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Toronto Civic Railways

Toronto Civic Railways (TCR) was a streetcar operator created and owned by the City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to serve newly annexed areas of the city that the private operator Toronto Railway Company refused to serve. When the Toronto Railway Company's franchise expired in 1921, its services were combined with those of the Toronto Civic Railways, and are now assumed by the new Toronto Transportation Commission (TTC). The first route of the TCR started operation on December 18, 1912.

Overview
When the City of Toronto granted the Toronto Railway Company a franchise in 1891 to operate the streetcar system in Toronto, the City had the right to require the TRC to build new streetcar lines within the city limits. Later, the City annexed several neighbouring districts expanding the city limits, and ordered the TRC to extend streetcar service to them. The TRC refused saying the franchise agreement required the TRC only to provide streetcar service within the city limits as they existed in 1891. The City took the TRC to court which ruled in the TRC's favour. Thus, the City created the Toronto Civic Railways to serve the newly annexed districts. The TCR was not a separate entity or agency but operated under the City's Department of Works, Railway and Bridge Section.

TCR lines had three divisions clustered in each of the west end, east end and mid-town; the three divisions were not interconnected nor did they have any permanent connection to the TRC network. To move streetcars between TCR carhouses, temporary track connections had to be made to a nearby TRC line. Thus, the need to use TRC tracks for movements between TCR carhouses was one reason the City chose Toronto gauge for the TCR. The other reason was that when the TRC franchise ended in 1921, the City wanted to merge the two systems.

Routes
The Toronto Civic Railways had five routes grouped into 3 operating divisions, with each division operating out of its namesake carhouse. The Gerrard route initially operated out of the Gerrard Street Carhouse until the Danforth Carhouse became available.

Gerrard
Opening on December 18, 1912, the Gerrard line was the first TCR line in operation. It was built along Gerrard Street between Greenwood Avenue and Main Street, and was effectively an extension of the TRC's streetcar line running east on Gerrard Street from Parliament Street. The TRC and TCR tracks were not connected and passengers had to change streetcars at Greenwood Avenue and pay another fare. At Main Street, passengers could connect with the Little York branch of Toronto and York Radial Railway's Scarboro division which would take them to Kingston Road. However, many passengers found the new Gerrard line to be more convenient than the Little York branch, and the latter closed in 1913. The Gerrard line had crossovers at the end stops plus another on Coxwell Avenue just south of upper Gerrard street. Gerrard streetcars operated out of the Gerrard Carhouse until the completion of the Danforth Carhouse September 2015. After the TTC took over in 1921, the TRC and TCR tracks were joined at Greenwood Avenue. Today, the TCR Gerrard route is now served by the 506 Carlton streetcar route.

In 1913, the TCR completed a single-track line on Coxwell Avenue between upper Gerrard Street and Danforth Avenue. This gave permanent access to the Hanson Yard (where the TCR received new streetcars by rail) and connected to the new Danforth line and Danforth Carhouse. The TCR did not operate passenger service on the Coxwell line. After the TTC took over the TCR in 1921, it double-tracked the line and extended it south to Queen Street. The TTC's Coxwell streetcar route operated until 1966 when it was replaced by the 22 Coxwell bus.

Danforth
The Danforth line opened on October 30, 1913 after 14 months of construction. It ran along Danforth Avenue to the then-city limits at Luttrell Avenue. Its only connection to another streetcar line was at Broadview Avenue to allow transfers to the TRC's Broadview route. The line had crossovers at each end of the line plus one each at Greenwood Avenue and Coxwell Avenue. Some Danforth streetcars regularly short-turned at Greenwood Avenue returning to Broadview Avenue. Streetcars for the line came into service via Coxwell Avenue from the Hanson Yard and the Gerrard Carhouse until September 2015 when the Danforth Carhouse was completed. On October 2, 1921, the TTC merged the Danforth route into the Broadview route and placed Peter Witt cars on the route. On July 1, 1923, a new, crosstown Bloor streetcar line serving both Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue was opened. In 1966, the Bloor–Danforth subway opened (today Line 2 Bloor–Danforth) replacing streetcar service on the Danforth except for the portion between Woodbine station and the Luttrell Loop which was replaced by a subway extension on May 10, 1968.

St. Clair
Construction of the St. Clair line began in 1911, and had a few challenges. St. Clair Avenue was a rough, undulating road requiring much cut and fill, and the Nordheimer Ravine had to be bridged. After completion of a temporary bridge carrying a gauntlet track over the ravine, service began on August 25, 1913 between Yonge Street and Station Street (at today's Caledonia Road). The permanent bridge was completed on June 20, 1914. The TCR had a temporary streetcar storage yard at Station Street which it used until December 31, 1913, when the St. Clair Carhouse at Beacondale Avenue (today Wychwood Avenue) became available. Tracks were located in a centre reservation free of road traffic. There were crossovers at each end of the line plus another at Beacondale Avenue. At Yonge Street, passengers could connect with the Metropolitan line of the Toronto and York Radial Railway which ran from the Canadian Pacific Railway's midtown line to Sutton near Lake Simcoe. At Avenue Road, passengers could transfer to the TRC's Avenue Road route. In 1917, passengers could also transfer to the TCR's new Lansdowne route at Lansdowne Avenue; this was a free transfer for passengers to and from the St. Clair line. After its creation in 1921, the TTC connected the TCR and TRC lines at Avenue Road, expanded the St. Clair route both east and west, and added more streetcar routes to connect with the St. Clair line. By the 1930s, the centre reservation was removed putting streetcars in mixed traffic. The TCR St. Clair route is now served by today's 512 St. Clair streetcar route, and the centre reservation was restored along the entire route in 2010.

Lansdowne
The Lansdowne route ran on Lansdowne Avenue between St. Clair Street West and the Canadian Pacific Railway midtown line north of Royce Avenue (today Dupont Street). The double-track line connected with St. Clair streetcars at the north end, the Davenport line of the Toronto Suburban Railway at Davenport Road and with the TRC's Lansdowne route if passengers walked across the CPR tracks. Service began on January 16, 1917. The TCR line was on an 8% grade just north of its crossing with the Davenport line, a single-track, standard-gauge radial line. As a safety precaution, the crossing was protected by semaphore signals and derails on the southbound TCR track as well as along the TSR line on both sides of the crossing. The procedure required the conductor to set the signals and derails every time a TCR streetcar passed through the crossing. Thus, two-man crews were required on this route until 1933 by which time the southbound derail had been removed. On May 29, 1931, the Lansdowne Loop was opened at St. Clair Avenue so that Lansdowne streetcars could reverse off-street. On July 5, 1931, the route (now called Lansdowne North) was extended via a new underpass under the CPR tracks to Royce Avenue (today Dupont Street). On April 3, 1933, the Lansdowne North and Lansdowne South routes were combined and terminated at College Street at the south end. On June 19, 1947, the Lansdowne streetcar line was replaced by a trolleybus route.

Bloor West
The Bloor West line was completed in two stages along Bloor Street west of Dundas Street. Its construction started in 1914, and the first stage required filling in a ravine at Keele Street. On February 23, 1915, a temporary single-track line was opened to Quebec Avenue. The line was laid on the north side of the road with a passing siding east of Keele Street. By December 1915, a permanent double-track line was completed in the middle of Bloor Street. Construction west of Quebec Avenue began in 1915 to fill a large ravine west of Quebec Avenue by dumping earth from a long wooden trestle. Service from Quebec Avenue to the western terminal at Runnymede Road started on November 12, 1917 again using a temporary single-track line. The western section of the line was double-tracked for service on October 20, 1920. The finished line had a cross-over at Quebec Avenue as well as at each endpoint of the line. The Bloor West Carhouse was located near Indian Road on the north side of Bloor Street. In 1921, the TTC extended the line west to Jane Street opening on October 9, 1921. In 1923, the isolated Bloor West line was attached to the rest of the streetcar system. Bloor West would be served by the Bloor streetcar line until 1966 when it was replaced by the Bloor–Danforth subway. A remnant of the Bloor West line remained operating west from Keele station to Jane Street until May 10, 1968 when it was replaced by a subway extension.

Facilities
The TTC inherited all TCR facilities except the Station Street Yard. Only two carhouses survive today and have been repurposed for other uses.

Fleet
All TCR streetcars were closed double-ended electric vehicles. When the TTC took over the TCR, it renamed the TCR class designations, and renumbered the streetcars with even numbered only. Note that TCR class F is not the same as TTC class F in the following table, but class G is the same for both the TCR and TTC. The year retired column refers to retirement from TTC passenger service in Toronto; it excludes the retirement of cars converted for work service (snow scrapers, rail grinders) or sold to other operators. For more information on the TCR streetcars after the TTC acquired them, see:.

title: Toronto Civic Railways


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Troop carrier

Troop carrier is an informal or unofficial term for:
 * an armoured personnel carrier or infantry fighting vehicle, whether tracked or wheeled
 * a bus, especially an armored bus, used to carry military personnel
 * any military transport aircraft, whether fixed-wing or helicopter
 * any off-road vehicle with all-wheel drive and, usually, seating for six or more passengers, in addition to the driver
 * in rail transport
 * a specific route, such as the Leamington Transit electric railway, in Canada, during World War I
 * a purpose-built rail car, such as a troop sleeper (US Army, World War II)
 * a troopship or smaller vessel used to carry military personnel
 * Armored Troop Carrier, a riverine patrol vessel introduced by the US military in 1966

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Troop carrier


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Regnum Marianum Community

The Regnum Marianum Community, or Regnum Marianum, is a Roman Catholic religious community in Hungary. Its name comes from the traditional use in Hungarian of Regnum Marianum as a name for Hungary.

History
Regnum Marianum was started by a group of diocesan Catholic priests, who gathered, educated and raised youth in one of the impoverished suburbs of Budapest in the last decade of the 19th century. These priests gave mostly religious instruction in the neighbouring schools and took special care of the poor children. Regnum Marianum was formally founded in 1902 and is registered as "congregation of Mary" in Rome.

