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First Army (Turkey)

The First Army of the Republic of Turkey (Birinci Ordu) is one of the four field armies of the Turkish Army. Its headquarters is located at Selimiye Barracks in Istanbul. It guards the sensitive borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria, including the straits Bosporus and Dardanelles. The First Army is stationed in East Thrace.

History
Ali İhsan Sabis is the first commander of the 1st Army, which has been operating since the Ottoman Empire. The 1st army depends on the Turkish Land Forces. The army is responsible for the Thrace region, the straits and the safety of Istanbul. Is commanded by a 4 star general. Under normal circumstances, the second duty of the Turkish Chief of General Staff is the next task. From 1983 to the present day, it was the first place where all the chiefs of the general staff served.

Order of Battle, 30 August 1922

On 30 August 1922, the First Army was organized as follows:

First Army HQ (Commander: Mirliva Nureddin Pasha, Chief of Staff: Miralay Mehmet Emin Bey )

 * Army reserve
 * 3rd Cavalry Division (İbrahim Bey)
 * 6th Infantry Division (Nazmi Bey)
 * I Corps (İzzettin Bey)
 * 57th Infantry Division (Reşat Bey)
 * 14th Infantry Division (Ethem Necdet Bey)
 * 15th Infantry Division (Ahmet Naci Bey)
 * 23rd Infantry Division (Ömer Halis Bey)
 * VI Corps (Kemalettin Sami Bey)
 * 11th Infantry Division (Ahmet Bey)
 * 12th Infantry Division (Osman Nuri Bey)
 * 5th Caucasian Infantry Division (Dadaylı Halit Bey)
 * 8th Infantry Division (Kâzım Bey)
 * II Corps (Ali Hikmet Bey)
 * 7th Infantry Division (Ahmet Naci Bey)
 * 4th Infantry Division (Mehmet Sabri Bey)
 * 3rd Caucasian Infantry Division (Mehmet Kâzım Bey)
 * V Cavalry Corps (Fahrettin Bey)
 * 1st Cavalry Division (Mürsel Bey)
 * 2nd Cavalry Division (Ahmet Zeki Bey)
 * 14th Cavalry Division (Mehmet Suphi Bey)

Order of Battle, 1941
In June 1941, the First Army was organized as follows:

First Army HQ (Istanbul, Commander: Fahrettin Altay)
 * Thrace Area
 * X Corps (Kırklareli)
 * Çatalca Area
 * XX Corps
 * IV Corps (Çatalca)
 * Çatalca Fortified Area Command
 * 3rd Corps (Çorlu)
 * Istanbul and Bosporus Area
 * Istanbul Command
 * Bosporus Fortified Area Command

Order of Battle, late 1980s
In the late 1980s it comprised four corps:

 * 2nd Corps (Gelibolu)
 * 3rd Corps (Istanbul)
 * 5th Corps (Çorlu)
 * 15th Corps (Köseköy, İzmit)

Order of Battle, 2010
As of November 2000, the 3rd Mechanized Infantry Division Command (3. Mekanize Piyade Tümen Komutanlığı) existed. Also reported during at ceremony in October 2005 at Edirne.

 * 2nd Corps (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)
 * 4th Mechanised Infantry Brigade (Keşan)
 * 8th Mechanised Infantry Brigade (Tekirdağ)
 * 18th Mechanised Infantry Brigade (Çanakkale)
 * 95th Armored Brigade (Malkara)
 * 102nd Artillery Regiment (Uzunköprü)
 * Corps Engineer Combat Regiment (Gelibolu)
 * 3rd Corps (NATO Rapid Deployment Corps, Şişli, Istanbul)
 * 52nd Tactical Armored Division (Hadımköy, Istanbul)
 * 2nd Armored Brigade (Kartal)
 * 66th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Istanbul)
 * 23rd Tactical Motorized Infantry Division (Hasdal, Istanbul)
 * 6th Motorized Infantry Regiment (Hasdal, Istanbul)
 * 23rd Motorized Infantry Regiment (Samandıra, Istanbul)
 * 47th Motorized Infantry Regiment (Metris, Istanbul)
 * 5th Corps (Çorlu, Tekirdağ)
 * 1st Armored Brigade (Babaeski)
 * 3rd Armored Brigade (Çerkezköy)
 * 54th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Edirne)
 * 55th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Süloğlu)
 * 65th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Lüleburgaz)
 * Corps Armored Cavalry Battalion (Ulaş)
 * 105th Artillery Regiment (Çorlu)
 * Corps Engineer Combat Regiment (Pınarhisar)
 * 15th Infantry Division (Köseköy, İzmit)
 * 4th Army Aviation Regiment (Istanbul Samandıra Army Air Base)

title: First Army (Turkey)


text:
Institute of Public Affairs

The Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) is a conservative non-profit free market public policy think tank, which is based in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It advocates free-market economic policies, such as privatisation, deregulation of state-owned enterprises, trade liberalisation, deregulation of workplaces, abolition of the minimum wage, criticism of socialism, and repeal of Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975. It also rejects large parts of climate science.

The IPA was founded during World War II by businessmen in response to the growing power of the Labor Party and international socialism, and has typically aligned with, and supported, the Liberal Party in politics. It has in the past funded and created advertising campaigns for anti-Labor candidates, and has had an impact on Liberal Party policies, according to former prime minister John Howard.

History
Historian Michael Bertram, writing in 1989, identified three distinct periods for the Institute of Public Affairs:

 * 1) the war years and "immediate post-war years" where Australia's economic future was in question, ending with the election of Robert Menzies in 1949;
 * 2) the "Keynesian consensus" of the 1950s and 1960s and
 * 3) the "sea-shift to the right" of the 1970s and 1980s.

War and immediate post-war years (1943–1949)
The Institute of Public Affairs was founded in 1943 as the Institute of Public Affairs Victoria, with Charles Kemp as its inaugural director and George Coles as its inaugural chair. The founders were prominent businessmen, and current executive director John Roskam says of the occasion: "Big business created the IPA". The idea to form the Institute of Public Affairs was first floated in the Victorian Chamber of Manufactures.

The IPA's formation was prompted by the collapse of Australia's main right-wing party, the United Australia Party. The IPA's initial purpose was to influence Australia's post-war reconstruction, with business interests concerned that popular sentiment supported a Labor-led, collectivist post-war construction, a "prevailing clamour for a new kind of society".

Throughout 1943, branches were set up in New South Wales (May), South Australia (June) and Queensland (August), although the state branches remained administratively and ideologically distinct (the SA and Queensland branches closed in the 1950s). There seems to have been a pre-existing body called the Institute of Public Affairs in Western Australia, which operated between 1941 and 1942. The IPA NSW engaged in "party political activism", while at the IPA Victoria's first annual meeting in 1944 chair GJ Coles said that they "did not wish to be directly involved in politics".

In March 1943, the head of the Commonwealth Security Service (CSS), Brigadier William Simpson requested a report into whether the newly formed IPA had sympathies with "fascism", "counter-revolution" or the powers with which Australia was at war, but his deputy director said that the IPA’s committee and sponsors were "beyond reproach".

The CSS was restructured in late 1943 and it again investigated the IPA's state branches. The IPA Queensland's radio play The Harris Family was required to be submitted to and approved by the Chief-Inspector (Wireless). The second review was completed in 1944. The CSS reported that nothing could be found to suggest that the IPA was subversive, and the war record of its supporters was "very fine", although two of the IPA NSW's council members were members of the Japan-Australia Society and one was associated with the Old Guard. The National Archives of Australia preserve the CSS' reports into each branch, as well as material collected in the course of their investigation.

In October 1944, the IPA printed 50,000 copies of Looking Forward, an 80-page booklet which set out the possibilities of post-war reconstruction. Robert Menzies described Looking Forward as "the finest statement of basic political and academic problems made in Australia for many years".

The IPA had no formal association with the formation of the Liberal Party of Australia by Menzies in 1945. Political scientist Marian Simms says that the IPA's role was to act as "an interim finance collector for non-Labor political interests", initiate "the unification of the non-Labor organizations in Victoria … and then [mediate] among them" and provide "much of the content of the federal platform of the LPA and propaganda for political campaigns". Looking Forward was influential in the Liberal Party's inaugural platform.

Norman Abjorensen credits the IPA in this period with the collapse in ALP support, saying that the IPA was "the architect of a stream of propaganda that sought, successfully, to discredit Australia's very moderate Labor Party as a socialist tiger waiting to pounce once the war had ended."

Keynesian consensus (1949–1972)
During the 1950s and 1960s, the IPA "came to wholeheartedly support" Keynesian economics, with director C. D. Kemp writing "we are all socialists now". Over this period, the Institute argued for Australia's migration rate to be halved, which drew criticism from the Australian Industries Development Association and The Age. The institute also identified inflation as a major issue, and opposed the abolition of the means test, called for lower taxes, criticised the introduction of the Trade Practices Act, advocated for fewer restraints on foreign investment and celebrated Britain joining the European Economic Community.

In 1962, the IPA dropped "Victoria" from its name, an act that caused relations between it and the IPA NSW to "deteriorate further".

"Sea-shift to the right" (1972–1995)
In the 1970s, the IPA and IPA NSW cooperated to establish Enterprise Australia. This organisation had as "an immediate target … the removal of the present Labor government in Canberra", while the IPA ostensibly stayed at arm's length in an attempt to be perceived as above party politics.

From its founding to the late 1970s, the IPA had been associated with anti-socialist Keynesian economics and protectionist industry. The appointment of Rod Kemp (CD Kemp's son) as executive director in 1982, along with other administrative changes that had occurred in the late 1970s and early 1980s, marked a shift to neo-liberal ideology that continues to this day.

