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El-Gadarif

El-Gadarif (القضارف Al Qaḍārif), also spelt Gedaref or Gedarif, is the capital of the state of Al Qadarif in Sudan. It lies on the road that connects Khartoum with Gallabat on the Ethiopian border, about 410 km from the capital.

Overview
El-Gadarif is surrounded by mountains on three sides. The city represents an excellent example of the intermingled ethnicities of central Sudan. Recently, a university has been established there. The main feature of the city is the grain silo built by the Russians to store sorghum. The town is famous for its daily sesame seed auctions.

Name
The word Gedaref is derived from the Arabic phrase (Alli qada-Ye-rif) (Arabic القضا يرف), meaning 'He who has finished selling or buying should leave'. The phrase was later developed into 'Al-Gadarif'. The story of the name begins when Arab nomad tribes roaming the Butana plains in East-central Sudan chose the place where the city is built as a market place called Suq Abu Sinn (the Market of Abu Sinn), where the nomads exchanged their commercial commodities with the indigenous people. When the sun set, a herald used to call 'AIli Qada-ye-rif ... Alli qada-ye-rif', asking every one who had finished his dealing in the market to leave so that the market could be closed on time.

Another theory is that the town was named for the range of hills surrounding the area which looks like cartilage. Yet there is confusion in the spelling of the word in Arabic, because "cartilage" in Arabic is written as Ghadarif (Arabic غضارف) not Qadarif (Arabic قضارف), the spelling of the town name.

History
Al-Gada-ye-rif market place developed into a village; then into a town with its dwellers cultivating its fertile soil with sorghum, sesame, peanuts and vegetables. Its green plains during the rainy seasons attracted many nomad herds and peasants from neighbouring areas.

According to Holt and Daly, the Shukriya, who were camel-owning nomads and the leading tribe of the southern Butana, were living and ruling the grain-producing rain lands of Gadarif or Qadarif, where a tribal market developed. This place, originally called Suq Abu Sinn (Abu Sinn's Market) took the name Qadarif, anglicized as Gedaref.

The Scottish explorer James Bruce (who called the town Teawa) passed through al Qadarif in 1772. He recorded that its sheikh, Fidele, was a vassal of the Kingdom of Sennar. Today, Teawa or Twawa is the name of a hill in the western part of the city. The British explorer Samuel Baker stopped in this town in November 1862. He mentioned in his book The Nile Tributaries Of Abyssinia that it lay on the trade route between Khartoum and Kassala, and described at length its twice-weekly market.

During the Turkiyah (Egyptian rule), Gedaref became an administrative unit with a strong military garrison. The Mahdist forces preserved this status when they occupied the town in 1884 during the Mahdist Revolt, using it as a base to conquer other places in the area and in neighbouring Ethiopia.

Sir Gawain Bell, who worked in the Sudan in 1931 to 1945 as Assistant Inspector for Gedaref, referred to Gedaref in his book (Shadows on the sand), as a town with more African appearance than Arab, because of its hut houses (locally called quttiyya) made of wood, reeds and grass. Its population was more than fifteen thousand, a mixture of Arab tribes and peoples from Nigeria, Eritrea and Abyssinia.

In September 1898 a British battalion led by Lieutenant-Colonel Parsons moved from Kassala toward Gedaref and clashed with a Mahdist Dervishes army composed of 3,500 men under the command of the Mahdist Emir Sa'ad-Allah in a jungle located between the River Atbara and Gedaref town. The fighting was fierce, but the forces of Parsons managed finally to defeat the Mahdist Dervishes. In the town a small garrison was left consisting of 200 soldiers led by the Mahdi Emir Nur Angara. The Mahdist Dervishes who fought bravely realized their defeat and retreated to the west of the city. Most of the defeated army was composed of soldiers from the Darfur and Kordofan regions of western Sudan. They had no choice except to settle their status with the British to stay and live with their families in the western part of Gedaref, which later became the basis of the Mayoral Bakr, whose influence extends to the frontier town of Gallabat on the Sudanese-Ethiopian border.

During the Second World War, Gedaref became very important for the Condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, by providing food (mainly grain and oil seeds) to the armies of the Allies in East Africa. After the war the town became also more attractive for agricultural investment to many segments of Sudanese tribes, especially after the establishment of the Mechanized Farming Corporation in 1968.

Topography, flora and fauna
The geographical feature of the city is marked by a group of hills surrounding it and small khors (tiny dry valley creeks). The largest is called Khor Maqadim, which runs from the southeast part of the city between Deim El Nur and Deim Suakin districts to the northwestern part of the city in Deim Bakr District. Its course overflows during the fall season, when heavy rain falls in the highland areas along the Ethiopian border.

The climate of Gedaref is hot and rainy in the summer. The rainy season extends four months, with an average of annual rainfall of 700 to 900 mm. In the autumn during the rainy seasons, or Kharief (Arabic الخريف) as it is locally called, large pools of water and green meadows with trees of various kinds of acacia cover the area. The early advent of the flamingo flock, or the Simber (Arabic السمبر) as it is locally called, gives the sign of the beginning of the Kharif.

Climate
El-Gadarif has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh), characterized by hot temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons. The period from March to May is particularly hot, with high temperatures routinely exceeding 40 Celsius. The wet season occurs mainly from June to September. The months from October to May constitute the dry season, with minimal or no precipitation from November to March.

Administration
The city is administratively and socially divided into Diems (ديم) or districts. The famous Deims are Deim Bakr, Deim El Nur, Diem Al Khama, Abakar Jibriel, Al- midan, Deim Abbas, Deim Saukin, Deim Sa'ad, Deim Hamad, Janayin, Abbayo, Nasr, Selamt El-Bey, Al Israa, Al Malik, A Nadher, Al Tadamun, Al Danagla, Al Jumhouriya, Al Mufaqaat, Al Syool, Al Mourada, Barnu, Badr, Marco, Al Rabaa, Ruwina, Addona, Taradona, Karfis, Al Kababish, Karrari, Al Mahrouga, Al Sufi, Al Muwazafien, Army Barracks and Police Barracks.

Greater Gedaref includes many rural districts and villages such as Um Shagara, Al- Faw, Wad addida, Sabouniya, Koum Shitta, Um sawani, Um Sunaebra, Id Altin, Kassab, Al Samina, Shasheina, Al Hwata, Al Houri, AlMatna, and Al Shuwak.

In 1994 Gedaref became the capital of Al-Qadarif State which includes Gedaref city, Faw, Gallabat, and Fashaga areas.

Economy
Gedaref is a trade centre for cotton, cereals, sesame seeds, and fodder produced in the surrounding areas, and it is a well-known agriculture area where a mechanized farming scheme has been introduced since 1954. About 70% of the total mechanized farming in the Sudan is carried out in Gedaref. The aim of the mechanized farming is to develop the areas socially and economically. Many large and endless individual fields grew suddenly and have scattered over the whole area surrounding Gedarif such as Um-seinat, Al-Ghadambliya, making use of the fertile soil and abundant rainfall (avg. 700 to 900 mm/year), and relatively obtainable manpower.

The River Gash Irrigation Scheme is located to the northeast of Al-Qaḍārif, while the Rahad Scheme and the famous Gezira Scheme lie to the west. With the cultivation of sesame seed, sunflower, cotton, peanuts and cereals, especially sorghum, Gedaref has become the country's granary. Thus, if Sudan could be the granary of Africa and the Middle East, Gedaref is the breadbasket of the Sudan.

Light industries in the city include cotton ginning and spinning mills and soap factories.

Transportation and communication
The city is served by a station on the national railway network. It is linked with the capital Khartoum via Wad Medani city by a net of roads, railway, airway, and seasonal direct roads. It is also linked to Port Sudan city with roads and railway through Kassala at a distance of about 200 km. There are also roads to the Gallabat at the edge of the boundary with Ethiopia connecting Gedarif with the Ethiopian city of Gonder, and from there to the Ethiopian capital Addis Abeba. The city has also an airport called Azaza Airport.

The Gedaref State Broadcasting was established in 1995 with a frequency of 1485 kHz. A television station was followed in 1996 with a range of 50 km.

The Gedaref Digital City
Gedaref is distinguished also by its digital city, directed by the Gedaref Digital City Organization (GDCO) which is a non-governmental and non-profit organization, founded in 2005 in partnership between Gedaref city and Eindhoven community in the Netherlands. The initiative was taken by Dr.Agnes Ovington of Eindhoven Municipality, Gedaref Public Organization for Water and Development. GDCO, is part of the Telecentres Movement where ICT is used for community development. It won many international awards. It is the winner of information for development award i4d 2007 (e-India 2007) for the inclusion of the disabled, the winner of i4d 2008 awards for the best innovations at the grassroots Telecentres, and the winner of i4d 2009 for the initiatives of civil society for development (e-Agriculture project and other e-services).

Population
The population of the city is mainly Arab or Nuba Sudanese. It includes the indigenous Beja people. The total population is 269,395 (as of 2008).

Inhabitants origins in Gedaref have rapidly changed during the last decades. Dwellers who belong to various nationalities had settled in the area along with the indigenous people. Today the mosaic of population includes many Sudanese tribes from different regions as far as Dar Fur, Kordofan, southern and northern Sudan. Tribes like Shaigiya, Baggara, Dinka, Fur, Nuba, Masalit, Shukriya, Beja, Hausa people, Songhay people and many other Sudanese tribes are represented in Gedaref. No other city in the Sudan, with exception of Khartoum and Port Sudan has so many dwellers of Foreign origin among its population, as Gedaref. Kurds, Armenians, Panian of India, Greeks, Egyptian Copts, Ethiopians, Eritrean, Somalis, Chadians, Yemenis, Italians has been Sudanized since generations and well integrated in the Gedaref community. The main reason for this gathering of foreign and local groups of people in Gedaref can be attributed to the Agricultural boom that swept the city and turned it to a major centre of trade in the area.

