text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/IB geek

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 01:09, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

IB geek
Delete. This is of dubious encyclopedic value and seems to be a rant against International Baccalaureate. Andrew pmk 00:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- useless and non-notable. It's more like a rant against kids taking an International Baccalaureate program. Zzyzx11 01:55, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Non-notable, and aye, it seems most like a rant. -- Cabhan 02:06, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. But there is a precedent for a keep with Band geek.  However, I voted delete on that one, so this one goes too. --Idont Havaname 02:17, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Changed the page, removed the "rant against the International Baccaulaureate" portion. I was in IB myself and agree with what this person was trying to say.

 * Delete, POV. I am in IB and have experienced no such phenomenon. Wikipedia is not a repository for the sociological anecdotes of amateur high-school psychologists. Jdcooper 19:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently never listed on vfd, so I'm putting it on today's page. —Korath (Talk) 00:53, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic. Dave the Red (talk) 04:03, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Take it from the horse's mouth, guys, IB Geeks are non-notable. Many are so non-notable that they sit around voting on VfD all day!Halidecyphon 05:33, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I am utterly non-notable. Sjakkalle 07:21, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Personal essay. /  /  06:34, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, with same reasoning as Halidecyphon. Ahem. --Jonathan Christensen 06:37, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I am an "IB-Geek" myself and I don't recognize myself at all in this "article's" description. Nonsense. Sjakkalle 07:21, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. IB-Geekcruft. -- 8^D gab 07:34, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)
 * Delete.Gorrister 18:24, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yet another one of the IB kids coming in to chime that this is not-notable. Delete. (The tests are kinda hard, though ;) ) Mike H 12:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/IB geek


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jawara Ogbonne Heard

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 07:03, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Jawara Ogbonne Heard
This has had a cleanup-importance tag on it since mid-February, and is the same nonsense/vanity it was then. It also apparently had a VFD page created for it then, but I can't see that a notice was ever put on the page, or that it was ever posted to the main VFD page. So I'm doing that now. Previous contents of the VFD page are just below. Oh, delete too. CDC  (talk)  01:03, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete -- Looks like pure self promotion to me (and without proper grammar!) EggplantWizard 02:01, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I'd have to agree...no real explanation is given, it's somewhat POV, and frankly, it just fails to inform people about anything. As a side note, I added a link to the page at the top of this VFD page.  -- Cabhan 02:04, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Garbage. Pavel Vozenilek 01:24, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, near-nonsense. android↔talk 03:26, Mar 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 05:42, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete lamer vanity. Fawcett5 21:10, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Mathx314/templatetest

This is a. It does not follow |. So there! It is also redundant and a

title: User:Mathx314/templatetest


text:
Takali

Takali is a village in the Karmala taluka of Solapur district in Maharashtra state, India.

Demographics
Covering 1179 ha and comprising 500 households at the time of the 2011 census of India, Takali had a population of 2307. There were 1171 males and 1136 females, with 298 people being aged six or younger.

title: Takali


text:
Shamsiel

Shamsiel (Hebrew and Aramaic: שִׁמְשִׁיאֵל Šīmšīʾēl, "God is my sun" Greek: Σεμσιήλ Semsiḗl), also spelled Samsâpêêl, Shamshel, Shashiel or Shamshiel, was the 16th Watcher of the 20 leaders of the 200 fallen angels that are mentioned in the Book of Enoch. The name means "God is my sun", which is fitting since it has been said that Shamsiel taught men the signs of the sun during the days of Jared or Yered. Shamash (the Babylonian sun god) may share some mythological basis with Shamsiel.

Shamsiel is said to lead 365 legions of lesser angels in the Zohar and it is said that he was assigned by God to guard the Garden of Eden after Adam and Eve were expelled; comparable to cherubim. There is apparently some disagreement in sources as to whether Shamsiel is a fallen angel; he is still regarded as the ruler of the 4th Heaven.

Modern culture
There is a monstrous "angel" named Shamshel in the anime series called Neon Genesis Evangelion, ostensibly named for the ancient Hebrew entity.

A minor character named Samchia appears in the first book in The Fallen series. He is a fallen angel living on earth as "Samuel Chia" and is the second in-series victim of the books' primary antagonist Verchiel, who kills him by kicking him from a high window.

In the anime Fairy Tail, a character named Angel can use Angel Magic summoning forth Shamsiel, a white cherub that can shoot light to blast the latter's opponents.

A succubus by the name of Shamsiel Shahar is a main character in the erotic visual novel Kyonyuu Fantasy and its anime adaptation of the same name, serving as a benefactor and primary love interest of the protagonist, Lute Hende.

title: Shamsiel


text:
File:Cake Comfort Eagle.jpg

Summary
This image is a cover of the album Comfort Eagle by Cake. Its inclusion here is claimed as fair use because:
 * It illustrates educational articles about the album from which the cover illustration was taken.
 * The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * It is a low resolution image.
 * The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original.

The use of the cover illustration is in good faith, and its inclusion enhances the quality of the article without reducing the commercial value of the recording from which it was drawn.

title: File:Cake Comfort Eagle.jpg


text:
User:Mathx314/sandbox

Test of Templates
→mathx314(talk)(email) 01:57, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Mathx314/sandbox


text:
Satellite navigation

A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geopositioning. A satellite navigation system with global coverage is termed global navigation satellite system (GNSS). , four global systems are operational: the United States's Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the European Union's Galileo.

Satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), designed to enhance the accuracy of GNSS, include Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) and the European EGNOS, both based on GPS. Stand-alone operational regional navigation satellite systems (RNSS) include earlier generations of the BeiDou navigation system and the current Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) or NavIC.

Satellite navigation devices determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few centimeters to meters) using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to a high precision, which allows time synchronisation. These uses are collectively known as Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated.

Global coverage for each system is generally achieved by a satellite constellation of 18–30 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites spread between several orbital planes. The actual systems vary, but all use orbital inclinations of >50° and orbital periods of roughly twelve hours (at an altitude of about 20000 km).

Classification
GNSS systems that provide enhanced accuracy and integrity monitoring usable for civil navigation are classified as follows:

 * GNSS-1 is the first generation system and is the combination of existing satellite navigation systems (GPS and GLONASS), with Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) or Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS). In the United States, the satellite-based component is the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS); in Europe, it is the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS); and in Japan, it is the Multi-Functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS). Ground-based augmentation is provided by systems like the Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS).
 * GNSS-2 is the second generation of systems that independently provide a full civilian satellite navigation system, exemplified by the European Galileo positioning system. These systems will provide the accuracy and integrity monitoring necessary for civil navigation; including aircraft. Initially, this system consisted of only Upper L Band frequency sets (L1 for GPS, E1 for Galileo, and G1 for GLONASS). In recent years, GNSS systems have begun activating Lower L Band frequency sets (L2 and L5 for GPS, E5a and E5b for Galileo, and G3 for GLONASS) for civilian use; they feature higher aggregate accuracy and fewer problems with signal reflection. As of late 2018, a few consumer-grade GNSS devices are being sold that leverage both. They are typically called "Dual band GNSS" or "Dual band GPS" devices.

By their roles in the navigation system, systems can be classified as:
 * There are four core satellite navigation systems, currently GPS (United States), GLONASS (Russian Federation), Beidou (China) and Galileo (European Union).
 * Global Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) such as OmniSTAR and StarFire.
 * Regional SBAS including WAAS (US), EGNOS (EU), MSAS (Japan), GAGAN (India) and SDCM (Russia).
 * Regional Satellite Navigation Systems such as India's NAVIC, and Japan's QZSS.
 * Continental scale Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) for example the Australian GRAS and the joint US Coast Guard, Canadian Coast Guard, US Army Corps of Engineers and US Department of Transportation National Differential GPS (DGPS) service.
 * Regional scale GBAS such as CORS networks.
 * Local GBAS typified by a single GPS reference station operating Real Time Kinematic (RTK) corrections.

As many of the global GNSS systems (and augmentation systems) use similar frequencies and signals around L1, many "Multi-GNSS" receivers capable of using multiple systems have been produced. While some systems strive to interoperate with GPS as well as possible by providing the same clock, others do not.

History

Ground-based radio navigation is decades old. The DECCA, LORAN, GEE and Omega systems used terrestrial longwave radio transmitters which broadcast a radio pulse from a known "master" location, followed by a pulse repeated from a number of "slave" stations. The delay between the reception of the master signal and the slave signals allowed the receiver to deduce the distance to each of the slaves, providing a fix.

The first satellite navigation system was Transit, a system deployed by the US military in the 1960s. Transit's operation was based on the Doppler effect: the satellites travelled on well-known paths and broadcast their signals on a well-known radio frequency. The received frequency will differ slightly from the broadcast frequency because of the movement of the satellite with respect to the receiver. By monitoring this frequency shift over a short time interval, the receiver can determine its location to one side or the other of the satellite, and several such measurements combined with a precise knowledge of the satellite's orbit can fix a particular position. Satellite orbital position errors are caused by radio-wave refraction, gravity field changes (as the Earth's gravitational field is not uniform), and other phenomena. A team, led by Harold L Jury of Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970 to 1973, found solutions and/or corrections for many error sources. Using real-time data and recursive estimation, the systematic and residual errors were narrowed down to accuracy sufficient for navigation.

Principles
Part of an orbiting satellite's broadcast includes its precise orbital data. Originally, the US Naval Observatory (USNO) continuously observed the precise orbits of these satellites. As a satellite's orbit deviated, the USNO sent the updated information to the satellite. Subsequent broadcasts from an updated satellite would contain its most recent ephemeris.

Modern systems are more direct. The satellite broadcasts a signal that contains orbital data (from which the position of the satellite can be calculated) and the precise time the signal was transmitted. Orbital data include a rough almanac for all satellites to aid in finding them, and a precise ephemeris for this satellite. The orbital ephemeris is transmitted in a data message that is superimposed on a code that serves as a timing reference. The satellite uses an atomic clock to maintain synchronization of all the satellites in the constellation. The receiver compares the time of broadcast encoded in the transmission of three (at sea level) or four (which allows an altitude calculation also) different satellites, measuring the time-of-flight to each satellite. Several such measurements can be made at the same time to different satellites, allowing a continual fix to be generated in real time using an adapted version of trilateration: see GNSS positioning calculation for details.