In June 1987 the IPA was incorporated as a company limited by guarantee.

In 1989, the IPA NSW – which had always been administratively and ideologically distinct – changed name to the Sydney Institute, and transitioned from neo-liberal think tank to discussion forum. The IPA NSW had a budget of $120,000 in 1985, compared to the IPA Victoria's $300,000.

Rod Kemp left his position as executive director in 1989 as he had been elected to Parliament.

In 1991, the IPA amalgamated with the Perth-based Australian Institute of Public Policy and John Hyde moved from executive director of the Australian Institute of Public Policy to executive director of the IPA. The AIPP had been founded by Hyde in 1983 as a neo-liberal think tank, and the merger brought its annual revenue of about $300,000 or $400,000 to the IPA. Hyde described the merger as "joining forces with old friends".

The IPA cooperated with the Tasman Institute on Project Victoria, which provided a blueprint for the privatisation and deregulation of the Victorian economy when Jeff Kennett became premier in 1992. The research was done with the assistance of Westpac staff seconded to work on the project.

Nahan and Roskam eras (1995–present)
John Roskam replaced Mike Nahan as executive director in 2005, although he had worked at the IPA for a number of years before that.

Between 2009 and 2013, the IPA's annual revenue doubled to $3.2 million a year, an increase attributed by Roskam to the IPA's campaign against parts of the Racial Discrimination Act and the Gillard government's media regulation proposals.

In 2008, former executive director of the IPA Rod Kemp was appointed chair of the IPA.

In 2013 the IPA celebrated its 70th anniversary, MCed by political commentator Andrew Bolt. Notable in attendance at the celebrations were:
 * Gina Rinehart
 * Rupert Murdoch
 * Tony Abbott - Liberal Opposition Leader
 * George Pell - Australian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
 * Michael Kroger - then President of the Victorian division of the Liberal Party of Australia and former director of the IPA
 * Mitch Fifield - Liberal Communications Minister
 * Robert Doyle - Liberal Lord Mayor of Melbourne
 * Denis Napthine - Liberal Premier of Victoria

In August 2018, Australian Public Service Commissioner John Lloyd resigned during an investigation into correspondence he had with his former colleagues at the Institute of Public Affairs. On the day he retired, the investigation concluded that he had breached the Australian Public Service code of conduct by corresponding with the Institute of Public Affairs, but the breach did not warrant sanction. Lloyd subsequently returned to work at the IPA.

In 2018, the IPA held two dinners to celebrate its 75th anniversary. The first was sponsored by Visy and took place on 21 August, the night of the first 2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill. Former prime minister John Howard was interviewed at the dinner by Janet Albrechtsen about the spill, but did not explicitly support either candidate. Gina Rinehart and Rupert Murdoch praised US President Donald Trump at the dinner.

The second dinner was hosted by Crown Melbourne in November, and was hosted by Janet Albrechtsen, Andrew Bolt and Brendan O'Neill. Guests included chair of Liberal Party fundraiser the Cormack Foundation Charles Goode; former Cormack board members Hugh Morgan and John Calvert-Jones; Liberal minister Alan Tudge; and Liberal strategist Brian Loughnane.

In 2021, in reaction to Victorian Labor government moves to ban the public display of the Nazi swastika and other hate symbols, Roskam decried the move as "the most vicious attack on free speech ever contemplated anywhere in Australia".

In 2023, the IPA collaborated with free market think tanks Centre for Independent Studies, LibertyWorks, conservative lobby group Advance, and several fossil fuel companies to coordinate the No campaign during the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum.

Finances and donors
The IPA is funded by its membership, which include both private individuals and businesses.

It has been significantly funded by Hancock Prospecting, of which Gina Rinehart is the Executive Chair. Hancock Prospecting paid the IPA $2.3 million in financial year 2016 and $2.2 million in financial year 2017, which represents one-third to a half of the IPA's total revenue in those years. These payments were not disclosed in IPA annual reports, and Rinehart's daughter Bianca Hope Heyward submitted in court that the Hancock Prospecting payments were credited to Rinehart in an individual capacity. Gina Rinehart was made a life member of the IPA in November 2016.

Other businesses who fund or have funded the IPA include ExxonMobil, Telstra, WMC Resources, Philip Morris, Murray Irrigation Limited, Visy, Clough Engineering, Caltex, Shell, Esso and British American Tobacco (BAT).

Funders are able to "earmark" their payments to support the work of particular units within the IPA.

The Institute of Public Affairs has also been funded by Liberal Party associated entity the Cormack Foundation.

In 2003, the Howard Government provided $50,000 to the Institute of Public Affairs to review the accountability of NGOs.

Political links and networking
The IPA Victoria was founded during World War II by businessmen in response to the feared growing power of the Labor Party and international socialism, with founder C. D. Kemp putting the case to the Victorian Chamber of Manufactures sub-committee as such:

"The freedom of Australian business is today gravely threatened by forces whose unswerving and rigid purpose is the entire nationalisation of industry and the establishment of socialism as the permanent form of Australian society; this would mean the elimination of private capital and shareholding, profit, freedom of private enterprise and the transfer of the control of industry to civil servants and union leaders. These forces are centred politically in the Labor Party and industrially in the Trade Unions; they are supported by an extremely powerful and growing section of public opinion."

The IPA Victoria was founded as an apolitical organisation, and rejected the IPA NSW's strategy of "direct short term political action to defeat the Labor Party with an emphasis on propaganda". However, the IPA Victoria acted as a finance committee for non-Labor parties in its first year, and the IPA Treasurer at the time reportedly said that much of the IPA Victoria's funding was conditional on it being spent to "fight socialism at the coming election" (the 1943 Australian federal election). Its Publicity and Research Bureau wrote political broadcasters, provided speakers' notes to all endorsed United Australia Party and United Country Party candidates and producing advertisements.

The IPA Victoria's direct involvement in federal politics was reappraised after the 1943 election, and the organisation handed over responsibility for fundraising to the extra-parliamentary wing of the United Australia Party. The IPA Victoria remained involved in non-Labor politics, including financing by-election candidates and participating in the foundation of the Liberal Party of Australia.

The IPA Victoria was less involved in the 1949 federal election than the 1943 election, but the IPA Review did publish articles arguing against socialism and with tactical advice for the Liberal Party.

During Charles Kemp's time as director, the IPA Victoria focused its political engagement on the non-Labor parties, and did not "seriously attempt" to influence Labor politicians. Academic and public servant Finlay Crisp described it as a "satellite" of the Liberal Party during this time, and the IPA Review had a policy of not approaching Labor figures for submissions and of muting criticism of the Liberal government.

In 1978, the IPA and the Australian Council of Trade Unions prepared a booklet on partnership in industry, but the ACTU baulked at the association and its name was not on the final publication. By the 1980s, the IPA had changed its policy and made space in the IPA Review for Labor politicians and "others not of the free enterprise persuasion".

The institute has maintained close ideological and political affinities with the Liberal Party into the 21st century. IPA Executive Director John Roskam worked on the Liberal Party's election campaign during the 2001 federal election and has run for Liberal Party preselection. Tony Abbott delivered the 57th C D Kemp lecture in 2001 on the Coalition government's Work for the Dole program and Prime Minister John Howard delivered the 60th C D Kemp lecture in 2004, titled Iraq: The Importance of Seeing it Through. Howard has also said that its policies are influenced by the IPA, which "contributes very strongly to the intellectual debate on issues and that in turn has an impact on what attitude the Liberal Party takes".

Research focus
Following the 2013 federal election of the Abbott Coalition government, the IPA released a list of 75 policy initiatives (later adding another 25) to "transform Australia" which encapsulated the present direction of the IPA.

The IPA is adfiliated with the Atlas Network, a global umbrella organisafion of free marker think tanks.

Economics
The IPA Victoria's ideological position was initially "an amalgam of Keynesianism control and Hayekian regulation", with IPA President Eric Lampe in 1961 saying that the IPA considered government responsibility for full employment, social security, the speed of development, living standards and financial stability "all very necessary".

This changed during the late 1970s and 1980s, when the IPA adopted an economic rationalist or neo-liberal position, with the IPA saying in 1988 that:

"the material condition of all sections of the community is most effectively enhanced by encouraging economic growth through a private enterprise, market-oriented economic system, involving vigorous private enterprise and minimal government interference"

Recent economic positions of the IPA include:
 * lower taxation;
 * abolish the minimum wage
 * deregulation of the Australian economy;
 * privatisation of government bodies like Australia Post, Medibank, the SBS, the Australian Institute of Sport, the National Broadband Network, CSIRO and the ABC;
 * reduced government spending;
 * greater transparency in government;
 * the elimination of existing programs of welfare targeted at Indigenous Australians, with the aim of encouraging transition to work, self-reliance and high incomes;
 * maintain or increase the current level of immigration;
 * the reduction of Australian Public Service benefits and allowances.

Tobacco
In the 1990s, the IPA was funded by the tobacco industry to conduct research that "attacked the science behind passive smoking". The research included a study from 1996 by John Luik that found that the impact of passive smoking on non-smokers was "trivial", and that "bogus" or "corrupt" passive smoking "threatens the central democratic values of autonomy, respect and diversity". In 2010, the IPA argued against the Gillard government's plans to introduce plain tobacco packaging, criticising it on the grounds that plain packaging may not affect the consumption of those products and that plain packaging may infringe intellectual property rights in tobacco trademarks and logos. If so, it would represent a breach of the constitutional requirement that acquisition be on just terms.