Education
Education in Gedaref has been far developed in the last decades. The city counts about 73 schools of different levels. With the establishment of Al Qadarif University the city has accomplished its dream to become an education shrine for the whole area of southeast Sudan. Boarding schools has been established in the city as early as the 1960s to accommodate young villagers and rural areas youth.

Among the famous children of the city are Rashid Bakr (former Vice President 1983) and Ahmed Al Jabri (singer).

Tourism
There are seven hotels.

Twin towns — sister cities
Gedaref is twinned with: 🇳🇱Eindhoven, the Netherlands, and 🇹🇷Konya, Turkey.

title: El-Gadarif


text: User talk:68.40.191.79

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.40.191.79


text:
Talk:List of minor Star Wars characters

Table of contents
The table of contents is obscenely long; it's practically the same length of the article, which makes it difficult to navigate. Any way the characters could be divided up into subcategories? Beemer 69  chitchat  18:00, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * here's a better idea, let's slash and burn the in-universe nonsense and read about those people as the fictional objects of a narrative that they are. it's a radical idea but one supported by.. well every policy and guideline going... --Allemandtando (talk) 14:30, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Amen. This is just absurd. Niczar (talk) 22:38, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

 * just how many words does this arrticle have at the moment? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.167.167.211 (talk) 01:09, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Revamp
I'm working on amalgamating this and all the other god-awful lists at Category:Lists_of_Star_Wars_characters to remove all the ORish and arbitrary topics (i.e. what makes a character a "villain"? what if he/she later is "good"?) and repetition (e.g. Leia shows up on several of them). Once I've squished them together, they can be broken up just alphabetically like the slightly-less-crappy Star Trek character lists. I've copy-and-pasted these lists as of ~11:30EST 3 Oct -- if you make any additions to this list, I'll try to be sure to maintain them in the reworked version, but please be mindful that something might accidentally be overlooked. Thanks! --EEMIV (talk) 15:39, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Redirect
I plan on Monday to replace the current content of List of Star Wars characters with the material at User:EEMIV/StarWarsCharacters, and then to redirect this page to that updated list. Much of the content on this page will go away -- for the better. Wikipedia is an indiscriminate collection of information, even on its list pages, and many of the entries were are truly insignificant characters. If you take exception to this plan, please say so here. --EEMIV (talk) 11:20, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of minor Star Wars characters


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User:JLHeureux

Jacques L'Heureux

 * I am a retired astrophysicist whose hobbies are web design, genealogy, photography, travel, skiing and biking. I live in Columbia MD, USA.

 * My first post to Wikipedia was in February 2005 to create a new page on Jean Tabaud, a French and American painter. That page complements the Jean Tabaud website that I have created with the help of Elise Dallemagne, the principal writer.

JLHeureux 21:25, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User:JLHeureux


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Hayder of Crimea

Hayder Khan Girai, Hayder (Hayder) (lived ?–1487, reigned 1456?, 1475) was either once or twice briefly a Khan of Crimea.

Life
He was one of the sons of the dynasty's founder Hacı I Giray (c. 1441–1466). It is reported that in 1456 he rebelled against his father and briefly occupied the throne, but this is not certain.

After his father's death, for twelve years (1466–1478), the throne alternated between Hayder's brothers Nur Devlet and Meñli I Giray. During one of Mengli's reigns Hayder was held in honorable confinement at the Genoese fortress of Sudak.

In March 1475 the nobles replaced Mengli with Hayder. He and the Shirin Bey Eminek raided the Lithuanian border. In May–December 1475 the Turks captured the Genoese ports on the south shore. They released Nur Devlet from prison in Sudak and made him khan. Hayder yielded to Nur Devlet but their relations were not good. Nur Devlet proved unpopular and in the spring of 1478 the Turks released their prisoner Mengli and placed him on the throne.

Hayder and Nur Devlet fled to Kiev in the Polish Kingdom. About 1479 they moved to Muscovy under protection of the grand duke Ivan III, who later banished Hayder to Northern Muscovy for reasons that remain unknown. He died about 1487 in Beloozero, Vologda oblast.

title: Hayder of Crimea


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Wistanstow

Wistanstow is a village and parish in Shropshire, England. Wistanstow is located about 5 miles south of Church Stretton and 8 + 1/2 miles north of Ludlow. It is about 2 miles north of Craven Arms. It is just off the main Shrewsbury-Hereford road, the A49. The large parish, of 5231 acre, includes a number of other small settlements: Woolston, Upper Affcot, Cwm Head, Bushmoor, Strefford, Whittingslow, Felhampton and Cheney Longville, and a population of 724 was recorded in the 2001 census, increasing to 812 at the 2011 Census.

The River Onny flows through the parish, southwest of the village, also Leamoor Common and Wettles are to the north of the village.

History and amenities
The main lane running through the village is a Roman road, which ran between the Roman settlements and forts at Leintwardine and Wroxeter.

The village takes its name from the Anglo-Saxon saint Wigstan who was the grandson of the King of Mercia. He was martyred at this location by his greatuncle. His burial took place at his family crypt at the abbey of Rependon (now known as Repton) the Mercian capital, memorialized as St. Wystan upon his canonization (one of the oldest unaltered places of Christian worship in England). The Saxon suffix stow means (enclosed) place. An uncle of W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden (named for the eponymous saint spelled Wystan by his father who was an alumnus of Repton school built on the remains of the Abbey) wrote the entry for Wistanstow in Little Guide to Shropshire The present church building, Holy Trinity, was mainly built between 1180 and 1200. The nave roof of 1630 is one of the church's finest features and was re-gilded in the mid-1960s. The interior is also graced by a number of early 19th century box pews and fine mid-20th-century wooden panelling behind the altar. It contains a war memorial plaque to local men who died serving in the World Wars and another to Lieutenant Colonel Henry Beddoes who was lost when S.S. Chiosa hit a wartime mine off Sicily in January 1919.

Wistanstow has a splendid mock Tudor village hall that was given to the village in 1925 by a local landowner. This enormous "blackandwhite" building included cottages for the district nurse and resident caretaker. The village has a small church primary school.

At the other end of the village opposite Manor Farm is the Plough Inn. Just behind was a small independent real ale brewery, "Wood's", founded in 1980, which closed under "adverse trading conditions" in 2022 following the Covid pandemic. In 1984, both the Plough and the brewery were featured as the final destination on a Shropshire edition of Treasure Hunt, with Anneka Rice pulling herself a pint of real ale to complete the game. “The Smithy” is the village’s community shop which was officially opened by the actor Pete Postlethwaite OBE, a local parishioner in April 2000. Once the workplace of a local blacksmith and little more than the size of a shed, the shop stocks all the basics, with as much as possible sourced from local suppliers.

title: Wistanstow


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Wu Zhaoji

Wu Zhaoji (吳兆基, 1908-1997), also known as Xiangquan, was a Chinese musician. Born in Hunan, China in 1908, he moved to Suzhou at the age of four with his family, where he lived for the rest of his life until his death in 1997. Raised in a musical family, he learned the guqin from his father, and in 1921 became a student of Wu Jinyang. From a young age, he enjoyed sports and martial arts. In 1928 he began studying the Yang-style tai chi with Chen Weiming. One year later, he became a student of Li Shangyuan, who is a student of Wu (Hao)-style tai chi. After many years of study he created his own style of tai chi based on Daoism.

Wu Zhaoji is popularly revered as an archetypal "literatus" qin player; his smooth, detached, intellectual, yet vigorous style made him one of the most highly regarded amateur players in the late 20th century. Though a well-known Guqin master, Wu was, by profession, a mathematics professor at Soochow University in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. The "Wu" school of qin playing currently centered in Suzhou takes him as a leading figure; noted players to transmit his style include Wang Duo and Yuan Jung-ping.

title: Wu Zhaoji


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Grand Principality of Rus' (1658)

Grand Principality of Rus' (Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Руське, Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Ruskie), also known in historiography as Grand Principality of Ruthenia, was the project of the state as a member of the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth in the territory of Kiev Voivodeship, Bracław Voivodeship and Chernihiv Voivodeship. Its creation was proposed by Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky with Yuri Nemyrych and Pavlo Teteria in September 1658 during the negotiations between the Cossack Hetmanate and the Commonwealth. The project of the Duchy was approved in the first version of the Treaty of Hadiach, but later, because of the strong resistance of Polish society, the idea of the Grand Principality of Rus was completely abandoned. The Cossacks were very disappointed with the final version of the treaty and The Ruin began. Yuri Nemyrych, the alleged author of the Grand Principality of Rus project, was killed in a local fight in August 1659 and Vyhovsky lost his power in October 1659, thus the project did not become a reality.

title: Grand Principality of Rus' (1658)


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William Weatherford

William Weatherford, also known after his death as Red Eagle (c. 1765 – March 24, 1824), was a Creek chief of the Upper Creek towns who led many of the Red Sticks actions in the Creek War (1813–1814) against Lower Creek towns and against allied forces of the United States.

One of many mixed-race descendants of Southeast Indians who intermarried with European traders and later colonial settlers, William Weatherford was of mixed Creek, French, and Scots ancestry. He was raised as a Creek in the matrilineal nation and achieved his power in it, through his mother's prominent Wind Clan (as well as his father's trading connections). After the war, he rebuilt his wealth as a slaveholding planter in lower Monroe County, Alabama.