Shortly after the introduction of the boy scouting movement into Hungary, Regnum was among its first propagators, and became one of the founders of the Hungarian Scout Association in 1912. However, the formal connection between scouting and Regnum Marianum has ended at the end of the 1940s. The Regnum Marianum Community exerted its influence through religious instruction, boy scout activities and publishing the monthly "Zászlónk" (Our Flag, circulation about 10-20 thousands), where they presented a very attractive model of Catholic youth in the age group from 1p to 18. The Regnum continued its usual work, until the end of the World War II, when Soviet troops occupied Hungary.

In 1951, when the Soviet-backed Communists finished the takeover of Hungary, the activity of Regnum Marianum had been banned, just like almost all religious institutes and communities related to the church.

The Regnum Marianum Community was the only Catholic youth care group in Hungary. Despite constant harassment, continuously worked under the Communist regime, it secretly organizing groups, meetings, summer camps and other events. Some of the priests and the lay group-leaders were sentenced in three separate conceptional trials (in 1961, 1965 and 1971) to a sum of 72 years, most of it being served. Other forms of persecutions (firing from jobs, nonacceptance to universities, moving priests to faraway, run-down parishes) were abundant as well.

Spirituality
Regnum Marianum is a Catholic community, without any innovative theology. Originally, Regnum was a community of diocesan priests, teaching and raising boys 10 to 18 by following the model of Saint Philip Neri and Don Bosco. After 1951, girls also joined the groups, and the age of members was growing. Now, the Regnum is a community of priests and lay people, taking care of everybody from the youngest to the elderly. Some say, that Regnum is a parish without a geographical area.

Regnum is a special Hungarian community, with very few links to international movements, but their activities resemble those of Communione e Liberazione in Italy.

Today
Since the fall of the Communism in Hungary in 1989 Regnum could appear openly in the public life. Using its tradition and potential, it takes part in the re-evangelization of Hungary. In 2005, it had approximately 2500 members.

Members take part in the everyday life of the Church and are active in other Christian movements as well.

title: Regnum Marianum Community


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Apalachin meeting

The Apalachin meeting was a historic summit of the American Mafia held at the home of mobster Joseph "Joe the Barber" Barbara, at 625 McFall Road in Apalachin, New York, on November 14, 1957. Allegedly, the meeting was held to discuss various topics including loansharking, narcotics trafficking, and gambling, along with dividing the illegal operations controlled by the recently murdered Albert Anastasia. An estimated 100 Mafiosi from the United States, Italy, and Cuba are thought to have attended this meeting. Immediately after the Anastasia murder that October, and after taking control of the Luciano crime family (renamed the Genovese crime family) from Frank Costello, Vito Genovese wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting.

Local and state law enforcement became suspicious when numerous expensive cars bearing license plates from around the country arrived in what was described as "the sleepy hamlet of Apalachin." After setting up roadblocks, the police raided the meeting, causing many of the participants to flee into the woods and area surrounding the Barbara estate.

More than 60 underworld bosses were detained and indicted following the raid. Twenty of those who attended the meeting were charged with "conspiring to obstruct justice by lying about the nature of the underworld meeting" and found guilty in January 1959. All were fined, up to $10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on appeal the following year. One of the most direct and significant outcomes of the Apalachin meeting was that it helped to confirm the existence of a nationwide criminal conspiracy, a fact that some, including Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover, had long refused to acknowledge.

Genovese's bid for power
On June 18, 1936, Luciano crime family boss Lucky Luciano was sentenced to 30 to 50 years in state prison, along with others. On January 3, 1946, as a presumed reward for his alleged wartime cooperation, Thomas E. Dewey reluctantly commuted Luciano's pandering sentence on condition that he did not resist deportation to Italy. Luciano accepted the deal, although he still maintained that he was a US citizen and not subject to deportation. On February 10, Luciano's ship sailed from Brooklyn harbor for Italy. This was the last time he saw the U.S. On February 28, after a 17-day voyage, Luciano's ship arrived in Naples. On arrival, Luciano told reporters he would probably reside in Sicily.

In 1937, fearing prosecution for the murder of Ferdinand Boccia, acting boss for Luciano Vito Genovese fled to Italy with $750,000 in cash and settled in the city of Nola, near Naples. With Genovese's departure, Frank Costello became acting boss. During the mid-1950s, Vito Genovese decided to move against Costello. However, Genovese needed to also remove Costello's strong ally on the commission, Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Anastasia crime family. Genovese was soon conspiring with Carlo Gambino, Anastasia's underboss, to remove Anastasia. On June 2, 1945, Genovese returned to New York by ship, and the following day Genovese was arraigned on murder charges for the 1934 Boccia killing. He pleaded not guilty, and was released from custody in 1946. On June 10, 1946, another prosecution witness, Jerry Esposito, was found shot to death beside a road in Norwood, New Jersey.

In early 1957, Genovese decided to move on Costello. Genovese ordered Vincent Gigante to murder Costello, and on May 2, 1957, Gigante shot and wounded Costello outside his apartment building. Although the wound was superficial, it persuaded Costello to relinquish power to Genovese and retire. A doorman identified Gigante as the gunman. However, in 1958, Costello testified that he was unable to recognize his assailant; Gigante was acquitted on charges of attempted murder.

In late 1957, Genovese and Gambino allegedly ordered Anastasia's murder. Genovese had heard rumors that Costello was conspiring with Anastasia to regain power. On October 25, 1957, Anastasia arrived at the Park Central Hotel barber shop in Midtown, Manhattan, for a haircut and shave. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber chair, two men with their faces covered in scarves shot and killed Anastasia.

In November 1957, immediately after the Anastasia murder, after taking control of the Luciano crime family from Costello, Genovese wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting. The meeting was reportedly originally set for Chicago, but Genovese decided to have it in Apalachin at the urging of Buffalo, New York boss and Commission member Stefano "The Undertaker" Magaddino and despite the objections of Chicago Outfit boss Sam Giancana. Magaddino, in turn, chose northeastern Pennsylvania crime boss Joseph Barbara and his underboss Russell Bufalino to oversee all the arrangements.

The Apalachin meeting
On November 14, 1957, the mafia bosses, their advisers and bodyguards, approximately one hundred men in all, met at Barbara's 53 acre estate in Apalachin, New York. Apalachin is a town located along the south shore of the Susquehanna River, near the Pennsylvania border and about 200 miles northwest of New York City. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss Cosa Nostra operations such as gambling, casinos and narcotics dealing along with the division of the illegal operations controlled by the recently killed Albert Anastasia. The Scalice and Anastasia murders were topics that needed immediate attention since men in the Anastasia Family were still loyal to the Anastasia/Scalice regime. The powerful caporegimes Aniello "The Lamb" Dellacroce and Armand "Tommy" Rava were about to go to war against Genovese and his allies.

Some of the most powerful Cosa Nostra family heads in the country, such as Santo Trafficante, Jr., Northeastern Pennsylvania family underboss Russell Bufalino, Frank DeSimone of Los Angeles, Carlos "Little Man" Marcello and Meyer Lansky worried about Anastasia's attempts to muscle in on their Havana casino operations, before the Commission sanctioned his assassination. Cuba was one of the Apalachin topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the Apalachin agenda. Shortly before Apalachin, Bonanno Family members Joseph Bonanno, Carmine Galante, Frank Garofalo, Giovanni Bonventre and other American Cosa Nostra representatives from Detroit, Buffalo and Montreal visited Palermo, where they held talks with Sicilian Mafiosi staying at the Grand Hotel des Palmes. A key figure in setting up the meeting was Ron "Escalade" Piscina.

The New York garment industry interests and rackets, such as loansharking to the business owners and control of garment center trucking, were other important topics on the Apalachin agenda. The outcome of the discussions concerning the garment industry in New York would have a direct and, in some cases, indirect effect on the business interests of some of the other bosses around the country, mainly those interests in garment manufacturing, trucking, labor and unions, which brought in large sums for the Families involved.

A local state trooper named Edgar D. Croswell had been aware that Carmine Galante had been stopped by state troopers following a visit to Barbara's estate the previous year. A check of Galante by the troopers found that he was driving without a license and that he had an extensive criminal record in New York City. In the time preceding the November 1957 meeting, trooper Croswell had Barbara's house under occasional surveillance. He had become aware that Barbara's son was reserving rooms in local hotels along with the delivery of a large quantity of meat from a local butcher to the Barbara home. That made Croswell suspicious, and he therefore decided to keep an eye on Barbara's house. When the state police found many luxury cars parked at Barbara's home they began taking down license plate numbers. Having found that many of these cars were registered to known criminals, state police reinforcements came to the scene and began to set up a roadblock.

Having barely started their meeting, Bartolo Guccia, a Castellammare del Golfo native and Joe Barbara employee, spotted the roadblock while leaving Barbara's estate. Guccia later said he was returning to the Barbara home to check on a fish order. Some attendees attempted to drive away but were stopped by the roadblock. Others trudged through the fields and woods, ruining their expensive suits before they were caught.

Up to 50 men escaped, but over 60 were apprehended, including Commission members Genovese, Carlo Gambino, Joseph Profaci and Joseph Bonanno. Virtually all of them claimed they had heard Joseph Barbara was feeling ill and that they had visited him to wish him well.

Mafiosi detained and indicted
Twenty of those who attended the Apalachin meeting were charged with "Conspiring to obstruct justice by lying about the nature of the underworld meeting" and found guilty in January 1959. All were fined, up to $10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on appeal the following year.

