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East Suffolk line

The East Suffolk line is an un-electrified 49-mile secondary railway line running between Ipswich and Lowestoft in Suffolk, England. The traffic along the route consists of passenger services operated by Greater Anglia, while nuclear flask trains for the Sizewell nuclear power stations are operated by Direct Rail Services.

The Halesworth, Beccles and Haddiscoe Railway opened between those points in 1854, and the East Suffolk Railway took over and extended southwards to Ipswich and north and east to Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth, opening in 1859, and forming a more direct route to London from the coastal towns. There were branches to Framlingham, Snape Bridge and in 1860 to Aldeburgh. In 1862 the East Suffolk Railway company was folded into the new Great Eastern Railway.

The GER operated a successful passenger and goods train service, and with the development of seaside holidays in the latter part of the nineteenth century, and further in the twentieth, the seasonal passenger traffic increased considerably; goods traffic was limited by the predominantly rural and agricultural topography, with some notable pockets of industry, and considerable fishery traffic.

After 1945 use of the line declined and costs escalated sharply, and it appeared likely that the network would be closed, but the East Suffolk Railway main line was reprieved in 1966. Pioneering cost reduction measures were implemented from that time and in later years, and through express trains were moved to other routes. Sizewell nuclear power stations brought construction traffic to the line, and nuclear flasks are still handled at intervals. At present the line carries an hourly passenger service, consisting of British Rail class 755 bi-mode multiple units.

History
The Lowestoft and Beccles Railway, and the Lowestoft and Haddiscoe Railway were incorporated into the East Suffolk Railway in 1858. The combined network opened a year later. It later became part of the Great Eastern Railway. A branch to Southwold operated between 1879 and 1929.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Snape and Beccles branches closed and the line was rationalised under the Beeching Axe. From the 1960s onwards, construction trains and later atomic flask trains ran on a branch from Saxmundham to Sizewell nuclear power station.

Recent infrastructure developments
Until October 2012, the section from Westerfield to Oulton Broad was signalled using Radio Electronic Token Block controlled from Saxmundham. However, due to radio frequency licensing issues, and the imminent beginning of an hourly train service on the line, which would have been beyond the capacity of RETB, Track Circuit Block signalling (using AzLM axle counters) has replaced the RETB system, after the last train on 19 October 2012. The new signalling came into operation on 23 October 2012, controlled from the existing signal box at Saxmundham. On 10 December 2012 a new passing loop and reinstated second platform opened at Beccles.

In December 2010 through trains from Lowestoft to London via the East Suffolk Line were terminated. From December 2012 an hourly service over the East Suffolk line was introduced following the completion of the passing loop at Beccles.

Bacon Factory Curve
A connecting curve from north to east near East Suffolk Junction opened in 2014. The 1.2 km line north-west of Ipswich railway station makes a direct connection between the East Suffolk Line and the Great Eastern Main Line and removed the need for Midlands freight trains travelling to and from Felixstowe to run round in sidings. It is a double track chord and was built on part of the site of a former Harris meat factory and has been given the official name Bacon Factory Curve. The connections at each end have been named Europa Junction (at the GER main line end) and Boss Hall Junction (at the Westerfield Road end). It reduced the number of freight trains running south from Ipswich to access the Midlands via the North London Line by enabling easier access to the line via Bury St Edmunds and March. It is commonly nicknamed "the Bacon bend" or "the Harris curve" by locals to the area.

Current services
The route has a regular hourly passenger service from Ipswich to Lowestoft, operated by three- or four-coach Class 755 bi-mode multiple units.

Services from Felixstowe operate between Westerfield and Ipswich East Suffolk Junction on the south end of the line, and this section is also extremely busy with container trains to and from the Port of Felixstowe. The only other freight services run to Sizewell power station.

Accidents
On 26 September 1865 a light engine returning from Great Yarmouth to Ipswich derailed between Darsham and Halesworth, killing the driver and fireman.

At 8.45 am on 25 September 1900 a GER Class Y14 0-6-0 locomotive no 522 suffered a boiler explosion at Westerfield, killing the driver John Barnard and his fireman William Macdonald. The boiler was thrown 40 yards forwards, over the level crossing, and ended up on the down platform. The locomotive had a history of boiler problems. The victims were buried in Ipswich cemetery and both their gravestones have a likeness of a Y14 0-6-0 carved onto them.

On 1 January 1927 there was a train crash at Woodbridge station. A wagon coupling had broken at Bealings and when the engine stopped at Woodbridge, the rear portion running downhill smashed into the back of the stationary train. One minor injury was recorded.

Current route
The line today runs north from Ipswich via Westerfield, Woodbridge, Melton, Wickham Market, Saxmundham, Darsham, Halesworth, Brampton, Beccles, Oulton Broad South, and Lowestoft. It connects with the Great Eastern Main Line at Ipswich, the Felixstowe branch line at Westerfield, the line to Sizewell Power Station at Saxmundham, and the Norwich line at Lowestoft; the passenger service on the Norwich route is marketed as the Wherry Lines.

The line is double track from Ipswich to Woodbridge and then single to Saxmundham; from there it is double track as far as Halesworth, and then single again. There is a passing loop at Beccles, but the single line continues as far as Oulton Broad North Junction, where it joins the line from Norwich for the final entry to Lowestoft. The line is not electrified; it has a loading gauge of W10 between Ipswich and Westerfield and W6 for all other sections, and a maximum permissible speed of line of 55 mph.

Location list
Main line:
 * (Ipswich)
 * East Suffolk Junction
 * Westerfield: opened 1 June 1859
 * Bealings; opened 1 June 1859; closed 17 September 1956
 * Woodbridge; opened 1 June 1859
 * Melton; opened 1 June 1859; closed 2 May 1955; reopened 3 September 1984
 * Wickham Market (in Campsea Ashe); opened 1 June 1859
 * Snape Junction
 * Saxmundham; opened 1 June 1859
 * Darsham; opened 1 June 1859
 * Halesworth; opened 4 December 1854; closed 15 May 1858; reopened 1 June 1859
 * Brampton; opened 4 December 1854; closed 15 May 1858; reopened 1 June 1859
 * Beccles; opened 4 December 1854; closed 15 May 1858; reopened 1 June 1859
 * Aldeby; opened 4 December 1854; closed 15 May 1858; reopened 1 June 1859; closed 2 November 1959
 * Fleet Junction
 * Haddiscoe High Level; opened as St Olaves Junction 1 June 1859; renamed Herringfleet Junction 1891; renamed Haddiscoe High Level 1904: closed 2 November 1959
 * St Olaves; opened 1 June 1859; closed 2 November 1959
 * Belton and Burgh; opened as Belton 1 June 1859; renamed Belton & Burgh 1923; closed 2 November 1959
 * Yarmouth South Town; opened 1 June 1859; closed 4 May 1970

Framlingham branch:
 * (Wickham Market); as above
 * Marlesford; opened 1 June 1859; closed 3 November 1952
 * Hacheston Halt; opened 1922; closed 3 November 1952
 * Parham; opened 1 June 1859; closed 3 November 1952
 * Framlingham; opened 1 June 1859; closed 3 November 1952; subsequently used for school and ramblers' excursions

Snape branch line:
 * Snape Junction; as above
 * Snape (goods), opened 1 June 1859; closed 7 March 1960

Aldeburgh branch line:
 * (Saxmundham); as above
 * Leiston; opened 1 June 1859; closed 12 September 1966
 * Thorpeness; opened 29 July 1914; closed 12 September 1966
 * Aldeburgh; opened as Aldborough 12 April 1860; renamed Aldeburgh 1 June 1875; closed 12 September 1966

Lowestoft and Beccles railway:
 * (Beccles); as above;
 * Oulton Broad South; opened as Carlton Colville 1 June 1859; renamed Oulton Broad South 26 September 1927
 * Lowestoft; opened 1 July 1847; renamed Lowestoft Central 1 October 1903; renamed Lowestoft 3 May 1971

Haddiscoe to Lowestoft link (via the Lowestoft Railway):

 * Somerleyton; opened 1 July 1847
 * Oulton Broad North; opened as Mutford 1 July 1847; renamed Oulton Broad (Mutford) 1881; renamed Oulton Broad November 1915; renamed Oulton Broad North 26 November 1927
 * to Lowestoft; as above

Haddiscoe connection:
 * Fleet Junction; as above
 * Haddiscoe Junction
 * (to Haddiscoe; used by HB&HR trains from 4 December 1854 until 15 May 1858).

Operations
Greater Anglia passenger services are operated by Class 755 "FLIRT". Freight to Sizewell on the former Aldeburgh branch line is typically operated by Class 37 or Class 20s, while Class 66 and Class 70s work trains to Felixstowe.

Signal boxes
The following is a list of signal boxes operational during the steam and early years of the diesel era. They are listed south to north and in 2023 only Saxmundham is still operational.

 * East Suffolk Junction – junction for the main Norwich to London Liverpool Street line. Closed in 1986 re-signalling of main line.
 * Westerfield Bank (1898–1926)
 * Westerfield Junction
 * Bealings (1884–1984)
 * Woodbridge
 * Melton
 * Wickham Market
 * Wickham Market Junction (for Framlingham branch)
 * Saxmundham
 * Saxmundham Junction (demolished 1972)
 * Darsham
 * Halesworth
 * Brampton
 * Beccles Bank (1885–1958: destroyed by fire). Box provided to allow for banking locomotive operation for heavy trains.
 * Beccles South
 * Beccles North
 * Lowestoft Line Junction (1859–1896).
 * Barnby Siding (1890–1960s)
 * Oulton Broad South (Carlton Colville)
 * Lowestoft

Previous infrastructure items
Two of the stations on the line had level crossings incorporated into the platforms. At Saxmundham the original down platform (the platforms here were staggered rather than opposite each other) required extension for longer trains and rather than close the Chantry Road, the platform acted as a gate and were swung across the railway when road access was required. A train hit the road gate in the early 1960s and the platform was replaced by more conventional gates. By this time the railway had become a secondary route and the longer platform was not required.

