text:
Talk:Concurrent programming language

Is Java a concurrent programming language?
Since when is Java a concurrent programming language?! Lost Goblin 11:21, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)

 * In some sense it is and in some sense it isn't. It is, because it supports a variant of monitors, because it has a build-in notion of threads, and because there the is something called JavaSpaces. It's isn't because it's just an imperative programming language. Koffieyahoo 5 July 2005 06:40 (UTC)

Why?
Why is it the case that with so much research into concurrent programming, none of the ideas have been used practically? Is it just the inertia of existing programming models and languages, or is the some deeper reason?

Latest Changes
I have a number of questions and remarks about the latest changes by CarlHewitt:

 * I don't why operating systems and networking are there in the first paragraph. We want to write multi-threaded programs that's all.
 * Concurrent programming involves more than just threads, e.g., SOAP.--Carl Hewitt 21:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's true. But this doesn't justify the mention of operating systems and networking, which are just a means to an end. -- Koffieyahoo 12:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't believe the shared objects that can change in the first paragraph is correct. There don't seem to be any shared objects in case message-passing is used (unless addresses of other machines are counted as shared objects).
 * Concurrent message passing typically involves communication with shared resources that can change.--Carl Hewitt 21:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Why has the sentence been removed that C is not a concurrent language, while a statement that java and C# are concurrent languages has been added (which is quite unneccessary as Java and C# are in the list of langauges)? Seems to me at least the statement on C should be added back, as it helps in understanding what is going on.
 * Java and C# have language constructructs for locking and threads whereas C simply invokes a shared libary.--Carl Hewitt 21:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You're just stating what I and the sentence said (read the question!). Hence, the sentence was a counterexmaple to the fact that C is a Concurrent programming language. Counterexamples are also useful to get some idea of what the concepts in the article are about. -- Koffieyahoo 12:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Shared-state is better than shared-memory, as what is shared cannot always be really called memory, like in the case of the Orca programming language or Linda (JavaSpaces). The first has a concept of shared abtract data types, while the second generally uses the concept of a Set in which all kinds of elements can be inserted.
 * Shared resources include both shared memory and shared objects with changeable state.--Carl Hewitt 21:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You now referring to the general statement, not the particular case, please try again. -- Koffieyahoo 12:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Why do Java and C# use both shared state and message passing. I'm not aware of the last. Although at least Java supports some form of RPC. It is not the case that RPC can be identified with message passing.
 * RPC is indeed a form of message passing.--Carl Hewitt 21:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No RPC is a mechanism for client-server intercation. It has nothing to do with message passing. -- Koffieyahoo 12:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Why are the references to Occam and Erlang removed from the message-passing part? They examplify what is going on.
 * The most common programming language use cases are Java and C#. Maybe put Occam and Erlang in a footnote?--Carl Hewitt 21:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The nature of Java and C# is also somewhat ambivalent, as Lost Goblin rightfully notices. So just a footnote for Occam and Erlang is not enough. -- Koffieyahoo 12:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Why is a reference to the Internet added to the message-passing part? The Internet is not a message passing system it's simply a set of protocols for computers to communicate. Of course, a message passing system can be build on top of the Internet. The Internet is simply not a programming language.
 * Almost all distributed message passing systems (e.g. SOAP) use the Internet.--Carl Hewitt 21:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That the Internet is used is also completely irrelevant for all these systems. -- Koffieyahoo 12:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Koffieyahoo 8 July 2005 10:07 (UTC)

 * I also strongly disagree with CarlHewitt changes, C# and Java can hardly be considered concurrent languages(as has been noted before), if no one else defends the changes I'll revert to the May 20, 2005 version of this page. Lost Goblin 20:25, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Just what do you think is the purpose of the the locking constructs in C# and Java?--Carl Hewitt 20:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Hacks around the limitations of the non-concurrent design of those languges. Lost Goblin 23:58, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * These are integral constructs of these programming languages for concurrency. Why do you think that they are hacks?--Carl Hewitt 02:14, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Please do not remove java and C#, they are rightfully in the list as they have constructs that facilitate concurrency. However, I do think that Java and C# don't deserve the prominent place they have now, as they were not specifically constructed as concurrent programming languages. -- Koffieyahoo 12:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm only planning to revert to the previous version, which did mention Java(and I don't have anything against adding C# beside it) but that had more emphasys on truly concurrent languages. Lost Goblin 23:58, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Why don't you propose making changes to the current version instead of reverting the contributions of other people?--Carl Hewitt 02:14, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm trying to do that by first getting all satisfying to all the above questions and remarks. However, if no one (and you in particular Carl Hewitt) responds, it seems best to me to revert, add C#, and to revamp the text a bit (as the prose in the version that will be reverted to can be better). -- Koffieyahoo 12:57, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I also think that reverting is the most practical solution, then we can work from that point doing changes that are less 'controversial' and more generally accepted. Lost Goblin 08:23, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by "generally accepted". Just what beliefs do you believe are generally accepted and by whom?  It generally doesn't work well to revert the contributions of other people to a long ago version.  Editing is the Wikipedia way forward to incorporating the contributions of others.--Carl Hewitt 15:44, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It would help if you would would motivate your changes by seriously replying to my questions and remarks above. -- Koffieyahoo 07:14, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the current article is of /low/ quality and it would be better to spend time on improving it rather than disputing suitability of reverts. A novice reading the article wont learn anything about concurrent programming, how it is different from other styles and what it is good for. Pavel Vozenilek 18:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Before we start rushing into anything we might want to consider how any change made here relates to the Message passing, Parallel Programming, Parallel computing, Distributed Computing, etc. articles making sure the contents of these articles is consistent. For example: Is Parallel Programming the same as concurrent programming? Are they instances of Distributed computing? Or is there some other relation? -- Koffieyahoo 07:14, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Parallel programming is a special case of concurrent programming.--Carl Hewitt 21:22, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Concurrency languages
While languages as Java and C# (I know only little about Ada) do support concurency, they are in different league than say Erlang. I think this page should concentrate more on those advanced. Pavel Vozenilek 02:40, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Pavel, thanks for your message. However, I don't see what Erlang has to offer in the way of programming language concurrency constructs over Java and C#.--Carl Hewitt 13:38, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Erlang provides completely isolated processes as part of language. Communication between the processes is absolutely location transparent. The syntax for using this functionality is very simple and consistent. While it is possible to provide similar services in a conventional language it makes great pain and danger of mistake stays high. Pavel Vozenilek

 * This may be a valuable feature. However, does Erlang actually add any concurrent programming language constructs?--Carl Hewitt 20:55, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It has build-in message passing facilities contrary to Java (and don't start calling RPC message passing again) -- Koffieyahoo 13:17, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Part of the language is that parent process is informed automatically about died children. Its the language who ensures isolation between processes (and this is probably the strongest feature). Every process is automatically given unique and un-enforgeable name. Pavel Vozenilek 17:54, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

What's up with making this page a shrine to C# and Java? Are they really both the One True concurrency language, while Ada, Erlang, etc. are just pale imitations? Ojw 13:57, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately I don't have the time to fight Carl Hewitt delusions and fix this page properly, if someone does, I would be thankful. I suggest reverting to the version mentioned in another thread and if Hewitt persists we probably should make a Requests_for_mediation, again, I don't have time to pursue this, but I would be happy if someone else does Lost Goblin 15:15, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I would be interesting in knowing the number of C# and Java programmers versus the numbers for Ada, Erlang, etc.;-)--Carl Hewitt 17:41, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Asynchronous Concurrent excution
Why do programs need to execute instructions at the same time?

On the proposed merge
It seems a plan to merge Concurrent programming with Concurrent computing, as these articles very much overlap. The same holds for Parallel programming and Parallel computing. However, I do think some more work than this is required to make this in a good set of articles. In particular, I think we should clear up the relations between the following articles (I have ideals about this but they might quite controversial):
 * 1) Concurrent programming
 * 2) Concurrent computing
 * 3) Parallel programming
 * 4) Parallel computing
 * 5) Parallel programming model
 * 6) Distributed programming
 * 7) Distributed computing
 * 8) Message passing
 * 9) Message passing programming
 * 10) Concurrency

So, my view is as follows: -- Koffieyahoo 08:24, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 1 and 3 should be merged into one article, as they are basically the same thing. However, section should be devoted explaining that some people disagree with this view and what other view are.
 * 2, 4, 5, and 10 should be merged into one article, as they are again basically the same thing. However, section should be devoted explaining that some people disagree with this view and what other view are.
 * 8 and 9 should be merged, as they are too small to warrent two separate articles.
 * The relation between 6 and 7 on the one side and the other articles on the other side should be cleared up. One stance is that 6 and 7 work on a global scale, while the others are concerned with thighly coupled systems. However, this disagrees with the theory computer science view of concurrency, which does not invlove any concept of thighly coupledness.