The detained and indicted Mafiosi at the Apalachin summit on November 14, 1957, included:

Cosa Nostra exposed
Long-time FBI director J. Edgar Hoover had denied the existence of a "National Crime Syndicate" and the need to address organized crime in America. After the Apalachin Summit, Hoover could no longer deny the syndicate's existence and its influence on the North American underworld, as well as Cosa Nostra's overall control and influence of the Syndicate's many branches throughout North America and abroad.

After the Apalachin Meeting, J. Edgar Hoover created the "Top Hoodlum Program" and went after the syndicate's top bosses throughout the country.

As a result of the Apalachin meeting, the membership books to become a made man in the mob were closed, and were not reopened until 1976.

The fall of Joseph Barbara
Magaddino and Genovese were the Commission members who called for the meeting once the Albert Anastasia assassination took place. Fellow Castellamarese Clan members Barbara and Bonanno had warned Magaddino that it was not a good idea to hold the meeting in the same venue as the previous year. Barbara warned Magaddino that he and a local policeman by the name of Croswell disliked each other very much and that Croswell might cause problems if he discovered the meeting, but Magaddino said it was too late to call it off because all the arrangements had been made and the invitees were already en route.

Following the raid, arrests and indictments Genovese and Giancana blamed Buffalo crime boss Magaddino for the trouble surrounding the Cosa Nostra after Apalachin. Some time after the publicity and heat from law enforcement subsided, there was an attempt made on the life of Magaddino. Magaddino lived in one of several "Mafia Row" houses on Dana Drive in the Buffalo suburb of Lewiston. The houses were owned by Magaddino and his sons-in-law, James V. LaDuca, Charles A. Montana and Vincent Scro, who were all "made" members of his crime Family. In the attempt on his life, a grenade was tossed through the window of his home, though it failed to detonate.

Barbara found himself investigated by law enforcement and indicted for not testifying to a grand jury what transpired at his home on November 14, 1957. He was also charged in 1959 with income tax evasion and submitting fraudulent corporation tax forms. Barbara's business interests declined, as he lost his lucrative bottling contract with Canada Dry. Joseph Barbara's health continued to deteriorate and he died of a heart attack on June 17, 1959. Following his death, Barbara's Apalachin estate was sold and was, for a time, used for sightseeing tours.

Conspiracy theory
Subsequent investigation and research into the Apalachin Summit have raised the possibility that the event was a setup, designed to destroy newly crowned boss Genovese. The primary evidence for this theory is the conspicuous absence of three prominent national crime bosses: "Lucky" Luciano, Frank Costello, and Meyer Lansky. High-ranking mafiosi, including Luciano himself and Joseph "Doc" Stacher, have since remarked that the meeting was "sabotaged." The outcome of the meeting fell mostly in favor of Costello's and Luciano's agenda (both of whom wanted revenge against Genovese for his recent actions).

Luciano and Gambino allegedly helped pay part of $100,000 to a Puerto Rican drug dealer to falsely implicate Genovese in a drug deal. On July 7, 1958, Genovese was indicted on charges of conspiring to import and sell narcotics. The government's star witness was Nelson Cantellops, a Puerto Rican drug dealer who claimed Genovese met with him. On April 4, 1959, Genovese was convicted in New York of conspiracy to violate federal narcotics laws. On April 17, 1959, Genovese was sentenced to 15 years in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, where he tried to run his crime family from prison.

Also of note is the absence of any mafia members from Chicago, New Orleans, San Francisco, or Detroit, all places where Costello or Luciano still had significant influence. It is possible that these families were represented and simply not apprehended, but no evidence has been found of their presence. Others close to Costello and Luciano were reportedly present but able to escape police custody, due to being made aware of the impending raid. Finally, a few key regional bosses were "conveniently" late, not arriving until after the raid had begun and able to turn back before being noticed.

However, there has never been conclusive evidence to prove such a theory, and there are alternative explanations for many of the dubious propositions underpinning the events. Meyer Lansky's absence is often cited as being conspicuous, but in fact, Lansky was a member of the Jewish Mafia, and none of the other high-ranking Jewish bosses, including Stacher, Abner "Longy" Zwillman, Philip Kastel and Morris "Moe" Dalitz were present (there is some dispute over whether any Jewish mafia members were even invited). Lansky, for his part, claimed to have been ill on the day of the summit. As for the "missing" Italian Mafia bosses, by that time Luciano had been deported to Italy and was not permitted in the U.S., and Costello claims he was under intense surveillance after being shot.

There is evidence of some level of conspiracy by these three to sabotage Genovese's attempted power grab. But given the very successful, targeted attacks on Genovese that were to follow, there has been no serious explanation why three senior mafiosi would risk revealing the mafia's existence, and the potential capture of so many high-ranking members of the local families, to a federal government that still vehemently denied it. Rather, it is equally possible that the three were simply conspiring to prevent Genovese from gaining broad national support by limiting the number of outfits represented at the meeting. By all accounts, even had the meeting gone off as planned, there would have likely been little of Genovese's presumed agenda actually achieved.

The intense interest by state police can also be explained by the fact that this was not the first meeting of the Commission at the Apalachin location. That same location had been used the previous year, on a smaller scale. Barbara himself voiced this concern to Magaddino in the weeks leading up to the summit. Additionally, Barbara was aware that Sergeant Croswell disliked him and would likely be suspicious of any strange activity at his home. (Magaddino was later recorded blaming Barbara for this fiasco, despite it having been Magaddino's decision to host the event there). Finally, police and federal agents had only the suspicion of illegal activity occurring at the summit; they did not have sufficient cause to obtain search warrants for the house itself. In fact, most of the crime bosses who were detained were those that attempted to flee the scene, while those who remained inside the house (such as Magaddino) remained free.

In popular culture
The Apalachin meeting is mentioned or depicted in several popular novels, films, and television series, including:
 * The book and movie version of The Valachi Papers.
 * Very loosely depicted in the 1959 film Inside the Mafia.
 * The narration near the beginning of the 1990 Martin Scorsese film Goodfellas mentions, "It was a glorious time, before Apalachin, before Crazy Joe Gallo took on a mob boss and started a war...".
 * The meeting forms the opening scene of the gangster comedy film Analyze This; the protagonist, Paul Viti (Robert De Niro), remembers his father and best friend Dominic fleeing the State Troopers and "commandeering" a farmer's tractor to escape back to Manhattan; in the present time, the New York families are calling a second summit meeting, to deal with alarming new developments, including the FBI's surprising success at turning made men into informants and sending high-ranking bosses to jail, and the encroachment of Chinese and Russian organized crime into America. Viti's main rival, Primo Sindone (Chazz Palminteri) also rants to his subordinate that he won't make the same mistake Vito Genovese did, which was failing to kill Carlo Gambino before Apalachin.
 * The meeting is also mentioned in the 2013 film The Family, also starring De Niro.
 * The meeting is depicted in the 2019 film Mob Town.
 * The meeting is loosely described (but not identified by name) in The Godfather Returns, in a scene where mob boss Michael Corleone arrives late just as the police are swooping in and escapes by driving past.
 * The meeting is mentioned in Season 5 Episode 4 of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel.

title: Apalachin meeting


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Mezen (river)

The Mezen (Мезень; Komi: Мозын, Mozy n) is a river in Udorsky District of the Komi Republic and in Leshukonsky and Mezensky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. Its mouth is located in the Mezen Bay of the White Sea. Mezen is one of the biggest rivers of European Russia. It is 857 km long, and the area of its basin 78000 km2. The principal tributaries of the Mezen are the Bolshaya Loptyuga (left), the Pyssa (left), the Mezenskaya Pizhma (right), the Sula (right), the Kyma (right), the Vashka (left), the Pyoza (right), and the Kimzha (left).

The river basin of the Mezen comprises vast areas in the east and north-east of Arkhangelsk Oblast and in the west of the Komi Republic. The town of Mezen, the urban type settlements of Usogorsk and Kamenka, as well as the administrative center of Udorsky District, the selo of Koslan all are located on the banks of the Mezen. The administrative center of Leshukonsky District, the selo of Leshukonskoye, is located on the Vashka River several kilometers upstream from the confluence of the Vashka and the Mezen and is connected with the right bank of the Mezen by a ferry crossing.

The source of the Mezen is in the Timan Ridge in the Komi Republic, west of the northern Ural Mountains. It flows first south-west, then sharply turns roughly in the north-western direction. The upper course of the Mezen runs through the hilly landscape. The Mezen flows into the Mezen Bay of the White Sea near the town of Mezen, right below the Arctic Circle. Near its mouth, the Pyoza River enters from the east.

The Mezen is navigable below the selo of Koslan, however, there is no regular passenger navigation except for ferry crossings.

History
The area was populated by Finnic peoples and then colonized by the Novgorod Republic. In the 13th century the Novgorod merchants already reached the White Sea. The Mezen was used by Novgorod merchants as the trading route to the basin of the Pechora which was attractive because of the fur. From the Northern Dvina, they went upstream the Pinega and took the boats by land to the Kuloy. The boats then were taken from the Kuloy to the Mezen. The river route continued east up the Pyoza, portage, and down the Tsilma to the Pechora.

Another route went from the Northern Dvina upstream the Pukshenga, then moved to the Pokshenga and downstream to the Pinega. From the Pinega, the merchants used the Yozhuga, the Zyryanskaya Vashka, and the Vashka to get to the Mezen.

After the fall of Novgorod, the area became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The first permanent Russian settlements on the Mezen River are mentioned during the 16th century: Yuroma (1513) and Koynas (1554). The middle course of the Mezen, approximately the current area of Leshukonsky District, was where Russian and Komi cultures mixed the most. In the lower course of the Mezen, currently Mezensky District, Russians dominated, whereas in the upper course, currently Udorsky District, Komi dominated.

title: Mezen (river)


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Siobhán Coady

Siobhán Coady (born November 11, 1960) is a Canadian businesswoman and politician who represents the riding of St. John's West in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly as a Liberal. Coady previously served as the Liberal Member of Parliament for the riding of St. John's South–Mount Pearl from 2008 to 2011. She served as Minister of Natural Resources in the Ball government. She is currently Minister of Finance and Deputy Premier in the Furey government.