A similar arrangement was at Halesworth where the platforms were extended in 1887. Increasing road traffic in the 1950s resulted in a new road bridge being built to the north of the station. The level crossing was closed in 1959 although the gates remained as part of the platform for some years.

At Beccles there was an unusual draw bridge arrangement which allowed milk churns and barrows to be moved from the main platform to the island platform. This was installed in 1933 and was located at the south end of the station. When not in use the bridge formed part of the platform surface.

At Woodbridge there was long siding (referred to as a tramway) which ran alongside the East Suffolk line for 41 chain towards Melton. Serving a number of riverside industries and open until the 1950s it was notable as being worked by shunting horses rather than locomotives.

Southwold Railway Trust
The Southwold Railway Trust is "committed to restoring the historic narrow gauge railway link between Halesworth & Southwold; preserving it for future generations to enjoy."

title: East Suffolk line


text:
Veronika Decides to Die

Veronika Decides to Die (Veronika Decide Morrer) is a novel by Paulo Coelho. It tells the story of Veronika, a 24-year-old Slovenian who appears to have everything in life going for her, but who decides to kill herself. This book is partly based on Coelho's experience in various mental institutions (see the biography Confessions of a Pilgrim by Juan Arias), and deals with the subject of madness. The gist of the message is that "collective madness is called sanity".

Plot summary
Veronika is a young woman from Ljubljana, Slovenia, who appears to have a perfect life, but nevertheless decides to commit suicide by overdosing with sleeping pills. While she waits to die, she cancels the suicide letter she starts to her parents while suddenly provoked by a magazine article.

The magazine article wittily asks "Where is Slovenia?", so she writes a letter to the press justifying her suicide, the idea is to make the press believe that she has killed herself because people don't even know where Slovenia is. Her plan fails and she wakes up from the coma in Villette, a mental hospital in Slovenia, where she is told she has only a few days to live due to heart condition caused by the overdose.

Her presence there affects all of the mental hospital's patients, especially Zedka, who has clinical depression; Mari, who has panic attacks; and Eduard, who has schizophrenia, and with whom Veronika falls in love. During her internment in Villette she realizes that she has nothing to lose and can, therefore, do what she wants, say what she wants and be who she wants without having to worry about what others think of her; as a mental patient, she is unlikely to be criticized. Because of this new-found freedom, Veronika experiences all the things she never allowed herself to experience, including hatred and love.

In the meantime, Villette's head psychiatrist, Dr. Igor, attempts a fascinating but provocative experiment: can you "shock" someone into wanting to live by convincing her that death is imminent? Like a doctor applying defibrillator paddles to a heart attack victim, Dr. Igor's "prognosis" jump-starts Veronika's new appreciation of the world around her.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Veronika Decides to Die


text: Category:Percussion ensembles

title: Category:Percussion ensembles


text:
Nexus (ensemble)

Nexus is a Toronto-based percussion ensemble that performs standard percussion ensemble repertoire, ragtime music, world music, contemporary classical music and as a group, has performed as soloist with some of the top orchestras around the world.

The ensemble was originally made up of percussionists Bob Becker, Bill Cahn, Robin Engelman, Russell Hartenberger, John Wyre and Michael Craden. Founding member Michael Craden died of liver cancer in 1982. John Wyre died in 2006 and was replaced by long-time professional colleague Garry Kvistad. Robin Engelman resigned from the group in December 2009 due to vision difficulties and died on February 26, 2016.

The group formed in 1971 and debuted with a concert of entirely improvised music. In the mid-1970s the group recorded two albums with New Age music pioneer Paul Horn: Paul Horn and Nexus (1975) and Altura Do Sol (1976).

Nexus played on the soundtrack of the 1974 film The Man Who Skied Down Everest, and appeared in the 1975 National Film Board movie Musicanada.

In 1982 the group released Nexus and Earle Birney, a triple-album collaboration with noted Canadian poet Earle Birney.

The group recorded an album for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Dance of the Octopus, in 1990 with harpist Judy Loman.

In 1990, Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu wrote a concerto for percussion ensemble and orchestra entitled From me flows what you call Time for the group. Dozens of other composers have written music specifically for Nexus and for individual members of Nexus, and the group's members are also composers and arrangers, writing for Nexus and, on occasion, for others.

In addition to their regular concerts, the group also gives masterclasses and educational performances.

Russell Hartenberger is a professor emeritus at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Music (Dean, Chair of Graduate Education, and Professor, Percussion). Robin Engelman was also a long-time staff member at the University of Toronto, where he mainly taught and conducted the percussion ensemble and the contemporary music ensemble.

Solo albums

 * John Wyre: Vagabond Dream (Heron, 1991)
 * Bob Becker: There is a Time (Nexus, 1994)
 * William Cahn: Solo Percussionist Music (Nexus, 1996)

title: Nexus (ensemble)


text:
Talk:Wise

Redirect / disambig
This page used to be a half-hearted definition and a plug for some company. I changed it to a redirect for wisdom.

And now (since somebody really wants this company up), to a disambiguation page.

Computer language
FYI - WISE - Historical computer language - There was an old computer language 1983 produced by a company and a non-profit organization by the same name called WICAT - Word Institute for Computer Aided Teaching. The company was headquartered in Orem, UT, USA and was purchased through a series of mergers.

This computer language was specifically designed for producing educational and training content. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.33.10.45 (talk) 16:53, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wise


text:
Masterclass (TV series)

Masterclass is an American documentary television series airing on HBO. Each half-hour episode documents the experience of a small group of young artists working with a famous mentor. The series premiered on HBO on April 18, 2010, with opera star Plácido Domingo working with three aspiring young singers.

The students in the program are chosen from participants in the Miami-based organization, YoungArts, a program of the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts, which supports emerging artists. The series is produced and directed by Karen Goodman and Kirk Simon of the Simon & Goodman Picture Company. The Executive Producer is Lin Arison.

title: Masterclass (TV series)


text:
Turkish hamster

The Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti), also referred to as Brandt's hamster, Azerbaijani hamster, or avurtlak, is a species of hamster native to Turkey, Azerbaijan and other surrounding nations. The Turkish hamster, first catalogued in 1878, is a fairly close relative of the Syrian or golden hamster, though far less is known about it, and it is rarely kept as a pet. The population of the Turkish hamster is said to be declining in the wild, yet this hamster is often used in laboratory testing. Turkish hamsters have lifespans of about two years and are solitary, nocturnal animals, which practice hibernation. They are reported to be more aggressive than other members of the family Cricetidae. They are tan and dark, sandy brown in color. Like all hamsters, the Turkish hamster has cheek pouches that allow it to carry large amounts of food at one time.

Habitat and behavior
Hamsters are found in the wild throughout Europe and Asia and are considered to be extremely adaptable, living in scrublands, sand dunes, desert steppes and farmlands. The land where the Turkish hamster lives is extremely dry and open, with fairly little vegetation aside from grasses. Turkish hamsters usually live between 1,000 and 2,200 meters above sea level. This hamster burrows in the ground for shelter, and its burrows can be 20 inches to 6 feet below the ground surface. These burrows are complex, consisting of several tunnels leading to separate cells for nesting, food, and waste. Turkish hamster burrows are well-enough equipped for the hamsters to hibernate for four to 10 months (though sources do differ on this point), sometimes sleeping for 30 days at a time, though usually waking weekly for a day or two of activity.

Diet
Turkish hamsters have fairly varied diets, subsisting primarily on grains and herbs. They do eat insects on occasion and store roots and leaves in their burrows for hibernation. As Turkish hamsters often live near and among farmlands, they often eat human crops and are considered a pest.

Population and endangerment
The Turkish hamster is a rare species, but is the most widespread of the family Cricetidae. Its ability to live in a variety of environments means the Turkish hamster often lives on farmlands, and is viewed as and controlled as an agricultural pest. In 1996, the Turkish hamster was categorized as an animal with the lowest risk of extinction, but due to cases of direct poisoning by farmers, it is now near threatened. More data are needed to understand the population decline.

Reproduction
Turkish hamsters are weaned from their mothers after three weeks of nursing. After eight weeks of age, females are sexually mature, but males do not mature until six months of age. According to iucnredlist.org, Turkish hamsters have two to four litters of young per year, with four to 20 young per litter, averaging 10. Petwebsite.com differs on this point, arguing the litter size is between one and 13 young, with an average of 6. The gestation lasts from 14 to 15 days, or 16–17 days. The two main breeding seasons are spring and fall, when daylength is about 15–17 hours per day.

Relationship to other hamsters
All hamsters are solitary creatures and are generally aggressive. Turkish hamsters are most closely related to the Syrian or golden hamster. The Turkish hamster is considered to be the more aggressive of the two, but this could be because the other species has been domesticated.

Domestic pets
Turkish hamsters are kept as a pet by some. Hamsters are aggressive by nature and these hamsters are recent pet species, yet this species is still improving. The domestication of the hamster was a fairly recent development; in 1930, a family of Syrian hamsters was domesticated, and this was the first instance of hamster domestication in history. Since then, only five of the 18 species of hamster — Campbell's dwarf hamster, the Djungarian hamster, the Roborovski hamster, the golden hamster, and the Chinese hamster—have been domesticated and are sold in pet shops. Turkish hamsters are often used in laboratory experiments.

title: Turkish hamster


text:
Wherry Lines

The Wherry Lines are railway branch lines in the East of England, linking Norwich with Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft. There are 14 stations on the lines, including the three termini. They form part of Network Rail Strategic Route 7, SRS 07.11 and are classified as a rural line.

The lines pass through the Broads of Norfolk and Suffolk. The name is taken from the Norfolk wherries, which played an important role in the transport of goods and people around the Broads before road and rail transport became widespread.

Passenger services on the Wherry Lines are currently operated by Greater Anglia.

History
The route was opened from Norwich to Great Yarmouth by the Norwich and Yarmouth Railway in 1844, running via Reedham. The line from Reedham to Lowestoft was added in 1847 by Samuel Morton Peto as part of the Norfolk Railway. Finally, the northern route from Norwich to Great Yarmouth via Acle was added in 1883 by the Great Eastern Railway, opening from Breydon Junction to Acle on 12 March, and through to Brundall on 1 June.