Policy director Tim Wilson predicted that the government could be liable for $3 billion in compensation, a claim that was criticised at the time by Media Watch in part because media covering Wilson's claims did not mention that the IPA receives donations from the tobacco industry. The High Court ultimately ruled that no compensation was required, in British American Tobacco Australasia Limited and Ors v. The Commonwealth of Australia.

Climate change
The IPA rejects the scientific consensus on the topic, i.e. that it is currently being mainly caused by human activities (in particular the burning of fossil fuels, leading to a build-up of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide), arguing that there is insufficient scientific evidence. It advocates that research in climate science should be more wide-ranging than overwhelmingly focused on attempting to prove that carbon dioxide is a dangerous climate-changing pollutant based on the inferences of hypothetical climate models. The IPA has financed several Australians who are contrarians or active in alternative climate change research.

In 2008, the institute facilitated a donation of A$350,000 by G. Bryant Macfie, a climate change denier, to the University of Queensland for environmental research. The money was given to fund three environmental doctoral projects, with the IPA suggesting two of the three agreed topics.

In 2010, the IPA published a compilation of essays by prominent climate change deniers titled Climate Change: The Facts and edited by John Roskam and Alan Moran. An expanded version with 22 essays was published in 2015 through Stockade Books and a follow-up edited by Jennifer Marohasy was published in 2017. In 2019 the IPA published an essay by Clive James, Chapter 22 of the 2017 publication, on its website, which was critical of what it called "climate change alarmism in the upmarket mass media".

In 2013, it was reported that several large multinational companies, including ExxonMobil, Shell and mining companies, had ceased their membership and financial contributions to the IPA, owing to its vehement campaign against climate change action.

In 2017, Marohasy and IPA colleague John Abbot published a paper on climate change in the journal GeoResJ, also discussing the work on the IPA website, in The Spectator Australia, and in Marohasy's blog. The research concludes that much of recent warming could be attributable to natural variations, and that the "world was about as warm in 1980 as it was during the Middle Ages". This conclusion was heavily criticised by climate scientists who pointed to methodological flaws in the research and declared it unworthy of publication. Gavin Schmidt, the director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, has pointed out that some data were shifted in time by approximately 35 years, leading to the omission of warming that has occurred since 1965. Schmidt described the research as "worthless" and an example of "what happens when people have their conclusions fixed before they start the work".

Notable people
The following individuals are or were associated with the Institute of Public Affairs.

Senior office bearers
When the IPA Victoria was founded in 1943, it had a chairman (Sir George Coles); a chairman of the executive committee was chosen in 1944 (G. H. Grimwade) and a director (Charles Denton Kemp) in 1948. The executive committee was also referred to as the Industrial Committee or the Executive & Editorial Committee, and the role of chairman was subsequently renamed to president. From July 1983, the roles of president and chairman of the executive committee were combined.

Publications
The IPA Review is published quarterly.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Institute of Public Affairs


text: User talk:128.101.152.72

title: User talk:128.101.152.72


text:
Category:Ford Motor Company of Canada

Automobiles Manufactured and sold in Canada by Ford Motor Company of Canada LTD.

title: Category:Ford Motor Company of Canada


text:
User talk:Boothy-Is-Goofy

My name is Boothy-Is-Goofy, and this is my talk page.

If you've visited Wikipedia even just briefly, you undoubtedly have discovered that most of the regulars here are -- to put it politely -- a bunch of nitpicky pedants.

The phrase "nitpicky pedants" is unacceptable, of course, because it is redundant. I am nitpicky about redundancy because, well, I am one of those pedants.

Redundancy is just one of our countless concerns. Other examples of Nitpicky Wiki-ing include ...

... extensive dissertations on the distinction between "toll road" and "turnpike" ...

... detailed debates about the worthiness of a user's application for an administrator position ...

... refraining from answering comments by users who do not leave names (dubbed by Those In The Know as "non sig articles").

That's but a brief snapshot of these diabolic customs, because the Wikid Ways of pedants are far too prevalent for comprehensive coverage here. To grasp the true brutality of the phenomenon, one must journey to the fiercest of the discussion pages, to the real evil entries all over the entire site.

Wiki-Nitpickiness compels me to point out that "all over the entire site" is an anagram of "to the real evil entries." If I were a pedant worthy of the title, however, I would have sacrificed the cleverness of the anagram for proper grammar; I would have properly employed an adverb and written "the really evil entries."

My name is Boothy-Is-Goofy, and this is my talk page. I welcome all feedback, including comments left by those who wish to remain unnamed or -- as the savviest among us like to say -- "non sig articles."

Thank you, and best wishes in your Wiki wanderings.

Boothy-Is-Goofy February 2005

username
Your username isn't acceptable, please choose one that doesn't violate the username policy and don't edit with this one; Optionally, have your edits transferred to that username here. If you continue to use this username, you will be blocked. --fvw *  03:04, 2005 Feb 2 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boothy-Is-Goofy


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Old Main (Pennsylvania State University)

Old Main (originally called "Main Building") is The Pennsylvania State University's first building of major significance. First completed in 1867, the current incarnation of the building was completed in 1930. Today, Old Main serves as the administrative center of Penn State, housing the offices of the president and other officials. It is located in the Farmers' High School Historic District, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

Description and history
The original Old Main was completed in 1863 after a six-year period of construction. Hugh McAllister designed the structure to contain classrooms, laboratories, offices, a chapel, and residential space for 400 students. The limestone used to build the structure was quarried from the land directly in front of it, and was carried in part by a mule named Old Coaly, whose bones were subsequently preserved. After being deemed structurally unsound in the 1920s, the building was razed in 1929 and rebuilt in 1930. The new building, occupying the same footprint as the previous structure and incorporating some of its limestone, was christened "Old Main". The renovations cost $837,000, which was mostly paid for by state appropriations and an emergency building fund campaign.

The bell in the tower was a gift from the 1904 graduating class, and Westminster chimes were added as a gift of the 1937 class. The original chimes remained in use until the late 1970s when the university replaced them with a mix of mechanical and electronic bells. These bells eventually gave way in 1993 to the digital chimes which ring over the campus today. Between 1940 and 1949, Henry Varnum Poor utilized the fresco style to paint large murals (over 1300 ft2) on the second floor of Old Main that depict Penn State's land grant history.

Old Coaly
Old Coaly was a Kentucky-born mule who was brought to Penn State in 1857 by his owner Piersol Lytle. Piersol’s son was one of 200 workmen involved with the construction of Old Main. Coaly was one of four mules and two horses that worked to haul limestone blocks out of the quarry to the construction site. He was admired so much for his reliability and toughness that Penn State purchased Old Coaly for $190.00. Over the following thirty years he was used for a variety of jobs in the surrounding area and on campus. Old Coaly was very well liked by the students and became somewhat of a mascot. When he died on January 1, 1893, his skeleton was preserved so the memories of all that he contributed could live on. Since his death, his skeleton has taken residence in many Penn State buildings, but today, Old Coaly’s skeleton is located in the HUB-Robeson Center.

The bell
The bell was cast in 1871 by William Blake and Co. in Boston, and was just recently restored by the class of 2009. The bell was removed from the Old Main tower and rung for the first time since 1929. The refurbished bell is now on display near old main and the bells heard on campus today are electrical chimes. During the week, Old Main's chimes play the Westminster Quarters, but on Fridays and Saturdays, part of a Penn State school fight song, "Hail To The Lion", is played instead. For special events the tune can vary additionally; for example, on February 22, 2005, the university's 150th anniversary, the clock tower toned "Happy Birthday to You".

Frescoes
The frescoes located on the upper walls of Old Main’s lobby were created from the ideas of professors Harold Dickson, J. Burn Helme and Francis E. Hyslop to pay a tribute to the university’s land grant education. With financial aid from the graduating class of 1932, the professors of art and architectural history hired artist Henry Varnum Poor, a well known fresco artist, to design and create the frescoes. He began sketches in 1939 and began painting in April 1940. It only took him four short months to complete his original sketches. He was rehired in 1948 to paint additional frescoes on either side of his original piece of work. The complete mural covers about 1300 sqft.