Each distance measurement, regardless of the system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking for a point where they meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers, the position of the signal moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that changes the distance through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and then using techniques such as Kalman filtering to combine the noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity.

Einstein's theory of general relativity is applied to GPS time correction, the net result is that time on a GPS satellite clock advances faster than a clock on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day.

Applications

The original motivation for satellite navigation was for military applications. Satellite navigation allows precision in the delivery of weapons to targets, greatly increasing their lethality whilst reducing inadvertent casualties from mis-directed weapons. (See Guided bomb). Satellite navigation also allows forces to be directed and to locate themselves more easily, reducing the fog of war.

Now a global navigation satellite system, such as Galileo, is used to determine users location and the location of other people or objects at any given moment. The range of application of satellite navigation in the future is enormous, including both the public and private sectors across numerous market segments such as science, transport, agriculture, insurance, energy, etc.

The ability to supply satellite navigation signals is also the ability to deny their availability. The operator of a satellite navigation system potentially has the ability to degrade or eliminate satellite navigation services over any territory it desires.

Global navigation satellite systems

In order of first launch year:

GPS
First launch year: 1978

The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of up to 32 medium Earth orbit satellites in six different orbital planes. The exact number of satellites varies as older satellites are retired and replaced. Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is the world's most utilized satellite navigation system.

GLONASS
First launch year: 1982

The formerly Soviet, and now Russian, Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or GLONASS), is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. GLONASS has full global coverage since 1995 and with 24 active satellites.

BeiDou
First launch year: 2000

BeiDou started as the now-decommissioned Beidou-1, an Asia-Pacific local network on the geostationary orbits. The second generation of the system BeiDou-2 became operational in China in December 2011. The BeiDou-3 system is proposed to consist of 30 MEO satellites and five geostationary satellites (IGSO). A 16-satellite regional version (covering Asia and Pacific area) was completed by December 2012. Global service was completed by December 2018. On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation deployment is fully completed after the last satellite was successfully launched at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center.

Galileo
First launch year: 2011

The European Union and European Space Agency agreed in March 2002 to introduce their own alternative to GPS, called the Galileo positioning system. Galileo became operational on 15 December 2016 (global Early Operational Capability, EOC). At an estimated cost of €10 billion, the system of 30 MEO satellites was originally scheduled to be operational in 2010. The original year to become operational was 2014. The first experimental satellite was launched on 28 December 2005. Galileo is expected to be compatible with the modernized GPS system. The receivers will be able to combine the signals from both Galileo and GPS satellites to greatly increase the accuracy. The full Galileo constellation consists of 24 active satellites, the last of which was launched in December 2021. The main modulation used in Galileo Open Service signal is the Composite Binary Offset Carrier (CBOC) modulation.

NavIC
The NavIC or NAVigation with Indian Constellation is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The Indian government approved the project in May 2006. It consists of a constellation of 7 navigational satellites. Three of the satellites are placed in geostationary orbit (GEO) and the remaining 4 in geosynchronous orbit (GSO) to have a larger signal footprint and lower number of satellites to map the region. It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy of better than 7.6 m throughout India and within a region extending approximately 1500 km around it. An Extended Service Area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the 30th parallel south to the 50th parallel north and the 30th meridian east to the 130th meridian east, 1,500–6,000 km beyond borders. A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India.

The constellation was in orbit as of 2018, and the system was available for public use in early 2018. NavIC provides two levels of service, the "standard positioning service", which will be open for civilian use, and a "restricted service" (an encrypted one) for authorized users (including military). There are plans to expand NavIC system by increasing constellation size from 7 to 11.

India plans to make the NAVIC global by adding 24 more MEO satellites. The Global NavIC will be free to use for the global public.

Early BeiDou
The first two generations of China's BeiDou navigation system were designed to provide regional coverage.

Augmentation
GNSS augmentation is a method of improving a navigation system's attributes, such as accuracy, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process, for example, the Wide Area Augmentation System, the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service, the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System, Differential GPS, GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN) and inertial navigation systems.

QZSS
The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a four-satellite regional time transfer system and enhancement for GPS covering Japan and the Asia-Oceania regions. QZSS services were available on a trial basis as of January 12, 2018, and were started in November 2018. The first satellite was launched in September 2010. An independent satellite navigation system (from GPS) with 7 satellites is planned for 2023.

Comparison of systems
Using multiple GNSS systems for user positioning increases the number of visible satellites, improves precise point positioning (PPP) and shortens the average convergence time. The signal-in-space ranging error (SISRE) in November 2019 were 1.6 cm for Galileo, 2.3 cm for GPS, 5.2 cm for GLONASS and 5.5 cm for BeiDou when using real-time corrections for satellite orbits and clocks. The average SISREs of the BDS-3 MEO, IGSO, and GEO satellites were 0.52 m, 0.90 m and 1.15 m, respectively. Compared to the four major global satellite navigation systems consisting of MEO satellites, the SISRE of the BDS-3 MEO satellites was slightly inferior to 0.4 m of Galileo, slightly superior to 0.59 m of GPS, and remarkably superior to 2.33 m of GLONASS. The SISRE of BDS-3 IGSO was 0.90 m, which was on par with the 0.92 m of QZSS IGSO. However, as the BDS-3 GEO satellites were newly launched and not completely functioning in orbit, their average SISRE was marginally worse than the 0.91 m of the QZSS GEO satellites.

DORIS
Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) is a French precision navigation system. Unlike other GNSS systems, it is based on static emitting stations around the world, the receivers being on satellites, in order to precisely determine their orbital position. The system may be used also for mobile receivers on land with more limited usage and coverage. Used with traditional GNSS systems, it pushes the accuracy of positions to centimetric precision (and to millimetric precision for altimetric application and also allows monitoring very tiny seasonal changes of Earth rotation and deformations), in order to build a much more precise geodesic reference system.

LEO satellites
The two current operational low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite phone networks are able to track transceiver units with accuracy of a few kilometres using doppler shift calculations from the satellite. The coordinates are sent back to the transceiver unit where they can be read using AT commands or a graphical user interface. This can also be used by the gateway to enforce restrictions on geographically bound calling plans.

International regulation
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines a radionavigation-satellite service (RNSS) as "a radiodetermination-satellite service used for the purpose of radionavigation. This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation".

RNSS is regarded as a safety-of-life service and an essential part of navigation which must be protected from interferences.

 Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite  (ARNSS) is – according to Article 1.47 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «A radionavigation service in which earth stations are located on board aircraft.»

 Maritime radionavigation-satellite service  (MRNSS) is – according to Article 1.45 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «A radionavigation-satellite service in which earth stations are located on board ships.»

Classification
ITU Radio Regulations (article 1) classifies radiocommunication services as:

 * Radiodetermination service (article 1.40)
 * Radiodetermination-satellite service (article 1.41)
 * Radionavigation service (article 1.42)
 * Radionavigation-satellite service (article 1.43)
 * Maritime radionavigation service (article 1.44)
 * Maritime radionavigation-satellite service (article 1.45)
 * Aeronautical radionavigation service (article 1.46)
 * Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service (article 1.47)

 * Examples of RNSS use

 * Augmentation system GNSS augmentation
 * Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast
 * BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)
 * GALILEO, European GNSS
 * Global Positioning System (GPS), with Differential GPS (DGPS)
 * GLONASS
 * NAVIC
 * Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)

Frequency allocation
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to Article 5 of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).

To improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, most service allocations are incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations within the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. Allocations are:

 * primary: indicated by writing in capital letters
 * secondary: indicated by small letters
 * exclusive or shared utilization: within the responsibility of administrations.

Information on specific GNSS systems

 * ESA information on EGNOS
 * Information on the Beidou system
 * Global Navigation Satellite System Fundamentals

Organizations related to GNSS

 * United Nations International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)
 * Institute of Navigation (ION) GNSS Meetings
 * The International GNSS Service (IGS)
 * International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Society Inc (IGNSS)
 * International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) International GNSS Service (IGS)
 * US National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
 * US National Geodetic Survey Orbits for the Global Positioning System satellites in the Global Navigation Satellite System
 * UNAVCO GNSS Modernization
 * Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) GNSS Implementation Team

Supportive or illustrative sites

 * GPS and GLONASS Simulation (Java applet) Simulation and graphical depiction of the motion of space vehicles, including DOP computation.
 * GPS, GNSS, Geodesy and Navigation Concepts in depth

title: Satellite navigation


text:
File:Cake Pressure Chief.jpg

Summary
This image is a cover of the album Pressure Chief by Cake. Its inclusion here is claimed as fair use because:
 * It illustrates educational articles about the album from which the cover illustration was taken.
 * The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * It is a low resolution image.
 * The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original.

The use of the cover illustration is in good faith, and its inclusion enhances the quality of the article without reducing the commercial value of the recording from which it was drawn.

title: File:Cake Pressure Chief.jpg


text:
Asquith coalition ministry

The Asquith coalition ministry was the Government of the United Kingdom under the Liberal prime minister H. H. Asquith from May 1915 to December 1916. It was formed as a multi-party war-time coalition nine months after the beginning of the First World War but collapsed when the Conservative Party withdrew.

History
The new Cabinet included nine Conservatives and one Labour minister, but the Liberals continued to hold most of the important posts; the Conservatives had demanded Cabinet seats, but they only received lesser positions. Not at all satisfied, Conservative Party leader Bonar Law continued the verbal attacks.