Service
The typical Monday-Saturday off-peak service on the Wherry Lines is as follows:

Community rail
In 2007, the route was designated as having community rail services as part of the Community Rail Development Strategy; this aims to increase patronage and income, improve cost control and develop a greater sense of community involvement.

Infrastructure
The line from Norwich to Lowestoft is double-tracked throughout; the two branches to Great Yarmouth that diverge from Brundall, the route via Acle and from Reedham via Berney Arms, are single-tracked, although the former was once double-tracked throughout.

The Wherry Lines are not electrified, hence services are formed by bi-mode multiple units. The route has a loading gauge of W8, except between Lowestoft and Oulton Broad North where it is W6; there is a maximum line speed of 60 mph.

Of the lines' 14 stations, two are lightly served; these are:
 * Berney Arms, which typically sees four trains call on weekdays and Saturdays, with eight on Sundays
 * Buckenham, which sees two trains call on weekdays and Saturdays, with thirteen on Sundays.

At most of the stations on the Wherry Lines, service frequencies are increased during the summer months.

The signalling system was modernised in 2018–19. The line between Reedham and Great Yarmouth was closed from 20 October 2018 and was scheduled to open again in April 2019; a bus replacement service was available during the works. In January 2019, it was reported that the project was overrunning and that the line between Reedham and Great Yarmouth would not reopen in April 2019 as scheduled. No firm date was initially given as to when the line would reopen, but the Great Yarmouth-Reedham line finally reopened on 24 February 2020.

Rolling stock
Passenger services are operated by Greater Anglia, typically using Class 755 bi-mode multiple units.

Former stock
Services were typically operated by Class 156 diesel multiple units from the late 1980s until 2019.

In 2015, the train operator introduced DRS Class 37 locomotive-hauled services due to a shortage of rolling stock as the route is not electrified. These ceased following the introduction of the Class 755s in 2019.

Some summer Saturday services were extended beyond Norwich from London Liverpool Street, which ran to and from Great Yarmouth. These services were formed of Class 90 electric locomotives with Mark 3 coaches, which were hauled from Norwich by a Class 47 diesel locomotive. The services have now ceased, favouring connections with existing local services; this is due to the complexity of the coupling and uncoupling and other issues which led to poor reliability of the mainline operation.

On Mondays to Saturdays from 2018, one service in each direction between Norwich and Lowestoft was operated by East Midlands Railway's Class 158 Express Sprinter units. The service ran in the early morning on both journeys.

title: Wherry Lines


text:
Torben Ulrich

Torben Ulrich (4 October 1928 – 20 December 2023) was a Danish writer, musician, filmmaker, and professional tennis player. He was the father of Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich.

Biography
Ulrich was born on 4 October 1928 in Copenhagen, the son of Ulla (née Meyer) and tennis player Einer Ulrich. His mother was Jewish, and his family was persecuted during World War II. Torben played on the international tennis tour from the late 1940s into the 1970s, and on the international Tennis Grand Masters tour in the 1970s and 1980s. Torben won the Antwerp International singles title in 1951 and again in 1956 when he defeated Jacques Brichant in the final. He won the Stuttgart Open tournament in 1953 on red clay. He became a professional tennis player when he signed a contract with the World Championship Tennis promoters in early 1969 at 40 years old. In 1976 he was the top-ranked senior player in the world. Ulrich played more than 100 Davis Cup matches for Denmark. In 1977, at a month shy of 49, he became one of the oldest player in Davis Cup history.

Ulrich apprenticed at Reuters news agency in Copenhagen in the late 1940s and began writing for Danish jazz magazines. In the 1950s, he wrote primarily on music for the Danish newspapers Information and Politiken, wrote for contemporary jazz music trade journals, and was co-editor (with Gustava Brandt and Bengt Janus) of the literary magazine Bazar. In the 1960s he had a weekly music column and wrote jazz reviews and roving reports on assorted cultural themes (with illustrator Klaus Albrectsen) for the Danish daily newspaper BT. In the 1970s he contributed to the music periodical M.M. and in the 1980s and 1990s returned to Information writing on music, film, athletics, and culture. In 2003 an anthology of his writings from the 1940s to the 2000s, Jazz, Bold & Buddhisme, edited by Lars Movin, was published (in Danish) by Informations Forlag. Two books of his thin columns of poetry-like texts (in English) were published by Forlaget Bebop: Terninger, Tonefald: 12 Lines, 36 Off-Lines (2005) and Stilhedens Cymbaler (2007).

In the 1950s, Ulrich had a New Orleans-type jazz band, playing clarinet. In the 2000s, he was invited to use his voice and texts with the Copenhagen free-jazz trio Clinch (Claus Bøje on drums, Peter Friis Nielsen on bass guitar, Christer Irgens-Møller/keyboards); they released the 2006 album "Dice, Done" (also with Lotte Anker (saxophone) and Steffen Poulsen (electronica)). In 2005 he founded the collaborative improvised music group "Instead Of", composed of Lori Goldston, cello; Angelina Baldoz, trumpet and flutes; Jaison Scott, drums; and Ulrich on voice/texts and "bag of tricks", releasing in 2007 the album "Live on Sonarchy". In 2007 he began recording with Danish pianist Søren Kjærgaard, releasing three albums over the next six years: "Suddenly, Sound: 21 songlines for piano, drainpipe, etc." (2009), "Alphabet, Peaceful, Diminished: 29 Proposals from the Towers of Babble" (2010), and "Meridiana: Lines Toward a Non-local Alchemy" (2014). In 2021, at the age of 92, Ulrich released the jazz record, "Oakland moments: cello, voice, reuniting (rejoicing)", which featured him playing alongside cellist Lori Goldston.

Ulrich began painting in 1971 when the Lions Club of Copenhagen asked a variety of politicians, actors, writers and others to make "a blue elephant" for a charity exhibit to benefit a senior center in Denmark. Instead, he explored what the imprint of the tennis ball might be, and in subsequent years created several series of works, "Imprints of Practice" and "Exsamplings of Play", using played tennis balls, skipped rope, and racquet frame and grip, primarily on rice paper. The works have been exhibited in Copenhagen, Paris, Dublin, New York, Los Angeles, Houston< and Seattle, among other places.

Ulrich appeared in two Jørgen Leth films: Motion Picture (1969) and Moments of Play (1986). He co-directed (with Gil de Kermadec) and appeared in "The Ball and The Wall" (1988), and co-directed (with Rick New and Molly Martin) and appeared in "Body & Being: Before the Wall" (2002).

In 2011, Ulrich began development with choreographer-dancer Beth Graczyk and composer-musician Angelina Baldoz on the dance project "Cacophony for 8 Players", which premiered in 2014 in Seattle. Ulrich was the director of and a performer in the work.

In 1986, he received the Gerlev Prize from Gerlev Idrætshøjskole in Denmark for athletico-cultural contributions. In 2006, he received an award from Klara Karolines Fond, "for his inspiration to artists of many kinds and for his views on athletics, art and existence". In 2013, the Ulrich family received the Davis Cup Award.

Ulrich died on 20 December 2023, at the age of 95.

Singles performance timeline
The following lists main draw appearances for Grand Slam tournaments only. Note: 1 First round bye

title: Torben Ulrich


text:
Graphical timeline of the universe

This more-than-20-billion-year timeline of our universe shows the best estimates of major events from the universe's beginning to anticipated future events. Zero on the scale is the present day. A large step on the scale is one billion years; a small step, one hundred million years. The past is denoted by a minus sign: e.g., the oldest rock on Earth was formed about four billion years ago and this is marked at -4e+09 years, where 4e+09 represents 4 times 10 to the power of 9. The "Big Bang" event most likely happened 13.8 billion years ago; see age of the universe.

title: Graphical timeline of the universe


text:
Graphical timeline of the Big Bang

This timeline of the Big Bang shows a sequence of events as currently theorized by scientists.

It is a logarithmic scale that shows $$10 \cdot \log_{10}$$ second instead of second. For example, one microsecond is $$10 \cdot \log_{10} 0.000 001 = 10 \cdot (-6) = -60$$. To convert −30 read on the scale to second calculate $$10^{-\frac{30}{10}} = 10^{-3} = 0.001$$ second = one millisecond. On a logarithmic time scale a step lasts ten times longer than the previous step.

title: Graphical timeline of the Big Bang


text:
Talk:Legal rights of women in history

--Թամարա Գևորգյան (talk) 15:00, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 January 2019 and 8 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Emz2418, Mackdaw11, Madrut16.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:24, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Yikes
So who the heck is going to rewrite this thing? I feel like it's pointless even editing it as it is. Alexander 007 04:05, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll rewrite it. It needs a scary amount of work but it looks like a valuable article. Kerowyn 09:27, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

geographic viewpoint
The current article focuses almost entirely on Western Europe, specifically ancient Rome and Christain societies. It badly needs sections on Africa, India, Asia, and probably also the tribal societies of the Americas and Australia. Kerowyn 09:16, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

This article should either be titled "Legal rights of women in Western history" or deleted. 68.40.42.127 17:46, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

I see this has been unchanged for nearly a decade! I noticed the same. --Pmberkeley (talk) 02:34, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

Before christianity
Ypu have to realise, that women's rights were greatly different before christianity in Europe. In Scandinavia, for example, women's rights were much better during Pagan times. --85.226.44.190 (talk) 09:49, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Roman section
Removed and replaced with the introduction to the women in Rome page, it as it was before had maybe 1-2 correct facts that are not at best half truths. It doesn't surprise me that the way it stands now features no source.