 * I agree that there is some work that needs to be done to get this set of articles into good shape. Unfortunately, I don't quite agree with your proposals :-) Here are my views:
 * Merging 8 and 9 (message passing and message passing programming) certainly makes sense to me
 * I would prefer to see Concurrency remain as a separate article (significantly improved), since it can provide a good head article for both theoretical and practical aspects of the study of concurrency
 * I don't agree that 1 and 3 are the same thing. Parallel computing involves splitting a single (generally terminating) computational problem (such as a large simulation) into smaller tasks, and spreading them across multiple processors to improve throughput. Parallel programming would presumably involve programming such systems. Concurrent computing does not necessarily require multiple processors, isn't (necessarily) terminating (e.g. servers), and may be made concurrent for reasons other than performance (such as to match natural concurrency in the problem domain). Concurrent programming would involve programming such systems. Both types of systems are obviously related, and can be analyzed using concurrency theory, but their focus and concerns are somewhat different. At least IMHO.
 * Similar arguments apply to the merging of 2 and 4
 * Merging 5 into 4 makes some sense - we'd have to see what the other people who have contributed to Parallel computing have to say
 * We might consider separate articles on Message passing and Shared memory approaches to concurrency (and perhaps one on declarative or dataflow concurrency). They are quite different approaches. Both the Concurrent computing and Parallel computing articles could then point to the appropriate articles on concurrency approaches as necessary
 * I agree that clarifying the relationship between Distributed computing, Parallel computing, and Concurrent computing would be useful.
 * --Allan McInnes 18:29, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * What Allan says above makes sense to me. --Carl Hewitt 18:35, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Seems like a good plan! (I don't understand why Carl agrees with this, given that he expressed in the past that parallelism is a special case of concurrency, but the more support the better!) -- Koffieyahoo 08:40, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I read Allan's views to be compatible with the thesis that parallelism can be considered to be a special case of concurrency. Also shared memory is going to continue to be one of principle means of implementing message passing although this fact does not, of itself, preclude separate articles. --Carl Hewitt 10:02, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. I consider parallelism a special case of concurrency. My reason for wanting to see separate "parallel computing" and "concurrent computing" article is that, as I said above, their focus and concerns are somewhat different. I think it's worth mentioning that message passing can be implemented via shared memory. But I think it's useful to have separate articles, since programming directly in a shared memory concurrency model is quite different than programming in a message-passing model.

 * Since we're discussing the overall organization of WP concurrency articles here, I guess we'd better include articles like Thread (computer science), Computer multitasking, Process (computing), and Inter-process communication in our considerations. This is starting to sound like a major undertaking. Is there a need for a Concurrency Wikiproject to coordinate our efforts, and the efforts of other contributors who have worked on these articles? Another alternative might be to get Category:Concurrent computing on the radar at WikiProject Computer science, and make use of their infrastructure to coordinate things. --Allan McInnes 03:31, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that a Concurrency Wikiproject is a good idea to coordinate our efforts because of the special needs of the area which are different from the more general concerns of WikiProject Computer science. It is starting to sound like a major undertaking and I would like to thank you for getting the ball rolling. --Carl Hewitt 12:01, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Little food for some thought (although admittedly quite "old"): G.R. Andrews, Concurrent Programming, principles and practice, Benjamin/Cummings (1991), p. 3. Andrews says that parallel programming is exactly the same as concurrent programming except that a multiprocessor is used for execution in the case of parallel programming while this does not need to be the case with concurrent programming. -- Koffieyahoo 12:30, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, "parallel programming is exactly the same as concurrent programming except..." in the sense that the techniques used are essentially the same. Andrews is quite correct there. My reason for wanting to keep two different articles is that (IMHO) the problems that each is used to address are often quite different, which leads to differences in emphasis. A little further food for thought: A.W. Roscoe The Theory and Practice of Concurrency, Prentice Hall (1998) (online here), p. 2. Roscoe claims that the difference between "parallel computing" and the study of concurrency is that the former is concerned with "...understanding the structure of the problem or algorithm...", while the latter is concerned with the "...concurrent behaviour..." and interaction (the design of the parallel computing system having made the details of interaction less of a concern - see also Parallel Random Access Machine).

 * Another way to look at it is that Concurrent computing systems are generally (although not necessarily) interactive (their behavior depends on external inputs that may appear during the computation), while Parallel computing systems are (AFAIK) essentially non-interactive - the computation they perform may be carried out in parallel, but it is not influenced by inputs during computation (for example the Embarrassingly parallel problems and Grand Challenge problems. Granted, the terminology is confusing. Perhaps the best approach would be to fold Parallel programming into Concurrent computing along with Concurrent programming, since there is a reasonable argument that the programming aspect is pretty much the same in both cases, but keep Parallel computing as a separate article that discusses things like the design of the parallel computing systems, and the types of algorithms that are used in such systems. It would probably be worthwhile to get some input from users who have contributed significantly to Parallel computing, such as User:Egil and User:Arcann. I'll drop them a note to look in on this discussion. --Allan McInnes 17:11, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm by no means an expert on the terminology. However, my understanding of the terms meshes best with what Allan has said.  To me Concurrent computing / Concurrent programming focus on thread interactions -- with the classical example being the implementation of an OS.  Parallel programming and Parallel computing on other hand are related to algorithms for breaking a single task into multiple threads.  My particular work has been with parallel ETL or data analysis development. Arcann 22:22, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Reading your explanation I think we basically agree on what concurrency and parallelism mean (I hereby admit that my parallelism = concurrency was a bit of an overstatement to get the proverbial ball rolling). I'll try to summarise my interpretation of things to see we really agree:

-- Koffieyahoo 07:52, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Concurrency is concerned with mechanisms and ways in which threads or processes interact. These processes and thread may or may not run on different processors (or cores, whatever). Interaction with the user may or may not occur.
 * In parallelism you basically have multiple processors and and you exploit these to scale your computing jobs. This uses concurrency techniques. Usually, systems that call themselves parallel are tightly coupled (i.e., the processors are close to each other, e.g., all in the same room) However, this is not a strictly necessary, see e.g. SETI@home, the ways of dealing with the RSA challenges, some of the work of Henri Bal. Interaction usually does not occur.
 * In distributed computing the processors are definitely not tightly coupled, and possibly distributed all over the world. In this case the the interaction is back once more, e.g., in the case the WWW (although admittedly this might not be the best example of a distributed system).

 * We are in agreement :-) --Allan McInnes 17:18, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Concurrency wikiproject
I have put up a proposal for a concurrency wikiproject at User:Allan McInnes/Concurrency project. Input from all interested parties (especially those who will actually contribute) is most welcome. --Allan McInnes 21:29, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * We'll be coordinating work on concurrency articles through WikiProject Computer science instead. --Allan McInnes 04:57, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Concurrent programming language


text:
Ethel Shutta

Ethel Shutta (pronounced "shoo-TAY"; December 1, 1896 – February 5, 1976) was an American actress and singer, who came to prominence through her performances on Jack Benny's radio show, her role in the early Eddie Cantor musical Whoopee!, and her Broadway comeback in Follies at the age of 74. In a 1934 vote held by Radio Stars, she came in second place, behind Annette Hanshaw, as the best "female popular singer."

Career
By age seven, she was known as "the little girl with the big voice". She and her family toured as the Pee Wee Minstrels. Their family name was originally Schutte. The father, Charles, was the manager. They also played in vaudeville as The Three Shuttas. She debuted on Broadway in The Passing Show of 1922, and then in a series of Florenz Ziegfeld productions including Louie the 14th (1925) and Whoopee! (1928).

Shutta married band leader George Olsen in 1926, and the couple appeared in clubs across the country. They appeared on the Jack Benny Canada Dry Radio Show, which debuted in 1932 on NBC radio. Her rendition of the song Rock-a-Bye Moon became Benny's theme song.

In 1933, Shutta was featured on the Nestle Chocolateers program. A review in the October 1933 issue of Radio Fan-Fare magazine described Shutta as "a foolproof radio attraction. She knows how to sing songs, and she knows how to sell 'em." She and Olsen were heard on the Oldsmobile Program on CBS radio in 1933.

Shutta continued to work on her own as a singer after her 1939 divorce from Olsen. Shutta married George Kirksey in 1940; they divorced in 1957. Kirksey was a sports writer and helped bring major league baseball to Houston, Texas.

She returned to Broadway in October 1963 in the short-lived musical Jennie, which starred Mary Martin. The show ran 84 performances and was not a success with critics or at the box office.

Her final comeback was at the age of 73 in the original Broadway production of the musical Follies (1971–72) with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. She played the role of veteran actress Hattie Walker, and sang "Broadway Baby" in which her character reminisces about her younger days as a chorus girl in the Follies.

Steven Suskin wrote: "The actresses in the three critical supporting roles were unforgettable ... Many people have sung "Broadway Baby" over the years, but I don't think anyone has ever been out there "walking off her tired feet" like the 74-year-old Shutta." Follies was staged at the Winter Garden Theater where Shutta made her first Broadway appearance in September 1922, in The Passing Show Of 1922.

Personal life
In 1926 she married George Olsen, with whom she had two children, Charles (who became a theater director) and George (her son George attended school with Hal Prince, who was later to cast her in Follies). Shutta sued for divorce in 1938, stating that Olsen had deserted her as of June 10, 1937. According to The New York Times, the divorce was granted in March 1939.

Olsen opened a restaurant in New Jersey that used his own recordings as background music. According to John S. Wilson in The New York Times, Olsen had a restaurant in Paramus, NJ called "George Olsen's". Wilson noted that "Olsen is there every day greeting guests at lunch and dinner... In the background, the original George Olsen records of the Twenties play softly.

Death
Shutta died in February 1976 in New York City in St. Clare's Hospital at the age of 79. She resided in Greenwich Village.

