text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Humble Guys

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. jni 12:44, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Humble Guys
Piracy group. Big deal. Google search for "The Humble Guys" +piracy brings up 164 hits. —RaD Man (talk) 22:47, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep nice sarcastic VfD there batman... Come on do I need to use a cluestick? Wiki is not a soapbox Don't disrupt to prove a point  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 23:00, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Lestat Keep Lestat Keeps are normally not allowed under Wikipedia rules but this seems a special case. --Jscott 23:02, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. *ahem*  I am showing off a bit more of my gams than I normally like to do, but let's just say I was familiar with the pirating community when these guys were around and they had one of the biggest operations in their time.  They were on top for several years, until their ring was busted by the Secret Service when a couple of their head honchos stupidly used stolen credit card numbers to buy some musical equipment (Phrack published one of her statements in this issue).  IMHO, they deserve an entry.  Katefan0 23:37, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Just looked at your userpage. If you were in ACiD, you oughta know this stuff yourself. Now Alkivar's comments are making sense. ACiD and iCE, this little walk down memory lane is making me want to bust out the ANSI ads for my old board. Katefan0 23:46, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, are you being serious radman? Rhobite 01:03, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs a cleanup. Megan1967 06:10, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep (?) Seems notable. JuntungWu 17:01, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish why this guys are notable although it is well-written.Capitalistroadster 06:44, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I think RadMan's just blowin' off a bit of steam. Wyss 23:43, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. Yuckfoo 01:09, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. ElBenevolente 00:54, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. GRider\talk 17:28, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:24.10.97.131

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.10.97.131


text:
Josh Lewis and Reva Shayne

Joshua Lewis and Reva Shayne Lewis are fictional characters and one of the signature supercouples from the American CBS daytime drama Guiding Light. Josh is played by Robert Newman and Reva is played by Kim Zimmer. The popular couple has been nicknamed the portmanteau name "Jeva" (for Josh and Reva) on internet message boards.

title: Josh Lewis and Reva Shayne


text:
Ronald Harwood

Sir Ronald Harwood (né Horwitz; 9 November 1934 – 8 September 2020) was a South African-born British author, playwright, and screenwriter, best known for his plays for the British stage as well as the screenplays for The Dresser (for which he was nominated for an Oscar) and The Pianist, for which he won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. He was nominated for the Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar for The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007).

Early life and career
Harwood was born Ronald Horwitz in Cape Town, in what was then the Union of South Africa, the son of Isobel (née Pepper) and Isaac Horwitz. After attending Sea Point High School, Harwood moved from Cape Town to London in 1951 to pursue a career in the theatre. He changed his surname from Horwitz to Harwood after an English master told him it was too foreign and too Jewish for a stage actor.

After training for the stage at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, he joined the Shakespeare Company of Sir Donald Wolfit. From 1953 to 1958, Harwood was Sir Donald's personal dresser. He would later draw on this experience when he wrote the stage play, The Dresser, and the biography, Sir Donald Wolfit CBE: His life and work in the Unfashionable Theatre. In 1959, after leaving the Donald Wolfit Company, he joined the 59 Theatre Company for a season at the Lyric Hammersmith during which time he played the role of Pablo both in the stage debut of Alun Owen's play The Rough and Ready Lot and in its 1959 television adaptation.

In 1960, Harwood began a career as a writer and published his first novel, All the Same Shadows in 1961, the screenplay for Private Potter (1962) from his television drama, and the stage play, March Hares in 1964. Harwood continued at a prolific pace penning more than 21 stage plays, and 10 books. He also created more than 16 screen plays, but seldom wrote original material directly for the screen, usually acting as an adapter, sometimes of his own work (The Dresser).

One of the recurring themes in Harwood's work was his fascination with the stage, its performing artists and artisans, as displayed in The Dresser, After the Lions (about Sarah Bernhardt), Another Time (a semi-autobiographical piece about a gifted South African pianist), Quartet (about ageing opera singers), and his non-fiction book All the World's a Stage, a general history of theatre.

Harwood also had a strong interest in the Nazi period, especially the situation of individuals who either voluntarily collaborated with the Nazis or, alternatively, who faced strong pressure to do so and had, in each case, to work out their own personal combination of resistance, deception and compromise. His work focusing on this period includes the films Operation Daybreak (covering the assassination by the Czechoslovakian Resistance of Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich), The Statement (a fictionalized account of the post-War life-on-the-run of French collaborator Paul Touvier), The Pianist (an adaptation of the autobiography of the Jewish-Polish musician Władysław Szpilman covering his survival during the Nazi occupation of Poland), the play later adapted to film Taking Sides (focused on the post-War "de-Nazification" investigation of the German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler), the play Collaboration (about the composer Richard Strauss and his partnership with the Jewish writer Stefan Zweig), and the play An English Tragedy (dealing with the British fascist John Amery).

Harwood also wrote the screenplay for the films The Browning Version (1994) with Albert Finney, Being Julia (2004) with Annette Bening and Jeremy Irons, and Roman Polanski's version of Oliver Twist (2005) with Ben Kingsley.

He won an Academy Award for the script of The Pianist, having already been nominated for The Dresser in 1983. Harwood received his third Oscar nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay in 2007 for his adaptation of the memoir by Jean-Dominique Bauby, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, for which he also won a BAFTA and the Prix Jacques Prévert du Scénario in 2008, for Best Adaptation. In 2008, Harwood was also awarded the Humanitas Award in recognition of The Diving Bell and the Butterfly.

Recognition
Harwood was president of the English PEN Club from 1989 to 1993, and of PEN International from 1993 to 1997. He was chairman of the Royal Society of Literature from 2001 to 2004, and was president of the Royal Literary Fund from 2005. He was made Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL) in 1974, Knight (Chevalier) of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1996, and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1999.

In 2003, he was appointed a member at the Department of Language and Literature of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He was awarded a DLitt degree from Keele University in 2002, honoured with a Doctor Honoris Causa from the Krastyo Sarafov National Academy for Theatre and Film Arts (Sofia, Bulgaria) in 2007, made an Honorary Fellow of the Central School of Speech and Drama (London, England) in 2007, and an Honorary Fellow of the University of Chichester in 2009. Harwood was knighted in the 2010 Birthday Honours.

National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C1173/02) with Harwood in 2005–2007 for its An Oral History of Theatre Design collection held by the British Library. The British Library also acquired the papers of Ronald Harwood in 2004 consisting of manuscripts and papers, correspondence, and press cuttings.

He was named chairman of the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre in Guildford in 2008. In June 2013, he was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Aberdeen by the Duchess of Rothesay. He received the National Jewish Theatre Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award in 2014.

In May 2017 an authorized biography of Harwood, Speak Well of Me by W. Sydney Robinson, was published by Oberon Books.

Personal life
He attended the Seapoint Boys' High School in that area of Cape Town. He moved to England in 1951. In 1959, he married Natasha Riehle (1938–2013), a descendant of Russian nobility. They had three children: Antony (born 1960), Deborah (born 1963), and the composer Alexandra Harwood (born 1966).

The actor Sir Antony Sher was his first cousin, once removed. Harwood was the brother of South African dance critic Eve Borland.

Harwood died from natural causes at his home in Sussex on 8 September 2020, at age 85.

Stage plays

 * March Hares (Liverpool, 1964)
 * Country Matters (69 Theatre Company, Manchester, 1969)
 * The Good Companions (musical by André Previn and Johnny Mercer), libretto (Her Majesty's Theatre, 1974)
 * The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold, adapted from Evelyn Waugh's novel (Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester and the Round House, London, 1977,
 * A Family (Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester and the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, 1978)
 * The Dresser (The Royal Exchange, Manchester and Queen's Theatre, 1980; Duke of York's Theatre, 2005)
 * After the Lions (The Royal Exchange, Manchester, 1982)
 * Tramway Road (Lyric Hammersmith,1984)
 * The Deliberate Death of a Polish Priest (Almeida Theatre, 1985)
 * Interpreters (Queen's Theatre, 1985)
 * J J Farr (Theatre Royal, Bath and Phoenix Theatre, 1987)
 * Ivanov, translation of Chekhov's play (Strand Theatre,1989)
 * Another Time (Bath and Wyndham's Theatre,1989)
 * Reflected Glory (Darlington and Vaudeville Theatre, 1992)
 * Poison Pen, about the death of composer Peter Warlock (the Royal Exchange, Manchester, 1993))
 * Taking Sides, about the conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler (Minerva Theatre, Chichester,1995 and 2008; Duchess Theatre, 2009)
 * The Handyman (Minerva Theatre, Chichester, 1996)
 * Quartet (Albery Theatre, 1999)
 * Goodbye Kiss/Guests, double bill about the South African diaspora (Orange Tree Theatre, 2000)
 * Mahler's Conversion (Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford and Aldwych Theatre, 2001)
 * See U Next Tuesday, adaptation of Francis Veber's Diner de Cons (Gate Theatre, Dublin, 2002 and Albery Theatre, 2003)
 * An English Tragedy, based on the true story of the British fascist John Amery (Palace Theatre Watford, 2008)
 * Collaboration, based on the relationship between the composer Richard Strauss and the writer Stefan Zweig (Minerva Theatre, Chichester, 2008; Duchess Theatre, 2009)
 * Taking Tea With Stalin