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Windows XP/archive1

Windows XP
This was listed once before. There are now many more images and some of the lists have been coalesced into prose. - Ta bu shi da yu 02:35, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. My main issues with it seem to have been addressed -Exigentsky
 * Support There is nothing wrong with it, it is nice, comprehensive and screenshots. Squash 05:31, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Certainly better than the last time I looked at it, but it has a completely inadequate lead section for an article its size and sections that are almost completely composed of a list, such as ==New and updated features== bug me (some more prose would be nice). Theses issues should not be hard to fix. --mav 05:32, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm unsure how to resolve the new and updated features section. I would have thought that this would have been the best place for a list! Some suggestions on how to resolve this would be very much appreciated! The lead section I will attempt to resolve... - Ta bu shi da yu 06:06, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm always surprised how nominators of technology articles seem to find it hard expounding on the features of software. As I did a lot of research on Windows XP (in order to convince my father I didn't want XP just to keep up with the Joneses), I've expanded the feature section as best as I can. A bit more work is needed, but I'm quite pleased with what we've got now, especially in the kernel section; for something quite crucial, that part was quite lacking until I expanded it based on my research one-and-a-half years ago. Johnleemk | Talk 10:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow! Fantastic work John! I think you just single handedly fixed up the issue that I could work out how to resolve, and with style! The tricky part was when I started working on this it was a anti-MS POV screed... now it is something much more usable and friendly to read :-) Also, that lead section looks extremely good, and you beat me to it for fixing it up! Well done! Ta bu shi da yu 12:11, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The new subsections in the features section are certainly an improvement on the list, but now the TOC is overwhelming and most of those subsections are stubs. Giving a more logical organization for the subsections and greatly reducing their number would be great. Those new subsections could be ===Underlying OS===, ===User experience===, and ===Interoperability=== (or something to that effect). Getting close. :) --mav 00:05, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How is it now? Johnleemk | Talk 07:32, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is great. Support. --mav 06:10, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks like the needed issues have been addressed.  --L33tminion | (talk) 22:33, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. It looks really good! --Neigel von Teighen 22:35, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - good article Brookie 16:52, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Good article PPGMD 15:44, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. The article seems somewhat POV, slightly tilted in the sympathetic direction. That may be just me. But what is apparent is that over half of the references are from MS themselves and the rest, not too many appear to be critical, lets say its 50/50 for those.  That leaves the references heavily tilted overall in MS's favor. I have a hard time believing if the references are POV tilted, that the article is not somewhat too. For ex in the criticisms section nothing is said about the estimated total costs of security/adware/virus problems and the allegation that MS has not just a bad security record, but their design choices actively caused the poor record, and could have been expected to have that result.  As I understand it that is a well supported POV that should be mentioned. - Taxman 23:20, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Taxman, this is just not the case. There is a whole section devoted to "Common criticisms of Windows XP". It deals with spyware, product activation, security issues and the integration of features into the O/S as anti-competitive. These have all been battled out over a lengthy period of time and we finally have a neutral article. The rest of the article deals with matters of fact, or else the opinions of others have always been referenced (no more weasel words!). The reason there are so many Microsoft references is because the primary source of information about Microsoft's product is, well, Microsoft. Most of those Microsoft references are support knowledgebase or MSDN articles. If you look at the context of the references, you will see that it is not slanted too much to the advantage of Microsoft. I'm confused about why you think that the article is POV. Now I would like to challenge you to provide a source for the total costs of security/adware/virus problems. Also, the allegations you speak of: who said that?! Unless you can provide the sources to us, I really think that these are not actionable! I mean, you vaguely say that there are design decisions that are fundamentally flawed, but no mention of what they are! Which design decisions are you speaking about? - Ta bu shi da yu 23:35, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Try not to be so defensive, I'm just calling them like I see it. I see the common criticisms section, It just seems a bit whitewashed and as I said the references are tilted heavily in MS's favor. Are there any of those references that are overtly negative about XP and are from reliable sources? If so, it is few compared to the positive ones. As to the cost of spy/adware and viruses, that is often quoted and various studies are done on it from time to time. Perhaps the famous monoculture paper would cover that. I'm not saying it would be easy to find a reliable one, but who said it was easy to write a FA? I thought the design decisions resulting in the poor security record was common knowledge. Off the top of my head I can think of several: The tight integration of IE into the OS is responsible for much of the malware and exploits. Anyone could have seen that coming. The fact that running basically as admin all the time is practically encouraged, and it is very difficult to get anything done on the OS not as admin. That results in lots of issues and makes security exploits easier.  The decisions in Outlook to make software in messages easy to run without consent, etc. I could be slightly off base on some of that, but I am no MS specialist and I can pull that off the top of my head; there is certainly more along that vein out there. - Taxman 00:32, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think I'm being too defensive here. I'd like to know why we should be adding the monoculture paper into the article about Windows XP! Surely this isn't the appropriate article? That should be going into Microsoft Windows or even into Microsoft. This article is purely about the operating system, not a soapbox for criticism of Microsoft's dominance or the monoculture argument (btw, I agree with that argument). We already have plenty on the spyware issue, however you keep saying that there are various papers on that issue. Name one. The admin account is a good point however, will add some info on this. Which I have now done (will fixup the references section). Now why are we talking about Outlook? That's not Windows XP, that would be Microsoft Outlook (mind you, they've patched the altest releases so you can't run executables directly...). The tight integration of IE to the operating system is not specific to Windows XP, so it should be discussed in the umbrella article, Microsoft Windows. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:51, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, incidently, if you cared to look at the non-technical references, you will see that there are quite a few critical references to Windows XP. I can read 14 references that have criticisms or highlight real problems to Windows. The Microsoft references are sources for our information about the operating system: a fair thing I think as Microsoft makes the product. In fact, there are more critical references than their are positive reviews of Windows XP in there! I can read five positive references in the current list. - Ta bu shi da yu 02:03, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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1930 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1930 Atlantic hurricane season was the second least active Atlantic hurricane season on record in terms of tropical storms formed, only behind 1914, with only three systems reaching tropical storm intensity. Of those three, two reached hurricane status, both of which also became major hurricanes, Category 3 or higher storms on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The first system developed in the central Atlantic Ocean on August 21. Later that month, a second storm, the Dominican Republic hurricane, formed on August 29. It peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h). The third and final storm dissipated on October 21.

Due to the lack of systems that developed, only one tropical cyclone, the second hurricane, managed to make landfall during the season. It severely impacted areas of the Greater Antilles, particularly the Dominican Republic, where an estimated 2,000 to 8,000 people died, before making subsequent landfalls on Cuba and the U.S. states of Florida and North Carolina, with less severe effects.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 50, below the 1921–1930 average of 76.6. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Hurricane One
The first hurricane of the season was first noted in the central Atlantic Ocean on August 21. Slowly intensifying, the system initially moved towards the west. On August 22, a steamship in the vicinity sustained some structural damage. After attaining hurricane strength on August 24, the system turned northwestward, and reached Category 3 intensity on August 25 with maximum sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) as it grazed Bermuda. Recurving to the northeast, the French transatlantic ocean liner SS Paris encountered the hurricane while it was a Category 2 hurricane. A large wave struck the ship, shattering glass on the vessel and injuring 40 passengers. Although still a Category 2 hurricane, the system became extratropical shortly after on August 28. The extratropical storm was tracked due east towards the Azores for a few days while gradually weakening before abruptly turning to the north and dissipating.

Hurricane Two
The Dominican Republic Hurricane of 1930

A tropical depression developed well east of the Lesser Antilles on August 29. Initially drifting westward, the storm gradually intensified and became a tropical storm early the next day. By August 31, the system strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane. The next day, the hurricane entered the Caribbean Sea, passing the island of Dominica as a Category 2 hurricane. Continuing to intensify, the storm further intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on September 2 and then to a Category 4 the following day. Around 18:00 UTC on September 3, the hurricane peaked with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), observed by a ship. Simultaneously, the storm made landfall near Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

The mountainous terrain of Hispaniola rapidly weakened the system to a tropical storm early on September 4. Moving westward over the Caribbean Sea, the storm failed to re-strengthen before making landfall in western Cuba with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) around midday on September 6. Thereafter, the system entered the Gulf of Mexico and curved northeastward. At 09:00 UTC on September 9, the storm again made landfall near Bradenton, Florida, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). Later that day, the storm weakened to a tropical depression while crossing Florida. Upon emerging into the Atlantic Ocean on the next day, the system re-intensified into a tropical storm. While located offshore South Carolina, the storm re-attained hurricane status early on September 12. The hurricane then brushed the Outer Banks of North Carolina before heading out to sea. The storm further strengthened to Category 2 intensity while heading eastward, but later weakened to a tropical storm early on September 16. The following day, the storm deteriorated further to a tropical depression, and late on September 17, the cyclone dissipated southwest of the Azores.

While crossing the Lesser Antilles, the hurricane brought powerful winds and heavy rainfall to the islands. On Dominica, crops suffered severe damage. All vessels at the harbor sank, killing two people. Winds on Puerto Rico left mostly minor damage to plantations, and rainfall was generally "beneficial". In the Dominican Republic, three districts of Santo Domingo were destroyed, with half of the city leveled by the hurricane. Damages in the city were an estimated $50 million (1930 USD). The Red Cross estimated 2,000 people perished in the city, with an additional 8,000 injured. Historians estimate the hurricane left between 2,000 and 8,000 fatalities. Haiti experienced crop damage due to the storm. In Florida, "damaging" rainfall was observed over southeastern Hillsborough County, with 8 to 9 in measured. Press reports indicated damage to highways and bridges, and crops were inundated. Damage reached approximately $75,000. After passing the Outer Banks of North Carolina as re-intensifying hurricane, power outages occurred across the region. Buildings at Cape Lookout were severely damaged.

Tropical Storm Three
The final storm of the season developed in the Bay of Campeche on October 18 at the tail end of a frontal boundary. Although cool-air advection was occurring off the United States coast, warm air around the system allowed the tropical storm to intensify. Moving to the northeast, the system reached peak intensity as a high-end tropical storm with winds of 70 mph. Ultimately, the cool-air advection eventually took a toll on the storm, causing it to quickly weaken. By 06:00 UTC on October 21, the storm dissipated.

title: 1930 Atlantic hurricane season


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Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Baron of Connaught

Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Lord of Connacht (c.1194–1242, or 1243), was an Anglo-Norman aristocrat who was Seneschal of Munster and Justiciar of Ireland (1228–32).

Background
Richard Mór de Burgh was born towards the end of the year in 1193 (and came of age in 1214). He was the eldest son and heir of William de Burgh and his wife (daughter of Domnall Mór Ua Briain, King of Thomond). Richard's principal estate was in the barony of Loughrea where he built a castle in 1236 and a town was founded. He also founded Galway town and Ballinasloe. The islands on Lough Mask and Lough Orben were also part of his demesne.