Work

 * Broadway
 * The Passing Show of 1922 (1922)
 * Marjorie (1924)
 * Ziegfeld Follies (1924–1925)
 * Louie the 14th (1925)
 * Whoopee! (1928)
 * Jennie (1963)
 * Follies (1971)
 * Sondheim: A Musical Tribute (1973)

 * Film
 * Whoopee! (1930) - Mary Custer
 * The Playground (1965) - Mrs. Cartwright

 * Radio
 * The Canada Dry Ginger Ale Program, a forerunner of The Jack Benny Show (1932)

 * Television
 * Wagon Train (1958-1960) - Mrs. Parker / Mrs. Foster's Friend / Mildred Anderson / Woman

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ethel Shutta


text:
Hmar language

The Hmar language belongs to the Mizo language branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. The speakers of this language use Mizo language as their second language (L2).

Hmar is a recognised language in the School curriculum of Assam, Manipur and Mizoram, and also recently recognised as one of the Modern Indian Language (MIL) at Manipur University. Board of Secondary Education, Assam has also included Hmar as an MIL in its matriculation syllabus from 2005. Both Manipur University and Assam University, Silchar has also permitted Khawsak Hmar language to be studied as Modern Indian Language in the Graduation level.

Hawrawp (Alphabets)
The Hmar alphabets, known as Hmar Hawrawp has 25 letters: 6 vowels and 19 consonants. It is a modified version of the Roman script with some diacritic marks to help pronounce the dialect.

Geographical distribution
Khawsak dialect of Hmar is spoken in the following locations

 * Assam: Dima Hasao district, Karbi Anglong district, Hailakandi district, Karimganj district and Cachar district
 * Manipur: Pherzawl district, Churachandpur district, Jiribam district and Moreh
 * Mizoram: Aizawl district, Champhai district and Kolasib district
 * Tripura: In and around Darchawi and Jampui Hills
 * Meghalaya: Shillong and Khaddum village
 * Myanmar: Tamu
 * Bangladesh: Bawm

Since Hmar speakers are scattered over a vast area in Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Chittagong Hill tracts, North Carolina Hills and Cachar district of Assam state and Myanmar, there appears to be slight dialectal distinction. There is no homogeneous settlement of Hmar speakers alone. In Manipur, Hmar exhibits partial mutual intelligibility with the other Kukish dialects of the area including Thadou, Paite, Aimol, Vaiphei, Simte, Kom and Gangte languages.

title: Hmar language


text:
George Olsen

George Edward Olsen Sr. (March 18, 1893 – March 18, 1971) was an American musician and bandleader.

Born in Portland, Oregon, Olsen's orchestra's debut hotel engagement came at the Multnomah Hotel in Portland. He then made the cross-county transition to Broadway, appearing in Kid Boots (1923), the Ziegfeld Follies of 1924, Ziegfeld Follies of 1925, and Good News (1927).

George Olsen and his orchestra were in Eddie Cantor's 1928 Broadway hit Whoopee!, and in the 1930 movie version. In the Follies George met a singer, Ethel Shutta, who sings and dances memorably in Whoopee!, and they married, appearing together in nightclubs and on radio. They had two children, George Jr. and Charles; following a divorce, Olsen opened a restaurant in Paramus, New Jersey. Olsen and Shutta were heard on the Oldsmobile Program on CBS radio in 1933. He also was an orchestra leader for The Jack Benny Program on radio.

Olsen signed with Victor in 1924 and remained as one of Victor's most popular bands until 1933 when he signed with Columbia. He stayed with Columbia through January, 1934. He recorded a single session in 1938 for Decca, and one final date for the rare Varsity label in 1940.

Olsen's bands produced few stars. Singer-saxophonist Fred MacMurray passed through in 1930 on his way to eventual movie stardom, recording a vocal on I'm in the Market for You. Olsen's long-time alto saxist and singer, Fran Frey, with his distinctive, reedy bass-baritone, was perhaps the best known Olsenite until he left in 1933 for a career as a music director in radio.

In 1936, Olsen became leader of Orville Knapp's band after Knapp died in a plane crash. Olsen was chosen to lead the band by Knapp's widow. Morale problems plagued the group, and in 1938, after many musicians had already left, the group disbanded.

A resident of Paramus, New Jersey, Olsen ran a popular local restaurant there on Paramus Road for many years before he died there on March 18, 1971. According to John S. Wilson in The New York Times, reviewing a retrospective of Olsen's recording "George Olsen and His Music" on RCA-Victor, in 1968, Olsen had a restaurant in Paramus, New Jersey, called "George Olsen's". Wilson noted that "Olsen is there every day greeting guests at lunch and dinner... In the background, the original George Olsen records of the Twenties play softly.

After his divorce from Shutta, Olsen married Claralee Pilcer.

Discography (partial)

 * "Beale Street Blues" (1924)
 * "Biminy" (1924)
 * "Everybody Loves My Baby" (1925)
 * "He's The Hottest Man in Town" (1924)
 * "My Best Girl" (1924)
 * "My Papa Doesn't Two-Time No Time" (1924)
 * "Nancy" (1924)
 * "Put Away A Little Ray Of Golden Sunshine For A Rainy Day" (1924)
 * "Sax-o-phun" (1924)
 * "The Slave of Love" (1924)
 * "You'll Never Get To Heaven With Those Eyes" (1924)
 * "Lullaby of the Leaves" (1932)

title: George Olsen


text:
User:LePierrotAnguille

L'étoffe fluide du costume

et du serre-tête, tissée de violet

sombre et d'argent, brillait comme

l'anguille marine qu'on pêche, la nuit,

au croc de fer, dans les barques

à fanal de resine.

title: User:LePierrotAnguille


text:
Maharashtra Sugarcane Cutting and Transport Workers Union

Maharashtra Sugarcane Cutting and Transport Workers Union, a trade union at the sugarfields of Maharashtra, India. MSCTWU is affiliated to the Centre of Indian Trade Unions. The president of the union is Dr. D.L. Karad.


text: Category:778 births

title: Category:778 births


text:
Bengal Hawkers Association

The Bengal Hawkers Association is a trade union of hawkers in West Bengal, India. It is affiliated with the Trade Union Coordination Centre. It was founded in 1950 and is the oldest hawkers' union in the state. It gained a strong following amongst refugees from East Pakistan.

title: Bengal Hawkers Association


text:
Hawker (trade)

A hawker is a vendor of merchandise that can be easily transported; the term is roughly synonymous with costermonger or peddler. In most places where the term is used, a hawker sells inexpensive goods, handicrafts, or food items. Whether stationary or mobile, hawkers often advertise by loud street cries or chants, and conduct banter with customers, to attract attention and enhance sales.

Definition
A hawker is a type of street vendor; "a person who travels from place-to-place selling goods." Synonyms include huckster, peddler, chapman or in Britain, costermonger. However, hawkers are distinguished from other types of street vendors in that they are mobile. In contrast, peddlers, for example, may take up a temporary pitch in a public place. Similarly, hawkers tend to be associated with the sale of non-perishable items such as brushes and cookware while costermongers are exclusively associated with the sale of fresh produce. When accompanied by a demonstration or detailed explanation of the product, the hawker is sometimes referred to as a demonstrator or pitchman.

Social commentator Henry Mayhew wrote, "Among the more ancient of the trades, then carried on in England, is that of the hawker or pedlar", and he notes, "the hawker dealt, in the old times, more in textile fabrics than in anything else." In several passages of his work, Mayhew categorises hawkers, hucksters, and peddlers as a single group of itinerant salesman, and claims that he is unable to say what distinction was drawn between a hawker and a huckster. Mayhew estimated the number of licensed pedlars in 1861 as 14,038 in England, 2,561 in Scotland, and 624 in Wales.

History

Hawkers have been known since antiquity and possibly earlier. Claire Holleran has examined literary, legal and pictorial sources to provide evidence for the presence of hawkers in antiquity, especially ancient Rome. Her findings indicate that the Romans had no specific term for hawkers – rather they went by a variety of labels including: ambulator (a person who walks around); circitor (to go around); circulator (a broad term which included itinerant entertainers) and institor (a business manager). She found that hawkers and street vendors were an important part of the distribution system. The vendors mainly sold everyday food at low prices and clustered around temples, theatres, bathhouses and forums where to take advantage of the optimal commercial opportunities. Their street cries were part of the fabric of street life yet were largely viewed as an unwelcome disturbance. In Roman society, hawkers experienced the same disdain that Romans held for retail generally; hawkers were low in social status, with privileged groups often referring to them in pejorative terms.

Literary references and images of hawkers and peddlers during the medieval period are relatively rare. Hawkers, hucksters and peddlers occupied a different social position to merchants and were regarded as marginal in society. However, English narratives from the 12th and 13th centuries suggest that hardworking hawkers could advance to positions as packmen and ultimately wealthy wholesalers or merchants.

Global society and informal street vending
Traditionally deeply rooted in the social and economic fabric of many countries in the Global South, the practice of street vending has, in recent decades, extended its reach to even the most developed nations, taking on various forms. While not strictly confined to the informal economy, since street entrepreneurs can theoretically position themselves along a continuum ranging from entirely formal to entirely illegal, contemporary societies are unmistakably trending towards the informal extreme. From a comparative analysis of various socio-anthropological studies on street vendors, recurring and interconnected figures emerge, which can be categorized into distinct types: the recognized vendor, whose role is legitimate and/or institutionally accepted; the ephemeral vendor, whose activity is sporadic and often goes unrecognized; the clandestine trader, whose work lacks legitimacy. Furthermore, they can be classified based on their mobility: the stationary vendor, conducting business in a fixed location; the semi-stationary vendor, operating in makeshift structures; and the mobile vendor, conducting business by moving to different locations. According to M. Meneghetti, informal street vending in global society often represents a complex and highly flexible form of agency that allows for the adaptation and functional development of the social actor practicing it in relation to a given personal or collective situation of distress (real or perceived), whether it be social, legal, cultural, economic, or political.