Screenplays

 * Private Potter (1962)
 * The Barber of Stamford Hill (1962)
 * A High Wind in Jamaica (1965, based on the novel A High Wind in Jamaica by Richard Hughes)
 * Drop Dead Darling (1966, suggested by The Careful Man by Richard Deming)
 * Diamonds for Breakfast (1968)
 * Eyewitness (1970, based on the novel The Eyewitness by Mark Hebden)
 * One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1970, based on the novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn)
 * Operation Daybreak (1975, based on the non-fiction-book Seven Men at Daybreak by Alan Burgess)
 * Tales of the Unexpected (1979-1981, anthology television series, wrote 12 episodes)
 * Evita Peron (1981, television film, based on the non-fiction-books Evita, First Lady by John Barnes, and Evita: The Real Life of Eva Peron by Nicholas Fraser)
 * The Dresser (1983) (also producer)
 * The Doctor and the Devils (1985, based on an earlier screenplay by Dylan Thomas)
 * Mandela (1987, TV film)
 * Countdown to War (1989, TV film)
 * A Fine Romance (1991, based on the play Tchin-Tchin by François Billetdoux)
 * The Browning Version (1994, based on the play The Browning Version by Terence Rattigan)
 * Cry, the Beloved Country (1995, based on the novel Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton)
 * Taking Sides (2001)
 * The Pianist (2002, based on the memoir The Pianist by Władysław Szpilman)
 * The Statement (2003, based on the novel The Statement by Brian Moore)
 * Being Julia (2004, based on the novel Theatre by W. Somerset Maugham)
 * Oliver Twist (2005, based on the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens)
 * The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007, based on the memoir The Diving Bell and the Butterfly by Jean-Dominique Bauby)
 * Love in the Time of Cholera (2007, based on the novel Love in the Time of Cholera by Gabriel García Márquez)
 * Australia (2008)
 * Quartet (2012)

Books and published works

 * All the Same Shadows (novel) Cape (1961)
 * George Washington September Sir! (novel) Avon (1961)
 * The Guilt Merchants (novel) Cape (1963) ISBN 978-0-030-81338-2
 * The Girl in Melanie Klein (novel) Secker & Warburg (1969) ISBN 978-0-030-76440-0
 * Sir Donald Wolfit: His Life and Work in the Unfashionable Theatre (biography) Secker & Warburg (1971) ISBN 0-436-19121-0
 * Articles of Faith (novel – winner of the Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize) Secker & Warburg (1973) ISBN 0-436-19122-9
 * The Genoa Ferry (novel) Secker & Warburg (1976) ISBN 0-436-19123-7
 * César and Augusta (novel about the composer César Franck) Secker & Warburg (1978) ISBN 0-436-19119-9
 * One. Interior. Day. Adventures in the Film Trade, Secker & Warburg (1978) ISBN 0-436-19124-5
 * New Stories 3: An Arts Council Anthology (with Francis King) Hutchinson (1978) ISBN 0-09-133271-0
 * The Dresser (play) Grove Press (1981) ISBN 0-394-17936-6
 * A Night at the Theatre (editor), Methuen (1982) ISBN 0-413-49950-2
 * The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold (play) Amber Lane (1983) ISBN 0-906399-42-4
 * After the Lions (play) Amber Lane (1983) ISBN 0-906399-41-6
 * All the World's a Stage (theatre history), Secker & Warburg (1984) ISBN 0-436-19132-6
 * The Ages of Gielgud, an Actor at Eighty, Hodder & Stoughton (1984) ISBN 0-340-34828-3
 * Tramway Road (play) Amber Lane (1984) ISBN 0-906399-58-0
 * The Deliberate Death of a Polish Priest (play) Amber Lane (1985) ISBN 0-906399-63-7
 * Interpreters (play) Amber Lane (1986) ISBN 0-906399-67-X
 * Mandela (a Channel Four book), Boxtree (1987) ISBN 1-85283-204-5
 * Dear Alec: Guinness at 75 (editor), Hodder & Stoughton (1989) ISBN 0-340-49954-0
 * Another Time (play) Amber Lane (1989) ISBN 0-906399-98-X
 * Reflected Glory (play) Faber (1992) ISBN 0-571-16463-3
 * Home (novel) Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1993) ISBN 0-297-81368-4
 * The Collected Plays of Ronald Harwood, Faber (1993) ISBN 0-571-17001-3
 * The Faber Book of the Theatre (editor) Faber (1994) ISBN 0-571-16481-1
 * Harwood Plays: Two (Contemporary Classics), Faber (1995) ISBN 90-01-87742-7
 * The Handyman (play) Faber (1997) ISBN 0-571-19041-3
 * Quartet/Equally Divided (plays) Faber (1999) ISBN 0-571-20092-3)
 * Mahler's Conversion (play) Faber (2001) ISBN 978-0-571-21231-6
 * The Pianist/Taking Sides (screenplays) Faber (2003) ISBN 0-571-21281-6
 * An English Tragedy (play) Faber (2006) ISBN 0-571-23328-7
 * Ronald Harwood's Adaptations: From Other Works Into Films, Guerilla Books (2007) ISBN 978-0-9554943-0-7

title: Ronald Harwood


text:
Burke Civil War

The Burke/de Burgh Civil War was a conflict in Ireland from 1333 to 1338 between three leading members of the de Burgh (Burke/Bourke) Anglo-Norman family resulting in the division into three clans.

Background
Twenty-year-old William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster, known as "the Brown Earl", was murdered by his household knights in June 1333 after he had starved to death his cousin and rival Sir Walter Liath de Burgh in the previous year (1332). The Earl's only child, Elizabeth de Burgh (1332–1363), succeeded as Countess of Ulster and legal heir to the de Burgh estates as an infant. For safety, as an infant and a female heiress, she was taken by her mother to England as her lordships collapsed in a power struggle.

Three members of the de Burgh family fought against each other in an attempt to preserve their own personal estates, and hold overall control of the massive de Burgh inheritance in Ireland. They were:

 * Sir Edmond de Burgh of Castleconnell (only surviving uncle of the Brown Earl, and senior member of the de Burgh dynasty) who drowned in Lough Mask in 1338.
 * Sir Edmond Albanach de Burgh of north Connacht (cousin of the Brown Earl, brother of the Walter Liath de Burgh who died in 1332)
 * Sir Uilleag de Burgh of south Connacht (chief of the Burkes of Galway)

Loss and divisions
The eventual outcome of the war was the loss of almost all the de Burgh lands in Ulster, which was reconquered within a year by the Gaelic-Irish.

The remaining de Burghs in Ireland fragmented into three distinct clans, all of which had several sub-septs. They were:

 * Clan William Bourke of County Limerick
 * Mac William Íochtar (Bourke) of County Mayo
 * Mac William Uachtar or Clanricarde (Burke / de Burgh) of County Galway

Clan William, Mac William, Clanricarde

 * Walter de Burgh of Burgh Castle, Norfolk m. Alice
 * William de Burgh (d. 1206) m. Daughter of Domnall Mór Ó Briain, King of Thomond
 * Richard Mór / Óge de Burgh, 1st Lord of Connaught m. Egidia de Lacy, Lady of Connacht
 * Sir Richard de Burgh (d.1248), 2nd Lord of Connaught
 * Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (d. 1271)
 * Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (1259–1326)
 * John de Burgh m. Elizabeth de Clare
 * William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (1312–33) m. Maud of Lancaster
 * Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster (1332–63) m. Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence
 * Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster (1355–82) m. Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March
 * Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, 6th Earl of Ulster (1374–98)
 * Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, 7th Earl of Ulster (1391–1425)
 * Anne Mortimer (1388–1411) m. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge
 * Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, 8th Earl of Ulster (1411–60)
 * Edward IV (Edward, 4th Duke of York, 9th Earl of Ulster)
 * House of York (Kings and Queens of England and Ireland)
 * Edmond de Burgh
 * Sir Richard Burke
 * Walter Burke (d. 1432)
 * Burkes of Castleconnell and Brittas (Clanwilliam)
 * Uileag Carragh Burke
 * Burkes of Cois tSiúire (Clanwilliam)
 * Sir David Burke,
 * Burkes of Muskerryquirk (Clanwilliam)
 * Elizabeth, Queen of Scotland m. Robert I of Scotland
 * Theobald de Burgh
 * William de Burgh
 * Thomas de Burgh
 * Egidia de Burgh
 * William Óg de Burgh (d. 1270)
 * William Liath de Burgh (d. 1324)
 * Sir Walter Liath de Burgh, d. 1332
 * Sir Edmond Albanach de Burgh (d. 1375), 1st Mac William Íochtar (Lower Mac William), (Mayo)
 * Mac William Íochtars, Viscounts Mayo and Earls of Mayo
 * John de Burgh (1350–98), Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
 * Richard an Fhorbhair de Burgh
 * Sir Ulick de Burgh (d. 1343/53), 1st Mac William Uachtar (Upper Mac William) or Clanricarde (Galway)
 * Richard Óg Burke (d. 1387)
 * Ulick an Fhiona Burke
 * Clanricardes, Earls of Marquesses of Clanricarde
 * Raymond de Burgh
 * Walter Óge de Burgh
 * Raymund de Burgh
 * Ulick de Burgh of Umhall
 * Alice de Burgh
 * Margery de Burgh
 * Matilda de Burgh
 * Daughter de Burgh
 * Hubert de Burgh, Bishop of Limerick (d. 1250)
 * William de Burgh, Sheriff of Connacht
 * Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent (d. 1243) m.
 * John de Burgh
 * Hubert de Burgh
 * Hubert de Burgh
 * Barons Burgh
 * Geoffrey de Burgh, Bishop of Ely (d. 1228)
 * Thomas de Burgh

title: Burke Civil War


text:
William Henry Farquhar

William Henry Farquhar (June 14, 1813 – February 17, 1887) was an American who was influential in the development of Montgomery County, Maryland.

Early life and education
William Henry Farquhar was born in June 1813 to Amos Farquhar (1768–1835) and Mary Elgar in York, Pennsylvania. The Farquhar family was of Scottish descent. Amos was a cotton manufacturer and later became a farmer. William had a brother-in-law and sister, Benjamin Hallowell and Mary W. Kirk (née Farquahar), respectively.