From the death of his father (1206) until he reached his majority and received his inheritance (1214), Richard was a ward of the crown of England. In 1215 he briefly served in the household of his uncle, Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent. In 1223 (and again in 1225) he was appointed Seneschal of Munster and keeper of Limerick Castle.

Connacht
In 1224, Richard claimed Connacht (which had been granted to his father but never, in fact, conquered by him): he asserted that the grant to the Gaelic king Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair (after William de Burgh's death in 1206), had been on condition of faithful service and that the king's son, Aedh mac Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair (who succeeded that year) had forfeited it. Richard had the favour of his uncle, Hubert, justiciar of England, and was later awarded Connacht (May 1227). Having been given custody of the counties of Cork and Waterford and all the crown lands of Decies and Desmond, he was appointed Justiciar of Ireland (1228–32). In 1230 he was able to send the King 2000 marks, the proceeds of a tax of one-sixteenth on ecclesiastical benefices. He was removed from office in 1232, but his disgrace was short-lived.

When, in 1232, his uncle Hubert fell from grace, Richard was able to distance himself and avoid being campaigned against by Henry III. It was only in 1235, when he summoned the whole feudal host of the English lords and magnates to aid him, that he finally expelled the Gaelic king, Felim mac Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair, from Connacht. Richard and his lieutenants received great shares of land, while Felim was obliged to pay homage and was allowed to hold only five cantreds (in Roscommon), while Richard held the remaining 25 cantreds of Connacht in chief of the crown of England. De Burgh took the title of "Lord of Connacht".

Wife and children
Before 21 April 1225, he married Egidia de Lacy (daughter of Walter de Lacy and his wife Margaret de Braose), with which alliance he acquired the cantred of Eóghanacht Caisil with the castle of Ardmayle in Tipperary. Richard and Egidia had three sons and four daughters:

 * Sir Richard de Burgh (d.1248), Lord of Connaught, Constable of Montgomery Castle married a relative of Eleanor of Provence, and died (without issue) in Poitou.
 * Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (d.1271), Lord of Connaught.
 * William Óg de Burgh (d.1270), Anglo-Irish Lord and warrior who was the ancestor of the Lords of Clanricarde.
 * Alice de Burgh.
 * Margery de Burgh (died after March 1253) married Theobald Butler, 3rd Chief Butler of Ireland.
 * Matilda de Burgh married Sir Gerald de Prendergast of Beauvoir; they had a daughter, Maud.
 * Daughter de Burgh who married Hamon de Valoynes; they had a daughter, Mabel de Valoynes.

Richard de Burgh fell ill on a voyage to France and died shortly before 17 February 1243.


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Zaraza

Zaraza (from Ukraine, Polish, Serbian "plague") is a Canadian experimental/industrial funeral doom band from Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Biography
Formed in early 1993, Zaraza was born out of a meeting between newly arrived Polish immigrant Jacek (The DoomHammer) Furmankiewicz and local Montreal industrial/noise artist Brian Meagher performing as Brian Damage (who would later adopt the Slavic name Grzegorz Haus ov Doom), with the object of fully integrating the extremes of doom/death metal with industrial. At the beginning it was intended to be a grindcore-oriented project, but they soon decided on a more doomy edge, combined with a bombastic symphonic industrial feel.

Due to the largely sampler-oriented nature of Zaraza's music, the band very rarely performed live. Its best-known live show was during a special edition of the Montreal industrial show Late Night Atrocity Exhibition. That night, in order to commemorate the 15th anniversary of the first concert of Laibach, whose early albums (from the 1980s) the band highly revered, Zaraza performed four covers: "Vier Personen," "Leben Tod," "Krvava Gruda Plodna Zemlja," and "Nova Akropola."

Initial period (1993-2005)
After releasing their first demo, Life Is Death Postponed, in 1995, received positively in the underground, Zaraza released its debut CD, Slavic Blasphemy, through the Ottawa-based Musicus Phycus label. It was released in 1997 and gathered a large number of positive reviews, and was listed as one of the Top 10 albums of 1998 by Gino Filicetti of Chronicles of Chaos webzine.

In 1999 the band recorded their second CD, No Paradise To Lose, which was supposed to include a bonus EP with three Laibach covers. However, lack of satisfaction with the final sound quality of the mixing process led to a postponement of the album. All the original recordings were discarded and the resulting self-disgust resulted in the band going on hiatus till early 2002. The same year the band performed its one and only "true" live show by opening up for Knurl and Merzbow in Ottawa, Canada.

In 2002, Zaraza restarted its activities and tackled again the task of re-recording and remixing the entire No Paradise To Lose album from scratch. In November 2003, No Paradise To Lose was finally released, containing 50 minutes of experimental industrial doom death metal, to critical acclaim. The first 50 copies of the album sold also included a four-track single of Laibach covers, "Montrealska Akropola [Tribute to Laibach]".

The band disbanded in July 2006 and released all their albums via the Internet Archive.

Reforming (2015–present)
In 2015, the band re-united and decided to work on a new album. The third album Spasms of Rebirth, was released on March 4, 2017 via the band's Bandcamp site. The album received a 9/10 rating in a doom-metal.com review.

Members

 * Jacek (The DoomHammer) – lead vocals, drum machine, samplers, keyboards
 * Brian Damage (aka Grzegorz Haus ov Doom) – operatic vocals, samplers, keyboards

Discography

 * Life is Death Postponed (Demo, 1995)
 * Slavic Blasphemy (CD, 1997)
 * No Paradise to Lose (CD, Total Zero Records, 2003)
 * Montrealska Akropola – A Tribute to Laibach (Single, Total Zero Records, 2003)
 * Life Is Death Postponed (2004, CD-R reissue with bonus tracks)
 * Spasms of Rebirth (Digital & CD-R, 2017)

title: Zaraza


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Bud Germa

Melville Carlyle "Bud" Germa (August 5, 1920 — June 17, 1993) was a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Sudbury from 1967 to 1968 in the House of Commons of Canada, and from 1971 to 1981 in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. He was a member of the New Democratic Party.

Before entering politics, Germa was a labourer and union organizer in Sudbury, and served on Sudbury City Council. In 1964, while serving on city council, he advocated for Northern Ontario to separate from Ontario to become its own province.

Federal politics
Germa first ran as an NDP candidate in the 1965 election, losing to Liberal incumbent Rodger Mitchell. Mitchell died in 1967, however, and in the resulting byelection, Germa won the seat. The results were subject to a judicial recount, due to Germa's narrow margin of victory over Liberal candidate James Jerome, but the recount upheld Germa's victory. Unusually, but legally at the time, he did not resign his city council seat while serving as an MP, but held both positions concurrently.

However, in the national election the following year, Jerome defeated Germa to reclaim the seat for the Liberals.

Provincial politics
Germa subsequently ran in the 1971 provincial election, winning the seat and representing Sudbury in the provincial legislative assembly as a member of the Ontario New Democratic Party.

In 1972, he criticized the appointment of Jim Jessiman and Gaston Demers to the board of Ontario Northland.

In 1975, Ontario Progressive Conservative Party MPP Frank Drea was forced to apologize in the legislature after claiming in a speech on gun control that some members of the opposition caucuses were members of "Communist organizations"; although Drea did not publicly name on the record who he was talking about, he was overheard by journalists in the press gallery telling a colleague that he was referring to Germa.

He was reelected in the 1975 election, in a closely watched three-way race against Liberal Elmer Sopha, his predecessor as MPP, and Conservative Joe Fabbro, at the time the city's mayor. In this term, he served as chair of the legislature's standing committee on public accounts. In 1976, he strongly opposed the government's plan to sell off the former Burwash Industrial Farm site near Sudbury, although after a journalist from CKNC-TV interviewed him about the issue on the Burwash site, Progressive Conservative MPP Margaret Scrivener accused him of illegal trespassing.

In 1977, after a list of doctors' billing fees to the Ontario Health Insurance Plan was released to the media, the Tories attempted to have Germa deposed as chair of the public accounts committee, although the move failed.

He was reelected to a third term in the 1977 election.

He was defeated in the 1981 election by Jim Gordon of the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party.

title: Bud Germa


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Pirolazamide

Pirolazamide (SC-26,438) is an antiarrhythmic agent that was never marked.

title: Pirolazamide


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Hold Me Up

Hold Me Up is the third studio album by American rock band Goo Goo Dolls, released on October 16, 1990, by Metal Blade Records. It marked the beginning of John Rzeznik's emergence as the band's principal lead vocalist. The album features the band's first single "There You Are," which became their first music video as well. In 2017, Loudwire listed the album as one of Metal Blade's best albums.

Personnel

 * Johnny Rzeznik - guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on tracks 2, 4, 5, 13, and 14, co-lead vocals on track 8
 * Robby Takac - bass guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on tracks 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12, co-lead vocals on track 8
 * George Tutuska - drums, lead vocals on track 10

 * Additional personnel
 * Lance Diamond - lead vocals on track 7
 * Armand John Petri - production

Just the Way You Are EP
An EP featuring the studio version of the title song and three live tracks from "Hold Me Up" was released in 1991.

title: Hold Me Up


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Sefirot

Sefirot (סְפִירוֹת, Tiberian: Săp̄īrōṯ), meaning emanations, are the 10 attributes/emanations in Kabbalah, through which Ein Sof ("infinite space") reveals itself and continuously creates both the physical realm and the chain of higher metaphysical realms (Seder hishtalshelus). The term is alternatively transliterated into English as sephirot/sephiroth, singular sefirah/sephirah.