The ministry collapsed on 5 December 1916 as a result of Conservative resignations, who refused to serve under Asquith's leadership. Asquith and most of the Liberals then moved into opposition, while the Conservatives formed a new coalition with a minority of Liberals, under the leadership of Liberal David Lloyd George, the next day.

title: Asquith coalition ministry


text:
Talk:List of English words of Old Norse origin

There are so many words in the list that are not exclusively North Germanic, but also exist in e.g. German, such as "wing" (German: Schwinge) etc.

untitled
Some of these words are in fact considered to be from Old English or another source, not Old Norse: adder, addle, apple, answer, ash (both), asp (the tree; the snake is from Latin/Greek), ant, ax/axe, arrow, nick, awl, and so on. Verify. James 007 02:09, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

'Ankle' presents a problem because the etymology is tangled up. It is generally considered to be from Old English (form given as 'oncleow' or 'ancleow'), but apparently influenced by Old Norse (form given as 'ankula' or 'ökkla') or Old Frisian 'ankel'. All these words are from the same Germanic source, and before Germanic, from the Proto-Indo-European root *ank. I'm going to erase 'ankle' from the list for now. James 007 04:08, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I got the original set by doing a search of the OED. In particular, I did a case-sensitive keyword search for 'ON' in the etymologies, then checked each result. Since this is time-consuming, I only managed to get a small subset of all the results.

--Johnkarp 06:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I don't mean to point fingers at anybody, I just want an accurate list. I give the benefit of the doubt to Old English, when my references say a word is from Old English. James 007 02:45, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This is an article I am able to substantially expand. If there is any objection to how I am formatting entries (e.g., adding the first known provenance of the word in English as per the O.E.D., Skeat's Dictionary of the English Language , et cetera), please let me know on my Talk page.

 * One question before I get back to editing, though (mostly directed at James 007): this is a list of words in English, so do you mind if I add words from Middle English in addition to Modern English?

 * -  P . Mac Uidhir  (t)  (c) 01:06, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Spellings
All spellings of Old Norse words are as according to my references; other references might have different spellings. James 007 05:04, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

'are'
This one is a real problem to isolate away from 'be' in the reference texts I have convieniently available here. The O.E.D. is annoyingly vague in tracing it. Skeat's Dictionary has some good data, but nothing that can be easily boiled down to what is apparently wanted to accompany the O.N. portions of the entries for this list. Björkman's work on borrowings into Middle English might have something, but I cannot find it right now (seems like it should, though). I am going to avoid doing anything with this word at the moment.

- P . Mac Uidhir  (t)  (c) 01:37, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

'arrow'
Is the list supposed to include English words that are cognate with Old Norse? I figure the answer is 'no', but wanted to ask in order to be certain. It would make the list much longer, which would probably be a bad idea, and the list *does* say "of Old Norse origin", so I think this may be a foolish question. :) As an example of what I mean:

Proposed entry:

 * arrow:
 * ör, plural örvar ("=an arrow") {possible cognate}

 * English provenance = c835 CE (as arwan, an early form of the word)

From the O.E.D.:

[OE. had two cognate forms, earh for arh:{em}OTeut. arhwo- neuter, and arwe for arhwe:{em}*arhwôn weak fem.; akin to ON. ör, örvar:{em}*arhwâ str. fem., and Goth. arhwazna from arhw (cf. hlaiwasna ‘grave,’ from hlaiw); prob. ‘the thing belonging to the bow,’ arhw being cognate with L. arqu-us, arc-us, bow. (Cf. OHG. fingiri:{em}*fingrio- the thing belonging to the finger, ring, f. fingar.) A rare word in OE. the ordinary terms being str{aeacu}l, and flá, flán, of which the former disappeared after 1200, the latter occurred in Scotch after 1500. But arrow was the ordinary prose word after 1000.]

(/end O.E.D. quote)

 P . Mac Uidhir  (t)  (c) 02:29, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There seems to be quite many words that are mergers of Old English and Old Norse forms, making the exact origin hard to trace. 惑乱 分からん 14:33, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

July 5th: vigr: Both the meaning and spelling make "vigor" a more likely candidate.
 * No, vigor is from Old French, most Norse nouns ending in -r lack an -r in modern English. 惑乱 分からん 18:30, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Rune?
According to SOED, this was reborrowed into modern English from modern Danish, not Old Norse. (Wiktionary has it as a straight descent from OE run, which I think is incorrect.)

I've taken it out for now. Mentioning it here because I forgot to mention it in the edit summary. — Haeleth Talk 08:56, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

"alive"
I can't quite remember correctly, but I think the English "alive" comes from the ON "á lif". Someone who knows what he's doing should add that. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.36.68.189 (talk) 21:23, 8 April 2007 (UTC). editing live performance like ginger fox number one — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.147.114.221 (talk) 15:20, 8 November 2014 (UTC)

Wyrd
Wyrd, the source for weird, does not come from Old Norse, but is genuine Old English. The Old Norse form of the word is "urðr".

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=weird has the details.

Several other words on this list are wrong as well, the spelling of the Old Norse words especially. They are maybe spelled like they have been spelled on some occasions, but they are not spelled according to the system of spelling Old Norse that is in use nowadays.

A lot of Norse words are missing here unless I am mistaken

 * Dale = Valley, its very common for the word Dale to be used in place of Valley in Yorkshire and Derbyshire.
 * Gate = street
 * By = town i.e. Derby, Grimsby
 * Fell = Hill, again its use is very common in North of England.

These are common in old Danelaw areas of the east Midlands and north of England. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Willhdavison (talk • contribs) 21:55, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * "Dale" is actually from Old English, although Norse influence preserved it, "gate" meaning street or manner of acting seems extremely archaic or dialectal but alright, "by" doesn't seem to ever be used meaning village or town by itself, and "fell", just as "gate" seems to be quite archaic/dialectal. Anyway, I have my doubts about "dale" and "by", but "gate" and "fell" could be added, rare as they might be. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 01:31, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

The Danish for valley, is dalen, so I can't see Dale being Old English as Dale only occurs as place name in parts of England's Danelaw, such as the Derbyshire Dales near the Danish settlement of Derby! or Yorkshire dales, you don't get it in the south of England which had no Danish settlement. This may come as surprise to people who don't actually come from where modern English developed, which is England not America, but the word dale to describe a valley, fell to describe a Hill, is in common every day use by millions of people in England.

As for doubts about "by" see http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/conquest/after_viking/legacy_vikings_02.shtml Which states "Examples are easy to find, with names such as Grimsby ('Grim's homestead'), Thurnby (either 'homestead near a thorn-bush' or 'Thyrne's village'), and Derby ('village near deer') still very common. Grimsby, much as it is today, was likely to be a place of trade and fishing. Thurnby and Derby were probably agricultural villages, where the Vikings made a living for themselves in their new land." The word Derby is in common use in the US, UK and Australia, so I think you can say its a English word of Old Norse origin.

On http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/conquest/after_viking/legacy_vikings_05.shtml it says "The English we write and speak today owes its origins to a mix of the London and east Midlands dialects." and goes on to say "Given that the East Midlands dialect itself was, in origin, a mixture of English and Scandinavian (with French thrown in for good measure), the impact of the Viking invasions remains very much with us today. We still speak a version of English that was born on the borders of Mercia and Danelaw." The Danelaw was not uniformly settled. Danish colonists congregated more densely in some areas than in others – in particular in Yorkshire and the East Midlands in Lincoln, Stamford, Leicester, Nottingham and Derby.
 * "Dalen" is in definite tense, "the valley". "Valley" is "dal". Apparently the word was in Old English, although Norse influence prevented it from extinction: My doubts about "by" is that I don't see it as a word in itself, it's just an archaic "suffix" used in placenames. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 15:26, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Daughter is also missing from the list78.146.14.103 (talk) 18:15, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Source? "Daughter from O.E. dohtor, from P.Gmc. *dochter." Hayden120 (talk) 11:43, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Indented line

 * Ta = I have always said "Ta" as you would say "Thank You", or Thanks, It was not till I worked in Sweden that everybody said "Tack" to me for thank you, and it was second nature to say "Ta" to everybody for thanks, and nobody was any the wiser. I grew up in South Wales, near Llanelli/Swansea, I am not sure how common "Ta" as a thank you is in other parts of the UK? its definitely not Welsh as that is "Diolch", So I am convinced it must be a very old Viking word, I know the vikings named Swansea, so maybe this is a language remnant of their presence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sgdavies (talk • contribs) 12:23, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

Ragnarǫk
I have edited the Ragnarök entry to correct some mistaken translations (namely "Twilight of the Gods", which is not the translation), but I wonder if Ragnarök even belongs on this list since it is not an ON-derived word, but a word which is used only in reference to the mythological event in Norse mythology for which we have no English equivalent word.

136.242.107.85 (talk) 00:26, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

coloring of words?
On the main page, some of the words are in a darker blue than others. What is being indicated by this?

This is amazing
We owe alot as English people to our northern brethren in both culture and genealogy86.144.66.152 (talk) 21:20, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

 * wasn't there a genetic study in the last few years that showed that English people have plenty of Celt in them, with the Angles and the Saxons not providing as many German genes as was previously thought, and the Vikings even less? yes I know, sources, sources... 68.174.97.122 (talk) 18:33, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

Removed POV fork intro
I removed a large chunk from the intro because: Anyway, I don't think there's anything salvageable from this removed text, but for the sake of posterity and fairness, I'll post it here.
 * it seemed to be simply an alternative minority-view intro
 * it's based on a single source which seems to be POV and way out there (the site even doubts the Anglo-Saxon origin of the English language)
 * it's unwikified and unencylopedic (e.g., asking questions, saying that "X is difficult, and would require Y, therefore not X, etc.)
 * However, there are problems with assuming these words were brought via Vikings. Firstly, Anglo-Saxon England already had huge connections with Scandinavia even before the Vikings as attested to the Beowulf and Sutton Hoo. Secondly many words such as through, skin, egg are basic words which Old English had words for; many Old English basic words were not replaced, so why were some basic words replaced and not others? Also words such as 'they' are pronouns which are very difficult to change as they are the basis of any language. Such changes would require the total replacement of the locals, however in England there is simply no evidence of this and Viking armies are estimated by many historians to be much smaller. 90% of all place names in England are Old English and most Viking place names have been found to have pre-existing settlements underneath, suggesting either that name was already present or is simply a renaming. Also many words are found in the West Midlands, which was not conquered by Vikings but found in local dialects such as Blunder, Kid and Gawk. There is evidence by both Oppenheimer and others that the North and East of England already spoke a Scandinavian-type version of Old English or certainly a related North Germanic version of Germanic languages.

