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Embrun, Ontario

Embrun (ˈɛmbrən in English; ), is a community in the Canadian province of Ontario in the Eastern Ontario region. Embrun is also part of the National Capital Region. Embrun is part of the larger Russell Township in Prescott and Russell United Counties. In 2011 (the year of the most recent census), the urban area of Embrun had a total population of 6,380, but if surrounding agricultural areas closely tied to the community are included, the population figure rises to 8,669. This makes Embrun the largest community in the Township of Russell.

Embrun has grown rapidly in recent years. The population of Embrun surged nearly 25 per cent to 8,680 between 2016 and 2021, while nearby Russell expanded by 22 per cent to 6,135. On the list of Eastern Ontario cities with at least 1,000 people, in 2021, they ranked first and third in growth. Between 2001 and 2006, the population of Embrun's urban area increased by 26.6%, higher than any other community in the 613 area code and the 8th highest in Ontario. Between 2006 and 2011 its growth was slower, but still more than double the provincial average, growing at a rate of 12.8%, which was the 6th fastest in the 613 area code and the 25th fastest in Ontario.

The town has a French-speaking majority, with a significant English-speaking minority. According to the 2006 Census, 57% of Embrun's population speaks French at home, while 41% speak English at home. The remaining 2% speak either both languages equally, or speak a non-official language.

The community is located approximately 44 km from Ottawa, and 165 km from Montreal, off the Trans-Canada Highway 417, between Russell, Ontario, and Limoges, Ontario.

Politically, the community is situated in the electoral district of Glengarry—Prescott—Russell both provincially and federally.

History
The first residents of Embrun settled the town in 1845. François Michel named the town in 1857 after Embrun, France. The town's early economy was based on lumber, as the area was heavily forested and the soils too moist for good agriculture. In the 1870s, however, with deforestation and the advent of land drainage technologies, agriculture replaced lumber as Embrun's main industry. The town grew rapidly in the late 19th century, a trend accelerated by the advent of the railway in 1898 (see Railway section below).

The 20th century, however, brought a change in direction. Three events happened which harmed Embrun's economy significantly and resulted in population decline. First was the Great Depression in the 1930s and the associated decline in the agriculture industry. Secondly, in the 1950s and 1960s, as with most other small towns across North America, Embrun suffered rural depopulation as its young people left the town to seek education and employment in urban areas. The third blow was the closure of the railway line in 1957.

Towards the end of the 20th century, however, Embrun recovered and began growing rapidly. The construction of Highway 417 in the 1970s cut down travel time to Ottawa significantly, and as a result Embrun residents increasingly began to commute to Ottawa for work, and Embrun was able to attract new residents. In the period from 1985 to 1995 Embrun's population doubled and an indoor shopping mall and business park opened. A second round of major growth occurred in the first few years of the 21st century. Between 2001 and 2006 Embrun was the fastest growing community in the 613 area code and the 8th fastest growing community in the entire province, having grown at a rate of 26.6%. Embrun's growth slowed somewhat in the later part of the 2000s decade, from 26.6% in 2001–2006 to 12.8% in 2006–2011, however, this growth rate is still much higher than the average Ontario growth rate which is 5.7%. As a result of this slowdown Embrun's growth ranking slipped to 6th fastest growth rate in the 613 area code and 25th fastest in Ontario.

Growth is expected to continue, with projections indicating that Embrun's population will exceed 10,000 by 2021, nearly double what it was in 2006.

Railway
In 1898, the New York and Ottawa Railway was built. This railway, which travelled between Tupper Lake, New York, and Ottawa, stopped at Embrun six times every day except for Sunday.

This railway line continued operation until 1957, when a combination of pressures from the National Capital Commission, who wished to cut down on the number of railway lines through Ottawa in an effort to eliminate noise pollution, as well as from the Saint Lawrence Seaway project, which required the removal of the railway's bridge in Cornwall, caused the railway line to shut down. The last trains ran in February 1957, and in April CN purchased the railway track and proceeded to demolish it. Although some segments in Cornwall and Ottawa were retained, the line through Embrun was scrapped. A few decades later, the municipal government constructed a rail trail on the right of way, which remains in use to the present day.

Economy
Embrun is a bedroom community: a majority of the population works in nearby Ottawa and commutes into the city on a daily basis. A large proportion of these people are people with post-secondary education who work in the Canadian civil service or Ottawa's large high-tech sector. This has been the case since the mid-20th century. Prior to then, agriculture employed the majority of the community's population.

Agriculture still has a significant presence in the area. It is one of the major distributors of dairy products and bovine in the region. These farms also include hundreds of sheep, corn (sold to local grocery stores and markets) and numerous other products.

One unique feature of Embrun is the number of excellent market garden businesses. Primarily owned and operated by local French Canadian families, their produce is sold in the village and as far away as Ottawa's Byward Market area and Westboro neighbourhood.

Media
Two newspapers are published in Embrun: Le Reflet (a weekly French language newspaper) and The Prescott-Russell News (in both English and French). La Nouvelle, a weekly newspaper published in French, has closed.

A newspaper that is published in Rockland called Vision is delivered in Embrun as well. The Villager, a newspaper that is published in the neighbouring town of Russell, is also delivered in Embrun. Unlike Vision, The Villager is a paper that people must subscribe to or buy at a local store.

CJRO Radio (CJRO-FM) broadcast in Embrun on 107.7 FM. It is a low power (40 watts) bilingual community non-profit FM community radio station that promotes local and regional events, provides important information and news to residents and the public in south-east rural Ottawa and the Russell Municipality. CJRO-FM is licensed by the CRTC to play music (Rock, Country, French pop, Blues and Celtic music). It’s also available on 107.7 FM in Carlsbad Springs and in the village of Vars and Sarsfield on 107.9 FM. A new FM transmitter (107.9 FM) will be installed in the village of Casselman in late 2022 or early 2023 (pending CRTC authorization). The station streams online on cjroradio.com (https://www.cjroradio.com). CJRO Radio is also available via the Tune In and Radio Player Canada app via Iphone and Android phones. Since August 2022 CJRO Radio production studio in Embrun is situated inside the COOP Embrun building on chemin Notre-Dame. The station's broadcast facility is situated inside the Carlsbad Springs Community Centre (6020 Piperville Rd).

Education
Embrun has three elementary schools and one secondary school. Because Ontario divides the education system into English Public, English Catholic, French Public, and French Catholic streams, which school Embrun children attend depends on which stream they are in.

Embrun students in the English Public stream are served by Upper Canada District School Board. Their elementary school is Cambridge Public School, located in Forest Park, while their secondary school is Russell High School in the neighbouring community of Russell.

Those in the English Catholic stream are served by Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario. This school board does not have any schools in Embrun. Embrun students enrolled in this board attend Mother Teresa school for elementary, and St. Thomas Aquinas school for secondary. Both of these schools are in the neighbouring community of Russell.

Those in the French Public stream are served by the Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario school board. Their elementary school is De la Rivière Castor school in Embrun, while their secondary school is L’Académie de la Seigneurie in nearby Casselman.

Those in the French Catholic stream are served by the Conseil scolaire du district catholique de l'Est ontarien school board. Their elementary school is École élémentaire catholique Embrun, which is divided into two buildings which neighbour each other: the Pavillon Saint-Jean which has grades K-2, and the Pavillon La Croisée which has grades 3–6. Their secondary school is École secondaire catholique Embrun.

Neighbourhoods
Embrun has several distinct neighbourhoods. With the exception of the Lapointe & Town-Centre neighbourhoods (which have built onto each other as a result of infill development), each of the neighbourhoods are physically separated by open space, although much of this open space will likely be eliminated in the near future as the municipality pushes for more infill.

In the map to the right, the neighbourhoods of Embrun are colour-coded. Below is a legend as to what neighbourhood each colour represents.
 * Yellow – industrial park
 * Red – business park
 * Green – Chantal Development
 * Light blue – Centre ville (town centre)
 * Purple – Bourdeau Development in the Embrun-Sud (Embrun South) area
 * Pink – Lapointe Development and Mélanie Construction
 * Orange – Maplevale

The smaller community of Brisson may be considered part of Embrun, as it is no longer recognized by any municipal entity.

The municipality has recently adopted smart growth principles to guide its future development. The official plan calls for densification and infill of existing urban land, rather than acquiring more rural land. A near-doubling of Embrun's population will be accomplished in the next 10–15 years with only two new neighbourhoods (both in land already designated as urban land use zones) being built. The rest of the population growth will be done by building housing units in the open spaces between existing neighbourhoods, and by eventually replacing single-family homes on some busier streets with apartments and condos. Through this plan, Embrun's population will increase from its current population of around 6,000 people to upwards of 10,000 people in 2021, with only a small amount of land to the west being added to the urban zone.

Business Park
The Embrun Business Park is located in the extreme western part of Embrun, west of the Chantal Development. The area is home to nearly all of the town's major businesses. In this area is the Place d'Embrun Shopping Centre as well as some of the town's chain restaurants (e.g., Tim Hortons and Dairy Queen) and large businesses such as renovators, grocery stores and automobile garages. However, this part of Embrun lacks small businesses. Most of the small businesses are in other parts of Embrun.