Early life and education
William Weatherford was born in 1781 (Griffith Jr. analysis), near the Upper Creek towns of Cusseta. It is near the current Cusseta, Georgia, and was then a Koasati Indian town, near Hickory Ground (current Wetumpka, Alabama). His mother was Sehoy III, a "daughter of a Tabacha chieftain" and from "the most powerful and privileged of all the Creek clans," the Wind Clan (in Muscogee, the Creek language, Hotvlkvlke ). His father, Charles Weatherford, was a red-haired Scots trader and friend of the chieftain, and had married Sehoy III after the death of her first husband, Tory Col. John Tate, in the summer of 1780. Sehoy III was of mixed Creek, French and possibly Scottish descent. As the Creek had a matrilineal kinship system, Sehoy III's children were considered born into her clan. Charles Weatherford had a trading post near the Creek village, built a plantation, raised thoroughbred horses for racing, and contributed to his family as a trader.

Benjamin Hawkins, first appointed as United States Indian agent in the Southeast and then as Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the territory south of the Ohio River, lived among the Creek and Choctaw, and knew them well. He commented in letters to President Thomas Jefferson that Creek women were matriarchs and had control of the children "when connected with a white man." Hawkins observed that almost all of the traders, some wealthy, were likewise as "inattentive to their children as the Indians". As Griffith explains (based on John R. Swanton), the lack of fatherly concern was not an "unnatural indifference," given the Creek culture and clan kinship system, and which established a closer relationship of children to their mother's eldest brother (more so than with their biological father).

As a boy William Weatherford was called "Billy". After he showed his skill as a warrior, he was given the "war name" of Hopnicafutsahia, or "Truth Teller." He was the great-grandson of Captain Jean Marchand, the French commanding officer of Fort Toulouse, and Sehoy I, a Creek of the Wind clan. On his mother's side, he was a nephew of the mixed-race Creek chief, Alexander McGillivray, who was prominent in the Upper Creek towns.

Through his mother's family, Weatherford was a cousin of William McIntosh, who became a chief of the Lower Creek towns. The Lower Creek, who comprised the majority of population, lived closer to the European Americans and had intermarried with them, adopting more of their ways, as well as connecting to the market economy.

Career
Weatherford learned traditional Creek ways and language from his mother and her clan, as well as English from his father. As a young man, he acquired a plantation in the Upper Creek territory, where he owned slaves, planted commercial crops, and bred and raced horses as did his father. He generally had good relations with both the Creek nationals and European Americans for years. He worried about the increasing number of the latter, who were encroaching on Creek land.

The Creek of the Lower Towns were becoming more assimilated, but the traditional elders and the people of the Upper Creek towns were more isolated from the European-American settlers. They kept more traditional ways and opposed the new settlements. Weatherford and other Upper Creek leaders resented the encroachment of settlers into their traditional Creek territory, principally in what the United States of America called the Mississippi Territory, which included their territory in present-day Alabama.

After the Americans improved the Trading Path as the National Road in 1811, more American settlers came into the hunting territory and laid claim to homesteads. Various bands of Creeks, especially among the Upper Creek, resisted in a number of armed conflicts. But most of the more assimilated Lower Creek towns were forced to make land concessions to the United States in 1790, 1802, and 1805.

The Lower Creek were among the Five Civilized Tribes who adopted some European-American style farming practices and other customs. As a result, most of the Creek managed to continue as independent communities while slowly becoming almost indistinguishable from other frontier families. The Upper Creek towns resisted the changes in the territory. In these debates, Weatherford counseled neutrality in the rise of hostilities. Conflict broke out within the Creek Nation between those who were adapting to assimilation and those trying to maintain the traditional leadership.

Leaders of the Upper Creek began diplomatic overtures with Spanish and British colonial officials to develop allies against the United States. In the debates in Creek councils, those advocating resistance ("war") rather than cooperation or assimilation became known as Red Sticks, and they soon became the dominant faction in Creek politics, which were highly decentralized. Red Stick bands went to Spanish Florida to purchase arms.

Americans learned that the Red Sticks were bringing back arms from Florida. Hastily organizing a militia, American frontiersmen intercepted and attacked a Red Stick party at Burnt Corn Creek. The latter were returning to the Upper Creek towns with arms purchased in Pensacola in present-day Florida. While the Alabama militia tried to secure the arms and ammunition in the Indian baggage train, the Red Sticks regrouped and fought off the Americans. In reaction to the United States attack on its men, the Creek "declared war" on the United States. Already involved in the War of 1812 against the US, the British encouraged the Creek resistance.

Weatherford joined the Red Sticks along the frontier, where they tried to repulse American settlers from Creek territory. In late August 1813, with Peter McQueen and other Red Sticks, Weatherford participated in a retaliatory attack on Fort Mims. It was a hastily built civilian stockade on the lower Alabama River, about 35 miles north of Mobile. Frontier American families and Lower Creek had retreated to the fort, which was ineptly guarded. The Red Sticks gained entry into the fort and massacred the Lower Creek, as well as European-American settlers, including women and children. Estimates are that they killed up to 500 persons. Some 35 individuals survived. As a prominent leader, Weatherford was held responsible for the massacre, although there are reports he tried to prevent it.

An Alabama militia followed up with another Ranger unit and maneuvered the Red Sticks into battle at the Battle of Holy Ground. Weatherford barely escaped capture, jumping from a bluff into the Alabama River while on horseback. Having repelled the Red Stick invasion in a number of skirmishes and forced them on the defensive, the Americans regrouped for a final offensive.

The federal government did not have forces to spare. Major General Andrew Jackson led a combined army of state militia from Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. Jackson's army finally isolated the main Red Stick Army along with hundreds of American hostages. Weatherford may have played a decisive role in rallying his forces and trying to save the hostages from death. In the finale of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Weatherford's rapid responses allowed various small bands of Red Sticks to regroup and fight a rear guard action, but the remainder of the Red Sticks were destroyed. Although the majority of the American hostages were saved, the retreating Red Sticks killed dozens of them.

Meanwhile, Weatherford and some other 200 Red Sticks escaped. Most of the Red Sticks retreated to Florida, where they joined the Seminole people, who had developed from Creek migrants and remnants of other tribes in the 18th century. Weatherford surrendered at Fort Jackson (formerly Fort Toulouse). Jackson spared Weatherford's life and used his influence and knowledge of Creek language to bring the other Upper Creek chiefs to a peace conference.

Weatherford negotiated a new peace through a new treaty with the US; although he had to accept a permanent reduction in Creek territory, he gained retention of most of their territory, including areas where they had homes. Weatherford subsequently moved to the southern part of Monroe County, Alabama, where he rebuilt his wealth as a planter. He died there in 1824. A decade later, the US forced removal of most of the Creek and other Indians from the Southeast to west of the Mississippi River in Indian Territory (now Kansas and Oklahoma).

Marriage and family
William Weatherford married Mary Moniac (c. 1783 – 1804), who was also of mixed race. They had two children, Charles and Mary (Polly) Weatherford. After Mary's death, Weatherford married Sopethlina Kaney Thelotco Moniac (c. 1783 – 1813). She died after the birth of their son, William Weatherford, Jr., born 25 December 1813. About 1817, Weatherford married Mary Stiggins (c. 1783–1832), who was of Natchez and English heritage. They also had children, Alexander McGillivray Weatherford, Mary Levitia Weatherford, Major Weatherford (who died as a child), and John Weatherford.

Weatherford's nephew, David Moniac, son of his sister Elizabeth Weatherford, was the first Native American graduate of the United States Military Academy.

William Weatherford may have been a blood relative of the Shawnee Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa whose mother and father were of Creek and Shawnee lineages. Their relationship may have been the foundation of the strong alliance between Chief Red Eagle and Chief Tecumseh during the Indian Wars.

title: William Weatherford


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ron Larson

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 19:00, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Ron Larson
The page Ron Larson contains information about the professor with that name, who wrote a textbook, called "Calculus of a Single Variable: Early Transcendental Functions". While that is a good book, and is referred to in Wikipedia, I doubt the article about the author itself has any value.

More, in the derivative article, the citation of that book has the following form:

 * Larson, Ron, Hostetler, Robert P. and Edwards, Bruce H. (2003). Calculus of a Single Variable: Early Transcendental Functions (3rd Edition). Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 061822307X textbook site online

Those red links seem to be reduntant, and most likely will never be filled. Besides, all this smells of self-promotion to me, because of the link to the place where the book can be bought.

Some of us think the Ron Larson article needs to be deleted. Any opinions? Oleg Alexandrov 20:58, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * delete. Authors of bestselling novels probably should get an article.  But it seems to me that authors of technical books, textbooks, and other academic treatises should not get an article unless they are otherwise notable.  Otherwise everyone who's published a PhD thesis will eventually want his own article. Lethe | Talk 21:08, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like vanity/self-promotion. --jag123 21:18, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm not sure it qualifies as vanity, but Calculus books are a dime a dozen and writing one surely is not a cause for notability. CSTAR 22:13, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nothing encyclopedic about this. On the other hand, WP is replete with gamer cruft and amateurish, meaningless... oh, never mind :) Wyss 01:05, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:30, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not enough material here for an article. -- SGBailey 23:15, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
James Coyle

James Edwin Coyle (March 23, 1873 – August 11, 1921) was a Catholic priest who was murdered in Birmingham, Alabama, by a Ku Klux Klan member for performing an interracial marriage.

Biography
James Coyle was born in Drum, County Roscommon, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, now modern day Ireland, to Owen Coyle and his wife Margaret Durney. He attended Mungret College in Limerick and the Pontifical North American College in Rome, and was ordained a priest at age 23 on May 30, 1896.

Later that year, he sailed with another priest, Father Michael Henry, to Mobile, Alabama, and served under Bishop Edward Patrick Allen. He became an instructor, and later rector, of the McGill Institute for Boys. In 1904 Bishop Allen appointed Coyle to succeed Patrick O'Reilly as pastor of St. Paul's Church (later Cathedral) in Birmingham, where he was well received and loved by the congregation. Father Coyle was the Knights of Columbus chaplain of Birmingham, Alabama Council 635.