The family moved from York to Montgomery County, Maryland when he was eleven and settled in the town of Olney, Maryland. He attended the Fair Hill Boarding School. Farquhar, fond of books and a student from his earliest years, completed his education with Hallowell in Alexandria, Virginia, at the Brimstone Academy. He could not fulfill his dream of studying law because of his weak eyesight. Farquhar then turned to farming and teaching.

Personal life
In 1838, Farquhar built The Cedars, a home for the Farquhar family. The house was known for the notable Christmas parties.

Farquhar married Margaret Briggs (1812–1889), daughter of Isaac Briggs, in 1844, and together they had seven children:
 * Allan Farquhar (1853–1944), farmer and banker
 * Arthur Briggs Farquhar (1838–1925), founder of A.B. Farquhar Co. and father of Percival Farquhar
 * Edward Farquhar (1843–1905), professor of English at Columbia University and librarian at the United States Patent Office
 * Ellen Farquhar (d. 1927), school teacher
 * Hallowell Farquhar
 * Henry Farquhar, died of scarlet fever at the age of four.
 * Henry Hill Farquhar (1846–1925), worked at the United States Coast Survey, United States Census Bureau, and United States Department of Agriculture. He was a delegate at the Hague Convention of 1907

Career
Farquhar is most known for his contributions to the development of modern Montgomery County, Maryland. Along with Mary W. Kirk, he re-established the Fair Hill Boarding School in 1846. William also served as the principal from 1847 to 1855. He was a school commissioner for the Montgomery County School Board from 1859 to 1860 and served as its first president from 1860 to 1868. He was also a county surveyor, civil engineer, president of the Sandy Spring Lyceum from 1872 to 1873, and one of the original directors of the Mutual Fire Insurance Company from 1848 to 1885.

Other jobs include a promoter of the turnpike from Ashton, Maryland, to Olney, Maryland, a candidate for the Maryland State Senate in 1858, an influential member of the grange, director of the Sandy Spring Savings Institution from circa 1856 to 1857, a census taker on at least two occasions (1850 and 1870) and a historian. He authored The Annals of Sandy Spring in 1882.

Later life and death
After about 1880, the aging Farquhar retired from most of his positions. For the rest of his life, he lived on his farm with his grandchildren and wife, where he published several books and remained influential with the Montgomery County School Board.

Farquhar died at his home in Sandy Spring on February 17, 1887.

Legacy
In 1968, Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) named their first middle school in the county William H. Farquhar Middle School after him. The school is on Batchellor's Forest Road.

title: William Henry Farquhar


text:
Hindu eschatology

Hindu eschatology is linked to the figure of Kalki, or the tenth and last avatar of Vishnu before the age draws to a close, and Harihara simultaneously dissolves and regenerates the universe.

The current period is believed by Hindus to be the Kali Yuga, the last of four Yuga that make up the current age. It started when Krishna left the Earth in 3102 BC or 5125 years from 2024. Each period has seen a progressive decline in morality, to the point that in Kali Yuga quarrel and hypocrisy are norm. In Hinduism, time is cyclic, consisting of cycles or "kalpas". Each kalpa lasts for 4.32 billion years and is followed by a pralaya (dissolution) of equal length, which together make a period of one full day and night of Brahma's 100 360-day year lifespan, who lives for 311 trillion, 40 billion years. The cycle of birth, growth, decay, and renewal at the individual level finds its echo in the cosmic order, yet is affected by the vagaries of divine intervention in Vaishnavism. Some Shaivites hold the view that he is incessantly destroying and creating the world.

The Four Yugas
Within the current Kalpa (aeon) are 1,000 cycles of a Chatur Yuga (epoch), each with four yugas (ages). These ages encompass a beginning of complete purity to a descent into total decay, a devolution of dharmic principles.

A Chatur Yuga lasts for 4.32 million years:
 * Satya Yuga lasts for 1.728 million years.
 * Treta Yuga lasts for 1.296 million years.
 * Dvapara Yuga lasts for 864,000 years.
 * Kali Yuga lasts for 432,000 years.

Kali Yuga
Kali Yuga, the last of the four ages, is the one in which we currently reside. This epoch has been foretold to be characterized by impiety, violence, and decay. As written in the Vishnu Purana in 100 BCE:

"Social status depends not upon your accomplishments, but in the ownership of property; wealth is now the source of virtue; passion and luxury are the sole bonds between spouses; falsity and lying are the conditions of success in life; sexuality is the sole source of human enjoyment; religion, a superficial and empty ritual, is confused with spirituality"

The fourth age is ruled over by Kali, not the goddess Kāli but the demon Kali. Puranas go on to write that kings in the fourth age will be godless, wanting in tranquility, quick to anger, and dishonest. They will inflict death on women, and children, and will rise and fall to power quickly. Undisciplined barbarians will receive the support of rulers.

From the four pillars of dharma—penance, charity, truthfulness, and compassion—charity will be all that remains, although it too will decrease daily. People will commit sin in mind, speech and action. Plague, famine, pestilence and natural calamities will appear. People will not believe one another, falsehoods will win disputes, and brothers will become avaricious. As each age progresses, the human life span decreases, starting from thousands of years in the Satya Yuga to 100 years in the current Kali Yuga.

Sannyasins will wear red. There will be many false religions, and many will profess false knowledge to earn their livelihood. Life will be short and miserable. Marriage will be for pleasure alone. Being dry of water will be the only definition of land, and any hard to reach water will define a pilgrimage destination. People will hide in valleys between mountains, and suffering from cold and exposure, people will wear clothes of tree bark and leaves. People will live less than twenty-three years and the pretense of greatness will be the proof of it. Ultimately, humankind will be destroyed.

Kalki
At this time of evil, the final incarnation of Vishnu known as Kalki will appear on a white horse. He will amass an army of those few pious souls remaining. These, together with all the incarnations of the Godhead (avatars) which have appeared throughout human history, will destroy all evil spirit and sins in the world.

As written in the Gita: :यदा यदा हि धर्मस्य ग्लानिर्भवति भारत ।
 * अभ्युत्थानमधर्मस्य तदात्मानं सृजाम्यहम् |

 * परित्राणाय साधूनां विनाशाय च दुष्कृताम् ।
 * धर्मसंस्थापनार्थाय सम्भवामि युगे युगे |

 * Yadā yadā hi dharmasya glānirbhavati bhārata.
 * Abhyut'thānamadharmasya tadātmānaṁ sr̥jāmyaham.

 * Paritrāṇāya sādhūnāṁ vināśāya ca duṣkr̥tām.
 * Dharmasansthāpanārthāya sambhavāmi yugē yugē.

 * Whenever there is decay of righteousness O! Bharatha
 * And a rise of unrighteousness then I manifest Myself!

Aditi is the mother of the twelve Adityas or solar deities. At the end of creation these eight suns will shine together in the skies. Kalki will amass an army to "establish righteousness upon the earth" and leave "the minds of the people as pure as crystal." Those left, transformed by virtue, will be the new seeds for a higher form of humanity, and humanity will begin again.

Puranas write: "When the sun and moon, the lunar constellation Pushya, and the planet Jupiter are all in one mansion, the Krita age shall return to the earth."

At the completion of Kali Yuga, the next Yuga Cycle (epoch) will begin, Satya Yuga, in which everyone will be righteous with the reestablishment of dharma and piety. This, in turn, will be followed cyclically by epochs of Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga and again another Kali Yuga. This cycle will repeat till the larger cycle of existence under Brahma returns to the singularity and a new universe is born.

Kalagnanam
Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami, wrote 400 years ago in his Divya Maha Kala Gnana, or 'Divine Knowledge of the Time,' that Kalki would arrive when the moon, sun, Venus and Jupiter entered the same sign. This is not a rare occurrence and last happened in early 2012, passing without event.

Pralaya
According to Madeleine Biardeau, pralaya is a three-phase process. Initially, there is a devastating drought leading to the earth's desiccation. This is followed by what she terms the "double pralaya". During this process, Kalagnirudra, or Shiva, absorbs the three worlds (loka) through yogic fire. This is followed by a second absorption where Narayana, or Vishnu, reabsorbs the remains and all beings in floodwaters while resting in yogic sleep, subsequently recreating the worlds through Brahma.

In daily life
On a day-to-day basis, karma is implicitly weighed and taken into consideration by practitioners of Hinduism. In fact, this perspective on the long run consequences of daily actions has been shown to drastically impact consumer expectations in India. Empirical results support that "those who believe more strongly in karma are less influenced by disconfirmation sensitivity and therefore have higher expectations," noted by Praveen Kopalle, a professor at the Tuck School of Business. Although the advent of mass consumerism took India by storm at the turn of the century, research is showing that even in urban populations, consumer expectations are generally invariant to artificial lowering of expectations in order to increase short-term pleasure. This uniquely characterizes religions that practice long-term orientation or similar framing of action.

In Hindu eschatology, karma is the central determinant in how one's soul progresses through the cyclical stages of life, death, and rebirth, as every consequence is perceived as having non-trivial weight. As a result, actions broader than the individual scope are also taken into consideration. For example, the prevalent link between Indian party politics and Hinduism has additionally led to religious-based explanations for issues the country faces. One instance of this is present in an academic journal detailing a perspective on the cause behind COVID, which states “the COVID-19 pandemic is also the cause-effect of karmic activity that caused and appeared as a novel and severe viral infectious disease. The karmic action identified as the cause of the epidemic is … a neoliberal capitalist order driven by endless greed, desire, delusion in today’s aggressive and competitive world.” In accordance with Hindu eschatology, the current epoch of humanity is the kali yuga. As a cycle characterized by widespread suffering, hypocrisy, and the progressive degradation of morality, the pandemic arrived as a calamity of biblical proportions.

title: Hindu eschatology


text:
User talk:TUF-KAT/archive 6

Old talk at Archive 1, Archive 2, Archive 3, Archive 4, Archive 5, User talk:TUF-KAT/archive 6.