This part of Embrun, however, has almost no permanent residents due to the fact that it is almost exclusively commercial. There are a few people living on Notre-Dame Street in this area, however, these people are counted as part of the Chantal Development in population counts. The area is paved with many asphalt service roads crisscrossing the area.

Industrial Park
Embrun also has an Industrial Park. Despite the name, the Industrial Park doesn't really have any industry, just semi-industrial commerce such as warehouses. The Ontario Provincial Police Station is also located here. The Industrial Park is located just to the north of the Embrun Business Park.

The Industrial Park is one of the westernmost areas of Embrun. It has three streets: Industrial Street, New York Central Avenue, and Bay Street.

As a result of municipal zoning regulation reform undertaken in 2010, the Industrial Park technically no longer exists, as the old commercial & industrial zones were replaced with a new "Business Park" designation. Nonetheless the two areas are distinct in the types of enterprises operating in them.

Chantal Development
Chantal Development is a rather quiet residential area in the Western part of Embrun. To the east of Chantal Development lies the town centre (officially called Centre-Ville). To the west lies the Business Park and the Industrial Park.

There are several streets in the Chantal Development: Olympic Street, Domaine Street, Menard Street, Isabelle Street, Loiselle Street, Chantal Crescent, Promenade Boulevard, and Chateau Crescent.

An infill subdivision is planned for the area and will be located immediately to the north of the current development.

Town Centre/Centre-Ville
Town Centre/Centre-Ville is home to two of the town's schools (École Publique de la Rivière Castor and St. Jean/La Croisée). Also, the Église St. Jacques is in this part of town. To the west of Town Centre/Centre-Ville is Chantal Development. To the east is Lapointe Development. To the south is the neighbourhood of Embrun South. To the north is rural areas.

The major streets are Ste. Jeanne d'Arc Street, Blais Street, Centenaire Street (also in Lapointe Development), St Jean Baptiste Street, Castlebeau Street, St. Augustin Street, and Lamadeleine Boulevard.

Some infill has occurred in recent years, and more is planned along the western and northern fringes of the neighbourhood.

Lapointe Development
The Lapointe Development is in the eastern part of Embrun. To the west is Town Centre/Centre-Ville and to the south is the small neighbourhood of Maplevale. To the north is Brisson. The Lapointe Development is currently undergoing infill expansion. The term Melanie Construction (after the developer who is building the infill projects) refers to the newer infill subdivisions. Another infill subdivision is planned just northwest of the current infill area, and will be integrated into infill projects in the Town Centre/Centre-Ville. In addition, an entirely new neighbourhood (not infill) is also planned to the northeast along St-Thomas Road.

There are several streets in the Lapointe Development: Lapointe Boulevard, Fleurette Street, Sophie Street, Alain Street, Chateauguay Road, Filion Street, La Prairie Street, Centenaire Street (also in Town Centre/Centre-Ville), Frontenac Boulevard, Citadelle Street, Louis Riel Street, La Croisée Street, Radisson Drive, Bourassa Street and Normandie Street.

Embrun South
The area of Embrun south of the Castor River is called Embrun South (Embrun-Sud in French). The area has a housing subdivision, as well as older, mixed development along arterial roads. To the north lies Town Centre/Centre-Ville. To the east, west and south lies rural areas. The area is near the Embrun Water Tower on St-Jacques Road. The land area formerly known as the Norm's Gym summer camp (condos will replace the camp), as well as the École secondaire catholique Embrun are in this area. No infill developments have taken place, although a completely new neighbourhood to the east of the current development, along St-Joseph Road, is planned.

Maplevale
The small neighbourhood of Maplevale, located to the immediate south of the Lapointe Development, is a more affluent area with a higher land values and larger homes.

Demographics
Note: Percentages given may not add up to 100% due to rounding.

In the 2011 census, 6,380 people lived in the urban area of Embrun. An additional 2,289 people lived in rural areas served by the Embrun post office, making for a total of 8,669 people. A census tract which roughly corresponds with the urban area of Embrun had a population of 6,514.

As data on census tracts is more readily available, the detailed demographics below will use the census tract for its figures. 2011 Census data for detailed figures has not yet been released, so the following data is from the 2006 census, at which the population of the census tract was 6,034.

Language: 57% of Embrun's population speaks French at home, while 41% speak English at home. The remaining 2% speak either both languages equally, or speak a non-official language. However, because there a significant number of French-Canadians who change their primary language to English later in life, the number of people whose mother tongue is French is higher than those who speak French as their main home language. 63% of Embrun residents list French as their mother tongue, while 33% list English as their mother tongue. 66% of Embrun residents are bilingual in both English and French, 24% speak only English, and 9% speak only French. For language of work, the English language is disproportionately common; while only 41% of Embrun residents speak English at home, 57% of Embrun residents speak primarily or exclusively English at work.

Ethnicity and immigration: The racial makeup of Embrun is 95.8% White, 2.5% Aboriginal, 0.6% Black, 0.6% Arab, 0.3% Chinese, and 0.2% other. According to the census, there are no people in Embrun who belong to the Japanese, Southeast Asian, Filipino, or South Asian racial categories, however, Statistics Canada rounds low data values to the nearest value ending in 5 or 0, so there may be 0, 1, or 2 people in these four categories. The vast majority of the population of Embrun are Canadian citizens; only 0.2% of Embrun residents lack Canadian citizenship. 4.5% of the adult population is foreign-born, while a further 7.1% are Canadian-born but have at least one foreign-born parent.

Income: The median income for Embrun residents is $40,567 a year, higher than the Ontario average of $29,335 a year. Note that those values include all residents over the age of 15 with any reported income, meaning that (for example) teenagers working minimum wage on their days off school would be included. If only full-time workers are included, the median income for Embrun residents rises to $50,096 a year, still above the Ontario average, which for this category is $44,748 a year.

Municipal
In the 2006 Russell Township election, citizens of Embrun showed a particularly strong support for ex-mayor Ken Hill, with 1,431 Embrun voters voting for Ken Hill compared with 678 for Denis Bourdeau and 560 for Michael McHugh.

Lorraine Dicaire, Jean-Paul St. Pierre, Donald St. Pierre and Jamie Laurin received the most votes in Embrun for councillors, in order of most votes to fewest votes. These four councillors were also the ones who received the most votes in the township as a whole. The candidates that ran for councillor, but didn't get into council were Charlie Harland, Jean-Serge Brisson, Pierre Brulotte, and Marthe Lepine.

The newly elected mayor was tested when a major blackout (caused by a freezing rain storm which was part of the Early Winter 2006 North American Storm Complex) affected the town from December 1–2, 2006, which left virtually the entire town without electricity. Hill declared a state of emergency, which lasted for several days.

In the 2010 election Ken Hill was defeated soundly, falling to third place. The election was won by Jean-Paul St. Pierre who became the township's new mayor, however Embrun voters favoured second-place candidate Lorraine Dicaire (1246 Embrun votes for Dicaire compared to 889 Embrun votes for St. Pierre) This was balanced out by overwhelming support for St. Pierre in the rest of the township, however, so in the end St. Pierre won handily.

Provincial and federal
Embrun is part of the electoral district of Glengarry-Prescott-Russell for both federal and provincial elections. Traditionally this seat is a Liberal stronghold in both governments. This is starting to change, however, as the Conservatives gain support in the area. Federally, the riding was Liberal for many decades until 2006 when it was narrowly taken by Conservative candidate Pierre Lemieux. Lemieux's support has gradually increased, and in 2011 he won re-election by over 10,000 votes.

Provincially, however, it has remained Liberal. In the 2011 provincial election, the riding stayed Liberal (albeit by a narrow margin) despite the retirement of popular Liberal incumbent Jean Marc Lalonde, and despite the fact that the Liberals lost nearly twenty seats across Ontario.

Transportation
The main road in Embrun is Notre-Dame Street (County Road 3). This busy street travels east–west across Embrun, linking its neighbourhoods together. At its western end it connects to Castor Street in neighbouring Russell, while its eastern end travels to the nearby village of Casselman, located 12 km to the east. As Embrun grows, the street has experienced significant congestion. Part of this is aggravated by the fact that, with the exception of a 1 km section in western Embrun which has a centre turning lane, the street is still a conventional two lane street. The municipality has studied the possibility of widening the entire stretch of the street to two lanes in each direction with a centre turning lane, however the cost of this is seen as prohibitive, so instead, the municipality has focused on projects to make traffic flow more efficient. This included the upgrading of intersections, including the installation of new left-turn signals at two intersections (completed in 2011) and the replacement of another intersection with a roundabout (completed in 2012).

Embrun is located 8 km south of Highway 417, a major freeway that links Ottawa and Montreal, and which is part of the Trans-Canada Highway network. Two exits--#88 and #79—provide access to Embrun. St-Guillaume Road links Exit #88 with Notre-Dame Street, while Limoges Road does the same for Exit #79. St-Guillaume Road and Exit #88 is the busier of the two, because it is significantly closer to Ottawa. Embrun's rapid growth in recent years as well as an increased trend of commuting to Ottawa for work has led to congestion on St-Guillaume Road. A study by the county council proposed widening St-Guillaume Road into a four-lane road, or introducing a new corridor to the highway in between exits #88 and #79.