Murder
On August 11, 1921, Father Coyle was shot in the head on the porch of St. Paul's Rectory by E. R. Stephenson, a Southern Methodist Episcopal minister and a member of the Ku Klux Klan. There were many witnesses. The murder occurred just hours after Coyle had performed a secret wedding between Stephenson's daughter, Ruth, and Pedro Gussman, a Puerto Rican whom she had met while he was working at Stephenson's house five years earlier. Gussman had also been a customer at Stephenson's barber shop. Several months before the wedding, Ruth had converted to Catholicism.

Father Coyle was buried in Birmingham's Elmwood Cemetery.

Trial and aftermath
Stephenson was charged with Father Coyle's murder. The Ku Klux Klan paid for the defense; of the five lawyers, four were Klan members. The case was assigned to the Alabama courtroom of Judge William E. Fort, a Klansman. Hugo Black, a future Justice of the Supreme Court and a future Klansman, was also one of the defense attorneys. The Birmingham News called it the biggest trial in Alabama history.

The defense team took the unusual step of entering a dual plea of "not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity", essentially arguing that the shooting was in self-defense, and arguing that at the time of the shooting, Stephenson was suffering from "temporary insanity". Stephenson was acquitted by one juror's vote. One of Stephenson's attorneys responded to the prosecution's assertion that Gussman was of "proud Castilian descent" by stating that "he has descended a long way".

The outcome of the murder trial of Father Coyle's assassin had a chilling impact on Catholics, who were the targets of Klan violence for many years to come. Nevertheless, by 1941, a Catholic writer in Birmingham would write that "the death of Father Coyle was the climax of the anti-Catholic feeling in Alabama. After the trial, there followed such a strong feeling of revulsion among the right-minded who before had been bogged down in blindness and indifference that slowly and almost unnoticeably the Ku Klux Klan and their ilk began to lose favor among the people".

Legacy
On February 22, 2012, Bishop William H. Willimon of the North Alabama Conference of the United Methodist Church presided over a service of reconciliation and forgiveness at Highlands United Methodist Church in Birmingham.

On August 11, 2021, the 100th anniversary of the murder of Coyle, a centennial memorial Mass was held in Coyle's honor at St Paul's Cathedral.

In popular media

 * In 2010, Coyle's great-nephew, Pat Shine, produced a documentary about the murder, A Cross in Alabama.
 * In 2021, Coyle's grand-niece, Sheila Killian, wrote and published Something Bigger, telling the story of his sister, Marcella Coyle, and her relationship with her brother as well as their interactions with the world around them.

title: James Coyle


text:
Rhapta

Rhapta (Ῥάπτα and Ῥαπτά) was an emporion said to be on the coast of Southeast Africa, first described in the 1st century CE. Its location has not been firmly identified, although there are a number of plausible candidate sites. The ancient Periplus of the Erythraean Sea described Rhapta as "the last emporion of Azania", two days' travel south of the Menouthias islands (Chapter 16). The Periplus also states that the city and port were ruled by South Arabian vassals of the Himyarite kingdom, particularly a certain “Mapharitic chieftain.”

According to Claudius Ptolemy, Diogenes, a merchant in the Indian trade, was blown off course from his usual route from India, and after travelling 25 days south along the coast of Africa arrived at Rhapta, located where the river of the same name enters the Indian Ocean opposite the island of Menouthias. Diogenes further describes this river as having its source near the Mountains of the Moon, near the swamp whence the Nile was said to also have its source. Ptolemy also mentions another Greek captain, called Theophilos, who took twenty days to travel from the Horn of Africa to Rhapta.

Rhapta is also mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium and Cosmas Indicopleustes.

Stephanus of Byzantium and Ptolemy write that Rhapta was a metropolis of Barbaria (Βαρβαρίας).

According to Huntingford, it is certain that the people of Rhapta did not speak a Bantu language, since the 1st century AD is too early for Bantu speakers to have reached the East African coast. It is possible that the survivors of the 1st century inhabitants are the Iraqw, Gorowa, Alagwa and Burungi. Roland Anthony Oliver states that there is no evidence where Greco-Roman sources allude to the inhabitants of Rhapta being of Bantu origin.

Name
It was named Rhapta (meaning sewn in Greek), due to the sewed boats (ῥαπτῶν πλοιαρίων) which were used there.

Location
G.W.B. Huntingford lists five proposed locations for Rhapta:
 * Tanga, at the mouth of the Mkulumuzi and Sigi Rivers
 * Pangani, at the mouth of the Ruvu river
 * Msasani, three miles north of Dar es Salaam—or Dar es Salaam itself
 * Kisuyu
 * Somewhere in the Rufiji River delta, opposite Mafia Island.

Huntingford dismisses the first two as being too close to Zanzibar and Pemba islands (which he identifies with Menouthis, and follows the author of the Periplus in locating Menouthis north of Rhapta). He observes that there is no river at Msasani, and thus concludes Kisuyu or the Rufiji delta are the most likely candidates. However, J. Innes Miller points out that Roman coins have been found on Pemba; that the Ruvu emerges near the Kilimanjaro and Meru mountains—which confirm the account of Diogenes; and that an old inscription in Semitic characters has been found near the Pangani estuary, which make Pemba a likely candidate for Rhapta. However, the first evidence of inhabitation starts solely in the seventh century at a site called Tumbe on the northern end of the island, limpidly contradicting these assertions. Furthermore, John Perkins states this: "Some Roman, Byzantine, and Sasanian coins are reported from the East African coast; however, none of these come from excavations, and the surrounding evidence suggests that they probably did not reach the Swahili Coast in antiquity. Evidence for contacts and trade between this part of Africa and the Roman and Persian worlds is mainly recorded in the limited written records."

In recent years, professor Felix Chami has found archaeological evidence for extensive Roman trade on Mafia Island and, not far away, on the mainland, near the mouth of the Rufiji River, which he dated to the first few centuries CE.

Goods
Which goods were traded at Rhapta is disputed. The Periplus only states that it was a source of ivory and tortoise shell. J. Innes Miller argues that Rhapta formed an important link in the trade route between what is now modern Indonesia and consumers in the Mediterranean region. Miller notes that ancient authorities (e.g. Herodotus 3.111) state that cinnamon and cassia bark were harvested in Africa, yet these species until recently were found only in Southeast Asia, which would hint at some conflation. Miller points to the well-documented cultural links between Indonesia and East Africa (e.g., the Malagasy language is related to Malay, both people use double outrigger canoes). He then posits that the use of monsoons began far earlier than previously thought, allowing traders to bring their spices westward perhaps as early as the 2nd millennium BC.

It is possible that both the account of the Periplus and at least part of Miller's theory are correct, for the Periplus focuses on the availability of tortoise shell, and its silence about other goods should not be taken as evidence that other goods were not traded.

title: Rhapta


text:
Talk:Mrs Dalloway

Joyce
I have just read Woolf's 1925 essay 'Modern Fiction', where she praises Ulysses as a representation of 'life' far better than that commonly depicted in realist novels. The comment in the introduction suggesting that she did not rate Ulysses would at least need a reference, I think. 86.143.138.203 (talk) 18:46, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * And Tom, great Tom, thinks this on a par with War & Peace! If this means T.S. (Tom) Eliot, it ought to be specified. Valetude (talk) 23:00, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

Category:LGBT literature?
Can someone please explain the sense in which this belongs. Yes, the author was a lesbian gay (or bi, depending on one's construction of these words), but that clearly doesn't suffice to put the work in that category any more than a random Patricia Highsmith novel. I don't know the work, I know it only from the film The Hours, but I don't remember any explicitly gay themes. At a quick look, the other works in the category have explicitly gay themes (except The Importance of Being Earnest, about which I have the same issue, only with more confidence, since I know the play well.

Is this category well-defined? And if so what are the criteria for including this novel? -- Jmabel | Talk 21:01, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * The main character is pretty much a closeted gay woman. 99.241.162.52 (talk) 07:37, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Clarissa, Doris, Septimus, Sally... the book is rich with gayness.~ZytheTalk to me! 00:19, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Themes
Clarissa's relationship with Sally, who like her has 'grown up' to be a matron, is the most explicit. It contrasts with the marital relationship which it is suggested is sexually cold and unemotional (she sleeps in a single bed in a room the critic Elaine Showalter has described as "tomblike").

However while Clarissa's sexual attraction to women is important perhaps it isn't enough to classify it as LGBT.

What then, would meet such requirements? Perhaps a taxonomy to determine such qualification? Keep in mind, contemporary literary analysis of both Virginia Woolf and her works might prove in disagreement with the idea of such disclusion. -Vinegartom 13:10, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

The kiss that Sally and Clarissa share is a central moment in the novel as well as in Clarissa's life. Woolf is subtle about her narration and the exact nature of Clarissa's sexual preferences are unclear, but her attraction to Sally is pivotal (compared to her marriage to Richard, with structured comfort but a single bed). That alone should qualify the novel as LGBT. Jostling grievances 16:20, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

The "themes" section in general seems somewhat superficial. The section "Mental illness," for instance, suggests the novel is a kind of Dickensonian social consciousness novel, which while possibly present on a certain level, just isn't at the novel's heart. The thematic discussion present here is more a catalog of dynamics and elements of character and narrative than a serious analytical discussion. If it cannot be fixed (I myself don't have the time), I suggest that the section be deleted or at the very least re-framed.Brendan 10:17, 21 May 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bclogston041 (talk • contribs)

Requested move
Shouldn't Mrs. Dalloway redirect to Mrs Dalloway (without the period), instead of the other way around? This is an English novel, written by an English author, and it was originally published without the period. I would change the redirect myself, but don't know how. 203.173.35.197 06:24, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. In case anyone's in doubt, here's the original cover, as published by Hogarth Press back in the 20s (I want one...). Convention seems to indicate that moving it is, in fact, the thing to do. Cantara 07:04, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support: if information provided above is correct. Tutmosis 22:07, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Done. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 07:56, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm going to go ahead and be bold, moving this back to "Mrs. Dalloway", with the period. Even though the original title may not have contained the period, the vast majority of references to the title, in both America and England, are with the period, and the commonly-accepted (and encyclopedic) method would be with the period. However, I'll add in a footnote noting the original spelling of the novel's title without the period. Thanks! Flcelloguy (A note? ) 03:08, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Parable1991, would you mind clarifying why you reverted this move? I've gone ahead and moved it back, pending an explanation from you. (See my comment above for why I believe the article should be located at Mrs. Dalloway.) Thanks! Flcelloguy (A note? ) 01:16, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Somebody move this back please! English practice is to drop the period in titles Mr Mrs Dr etc. -- as evidenced by original title. (If you see it in an American or Canadian reference with the period, that's only because the editor of the book in question is following American style conventions for their own book; Wikipedia doesn't have such a style.)Thanks!--Ibis3 04:37, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Yes, I will clarify my move and as I have moved it back. Regardless of how it is published now, it is necessary to use the original title. This shows in Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Despite me being English, I prefer the full stop, although I cannot argue with what the author intended and neither can you. Besides, it is still also published without the full stop in the U.K..