Admin nomination
G'day mate, thanks for supporting my nomination for admin! - Ta bu shi da yu 02:48, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Re: Adminship?
As Acegikmo1 pointed out, I turned down my nomination for adminship. There were several well-founded objections, I was too new, I hadn't contributed much in the way of actual content, and I didn't have a User page. Two of those facts remain true, so I'm not sure how successful a renomination will be. Having said that though, I would not decline a second time. - 14:23, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC) Lee  (talk)

User page
If you could, that would be great. I had listed it at WP:SD, but I don't think many people pay attention to there any more. - 11:30, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC) Lee  (talk)

Hello. I need your help. No article on Trini Lopez. I am cringing in embarrassment. If I had a hammer, I would smash my computer with it. Danny 01:35, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Heavy Metal article
Can you take a look at the recent spate of changes to Heavy Metal (previously a featured article)? Among other things the current editor has injected Queen as a major Heavy Metal act and re-written much of the article using words like "incredible". I am hesitant to just revert as this seems like a genuine effort, perhaps you have an idea? Thanks Jgm 14:06, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Cleaning out the FAC
Tuf-kat - thanks for the work cleaning out the FAC. But when you do, you have to remember that there are seperate logs for successful and unsucessful noms and that when you promote an article, should list it on goings-on. →Raul654 22:41, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

"Terrorism" straw poll
TUF-KAT, there is a straw poll going on at Straw poll on use of the term "terrorist" on whether or not to use the term "terrorist" to describe the 9/11 attacks. I'd be interested in hearing your view on the subject. – Quadell (talk) (help)  23:11, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

Noel
Thanks for the suggestions, they are much apprieciated. I'll get to work on it soon. Maybe some of the stuff is esoterically British (although, regrettably, i don't know thge American version of "bedsit"). If you think anything needs changing, don't be afraid to chip in. my back hurts. Thanks again.--Crestville 18:51, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've made as many of vthe changes as I could. If you wouldn't mind taking a look,and get back to me if i missed anything, i'd appreciate that. cheers.--Crestville 19:38, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm going to syrike off the changes I made a while ago, as you haven't got round to it yet. Just letting you known because some people get shirty about it. cheers again.--Crestville 01:25, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

krautrock (komische musik)
What do you mean with "komische musik" in German rock??? Kraut does not mean komisch. I am German, and it makes no sense to me.... Abe Lincoln 15:37, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

RfA nomination
Hi TUF-KAT,

Just wanted to say thanks for your vote of support at RfA. It looks like I've been promoted, and I look to helping you with admin tasks. –spencer195 17:33, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Southern notice board
Aside from the initial fervor, the notice board has stayed very stagnant...I've found that for the most part, other boards have done the same. It's very discouraging. Mike H 03:26, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)

User page protection
I am sending this message to a group of seasoned users whose opinions I respect. My aim is not to draw you into a dispute, but to canvass opinion on a contentious area of policy. If you have a few minutes to spare, please see the debate currently under way at Wikipedia talk:Protection policy, with particular reference to user page protection. For some reason, I seem to have fallen foul of a group of sysops who have made it their business to stamp out the practice of protecting one’s own user page. A sensible (in my opinion) proposal has been made to amend the policy, and I would be grateful if you would add your view, assuming you have one. Cheers. Deb 13:22, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Music of Poland
Thanks a lot for expanding the Music of Poland article, it's great now. Or, if you prefer other words, it's not too baroque so it rocks and I hope it will become a classic one day :) --[[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 11:02, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)

Culture of Greece
Culture of Greece is this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

Gods in Maya Mythology
Hello. I've noticed a lot of the articles on Maya gods were created by you, so you're probably the best person to talk to about this: I've been planning on re-organizing a lot of the Maya mythology stuff and I don't think some of the lesser known gods (Tepeu, Bitol, Ah Kumix Uinicob, etc) should have their own articles. I was thinking maybe a bulleted list of the gods, like how we have it now, with maybe a few sentences after each god's name on a "Maya gods"-type article might be sufficient. Then maybe just the more important gods would have their own pages. What do you think? - Defunkt [[User talk:Defunkt| (talk) ]] 08:15, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Maya mythology. Hope you like.  - Defunkt [[User talk:Defunkt| (talk) ]] 20:45, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

An impressive body of work

I just wanted to say "thank you" on behalf of the Wikipedia community.

ClockworkTroll 18:48, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Albums
Firstly, Many congrats on the on Barnstar *grins*

Just a quick question: I noticed that you are the original contributor to the Wikipedia:WikiProject Albums page, so I thought I'd ask you. I can't find a page to link Recording Engineers to. Has one been created? I have no idea what a recording engineer actually does, but I know that they're important to teh recording process. See The Kick Inside for example

Thanks --Martin TB 20:04, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reponse. I have found a wiki page which is related Audio engineering, and I am going to point the Recording engineer link there for the moment. However, I peronally feel that RE needs a page to itself. Check out Job desc. and Job desc. 2 -- Martin TB 10:28, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Admin vote
Thank you for supporting my nomination for admin - it means alot to me.

By the way, that spinnie star looks good on your user page!

I do have a question for you though: if I were to decide to change my name to something less controversial -- which I'm not yet -- is there a way of doing it so that I may retain the credit for my edits? In other words, how seamless is the transition?

Thanks again, ClockworkTroll 14:49, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Nevermind - I found Changing_usernames. Doesn't seem too painful, as long as my history can come along. Thank you again! ClockworkTroll 15:04, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

My username
I've taken the points that you (and others of the same opinion) made to heart, and decided that it is in my best interests to change my name.

Because my attachment to this name makes it so difficult for me to choose a new one, I decided to make it a community event. If you want, I hope that you'll participate in my Name the Admin Candidate Contest. Thanks!

ClockworkTroll 16:19, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Changing names
Posted on User:ClockworkTroll

You may have already discovered that I also changed my username (after becoming an admin), from "Tokerboy" to "TUF-KAT" (The User Formerly Known As Tokerboy). Just don't forget to keep your old userpage on your watchlist so you can see if a newbie tries to contact you (the process of changing names will change the name credited in the history, but not where you have signed on talk pages) -- I didn't redirect because I wanted to keep the old name as an archive and I thought it might be confusing to be redirected from one userpage to another. I'll see if I can come up with some good naming suggestions for you. Tuf-Kat 21:39, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, I did not know that - that's pretty witty. I would very much appreciate any suggestions you may have. The more brains, the better! ClockworkTroll 21:51, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

edit summary re tarantella
I don't understand your edit summary made when you changed something in the tarantella article. P0M 00:55, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Southern board
I really want to renew interest in the Southern notice board, but I'm at a loss as to how. Can you help me? Mike H 08:34, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Bureaucratship
Thanks for your supportive vote of my bureaucratship. Unfortunately, the vote was judged to be too close, but I hope you'll support me when I run again. :) Andre ( talk )A| 15:35, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

Wikinews demo up and running
Hi!

I'm writing to let you know that the Wikimedia Board of Trustees has approved the first stage of the Wikinews project. There's now a fully operational English demo site at demo.wikinews.org. This will be used for experimenting with various review models and basic policies before the site is launched officially in about a week. demo.wikinews.org will become the English version later. You voted for the Wikinews project, so I'm asking for your participation now. Everything is open, nothing is final. What Wikinews will and can be depends in large part on you. There already is a global Wikinews mailing list for discussing the project. If you are interested at all, please subscribe -- coordination is of key importance. There's also an IRC channel #wikinews on irc.freenode.net. Realtime discussion can help to polish up articles. If you're looking for something to do, check out the articles in development and articles in review. Or start a new story in the Wikinews workspace, or ignore the proposed review system - it's up to you. I hope you'll join us soon in this exciting experiment.--Eloquence 01:58, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

Senegalese hip-hop
On my talk page you wrote : "I reverted your change at music of Senegal. If the compilation in question is particularly notable, the reason why should be explained. Otherwise it seems awfully out-of-place to mention one out of many such compilations"

I thought it warranted inclusion due to it being " the worlds first African hip-hop compilation produced for international release" (Nomadic Wax website), thereby making it perhaps the best widely available introduction to the music. Do you think this is worth adding? I'm just feeling the waters of West African music, so I'll leave it to you to decide what's best. Thanks for letting me know anyhow. Cnwb 03:08, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, thanks for clearing it up. I just picked up the Rough Guide to African blues last night. Very nice.

Euphamism
Alright cheif? You've done me a few favours, so I just thought I'd let you in on the fact that "Brown Star" is in fact a euphemism for yer arse hole. I dunno if it was intended or not, but you can see that a comment like "Hooray for me and my Brown Star" could be read in more way than one. Good luck, and if you'd like to know more about slang for yer shitter, for God's sake, leave me out of it.--Crestville 20:03, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * /chuckling/ Oddly enough, upon seeing that revolving image, I made a scatological association myself. Does that have something to do with the collective unconscious of (hu)man(kind) -- or am I just twisted? :-p

 * But congratulations on your Brown Star/administrator status, Tuf-Kat. I'm a relative newbie, but already I've seen you all over the place.  Guess if I'm gonna ever get a brown star, I'll have to be less uppity/play nice. (Not! :-p) deeceevoice 13:12, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

hmm...
If you have a list of albums you own, would it be anit-wiki for me to have a subpage of my userpage of movies I've seen? Just wondering, it's a list I enjoy creating... Lachatdelarue [[User talk:Lachatdelarue|(talk)]] 03:37, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Jackson 5 page.
I saw you had The Jackson 5 page on your list of projects for Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees' pages to upgrade to featured status. I just finished re-doing the page, so that should definitely help it get on there. I figured that there should be breakout pages for the first four #1 singles, and apparently the ABC album is listed in the Wikipedia project. I'll work on some of these as I get time.

Also, I checked. The official name of the group is "The Jackson 5," spelled with the numeral.

--b. Touch 23:14, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
I've "started" the Free the Rambot Articles Project which aims to get users to release all of their contributions to the U.S. state, county, and city articles under the CC-by-sa 1.0 and 2.0 license (at minimum) or into the public domain if they prefer. A secondary goal is to get those users to release ALL of their edits for ALL articles. I've personally chosen to multi-license all of the rambot and Ram-Man contributions under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License so that other projects, such as WikiTravel, can use our articles. I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all your contributions (or at minimum those on the geographic articles) so that we can keep most of the articles available under the multi-license. Many users use the   template (or even    for public domain) on their user page, but there are other templates for other options at Template messages/User namespace. If you only prefer using the GFDL, I understand, but I thought I'd at least ask, just in case, since the number of your edits is in the top 20 most. If you do want to do it, simply just copy and paste one of the above two templates into your user page and it will allow us to track those users who have done it. For example:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain (which many people do or don't like to do, see Multi-licensing), you could replace   with    -- Ram-Man 14:36, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

A quick note to say thanks

I just wanted to drop you a quick note to thank you for your support in my request for adminship. It was certainly a wild ride, and I really appreciate you taking some time out to contribute. ClockworkSoul 16:10, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hi. Do you think you could find a nice sound clip for Umm Kulthum? Danny 21:31, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Inappropriate use of reggae footer.
Greetings TUF-KAT:

Why were those reggae footers, inserted by me, inappropriate on artists' pages?

Nicky Dread 21:34, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Revert on FAC reverted too much
Hi please see Wikipedia talk:Featured article candidates. Thanks - Taxman 22:20, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

VfD edit summaries
I've noticed you put things like in the summaries. In the future, could you make that Foo (not Votes for deletion/Foo )? That way, people can use the summary in their watchlists or RC to jump straight to the nominated article, form a preliminary opinion, and then continue to the nomination (all without loading the gargantuan VfD page). You current summaries don't make links. Thanks in advance! JRM 20:32, 2004 Dec 6 (UTC)

Music
Just writing to compliment your work on music articles, especially in getting popular music subjects such as hip hop to featured article quality. Thanks, keep it up, and happy edits. Hyacinth 00:50, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for reverting my Americanization. I regretted it after I submitted because I did notice after the fact that the page was pretty fully British.

I have a question: if someone is categorized as an American Boxer, should they also be categorized as a Boxer?

US music
Hey, Tuf-Kat. I appreciate the note. See my response on my (Talk)  page. Peace 2 u. deeceevoice 13:18, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Islamic Democracy
Hi, I'd ask you to reconsider your vote to delete this article please. Why? I've completely rewritten the thing. I think it is a useful topic, and have come up with something I believe to be suitable.

Beach Boys Pic
I see on your front page you were interested in acquiring pictures of all the Rock and Roll Hall of Famers. I'm pretty sure it's my fault that the Beach Boys picture went missing in the first place. You might wanna contact Cheung1303 who it would seem initially uploaded the file. For the time being, I'll make an enquiry. Bobo192 19:40, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Quick update
I've just gotten to his talk page. It could well have been a copywritten pic in the first place, although I can't be one hundred percent certain..? Apologies for the inconvenience. Bobo192 19:42, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Picture absence
That's cool. I'm sure there's a free picture somewhere. In fact, I'm not at all sure why I don't have one. There's no worry for now, though. Thanks again. 20:08, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

British hip hop
Wow. Good work. Tim Ivorson 11:54, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Duran Duran
Hi Tuf-Kat! Thanks for your support on getting Duran Duran to featured article status. I know you're very busy, but if you have a moment, I'd like your opinion.

I've added a section on Influence, which is mainly a prosified version of the list of "influenced musicians" which was removed to the talk page. As someone with a broader perspective on music, could you please have a look and see if there's anything you would add -- or could you recommend someone else that might do so? As a longtime fan (although one who likes to think of herself as rational and critical), I'm well aware that I'm a little too biased to write a proper paragraph on their significance or lack thereof. (The article will be on the main page December 23rd, so I'd like to avoid any embarrassment in this section....)

You were the first person who welcomed me to Wikipedia, after my first Duran Duran edit almost two years ago, and you got me completely hooked. Thank you! [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 12:06, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for having a look -- I appreciate it. There are some links to references on the Talk page -- I wasn't sure what the best way to include them was, since there are many.  Inline seems clunky when the paragraph is almost a list already, but in the Reference section they would swamp the articles that actually have substantial content.  Edit away, or let me know your suggestions....Cheers! [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 19:24, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Seven (album) to Seven (Bob Seger album)
Could you please fix the incorrect move Mike Garcia made. I don't have a problem with the actual move, but he did it by cut-and-paste rather than using the move feature. Thanks, DCEdwards1966 18:30, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the fix. As far as adminship goes, I would have no problem with being nominated. I'm not much of a writer, which is why I stick with the album articles. I've written a program that creates the infobox and other sections of the article. The only album article that I've really written any text is for ''Their Greatest Hits (1971-1975) by The Eagles, and that is only a couple of sentences. DCEdwards1966 23:31, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

Nomination
Thanks. I'd accept your nomination. I'm not sure whether I'd be very active as an admin, but hopefully I could be of some use. Merry Christmas. Tim Ivorson 00:41, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

favor
Hi Tuf-Kat -- could you please block 203.177.36.83 -- he's vandalising much faster than I can keep up. He's been warned. Thanks much, and happy holidays! Antandrus 05:59, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

admin
Thanks (very much indeed) for the vote of confidence. I believe I will pass for now, but I may take you up on that offer later.

By the way, if I may say so, I think your contributions to the world music area are quite impressive, and I hope you continue building this part of Wikipedia for a long time. It really will be the best source of info on world music on the internet. (I'm hoping to do the same thing with "early music".) Best wishes, Antandrus 20:48, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

WP:MC
The medcom is lookin to get together on iirc to talk about stuff and the like. link at top. Merry Holidays, -==SV 22:45, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Blocks are not expiring
I'm posting this message on every admin who has made a block in the last few days. The title says it all really: because of a bug in the new software blocks are not expiring when their time is up. Until this is fixed can you get in the habit of manually unblocking a few everytime you block one. If everyone does this we'll be able to keep on top of things until the bug is sorted out. Note also that another bug is displaying indefinite blocks as expiring at the current time and date. obviously you don't want to unblock those. If you want to reply please do so here Theresa Knott  (The snott rake) 09:28, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi. You uploaded the following images:

 * Image:Persephone.jpg
 * Image:Persephonebust.jpg

but did not list any source and/or copyright information on the image description page. Please mark it either as GFDL or public domain. See Image copyright tags for more info. Please note that images without copyright information may be deleted in the future. Thanks. RedWolf 18:29, Dec 30, 2004 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hello. Please provide an edit summary. Thanks and happy edits. Hyacinth 19:51, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

music of bangladesh
apparently certain sub-genres were seen as headings and edited. so some minor edits were needed.

a little question: is having a see also section not in line with wikipedia formatting?

music of bengal needs a link to bengali language.
 * Not sure where you're most likely to see this response, so am putting it here. See alsos are fine, but are generally formatted as I did and should only include links that are not otherwise included.  For example, because Bangladesh was already linked to elsewhere in the article, it should not be a "see also" (because there "also" implies something to look at beyond what is already in the article).  In general, anything that is in a see also is a link that should be in the article, but isn't yet; the link is included just to help readers until the article is more thorough and the link is included in context.  As far as I could tell, the only "see also"s not already linked were Bengali language in both article, so I have left that link alone. Tuf-Kat 06:38, Jan 8, 2005 (UTC)

makes sense... =) thnx

Music in the UK
I've noticed your excellent work for WikiProject World music on the Music of the United Kingdom articles. I've been working on the articles related to UK singles and albums charts across the years - there are currently entries for each of the 2000s (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005) and 1999, a current FAC.

I was wondering if you had any thoughts on how to better integrate the articles, at least with some interlinking. My current best suggestion is to include a link to your articles with the template currently on the chart articles, but the reverse link may not work so well. For example, the 90s-present article spans two decades and would require the inclusion of both the 1990s and 2000s templates. Secondly, is there anything you can think of that would benefit the chart articles? I think the scope is fairly limited but would welcome any suggestions.

Cheers, violet/riga (t) 23:33, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Request for assistance
Hiya. You probably recognize my name as we've worked on a couple (though not many!) of the same articles. I've become embroiled in a long-lasting and rather wide-ranging dispute with another user, and I wonder if you could give me a hand, or even just some advice. The user in question has been listed (by me) on (RfC) and is a frequent vandal and troll, whom other users have stated has multiple sock puppets and history of this type of behaviour. His most recent shenannigans (see Foreskin restoration and talk: Foreskin restoration constitute willful vandalism and the deliberate insertion of non-neutral and factually inaccurate information in an article. He has also knowingly violated the 3RR on at least one occasion.  The RfC was started in December, and seems to have fizzled (probably because of Xmas).  The user has yet to be blocked (or really, receive any sort of official warning or punishment) for these violations.

Since I'm both an admin and a contributor to many of the same articles as the user (and therefore involved in the dispute), my hands are pretty much tied. As I mentioned, the RfC seems to have fizzled; mediation would, I believe, be useless (in part since his behaviour is not just directed at me, but seems to be part and parcel of his "user personality"); I am being extremely careful not to use my admin privileges against him in any way, since he constantly tries to goad me into doing so in an attempt to have me blocked and/or stripped of my admin status. I contacted one other admin in an effort to have him blocked for the 3RR violation, but the admin did not respond. I have contacted someone from Dispute Resolution but have had no reply thus far. My concern is not only that the user's behaviour is going unpunished, but that his behaviour appears to be escalating. He refuses to discuss his edits and reverts, throws false accusations around, and generally behaves in a way not conducive to harmonious editing, yet there seems to be nothing that can be done.