--ScriptusSecundus (talk) 00:13, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Mosaic law
This section was written from a distinctly skewed perspective. I have re-written it including adding information about various rights and protections women had equivalent, or, at times, moreso than men. -- Avi (talk) 04:14, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

This whole section is nonsense. Women's rights were highly restricted. More accurate is Wikipedia here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Judaism#Biblical_times — Preceding unsigned comment added by Belfire (talk • contribs) 15:33, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

south asia religions section
"East" is meaningless in an encyclopedia about the world for citizens of the world, that happens to be written in English - see e.g. WP:BIAS. i've restructured this to better match the pattern of the African, European and Middle East regions.

i've removed the reference: http://web.archive.org/web/20091027173742/http://www.geocities.com/~abdulwahid/hinduism/hindu_women.html because The source has no chance of being accepted as a WP:RS.
 * it starts out expressing an opinion rather than listing facts. Even the facts, in the form of the hymns are not correct according to accepted translations
 * it is a geocities page, so there's no suggested checking of facts procedures by the website except for a single user
 * i could not find the author

The two sections - Hindu law and Sikh law - still need a huge amount of work: this is an article about legal rights of women in history. The content of the sections should focus on this. Boud (talk) 08:12, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

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THIS is What Makes Wikipedia a Joke
The entire section on Judaism contains not a single reference. THIS is why Wikipedia is a joke in contemporary society. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.161.163.35 (talk) 18:48, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

Athelstan and Theft
"The laws of Athelstan contained a peculiarly brutal provision for the punishment of a female slave convicted of theft: She was to be burned alive by eighty other female slaves." Athelstan is commonly misunderstood as having an odd fixation on theft. In reality 'theft' became a catch all term for all manner of crimes including breaching the peace and disloyalty, crimes committed as often by powerful notables as lowly slaves. My source here is The Age of Athelstan by Paul Hill. LastDodo (talk) 12:17, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Rights of womens
We can be leaders no matter what 2001:D08:1B9B:45CE:F46A:947B:116A:F806 (talk) 11:09, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

Leaders
How we look doesn’t matter. As long we respect others and help others we are leaders. We can be any leaders: Principle Parent Minister Prime mister Prefects Council Members 2001:D08:1B9B:45CE:F46A:947B:116A:F806 (talk) 11:21, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

Environmental surroundings
When ever you see rubbish on the floor, help your Mother Earth by picking it up, throwing in the recycle bin ♻ Or dustbin🚮 2001:D08:1B9B:45CE:F46A:947B:116A:F806 (talk) 11:29, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

authors: Թամարա Գևորգյան

title: Talk:Legal rights of women in history


text:
Talk:Christopher Paolini

Paradise Valley or Livingston???
The initial paragraph says that he lives in Livingston which is then followed by the Biography paragraph that states his hometown is Paradise Valley. Can someone who has verifiable source correct this inconsistency? 144.15.115.165 20:48, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks like vandalism to me. Paolini's biography as linked in the references has no references to Livingston. I'll remove it. UnaLaguna 06:19, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Paradise Valley is just outside of Livingston, which is probably where the misconception came from, as very small towns are often associated with the larger towns that they are by. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.162.202.21 (talk • contribs)

It's not vandalism, just a mistake. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.88.58.254 (talk) 13:41, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

The book says he lives in Paradise Valley. Pumanike (talk) 19:34, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

I'm unclear on this point too. I thought that it was Paradise Valley... But However, I could be wrong. -Some random person

Picture
Since this quote is frequently used "a medieval costume of red shirt, billowy black pants, lace-up boots, and a jaunty black cap" - is it possible to get a picture of him in this get up?? 144.15.115.165 20:52, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Shur'tugal had a copy of that picture floating around somewhere. I'll see if I can find it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.162.202.21 (talk • contribs)

Here it is:

http://i125.photobucket.com/albums/p67/Ghostofthe0pera/m35880909.jpg —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.162.215.222 (talk • contribs)

 * Haha, brilliant! If we can find out what sort of copyright covers this, and get rid of the black border, then we're in business! UnaLaguna 08:26, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's in a private album. If GhostoftheOpera took it, copyright would rest with them. --Mark H Wilkinson (t, c) 09:15, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Damnit. Here, I've found it on Shurtugal, along with like four others: http://galleries.shurtugal.com/thumbnails.php?album=42 I think it's either promotional or public domain.

Notice the template I added at the top?
Yep, it means many of these discussions on the books and Paolini shouldn't be here. I'm getting fed up with it, and it's making the talk page needlessly long. From now on, I'll delete anything unrelated to the article which people write on this page ("when is book 3 coming out?" "paolini sucks im right your wrong" "eragon is awesome shut up" and so on). You have been warned. UnaLaguna 05:58, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Plagiarism allegations are unsourced and inflammatory
I am removing the plagiarism nonsense from the article. Its unsourced and libelous. Below is the news.google.com search for him regarding plagiarism (none, and their records are very good and go way back) Your search - Christopher Paolini plagiarism - did not match any documents.

Suggestions: Make sure all words are spelled correctly. Try different keywords. Try more general keywords. Try fewer keywords. Try Google Blog Search. Also, you can browse today's headlines on the Google News homepage. Michaelh2001 18:26, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * You do know that sources don't have to come from the news, right? That's why if you actually browsed wikipedia, you can see that pages are able to be sourced from actual books. It's called a bibliography. If anyone wants, I can add up a 'comparison' page between things like Eragon and The Dragonbone Chair/The Belgariad/The Ruby Knight/etc, citing pages. But it'll be torn down by some pissed-off fan in a few seconds. - Krim —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.191.52.26 (talk • contribs)

 * No, it would likely be removed due to one of Wikipedia's core policies on article content: No original research. Editors should only include material from reliable sources without adding further analysis.  If you wish to write an essay along the lines you've mentioned, I'm sure there's a fansite out there which would be interested. --Mark H Wilkinson (t, c) 20:02, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

It's not nice to say that an author ripped off some other work. We shouldn't be doing that. But in the light of the fact that, for example, I count 384 web pages that use the words "eragon" and "star wars" in the page *title* (google 'allintitle: eragon "star wars"'), don't you think it's at least fair to discuss here the similarities between the Inheritance Cycle and other works? 78.144.122.59 (talk) 19:13, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Youve got to be kidding me. Read the first chapter of Robert Jordan's Wheel of time... unsourced you say? HE DOESNT EVEN CHANGE THE NAMES!. Brom-Thom = both traveling entertainers.  13 forsaken-13 forsworn = both introduced in a story told by the entertainer Brom-Thom. I could keep going the first Chapter of Eragon and the begining of Wheel of Time are the same thing. If this is not conclusive evidence of plagiarism than theres no such thing.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.221.246.198 (talk) 07:59, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Not to mention that in [|The 13 Ghosts of Scooby Doo] there were 13 evil ghosts introduced to the main characters by an old wizard. In fact, in seems like the number 13 pops up everywhere. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.233.104.185 (talk) 21:59, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Archive
Just a note to let those interested in editing that I've archived the older threads (accessible via our shiny new archive box at the top of the page). It seems they're still prone to attracting discussion which isn't aimed at building the article. --Mark H Wilkinson (t, c) 19:55, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Paoloni's influence
Insert non-formatted text here Since when did Paolini say he was influenced by George Lucus, just because the plot to inheritance is criticised to being similar to Star Wars does not mean he was influenced by it, it sounds like putting a direct critic in there. Try and make sure that this is true.

at Shurtugal.com's Chistopher Paolini Q&A's page: http://www.shurtugal.com/?id=series/christopher/qanda

He said the main inspiration of eragon was from Bruce Colville's Jeremy Thatcher, Dragon Hatcher. and mentioned that in many other interviews too.

Paolini enjoyed Tolkien's world of hobbits, elves, and dwarves, and the epic quest of the ring. Like Tolkien, I also drew inspiration from Nordic, Old English, and Icelandic sagas.

Paolini also grew up reading Anne McCaffrey, for his inspiration for Eragon and Saphira.

a few things are right in this. 10:18AM 21/1/2008 UTC —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lebe.alan (talk • contribs)

 * I've expanded the influences section using three sources. Gimmetrow 00:18, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Vegetarianism or Veganism
There is either a misconception or a misquote in the present article. In it there is a reference to Paolini's elves being vegans, and this is not correct. The elves are vegatarians, and pretty much avoid animal products, however that is not entirely the case. In Eldest, Eragon is served eggs, and Arya wears leather. Also her mother, the Queen, wears feathers. Vegans do not use any food, clothing, or utilies based on animals whatsoever. I think it is more correct to say that Paolini's elves are athiests and vegetarians, not athiests and vegans. I would appreciate it if this problem were rectified. Thank you. 69.238.198.100 (talk) 17:58, 30 January 2008 (UTC)Theodore from California

It's a misnomer of a comment, really. 'I'm not vegetarian but I lean that way.' You're vegetarian or you're not. There's no in between. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.132.141.138 (talk) 09:39, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Anything accusing Paolini of plagiarism will be REMOVED
Please read WP:BLP and WP:NPOV.

Anything posted on this page along the line of "Paolini is a plagiarist", "Eragon was inspired by...", etc. will be removed UNLESS you can provide a reliable resource!

Thank you!

 Spinach Dip  20:03, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

No, thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.88.58.254 (talk) 14:40, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Dude, will you STOP deleting the messages put here! I'm not technically apt as it is, and I'm struggling enough with trying to provide links to said sources without you going all obsessive. This is only the duscussion page, after all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.132.137.209 (talk) 20:44, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, WP:NPOV only applies to articles, not to talk pages. Naturally, on talk pages you can't avoid expressing personal opinions. The rules for talk pages are to be found in Talk page guidelines. WP:BLP applies to all pages, including talk pages. --Catgut (talk) 23:35, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

 * There's a lot of hard sources deriding Paolini as a shallow, self-important art thief (here's one from 2006). If Denis Leary's wikipedia article can contain a section on how he stole entire bits from Bill Hicks, then we can throw in a well sourced section on how Paolini mashed together Star Wars, The Lord of the Rings, Earthsea, and a poor knowledge of Norse Mythology together to create his book series.  When I have some time, I'll post something.  Does this sound agreeable to everybody?  Brash (talk) 20:18, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Your source doesn't count as a reliable source (it's a blog entry which one person wrote - it hasn't been peer-reviewed for accuracy in any way so we cannot assume it's accurate or reliable - that's Wikipedia policy). This has always been the problem with criticism of Paolini: there's been plenty of it, but relatively little has been from reliable sources. There was at one point an entire article, first dedicated to the derivative nature of the Inheritance Cycle, then to criticism of it in general. It was deleted because there wasn't enough criticism from reliable sources for an entire article (see its AfD).