It seems that nobody has questioned this point in 14 years, but here I am: the basic claim that the "original title" had no period seems to me incorrect. Yes, the period isn't rendered in the hand-lettering on the dust jacket of the first edition... but under that dust jacket, both the title page and the hardbound spine do contain the period — as does the text of the book whenever the word "Mrs." appears (as in the first sentence). (As, indeed, does Woolf's manuscript.) This all indicates pretty clearly that the "original title" does in fact include the period, and its omission on the jacket is just a graphic liberty taken by Vanessa Bell. The article title ought to be changed. Aeiouweiou (talk) 04:19, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

Not stream of consciousness
A stream-of-consciousness narrative implies a single protagonist, and this doesnt apply to Mrs Dalloway.

Dictionary definitions concerning stream-of-consciousness narrative describe it merely as a literary technique with the thoughts of characters being espoused, as does the Wikipedia entry for stream of consciousness. The only reference found citing individual as a requirement is the psychology definition for stream-of-consciousness. Therefore above statement is not applicable. -Vinegartom 12:57, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

This section needs citations.--Kbrewer36 (talk) 20:56, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

Mrs vs. Mrs.?
I think the note about the period is interesting. If there are sources that can be used to expand on it, I think it's worth having a section devoted to it. Is there any particular reason for its initial lack of a period? -Midnightdreary 18:07, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Often but not always in British English, the full stop will be omitted from the abbreviation. Reginmund 20:46, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mrs Dalloway1.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:17, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

new changes (april 2008)
I made a whole load of changes to the page just now.

I was kind of shocked that the thing was only two sections long. Now there are a lot of sections, but they could all use expanding.

I haven't overhauled a page before, so it's probably worth someone scanning over and fixing things up.

--Brendan 99.241.162.52 (talk) 06:48, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

And I've just changed Clarissa Dalloway's age from fifty-two to fifty-one. Someone who has "just broken into their fifty-second year" is only fifty-one and will not be fifty-two until her next birthday.Cliff (talk) 19:07, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 00:34, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

How old is Mrs. Dalloway?
This might be a trivial point but, bear with me.

The article says "Clarissa Dalloway is the 51-year-old[3] protagonist of the novel." Footnote 3 refers to a sentence in the book that says "She had just broken into her fifty-second year." Depending on how we interpret "broken into" I would think that means that she has just turned 51 years old and is now starting on her 52nd year. On the day of our first birthday, we have finished one year and are beginning our second year. We say on his first birthday that a child is one year old and we continue to say that until his second birthday. Only then is he two years old.

Do others agree, or is my understanding not common usage and/or not what Woolf had in mind? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alan Meyer (talk • contribs) 20:17, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

I'm 57 the best way to get to know about you and me

KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT FROM YOU CAN YOU SEND ME A LITTLE MORE ABOUT YOU

Jdtripp699 (talk) 04:28, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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Which novel?
The Hogarth Press, run by her and her husband Leonard, had to turn down the chance to publish the novel in 1919 because of the obscenity law in England...
 * Not quite clear whether this refers to Ulysses or Mrs Dalloway. Could you clarify? Valetude (talk) 00:15, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

ASMR
Austrian writer Clemens J. Setz suggests that a passage from the novel Mrs Dalloway authored by Virginia Woolf and published in 1925, describes something distinctly comparable. In the passage from Mrs Dalloway cited by Setz, a nursemaid speaks to the man who is her patient "deeply, softly, like a mellow organ, but with a roughness in her voice like a grasshopper's, which rasped his spine deliciously and sent running up into his brain waves of sound".

According to Setz, this citation generally alludes to the effectiveness of the human voice and soft or whispered vocal sounds specifically as a trigger of ASMR for many of those who experience it, as demonstrated by the responsive comments posted to YouTube videos that depict someone speaking softly or whispering, typically directly to the camera. Lmharding (talk) 00:07, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

Essay?
This feels more like an essay than an encyclopedic article, I've added a template message about it but I don't know think I can help improve it. Ianstagram (talk) 22:06, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

Publication date question
In February 2024, User:Ficaia marked the publication date included in the article's lede with the dubious template, and gave the reason as "Seems to have been published in 1922".  I'm starting a discussion here. I don't claim to be an expert on this novel, but I did a bit of research and came to the conclusion that the 14 May 1925 publication date is accurate (citations below). The book The Mrs. Dalloway Reader says that Woolf began writing Mrs Dalloway in the summer of 1922, and finished it in late autumn 1924. Another book, Virginia Woolf, A-Z states explicitly on page 173 that "Mrs. Dalloway was published in Britain by the Hogarth Press on May 14, 1925 with a dust jacket designed by Vanessa Bell, and in the United States by Harcourt, Brace & Company on the same day with the same dust jacket." Page 172 of the same book states: "In the fall of 1922, the short story 'Mrs. Dalloway in Bond Street' ... 'branched into a book' and Woolf began to think of the story as the first chapter of her new novel." I found several other books that support the claim that the novel was first published in 1925, but hopefully the above sources are sufficient. Finally, a search of the OCLC database for author = Woolf, Virginia, title = Mrs. Dalloway, type=book, and date range from 1920-1925 found a manuscript in microform of Mrs. Dalloway dated 1923-1924, but all published books in that range show only 1925 as the publication date. Ficaia: you didn't supply any sources to support your claim, but do you agree that the above is enough to remove the "dubious" template from the lede? If so, I will add both of these citations to the article. Thanks. NOLA1982 (talk) 02:09, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Yep, thanks for clearing this up. 𝕱𝖎𝖈𝖆𝖎𝖆 (talk) 12:27, 21 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the quick reply. NOLA1982 (talk) 14:00, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

NOLA1982 (talk) 02:09, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mrs Dalloway


text:
Talk:Nicholas Williams (Celticist)

Change of description
Pcpcpc, what justifies changing from Linguist to British Linguist and British People to English Academic? Evertype 21:01, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)

 * @Evertype Gorthybow, mar plek, war gartenn bost ... 84.66.34.232 (talk) 11:20, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Academic qualifications

 * Does anyone know :

 * 1. Where Williams obtained his PhD and on what topic;
 * 2. Is it correct that he holds a Diploma in Celtic Studies (from Queen's Belfast?), and if so what exactly is the academic status of this qualification?
 * Thanks Mongvras 10:48, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The facts in the article are correct as stated. -- Evertype·✆ 18:04, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Spelling

 * Does anyone know at what point Williams started to gather support in Ireland for his campaign to eradicate the standard spelling of Modern Cornish?Whathojeeves 22:46, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Evidently you are Tim Saunders. There is no "standard spelling of Modern Cornish" as you well know. -- Evertype·✆ 18:04, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * @Whathojeeves You amaze me, Holmes! 84.66.34.232 (talk) 11:17, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

"Commended"
"Amongst Irish scholars who have commended his work are Liam Mac Cúil, Brian Ó Cuív, Ruairí Ó hUiginn, Dónal Ó Riagáin, and Mícheál Ó Searcóid." Please give citations in support of the commendation. Otherwise this is just a list of names. -- Evertype·✆ 05:17, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * "Amongst Celtic scholars who have commended his work are Kenneth MacKinnon, Liam Mac Cúil, Brian Ó Cuív, Ruairí Ó hUiginn, Dónal Ó Riagáin, Mícheál Ó Searcóid, and Phillip Payton." Whathojeeves keeps adding this to the article. It is not appropriate without references. Please provide reference sources to each name that you think should be in the article. -- Evertype·✆ 08:20, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Once again, please do not add unreferenced material to this article. -- Evertype·✆ 18:10, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Note number 1
The reference listed for the statement "As P. Berresford Ellis points out, Williams was the first professional Celtic scholar to study revived Cornish in depth.[1]" does not seem to support this statement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Carbadh (talk • contribs) 21:18, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Williams on the train
I was on the train to Westport a few years back and there were three (maybe four) lads in the seats across from me. One of them was going on in English talking about I don't know what but it was definitely in English and in a British accent. A few minutes later the same fella was going on in an Irish accent and he was definitely speaking in very good Irish. I got up out of sheer nosiness (I know: I'm awful) at this surreal experience and went to the bog and came back and glanced at him. I reported this to my sources (ahem!) and they said to me that it had to be Nicholas Williams. Brilliant stuff in the spirit of Bláithín and Seoirse. I'd buy that man a pint. Dunlavin Green (talk) 14:29, 22 December 2008 (UTC)
 * He prefers cider. Oddly I think I might have been on that train at the same table. -- Evertype·✆ 17:56, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * @Dunlavin Green Gosh. What a surprise! 84.66.34.232 (talk) 11:16, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Coat of Arms
Why would he bother getting a coat of arms? Is it a personal one? I surmise that the Williams surname already has a coat of arms? Dunlavin Green (talk) 14:33, 22 December 2008 (UTC)
 * A grant of arms is made to an individual person, and while it can pass down to that person's descendants, it does not belong to a surname. Modern heraldry still exists an in heraldic jurisdictions like Ireland one may apply for a grant of arms. In other places one may simply assume arms if one wishes. -- Evertype·✆ 18:05, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * @Dunlavin Green Y tal lenna y lyver 'Armas' - yn-unn berthi kov na yll ev mann omwitha rag mellya worth dustuni. 84.66.34.232 (talk) 11:19, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Resignation from Bardship
According to the List of Bards' Surnames on the Cornish Gorseth website, Nicholas Williams at some point resigned his bardship. Does anyone know when/why? DuncanHill (talk) 23:48, 18 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I do, yes. -- Evertype·✆ 23:57, 18 January 2010 (UTC)
 * If you are able to add cited material to the article which covers this, the article would be improved. DuncanHill (talk) 23:59, 18 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I have the story from Nicholas. -- Evertype·✆ 00:54, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Na berthewgh poenvotter, a dus - nyns yw a les vyth. Divlas fest, yn-hwir. BG — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.186.127.102 (talk) 06:44, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

