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Albert Costa

Albert Costa Casals (born 25 June 1975) is a Spanish former professional tennis player. He is best remembered for winning the men's singles title at the French Open in 2002.

Tennis career
Costa began playing tennis at the age of five. He first came to the tennis world's attention as an outstanding junior player. In 1993, he reached the French Open junior final and won the Orange Bowl. He turned professional later that year and quickly established a reputation as a strong clay court player. Spanish former player and commentator for Spanish television Andrés Gimeno used to call him "the man with two forehands", because he could hit with the same accuracy and strength both forehand and backhand. In 1994, he won two challenger series events and was named the ATP's Newcomer of the Year.

Costa won his first top-level singles title in 1995 at Kitzbühel, beating the "King of Clay", Thomas Muster, in a five set final. It was Muster's first of only 2 losses on clay in 1995. Costa ended Muster's streak of 40 consecutive clay match wins and his 11 consecutive final wins. Costa won three further titles in 1996. In 1997, he won another two singles titles and was part of the Spanish team that won the World Team Cup. He won another two singles titles in 1998, including the Tennis Masters Series event in Hamburg and played at magnificent level at the French Open, only a brilliant Marcelo Ríos could stop him at fourth round, but he established the bases for his future winning in 2002. Three further titles followed in 1999.

In 2000, Costa helped Spain win its first Davis Cup. Despite being knocked out in the first round in men's singles, he also captured a bronze medal in the men's doubles at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, partnering Álex Corretja.

Going into the French Open in 2002, Costa had not won a tour title of any kind since 1999 and was not considered to be among the favorites. Seeded 20th, he defeated Richard Gasquet, Nikolay Davydenko and Andrea Gaudenzi to reach the fourth round, where he defeated two time defending-champion and former world No. 1 Gustavo Kuerten in straight sets. Costa followed up with a five-set victory over Argentina's Guillermo Cañas in the quarterfinals. He then defeated fellow-Spaniard, former world No. 2 and long-time friend Àlex Corretja in a four-set semifinal. In the final, Costa came up against another Spaniard, future world No. 1, Juan Carlos Ferrero. Ferrero had been in fine form in the run-up to the event and most observers considered him to be the heavy favourite going into the final. But Costa won in four sets, 6–1, 6–0, 4–6, 6–3, to claim his first Grand Slam title. Costa destroyed Ferrero, who could only win nine points during Costa's service games in the first 2 sets. The win propelled him to his career-high singles ranking of World No. 6 in July 2002.

Coming into the French Open as defending-champion in 2003, Costa spent a total of 21 hours and 15 minutes on court, winning four five-setters before eventually being knocked-out in a semifinal by Ferrero (who went on to win the title).

During his career, Costa won 12 top-level singles titles. In 2005, he captured his first tour doubles title (in Doha, partnering Rafael Nadal).

Citing recurring injuries and lack of desire, he officially announced his retirement from competitive professional tennis on 21 April 2006, at the completion of the Open Seat 2006 in his hometown in Barcelona. In his last tournament, Costa defeated American Vincent Spadea and Slovakian Dominik Hrbatý before losing 6–1, 5–7, 7–5 to Ferrero in the third round.

In December 2008, Costa was named Spain's Davis Cup captain, replacing Emilio Sánchez Vicario. Costa became the most successful Spanish Davis Cup captain to date as he led Spain to two Davis Cup titles in 2009 and 2011, before handing the captaincy over to Àlex Corretja.

Costa was coaching ATP pro Feliciano López.

Personal life
He grew up with John McEnroe as his idol. Besides tennis, he enjoys playing cards, table tennis, golf, and soccer. He is also a fan of Barcelona and his hometown team UE Lleida. He also admires Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, and Ronaldo.

Less than a week after his triumph at the 2002 French Open, Costa married his long-time girlfriend Cristina Ventura. Àlex Corretja was the best man at the wedding. The couple have twin daughters, Claudia and Alma, who were born on 21 April 2001.

title: Albert Costa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Birla Institute of Technology

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 02:58, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Birla Institute of Technology
Notability not established. No content except for a URL and a photograph. Is every school or uni by itself notable? Radiant! 13:20, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Any institution with a research program is notable, and what do you mean "no content"? Kappa 13:32, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What I meant was that the article didn't provide any interesting facts about said institute. Of course the webpage does. Very well, request withdrawn, mark as edu-stub. Radiant! 13:58, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Edited out unneeded final paragraph. Keep educational institutions are notable. Mgm|(talk) 14:06, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Trilobite (Talk) 15:18, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, these Indian technical colleges are influential and encyclopedic. Wyss 18:57, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Real educational institution. Capitalistroadster 09:29, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Be in Birmingham 2008

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was copyvio. Joyous 00:23, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Be in Birmingham 2008
Says absolutely nothing beyond what's generally applicable to the European Capital of Culture. The information is just duplicated under the slogan of one city. — Trilobite (Talk) 13:24, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a copyvio from, but I'd vote delete anyway. It didn't even win the nomination. sjorford// 14:50, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Computer companies of the United Kingdom


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Balázs Rózsa

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 20:31, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Balázs Rózsa
Reverse vanity page (aka hate page, or the person has very low self esteem). Notability of said person not established. Radiant! 13:25, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Attack page, speedy delete. Kappa 13:34, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 15:18, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Attack page. HyperZonk 16:59, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete #3, vandalism. Wyss 18:55, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, obvious personal attack. Megan1967 05:19, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I would hope that being an insult page against a non-notable person qualifies for speedy delete, but I've been slapped before for things not so different, so I leave it to someone else to follow through. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:21, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Attack. Ganymead 04:31, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - If the man's games are worthy of an entry (and IMO at least one of them is) then his biography is also of potential merit. I have cleaned up the tone of the page and flagged it as a bio-stub.  With luck someone will expand it and we will find out just how notable is. --Theo  (Talk) 09:31, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Ministries Trial

Guilty verdicts
I have not found any on-line information on which defendant was indicted on which counts, and who was found guilty on what counts precisely. The closest I could come was the USHMM reference. If somebody could supply this info, it could be included in the table in the way it was done in the other trial articles. Lupo 13:25, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Ministries Trial. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041204084148/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/cntrl10_trials.htm to http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/cntrl10_trials.htm

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:15, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

Some of these guys are still alive
Some have an explicit date of death in the table, while others don't. Are they still alive? 2A02:AA1:1620:11B1:4DE4:E316:6EBB:603E (talk) 22:58, 15 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Given their ages at the end of the war, that seems pretty unlikely. Anyone who was 30 at the end is WWII is now 108. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 23:12, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ministries Trial


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WCW Thunder

WCW Thunder, or simply Thunder, is an American professional wrestling show produced by World Championship Wrestling (WCW) which aired on TBS Superstation from January 8, 1998 to March 21, 2001.

The popularity of WCW in 1996 and 1997 allowed for the creation of a new show, which became WCW Thunder. Thunder was taped on Tuesday nights and then aired on Thursday, a change for WCW as producer Eric Bischoff was very keen on its primary show WCW Monday Nitro being aired live every week.

The rights to WCW Thunder now belong to WWE, who purchased WCW properties in 2001. The trademark for "WCW Thunder" was renewed by WWE in 2018. As of June 30, 2023, all 156 episodes of Thunder are available to stream on the WWE Network and Peacock.

Creation
The popularity of World Championship Wrestling (WCW)'s primary show, WCW Monday Nitro on TNT, led Ted Turner to create a new show, which would eventually be named Thunder, that would air Thursdays on TBS Superstation. According to the Wrestling Observer, WCW originally named the program Thursday Thunder, but dropped "Thursday" from the title to distinguish it from a similarly named program on ESPN and to provide TBS more programming flexibility if they were to move the broadcast to a different day of the week.

WCW executive vice-president Eric Bischoff was originally reluctant to produce another two-hour weekly television show for a variety of reasons. First, Time Warner Entertainment (WCW's parent company) was under a hiring freeze which prevented Bischoff from bringing in additional production people to run the show. Second, he felt WCW did not have enough talent to produce another show, and risked overexposing them and making storylines less significant. Third, according to Bischoff, TBS refused to pay the cost of producing Thunder which was between $12 million and $15 million per year.

Bischoff eventually decided that he could make the new show work and help pay for it by expanding revenue from increased house show business. Bischoff was also given permission to sign Bret Hart, specifically as a high-profile talent to perform on Thunder. WCW Thunder originally debuted as a live weekly show, but the schedule was changed by Bischoff in August 1998 due to complaints by wrestlers over travel demands. Tapings were expanded to four hours, with the first two hours being broadcast live, and the last two hours taped to air the following week.

WCW Thunder debuted on January 8, 1998 and drew a 4.02 Nielsen rating. The first match to take place in Thunder featured Chris Adams against Randy Savage with Miss Elizabeth. Adams pinned Savage after a chairshot from Lex Luger. The match decision was reversed by WCW Commissioner/Chairman of Executive Committee J. J. Dillon.

WCW Thunder debuted for viewers in England on October 3, 1998 on broadcast cable network TNT Europe.