Embrun also has a small bike lane network. A bicycle route runs east–west through the community. This route consists of a bike trail in the western part of the community, a bike lane on Blais Street in the centre, and a bike lane on Centenaire Street in the east.

A privately operated airfield, the Ottawa/Embrun Aerodrome is located to the southwest of the urban area of Embrun.

Public transit
In recent years, transit service has been introduced to the community. The municipal government, through a contract with Trillium Coach Lines, runs three peak-hour express routes to downtown Ottawa from Embrun. They are: As this route is contracted with a private company, fares are high. A monthly pass costs $247, while one-way cash fare is $15. Because of this, some Embrun residents instead take OC Transpo route #232, which has a stop at a park and ride lot 8 km north of Embrun. This is considerably cheaper (Route #232 costs $119 for a monthly pass and $4.65 for one-way), but less convenient, as OC Transpo does not service the community itself, meaning Embrun residents have to drive 8 km to the park and ride lot to ride OC Transpo. Route 232 also has later scheduled times—the latest trip on the 232 arrives in Ottawa for 8:20am, and leaves Ottawa at 5:15pm, which is much more convenient for Embrun residents who work 9:00AM-5:00PM workweeks.
 * Route 523, which arrives in Ottawa for 7:00AM and leaves Ottawa a little after 3:00PM
 * Route 524, which arrives in Ottawa for 7:30AM and leaves Ottawa at 4:00PM
 * Route 525, which arrives in Ottawa for 7:50AM and leaves Ottawa at 4:15PM

Climate
Embrun has a continental climate with cool winters, humid summers, and short autumns and springs.

Summers in Embrun usually last about 5 months, and winters are about 4–4½ months long. Autumn and spring are shorter.

The first snowfalls of the year usually occur in mid-to-late November, but snow doesn't actually cover the ground until December. Before that, snow usually melts as soon as it hits the ground.

In the spring, the snow usually starts melting in March, although occasional "warm breaks" with temperatures as high as 10°C (50°F) usually occur once or twice in January and February.

Also, in the spring, the area tends to smell of cow manure, and the run-off into the Castor River begins.

In recent years, winters have gotten much warmer, so freezing rain will often occur. This makes driving very hazardous and often cancels school buses, with the roads very icy for a few days.

In the summer, humidity is often common, especially in July. Although temperatures are usually just under 30°C (86°F), with the humidity it can feel as hot as 35°C or higher.

title: Embrun, Ontario


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User:Kx1186/Marxism

Marxism and Functionalism view the socialisation process in very different ways. While the Functionalist perspective perceives at it as integrating people into society by teaching them the basic norms and values and so reaching a consensus allowing them to lead a healthy life, the Marxists look beneath the surface and see a seething mass of inequalities and conflict between classes. The Marxists believe that the socialisation process reproduces the capitalist system by socialising people into consumers and teaching them where their rightful place is, usually under the subjugation of the ruling class.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Kx1186/Marxism


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Submillimeter Array

The Submillimeter Array (SMA) consists of eight 6 m diameter radio telescopes arranged as an interferometer for submillimeter wavelength observations. It is the first purpose-built submillimeter interferometer, constructed after successful interferometry experiments using the pre-existing 15 m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and 10.4 m Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (now decommissioned) as an interferometer. All three of these observatories are located at Mauna Kea Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, and have been operated together as a ten element interferometer in the 230 and 345 GHz bands (eSMA, for extended Submillimeter Array). The baseline lengths presently in use range from 16 to 508 m. The radio frequencies accessible to this telescope range from 194-408 GHz which includes rotational transitions of dozens of molecular species as well as continuum emission from interstellar dust grains. Although the array is capable of operating both day and night, most of the observations take place at nighttime when the atmospheric phase stability is best.

The SMA is jointly operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA).

History
The SMA project was begun in 1983 as part of a broad initiative by Irwin Shapiro, the then new director of the SAO, to produce high resolution astronomical instruments across the electromagnetic spectrum. Initially the design called for an array consisting of six antennas, but in 1996 ASIAA joined the project and funded the construction of two additional antennas and the expansion of the correlator to accommodate the near doubling of the number of interferometer baselines. Sites considered for the array included Mount Graham in Arizona, a location near the South Pole, and the Atacama desert in Chile, but Mauna Kea was ultimately chosen due to its existing infrastructure, the availability of a fairly flat area for array construction, and the potential to include the JCMT and CSO in the array. A receiver laboratory was established at the SAO's Cambridge location in 1987.

The antennas were constructed at Haystack Observatory in Westford, Massachusetts, partially disassembled and trucked across the United States, then shipped by sea to Hawaii. The antennas were reassembled in a large hangar at the Mauna Kea summit site.

The SMA was dedicated and began official operations on November 22, 2003.

Array Design
The SMA was built just northwest of the saddle between the cinder cones Pu'u Poli'ahu and Pu'u Hauoki, about 140 meters below the summit of Mauna Kea.

A perennial issue for radio interferometers, especially those with a small number of antennas, is where the antennas should be placed relative to each other, in order to produce the best synthesized images. In 1996 Eric Keto studied this problem for the SMA. He found that the most uniform sampling of spatial frequencies, and thus the cleanest (lowest sidelobe) point spread function was obtained when the antennas were arranged in the shape of a Reuleaux triangle. Because of that study, pads upon which SMA antennas can be placed were arranged to form four Reuleaux trangles, with the easternmost pad forming a shared corner for all four triangles. However the SMA site is a lava field with many rocky ridges and depressions, so the pads could not be placed in exactly the optimal positions.

In most cases all eight antennas are deployed on the pads forming one Reuleaux triangle, leading to four configurations named, in order of increasing size, subcompact, compact, extended and very extended. The schedule of antenna moves is determined by the requirements of the approved observing proposals, but tends to follow a roughly quarterly schedule. A custom-built transporter vehicle is used to lift an antenna off of a pad, drive it along one of the dirt access roads, and place it on a new pad while maintaining power to the cooling system for the cryogenic receivers.

Each antenna pad has a conduit connecting it to the central building, through which AC power cables, and optical fibers are pulled. Multi-mode optical fibers are used for low bandwidth digital signals, such as ethernet and phone service. Sumitomo LTCD single-mode fiber optic cables are used for the reference signals to generate the LO for the heterodyne receivers and the return of the IF signal from the antenna. The Sumitomo fibers have an extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion, which is nearly zero at the typical temperature below the surface of Mauna Kea. This allows the array to operate without closed-loop delay measurements.

Antennas
Each of the eight antennas has a 6 meter diameter primary mirror made of 72 machined cast aluminum panels. Machined aluminum was chosen over the lighter carbon fiber alternative, because of concerns that heavy snow accumulation, or windblown volcanic dust, might damage fragile carbon fiber panels. The panels, each about 1 meter wide, were machined to an accuracy of 6 microns. They are supported by a carbon fiber tube backup structure, which is enclosed by aluminum panels to protect it from windblown debris. The positions of the panels can be adjusted from the front of the dish.

The initial adjustment of the surface panels in Hawaii was done in the service hangar, using a rotating template. After the antennas were deployed, the surfaces were measured using near-field holography with a 232.4 GHz beacon source mounted on the exterior cat-walk of the Subaru building, 67 meters above the SMA's subcompact pad ring. The panel positions were adjusted based on the holography results, and holography guided adjustments are repeated periodically, to maintain the surface quality. After several rounds of adjustment, the surface's error is typically about 15 microns RMS.

Heating units are installed on the primary mirror, the quadrupod supporting the secondary mirror, and the secondary mirror itself, in order to prevent ice formation in high humidity conditions.

Each antenna has a cabin holding the electronics needed to control the antenna, as well as the Nasmyth focus receivers. This temperature-controlled cabin nearly encloses the antenna's steel mount to minimize pointing errors due to thermal changes.

Receivers
The SMA uses cryogenic SIS heterodyne receivers, at a bent Nasmyth focus. All receivers are mounted in a single large cryostat within the antenna cabin. The cryostat can accommodate up to eight receiver inserts, each of which holds a single receiver. A rotating wire grid beam splitter followed by a rotating mirror directs the two linear polarizations of the incoming radiation to two of the receiver inserts. This allows the array to observe either a single polarization of two different frequency bands simultaneously, or both polarizations of a single band simultaneously to improve sensitivity and measure Stokes parameters.

Receivers are available to cover frequencies from 194 to 408 GHz, without gaps. However full polarization measurements can only be made around 230 and 345 GHz, where pairs of receivers can be tuned to the same frequency, and quarter wave plates optimized for those frequencies can be inserted into the optical path.