Unn dra a vern dres eghenn yn kever Berdh: nag eus gis omdhisoedha a eseledh. Sillymidon (talk) 13:27, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

 * @DuncanHill Gwir an ger. 84.66.34.232 (talk) 11:17, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Williams, George and Gendall
I would like to see some discussion (but it would need to be done most carefully!!!) about the 1990's and the 'orthography wars' between UC/UCR, Late Cornish and Kernewek Kemmyn. This period, I would suggest, will be viewed by historians and one of the most important eras in Cornish history where Cornwall 'came of age' and robust argument became possible. I don't think much is needed (certainly not a justification of positions) but an indication of the extensive work that occured by all those contributors. I would suggest that that 'conflict of heavyweights' is now (however faulteringly) is leading to a rapproachement within the Cornish language community? Conanthevegetarian (talk) 13:54, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Rapprochement? Where? The three people you mention do not engage with one another. Nicholas is the only one who continues to contribute copiously. What sort of encyclopaedic text are you envisioning? -- Evertype·✆ 00:01, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Interesting. Sillymidon (talk) 14:44, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

Mes erbynn prederi ytho nyns yw marthys meur y les. Lowen ov bos gylys glan an hoebadoellya na. Sillymidon (talk) 13:29, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

"articles by Williams Cornish"
Is the word "on" (or some other word) missing here? His name isn't "Williams Cornish".213.127.210.95 (talk) 15:44, 20 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I assume it was a mistake and have added 'on'.TywysogMelyn (talk) 17:12, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Koseledh
Prag res eth ev mar gosel y'n dydhyow ma? Pur goynt yw. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sillymidon (talk • contribs) 16:08, 8 April 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Nicholas Williams (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 06:23, 2 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicholas Williams (Celticist)


text:
Onslow Stevens

Onslow Stevens (born Onslow Ford Stevenson; March 29, 1902 – January 5, 1977) was an American stage, television and film actor.

Early years
Born in Los Angeles, California, Stevens was the son of British-born character actor Houseley Stevenson.

Career
Stevens became involved in performing in 1926 at the Pasadena Community Playhouse, where his entire family worked as performers, directors and teachers.

His Broadway debut came in Stage Door (1936). He performed in over 80 films, at first as the lead actor, but mostly in character roles later in his career.

Death
He spent the last years of his life in a nursing home in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California, where, according to his wife, he was abused by his fellow residents and that his death was neither from natural causes nor an accident. He died of pneumonia after suffering a broken hip in 1977, at the age of 74. His interment was in an unmarked grave located at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, California.

Recognition
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Stevens has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6349 Hollywood Boulevard.

title: Onslow Stevens


text:
Ikeda

Ikeda may refer to:

 * Ikeda (surname), a Japanese surname
 * Ikeda (comics), a character in Usagi Yojimbo
 * Ikeda clan, a Japanese clan
 * Ikeda map, chaotic attractor
 * Ikeda (annelid) a genus of the family Ikedidae
 * Ikeda, a Brazilian e-commerce company acquired by Rakuten

Places

 * Ikeda, Osaka in Osaka Prefecture, Japan
 * Ikeda, Fukui, Japan
 * Ikeda, Gifu, Japan
 * Ikeda, Hokkaidō, Japan
 * Ikeda, Kagawa, Shōzu District, Kagawa, Japan
 * Ikeda, Nagano, Japan
 * Ikeda, Tokushima, Miyoshi District, Tokushima, Japan
 * Lake Ikeda, Japan
 * Ikeda, Gunma, Japan
 * Ikeda Peace Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Ikeda Route in Osaka and Hyōgo Prefectures, Japan

title: Ikeda


text:
Talk:Ikeda

Untitled
There is still something missing, and that is Ikeda-gun, a historic district of the Meiji period, see ja:池田郡. But it's not that important. -- Mkill 16:48, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ikeda


text:
Category talk:Bible verses

Untitled
When categorising biblical verses with a single digit, such as John 20:1 please categorise it like this:. The inclusion of the 0 ensures that the articles appear in numerical order. --Oldak Quill 21:04, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

With regards to what Wikipedia is or is not, do these articles really belong in Wikipedia, and are they truly encyclopedic? I think that in their current form, they are not. These articles are in the form of Bible commentary and exegesis, not academic or informative analysis. As such it seems they do not conform to Wikipedia guidelines with respect to POV and I'm not sure that it is possible to make them. Perhaps certain very famous verses deserve their own articles, but I wonder if there should really be an article for every verse in the Bible, Book of Mormon, Quran, Talmud etc. etc. with this sort of religious bent. Moreover, these articles contain the verses from the NIV translation, which is copyrighted and not free. A verse here and there is fair use, but extending this to the whole Bible translation is probably not legal—I have known Christian authors who asked permission from the publishers (Zondervan) and were told that they would have to pay license fees for such usage if it exceeded more than a few hundred verses total. NTK 04:08, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC) (Note: I would specifically exclude, for instance John 3:16, which is a good and significant article.  Most of these, however, are not.  Certainly to many Christians every Bible verse is "significant," but that is no more a good reason to give them each articles than it would be to have an article for every line of Shakespeare, because he is widely considered the greatest English playwright.)

 * As a non-Christian (an atheist infact) I certainly believe they belong here. They are encyclopaedic and informative. A similar discussion could be made on a larger level - should we have the Works of Dickens or articles on individual books? If you do not believe these articles are currently "academic or informative analysis" (I would disagree) then you must regard them as stubs and wish to improve them? This policy should not just be held for the bible but for other works also: religious or not. Keep in mind that we are not paper, we have the space and capacity - thus the more the better. They certainly will not get in the way as I doubt anyother article would be put at John 1:1. If you believe them to be currently lacking, please improve them. --Oldak Quill 15:05, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * This is not analogous to Works of Dickens or articles on the individual books. I believe we have Wikipedia articles on pretty much every book of the Bible already—and most of them are not bad.  This is more like, as I said, an article about every LINE of Shakespeare, or if you wish, every PARAGRAPH of Dickens.  I do not find this content very encyclopedic.  NTK 06:42, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * My assessment of the credibility of this opus and the process that creates it plummetted when I discovered these articles. Each of several articles on individual verses starts with an interpretive recitation of the otherwise obvious meaning of the nomenclature. Would an encylopedic article on Jan. 1, 2000 state it is "The first month of the first day of the year 2000"? The content of the articles for the most part represents doctrinaire declarations of a few writers' opinions. "Everything God created is good" states one article, subtaniated only by numerical references to several additional phrases from the same writing. "In fact" the writer continues, prefacing the next direct recitation of the content with an unnecessary assertion, "the conclusion states...". Who is it encyclopedic to repeat content. Would an encyclopedic article about this comment merely repeat the comment while declaring the obvious fact that the comment was made? As a reader, I am offended by the trivial recitation. The very concept of numbered verses is but the artificial construct of Christian scribes who sequestered the franchise to literacy in the Dark Ages so that nobody could challenge their intepretation of religious documents, many of which they forked without consent from Hebrew texts.

 * "The creation was orderly and purpose, (sic) not chaotic and meaningless." "It is fairly evident..." the verse refers to what "true Chrisians" should do to prepare for "final judgement" states another. Does anyone expect editors not interested in promoting the doctrines of their particular sect will come along and convert these promotional essays into scholarly documents? I don't. As stated above, the extensive use of verses, where based on a particular translation, is incremental copyright violation. The inability of the governing process here to correct this opinionated forking of copyrighted material to promote religious doctrines is similar to the inability of some municipal governments to gain control of public spaces used by street gangs to declare their territory. We can only hope that Digital Universe does better while articles such as this lead a migrate of credible editors and concerned readers to the more substantive collection. Miramble 23:18, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Bible verses


title: File:X23master.jpg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cathy Cheng

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:59, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Cathy Cheng
Nonsense, vanity page. Philthecow 21:04, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Phil. --jag123 21:21, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete also csd. (nn, possible vanity, as written: nonsense).  An anon has removed the vfd template, followed by another anon blanking the page completely.  Note: this page was proposed for speedy at one point but an anon removed the template (I believe). RJFJR 21:26, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I reverted back 2 edits to restore the VFD, unblanking it in the process. RJFJR 21:30, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic, possible vanity. Megan1967 00:14, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no article here (romantic tribute, prank). Wyss 01:01, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, possible vanity page.--Coolcaesar 12:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Earl Williams (politician)

Earl Michael Williams (born February 28, 1964) is a Dominican politician who was Leader of the Opposition in Dominica and political Leader of the United Workers' Party from 2007 to 2008.