In 1998, WCW Thunder consistently had one of the highest Nielsen ratings on cable, at one time rivaling the audience size of a Thursday night NFL broadcast on ESPN. The Wrestling Observer reported the December 3, 1998 WCW Thunder show had a 3.7 rating head-to-head against the NFL game, which drew a 4.5 rating. WCW Thunder's success in 1998 included ticket sales, as a number of live events sold out and grossed gates over $100,000. The WCW Thunder at the Fargodome in Fargo, North Dakota on April 16, 1998 drew 15,362 people and grossed $274,393 in ticket sales, which were both records highs for that market.

2000–2001
WCW Thunder switched from Thursday evenings to Wednesday evenings on January 12, 2000. Since WWF SmackDown! debuted on UPN (a broadcast television network) on August 26, 1999 in the same timeslot as Thunder, WCW had been losing to the WWF in the ratings on Thursdays including on Mondays, as this was the time WCW's ratings began to steadily decline that would eventually lead to the company's demise.

On October 9, 2000, WCW moved the Thunder tapings to Monday nights, the same night as Nitro. After the live Nitro broadcast ended, the Thunder taping would commence. This practice continued until March 19, 2001, when Thunder taped its last episode. Bryan Alvarez and R. D. Reynolds wrote in their book, The Death of WCW, the reasoning behind the tapings was attendance at Thunder events had dropped considerably over the previous twenty-one months.

Towards the end of the show's run, WCW Thunder was the anchor of a TBS programming block known as iWatch Wednesdays (later renamed Enhanced TBS), which was tied to the website TBS Interactive. After installing a web browser plugin, users had access to forums, games and contests related to the TBS programs, including Thunder.

Final broadcast
In an attempt to save WCW, Bischoff attempted to purchase the company with Fusient Media Ventures. However, although Bischoff's offer had been accepted, recently appointed Turner Broadcasting executive Jamie Kellner announced shortly after his arrival that Thunder and all WCW programming was immediately canceled on TBS Superstation and TNT. Bischoff's group then withdrew their offer, as it was contingent on keeping WCW programming on some outlet. WCW's trademarks and certain assets (such as its video library and the contracts of 24 wrestlers), though not the company itself (which continued to exist as a Time Warner-owned subsidiary under the name Universal Wrestling Corporation), were bought by the WWF, its long-time competitor.

Thunder was the antepenultimate WCW broadcast before the final episode of WCW WorldWide on March 31, 2001. WCW Thunder was the final wrestling broadcast to air on TBS until AEW Dynamite moved to TBS on January 5, 2022.

Reception
Veteran industry journalist Wade Keller said that the introduction of Thunder could be called "the beginning of the end" for the now-defunct WCW, adding that the program's debut "is probably as good of a turning point as you could pick out".

Wrestling Observer subscribers voted WCW Thunder the worst weekly television show in 1999 and 2000.

Ring announcers

 * David Penzer (January 16, 1998 – March 21, 2001)
 * Pamela Paulshock

title: WCW Thunder


text: Template:Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics


text:
French frigate Tourville

Tourville is the lead ship of F67 type large high-sea frigates of the French Marine Nationale. The vessel is specialised in anti-submarine warfare, though it also has anti-air and anti-surface capabilities. She is named after the 17th century admiral Count Anne-Hilarion de Cotentin de Tourville.

Between 1994 and 1996, Tourville (and sister ship FRENCH FRIGATE De Grasse) was refitted with the modern SLAMS anti-submarine system, an active Very Low Frequencies sonar.

Varuna 10
Tourville  was part of the French naval task group led by the FRENCH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Charles de Gaulle that departed Toulon on 30 October 2010 for a four-month deployment to the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean. and Persian Gulf.

Once on station, the Charles de Gaulle carrier task group joined two U.S. Navy carrier strike groups led by the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier aircraft carriers USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) and USS Harry S. Truman operating in the Persian Gulf. Subsequently, between 7–14 January 2011, the French carrier task group led by Charles de Gaulle participated with bilateral naval exercise, code named Varuna 10, with the Indian Navy. Indian naval units participating in Varuna 10 included the aircraft carrier INS Viraat (R22), the frigates INS Godavari (F20) and INS Ganga (F22); and the diesel-electric submarine INS Shalki (S46). Varuna 10 was a two-phase naval exercise, with the harbour phase taking place between 7–11 January and the sea phase between 11–14 January in the Arabian Sea.

Decommissioning
Tourville was decommissioned on 9 September 2011 and is now moored in the Penfeld (Brest Arsenal).

title: French frigate Tourville


text:
Cheironomy

Cheironomy or chironomy is a form of music conducting, typically with choral music and choral groups (choirs), where the use of hand gestures directs musical performance. In the modern artform, conductors tend to hoist batons for indicating melodic curves and ornaments.

History
Early music (vocal church music), as far back as the 5th century, required some central direction from a leader in the coordination of singers in their delivery of melodic lines of mostly free rhythm. Traced back to early Egyptian performances through hieroglyphic documentation (etchings in stone depicting a leader employing hand signals to indicate pitch and rhythm details for wind instrument players), this form of conducting seems to predate Guido of Arezzo's designation of joints of the fingers for indicating pitches, and seems to have offered more than limited pitch instruction. These early leaders, or cheironomers, though possessing none of the modern conducting skills developed in the 17th century, using a form of choreographed hand signals, adeptly controlled the movement of the melodic lines, producing incredibly well-synchronized performances.

Cheironomy, though not a commonly used term in today's reference to conducting, serves, as it did in early music, as the model for the motions necessary to direct some modern music which requires individualized direction to specific players, within less metrically structured musical compositions. It is still in use in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church (despite a decline of chant in the late twentieth century), of some Middle Eastern sects and in synagogues to direct the singing of liturgical songs (Hebrews probably learned cheironomy from Egyptians), and, more rarely, in some ancient Western religions.

The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians comments that the method is particularly developed in traditions lacking a written notation, including Vedic, Byzantine and Roman chants.

Jewish religious cheironomy can also be found as mnemonic signs in printed Hebrew Bibles, appearing above, below and amidst the text to be sung, to guide the cantor in his rendition of Biblical readings: see Cantillation.

title: Cheironomy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fukuyama Masaharu

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. - Mailer Diablo 11:32, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fukuyama Masaharu
delete, vanity Wikipedian231 13:28, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently never listed on vfd, so I'm putting it on today's page. —Korath (Talk) 00:19, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, amazon.co.jp has 63 music items, 56 books, 34 videos, and 17 DVDs under his name. Kappa 00:56, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable Japanese artist. Let's as someone from JP wiki to help on this. Klonimus 02:13, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Allmusic.com listing, but no written entry.  Article does not establish notability, but it seems perhaps there is some. Gamaliel 02:19, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Notable - the article just needs to be expanded. --Fuzzball! 03:17, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, such extensive Amazon listing shows sufficient notability. Mgm|(talk) 08:04, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Very well-known Japanese artist. Allmusic is notoriously bad about its coverage of foreign artists, and its lack of a written entry is unsurprising. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  10:38, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
TTU

TTU may refer to any of the following:

United States

 * Tennessee Technological University
 * Tennessee Temple University
 * Texas Tech University

Other countries

 * Tallinn University of Technology, formerly known as Tallinn Technical University
 * Tatung University, a university in Taiwan
 * TTÜ KK, a professional basketball club associated with Tallinn University of Technology
 * Tafila Technical University, a public university in Jordan
 * Thanlyin Technological University, a technical university in Myanmar

Other

 * Tanzania Teachers’ Union, a trade union in Tanzania
 * Timed Text Unit, used in MPEG-4 Part 17
 * TTUSB, a turntable

title: TTU


text:
Talk:Soviet Union military aircraft designation systems

GRAU Indicies
How about "GRAU Indicies" (look like 1A2B3)?

Yes, the GRAU (the Main Artillery and Missiles Agency of the General Staff) has nothing to do with Air Force and alike. But all the missiles, rockets, spacecrafts and launchers were indexed in their terms!

For example, see well known Soviet space launchers.

--jno 13:28, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Name of Air Force
I believe it would be quite useful if you listed the official designation of the USSR's air force. If you did, it should be in a clearer place, because I missed it.--Dale S. Satre 00:09, 28 August 2008 (UTC)


text:
Category:Mayors of Salt Lake County, Utah

Mayors of Salt Lake County, Utah.


text:
Talk:Baruch Marzel

Old discussion
To the annonymous editor posting from 68.80.129.105 :

Firstly: hi and welcome to Wikipedia. You've contributed quite a lot now - why not set up a user account? It tends to make things much easier all round.

Secondly, Hebron is a Palestinian city - this is an uncontroversial fact. On paper, the Israeli government says as much too. Calling it a Palestinian city is taking no stand on the status of Jewish settlements and makes no comment about Israeli military control of the city. It also makes no comment about the racial or religious make up of the city. I've put 'Palestinian' back. If you want to make a statement about the racial or religious make up of the city it belongs in a seperate paragraph, but *really* it belongs in the Hebron article.