Ufwuct (talk) 16:16, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

aloft
seems to be two issues here, the "a" part, and the "loft" part. the a- prefix, does that come from Norse or was it already in English? (see also on this page alive, and i didn't even check for others) does "a-" separated move the word that should be listed to "loft", and then we also have to explain the words "loft/lift" vis a vis German "luft". Any reason to think any of this is Norse into English, or just everybody is Germanic? 68.174.97.122 (talk) 18:29, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

In addition it appears there are quite some words that appear to be of common Germanic origin rather than taken from Old Norse, especially some of the more frequently used words such as guest, loan and loose. Vandepoel~enwiki (talk) 12:05, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

Auk
According to the OED, the word 'auk' is an original Germanic word, with cognates in Swedish and Danish, derived from Old Norse. This sounds as if this means it is not actually a word English took from Old Norse, but a word we had originally.

bug
The entry on "bug" derives it from "búkr" and glosses it as "insect within tree trunks". However, "búkr" means "belly, abdomen" so the semantic connection here is unclear to say the least. Worse, the linked page on the online etymology dictionary does not support the claim but rather points to Celtic sources. (I've only been able to go back to 2017 with the wayback machine, and the link is dated 2010 so things could have been different.) Incidentally "bock" (he-goat) is used in Swedish to refer to certain wood-boring insects (husbock - house borer) but here the explanation given by svenska.se is an analogy between the antennae and the goat's horns. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.224.188.19 (talk) 14:58, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Many of these words are not exclusively North Germanic, but also exist in e.g. German (West Germanic), like "wing" (German: "Schwinge"), band)...
Many words are not exclusively North Germanic, e.g. words that you find in German (and this only a selection):

band, birth, both, crawl (= "krabbeln"), eider, gan (German: Gang), gift, girth, give, guest, hail, how, knife (special tool: Kneip), knot, lathe, loan, loose, plough, reindeer, rib...

And so on

In other words: This list is higly misleading! 84.58.204.55 (talk) 14:32, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Hustings
My understanding is that "hustings" referring to loci of electioneering is of Icelandic origin. House thing? Thing in this context appears in Althing, the Icelandic parliament that has many appearances in the Icelandic sagas. But I'm not expert enough in any of this to add it to the article. Larry Koenigsberg (talk) 06:33, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

Online Etymology???
one source??? really? this is ridiculous. a mis-take comes from 'mistaka' ? really? how reliable is this page? Stjohn1970 (talk) 02:51, 12 January 2024 (UTC)


text:
Wupper

The Wupper is a right tributary of the Rhine in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Rising near Marienheide in western Sauerland it runs through the mountainous region of the Bergisches Land in Berg County and enters the Rhine at Leverkusen, south of Düsseldorf. Its upper course is called the Wipper. Both names are related to "weave", and refer to the twisting course.

On its course of about 116 km, the Wupper passes through the city of Wuppertal where the suspension railway runs for 10 km above the river.

It is crossed by the highest railway bridge in Germany near Müngsten, between Remscheid and Solingen. A few kilometers further down, Burg Castle is located on a hill overlooking the river.

Hydropower
From the 15th century, the Wupper and its numerous streams gave birth to hundreds of workshops, mills and factories on their banks. Originally water was used for dying, bleaching and washing canvas and cloth, later it was used to power machines or transport waste.

The Wupper thus facilitated the early industrial expansion of Wuppertal (German for "Wupper Valley") during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. The Wupper Valley was one of world's first industrialized regions and empowered inter alia the Ruhrgebiet as a coal-mining region.

Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Wupper (from source to mouth):

 * Left: Gaulbach, Brunsbach, Pixwaager Bach, Dörpe, Wilhelmstaler Bach, Hardtbach, Lohbach, Nöllenberger Bach, Stoffelsberger Bach, Hofsiefen, Hengstener Bach, Steinhauser Bach, Lohmühlenbach, Herbringhauser Bach, Marscheider Bach, Eschensiepen, Blombach, Norrenberger Bach, Murmelbach, Fischertaler Bach, Springer Bach, Kothener Bach, Auer Bach, Bendahler Bach, Klusensprung, Holzer Bach, Hatzenbeck, Ossenbeck, Rutenbeck, Glasbach, Burgholzbach, Weilandsiepen, Kaltenbach, Morsbach, Eschbach, Sengbach, Weltersbach, Murbach, Wiembach, Dhünn.
 * Right: Kerspe, Hönnige, Neye, Bever, Frohnhauser Bach, Wiebach, Kretzer Bach, Uelfe, Remlingrader Bach, Spreeler Bach, Steinhauserbergbach, Nebenkämper Siefen, Ehrenberger Bach, Steinbruch Siefen, Schmitteborner Bach, Hebbecke, Schwelme, Schwarzbach, Leimbach, Schönebeck, Mirker Bach, Briller Bach, Varresbeck, Lüntenbeck, Rottscheider Bach, Buchenhofener Siepen.

Other

 * On July 21, 1950, a young elephant named Tuffi, made to ride on the train by her handler as an advertising stunt, decided she did not like the ride, panicked (and panicked the other, human, passengers), burst out of the car she was riding in, and jumped or fell into the Wupper, only slightly injuring herself. In 1970 Marguerita Eckel and Ernst-Andreas Ziegler published a children's picture book about the incident, Tuffi und die Schwebebahn.
 * The Wupper is cited in the German sayings: "Über die Wupper gehen", literally "To go over the Wupper", metaphorically meaning "going bankrupt", "going into jail" or "going to die".
 * Else Lasker-Schüler wrote a drama entitled Die Wupper.

title: Wupper


text:
Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)

According to the Deuteronomistic history in the Hebrew Bible, a United Monarchy or United Kingdom of Israel existed under the reigns of Saul, Eshbaal, David, and Solomon, encompassing the territories of both the later kingdoms of Judah and Israel.

Whether the United Monarchy existed—and, if so, to what extent—is a matter of ongoing academic debate. During the 1980s, some biblical scholars began to argue that the archaeological evidence for an extensive kingdom before the late 8th century BCE is too weak, and that the methodology used to obtain the evidence is flawed. Scholars remain divided among those who support the historicity of the biblical narrative, those who doubt or dismiss it, and those who support the kingdom's theoretical existence while maintaining that the biblical narrative is exaggerated. Proponents of the kingdom's existence traditionally date it to between c. 1047 BCE and c. 930 BCE.

In the 1990s, Israeli archaeologist Israel Finkelstein contended that existing archaeological evidence for the United Monarchy in the 10th century BCE should be dated to the 9th century BCE. This model placed the biblical kingdom in Iron Age I, suggesting that it was not functioning as a country under centralized governance but rather as tribal chiefdom over a small polity in Judah, disconnected from the north's Israelite tribes. The rival chronology of Israeli archaeologist Amihai Mazar places the relevant period beginning in the early 10th century BCE and ending in the mid-9th century BCE, addressing the problems of the traditional chronology while still aligning pertinent findings with the time of Saul, David, and Solomon. Mazar's chronology and the traditional one have been fairly widely accepted, though there is no current consensus on the topic. Recent archaeological discoveries by Israeli archaeologists Eilat Mazar and Yosef Garfinkel in Jerusalem and Khirbet Qeiyafa, respectively, seem to support the existence of the United Monarchy, but the dating and identifications are not universally accepted.

According to the biblical account, on the succession of Solomon's son Rehoboam, the United Monarchy would have split into two separate kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel in the north, containing the cities of Shechem and Samaria; and the Kingdom of Judah in the south, containing Jerusalem and the Jewish Temple.

Archaeological record
In the 1980s, a few biblical scholars began to assert that the archaeological evidence for an extensive kingdom before the late 8th century BCE is too weak, and that the methodology used to obtain the evidence is flawed. In 1995 and 1996, Israel Finkelstein published two papers where he proposed a Low Chronology for the stratigraphy of Iron Age Israel. Finkelstein's model would push stratigraphic dates assigned by the conventional chronology by up to a century later, so Finkelstein concluded that much of the monumental architecture characterizing Israel in the 10th century BCE that biblical United Monarchy has been traditionally associated with instead belongs to the 9th century. Finkelstein wrote that "Accepting the Low Chronology means stripping the United Monarchy of monumental buildings, including ashlar masonry and proto-Ionic capitals" According to Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, the authors of The Bible Unearthed, ideas of a united monarchy is not accurate history but "creative expressions of a powerful religious reform movement" that are possibly "based on certain historical kernels." Finkelstein and Silberman accept that David and Solomon were real kings of Judah around the 10th century BCE, but they cite the fact that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom of Israel dates to about 890 BCE and that to the Kingdom of Judah dates to about 750 BCE. Some see the united monarchy as fabricated during the Babylonian Exile transforming David and Solomon from local folk heroes into rulers of international status. Finkelstein has posited a potential United Monarchy under Jeroboam II in the 8th century BCE, whereas the former one was potentially invented during the reign of Josiah to justify his territorial expansion.

Finkelstein's views have been strongly criticized by Amihai Mazar; in response, Mazar proposed the Modified Conventional Chronology, which places the beginning of the Iron IIA period in the early 10th century and its end in the mid-9th century, solving the problems of the High Chronology while still dating the archeological discoveries to the 10th century BCE. Finkelstein's Low Chronology and views about the monarchy have received strong criticism from other scholars, including Amnon Ben-Tor, William G. Dever, Kenneth Kitchen, Doron Ben-Ami, Raz Kletter and Lawrence Stager.

Though Amélie Kuhrt acknowledges that "there are no royal inscriptions from the time of the united monarchy (indeed very little written material altogether) and not a single contemporary reference to either David or Solomon," she concludes, "Against this must be set the evidence for substantial development and growth at several sites, which is plausibly related to the tenth century." Kenneth Kitchen (University of Liverpool) reaches a similar conclusion, arguing that "the physical archaeology of tenth-century Canaan is consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its terrain."