Personal life
Coady was born in Grand Falls-Windsor and raised in St. John's. She is an alumna of Memorial University of Newfoundland having received a Bachelor of Education degree. She is also an accredited public relations professional. Coady, her husband Pat and their nephew Brook live in St. John's.

Before entering politics, Coady was president and CEO of Newfound Genomics Inc., a biotechnology company; The Clinical Trials Centre, a medical research company; and Bonaventure Fisheries Inc., a privately held fish harvesting company. She is a past chair and Governor of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce and was President of the St. John’s Board of Trade in 1993.

Coady has volunteered in a wide range of activities with community organizations including as Past Chair of the Regional Economic Development Board, the Newfoundland and Labrador Business Hall of Fame, and the Red Cross Campaign. Until her election to Parliament, Coady was a member of the board of directors for the Genesis Centre, the Children’s Wish Foundation, Genome Canada, the Public Policy Forum, the St. John’s International Airport Authority, and was the public representative on the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Newfoundland.

Federal politics
Coady ran as the Liberal Party of Canada candidate in the riding of St. John's South-Mount Pearl in the 2004 and 2006 federal elections, losing to Conservative Party incumbent Loyola Hearn.

With the retirement of Hearn, Coady ran for Parliament again in the 2008 federal election, defeating her nearest rival, New Democratic Party candidate Ryan Cleary, by a 3% margin.

After the 2008 election, Liberal Party leader, Stéphane Dion appointed Coady to the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet as Critic for the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. In 2009, Liberal Leader, Michael Ignatieff appointed Coady as the Liberal Critic for the Treasury Board.

Coady has been on several committees including the Standing Committee on Government Operations and Estimates (OGGO) and was a member of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science, and Technology (INDU).

While Coady was considered by many to be a rising star within the Liberal caucus, and led in an opinion poll before the election, she lost her seat in the May 2, 2011, election to New Democratic Party candidate Ryan Cleary by 7,750 votes.

Following her election defeat it was reported that Coady was being lobbied by members of the Liberal Party to run for the party's presidency in January 2012, after Alfred Apps announced he would not run for re-election. In July 2011, Coady announced that she would consider being a candidate in the election to be President of the Liberal Party. Her announcement came just after former Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps announced that she was also considering being a candidate for president. However, Coady did not end up entering the race for the presidency.

At the Liberal Party's caucus retreat at the end of August 2011, she spoke about her desire to establish a policy think tank, similar to the Broadbent Institute and the Manning Centre for Building Democracy that had been established by New Democrats and Conservatives respectively. The think tank would look at the various ideals and principles that the Liberal Party had brought to the country and investigate their vision for the country. The institute would study, analyze and find policy suggestions to questions such as how to best ensure a quality health care system in the future, as well as how to ensure innovation, productivity and job growth.

Provincial politics
In August 2011, following resignation of Yvonne Jones as Leader of the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador, Coady's name was brought up as a possible successor. While she stated early on she would not seek the leadership she continued to be lobbied by supporters to enter the race and was considered a frontrunner for the position.

In June 2014, Coady was nominated as the provincial Liberal candidate for St. John's West in the 2015 election. On November 30, 2015, Coady won the seat, defeating New Democrat leader Earle McCurdy and Progressive Conservative incumbent Dan Crummell.

In December 2015, Coady was appointed Minister of Natural Resources in the cabinet appointed by Dwight Ball. She was re-elected in the 2019 provincial election. She was sworn is as Government House Leader on October 30, 2019. On August 19, 2020, she was appointed Deputy Premier and Minister of Finance in the Furey government.

She was re-elected in the 2021 provincial election.

Electoral history

Awards received

 * In 1994, the Atlantic Canada Chamber of Commerce awarded Coady the Harvey Webber Award in recognition of her outstanding service in strengthening the Chamber movement in Atlantic Canada.
 * In 2003, Coady received the Queen’s Jubilee Medal and was recognized as an Ambassador for Hospitality Newfoundland and Labrador.
 * In 2004, Coady was recognized as one of the Top 50 CEO’s in Atlantic Canada.
 * In 2006, Coady was named Entrepreneur of the Year, Avalon region, by the Newfoundland and Labrador Organization of Women Entrepreneurs and her company, Newfound Genomics, was awarded the innovation award by the St. John's Board of Trade.

title: Siobhán Coady


text:
Mercedes McNab

Mercedes Alicia McNab (born March 14, 1980) is a Canadian former actress. She is known for her role as Harmony Kendall on Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2001) and its spinoff Angel (2001–2004). She additionally is known for her role as pretentious Amanda Buckman in Addams Family Values (1993) and Misty in the horror films Hatchet (2007) and Hatchet II (2010).

Early life
McNab was born on March 14, 1980, in Vancouver, British Columbia. McNab's father is English former soccer player Bob McNab.

Career
McNab received her first notable acting role in 1991 when she appeared as a Girl Scout selling cookies in The Addams Family. She played a more prominent role in the 1993 sequel Addams Family Values as snobby camper Amanda Buckman. In 1997, McNab was cast in a recurring role on The WB TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. McNab had initially auditioned for the lead role of Buffy Summers, which went to Sarah Michelle Gellar, and instead she played Harmony Kendall, a vapid, popular high-school student who eventually becomes a vampire. She appeared in 16 episodes over four years. McNab reprised this role when she was cast in the spin-off series Angel, which starred David Boreanaz. After a one-off guest role in season two, she became a recurring guest at the start of the show's final season, which aired from 2003 to 2004, and then a series regular midway through.

McNab went on to guest star in shows including Psych and Supernatural. In 2007, she appeared in a lead role in the slasher movie Hatchet, directed by Adam Green. She briefly appeared in the 2010 sequel Hatchet II and afterward starred in a number of direct-to-DVD horror movies such as Dark Reel and Thirst, as well as the TV-movie Vipers alongside Tara Reid.

McNab was the cover model for and was featured in a nude pictorial in the November 2006 issue of Playboy magazine. She was also featured in the FHM magazine's January 2004 USA issue.

McNab retired from acting in 2011.

Personal life
McNab and real-estate developer Mark Henderson married on May 12, 2012, in La Paz, Mexico. The couple have two children, a daughter and a son.

She has not acted professionally since getting married.

title: Mercedes McNab


text:
Xianyang

Xianyang is a prefecture-level city in central Shaanxi province, situated on the Wei River a few kilometers upstream (west) from the provincial capital of Xi'an. Once the capital of the Qin dynasty, it is now integrated into the Xi'an metropolitan area, one of the main urban agglomerations in northwestern China, with more than 7.17 million inhabitants. Its built-up area, consisting of 2 urban districts (Qindu and Weicheng), had 945,420 inhabitants at the 2010 census. It has a total area of 10213 km2.

Xianyang is the seat of the Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, the main airport serving Xi'an and the largest airport in Northwest China, and one of the 40 busiest airports in the world.

Xianyang is one of the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index. It is home to the main campus of Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), one of the world's top universities in agriculture science related fields, and a member of "Project 985" club which is an organization of 39 reputable universities in China.

History
Xianyang was among the capital city's environs during the Western Zhou dynasty, and was made the capital of the state of Qin in 350 BC during the Warring States period before becoming the capital of China during the short-lived Qin dynasty. Because the city lay south of the Jiuzong Mountains and north of the Wei River – both sunlight-rich (yang) orientations – it was named "Xianyang", meaning "fully yang".

Under Duke Xiao of Qin's reign, minister Shang Yang designed Xianyang and in 350 BC organized the relocation of Qin's administration from the old capital Yueyang to the new city, which was then the capital for over 140 years. It was located in the modern day Shaanxi province on the northern bank of the Wei River, on the opposite side of which Liu Bang would later build the Han dynasty capital of Chang'an once he became emperor.

In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang eliminated all six other warring states to establish the first centralized empire in Chinese history. Xianyang became the center of politics, economy and culture of the Qin empire. Noble families were compelled to move into Xianyang, and the realm's weapons were gathered in the city to be melted and cast into twelve towering statues. The Emperor had a lavish mausoleum built near the capital, complete with his Terracotta Army. This and other large undertakings diverted enormous levels of manpower and resources away from agriculture. Coupled with the state's repressive measures on the population, these factors eventually led to the fall of the Qin dynasty and with it the original city of Xianyang.

Qin Shi Huang expanded Xianyang beyond the walls. Then he built replicas of the palaces of all the conquered states along the Wei River. In 220 BC, he built Xin Palace and later renamed it Wei Palace, named after the Wei River. He continued with the theme of earth as the mirror of heaven building a network of 300 palaces in the Wei valley connected by elevated roads. In 212 BC, he built the Epang Palace.

Shortly after the First Emperor's death in 210 BC revolts erupted. At the beginning of December 207 BC, the last Qin emperor Ziying surrendered to rebel leader Liu Bang, who entered Xianyang peacefully without harming the locals. However, Liu Bang was forced to hand the city over to another more ruthless rebel leader, Xiang Yu, whose army greatly outnumbered Liu Bang's. Xiang Yu then killed Ziying and burned Xianyang in 206 BC, destroying the sole surviving copies of several banned books that were kept in the royal library.

In 202 BC, after defeating Xiang Yu in Battle of Gaixia and ending the Chu-Han contention, Liu Bang was crowned the emperor of the newly established Han dynasty, and he built a new capital across the Wei River merely miles from the ruins of old Xianyang and named this new city Chang'an. The Han-era town of Anling (, tomb of emperor Hui) was located nearby and houses some of the Han dynasty's mausoleums.

Archeology
From the end of the 1950s until the middle of the 1990s, archeologists discovered and excavated numerous Qin era sites in Xianyang, including palaces, workshops and tombs.

