text:
Talk:Saint Sebastian

Roots for the name
I was reading "In Xanadu" by William Dalrymple and I found this:

According to Yule almost nothing is known about the historical St Blaise, except that he was the bishop of Sebaste (Roman Sivas) and that he was martyred during the persecutions of Diocletian.

In this section Dalrymple is describing some the history of Sivas - a town in Turkey about 250 kilometers west of the Euphrates.

Maybe St Bliase was St Sebastian, but that's another story. Would it be worth speculating that someone from Sebaste is a Sebastian? Sebaste was a roman town, Sebastian was a roman saint - is it worth putting 2 and 2 together?
 * I'm not sure it is. I'll admit that it sounds intriguing, but at this point, unless you can produce some published sources that show that this theory holds some currency, it's just speculation. It'd make a great topic of conversation over beer and a bag of crisps, but I'm not sure it should go into an encyclopedia. One rule that forbids this sort of thing, I think, is Wikipedia's prohibition against original research. While I don't think you're saying that this is research, my understanding is that this is something you yourself have noticed rather than something you read in a published work. Am I right about this, or have I misunderstood you? —CKA3KA (Skazka) 00:24, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There seems no way to insert into the taxobox that this Saint Sebastian is by Il Sodoma (Pitti Palace). You'd think it was just a wallet-card or something. Sebastianus is not a Roman cognomen: the derivation "from Sebaste" is not "original" at all, it's inescapable. What else might 'Sebastianus", the Greek analogue of "Augusta" in numerous town names, mean? Which Sebaste: now, that would be original research! --Wetman 20:35, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Gay iconism
This is on the to-do list and has actually been added numerous times (I personally have added it twice), but it never seems to last very long. It seems that some people are so horrified that St. Sebastian is identified with homosexuality that they can't bear the mention of it. Frankly, I don't care if the man was gay or not or whether there is any valid reason for anyone to associate him with homosexual behavior or not. But, in fact, that association has come to be and for the sake of completeness it should be mentioned. Censorship in this sense has no place here--66.253.174.65 09:53, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

My primary objection to this whole entry is that it presumes St. Sebastian was a historical person. There is NO evidence of that. He is a mythic religious character. This problem is rife throughout Wikipedia. Entries state religious dogma that is either not supported by history or contradicted by history as fact without a clear statement that this is all according to religious stories.

Secondly, St. Sebastian is relevant and well-known today OVERWHELMINGLY because of his depiction since at least the 1600s as a beautiful, almost naked, bound, sacrificial young man. This is echoed throughout current art and advertising. There as literally hundreds of formerly famous saints in the Catholic Hagiographa that no one today recognizes. There should be an art and popular culture section AT THE TOP that discusses and recognizes this. As a gay man, St. Sebastian is well-known homoerotic image but I would not say a "gay icon." In Derek Jarman's film he is portrayed as a forbidden object of desire who is killed because he will not be gay for his commander, so he is really depicted as an anti-gay icon. The Guardian article already cited provides sourcing for most of this. But, however, Wiki has a PROBLEM with religion. Every article that is basically a recitation of faith should somehow be labeled as such or there should be a historicity section high up that discusses whether the figure is an actual historically attested personage. Sjlebl (talk) 20:57, 1 October 2020 (UTC)
 * it doesnt belong without a reference. 216.127.138.184 18:19, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I have put it in the "popular culture" section, with a reference. Springnuts 21:01, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * There's nothing homoererotic. You see a martyr being killed as erotic shows how moralless you are 92.51.252.58 (talk) 01:10, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

It does not deserve an LGBT banner. I am offended that a Saint deserves such slander! Eedo Bee 12:11, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Slander? That's your POV, and has no place in a Wikipedia article. A source has been provided identifying St. Sebastian as a gay icon. The LGBT banner is there to help identify and improve articles that are interesting to the LGBT wikiproject for several reasons. Just like any other wikiproject banner. What is so offensive about that? Raystorm 13:59, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Documenting the fact that Sebastian is a gay icon has nothing to do with saying that he was gay. The fact is that Sebastian is a gay icon. What I want to know is why? There doesn't seem to be anything in his story to suggest he was gay. Is it more to do with the homoerotic image of a naked man pierced with arrows? For these two reasons alone ie 1) That he is a gay icon and that this is a important cultural phenomemon and 2) Its a mystery as to WHY should justify including a section on this subject. ThePeg 11:57, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

A possible, partial answer from art historian Richard E. Spear's The Divine Guido: Religion, Sex, Money, and Art in the World of Guido Reni, page 60. "Ardent response to the sight of bound Sebastian penetrated by arrows has a long and varied history, if for no other reason than the spectacle of a passive male nude body was relatively uncommon to art...particularly by the measure of the ubiquitous female nude displayed as erotic object." The connection definitely deserves mention, as Sebastian has clearly been linked with homosexuality, regardless of whether the man himself was gay or some people object to this development. The "hijacking" of saints by people outside the Church is not new, see St Expedite, St Joan of Arc, St Arnulf/Arnold, St Barbara (in regard to her connection to Santaria), etc. --Izau 16:43, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Why are we grasping at straws as to why he's a gay icon? Is there literature somewhere that states that it is because the arrows are reminiscent of S&M, or because he's draw as a sexy young man, or (previous) that the piercing arrows are phallic? How about this: stick to facts, or at least proper references. (Note that this is not detracting St. Sebastian as a gay icon; merely the wild guessing as to why.) 72.240.176.181 (talk) 15:01, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you have any morals? The image of have naked is not "homoerotic" it's not even erotic and its absolutely vile to try and describe a religious painting of a Saint who belongs to a church valuing purity and chasity. 92.51.252.58 (talk) 00:58, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

There needs to be more elaboration of how St. Sebastian's life story can be interpreted to make him a gay icon. This is simply asserted in the article, albeit with several examples of others asserting this. However, this is doesn't actually answer the question. As this section of the article reads right now, it's basically, "St. Sebastian is a gay icon. People have decided he's a gay icon.  He's been depicted in art as a nude young man." There's a lot of nude young men in classical art, yet the vast majority of them are not automatically gay icons. 67.180.193.93 (talk) 10:01, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

He is a [| gay icon]. we don't get to pic what the lgbt population views him as. let's keep wiki NPOV. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.241.86.117 (talk) 05:16, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * But we need to know why, surely. I cam here looking for info, and found only what i already knew. As a non-catholic, i expect an encylopedia to know more than me about a saint - in this case, why is he a gay icon. The gy icon article just talks about the paintings (again). Is that the only reason? That's pretty shallow!YobMod 13:45, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

His status as a gay icon goes back to at least the 1800s, and very likely prior to that. It's one of those things where you may really only be able to speculate as to the origins. As for the S&M comments, most S&M practitioners are straight -- the idea of it as a "gay thing" is an 80s stereotype. The nudity doesn't make him as such either. '''For me, I have always thought it had to do with the complete story of his life. He's great as an aspirational figure. He stood up for what he believed in and did not back down in the face of extreme persecution. That has nothing to do with being gay, but it likely serves the basis for his status as a gay icon.''' 98.225.230.65 (talk) 03:15, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

A line in the current article helps explain: "...the 'heroism born of weakness', which characterizes poise amidst agonizing torment and plain acceptance of one's fate as, beyond mere patience and passivity, a stylized achievement and artistic triumph." This concept may have less resonance today but once would have been readily understood by those who related. Gay icons from before widespread gay lib are more than a little abstruse and hard to scrutinize because they communicated on a level that was invariably unspoken. Usually they came simply from the sense that one was looking at one's own life -- this is the reasoning usually provided for the early and mid 20th century gay iconography of tragic actresses. I can't offer any sources sadly, but I can offer something more than conjecture, in that I have read about the connection before in an academic text. It mentioned the symbolic significance of his body being penetrated by arrows and surviving, before an incredulous world (which kills him anyway). If I come across it again I'll offer it here as a source. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.216.50.36 (talk) 04:09, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Hello. It is a bit odd how gay icon is mentioned in the other links. It lead me to wonder why and it doesn't mention it in the article anywhere, I had to come to this talk page to find out the answer. Should have a brief description in the article, or, if it is not notable enough, don't have the gay icon link at the bottom. I think it's not notable enough but others may disagree, my main point is as it is it makes the article confusing and wiki articles should not do that. Popish Plot (talk) 16:34, 2 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Please disregard this^ I missed mention of it in the arts and literature section. Popish Plot (talk) 16:42, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