On August 4, 2005, archaeologist Eilat Mazar announced that she had discovered in Jerusalem what may have been the palace of King David. Now referred to as the Large Stone structure, Mazar's discovery consists of a public building she dated from the 10th century BCE, a copper scroll, pottery from the same period, and a clay bulla, or inscribed seal, of Jehucal, son of Shelemiah, son of Shevi, an official mentioned at least twice in the Book of Jeremiah. In July 2008, she also found a second bulla, belonging to Gedaliah ben Pashhur, who is mentioned together with Jehucal in Jeremiah 38:1. Amihai Mazar called the find "something of a miracle." He has said that he believes the building may be the Fortress of Zion that David is said to have captured. Other scholars are skeptical that the foundation walls are from David's palace. Garfinkel also claimed to have discovered David's palace in 2013, 25 kilometres away, at Khirbet Qeiyafa.

Excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa, an Iron Age site in Judah, found an urbanized settlement radiocarbon dated well before scholars such as Finkelstein suggest that urbanization had begun in Judah, which supports the existence of an urbanized kingdom in the 10th century BCE. The Israel Antiquities Authority stated, "The excavations at Khirbat Qeiyafa reveal an urban society that existed in Judah already in the late eleventh century BCE. It can no longer be argued that the Kingdom of Judah developed only in the late eighth century BCE or at some other later date." The techniques and interpretations to reach some conclusions related to Khirbet Qeiyafa have been criticized by some scholars, such as Finkelstein and Alexander Fantalkin.

In 2010, archaeologist Eilat Mazar announced the discovery of part of the ancient city walls around the City of David, which she believes dates to the tenth century BCE. According to Mazar, "It's the most significant construction we have from First Temple days in Israel," and "It means that at that time, the 10th century, in Jerusalem, there was a regime capable of carrying out such construction." The 10th century is the period the Bible describes as the reign of King Solomon. Not all archaeologists agree with Mazar, and archaeologist Aren Maeir is dubious about such claims and Mazar's dating.

In the Jewish Study Bible (2014), Oded Lipschits states the concept of United Monarchy should be abandoned, while Aren Maeir believes there is insufficient evidence in support of the United Monarchy. In August 2015, Israeli archaeologists discovered massive fortifications in the ruins of the ancient city of Gath, supposed birthplace of Goliath. The size of the fortifications shows that Gath was a large city in the 10th century BCE, perhaps the largest in Canaan at the time. The professor leading the dig, Aren Maeir, estimated that Gath was as much as four times the size of contemporary Jerusalem, which cast doubt that David's kingdom could have been as powerful as described in the Bible.

In his book, The Forgotten Kingdom (2016), Israel Finkelstein considered that Saul, originally from the Benjamin territory, had gained power in his natal Gibeon region around the 10th century BCE and that he conquered Jerusalem in the south and Shechem to the north, creating a polity dangerous to Egypt's geopolitical intentions. So, Shoshenq I, from Egypt, invaded the territory and destroyed this new polity, and installed David of Bethlehem in Jerusalem (Judah) and Jeroboam I in Shechem (Israel) as small local rulers who were vassals of Egypt. Finkelstein concludes that the memory of a united monarchy was inspired by Saul's conquered territory serving first the ideal of a great united monarchy ruled by a northern king in the times of Jeroboam II and next to the idea of a united monarchy ruled from Jerusalem.

In an article on the Biblical Archaeology Review, William G. Dever strongly criticized Finkelstein's theory, calling it full of "numerous errors, misrepresentations, over-simplifications and contradictions." Dever noted that Finkelstein proposes that Saul ruled a polity extending as far north as Jezreel and as far south as Hebron and reaching a border with Gath, with a capital located in Gibeon rather than Jerusalem. According to Dever, such a polity is a united monarchy in its own right, ironically confirming the biblical tradition. In addition, he rejected the notion that Gibeon was the capital of such polity since there is "no clear archaeological evidence of occupation in the tenth century, much less monumental architecture." Dever went as far as to dismiss Finkelstein's theory as "a product of his fantasy, stemmed by his obsession to prove that Saul, David and Solomon were not real kings and that the United Monarchy is an invention of a Judahite-biased biblical writer." Dever concluded by stating that "Finkelstein has not discovered a forgotten kingdom. He had invented it. The careful reader will nevertheless gain some insights into Israel—Israel Finkelstein, that is."

Another more moderate review was written in the same magazine by Aaron Burke: Burke described Finkelstein's book as "ambitious" and praised its literary style but did not accept his conclusions: according to Burke, Finkelstein's thesis is mainly based on his proposed Low Chronology, ignoring the criticism that it has received from scholars like Amihai Mazar, Christopher Bronk Ramsey and others, and engages in several speculations that archeology, biblical and extrabiblical sources cannot prove. He also criticized him for persistently trying to downgrade the role of David in the development of ancient Israel.

In his books, Beyond the Texts (2018) and Has Archeology Buried the Bible? (2020), William G. Dever has defended the historicity of the United Monarchy, maintaining that the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon are "reasonably well attested." Similar arguments were advanced by Amihai Mazar in two essays written in 2010 and 2013, which point toward archaeological evidence emerged from excavation sites in Jerusalem by Eilat Mazar and in Khirbet Qeiyafa by Yosef Garfinkel.

In 2018, archaeologist Avraham Faust announced that his excavations at Tel 'Eton (believed to be the biblical Eglon) had uncovered an elite house (which he referred to as "the governor's residency"), whose foundations were dated by carbon-14 analysis in the late 11th–10th century BCE, the time usually ascribed to Saul, David and Solomon. Such dating would strengthen the thesis that a centralized state existed at the time of David.

Historical sources
According to mainstream source criticism, several contrasting source texts were spliced together to produce the current Books of Samuel. The most prominent sections in the early parts of the first book come from a pro-monarchical source and from an anti-monarchical source. By identifying both sources, two separate accounts can be reconstructed.

The anti-monarchical source describes Samuel, having thoroughly routed the Philistines, as begrudgingly accepting the people's demand for a ruler and appointing Saul by cleromancy.

The pro-monarchical source describes the divinely-appointed birth of Saul (a single word being changed by a later editor so that it referred to Samuel) and his leading of an army to victory over the Ammonites, which resulted in the people clamouring for him to lead them against the Philistines when he is appointed king.

Many scholars believe that the Books of Samuel exhibit too many anachronisms to have been a contemporary account. For example, the text mentions later armour (1 Samuel 17:4–7, 38–39; 25:13), the use of camels (1 Samuel 30:17), cavalry (as distinct from chariotry) (1 Samuel 13:5, 2 Samuel 1:6), and iron picks and axes (as if they were prevalent) (2 Samuel 12:31).

Most scholars believe that the text of the Books of Samuel was compiled in the 8th century BCE - rather than in the 10th century when most of the events described took place - based on historical and legendary sources. The narrative served primarily to fill the gap in Israelite history after the events described in Deuteronomy.

Origin
According to the biblical account, the united monarchy was formed when the elders of Israel expressed the desire for a king. God and Samuel seem to have a distaste for the monarchy, with God telling Samuel that "[Israel has] rejected me, that I should not be king over them." However, Samuel still proceeds with the establishment of a monarchy by anointing Saul.

In the Second Book of Samuel, Saul's disobedience prompts Yahweh to curtail his reign and to hand his kingdom over to another dynasty, leading to Saul's death in battle against the Philistines. His heir Eshbaal rules for only two years before being assassinated. Though David was only the King of Judah, he ends the conspiracy and is appointed King of Israel in Eshbaal's place. Some textual critics and biblical scholars suggest that David was responsible for the assassination and that his innocence was a later invention to legitimize his actions.

Israel rebels against David and crowns David's son Absalom. David is forced into exile east of the Jordan River but eventually launches a successful counterattack, which results in the death of Absalom. Having retaken Judah and asserted control over Israel, David returns west of the Jordan.

Golden age
Throughout the monarchy of Saul, the capital is in Gibeah. After Saul's death, Eshbaal rules over the Kingdom of Israel from Mahanaim, and David establishes the capital of the Kingdom of Judah in Hebron.

After the civil war with Saul, David forges a powerful and unified Israelite monarchy and rules from c. 1000 to 961 BCE. Some modern archaeologists, however, believe that the two distinct cultures and geographic entities of Judah and Israel continued uninterrupted, and if a political union between them existed, it might have had no practical effect on their relationship.

In the biblical account, David embarks on successful military campaigns against the enemies of Judah and Israel and defeats such regional entities as the Philistines to secure his borders. Israel grows from kingdom to empire, its military and political sphere of influence expanding to control the weaker client states of Philistia, Moab, Edom and Ammon, with Aramaean city-states Aram-Zobah and Aram-Damascus becoming vassal states.

David is succeeded by his son Solomon, who obtains the throne in a somewhat-disreputable manner from the rival claimant Adonijah, his elder brother. Like David's Palace, Solomon's temple is designed and built with the assistance of Tyrian architects, skilled labourers, money, jewels, cedar and other goods obtained in exchange for land ceded to Tyre.

Solomon goes on to rebuild numerous significant cities, including Megiddo, Hazor and Gezer. Some scholars have attributed aspects of archaeological remains excavated from these sites, including six-chambered gates and ashlar palaces, to the building programme. However, Israel Finkelstein's Low Chronology would propose to date them to the 9th century BCE. Yigael Yadin later concluded that the stables that had been believed to have served Solomon's vast collection of horses were built by King Ahab in the 9th century BCE.

Collapse and split
Following Solomon's death in c. 926 BCE, tensions between the northern part of Israel, containing the ten northern tribes, and the southern section, dominated by Jerusalem and the southern tribes, reach a boiling point. When Solomon's son and successor Rehoboam deals tactlessly with economic complaints of the northern tribes, in about 930 BCE (there are differences of opinion as to the actual year), the Kingdom of Israel and Judah splits into two kingdoms: the northern Kingdom of Israel, which included the cities of Shechem and Samaria, and the southern Kingdom of Judah, which contained Jerusalem.

The Kingdom of Israel (or the Northern Kingdom or Samaria) existed as an independent state until 722 BCE when it was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Kingdom of Judah (or the Southern Kingdom) existed as an independent state until 586 BCE when it was conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

Biblical chronology
Many alternative chronologies have been suggested, and there is no ultimate consensus between the different factions and scholarly disciplines concerned with the period as to when it is depicted as having begun or when it ended.

Most biblical scholars follow either of the older chronologies established by American archaeologists William F. Albright and Edwin R. Thiele or the newer one by Israeli historian Gershon Galil. Thiele's chronology generally corresponds with Galil's chronology below, with a difference of one year at most.

title: Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)


text:
Connie Mulder

Cornelius Petrus Mulder (5 June 1925–12 January 1988) was a South African politician and cabinet minister.

Early life
Mulder was born on 5 June 1925. He was the son of a school principal and grew up with nine siblings. He studied for his bachelor of arts degree and received a diploma in education in 1945. He started his career as a teacher of Afrikaans, German and history in Randfontein and then attended the University of the Witwatersrand, where he received his PhD. His doctorate thesis was titled Die invloed van die Bybel op die ontstaan van die Afrikaanse volksaard (The Influence of the Bible in the forming of the Afrikaans National Character).

Mayor of Randfontein
Mulder became involved in local politics in Randfontein, becoming a member of the city council in 1951. He was elected as the deputy mayor and chair of the council's finance committee and later was elected as the mayor in 1953, when he was 28 years old. In 1955, he was elected president of the Transvaal Municipal Association. He was elected mayor for a second term in 1957 and he was a member of the United Municipal Executive of South Africa for four years. He became increasingly involved with the National Party, serving as chair of its divisional committee.

Member of Parliament
Mulder was elected to the legislature in the 1958 general election, representing the district of Randfontein for the National Party. He was named as the Minister of Information in 1968 by the Prime Minister John Vorster. He was later appointed as the Minister of Bantu Administration (later renamed as the Minister of Plural Relations) in 1978, while maintaining his previous ministerial appointment. Following the death of the Finance Minister Nico Diederichs, it was generally believed that Mulder would succeed Vorster as Prime Minister.

Muldergate Scandal
In 1977, he was implicated as the namesake of the Muldergate scandal. In September 1972, Mulder appointed Eschel Rhoodie as the Secretary of Information and the department began to push propaganda, ultimately spending millions to influence media outlets in South Africa and abroad to support the government's Apartheid policies. They assisted John McGoff, an American newspaper publisher who supported the administration, in his efforts to purchase The Washington Star and The Sacramento Union. His department also financed the South African newspaper The Citizen to bolster support for Vorster's regime among English-speaking South Africans in an attempt to counter the liberal The Rand Daily Mail. Ultimately in 1977, the Auditor-General, Gerald Barrie, leaked the evidence that state funds had been misused.

Though the scandal eventually brought about Vorster's downfall and complete retirement from politics, Mulder lost the ballot to succeed him in September 1978. He barely lost in the first round to Pieter Willem Botha in a narrow 72-78 vote. In the second round, he lost with a comfortable 98 votes to 74, in Botha's favour. This was because 20 supporters of foreign minister Pik Botha (the third candidate in the race) threw their support to P.W. Botha, and only two to Mulder. Mulder was subsequently retained in Botha's reshuffling of the government. However, the Information Scandal stories started appearing in the media, which led to his resignation as Minister on 8 November 1978.

From documents that reached The Spectator, in a separate scandal, Mulder had a financial interest in certain South African companies which run a group of private enterprise mental homes for the blacks.

Founding of the National Conservative Party
Following his expulsion from the National Party in the wake of the Information Scandal, Mulder and his followers formed the National Conservative Party. However, all of the party's nine candidates were defeated at the 1981 general election. Mulder himself lost by 922 votes in the constituency of Randfontein, where he had won in the 1977 general election with a majority of 7,763. After the founding of the Conservative Party, in which he participated, Mulder was elected to the House of Assembly at the 1987 general election, at the age of 62.

Death and legacy
By then suffering from terminal cancer, he died on 12 January 1988 before he was able to take his seat.

His two sons, Pieter and Corné, became Conservative Party MPs in 1988. After the 2009 general election, both sons served in the National Assembly of South Africa as Members of Parliament for the Freedom Front Plus. Pieter later resigned as M.P. and party leader in November 2016. Corné still serve in Parliament as a member of Freedom Front Plus.

title: Connie Mulder


text:
London Central Mosque

The London Central Mosque (also known as the Regent's Park Mosque) is an Islamic place of worship located on the edge of Regent's Park in central London.

Design and location
It was designed by Sir Frederick Gibberd, completed in 1977, and has a prominent golden dome. The main hall can accommodate over 5,000 male worshippers, with women praying on a balcony overlooking the hall. The mosque holds a chandelier and a vast carpet, with very little furniture.

The inside of the dome is decorated with sacred geometry in the Islamic tradition and has small stained glass windows around its base, containing turquoise coloured 16-pointed stars. There is also a small bookshop and halal café on the premises. The mosque is joined to the Islamic Cultural Centre (ICC) which was officially opened by King George VI in 1944. The land was donated by George VI to the Muslim community of Britain in return for the donation of land in Cairo by King Farouk of Egypt and Sudan on which to build an Anglican cathedral.

The mosque is located near Winfield House, the official residence of the United States Ambassador, and the six villas designed by Quinlan Terry, some of which are private residences for Arab royal families.The Islamic calligraphy was completed by Hassan El-Abhar in 1989.

History

1900–1931 Several efforts were made to build a mosque in London, including one initiated by Lord Headley, a convert to Islam.

1937 This project (Nizamia Mosque, later changed to present name) was funded by the Nizam of Hyderabad, India, and the foundation stone of the mosque was laid on Friday, 4 June 1937, by HH Prince Azam Jah - eldest son of Mir Osman Ali Khan - the last ruler of the largest princely state of India, Hyderabad State.

1939 Lord Lloyd of Dolobran, (1879–1941), then Chairman of the British Council, works with a Mosque Committee, comprising various prominent Muslims and Ambassadors in London. 1940 Lord Lloyd, now Secretary of State for the Colonies, sends a memo to the Prime Minister Winston Churchill, in which he points out, inter-alia "only London contains more [Muslims] than any other European capital but that in our empire which actually contains more Moslems (sic) than Christians it was anomalous and inappropriate that there should be no central place of worship for Mussulmans (sic). The gift, moreover of a site for a mosque would serve as a tribute to the loyalty of the Moslems of the [British] Empire and would have a good effect on Arab countries of the Middle East". The British Government is persuaded to present a site for a mosque in London for the Muslim community of Great Britain. On 24 October the Churchill War Cabinet authorises allocation of £100,000 for acquisition of a mosque site in London. The intent was to enable Muslims in Britain to build a mosque and an Islamic Cultural Centre, so they could conduct affairs pertaining to their faith.

1944 The Mosque Committee comprising various prominent Muslim diplomats and Muslim residents in the United Kingdom accepted the gift and The Islamic Cultural Centre which includes the London Central Mosque, was established and officially opened in November by His Majesty King George VI.

1947 The Mosque Committee registered the London Central Mosque Trust Limited as a Trust Corporation in September. At the time, seven representatives from six Muslim countries acted as Trustees.

1954–1967 Several designs were considered for the mosque. There were long protracted planning applications to various authorities but the necessary planning approval was not granted.

1969 An Open International Competition was held for the design of the building. Over one hundred designs were submitted, from both Muslim and non-Muslim applicants. The design finally selected was by the English architect Frederick Gibberd. His design of The Main Mosque Building Complex can be divided into two elements: The main building consisting of the two prayer halls and three-story wings including an entrance hall, library, reading room, administration offices and the minaret;

£2 Million of funding was donated for the construction of the ICC by His Majesty King Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud of Saudi Arabia. A further donation was provided by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan ruler of Abu Dhabi and President of the United Arab Emirates.

1974 Construction work by John Laing & Son began early this year with the Main Mosque Building Complex, comprising Men's and Ladies' Main Prayer Halls, Library, Administrative Block and Residential Quarters.

1977 Work was completed in July for the total cost of £6.5 million. The first Director of the Islamic Centre was the Raja of Mahmudabad. A special fund paid for a new Educational & Administrative wing which was completed in 1994. This was donated by the king of Saudi Arabia Fahd bin Abdul Aziz.

2007 The programme Undercover Mosque, an episode of Channel 4 documentary Dispatches, claimed that extremist preaching takes place at the mosque.

2011 The Guantanamo Bay files leak revealed that 35 Guantanamo Bay detainees had passed through both Regent's Park Mosque and Finsbury Park Mosque.

2018 Mosque given Grade II* listed status.

title: London Central Mosque


text:
V. Selvaganesh

V. Selvaganesh is an Indian percussionist working in the Carnatic tradition and one of the leading kanjira (south Indian frame drum) players of his generation. He is also known as "Chella S. Ganesh."

Career
Selvaganesh gained world fame through tours with John McLaughlin's group, Remember Shakti. He helps his father, Grammy-Nominated T.H. "Vikku" Vinayakram, to run the Sri JGTV school and train a new generation of Carnatic percussionists. He has also composed and produced albums and played with the Swedish bass player Jonas Hellborg and American guitar virtuoso Shawn Lane.

In 2012, Selvaganesh made his film directorial debut with Bodhai, a short film in Tamil. He also composed the four-track soundtrack which was released in digital format by Saregama.

Film career
V. Selvaganesh made his debut composing for films with the Tamil movie Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu (2008).