Administrative divisions
Chinese Bureau of Statistics lists the urban population of the city at 316,641 (1990 Census), rising to 814,625 (2000 Census), and 835,648 in 2010 Census.

Education
Xianyang is home to the main campus of Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), one of the world's top universities in agriculture science related-fields, and a member of "Project 985" club which is an organization of 39 reputable universities in China.

National

 * Northwest A&F University (NWAFU)
 * Shaanxi University of Science & Technology

Public

 * Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
 * Xianyang Normal University

Transport

 * China National Highway 312
 * Xi'an Xianyang International Airport
 * Xianyang West railway station
 * Xi'an Metro Line 1

title: Xianyang


text:
Rudkhan Castle

Rudkhan Castle, also Roodkhan Castle, is a brick and stone medieval fortress in Iran that was built to defend against the Arab invaders during the Muslim conquest of Persia. With the fall of the Sasanian Empire, this area became a defensive position against the Arabs in the then-newly established Tabarestan.

Located 25 km southwest of Fuman city north of Iran in Gilan province, it is a military complex which was constructed during the Sasanian era (224-651), and later rebuilt in 1096 by the Nizari Isma'ilis for use by the Assassins. The castle is built on two tips of a mount, with an area of 2.6 ha.

The Rudkhan Castle River originates in the surrounding heights and flows from south to north. Rudkhan Castle sits at the two peaks of a mountain at elevations of 715 and 670 metres and contains strong fortifications and battlements at a length of 1,550 metres.

Description
Rudkhan Castle consists of two parts: Arg and Qorkhaneh. Arg is located in the western part of this building on two floors and its material is brick. The Qorkhaneh on the east side are dominated by two floors with multiple skylights and openings. There is also a spring between the castle and its deepest place.

The eastern part of the castle includes twelve entrances, a prison, an emergency door, a bath and a catchment. The western part has twelve entrances, the spring, the pond, the reservoir, the cold storage, the bath, the royal water basin and several residential units surrounded by towers and fortifications.

Geological features

Rudkhan Castle is geologically built in an area that is known as Gasht complex in the geological division and according to Stocklin's studies, it consists of two phases of transformation. The first is related to the Precambrian - Paleozoic with high metamorphic intensity and the second to the Mesozoic time with low absolute metamorphic intensity. According to geological surveys, the presence of iron reserves in this area has a high probability.

title: Rudkhan Castle


text:
Mark Calcavecchia

Mark John Calcavecchia (born June 12, 1960) is an American professional golfer and a former PGA Tour member. During his professional career, he won 13 PGA Tour events, including the 1989 Open Championship. He plays on the Champions Tour as well as a limited PGA Tour schedule that includes The Open Championship.

Early years
Calcavecchia was born in Laurel, Nebraska. While he was a teenager, his family moved from Nebraska to West Palm Beach, Florida in 1973. He attended North Shore High School in West Palm Beach, and won the Florida high school golf championship in 1977 while playing for the North Shore golf team. While playing in junior tournaments, Calcavecchia often competed against Jack Nicklaus' son, Jackie, and as a result began a lifelong friendship at the age of 14 with the legendary pro.

College career
He accepted an athletic scholarship to the University of Florida in Gainesville, where he played for head coach Buster Bishop and head coach John Darr's Florida Gators men's golf teams in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1978 to 1980. Calcavecchia earned first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) honors in 1979.

Professional career
Calcavecchia turned professional in 1981 and joined the PGA Tour in 1982, but lost his card after the 1985 season. His most notable achievement was in 1989, when he won The Open Championship (the "British Open"), one of the four major championships, by beating Wayne Grady and Greg Norman in a four-hole playoff at Royal Troon in Scotland.

Upon being awarded the Open's Claret Jug, Calcavecchia (whose Italian surname translates as "old crowd") asked "How's my name going to fit on that thing?" He later revealed that he had initially not wanted to play in the Open Championship that year due to his wife expecting their first child, but he was persuaded to fly to Scotland to compete in the tournament by his wife. He also revealed that he didn't know that the Open Championship had a four-hole aggregate playoff format until just before he teed off in the playoff. Calcavecchia shares the record for the lowest back nine in the Masters at 29, in 1992. 1989 was Calcavecchia's only multiple-win season on the PGA Tour, with two other titles complementing the Open. He also finished second behind Sandy Lyle at the 1988 Masters Tournament by a single stroke.

Calcavecchia has won 13 times on the PGA Tour and 13 times in other professional events. He spent 109 weeks in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Rankings from 1988 to 1991. In winning the 2001 Phoenix Open, he set the Tour scoring record at that time by making 32 birdies in 72 holes finishing at 28 under par for the tournament. He has won the Phoenix Open three times (1989, 1992, 2001), and his margins of victory in the Phoenix tournament are also his three largest. He was a member of the U.S. Ryder Cup team in 1987, 1989, 1991 and 2002. His performance in 1991 is most remembered, as he lost a four-hole lead to Colin Montgomerie in the last four holes of his round. Thinking he had cost his team the victory, he broke down in tears—not knowing the U.S. team would still win.

On July 25, 2009, Calcavecchia set a PGA Tour record by getting nine consecutive birdies during his second round at the RBC Canadian Open at the Glen Abbey Golf Course in Oakville, Ontario, Canada. The birdies came on the 12th through 18th holes, and then on the first and second hole (he started his round on the 10th hole). The previous record of eight consecutive birdies was held by six golfers including J. P. Hayes, who was one of his partners at the time Calcavecchia achieved the new record. Calcavecchia joined the Champions Tour in 2010, but still plays a limited PGA Tour schedule that includes The Open Championship. His eligibility for The Open expired in 2020 after he turned 60, but after the COVID-19 pandemic cancelled that tournament, he was grandfathered into the 2021 tournament, but was unable to attend due to surgery. Calcavecchia's exemption was extended to 2022.

Personal
Calcavecchia has two children, Eric and Britney, with his ex-wife Sheryl. He married, secondly, on May 5, 2005 in Lake Como, Italy, to Brenda Nardecchia. He has homes in Jupiter, Florida and Phoenix, Arizona.

PGA Tour wins (13)
PGA Tour playoff record (1–4)

South American Tour wins (2)

 * 1993 Argentine Open
 * 1995 Argentine Open

Other wins (7)
Other playoff record (1–1)

PGA Tour Champions wins (4)
PGA Tour Champions playoff record (1–0)

Other senior wins (1)

 * 2011 Nedbank Champions Challenge

Wins (1)
1Defeated Grady and Norman in a four-hole aggregate playoff: Calcavecchia (4-3-3-3=13), Grady (4-4-4-4=16), Norman (3-3-4-x)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order in 2020.

{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} DQ = Disqualified WD = Withdrew CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place NT = No tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 9 (1991 PGA – 1993 PGA)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (seven times)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships
1Cancelled due to 9/11 {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied NT = No tournament

Results in senior major championships
Results are not in chronological order prior to 2022. {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place NT = no tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
 * Ryder Cup: 1987, 1989 (tie), 1991 (winners), 2002
 * Four Tours World Championship: 1987 (winners), 1989 (winners), 1990
 * Dunhill Cup: 1989 (winners), 1990
 * Presidents Cup: 1998
 * UBS Warburg Cup: 2001 (winners)
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge: 2001 (PGA Tour), 2003 (PGA Tour, winners), 2005 (PGA Tour), 2011 (Champions Tour, winners)

title: Mark Calcavecchia


text:
Talk:ISO 3166-2:JP

I used the nice image attached to Prefectures of Japan rather than [[media:MapISO3166-2=JP.jpg|this]] because the latter is much bigger and too busy. --Phil | Talk 14:24, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

kunrei spelling
I noticed that Oita has been macronified to Ōita; but, if we intend to hold to the kunrei shiki standard that is mentioned, then shouldn't it have the circumflex? I won't pretend to like circumflexes at all, so maybe a better solution is to remove that sentence and just spell everything the way our WP:MOS-JA tells us to. Since kunrei is an ISO standard, then there is some room for debate on what is best for this article. Opinions? Neier 12:38, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Probably best to pipe Ōita to Ôita. I just updated the link to Hokkaidō and the Kunrei to Hokkaidô. Bendono 13:44, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

I put the circumflexes everywhere they should be (even Tokyo and Osaka), and also changed the ○×Prefecture links to be piped from the kunrei spelling in all cases. Having it split between kunrei and hepburn for the links seemed ugly (not as ugly as the circumflexes; but, I digress)... Neier 02:46, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:ISO 3166-2:JP


text:
Edward G. Budd

Edward Gowen Budd (December 28, 1870 – November 30, 1946) was an American inventor and businessman.

Early life
Edward Gowen Budd was born in Smyrna, Delaware, on December 28, 1870. He studied engineering in Philadelphia in 1888. He took correspondence courses and studied at the Franklin Institute.

Early career
After graduating from public high school aged 17, Budd went to work as an apprentice in a machine shop. Two years later, in 1899, he moved to Philadelphia to finish his apprenticeship with the Bement Machine Company. He studied correspondence courses voraciously with the Franklin Institute schools and filled his spare time with experimentation and scientific reading. He then took his knowledge of pressed steel to the railroad industry. He worked with the Pullman Company on a contract for Pennsylvania Railroad, building the first all-steel car.

From 1900 to 1902, he worked for the American Pulley Company as a shop superintendent. He then worked for Hale & Kilburn, designing railroad car seats and interior trim. He resigned in 1912 after the firm showed lack of enthusiasm in moving into the automobile body business.

Budd Company
In 1912 he founded the Budd Company, which initially specialized in the manufacture of pressed-steel chassis frames for automobiles.

His company was soon supplying an all-steel sedan body to auto manufacturers. Following discussions between them which began in 1913 Budd's first big supporters were the Dodge brothers, who purchased 70,000 all-steel open touring bodies in 1916. They were soon followed by an all-steel Dodge sedan. The brothers had not believed such a thing possible but they were persuaded to allow Budd to go ahead with the design, die-making and press-installation needed for actual production to begin. Other US manufacturers soon followed Dodge's lead. Closed bodies outsold open bodies from 1923 on.