Thirdly, I removed the part about "requiring large armed forces to guard them and leading to a serious disrupion for daily life" because it was seriously non-NPOV. I've made an attempt at addressing this. I'm not sure what you mean by "serious disrupion for daily life" unless you are refering to the continual harassment of Palestinians by the soldiers there. Please clarify if you put this bit back in. AW 13:32, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hebron has been a Jewish city for 4,000 years. Instead of calling it a "Palestinian" city say who lives there and let people decide for themselves what kind of city it is. I think Palestinian is a propanda term itself but if you insist on using it you should include the Jewish position as well. The government of The State of Israel does not have the authority to decide what is a Jewish city and what isn't. It was a Jewish city before there ever was a State of Israel and it is in fact the second holiest city in Judaism only after Jerusalem. It was the first property that Jews bought in The Land of Israel stretching back to when Abraham bought it to bury Sarah.

 * I didn't put a serious "disruption of daily life". That whole parapgraph was inserted by someone else and I just tried to make it non-biased against Israel. I wouldn't mind if the whole paragraph was removed.

 * You have a serious problem here - how can anyone possibily define one single "Jewish position"? . Regarding your claim that Hebron is a "Jewish city" - as you well know the Jewish community in Hebron has been a minority for hundereds of years. Calling it a Palestinian city makes no judgement on who should live there and who shouldn't because the term "Palestinian" is a nationalist term with no direct religious implications. I happen to agree with you that "The State of Israel does not have the authority to decide what is a Jewish city and what isn't". The question remains: considering that Palestinian Arabs make up the vast majority of the population of Hebron and that the government of Israel designates it a Palestinian city, what justification is there for calling it a "Jewish city" other than an explictly racist one? AW 21:34, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jews don't consider themselves to be Palestinian. Only Arabs call themselves that. Therefore we should call it a mixed city. The Jews were massacred by the Arabs there in 1929. The Israeli Government also doesn't have the right to decide what a "Palestinian" city is. Only G-d decides.

 * I've done what should have been done weeks ago and removed that paragraph completely. It belongs in the article on Hebron rather than here, and I've copied over the only bit of information from here which wasn't already there (the bit about the burial place of Joseph). If you want to carry on this argument, I suggest that Talk:Hebron is a more appropriate place. 194.73.130.132 15:06, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

'falsely'
What do you mean, it was "delclared (falsely) racist". That isn't even coherent English, but I don't think this was meant as an NPOV statement. The court found Kach to be a racist party, whether it is or isn't should be debated separately. So I have taken out the parenthasized 'falsely'.

March failure
Pretty funny how he first claimed to have a lot of signatures of people who guaranteed to vote for him so that he would be sure to enter the Knesset, while eventually as of now it appears that they retracted their promises and voted for others. Bye bye Marzel. --Daniel575 20:44, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Daniel, you must be the only one to have actual results an hour after the polls have closed. And it's very obvious that if Marzel doesn't pass the threshold in a few more hours, then these people didn't vote for anyone (just look at the other right-wing party right now). --Shuki 21:30, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Mug shot
Shuki: see his own "CV" on his party's website under. Imprisonment, arrests and convictions: http://www.hazit.co.il/Default.aspx?tabid=323

This guy is considered an extremist quack in the Israeli mainstream. I think he's a symptom of much wider racism, but that's another debate. AW 08:03, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Puh-lease. That section is not the main section, and this is an encyclopedia, not some place to push your POV. Even Michael Jackson's page doesn't have a mug shot. --Shuki 20:19, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Michael Jackson is not a criminal convicted of violent assault or part of a political group that openly advocates ethnic cleansing. These are facts. AW

 * It's your POV what crimes are notable or not to deserve a mug shot. --Shuki 17:10, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The man is a criminal, racist extremist, and mainly known in Israel for this. As noted in the article, he has a long string of criminal convictions for violence (mainly against Palestinians) in ISRAELI courts. This is a fact, one that I've extenisvely sourced in the footnotes. Statements you put back such as "Avnery's support of the Terror group Hamas" are just factually wrong, and I'm sure you're smart enough to know this. AW 08:20, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Asa, that is your POV. To others, he is known as a peaceful and altruisitc man who works with welfare organizations. --Shuki 18:19, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * "To others"? Give me a break, that means nothing. These are just facts. I notice you don't try to dispute any of these FACTS -- because they are FACTS and nothing to do my my point of view. Stop valdalising this page. AW 14:46, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, Asa, 'to others'. You really do not even know who he is except for what you read in certain outlets and even then, you really don't care about the article. Yes, I cannot really counter your references. The mainstream Israeli media hates and despises him (as you do) and cannot be depended on to present an objective view of him. Removing your cheap weenie mug shot image is not vandalising the page. Your editing of this article has long since passed WP:AGF. --Shuki 20:46, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You have no right to remove a perfectly relevant image from a page, which is -- after all -- about an Israeli criminal, as stated, detailed and extensively referenced in the article. I notice you do not dare try and remove those facts from the article. You think you can get away with deleting a picture that both backs up and illustrates facts documented in the article, just because you're trying to defend someone most Israelis consider an extremist and a wacko. And your only argument to counter this "yes well thats your point of view". No -- it's a simple fact. AW 13:20, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * "You have no right" Excuse me King of WP. Please provide a list of all other people articles on WP in which a person not currently incarcerated has his/her mug shot on the page. Your continued infatuation with Baruch Marzel and the tone of your writing here shows that you have a WP:POINT. Asa, stop violating WP consensus. --Shuki 19:41, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Several politicians have mugshots on their articles, including Gordon Campbell, Vladimir Lenin and Tom DeLay (whose trial is ongoing). As for the comment that Marzel is "known as a peaceful and altruisitc man", surely you are violating your own obsession with POV. The photo shows a FACT - that he was arrested, and facts are not POV. Number 57 22:18, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * 57, everyone has a POV. Please recognize the difference between editing in an article and it's talk/discussion page. Similarly, I do not question Asa saying This guy is considered an extremist quack, only that she has taken this opinion to an extreme by taking in the editing in the article. My POV can be clearly assumed, but you can trust me that I would view a similar portraying of left-wing nutcases (yes, my opinion) like Uri Avnery or Noam Chomsky on WP as skewed and psychotic defamation, not an enclyclopedia article. As you can see, those two extremist individuals have neutral portrayals as the Marzel article should be as well. But Asa has virtually highjacked it and I admit that a) there is little traffic and interest here, b) I don't want to bother overhauling the article since I have others I'd prefer to work on, c) it allows Asa some sort of humour to accuse me of vandalising even though WP doesn't think so.
 * As for the mug shot, bravo on finding one unknown Gordon Campbell, the other two do not have mug shots, neither does Michael Jackson. --Shuki 23:07, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * "the other two do not have mug shots" - I suggest you hit Ctrl-F and do a search - they just don't look like traditional mugshots, but they are there! Personally I think it's fair enough to use his mugshot to illustrate a point - it might be POV if he wasn't convicted, but he was. Similarly if any left-wing activist had a similar photo (e.g. Tali Fahima), I would have no problem using it. Anyway, perhaps we will be seeing a few soon of some of the present cabinet ;) Number 57 06:54, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You're such a tool Shuki. I wouldn't have any problem with having mug shots of either of those two people, if they exist. I guess Avneri's probably been arrested a few times. I think Chomsky was arrested for anti-war stuff in the Vietnam era. Don't see anything "POV" about adding their mug shots if anyone could be bothered to dig them out. Their detractors could say "ah look - criminals", and their supporters could say "ah look at the sacrifices they've made for the cause". In fact, you could say the say thing about your loony-toons buddy Marzel "look - the godless Israeli state is persecuting the great hero!" (as many settlers in fact do) AW 10:04, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * So Asa, now you're violating WP:CIV too on top of WP:POINT among others things. I don't know why you think you know me. --Shuki 20:02, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well seeing as you characterized my edits of this article as "psychotic," I really think any talk about "civility" coming from you is a bit of a joke. AW 10:13, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Asa, please read the English carefully. The edits are psychotic, not you. I try to refrain from personal attacks because I think that most people contributing to WP are generally good people but the anonymity and other issues sometimes exagerates the editing. --Shuki 21:33, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Shuki, please read my English carefully: "characterized my edits of this article..." Funny standard of civility you have: apparently my edits are "psychotic" and I'm not supposed to take offense at this. I don't really care, but don't expect me to take seriously your lectures on "civility". AW 12:58, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Bias
This article read like a condemnation from begining to end. I will attempt to cleanup with anyone else interested in the topic. frummer 02:12, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * How does one be unbiased about any such violent racist criminal? LamontCranston 20:31, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Homophobia
The cat is a somewhat derogatory under WP:BLP and perhaps redundant for a religious person. Theoretically, the cat could be applied to the majority of rabbi, iman, and other religious figures pages on WP. The question is if Marzel is an exception and has specific animosity towards a certain population or this is the label/cat is based on WP:ONEEVENT. --Shuki (talk) 13:13, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Extreme
Please bring a neutral definition of 'extreme' so that we would be able to get a cinsensus to place on all 'extreme' activists and politicians. Until then, it probably violates BLP. --Shuki (talk) 11:47, 26 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Why would a definition be needed, it's reliably sourced. Saying that someone is on the extreme right is no different than saying that someone is on the center-right; an informative article requires more specificity than "right" or "left." It can't be a blp violation to accurately describe people's political stances, as reported in newspapers.  "Far right" is probably the more commonly-used terminology, there are references for that too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.182.211.165 (talk • contribs)
 * Those aren't references, they are name calling. BLP requires us to be as NPOV as possible. Without a neutral, and consensus way to place people on a scale of right and left, it is enough to add in afterwards that others think he is such and such. --Shuki (talk) 19:31, 27 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Of course they're references. It's not name-calling, some people actually are on the far right or far left.  NPOV doesn't mean being nice and toning down people's beliefs.  A neutral way to place people on a scale of right and left exists: it can be done by using reliable sources, such as newspapers.Prezbo (talk) 08:00, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm just going to ask the BLP board about this since I assume it's come up before.Prezbo (talk) 08:07, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I came over from the BLP board. I think it's perfectly fair to say he is "right wing." However saying so gives the reader very little real information. "Right wing" could be anyone from Libertarians to National Socialists, and includes supporters of both the Israeli and Palestinian causes. I think it's better to tell the reader exactly what Mr. Marzel's views are (as the article does) than slap a label on him. Steve Dufour (talk) 18:52, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I see that the first paragraph calls him this at the end. So no need to say it in the first sentence. I went ahead and changed it. Steve Dufour (talk) 18:57, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Views on Bar Refaeli
We have a puzzling difficulty: Shuki wants to remove a passage supported by a perfectly reliable source, because he thinks that passage is untrue. I would have thought that an established editor is familiar with "verifiability, not truth". The passage in question -- Marzel has urged Refaeli not to "dilute the Jewish race" -- is indeed verifiable. Shuki points to a letter at the website of Arutz Sheva and claims, correctly, that "dilute" does not appear in that letter. This however is beside the point: the JC doesn't say anything about Marzel writing to Refaeli in a letter published by Arutz Sheva. Perhaps the JC is referring to a different letter. It really doesn't matter: the passage is supported with a reliable source in the usual way, and removal of properly sourced material is the problem here. Nomoskedasticity (talk) 21:33, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