Discography

 * Solo Albums:
 * Soukha (2006)
 * Kanjourney (2016)
 * With Jonas Hellborg:
 * Good People in Times of Evil (2000)
 * Icon: A Transcontinental Gathering (2003)
 * Kali's Son (2006)
 * Art Metal (2007)
 * With John Mclaughlin
 * Remember Shakti - The Believer (2000)
 * Remember Shakti – Saturday Night in Bombay (2001)

 * As film composer:
 * Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu (2008)
 * Kola Kolaya Mundhirika (2009)
 * Drohi (2010)
 * Nil Gavani Sellathey (2010)
 * Bheemili Kabaddi Jattu (2010) (Telugu)
 * Kullanari Koottam (2011)
 * Pilla Zamindar (2011) (Telugu)
 * Shiva Manasulo Shruti (2012) (Telugu)
 * Nirnayam (2013) (also producer)
 * Rettai Vaalu (2013)
 * Arthanari (2016)
 * Chitrangada (2017) (Telugu)
 * Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2 (2019)

title: V. Selvaganesh


text:
User:Dcabrilo/Sandbox

 * * The party did not run in the elections in its own right. Its members were represented on another party's ballot.

title: User:Dcabrilo/Sandbox


text: File:U2 October.jpg

title: File:U2 October.jpg


text:
Cheri Oteri

Cheryl Ann Oteri (born September 19, 1962 ) is an American actress and comedian. A Primetime Emmy Award nominee, she is best known for her tenure as a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1995 to 2000.

Early life
The daughter of Gaetano Thomas Oteri, she has Italian ancestry.

Saturday Night Live (1995–2000)
After moving to Los Angeles at age 25, Oteri worked at A&M Records for four years and eventually joined famed comedy troupe The Groundlings. In 1995, producers of Saturday Night Live (SNL) attended a performance with the intention of auditioning fellow Groundlings member Chris Kattan. Oteri performed a monologue during one of Kattan's costume changes, which led to her own invitation to audition for SNL, along with Kattan and fellow Groundling Will Ferrell. She was hired as a performer in September 1995 as part of an almost entirely new cast, which was brought in after the show's disastrous 1994–1995 season.

Celebrities that Oteri impersonated included Alanis Morissette, Barbara Walters, Cyndi Lauper, Mariah Carey, Marla Maples, Debbie Reynolds, Jennifer Lopez, Ross Perot, Jennifer Tilly, Kelli Williams, Paula Jones, Tori Spelling, Melanie C, Robin Byrd, Jessica McClure, Jessica Simpson, Fran Drescher, Marisa Tomei, Katie Couric and Gloria Stuart.

Original characters

 * Arianna, a member of The Spartan Cheerleaders (with Will Ferrell)
 * Rita DelVecchio, a grouchy Philadelphia woman who is mean to the neighborhood children, patterned after Oteri's tough-talking grandmother.
 * Cass Van Rye, the dim-witted co-host of the "Morning Latte" talk show (with Will Ferrell)
 * Mickey "The Dyke", a butch public-access television cable TV host (with Mark McKinney)
 * Nadeen, a testy employee whose catchphrase constantly orders everyone to "Simmer down now!"
 * Althea McMahonaman, an absurdly hyper child who is an awful passenger and disturbs public servants
 * Collette Reardon, a prescription pill-addict
 * Joy Lipton, Erotic Attic boutique owner
 * Adele, a vulgar and highly sexual office worker whose attempts at sexual innuendos disgust rather than attract her colleagues
 * Laura Zimmerman, one half of the Zimmermans, who suddenly break into rough and sexual behavior before returning to casual conversation as if nothing happened (with Chris Kattan)

2001–present
Oteri has appeared in a number of movies, including Scary Movie, Inspector Gadget, Liar Liar, Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd, Shrek the Third and Southland Tales.

She starred in two TV pilots that did not make it to air: Loomis and With You in Spirit. Shows on which she made guest appearances include Just Shoot Me!, Strangers with Candy and Curb Your Enthusiasm, in which she portrayed Martine, the emotionally unstable nanny.

In 2009, Oteri became a regular voice cast in the Fox animated comedy series, Sit Down, Shut Up. She voices Helen Klench, the unappreciated librarian who often gets mistaken for objects, such as brooms or toilet brushes. The series premiered on April 19, 2009 and moved to Comedy Central in May 2010.

Oteri played a tooth fairy on Imagination Movers, a regular on the Playhouse Disney block. She starred in the AMC web series Liza Life Coach in 2010. Oteri appeared in the pilot episode of Glory Daze, which premiered on TBS on November 16, 2010. She hosted AXS TV's Gotham Comedy Live on May 26, 2016, in New York City. Cheri is an occasional guest on Jeff Lewis' talk radio show on Radio Andy, the Andy Cohen channel on SiriusXM.

title: Cheri Oteri


text:
BulletBoys

BulletBoys is an American hard rock/glam metal band formed in Los Angeles in 1987. The group's original lineup was composed of singer Marq Torien (formerly of Ratt, King Kobra, and Kagny & the Dirty Rats), guitarist Mick Sweda (formerly of King Kobra), bassist Lonnie Vencent (formerly of King Kobra), and drummer Jimmy D'Anda. The group released two successful albums and had a number of singles featured on MTV between 1988 and 1991. From the 1990s onward, the group went through numerous lineup changes, with Torien as the only consistent member. Their most recent album From Out of the Skies was released in 2018. The original lineup reunited for one-off shows in 2011 and 2019.

The group were strongly influenced by AC/DC and Van Halen, with Torien drawing comparisons to Van Halen singer David Lee Roth.

History
Platinum-selling artists BulletBoys were formed in 1987 in Los Angeles, California, by former King Kobra members Marq Torien (also formerly of Ratt) on vocals, Mick Sweda on guitar, Lonnie Vencent on bass and Jimmy D'Anda on drums. After signing a deal with Warner Bros., the group released their debut album BulletBoys in 1988 with the album peaking at number 34 on the Billboard 200. The group released two singles, a cover of the classic O'Jays tune, "For the Love of Money" (which peaked at number 30 on the Mainstream Rock Chart and number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 ), and "Smooth Up in Ya" (which peaked at number 23 on the Mainstream Rock Chart and number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 ), with both receiving airplay on MTV. They released their second album, Freakshow, in 1991; however, the album only peaked at number 69 on the Billboard 200. The single "Hang On St. Christopher", a cover of the Tom Waits song, peaked at number 22 on the Mainstream Rock Chart. The group released their final album with Warner Bros., titled Za-Za, a name suggested by D'Anda taken from The Godfather Part III character Joey Zasa, in 1993, but it failed to chart, as well as the album's singles. Both Sweda and D'Anda left the group the same year. The group continued and released Acid Monkey in 1995 through Swordholio/Perris Records however they disbanded soon after.

In 1998, the group reformed, with Torien and Vencent adding former Guns N' Roses drummer Steven Adler and future Guns N' Roses guitarist DJ Ashba briefly, with a tour of the US planned with Faster Pussycat, Bang Tango and Enuff Z'nuff. In 1999, Ashba left the group to form Beautiful Creatures with Bang Tango singer Joe Lesté while Adler left also sometime after, going on to form Adler's Appetite in 2003. A compilation album, titled Burning Cats and Amputees, was released in 2000, through Deadline Records.

In 2002, Vencent was rumored to be involved in a tour of Europe with former Anthrax members Joey Belladonna, Dan Spitz and former W.A.S.P. drummer Stet Howland while former drummer Jimmy D'Anda formed the group Zen Lunatic with John Corabi (formerly of The Scream and Mötley Crüe) and Stevo Bruno (formerly of Revel 8). D'Anda went on to tour with George Lynch as part of Lynch Mob and opening up for Dio around the states during 2001. In 2009, D'Anda played drums for former Warrant singer Jani Lane doing shows in California, New Mexico and Nevada. In September 2010, Jimmy performed at the Groove Remains the Same, a tribute to John Bonham.

The BulletBoys cover of The O'Jay's R&B song from 1973 entitled "For the Love of Money" appears briefly in the 2003 TV movie Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of 'Three's Company'.

Remaining members Torien and Vencent, released the group's fifth album (their first in seven years), titled Sophie, in 2003 which featured a guest appearance by former Skid Row singer Sebastian Bach. A tour was to follow, with L.A. Guns, however this was soon canceled after an incident with the group's bus driver. Guitarist Keri Kelli, who was filling for Tracii Guns in L.A. Guns, performed with BulletBoys before leaving at the insistence of L.A. Guns drummer Steve Riley. Jason Hook was briefly a member of BulletBoys during this time. In 2004, Torien was in line to tour with Stephen Pearcy (formerly of Ratt), Joey Belladonna (formerly of Anthrax), Ron Keel (Keel, IronHorse) and Jason McMaster (Dangerous Toys, Watchtower) as part of the "Bastards of Metal" tour. However, this tour never came to pass.

In January 2006, the group was announced as support, along with Bang Tango, to Stephen Pearcy on his tour, however they soon pulled out while they performed at the Raven's Heart benefit concert, which featured members of Guns N' Roses, Queens of the Stone Age and Dio among others performing also. Torien also announced that BulletBoys were to reunite and record a new album stating:

"In 2006 there will be a BulletBoys reunion and I wanted to let you know that on your show. The powers that be are working on it right now, so you will be seeing the BulletBoys out there. But, I wanted to let everyone out there know that we will be coming back out and that we are coming back out for our fans as well as for rock 'n' roll. But I don't really feel that I should be out there touring if I don't have anything new to offer to the musical community like a new fresh record. So that will be happening. A new BulletBoys record will be coming out this year. It's time to go at it and it's time to get it back together again..."

Drummer Jimmy D'Anda stated that none of the original members were involved in the reunion album soon after, while Torien stated that only D'Anda was "resistant to the idea" with the other former members (Sweda and Vincent) willing to return. However, a reunion failed to materialize. BulletBoys went on to tour with the Tracii Guns-led L.A. Guns and announced plans for a live album as well as an album of new material in 2007. The group released the live album, titled Behind the Orange Curtain, on April 3, 2007, through Crash Music while they were one of the confirmed acts for Rocklahoma in July of the same year. Also in 2006, the song "Hard as a Rock" appeared briefly in the movie Beerfest. In 2009, they released their sixth album, titled 10c Billionaire, on Chavis Records. The material was originally written in 2006 with plans, by Torien, for a new project using the same name. However, they eventually released it under the BulletBoys moniker. In October, original bassist Lonnie Vincent returned to the group while guitarist Tony Marcus (XYZ, Arcade, Vicious Delite) was also added to the lineup with a tour of the US announced soon after.