The receivers are sensitive to both sidebands produced by the heterodyne mixing. The sidebands are separated by introducing a Walsh pattern of 90 degree phase changes in the LO signal, and demodulating that pattern within the correlator. A Walsh pattern of 180 degree phase changes, unique to each antenna, is also introduced to the LO, in order to suppress cross talk between the IFs arriving at the correlator from different antennas.

Thanks to the recent wideband update of the SMA receivers, with two receivers tuned to frequencies offset by 12 GHz, the array can observe a 44 GHz wide interval of sky frequencies without gaps.

Correlator
The original SMA correlator was designed to correlate 2 GHz of IF bandwidth per sideband from each of two active receivers in eight antennas, producing spectral data for 28 baselines. Because the analog-to-digital converters sampled at 208 MHz, the IF was downconverted into 24 partially overlapping "chunks", each 104 MHz wide, before sampling. After sampling, the data were sent to 90 large PC boards, each of which held 32 ASIC correlator chips. The correlator was an XF design; in the default configuration 6144 lags were calculated for each of two receivers on 28 baselines, before an FFT was applied to convert the lag data to spectra. In the default configuration the spectral resolution was 812.5 kHz per channel, but the correlator could be reconfigured to increase the spectral resolution on certain chunks, at the expense of lower resolution elsewhere in the spectrum. The correlator chips were designed at MIT Haystack, and funded by five institutions: SMA, USNO, NASA, NRFA and JIVE. The correlator could also be configured to correlate all 45 baselines produced by adding the CSO and JCMT to the array, but only for a single receiver per antenna.

In 2016 a new correlator called SWARM was brought online, allowing more total IF bandwidth to be correlated, increasing the array's sensitivity to continuum sources as well as its instantaneous spectral coverage. The new correlator, an FX design, uses 4.576 GHz analog-to-digital converters and Xilinx Virtex-6 SX475T FPGAs rather than purpose-built correlator chips. The FPGAs are housed with additional electronics on ROACH2 boards produced by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The new correlator operates at only one spectral configuration, uniform 140 kHz per channel resolution across the entire bandwidth. The data are stored at this high spectral resolution even for projects that require only low resolution, so that the highest resolution will be retained in the observatory's data archive for use in later research. Each quadrant of the correlator can process 2 GHz of IF bandwidth per sideband for two active receivers in all eight antennas. When the two receivers are tuned to the same frequency, full Stokes polarization parameters are calculated. Somewhat confusingly, there are now six SWARM "quadrants" in the full correlator, allowing 12 GHz of bandwidth to be correlated for each sideband of two receivers on all baselines, allowing a 48 GHz total sky frequency coverage.

SWARM can also operate as a phased array summer, making the SMA appear to be a single antenna for VLBI operations.

Science with the SMA
The SMA is a multi-purpose instrument which can be used to observe diverse celestial phenomena. The SMA excels at observations of dust and gas with temperatures only a few tens of kelvins above absolute zero. Objects with such temperatures typically emit the bulk of their radiation at wavelengths between a few hundred micrometers and a few millimeters, which is the wavelength range in which the SMA can observe. Commonly observed classes of objects include star-forming molecular clouds in our own and other galaxies, highly redshifted galaxies, evolved stars, and the Galactic Center. Occasionally, bodies in the Solar System, such as planets, asteroids, comets and moons, are observed.

The SMA has been used to discover that Pluto is 10 K-change cooler than expected. It was the first radio telescope to resolve Pluto and Charon as separate objects.

The SMA is a part of the Event Horizon Telescope, which observes nearby supermassive black holes with an angular resolution comparable to the size of the object's event horizon and which produced the first image of a black hole.

title: Submillimeter Array


text:
Misia (disambiguation)

Misia may refer to:

 * Misia (often stylized as MISIA) (born 1978), a Japanese R&B singer
 * Mísia (born 1955), a Portuguese fado singer
 * Misia Sert (1872–1950), a Polish-French pianist and influential patron of the arts in Paris
 * Misia Furtak, a singer and musician
 * Misia Ff, Polish singer and bassist

title: Misia (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Antalya

Guidelines for editing the Antalya article
 * Units in metric should be spelled out with the converted English units abbreviated in parentheses per Manual of Style.
 * Only external links pertaining to Antalya as a whole, or official Antalya links are solicited on this page. Please add other links in their respective articles. For further information, please see Wikipedia guidelines on External links and Conflict of interest.
 * Please use the correct WP:CITE format when adding references. If you are not sure what citation format is appropriate, please see WP:CITE for a list of available citation templates.

Comment
it was copied from here http://www.antalya.gov.tr/eng.htm I  Love Plankton 02:37, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

The Italian occupation of Antalya.
The Italians, supported by the armoured cruiser "Regina Elena", occupied Antalya on March 28, 1919. The goal was to establish an Italian "sphere of influence" in Anatolia. The Peace Treaty of Sèvres set two spheres of influence, an Italian ("Zone of Antalya") and a French ("Zone of Adana) but the revival of the Turkish patriotism hindered these imperialistic projects. So the last Italian troops left Antalya on July 5, 1921.

Ataturk's "Claim"
"Atatürk claimed without doubt Antalya is the most beautiful place in the world." isn't this a bit funny, i mean inappropriate for the article?? Where and when did he claim that? 85.235.91.68 12:27, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * google it, its true. 85.97.40.61 20:50, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Antalya.png
Image:Antalya.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 20:08, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

2007 Census
I would prefer to see a national census reference used rather than a local one even though the figures may truly be derived from national ones. Historically, localities (elsewhere) have tended to inflate populations. Student7 (talk) 23:41, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Military
The phrase "There is a military base in the city." was deleted, no edit summary given. First, there should be an edit summary. Second, the fact of the military base should be accounted for somewhere. The original entry seemed to suggest that the military was under local control which did not seem credible. But the military should provide some sort of positive financial gain for the city which should be accounted for somewhere. Unless it isn't within the city limits of course.Student7 (talk) 11:56, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Government
The current article mentions something about a governor running the city. Is he appointed by the national government or elected locally? The "Greater Antalya" was also confusing. Is there a government for each of two levels: the "inner city" of Antalya and a "greater Antalya" including burroughs? Needs a few more words a a bit more clarity. Student7 (talk) 11:53, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Government is as provincal, not about the city. Greater I meant as Metropolitan. Which one should you prefer, "Greater Muncipaltity of Antalya" or "Antalya Metropolitan Muncipality"? Smaller muncipalities in the main city aren't "district", They're borough or sub-muncipality. I don't have enough English for clare it. OnurTcontribs 01:19, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * You are doing fine. "Antalya Metropolitan Municipality" is fine in one place only (government). The rest of the time it is simply "Antalya". "Greater" implies that there is something different. Okay to refer to "communities" or neighborhoods within Antalya. Just needs to be clear from context that they are not independent cities. "There is a military complex in the Villea area..." It is clear from the context that Villea is not a separate city.

 * I need to look again, but Provincial government should be separate in my opinion though the headquarters here can be mentioned briefly. The provincial government can also be started here if listed separately. Then forked to a separate article later. This article should be restricted to the city and city government itself. Thanks. Student7 (talk) 12:24, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, we need Antalya Province as a separate article eventually. Student7 (talk) 12:26, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Rated down C-Class?
What should we do for improve the article, like better photographs? OnurTcontribs 19:44, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Looking at things, I think the writing needs to have more depth. Many of the sections are just a few one-sentence paragraphs.  Filling those paragraphs out with more information would be good.  A good copy editor might also add a lot to this.  For example, in the population section, there is just a table.  How did the city grow so much?  What drove the growth? Where did the growth happen? Was it by annexation, development within the city, or immigration?  I think the pictures are great, but there should be more text developing what they are and how they fit into the culture of the city. There is probably a bunch of context that could be added that would round this out.   --Chrispounds (talk) 22:36, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Population
Have an old census reference from 2000, just as a baseline for any other guesstimates someone might come up with. http://www.geohive.com/cntry/turkey.aspx. We really need a footnote for current data as well.Student7 (talk) 13:13, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't know if it's too detailed, but here's some stats from TÜİK: 1970 1975 1980 1990 2000 and 2008 (at bottom). Notice Aksu and Döşemealtı has added to Metropolitian Municipality after the Municipality code early 2000s OnurTcontribs 15:06, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Retained Reference
The following reference does not support the associated material, but may prove of value elsewhere:

 * //www.antalya-ws.com/english/location/antalya/whistory.asp

}}
 * accessdate=2008-08-25
 * title=A Walk Through Antalya's History
 * work=Antalya Web Site
 * publisher=On-Line Servis A.S.
 * location=Antalya/TURKIYE

--Mavigogun (talk) 12:32, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Etymology
I propose making Etymology a sub-section of history- where most of the information is duplicated.--Mavigogun (talk) 04:35, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, I believe WikiProject Cities agrees with your organization. Student7 (talk) 21:39, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Dubai Characterization
The below expert from a single article in no way warrants characterizing Antalya as "the European Dubai":

 * At least, that’s how most Brits are viewing the country. Turkey’s tourism chiefs see things somewhat differently. They are busy transforming a section of its southern seaboard into a European Dubai.  The object of their attentions is Antalya — an hour’s plane ride from Istanbul, down on a ragged cliff edge of the Mediterranean and piled high with the sort of bleak tower blocks that we spent the 1960s building and the 1980s bulldozing.   Granted, not the most promising launch pad for a razzmatazz resort, but then you need bifocal beer goggles to declare most of Dubai pretty, too. And Antalya is already home to several hotels that seem to rely more on steroids than star ratings.