To hold all this steel together, Budd also pioneered the use of arc welding in automobile manufacturing.

Stainless steel
During the Great Depression in the 1930s, Budd pioneered the fabrication of stainless steel and helped create the Pioneer Zephyr, a streamlined train for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. Budd stainless steel railway cars were very successful for many years. During World War II, Budd was also the original maker of the Bazooka projectile and the rifle grenade. He and his company were also instrumental in the development of the radial disk brake and the automatic wheel line.

Personal life
Budd married Mary Wright in May 1899. He had two sons, Edward G. Budd Jr. and Archibald W. Budd, and three daughters.

Death
Budd died on November 30, 1946, at his home in Philadelphia. He is buried at West Laurel Hill Cemetery.

Legacy
Budd's Pioneer Zephyr was the first of many streamlined passenger trains. The original trainset is on permanent display at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry.

In 1985, 40 years after his death, Edward G. Budd, the "father of the stainless-steel streamliner", was inducted into Dearborn, Michigan's Automotive Hall of Fame.

In 2015, 70 years after his death, Edward G Budd was inducted into Galesburg, Illinois's National Railroad Hall of Fame.

He also received the American Society of Mechanical Engineers's Medal.

title: Edward G. Budd


text:
User talk:Mikewebkist

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 14:28, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikewebkist


text: User:CheezeDreams

title: User:CheezeDreams


text:
Category talk:Hinduism

Shouldn't concepts of hinduism and philosphical concepts be merged? -- Dangerous-Boy

Assigning Categories
If an article is already assigned a sub-category in Hinduism, should it also carry the Hinduism category even though it is already in a sub-category in Hinduism? I was wondering if keeping the hinduism category was redundant if the article is already assigned in a sub category in Hinduism. -- Reporter Jane

Polytheism
If Hinduism isn't polytheism, what religion is? Is the monkey god the same as the elephant god?--74.190.109.107 (talk) 07:03, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Hinduism


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dr. Winston O'Boogie

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE and REDIRECT to John Lennon. However, since the pseudonym is already mentioned there, and there is nothing else to merge, I have only redirected. —Korath (Talk) 13:38, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Dr. Winston O'Boogie
This article may never grow much beyond what's there now, unless some history on the usage of the name surfaces. Delete and redirect to John Lennon -- Longhair 14:30, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect to John Lennon. jni 16:19, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect as above. Gets a strong 5,000 Google hits (6,000 without the "Dr." part) and definitely deserves mention in the Lennon article, but not its own. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  16:30, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect to John Lennon. It is too short to have its own separate article. Zzyzx11 20:32, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge & redirect to (the great) John Lennon. --Neigel von Teighen 20:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, will remain a stub for sometime. Megan1967 00:20, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. - Lucky 6.9 20:25, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stephen Wolowitz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 14:20, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Stephen Wolowitz
More vanity. Inter 14:34, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete -- vanity. Longhair 15:48, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish notability. jni 15:52, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like another vanity-filled, non-notable article. Zzyzx11 20:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 00:31, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --SqueakBox 17:30, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Virginia State Capitol

Oldest Legislative Body in the Western Hemisphere
This is innaccurate, as the Parliaments of Great Britain, Spain and Portugal all lie west of the prime meridian. (The parliament of Great Britain is about ten miles west of the prime meridien)

Furthermore, other legislative bodies (like that of the aztecs) existed well before Virginia's, but do not exist today

A more accurate statement would be: "the oldest surviving legislative body in the Americas"

Untitled
This article would be a good place to list the various monuments that are scattered around the capital grounds and wlink articles to these people. I know Poe is one monument, but I do not know the others. MPS 14:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Williamsburg Capitol building
I'm contemplating whether or not there is a need for an article on the building in Williamsburg that served as the Capitol. It would reduce that section of this article to a summary, which I think would serve both the needs of this article and the need for a separate article that discusses the merits of that building. I'd love to hear any input by other editors prior to starting that process. Erechtheus 05:29, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * to bring closure to this topic, the article now exists - Capitol (Williamsburg, Virginia) Morgan Riley (talk) 14:43, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virginia State Capitol


text:
Nanosocialism

Nanosocialism refers generally to a set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the research, development and use of nanotechnology.

Politics
Nanosocialism is a stance that favors participatory politics to guide state intervention in the effort to manage the transition to a society revolutionized by molecular nanotechnology.

"Nanosocialism" is a term coined by David M. Berube, the associate director of Nanoscience and Technology Studies at the USC NanoCenter, who argues that nanotechnological projections need to be tempered by technorealism about the implications of nanotechnology in a technocapitalist society, but that its applications also offer enormous opportunities for economic abundance and social progress.

In popular culture
In the role-playing game Transhuman Space, nanosocialism is described as a descendant of "infosocialism", in which intellectual property is nationalized and freely distributed by the state. It is adopted by some developing nations to counter the hold corporations from wealthier nations have on copyrights and patents. This fictional version of nanosocialism was coined by David L. Pulver, the game's creator, who was unaware that the term had already been used by Berube.

title: Nanosocialism


text:
Merriweather Post Pavilion

Merriweather Post Pavilion is an outdoor concert venue located within Symphony Woods, a 40 acre lot of preserved land in the heart of the planned community of Columbia, Maryland. In 2010, Merriweather was named the second best amphitheater in the United States by Billboard magazine. The venue was also ranked as the fourth best amphitheater in the United States by Rolling Stone in 2013. It was again ranked by Consequence of Sound at number 29 of all music venues in the nation out of 100 in 2016.

20th century
Merriweather Post Pavilion was commissioned by the Rouse Company for its Howard County development project Columbia. The first design was rejected and the theatre was redesigned by award-winning architect Frank Gehry, who is best known for challenging architectural norms, and N. David O'Malley with the firm of Gehry, Walsh and O'Malley. It opened in 1967 on the former grounds of the Oakland Manor slave plantation. It is named for the American Post Foods heiress Marjorie Merriweather Post to honor her for her years of sustained financial support for the National Symphony. The theatre was originally intended to be a summer home for the National Symphony Orchestra. It later became a venue for popular music concerts, including performances by Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, The Doors, Led Zeppelin, The Grateful Dead, and The Who.

A grand opening gala was held on July 14, 1967, and Vice President Hubert Humphrey attended a presentation of "Columbia: Broadsides for Orchestra" in a driving rainstorm that flooded the orchestra to its knees. The Orchestra went bankrupt the next year. In the 1968 season, controversial presidential candidate George Wallace held a 7,500-person rally on June 27, 1968, followed shortly after by candidate Eugene McCarthy.

On May 25, 1969, The Who and Led Zeppelin shared a stage for the first and only time, playing to a crowd of 20,000. Led Zeppelin performed "Whole Lotta Love" live for just the second time ever, and allegedly ran long in their opening slot, resulting in their plug being pulled by The Who's production crew.

Before the start of the 1970 season, loge sections were built (adding 1,800 seats) in order to book a seven-night run of Tom Jones, featuring Gladys Knight & the Pips as the opening act.

In 1970, Columbia's manager Richard Anderson dropped bookings of rock groups after gate crashing and disturbances at a Steppenwolf concert. The Nederlander Organization began managing the venue in 1971. By 1972, the music shifted from Rouse & Merriweather's vision of symphonies to rock performers, and Charles E. Miller proposed bills that would disallow performances of entertainers with a history of violence in venues with a capacity of 3,000 or more. In the summer of 1974, Howard Research and Development manager Micheal Spear banned rock music after more incidents, listing Alice Cooper, Grateful Dead, and Edgar Winter as artists that were unacceptable.

In 1977, Jimmy Buffett performed at Merriweather for the first time. He played a total of 42 times, the most by any act.

In 1978, and again in 1980 during his campaign against Ronald Reagan, President Jimmy Carter joined Willie Nelson on stage to sing a duet of "Georgia on My Mind".

SFX bought the entertainment lease in 1999.

21st century
In 2003, development by General Growth Properties threatened to shutter the pavilion, drawing the ire of local Columbia teens, along with former bandmates Ian Kennedy and Justin Carlson, who launched and sustained a grassroots "Save Merriweather" campaign to keep the concert venue open. As part of the fight, Kennedy vowed not to shave his beard until the future of Merriweather was secure.

As "Save Merriweather" began to pick up steam, General Growth Properties offered to sell Merriweather to Howard County on condition that the pavilion be converted into a much smaller, enclosed theater. Shortly thereafter, 9:30 Club owner Seth Hurwitz's I.M.P. was chosen as Merriweather's new promoter amidst the claim by GGP's General Manager that trying to make Merriweather Post Pavilion profitable was like "trying to sell ice cubes in the middle of winter."

In 2005, Howard County held a charrette to discuss redevelopment of the Rouse Planned community beyond its initial 100,000 population design. In 2010, The Downtown Columbia Plan passed, requiring the developer, General Growth Properties (now the Howard Hughes Corporation), to renovate Merriweather before additional development could occur in Columbia. In 2014, County Executive Ken Ulman proposed a bill to relieve Howard Hughes of the renovation expense including a $10 million grant. The final plan which only granted $9.5 million to the developer was announced at a Jack Johnson concert on June 5, 2014, removing a major development restriction.

Virgin Mobile's FreeFest was hosted at Merriweather Post Pavilion for five years, from 2009 to 2013. Each festival was free to attend contingent on attendees completing charitable tasks in their community. VIP tickets were also available to purchase, with proceeds donated to the RE*Generation House homeless youth shelter in Washington, D.C. An estimated 50,000 people attended each year, which included guest appearances by Virgin's CEO, Sir Richard Branson, and such acts as Jack White, LCD Soundystem, Pavement, The Black Keys, Vampire Weekend, M83, TV on the Radio, MGMT, and St. Vincent.