 * There is nothing puzzling at all. The perhaps usually reliable source here is claiming that Marzel used the controversial expression 'dilute the Jewish race' and he simply did not. The verifiable original Hebrew letter is sourced for all to see. Given that, the Chronicle is apparently not a RS here, perhaps an irresponsible reporter getting info from a third party. You will need to find the source you claim the Chronicle uses in order to reinsert info that is a violation of BLP. --Shuki (talk) 21:52, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * There's no violation of BLP at all. As for the JC, you're welcome to take that one to the RS noticeboard.  As best I can tell, you are simply insisting on truth over verifiability.  Nomoskedasticity (talk) 22:17, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Given that BLP could apply, if there is doubt that this English version accurately represents the original Hebrew, I believe that caution dictates omitting the quote pending ironclad sourcing. Hertz1888 (talk) 22:37, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Okay, here are a couple of additional sources:, . Perhaps three is sufficient?  Nomoskedasticity (talk) 22:53, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The "race" wording is not in either one as a direct quote; that terminology is apparently some writer's paraphrasing. Hertz1888 (talk) 22:59, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Haaretz (usually more careful than most) has "Jewish people" in direct quote. The original of Mazel's letter is quoted in Hebrew Haaretz .  The main part is "עם ישראל הוא עם סגולה, ולא במקרה נולדת יהודיה. הסבתא שלך, והסבתא של הסבתא שלך לא חלמו ולא פיללו שמישהי מצאצאיהם תעשה מעשה שיוציא את הדורות הבאים במשפחתה מהעם היהודי"  It means Jewish people or Jewish nation. Zerotalk 23:42, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Zero, that Haaretz link does not contain an entire letter from Marzel. It contains portions of a letter.  We are still left with a problem: the JC is a reliable source and it contains a direct quote.  The fact that a letter (or portions of a letter) without it is published somewhere else does not establish that the JC is wrong.  "Wrong" is the wrong question anyway, as WP:V makes clear: verifiability, not truth.  Those who are removing properly sourced information appear to be having difficulty understanding that core principle of Wikipedia.  I don't even see what the BLP problem is: we don't know that Marzel considers this phrase to be a negative reflection on him, and there are good reasons to believe that he approves of it and actually believes the dilution of the Jewish race to be a bad thing -- not least because he is reported to have written it.  Nomoskedasticity (talk) 15:56, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Nomo, so with you saying: there are good reasons to believe that he approves of it, you assume that you know what Marzel thinks? I suggest you find the whole letter before including material that violates BLP. --Shuki (talk) 21:36, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

To Nomoskedasticity: Just to clarify my position, I have no doubt whatever that "dilute the Jewish race" is a correct interpretation of what Marzel intended, but I am still not convinced that he said it so explicitly as that. The usual writing style for people like this is to use stock phrases like מהעם היהודי and עם ישראל and to avoid the word "race", yet you can tell from their words (talk of descendants, future generations, etc) that for them the Jewish people is a biological entity. What you need to advance your position is a quotation in a good Hebrew source that uses the word "race" directly; English translations can't really be trusted to get the nuances correct. Marzel's whole original letter is surely on the web somewhere. So far the extracts I managed to find match the Haaretz text. Zerotalk 23:58, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

 * What you can't get on the discussion page, can be attempt to skirt elsewhere without 'followers'. Discussion has somewhat continued here: Reliable sources/Noticeboard. Usually, one would also want to notify this discussion of other discussions. Thanks. --Shuki (talk) 23:35, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Vexrog, just to make it easier for you, I went to find the archived discussion: Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 60
 * You say that as if there was some sort of consensus in that discussion. There wasn't.  Nomoskedasticity (talk) 22:17, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

 * There was a recommendation to avoid adding the alleged 'dilute' claim. --Shuki (talk) 21:05, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Father
Obituary for Shlomo Marzel, Boruch's father. Horev Principal Rabbi Shlomo Merzel, 79. He was a Yakir Yerushalaim. If there are additional sources, there may be justification for an article. Has anyone seen other coverage of him? Joe407 (talk) 04:07, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Unsourced text
If a source is found this was the exact text "After finishing his studies in the hesder yeshiva in the short-lived Israeli settlement of Yamit in the Sinai Peninsula, at age 20, he joined the IDF. In the 1982 Lebanon War, he fought in a tank regiment within the Armored Corps and participated in the capture of the Beirut-Damascus road. He was later wounded in action. Upon finishing his army service, the army sent him to the United States, where he was involved in public relations and outreach for Israel." I removed it since it didn't have a source, and was a pretty heavily claim to be unsourced. ShimonChai (talk) 14:12, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baruch Marzel


text:
French frigate Duguay-Trouin

Duguay-Trouin was a F67 type frigate built for the French Marine Nationale during the Cold War. The F67s specialised in anti-submarine warfare, though they also had anti-air and anti-surface capabilities. She was the 10th French vessel named after the 17th century privateer René Duguay-Trouin.

Construction and career
Duguary-Trouin was laid down on 26 February 1971 at the Arsenal de Lorient, launched on 1 June 1973 and commissioned on 17 September 1975.

She was decommissioned on 13 July 1999 and was used for a harbour wave-breaker protection. On 3 July 2020, the vessel arrived at the breakers in Ghent, Belgium.

title: French frigate Duguay-Trouin


text:
Starrcade

Starrcade was a recurring professional wrestling event, originally broadcast via closed-circuit television and eventually broadcast via pay-per-view. It was originally held from 1983 to 2000, first by the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) from 1983 to 1990, with the 1983–1987 events specifically held by Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) under the NWA, and then held by World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1988 to 2000.

Starrcade was regarded by the NWA and WCW as their flagship event of the year, much in the same vein that its rival, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), regarded WrestleMania. As a result, the buildup to each Starrcade featured the largest feuds of the promotion. In 2001, the WWF acquired WCW, and the WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2002.

WWE revived the event in 2017 as a house show with portions of the events in 2018 and 2019 airing as WWE Network specials. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, an event was not held in 2020 and no further events were scheduled.

History
From 1983 to 1987, Starrcade was produced by the National Wrestling Alliance's (NWA) Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), the dominant promotion of the NWA, and aired on Thanksgiving Day. In 1987, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) scheduled a pay-per-view (PPV) of their own, Survivor Series, on Thanksgiving night and demanded exclusivity from cable providers on carriage of the event. In order to prevent such a problem, Starrcade was moved to December the following year and the show was held around Christmas Day, mostly in the days following, beginning in 1988. Also in 1988, JCP was sold to Turner Broadcasting due to financial problems and became World Championship Wrestling (WCW), though Starrcade was held under the NWA banner until 1990.

From the 1960s to the 1980s, it was tradition for JCP to hold major professional wrestling events on Thanksgiving and Christmas, mostly at Greensboro Coliseum. In 1983, JCP created Starrcade as their supercard to continue the Thanksgiving tradition, and spread it across its territory on closed-circuit television. It popularized broadcasting on closed-circuit television and was financially successful. From 1987, Starrcade was broadcast on PPV, the first NWA event to do so.

Starrcade was held for the final time as a WCW event in 2000: the promotion would be acquired by the WWF in 2001, and the brand would become dormant. In 2002, the WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (with its "WWE" abbreviation becoming an orphaned initialism in 2011). In 2017, WWE revived Starrcade for a SmackDown-branded non-televised house show on November 25, 2017. The following year, WWE's Starrcade house shows began to be held as WWE Network specials and featured both the Raw and SmackDown brands. An event did not occur in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which prevented WWE from holding shows outside of its normal weekly television programming and PPVs. WWE resumed live touring in July 2021, but a Starrcade event was not scheduled for that year.

2017
The 2017 Starrcade was the 19th Starrcade professional wrestling event. It was the first Starrcade promoted by WWE and was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's SmackDown brand division as a non-televised house show. It took place on November 25, 2017, at the Greensboro Coliseum Complex in Greensboro, North Carolina. It was the first Starrcade event in seventeen years. It was also the first Starrcade event not to be televised in any way and the first to be held in the Greensboro Coliseum since 1985. The event featured appearances by Ric Flair, Arn Anderson, Ricky Steamboat, The Rock 'n' Roll Express, and The Hardy Boyz.

title: Starrcade


text:
User talk:Techcheetah

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title: User talk:Techcheetah


text:
User talk:Endtje

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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title: User talk:Endtje


text: Template:Equestrian at the Summer Olympics


text: User talk:192.204.2.2

title: User talk:192.204.2.2


text:
Digit (magazine)

Digit is an Indian technology media publisher (magazine and website) owned by the 9.9 Group. Digit provides technology articles in eight different Indian regional languages: English, Hindi, Bangla, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, and Telugu.

Digit Magazine
Digit Magazine is a monthly Indian technology magazine that was launched in June 2001 by Jasubhai Digital Media (JDM) Private Limited, which was then bought over by the 9.9 Group in December 2007. In 2008, The IRS (Indian Readership Survey) declared Digit to be the most popular technology magazine in India. In 2011, Indian Readership Survey results (IRS 2011 Q1) declared Digit to have readership of about 230,000 people.

An assortment of Digit Covers
Each issue of Digit used to include the magazine itself, two dual-layer DVDs called alpha and omega, a mini-book called Fast Track , a gaming supplement called SKOAR!, a science booklet called dmystify, and a poster. Fast Track is an in-depth reference guide on any given sub-topic of information technology, such as web publishing and open source software. The Fast Track series is aimed as an introductory guide to a topic. The dmystify is a pocketbook introduction to complex science topics such as General relativity, Quantum Mechanics, String theory, etc.

There are two special issues every year: their Anniversary Special (published in June), and their Collector's Edition (year-end December special). In addition to the standard magazine package contents, each of these issues also includes competitions, booklets, calendars, and posters.

In 2013, Digit introduced a supplement to the magazine named DGT. It mainly focused on lifestyle technology rather than mainstream technology. This was later moved into the main Digit magazine as a section and replaced with a SKOAR! supplement.

On 30 May 2014, Digit changed its domain to www.digit.in to better reflect its focus on India. On the occasion of the magazine's 13th anniversary, Digit sported a brand-new avatar and responsive design for its website with some added features in the form of “Digit Zero1 Award” .

The Digit Community
Digit magazine is accompanied by the website www.digit.in, which acts as a discussion board for technology news, reviews, and features.

Digit Squad
“Digit Squad” is a group of technology enthusiasts in India, who discuss technology-related topics.

Digit awards
Every year, Digit gives out awards to the best technology brands and products in India.

The Icons of Trust Award is given out every year to the most trusted brand in various technology categories. Icons of Trust 2009 was awarded in nine categories: Cell phones/PDA, Desktop PCs, Digital Cameras, Monitors, External Storage, HDTVs, Laptops and Netbooks, PMPs, and MFDs/Printers.

title: Digit (magazine)


text:
French frigate De Grasse

De Grasse is a F67 type large high-sea frigate of the French Marine Nationale specialised in anti-submarine warfare, though she also has anti-air and anti-surface capabilities. She is named after the 18th century admiral count François Joseph Paul de Grasse.

Service history
Between 1994 and 1996, De Grasse and her sister FRENCH FRIGATE Tourville were refitted with the modern SLAMS anti-submarine system, an active Very Low Frequencies sonar.

In April 2006, De Grasse lost her towed sonar array during an exercise in heavy seas. The incident was reported by the Canard Enchaîné; an investigation was launched to ascertain responsibilities for the loss of the 3 million euro worth sonar array. Meanwhile, the spare sonar of the decommissioned FRENCH FRIGATE Duguay-Trouin was fitted on De Grasse.

De Grasse was decommissioned on 5 May 2013 and is now moored in the Penfeld.

Sources and references

 * Frégate De Grasse, netmarine.net

title: French frigate De Grasse


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thinkdigit Members Database

Thinkdigit Members Database
 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy Delete. Per the deletion log:

 * 14:20, 2005 Feb 16 User:MacGyverMagic deleted Thinkdigit Members Database (CSD#11 attempt at using Wikipedia as hosting service to keep members list.)
 * 14:18, 2005 Feb 16 User:MacGyverMagic deleted Thinkdigit News (content was: ' ==Thinkdigit Technology News Page==<center>[[Im...')
 * 14:17, 2005 Feb 16 User:MacGyverMagic deleted Thinkdigit Cool Links (not an encyclopedic article.)

Wikipedia is not a repository. Delete. utcursch 13:41, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is absurdly non-notable. Carrp | Talk 13:44, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Carrp, Delete Radiant! 14:01, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a webhost. Speedy. Mgm|(talk) 14:07, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Dear Lord, delete. What on earth is the point of such a page? Brother Dysk 14:10, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as per CSD #11:Attempt to form a correspondence club. See also Thinkdigit Cool Links, Thinkdigit News, and Thinkdigit. Uncle G 14:17, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Turbo-Hydramatic

Turbo-Hydramatic or Turbo Hydra-Matic is the registered tradename for a family of automatic transmissions developed and produced by General Motors. These transmissions mate a three-element turbine torque converter to a Simpson planetary geartrain, providing three forward speeds plus reverse.

The Turbo-Hydramatic or Turbo Hydra-Matic (THM) series was developed to replace both the original Hydra-Matic models and the Buick Dynaflow. In its original incarnation as the Turbo-Hydramatic 400, it was first used in the 1964 model year in Cadillacs. The Buick version, which followed shortly thereafter, was known as the Super-Turbine 400. By 1973, THM units had replaced all of GM's other automatic transmissions including Chevrolet's Powerglide, Buick's Super Turbine 300, and Oldsmobile's Jetaway. Starting in the early 1980s, the Turbo-Hydramatic was gradually supplanted by four-speed automatics, some of which continue to use the "Hydramatic" trade name.

Although the Turbo Hydra-Matic name alludes to the original Hydra-Matic developed by General Motors' Cadillac division in the late 1930s, the two transmissions were not mechanically related.

Super Turbine 400 / TH400 / THM400 / THM375 / 3L80 / 3L80HD

The THM400 can be visually identified by an oil pan number four shown at General Motors Transmission Pans. First introduced for the 1964 model year under the name "Turbo Hydra-Matic" in Cadillacs and "Super Turbine" in Buicks. The following year, application expanded to Oldsmobile and Pontiac and to some full-sized Chevrolets.

Many of the BOC (Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac) THM400s produced between 1964 and 1967 were equipped with a variable-pitch stator torque converter called "Switch-Pitch" (SP); these are sought after by collectors and drag racers. A SP THM400 always has an external 2 prong connector, whereas a non-SP may have one or two (mostly one, except two on vehicles equipped with an internal pressure switch for spark timing retard). A Switch Pitch can be identified outside the vehicle (with the torque converter removed) by a narrow front pump spline. Note: GM had also used a Switch Pitch in the 1955–1963 Buick twin-turbine Dynaflow and the 1964-1967 two-speed Super Turbine 300 used in Buick and Oldsmobile (Pontiac's ST300 didn't get the SP). Vehicles originally equipped with the Switch Pitch ST300 can be identified by their "Park R N D L2 L1" gearshift selector.

THM400 units had a 32 spline output shaft. A variant known as a THM375 is a THM400 built to mate to the smaller driveshaft yokes typically used for THM350 applications. They used a Chevrolet bolt-pattern case with a longer 27 spline output shaft inside a matching tailhousing cast with a "375-THM" or "TH375" identifier. Internally, the clutch packs originally had fewer friction plates. THM375s were found in some 1971-76 Buick Lesabres and Oldsmobile Delta 88s with the 5.7 liter V-8. Somewhere in the Mid-'80s Chevrolet C10 Pickups could also come equipped with a THM375. Some "Heavy Duty" THM350s were also designated THM375-B.

Another variant is the 3L80HD, often referred to as a Turbo 475. The 3L80HD has a straight-cut planetary gear set. There is no externally visible way to determine whether the transmission contains the straight-cut planetary gear set. The THM425 front wheel drive transmission shares almost all its internal parts with the THM400. Checker Motors Corporation used the Chevrolet version of the THM400 for its "A" series taxi and Marathon models until the end of production in 1982.

By 1980, the relatively heavy THM400 was being phased out of usage in passenger cars in response to demand for improved fuel economy. The THM 400 was utilized in the C- and K-series (full-size) Chevrolet/GMC pickups and G-series (full-size) vans until 1990 when GM switched over to the 4L80E. Today, the United States Army HMMWV is the only vehicle using the THM400. The civilian Hummer H1 originally had the 3L80s, but the current model has had a 4L80E since the mid-1990s.

Through the end of the '70s substantially more CBOP (Cadillac/Buick/Oldsmobile/Pontiac) bellhousing THM400s were produced than any other THM400. Chevrolet bellhousing THM400s, while not rare, can be hard to find and are, as a result, usually more expensive to buy (they were commonly found in 3/4 ton (8500 GVW and above) Chevrolet/GMC trucks and vans (includes the P-series box vans and 1983-86 CUCVs) when RPO M40 was checked off the option list - especially when coupled to a 454 - usually in HD applications including the C40-C60 medium duty trucks where a bolt-on output shaft is used in place of a slip yoke) - when used with passenger cars it was usually coupled to a Mark IV engine or some high performance small blocks (e.g. the 1970 LT-1). The THM400 was never produced with a multicase bell housing.

Other auto manufacturers have used the THM400 and its 4L80E successor, including Ferrari (in the 400/412); Jaguar/Daimler (in pre-1994 XJ12 and XJ-S coupes and their Daimler stable mates); Rolls-Royce (in 1965–1980 Silver Shadow and 1980-1992 Silver Spirit series cars, along with their Bentley stable mates); the Nissan Prince Royal; AM General; and Jeep (usually found in the FSJ pickups and SUVs). Early Jeep THM400s used an adapter between the engine and transmission bell housing while later models had an AMC specific housing - which bolted to its inline six and V8. Though identical except for the bell housing pattern used through the '60s and ending in 1979 the THM400 was mated to the Dana model 18,20 and was the only transmission used with the Borg-Warner 1305/1339 all-wheel-drive transfer case used only in Jeeps until AMC/Jeep phased in the Chrysler Torqueflite 727 after 1979 until the FSJ platform was phased out. Additionally, the THM400 has been mated to other engines using adapter kits.

THM400 transmissions are very popular in automotive competition due to their great strength. Much of this strength comes from the use of a cast iron center support to suspend the transmission's concentric shafts that join the clutch assemblies to the gear train. The center support, which is splined to the interior of the transmission's case, also provides a robust reaction point for first gear (the gear train's reaction carrier is restrained from counter-rotating the engine in first gear by a roller clutch whose inner race is part of the center support). Since the first gear reactive force is evenly distributed around the periphery of the case, the types of mechanical (and some times violent) failures that have plagued other competition transmissions are rare.

The THM400 was the first three-speed, Simpson-geared automatic to use overrunning clutches for both first and second gear reaction, a feature that eliminated the need to coordinate the simultaneous release of a band and application of a clutch to make the 2-3 gear change. Owing to this feature, as well as the use of a large, multi-plate clutch to provide second gear reaction, the THM400 is able to withstand very high input torque and an enormous number of shifting cycles, as would be encountered in frequent stop-and-go driving. As a result, it has met with considerable success in commercial vehicle applications.

For 1987, GM changed the nomenclature of their Turbo Hydramatic transmissions — the THM400 was renamed '3L80' (three forward speeds, longitudinal positioning, and an arbitrary strength rating of 80, the second highest such rating assigned). The 3L80HD was introduced in 1987 as the HD unit used in passenger trucks. In 1991, a four-speed overdrive version, the 4L80-E, replaced the THM400 in Chevrolet/GMC pickups, vans, SUVs, and commercial vehicles. The 4L80E (and its successor 4L85E) was the first Hydramatic to incorporate electronic controls — almost all of the THM400/3L80/3L80HD's components are interchangeable.

Transmission fluid cooler line connections are found on the right-hand side of the THM400. The lower connection is the cooler feed, and the upper connection is the return. The case is tapped for either 1/4" National Pipe Straight NPS fittings,or 1/2"UNF fittings with a washer seal. 5/16" or 3/8" rigid coolant lines are generally connected via appropriate double-flared adapters.

Four-wheel drive truck applications used 3 various shorter output shafts that coupled with a female transfer case input shaft. Early transfer cases mated directly to the THM400 with a cast-iron adapter, usually a vertical oval shape. Later models used a circular style iron adapter which is generally considered the stronger of the two. The shortest was used with the NP203 transfer case.

THM350
The Turbo Hydra-matic 350 was first used in 1969 model cars. It was developed jointly by Buick and Chevrolet to replace the two-speed Super Turbine 300 and aluminum-case Powerglide transmissions. So, although it carries the Turbo Hydra-matic name, the Hydra-matic Division of General Motors had little, if anything, to do with its design. The 350 and its 250, 250C, 350C and 375B derivatives have been manufactured by Buick in its Flint, Michigan plant, and by Chevrolet in Toledo and Parma, Ohio and Windsor, Ontario.

The THM350 was also regarded as a 'three speed Powerglide' and during its development, was generally called this. Although it uses the same torque converter as the THM400 (without variable pitch stator) it has a familial resemblance to the 1962-73 aluminum Powerglide from Chevrolet and was largely derived from the Chevrolet design. An important difference in the THM350 compared to the THM400 is that there is no fixed center support midway through the geartrain; this difference in layout would have permitted the THM350 to be adapted to the Corvair where the drive and driven ends are the same, but this feature was not exploited. Air-cooled versions (with a baffle on the torque converter and air intakes cast into the bellhousing) of the THM350 appeared mid-1972 in the Chevrolet Vega and Nova 6.

One THM350 weak point was excessive end-play between the pump and center support and resulting wobble of the direct clutch drum due to both the end play and use of a relatively narrow bushing in the drum. This weak point can be addressed by using an extra thrust washer between the planetary gear and direct clutch to remove the end play and using a wider aftermarket bushing in the direct clutch drum. Another weak point is the relatively thin center support and the lightweight matching splines in the case. This weakness can be addressed by using an inexpensive aftermarket case saver kit.

Four-wheel drive truck applications for the THM350 used an iron adapter that mated it to the transfer case directly, similar to the THM400. The THM350 adapter was cast iron and used a sliding sleeve to couple the transmission output shaft to the transfer case input shaft with a steel coupler sleeve that was splined to accept both shafts and couple them together. An internal snap ring inside the coupler sleeve controlled the sleeve's position on the shafts, with circular seals in the adapter sealing the transmission from the transfer case.

For the 1981 model year, a lock-up torque converter was introduced which coincided with the new EMC control of most GM cars; this version is the THM350-C, which was phased out in 1984 in GM passenger cars for the 700R4. Chevrolet/GMC trucks and vans used the THM350-C until 1986. The lock-up torque converter was unpopular with transmission builders. B&M Racing once marketed a conversion kit for THM350-Cs during the early 1980s until the advent of high stall lock-up torque converters when its overdrive counterpart (THM700R4/4L60) was modified. The standard TH350 is still very popular in drag racing.

THM250
The THM250 is a derivative of the THM350 and was introduced for 1974 in Chevrolets as a Powerglide replacement. Internally, the THM250 is a THM350 without the intermediate clutch pack and with a band adjuster similar to the Powerglide. The THM250 was usually coupled to smaller displacement engines - the largest a third generation Chevrolet inline six found in the Nova and Camaro (1974 and 75 model year only). During the 1976 model year the THM250 was phased out of production, replaced with the lighter duty THM200. It was later reintroduced in 1979 as the THM250-C in the wake of the failure-prone THM200/200C - the later 250C was further lightened with the use of a sun gear shell used with the THM350 but with 3 holes to reduce rotating mass and the low/reverse piston with 8 cutouts.

THM200

After the 1973 OPEC oil embargo, GM developed a lighter-duty version of the THM350 with lightened materials — primarily alloys in place of ferrous materials (e.g. clutch drums and oil pump) — the Turbo-Hydramatic 200. The THM-200 was first used in 1976 models including GM's T-cars (which includes the rebadged Isuzu Gemini sold through Buick dealers as the Buick/Opel by Isuzu), X-cars, and some Isuzu automobiles (Chevrolet LUV and Isuzu P'up). However, this transmission was notorious for its failure rate when used behind any engine - the largest being the Oldsmobile 5.7 L diesel. Multicase bellhousings were used - bellhousing patterns included Chevrolet V8, Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac, Vega 4, GM 60 degree pattern (includes the Tech IV), and Isuzu G engine.

It was GM's first transmission which used a throttle valve cable (similar in design to the Chrysler Torqueflite part throttle kickdown linkage) controlling the shift points and part throttle kickdown. This setup was later incorporated into the THM700R4.

Because the THM-200 shared external dimensions and output shaft size and spline count with the THM-350, the THM-350 was often used to replace the weaker, less reliable THM-200 and THM-250C. The only thing which had to be added was a vacuum line to the vacuum modulator on the THM-350.

Starting with the 1979 model year, vehicles which had the THM-200/200C as standard equipment were optioned with the THM250-C, which is a THM-350 without the intermediate clutch pack along with an adjustable band similar to the Chevrolet Powerglide. Also in the 1980 model year, the THM-200 received a lockup torque converter, and some internal components (primarily the low/reverse clutch drum and planetary gears) were later shared with the Turbo-Hydramatic 200-4R. The low/reverse sprag (roller clutch) assembly was also shared with the 1988-04 Chrysler Torqueflite 904 (also 30, 31, 32RH) and its derivatives e.g. the A500 and 42RE. THM200/200Cs were produced until 1987.

THM200-4R
The 200-4R was introduced for the 1981 model year. Some components which were prone to failure in the THM200 were improved, and in the later 1980s, this transmission was used with high-power applications — primarily the Buick Grand National and the 1989 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Indy 500 Pace cars. The 200-4R was configured with several different torque converters depending on the vehicle application.

However, this transmission was also prone to failure (especially in D-body Cadillacs) and received improvements during its production run. The first improvement came in 1984 with a change of a servo piston from using split Teflon sealing rings to a servo using lip seals. A real problem area was the stamped-steel drive shell, which would strip out, losing reverse. With the 1985 production run, GM started installing a hardened drive shell, but continued to supply the original style until parts inventories were exhausted. Another major problem area was the pump assembly. The pump halves were made of cast aluminum and the pumps themselves were made of made up of steel segments like a power steering pump. There was a steel hub and variable ratio outer ring. Because the pump segments traveled in an eccentric circle, guide rings were necessary on top and bottom of the center hub. These rings would break and cause the pump to stop pumping, as well as damaging the aluminum housings. Aftermarket hardened rings solved this problem.

Unlike the 700R4, most 200-4Rs have a multicase bellhousing for use with Chevrolet, Buick/Olds/Pontiac (BOP), and Cadillac engines. However, 200-4Rs share mounting locations with the TH-400. Since the external dimensions are longer than the TH-350 but the drive shaft yoke spline count/diameter was the same, the 200-4Rs can be swapped in place of TH-350s, with the shortening of the drive shaft, in older vehicles to provide an overdrive gear. Early models had a P R N D 3 2 1 quadrant, while later models used P R N 🄳 3 2 1.

The THM200-4R can be found in the following vehicles:

 * 1981–90 B-bodies
 * 1981–84 C-bodies
 * 1983–88 G-bodies
 * 1985–90 D-bodies
 * 1989 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Indy Pace car (with the turbocharged LD5 Buick V6 and a turbocharger)

The THM200-4R was phased out after 1990; its final usage was in the GM B-body vehicles.

THM700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E / 4L70E
The four-speed Turbo Hydra-Matic 700R4 was introduced for the 1982 model year for use in Chevrolet/GMC vehicles.

In 1990, the Turbo Hydra-Matic 700R4 was renamed the 4L60. Under the new designation, the "4" stands for the number of forward gears, the "L" for longitudinal applications (rear-wheel-drive), and the "60" is the strength rating (less than the 4L80). "60" is the relative torque value. For example, 80 is stronger than 60, which is stronger than 40, etc. A 4L80-E can handle more torque than a 4L60-E. The "E" denotes electronically controlled shifting. The 4L60 however is hydraulically shifted based on governor pressure and throttle valve (TV) cable position. 1992 was the last year of widespread usage of the 700R4 (4L60). The 1993 Camaro, Corvette and Typhoon were equipped with the last production 700R4. The last design change of the 700R4 was an added checkball to the valve body. In 1992 electronic controls were added, and it became the 4L60-E. The 4L60E is not easily swapped with the 4L60, as the 4L60E depends on a powertrain control module (PCM) to shift. The 4L60E went into service in trucks, vans, and SUVs in 1993 and in all RWD passenger cars (Corvette, F and B/D bodies) in 1994. In 2001, an updated version — the 4L65-E, was introduced. Five-pinion planetaries, along with a strength-improved output shaft, were improved to withstand the 300+ lb·ft (400+ N·m) of torque of the 6.0 Vortec engine. The 4L70E transmission is the same as a 4L65E with a speed sensor located in the pump.

Technical description
The Turbo Hydra-Matic 700R4 can be identified by a rectangular-shaped oil pan with 16 bolt holes.

The tailshaft housing is held onto the main case by four bolts (the bolt spacing is similar to the THM350), and uses a square-cut o-ring seal, and not a gasket. The typical width of this transmission where it bolts to the engine is 20 in overall. From the engine/trans mating surface to the cross member mount bolt is 22.5 in, and engine/trans surface to output shaft housing mating surface is 23.375 in overall, with the tail shaft housing typically measuring 7.625 in. External dimensions are similar to a THM350 with a 9-inch tailhousing found in Chevrolet/GMC long wheelbase truck/vans and 1971-76 B-bodies (Bel Air, Impala, Caprice).

Transmission fluid cooler lines on the 700R4 the bottom fitting on the right side of the transmission is the "out" line to the cooler and the top fitting is for the return line from the cooler. These fittings are .25 in pipe thread, and can include an adapter from the factory for threaded steel lines in a SAE size. 4L60Es manufactured after 1995 use snap-in connections instead of threaded. The original version of the transmission had a 27-spline input shaft (shared with the THM200C and 2004R) which was a common failure point. In 1984, the 700R4 designed for use behind Chevrolet small block V8s received a 30-spline input shaft similar to those found on TH400 transmissions and which also used a different torque converter than its 2.8 V6 and 2.2 L4 engines. Between 1984 and 1987, internal components, from the ring gear to the oil pump housing, were updated, ending with the auxiliary valve body for 700s manufactured after October 1986.

In 1995, the 4L60E received a PWM-controlled lockup converter. The early designs simple on or off lockup function while the later design can regulate the apply pressure as to not feel the lock up occur. GM added a fifth solenoid to the valve body, called the PWM solenoid. In 1996, GM introduced a redesigned 4L60E transmission case that incorporated a bolt-on bellhousing and a six-bolt tail housing. This two-piece case style was first seen in 1996 and up model S-10 Blazer, S-10 pickup, GMC Jimmy, and GMC Sonoma with the 4.3 L engine. The majority of 1998 and later applications of the 4L60E were two-piece cases (i.e. a removable bellhousing). Both transmissions are the same internally. The non-PWM (1993-1994) style 4L60Es are not interchangeable with PWM-style (1995 and later) 4L60Es. Also in 1996, GM changed the 3-2 solenoid to a different style which makes it not interchangeable with any previous models. For the model year 1996 GM trucks, there were two versions of the 4L60E: one had a bolt-on bellhousing, the other did not. In total, there are nine different bolt-on bellhousings. The bolt-on bellhousings used on the 4.3 L V6 and 1996-2002 GEN I+ versions of the small-block Chevrolet V8 used the same bellhousing. These had one from 1996 to 1997 and then a slight redesign for 1998. The LSx engines used a longer one to accommodate a redesigned torque converter, commonly referred to as a 300mm converter, with a longer pilot nose (GM sells an adapter assembly for using the LSx 4L60Es when used with an early engine). There are two bellhousings for the Holden GM models. One for the Corvette drivetrain. One for the S/T platform with 2.2L and 3.8L engines. And finally, two for the S/T platform with the 2.8L, 3.5L and 4.2L engines (one used in 2002 and the other from 2003 and on).

Applications

 * 1982–2000 Chevrolet C/K / GMC C/K / Sierra
 * 1982–1992 Chevrolet Blazer/GMC Jimmy
 * 1982–2012 Chevrolet & GMC full-size vans (including Chevrolet/GMC G-series vans, Chevrolet Express, and GMC Savana)
 * 1982–2005 Chevrolet Corvette
 * 1982–1985 Chevrolet Impala
 * 1982-1996 Chevrolet Caprice
 * 1983–1985 Oldsmobile 350 Diesel equipped models
 * 1983–2002 Chevrolet Camaro/Pontiac Firebird
 * 1984–2010 Chevrolet Suburban/GMC Suburban/GMC Yukon XL
 * 1985–2005 Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari
 * 1988–2012 Holden Commodore
 * 1989–2003 Chevrolet S-10/GMC S-15/GMC Sonoma
 * 1989–1994 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer
 * 1989–1994 GMC S-15 Jimmy
 * 1990–1996 Cadillac Fleetwood/Cadillac Brougham/Cadillac limousines
 * 1990-2006 Holden Caprice
 * 1990-2012 Holden Ute
 * 1991–1992 GMC Syclone
 * 1991–1992 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser
 * 1991-2004 Oldsmobile Bravada
 * 1992–1993 GMC Typhoon
 * 1993–2010 Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon
 * 1994–1996 Chevrolet Impala SS
 * 1994–1996 Buick Roadmaster
 * 1995–2005 Chevrolet Blazer
 * 1995–2005 GMC Jimmy
 * 1996-2000 Isuzu Hombre
 * 1999–2006 Cadillac Escalade
 * 2002–2008 Chevrolet Avalanche
 * 2002–2009 Chevrolet TrailBlazer
 * 2002–2009 GMC Envoy
 * 2003-2004 Chevrolet SSR
 * 2003–2007 Hummer H2
 * 2003–2008 Isuzu Ascender
 * 2004–2007 Buick Rainier
 * 2004–2012 Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon
 * 2004–2006 Pontiac GTO
 * 2005–2009 Saab 9-7X
 * 2006-2008 Isuzu i-series
 * 2006-2010 Hummer H3

title: Turbo-Hydramatic


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Wallu

Harri Sakari Vaalio (born 1956 in Järvelä, Kärkölä, Finland), also known by his artist name Wallu, is a Finnish cartoonist. He is known for his strip Punaniska (Finnish for "redneck") comic albums and his strips in Finnish magazines such as the Mikrokivikausi (Finnish for "Micro Stone Age") strip in the computer magazine MikroBitti. He has also written and drawn 12 Winnie the Pooh stories for the Finnish Winnie the Pooh magazine in 1986–1988. His other comics includes Hessu-kissa (1985–), Armas, also known as Lämsänperäläiset (1977–), and KyöPelit (1993–). In the early 1980s he was a teacher in the local elementary school, now known as Vuokkoharjun ala-aste.