 * And remember, this is the page about Christopher Paolini. Criticism regarding his books should go on the relevant Inheritance Cycle pages (in the same way you'd expect the publication history of each book to appear in the book's article, but not the author's). Indeed, there are such sections. Criticism directly at Paolini himself is much harder to come across. By all means, if you can find a good number of reliable sources which directly criticise Paolini (not just his works - the difference between "this book steals ideas" and "Paolini steals ideas"), then write the section. Unlike Denis Leary, criticism of Paolini from reliable sources has been directed more at his works than himself, and criticism of his works should remain in the articles detailing his works. Una LagunaTalk 09:17, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Confusing Education
In the 'Biography' section, it says that Paolini was home schooled for the duration of his education, but then it says he graduated from high school. I'm not American, so I don't know whether you have to graduate from high school or whatever, but I was thinking "How can he graduate from high school if he didn't go and instead, was home schooled?". Could someone please help me out? Adstr123 (talk) 11:47, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

If it's anything like Canada, he would have received a diploma, which one would receive upon graduation. Thus it is the equivalent to graduating from high school, but it might be more accurate to say he graduated and received his diploma or some other phrasing. Blairelser (talk) 20:04, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

In the US, "High School" is an educational level, not necessarily a geographic location. See this article for some details: http://www.hslda.org/highschool/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.233.104.185 (talk) 22:04, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

WTF!? does that site you linked to really say parents can just design a diploma for their own child? no *real* tests needed? and then can go around pretending that's a totally legit high-school diploma? without being laughed out of every college ever? seriously, WTF? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.33.252.171 (talk) 17:03, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

There is no need to ridicule the home-school, high-school diploma laws; they were written by the government, not by schools. There is also no need to cast disparagement on CP's education. This is the biography of a living person. If you insist on deleting my comment pointing out the bias against home school, maybe the comment that was biased in the first place should be deleted as well. I have a user account now, so if you like to discuss this on my talk page I would be happy to oblige. Craeburn (talk) 03:58, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Language of power
While slightly more suited to an Eragon page, since references to influences from other works is mentioned here, I feel I should bring up Nuada Airgeadlámh (son of Euchtach, son of Eadarlámh, son of Orda, son of Allaoi, son of Tat, son of Tabharn, etc). This was a Celtic/Irish hero who had a hand made of silver. His name is not pronounced like "Argetlam" but someone without knowledge of Irish pronunciation oddities (it's "ar-ig-id-lawvv", the i moves to after the r for some reason) would miss this. Of course, he might be using an older Norse/Gaul language as a source. 83.70.170.48 (talk) 15:17, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

Future Plans
In a YouTube interview (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-8sJxPqC4g) Paolini mentions that he is going to write some Sci-Fi. Is this noteable enough to include in the article, or should Wikipedia wait for an official (textual) announcement?

21:22, 16 July 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Paulish (talk • contribs)

Birthplace
Was he born in LA or in Montana? In the bio section, it says he was "born and raised" in Montana, in the top section LA is mentioned as place of birth. Who knows fgor sure? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chl69 (talk • contribs) 12:25, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

None of the content in the "Awards" section describes actual awards.
The "Awards" section states that "Paolini’s books have won numerous awards, including topping the charts of the New York Times, USA Today, and Publishers Weekly bestsellers lists". Topping a bestseller list isn't an award. If you're on the New York Times bestseller list, it means you've sold a lot of books. It has no bearing on whether or not your book is any good, of if anyone likes it, or if anyone has chosen to honor it. It's the same with the following statement: "The Guinness World Records recognized Christopher Paolini as the “youngest author of a bestselling book series” on January 5, 2011". Again, this is just an acknowledgement of the fact that Paolini's books have sold well. It's not an award. The Pulitzer Prize, the Booker Prize, the Nobel Prize, these are awards. There are no actual awards in the "Awards" section. I propose we change the section title to something like "Units sold" unless someone can justify "Awards". Tigercompanion25 (talk) 04:12, 30 May 2015 (UTC)
 * As no one objected, I made the relevant edits, but if someone objects they are welcome to revert the edits and we can discuss it here on the talk page. Tigercompanion25 (talk) 04:34, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

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Italian descent and dual U.S.-Italian citizenship
I'm unfamiliar with how the rules work, does someone know if I can cite this semi-professional interview with Christopher Paolini? I transcribed the relevant excerpt (1:34 - 2:08) for clarity:

"- I'm actually a dual U.S.-Italian citizen. So, I can live and work in the EU, at least as long as the EU is still together. Uhm... No, I enjoy Europe, I did two weeks of touring in the United Stated and then I'm doing most of March in the UK and in Europe, so it's five weeks of touring overall.

- Do you still have family in Italy?

- Excuse me?

- Do you still have family in Italy or...?

- I do, in Rome and Florence. Originally the family was from Bologna.

- Ah okay, but it spread.

- It spread, as a result of World War II."

Furthermore, there is a Goodreads comment where he talks about his paternal grandfather being "born and raised in Rome and south of Bologna". So maybe we could add something about this to the "Early life" section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.65.134.235 (talk) 16:28, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christopher Paolini


text:
Wotansvolk

Wotansvolk (English: "Odin's Folk") promulgates a white nationalist variant of Neo-Paganism—founded in the early 1990s by Ron McVan, Katja Lane and David Lane (1938–2007) while Lane was serving a 190-year prison sentence for his actions in connection with the white supremacist revolutionary domestic terrorist organization The Order. After the founding of 14 Word Press by David Lane and his wife Katja to disseminate her husband's writings, Ron McVan joined the press in 1995 and founded Temple of Wotan (co-writing a book by that name). 14 Word Press - Wotansvolk proceeded to publish several books for the practice of Wotanism before becoming defunct in the early 2000s.

History
Wotansvolk was launched following the publication by David Lane of a 1995 article titled "Wotan's Folk", which gave the group its name. Wotan is the Germanic name for Odin, a central figure in Norse faith and other Germanic mythologies. Lane had been publishing white supremacist and neopagan work under the name "14 Word Press", along with his wife Katja Lane and Ron McVan, an artist who had become involved in the white supremacist movement from the 1970s after reading the works of Ben Klassen. Headquartered at a mountain outside St. Maries, Idaho, Wotansvolk rapidly evolved into "a dynamic propaganda center that spread its message throughout the United States and abroad".

Established at a time when Internet was beginning to revolutionize communication means, the group set up a website in 1995, and got its own domain in 1997, "14words.com". In 2001, an online chat was created, in order to link Heathens around the world in a common white power culture. The first European Wotansvolk group was established in spring 1996 in London. According to Mattias Gardell, Wotansvolk was not founded as a membership organization but rather as a propaganda center, providing "a philosophical foundation for independent kindreds and fraternities" with a large number of individual supporters helping disseminate Wotansvolk materials in their local communities. Besides illustrating the group's publications, McVan extended Odinism to a business by selling artifacts such as rune-staffs, Thor's hammers or ceremonial drinking horns.

A number of pagan white-power bands have referenced Wotansvolk in their lyrics, including Darken's Creed of Iron album and Dissident's album A Cog in the Wheel. The original group eventually split in 2002, when administration of Wotansvolk was transferred to John Post in Napa, California. In March of the same year, Post announced the formation of the National Prison Kindred Alliance, as a joint effort of Wotansvolk and a number of independent Asatrú/Odinist tribal networks seeking to improve their religious rights in penitentiaries.

Presence in US prisons
Wotansvolk operated a quite successful prison outreach program. Research by Mattias Gardell indicated "a pagan revival among the white prison population, including the conversion of whole prison gangs to the ancestral religion [...] partly due to the reputation of Lane and its association with the legendary Brüders Schweigen, Wotansvolk's name-recognition is high among the Aryan prison population". As of January 2001, Wotansvolk catered to more than 5,000 prisoners, including several members of The Order like David Lane and Richard Scutari. There were fewer than a hundred prison kindreds by the fall of 1996; more than three hundred of them were present by the year 2000. Prison authorities however often break groups by disseminating their members to various establishments. Lane's campaigning has contributed to the fact that all states now allow any prisoner to wear a Thor's hammer as a religious medallion.

If there are many white supremacist groups active in prison, the organization seemed according to Gardell "more successful in its outreach efforts than other Asatrú/Odinist programs". Non-racist versions of Asatrú and Odinism are protected in the US under freedoms of speech and of religion, but violent and racist religious materials, such as Wotanism, may be banned or restricted from prisons. While the movement is primarily associated to prison culture in the media, Wotansvolk co-founder Katja Lane asserted in a 1999 interview that prisoners constituted only an estimated 20 percent of Wotansvolkers in the United States.

Beliefs
Wotansvolk is based on a combination of white separatism, Jungian pyschology, the neo-völkisch movement, Western esotericism and syncreticism from other far-right subcultures and religious movements, notably the Church of the Creator. Lane was an early proponent of the Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory, a belief that the U.S. government and the Western world is dominated by "traitors and Jews working towards the establishment of a New World Order". Convinced the white race was on the verge of extinction, Lane popularized the "Fourteen Words" slogan as a rallying point in the White pride movement. The group praises a mythologized version of the Viking Age, with Odinism as a religious component. Wotansvolkers also cite as influential the works of ariosophist Guido von List and philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

Race
Wotansvolk promotes "white racialism" derived from a white identity. They attribute various wars occurring in Northern Ireland and Yugoslavia as consequences of artificial borders imposed by the enemies of the white race to divide and conquer. Wotansvolk followers have defended Hitler and the Nazis as "prisoners" of these artificial boundaries.

Followers of the movement often selectively cite Carl Jung's theories of an "Aryan" collective subconscious, which they equate with the "race-soul" of Nazism. Wotansvolk followers specifically cite Jung's 1936 essay "Wotan".