I have removed the characterization from the lead. Mavigogun (talk) 13:34, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It's not the only source. It's a common point of view. See also . I'm readding that statement. -- Turkish Flame   ☎  14:22, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
 * You will need to provide citations for the conclusion that it is a 'common point of view'.  No Turk I have spoken with has ever heard of Antalya so characterized.   The purpose of the talk page is not merely to post justifications for an autocratic edit, but to allow for discourse and collaboration; posting what amounts to 'is so' without supporting citation does nothing to address the conflict.Mavigogun (talk) 14:30, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Can you find any sources which support your point of view? I provided sources but you removed them lots of times. Removing sourced info is a certain kind of vandalizm. Please refrain from doing that. -- Turkish Flame   ☎  14:36, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Removing a poorly cited edit (with its citation) is far from vandalism.  There has previously been no plurality to the citation in support of the edit.   The second source indicated today says in its title 'How Antalya became the new Dubai' but then provides nary a supporting word (in no way supporting the assertion that Antalya is known as such); the characterization is also different from the bazar contention that this Asian city is, as described in your other post, 'The European Dubai' -a google search (used not to qualify, but as an example) for 'European Dubai' results in only recent edits to these wiki pages, the single article you cite, and a publicity piece reposted verbatim on multiple pages- hardly credible.   It seems that any place experiencing a boom is being described in some way as Dubai-like- which is not the same as saying it is KNOWN as such.   Actually, many other locations are attributed the same title; at the very least, use of the direct article is not supported; the conflict between the sources provided also needs to be addressed (New Dubai vs European Dubai).Mavigogun (talk) 14:57, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * New or European Dubai, it doesn't matter. But Antalya is referred to as a city like Dubai. The official tourism portal of Turkey, goturkey.com, also published a story about this issue. And you said Antalya is an Asian city. Yes, geographically Asian, but Turkey is in the European branch of the World Tourism Organization. That's why Times Online called it European. --  Turkish Flame   ☎  15:20, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * On the contrary, how it is characterized- and if that characterization amounts to common usage -is exactly the issue.  Obviously it HAS been referred to thusly- but that isn't what you assert in the lead: you state that it is KNOWN as such- a different, and judging from sources and peer consultation, unwarranted assertion.   While the rational you give to the reason the author of the Times article used the wording may be correct, it is mere supposition, and, more importantly, not relevant to the issue at hand (that is to say, membership in the aforementioned organization does not change whether Antalya is KNOWN as, or has just been described as, The European or New Dubai).Mavigogun (talk) 15:33, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Calling something by a derivative name is not helpful. This encyclopedia is WP:NOTTRAVEL. Does "second Dubai" mean that there is a local Emir calling the shots? Drinking not allowed? Too hot to visit? What? An area is what it is. We will describe it here in such terms that a reader will understand it - that is our job. Giving it names of some other area does nothing for this article except confuse a reader. Please stop. Student7 (talk) 16:52, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Template districts
The template Districts of Turkey has been prepared for provinces and it is used in all provinces of Turkey, except Antalya. Instead, it was used in the city of Antalya. I moved it Antalya Province where it properly belongs. Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 14:50, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Bus
Is Antobus a corporation owned by the city OR, is Antobus run by the city with the drivers, then, being municipal (government) employees? Student7 (talk) 22:11, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * First, I don't understand what do you mean as "owned by city" but municipality. And yeah, 'Obüses are run and owned by Transportation subsidiary (Antalya Ulaşım A. Ş., found after the launch of modern Antray) of municipality on 7 routes.
 * Second, the other public transport corporations "Minibüsçüler Odası"(Chamber of Minibus driver/owners) and "Özel Halk Otobüsleri"(People's private bus) are run by drivers and not directly by municipality but price and infrastructure advices. OnurT 13:39, 23 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Antray is also owned by Antalya Ulaşım. The first "classic" line was built in 1999 and second "modern" was done in 2009 which made the "Antray" name officially (Actually, this name is also written on drainage covers on classic line).
 * Unfortunately, there's no official website belongs to Antalya Ulaşım. OnurT 13:39, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

 * This is an understandable model. One corporation, Antalya Ulasim, is solely owned by the city. The corporation owns Antobus and Antray. Minibuses are privately, individually owned and regulated by the municipality. Thanks. Student7 (talk) 18:17, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

Fruit and veg
Is it really true that "Antalya Metropolitan Municipality’s covered wholesale food market complex meets 65% of the fresh fruit and vegetable demand of Turkey."? The reference link cited is not there. Maybe it was once true but is no longer. For example I guess a lot of the veg consumed in Ankara must come from here in Samsun province. Jzlcdh (talk) 12:24, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The claim seemed a bit much. I could not see anything about percentages when I went to link. I don't read Turkish so could not step to "correct" page, if indeed, there is a correct page. Reference may need adjusting. In the meantime, I changed to 65% of province which doesn't seem to overstep. Of the country seems a bit much IMO. Trucks and trains would be going in and out constantly with no letup. And to Istanbul? It doesn't seem credible. Student7 (talk) 14:40, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Hours of sunshine?
This is so unusual as to garner comment. Really needs to be changed to "days" of sunshine. Student7 (talk) 23:32, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Yivli Minare and mosque mistake
Yivli Minare refers only to the thick minaret. The mosque itself is called Alaaddin Camii (Alaadin Mosque) or Ulu Camii (Grand Mosque). There is confusion because the mosque is famous for its minaret than its core building. I am from Antalya, so you can trust me on this --Bozaltan (talk) 17:20, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I sure hope you are right. I just went through a bunch of changes to effect this. Yivli Minaret still points to Alaadin Mosque. I am trying to delete Yivli Minaret Mosque (request for deletion) which, BTW, has a LOT of links to it. Ouch! Student7 (talk) 00:04, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

The name "Yivli Minare" simply means "Grooved Minaret" in Turkish. It is not the mosque, but only the minaret which is part of the mosque. A good solution is to have 2 pages. One for the mosque itself and another for the minaret which is famous on its own.--Bozaltan (talk) 19:08, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

Greek alternative name
I approve in the discussion Talk:Lesbos. Greek alternative name must be removed from the beginning. We can use it in the history section. Takabeg (talk) 08:34, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

 * See WP:NCGN. Antalya was founded as a Greek city and had a large Greek community until 1923. Unlike Lesbos, which never had a asignificant Turkish community and is never referred to as "Midilii" in English sources. Athenean (talk) 08:35, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. If nothing else, it is well known as "Attal(e)ia" in the West due to its occurrence in the Bible. Constantine  ✍  12:35, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

This should be considered after the Turkish names are added to places in present day Greece that were Turkish for 500 years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dervecsk (talk • contribs) 17:21, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

Sunay Akın
Student 7, you initially deleted the mention of Sunay Akın because he was not-notable. When I reverted that for good cause you reverted my edit indicating "we" don't populate place articles with people. If the Museum was founded by Sunay Akın to include his 4000 or so toys why is it wrong to include that piece of information and make it a interwiki? Additionally we would butt heads less if you stated more clearly why you are doign things in the first place instead of coming up with a rationale after the fact. Saffron Blaze (talk) 00:44, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * You are correct. I should have been clearer. Thanks for pointing that out. Student7 (talk) 13:58, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

4th most visited city
The link to Tourism#Most-visited_cities_by_international_tourist_arrivals no longer contains a city section; only countries. I'm not able to find a list of visited cities on Wikipedia so I'm just going to remove the link for now. This talk section is here to hopefully return the link to a cities list one day.Sudopeople (talk) 17:01, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

"Tourist capital"?
This article, like most articles about the Turkish coast and tourist sites inland, is often hyped well beyond credibility, resembling articles from no other country. A recent good faith addition (not intent on WP:SPAM apparently), added the "nickname" "Capital of tourism." The citation http://www.europeanbusinessreview.eu/page.asp?pid=754 states that "it is well known as the “tourism capital” of the country." It does not suggest that the name is a "nickname" but simply furnishing information about the city.

