, who joined as drummer, replacing Serpell. According to the band's own website, Sailor stopped performing in May 2014.

Band members

 * Georg Kajanus (born Prince Georg Johan Tchegodaieff, 9 June 1946, Trondheim, Norway)
 * 1973–1979, 1990–1995: lead vocals, 12-string guitars, acoustic guitars, charango, Veracruzana harp, harmonium, synthesisers, "Klockwork machinery"

 * Henry Marsh (born Ian Henry Murray Marsh, 8 December 1948, Bath, Somerset)
 * 1973–1999, 2005–2014: Nickelodeon, accordion, piano, marimbas, synthesised brass and reed, synthesisers, acoustic/electric guitars, computer programming, vocals

 * Phil Pickett (born Philip Stuart Pickett, 19 November 1946, Münster, Germany)
 * 1973–2014 (except Checkpoint): bass Nickelodeon, piano, guitarron, synthesised strings, calliope, xylophone, bass, cruz bass, Hammond organ, mandolin, autoharp, vocals (lead vocals on Dressed for Drowning)

 * Grant Serpell (born Stephen Grant Serpell, 9 February 1944, Maidenhead, Berkshire)
 * 1973–1979, 1990–2011: drums, percussion, vocals

 * Gavin David
 * 1980: vocals

 * Virginia David
 * 1980: lead and backing vocals

 * Peter Lincoln
 * 1996–2006: 12-string and 6-string acoustic guitars, electric guitar, charango, lead vocals

 * Anthony England
 * 1999–2001: Nickelodeon, vocals

 * Rob Alderton
 * 2001–2005: Nickelodeon, accordion, vocals

 * Oliver Marsh
 * 2006–2009: guitar, lead vocals

 * Nick Parvin
 * 2009–2011:guitar, lead vocals

 * Oliver Marsh
 * 2011–2014: guitar, lead vocals

 * Thomas Marsh
 * 2011–2014: drums, percussion, vocals

Compilations

 * 1978 Greatest Hits Vol.1
 * 1990 Girls, Girls, Girls: The Very Best of Sailor
 * 1994 Hits and Highlights
 * 1995 Greatest Hits – Best of the Best
 * 1996 Legacy: Greatest and Latest
 * 1999 Girls, Girls, Girls
 * 2002 Sailor
 * 2005 Best: Down by the Docks
 * 2006 Buried Treasure (double CD)
 * 2007 Buried Treasure (single CD)
 * 2007 The Best of Sailor
 * 2007 A Glass of Champagne: All the Hits
 * 2008 Traffic Jam: Sound and Vision (CD/DVD)

Live albums and DVDs

 * 1998 Live in Berlin
 * 2003 Pirate Copy: Sailor Live in Concert (DVD)
 * 2005 Sailor Live
 * 2005 Sailor Live: One Drink Too Many

Singles
Notes

Sailor, the Musical Journey
The premiere of Sailor, the Musical Journey at the Carnegie Hall was in July 2006 in Dunfermline, Scotland. The new musical was written by Bill Blenman and made up entirely of Kajanus compositions.

title: Sailor (band)


text:
Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol

Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol (18 August 1786 – 16 September 1851) was a French physician.

Lugol was born in Montauban. He studied medicine in Paris and graduated with a medical degree in 1812. In 1819, he was appointed acting physician at the Hôpital Saint-Louis, a post he held until he retired. After his death in 1851 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, his daughter Adele-Augustine, married Paul Broca.

Lugol was interested in tuberculosis and presented a paper to the Royal Academy of Science in Paris in which he advocated the use of fresh air, exercise, cold bathing and drugs. He also published four books on scrofulous diseases and their treatment (1829, 1830, 1831, 1834). Members of the Royal Academy visited Lugol's hospital and, observing an improvement in his patients over the course of sixteen months, endorsed his treatment.

He suggested that his iodine solution could be used to treat tuberculosis. This assertion attracted much attention at the time. Although not efficacious in treating tuberculosis, Lugol's iodine was successfully used to treat thyrotoxicosis by Plummer.

Lugol's iodine solution is also used in Schiller's test in order to diagnose cervical cancer.

title: Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol