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Cadet College Petaro

Cadet College Petaro is a military boarding school in Jamshoro District of the southern province of Sindh in Pakistan; about 30 km from Hyderabad which is under the administration of the Pakistan Navy.

Its campus occupies over 700 acres (2.8 km2) on the west bank of the Indus River on the road from Hyderabad to Dadu, Larkana and Quetta.

Notable alumni

 * Asif Ali Zardari, former President of Pakistan and Co-Chairperson Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)
 * Arbab Ghulam Rahim, former Chief Minister of Sindh
 * Liaquat Ali Jatoi, former Federal Minister of Industries and former Chief Minister of Sindh
 * Zulfiqar Mirza, former Sindh Home Minister, Member of Sindh Provincial Assembly
 * Rizwan Ahmed, Federal Secretary to Government of Pakistan
 * Maroof Afzal, Federal Secretary to Government of Pakistan
 * Khan Hasham bin Saddique, Vice Chief of Naval Staff (VCNS)
 * Syed Arifullah Hussaini, Commander Pakistan Fleet
 * Allah Dino Khawaja, senior PSP officer
 * Nouraiz Shakoor, former Federal Minister, Govt of Pakistan
 * Karim Ahmed Khawaja, former senator, Govt of Pakistan
 * Younus Changezi, former Balochistan Minister of Forests and Environment
 * Masood Sharif Khan Khattak, former Director General of the Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan (DGIB)
 * Zaka Ashraf, former President Zarai Taraqqiati Bank, and former Chairman Pakistan Cricket Board
 * Shahid Iqbal, Chief of Staff (COS), Ex-DCNS (T&P), COMPAK, DCNS (O) and Commander CTF-150

History
The college was founded in August 1957 at Mirpurkhas, Sindh as a residential institution. The first batch of teachers joined the college on 5 August 1957 at Mirpurkhas while the college building was still under preparation. These five teachers were Mr. Abdullah Khadim Hussain, Mr. Feroz Yusuf Khan, Mr. Aziz Ahmed Farooqui, Mr. Hasan Masud Zuberi, and Mr. Syed Zahoorul Hasan. While the government had advertised for the position of Principal of the college, Mr. Mohammed Hasnain was appointed as the in Charge (Acting) Principal on 25 August 1957 for the initial few months. He was soon succeeded by Col.(retd) J.H.H. Coombes on 20 March 1958. The first batch of 30 students joined the college on 27 August 1957 in class VIII.

In 1958, a new site was sought in order to build a permanent campus for the college. A site was chosen at Petaro, a few kilometres up the river from Jamshoro. The construction of a purpose built campus began almost immediately. Mr. Habib-ur-Rehman, Minister of Education, laid the foundation stone of the college on 16 January 1959. The initial cost of construction of the buildings of the college sanctioned by the government of then-West Pakistan was Rs. 2,700,000. The college finally moved to its new premises at Petaro in August 1959. At the time of the move, the River Indus was in flood, and Petaro was also submerged under its waters. The building in Mirpurkhas that originally housed Cadet College Petaro was given over to the Government College Mirpurkhas.

The first principal of the college was Col.(retd) J.H.H. Coombes who retired from the college in 1965. He was followed by Cdr.(retd) Firoz Shah, who remained in charge until 1972. The previous principal was Cdre. M. Abid Saleem (2000–2007). The present principal is Cdre. Mehboob Ellahi Malik (2014-onwards).

The college is a residential institution for over 900 full-time students at present, providing education from Class 8 to Class 12 (Intermediate). At the time it was first constructed, it was designed to accommodate only 360 students in four houses (or hostels). The capacity was expanded to 570 with the construction of two more houses in the late 1960s.

The year 2007 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the college. Gen. Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan was the chief guest at the Golden Jubilee celebrations on 28 February 2007. On this occasion, President Musharraf announced the formation of a university in the vicinity of the college that will be sponsored by the Metupak Foundation.

Academics
The main body of students is admitted each year to Class 8. Until the academic year 1998–99, the college used to admit a small contingent of boys from the rural districts of Sindh to Class 7, to prepare them for competitive success with the new entry into Class 8. However, it was decided by the Board of Governors of the college to discontinue Class 7 from 1999 onwards. All Class 7 Cadets stayed in Shahbaz House. Shahbaz house became a full-fledged house in 2000; having a similar strength of all classes like the other houses, and started participating in all Inter-House competitions to compete for the Championship.

College students have normally secured most of the top positions in the competitive Hyderabad Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education examinations every year. Further, the first batch of O-levels brought a fruitful result by bringing 4 A*, 33 As and 20 Bs in May/June CIE O-Level Examinations 2012 under the supervision of the O-levels co-ordinator and House Master 'Sachal House' Mr. Ahsan Ali Shah.

Houses
The college is subdivided into eight (08) houses.

 * The house is currently Champion

 * The house is currently Runner-Up

 * The house homes the First Champions Trophy

Shahbaz House was created in as an entity in 1965, but a proper building for the house was constructed the year 1975. This was meant to be solely to house Class 7 cadets, to prepare them to become proper regular cadets a year later. This concept was developed to give opportunity to boys from underdeveloped rural areas. However, due to malpractices by college administration in later years, many sons of rich landlords availed this opportunity as they were unable to get in through competitive examinations. Therefore, in the year 2000, the Board of Governors decided to abolish this scheme as it did not benefit the segment of the population it was intended for. Shahbaz House was declared a regular house with cadets from all classes henceforth.

In 2007, on the occasion of Cadet College Petaro's golden jubilee, General Pervez Musharraf, who was the chief guest on the occasion, announced the construction of a new house, which was named Sachal Sarmast House after the famous Sufi poet from Sindh.

Campus
The campus is founded near the town Petaro, which is part of the District Jamshoro. The campus is practically a small township with its own electricity, water supply, sewerage, security and other infrastructure. The campus is divided into 4 parts, which are Staff Quarters, Cadets Area, Sports Grounds and College Premises. The college also has a parade ground, which hosts the Adjutant Parade and Principal Parade.

Administration
The college is governed by an autonomous board of governors, headed by the Commander Karachi (COMKAR) of the Pakistan Navy as its chairman. Since 1975, the principal of the college has been an officer of the Pakistan Navy as well. The adjutants have been either from Pakistan Army (1957-1970 and 2010 onwards) or Pakistan Navy (1970–2010)

Staff infrastructure
The college is controlled and patronised by the Pakistan Navy. Since 1975, the Principal posted is at least of the rank of a serving Captain of the Navy with experience of administration. His tenure is normally for 3 years. Likewise the Pakistan Navy provides an Adjutant of the rank of Lieutenant / Lieutenant Commander and other training staff like Chief Petty Officers, Petty Officers and Sailors for military training of the cadets. The current Adjutant of the college is Lieutenant Shuhab Ali, Pakistan Navy, he is from Pak Marines branch of Navy. He is an ex-cadet of the same college with kit no: 200-2051 (L)

The college is staffed by 41 teachers (professors, assistant professors and lecturers) who have at least a master's degree. There are other officers like the medical officer, administrative officer, bursar, librarian and office superintendent. In addition, there are around 215 board employees and over 400 college employees.

The Petarian Association (TPA)
Founded in 1982, the Petarian Association has become the focal point of gathering for all Petarians, particularly those in Pakistan. The association is a successor of the Petaro Old Boys Association (POBA) that existed informally for a few years in the late 1960s, and then became defunct. The Petarian Association was registered under the Societies Registration Act-XXI of 1860 on 4 February 1982 under registration no. KAR-7210.

Over these years, the association has hosted numerous functions that provide a social meeting ground for the Petarians and their families. The association presently has over 900 life members.

The Commander Karachi (COMKAR) of the Pakistan Navy (who is the Chairman Board of Governors of Cadet College Petaro) has always been invited to be the Patron-in-Chief of the association. The principal of Cadet College Petaro is the patron of the association.

title: Cadet College Petaro


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Lugaid Lámderg

Lugaid Lámderg ("red hand"), son of Eochaid Uaircheas, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. The Lebor Gabála Érenn says he reigned jointly with Conaing Bececlach, ruling the southern half of the island while Conaing ruled the north, after he killed the previous southern ruler, Conaing's brother Eochu Fíadmuine, while Keating and the Four Masters say he deposed Conaing when he killed Eochu and ruled the whole island. He ruled for seven years, after which Conaing killed him and became High King of the whole island. The Lebor Gabála synchronises Lugaid's reign with those of Artaxerxes I (465–424 BC) and Darius II (423–404) of Persia. The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his career to 616–609 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 839–832 BC.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lugaid Lámderg


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User talk:Svarvsven

A QuakeNet user ready to answer some questions.

title: User talk:Svarvsven


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Foley Island

Foley Island is a low-lying Canadian arctic island located in Nunavut, Canada. It is along the southern coast of Baffin Island in the Foxe Basin and measures 637 km2 in area. Foley Island is uninhabited.

The first written recording of the island's existence was in 1948, as were neighboring Prince Charles Island and Air Force Island, by a Royal Canadian Air Force crew member, Albert-Ernest Tomkinson, navigating an Avro Lancaster.

title: Foley Island


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Wikipedia talk:Historical archive/WikiReader/Poetries National and International

Why "Poetries National and International?
I'm confused by the title, and then by the selection of national poetries. Would not a better title be a "Poetry of the Urdu language" or "Irish Poets" and then seperate out each specific section proposed here. This would then supplant the odd collection of various poetries into one volume, as described above. Perhaps a wikiread series? Lyellin 21:21, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your contribution, Lyellin. I'll do my best to take it on board! I'm sorry I didn't see it until yesterday.
 * The title comes from Phillis Wheatley's \Poems Religious and Moral\. She was a black American poet of the seventeenth-eighteenth century. The selection of poetries is from the categories that will garner the most information. I noticed there were even more categories over the 6 weeks since February the 6th.
 * The separated section would really work as it is shorter.
 * So here we are then: [[Image:WikiReaderUrduPoetry]]

-EuropracBHIT 05:45, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Stable versions
You can use Stable versions to select your articles. -- Zondor 14:51, 7 January 2006 (UTC)


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Talk:American Jews

"Socioeconomics" section is problematic
I would point out that the section on "Socioeconomics" is problematic and perhaps even borderline antisemitic. The entirety of the section hyper-focuses on the cliched notion of American Jews as a fundamentally middle-class to upper-class "model minority". Almost no mention is made of poor and working-class Jews. No mention is made that poverty is increasing in some Jewish communities (usually Orthodox). No mention is made of the socioeconomic effects of marginalization on Jews of color, disabled Jews, etc. Passing mention is made of "small pockets of poverty", even though it is likely that somewhere between 15% to 25% of American Jews are poor. The fact that "model minority" is listed as the "Main article" for Jewish socioeconomic status in the US is at best questionable. Not all American Jews fit into the "model minority" trope, not all are college-educated white professionals, and the article should be amended to reflect the true socioeconomic diversity of the Jewish community beyond dated stereotypes. Bohemian Baltimore (talk) 02:30, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

Furthermore, this section is obnoxious and stereotypical: "Education plays a major role as a part of Jewish identity; as Jewish culture puts a special premium on it and stresses the importance of cultivation of intellectual pursuits, scholarship and learning, American Jews as a group tend to be better educated and earn more than Americans as a whole." The notion that the educational achievements of some American Jews is due solely to Jewish culture's supposedly innate respect for education - and that Jewish income levels are solely due to this reverence for education - is someone's model minority-style opinion, and should be presented as such. I don't think I need to elaborate the racist, classist, anti-Black worldview that is essential to the model minority myth. Bohemian Baltimore (talk) 04:24, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

unclear ethnic pattern
Jews in America describe themselves as: Ukrainian, Russian, and German?

There is clearly an unclear and obstructed pattern in their ethnic groups!

11:19, 26 February 2023 (UTC)11:19, 26 February 2023 (UTC)//////////////////11:19, 26 February 2023 (UTC)11:19, 26 February 2023 (UTC)11:19, 26 February 2023 (UTC)//////////// 43.242.178.245 (talk) 11:19, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

Regions with significant populations
The above heading lists 300K under Israel. What is this figure representing? It's not the Jewish population in Israel clearly Apeholder (talk) 10:33, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Jews


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Demographic history of Vojvodina

Vojvodina's demographic history reflects its rich history and its former location at the border of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires and at the confluence of various peoples, making it a hotbed of invasion, colonization, and assimilation processes. Currently there are more than 25 ethnic groups living in Vojvodina and six official languages.

Demographic history
The area of Vojvodina had been inhabited since the Paleolithic period. Indo-European peoples moved into this area during three migration waves, which are dated in 4200 BC, 3300 BC, and 2800 BC respectively. Before the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC, Indo-European peoples of Illyrian, Thracian and Celtic origin inhabited the region.

During the Roman administration (which extended to Syrmia and Banat), the original inhabitants were heavily Romanized, and would later be known as Vlachs. The region of Bačka, which did not belong to the Roman Empire, was populated by Iranian Sarmatians (Iazyges). After the end of Roman rule, the Romanized inhabitants of the area escaped to the Balkan Mountains (where they mixed with South Slavs) as well as the Romanian Carpathians (where they later were known as Romanians).

Vojvodina was invaded by the Turanic nomads such as the Huns and Avars, as well as by the Germanic Goths, Gepids and Lombards, but after their military defeat, they were quickly absorbed by the local (Slavic) population, without leaving much ethnic traces in the region's population.

During the early medieval migrations, Slavs (Severans, Abodrites, Braničevci, Timočani and Serbs) settled today's Vojvodina in the 6th and 7th centuries. According to some sources, pockets of Romanized populations remained in the area. Until the Hungarian conquest in the 10th century, the region had a dominant Slavic population.

9th century
When Hungarians arrived to Central Europe (in 896), this region was populated exclusively by Slavs.

15th century
In the 15th century, according to opinion of various researchers, South Slavic (Serbian and Croatian) population was dominant in Syrmia and southern Banat, while Hungarian population was dominant in Bačka and northern Banat. According to Hungarian author Károly Kocsis, 194,000 inhabitants might have been living on the present-day territory of Vojvodina in 1495. That number was calculated on the basis of work of Kubinyi, A. (1966), who processed the data of the tax inventory conducted in 1495 by Sigismund Ernust, Chancellor of the Royal Treasury. Some 52 townships (civitas, oppidium) and 801 villages could be found in the area, in which, according to Kocsis, Hungarians are likely to have constituted the majority of population. According to this view, the population of the area included 148,000 (76,1%) Hungarians, 39,000 (20%) Serbs and 7,500 (3,9%) Croats. However, calculation of demographic data from this time period can be described as vague and of a rather varied nature, due to the lack of censuses that would collect comprehensive ethnic information. For the time of the Hungarian royal tax registration in 1495, conclusions for a probable absolute or relative „ethnic" majority of the population living in the area were drawn from the given sources through analysing direct references of „ethnic nature", in most cases by the linguistic analysis of taxpayers' names and that of geographical names.

Population data from the Ottoman administration period
During Ottoman administration (16th–18th century), the region of Vojvodina had an absolute Serb majority.

1690
In 1690, about 210,000 Serbs lived in Vojvodina (excluding Srem). In this time, almost entire population of the region was composed of Serbs, also including some Šokci.

1715
According to the Austrian census in Bačka from 1715, Serbs, Bunjevci, and Šokci comprised 97.6% of population.

1718–1720
The 1720 census in Bačka recorded 72% Serbs and 22% Bunjevci and Šokci. After the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), the first Habsburg census recorded in Banat about 20,000 citizens, mostly Serbs.

1910 census
Note that linguistic data from this census might not correspond with ethnic structure in some settlements (Novi Sad, Subotica, Zrenjanin, etc.), due to the fact that Hungarian language was spoken by several ethnicities (Hungarians, Jews, Bunjevci, etc.).

1941 census
Note: 1941 census data for Bačka was combined with 1931 census data for Banat and Srem.

Future demographic trends
The general demographic trend in Vojvodina is a natural decrease in population. According to the 2011 census, the average age of the population of the province was 41.8. Ever since 1989, Vojvodina recorded negative natural growth, including all the ethnic groups. Despite that, number of ethnic Serbs in the province is increasing due to the constant immigration of Serbs from other parts of Serbia as well as Serbs from Republika Srpska and parts of Croatia neighboring Serbia. It is expected that by 2021 census, Serbs become relative majority in Bečej and Čoka municipalities as well as in the city of Subotica itself.

title: Demographic history of Vojvodina


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John Stillwell Stark

John Stillwell Stark (April 11, 1841 – October 21, 1927) was an American publisher of ragtime music, best known for publishing and promoting the music of Scott Joplin.

Early life and education
Stark was the eleventh of 12 children born to Adin Stark and Eleanor Stillwell Stark of Shelby County, Kentucky. He grew up on a farm in Bean Blossom, Indiana, and served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, where he played the bugle. He married Sarah Ann Casey and raised a family, earning his living as a farmer, first in Indiana and then in Missouri near Maysville. His children included E.J. Stark, who became a well-known composer of ragtime, and Eleanor, who was a talented musician. Eventually John Stark tired of farming and moved to Cameron, where he went into the new business of ice-cream making. After moving to Chillicothe, he supplemented his income by selling organs and pianos.

Career
In 1885, Stark settled in Sedalia, Missouri, and entered the music business full-time, opening an office at 516 Ohio Street and founding John Stark and Son with his 15-year-old son William. He got into the publishing business after buying out J.W. Truxel, one of his competitors, who owned seven copyrights.

It was in Sedalia that Stark heard Scott Joplin play the "Maple Leaf Rag", and on August 10, 1899, he bought the number for $50 plus royalties of one cent per copy. It proved a prosperous arrangement for both men. After an initial printing of 5,000 copies, a million were eventually sold, which enabled Stark to open an office in St. Louis, Missouri (and, in 1905, New York City) and Joplin to engage in composing for a living. Over the next two decades, Stark published and promoted the "classic" style rag pioneered by Joplin and other composers, including Joseph Lamb, James Scott, Arthur Marshall, Paul Pratt, Artie Matthews, Robert Hampton, J. Russel Robinson, and his son Etilmon Justus Stark.

Stark also self-published several of his own works, such as 'We are Coming, Uncle Sammy (1917, music by E.J Stark), 'The Vital Question' (1913, text by E.J Stark), and 'He's all Shot to Pieces by the French Girls' Eyes' (1917).

Later life and death
After his wife died in 1910, Stark closed his New York office and returned to St. Louis. By this time New York's Tin Pan Alley was dominating ragtime music sales. He continued to publish new rags until 1922, well after ragtime had succumbed to jazz, which Stark detested. Stark died in St. Louis on October 21, 1927.

He was portrayed by Art Carney in the 1977 film, Scott Joplin.

title: John Stillwell Stark


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Crystal violet

Crystal violet or gentian violet, also known as methyl violet 10B or hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride, is a triarylmethane dye used as a histological stain and in Gram's method of classifying bacteria. Crystal violet has antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic (vermicide) properties and was formerly important as a topical antiseptic. The medical use of the dye has been largely superseded by more modern drugs, although it is still listed by the World Health Organization.

The name gentian violet was originally used for a mixture of methyl pararosaniline dyes (methyl violet), but is now often considered a synonym for crystal violet. The name refers to its colour, being like that of the petals of certain gentian flowers; it is not made from gentians or violets.

Production
A number of possible routes can be used to prepare crystal violet. The original procedure developed by the German chemists Kern and Caro involved the reaction of dimethylaniline with phosgene to give 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's ketone) as an intermediate. This was then reacted with additional dimethylaniline in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride and hydrochloric acid.

The dye can also be prepared by the condensation of formaldehyde and dimethylaniline to give a leuco dye:
 * CH2O + 3 C6H5N(CH3)2 → CH(C6H4N(CH3)2)3 + H2O

Second, this colourless compound is oxidized to the coloured cationic form (hereafter with oxygen, but a typical oxidizing agent is manganese dioxide, MnO2):
 * CH(C6H4N(CH3)2)3 + HCl + 1⁄2 O2 → [C(C6H4N(CH3)2)3]Cl + H2O

Dye colour
When dissolved in water, the dye has a blue-violet colour with an absorbance maximum at 590 nm and an extinction coefficient of 87,000 M−1 cm−1. The colour of the dye depends on the acidity of the solution. At a pH of +1.0, the dye is green with absorption maxima at 420 nm and 620 nm, while in a strongly acidic solution (pH −1.0), the dye is yellow with an absorption maximum at 420 nm.

The different colours are a result of the different charged states of the dye molecule. In the yellow form, all three nitrogen atoms carry a positive charge, of which two are protonated, while the green colour corresponds to a form of the dye with two of the nitrogen atoms positively charged. At neutral pH, both extra protons are lost to the solution, leaving only one of the nitrogen atoms positive charged. The pKa for the loss of the two protons are approximately 1.15 and 1.8.

In alkaline solutions, nucleophilic hydroxyl ions attack the electrophilic central carbon to produce the colourless triphenylmethanol or carbinol form of the dye. Some triphenylmethanol is also formed under very acidic conditions when the positive charges on the nitrogen atoms lead to an enhancement of the electrophilic character of the central carbon, which allows the nucleophilic attack by water molecules. This effect produces a slight fading of the yellow colour.

Industry
Crystal violet is used as a textile and paper dye, and is a component of navy blue and black inks for printing, ball-point pens, and inkjet printers. Historically, it was the most common dye used in early duplication machines, such as the mimeograph and the ditto machine. It is sometimes used to colourize diverse products such as fertilizer, antifreeze, detergent, and leather. Marking blue, used to mark out pieces in metalworking, is composed of methylated spirits, shellac, and gentian violet.

Science
When conducting DNA gel electrophoresis, crystal violet can be used as a nontoxic DNA stain as an alternative to fluorescent, intercalating dyes such as ethidium bromide. Used in this manner, it may be either incorporated into the agarose gel or applied after the electrophoresis process is finished. Used at a 0.001% concentration and allowed to stain a gel after electrophoresis for 30 minutes, it can detect as little as 16 ng of DNA. Through use of a methyl orange counterstain and a more complex staining method, sensitivity can be improved further to 8 ng of DNA. When crystal violet is used as an alternative to fluorescent stains, it is not necessary to use ultraviolet illumination; this has made crystal violet popular as a means of avoiding UV-induced DNA destruction when performing DNA cloning in vitro.

In biomedical research, crystal violet can be used to stain the nuclei of adherent cells. In this application, crystal violet works as an intercalating dye and allows the quantification of DNA which is proportional to the number of cells.

The dye is used as a histological stain, particularly in Gram staining for classifying bacteria.

In forensics, crystal violet was used to develop fingerprints.

Crystal violet is also used as a tissue stain in the preparation of light microscopy sections. In laboratory, solutions containing crystal violet and formalin are often used to simultaneously fix and stain cells grown in tissue culture to preserve them and make them easily visible, since most cells are colourless. It is also sometimes used as a cheap way to put identification markings on laboratory mice; since many strains of lab mice are albino, the purple colour stays on their fur for several weeks.

Crystal violet can be used as an alternative to Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) in staining of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE, reportedly showing a 5x improved sensitivity vs CBB.

Medical
Gentian violet has antibacterial, antifungal, antihelminthic, antitrypanosomal, antiangiogenic, and antitumor properties. It is used medically for these properties, in particular for dentistry, and is also known as "pyoctanin" (or "pyoctanine"). It is commonly used for:
 * Marking the skin for surgery preparation and allergy testing;
 * Treating Candida albicans and related fungal infections, such as thrush, yeast infections, various types of tinea (ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch);
 * Treating impetigo; it was used primarily before the advent of antibiotics, but still useful to persons who may be allergic to penicillin.

In resource-limited settings, gentian violet is used to manage burn wounds, inflammation of the umbilical cord stump (omphalitis) in the neonatal period, oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients and mouth ulcers in children with measles.

In body piercing, gentian violet is commonly used to mark the location for placing piercings, including surface piercings.

Veterinary
Because of its antimicrobial activity, it is used to treat ich in fish. However, it usually is illegal to use in fish intended for human consumption.

Synthesis
Crystal violet is one of the components of methyl violet, a dye first synthesized by Charles Lauth in 1861. From 1866, methyl violet was manufactured by the Saint-Denis-based firm of Poirrier et Chappat and marketed under the name "Violet de Paris". It was a mixture of the tetra-, penta- and hexamethylated pararosanilines.

Crystal violet itself was first synthesized in 1883 by Alfred Kern (1850–1893) working in Basel at the firm of Bindschedler and Busch. To optimize the difficult synthesis which used the highly toxic phosgene, Kern entered into a collaboration with the German chemist Heinrich Caro at BASF. Kern also found that by starting with diethylaniline rather than dimethylaniline, he could synthesize the closely related violet dye now known as C.I. 42600 or C.I. Basic violet 4.

Gentian violet
The name "gentian violet" (or Gentianaviolett in German) is thought to have been introduced by the German pharmacist Georg Grübler, who in 1880 started a company in Leipzig that specialized in the sale of staining reagents for histology. The gentian violet stain marketed by Grübler probably contained a mixture of methylated pararosaniline dyes. The stain proved popular and in 1884 was used by Hans Christian Gram to stain bacteria. He credited Paul Ehrlich for the aniline-gentian violet mixture. Grübler's gentian violet was probably very similar, if not identical, to Lauth's methyl violet, which had been used as a stain by Victor André Cornil in 1875.

Although the name gentian violet continued to be used for the histological stain, the name was not used in the dye and textile industries. The composition of the stain was not defined and different suppliers used different mixtures. In 1922, the Biological Stain Commission appointed a committee chaired by Harold Conn to look into the suitability of the different commercial products. In his book Biological Stains, Conn describes gentian violet as a "poorly defined mixture of violet rosanilins".

The German ophthalmologist Jakob Stilling is credited with discovering the antiseptic properties of gentian violet. He published a monograph in 1890 on the bactericidal effects of a solution that he christened "pyoktanin", which was probably a mixture of aniline dyes similar to gentian violet. He set up a collaboration with E. Merck & Co. to market "Pyoktanin caeruleum" as an antiseptic.

In 1902, Drigalski and Conradi found that although crystal violet inhibited the growth of many bacteria, it has little effect on Bacillus coli (Escherichia coli) and Bacillus typhi (Salmonella typhi), which are both gram-negative bacteria. A much more detailed study of the effects of Grübler's gentian violet on different strains of bacteria was published by John Churchman in 1912. He found that most gram-positive bacteria (tainted) were sensitive to the dye, while most gram-negative bacteria (not tainted) were not, and observed that the dye tended to act as a bacteriostatic agent rather than a bactericide.

Precautions
One study in mice demonstrated dose-related carcinogenic potential at several different organ sites. The Food and Drug Administration in the US (FDA) has determined that gentian violet has not been shown by adequate scientific data to be safe for use in animal feed. Use of gentian violet in animal feed causes the feed to be adulterated and is a violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in the US. On June 28, 2007, the FDA issued an "import alert" on farm raised seafood from China because unapproved antimicrobials, including gentian violet, had been consistently found in the products. The FDA report states:

"Like MG (malachite green), CV (crystal violet) is readily absorbed into fish tissue from water exposure and is reduced metabolically by fish to the leuco moiety, leucocrystal violet (LCV). Several studies by the National Toxicology Program reported the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of crystal violet in rodents. The leuco form induces renal, hepatic and lung tumor in mice."

In 2019, Health Canada found medical devices that use gentian violet to be safe for use but recommended to stop using all drug products that contain gentian violet, including on animals, causing Canadian engineering schools to revisit the usage of this dye during orientation.

title: Crystal violet


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Tucker Sno-Cat

The Tucker Sno-Cat is a family of tracked vehicles for snow conditions, manufactured in Medford, Oregon by the company of the same name.

Different models have been used for expeditions in the Arctic and the Antarctic during the second half of the 20th century. It differs from other truck-sized snow vehicles, commonly known as snowcats, by its use of four independently mounted sets of tracks.

Early models

While the majority of Tucker Sno-Cats utilized four sets of tracks, a few experimental models and early production models used two sets of tracks. Initially Tucker Sno-Cats employed two front-mounted steering skis and two sets of tracks mounted to the rear. However, there are at least three production models that only employed dual tracks—the small 222 Tucker Kitten, the 322, and the 323 models were all two-track Tucker Sno-Cats with a conventional front engine design. There are at least two variants of the Tucker Kitten, some have square corner doors while others have rounded corner doors. The Kitten was powered by a 10 hp engine. Additionally there was at least one prototype featuring two tracks and a mid-engine design.

The more common four track Tucker Sno-Cats are considered to be the classic Sno-Cats in American history and have been used extensively in both polar regions for exploration, as well as for transportation, trail grooming and industrial applications. The body style could be configured in many ways and sedan styles, enclosed cargo styles and open bed configurations were all available. Model numbers designated the configuration of the unit, for example a Model 342 was a "300" series, four-track, two-door Tucker Sno-Cat. A Model 443 would be a "400" series, four-track, three-door unit. In the early models, there were ultimately series 200 through 900, with the higher numbers being larger units. The 500 series Tuckers employed extra wide tracks which allowed them to carry heavy loads in very deep soft snow conditions. The early model Tucker Sno-Cats all utilized a unique steel track that revolved around a steel pontoon, the steel pontoons were eventually replaced by fiberglass pontoons. As the models evolved, the steel tracks were replaced with a suspension system that employed rubber belts that were carried by a series of small wheels. Fastened to the exterior of the rubber belts are cleats, also called grousers, made of metal, to offer traction on the snow.

Track design evolution
Tucker Sno-Cats were originally built with a steel track that rotates around a steel pontoon. Located at the top center of the pontoon is a drive sprocket with teeth that drive the chain-like tracks around the steel pontoon. Due to maintenance issues with rust on the steel pontoons, fiberglass pontoons eventually replaced some steel parts but the overall mechanism was basically unchanged.

Steel tracks revolving around pontoons were replaced with a system that employed two rubber belts with metal cleats, or grousers, attached to the outside perimeter to grip the snow. A series of wheels and guides were used inside the belts. Two drive sprockets on a hub drive the rubber belted track. The most modern version of the Sno-Cat track is the all-rubber Terra Track system. This system uses a wide single rubber belt, constructed with a multi-ply design similar to a modern car tire. The exterior perimeter employs molded rubber treads instead of the steel grousers of prior models.

Modern uses
Tucker Sno-Cat products are used at ski resorts and snowmobile clubs as a trail groomer, for passenger transport in polar regions, in fire suppression roles, and drilling and crane operations.

Antarctic exploration
English explorer Sir Vivian Fuchs championed the first Trans-Antarctic expedition, and utilized four specially prepared Tucker Sno-Cats. Tucker Sno-Cats are still considered a premier extreme condition vehicle, and are still in use in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Of the three Tucker Sno-Cats that traveled to the South Pole, door-code 'A' is on display in the Antarctic section of the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch, New Zealand. Door-code 'B' is on display at the Antique Gas and Steam Engine Museum in Vista, California, United States. Door-code 'C' was returned to the UK, and is currently displayed in the Science Museum at Wroughton, and is currently only viewable via appointment at this location. The fate of the fourth Tucker Sno-Cat door-code 'D' is unknown, and may still be in the vicinity of Shackleton Base.

An image of Tucker Sno-Cat door-code 'B' spanning a crevasse is included in the Voyager Golden Record as image #108.

title: Tucker Sno-Cat


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Haripur, Pakistan

Haripur (Punjabi, ) is a historical city in Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. With Swabi and Buner to the west, some 65 km north of Islamabad and 35 km Khanpur Road Tofkian Valley Taxila and 35 km south of Abbottabad. It is in a hilly plain area at an altitude of 520 m.

History

Haripur was founded by the Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa in 1822 and became the headquarters of Hazara until its conquest by the British in 1848. and General Mahan Singh Mirpuri had also contributed in its battle. Hari Singh Nalwa was appointed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh as the second Nazim of Hazara after the first Nazim Amar Singh Majithia was killed by the local populace at Samundar Katha, Abbottabad.

Baron Hugel visited the town on 23 December 1835, and he found it humming with activity. The municipality was constituted in 1867.

An obelisk marks the grave of Colonel Canara, a European officer of the Sikh Artillery, who fell in 1848 defending his guns single-handed against the insurgents under Chattar Singh.

In 1851, the 4th (Hazara) Mountain Battery was raised at Haripur by local Hazara gunners, who were trained by James Abbott, a British officer and first deputy commissioner of Hazara, to defend the district. The Hazaras embarked on many campaigns throughout the province.

The population in 1901 was 5,578 and the income and expenditure during the ten years ending 1902–3 averaged Rs. 17,800. In 1903-04 the income and expenditure were Rs. 19,100 and Rs. 20,000 respectively.

Education
Haripur has the University of Haripur and some colleges affiliated with this university, as well as Pak-Austria Fachhochschule Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology,

Tourism
Haripur is a region located in Pakistan, and it is known for its diverse geographical features, which include both semi-plain areas and mountainous terrain, as well as waterfalls and lakes. Here's some information about each of these characteristics:

Semi-Plain Areas: Haripur likely has semi-plain areas, which are typically characterized by gently rolling or moderately flat terrain. These areas may be suitable for agriculture and urban development. Semi-plain regions often have fertile soil, making them important for farming activities.

Mountainous Terrain: Haripur also includes mountainous terrain, which can be found in the surrounding regions. These mountains could offer opportunities for hiking, trekking, and adventure tourism. The specific mountain ranges in the area can vary, so it's important to check local information for details on the exact topography.

Waterfalls: The presence of waterfalls in Haripur suggests the existence of rivers and streams, likely originating from the nearby mountains. Waterfalls are not only picturesque but can also be recreational destinations for locals and tourists alike. The names and locations of specific waterfalls in Haripur would require local knowledge or updated information. Some of the most notable waterfalls are Chajian Waterfall, Noori Waterfall, Nara Akhoonkhail Waterfall and Jab Waterfall.

Lakes: Lakes in Haripur serve as sources of freshwater and support local ecosystems. Popular lakes in the area may attract boating, fishing, and picnicking activities. There are several natural and manmade lakes in Haripur which include: 1. Tarbela Lake 2. Khanpur Lake 3. Bhuttri Lake 4. Kahal-Mirpur Lake

Archaeological Sites
Haripur has a rich historical and archaeological heritage. Here are a few archaeological sites in or near Haripur:

Bhir Mound: Bhir Mound is another important archaeological site near Haripur. It is believed to be an ancient settlement dating back to the Gandhara period and has revealed valuable artifacts and structures.

Hattar Archaeological Site: Hattar, an industrial town in the Haripur District, has its share of historical significance. Archaeological excavations in and around Hattar have unearthed relics dating back to various historical periods.

Shadi Marri Archaeological Site: This site is located near Haripur and has yielded pottery and other artifacts dating back to the Gandhara period.

Kala Kala Ruins: These are the remains of an ancient settlement near Haripur, and while not extensively excavated, they are indicative of the area's historical significance.

Bhamala Stupa: The most prominent feature of the Bhamala archaeological site is the Buddhist stupa. Stupas are sacred structures in Buddhism, often containing relics of the Buddha or important Buddhist monks. The Bhamala stupa is believed to date back to the 4th century CE, making it one of the oldest and most significant stupas in Pakistan.

Jaulian: Jaulian dates back to the Gandhara period, which spanned from the 2nd century BCE to the 5th century CE. It was an active Buddhist monastery during this time and played a crucial role in the spread of Buddhism in the region.

Climate
The weather in Haripur is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. This climate type is found on the eastern sides of the continents between 20° and 35° N and S latitudes. The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (humid subtropical climate).

Notable personalities

 * Ayub Khan, former Chief of Army Staff and President of Pakistan
 * Qateel Shifai, renowned Urdu Poet, and Lyricist.
 * Sohail Akhtar, Pakistani cricketer
 * Ali Azmat, famous Pakistani pop singer
 * Allama Syed Jawad Naqvi, Renowned Islamic Revolutionary Scholar, religious leader and Quran interpreter.
 * Omar Ayub Khan, Former MNA and Minister for Water and Power.
 * Raja Sikander Zaman, Former Chief Minister, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.
 * Anwar Shamim, Air Marshal.
 * Pir Sabir Shah Ex Chief Minister KP

Industrial estate: Hattar industrial estate is located in Haripur District and it is largest Industrial estate of KP having hundreds of Small, Medium and Large business units. This Industrial estate provides jobs to thousands of individuals from all over Pakistan.

title: Haripur, Pakistan


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title: User:Alexander Z.


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Lean-burn

Lean-burn refers to the burning of fuel with an excess of air in an internal combustion engine. In lean-burn engines the air–fuel ratio may be as lean as 65:1 (by mass). The air / fuel ratio needed to stoichiometrically combust gasoline, by contrast, is 14.64:1. The excess of air in a lean-burn engine emits far less hydrocarbons. High air–fuel ratios can also be used to reduce losses caused by other engine power management systems such as throttling losses.

Principle
A lean burn mode is a way to reduce throttling losses. An engine in a typical vehicle is sized for providing the power desired for acceleration, but must operate well below that point in normal steady-speed operation. Ordinarily, the power is cut by partially closing a throttle. However, the extra work done in pumping air through the throttle reduces efficiency. If the fuel/air ratio is reduced, then lower power can be achieved with the throttle closer to fully open, and the efficiency during normal driving (below the maximum torque capability of the engine) can be higher.

The engines designed for lean-burning can employ higher compression ratios and thus provide better performance, efficient fuel use and low exhaust hydrocarbon emissions than those found in conventional gasoline engines. Ultra lean mixtures with very high air–fuel ratios can only be achieved by direct injection engines.

The main drawback of lean-burning is that a complex catalytic converter system is required to reduce NOx emissions. Lean-burn engines do not work well with modern 3-way catalytic converter—which require a pollutant balance at the exhaust port so they can carry out oxidation and reduction reactions—so most modern engines tend to cruise and coastdown at or near the stoichiometric point.

Chrysler Electronic Lean-Burn
From 1976 through 1989, Chrysler equipped many vehicles with their Electronic Lean-Burn (ELB) system, which consisted of a spark control computer and various sensors and transducers. The computer adjusted spark timing based on manifold vacuum, engine speed, engine temperature, throttle position over time, and incoming air temperature. Engines equipped with ELB used fixed-timing distributors without the traditional vacuum and centrifugal timing advance mechanisms. The ELB computer also directly drove the ignition coil, eliminating the need for a separate ignition module.

ELB was produced in both open-loop and closed-loop variants; the open-loop systems produced exhaust clean enough for many vehicle variants so equipped to pass 1976 and 1977 US Federal emissions regulations, and Canadian emissions regulations through 1980, without a catalytic converter. The closed-loop version of ELB used an oxygen sensor and a feedback carburetor, and was phased into production as emissions regulations grew more stringent starting in 1981, but open-loop ELB was used as late as 1990 in markets with lax emissions regulations, on vehicles such as the Mexican Chrysler Spirit. The spark control and engine parameter sensing and transduction strategies introduced with ELB remained in use through 1995 on Chrysler vehicles equipped with throttle-body fuel injection.

Heavy-duty gas engines
Lean-burn concepts are often used for the design of heavy-duty natural gas, biogas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuelled engines. These engines can either be full-time lean-burn, where the engine runs with a weak air–fuel mixture regardless of load and engine speed, or part-time lean-burn (also known as "lean mix" or "mixed lean"), where the engine runs lean only during low load and at high engine speeds, reverting to a stoichiometric air–fuel mixture in other cases.

Heavy-duty lean-burn gas engines admit twice as much air as theoretically needed for complete combustion into the combustion chambers. The extremely weak air–fuel mixtures lead to lower combustion temperatures and therefore lower NOx formation. While lean-burn gas engines offer higher theoretical thermal efficiencies, transient response and performance may be compromised in certain situations. However, advances in fuel control and closed loop technology by companies like North American Repower have led to production of modern CARB certified lean burn heavy duty engines for use in commercial vehicle fleets. Lean-burn gas engines are almost always turbocharged, resulting in high power and torque figures not achievable with stoichiometric engines due to high combustion temperatures.

Heavy duty gas engines may employ precombustion chambers in the cylinder head. A lean gas and air mixture is first highly compressed in the main chamber by the piston. A much richer, though much lesser volume gas/air mixture is introduced to the precombustion chamber and ignited by spark plug. The flame front spreads to the lean gas air mixture in the cylinder.

This two stage lean-burn combustion produces low NOx and no particulate emissions. Thermal efficiency is better as higher compression ratios are achieved.

Manufacturers of heavy-duty lean-burn gas engines include MTU, Cummins, Caterpillar, MWM, GE Jenbacher, MAN Diesel & Turbo, Wärtsilä, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Dresser-Rand Guascor, Waukesha Engine and Rolls-Royce Holdings.

Honda lean-burn systems
One of the newest lean-burn technologies available in automobiles currently in production uses very precise control of fuel injection, a strong air–fuel swirl created in the combustion chamber, a new linear air–fuel sensor (LAF type O2 sensor) and a lean-burn NOx catalyst to further reduce the resulting NOx emissions that increase under "lean-burn" conditions and meet NOx emissions requirements.

This stratified-charge approach to lean-burn combustion means that the air–fuel ratio is not equal throughout the cylinder. Instead, precise control over fuel injection and intake flow dynamics allows a greater concentration of fuel closer to the spark plug tip (richer), which is required for successful ignition and flame spread for complete combustion. The remainder of the cylinders' intake charge is progressively leaner with an overall average air:fuel ratio falling into the lean-burn category of up to 22:1.

The older Honda engines that used lean-burn (not all did) accomplished this by having a parallel fuel and intake system that fed a pre-chamber the "ideal" ratio for initial combustion. This burning mixture was then opened to the main chamber where a much larger and leaner mix then ignited to provide sufficient power. During the time this design was in production this system (CVCC, Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion) primarily allowed lower emissions without the need for a catalytic converter. These were carbureted engines and the relative "imprecise" nature of such limited the MPG abilities of the concept that now under MPI (Multi-Port fuel Injection) allows for higher MPG too.

The newer Honda stratified charge (lean-burn engines) operate on air–fuel ratios as high as 22:1. The amount of fuel drawn into the engine is much lower than a typical gasoline engine, which operates at 14.7:1—the chemical stoichiometric ideal for complete combustion when averaging gasoline to the petrochemical industries' accepted standard of C8H18.

This lean-burn ability by the necessity of the limits of physics, and the chemistry of combustion as it applies to a current gasoline engine must be limited to light load and lower RPM conditions. A "top" speed cut-off point is required since leaner gasoline fuel mixtures burn slower and for power to be produced combustion must be "complete" by the time the exhaust valve opens.

Applications

 * 1992–95 Civic VX
 * 1996–2005 Civic Hx
 * 2002–05 Civic Hybrid
 * 2000–06 Insight Manual transmission & Japanese spec Cvt only

Toyota lean-burn engines
In 1984, Toyota released the 4A-ELU engine. This was the first engine in the world to use a lean-burn combustion control system with a lean mixture sensor, called "TTC-L" (Toyota Total Clean-Lean-Burn) by Toyota. Toyota also referred to an earlier lean burn system as "Turbulence Generating Pot" (TGP). TTC-L was used in Japan on Toyota Carina T150 replacing the TTC-V (Vortex) exhaust gas recirculation approach used earlier, Toyota Corolla E80, and Toyota Sprinter. The lean mixture sensor was provided in the exhaust system to detect air–fuel ratios leaner than the theoretical air–fuel ratio. The fuel injection volume was then accurately controlled by a computer using this detection signal to achieve lean air–fuel ratio feedback. For optimal combustion, the following items were applied: program independent injection that accurately changed the injection volume and timing for individual cylinders, platinum plugs for improving ignition performance with lean mixtures, and high performance igniters.

The lean-burn versions of the 1587cc 4A-FE and 1762cc 7A-FE 4-cylinder engines have 2 inlet and 2 exhaust valves per cylinder. Toyota uses a set of butterflies to restrict flow in every second inlet runner during lean-burn operation. This creates a large amount of swirl in the combustion chamber. Injectors are mounted in the head, rather than conventionally in the intake manifold. Compression ratio 9.5:1. The 1998cc 3S-FSE engine is a direct injection petrol lean-burn engine. Compression ratio 10:1.

Nissan lean-burn engines
Nissan QG engines are a lean-burn aluminum DOHC 4-valve design with variable valve timing and optional NEO Di direct injection. The 1497cc QG15DE has a Compression ratio of 9.9:1 and 1769cc QG18DE 9.5:1.

Mitsubishi Vertical Vortex (MVV)
In 1991, Mitsubishi developed and began producing the MVV (Mitsubishi Vertical Vortex) lean-burn system first used in Mitsubishi's 1.5 L 4G15 straight-4 single-overhead-cam 1,468-cc engine. The vertical vortex engine has an idle speed of 600 rpm and a compression ratio of 9.4:1 compared with respective figures of 700 rpm and 9.2:1 for the conventional version. The lean-burn MVV engine can achieve complete combustion with an air–fuel ratio as high as 25:1, this boasts a 10–20% gain in fuel economy (on the Japanese 10-mode urban cycle) in bench tests compared with its conventional MPI powerplant of the same displacement, which means lower CO2 emissions.

The heart of the Mitsubishi's MVV system is the linear air–fuel ratio exhaust gas oxygen sensor. Compared with standard oxygen sensors, which essentially are on-off switches set to a single air/fuel ratio, the lean oxygen sensor is more of a measurement device covering the air/fuel ratio range from about 15:1 to 26:1.

To speed up the otherwise slow combustion of lean mixtures, the MVV engine uses two intake valves and one exhaust valve per cylinder. The separate specially shaped (twin intake port design) intake ports are the same size, but only one port receives fuel from an injector. This creates two vertical vortices of identical size, strength and rotational speed within the combustion chamber during the intake stroke: one vortex of air, the other of an air/fuel mixture. The two vortices also remain independent layers throughout most of the compression stroke.

Near the end of the compression stroke, the layers collapse into uniform minute turbulences, which effectively promote lean-burn characteristics. More importantly, ignition occurs in the initial stages of breakdown of the separate layers while substantial amounts of each layer still exist. Because the spark plug is located closer to the vortex consisting of air/fuel mixture, ignition arises in an area of the pentroof-design combustion chamber where fuel density is higher. The flame then spreads through the combustion chamber via the small turbulences. This provides stable combustion even at normal ignition-energy levels, thereby realizing lean-burn.

The engine computer stores optimum air fuel ratios for all engine-operating conditions—from lean (for normal operation) to richest (for heavy acceleration) and all points in between. Full-range oxygen sensors (used for the first time) provide essential information that allows the computers to properly regulate fuel delivery.

Diesel engines
All diesel engines can be considered to be lean-burning with respect to the total volume, however the fuel and air is not well mixed before the combustion. Most of the combustion occurs in rich zones around small droplets of fuel. Locally rich combustion is a source of particulate matter (PM) emissions.

title: Lean-burn


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Rowley Island

Rowley Island is one of the Canadian Arctic islands in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut. It is located in Foxe Basin and has an area of 1090 km2.

Although the island is uninhabited there is both an unmanned Distant Early Warning Line base, called FOX-1 at 69.06694°N, -79.065°W, and an Automated Surface Observing System.

It is named after the arctic explorer Graham Westbrook Rowley.

title: Rowley Island


text:
DJ Scratch

George Spivey (born June 21, 1968), known professionally as DJ Scratch, is an American hip hop DJ and producer from Brooklyn, New York.

DJ Scratch is the 1988 New Music Seminar Battle For World Supremacy DJ champion, the 2010 Master of the Mix winner and the 2012, 2013 & 2014 Global Spin Awards' "Turntablist of the Year". 19 albums produced by DJ Scratch were certified Gold in United States, seven of them were certified as Platinum.

Career
DJ Scratch was introduced to EPMD by Jam Master Jay at the Run's House Tour after DJ K LA Boss left EPMD. Impressed by his skills, the two designated DJ Scratch as their official D.J. by their second album Unfinished Business in 1989. His presence was felt with his powerful cutting and scratching techniques that are heard on various tracks. Aside from scratching, on Business As Usual, he produced the track "Funky Piano", "Rampage" and in 1991 worked on a remix for "I'm Mad" off the "Rampage" 12" single.

In 1992 Scratch produced "Scratch Bring It Back, Pt. 2 (Mic Doc)" and briefly worked with his cousin DJ Magic Mike after EPMD broke up. Soon Scratch made a name for himself as a producer for Busta Rhymes and the Flipmode Squad off Busta's debut album in 1996. By 2003 DJ Scratch became a well distinguished and revered hip-hop producer after working with 50 Cent, LL Cool J, Talib Kweli, Pharoahe Monch, DMX, The Roots, Q-Tip and other notable acts.

Scratch was the resident DJ for three nationally aired TV Shows: Hip Hop Hold Em', Fox 5's Uptown Comedy Club and B.E.T.'s Rap City: The Basement. Scratch's film credits include Juice, The Original 50 Cent, Backstage, Fly By Night, Rhyme & Reason and Spike Lee's film Bamboozled. In addition, Coca-Cola commissioned Scratch to produce & feature in their first DJ commercial, "3 DJs".

According to Parish Smith, an EPMD member, DJ Scratch left the group in 2015. Scratch posted on his Instagram page words of resentment towards former participants on January 2, 2017.

In 2016, DJ Scratch helped fill in for A Tribe Called Quest's DJ Ali Shaheed Muhammad on their final album We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service due to Ali producing the soundtrack for the Luke Cage TV series with Adrian Younge at the time.

As of 2022, Scratch hosts The DJ Scratch Show on LL Cool J’s Rock The Bells Radio, which is a station on Sirius XM. It is a mix show that features the DJ curating a selection of classic hip-hop.

Scratch calls Grandmaster Flash his mentor.

Awards and nominations

 * 1988 — New Music Seminar Battle For World Supremacy DJ champion
 * 2010 — Master of the Mix winner
 * 2012, 2013 & 2014 — Global Spin Awards' "Turntablist Of The Year"

 * DJ Scratch-produced works nominated for a Grammy award:
 * Busta Rhymes — song "Gimme Some More" (1998) ("Best Rap Solo Performance")
 * Busta Rhymes — album E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Front (1998) ("Best Rap Album")
 * The Roots — album Phrenology (2002) ("Best Rap Album")

 * Albums, produced by DJ Scratch, which were certified Gold in United States:
 * EPMD — Unfinished Business (1989)
 * EPMD — Business as Usual (1990)
 * EPMD — Business Never Personal (1992)
 * EPMD — Back in Business (1997)
 * Flipmode Squad — The Imperial (1998)
 * Q-Tip — Amplified (1999)
 * Funkmaster Flex & Big Kap — The Tunnel (1999)
 * LL Cool J — G.O.A.T. (2000)
 * Busta Rhymes — It Ain't Safe No More... (2002)
 * The Roots — Phrenology (2002)
 * Talib Kweli — Quality (2002)

 * Albums, produced by DJ Scratch, which were certified Platinum in United States:
 * Busta Rhymes — The Coming (1996)
 * Busta Rhymes — When Disaster Strikes (1997)
 * Busta Rhymes — E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Front (1998)
 * DJ Clue — The Professional (1998)
 * Method Man & Redman — Blackout! (1999)
 * Busta Rhymes — Anarchy (2000)
 * DMX — Grand Champ (2003)

title: DJ Scratch


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File:Brayisland.png

Base image created by Keith Edkins as GFDL, modified by Tim Vasquez.

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Talk:Heritage USA

Untitled
You may want to do some updated research on Heritage USA. It is now in the hands of MorningStar Fellowship Church, and the grounds have been renamed Heritage International Ministries, and they are meeting in the Grand Hotel, and have hopes to see the place restored to the Glory of God.

What happened?
The article says that the park "by 1986 was one of the top vacation destinations in the nation", then it says "In December 2004, the remainder of the Heritage USA property was sold" - presumably after having gone defunct. When did it close? And why? There seems to be a big gap in this article. - Brian Kendig 13:51, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Purchase
According to a 1991 Charisma magazine series of articles, televangelist Morris Cerullo had raised money to purchase Heritage USA in late 1990. This, however, turned into a controversy of its own; and Cerullo was eventually bought out.

WAVY 10WAVY 10 17:05, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Defunct
Heritage USA was a theme park (of sorts). It is defunct, no more, kaput. The grounds it formerly was on have been divided up several different ways, with most being developed for new houses by MUI (AKA "the Malaysians"). The part where the castle, tower, and water park used to be were sold to a developer. He, in turn, sold off some pieces (castle, tower, hotel, Main Street) to MorningStar, sold the water park components to nearby Carowinds amusement park and bulldozed the rest of it, and is building houses on the rest.

Heritage USA itself is gone, and it isn't coming back. What remains is not HUSA; therefore, "defunct" is an accurate description. Jdb1972 14:59, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

I don't have a source to cite, but the information on the dates of operation are not quite accurate. I personally stayed at Heritage USA in the summer of 1994, and the campground and water park were in full operation at the time. --JoeIcarus (talk) 18:15, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Don't start an edit war
First, "the former Heritage" is perfectly proper English, "Heritage" being a proper noun.

Second, the ZHOP HQ is not in Regent Park. Regent Park is on the other side of the railroad tracks. It's in the old PTL warehouse building that went from an ugly 70's yellowish metal siding to an ugly 90's psuedo-stucco siding.

Third, the ZHOP address is completely irrelevant and out of place in this entry. Feel free to start a ZHOP entry and work it into there, however. Jdb1972 00:19, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Amusement/Theme Park Accuracy
Is there any consideration that, despite the common reference as such, referring to this location as a theme park, or worse, amusement park, is off base, and it should be referred to -- as it was to Heritage members at the time -- as a resort instead? Theme parks and amusement parks have rides, food stands, games, mascots and the majority of the property is geared toward entertainment in one way or another. Heritage, on the other hand, had none of those things. The property had lodging, sit down restaurants, a campground with RV space, a small shopping mall and the famous, but by no means central nor large, water park. The focus of the property was clearly not entertainment with the 24 hour prayer chapel, church, TV-studio for the broadcast of the evangelistic programming and numerous lectures, etc. happening around the property all focused on Christian matters. If you think of a theme park as a place like Six Flags or Cedar Point there is no comparison with what Heritage was, but you could certainly draw distinct parallels with Heritage and Nemacolin_resort or a place like Massanutten Resort (http://massresort.com/) Dreamalynn 19:29, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

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Removed text
Text removed from the article during a requested GOCE copy-edit to prep the article for GA status:

 * One image appeared in "The Best of Photojournalism" in the 1987 Pictures of the Year book presented by the National Press Photographers Association. In September 1999, the Associated Press selected it as one of the top 100 national photos of the century.

 * Today, it is known as The Inspiration Network (INSP). MUI is the parent company of Laura Ashley plc which moved its US headquarters and distribution center to the property. The corporate offices of Laura Ashley are located in the former PTL World Outreach Center, the pyramid-shaped building which formerly housed Jim & Tammy Faye Bakkers' offices as well as those of the leaders of PTL. Since MUI purchased the building, it has been renamed "The Regent Building". Through its local subsidiary, Regent Carolina Corporation, MUI built a golf course and residential development on the majority of the former Heritage USA property. This can go back; I now see its relevance to the subject of the article.

On February 25, 2013, Jim Bakker and his wife Lori returned to the former Heritage USA property in Fort Mill and broadcast the Jim Bakker Show from his former studio on the property. Special services were held in the Upper Room Chapel and Heritage Grand Hotel earlier that week.

 * Cheers, Baffle gab1978  (talk)  05:52, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heritage USA


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Art mac Lugdach

Art, son of Lugaid Lámderg, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing his predecessor, and his father's killer, Conaing Bececlach. He ruled for six years, until he was killed by Fíachu Tolgrach and his son Dui Ladrach. According to the Lebor Gabála Érenn, he was succeeded by his son Ailill Finn; Keating and the Four Masters agree he was succeeded by his killer, Fíachu Tolgrach, who was later killed by Ailill Finn. The Lebor Gabála synchronises his reign with that of Darius II of Persia (423–404). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 599–593 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 812–806 BC.

title: Art mac Lugdach


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User:Jno/template1

The _OKB_ _aircraft_ was/is a Russian/Soviet _role_ aircraft that first flew in 19XX.

_article_text_

title: User:Jno/template1


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Susan Kinsolving

Susan Kinsolving is an American poet whose books include The White Eyelash, Dailies & Rushes (a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award) Peripheral Vision (2019) and Among Flowers.

Her work has appeared in numerous anthologies and publications including The New York Times Book Review, Poetry, Yale Review, The Paris Review, The New Republic, The Nation, and The Washington Post. A finalist for the Walt Whitman Award and the Yale Younger Series award, she has taught at Bennington College, California Institute of the Arts, University of Connecticut, Southampton College, and Chautauqua Institution. She has received international fellowships from France, Ireland, Italy, Switzerland, and Scotland.

Glimmerglass Opera commissioned her to write lyrics for a cantata, entitled Constellations, in collaboration with composer David Carlson. Several of her poems have been set to music and performed in the United States and abroad. She has been invited to present her poems at universities, clubs, libraries and literary festivals throughout the world. She is currently Poet in Residence at The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut.

title: Susan Kinsolving


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Bray Island

Bray Island is one of the Canadian Arctic islands located in Nunavut, Canada along the southern coast of Baffin Island. It is located in Foxe Basin, at 69.26667°N, -77°W, and has an area of 689 km2.

Bray Island was the home of FOX-A, a Distant Early Warning Line and now a North Warning System site. However, Bray Island has no permanent residents.

title: Bray Island


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Domnitor

Principe Domnitor (Romanian pl. Principi Domnitori) was the official title of the ruler of Romania between 1862 and 1881. It was usually translated as "prince regnant" in other languages and less often as "grand duke". "Domnitor" is an adjective derived from the Romanian word "domn" (lord or ruler) and, in turn, from the Latin "Dominus". The title Domn had been in use since the Middle Ages and it is also the Romanian equivalent to the Slavic Hospodar. Moldavian and Wallachian rulers had used this term for their title of authority as the head of state, while "voievod" represented the military rank as the head of the army.

The title acquired an officially recognized meaning after Moldavia and Wallachia united to form the Romanian United Principalities under Alexander John I, who had become the ruler of both states since 1859. Alexander John abdicated in 1866 and was succeeded by Carol I, who promulgated the first constitution who officially used the name Romania for the country. He held the title until 1881. When Romania was proclaimed a kingdom in March 1881, Carol became its first king.

Timeline of the lifespans of Domnitors
This is a graphical lifespan timeline of Domnitors of Romania. The domnitors are listed in order of office.

title: Domnitor


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Night Hostess

Night Hostess is a 1928 play in three acts written by Philip Dunning. Its author called it a Dramatic comedy, but most contemporary reviewers said it was a melodrama. It has a large cast, fast pacing, and one setting. The main storyline concerns a crooked nightclub manager who is robbing customers and cheating the owner, complicated by two murders and a romantic triangle.

Produced by John Golden and staged by Winchell Smith, it starred Norman Foster, Ruth Lyons, Averell Harris, Maurice Freeman, and Gail DeHart. After tryouts in Atlantic City and Minneapolis-St. Paul during July and August, it ran on Broadway from September through December 1928. Night Hostess drew unfavorable comparisons from critics with the author's earlier Broadway.

Katharine Hepburn made her Broadway debut in Night Hostess, playing a bit part as one of the "Other Hostesses". She was billed under her own name (spelled as "Katherine") for the tryout in Minneapolis, but according to IBDb took the stage name of "Katherine Burns" for the Broadway run.

Characters
Lead Supporting Featured Bit players and Walk-ons
 * Rags Conway is 23, ex-vaudeville piano player, wears snazzy clothes.
 * Buddy Miles is a hostess at Little Casino, young, beautiful, fresh and natural.
 * Chris Miller is early 40's, handsome, well-groomed, manager of the Little Casino.
 * Ben Fischer is Jewish, middle-aged, left arm paralyzed, owner of the Little Casino.
 * Julia Barnes is an ex-chorus girl, still young and pretty but unhappy and worn-out.
 * Tish is the peephole doorman for the Little Casino.
 * Tom Hayes is a detective, married to Julia Barnes.
 * Hardware Herman is a thug who works for Chris.
 * Hennessy is a hoodlum, employed by Chris to roll chumps.
 * Peggy is a snappy chorus girl, a skillful gambler.
 * Joe is the bartender and bouncer for Little Casino.
 * Frank Wardell is a regular customer at Little Casino.
 * Dot is avid nightclub hostess, anxious to increase her take on chump gaming losses.
 * Rita is a nightclub hostess.
 * First Chump is a tourist from Chattanooga, taken to the gaming room by Dot.
 * Second Chump is also from Chattanooga, also one of Dot's marks.
 * Cyril Keane called Duke, is a rival hoodlum to Chris Miller.
 * Dr. Andrews, Mr. Allen, Other Hostesses, Musicians, Croupiers, Winners, Losers, and Hoodlums

Synopsis
Chris Miller, manager of the Little Casino nightclub has been cheating the proprieter, Ben Fischer, for some time. Miller's girlfriend Julia, and his henchmen Hardware Herman and Hennessy have been setting up "chumps" for rolling after a big win. Miller is getting interested in hostess Buddy Miles, who also sings for the customers a ditty called Everybody's Buddy. One night a rolling goes wrong, and the chump is murdered, with Julia leaving her cigarette case behind in the apartment. Meanwhile, Ben Fischer has been getting suspicious about the club's income dip when it is busy every night. He sends for Rags Conway, a vaudeville performer, to be his secret informant in the club. Rags and Buddy have had a relationship going, but Miller has gotten Buddy's attention by promising her a part in a Chicago stage show in which he has an interest.

Julia, whose substance abuse has led her to a near breakdown, becomes jealous of Buddy, and threatens to spill about the murder. Miller kills her and stuffs her body in a trunk. Tom Hayes, assigned to investigate the killing, recognizes the cigarette case as belonging to his estranged wife, Julia. He questions Miller about her whereabouts, but gets no satisfaction. Miller, panicking, has some hoodlums shift the trunk with Julia's body several times. This draws the attention of Conway and Hayes, who finally are able to find the trunk. Miller sends for some hoodlums to take out Conway and Hayes, but the doorman Tish won't pass them thru into the club. Pursued by Hayes, Miller meets his literal downfall courtesy of an open elevator shaft.

Background
Philip Dunning's 1926 play Broadway had been a success, for which George Abbott received much credit for rewriting and directing. However, Dunning went solo on the writing for Night Hostess. A reporter at the second tryout said Dunning made note of audience reactions to specific lines and adjusted the dialogue.

Producer John Golden managed an empire of touring stage and vaudeville companies. He advertised his productions extensively, and rather than trot out his players for the press, he cultivated journalists by giving personal interviews. He had a long-standing partnership with playwright-director Winchell Smith.

Cast
The production was on hiatus from July 30 through August 25, 1928, and again from December 17 through December 23, 1928.

Tryouts
The play was first presented at the Apollo Theatre in Atlantic City for a one-week run beginning July 23, 1928. The local reviewer gave the storyline and identified some cast members, but limited their opinions to general praise for the production.

A. G. Bainbridge Jr., who leased the Metropolitan theaters in Minneapolis and St. Paul, struck a deal with John Golden to host the second tryout at his theaters. Bainbridge agreed to pay for the round-trip cost of transporting the company from Atlantic City to Minneapolis, where the play would open at his Metropolitan Theatre on August 26, 1928. After one week there, it would then move to the Metropolitan Theatre in St. Paul, Minnesota for another week-long run.

When the play opened as scheduled, one local reviewer noted that it was either a "sequel" or "twin" to Broadway: "The resemblance between Broadway and Night Hostess is striking. Nearly every element in the former show has a counterpart in the second". This same reviewer praised Averell Harris as the villain, and Norman Foster as "the juvenile lead", but thought "a stronger feminine lead" would help.

Merle Posner wrote in his review that the theatre for the unusual Sunday opening night was "only partially filled", but the audience gave an "enthusiastic reception" to the play. He also reported that author Dunning was making notes throughout the performance, and that Ruth Lyons as Buddy Miles would be more convincing with less refinement.

Premiere and reception
Night Hostess had its Broadway premiere on September 12, 1928, at the Martin Beck Theatre. Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times, who subtitled his review 'Foiling the Palukas', labelled Night Hostess as a "farrago", and said "It might well be the end of the Broadway formula in low-life melodrama". He acknowledged the five leads performed their parts creditably, but said "Night Hostess seemed too much like forced and synthetic entertainment".

Arthur Pollock in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle thought the only innovation in the play was to attempt an underworld melodrama without any salacious language, otherwise there was "no originality in either scene or dialogue". Rowland Field in the Brooklyn Times Union said Night Hostess stood the comparison with Broadway well enough. Burns Mantle was clear that Night Hostess might have benefited from the George Abbott touch, but considered it an exciting melodrama that pleased the opening night audience.

Change of venue and closing
Night Hostess finished at the Martin Beck Theatre on Saturday, December 1, 1928, re-opening on Monday, December 3, 1928, at the Vanderbilt Theatre. It took a one-week hiatus from December 17, re-opening on December 24, 1928, only to close for good on December 29, 1928.

title: Night Hostess


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Alexander Smyth

Alexander Smyth (1765 –April 17, 1830) was an American lawyer, soldier, and politician from Virginia. Smyth served in the Virginia Senate, Virginia House of Delegates, United States House of Representatives and as a general during the War of 1812. Smyth County, Virginia, is named in his honor.

Early life
Smyth was born on Rathlin Island in County Antrim (part of the Kingdom of Ireland). He immigrated to the United States with his father, Rev. Alfred Smythe at the age of 10, and settled in Botetourt County, Virginia, in 1775 where he completed preparatory studies. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Abingdon, Virginia.

Smyth moved to Wythe County, Virginia, and was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1792, 1796, 1801, 1802, and from 1804 to 1808. He served in the Virginia Senate in 1808 and 1809.

Military career
Smyth served in the United States Army from 1808 to 1813. Commissioned as a colonel in 1808, he served as Inspector General to William Eustis, the acting War Secretary.

Shortly after the outbreak of the War of 1812, Smyth was promoted to brigadier general on July 6, 1812. During the Battle of Queenston Heights he refused to support his commander, General Stephen Van Rensselaer, a militia commander with no experience. After Van Rensselaer's disgrace, Smyth was given command and proved himself equally inept. His plan to invade Canada started with the Battle of Frenchman's Creek but was then abandoned because of problems due to poor organization.

After the failed attack on Canada, Smyth was insulted by Brigadier General Peter B. Porter, who accused Smyth of cowardice. Smyth challenged Porter to a duel, but both men went unscathed. The historian John R. Elting wrote of the duel, stating, "Unfortunately, both missed." In the wake of his failure, Smyth's name was removed from the U.S. Army rolls.

Postwar career
After the war, Smyth resumed the practice of law, and again became a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1816, 1817, 1826, and 1827. He was elected to the Fifteenth United States Congress and reelected to the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1817, to March 3, 1825. He was elected again to the Twentieth and Twenty-first Congresses, serving again from March 4, 1827, until his death.

Smyth died in Washington, D.C., and was interred in the United States Congressional Cemetery. Smyth County, Virginia, is named after him.

Electoral history

 * 1817; Smyth was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 66.99% of the vote, defeating Federalist Benjamin Estill.
 * 1819; Smyth was re-elected unopposed.
 * 1821; Smyth was re-elected unopposed.

title: Alexander Smyth