There is no substance to the claim that Saint Sebastian is associated with gay culture outside of a low quality entertainment article referring to the fact that he is portrayed as shirtless and athletic. In fact I think the whole section should be removed as it is not in any way relevant even if true. Since when do we allow information to be controlled by low quality "clickbait" magazines just to fit the narrative of a certain group of people? If that is the standard then we might as well put in a section on President Trump that he enjoys paying women of the night to do unspeakable things to him or a section for President Obama that he actually was born with white skin. Richardthefirst1 (talk) 17:02, 19 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Contrary to these misleading claims by Richardthefirst1, the section in its current form is well-supported by sources, rather than relying on "low quality 'clickbait' magazines". As for the strange musings about US presidents, see WP:OTHER.
 * (noting this here because in the last two days, several edits from Brazil-based IPs tried to blanket-delete this section, citing the above note among other spurious arguments)
 * Regards, HaeB (talk) 21:43, 24 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Indeed, this is a common form of vandalism here, presumably from outraged Catholics. Note that this section began in 2006. Removal of this stuff should be firmly reverted. Johnbod (talk) 21:47, 24 April 2021 (UTC)

I saw some of this in recent changes. If removal of LGBT+ references is a persistent problem (and it does seem to account for a fair percentage of edits), could pending changes protection be warranted? TornadoLGS (talk) 04:08, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

why does it say LGTBQ+ on this thing?,like what? what does this saint have to do with the lgtbq im cunfused — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.30.99.69 (talk • contribs) 21:33, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

I think it's really good for queer people to have a patron saint who pray for them Steaven24 (talk) 16:16, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

Sebastiane
I don't have time to add it right now, but Sebastiane should probably be mentioned in this aritcle. CaveatLectorTalk 09:32, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation
How is the name pronounced? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.139.183.226 (talk • contribs) 22:58, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

As it's spelled. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.171.29.158 (talk • contribs) 00:29, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Priorities
Why does Sebastian direct here, shouldn't it direct to the disambiguation. This might be the most popular of the Sebastian articles but it isn't technically a Sebastian article, people looking in on Sebastian shouldn't have to go through Saint Sebastian, I believe with a certain amount of certainity that most people looking for the Saint specifically will know enough to put Saint in front. People looking for Sebastian should not have to go through Christian mythology. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.137.207.191 (talk) 03:50, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Bugger off, if you want to look for a Sebastian, then type the whole name. Energyfreezer (talk) 16:52, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

There should probably be a disambiguation page for all of the things named after the saint, Saint Sebastian (disambiguation). Such a list will presumably be large. Drutt (talk) 03:57, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Sebatian Wood Sculpture
I have a photo of a wood sculpture of St. Sebatian by Virgil Cantini, and I am not sure where it could go in this article. Maybe someone else can find a place for it: Image:CantiniStSebastianHillmanLibrary.jpg.--Shizzy9989 (talk) 16:35, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I have added your image to the article, it is not the best job layout-wise but hopefully someone can improve that. Thank you. --ChaChaFut (talk) 03:01, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Does anybody know...
does anybody know what food they eat at the feast of San Sebastian de Yumbel in Chile? Thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.70.239.184 (talk) 14:49, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Parking Trivia
Parking the trivia section here as it has been tagged since December 2007. Please do not move back without citations showing notability of the reference and working it into encyclopedic context. Toddst1 (talk) 11:18, 31 December 2008 (UTC) {{quotation|

Saint Sebastian in popular culture
Versions of the iconic image of Sebastian impaled with arrows appear in:
 * Claude Debussy wrote the incidental music for Gabriele d'Annunzio's mystery play Le Martyre de Saint Sébastien, inspired by the story of the saint
 * Saint Sebastian is considered the unofficial Patron Saint of LGBT people.
 * Philip Glass includes a short musical piece titled "Saint Sebastian" in his score for the film Mishima.
 * In the film Blown Away, the statue of St Sebastian symbolically appears throughout the film.
 * In the Canadian film Lilies, a rehearsal for a church's re-enactment of the scene plays a prominent role in the storyline and iconography.
 * Followers of Saint Sebastian figure prominently in Loren D. Estleman's "Amos Walker" novel, "Nicotine Kiss". In the private eye novel, they meet at "The Church of the Freshwater Sea".
 * The novel "Hotel Transylvania", by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro, features a villain named Saint Sebastien.
 * The rock band Instar wrote a song titled "Saint Sebastian" describing a child's reaction to a painting of the saint.
 * In the Val Lewton RKO film I Walked with a Zombie a figurehead of St. Sebastian is featured in the garden of the Hollands' residence, and is the name of the fictional island that the movie takes place on. The same island also features in Lewton's The Ghost Ship, and the RKO Carney and Brown film Zombies on Broadway
 * Several films have been made about the life of Sebastian, mostly focusing on his iconic execution. See Bavo Defurne's 1996 short film, Saint
 * The television show Millennium has an episode entitled "The Hand of St. Sebastian" (2nd season).
 * St. Sebastian's way of death was also used in La Mujer de Judas as the killer kills Ernesto the same way.
 * Saint Sebastian is mentioned in the poem The Hat Lady by Linda Pastan.
 * In the 1976 film Carrie, the title character has a statue of Saint Sebastian in her cupboard as she prays, not a statue of Jesus as commonly assumed. Carrie's mother dies in a way that is similar in look to the statue.
 * In 1984 by George Orwell, Winston Smith imagines killing the dark-haired woman during the Two Minutes Hate "like Saint Sebastian".
 * St. Sebastian church is the church in Godfather 3
 * In the 16th Season of The Simpsons, The Father, the Son, and the Holy Guest Star, Bart Simpson is sent to a Catholic boarding school where a priest gives him a comic book depicting the life of Saint Sebastian.
 * St. Sebastian appears in several shots in R.E.M.'s music video "Losing my Religion."
 * In the HBO production of Wit (film) a painting of Saint Sebastien's execution is used in two settings.}}

Notability is not a criterion for content. It refers to the inclusion or exclusion of an article because of lack of significant independent coverage of the topic in reliable sources. patsw (talk) 23:56, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

The city's dog? Huh?
In the article as of this writing occurs this passage: "Saint Sebastian is officially the Patron saint of the city of [Chepén], La Libertad, in the north of Peru. On January 20 is the major festivities and celebrations of the citys dog." Not only is this unsourced it seems patently nonsensical. A celebration of the city's dog? Smells Like Teen Whackypedia. 68.229.185.85 (talk) 11:48, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I've removed this. Carl.bunderson (talk) 20:09, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

In a similar vein, "He was a bucket"??? Andrew (talk) 21:59, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Rvted - vandalism from 3 days ago, not fully reverted. 22:03, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Thomas Mann
Not sure if this is of any importance, but Thomas Mann included references to Saint Sebastian as a sort of icon of writers, for lack of a better way to put it, in "Death in Venice". 76.30.76.4 (talk) 03:04, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Somebody has now incorporated this into the article. GeorgeTSLC (talk) 16:51, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

Old vandalism
Many of the vandals here have not been properly reverted - this one and this one had been uncorrected here for nearly a year. Johnbod (talk) 16:42, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Left vein?
"For reasons unknown, the left vein of Sebastian is always exposed." I've marked that with a "What?" and want to complain here that neither in anatomy nor in popular use does "left vein" have a meaning w/o further context. The sentence also isn't clear about whether it refers to Dali or to all Sebastian iconography. Nor, as I've also marked, does it have a cited source. GeorgeTSLC (talk) 16:49, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Added by anon in March 2007. See here. William Avery (talk) 17:56, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

Do athletes really regularly carry his relics?
Icons I could understand, but I think the word relic is being misued in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.3.64.1 (talk) 01:53, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

 * No, of course not, that is absurd. I will take that out. This article, like many others about saints, needs a lot of work, it does not clearly distinguish between what historical facts, if any, can be verified and what is "tradition" or legend. That sentence should not be in the lead, the lead is supposed to summarise the rest of the article, which does not talk about veneration of Sebastian by soldiers and athletes.Smeat75 (talk) 02:41, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

Did you try googling it? It is not absurd. Provided references for you. Also, try and get some consensus before you decide what is and what isn't absurd. Okay, sMeat?Greengrounds (talk) 02:17, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Do you see the name of this section header Greengrounds? it says "do athletes really regularly carry his relics"? Do you know what "relics" are? The references you have supplied refer to Sebastian as the patron saint of sports, not that athletes regularly carry a bit of his anklebone or something into the arena with them. And please see WP:LEAD,"The lead should define the topic and summarize the body of the article", the lead should not talk about athletes carrying bones or bodily parts of a thousand year plus old saint into sports events with them unless that is discussed in the body of the article.Smeat75 (talk) 02:32, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

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Patron of Race Car Drivers?
Source or reasoning for such? Falls under athlete category but why specifically these drivers? 2600:387:C:2C12:0:0:0:1 (talk) 20:16, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saint Sebastian


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Equisetidae

Equisetidae is one of the four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns), a group of vascular plants with a fossil record going back to the Devonian. They are commonly known as horsetails. They typically grow in wet areas, with whorls of needle-like branches radiating at regular intervals from a single vertical stem.

The Equisetidae were formerly regarded as a separate division of spore plants and called Equisetophyta, Arthrophyta, Calamophyta or Sphenophyta. When treated as a class, the names Equisetopsida s.s. and Sphenopsida have also been used. They are now recognized as rather close relatives of the ferns (Polypodiopsida) of which they form a specialized lineage. However, the division between the horsetails and the other ferns is so ancient that many botanists, especially paleobotanists, still regard this group as fundamentally separate at the higher level.

Description
The horsetails comprise photosynthesising, "segmented", hollow stems, sometimes filled with pith. At the junction ("node", see diagram) between each segment is a whorl of leaves. In the only extant genus Equisetum, these are small leaves (microphylls) with a singular vascular trace, fused into a sheath at each stem node. However, the leaves of Equisetum probably arose by the reduction of megaphylls, as evidenced by early fossil forms such as Sphenophyllum, in which the leaves are broad with branching veins.

The vascular bundles trifurcate at the nodes, with the central branch becoming the vein of a microphyll, and the other two moving left and right to merge with the new branches of their neighbours. The vascular system itself resembles that of the vascular plants' eustele, which evolved independently and convergently. Very rapid internode elongation results in the formation of a pith cavity and a ring of carinal canals formed by disruption of the primary xylem. Similar spaces, the vallecular canals are formed in the cortex. Due to the softer nature of the phloem, these are very rarely seen in fossil instances. In the Calamitaceae, secondary xylem (but not secondary phloem) was secreted as the cambium grew outwards, producing a woody stem, and allowing the plants to grow as high as 10m. All extant species of Equisetum are herbaceous, and have lost the ability to produce secondary growth.

The underground parts of the plants consist of jointed rhizomes, from which roots and aerial axes emerge. The plants have intercalary meristems in each segment of the stem and rhizome that grow as the plant gets taller. This contrasts with most seed plants, which grow from an apical meristem - i.e. new growth comes only from growing tips (and widening of stems).

Horsetails bear cones (technically strobili, sing. strobilus) at the tips of some stems. These cones comprise spirally arranged sporangiophores, which bear sporangia at their edges, and in extant horsetails cover the spores externally - like sacs hanging from an umbrella, with its handle embedded in the axis of the cone. In extinct groups, further protection was afforded to the spores by the presence of whorls of bracts - big pointed microphylls protruding from the cone.

The extant horsetails are homosporous, but extinct heterosporous species such as Calamostachys casheana appear in the fossil record. The sporangia open by lateral dehiscence to release the spores. The spores bear characteristic elaters, distinctive spring-like attachments which are hygroscopic: i.e. they change their configuration in the presence of water, helping the spores move and aiding their dispersal.

Classification
The horsetails and their fossil relatives have long been recognized as distinct from other seedless vascular plants, such as the ferns (Polypodiopsida). Before the advent of modern molecular studies, the relationship of this group to other living and fossil plants was considered problematic. Because of their unclear relationships, the rank botanists assigned to the horsetails varied from order to division. When recognized as a separate division, the literature uses many possible names, including Arthrophyta, Calamophyta, Sphenophyta, or Equisetophyta. Other authors regarded the same group as a class, either within a division consisting of the vascular plants or, more recently, within an expanded fern group. When ranked as a class, the group has been termed the Equisetopsida or Sphenopsida.

Modern phylogenetic analysis, back to 2001, demonstrated that horsetails belong firmly within the fern clade of vascular plants. Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era, and considered the ferns (monilophytes), to comprise four classes, with the horsetails as class Equisetopsida sensu stricto. (This distinction is necessary because of the alternative usage of Equisetopsida sensu lato as a synonym for all land plants (Embryophyta) with rank of class. ) Chase and Reveal (2009) treated the horsetails as subclass Equisetidae of class Equisetopsida sensu lato. The consensus classification produced by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group in 2016 also places horsetails in the subclass Equisetidae, but in the class Polypodiopsida (ferns broadly defined).

Phylogeny
The following diagram shows a likely phylogenic relationship between subclass Equisetidae and the other fern subclasses according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group.

A 2018 study by Elgorriaga et al. suggests the relationships within the Equisetidae are as shown in the following cladogram.

According to the study, the age of the crown group of Equisetum dates at least to the Early Cretaceous, and most probably up to the Jurassic.

Subdivision
Subclass Equisetidae contains a single extant order, Equisetales. This order consists of a single monotypic family, Equisetaceae, with one genus Equisetum. Equisetum has about 20 species.

Fossil record
The extant horsetails represent a tiny fraction of horsetail diversity in the past. There were three orders of the Equisetidae. The Pseudoborniales first appeared in the late Devonian. The Sphenophyllales were a dominant member of the Carboniferous understory, and prospered until the mid and early Permian. The Equisetales existed alongside the Sphenophyllales, but diversified as that group disappeared into extinction, gradually dwindling in diversity to today's single genus Equisetum.

The organisms first appear in the fossil record during the late Devonian, a time when land plants were undergoing a rapid diversification, with roots, seeds and leaves having only just evolved. (See Evolutionary history of plants) However, plants had already been on the land for almost a hundred million years, with the first evidence of land plants dating to.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Equisetidae


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Jurassic Way

The Jurassic Way is a designated and signed long-distance footpath that connects the Oxfordshire town of Banbury with the Lincolnshire town of Stamford in England. It largely follows an ancient ridgeway traversing Britain; most of its 88 mi route is in Northamptonshire on the Jurassic limestone ridge in the north of that county.

The trail goes near the Oxford and Grand Union canals, past the Great Central Railway's Catesby Tunnel and viaduct, the River Welland, the 82-arch viaduct at Harringworth, and Rockingham Castle.

It connects with these long-distance footpaths: The ancient trackway on which the Jurassic Way is based likely continued at each end, particularly following the Lincoln Cliff towards the Humber estuary.
 * Grand Union Canal Walk,
 * Hereward Way,
 * Macmillan Ways,
 * Midshires Way,
 * Oxford Canal Walk.

title: Jurassic Way


text:
Talk:Sebastian/to do

 * Presence in art, particularly in reference to his gay iconicism
 * Non-visual artworks based upon him (literature, film such as Sebastiane)

title: Talk:Sebastian/to do


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Greek National Road 82

National Road 82 (Εθνική Οδός 82, abbreviated as EO82) is a single carriageway road in southern Greece. It connects Pylos with Sparti via Kalamata. It passes through the regional units Messenia and Laconia, on the Peloponnese peninsula. Its length is 110 km.

Route
The western end of the GR-82 is in the port town Pylos, on the Ionian Sea, where it is connected with the Greek National Road 9. It runs to the east through low hills, passing north of the Lykodimo mountain. It reaches the Messenian Gulf near Velika, and continues near the north shore of the gulf. It passes along Messini and through the city Kalamata, where it is connected with the Greek National Road 7. It leaves Kalamata towards the northeast, and crosses the Taygetus mountains over a pass of about 1300 m elevation. It descends to the city of Sparti, its eastern terminus. Here it is connected with the Greek National Road 39.

National Road 82 passes through the following places:

 * Pylos
 * Chandrinos
 * Neromylos
 * Velika
 * Messini
 * Asprochoma
 * Kalamata
 * Artemisia
 * Trypi
 * Magoula
 * Sparti

title: Greek National Road 82


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John Morton Blum

John Morton Blum (April 29, 1921 – October 17, 2011) was an American historian, active from 1948 to 1991. He was a specialist in 20th-century American political history, and was a senior advisor to Yale officials.

Life and career
Blum was born in New York City, the son of Edna (LeVino) and Morton Gustave Blum, a businessman and inventor. His family was Jewish. He was raised in a household with limited means, and attended Phillips Academy and Harvard University on scholarships and campus jobs. Upon graduation in 1943, he was commissioned as an ensign in the United States Navy, serving in the Caribbean, the South West Pacific theatre of World War II, and Iwo Jima. In 1950 he returned to Harvard to write his PhD under the direction of Frederick Merk. Blum married Pamela Zink in 1946 and had three children. He taught at MIT from 1948 to 1957 before moving to Yale University in 1957. He retired in 1991.

Professor at Yale
Blum was on the history faculty at Yale for 34 years, where he taught and influenced thousands of students. One of them in his large lecture class was future U.S. President George W. Bush. Blum later admitted "I haven't the foggiest recollection of him", but Bush remembered and cited Blum's influence in his commencement speech at Yale in May 2001. Other prominent students of his include Professor Henry Louis Gates, who considered Blum to be his mentor, as well as Professor Laura Kalman (University of California, Santa Barbara), Steve Gillon, resident historian of the History Channel, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, and Connecticut Senator Joseph Lieberman.

Blum was one of the "Big Three" in Yale's History Department along with C. Vann Woodward and Edmund Morgan, and served as chairman of the History Department in the late 1960s.

After his death, the John Morton Blum Fellowship in American History and Culture was established at Yale.

Author
Blum is the author of several historical works, including Joseph Tumulty and the Wilson Era (1951) (about President Woodrow Wilson's private secretary Joseph Patrick Tumulty), The Republican Roosevelt (1954), V Was for Victory (1977) (about World War II), and Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961–1974 (1992) (covering U.S. politics from the inauguration of U.S. President John F. Kennedy to the resignation of U.S. President Richard Nixon). He also published a mystery novel based on Yale, An Old Blue Corpse (2005). He also wrote a memoir, A Life with History (2004), detailing his years on the nation's top history faculty, where he witnessed the privileged mostly white WASP student body grow in diversity, describing it as "not a refuge from reality but an alternative reality".

Perhaps Blum's most widely read work was The National Experience: A History of the United States (1963), a university history textbook he edited and co-authored with William S. McFeely, Edmund S. Morgan, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Kenneth M. Stampp.

His 1954 book The Republican Roosevelt restored the reputation of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, rescuing it from Henry F. Pringle's Pulitzer Prize-winning 1931 biography Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography, which portrayed him as a blustering politician who never grew up that kept him from being taken seriously. However Blum's prose came under attack: "In contrast to many biographers, Blum is not a natural writer; his style is neither elegant nor smooth. Instead, his sentences are often awkward and clunky and force the reader to sip rather than drink freely."

A specialist on the New Deal, Blum wrote From the Morgenthau Diaries (3 vols., 1959–1967), a biography closely based on the diaries of Henry Morgenthau Jr. (1891–1967), United States Treasury Secretary in 1934–1945. Blum was also prolific as an editor, serving as co-editor of The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (8 vols., 1951–1954), edited by Elting E. Morison.

In 1980 Blum published Liberty, Justice, Order: Writings on Past Politics, 13 essays containing profiles of 10 political leaders representing the first seven decades of the 20th century, including Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Croly, Mark Hanna, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, Henry Wallace, Archibald MacLeish, Walter Lippman, and Earl Warren, bringing out their efforts to foster social justice and economic equality.

He also edited the letters of Walter Lippmann and Henry A. Wallace.

Film and television
Blum made a cameo appearance as himself in the 1983 Woody Allen film Zelig, and he has appeared in various documentaries on PBS such as the American Experience series, including Theodore Roosevelt in 1996 with fellow historian David McCullough. In 1999 he appeared in "The Great War" segment of The Century: America's Time.

Honors and awards

 * American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1960)
 * Pitt Professorship at Cambridge (1963–1964)
 * Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University (1976–1977)
 * Honorary Degree from Harvard University (1980)

Works

 * Joseph Tumulty and the Wilson Era (1951).
 * The Republican Roosevelt (1954) read online
 * The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (8 vols.) (1954) (ed. with Elting E. Morison).
 * From the Morgenthau Diaries (3 vols.) (1959–1967). "Years of Crisis, 1928–1938" (1959), "Years of Urgency, 1938–1941" (1965), "Years of War, 1941–1945" (1967).
 * The National Experience: A History of the United States (with William S. McFeely, Edmund S. Morgan, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Kenneth M. Stampp) (1963)
 * V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II (1977) read online
 * Liberty, Justice, Order: Writings on Past Politics (1980, 1993) read online
 * Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961–1974 (1992) online edition
 * A Life with History (autobiography) (Harvard University Press, 2004)

title: John Morton Blum


text:
Exclusionary rule

In the United States, the exclusionary rule is a legal rule, based on constitutional law, that prevents evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights from being used in a court of law. This may be considered an example of a prophylactic rule formulated by the judiciary in order to protect a constitutional right. The exclusionary rule may also, in some circumstances at least, be considered to follow directly from the constitutional language, such as the Fifth Amendment's command that no person "shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself" and that no person "shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law."

The exclusionary rule is grounded in the Fourth Amendment in the Bill of Rights, and it is intended to protect citizens from illegal searches and seizures. The exclusionary rule is also designed to provide a remedy and disincentive for criminal prosecution from prosecutors and police who illegally gather evidence in violation of the Fifth Amendment and its protection against self-incrimination. The exclusionary rule also protects against violations of the Sixth Amendment, which guarantees the right to counsel.

Most states also have their own exclusionary remedies for illegally obtained evidence under their state constitutions or statutes, some of which predate the federal constitutional guarantees against unlawful searches and seizures and compelled self-incrimination.

This rule is occasionally referred to as a legal technicality because it allows defendants a defense that does not address whether the crime was actually committed. In this respect, it is similar to the explicit rule in the Fifth Amendment protecting people from double jeopardy. In strict cases, when an illegal action is used by the police or the prosecution to gain any incriminating result, all evidence whose recovery stemmed from the illegal action—this evidence is known as "fruit of the poisonous tree"—can be thrown out from a jury (or be grounds for a mistrial if too much information has been irrevocably revealed).

The exclusionary rule applies to all persons within the United States regardless of whether they are citizens, immigrants (legal or illegal), or visitors.

History of the rule
Up until the independence of the United States, the courts of England excluded self-incriminating evidence that was provided as a result of official compulsion, regardless of its reliability. In 1769, Lord Chief Justice Mansfield explained as follows:[I]n civil causes, the court will force parties to produce evidence which may prove against themselves; or leave the refusal to do it (after proper notice) as a strong presumption, to the jury....But in a criminal or penal cause, the defendant is never forced to produce any evidence; though he should hold it in his hands in court.

Lord Mansfield also explained that "If any evidence or confession has been extorted from her, it will be of no prejudice to her on the trial." Additionally, a defendant could sue to suppress and regain possession of at least some types of illegally seized evidence, in a common law action for replevin.

However, in the 1783 case of Ceglinski v. Orr, the English courts declined to suppress evidence obtained by illegal coercion. In the Warickshall case, evidence was gathered as a result of an involuntary confession, and the court held that the evidence (but not the confession itself) could be admitted. It is questionable whether the Warickshall rule became known in the United States before 1789 (when the U.S. Bill of Rights was written), and whether it applied to confessions obtained by both governmental and private parties. In any event, no decision by the Supreme Court of the United States has ever endorsed the Warickshall rule as a constitutional matter.

Generally speaking, English law before 1789 did not provide as strong an exclusionary rule as the one that later developed under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, regarding unlawful searches and seizures. The Fourth Amendment, after all, was partly a reaction against English law including the general warrant and the writs of assistance.

In the 1886 case of Boyd v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court addressed compulsory production of business papers, and the Court excluded those papers based on a combination of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. Boyd was closely limited to its facts, and several years later the Court stated that the Fourth Amendment does not extend to "excluding testimony" about wrongful searches and seizures.

In 1897, the U.S. Supreme Court held, in Bram v. United States, that involuntary confessions are inadmissible as evidence. The Court in Bram did not announce a strong version of the exclusionary rule that would apply uniformly to exclude all evidence gathered in violation of the Bill of Rights, but instead announced a weak version that excluded only self-incriminating testimony that was compelled in violation of the Fifth Amendment. The distinction between testimonial versus other self-incriminating evidence is a matter of continuing debate.

Before a strong version of the exclusionary rule was addressed and adopted by the federal courts, it had already been adopted by at least one state court, namely the Iowa Supreme Court, as that court would later describe:The genesis of Iowa’s exclusionary rule was a civil case, Reifsnyder v. Lee, 44 Iowa 101 (1876).... The first application of the exclusionary rule in a criminal context occurred in the Height case, decided in 1902. Height involved a physical exam of the defendant against his will. 117 Iowa at 652, 91 N.W. at 935. This court held that the examination of the defendant violated the due process clause of the Iowa Constitution, as well as article 1, section 8’s prohibition of unreasonable searches.

In 1914, the U.S. Supreme Court announced a strong version of the exclusionary rule, in the case of Weeks v. United States, under the Fourth Amendment prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures. This decision, however, created the rule only on the federal level. The "Weeks rule," which made an exception for cases at the state level, was adopted by numerous states at a time during prohibition. In adopting the rule, actions by states often reflected attitudes towards prohibition, which was enacted by adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment and was enforced through the Volstead Act. Concerns about privacy violations also extended to other instances where criminal sanctions were permitted for "victimless" crime, such as illegal gambling or narcotics violations.

In 1920, the U.S. Supreme Court adopted the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine in the case of Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States. The Court stated that allowing evidence gathered as an indirect result of an unconstitutional search and seizure "reduces the Fourth Amendment to a form of words".

Wolf v. Colorado  ruled that states were not required to adopt the exclusionary rule. Despite the ruling, some states adopted the exclusionary rule. In 1955, the Supreme Court of California ruled in People v. Cahan that the exclusionary rule applied for cases in the state of California. By 1960, 22 states had adopted the rule without substantial qualifications: California, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Washington, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. Michigan also had an exclusionary rule, but with limitations for some narcotics and firearms evidence. In Alabama, Maryland, and South Dakota, the exclusionary rule applied in some situations.

It was not until Mapp v. Ohio in 1961 that the exclusionary rule was also held to be binding on the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees due process. Up until Mapp, the exclusionary rule had been rejected by most states.

In 2016, Utah v. Strieff dealt with the exclusionary rule and outstanding warrants and was viewed to be generally favorable towards police.

Scope
The exclusionary rule does not apply in a civil case, in a grand jury proceeding, or in a parole revocation hearing.

The law in force at the time of the police action, not the time of the attempt to introduce the evidence, controls whether the action is illegal for exclusionary rule purposes.

Evidence obtained indirectly from illegal activity
Under the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine, evidence obtained as an indirect result of illegal state action is also inadmissible. For example, if a defendant is arrested illegally, the government may not use fingerprints taken while the defendant was in custody as evidence. Because police would not have obtained the fingerprints without the illegal arrest, the prints are “fruit of the poisonous tree.”

Other examples of evidence inadmissible under this doctrine include:

 * Evidence seized during a search, where the probable cause for the search was illegally obtained evidence
 * A confession made by the defendant, prompted by the admission of illegally obtained evidence against him
 * Evidence derived from information gained in illegal wiretaps

However, the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine does not apply to interrogations made without a Miranda warning. Although a confession obtained in violation of Miranda is inadmissible, evidence obtained based on information in the confession is admissible. For example, if police learn the identity of a witness through a confession that violates Miranda, the government may still use the witness's testimony at trial.

Limitations
Even in a criminal case, the exclusionary rule does not simply bar the introduction of all evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth, Fifth, or Sixth Amendment. In Hudson v. Michigan, Justice Scalia wrote for the U.S. Supreme Court:

Suppression of evidence, however, has always been our last resort, not our first impulse. The exclusionary rule generates "substantial social costs," United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 907 (1984), which sometimes include setting the guilty free and the dangerous at large. We have therefore been "cautious against expanding" it, Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 166 (1986), and "have repeatedly emphasized that the rule's 'costly toll' upon truth-seeking and law enforcement objectives presents a high obstacle for those urging [its] application," Pennsylvania Bd. of Probation and Parole v. Scott, 524 U.S. 357, 364–365 (1998) (citation omitted). We have rejected "indiscriminate application" of the rule, Leon, supra, at 908, and have held it to be applicable only "where its remedial objectives are thought most efficaciously served," United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 348 (1974) – that is, "where its deterrence benefits outweigh its 'substantial social costs,'" Scott, supra, at 363, (quoting Leon, supra, at 907). Whether the exclusionary sanction is appropriately imposed in a particular case is an issue separate from the question whether the Fourth Amendment rights of the party seeking to invoke the rule were violated by police conduct.

Limitations on the exclusionary rule have included the following:
 * Private search doctrine: Evidence unlawfully obtained from the defendant by a private person is admissible. The exclusionary rule is designed to protect privacy rights, with the Fourth Amendment applying specifically to government officials.
 * Standing requirement: Evidence can only be suppressed if the illegal search violated the person's own (the person making the court motion) constitutional rights. The exclusionary rule does not apply to privacy rights of a third party. However, there is a narrow exception to this standing requirement, the jus tertii standing exception.
 * Cross-examination: Illegally obtained evidence may be admissible to attack the defendant’s credibility on cross-examination, at least where necessary to prevent gamesmanship. For example, where the defendant affirmatively chooses to make a broad statement denying any narcotics activity, he may not use the exclusionary rule as a shield against attacks on his credibility. However, the government also may not attempt to “smuggle in” excluded evidence on cross-examination by asking broad questions.
 * Inevitable discovery doctrine: Nix v. Williams held that if the evidence obtained in the unlawful search would almost definitely have been found eventually even without said search, the evidence may be brought forth in court.
 * Good faith exception: If police officers acting in good faith (bona fides) rely upon a defective search warrant, then the evidence acquired may still be used under the good-faith exception.
 * Independent source doctrine: If police obtain evidence illegally, but also obtain the same evidence through an independent, legal means, the evidence is admissible.
 * Knock-and-announce exception: Evidence that police obtain in violation of the requirement to knock and announce themselves before searching a home is admissible.
 * Attenuation : If the passage of time or intervening events break the causal relationship between the illegal activity and the evidence, the evidence may still be admissible. Some examples include:
 * If a defendant was illegally arrested, but returns to the police station voluntarily several days later and makes a statement, the statement may be admissible.
 * If a defendant was illegally stopped, but a valid outstanding arrest warrant is later discovered, evidence obtained during the stop may be admissible.
 * Formerly, the silver platter doctrine allowed state officials that obtained evidence illegally to turn over evidence to federal officials, and have that evidence be admitted into trial. However, the doctrine was ruled unconstitutional in Elkins v. United States in 1960.

The exclusionary rule is not applicable to non-U.S. nationals residing outside of U.S. borders. In United States v. Alvarez-Machain, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that property owned by aliens in a foreign country is admissible in court. Certain persons in the U.S. receive limited protections, such as prisoners, probationers, parolees, and persons crossing U.S. borders. Corporations, by virtue of being, also have limited rights under the Fourth Amendment (see corporate personhood).

In the case of Florida v. Jimeno, it was found that the evidence found to convict Jimeno, although at first was not admissible, later was found to in fact be admissible since it passed the test of reasonable standards. The defendant consented to a search of his car, and when the officer searched a package and found drugs, it was not said to be in violation because a reasonable person would expect illegal narcotics to be kept in a package or container.

Parallel construction
The Special Operations Division of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration advises DEA agents to follow a process of parallel construction when launching criminal investigations of Americans based on SOD tips that may be based on warrantless surveillance.

Criticism and defense
The exclusionary rule as it has developed in the United States has been long criticized. Judge Benjamin Cardozo, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals between 1927 and 1932, stated that under the rule, "The criminal is to go free because the constable has blundered." Cardozo noted that many states had rejected the rule, but suggested that the adoption by the federal courts would affect the practice in the sovereign states.

In the 1970s, Dallin H. Oaks, Malcolm Wilkey, and others called for the exclusionary rule to be replaced with a comprehensive judicial remedy against all illegal arrests and searches and seizures (e.g., tort remedy). By the 1980s, the exclusionary rule remained controversial and was strongly opposed by President Ronald Reagan, but some opponents began seeking to have the rule modified, rather than abolished altogether. The case, Illinois v. Gates, before the Supreme Court brought the exclusionary rule for reconsideration. The Supreme Court also considered allowing exceptions for errors made by police in good faith. The Reagan administration also asked Congress to ease the rule. It has been proposed that the exclusionary rule be replaced with restitution to victims of police misconduct.

A major criticism of the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule is that it allegedly defies the original intent of the Constitution. Yale Law Professor Akhil Amar, for example, has argued that "nothing in the text, history, or structure of the Fourth Amendment" supports the rule. Critics like Amar, Oaks and Wilkey point to the fact that the text of the Fourth Amendment does not indicate that illegally seized evidence must be excluded. Some legal historians argue that the Constitution's Framers intended only that victims of unreasonable searches or seizures could file civil lawsuits.

In 2009, Roger Roots presented evidence that the idea of exclusion can be found in the earliest set of law books published in American history. In 2014, Roots elaborated that certain eighteenth-century British law books and pamphlets which discuss the exclusion of illegally seized evidence circulated widely in the American colonies and were owned by numerous prominent Framing-era lawyers and statesmen. Also in 2014, Professor Richard Re proposed that the Due Process Clause provides an ample basis for the Exclusionary Rule.

title: Exclusionary rule


text:
Category talk:Berkshire

Districts of Berkshire
I was thinking of creating a subcategory as above to cover West Berkshire, Reading, Slough, Wokingham (District), Wokingham Rural District, Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead. Any objections or comments, please? I note that most other counties haven't tried this yet - but then most other counties do not have official districts like Berkshire has... Ian Cairns 16:18, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Berkshire


text:
Talk:Frobenius method

00:32, 21 April 2015 (UTC)Hi All,

Firstly, at this time the algebra in this article doesn't make sense. I am sorry but it doesn't. Look at the moment when $$ I(r) $$ was introduced. How did $$ p(z) $$ and $$ q(z) $$ turned into $$ p(k-j) $$ and $$ q(k-j) $$. This doesn't make sense since large integers might not be in the domain of $$ p $$ and $$ q $$

Secondly, when something is being substituted into an ODE, the righthand side must be preserved. i.e. the equation must look like $$ ...=0 $$. --Resonance cascade (talk) 23:21, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Resonance cascade (talk • contribs) 23:16, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

In the example, after the phrase "Substitute..." shouldn't the substitution for f' be +SUM... in stead of -SUM... ? no check what you are substituting z^2f"-2zf'+(1-z)f

After dividing by z^2, there should be a z^2 on the bottom of the third term? misprint? no check your algebra (1-z)/(z^2) = 1/z^2 - 1/z

Are you sure the indicial polynomial has p(0) and q(0) instead of p(z) and q(z)? The latter looks like the logical next step from the equations, and it's closer to how I learnt it. Twin Bird 19:41, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Do not revert my edits, DBolton made a mistake in his/her last edit, i refixed it.

power series
We must remember that it is erroneous to refer to some of these solutions as power series, but simply infinite series, if we have rational numbers in the exponent — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.192.91.163 (talk) 03:07, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Mathematical typo?
Is there an error in line 3 for the working in Explanation: substituting? It looks like k + r should be an exponent. --jmenkus [ T ] 15:24, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

whats about if r1-r2 is in {... -1 0 1 ...}. whats Y2--188.158.85.88 (talk) 16:40, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Form of DE too specific
The method of Frobenius applies to a greater range of differential equations than the equation at the top of the page would indicate (the coefficient of y" doesn't have to be z^2). The third equation defines the boundary (in a sense) between regular and irregular points at z=0, but anything with lesser powers of z in the denominator of y' and y in standard form can also be solved by this method.  And in theory you aren't restricted to polynomials.  The general formula should have three functions of z as coefficients of y", y' and y.  Then redefine P(z) and Q(z) in terms of those functions after dividing through by the coefficient of y".  See for example Zil section 6.3. Regarding Tim Bird's comment, the p(0) and q(0) in the indicial polynomial refer to the first term in the power series expansion of zP(z) and z^2Q(z).    DaustBerener (talk) 00:35, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

Definitions are missing
Please define z as well as the other variables. In particular, is z a real number or is z in the complex numbers? The reader might understand that z is usually a complex, but the page should be clear about the matter.

title: Talk:Frobenius method


text:
Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album

The Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album is an award presented at the Grammy Awards — a ceremony that was established in 1958 — honor quality dance and electronica albums in any given year. The award was first presented at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards in 2005 as an complement to the Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Recording, which had been presented as the sole award for dance music since 1998.

According to The Recording Academy, the award "recognizes excellence in recordings from established dance and electronic genres such as house, techno, trance, dubstep, drum and bass, electronica, as well as other emerging dance and electronic genres, with production and sensibilities distinctly different from a pop approach." The award is presented to "albums containing at least 50% dance/electronic recordings". Compilation or remixed recording albums are not eligible for this category.

To date, Skrillex and The Chemical Brothers hold the record for most wins in this category, with three times, followed by two-time recipients Daft Punk. In addition, The Chemical Brothers hold the record for most nominations with six. Madonna was the first female recipient of the award in 2007. Disclosure, Deadmau5 and Robyn hold the record for most nominations without a win with three each.

History

 * From 2005 to 2011 the award was known as Best Electronic/Dance Album
 * From 2012 to 2014 the award was known as Best Dance/Electronica Album
 * From 2015 to 2023 the award was known as Best Dance/Electronic Music Album
 * From 2024 onwards the award is known as Best Dance/Electronic Album

The award goes to the artist, producer and engineer/mixer, provided they worked on more than 50% of the playing time on the album. A producer or engineer who worked on less than 50% of playing time, as well as a mastering engineer, can apply for a Winners Certificate.

As of the 66th Annual Grammy Awards, the category sits in the newly-established Pop & Dance/Electronic genre field.

Recipients
$undefined$ Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.

Artists with multiple wins

 * 3 wins
 * The Chemical Brothers
 * Skrillex
 * 2 wins
 * Daft Punk

Artists with multiple nominations
7 nominations
 * The Chemical Brothers

4 nominations
 * Deadmau5 (1 with Kx5)
 * Skrillex

3 nominations
 * Daft Punk
 * Disclosure
 * Kaskade (1 with Kx5)
 * Robyn

2 nominations
 * Bonobo
 * The Crystal Method
 * Goldfrapp
 * David Guetta
 * Diplo
 * Flume
 * Justice
 * Kraftwerk
 * LCD Soundsystem
 * Paul Oakenfold
 * Odesza
 * Pet Shop Boys
 * Rüfüs Du Sol
 * Sylvan Esso
 * Tycho


text: User talk:65.24.224.205

title: User talk:65.24.224.205


text: Category:Indonesian folklore

title: Category:Indonesian folklore


text:
Type 82

Type 82 may refer to the following:

 * Type 82 artillery, a Chinese multiple rocket launcher
 * Type 82 destroyer, a British warship.
 * Type 82, a Chinese-made version of the Polish PM-63 submachine gun.
 * Type 82 Volkswagen Kübelwagen, a German military vehicle.
 * GSL 131 a.k.a. Type 82, a Chinese mine-clearing armoured bulldozer
 * Type 82 (vehicle), a Japanese 6×6 command and communications vehicle
 * Model 1981 "Shin'heung" (also known as Type 82 tank), a North Korean amphibious light tank also known as the PT-85

title: Type 82


text:
Talk:Julian Fantino

Policing Controversies
When was the section on policing controvercies removed ? Dowew 19:33, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC) Any partisan reason for removing the reference to Fantino's neglect to investigate complaints, as submitted My 12, 2006?

The most egregious example of Fantino's duplicity

The edit was transparently POV. If you can think of a neutral way of submitting the same information, we might be willing to consider it. CJCurrie 01:15, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

There is nothing POV about it; it really happened, as described within the link provided, never mind the taped threats as left on Turner's phone (and rejected by Fantino as, "Standard operating procedure"); four publicly named "appointees" to "investigate", but in fact, kill this issue; the eight hour video taped statement provided over two days, July, 2000, then buried, also, ad nauseum. It's just too bad none of these materials can be posted. Bear in mind Jim Cassell's recent revelations and all I can say is, "It's about time". (http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&call_pageid=971358637177&c=Article&cid=1147384211892, for one, http://www.torontosun.com/News/TorontoAndGTA/2006/05/15/1580590-sun.html for another.)

Too many have suffered as a result of Fantino's inaction and outright arrogance. I wouldn't wish what Turner, his now long-gone friends and family have been put through on anyone.

I'm going to re-insert the material again and ask you to reconsider. Let the facts speak for themselves and the public be even more enlightened, if you would. After all, this information has been disseminated elsewhere (including a feature in The Toronto Star, May 10, 2004) for years and nobody's been sued, if that's your concern.

I think you should read Verifiability and NPOV before proceeding further. CJCurrie 23:49, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Well sir, it's obvious that you've appointed yourself the moral guardian of all things political and are quite proud of that. Insofar as "verifiable", see my reference to The Star article, read the link provided, talk to the media present at his precious "Town Hall" meetings when he was confronted on this issue, or seek out the transcripts of R. v Turner; something I can't imagine happening. There will be no "proceeding further", as you can't leave well enough alone and get something resembling a life, it seems. Why this obsesive interest in Fantino anyway? Ugh. All I was trying to do was further publicise how he blatantly fucked others over to maintain - and elevate - his career. [unsigned]

I'm no fan of Fantino myself, but your edits have to be written from a neutral point of view to be acceptable. Your edits thus far have been obvious axe-grinding. CJCurrie 22:15, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm going to back up CJCurrie here. WP:NPOV is not a negotiable rule; all articles on Wikipedia must follow it. Which doesn't mean we can't include criticism — what it means is that we have to be careful how the criticism is written. Frex, consider the difference between "he is an asshole" and "councillor John Smith called him an asshole in media comments following the incident". And, for the record, I'm no fan of Fantino either, but as a Wikipedia administrator I have a responsibility to separate my personal feelings about the man from objective, neutral presentation of him in an encyclopedia article. Bearcat 22:46, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

This articles is not neutral. sorrey.

I've added and fleshed out incidents involving Fantino and the gay community and protestors.. along with some supporting references. I've tried my best to keep a neutral POV, but I welcome feedback. One thing I haven't done is attempted to balance the negative examples with positive ones. (My gut feeling is there aren't many good ones.. discussion doesn't have to stay neutral, right?) --geoff_o (talk) 20:03, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Julian Fantino


text:
James Armstrong (naval officer)

Commodore James Armstrong (17 January 1794 – 27 August 1868) was an officer in the United States Navy.

Armstrong joined the United States Navy as a midshipman in 1809 and served on the sloop-of-war USS Frolic (1813) when it was seized by the British in 1814 during the War of 1812. Promoted to commodore and given command of the East India Squadron in 1855, Armstrong served aboard the squadron's flagship, USS San Jacinto (1850) during the Second Opium War. Following the battle of the Pearl Forts, Armstrong's health began to fail and he returned to the United States.

In 1860 Armstrong was given command of the Pensacola Navy Yard. On January 12, 1861, two days after Florida voted to secede from the Union he surrendered the facility to the secessionists.

Captain Armstrong was Court Martialed on May 4, 1861. "The proceedings of Captain Armstrong's court martial appears to be missing from the rest of the proceedings deposited in the National Archives so the testimony surrounding exactly what happened that day between Conway and Renshaw that lead to the Court submitting a communication to Welles is unavailable. Conway eventually got "some appropriate mark of approbation" bestowed in 1939 and 1942 when hulls DD-70 and DD-507 were named in his honor." - General Naval Order

Armstrong was born in Shelbyville, Kentucky. He died in Salem, Massachusetts at the age of 74 and is buried in the Harmony Grove Cemetery.

title: James Armstrong (naval officer)


text: Category:Prehistoric arthropods

title: Category:Prehistoric arthropods


text:
On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves

On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves is an 1860 dissertation written by Albert Niemann. Its title in German is Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern. The piece describes, in detail, how Niemann isolated cocaine, a crystalline alkaloid. It also earned Niemann his Ph.D., and is now in the British Library. He wrote of the alkaloid's "colourless transparent prisms" and said that, "Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue." Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" — as with other alkaloids its name carried the "-ine" suffix.


text:
Joan Leslie

Joan Leslie (born Joan Agnes Theresa Sadie Brodel; January 26, 1925 – October 12, 2015) was an American actress and vaudevillian, who during the Hollywood Golden Age, appeared in such films as High Sierra (1941), Sergeant York (1941), and Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942).