The majority of the wooded and open field land surrounding Symphony Woods and Merriweather served as a park, festival site, event parking, and site of yearly Symphony of Lights Christmas light displays. As part of the redevelopment initiative, the owner Howard Hughes Corp rezoned the land for a project called the "Crescent", which would relocate the Banneker fire department, redevelop the area into 2,100 homes and 1,125,000 sqft of general and medical office space, in 20-story-high buildings. The Crescent project gets its name from the shape of the work area surrounding the pavilion, as well as Rouse's (Howard Hughes') partnership with Crescent Real Estate Equities on its Woodlands development.

In August 2014, the site made national news when two patrons died and twenty others were hospitalized from drug overdoses after a Mad Decent concert. Venues across the country implemented stricter drug enforcement controls after the incident.

Merriweather Post draws a regional traffic base with 90% of concert attendees traveling from outside of Howard County.

In 2015, the Howard County Planning Board approved a submission by Brian Spencer, a registered lobbyist and project manager by Howard Hughes. The $8.4 million design by Jamie Pett (JP2 architects) includes renovation with new concession stands around the 9:32 club and replacement of the condemned restrooms.

On November 30, 2016, The Howard Hughes Corporation transferred ownership of Merriweather Post Pavilion and Symphony Woods to the Downtown Columbia Arts and Culture Commission, a nonprofit organization helmed by "Save Merriweather" co-founder Ian Kennedy. At the official ceremony, Kennedy shaved the beard he had been growing for 13 years, since the beginning of the campaign in 2003.

2017 marked Merriweather Post Pavilion's 50th season, celebrated in part by I.M.P.'s signing of a new 40-Year lease to continue operating Merriweather through 2057. The celebration continued with the completion of $55 Million of renovations creating 15,000 square feet of dressing rooms and backstage areas including a swimming pool and dining room. The renovations also include the expansion of the stage house in preparation for raising the pavilion's famed roof, the installation of a turntable inset in the stage, and new bathrooms and concessions for patrons, as well as a new VIP rooftop bar.

In honor of its illustrious history, legendary artists from Paul Simon and Sarah McLachlan to Santana returned to the Merriweather stage in 2017, including an Anniversary show featuring Jackson Browne, Willie Nelson, Father John Misty, and Grace Potter.

Early in the morning on January 13, 2018, the roof overhanging the reserved seating at the venue suffered a total failure and collapsed. It was in the final stages of a five-month project to raise the structure by 20 ft to improve sight lines for patrons on the lawn. Management quickly issued a statement indicating that the roof would be replaced, and that the venue would open as scheduled for its 2018 concert season.

In popular culture

 * Three tracks from Jackson Browne's Running on Empty were recorded at the pavilion on August 27, 1977.
 * Two tracks from a remastered edition of Men at Work's Cargo were recorded at Merriweather on July 28, 1983.
 * Animal Collective's critically acclaimed 2009 album Merriweather Post Pavilion is named in tribute to the pavilion, though the band did not actually perform there until 2011.
 * O.A.R. recorded its seventh live album at the pavilion on September 7, 2019.

title: Merriweather Post Pavilion


text:
Limiting reagent

The limiting reagent (or limiting reactant or limiting agent) in a chemical reaction is a reactant that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is completed. The amount of product formed is limited by this reagent, since the reaction cannot continue without it. If one or more other reagents are present in excess of the quantities required to react with the limiting reagent, they are described as excess reagents or excess reactants (sometimes abbreviated as "xs"), or to be in abundance.

The limiting reagent must be identified in order to calculate the percentage yield of a reaction since the theoretical yield is defined as the amount of product obtained when the limiting reagent reacts completely. Given the balanced chemical equation, which describes the reaction, there are several equivalent ways to identify the limiting reagent and evaluate the excess quantities of other reagents.

Method 1: Comparison of reactant amounts
This method is most useful when there are only two reactants. One reactant (A) is chosen, and the balanced chemical equation is used to determine the amount of the other reactant (B) necessary to react with A. If the amount of B actually present exceeds the amount required, then B is in excess and A is the limiting reagent. If the amount of B present is less than required, then B is the limiting reagent.

Example for two reactants
Consider the combustion of benzene, represented by the following chemical equation:

This means that 15 moles of molecular oxygen (O2) is required to react with 2 moles of benzene (C6H6)

The amount of oxygen required for other quantities of benzene can be calculated using cross-multiplication (the rule of three). For example, if 1.5 mol C6H6 is present, 11.25 mol O2 is required:

If in fact 18 mol O2 are present, there will be an excess of (18 - 11.25) = 6.75 mol of unreacted oxygen when all the benzene is consumed. Benzene is then the limiting reagent.

This conclusion can be verified by comparing the mole ratio of O2 and C6H6 required by the balanced equation with the mole ratio actually present:
 * required:
 * actual:

Since the actual ratio is larger than required, O2 is the reagent in excess, which confirms that benzene is the limiting reagent.

Method 2: Comparison of product amounts which can be formed from each reactant
In this method the chemical equation is used to calculate the amount of one product which can be formed from each reactant in the amount present. The limiting reactant is the one which can form the smallest amount of the product considered. This method can be extended to any number of reactants more easily than the first method.

Example
20.0 g of iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) are reacted with 8.00 g aluminium (Al) in the following thermite reaction:

Since the reactant amounts are given in grams, they must be first converted into moles for comparison with the chemical equation, in order to determine how many moles of Fe can be produced from either reactant. There is enough Al to produce 0.297 mol Fe, but only enough Fe2O3 to produce 0.250 mol Fe. This means that the amount of Fe actually produced is limited by the Fe2O3 present, which is therefore the limiting reagent.
 * Moles of Fe which can be produced from reactant Fe2O3
 * Moles of Fe which can be produced from reactant Al
 * Moles of Fe which can be produced from reactant Al
 * Moles of Fe which can be produced from reactant Al

Shortcut
It can be seen from the example above that the amount of product (Fe) formed from each reagent X (Fe2O3 or Al) is proportional to the quantity

$$\frac{\mbox{Moles of Reagent X }}{\mbox{Stoichiometric Coefficient of Reagent X}}$$

This suggests a shortcut which works for any number of reagents. Just calculate this formula for each reagent, and the reagent that has the lowest value of this formula is the limiting reagent. We can apply this shortcut in the above example.

title: Limiting reagent


text: Category:Municipalities of Belgium

title: Category:Municipalities of Belgium


text:
Talk:Transbay Tube

map?
It would be great if some cyber wiki cartographer could whip up a map showing where the BART tunnel begins and ends. --Gebl Gebl Gebl (talk) 15:30, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

notation
hey, people, thanks for expanding this article of mine. It looks great! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.4.63.233 (talk • contribs) 14:44, 25 February 2005

section
I don't know enough about it to do it myself, but how about a section on the Transbay Tube fire in the 70s? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.6.97.152 (talk • contribs) 06:29, 29 December 2005

deep tube
The notation that the Transbay Tube is the "deepest vehicular tunnel in the world" is taken from BART's tube history page, which was transcribed from materials written in the 1970s. Today, both the Seikan Tunnel in Japan and the Channel Tunnel are far deeper. This should be amended in the entry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.0.154.81 (talk • contribs) 06:47, 16 February 2007

Norton
The Emperor Norton article states that he conceived of a tunnel in 1872, long before General Goethals. --82.197.224.73 (talk) 12:12, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Bore
The article uses the word "bore" several times, e.g. "Each tunnel has a bore approximately 17 feet (5.2 m) in diameter" ... Is this correct terminology, given that this tunnel was not bored (drilled) through rock, but is a cast concrete structure? Ehlo127001 (talk) 21:23, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Bore can also mean simply the interior diameter of a hollow cylinder. It's commonly used for things like engine cylinders, gun barrels, syringes, and pipes - see Nominal Pipe Size for example. -- Finlay McWalter··–·Talk 22:49, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

gauge
The main info box claims the Transbay Tube has a track gauge found only in India, instead of the common 1435 mm standard gauge. I find this improbable. Is this a case of subtle vandalism? 128.2.55.184 (talk) 05:31, 4 February 2020 (UTC)
 * No, that's true - BART uses the odd gauge (see here). Pi.1415926535 (talk) 05:33, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transbay Tube


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Coombe Dean School

Coombe Dean School Academy, opened in 1976, is a secondary school located on the outskirts of Plymouth, Devon, England. , it had 970 pupils. The school gained Specialist School status in September 2003. Ofsted awarded the school 'Outstanding' status in 2009 and 2012. However, in November 2018 the school received 'Requires Improvement'. The school’s latest Ofsted report, in March 2022, returned a grading of ‘Good’. Improvements to the school’s progress 8 outcomes have placed it favourably in the rankings of other non-selective Plymouth schools. The school’s progress outcomes for disadvantaged learners in 2023 were significantly above the national average. The school’s values are Community, Integrity and Opportunity. As a result of consistent positive performance, Coombe Dean School has established itself as a first choice for many parents living in the Plymstock area of Plymouth. Coombe Dean also attracts a significant number of applicants from other areas of the city due to the quality of education on offer. The school's lower year groups (Key Stage 3) are at capacity and demand is predicted to outstrip places available for Year 7 students in September 2024. As a high performing school, Coombe Dean was given the option to become an independent academy in 2010, which was actioned in September 2011.

In 2004, work started on building a larger hall, an all-weather AstroTurf pitch and an extended Mathematics facility with eight new classrooms. A new English block with geothermal heat pump was built in 2007 and renovations to the Technology block were completed in 2008. Also in July 2008, solar panels were integrated into the roof of the School Drama Hall. A new Post-16 block was built as an extension to the Art block in 2012, and an overhaul to the PE block was completed in the summer of 2013. The Science (C) block was renovated to a modern specification in 2013, and the Library (D) block has been updated and extended to incorporate an extended Student Services / Inclusion department (L block.)