We do have a few "nicknames" around the world. Paris is the "City of Light(s)," New York is the "Big Apple" for some obscure promotional reason, Philadelphia is almost sarcastically "The city of Brotherly love" because that is what the name means in Greek. Izmir is the "Pearl of the Agean" which is obviously promotional, but what can I say? There are only a few in every country. Some large cities have no nickname. There are even some in Japan, but they are lost on the ear of those not of Japanese culture. Antalya is not among them. Student7 (talk) 00:42, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
 * My issue with your reverts had as much to do with process as content. You reverted the item again when the rational you provided for the first revert was satisfied.
 * I don't actually care if Antalya is the Capital of Turkish Tourism. I also don't see the harm since it is supported by notable sources. I have seen a list that shows when both domestic and international visits are included it is 4th in the world as a tourist destination. When considering just international visits it drops behind Istanbul. Regardless, I just read the article again to see if there was merit in your criticism of the article's content. Perhaps having spent weeks in and around Antalya I am biased, but I see little in the way of unwarranted editorializing you accuse the editors of having. Certainly not to any degree that would place it at the bottom of such rankings for "hyped well beyond credibility". Slamming the article as a whole as a debate tactic to win on this point is inappropriate. Saffron Blaze (talk) 01:37, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Mainly the article is hype and WP:SPAM for the city. There is no statement about government, crime, no history that admits that Ionian Greeks inhabited the area for a very long time. Hype may have a place in WikiVoyage or WikiTravel. We need facts here. There is no "official" title for Antalya.
 * BTW, stretching to make a point looks funny to readers who see a number of articles. There is no reason to be in any haste to attach a label to a city when the outcome. I could claim on my talk page that people have said I am the fourth best looking man in the world, just behind Brad Pitt. Would this be believable? Would anyone think better or worse of me, having read this? I think they would (at best) pity me for making that claim! When claims don't do any good, it is best to omit them or at least tone them down to encyclopedic level. The current statement should be tweaked IMO for that very reason.
 * Chicago and Atlanta have a lot of people changing planes as well. By itself, doesn't make them "tourist attractions." Student7 (talk) 15:29, 28 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Perhaps some of your concerns about history are addressed in the other Antalya article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_province
 * Regardless, your baseless commentary only proves the point you make uninformed changes to pages then use persistence to bully your position on the matter. Saffron Blaze (talk) 19:23, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

Metropolis?
I am aware there is the city of Antalya and the province of Antalya. The city in and of itself might be classed as a metropolis, but I have never heard of a surrounding metropolis. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antalya&diff=prev&oldid=594098539 A simple check of Google Maps shows very little urban type development outside the city limits. Saffron Blaze (talk) 22:29, 5 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Throughout the article it states that information includes the metropolitan community. This is apparently "official" to some degree, unlike elsewhere. I was just trying to emphasize that this was legitimately a two subject article - the city itself and the "official" metropolitan community. I cannot furnish boundaries for it, but apparently "the state" has done that so it is (hopefully) not vague like it is in the West. Student7 (talk) 15:27, 7 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I see, but a metropolitan area and the surrounding metropolis are not quite the same thing. That aside, I think the fault lies with the article itself for even trying to introduce either of those terms for the City of Antalya. The metropolitan area only includes an additional 40K souls, and looking at the hi-res satellite imagery indicates outside the official boundaries of the city is mostly very rural. This is consistent with my recollection of the place. The transition from highly urbanized to farmland/nature was quite dramatic. Saffron Blaze (talk) 22:54, 7 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm happy with having them as separate articles if there is a citation(s) that back this up. I don't care for two-placed articles! It confuses both readers and us editors. Student7 (talk) 00:15, 12 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I took a quick read of the article and other than the info box I see no other references to these confusing terms. The only supported census number is reported by the Turkish gov as Antalya (Metropolitan Municipality)= 1.041.972. I would harmonize the article around that term. Saffron Blaze (talk) 01:54, 12 February 2014 (UTC)

Why is this page calling Antalya a beach resort - it is definitely not ! Antalya is a proper city of over 1 million people and a diverse econonmy. it even has factories and a big port. While Antalya does have tourist attractions like the old city, when people talk of "Antalya" as a holiday destination, they actually mean the Antalya region (Belek, Kemer, Alanya, Side etc). There is confusion because tourists enter the resort region through the airport which is in the city of Antalya.

"Citation needed" removed
The template Refimprove is historically ignored. After it has been there a year, you can bet that it will be ignored nearly "forever." They are less likely to ignore a "citation needed" template. Why? Because after a period of time, I start removing the material with the edit summary "removing uncited material!" Normally, this results in interested editors replacing the material with stuff that actually has a cite. I would be unlikely to rm a lot of material under a "refimprove" section. Other editors don't seem to have the guts either. I have erased short sections with ancient refimproves.

I replaced this long-ignored template (since 2008) with specific "cn" where needed. A well-intentioned editor reverted all of them! I hope the editor will a) ensure that these are filled in, or b) erase them after they become ancient (they were already ancient). Note that the cns had been there since September 2013. It was time to start deleting them individually, but the section did not pop up on my watchlist. Else I would have done it.

Antalya, like many Turkish places, often do not have solid facts to support statements which often seem to promote tourism than try to inform readers in an encyclopedic fashion. These cities (and provinces) need close attention by serious npov editors IMO.

Note that there is nothing now that suggests that a person needs ever to have resided in Antalya to be in notables. Newbies often place people in there quixotically, or wrongly. This is why we place a informational comment at the beginning of notables, rather than to get into an edit war with a newbie later. Note that there is no way to tell whether any of the people in the list are from Antalya or not. Sometimes their bio says so, but that means the Antalya article is not stand-alone, which all articles are supposed to be. Even if it were otherwise, and article editors were "required" to go to yet another Wikipedia article (which cannot be used for citation BTW) to check, the residency in the bio is usually not cited either. Student7 (talk) 19:30, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Whoever put those 50x CNs in there was just being a pain in the arse. Most of the CNs were of uncontroversial statements that would not likely to be contested. As to notables, they all have their own articles, so what's the beef? It says "from Antalya" as well. Saffron Blaze (talk) 21:53, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Firstly, if you strongly felt the material should be removed from the article, you should probably have removed it.
 * While I'm willing to work cooperatively on the article if you wish, I will certainly not "ensure that these are filled in, or erase them after they become ancient" at your demand - my reversal of your 50+ citation neededs was a perfectly valid edit to improve the article and I'll do it again elsewhere if I spot similar, despite this response.
 * I have to say I take exception with your assertion that the Refimprove template is 'long-ignored' - seems a lot like bad faith to me - I do my best to fix up articles with all sorts of problems, referencing included (and I'm sure I'm not alone there).
 *  Nik the  stunned  17:03, 19 March 2014 (UTC)
 *  Nik the  stunned  17:03, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The above misunderstands that Wikipedia articles cannot be justified by other wikipedia articles. This is circular reasoning (WP:CIRCULAR). See also WP:WPNOTRS. This criteria does not just apply to citations, but to links as well. Each article must stand on its own. The WP:BURDEN is on the adding editor to copy (if available) the citation that links a person to Antalya. There is often no such citation in the bio, which also needs a cn. Student7 (talk) 22:07, 22 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Throwing around WP:SHITisms is just as annoying as an occasional bad link. Sure the article could use more references and citations but what is certainly does not need is 50 fucking templates. That's bullying, disruptive and counter-productive as it is likely to chase editors away from such a daunting task. I suggest you stop being so officious and pick a few key statements in there that really get under your skin because they could be contentious and template them. Eat the elephant one bite at a time as it were. Saffron Blaze (talk) 22:39, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Is this a real paper?
I found: E. Murat Özgür and Ayla Deniz  "A New System of Migration: Female Migration from Russia to Antalya (Turkey)." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2012) 000 – 000 but I can't find it on the Procedia list. I don't koow if it's real. WhisperToMe (talk) 03:40, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

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Date of Italian withdrawal
Somewhere in the history section the article states that the Italians occupied the city until 1923, which is according to me wrong or potentially wrong. I am looking for the exact date the Italians left the city and certainly the internet is full of different dates. The most possible scenario is that the Italians left long before that year. My belief is that they evacuated all Asia Minor immediately after the Greeks failed to knock out the Turks on the Sakarya battle (5 September 1921). I also suspect, even though I did not look for it there, that the written bibliography (history books) is going to have a large diversity about that date too. Another strong and frequently cited date is 5 July 1921, which I would believe but obviously 1923 has to be deemed a very late date to be the historically accurate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.156.63.5 (talk) 12:19, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

I added 2 Historic landmarks
I added 2 historic landmarks such as the Aya Yorgi Church and the Murat Pasha moswue located in Antalya next to some of the other ones .If I have made any mistakes in the format that I have written them could anybody fix it.The Aya yorgi (Saint Geoge) church is not showing up could anybody fix it I am not very experienced in editing. GardenofOlivesanddates (talk) 18:22, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

No need to worry I fixed my own mistake. GardenofOlivesanddates (talk) 18:27, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

santa
hi whos santa claus. have you never met him he is the most magical on earth. 82.31.58.127 (talk) 19:59, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:Antalya