Early life
Leslie was born Joan Agnes Theresa Sadie Brodel, the youngest child in her family. Her father was a bank clerk.

Joan's two older sisters, Betty and Mary Brodel, shared their mother's musical interest and started to learn how to play instruments, such as the saxophone and the banjo, at an early age. They began performing in front of audiences in acts that included singing and dancing. Leslie joined the duo at two and a half years of age. She was soon able to play the accordion.

With her father losing his job in the mid-1930s, the Great Depression caused financial difficulties for the family. As a result, the three sisters entered show business as vaudeville performers to support the family. They began touring in Canada and the United States. Collectively, they were known as The Three Brodels. As an attempt to bypass child labor laws at the time, both Mary and Joan pretended to be older than they were. When Leslie was nine, she told child labor investigators that she was 16 years old. Joan proved to be the scene stealer of the three sisters because of her impersonations of figures such as Katharine Hepburn, Maurice Chevalier, and Jimmy Durante. Coming from a family of Irish ancestry, Leslie was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended Catholic schools in Detroit, Toronto, and Montreal.

Early Hollywood career
In 1936, 11-year-old Leslie caught the attention of a talent scout from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) when the three Brodel sisters were performing in New York. She was given a six-month contract with the studio, earning $200 per week. While working at the studio, she attended MGM's Little Red Schoolhouse with other child actors such as Judy Garland, Mickey Rooney, and Freddie Bartholomew.

Her first film role was in Camille (1936), a romantic drama starring Greta Garbo and Robert Taylor. She played Taylor's younger sister Marie Jeanette, but her speaking scenes were deleted and she was uncredited. MGM had trouble finding suitable roles for her, and she was let go by the studio along with Deanna Durbin. Leslie returned to New York, working on the radio and as a model. During this time, her older sister Mary was signed to Universal Studios. Leslie returned to Hollywood with the rest of her family, working for different studios as a freelancer. She mainly worked for RKO Pictures.

Leslie was selected to play a small role in Men with Wings (1938). While shooting the film, director William A. Wellman discovered that Leslie's mother had lied about her daughter's age and that she was only 13 years old. For the remainder of the filming schedule, Wellman replaced her with Mary.

Leslie gained her first credited role in Winter Carnival (1939) as Betsy Phillips. She was chosen for the part because the director was searching for an actress with a southern accent. She was billed as Joan Brodel. Later that year, she co-starred with Jimmy Lydon in Two Thoroughbreds, in which she played the daughter of a horse owner.

At age 15, Leslie was selected by a group of Hollywood directors as one of 13 "baby stars of 1940." That same year, she appeared in the Warner Bros. film short, Alice in Movieland, about a starlet trying to make her mark in Hollywood. One of the first films directed by Jean Negulesco in Hollywood, it was based on a story by Ed Sullivan.

Success at Warner Bros.
Her big break came when she signed a contract with Warner Bros. in 1941. At the time, actress Joan Blondell's name was considered too similar, so Brodel's acting name was changed to Joan Leslie.

Two weeks later, the then-15-year-old actress was asked to do a screen test while unaware which movie it was for. She got the part because she could cry on cue. The movie was High Sierra (1941), starring Ida Lupino and Humphrey Bogart. Leslie played the crippled girl, Velma. Film critic Bosley Crowther wrote: "a newcomer named Joan Leslie handles lesser roles effectively."

Later that year, Warner Bros. produced a biopic of Alvin C. York, a decorated American World War I soldier, Sergeant York (also 1941), starring Gary Cooper. Jane Russell was initially suggested for the role of Gracie Williams, York's fiancée, but York wanted an actress who neither smoked nor drank. 16-year old Leslie eventually got the part. Sergeant York was a critical and financial success, becoming the highest-grossing movie of 1941. It received 11 Oscar nominations and Cooper won the Best Actor award.

Cooper (aged 40) was 24 years her senior. "Gary gave me a doll on the set," Leslie later told the Toronto Star. "That's how he saw me."

Leslie had a supporting role in The Male Animal (1942). She played Olivia de Havilland's younger sister, Patricia Stanley, a role Gene Tierney had played in the original Broadway production. She auditioned for Paramount's Holiday Inn (1942), but Warner Bros. decided to cast her in Yankee Doodle Dandy (also 1942) with James Cagney. The film is a musical depicting the life of Broadway entertainer George M. Cohan. Leslie portrayed his girlfriend/wife Mary, an aspiring singer. The film received eight Oscar nominations, including a Best Actor award for James Cagney. By now, Leslie had become a star whose on-screen image was described as "sweet innocence without seeming too sugary."

Leslie was in four motion pictures released during 1943. The first was The Hard Way, starring Ida Lupino and Dennis Morgan. A New York Times reviewer described Leslie as "just as deft and versatile a lady as the character she is supposed to be." For the second, she was lent to RKO for The Sky's the Limit, starring with Fred Astaire. Leslie's character introduced the Harold Arlen-Johnny Mercer song "My Shining Hour". In the third movie, Leslie co-starred in the wartime motion picture This Is the Army with Ronald Reagan. The fourth movie was Thank Your Lucky Stars.

She was considered for the role of Tessa in The Constant Nymph (also 1943), wherein she would play opposite Errol Flynn. Studio executive Jack L. Warner, though, felt she was unsuitable and the part went to Joan Fontaine. The Australian-born actor Flynn was rejected because the director wanted a British actor.

During World War II, she was a regular volunteer at the Hollywood Canteen, where she danced with servicemen and signed hundreds of autographs. She was featured with Robert Hutton, among many others, in the Warner Bros. film Hollywood Canteen (1944). Like most of the other Hollywood stars appearing in the film, she played herself, but the fictionalized plot had her falling in love with a soldier (played by Hutton) frequenting the canteen. Her sister, actress Betty Brodel, briefly played herself in the film as well. In 1946, an exhibitors' poll conducted by Motion Picture Herald voted Leslie the most promising star of tomorrow.

Later career
By 1946, Leslie was growing increasingly dissatisfied with the roles offered to her by the studio. She sought more serious and mature roles, and wanted to break out of her ingenue image, which was partly due to her young age. Her decision was also based on moral and religious grounds. With the help of her lawyer Oscar Cummings, she took Warner Bros. to court to get released from her contract.

In 1947, the Catholic Theater Guild gave Leslie an award because of her "consistent refusal to use her talents and art in film productions of objectionable character."

As a result of this, Jack Warner used his influence to blacklist her from other major Hollywood studios. In 1947, she signed a two-picture contract with the poverty row studio Eagle-Lion Films. The first one was Repeat Performance (1947), a film noir in which she played a Broadway actress. The other was Northwest Stampede (1948) in which she performed with James Craig.

After her contract with Eagle-Lion Films expired, she was cast in The Skipper Surprised His Wife (1950), appearing with Robert Walker. The film was distributed by MGM, the studio with which she began her film career in 1936.

In the early 1950s, Leslie chose to focus on raising her daughters, which resulted in a more irregular film career. In 1952, she signed a short-term deal with Republic Pictures, the low-budget studio that primarily produced Westerns. One of the films she made for Republic was Flight Nurse (1953). Leslie's character, Polly Davis, was based on the successful flight nurse Lillian Kinkella Keil's career in the Air Force. It was described by the newspaper Kingsport Times-News as a thrilling film that "honors the courageous women who performed miracles of mercy above the clouds in evacuation of wounded GIs from Korean battlefields." Her last film was The Revolt of Mamie Stover (1956), but she continued making sporadic appearances in television shows while her children were at school. She retired from acting in 1991, after appearing in the TV film Fire in the Dark.

Personal life
In March 1950, she married William Caldwell, an obstetrician. Their identical twin daughters, Patrice and Ellen, were born on January 7, 1951. Both daughters became teachers.

Leslie was a Democrat who supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election.

Leslie designed clothing under her eponymous brand. William died in 2000. A year later, she founded the Dr. William G. and Joan L. Caldwell Chair in Gynecologic Oncology for the University of Louisville. Leslie was an adopted alumna of the university for over 32 years. A devout Catholic, she was involved with charity work for the St. Anne's Maternity Home for more than 50 years.

Death
Leslie died on October 12, 2015, in Los Angeles, California. She was 90.

Awards and honors

 * On October 8, 1960, Joan Leslie received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1560 Vine Street.
 * In 1999, she was one of the 250 actresses nominated for the American Film Institute's selection of the 25 greatest female screen legends to have debuted before 1950.
 * On August 12, 2006, she received a Golden Boot Award for her contributions to Western television shows and movies.