As revelations of the creator's will (רצון rɔṣon), the sefirot should not be understood as 10 different "gods", but rather as 10 different channels through which the one God reveals His will. In later Jewish literature, the 10 sefirot refer either to the 10 manifestations of God; the 10 powers or faculties of the soul; or the 10 structural forces of nature.

Alternative configurations of the sefirot are interpreted by various schools in the historical evolution of Kabbalah, with each articulating differing spiritual aspects. The tradition of enumerating 10 is stated in the Sefer Yetzirah, "Ten sefirot of nothingness, ten and not nine, ten and not eleven". As altogether 11 sefirot are listed across the various schemes, two (Keter and Da'at) are seen as unconscious and conscious manifestations of the same principle, conserving the 10 categories. The sefirot are described as channels of divine creative life force or consciousness through which the unknowable divine essence is revealed to mankind.

The first sefirah, Keter, describes the divine superconscious Will that is beyond conscious intellect. The next three sefirot (Chokmah, Binah and Da'at) describe three levels of conscious divine intellect. In particular, Da'at represents Keter in its knowable form, the concept of knowledge. Will and knowledge are corresponding somewhat dependent opposites. The seven subsequent sefirot (Chesed, Gevurah, Tiferet, Netzach, Hod, Yesod and Malkuth) describe the primary and secondary conscious divine emotions. The sefirot of the left side and the sefira of Malkuth are feminine, as the female principle in Kabbalah describes a vessel that receives the outward male light, then inwardly nurtures and gives birth to the sefirot below them. Kabbalah sees the human soul as mirroring the divine (after Genesis 1:27, "God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him, male and female He created them"), and more widely, all creations as reflections of their life source in the sefirot. Therefore, the sefirot also describe the spiritual life of man, break down man's psychological processes, and constitute the conceptual paradigm in Kabbalah for understanding everything. This relationship between the soul of man and the divine gives Kabbalah one of its two central metaphors in describing divinity, alongside the other Ohr (light) metaphor. However, Kabbalah repeatedly stresses the need to avoid all corporeal interpretation. Through this, the sefirot are related to the structure of the body and are reformed into partzufim (personas). Underlying the structural purpose of each sefirah is a hidden motivational force which is understood best by comparison with a corresponding psychological state in human spiritual experience.

In Hasidic philosophy, which has sought to internalise the experience of Jewish mysticism into daily inspiration (devekut), this inner life of the sefirot is explored, and the role they play in man's service of God in this world.

Ein Sof
The Ein Sof (lit: without end) is an important concept in Jewish Kabbalah. Generally translated as "infinity" and "endless", the Ein Sof represents the formless state of the universe before the self-materialization of God. In other words, the Ein Sof is God before he decided to become God as we now know him.

The sefirot are divine emanations that come from the Ein Sof in a manner often described as a flame. The sefirot emanate from above to below. As the first Sefira is closest to Ein Sof, it is the least comprehensible to the human mind, while in turn the last is the best understood because it is closest to the material world that humanity dwells on.

Ten sefirot
Sefirot (ספירות, sfirot, singular ספירה sfira), literally means "counting, enumeration", but early Kabbalists presented a number of other etymological possibilities from the same Hebrew root including: sefer ("text" - ספר), sippur ("recounting a story" - סיפור), sappir ("sapphire" - ספיר, "brilliance", "luminary"), sfar ("boundary" - ספר), and sofer, or safra ("scribe" - ספרא, סופר). The term sefirah thus has complex connotations within Kabbalah.

The original reference to the sefirot is found in the ancient Kabbalistic text of Sefer Yetzirah, "The Book of Formation", attributed to the first Jewish patriarch, Abraham. However, the names of the sefirot as given in later Kabbalah are not specified there, but rather are only identified by their attributes "forward", "backward", "right", "left", "down", "up", "light", "darkness", "good" and "evil". Further references to the sefirot, now with their later-accepted names, are elaborated on in the medieval Kabbalistic text of the Zohar, which is one of the core texts of Kabbalah.

In Cordoveran Kabbalah, the forces of creation are considered as autonomous forces that evolve independently of one another. By contrast, in Lurean or Lurianic Kabbalah (the Kabbalah of Isaac Luria), the sefirot are perceived as a constellation of forces in active dialogue with one another at every stage of that evolution. Luria described the sefirot as complex and dynamically interacting entities known as partzufim, or faces, each with its own symbolically human-like persona.

Keter, the Crown, is the first sefirah. It is the superconscious intermediary between God and the other, conscious sefirot. Three different levels, or "heads", are identified within Keter. In some contexts, the highest level of Keter is called "The unknowable head", The second level is "the head of nothingness" (reisha d'ayin) and the third level is "the long head" (reisha d'arich). These three heads correspond to the superconscious levels of faith, pleasure and will in the soul.

In its early 12th-century dissemination, Kabbalah garnered criticism from some rabbis who adhered to Jewish philosophy, for its alleged introduction of multiplicity into Jewish monotheism. The seeming plurality of the One God is a result of the spiritual evolution of God's light, which introduced a multiplicity of emanations from the one infinite divine essence. This was necessary due to the inability of mankind to exist in God's infinite presence. God does not change; rather, it is our ability to perceive his emanations that is modified. This is stressed in Kabbalah to avoid heretical notions of any plurality in the Godhead. One parable to explain this is the difference between the Ma'Ohr ("Luminary"-divine essence) and the Ohr ("Light") he emanates, like the difference between the single body of the sun and the multiple rays of sunlight that illuminate a room.

Names in Cordoveran Kabbalah
In Kabbalah, there is a direct correspondence between the Hebrew name of any spiritual or physical phenomenon and its manifestations in the mundane world. The Hebrew name represents the unique essence of the object. This reflects the belief that the universe is created through the metaphorical speech of God, as stated in the first chapter of Genesis. Kabbalah expounds on the names of the sefirot and their nuances, including their gematria (numerical values), in order to reach an understanding of these emanations of God's essence.

In the 16th-century rational synthesis of Moses ben Jacob Cordovero (Cordoveran Kabbalah), the first complete systemisation of Kabbalah, the sefirot are listed from highest to lowest:

Man-metaphor in Kabbalah
Kabbalah uses subtle anthropomorphic analogies and metaphors to describe God in Judaism, both the God-world relationship, and the inner nature of the divine. These include the metaphor of the soul-body relationship, the functions of human soul-powers, the configuration of human bodily form, and female-male influences in the divine. Kabbalists repeatedly warn and stress the need to divorce their notions from any corporality, dualism, plurality, or spatial and temporal connotations. As "the Torah speaks in the language of Man", the empirical terms are necessarily imposed upon human experience in this world. Once the analogy is described, its limitations are then related to stripping the kernel of its husk to arrive at a truer conception. Nonetheless, Kabbalists carefully chose their terminology to denote subtle connotations and profound relationships in the divine spiritual influences. More accurately, as they see the emanation of the material world from the spiritual realms, the analogous anthropomorphisms and material metaphors themselves derive through cause and effect from their precise root analogies on High.

Describing the material world below in general, and humans in particular, as created in the "image" of the world above is not restricted in Rabbinic Judaism to Kabbalah, but abounds more widely in Biblical, Midrashic, Talmudic and philosophical literature. Kabbalah extends the Man-metaphor more radically to anthropomorphise particular divine manifestations on high, while repeatedly stressing the need to divest analogies from impure materialistic corporality. Classical proof texts on which it bases its approach include, "From my flesh I envisage God", and the rabbinic analogy "As the soul permeates the whole body...sees but is not seen...sustains the whole body...is pure...abides in the innermost precincts...is unique in the body...does not eat and drink...no man knows where its place is...so the Holy One, Blessed is He..." Together with the metaphor of light, the Man-metaphor is central in Kabbalah. Nonetheless, it too has its limitations, needs qualification, and breaks down if taken as a literal, corporeal comparison. Its limitations include the effect of the body on the soul, while the World effects no change in God; and the distinct, separate origins of the soul and the body, while in relation to God's omnipresence, especially in its acosmic Hasidic development, all creation is nullified in its source.

Inner dimensions and the powers of the soul
As all levels of Creation are constructed around the 10 sefirot, their names in Kabbalah describe the particular role each plays in forming reality. These are the external dimensions of the sefirot, describing their functional roles in channelling the divine, creative Ohr (Light) to all levels. As the sefirot are viewed to comprise both metaphorical "lights" and "vessels", their structural role describes the particular identity each sefirah possesses from its characteristic vessel. Underlying this functional structure of the sefirot, each one possesses a hidden, inner spiritual motivation that inspires its activity. This forms the particular characteristic of inner light within each sefirah.