I'd appreciate any suggestions or advice. Thanks. Exploding Boy 18:25, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I'll see what I can do.  Exploding Boy 17:07, Jan 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * See Requests for arbitration/Robert the Bruce. Exploding Boy 23:57, Jan 11, 2005 (UTC)

Everyking's RfC
If you were involved in discussing the matter with Everyking but failed to resolve it satisfactorily, you are permitted to certify instead of endorsing the RfC. If you don't think you were involved enough, that's fine as well. Johnleemk | Talk 09:08, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I've filed an arbitration request against Everyking. Please comment; brickbats for my foolhardiness are more than welcome. Johnleemk | Talk 07:56, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Rock and roll
Yeah, that's a bug. Seems to be new as of 1.4.3beta. Thanks - Vague | Rant 00:50, Jan 12, 2005 (UTC)

People compared to Bob Dylan
You just made this page. I think there are many other people compared to bob dylan, just not called "The Bob Dylan of (some location)". For example, Gordon Lightfoot has his lyrics compared to him often, but he is not called "The Bob Dylan of Canada". Just thought I'd point this out, if you care. SECProto 16:36, Jan 12, 2005 (UTC)

Narcocorridos
Do you know anything about Narcocorridos? Something to start an article about? It sounds like a fascinating subject, but I just know little bits and pieces. RickK 23:50, Jan 14, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! RickK 00:29, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)

Non-Notable Comments
Thanks for your insight on "non-notables." (Wikipedia_talk:Votes_for_deletion/LexiconRPG) At least now I understand there is a fair amount of arbitrarianism involved. That's fine by me so long as it is explained, and arbitrarianism owned up to. Sort of like a judge's infamous quote "I can't define pornography, but I recognize it when I see it." Although, I'm a law student, so I'm used to expecting a more objective standard. While notability is a fact question (thus going to a jury, which the VtD pages seem to be), it would be helpful if some criteria exist for notability (i.e., jury questions). Adding an objective standard is helpful. I raise this because, to me, Jonesville%2C_VA is abjectly unnotable. Yet, that somehow lies above the notability threshhold, whilst the article I authored is subject to a vote (initiated the the aforementioned article's author) for lying below that threshhold. --BenWilson 18:07, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)

if you have time...
could you work your magic on the Will Oldham article? it'd be much appreciated. be well, Kingturtle 07:17, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Need help with vandals
List of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks has been repetiately vandalized in the past few days by several individuals. Whether or not it needs to be protected already I'll leave to you to decide, but I recommend at least looking out for more trouble in the meantime. -- [[User talk:LGagnon|LGagnon]] 22:04, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll take a look. Tuf-Kat 22:26, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)

Requests for arbitration/Everyking/Proposed decision
Hey, you endorsed the RfC on Everyking, and as you know, it's gone to arbitration. Some of us feel that the proposed decision against Everyking is insufficient and too weak for a user who has abused Wikipedia so badly. I hope you can weigh in at Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Everyking/Proposed decision having read the proposed decision and discussion and share your opinion with us, whether it's that the decision is too strong, just right, or too weak. Just because you weren't involved as deeply as some of us shouldn't prevent you from sharing your opinion. Johnleemk | Talk 06:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Music of Bengal
The article currently in Music of Bengal is specifically categorised under Music of India. However, majority of Bengal is not inside India. The information in the article is more or less accurate. The appropriate title for the article would be Music of West Bengal; everything will nicely fit into place. One possible solution is to create an article Music of West Bengal and then copy-paste the whole thing. Then all the links to the page has to be edited. Since you have way more experience with Wikipedia than I do, do you know of any more efficient way of achieving the same effect? Urnonav

 * Actually it does discuss the common aspects of music in pre-partition era. So, yes, it should be both in Category:Indian music and Category:Bangladeshi music. All other kinds of Indian music is noted and categorized by name of the province, which is why writing Bengal is inaccurate. It also hinders the prospect of any work on music that is exclusive to West Bengal. What could be a solution is to put Music of Bengal in both categories, but to maintain the general structure in which the pages for Music of India are organized, Music of West Bengal could be created. The article Music of West Bengal could build on from the Music of Bengal based only on post-partition era music (Music of Bangladesh tends to follow a similar approach). I think I'll leave a note on the Music of Bengal discussion page for the time being to see what other contributors think. Urnonav 00:19, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I will try to put some work to get a basic layout done on Music of West Bengal. Hopefully others will fill in missing information :)!

Muixeranga
See the discusion page. Llull 22:47, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Eastern European music
Hi TUF-KAT. I'd like to discuss a few issues about Eastern European music here. You said: It is perfectly logical to talk about a Eastern European musical tradition while separating out the southeast is strange and not very useful for the reader.. I don't believe so. The area of Europe that was formerly communist can not just be lumped together in one big bloc known as Eastern Europe. This is simply because of geographical, cultural and political differences being too large. So, it has been split this way: Eastern Europe is Russia and the other former-USSR, Slavic states. These have a very similar type of music. Southeastern European music is actually very different, because it was more influenced by the Byzantine era, especially in Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Albania and Macedonia. Therefore, that explains the split between Eastern Europe and Southeastern Europe. Secondly, I don't think countries as diverse as Hungary and Russia can go in the same category. Central Europe is totally different to Eastern Europe - they are only bound together by a common history of about 50 years when they were under communism. Music in these parts (esp. Slovenia, Czechia and Hungary) were more influenced by middle European music such as that from Germany, Austria, northern Italy. Even in medieval times, they used the same instruments. And, finally, the last change: the Baltic states. I have moved them to Nordic music because they belong there. They are not Eastern European states, especially in the cultural sense, which is what we are looking for in music, and it even states in the articles (see Music in Estonia) that their music resembles that of other Northern European countries. Historically, they have been influenced for centuries by Sweden and Germany. So that's about it. Feel free to contact me on other issues. I just think it's important to make the distinction that Eastern Europe is not one big bloc, the Communist era is now over, and we can talk of Europe in geographical-cultural terms rather than Cold War-era political-historical divisions. Cheers, Ronline 00:12, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I have tried to clarify things at Music of Eastern Europe and Music of Southeastern Europe. Concerning the Roma music, I personally believe that it should be lumped together with Southeastern European music, simply because the Roma people are not from Southeastern Europe, and also because they can be found in other regions - Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Western Europe and even the USA. I think the reason why they were placed in the initial Eastern European category in the first place was because the best-known Roma musicians are generally those from Romania or Hungary. Romania being in Southeastern Europe made the Roma music follow it there in the Template:SouthMusic of Eastern Europe. I think it should be removed, but then where to put it? To complicate things further, it is worth noting that originally, Roma music had nothing in common with Southeastern Europe (or other regions in Europe for that matter). However, due to a strong musical tradition of the Roma, they have influenced regional music quite significantly. For example, Roma music is now very popular in Romania and has made its way into the pop music scene of these countries. So, in a way, placing Roma music in Southeastern Europe is a bit justified. What do you think? Ronline 02:14, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree. I wouldn't even go as far as saying that Roma music is a very important part of SE European music. It is just an influence due to geography. But, as you said,it is also linked to Spain, so removing it is the best thing to do. I don't think anyone will oppose. Ronline 02:30, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC) (PS: I have put maps of Eastern and Southeastern Europe at their respective articles to make the distinction clearer).

VfD
I appreciate your enthusiasm for the democratic process, however you do seem to have voted twice on Votes for deletion/Casting Pearls. In your defence, you admirably voted the same way based on the same principles. :-) --fvw *  06:06, 2005 Jan 30 (UTC)

Periander
Out of interest, where did you get this information from? - Ta bu shi da yu 11:22, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Sawt
Yes, they appear to be the same: "The sawt is a song form known in all lands of the Arabian Gulf as sawt bahrayni, sawt kuwayti, sawt qatari, and so forth." (Touma 1996, p.106) Hyacinth 23:00, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Blackface
Oops. (How'd that happen?) Thanks. :-) Good lookin' out. deeceevoice 07:19, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TUF-KAT/archive 6


text:
Talk:The Theory of the Leisure Class

Sentence needs rewriting
I'm a native English speaker and I can't make sense of this (21st century subheading, end of first paragraph). Moved here in case anyone can work on making sense of it: "That the cultural irrelevance of the sociology and the economics of Veblen is in his dismissal of the theory of rational expectations of 18th-century classical economics, and that the American leisure-class would risk social and economic irrelevance if unemployed."

MartinPoulter (talk) 14:17, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Theory of the Leisure Class


text:
Handmaiden

A handmaiden (nowadays less commonly handmaid or maidservant) is a personal maid or female servant. (The term is also used metaphorically for something whose primary role is to serve or assist.) Depending on culture or historical period, a handmaiden may be of slave status or may be simply an employee. The terms handmaiden and handmaid are synonyms.

Depictions in Abrahamic texts
In the King James translation of the Hebrew Bible, the term handmaid is applied to a female servant who serves her mistress, as in the case of Hagar being described as Sarah's handmaid, Zilpah being Leah's handmaid and Bilhah as Rachel's handmaid. In each of these cases, the mistress "gave" their handmaid to their husbands "to wife", to bear his "seed" (children). The use in the Torah of the prefix "to", as in "gave to wife", may indicate that the wife is a concubine or inferior wife. The text repeats that these people remain handmaids of their mistress though they are also the concubine of the mistress's husband. They are referred to interchangeably by the Hebrew terms (’āmāh) and  (šip̄ḥāh). Other modern English bible translations use the word slave, slave-girl or servant.