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nez Perce Stake Race

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete as unresolved copyvio per findings below. No judgement yet made on whether a non-copyvio article would be encyclopedic. Rossami (talk) 06:25, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Nez Perce Stake Race
Non-notable horse race, or dicdef thereof. Radiant! 11:20, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Presumably a significant part of Nez Perce culture, since horses were very important to them, and a notable use of the Appaloosa breed of horse. Would you delete steeplechase if it was just a dicdef? Kappa 12:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, but I would transwiki it. Radiant! 12:55, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * The policy is "Can never be more than a dictionary definition (dicdef) -> move to wiktionary." Kappa 13:03, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Reference: The ApHC rulebook is available as a free pdf download from (The Appaloosa Horse Club) but be aware that it is a 272 page pdf file at 2.91 Mb. The pdf handbook is indeed identified as © 2005 by The Appaloosa Horse Club, Inc. Nez Perce Stake Race (added by the same editor) is also copied from the same handbook. -DialUp 02:39, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC) (Copied over from Copyright problems re the discussion for Camas Prairie Stump Race and Camas Prairie Stump Race/Temp) DialUp 16:50, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * My preference would be for it to be merged, by someone who knows about, it into the "Nez Perce horse breeding program" section of the very good Nez Perce article. Probably worth a mention there, but otherwise unless it can be improved upon (means very little to me as it is written), delete.  HowardB 17:37, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, dictionary definition, possible copyright violation. Megan1967 22:44, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: The Stake race is affiliated with the Appaloosa Horse Club (not with the Nez Perce horse program) which has more than 150 local organizations and more than 33,000 members worldwide. Many of the local organization sponsor these gaming events and this event is one in which the parent organization ranks horses at the National Show each year (yes, I downloaded their handbook). I think a stub would be appropriate, but on a temp page. This page is a copy vio. DialUp 05:31, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note to Administrators. My vote was to keep but looks as if I wasn't clear. If the vote is not for a clear delete, perhaps you can delete anyway so it won't have to be listed on WP:CP. I'll go ahead and create a sports stub similar to the Stump Race stub to keep the link active until some one writes an article about all the gaming races. Then perhaps they can be merged together. Leave a message here or at User talk:DialUp letting me know your decision. DialUp 15:56, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Category:Music-related lists

Top category of all lists related to music

title: Category:Music-related lists


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nigel Ashford

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 16:26, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Nigel Ashford
Co-author of three British political books. Doesn't seem to pass the professor test. Radiant! 11:20, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * A reasonably influential author on modern political thought. I've expanded the article slightly and now say keep - TB 12:18, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * Keep. I agree with TB, and at least one of Ashford's books is required reading for some UK university courses.  HowardB 17:23, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Truth or Doubt

Truth or Doubt or Coming Doubt (カミングダウト) is a Japanese quiz television game show that aired on Nippon Television Network. It debuted on April 3, 2004, and last aired on March 29, 2005.

Shosuke Tanihara is the presenter of this programme. Every time, there are four or five celebrities as game players. The players tell their own stories which are true, but sometimes there would be made-up stories. There are two types of game cards; one is blue-coloured "TRUE CARD (トゥルーカード)" and the other is red-coloured "DOUBT CARD (ダウトカード)." When the players tell true stories, they use "TRUE CARDs," and when they are not true, players use "DOUBT CARDs." For each confession, other players guess that the story is true or made-up. If they think the story is not true, they point out, and it is truly false, he/she can reduce one card, but if the player wrongly point out, the card will be added as the penalty. Finally, when the player can eliminate all the cards, he/she will be the winner. The player who is good at conversation tactics usually wins the game. The programme's name is a Wasei-eigo pun on "coming out (カミングアウト)," in the sense of revealing secrets.

Problems
Revealers sometimes tell crime-like stories. When those stories are true, other players get greatly surprised. If it is genuine crime, TV watchers also get astonished, and the statements can become social problems as celebrities' scandals.

title: Truth or Doubt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/University of Sydney Media Society

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was (no consensus). This debate was previously closed by an administrator. Cleaning up. -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:56, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is concluded without a consensus to delete. Please do not edit it further. Additional comments go to the article talk page. --Zero 12:44, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

University of Sydney Media Society
Very little information, doesn't appear to be notable. Henry plantagenet 11:23, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur. Redirect to university main page. Radiant! 12:07, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Small but perfectly fine article. --Zero 12:57, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems OK to me.  HowardB 17:01, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to University of Sydney, unless there is some notable information that can be added. As it is now, it is more like self-promotion. Zzyzx11 20:34, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, advertisement. Megan1967 22:46, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. --Centauri 01:56, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you please explain why you think it is notable? Henry plantagenet 06:42, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Why are so anxious to delete it? What harm is it doing?  Wikipedia is not paper!  --Zero 12:02, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Because, Henry plantagenet, it is notable. I've never attended Sydney University but I've certainly heard of its media society.--Centauri 23:04, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * However, it scores a whopping seventeen google hits. Could you please substantiate its notability beyond the fact that you've heard of it? Radiant! 10:14, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The fact I've heard of it is the only "substantiation" necessary to establish notability.--Centauri 12:58, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * keep Yuckfoo 04:14, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to University of Sydney. Sorry, it's clearly below my notability bar: worthy of mention in Wikipedia, unworthy of an individual article. vlad_mv 05:01, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Longhair 02:58, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, of no importance --nixie 09:38, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * merge and redirect At best, this is a stub. Unless someone adds real content to this soon, it should be merged into the university article and split out later if it grows enough.  The website linked does not have much content either.  Clicking on About gives me Page not found. --ssd 15:19, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not a part of Sydney University and should not be directed there. --Zero 12:38, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Castor River

Castor River may refer to:

 * Castor River (Ontario), Canada
 * Rivière au Castor, Quebec, Canada
 * Castor River (Missouri), United States

title: Castor River


text:
Talk:Elections in Iraq

Untitled
what's with the blatent POV? is there nothing between 100% iraqi democracy and 100% US control? Pellaken 11:24, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"The January 30, 2005, elections were the first genuine free elections in Iraq's history, although some opponents of the elections continue to claim that they were illegitimate." The names of the candidates were for the most part unknown, a Sunni boycott significantly influenced the balance of power, and Bush claimed the Iraqi and Palestinian elections were legitimate (despite foreign occupation) while today he demands that Syria must pull out of Lebanon in order for free elections to take place there! International politics must not be viewed from the hypocritical American Republicratic worldview. — Sesel wa  23:33, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Saying "the first genuine free elections in Iraq's history" sounds clearly POV. I agree that the article should at least state WHO says that and WHO disputes it. --Susurrus 05:38, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

What about the fact that holding elections in an occupied country is against international law? 129.137.88.62 (talk) 21:05, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Unprotected
Don't seem to be any substantive disputes. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 01:13, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Recent elections
I can't find any mention of the recent elections anywhere on Wikipedia... Esn (talk) 05:57, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

2014 election
Need article: law change(Lihaas (talk) 01:51, 15 November 2013 (UTC)).

title: Talk:Elections in Iraq


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nimaya

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:50, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Nimaya
Indian IT company, but nothing is said about them except a bunch of standard buzzwords. Doesn't google much, 500-ish hits most of which are unrelated since it's also a girl name. Radiant! 11:24, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but clean up. Also a city in Guatemala. Nateji77 12:19, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * For a small company to be listed on Wikipedia, I feel there has to be something unique about it, or highly talked about in its field, or responsible for some significant innovation. I strongly suspect that this falls into none of those categories.  Self-promotion.  Delete HowardB 17:10, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably advertizing. Take it straight from the doormat to the kitchen wastebin like all the rest of the junk mail. Anthony Appleyard 20:24, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Currently, it is self-promotion. It needs more notable information than that. Zzyzx11 20:30, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, advertisement, possible vanity. Megan1967 22:45, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisement, and not even a good one at that. -- Brhaspati 05:24, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)

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title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nimaya


text: Talk:Midsund

title: Talk:Midsund


text:
Women's British Open

The Women's Open (originally known as the Women's British Open, and still widely referred to by that name outside the UK) is a major championship in women's professional golf. It is recognised by both the LPGA Tour and the Ladies European Tour as a major. The reigning champion is Lilia Vu, who won at Walton Heath Golf Club in 2023.

Since becoming an LPGA major in 2001 it has generally been played in late July or early August. The 2012 edition was scheduled for mid-September, due to the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, while the 2014 event was played in mid-July, the week prior to the Open Championship.

In 2019 it was known as the AIG Women's British Open. From 2007 to 2018, it was called the Ricoh Women's British Open while the previous twenty editions (1987–2006) were sponsored by Weetabix, a breakfast cereal. In July 2020, the sponsorship agreement with AIG was extended through to 2025; as part of the deal the championship was rebranded by The R&A (which has organised the event since 2017) by removing the "British" qualifier, in line with The R&A's men's and senior men's championships, as the AIG Women's Open.

History

The first Women's British Open was played in 1976 when the Ladies' British Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship was extended to include professionals. The Amateur Stroke Play Championship had been organised by the Ladies' Golf Union since 1969. In early 1976 two professionals, Vivien Saunders and Gwen Brandom, and the LGU, agreed that the event would be opened up to professionals, with Saunders and Brandom providing £200 in prize money for the professionals. Eventually total prize money was £500, with five professionals competing in the event. An amateur, Jenny Lee Smith, won the event with Saunders the leading professional, tying for fourth place. Saunders won the event in 1977 on "countback", having tied with Mary Everard but having the better final round, 76 to Everard's 79. Janet Melville won in 1978, with Saunders again the leading professional and taking the first prize of £1,000. Just four professionals competed.