Early life and career
Williams was educated at the Salisbury Government School and the Community High School. He completed his A-Levels at the Sixth Form College.

Williams then served as a teacher at various schools on the island and participated in sports as a coach and player. He was an active member of the Credit Union movement not only in Salisbury but on the Island as well as the Caribbean. He served both on the Supervisory Committee and the board of the Salisbury Co-operative Credit Union as Well as Treasurer of the Dominica Credit Union League Movement and twice was one of Dominicas Delegates at the Caribbean Conference of Credit Unions.

Political career
Williams was a member of the Young Freedom Movement, the youth arm of the Dominica Freedom Party which was important to the party's success. He was very active in his community, and he was rewarded for this when in the 1990 General Elections he was elected to Parliament for the Salisbury Constituency. By this time he was no longer associated with the Freedom Party and was now a member of the UWP.

The youngest ever parliamentarian on the island, he learned quickly and was a very vocal member of the opposition. In 1995 the UWP formed the government and Williams widened his margin of victory in the Salisbury (Barroui) Constituency, transforming it into a UWP stronghold. He was appointed Minister of Communications and Works and Housing. As a minister he was very instrumental in the liberalization of the telecoms market within the OECS states, by issuing a licence to telecoms provider Marpin Telecoms thereby opening up the sector for competition on the island. This decision had positive implications for the entire OECS since at that time there were plans on reforming the sector.

In the January 31, 2000, General Elections Williams comfortably retained his seat. However, the UWP did not retain enough seats in the Parliament and they again returned to the opposition. Williams then decided that he would attend the University of the West Indies to study Law. This provoked some criticism from government supporters, but generally his constituents were not angered by his decision.

In the May 5, 2005 Elections Williams again retained his seat by a wide margin, though his opponent did better than expected. The UWP put up a tough election campaign but they lost one seat in the parliament and remained in opposition. This second loss by the party evinced the need for a change of political leadership. Williams had become a very important member of the party, and he along with Julius Timothy were the main contenders for the leadership.

In October 2005, he was called to the bar and this enhanced his chances of becoming the party leader. In December 2005, Edison James stood down as political leader and Williams replaced him. His election alienated Julius Timothy, who as deputy leader under James thought he would have easily secured the leadership. This resulted in Timothy crossing the floor and joining the DLP government in September 2006.

In July 2007 Edison James resigned as leader of the opposition and Williams assumed that office.

In July 2008 Williams, in his capacity as an attorney, became embroiled in a controversy concerning a land deal.

Resignation
On July 30, 2008, in light of the controversy and in the interest of the party, Williams announced his resignation as Leader of the Opposition and as party leader of the United Workers' Party. However, he stated that after consultation with his constituents, he was "duty bound to honour the wishes of the people of Salisbury constituency" and continue as their Member of Parliament. This came days after Williams led an opposition boycott of Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit's budget address to highlight allegations of corruption against Skerrit.

title: Earl Williams (politician)


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Obliterator

Obliterator is a side-scrolling arcade adventure computer game published by Psygnosis in 1988. It was released for Amiga, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, and MS-DOS. The game was programmed by David H. Lawson and its graphics were made by Garvan Corbett and Jim Ray Bowers. The soundtrack was composed by David Whittaker and the cover art is by the artist Roger Dean.

Plot
The game begins when the main character Drak, the last of the elite genetically enhanced super soldiers known as "Obliterators", has been sent on a suicide mission to stop an invincible alien spaceship that is approaching the earth. The objective of the game is to destroy the spaceship by finding certain objects from the ship. When the self-destruction is active, Drak has to find an escape shuttle before the spaceship blows up in order to survive.

Gameplay
The gameplay mostly consists of Drak teleporting around the ship while searching for four symbols which are required to destroy the ship. Drak can jump, duck, and make diving rolls to avoid enemies and obstacles. Enemies start firing lasers once he enters their area. Enemies can respawn, and are mostly stationary. Drak has four weapons that are necessary to get past certain regions of the ship (Certain powerful enemies require use of Drak's more powerful weapons).

Reception
Obliterator was reviewed in Computer Gaming World as a fun, well-executed action game, albeit not a challenging one. The game was praised for using score not just as an arbitrary value, but also to determine the time left for the hero to escape.

C-lehti (3/1988) gave five stars for Amiga version and also full ten points for its music, graphics, interest-factor and "atmosphere". The review says that the game shows that the Amiga computer is capable of delivering what users have been awaiting, using computer's capabilities in a way that makes gaming experience a visual enjoyment. The review notes that the game is relatively easy to finish but still leaves a feeling that the game was worthy of its price. A possibility to save a game state on a disk is seen as an improvement to the previous game, Barbarian, from the authors.

title: Obliterator


text:
WWE No Way Out

WWE No Way Out was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by WWE, a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut. It was first held as the 20th In Your House PPV in February 1998 and was titled No Way Out of Texas. It returned as its own PPV in February 2000, with the event's title truncated to "No Way Out," and it continued as the annual February PPV until 2009. The events in 2008 and 2009 featured the Elimination Chamber match. In turn, No Way Out was replaced by a new annual PPV titled Elimination Chamber in 2010, but one further No Way Out PPV was held as a one-off event in June 2012 to replace Capitol Punishment. In 2013, No Way Out was again discontinued and it was replaced by Payback.

The first four events were held when the promotion was still called the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). In May 2002, the promotion was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). To coincide with the brand extension that was also introduced in 2002, No Way Out was held exclusively for wrestlers of the SmackDown! brand from 2004 to 2007. Following WrestleMania 23 in April 2007, brand-exclusive pay-per-views were discontinued; No Way Out 2007 was the promotion's final PPV to be brand-exclusive during the first brand extension. "WWE" became an orphaned initialism for the promotion in April 2011 in an unofficial term (the legal entity of the company, as shown in the copyrights at the end of each broadcast, is currently "World Wrestling Entertainment, LLC" in 2023) and the brand extension ended that August before No Way Out's one-off return in June 2012.

History
No Way Out was first held as an In Your House pay-per-view (PPV) event. In Your House was a series of monthly PPVs first produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) in May 1995. They aired when the promotion was not holding one of its major PPVs and were sold at a lower cost. The first No Way Out event was held as the 20th In Your House PPV on February 15, 1998, and was titled No Way Out of Texas: In Your House as it took place at the Compaq Center in Houston, Texas.

After the In Your House branding was retired following February 1999's St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House, No Way Out branched off as its own PPV in February 2000, with the event's title truncated to "No Way Out" as it was not held in Texas. The event in turn became the promotion's annual February PPV. After Elimination Chamber matches were featured at the 2008 and 2009 events,   the promotion ran a survey in September 2009 indicating a possible renaming for No Way Out. Voted by fans via the promotion's website, Elimination Chamber became the name of the February 2010 pay-per-view event, winning against Heavy Metal, Battle Chamber, Chamber of Conflict, and the original No Way Out name. Despite the poll, it was later announced that Elimination Chamber would not be considered as part of the No Way Out chronology and would instead be a new chronology, which in turn became the annual February PPV. The 2010 Elimination Chamber PPV was still promoted in Germany as No Way Out because of concerns that the "elimination chamber" name would bring back imagery of the gas chambers that were used in extermination camps during World War II. No Way Out returned as a one-off PPV in June 2012 (titled No Escape in Germany) and featured a traditional steel cage match; it replaced Capitol Punishment for the June 2012 PPV slot. In 2013, however, No Way Out was again discontinued with the June slot being given to Payback.

In May 2002, the WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as a result of a lawsuit from the World Wildlife Fund over the "WWF" initialism. Also around this time, the promotion held a draft that split its roster into two distinctive brands of wrestling, Raw and SmackDown!, where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform —a third brand, ECW, was added in 2006. No Way Out 2003 had featured wrestlers from both brands, but from 2004 to 2007, No Way Out was held exclusively for wrestlers of the SmackDown! brand. Following WrestleMania 23 in April 2007, WWE discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs. No Way Out 2007 was in turn the promotion's final PPV to be brand-exclusive during the first brand extension, with the events in 2008 and 2009 featuring wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. Before No Way Out's one-off return in June 2012, the promotion ceased using its full name on-air in April 2011 except for the copyright disclaimer at the end of the broadcast, and the first brand extension ended that August.

title: WWE No Way Out


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Battle of Cloyd's Mountain

The Battle of Cloyd's Mountain was a Union victory in western Virginia on May 9, 1864, that allowed the Union forces to destroy a large bridge on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. The railroad was used to carry Confederate troops and supplies, and served important lead and salt mines. It also helped connect the Confederate capital of Richmond with Tennessee, and had telegraph wires along its line for communications. The fight had a high percentage of casualties for both sides, and the Confederate commander, Brigadier General Albert G. Jenkins, was mortally wounded.

Background
Brigadier General George Crook commanded the Union Army of West Virginia, made up of three brigades from the Division of the Kanawha. When Ulysses S. Grant launched his spring offensive of 1864, two Union armies marched towards Richmond and a third moved into the Shenandoah Valley. Crook's troops were also involved in the offensive and began to march through the Appalachian Mountains into southwest Virginia. His objective was to destroy the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, working in conjunction with William W. Averell's offensive (Battle of Cove Mountain), which had similar objectives. Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins was in command of the few scattered Confederate units protecting the rail lines. He had assumed command only the day before Crook's army began to approach the railroad.