Mary
In Christianity, Mary, the mother of Jesus is referred to as the "handmaid of the Lord" or "servant of the Lord", both of which are titles of honour for the mother of Jesus. The Gospel of Luke describes Mary as the "handmaid of the Lord" (Greek δούλη, doulē) when she gives her consent to the message of the Angel (see ), and when she proclaims the greatness of the Lord because of "the great things" he has worked in her (see )."

In popular culture

 * The Handmaid's Tale, а dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood.
 * The Handmaid's Tale (1990 film adaptation of the novel)
 * The Handmaid's Tale (2000 operatic adaptation of the novel)
 * The Handmaid's Tale (2017 TV adaptation of the novel)
 * The Handmaiden, a 2016 South Korean film directed by Park Chan-wook.
 * In the book series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin, which falls into the genres of both epic fantasy and dark fantasy, the female servants of a queen or a lady are referred to as "handmaidens" and the term is used to refer to many characters, most notably Queen Margaery Tyrell's cousins, Elinor Tyrell and Megga Tyrell, who serve as Margaery's handmaidens upon her arrival in King's Landing.
 * In the sci-fi Star Wars franchise, the term refers to the female assistants of a reigning queen, most notably the Royal Naboo Handmaidens on the planet Naboo.
 * In Rapunzel’s Tangled Adventure, the penultimate episode is "Once a Handmaiden..."

title: Handmaiden


text:
Talk:Handmaiden

VFD
This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:44, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Returned some deleted content regarding the role of Handmaiden's in Egyptian reglious ceremony. Apologies if i'm unfamiliar with wiki protocols. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.146.164.112 (talk) 23:59, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

above was me... —Preceding unsigned comment added by GenesisBlade (talk • contribs) 00:08, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Unclear definition
This article is unfocused. It needs to explain the differences (if there are any) between a handmaiden and a maid and/or housekeeper, etc. The cultural references also need to be made clearer in this light, otherwise, this article should simply be redirected to maid. 151.197.226.214 (talk) 14:45, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * It is noted: historic type and Biblical type. It is clear.Telecine Guy (talk) 23:25, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

Unsourced
I cut the Wiccan reference as it had citation needed for over three years. I put a citation needed on a few of the other claims; I didn't find a reliable reference for any of them; the references I found seemed to be quoting Wikipedia.

I think Handmaiden deserves its own article, which was the result of a vote a few years ago. But right now it needs serious work. Alden Loveshade (talk) 19:29, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Telecine Guy (talk) 23:26, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

Needs to be generalized more
The contents of this article are mostly based on Biblical accounts. Other viewpoints should be also included; for example, handmaidens in Asian cultures.  J ET H 888 message me  08:23, 29 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Handmaiden


text:
Stony Creek Puppet House

The Stony Creek Puppet House was a theater in the Stony Creek section of Branford, Connecticut, near New Haven and the famed Thimble Islands. Built in 1903 as a movie theater, it became the home for community theater and summer stock productions. Orson Welles staged his short-lived stage production, Too Much Johnson, at The Stony Creek Theatre in 1938. After operating as a parachute factory during World War II, it became a puppet theater. The building is a Connecticut Historical Landmark that has been renovated as a live theater venue, the Legacy Theatre, which held its grand opening on April 23, 2021.

History
The Stony Creek Puppet House was originally built in 1903 as a silent movie house called The Lyric Theater. In 1920, a Stony Creek community theater group called the Parish Players purchased the building and opened it as The Stony Creek Theater. It was then home to the famous Parish Players, who, in collaboration with Lee Shubert, presented the pre-Broadway production of Death Takes a Holiday in the building in 1929.

In 1930s the theater became a professional summer stock house. In August 1938 Orson Welles staged a short-lived production of Too Much Johnson, an adaptation of the William Gillette farce. Motion picture sequences that were to provide exposition had to be abandoned due to the theater's lack of projection facilities, and the resulting plot confusion resulted in the production being permanently shelved. Too Much Johnson was performed August 16–29, 1938, with the cast including Joseph Cotten, Edgar Barrier, George Duthie, Ruth Ford, Guy Kingsley, Howard Smith, Virginia Welles, Mary Wickes, Richard Wilson and Eustace Wyatt.

During World War II, the building was transformed into a parachute factory. In 1960, the building returned to its theatre traditions and became The Stony Creek Puppet House. The building was closed in 2009 due to building and fire code violations, and it changed ownership in 2013.

The Legacy Theatre, after its grand opening concert, staged Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park as the first of its 2021 calendar of live shows.

Puppet House
The Puppet House had a collection of traditional 4 - 5 ft, 80 lb Sicilian puppets used in Opera dei Pupi. These puppets were the last few remaining of three hundred created by the acknowledged master of the field, Sebastiano Zappala, at the beginning of the 20th century. Their bodies are constructed of steel reinforced hardwood covered with hemp and canvas, with heads hand-carved out of solid walnut and painted with fine detail. Each puppet is immediately identifiable by his distinctive colorful costume, ranging from peasant garb to hand embossed brass suits of armor with individual coats of arms worn by emperors, kings, and knights of Western Europe, to colorful flowing robes worn by Moors from North Africa.

The stories these puppets would portray are those of the ancient European poems and epics, such as Turoldus' "La Chanson de Roland", Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso", Boiardo's "Orlando Innamorato", and Tasso's "Gerusalemme Liberata", bringing to life the glory and spirit of the Crusades, battles of knights and kings, and the struggle of heroes against villains and evil wizards. Glory, fame, justice, love and impossible dreams would be pursued by great characters of history and legend as the plots unfolded before the audience, while comic relief is provided by a traditional buffoon, who acts as a link between the audience and the ancient characters on stage. In the traditional spirit of the Commedia dell'arte, dialogue would be improvised, while sound effects such as drums, trumpets, and the sounds of battle enlivened the action. The great size and sheer presence of these puppets would make their world of history, fantasy, myth and mystery seem to come to life, while the characteristic puppet-like movements would simultaneously lend the play an air of unreality.

The puppeteers would stand six feet above the stage on a structure called "the bridge", manipulating each puppet by a rod attached to the head and torso, another rod attached to the sword hand, and a string attached to the shield hand. In addition to requiring great physical strength and dexterity, each puppeteer was required to manipulate several puppets during the play, giving each a separate personality by its physical movements and gestures.

title: Stony Creek Puppet House


text:
User:Fnidsen

My personal wikipedia page is available at http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Fnidsen.

title: User:Fnidsen


text: User talk:129.79.137.204

title: User talk:129.79.137.204


text:
User:Garzo/pt/blank

.

title: User:Garzo/pt/blank


text:
Mount Iliamna

Iliamna Volcano, or Mount Iliamna (Dena'ina: Ch’naqał’in; Sugpiaq: Puyulek), is a glacier-covered stratovolcano in the largely volcanic Aleutian Range in southwest Alaska. Located in the Chigmit Mountain subrange in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, the 10016 ft volcano lies approximately 215 km southwest of Anchorage on the west side of lower Cook Inlet. It is the 25th most prominent peak in the United States.

The volcano's glaciers have extensively altered its profile, cutting, deep and creating steep cliffs and cirques. A ridge extends 5 km south from the main body of the mountain, with North Twin and South Twin peaks along its length. There is no summit crater, only a zone of fumaroles just south of the summit at the top of large collapse zone at the head of Red Glacier, which exposes a cross section of the mountain.

Holocene eruptive activity from Iliamna is little known, but radiocarbon dating seems to indicate at least a few eruptions, all before the European settlement of Alaska. Prehistoric eruptions have been dated to 5050 and 2050 BCE (VEI-4), 450 BCE and 1650. Historically observed eruptions took place in 1867 (VEI-2) and 1876 (VEI-3), with unconfirmed eruptions in 1933, 1947, 1952 and 1953. Fumaroles located at about 2740 m elevation on the eastern flank produce nearly constant plumes of steam and minor amounts of sulfurous gases. These plumes are quite vigorous and have resulted in numerous pilot reports and early historical accounts of "eruptions" at Iliamna Volcano. Earthquake swarms and elevated seismicity and gas emissions were reported in 1996-97 and 2011–13. Iliamna was ranked as a high-threat volcano by the U.S. Geological Survey in 2005 and 2018. The 2018 assessment ranked Iliamna as the 20th most hazardous volcano in the United States, up from 22nd, with an aviation threat score of 34 and an overall score of 115, the second highest of the "high threat" category.

Major glaciers radiate from the summit of Iliamna, including Red Glacier, Tuxedni Glacier, Lateral Glacier and Umbrella Glacier.

Iliamna was first ascended in 1959. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1976.

title: Mount Iliamna


text:
Gould Coast

The Gould Coast (-84.5°N, -150°W) is a portion of the coast of Antarctica along the eastern margin of the Ross Ice Shelf at Amundsen Coast between the west side of Scott Glacier and the south end of the Siple Coast (-83.5°N, -153°W). It was named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1961 for Laurence M. Gould, a geologist who was second-in-command of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928–30. Gould led the Geological Party which in 1929 mapped 175 mi of this coast. While president of Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, he was appointed Chairman of the U.S. National Committee for the International Geophysical Year and took a prominent part in planning the United States research program for Antarctica.

title: Gould Coast


text:
Court handball

Court handball may refer to:

 * Indoor handball
 * Gaelic handball
 * American handball

title: Court handball


text:
User:Garzo/pt/expand

.
 * style="font:10pt cursive; background:gold; border:solid blue 2px; text-align:center"|Projects' sandbox
 * style="font:10pt cursive; background:gold; border:solid blue 2px; text-align:center"|My own personal sandbox
 * style="font:10pt cursive; background:gold; border:solid blue 2px; text-align:center"|Projects' template
 * style="font:10pt cursive; background:gold; border:solid blue 2px; text-align:center"|The place to test-drive templates
 * style="font:10pt cursive; background:gold; border:solid blue 2px; text-align:center"|Projects' template
 * style="font:10pt cursive; background:gold; border:solid blue 2px; text-align:center"|The place to test-drive templates

title: User:Garzo/pt/expand


text:
Desert warfare

Desert warfare is warfare in deserts or similar arid or semi-arid environments. The term encompasses military operations affected by the terrain, climate, and resource availability of these areas, as well as the strategies and tactics used by military forces in these situations and environments.