In January 2010, the group was confirmed to play the Stockholm Rock Out Festival on April 30 of the same year. In March, the song "Smooth Up In Ya" appeared briefly in the movie Hot Tub Time Machine. In April, they were confirmed to play another Festival, Rock N America, that took place July 23–25.

On August 28, 2011, former drummer Johnny Giosa died in a car accident in Los Angeles at the age of 42.

On December 12, 2019, BulletBoys announced that their original lineup would be reuniting. The reunion kicked off with a hometown gig on December 30, 2019, at the Whisky a Go Go. The reunion lasted until January 2022 when drummer Jimmy D'Anda and guitarist Mick Sweda left the band due to "toxicity" within the band. The newest lineup of the band was announced shortly after, which would consist of guitarist Ira Black, bassist Brad Lang, and drummer Fred Aching, thus alleging original bassist Lonnie Vencent had also left the band.

Musical style and influences
According to AllMusic, BulletBoys' style was heavily influenced by AC/DC and Van Halen, before later taking a bluesier direction. Vocalist Marq Torien has been compared to David Lee Roth. In his review of the debut album, Oliver Klemm (Metal Hammer) also highlighted the similarity to AC/DC, which he considered striking. An example of Van Halen similarity on the debut album is the track "Crank Me Up". According to Markus Baro (Break Out), passages of the follow-up album Freakshow also sound like Van Halen's Fair Warning. In his book HAIRcyclopedia Vol. 1 – The Legends, Taylor T. Carlson said BulletBoys were "unfairly" described as Van Halen clones. Werner Theurich, on the other hand, considers BulletBoys "quite rightly reviled as Van Halen clones".

The band compared themselves to early Montrose and Van Halen, but more in terms of attitude than music. However, the debut albums of both bands were the sonic model for the production, which is why Ted Templeman was chosen. The blues was added because it increased the chances of being played on the radio.

Current members

 * Marq Torien – vocals, rhythm guitar, bass, congas (1987–present)
 * Ira Black – lead guitar (2022–present)
 * Brad Lang – bass (2022–present)
 * Fred Aching – drums (2022–present)

Former members

 * Lonnie Vencent – bass, backing vocals (1987–2000, 2006, 2009–2014, 2019–2022)
 * Mick Sweda – lead guitar, backing vocals (1987–1993, 1999–2000, 2011, 2019–2022)
 * Jimmy D'Anda – drums, backing vocals (1987–1993, 1999–2000, 2011, 2019–2022)
 * Tommy Pittam – lead guitar (1993–1998)
 * Robby Karras – drums (1993–1998) (died 2012)
 * Tony Marcus – lead guitar (1993, 2009–2010)
 * DJ Ashba – lead guitar (1998–1999)
 * Steven Adler – drums (1998–1999)
 * Jason Hook – lead guitar (2000–2002)
 * Brent Fitz – drums (2000–2001)
 * Vik Foxx – drums (2000)
 * Scott Taylor – bass (2002–2006)
 * Keri Kelli – lead guitar (2002–2004)
 * Ryche Green – drums (2005–2010, 2012–2013)
 * Michael Thomas – lead guitar (2006, 2007–2008)
 * Scott Griffin – bass (2007)
 * Don "Dish" Bish – drums (2007)
 * Rob Lane – bass (2008–2009)
 * Tory Stoffregen – lead guitar (2009)
 * Nick Rozz – guitars (2010–2011, 2012–2019)
 * Troy Patrick Farrell – drums (2010–2011)
 * Johnny Giosa – drums (2010) (died 2011)
 * Chad MacDonald – bass, backing vocals (2011, 2014–2019)
 * Stephen Jude Mills – drums (2012–2014, 2015, 2019)
 * Shawn Duncan – drums (2014–2016, 2019)
 * Joaquin Revuelta – drums (2016–2018)
 * Anthony "Tiny" Biuso – drums (2018–2019)
 * Phil Varone – drums (2018)
 * Anthony "Tiny" Biuso – drums (2018–2019)
 * Phil Varone – drums (2018)

Studio albums

 * BulletBoys (1988)
 * Freakshow (1991)
 * Za-Za (1993)
 * Acid Monkey (1995)
 * Sophie (2003)
 * 10¢ Billionaire (2009)
 * Rocked and Ripped (2011)
 * Elefante' (2015)
 * From Out of the Skies (2018)

Live albums

 * Behind the Orange Curtain (2007)

Compilation albums

 * Burning Cats and Amputees (2000)
 * Smooth Up in Ya: The Best of the Bulletboys (2006)

Box sets

 * The Warner Albums 1988–1993 (2021)

title: BulletBoys


text:
Dangme language

The Dangme language, also Adangme, Dangbe or Adaŋgbi, is a Kwa language spoken in south-eastern Ghana by the Dangme people (Dangmeli). They are part of the larger Ga-Dangme ethnic group. Klogbi is a variant, spoken by the Kloli (Klo or Krobo People). Kropp Dakubu (1987) is the most thorough grammar of the language.

Classification
Adangme is a Kwa language, part of the Niger–Congo family. It is closely related to Ga, and together they form the Ga–Dangme branch within Kwa.

Geographic distribution
Adangme is spoken in Ghana by over 800,000 people as of 2004.

It is the aboriginal language spoken in Ghana, Togo, and Benin by the people of Ada, Osudoku, Manya Krobo, Yilo Krobo, Shai, Ningo, Prampram and Kpone. Adangme is partly mutually intelligible with Ga, and, to a lesser extent, Ewe. Nevertheless, many Adangme people also speak or understand at least one of these languages, painting the relationship as asymmetric. Adangme as a school subject is taught in the Adangme areas. The land of these related tribes stretched from the Greater Accra Region to the Eastern Region of Ghana, northward to the Akwapim hills and has all the Adangmeland on the east and the Ga to the west of it. Bawaleshi, which is about 4.8 kilometers southwest of Dodowa, is the last Adangme town which is close to the Akwapim and the Ga boundaries. There are six main dialects which coincide with political units. The coastal dialects are Ada, Ningo and Prampram (Gbugbla). The inland dialects are Shai (Sɛ), Krobo (Klo) and Osudoku.

Consonants

 * are bilabial, whereas are labiodental.
 * are singly articulated plosives, are affricates (stops with a strong fricative release), whereas  are doubly articulated plosives.
 * varies between a lateral approximant and a central trill.
 * has a fricative allophone.

Vowels
Dangme has 7 oral vowels and 5 nasal vowels.

 * The front vowels are unrounded, whereas the back vowels are rounded.
 * are slightly more open than.
 * are close-mid . They do not have nasal counterparts.
 * are open-mid, whereas are somewhat lower (near-open).
 * The nasal is open front, whereas the oral  is slightly retracted (near-front).

Tones
Dangme has three tones: high, mid and low. Like many West African languages, it has tone terracing.

Phonotactics
The possible syllable structures are V, CV, or CCV where the second consonant is.

Writing system
Dangme is written in the Latin script, with the addition of the letters ɛ, ɔ, and ŋ. Tones are not normally written.

Orthographic and phonemic correspondences include the following:
 * j -
 * ŋ -
 * ŋm -
 * ny -
 * ts -
 * y -
 * ɛ -
 * ɔ -

Sample text
The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Adesahi tsuo ɔ, a bɔ mɛ nɛ nɔ fɛɛ nɔ e ye e he, nɛ nɔ tsuaa nɔsɔ ngɛ odehe si himi kɛ he blɔhi a blɔ fa mi. A bɔ mɛ kɛ nɔ́ se kɔmi kɛ he nule juɛmi, nɛ e hia kaa nɔ fɛɛ nɔ nɛ e na nyɛmi suɔmi kɛ ha nɔ tsuaa nɔ.

title: Dangme language


text:
Talk:Chant

Not Menetion
Jews and Samaritans chant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.38.211.144 (talk) 19:20, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Removed
I removed the following: Please do not sign edits on article pages. If you wish to leave a comment or question and sign it so you receive a response talk pages such as this one are the best place to do it. Please clarify your edit and Cite sources per No original research. Hyacinth 02:19, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "Chants are a special case of rhytmic recursive repetitions reflected off symmetrical or reverse syllabic reverbations of verbiage of levels of symbolic abstrrrraction and contraction action off hope or divination, if I recall correctly reverse rhyme of their verse! The previous sentence is a chant in essence. Agquarx 23:42, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC) (definition "by" example, grok?)"

Song evolving from chant?
I'm skeptical. Can someone cite evidence for this? There was always song wile there was chant, and the earlier documented forms of European song, like the troubadour canso and the Latin cantio, didn't follow the modal system of Gregorian chant. Tropes, organa, liturgical drama, even motets "evolved" from chant, but not song. Peirigill 00:34, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

State worry about POV
Gouranga UK, please state your worry before reverting changes to the article. Have put them back for the time being. Knowledge for All 22:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have removed the statement "Chanting the Name of God is a spiritual practice that is commonly recommended by spiritually evolved souls in the current era." because I don't think it is a verifiable fact. (Even if you or I may agree with it or not) - It reads more like a personal point of view. The other change I've made is that the introductory paragraph shouldn't have a title - the article Chant is the title in this instance. I hope you can see the reasoning behind these two changes. That was why I had reverted before. Best Wishes, GourangaUK 15:31, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Chant. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070125015836/http://buddhism.2be.net:80/Pali_Chanting to http://Buddhism.2be.net/Pali_Chanting

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:10, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

Origins
May I suggest that a section about historical origins should be added. I expect that the chanting tradition is extremely old and it probably appeared independently in many parts of the world. By the way, the article lacks references to more ancient examples of chanting, where Germanic paganism (see here) is only one example. (Anders Hallström) 165.1.243.180 (talk) 12:25, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chant