Africa
In many African metropolitan areas, hawkers, commonly referred to as "vendors", are seen everywhere. They sell a wide range of goods such as fish, fruits, vegetables, clothes and books. In suburban areas, they go door to door, and in more commercial areas, they usually have stands or lay their goods on the ground. In the afternoon, many of them sell commercial goods in the more crowded parts of the cities, and at night, they sell juices, tea and snacks. The prices are lower than in shops and so attract people on low incomes.

India
According to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, there are 10 million street vendors in India, with Mumbai accounting for 250,000, Delhi has 200,000, Kolkata, more than 150,000, and Ahmedabad, 100,000. Most of them are immigrants or laid-off workers, work for an average 10–12 hours a day, and remain impoverished. Though the prevalent license-permit raj in Indian bureaucracy ended for most retailing in the 1990s, it continues in this trade. Inappropriate license ceiling in most cities, like Mumbai which has a ceiling 14,000 licenses, means more vendors hawk their goods illegally, which also makes them prone to the bribery and extortion culture under local police and municipal authorities, besides harassment, heavy fines and sudden evictions. In Kolkata, the profession was a cognisable and non-bailable offense.

Over the years the street vendors have organized themselves into trade unions and associations, and numerous NGO's have started working for them. In fact, The National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) based in Delhi, is a federation of 715 street vendor organizations, trade unions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Kolkata has two such unions, namely the Bengal Hawkers Association and the Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union. In September, 2012, long-awaited Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act was introduced in the Lok Sabha (Lower of Indian Parliament) aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights, and regulated the prevalent license system. The Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 6 September 2013 and by the Rajya Sabha (upper house) on 19 February 2014. The bill received the assent of the President of India on 4 March 2014. Only three states have implemented the bill as of April 2017. The bill handed governance over public space and vendors over to municipalities. Although, one of the main purposes of the Street Vendors Act was to allow the vendors to have a voice in governance, the bill made conditions more difficult for vendors as they have become more heavily scrutinized.

Bangladesh
In the capital city of Dhaka, street vendors such as small tea stalls, and popular food stalls (fuchka, chotpoti) along the public spaces (university campuses, bus terminals, market places) have a significant role to cater to the urban population. Street vendors are a source of food security, especially to the poorer section of the urban population. Street vending is significant portion of Dhaka's informal economy, an employment opportunity for better livelihoods of the urban poor.

Other countries
Balut is a popular dish sold by hawkers in the Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Another common food you will see in Southeast Asia is taho, which is soft tofu served with syrup. In both China and Hong Kong, hawkers' inventories often include fish ball, beef ball, butzaigo, roasted chestnuts, and stinky tofu. In Singapore and Malaysia, these stands have become so successful that many have chosen to set up shop more permanently in a hawker centre.

Across Asia, stalls have been set up with little to no government monitoring. Due to health concerns and other liability problems, the food culture has been seriously challenged in Indonesia, though without marked success. However, in Hong Kong, the lease versus licensed hawker restrictions have put a burden on this mobile food culture. The term Jau Gwei (literally: running from ghosts) has been used to describe vendors often running away from local police.

Victorian London
The costermongers of London, England were at their peak in the 19th century. Organised, yet semi-obvious, they were ubiquitous, and their street cries could be heard everywhere. The soft drinks company, R. White's Lemonade, began in 1845 with Robert and Mary White selling their drinks around south London in a wheelbarrow. Muffin men, a type of hawker who would travel door to door selling English muffins as a snack bread, also became common in 19th century London.

Latin America and Caribbean
Street vendors in Latin America are known in local Spanish and Portuguese variously as vendedores ambulantes ("mobile vendors") or simply ambulantes, a term also used in Italy. In Argentina they are known as manteros. In Brazil, they are also known as "camelôs". Some ambulantes set up in a fixed location while others are mobile. Some ambulantes sell their goods door-to-door. Puestos are market stalls or stands.

Street vendors face various regulations and fees.

There are sometimes disputes between established merchants and ambulantes. Bribes are also a problem. Many vendors operate illegally. In order to avoid overwhelming tourists or shoppers, ambulantes are known to establish territories and limit their numbers. Thieves stealing their goods can be a problem.

Argentina
The street vendors in Argentina are known as manteros, after the Spanish word for blanket, manta. They sell varied products in an informal way, in most cases placing them over a blanket. They are, in their most part, illegal immigrants without documents and victims of human trafficking, subject to forced labor. They work at the sidewalks of locations with an important daily traffic, such as the Once railway station, the Retiro railway station, and the Florida Street. This commerce poses an illegal competition with the regular retail shops. The shops at the Avellaneda street estimated that the presence of manteros would make them lose 200 million pesos in the Christmas and holiday season.

According to the Confederación Argentina de la Mediana Empresa (CAME), as of December 2013 there were 463 manteros working in Once, 16.8% of the total in Buenos Aires. The daily sales of manteros are worth 300 million pesos in Buenos Aires, and 52 million in Once. A single mantero may earn between 2,000 and 3,500 in a day. The manteros are helped by retail shops at other locations, which store their products in the night, even if not allowed to work as warehouses.

The government of Buenos Aires usually attempts to eradicate the manteros with police raids, removing them from the sidewalks and seizing their products. The police also made 35 successful search and seizures at illegal warehouses in January 2014. However, despite this operation, manteros return days, even hours, after the raids. Still, the government attempts to weaken the organizations that back the manteros with constant raids. The manteros reacts to the raids with common demonstrations.

Brazil

Camelô is a Brazilian Portuguese name given to street vendors in major Brazilian cities.

Law enforcement often enters into conflict – sometimes physical – with camelôs, for selling low-quality products (often imported from Asia), making improper use of public space (blocking sidewalks and pedestrian traffic), and for not paying the same taxes that licensed retailers pay. Their presence is considered to be a result of the alarming rise in unemployment, although their lifestyle might be better referred to as "subemployment." Many people who work as camelôs sell their products knowing that they are of low quality, and charge high prices nonetheless.

The word is borrowed from the French camelot, meaning "merchant of low-quality goods", and the term marreteiro is also sometimes used. The difference between camelôs and so-called "ambulantes" is that camelôs have fixed "storefronts" on a particular sidewalk, whereas "ambulantes" sell their wares throughout an area.

Caribbean
In the English-speaking Caribbean, hawkers are commonly referred to as hagglers or informal commercial importers. They sell items in small roadside stands, public transit hubs, or other places where consumers would want items such as snacks, cigarettes, phone cards, or other less expensive items. Higglers often break larger items into small individual consumable portions for re-sale and use. Buying these items from more traditional vendors, farmers, or merchants for re-sale via their informal network in communities.

Cuba
In Cuban music and Latin American music, a pregón (announcement or street-seller's cry) is a type of song based on the hawking by street vendor of their goods ("canto de los vendedores ambulantes").

Guatemala
In Antigua, women, many from the Maya (including Kaqchikel people) and Ladino ethnic groups, peddle handicrafts. Some sell textiles such a po't (blouses) and su't.

Mexico
The presence of street vendors in Mexico City dates to the pre-Hispanic era and the government has struggled to control it, with the most recent clearing of downtown streets of vendors occurring in 2007. Still, there is a persistent presence of many thousands illegally. In 2003 it was estimated that there were 199,328 street vendors in Mexico City.

In Oaxaca, Mexico there are many tortilla vendors. In Oaxaca the term regatones (hagglers) is used for those who buy goods to resell for a profit.

Peru
In Peru, water cannon were used against the ambulantes in Arequipa, Peru. Many of the ambulantes come from rural areas to sell their goods including prickly pear cactus, bordados (embroideries) and polleras (embroidered skirts).

North America
In large cities across North America, hawkers are commonly known as street vendors, who sell snack items, such as deep-fried bananas, cotton candy, fried noodles, beverages like bubble tea, and ice cream, along with non-edible items, such as jewelry, clothes, books, and paintings. Hawkers are also found selling various items to fans at a sports venue; more commonly, this person is simply referred to as a stadium vendor.

In the early 20th century, a street corner hawker of hot potatoes and pies could be referred to as an all-hot man.

title: Hawker (trade)


text:
Storstockholms Lokaltrafik

Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL), or more formally Aktiebolaget Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (Stock Company Greater Stockholm Local Transit), is the organisation running all of the land based public transport systems in Stockholm County. It was previously known as Stockholms Lokaltrafik.

History
SL has its origins in AB Stockholms Spårvägar (SS), a city-owned public transit company which started in 1915, by the City of Stockholm with the aim to deprivatize the two separate private tramway networks into one more efficient company. SS would in the late 1920s also acquire private motorbus companies. The first part of the Stockholm Metro was opened in 1950. SS was renamed to SL in January 1967 when the metro, local train, and bus operations in Stockholm County were merged into a single organisation under the supervision of Stockholm County Council. The different mass transit systems within the County had until then been run by different organisations, Statens Järnvägar, private companies and companies owned by the local municipalities.

In 1993, SL began to use independent contractors for the operation and maintenance of the different transport systems. For bus traffic the operators own the buses, but for rail bound traffic SL own the trains, and the contractors operate them.

Since 2012, the county council's (now Region Stockholm) traffic board and traffic administration is the regional public transport authority responsible for public transport. SL now serves as a brand name for public transport services provided by various contractors on behalf of the traffic administration. The limited company AB Storstockholms Lokaltrafik still exists and manages (apart from the brand) certain contracts and assets.