Nevertheless, Jenkins was an experienced soldier. During the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, Jenkins' Brigade had formed the cavalry screen for Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps. Jenkins led his men through the Cumberland Valley into Pennsylvania and seized Chambersburg, burning down nearby railroad structures and bridges. He accompanied Ewell's column to Carlisle, briefly skirmishing with Union militia at the Battle of Sporting Hill near Harrisburg. During the Battle of Gettysburg, Jenkins was wounded on July 2 and missed the final day's fighting. He did not recover to rejoin his command until autumn. Jenkins spent the early part of 1864 raising and organizing a large cavalry force for service in western Virginia. By May, he had been appointed Commander of the Department of Western Virginia with his headquarters at Dublin.

Battle

Jenkins, having decided to make a stand at Cloyd's Mountain, set up a strong defensive position. When Crook arrived, he decided against a frontal assault, concluding that the Confederate works were too strong and such an attack would decimate his army. The surrounding area was heavily forested and Crook used this as cover to swing his brigades around to the Confederate right flank.

Crook began the battle with an artillery barrage, then sent in his brigade of Ohio and West Virginia infantry under Colonel Carr B. White. Crook's remaining two brigades under Colonel Horatio G. Sickel and future president Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes were to launch a frontal assault as soon as White's infantry had gotten under way. Serving as a major under Hayes was another future U.S. President, William McKinley. White's brigade, in its first fight, advanced to within 20 yards before heavy casualties from its exposed position forced it back. Crook, moving with Hayes' Ohio brigade, had to dismount and walk the slopes on foot because they were so steep. Still wearing his jack boots, he sank in a small stream the troops were crossing and his boots filled with water. Nearby soldiers rushed back and pulled him out.

Hayes' brigade spearheaded the main assault around 11 a.m. The troops fought their way to the Confederate works and severe hand-to-hand fighting ensued. Sparks from the musket fire ignited the thick blanket of leaves on the ground, and many men from Sickel's and Hayes' brigades were pinned down and burned alive. The brigades had begun to fall back, when Crook sent two fresh regiments into Hayes' front. The Ohio and West Virginia infantry finally advanced against the artillery and overran its crew. The Ohio troops now began to overwhelm the Confederate center. Jenkins tried desperately to shift troops to the threatened areas, but he fell severely wounded and was captured. His second-in-command, John McCausland, took command and conducted a rear-guard action as he withdrew his troops.

The Battle of Cloyd's Mountain was fought on the Back Creek Farm. The farmhouse served as a hospital and as headquarters for the Union General George Crook.

Results
The battle of Cloyd's Mountain was short and involved few troops, but it contained some of the most severe and savage fighting of the war. The engagement lasted a little over an hour, with much of that being hand-to-hand combat. Casualties were high for the modest number of troops involved. Crook lost 688 men, roughly 10% of his force. The Confederates lost fewer men—538—but that totaled 23% of their total force. Jenkins died a few days after his arm was amputated. The battle is considered a Union victory because Crook drove the Confederates away from the battlefield, and was able to continue on and destroy the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad depot at Dublin, Virginia. Averell was also able to destroy several railroad bridges along the same line, severing one of the Confederacy's last vital lifelines and its only rail connection to East Tennessee. The day after the battle, the remaining Confederate troops unsuccessfully defended the large railroad bridge over the nearby New River. During an artillery bombardment, a soldier from the 5th West Virginia cavalry who refused to take cover until Col. Hayes (future president Rutherford B. Hayes) did so, was mortally wounded by an exploding shell. While undergoing first aid, the soldier was found to be a woman.

Union
Kanawha Division — Brig. Gen. George Crook
 * 1st Brigade — Col. Rutherford B. Hayes
 * 23rd Ohio Infantry — Lt. Col. James M. Comly
 * 36th Ohio Infantry — Col. Hiram F. Devol
 * Detachment, 34th Ohio Infantry — (attached to 36th Ohio)
 * 5th West Virginia Cavalry (Dismounted) — Colonel Abais A. Tomlinson
 * 6th West Virginia Cavalry (Dismounted)
 * 2nd Brigade — Col. Carr B. White
 * 12th Ohio Infantry — Col. Jonathan D. Hines
 * 91st Ohio Infantry — Col. John A. Turley
 * 9th West Virginia Infantry — Col. Isaac H. Duval
 * 14th West Virginia Infantry — Col. Daniel D. Johnson
 * 3rd Brigade — Col. Horatio G. Sickel
 * 3rd Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment — Capt. Jacob Lenhart
 * 4th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment — Colonel Richard H. Woolworth
 * 11th West Virginia Infantry — Col. Daniel Frost
 * 15th West Virginia Infantry — Lt. Col. Thomas Morris
 * Artillery — Capt. James R. McMillin
 * 1st Ohio Battery — Lieut. G.P. Kirtland
 * 1st Kentucky Battery — Capt. David W. Glassie

Confederate
Department of Southwestern Virginia — Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins (wounded and captured); John McCausland
 * 4th Brigade — Col. John McCausland
 * 45th Virginia Infantry — Col. William H. Browne
 * 60th Virginia Infantry — Col. Beuhring H. Jones
 * 36th Virginia Infantry — Lt. Col. Thomas Smith (wounded) Maj. William E. Fife
 * 17th Virginia Cavalry (2 men wounded)
 * 10th (Diamond's) Kentucky Cavalry (Dismounted) (400 men)
 * 45th Virginia Infantry Battalion — Lt. Col. Henry M. Beckley
 * Home Guards
 * Artillery — Capt. Thomas A. Bryan (wounded)
 * Botetourt (Va.) Artillery — Capt. H.C. Douthat
 * Bryan's (Va.) Battery — Lieut. G.A. Fowlkes
 * Ringgold (Va.) Battery — Capt. Crispin Dickenson
 * Morgan's Brigade — Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan (brigade arrived late and took part only in the retreat)
 * 5th Kentucky Cavalry - Col. D. Howard Smith

Additional sources

 * Kennedy, Frances H., editor, The Civil War Battlefield Guide: Second Edition (1998)
 * National Park Service battle description
 * Description of forces
 * Official Report - McCausland Confederate casualties
 * Official Report - Crook Union casualties

title: Battle of Cloyd's Mountain


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Battle of Shiroyama

The Battle of Shiroyama (城山の戦い) took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, where the heavily outnumbered samurai under Saigō Takamori made their last stand against Imperial Japanese Army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi. The battle culminated in the annihilation of Saigō and his army, marking the end of the Satsuma Rebellion. The Imperial Army's victory consolidated their power, and the Satsuma Rebellion was the last instance of internal mutiny seen in the Empire of Japan.

Battle
Following their defeat at the Siege of Kumamoto Castle and in other battles in central Kyūshū, the surviving remnants of the samurai forces loyal to Saigō Takamori fled back to Satsuma, seizing the hill of Shiroyama overlooking Kagoshima on 1 September 1877.

Imperial army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and marines under the command of Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi began arriving soon after, and the rebels were promptly surrounded. In the mere six months since Saigō's failed Siege of Kumamoto Castle, a combination of defections and combat losses had shrunk the size of his army from 20,000 to 500, compared to the Imperial Army's 30,000.

Yamagata, although greatly outnumbering Saigō, bided his time constructing a series of fortifications to encircle Saigō and prevent any chance of a breakout, additionally requisitioning five warships to bombard the rebels and reduce their defenses. He was planning an attack from all sides, and in an effort to prevent another escape, ordered that any position engaged by the enemy was to be fired upon, regardless of friendly casualties.

On 23 September, Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi demanded an unconditional surrender of the samurai, promising to spare their lives if they offered Saigō, and that they would attack the rebel position if no response was given by 5pm that day. Following silence from the camp, he began to attack the position, causing devastation amongst the samurai who did not expect such a heavy bombardment. Saigō defended his position with limited support from Snider-Enfield breechloaders and artillery, but had a critical lack of ammunition for both. He had to resort to melting down metal statues to produce bullets and tending to injuries with a carpenter's saw.

After firing a final barrage of artillery lasting the night, Yamagata's men attacked Saigō's position. At 04:00, the battle began. The samurai, under heavy fire, charged the lines of the Imperial Army, which had not been trained for close-quarter sword fighting. In just a few minutes, the once organized line turned into disarray. Highly skilled samurai swordsmanship prevailed against an army with very little traditional training. For a short time, Saigō's lines held, but were forced back due to being outnumbered.

Saigō was mortally wounded in the femoral artery and stomach, and was carried by Beppu Shinsuke downhill to find a place to commit seppuku. Serving as kaishakunin, Beppu cut off Saigō's head and hid it to prevent it from being found by the enemy. However, because the decapitation was done hastily, some of Saigō's hair remained, and a coolie was able to find his head. After Saigō's death, Beppu, now in command, charged downhill and was shot to death himself – without any ammunition, the rest of the samurai drew their swords, charged downhill, and were subsequently killed. With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end.

Aftermath
Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of ¥420,000,000 (£8,400,000), forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. Economic effects of the Satsuma Rebellion resulted in the passing of the Act of 4 February 1877, which reduced the land tax from 3% to 2.5%. The Rebellion reduced Japan's yearly expenditure from £13,700,000 to £10,250,000, and it raised Japan's national debt from £28,000,000 to £70,000,000.

The rebellion also effectively ended the samurai class, as the new Imperial Japanese Army built on heimin conscripts had proven itself in battle. More critically, the defeat of the samurai displayed the power of modern artillery and rifles, against which a banzai charge had no appreciable effect. In 1889, Saigō was posthumously pardoned. Statues in Ueno Park, Tokyo and near the ruins of Kagoshima Castle stand in his memory. Saigō Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of bushido and Yamato-damashii.

In popular culture
The battle and actions of Takamori are depicted in the final scenes of the 2003 American film, The Last Samurai, directed by Edward Zwick.

In 2016, Swedish power metal band Sabaton released the album The Last Stand, featuring a song about the Battle of Shiroyama.

title: Battle of Shiroyama