Understanding the sefirot throughout Jewish mysticism is achieved by their correspondence to the human soul. This applies to the outer, Kabbalistic structure of the sefirot. It applies even more to their inner dimensions, which correspond to inner psychological qualities in human perception. Identifying the essential spiritual properties of the soul gives the best insight into their divine source, and in the process reveals the spiritual beauty of the soul. In Hasidic thought these inner dimensions of the sefirot are called the Powers of the Soul (Kochos HaNefesh). Hasidism sought the internalisation of the abstract ideas of Kabbalah, both outwardly in joyful sincerity of dveikus in daily life, acts of loving-kindness and prayer; and inwardly in its profound new articulation of Jewish mystical thought, by relating it to the inner life of man. Articulation of the sefirot in Hasidic philosophy is primarily concerned with their inner dimensions, and exploring the direct, enlivening contribution of each in man's spiritual worship of God. Kabbalah focuses on the esoteric manifestations of God in creation, the vessels of divinity. Hasidut looks at the lights that fill these vessels, how the structures reveal the divine essence, and how this inwardness can be perceived. This difference can be seen in the names of these two stages of Jewish mysticism. "Kabbalah" in Hebrew is derived from "kabal" (to "receive" as a vessel). "Hasidut" is from "chesed" ("loving-kindness"), considered the first and greatest sefirah, also called "Greatness", the wish to reveal and share. The names of the sefirot come from Kabbalah, and describe the Divine effect that each has upon Creation, but not their inner qualities. Hasidic thought uses new descriptive terms for the inner dimensions of the sefirot:

The four worlds
These ten levels are associated with Kabbalah's four different "Worlds" or planes of existence, the main part from the perspective of the descending "chain of progression" (Seder hishtalshelut), that links the infinite divine Ein Sof with the finite, physical realm. In all Worlds, the 10 sefirot radiate, and are the divine channels through which every level is continuously created from nothing. Since they are the attributes through which the unknowable, infinite divine essence becomes revealed to the creations, all ten emanate in each World. Nonetheless, the structure of the Four Worlds arises because in each one, certain sefirot predominate. Each World is spiritual, apart from the lower aspect of the final World, which is the Asiyah Gashmi ("Physical Asiyah"), the physical Universe. Each World is progressively grosser and further removed from consciousness of the Divine, until in this World it is possible to be unaware of or to deny God. In descending order:

 * 1) World of Emanation (אֲצִילוּת, Atzilut): In this level the light of the Ein Sof radiates and is united with its source. Divine Chochmah, the limitless flash of wisdom beyond grasp, predominates.
 * 2) World of Creation (בְּרִיאָה, Beri'ah): In this level, is the first creation ex nihilo, where the souls and angels have self-awareness, but without form. Divine Binah, the intellectual understanding, predominates.
 * 3) World of Formation (יְצִירָה, Yetzirah): On this level, creation is related to form. The Divine emotional sefirot of Chesed to Yesod predominate.
 * 4) World of Action (עֲשִׂיָּה, Assiah): On this level creation is relegated to its physical aspect, the only physical realm and the lowest World, this realm with all its creatures. The Divine Kingship of Malchut predominates, the purpose of Creation.

In the Zohar and elsewhere, there are these four Worlds or planes of existence. In the Lurianic system of Kabbalah, five Worlds are counted, comprising these and a higher, fifth plane, Adam Kadmon-manifest Godhead level, that mediates between the Ein Sof and the four lower Worlds.

As the four Worlds link the Infinite with this realm, they also enable the soul to ascend in devotion or mystical states, towards the Divine. Each World can be understood as descriptive of dimensional levels of intentionality related to the natural human "desire to receive", and a method for the soul's progress upward toward unity with or return to the Creator. (The terminology of this formulation is based on the exposition of Lurianic Kabbalah by the 20th century Kabbalist Yehuda Ashlag).

title: Sefirot


text:
Talk:576p

ATSC
As I understand it, 576i and 576p were not included in the original ATSC specifications. Obviously if North American broadcasters included 576 formats it would allow them to carry PAL and SECAM programming at its native resolution instead of up or downconverting, but I don't know whether that is or ever will be the case. Lee M 02:50, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Then display devices would have to do the conversion. Anyhow, there is ATSC Standard A/63: Standard for Coding 25/50 Hz Video from 2 May 1997, which specifies most of the formats that DVB mentions. Crissov 22:37, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That document is highly technical, and I couldn't tell from it whether US broadcasters will encode 576/25 and 576/50 material at its original resolution and scan rate. Lee M 01:24, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, they probably won't. I assume explicit support for "PAL formats" was added in the hope that ATSC would be adopted outside North America. Anyhow, that has not happened much (only South Korea and Argentina IIRC).
 * Likewise European, most Asian, African and Australian broadcasters will probably stay with 25 and 50 Hz, although the former advantage of PAL and SECAM over NTSC, i.e. a higher vertical resolution (i.e. more lines) and better color management in turn for the lesser temporal resolution (i.e. frequency), holds no longer true with HDTV resolutions like 720p and 1080i---they can save up to 1/6 of bandwidth, though. The major problem are legacy display devices (CRTs), I guess; OTOH, most really HDTV capable screens can deal with 24, 25, 30, 50 and 60 Hz sources almost equally well. Crissov 05:52, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Used in Australia
576p50 is used extensively in Australia and is legislated as being High Definition even though in the rest of the world it rightly isn't classed as HDTV.

It is used by 3 out of the 5 national or major channels to fulfil their HDTV obligations. The three are ABC, SBS and Channel 7 (and its affiliates - Prime etc).

Perhaps this should be added?

1024×576
576p, in the form of 1024×576, is the best 16:9 video which can be seen on 1024×768 screens – the most common monitor resolution at the moment (although if you add all the higher resolutions together, they’re more common). —Wulf (talk) 03:45, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

576p24
Is 576p24 an allowed video format? --88.77.251.192 (talk) 17:30, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Not HD
I've removed this claim from the article:

"576p is SD quality, but it can be considered HD if the video bitrate number (kbit/s) is 8128 or higher."

This is not supported by the citation, and also doesn't make sense. "High definition" refers to resolution, not bitrate, and the effects of the bitrate vary depending on the codec used. David G (talk) 20:50, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:576p


text:
Nakijin Castle

Nakijin Castle (今帰仁城) is a Ryukyuan gusuku located in Nakijin, Okinawa. It is currently in ruins. In the late 14th century, the island of Okinawa consisted of three principalities: Nanzan to the south, Chūzan in the central area, and Hokuzan in the north. Nakijin was the capital of Hokuzan. The fortress includes several sacred Utaki groves, reflecting the castle's role as a center of religious activity. It is today known for the Hikan cherries which bloom in northern Okinawa between mid-January and early February, providing the first cherry blossoms each year in Japan. In 2000, Nakijin Castle was designated as a World Heritage Site, as a part of the Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu.

History
Though there had been Lords of Nakijin prior to the creation of the Hokuzan kingdom, and thus some form of chiefly residence can be presumed to have been on or near the site before, it is believed that the gusuku form of Nakijin castle only emerged at the founding of the kingdom. It is located on the Motobu Peninsula, on a rocky outcropping, facing out over the East China Sea.

The castle is separated from the main mountain mass of Motobu on the east by a steep drop into a gorge with a stream at the bottom. A steep drop to the north and northeast from the castle drops down to the shoreline. A small harbor inlet here once served the castle, while Unten harbor, the main port of the Hokuzan kingdom, lay roughly 5 to 6 miles to the east.

The royal residence was located at the highest and innermost part of the complex and was surrounded by a small garden with a spring. Three shrines (uganju) stood at the highest point of the precipice. In a less inner enclosures, located at a somewhat lower elevations, were residences for certain vassals, along with administrative buildings, stables for the horses, and garrisons for the warriors of the principality. As was typical of gusuku construction at this time, the stonework of the walls was very solid, but quite rough, with a relative lack of precision fitting or fine cutting. Roughly 1500 meters of limestone castle wall remain today.

The castle saw three generations of rulers before being attacked and destroyed by the armies of Chūzan in 1416. Lords of Hokuzan governing in subordination to the royal capital at Shuri would continue to make their residence here for several centuries afterwards.

In 1609, the Japanese feudal Domain of Satsuma invaded the Ryukyu Kingdom. After fierce fighting in the Amami Islands, they landed on Okinawa Island at Unten harbor. They attacked Nakijin Castle with heavy casualties on both sides, but the Japanese prevailed and burned the castle.

As a tourist site, the ruins are particularly known for the beautiful view out over the East China Sea, for the impressive grandeur of the castle walls, and for the overall amount of space taken up by the castle grounds. Hokuzan in general was characterized by wider spaces, or at least less dense settlement and population, than Nanzan and Chūzan, the other kingdoms on the island at that time. Nakijin is also consistently among the first places in the country to see, and celebrate, the blooming of the cherry blossoms (sakura) each year.

title: Nakijin Castle


text:
Talk:576i

As I understand it, 576i and 576p were not included in the original ATSC specifications. Obviously if North American broadcasters included 576 formats it would allow them to carry PAL and SECAM programming at its native resolution instead of up or downconverting, but I don't know whether that is or ever will be the case. Lee M 02:50, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC) (copied from Talk:576p - see that page for further discussion)

== This entry should be deleted.

576i/p relates only to PAL/SECAM/DVB and has nothing to do with ATSC. 576i/p can have an aspect ratio of either 4:3 or 16:9. See Digital Broadcasting Australia or Digital Video Broadcasting for more information/proof. This item should not be deleted.