White revolution
Desiring a "white revolution", Wotansvolk endorsed the "leaderless resistance" strategy originally developed by Louis Beam. Their own version involved the tactical separation between an open propaganda arm and a paramilitary underground. The mission of the overt part was to "counter system-sponsored propaganda", "educate the Folk", and "provide a man pool from which the covert or military arm can be [recruited]." Predicting that the openly racist propaganda arm would be "under scrutiny", Lane emphasized by 1994 the need for members to "operate within the [legal] parameters" and keep themselves "rigidly separated" from the military underground. The paramilitary wing would have to "operate in small, autonomous cells, the smaller the better, even one man alone", in order for its members to primarily target "weak points in the infrastructure" of industrialized societies with "fire, bombs, guns, terror, disruption, and destruction". Lane added that "whatever and whoever perform valuable service for the system are targets, human or otherwise", and that "special attention and merciless terror are visited upon those White men who commit race treason".

Lane considered loyalty to the United States "race treason", as he viewed the United States as actively committing genocide against white people.

While Wotansvolk followers have endorsed the white separatist project of the Northwest Territorial Imperative, they mostly dismissed the constitution of the white ethnostate proposed by Aryan Nations in April 1996 on the ground that it restricted liberties, especially the freedom of religion.

Anti-Christianity
David Lane attributed the current weakness of the "Aryan man" to Christianity, a creed "diametrically opposed to the natural order" and part of a Jewish conspiracy to rule the world. "God is not love", he said, "God the Creator made lions to eat lambs; he made hawks to eat sparrows. Compassion between species is against the law of nature. Life is struggle and the absence of struggle is death."

Despite Lane's contempt for Christianity, he described the Bible as containing secret codes hidden by pre-Christian, non-Jewish Aryan masters. Lane stated that this Bible code was carried over into the King James Version, which he believed Sir Francis Bacon had translated. Lane also taught something which he called "Pyramid Prophecy" which, according to him, said his name and birthdate were prophesied in the Bible as being connected to the coming of the Antichrist and embodying the spirits of Mars, Thor, and King David while being described as "the Man of prophecy", the "666 Man", and the "Joseph Smith of Wotanism". Ron McVan dismissed the African-Americans who "zealously emphasize the rigors of 200 years of slavery in this country" and Jews who "rant hysterically and endlessly about an alleged holocaust", while highlighting the "freethinking Aryan pagans, alchemists, and scientists [who] suffered under the Christian pogroms and Inquisition. This was a deliberate, religious slaughter of the innocents unparalleled in the Western world".

McVan argued that the main cause of the fall and degeneration of Aryan golden age was the spiritual advent of Jewish Christianity. According to him, the folk then began to gradually lose consciousness of itself as a race: "If ever there were a birth of tragedy, it was when Aryan man turned his back on the indigenous Gods of his race," McVan wrote in 1999.

Wotanism
Ron McVan developed Wotansvolk ariosophy in two books titled Creed of Iron (1997) and Temple of Wotan (2000), with the project to get the lost "folk consciousness" to re-emerge, and reconnect white people to their "roots [in] the Aryan race". Wotanism is presented by McVan as "the inner voice of the Aryan soul, which links the infinite past with the infinite future". To McVan, Wotan—a Germanic name for Odin—symbolizes "the essential soul and spirit of the Aryan folk made manifest" as an iron-willed warrior god. The name "Wotan" was also chosen instead of "Odin" because it was also used as an acronym for "will of the Aryan nations". According to James R. Lewis and Jesper A. Petersen, "there is no ontological distinction separating Aryan man and Aryan gods. They are conceived of as kin, differing in power rather than nature". McVan cultivated the "mystery of the blood", the belief that unmixed Aryan blood carries a genetic memory of the racial lineage with all its gods, demigods, and heroes of the aboriginal golden age. Given that the Aryan can reconnect to the archetypal gods of the blood, "man is able", in the words of McVan, "to awaken to a divinity which flows within him". "A race without its mythos and religion of the blood", McVan followed, "shifts aimlessly through history".

Wotanism, contrary to a self-denying Christianity, is seen by Wotansvolkers as a "natural religion", preaching "war, plunder, and sex". Lane's followers, who regard him as a folk hero, see Lane's writing, such as the "14 Words" and the "88 Precepts" manifesto, as holy scriptures and foundational texts. They primarily consider the gods through a "soft polytheistic" lens as Jungian archetypes, although Lane said one could be a deist, a pantheist, or an atheist and still be Wotansvolk. McVan and Lane have described many rituals and practices, none of which are required of practitioners. Lane often used "Odinist" and "Wotanist" as synonymous in his writings, and the Southern Poverty Law Center regards Lane's Wotanism as a form of Odinism, whereas Ron McVan labelled it "Heathen".

Universalist Asatruars—notably The Troth—along with some non-folkish Odinists, have rejected what they perceive as an attempt to appropriate the revival of the ancient native faith of northern Europe for political and racial ends. Folkish Odinists on their side, such as Stephen McNallen of the Asatru Folk Assembly, generally support Lane's Fourteen Words, although they are not generally in favor of domestic terrorism to establish a white ethnostate.

title: Wotansvolk


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Berrocal

Berrocal is a city located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city has a population of 371 inhabitants.

title: Berrocal


text: User talk:67.163.162.153

title: User talk:67.163.162.153


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Wolvercote

Wolvercote is a village that is part of the City of Oxford, England. It is about 3 mi northwest of the city centre, on the northern edge of Wolvercote Common, which is itself north of Port Meadow and adjoins the River Thames.

History
The Domesday Book of 1086 lists the village as Ulfgarcote (cottage of Woolgar; or Woolgar's place). The toponym had become "Wolvercote" by 1185. Wolvercote housing faced onto its extensive commons, which provided much of the community's livelihood. Some residents still have ancient rights on the commons. Geese rearing was once an important local activity, and a goose is still one of the village symbols. Horses and cattle are still grazed on Wolvercote Common and Port Meadow. In 1789 the Oxford Canal divided the village into two parts, and in 1846 the Oxford and Rugby Railway was built beside the canal through the village. In 1850 the Buckinghamshire Railway was completed through a tunnel and cutting along the eastern edge of Upper Wolvercote.

The western edge of Upper Wolvercote parallels the Oxford canal at Wolvercote Green and fades into North Oxford suburbia to the east. Lower Wolvercote borders the River Thames at Godstow to the west, and Port Meadow and the canal to the east. The mill stream takes its water from the nearby River Thames, and is crossed in Wolvercote at a former toll-bridge. The bridge bears a plaque in memory of two airmen of the Royal Flying Corps who were killed nearby in a flying accident in 1912. Part of Port Meadow was used as a military airfield in the First World War; the Royal Artillery also had a base there. In 1940, a camp was set up on the meadow for evacuees from Dunkirk.

The paper mill in Lower Wolvercote, former supplier of paper to the Oxford University Press, was once a major local employer. It was in existence by 1720, when it was bought by the 1st Duke of Marlborough. From 1782 the mill was leased to Oxford printer and publisher William Jackson, proprietor of the local newspaper Jackson's Oxford Journal which was published until 1928. The mill was entirely water-powered until 1811, when a steam engine was installed to power the paper-making process. The engine consumed 100 tons of coal per week, which was brought by narrowboat down the Oxford Canal, along Duke's Cut, and then down the mill stream which at the time was navigable as far as a wharf at the mill.

Two of the narrowboats belonged to the mill, having been bought in 1856 and plying between there and the Midlands for 60 years until the mill sold them in 1916. Narrowboats continued to serve Wolvercote until at least the 1950s, by which time the mill used mechanical equipment to unload them. The mill was rebuilt in 1955, ceased paper-making in 1998 and was demolished in 2004. The University of Oxford planned to develop the site as housing for its staff, but faced rising cost estimates and local objections. The site was eventually sold to developer Cala Homes for a development of around 190 houses.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of St Peter's is in Upper Wolvercote. It has a 14th-century west tower with a 15th-century window and doorway. In 1860 the church except for the tower was demolished, and rebuilt to Gothic revival designs by the architect Charles Buckeridge. The Norman tub font and a 14th-century south window of the chancel were retained, as well as 17th- and 18th-century monuments to the Walter family.

Cemetery
Wolvercote Cemetery is in the parish on Five Mile Drive between Banbury Road and Woodstock Road, just north of the Oxford Ring Road. The graves include those of J. R. R. Tolkien and Sir Thomas Chapman, father of T. E. Lawrence. A paper sign in the parish church warns people that Tolkien is not buried in the churchyard, and provides directions to the cemetery. The writer and poet John Wain moved to Wolvercote in 1960.

Education
A National School was founded in 1817 in the Glebe house; it moved to land to the west of the church in 1856. Wolvercote Infants' School (Upper Wolvercote) was built in 1897, on land given by the Duke of Marlborough, and was opened on 11 May 1898. Under Oxfordshire County Council it became a "first school" in 1974, taking children from 5 to 9 years old, but following a re-organisation of Oxford's schools in 2002, it was extended to become Wolvercote Primary School with an attached nursery school, taking children from 4 to 11 years. After the age of 11, most children move up to attend Cherwell School in Summertown. A school was opened at Wolvercote Paper Mill but has now been converted into housing.

Public houses
Wolvercote has three public houses. Jacob's Inn and the White Hart are by the central small green in Lower Wolvercote. Jacob's Inn used to be called the Red Lion. The White Hart is now owned by the Wolvercote community and is a free house. The Plough Inn, controlled by Greene King Brewery, is by the green and the canal in Upper Wolvercote.

Railways
The Great Western Railway had a halt, Wolvercote Platform, just north of the railway bridge on Godstow Road. It closed in 1916. The London and North Western Railway opened Wolvercote Halt on the Varsity Line just south of the railway bridge on First Turn in 1905. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway closed Wolvercote Halt in 1926.

In popular culture
Wolvercote was featured in a 1987 episode of the ITV detective drama Inspector Morse, in which a wealthy American tourist was found dead in her hotel room shortly after arriving in Oxford to return a valuable artifact, the Wolvercote Tongue, one-half of an ancient belt buckle, to an Oxford archaeological museum. In the novel related to the television episode, The Jewel That Was Ours, the valuable tongue is never given to the museum, as it is stolen for the insurance money.

The Anglo-Saxon-era Wolvercote Trove, which included the Tongue, features in the Inspector Morse "prequel" series Endeavour episode "Trove" (Season 2, Ep. 1, 2014).

title: Wolvercote


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John Hopkins (conductor)

John Raymond Hopkins AM OBE (19 July 1927 – 30 September 2013) was a British-born Australian conductor and administrator.