From 1979 the event was separated from the Stroke Play Championship, which returned to being an amateur-only event. Prize money of £10,000, and a first prize of £3,000, attracted a larger number of professionals. At first, it was difficult for the organisers to get the most prestigious courses to agree to host the event, with the exception of Royal Birkdale, which hosted it twice during its early days — in 1982 and 1986. After nearly folding in 1983, the tournament was held at the best of the "second-tier" courses, including Woburn Golf and Country Club for seven straight years, 1990 through 1996, as well as in 1984 and 1999.

As its prestige continued to increase, more of the links courses that are in the rotation for The Open Championship, such as Turnberry (2002) and Royal Lytham & St Annes (1998, 2003, 2006) hosted the tournament, in addition to Royal Birkdale (2000, 2005, 2010). In 2007, the tournament took place at the Old Course at St Andrews for the first time.

Since 2010, four additional Open Championship venues became first-time hosts for the women's event: Carnoustie (2011), Royal Liverpool (2012), Royal Troon (2020, year where only women had The Open), and Muirfield (2022). The tournament has yet to be played at two Open Championship courses: Royal St. George's in southeastern England, and Royal Portrush in Northern Ireland. Currently, Turnberry is unable to be on the Open rota because of political ramifications of former President of the United States Donald Trump.

Unlike its male counterpart, the Women's Open has not adopted a links-only policy. This greatly increases the number of potential venues, especially the number close to the major population centres of England. Following the 2017 merger of the Ladies Golf Union with The R&A, both the men's and women's Opens are operated by The R&A.

Through 1993, the tournament was an official stop only on the Ladies European Tour, with the exception of the 1984 edition, which was co-sanctioned by the LPGA Tour. Starting in 1994, it became a permanent LPGA Tour event, which increased both the quality of the field and the event's prestige. It has been an official LPGA major since 2001, when it replaced the du Maurier Classic, which lost its title sponsor because of sponsorship regulations. In 2005, the starting field size was increased to 150, but only the low 65 (plus ties) survive the cut after the second round. In both 2007 and 2008 the prize fund was £1.05 million. Starting in 2009, the prize fund changed from being fixed in pounds to U.S. dollars.

Tied for most victories in the Women's British Open with three each are Karrie Webb of Australia and Sherri Steinhauer of the United States. Both won the tournament twice before it became an LPGA major and once after. Yani Tseng of Taiwan and Jiyai Shin of South Korea are the only multiple winners of the championship as a major. The other multiple winner is Debbie Massey of the U.S., with consecutive wins (1980 and 1981) well before it was an LPGA co-sanctioned event.

Winners
(a) denotes amateur
 * Source for later tournaments:

Host courses
The Women's Open has been played at the following courses, listed in order of number of times hosted (as of 2023): Course)]]
 * 9 Woburn Golf Club (Duke's Course)
 * 6 Royal Birkdale Golf Club
 * 5 Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club
 * 4 [[Sunningdale Golf Club|Sunningdale Golf Club (Old
 * 2 St Andrews Links (Old Course), Woburn Golf Club (Marquess Course), Turnberry Golf Club (Ailsa Course), Lindrick Golf Club, Carnoustie Golf Links
 * 1 Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Royal Troon Golf Club (Old Course), Kingsbarns Golf Links, Fulford Golf Club, Wentworth Golf Club, Southport & Ainsdale Golf Club, Ferndown Golf Club, St. Mellion, Moor Park Golf Club, Northumberland Golf Club, Foxhills Golf Club, Muirfield, Walton Heath Golf Club

Smyth Salver
The Smyth Salver is awarded to the leading amateur, provided that the player completes all 72 holes, for one year. The winner also receives a silver medal. The salver was donated by Moira Smyth, a past president of the Ladies' Golf Union.

 * 1979 – Sue Hedges
 * 1980 – Marta Figueras-Dotti & Belle Robertson
 * 1981 – Belle Robertson
 * 1982 – Marta Figueras-Dotti
 * 1983 – No championship
 * 1984 – Mary McKenna
 * 1985 – Jill Thornhill
 * 1986 – Vicki Thomas
 * 1987 – Joanne Furby
 * 1988 – Kathryn Imrie
 * 1989 – Joanne Morley
 * 1990 – Sarah Bennett
 * 1991 – Akiko Fukushima
 * 1992 – None
 * 1993 – Patricia Meunier & Joanne Morley
 * 1994 – Tina Fischer
 * 1995 – Lisa Dermott
 * 1996 – Barbara Hackett
 * 1997 – Silvia Cavalleri
 * 1998 – None
 * 1999 – Giulia Sergas
 * 2000 – None
 * 2001 – Rebecca Hudson
 * 2002 – None
 * 2003 – Elisa Serramia
 * 2004 – Louise Stahle
 * 2005 – Michelle Wie
 * 2006 – Amy Yang
 * 2007 – Melissa Reid
 * 2008 – Anna Nordqvist
 * 2009 – None
 * 2010 – Caroline Hedwall
 * 2011 – Danielle Kang
 * 2012 – Lydia Ko
 * 2013 – Georgia Hall & Lydia Ko
 * 2014 – Emma Talley
 * 2015 – Luna Sobrón
 * 2016 – Leona Maguire
 * 2017 – Sophie Lamb
 * 2018 – Atthaya Thitikul
 * 2019 – Atthaya Thitikul
 * 2020 – None
 * 2021 – Louise Duncan
 * 2022 – Rose Zhang
 * 2023 – Charlotte Heath

title: Women's British Open


text:
Valinomycin

Valinomycin is a naturally occurring dodecadepsipeptide used in the transport of potassium and as an antibiotic. Valinomycin is obtained from the cells of several Streptomyces species, S. fulvissimus being a notable one.

It is a member of the group of natural neutral ionophores because it does not have a residual charge. It consists of enantiomers D- and L-valine (Val), D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, and L-lactic acid. Structures are alternately bound via amide and ester bridges. Valinomycin is highly selective for potassium ions over sodium ions within the cell membrane. It functions as a potassium-specific transporter and facilitates the movement of potassium ions through lipid membranes "down" the electrochemical potential gradient. The stability constant K for the potassium-valinomycin complex is nearly 100,000 times larger than that of the sodium-valinomycin complex. This difference is important for maintaining the selectivity of valinomycin for the transport of potassium ions (and not sodium ions) in biological systems.

It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

Structure
Valinomycin is a dodecadepsipeptide, that is, it is made of twelve alternating amino acids and esters to form a macrocyclic molecule. The twelve carbonyl groups are essential for the binding of metal ions, and also for solvation in polar solvents. The isopropyl and methyl groups are responsible for solvation in nonpolar solvents. Along with its shape and size this molecular duality is the main reason for its binding properties. K ions must give up their water of hydration to pass through the pore. K+ ions are octahedrally coordinated in a square bipyramidal geometry by 6 carbonyl bonds from Val. In this space of 1.33 Angstrom, Na+ with its 0.95 Angstrom radius, is significantly smaller than the channel, meaning that Na+ cannot form ionic bonds with the amino acids of the pore at equivalent energy as those it gives up with the water molecules. This leads to a 10,000x selectivity for K+ ions over Na+. For polar solvents, valinomycin will mainly expose the carbonyls to the solvent and in nonpolar solvents the isopropyl groups are located predominantly on the exterior of the molecule. This conformation changes when valinomycin is bound to a potassium ion. The molecule is "locked" into a conformation with the isopropyl groups on the exterior [Citation Needed]. It is not actually locked into configuration because the size of the molecule makes it highly flexible, but the potassium ion gives some degree of coordination to the macromolecule.

Applications
Valinomycin was recently reported to be the most potent agent against severe acute respiratory-syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in infected Vero E6 cells.

Valinomycin acts as a nonmetallic isoforming agent in potassium selective electrodes.

This ionophore is used to study membrane vesicles, where it may be selectively applied by experimental design to reduce or eliminate the electrochemical gradient across a membrane.

title: Valinomycin


text:
List of extreme points of Italy

This is a list of the extreme points of Italy: the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location, as well as the highest and lowest points.

Latitude and longitude

 * Northernmost point: Testa Gemella Occidentale, Predoi, Alto Adige at 47.08333°N, 12.18333°W
 * Southernmost point on the mainland: Melito di Porto Salvo, Calabria at 37.93333°N, 16.05°W; on island: Punta Pesce Spada, Lampedusa at 35.48333°N, 12.6°W;
 * Westernmost point: Rocca Bernauda, Bardonecchia, Piedmont at 45.1°N, 6.61667°W
 * Easternmost point: Capo d'Otranto, Otranto, Apulia at 40.1°N, 18.51667°W

Elevation

 * Highest point: Monte Bianco, Courmayeur (4,807.5 m) at 45.83333°N, 6.85°W
 * Lowest point: Le Contane, Jolanda di Savoia (-3.44 m) at 44.88333°N, 11.98333°W
 * Highest settlement: Trepalle, Livigno (2,209 m) at 46.53333°N, 10.18333°W

title: List of extreme points of Italy