Tickets
by one measure—single ticket price for a 10 km journey—Stockholm has the most expensive-to-use public transport in the world.

SL's tickets
SL has two main forms of tickets. Both are used for all SL public transport within Stockholm County.
 * Travel card — valid during a specified period of time, from 24 hours up to a year, depending on the card.
 * Single journey ticket — valid for 75 minutes from activation, within Stockholm County. Single journey tickets are mainly purchased and loaded onto an SL Green card, but can be bought also by SL app or by contactless payment card.

In either case, the ticket is loaded onto a Green SL RFID card that is scanned at the start of the first journey.

It is possible also to use a contactless payment card (Mastercard, Maestro, Visa and Visa Electron) to buy a single ticket (75 min). As you board a public transport vehicle, you will be required to validate your trip every time by swiping the payment card at the rectangular validators in the front of the vehicle. If you hear a beep and see a green light, your trip has been validated.

Regardless of the ticket used, journeys by the Stockholm Commuter Rail Pendeltåg to Arlanda Airport, or crossing the county border to Uppsala and Knivsta, incur additional costs. As mentioned above, the additional cost for using the railway station at Arlanda airport is 120 SEK (can be paid either upon arrival, or in advance - then it needs to be used within 2 hours!). Travelling to Uppsala or Knivsta with SL from Stockholm County requires a valid Uppsala County (UL) ticket in addition to the usual SL ticket.

 * Note: Applies to SL Stockholm Commuter Rail (Pendeltåg) train only. Other operators have their own tickets including Arlanda Express. (SL Stockholm Commuter Rail (Pendeltåg) as well as National and Regional trains stop at Arlanda Central Station (Arlanda C) while Arlanda Express stops at Arlanda South (first stop): Terminal 2, 3 and 4 and Arlanda North (second and last stop): Terminal 5.)

SL's ticket prices
The prices for the most common tickets are as follows. The discounted fare is for persons under the age of 20, or over the age of 65.

Archipelago boats
Archipelago boat traffic is administered by Waxholmsbolaget. Until 29 April 2022, SL tickets that are valid for at least 30 days (30-day, 90-day, and annual travel cards) are also acceptable. It is also possible to pay with SL card credit. The price of ticket depends on length of the journey. Discounted fare is applicable for children under 19, students, and persons 65+. It is possible to buy a return ticket, but the price is the same as for two single journey tickets. Ö-card is for residents only.

Flygbussarna
Flygbussarna provides transportation to four airports in Stockholm. Below are listed prices when tickets are bought online/via app. Adult and youth tickets are up to 20 SEK more expensive when bought by other ways.

Contractors
The contractors used by SL are as of July 2019 the following:

 * VR Sverige
 * Bus traffic in Ekerö, Sollentuna, Solna, Sundbyberg and Västerort.
 * Rail traffic on Saltsjöbanan, Nockebybanan and Tvärbanan.
 * Keolis
 * Bus traffic in Stockholm City Centre, Botkyrka, Huddinge, Lidingö, Nacka, Salem, Söderort and Värmdö.
 * Transdev
 * Bus Traffic in Danderyd, Norrtälje, Sigtuna, Täby, Upplands Väsby and Vallentuna, Vaxholm and Österåker.
 * Rail traffic on Roslagsbanan.
 * MTR Nordic
 * Stockholm metro
 * Stockholm commuter rail
 * Nobina
 * Bus traffic in Haninge, Järfälla, Nykvarn, Nynäshamn, Södertälje, Tyresö and Upplands-Bro.
 * AB Stockholms Spårvägar
 * Spårväg City
 * Lidingöbanan

title: Storstockholms Lokaltrafik


text:
Martial Law (TV series)

Martial Law is an American action-crime-adventure-comedy television series created by Carlton Cuse that aired on CBS from September 26, 1998, to May 13, 2000. The title character, Sammo Law (Sammo Hung), is a Chinese law officer and martial arts expert who comes to Los Angeles in search of a colleague and remains in the United States.

The show was a surprise hit, making Hung the only East Asian headlining a primetime network series in the United States. At the time, Hung was not fluent in English and worried about the audience's ability to understand him. In many scenes, Hung does not speak at all, making Martial Law one of the few United States television series to feature little dialogue from the lead character. The show lasted two seasons, before being cancelled due to high production costs and Hung being unhappy with the writing of season two.

Plot
The basic storyline is that Sammo Law (Sammo Hung), a well-respected Chinese cop, is transferred to America. As he works for the police department, fighting crime in Los Angeles, he is met with a clash in culture. He is also the mentor of Grace "Pei Pei" Chen (Kelly Hu), an undercover officer. When American techniques do not work, Sammo employs some Chinese cop work to get the job done.

Season one
Sammo is sent by the Chinese government to apprehend an old nemesis, Lee Hei (Tzi Ma). He finds out that his disciple, Pei Pei, had infiltrated Lee Hei's criminal empire. His goal is to capture Lee Hei and end his criminal organization. This plot line was unresolved and season one ended in a cliffhanger, although season two's premiere has Sammo alluding to Lee Hei's death (by way of accusing a one-shot villain of trying to avenge it). He is assisted in this by Grace (who joins the LAPD alongside him), Det. Louis Malone (Louis Mandylor) and Lt. Benjamin Winship (Tom Wright). Det. Dana Dixon (Tammy Lauren) is initially part of the team, but leaves after only five episodes; she is explained to have moved to another police force to be closer to her family. Halfway through the season, Lt. Terrell Parker (Arsenio Hall) joins the team and becomes Sammo's official partner.

Season two
Following the events of the previous season finale, and prior to the second-season premiere, Winship retires and Louis transfers to the NYPD, while Law decides to stay in Los Angeles and is now partnered with Grace. The department also gets a new captain, Amy Dylan, who thinks that the Chinese way of police work is not the best way of handling things. In addition, revelations are made of a secret society whose members include Law's long-lost son. While Law decided to return to China in the last episode, a line of dialogue leaves open the possibility of a follow-up.

Episodes
"Honor Among Strangers" is part one of a crossover with Walker, Texas Ranger, wherein Sammo teams up with Cordell Walker to apprehend a hate-mongering former military officer who later escapes Walker's custody in the Walker, Texas Ranger episode "The Day of Cleansing" to which he summons Sammo to Dallas to help catch him again.

Cast

 * Sammo Hung as Detective-Captain Sammo Law
 * Arsenio Hall as Detective-Lieutenant Terrell Parker
 * Kelly Hu as Detective Grace "Pei Pei" Chen
 * Tammy Lauren as Detective Dana Doyle (season 1 – first five episodes)
 * Louis Mandylor as Detective Louis Malone (season 1)
 * Tom Wright as Lieutenant Benjamin Winship (season 1)
 * Gretchen Egolf as Captain Amy Dylan (season 2)

Season one
The creator, Carlton Cuse, was aware that CBS was in need of a show that would attract young male viewers to its Saturday-night schedule. Stanley Tong suggested a cop show based on Police Story 3: Super Cop, a movie that he directed and in which Jackie Chan starred. Jackie Chan was contacted by Tong, but declined (Chan was set to appear in episode five "Cop Out", strolling into the background of one scene, but the bit was cut from the final version).

Shannon Lee also was guest cast as Vanessa Feng in episode eight, "Take Out".

Tong then approached Sammo Hung, a good friend and occasional co-star of Chan's. Still eager to fill the 9 pm program slot, CBS agreed very quickly and production began on the series. After the first six episodes had aired, they knew it was a hit. The production, however, was not without complications, as Hung was used to the control over filming he had in Hong Kong and was not fluent in English. Hung was not delighted to be filming in early mornings and late night that American television productions require.

Season two
New executive producers Lee Goldberg and William Rabkin took the helm at the beginning of the second season due to runaway production costs. They more or less pretended that the first season did not exist, retaining only the basic concept of a fish-out-of-water detective. Cast members Louis Mandylor and Tom Wright were dropped. Gretchen Egolf was brought in to play the unit's new leader, Amy Dylan, from the beginning of season two. Additionally, Parker's past in public relations was scrapped. The first season's cliffhanger ending (plus the dropping of Mandylor and Wright's characters) was explained away with a few throwaway lines.

Law made crossover appearances on episodes of Early Edition and Walker, Texas Ranger, the former preceding it and the latter following it in its Saturday time slot. Chuck Norris's Walker, Texas Ranger character, Cordell Walker, also made an appearance as part of the two-part Martial Law/Walker, Texas Ranger crossover.

Cancellation
After season two, CBS offered Sammo Hung a third season, but Hung said he would not do it without a final say on scripts, claiming that the new screenwriter CBS assigned to the show for season two made him nothing but a fighting machine. An article in the magazine Black Belt mentions that due to the $2 million cost of production per episode, the show was cancelled.

Broadcast
In the UK and Ireland, the show used to air on Five from 1998 to 2005, then on ITV4 showing replays of the episodes from 2005 to 2007 and then on Bravo from 2009 to 2011. In France, Martial Law (Le Flic de Shanghaï) can be seen on M6 and W9. It was previously broadcast on Britain's Channel 5 at 8 pm on Sundays, scoring high ratings in 98, Australia's Seven Network in 1998, on ATV in Hung's native Hong Kong, on TV4 in Sweden and on TV3, Sky1, and Channel 4 in New Zealand. It was previously broadcast on Dubai-based MBC 2, but can now be seen on MBC Action. In Germany, the series was broadcast on VOX. In Brazil, the series can be seen on Rede Bandeirantes since November 2007 as Um Policial da Pesada ("A heavy-set cop"). In Colombia, the series was broadcast on RCN Television. In Hungary, the series aired on RTL Klub as A harc törvénye ("The rules of engagement").