Desert warfare is distinct from other types of warfare in other environments and terrains, in that the desert is generally considered very inhospitable. The hot temperatures in the day and the cold temperatures in the night, the scarcity of food, water, and plant life, and the lack of cover and concealment, affect how military forces operate in desert environments. The heat and lack of water can sometimes be more dangerous than the enemy.

Properties and tactics
The barrenness of the desert makes the capture of key cities essential to ensure the ability to maintain control over important resources, primarily clean water, and being able to keep a military well supplied. As such, that makes sieges in conventional warfare more frequent, as the defender often prepares entrenched positions to protect the cities that supply them.

Camouflage and cover
Many deserts have limited numbers of noticeable landmarks, which can make maneuvering through a desert difficult in terms of navigation and logistics. A lack of structures and objects can also make effective use of camouflage, cover, and concealment difficult.

Mobility
Mobility is essential to a successful desert war, which explains the heavy use of armor in battles such as in the First and Second Battle of El Alamein during the North African campaign of World War II. It has been noted that mobility is so important in desert warfare that battles can sometimes begin to resemble naval engagements, since the actual possession of territory is less important than the positions of one's tanks (or ships).

Unlike other types of terrain, which depend on roads, movement in deserts is often possible in all directions because of the wide open spaces. However, the resource-scarce desert environment means that availability of supplies can greatly constrict movement. Militaries often make use of cavalry to cross the large expanses of a harsh desert without increasing the exertion of the soldiers, who are already at a higher risk of dehydration because of the high temperatures during the day.

There are many enemies to the desert fighter. They include aircraft and tanks, which can be extremely menacing to desert guerrillas because there is little way to equal such force. Additionally, there are few places to hide from such weapons in the desert environment since there are few obstructions.

Another problem is the sand dunes, which can greatly affect mobility. With no firm and stable ground footing, it is easy to slide down or even get buried.

Water scarcity
Lack of water and extreme heat can also cause complications in engaging in desert warfare. Military personnel consume much higher quantities of water in the desert from perspiration and so troop movements are often limited by water carrying capacity. The scarcity of water may lead to bases moving from one position to another to look for a water source.

Harassing supply lines
In the context of guerilla warfare, the wide expanses of deserts can make it more difficult for large forces to defend their supply lines. Guerilla forces can use ambushes to their advantage and make their adversary deploy forces to protect railways or other infrastructure at great cost. That tactic was successfully used by T.E. Lawrence during the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.

Body temperature
In desert warfare, an individual's body temperature can reach unusual highs causing fever-like weakness and dehydration.

Dehydration
An individual may have to face conditions of dehydration in desert warfare because of the lack of edible fluids and clean water.

Fatigue
Fatigue and bodily stress caused by the heat can cause very serious discomfort.

Glare
Sunlight can irritate eyesight or reduce visibility.

Battles

 * Hajj caravan raid (924)
 * Hajj caravan raid (1757)
 * Battle of the Pyramids (1798)
 * Battle of Omdurman (1898)
 * Battle of El-Moungar (1903)
 * Battle of Beersheba (1917)
 * Battle of Gazala (1942)
 * First Battle of El Alamein (1942)
 * Second Battle of El Alamein (1942)
 * Battle of Asal Uttar (1965)
 * Battle of Longewala (1971)

Wars

 * Muslim–Quraysh War (624–630)
 * Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire (1590–1599)
 * Char Bouba war (1644–1674)
 * French campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
 * Ottoman–Saudi War (1811–1818)
 * War of the Pacific in the Atacama Desert (1879–1884)
 * Anglo-Somali War (1900–1920)
 * Middle Eastern theatre of World War I (1914–1918)
 * Military operations in North Africa during World War I (1914–1918)
 * Second Italo-Senussi War (1923–1932)
 * Middle Eastern and North African theatres of World War II (1939–1945)
 * Sand War (1963)
 * Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
 * Six-Day War (1967)
 * Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
 * Yom Kippur War (1973)
 * Western Sahara War (1973–1991)
 * Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
 * Chadian–Libyan War (1978–1987)
 * Gulf War (1990–1991)
 * Iraq War (2003–2011)
 * 2011 Libyan civil war (2011)
 * Tuareg rebellion (2012)
 * War in Iraq (2013-2017)

Current conflicts

 * Somali Civil War (1991–present)
 * Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
 * Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
 * Mali War (2012–present)
 * Nomadic conflict

title: Desert warfare


text:
Category:Members of the London Assembly

This category includes categories of political parties which have current and former members of the London Assembly

Please do not add individuals to this category but add them to the relevant sub-category.

title: Category:Members of the London Assembly


text:
Talk:Jimmie Foxx

untitled
--24.208.206.211 23:08, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Photo caption
The photo of Foxx with Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig and Al Simmons... is the guy on the right Al Simmons or Mickey Cochrane? The caption here claims Simmons, but the actual photo file claims it's Cochrane. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.184.198.5 (talk) 21:35, 5 May 2015 (UTC)

Untitled
It says "this page may require cleanup" - whoever put that tag on left nothing on the talk page so we don't know what we're cleaning up! Mglovesfun 00:28, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Anybody have any idea of the lineup of the Irish squad? I'd love to know. Trekphiler 01:37, 14 August 2007 (UTC) -

Forgot which baseball book I read this story in---about how the A's came to sign Foxx.

An Athletics scout came to Foxx's small town to see somebody else.He saw Foxx plowing a field and asked him "Which way to the baseball park?"

Foxx held his plow straight out with one hand and pointed "Thatta way".

The scout quickly asked Foxx if he could play baseball. --- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.23.5.35 (talk) 16:08, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

The article keeps on referring to Foxx signing with the A's, the Athletics didn't become the A's until they were under Charlie Finley's management in Kansas City jstjdawg august 19

 * They're still officially the Athletics, not the A's. They have been referred with the nickname, "A's" ever since they were in Philadelphia.  Best regardsTheBaron0530 (talk) 19:59, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

---

The image from Time Magazine's cover was replaced with an image from the Chicago Historical Society/Chicago Daily News. Never been to spain 20:11, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

This said "In 1937, Foxx hit a ball into the third deck of the left-field stands at Yankee Stadium, a very rare feat because of the distance and the angle of the stands. Gomez was the pitcher who gave it up, and when asked how far it went, he said, "I don't know, but I do know it took somebody 45 minutes to go up there and get it back." I don't see this as possible. Both players played for the Athletics and Red Sox and neither ever played for the Yankees.  The 1937 All Star Game was played in Washington, DC.  The 1937 World Series was played between the Yankees and Giants, both teams never had Grove or Foxx on their roster.  So how was Lefty Grove pitching to Jimmy Foxx in Yankee Stadium in 1937?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.89.185.10 (talk) 16:58, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Lefty Gomez OF THE yANKEES SAID THAT, NOT lEFTY gROVE 198.23.5.11 (talk) 14:08, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:47, 26 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Jimmy Foxx Statue (21628417255).jpg

title: Talk:Jimmie Foxx


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Achilles' tendon - Africans

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 00:56, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Achilles' tendon - Africans
Original research, actually more like original speculation. --Lee Hunter 23:08, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No links into the page.  Maybe he can put results of his research in the Achilles' tendon article if he can keep it NPOV. --Idont Havaname 23:29, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Query linked to speculation, by an IP with no previous edits. Unsure whether to move the text to reference desk, or is there a better place? Andrewa 00:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Place the query in Talk:Achilles' tendon. This guy, probably a newbbie, probably did not know where to place it... --Zappaz 00:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. User picked the wrong place to post his/her question. JoaoRicardo 01:56, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and move to a talk page. Bart133 (t) 01:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 02:25, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, how do we count the ways? Wyss 23:42, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. Yuckfoo 01:10, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Nitroamine

In organic and inorganic chemistry, nitroamines or nitramides are chemical compounds with the general chemical structure R^{1}R^{2}N\sNO2. They consist of a nitro group (\sNO2) bonded to the nitrogen of an amine. The R groups can be any group, typically hydrogen (e.g., methylnitroamine CH3\sNH\sNO2) and organyl (e.g., diethylnitroamine (CH3CH2\s)2N\sNO2). An example of inorganic nitroamine is chloronitroamine or chloro(nitro)amine Cl\sNH\sNO2. The parent inorganic compound, where both R substituents are hydrogen, is nitramide or nitroamine, H2N\sNO2.

title: Nitroamine


text:
Raza

Urdu variant of the Persian name Reza or Arabic name Rida.

Raza may refer to:
 * Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi Islamic reformer
 * Raza (film), a 1942 Spanish film
 * S. H. Raza (1922–2016), Indian artist
 * Sardar Muhammad Raza, former Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan
 * Raheel Raza (born 1949), Canadian author and feminist
 * Raza Longknife, a Marvel comic book character
 * Raza Microelectronics Inc, a private semiconductor company in California
 * Raza Odiada, a 1995 album by Brujeria
 * Raza Unida Party, an American political party
 * Mass (liturgy), liturgy in the Assyrian Church of the East, from the Aramaic
 * Raza, a fictional R&AW agent portrayed by Shaji Chaudhary in the 2023 Indian film Pathaan

title: Raza