Career
John Hopkins was born in Yorkshire in 1927. He was the assistant conductor of the BBC Scottish Orchestra from 1949 to 1952 and then conductor of the BBC Northern Orchestra until 1957. He relocated to New Zealand in 1957 to succeed James Robertson as conductor of the then National Orchestra (now the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra). In 1959 he founded the New Zealand National Youth Orchestra. He was present for the orchestra's 50th anniversary season in 2009. As part of his contribution to youth music he also conducted the South African National Youth Orchestra.

Hopkins moved to Australia in 1963. As the Federal Director of Music for the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), Hopkins began a number of innovations within the ABC's Concert Music Division, such as starting an Australian Promenade (Proms) series in Sydney in 1965  and broadcasting international avant-garde classical music. As a part of the Proms concerts, Hopkins programmed a variety of music, from the Renaissance, performed by the Sydney group the Renaissance Players, the then rarely performed music of Hector Berlioz, Gustav Mahler and Sir Edward Elgar,  avant-garde music from overseas  and Australia. The Australian composers who wrote music for the concerts included Peter Sculthorpe, Nigel Butterley and Richard Meale. Hopkins resigned from the Director's post in 1973 due to a number of factors, including tensions with staff within the ABC Concert Music Division. In 1974 he became the inaugural dean of the School of Music at the newly formed Victorian College of the Arts (VCA) (now the University of Melbourne Faculty of VCA and MCM).

In 1974, Hopkins led the world premiere of Peter Sculthorpe's opera/music theatre work Rites of Passage. He was director of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music from 1986 to 1991. He conducted the Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra in 1987 in one of New Zealand's first Orchestral Composers' Reading Workshops. He was a professor of conducting at the University of Melbourne, Faculty of VCA and MCM, along with guest conducting with community and youth orchestras until the time of his death.

Hopkins died on 30 September 2013, aged 86.

Career

 * Assistant conductor, BBC Scottish Orchestra, 1949–52
 * Conductor, BBC Northern Orchestra, 1952–57
 * Conductor, New Zealand National Orchestra (now New Zealand Symphony Orchestra), 1957–63
 * Federal Director of Music, Australian Broadcasting Commission, 1963–73
 * Dean of School of Music, Victorian College of the Arts, Melbourne, 1973–86
 * Director, Sydney Conservatorium of Music, 1986–91

Honours and awards
Hopkins was named an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1970. He was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the Queen's Birthday Honours of 2013 "for significant service to the performing arts, particularly as a conductor, to music education, and to the community".

Bernard Heinze Memorial Award
The Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award is given to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to music in Australia.

 * 1991 || John Hopkins || Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award || awarded
 * 1991 || John Hopkins || Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award || awarded

title: John Hopkins (conductor)


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Hans Hermann von Katte

Hans Hermann von Katte (28 February 1704 – 6 November 1730) was a Lieutenant of the Prussian Army, and a friend, tutor and possible lover of the future King Frederick II of Prussia, who was at the time the Crown Prince. Katte was executed by Frederick's father, the Prussian King Frederick William I, when Frederick plotted to escape from Prussia to Britain. It was possible that Frederick intended to defect to the service of the British King George II (his maternal uncle) and possibly return to Prussia to depose his father.

Life
Born in the Prussian capital of Berlin, Katte was a nobleman by birth, coming from a long line of aristocratic military men. His ancestors were squires of Wust in the Altmark. His father, field marshal general Hans Heinrich von Katte, was one of Frederick William I's most regarded cuirassiers. Katte's mother, Dorothee Sophia von Wartensleben, was the daughter of a seasoned and revered field marshal, Graf Leopold Alexander von Wartensleben. Hans Hermann studied in Königsberg and Utrecht, focusing on French and law. After completing his studies he joined the Prussian Army, as temporary military service was a prerequisite for his desired judicial career.

It is not known when Frederick II and Katte met for the first time. However, when they both attended private mathematics and mechanics lessons in 1729, they became acquainted rapidly. Frederick, eight years younger than Katte, admired Katte for his cosmopolitan attitude. Both were interested in poetry and playing the flute. An intimate friendship developed between them and due to the long-standing perception (even during his own lifetime ) of Frederick as homosexual, has led some historians to speculate that their relationship may have been romantic and/or sexual (see: Sexuality of Frederick the Great). A contemporary courtier, Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz, reports that the two treated each other “like a lover with his mistress.” As a close friend and confidant of the Crown Prince, Katte succeeded the page Peter Karl Christoph von Keith, whom the king had recently transferred to Infantry Regiment No. 31 in Wesel as a lieutenant because he disapproved of his influence on his son.

Frederick's sister Wilhelmine wrote in her memoirs about Katte:

One day in June 1730, the King came home earlier than expected. For one hour Von Katte and visiting composer Johann Joachim Quantz hid in a small room behind the fireplace. His father discovered his secret collection of books and clothes, which he threw in the fire. His books had to be sold or auctioned. Not long after, Frederick revealed to Katte that he had a plan to flee to Great Britain as a way to leave his harsh and despotic father. At first Katte tried to hold Frederick back, but at the end supported Frederick's plan to escape. A first attempt to escape from the Zeithain Encampment in June 1730, where they accompanied the king, failed because Frederick and Katte could not get horses. On 5 August 1730, while the royal retinue was near Mannheim in the Electorate of the Palatinate, Frederick tried again to escape from his quarters. At that point Katte stayed in Potsdam, but his younger brother was there as a page. This time post horses had been arranged, but the crown prince's valet woke up and called the guard. A compromising letter unmasked Katte as an accomplice; Frederick and Katte were subsequently arrested and imprisoned in Küstrin. Because they were army officers who had tried to flee Prussia for England, Frederick William I leveled an accusation of treason against the pair.

A court martial found Katte guilty of desertion and sentenced him to life imprisonment, which would last until the King himself died, but Frederick Wilhelm ordered the sentence changed to beheading, declaring that "it would be better that Katte came to death than the justice out of the world." As Katte was an officer of the King's Guard, Frederick William argued that if Katte were let off lightly, the King's Guard could never be trusted again. All petitions of mercy for Katte, including one from Frederick and one from Count Seckendorff, the ambassador of Emperor Charles VI, were ignored. The king wrote to the delinquent's father, his esteemed general Katte: "Your son is a scoundrel, mine too, what can fathers do about it?" Katte was beheaded at the fortress of Küstrin, where the king forced Frederick to watch the execution. However, when he was brought up to be executed, Frederick shouted in French to Katte, "Veuillez pardonner mon cher Katte, au nom de Dieu, pardonne-moi!" ("Please forgive me dear Katte, in God's name, forgive me.") Katte called back in the same language, "There is nothing to forgive, I die for you with joy in my heart!" Frederick then fell to the floor in a dead faint. Katte's body was left overnight on the execution scaffold that reached up to Frederick's window by order of the king. Yet Katte's last words were not his last farewell. Soon it was discovered that Katte had written a farewell letter to his father before his execution which stated:

Upon witnessing his death, Frederick was plunged into deep despair for three days. After that, he never spoke of Katte again nor ever visited his grave. Katte's body was initially buried in the fortress moat on the king's instructions. However, at the family's request, it was exhumed and transferred to the family crypt in Wust. His grandfather was given the executioner's bill to pay and the executioner's sword. However, four weeks after his accession to the throne in 1740, Frederick appointed Katte's father field marshal and raised him to the hereditary rank of count. But since his younger sons died without descendants, the title expired only eight years later.

title: Hans Hermann von Katte


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White chocolate

White chocolate is a confectionery typically made of sugar, milk, and cocoa butter, but no cocoa solids. It is pale ivory in color, and lacks many of the compounds found in milk, dark, and other chocolates. It is solid at room temperature (25 C) because the melting point of cocoa butter, the only white cocoa bean component, is 35 C.

Like the other two main types of chocolate (dark and milk), white chocolate is used for chocolate bars or as a coating in confectionery.

Predecessors
Recipes for "white chocolate" were published in 1869, 1871, and 1872, but these differed from the current understanding of white chocolate. For example, Henry Blakely's 1871 recipe calls for "white sugar, rice flour, arrowroot powder, vanilla, cocoa butter, and gum arabic" boiled in water, which likely would produce a chewy confection.

Modern version
White chocolate is essentially milk chocolate devoid of cocoa solids. Its base recipe, milk chocolate, was developed in 1875 by Swiss chocolatier Daniel Peter.

In the December 1916 International Confectioner, T. B. McRoberts addressed a rumor that Swiss chocolatiers had invented a "snow white" chocolate to reflect the snow-capped mountains of the Swiss Alps. McRoberts denounces the need and health value of a white chocolate:"I never saw snow-white chocolate, but I would rather see than eat it. The only possible way to produce such a thing would be to bleach the cocoa elements entirely with some 'bleaching agent,' as for instance clorine gas [sic]. This is produced by the action of sulphuric acid on chloride of sodium (common salt). It is the 'poison gas' of the trenches which the warring armies jet at each other in order to smother their foes ... It would possibly take more than twenty days to bleach cocoa to 'snow white,' and I hardly think its flavor would be improved by the process, if indeed any flavor at all remained, which is very doubtful. The Swiss have introduced many novelties in chocolate as I have noted, but I hardly think that they would waste time and effort on so foolish a thing as 'snow white chocolate'; a thing for which there can be no good reason existing. Why paint the lily?" In 1936, Swiss company Nestlé introduced the first modern white chocolate tablet: Milkybar (or Galak), launched in Europe. Nestlé was a major player in the Swiss chocolate industry and owner of the Peter-Cailler-Kohler factory. Nestlé is generally credited for the first white chocolate bar, although earlier forms of white chocolate had probably been made before 1936. Making white chocolate was a way to use milk powder and cocoa butter, which were then produced in excess.

White chocolate was first introduced to the United States in 1946 by Frederick E. Hebert of Hebert Candies in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, near Worcester, after he had tasted "white coat" candies while traveling in Europe. From about 1948 until the 1990s, Nestlé also produced a white chocolate bar with almond pieces, Alpine White, for markets in the United States and Canada. Other chocolate manufacturers developed their own formulas, such as that developed by Kuno Baedeker for the Merckens Chocolate Company in 1945. As white chocolate became mainstream, white versions of popular chocolate bars appeared, for instance Toblerone in 1973 and Hershey's Kisses in 1993.