Also in Indonesia, from 2000-2002 it was aired on Indosiar every Monday night.

DVD
For many years, fans had petitioned for the show to be released onto DVD.

On May 4, 2015, it was announced that Visual Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series and will be releasing the complete series on DVD for the first time in the early spring of 2016 in the United States and Canada. According to Visual Entertainment the Boxset was released on August 30, 2016 and also includes the crossover episodes from the shows Early Edition and Walker, Texas Ranger.

Ratings
The show aired on Saturday nights throughout its run.

title: Martial Law (TV series)


text:
User talk:TupoParche

My e-mail is: m01@abv.bg My name is TupoParche. PLEASE SEND ME SPAM!!! Thanks!

title: User talk:TupoParche


text: File:Bhatucc.PNG

title: File:Bhatucc.PNG


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Habbo rares

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE. It appears to already be covered at Habbo Hotel, so I'm going to redirect. dbenbenn | talk 01:46, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Habbo rares
No context provided for what this is about. Possibly a description of items in some online game. Doesn't seem notable. -- Curps 11:31, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge anything useful into Habbo Hotel, or leave as it is. Xezbeth  11:42, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge as above. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:54, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but merging would be nice (as would cleanup). Radiant! 13:15, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Delete. This is trivia. Keep anything significant at Habbo Hotel. RJFJR 15:41, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Habbo Hotel, and add redirect. Megan1967 02:15, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - sub-trivial. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:35, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as a trivial fork, redirect would be unhelpful. Wyss 12:12, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, after working any useful content into Habbo Hotel. --BM 17:14, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a game guide, or a catalog, or whatever the hell this page is. -R. fiend 20:27, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of mayors of Cork

The Lord Mayor of Cork is the head of Cork City Council and first citizen of Cork. The title was created in 1199 as Provost of Cork and changed to Mayor of Cork in 1273. It was elevated to Lord Mayor in 1900. The date of election is the beginning of June, and the term of office is one year. This is a list of Provosts, Mayors and Lord Mayors.

title: List of mayors of Cork


text:
Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union

Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union is a trade union of hawkers in Kolkata. CHMU was founded in 1971. CHMU is affiliated to All India Trade Union Congress. Its membership is mainly based amongst food vendors.

title: Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union


text:
User:Maestral

Hello there!

''As you can see, I am trying to improve Wikipedia whenever I can, whenever there is enough time. With patience, anything is possible! I would like to invite all of you to join my efforts!''

''Be courageous! Together we can do it!''

title: User:Maestral


text:
Soil survey

Soil survey, or soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil properties in a given area and geo-encoding such information.

Background
Soil surveys apply the principles of soil science and draw heavily from geomorphology, theories of soil formation, physical geography, and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns. Primary data for the soil survey are acquired by field sampling and by remote sensing. Remote sensing principally uses aerial photography, but LiDAR and other digital techniques are steadily gaining in popularity. In the past, a soil scientist would take hard-copies of aerial photography, topographic maps, and mapping keys into the field with them. Today, a growing number of soil scientists bring a ruggedized tablet computer and GPS into the field with them. The tablet may be loaded with digital aerial photos, LiDAR, topography, soil geodatabases, mapping keys, and more.

Publication
The term soil survey may also be used as a noun to describe the published results. In the United States, these surveys were once published in book form for individual counties by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Today, soil surveys are no longer published in book form; they are published to the web and accessed on NRCS Web Soil Survey where a person can create a custom soil survey. This allows for rapid flow of the latest soil information to the user. In the past it could take years to publish a paper soil survey. Today it takes only moments for changes to go live to the public. The most current soil survey data is made available for high end GIS users such as professional consulting companies and universities.

Typical information in a published county soil survey includes the following:
 * a brief overview on how to use the survey
 * a general soil map for comparing the sustainability of large sections of the county
 * a detailed map with specific soil series outlined and indexed
 * a section on the use and management of soils
 * tables describing the physical features and environment of the county
 * tables containing land use suitability based on standards set by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Uses
The information in a soil survey can be used by farmers and ranchers to help determine whether a particular soil type is suited for crops or livestock and what type of soil management might be required. An architect or engineer might use the engineering properties of a soil to determine whether it is suitable for a certain type of construction. A homeowner may even use the information for maintaining or constructing their garden, yard, or home.

Soil survey information can be used to predict or estimate the potentials and limitations of soils for many specific uses. A soil survey includes an important part of the information that is used to make workable plans for land management. The information must be interpreted to be usable by professional planners and others. Predictions based on soil surveys serve as a basis for judgment about land use and management for areas ranging from small tracts to regions of several million acres. These predictions, however, must be evaluated along with economic, social, and environmental considerations before they can be used to make valid recommendations for land use and management.

title: Soil survey


text:
User:Rafbuff

This is me, check out www.synapps.de

title: User:Rafbuff


text:
Darjeeling District Newspaper Sellers' Union

Darjeeling District Newspaper Sellers' Union was a trade union of newspaper sellers in the Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India. DDNSU was affiliated to the Centre of Indian Trade Unions. The union president was Nantu Paul.


text:
Talk:Rosslare Europort

Untitled
I believe this article would be better split into two:

-- "Rosslare Europort", dealing with the commercial port of that name [categories: Transport in Ireland, Ports]; and

-- "Rosslare Harbour" (Calafort Ros Láir), dealing with the community of that name which the harbour gave rise to at (original name) Ballygeary [categories: Towns in Wexford, Towns in the RoI].

The fact that the owners of the harbour decided to rename it Rosslare Europort a few years back does not mean that the community of Rosslare Harbour has changed its name. I think the distinction is a useful one, e.g. "I live in Rosslare Harbour and work at the Europort".

Other opinions? -- Picapica 11:43, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Seems reasonable.

 * Is the town definitely called "Rosslare Harbour" and not "Rosslare"? zoney ♣ talk 13:21, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"Rosslare" (alone) refers to the village of Rosslare (a.k.a. Rosslare Strand), which is 8.5 km by road from Rosslare Harbour. There is already a separate article about the village. I propose to split the Rosslare Europort article tomorrow (there seem to be ongoing Wikiproblems at the moment!) -- Picapica 17:06, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Rosslare Europort, Rosslare Harbour, and Rosslare Strand now 3 separate articles. -- Picapica 19:07, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Removal of maintenance template
This article seems very well documented. Unles there are objections I propose removing the the mainrenance template tomorrow. MarkHarper1 (talk) 14:50, 24 December 2020 (UTC)
 * It is also written as a sales piece, perhaps by an interested party - it does not have an encyclopaedic tone. Geopersona (talk) 17:03, 30 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Now a nice piece of referenced work but does need to avoid anything that feels promotional rather than encyclopaedic. Geopersona (talk) 17:25, 31 January 2021 (UTC)

Full of unrelenting dribble
The article reads like a mishmash of school essay discussion paper, business & electioneering aspiration PR. It could do with a major edit. Cobalt69 (talk) 15:59, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rosslare Europort


text:
Otis Elevators Employees Union

The Otis Elevators Employees Union (OEEU) is a trade union of elevator installers and repairers at the Otis company's Indian subsidiary in Maharashtra state. OEEU was founded in 1961 and is affiliated with the Centre of Indian Trade Unions.

History
The OEEU was founded in 1961.

Throughout the 1980s, the Mumbai committee of OEEU had grown increasingly close with Otis management, until a group of militant young workers won the union elections in 1990.

In 1991, an increase in workplace accidents led to workers giving press interviews and forming an India-wide federation. In response, Otis stopped the payment of some wages and filed charges against workers.

In 1992, an Otis trainee died on the job due to orders to violate workplace safety protocols. OEEU organised protests in response, forcing the company to permanently take on 98 temporary workers and to stop their recruitment for permanent jobs. This had been a problem for several years at that point. In that year, Otis signed a bargaining agreement with rival union Bharatiya Kamgar Sena (BKS), giving management free hand. On February 2, 1994, BKS members attacked protesting workers inside the factory, after which Otis locked out all workers not willing to accept the bargaining agreement until the end of 1994. During the lockout, Otis increasingly employed unskilled contract workers to service maintenance contracts, leading to several accidents, including a fatal one, in 1994. During this time, OEEU organised temporary workers and workers coming from Mumbai's outskirts.

In 1998, two Otis workers died on the job in separate incidents in Mumbai. This led to a public discussion about the lack of safety training for contract workers at the company and an investigation by Lokhshahi Hakk Sanghatana, which demanded that company management should be prosecuted for their negligence. In another report from 2001, the organisation found that five Otis subcontractors had died on the job over the preceding two years.

title: Otis Elevators Employees Union


text:
User:LRC

Stuff (n.)