Complete filmography

 * For TV movies, see the following section.

title: Joan Leslie


text:
Dale Connelly

Dale Connelly (born 4 October 1955) was co-host (with Tom Keith, aka Jim Ed Poole) of The Morning Show on Minnesota Public Radio. The program was first carried on KSJN at frequency 91.1 (now KNOW-FM, later on KSJN at 99.5 and finally on KCMP 89.3 "The Current"; all in the Twin Cities and live on MPR's classical music network in outstate Minnesota. Connelly took over for Garrison Keillor, who was the original host along with Tom Keith. The show aired for more than 30 years. On October 15, 2008, Keith announced his intention to retire on December 11. The Morning Show was discontinued after a final live performance at the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul that morning. After the demise of the Morning Show, Connelly began hosting, directing, and producing a show in a similar genre on an Internet broadcast and HD Radio called "Radio Heartland." He also hosted Saturday evening broadcasts of recorded performances on the Minnesota News service of Minnesota Public Radio. Those programs were canceled by MPR on June 4, 2010, and Connelly was laid off as of June 30, 2010.

He authored many scripts for "advertisements", skits, and soap operas performed on The Morning Show. Among his notable creations were "The Sherpa from Intimida", "A Mighty Big Car", and Genway, "the supermarket for genetically engineered foods." Genway produced things like the Bullwinkle Salmon ("part salmon, part moose") and Chameleon Pears.

Other Connelly creations included the "Bowserbed" vibrating sleeping mattress for dogs, "Yes, I Am Wireless," Found Snacks ("makers of low-fat neutrinos. There's nothing to them! No fat,  no cholesterol, no calories—no substance and no mass!"), and reporters Brick Walters, Bud  Buck, and The Morning Show's "living and loving correspondent," B. Marty Barry. Connelly also created a regular cast of characters, including Nephew Thomas (the radio daredevil), Captain Billy and the crew of the Muskellunge and Dr. Harley Clumsy (the animal identifier).

In 1999 and 2000, Connelly wrote Dale Connelly Reporting, a satirical news show for Minnesota Public Radio that included features like "Antiques Road Show," "Shouting Down School," and features on "Police and Courtroom Portrait Artists", "Low-Speed Internet Access," and "Lutheran Olympics".

Since leaving MPR, Connelly has been writing a blog, Trail Baboon, on which he has continued creating characters and engaging readers with his observations. In June 2011, Connelly became news director for Minneapolis community radio station KFAI, where he had been a part-time producer. Press Release

title: Dale Connelly


text:
Jennifer Shahade

Jennifer Shahade (born December 31, 1980) is an American chess player, poker player, commentator and writer. She is a two-time United States Women's Champion and has the FIDE title of Woman Grandmaster. Shahade is the author of the books Chess Bitch, Play Like a Girl, and most recently, Chess Queens, and co-author of Marcel Duchamp: The Art of Chess. From 2018 to 2023, she was the Women's Program Director at US Chess. She is also a MindSports Ambassador for PokerStars and a board member of the World Chess Hall of Fame in Saint Louis.

Early life
Shahade was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is the daughter of FIDE Master Mike Shahade and Drexel University chemistry professor and author Sally Solomon. Her father is Christian Lebanese and her mother is Jewish. Her older brother, Greg Shahade, is an International Master. She attended Julia R. Masterman School.

Career
In 1998, she became the first female winner of the U.S. Junior Open.

In 2002, she won the U.S. Women's Chess Championship in Seattle, Washington. At the next U.S. Women's Championship she earned her second International Master norm, and in 2004, she won her 2nd U.S. Women's Chess Championship.

Shahade lives in Philadelphia and has earned a degree in comparative literature at New York University. Her writing has appeared in the LA Times, The New York Times, Chess Life, New In Chess, and Games Magazine. Her first book, Chess Bitch: Women in the Ultimate Intellectual Sport (Siles Press, ISBN 1-890085-09-X) was published in October 2005.

Shahade is the former web editor-in-chief of the United States Chess Federation website.

In 2007 Shahade co-founded a chess non-profit called 9 Queens.

Shahade is also a poker player. In 2014, she became the MindSports Ambassador for PokerStars. On December 9, 2014, Shahade won the first TonyBet Open Face Chinese Poker Live World Championship High Roller Event taking home €100,000. She is also a former coach for the training website Run It Once.

Shahade is the host of the poker podcast the GRID, which she produces with her husband Daniel Meirom. In 2019, the GRID won the Global Poker Award for Podcast of the Year. She also hosted a monthly chess podcast Ladies Knight, produced by the U.S. Chess Federation.

Shahade is a board member of the World Chess Hall of Fame. In 2018, Shahade became the woman's program director at the U.S. Chess Federation, which brings chess programming to thousands of girls in the country. Shahade resigned from the US Chess Federation on September 6, 2023. She claimed that the Federation treated her with "hostility instead of support" and that she was "constantly minimized or ignored" when she came forward with allegations of assault against GM Alejandro Ramírez. Shahade released a statement on her social media regarding her resignation, stating: "Based on what I’ve seen, I cannot currently lend my credibility to the organization in good conscience. This is especially true since I’ve become a de facto confidante for so many women and girls—making it essential for me to have faith in executive decision-making and communication."

Personal life
Shahade is married to Daniel Meirom. They have a son, Fabian, born in 2017. In 2019, they created "Not Particularly Beautiful", an art installation that overlaid misogynist insults directed at women in chess over the squares of a chessboard.

In February 2023, Shahade accused Alejandro Ramirez of sexually assaulting her twice, and stated that she had heard from other alleged victims. The United States Chess Federation and Saint Louis Chess Club are,, investigating Ramírez over the alleged sexual misconduct. On March 6, Ramírez resigned his affiliation with the Saint Louis Chess Club and the Saint Louis University chess team. The following day, The Wall Street Journal published an article corroborating Shahade's claims, finding based on interviews with eight women, that Ramírez had made unwelcome sexual advances towards them since 2011 and that the alleged behavior was an open secret.

title: Jennifer Shahade


text:
Talk:Northamptonshire/to do

 * Include a brief synopsis of History of Northamptonshire in the main article
 * Populate Category:Natives of Northamptonshire
 * Tidy up Places of Interest (lots of white space to the right atm)
 * Include an image or two from the images list
 * Find the county's coat of arms and include a description
 * Build up the external links
 * Create some of the hundreds of red links on List of places in Northamptonshire

title: Talk:Northamptonshire/to do


text:
Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED; Komisyon sa Mas Mataas na Edukasyon or Komisyon sa Lalong Mataas na Edukasyon) is a government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines. It is responsible for regulating and governing all higher education institutions and post-secondary educational programs in the country.

History
The CHED was established on May 18, 1994 through Republic Act No. 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994.

Governance
The CHED is headed by a Chairperson and four Commissioners appointed by the President. The current chairperson, Prospero “Popoy” E. de Vera III, was appointed by Rodrigo Duterte in 2018 and re-appointed by Bongbong Marcos in 2022. On January 22, 2024, the Office of the President of the Philippines imposed a 90-day preventive suspension order against a Commissioner Aldrin A. Darilag who was accused of grave misconduct, neglect in the performance of duty and abuse of authority or oppression.

On March 12, 2024, Darilag filed with the Ombudsman of the Philippines against Chairman De Vera III a 5-page complaint for graft and corruption and grave abuse of authority charges, under R.A. 3019, the "Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act". "Respondent De Vera would like me to support Aspen as a supplier of CHED even though it did not comply with the requirements stipulated in Republic Act 9184, otherwise known as the procurement law. He even asked me to have a meeting with Aspen representatives, which I refused to do," Darilag's sworn affidavit read.

CHED Center of Excellence
The CHED awards Center of Excellence status to departments within higher education institutions that "demonstrate excellent performance in the areas of instruction, research and publication, extension and linkages and institutional qualifications". It also grants Center of Development status to departments that "demonstrate the potential to become a Center of Excellence".


text:
La Pérouse (crater)

La Pérouse is a lunar impact crater that is located near the eastern limb of the Moon. It lies northwest of the larger crater Ansgarius, and to the east of Kapteyn. This crater appears foreshortened due to its location, but the rim is nearly circular when viewed from orbit.

The rim of La Pérouse is not significantly worn by subsequent impacts, and its features are well-defined. Terraces line much of the inner wall, and there is a small outer rampart. There are also small outward bulges in the rim to the south-southeast and south-southwest. Within the interior floor is a central ridge offset to the northeast of the midpoint, and this formation is somewhat elongated to the southeast. There is a small crater (La Pérouse D) in the southeastern part of the floor.

The crater's name was approved by the IAU in 1935. The name is sometimes spelled 'La Peyrouse'.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to La Pérouse.

The small but bright La Pérouse A is surrounded by a ray system (higher albedo ejecta). D lies at the south tip of the central peak, and E is a subdued crater to the east.

title: La Pérouse (crater)


text:
CHED

CHED or "Ched" may refer to:

 * Commission on Higher Education (disambiguation)
 * CHED (AM), a radio station (630 AM) licensed to Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
 * Ched Evans, Welsh footballer
 * Ched Myers, American theologian
 * Ched Towns, Australian adventurer

title: CHED