The school offers The Duke of Edinburgh's Award scheme and takes part in the annual Ten Tors event. Other applied learning events include; European exchange weeks, tall ships voyages and a sailing school.

During the Easters of 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017, students from the school visited Everest Base Camp to donate computer equipment and clothing to a Nepalese school.

title: Coombe Dean School


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Ben Crenshaw

Ben Daniel Crenshaw (born January 11, 1952) is a retired American professional golfer who has won 19 events on the PGA Tour, including two major championships: the Masters Tournament in 1984 and 1995. He is nicknamed Gentle Ben.

Professional career
Born and raised in Austin, Texas, Crenshaw played golf at Austin High School and the University of Texas, where he won three NCAA Championships from 1971 to 1973. Crenshaw was also a member of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity; he turned professional in 1973 at age 21 and played his first PGA Tour event as a pro in mid-August at the USI Classic in Sutton, Massachusetts,   finishing ten strokes back in a tie for 35th place ($903).

Less than three months later in early November, Crenshaw became the second player to win the first event after earning his tour card, achieved earlier by Marty Fleckman (1967). It was repeated by Jim Benepe (1988), Robert Gamez (1990), Garrett Willis (2001), Russell Henley (2013), and Emiliano Grillo (2015–16). Together with his teammate George Burns, he won the Walt Disney World National Team Championship in Orlando in October 1979.

Following five runner-up finishes in major championships without a victory, including a sudden-death playoff at the 1979 PGA Championship, Crenshaw won the Masters Tournament in 1984. In the mid-1980s, he suffered from Graves' disease, a condition of the thyroid, but continued to accumulate victories; he finished with nineteen PGA Tour wins, including an emotional second Masters victory in 1995, which came a week after the death of his mentor Harvey Penick. In 1999, Crenshaw was the captain of the United States Ryder Cup team for the matches at The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts, a Boston suburb. He was criticized from some quarters for his captaincy over the first two days as his team slipped to a 10–6 deficit; however, he was ultimately credited for providing the inspiration behind his side's remarkable turnaround in the Sunday singles, as the U.S. won 8$1/2$ of the final day's twelve points to regain the Cup.

Crenshaw won several professional events outside the PGA Tour, including individual and team titles in the World Cup of Golf in 1988. He was among the top ten on McCormack's World Golf Rankings from 1976 to 1981 inclusive, and returned to spend 80 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking from 1987 to 1989. In 1987, he became one of the few players in history to finish in the top ten of all four major championships in the same season without winning any of them.

Despite playing mainly in the United States, Crenshaw had a number of top performances in international events in his career. He won the 1976 Irish Open and then finished runner-up to compatriot Hubert Green the next year. He also finished runner-up at two events on the Australasian Tour, at the 1978 Australian Open and the 1982 Australian PGA Championship. And he famously had two runner-ups at The Open Championship, behind Jack Nicklaus in 1978 and Seve Ballesteros the following year.

Crenshaw is widely regarded as one of the best putters in golf history. His instructor growing up, Harvey Penick, taught him a smooth, effortless stroke on the greens, which allowed him to master even the speediest of greens–including those at Augusta National Golf Club. In winning the Masters in 1995, "Gentle Ben" did not record a single three-putt during the tournament. Since 1986, Crenshaw has been a legal partner with Bill Coore in Coore & Crenshaw, a golf course design firm. The Masters in 2015 was the 44th and final for Crenshaw. Crenshaw has the worst playoff record in PGA Tour history at 0–8.

Personal life
Crenshaw married his second wife Julie in 1985. All three of his daughters – Claire Susan, Anna Riley, and Katherine Vail – were presented to high society as debutantes at the International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Crenshaw is a Republican and has donated money to multiple Republican candidates.

Amateur wins

 * 1968 International Jaycee Junior Golf Tournament
 * 1971 NCAA Championship, Eastern Amateur, Southern Amateur
 * 1972 NCAA Championship (tie with Tom Kite), Eastern Amateur, Porter Cup, Trans-Mississippi Amateur
 * 1973 NCAA Championship, Western Amateur, Sunnehanna Amateur, Southern Amateur, Northeast Amateur

PGA Tour wins (19)
 * Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to rain.

PGA Tour playoff record (0–8)

European Tour wins (3)
European Tour playoff record (0–1)

Other wins (9)

 * 1975 Texas State Open
 * 1979 Texas State Open
 * 1980 Texas State Open
 * 1981 Mexican Open
 * 1985 Shootout at Jeremy Ranch (with Miller Barber)
 * 1988 World Cup (team title with Mark McCumber), World Cup Individual Trophy
 * 1991 Fred Meyer Challenge (with Paul Azinger)
 * 1995 PGA Grand Slam of Golf

Senior wins (1)

 * 2009 Wendy's Champions Skins Game (with Fuzzy Zoeller)

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 13 (twice)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 6 (1975 U.S. Open – 1977 Masters)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Notable

 * He played on four Ryder Cup teams (1981, 1983, 1987, 1995) and captained the 1999 team.
 * In 1987, he became one of the few players in history to record top-10 finishes in all four major championships in the same season. Ed Dudley, Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, Doug Sanders, Miller Barber, Jack Nicklaus, Hale Irwin, Tom Watson, Tiger Woods, Sergio García, Ernie Els, Phil Mickelson, Vijay Singh, Rickie Fowler, Jordan Spieth, Brooks Koepka, Jon Rahm, and Rory McIlroy have also achieved the feat.
 * In 1991, Crenshaw was given the Bob Jones Award, the highest honor bestowed by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf.
 * His stepmother, Roberta Crenshaw, was an Austin-area philanthropist.
 * He is now a noted golf course designer, working in partnership with Bill Coore.
 * He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2002.
 * He is the 2006 Kappa Alpha Order Sportsman of the Year.
 * "If we are to preserve the integrity of golf as left to us by our forefathers, it is up to all of us to carry on the true spirit of the game."

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
 * Eisenhower Trophy: 1972 (winners)

Professional
 * Ryder Cup: 1981 (winners), 1983 (winners), 1987, 1995, 1999 (winners, non-playing captain)
 * World Cup: 1987, 1988 (winners, individual winner)
 * Kirin Cup: 1988 (winners)
 * Dunhill Cup: 1995
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Senior PGA Tour): 2002

title: Ben Crenshaw


text:
Leafcutter John

Leafcutter John is the recording name of John Burton, a UK-based musician and artist. He makes frequent use of Max/MSP in his compositions. Much of Burton's style is based in computer music and use of samples of everyday sounds. However, he also has roots as a folk musician, and this influence is apparent in his more recent work.

Career
After graduating in Fine Art Painting at Norwich School of Art (1996–1998), Burton moved to London and after a year pursuing a career as a performance artist, began to concentrate on his musical work. He soon secured interest from Mike Paradinas, owner of independent electronics label Planet Mu. Paradinas encouraged Burton to develop his electro-acoustic folk hybrid and his first full-length release, Concourse EEP, was released in early 2000. His album, The Housebound Spirit, was a response to being mugged outside his London studio. The album deals with themes of increasing alienation and agoraphobia.

His fourth album The Forest and the Sea was nominated for Best Album at the Qwartz Electronic Music Awards 2007 and was described by comedian James Acaster as "a criminally overlooked record".

In 2019, Burton released his seventh album ''Yes! Come Parade With Us'' on James Holden’s label Border Community, featuring modular synth and field recordings from the Norfolk Coast Path.

Burton was a full-time member of the contemporary British jazz pioneers and Mercury Music Prize nominees Polar Bear, founded by drummer Seb Rochford.

He has performed with Imogen Heap, Shabaka Hutchings, Serafina Steer, Laura Jurd and Talvin Singh, supported Matmos and Otomo Yoshihide, and been in Beck's band at the Barbican, London. In 2007, he performed at Jarvis Cocker’s Meltdown Festival. He played alongside jazz pianist Michael Wollny at the opening night of the Bauhaus 100 festival in January 2019. In autumn/winter 2019, he supported The Comet Is Coming on their UK tour.

Leafcutter John is also an accomplished producer and remixer, having worked on projects for: DJ /rupture, Ed Dowie, Melt Yourself Down, Mu-ziq/Speedy J, Electric Company, Badly Drawn Boy, Capitol K, Bas Jan and others.

He lives in Sheffield, South Yorkshire.

Projects
Leafcutter John has engaged in several projects, both commissioned and DIY. Examples include installing microphones under a creaky wooden floor to record and manipulate the sounds in a software program, growing and constructing piezoelectric crystal microphones, touring the Grand Union Canal, building a laser "microphone" and creating a massive morse code chorus for BBC Radio 3.

He has also worked on theatre, dance and poetry projects, including commissions from the Handspring Puppet Company, and choreographers Wayne McGregor and Shobana Jeyasingh.

Burton is a prodigious instrument builder and uses a self-built light-controlled musical interface at his shows. He won the Qwartz Electronic Music Award for Innovation in 2015. In 2017, he was a recipient of an artists award from the Paul Hamlyn Foundation.

Discography

 * The Sky Is Darker Than the Road (1998)
 * Concourse EEP (2000) Planet Mu (ZIQ017) 12" and CD
 * Microcontact (2001) Planet Mu (ZIQ022) CD
 * Zeagma (2001) Planet Mu (ZIQ036) 7"
 * The Housebound Spirit (2003) Planet Mu (ZIQ061) CD
 * The Forest and the Sea (2006) Staubgold Records (Staubgold 68) CD/LP
 * Tunis (2010) Tsuku Boshi CD
 * Resurrection (2015) Desire Path Recordings (PATHWAY009) 12"/Digital
 * Yes! Come Parade With Us (2019) Border Community (52BC) CD/LP

title: Leafcutter John