 * Nature
 * Science
 * Music
 * Star Trek
 * Languages
 * Klingon
 * Ardalambi

Site
URL

SCIENTIA GRATIA SCIENTIAE

EOF

title: User:LRC


text:
User talk:Pcpcpc

This user has also edited as, and. He has stated that he doesn't intend to use any of those accounts again. ALoan (Talk) 09:31, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Spam in Langham Hotel, London
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Langham Hotel, London, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Langham Hotel, London is blatant advertising for a company, product, group, service or person that would require a substantial rewrite in order to become an encyclopedia article. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Langham Hotel, London, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate Langham Hotel, London itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 10:18, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of List of types of cricket delivery
An article that you have been involved in editing, List of types of cricket delivery, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/List of types of cricket delivery. Thank you. —Moondyne 15:32, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Education in Birmingham, England
I have nominated education in birmingham, england for renaming to education in birmingham. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:46, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Festivals in Birmingham, England
I have nominated festivals in birmingham, england for renaming to festivals in birmingham. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:47, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:History of Birmingham, England
I have nominated history of birmingham, england for renaming to history of birmingham. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:47, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Media in Birmingham, England
I have nominated media in birmingham, england for renaming to media in birmingham. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:48, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Schools in Birmingham, England
I have nominated schools in birmingham, england for renaming to schools in birmingham. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:50, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Sport in Birmingham, England
I have nominated sport in birmingham, england for renaming to sport in birmingham. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:50, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Transport in Birmingham, England
I have nominated transport in birmingham, england for renaming to transport in birmingham. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:51, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Categories for discussion nomination of Category:Korean pop singers
Category:Korean pop singers, which you created, has been nominated for deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. — ξ xplicit  02:55, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Categories for discussion nomination of Category:British legal professionals
Category:British legal professionals, which you created, has been nominated for discussion. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Mike Selinker (talk) 16:33, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

Category:Domestic cricket competitions in the United States
Category:Domestic cricket competitions in the United States, which you created, has been nominated for discussion. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Armbrust, B.Ed. Let's talk about my edits? 10:01, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

Category:Legal buildings in London
Category:Legal buildings in London, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Pichpich (talk) 02:33, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Category:London's gentlemen's clubs
Category:London&, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. —Tom Morris (talk) 14:20, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Category:Districts of Manchester
Category:Districts of Manchester, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Green Giant (talk) 11:00, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

Navboxes on author pages
Since you have over 25 edits at Talk:Charles Dickens, you might want to participate in the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Novels regarding including navigation boxes for adaptations of and related subjects to an authors works on the author's bio page.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 20:44, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

BBC English listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect BBC English. Since you had some involvement with the BBC English redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Jamesmcmahon0 (talk) 15:11, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

Category:Military installations in Bedfordshire
Please see my proposal to delete Category:Military installations in Bedfordshire as there is no category for Military installations in England by county and the only content (RAF stations) is already in the appropriate category Category: Military history of Bedfordshire Hugo999 (talk) 12:14, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of The Red House
Hello Pcpcpc,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged The Red House for deletion, because it seems to be promotional, rather than an encyclopedia article.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions.   Mr RD    17:06, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

Category:Political pressure groups of the United Kingdom has been nominated for discussion
Category:Political pressure groups of the United Kingdom, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to see if it abides with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. PanchoS (talk) 13:55, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Peerage of the United Kingdom
Category:Peerage of the United Kingdom has been nominated for. You are encouraged to join the discussion on the Categories for discussion page. Alekksandr (talk) 19:36, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

Category:Peerages of the United Kingdom has been nominated for discussion
Category:Peerages of the United Kingdom, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to see if it abides with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 22:02, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

Category:Business services companies has been nominated for discussion
Category:Business services companies, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to see if it abides with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Light2021 (talk) 20:56, 19 July 2017 (UTC)

Category:Hotel and leisure companies has been nominated for discussion
Category:Hotel and leisure companies, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to see if it abides with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Rathfelder (talk) 09:12, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

Category:Comedy in London has been nominated for discussion
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Category:English athletes has been nominated for discussion
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Category:Welsh clergy has been nominated for merging
Category:Welsh clergy has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Rathfelder (talk) 15:12, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

Category:Palestinian charities has been nominated for merging
Category:Palestinian charities has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Estopedist1 (talk) 18:48, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

Category:Golf writers and broadcasters has been nominated for splitting
Category:Golf writers and broadcasters has been nominated for splitting. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Omnis Scientia (talk) 13:14, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pcpcpc


text:
Dornier Do 19

The Dornier Do 19 was a German four-engine heavy bomber that first flew on 28 October 1936. Only one prototype flew, and it was converted to a transport in 1938. The other two were scrapped.

The Luftwaffe lacked an efficient heavy bomber fleet. Generalleutnant Walther Wever, the Luftwaffe's first Chief of Staff, was the most persistent advocate of a German long-range strategic bomber fleet. The Dornier Do 19 was built for the Luftwaffe's Ural bomber program under General Wever, competing against the Junkers Ju 89. The RLM Technisches Amt issued a specification for a four-engine heavy bomber. But after Wever's death in an airplane crash in June 1936, Wever's successor, Albert Kesselring, canceled Germany's long-range bomber projects to concentrate on tactical bombers.

Both Dornier and Junkers were competitors for the contract, and each received an order for three prototypes in late 1935. The Dornier design was given the project number Do 19, while the Junkers prototype became the Ju 89.

Design and development
The Dornier Do 19 was a mid-wing cantilever design, and was mostly metal in construction. It had a rectangular-section fuselage and the tail had braced twin fins and rudders, mounted on the upper surface of the tailplane, itself set low on the rear fuselage. This was quite similar to the tail of the contemporary British Armstrong Whitworth Whitley medium bomber. It also had retractable landing gear, including the tailwheel. The powerplant, according to some sources, was supposed to be four Bramo 322H-2 radial engines that were mounted in nacelles at the leading edges of the wings.

Its crew of ten would have consisted of a pilot, co-pilot, navigator, bombardier, radio operator, and five gunners.

From late 1935, the poor promised performance of the Do 19 and competing Junkers Ju 89 resulted in the "Ural Bomber" programme being reduced to a technology demonstrator status, with Weaver losing confidence in the designs, with the Bomber A programme for a more advanced heavy bomber with much greater performance launched on 17 April 1936. The Bomber A project led to the development of the Heinkel He 177.

The V1 prototype flew on 28 October 1936. After Generalleutnant Wever died in an airplane crash on 3 June 1936, the heavy bomber program lost its momentum, and never recovered. According to the military historian Richard Suchenwirth, one of the reasons for the failure of the Luftwaffe in the air offensive against Britain, as well as for the lack of air support for the operations of the U-boat forces, was the absence of a good, reliable strategic bomber. By then, however, it was too late to develop the bombers required.

Albert Kesselring, Wever's successor, believed that what Germany required were more fighters and tactical bombers such as the Junkers Ju-88

Also Kesselring and Hans Jeschonnek had suggested to Göring that it would be better to drop heavy bomber projects due to material shortages. Around 2.5 tactical bombers could be built with the same material as one heavy bomber. In May 1937, the projects were cancelled. Erhard Milch recalled Göring saying, "The Fuehrer does not ask me what kind of bombers I have. He simply wants to know how many!"

Therefore, the V2 and V3 prototypes were scrapped. The original V1 became a transport in 1938. The Dornier Do 19 had a disappointing performance: it was slow, carried only a 1,600 kg bombload, and had only medium range. In fact, the whole Ural bomber concept had already been abandoned, not only because the required range was impossible, but also because of inadequate navigation and bombsights.

title: Dornier Do 19


text:
Municipal Mazdoor Union

Municipal Mazdoor Union, a trade union of municipal workers in Mumbai. MMU is affiliated to the Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat. MMU was established in December 1955 by Placid D’Mello and George Fernandes.

title: Municipal Mazdoor Union


text:
Talk:The Method of Mechanical Theorems

The Method
Some pages of the Method remained unused by the author of the Palimpsest and then they are still -surely forever- lost. Between them, an annonced result was about the volume of the intersection of two cylinders, a figure that Apostol and Mnatsakian have renamed n=4 Archimedian Globe (and the half of it, n=4 Archimedian Dome), whose volume relates to the n polygonal pyramid. This is amusing because the collaboration on indivisibles between Galileo and Cavalieri -ranging between years 1626 to around 1635- has as a main argument the hull and pyramid of the n=infinity dome. So in some sense it is true that the Method is only a theorem back from the modern infinitesimal theory.

See Apostol-Mnatsakanian in American Mathematical Monthly 111, June-July 2004 aditya kalra

Use of infinitesimals
A citation for "Archimedes disbelieved in the use of infinitesimals" is http://science-student.com/science-news/a-long-lost-text-by-achimedes-found-contains-some-work-on-calculus I can't work out how to put this in the article, but there it is for someone else to do so. 210.55.146.99 08:39, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

- Your link wasn't working but I found the page, while I am loathe to edit someones talk comment, I've fixed it for convenience. Unfortunately it's a rather poor article, with spelling errors in the title and calling him Aristotle near the end. The article does state that he argued against the actual infinite, but then goes on to describe how he used it firsthand. It is clear that he argued against it though, we describe modern use of the infinite excluding the actual as Archimedean. I'll try to dig up the source of this. Nazlfrag (talk) 04:51, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Suggest moving this page
to "The Method", so it can be listed with the rest of his works.Likebox (talk) 16:48, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The Method is a disambiguation page. One of the items listed is "The Method of Mechanical Theorems]], which directs to Archimedes Palimpsest. Michael Hardy (talk) 17:45, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's the problem--- the work is being conflated with the most notable surviving copy. The palimpset is about the object, not the work itself. This page talks about the content of the work. Perhaps this could be "The Method of Mechanical Theorems" or "Archimedes' Mechanical Method"?Likebox (talk) 19:38, 10 January 2009 (UTC)
 * From the style guide WikiProject Mathematics/Proofs, here are two lengthy passages which I think have not been followed here:
 * "Unlike textbooks, Wikipedia does not strive to provide an axiomatic introduction to mathematics. Thus it is not necessary for a Wikipedia article to prove every fact that is mentioned. Our best articles include references to good textbooks that the interested reader can consult for an axiomatic presentation of the field."
 * "In particular, WP:NOTTEXTBOOK applies. If the proof can be found verbatim in any standard textbook on a subject, then it is better off transwikied to a project such as Wikibooks, Wikiversity, or ProofWiki. There is also no point in presenting a novel proof not appearing before in print, because it falls afoul of WP:OR.These necessary conditions have not been very controversial"
 * Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 10:34, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It’s the lack of citations for the proofs that is my concern. As far as I can tell, those proofs are not found in the text being cited. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 10:37, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