As of 2022, white chocolate accounted for about 10 percent of the overall chocolate market.

Composition
White chocolate does not contain cocoa solids, the primary non-fat constituent of conventional chocolate liquor — chocolate in its raw, unsweetened form. These are, however, replaced by milk solids. During manufacturing, the dark-colored solids of the cocoa bean are separated from its fatty content, as with milk chocolate and dark chocolate, but, unlike with other forms of chocolate, no cocoa mass is added back; cocoa butter is the only cocoa ingredient in white chocolate. White chocolate contains only trace amounts of the stimulants theobromine and caffeine which are present in the cocoa mass but not the butter. Flavorings such as vanilla may be added to white chocolate confectionery.

White chocolate is the type of chocolate containing the highest percentage of milk solids, typically around or over 30 percent, while milk chocolate has only around 25 percent.

Blonde chocolate
Blonde chocolate is made by slowly heating white chocolate, which gives it a golden color and triggers Maillard reactions, which create a range of flavor compounds, contributing to its caramel-like flavor.

Regulations
Regulations govern what may be marketed as white chocolate: Since 2000 in the European Union, white chocolate must be (by weight) at least 20% cocoa butter, 14% total milk solids, and 3.5% milk fat. As of May 2021, the European Food Safety Authority proposed banning the food coloring agent, E171 (titanium dioxide), used as a common whitener in some white chocolate products.

Since 2004 in the United States, the Code of Federal Regulations defined that white chocolate should contain "not less than 20 percent by weight of cacao fat", "not less than 3.5 percent by weight of milkfat and not less than 14 percent by weight of total milk solids", and "not more than 55 percent by weight of a nutritive carbohydrate sweetener." Acceptable dairy elements when manufacturing white chocolate in the United States include evaporated milk, skim milk, buttermilk, and malted milk. White chocolate products may not contain artificial coloring agents.

Vegan versions
Vegan versions of white chocolate chips, bars, and truffles are available from several brands, such as Galaxy and Plamil. Some commercial vegan white chocolate substitutes may contain palm oil, which can be an ethical concern for some consumers.

title: White chocolate


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Bismuthinite

Bismuthinite is a mineral consisting of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3). It is an important ore for bismuth. The crystals are steel-grey to off-white with a metallic luster. It is soft enough to be scratched with a fingernail and rather dense.

Bismuthinite forms a series with the lead, copper, bismuth mineral aikinite (PbCuBiS3).

It occurs in hydrothermal veins with tourmaline-bearing copper veins associated with granite, in some high temperature gold veins, and in recent volcanic exhalation deposits. Associated minerals include native bismuth, aikinite, arsenopyrite, stannite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tourmaline, wolframite, cassiterite and quartz.

It was first reported in 1832 from the mines of Potosí, Bolivia.

title: Bismuthinite


text:
Leon Hadar

Leon Hadar, is a global affairs analyst, journalist, blogger and author. A long-time critic of American policy in the Middle East, he is a former research fellow with the Cato Institute, and is currently a senior fellow with the Foreign Policy Research Institute, He has been a contributing editor for The American Conservative and for National Interest, has written for Asia Times, The Spectator, Quillette and Times of Israel and has served as a columnist for Haaretz and as a blogger for the Huffington Post. Hadar has published numerous analyses and commentaries on U.S. global diplomatic and trade policies, with a special focus on the Middle East and East and South Asia. Hadar is the author of two books on U.S. policy in the Middle East, Quagmire: America in the Middle East (Cato Institute, 1992), and Sandstorm: Policy Failure in the Middle East (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). Hadar also served as a foreign policy advisor to the Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign. He has taught political science at University of Maryland College Park and is a former Senior Analyst at Wikistrat.

Education
Hadar graduated from Hebrew University in Jerusalem and completed his graduate studies at Columbia University, where he earned M.A. degrees from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and the School of International and Public Affairs as well as a certificate from the Middle East Institute. He received his Ph.D. from the School of International Service (SIS) at American University.

Career
A former United Nations correspondent for the Jerusalem Post, Hadar is currently the Washington bureau chief for the Business Times (Singapore)." He also taught political science at American University and Mount Vernon College, where he served as director of international studies, and was affiliated as a research fellow with the EastWest Institute (formerly the Institute on East-West Security Studies), the Center for International Development and Conflict Management (CIDCM) at the University of Maryland, College Park and the Independent Institute. In 1993, Hadar was selected as a member of the Libertarian Party's "Shadow Cabinet", "a list of public figures and scholars—including Ron Paul (Treasury), John Taylor Gatto (Education), and James Bovard (Agriculture)—who were expected to review and comment on the actions of President Clinton's cabinet."

Publications
Hadar's analyses on global affairs have appeared in newspapers including The New York Times, The Washington Post, Washington Times, The Los Angeles Times, Christian Science Monitor, Chicago Tribune, Atlanta Journal and Constitution, The Baltimore Sun, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Dallas Morning News, Houston Chronicle, The Orange County Register, El País, The Korea Herald, The Australian, Middle East Times, and Tehran Times as well as in magazines such as Columbia Journalism Review, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, World Policy Journal, Current History, Middle East Journal, Journal of Palestine Studies, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs and Mediterranean Quarterly. The broadcast outlets CNN, Fox News, CBC, BBC, NPR and VOA have interviewed him. He also contributes regularly to news websites published by such outlets like The Globalist, Antiwar.com, LewRockwell.com, Asia Times Online, The National Interest, IRC Right Web Program, and Fox News.

title: Leon Hadar


text:
Talk:Landlocked country

Caspian Sea dispute
I reckon the Uzbekistan should not be considered as doubly landlocked KarM4xAyush (talk) 07:39, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Why? Every source says it is. 120.16.171.146 (talk) 02:03, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

Is the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic now a landlocked country?
According to some sources, it seems that Morocco has extended its berm into Mauritanian territory and successfully split the previously contiguous SADR-controlled part into separate regions. Does anyone know whether the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic still has access to the Atlantic Ocean? If not, we might have to add it to our list.

Links:

1. https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/morocco-western-sahara-land

2. https://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/mapsonline/base-maps/western-sahara

3. https://gisgeography.com/western-sahara-map/#PoliticalMap 2001:8003:9008:1301:9535:F3C8:6763:D1BC (talk) 02:11, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The SADR is a claim to a nation. That claim, as far as I know, extends to the entirety of what used to be the Spanish Sahara and is now called Western Sahara, without regard to the details of the respective de facto control of the two faction of the land west and east of the berm that the Moroccan government constructed. Therefore, the land that SADR refers to continues to be the land that extends to the coast. Of the countries that have at some point recognized SADR, have they not uniformly recognized it to extend over all the territory the SADR itself claims, or have any of them recognized it but only to extend to a fraction of the territory it claims? Largoplazo (talk) 03:17, 12 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not aware of any country recognising SADR but only within its de facto borders. They either accept or reject Morocco's claim. The IPs edits don't show the claim of a split, although I'm not doubting it might have happened. That said, SADR was effectively landlocked already, and a specific source would be needed for this article. CMD (talk) 05:47, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

Black Sea
I'm not an expert so I'm not going to edit this myself. But it seems like the status of the Black Sea is worth an explicit description. My guess is that the Bosporus and Dardanelles makes countries that are only on the Black Sea (Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Georgia) not count as landlocked — but that still seems like something worth explicitly calling out? 135.180.50.142 (talk) 19:11, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Are you asking about the Black Sea because it looks nearly cut off from the oceans? But it isn't. It's really no different from Estonia (to get from the Baltic Sea to the oceans you have to navigate the Kattegat and Skaggerak) or Italy (the Mediterranean connects to the Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar). Largoplazo (talk) 22:19, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan isn't landlocked Nlivataye (talk) 14:45, 22 October 2022 (UTC)
 * How would you navigate from Kazakhstan to, say, Spain? Referring to the definition given in the article, Kazakhstan is a country "that does not have territory connected to an ocean or whose coastlines lie on endorheic basins". Largoplazo (talk) 15:16, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

Luhansk People's Republic, South Ossetia?
Is there any need of mentioning it? Partially recognized states worth mention, I guess, but still there must be some systematic approach to it, since neither LPR nor South Ossetia have ever been considered as independent countries unrelated to political situation resulted in exercising of Russian military power. 194.183.170.194 (talk) 10:39, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

 * If you look here, it does say two of them are de facto states with no or limited international recognition, isn't that enough? 1AmNobody24 (talk) 12:42, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

February 2023
the claim that "double-landlocked" is used much more frequently than "doubly landlocked" doesn't stand up to scrutiny. For example: Google gives 81,600 hits for "doubly landlocked" and 22,400 for "double landlocked". How did you come to that conclusion? M.Bitton (talk) 17:15, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, the Google Ngram Viewer finds by far fewer instances of "double-landlocked" in its English-language corpus. See here. Largoplazo (talk) 18:02, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

Ethiopia
Ababa RXZ Are you familiar with the differences between controlling, leasing, and owning a piece of land? However you look at it, the deal between Ethiopia and Somaliland conveys no ownership of the port to Ethiopia. The land continues to be recognized by both Ethiopia and Somaliland as belonging to Somaliland, and by most of the rest of the world as belonging to Somalia, regardless of who controls it. Largoplazo (talk) 13:39, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Landlocked country


text:
Jur

Jur or JUR may refer to:
 * Jur, Iran, a village in Isfahan Province, Iran
 * Jur River, in South Sudan
 * Jurien Bay Airport (IATA: ), in Western Australia
 * Jurong East MRT station (MRT station abbreviation), Singapore

Languages

 * Jur language (ISO 639-3: ), spoken in South Sudan
 * Jurúna language (ISO 639-3: ), spoken in Brazil

People

 * Jur Hronec (1881–1959), Slovak mathematician
 * Jur Vrieling (born 1969), Dutch show jumping rider
 * Barthélemy de Jur (c. 1080–1158), French bishop

title: Jur