Spelling
WP:ENGVAR says we should "consistently use the same conventions of spelling and grammar" and, "If an article has evolved using predominantly one variety, the whole article should conform to that variety" and, "An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation uses the appropriate variety of English for that nation." So I've tried to ensure that the spelling is the same as introduced in the first revision I could find that expressed a preference ... richi (talk) 22:32, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Pixels
"The 576 identifies a vertical resolution of 576 lines (usually with a horizontal resolution of 720 or 704 pixels)" - Where is 720 and 704 pixels used for width? I've only seen 702 used. Davhorn (talk) 18:36, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * D1 is 720. The highest resolution SD channels broadcast over the various DVB networks are 720. There are various lower resolution formats, but 702 doesn't make sense because it's not a multiple of eight ... richi (talk) 14:45, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, both DVDs and D1 follow the CCIR 601 raster format which does define the horizontal resolution as 720 pixels. BUT it also defines that the time it takes to draw such a line should be 53.333µs. PAL uses 52µs and NTSC uses about 52.666µs, meaning that not all 720 pixels can be used. With PAL DVDs for example, only the middle 702 pixels are used (9 pixels on each side should be black if it follows the standard) and I guess for NTSC it would be somewhere between 710 and 711 pixels (forgot about that one in my original post). So saying the width is then 720 pixels is a bit misleading... Davhorn (talk) 22:44, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Increasingly, that's a big "if", but in terms of what is actually broadcast or stored on the disc, the MPEG2 TS stream contains up to 720 pixels across—I'm also aware of 544, 528, 480, and 352 being used. 720, 704, and 544 are in common use on DVB-T here in the UK, for example -- see . See also Overscan ... richi (talk) 00:01, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

288i?
Is there a source for As some people prefer to identify an interlaced resolution by its number of field lines (rather than the number of frame lines), the format is also sometimes called 288i? I've never heard of this, and couldn't easily find any references to 288i anywhere. It seems like following the standard, 288i would mean two fields of 144 lines each - which may well have its application. Anyone object if I delete the sentence? Blackworm (talk) 05:20, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

History and Origins
The article should have more about the history of the 625 line (576i) system. its development and early use etc ? 213.40.227.50 (talk) 20:40, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed Ive heard the Germans, Russians and even Americans (postwar occupation troops in Germany) credited with the development of the 625 line system and various dates (1941-48) bandied about. Does anyone know more about who/when/how/why "625" was developed ? 92.4.236.87 (talk) 19:12, 8 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Why it was developed is easy. Because of primitive electronics at the time, systems had to be based on simple division ratios. 625 is 5x5x5x5, an easy number to generate, as was the field blanking of 25 (5x5) lines.Wmck (talk) 18:50, 28 December 2014 (UTC)
 * according to this |~ article the 625 line analogue television system was devised in 1946 by two German engineers, Moller and Urtel In Geneva a Mr W. Gerber proposed this as an European system the USSR came up independently with a very similar system. 90.202.231.149 (talk) 21:15, 28 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Further discussions on the origin of the "625 line" system here |~ Not all implementations used 576 active horizontal lines. System I originally used 582. 2A00:23C7:70C:EF00:89AB:53F7:8297:ADC (talk) 18:35, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

576i speed-up
Has anyone considered that telerecordings of programmes made on 25 fps systems will actually suffer slowdown if telecined at 24 fps? This was certainly true of the 1953 Coronation footage when screened on US and Canadian TV, and may still apply to a handful of films such as The Best of Benny Hill which contain 25 fps footage originally shot on videotape.

 * A criticism of that section in the article: Your player may be able to play a 23.976fps DVD or BluRay, but what good does it do if you don't have a natively progressive display? Thus, what most standalone DVD and BluRay players do with such a disk is either speed them up or apply an NTSC pulldown on-the-fly, in order for the footage to be displayable on NTSC, ATSC, and PAL displays. Native-progressive players are expensive and can only be used in conjunction with native-progressive displays. --87.151.27.43 (talk) 19:27, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

Horizontal resolution
Could someone add the horizontal resolution to the article? Thanks. ➧ datumizer   ☎  19:18, 24 June 2020 (UTC)

Confusion with analog 625 lines
The article is about the digital resolution 576i but it talked about the analog 625 lines systems... Therefore I removed all that, and limited analog talk to the Operation topic, where it makes historical sense. Elsewhere, we always talk about digital applications (DVB, DVD, etc...) I hope it's clearer now. 4throck (talk) 00:46, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:576i


text:
The Winans

The Winans are an American gospel quartet from Detroit, Michigan, consisting of brothers Marvin, Carvin, Michael and Ronald Winans.

Members
Please refer to the Winans family page for more detail on the individual members.

Origins
Brothers Ronald, Marvin, Carvin, and Michael Winans, the second, third, fourth and fifth siblings of the Winans family, grew up in Detroit, Michigan. They were discovered by Andrae Crouch, who signed them to Light Records.

Music
Brothers Ronald, Marvin, and Carvin made two albums in 1974 without Michael, and in 1975 with Michael under the name "The Testimonial Singers".

Their big break was their first record Introducing The Winans, produced in 1981 by Andrae Crouch, two years after he discovered them and invited them to tour with him.

They performed vocals in This Is America, Charlie Brown's segment "The Building of the Transcontinental Railroad" in 1989. Their style was noted for its crossover efforts and received airplay on R&B radio. The group's last recording was in 1995. They have been involved in various Winans family projects where they are credited as "The Winans", e.g. November 2000's Christmas: Our Gifts To You.

The eldest brother of the group Ronald Winans died on June 17, 2005, of retaining fluid.

Awards

 * Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album: All Out (1993)
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance By A Duo, Group, Choir Or Chorus: "Let Brotherly Love Continue" (Daniel Winans featuring The Winans & BeBe Winans) (1990)
 * Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance By A Duo Or Group, Choir Or Chorus: The Winans Live At Carnegie Hall (1988)
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance By A Duo, Group, Choir Or Chorus: "Ain't No Need To Worry" (The Winans featuring Anita Baker) (1987)
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance By A Duo, Group, Choir Or Chorus: "Let My People Go" (1986)
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Male: "Bring Back The Days Of Yea And Nay" (Marvin Winans) (1985)
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance By A Duo, Group, Choir Or Chorus: "Tomorrow" (1985)

title: The Winans


text:
The Tartans

The Tartans, also known as Devon and the Tartans, were a rocksteady group who came together in 1967 in Kingston, Jamaica. The members were initially Prince Lincoln Thompson, Cedric Myton, Devon Russell and Lindberg Lewis. Myton and Russell had previously been in a group called the Bellstars. The Tartans formed as a result of the Bellstars break-up.

Their recorded output included "Far Beyond the Sun" for Duke Reid's Treasure Isle label, "Dance All Night", "What Can I Say", and six tracks recorded for Ken Lack's Caltone label: "Awake The Town", "Coming On Strong", "It's Alright", "Making Love", "Save a Little Bread" and "Solid as a Rock".

"Lonely Heartaches" by The Clarendonians was incorrectly credited to 'The Tartons' [sic] when released in the UK on Crab.

After the group split, Thompson went on to form The Royal Rasses and Myton The Congos.

No studio albums were released by The Tartans. Cedric Myton has stated that he intends to produce an album with songs from The Tartans. On the Roots Reggae Library two albums with songs from the Tartans were composed. One derives its name from their hit "Dance All Night", and another is titled "Awake The Town".

title: The Tartans


text:
User talk:Benna

Welcome! I find that activating the preference "Add pages you edit to your watchlist" makes for a more dynamic Wikipedia experience. Ground 02:53, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I agree.

Hi, Benna. I appreciate your additions to the NAMBLA page, as I have worked hard to ensure that the article adheres to the highest standards of neutrality and quality. However, the substance of one of your edits is based in error. Ginsberg did more than merely support the right of NAMBLA to march. He himself was an outspoken member who, during one memorable televised interview for a newscast in the midst of the Revere sex scandal, jested about the harmlessness of the sex he had had sex in the back of his father's candy store when he was a young boy.

A simple Google of "Ginsberg NAMBLA" will turn up numerous hits to confirm that Ginsberg's involvement in NAMBLA surpassed lobbying for its right to march. Ginsberg is on record as having said, "Attacks on NAMBLA stink of politics, witchhunting for profit, humorlessness, vanity, anger and ignorance,...I'm a member of NAMBLA because I love boys, too - everybody does, who has a little humanity."

I hope this clarifies the misperceptions you may have harbored in regards to this issue. Again, thanks for your contributions. Corax 08:09, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

tobacco
At high doses tobacco is hallucinogenic, just put in some info about that and can provide references if necessary, although it will take me a day or two to find. eating a handful of rustica is much different than smoking a cigarette. I've been organizing some of these categories and placed tobacco in both herbal & fungal stimulants as well as herbal & fungal hallucinogens; as those are subcategories of herbal & fungal drugs/medicines, its already in that category by default. If you are still unhappy with this please get in touch on my talk page, as i'm sure we can figure something out. --Heah 00:47, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * oh, and you're right about cannabis, instead i've made the cannabis category a sub-category of herbal & fungal drugs/medicines without changing anything else. thanks.  --Heah 00:52, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cannabis/LSD
Hello Benna, thought I'd drop over to your Talk page to discuss what you're saying on the Talk:Cannabis (drug) page regarding what you claim to be the spiritual or non-such effects of these materials. It is indeed not my business to know too much in the way of specific detail, but I enquire anyhow, whether you base your position on external research, assumptions of some kind, reports of actual cannabis/LSD users, or personal experience. Whig 09:21, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Re: legality of seeds. Thanks for your constructive input :) --inks 08:05, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Ginsberg and the North American Man/Boy Love Association
It looks to me like you probably have a better understanding of Ginsberg than me. I've just replaced an awful link to the NAMBLA lobbying website to support Ginsberg's association to them in the NAMBLA article with a more neutral reference. But, the NAMBLA article and the section in the Ginsberg article on his association with the organization could use some fixing up and proper referencing. John Nevard (talk) 15:20, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Benna


text:
Klaus Fesser

Klaus Fesser is a professor for theoretical physics at Department of Physics at the University of Greifswald, Germany.

Director
Now, he is the director of the Department of Physics.

Subjects of lectures

 * Seminar of theoretical physics
 * Laboratory practical course II
 * Theoretical solid-state physics II
 * Seminar: special problems of theoretical physics
 * Special chapters of the solid theory
 * Physical colloquium

Research field

 * low-dimensional condensed matter
 * nonlinear dynamics in plasma
 * bifurcation theory
 * carbon nanotube

title: Klaus Fesser