That's an essay that doesn't really summarize consensus of the math project. The style guide reads: "This is an encyclopedia, not a collection of mathematical texts; but we often want to include proofs to explain a theorem or definition. A downside of including proofs is that they may interrupt the flow of the article, whose goal is usually expository. Use your judgment; as a rule of thumb, include proofs when they expose or illuminate the concept or idea; don't include them when they serve only to establish the correctness of a result." Here it is clear that proofs aren't being gratuitously included. We are summarizing and explaining Archimedes' method. We include a detailed explanation and proof of just one of the propositions. Two more are only sketched. Tito Omburo (talk)

Proof is far from clear or easy to follow
The proof for the First proposition in the palimpsest is pathetic. It is by no means convincing and has large gaps in it. It is redundant to state that Archimedes had to show that point I is the center of gravity of the triangle. I counted 3 uses of the word "suffices". To my superior mind, this raises a bright red flag. Either fix the proof or just be honest enough to say that you don't know. May I suggest either of the illustrious Dr. Michael Hardy or Dr. Arthur Rubin, provide a sound and "easy to follow" proof? I will check back in several weeks and see if either has been able to accomplish the task. May the odds be ever in your favour. 166.249.134.226 (talk) 18:31, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

In the part of "the area of parabola"
"This type of method can be used to find the area of an arbitrary section of a parabola, and similar arguments can be used to find the integral of any power of x, although higher powers become complicated without algebra." that part of the text, this erroneous or incomplete, since neither arquimedes, nor any of the authors cited in the text say that, it would be good to cite that comment. to corroborate that information, or at least specify the types of buildings needed to reach what is this saying. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sheldoniano (talk • contribs) 17:59, 23 October 2016 (UTC)

Added "Original research" tags
The five sections which explain Archimedes' propositions do not cite any sources. They read as if the editor has produced these proofs to illustrate how Archimedes' propositions work. For example, the first line in the section on the area of a parabola begins: "To explain Archimedes' method today, it is convenient to make use of a little bit of Cartesian geometry, although this of course was unavailable at the time." That sounds like a professor explaining it to a class. A similar reference to coordinate geometry is found in the first line of the section dealing with the volume of a sphere. The mathematical notation used in several of the sections is modern, not ancient Greek, and is clearly an attempt to explain Archimedes' work. Overall, this reads like a series of modern proofs to illustrate Archimedes' propositions, and is likely original research. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 02:00, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I added "Original research" tags back in 2022; they were deleted by an IP editor in 2023.  I"ve added the tag again, and this time I've listed this article at No Original Research Noticeboard. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 22:21, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Method of Mechanical Theorems


text:
John C. Arrowsmith

John Caraway Arrowsmith (June 4, 1894 – June 1, 1985 ) was a Brigadier general in the United States Army Corps of Engineers, commanding the 45th Engineers in the China-Burma-India Theater of Operations during World War II.

Arrowsmith was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1918, promoted to first lieutenant in 1919, while stationed at Camp Fremont California. During the 1920s he was detailed to the 3rd Engineer Regiment, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, the 2nd Cincinnati Engineer District, and the 13th Engineer Regiment, Camp Humphreys, VA. From 1930 to 1933 he was assigned to the San Francisco Engineer District, and promoted to captain in 1933. He was detailed to the Office of the Corps of Engineers in Washington, D.C. from April 1933 to July 1938, when he was assigned to the Missouri River Division, COE. He was promoted to major in 1940, and lieutenant colonel in 1942, when he was sent to Camp Blanding, Florida. as commander of the 45th Engineer General Service Regiment. In Nov. 1942 he went with these troops to India, where Arrowsmith was placed in command of Base Section 3 in Ledo, Assam, which was responsible for construction of the Ledo Road. Under Arrowsmith's command, the road reached the Patkai mountains and crossed into Burma. Stillwell, while recognizing the problems that diversion of roadbuilding assets to airfield construction had caused, was still unsatisfied with progress and began searching for a replacement. Lewis A. Pick replaced him as Chief Road Engineer in October 1943, but retained command of the 45th Eng, GSR. While Arrowsmith received a temporary promotion in July 1943 to brigadier general, he reverted to colonel in Jan. 1944. In Feb. 1944 he was detailed to the XXI Corps as Corps Engineer at Camp Polk, La., later accompanying these troops into France and Germany.

From Sept. 1945 to Nov. 1947 he was assigned to the U.S. Office of Military Government for Germany. From Jan. 1948 to Oct. 1949 he was commanding officer of the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories at Fort Belvoir. In Nov. 1949 he received his last assignment as a Deputy Chief in the Army Security Agency. He retired from the military in May 1953 as a brigadier general. He died in 1985 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery with his wife Nell B. (1895–1986).

title: John C. Arrowsmith


text:
Loch Quoich

Loch Quoich (Scottish Gaelic: Loch Chuaich) is a loch and reservoir situated west of Loch Garry approximately 40 km northwest of Fort William, Lochaber, Scotland. The name means "loch of the quaich". In 1896, it was listed as six miles long and three-quarters of a mile in width, belonging to Mrs. Ellice of Glenquoich, within the parish of Kilmonivaig.

Both lochs form part of the Glen Garry hydroelectricity project commissioned by the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board in the 1950s.

The scheme was completed in 1962.

Geology
The Loch Quoich Line is a fault line extending for over 60 kilometres within the Moine Thrust Belt. In 1980, the mineral johnsomervilleite, a transition-metal phosphate mineral, was first discovered in the Loch Quoich area.

On 10 November 2018, a landslide at Loch Quoich near Kinloch Hourn destroyed a pylon and knocked out power for 20,000 homes; telephones service was also interrupted. The landslide, which dislocated 9,000 tonnes, blocked road access until mid-2019.

title: Loch Quoich


text:
Keith Norton

Keith Calder Norton (January 26, 1941 – January 31, 2010) was a Canadian politician and public servant. He served as a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 to 1985, and was until 2005 the chief commissioner of the Ontario Human Rights Commission.

Background
Norton was educated at Queen's University in Kingston, and worked as a lawyer after his graduation.

Politics
He was elected as an alderman in Kingston in 1972, and became the city's deputy mayor in 1974.

He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1975 provincial election, defeating Liberal candidate Ken Keyes by 203 votes in Kingston and the Islands. He served as a backbench supporter of Bill Davis's government for the next two years, and was re-elected with an increased majority in the 1977 election.

Norton was appointed to cabinet on February 3, 1977, as Minister of Community and Social Services and held this portfolio throughout the parliament that followed. Re-elected without difficulty in the 1981 provincial election, he was appointed as Minister of the Environment on April 10, 1981. As environment minister, he became the first Canadian politician to speak before a committee of the United States Senate.

Norton was transferred to the Ministry of Health on July 6, 1983, and held this position until Davis resigned as Premier in early 1985. He supported Dennis Timbrell's unsuccessful bid to succeed Davis as Progressive Conservative Party leader in January 1985. When Frank Miller succeeded Davis as Premier of Ontario on February 8, 1985, he appointed Norton as Minister of Education and Minister of Colleges and Universities.

The Progressive Conservatives lost government following the 1985 provincial election, and Norton was personally defeated in the Kingston and the Islands riding, losing to Keyes by more than 2,000 votes.

Later life
After leaving politics in 1985, Norton became a businessman and consultant, working in the field of water purification. He attempted to return to politics in the 1990 election, running in Toronto against Liberal Attorney General Ian Scott. Norton had come out of the closet by this point, and ran as an openly gay politician in the riding of St. George—St. David, which includes Toronto's Church and Wellesley neighbourhood, Canada's largest gay village.

While Scott was criticized for not being open about his sexuality, Norton was derided for opportunism, declaring himself openly gay only after he'd decided to run in a riding with a large gay population. Norton finished third, behind Scott and the NDP candidate.

Human rights commissioner
In 1992, Norton was appointed to the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, and served as its president from 1992 until 1995. On July 18, 1996, Norton was appointed chief commissioner of the Ontario Human Rights Commission by Premier Mike Harris. From 1996 to 2004, he pushed for higher standards of protection for people with disabilities, and jump started the move to abolish mandatory retirement in Ontario. In late 2004, he argued that racial profiling was still a serious problem in Ontario. Norton has also been active in promoting gay rights. Norton's third term as Chief Commissioner ended in November 2005. He was succeeded by former Toronto Mayor Barbara Hall.

Final years
After leaving the OHRC, Norton went to work as a mediator/arbitrator for a company that specializes in settling disputes between parties outside of court.

Norton died on January 31, 2010, of cancer at the Toronto General Hospital. A funeral was held on February 10, 2010 at the Trinity-St. Paul's United Church in Toronto.

title: Keith Norton