title: Wallu


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Politics of Manchukuo

Manchukuo was a puppet state set up by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria which existed from 1931 to 1945. The Manchukuo regime was established four months after the Japanese withdrawal from Shanghai with Puyi as the nominal but powerless head of state to add some semblance of legitimacy, as he was a former emperor and an ethnic Manchu.

Government
Manchukuo was proclaimed a monarchy on 1 March 1934, with former Qing dynasty emperor Puyi assuming the Manchukuo throne under the reign name of Emperor Kang-de. An imperial rescript issued the same day, promulgated the organic law of the new state, establishing a Privy Council, a Legislative Council and the General Affairs State Council to "advise and assist the emperor in the discharge of his duties". The Privy Council was an appointive body consisting of Puyi's closest friends and confidants, and the Legislative Council was largely an honorary body without authority. The State Council was therefore the center of political power in Manchukuo. The organic law was largely an abridged version of the Imperial Japanese Constitution, with an important difference being the lack of any mention of civil rights and the increased authority of the Privy Council. As with all other aspects of Manchukuo, the government was purely ceremonial and existed to authenticate the puppet state rather than to rule the people of Manchukuo. True authority remained in the hands of the Kwantung Army.

Political parties and movements
During his administration, the Kangde Emperor, in an interview with foreign journalists, mentioned his interest in forming a political party with Confucian doctrines. The Japanese "native" establishment, however, organized some right-wing and nationalist parties, in the Shōwa militarist mould. Such movements, which had official status, were:

 * Concordia Association (State-sponsored political party)
 * Northeast Administrative Committee (Manchukuo nationalist local party)
 * White Russian Fascist Party (later the Russian Fascist Party; White Russian anti-communist party in Manchukuo, used the swastika as the party symbol, and guided by a Russian fascist "Duce")
 * Bureau for Russian Emigrants in Manchuria (BREM) led by General Vladimir Kislitsin
 * Monarquic Party (White Russian Tsarist Monarchic party with Japanese approval)
 * Betarim Jew Zionist Movement (Jewish rights movement in Manchukuo)
 * Far Eastern Jewish Council (Jewish Zionist council in Harbin, Manchukuo led by Dr. Abraham Kaufman, with Japanese Army support)

The Imperial Manchu Court

 * Aisin Gioro Henry Puyi (Kangde Emperor and head of state)
 * Madame Wanrong (Empress and first wife of the Kangde Emperor)
 * Prince Aisin Gioro Pujie (brother of Puyi, possible heir of Manchukuo Throne)
 * Prince Aisin Gioro Puren (brother of Puyi)
 * Prince Aisin Gioro Yuyan (nephew of Puyi)
 * Hiro Saga (Japanese sister-in-law of the Kangde Emperor)
 * Wenxiu (first concubine of the Emperor)
 * Tan Yuling (2nd Wife of the Kangde Emperor)
 * Li Yuqin (4th Wife of the Kangde Emperor)
 * Princess Aisin Gioro Huisheng (daughter of Pu-Chieh and Hiro Saga)
 * Princess Aisin Gioro Xianyu (distant relative)

Others (local)

 * Bao Guancheng, Manchukuo's first ambassador in Tokyo
 * Yuan Cheng-Tse, Manchukuo ambassador in Tokyo
 * Li Shao-Keng, Manchukuo ambassador in Tokyo
 * Gen. Tinge, Manchukuo diplomat in Tokyo
 * Lu Yiwen, Manchukuo ambassador in Berlin

Kwantung Army

 * Commanders

 * Chief of Staff
 * Koji Miyake (10 August 1928 – 8 August 1932)
 * Kuniaki Koiso (8 August 1932 – 5 March 1934)
 * Juzo Nishio (5 March 1934 – 23 March 1936)
 * Seishirō Itagaki (23 March 1936 – 1 March 1937)
 * Hideki Tōjō (1 March 1937 – 30 May 1938)
 * Rensuke Isogai (18 June 1938 – 7 September 1939)
 * Jo Iimura (7 September 1939 – 22 October 1940)
 * Heitarō Kimura (22 October 1940 – 10 April 1941)
 * Teiichi Yoshimoto (10 April 1941 – 1 August 1942)
 * Yukio Kasahara (1 August 1942 – 7 April 1945)
 * Hikosaburo Hata (7 April 1945 – 11 August 1945)

Others (Japanese)

 * Nobusuke Kishi, Deputy Minister of Industrial Development, architect of the exploitative slave economy in Manchukuo, war criminal and later post-war Prime Minister of Japan
 * Chu Kudo, Chamberlain, aide-de-camp to Emperor Puyi
 * Yoshioka Yasunori Army senior staff officer and Attaché to the Imperial Household in Manchukuo
 * Kenjiro Hayashide official Kangde emperor biographer and author of "Epochal Journey to Japan"
 * Chiune Sugihara, Vice Foreign Minister
 * Hoshino Naoki, Vice Minister of Finance
 * Kenji Doihara, Japanese spymaster and military commander
 * Norihiro Yasue, Army officer, author of the Fugu Plan
 * Koreshige Inuzuka, Navy officer, co-author of the Fugu Plan
 * Masahiko Amakasu, Vice Minister of Civil Affairs and head of Manchukuo Film Association
 * Yoshisuke Aikawa, prominent industrialist
 * Tatsunosuke Takasaki, prominent businessman
 * Toranosuke Hashimoto, State Shinto head priest
 * Yanagida Genzo Commander, Kwantung Defense Command
 * Takashi Hishikari Kwantung Army ambassador to Manchukuo.
 * Kimio Miyagawa Japanese Consul-general in Harbin
 * Funao Miyakawa Japanese General Counselor in Vladivostok and then in Harbin
 * Prince Fumitaka Konoe Army Senior Lieutenant, son and personal secretary of Prince Fumimaro Konoe
 * Shun Akifusa Chief of military Mission in Harbin and political adviser to the white Russian political groups in same city
 * Genzo Yanagita head of the Japanese military mission in Harbin
 * Kenji Ishikawa head of a sabotage group of that mission
 * Yutaka Takeoka intelligence officer and head of the Dairen military mission
 * Saburo Asada head of the 2nd (Intelligence) department of the staff of the Kwantung Army
 * Tamaki Kumazaki deputy chief of intelligence of Kwantung Army
 * Hiroki Nohara deputy chief of Kwantung Army Intelligence
 * Yoshio Itagaki deputy chief of Kwantung Army Intelligence and son of Seishiro Itagaki, war minister from 1938–1939

Others

 * Genrikh Lyushkov, ex-Soviet Far East NKVD defector, adviser to Kwantung Army
 * Konstantin Vladimirovich Rodzaevsky, White Russian anticommunist leader
 * General Kislitsin, another White Russian anticommunist chief
 * Abraham Kaufman, founder of Far Eastern Jewish Council and Betarim Jew Zionists Movement
 * Trebitsch Lincoln, Hungarian pro-Japanese collaborator
 * August Ponschab, German consul in Harbin, Manchuria
 * Auguste Ernest Pierre Gaspais, Vatican representative in Harbin, Manchuria
 * Charles Lemaire, Vatican diplomatic officer in Harbin, Manchuria
 * Lian Yu, ambassador from the Japanese-sponsored Nanjing Nationalist Government
 * Mariano Amoedo Galarmendi, Spanish chargé d'affaires to 1939
 * Fernando Valdés Ibargüen, Count of Torata, Spanish minister 1941 to 1942
 * José González de Gregorio y Arribas, Spanish chargé d'affaires 1942 to 1943, commercial attaché since 1940

title: Politics of Manchukuo


text:
User:Newshound

I can't stop reading! Here to iron out those nasty grammatical errors that stand in the way of Wikipedia moving to 100% trustworthiness.

title: User:Newshound