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User talk:JustDerek

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(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 13:18, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Musicals
Hi! I'm leaving you this message because your name is listed as a participant in WikiProject Musicals (previously WikiProject Broadway) or I feel you may be interested in the project. It seems that the project has laid dormant for quite awhile, but I would like to work toward getting it up and operative. I have a few ideas that I've outlined on the talk page, and would love your input. Working together, I think we can signifigantly improve the quality of the articles relating to musicals on Wikipedia. — Music Maker  06:14, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Great info box for Earl Rogers article
I really like the info box you added recently. I hadn't seen that photo before. I was surprised how difficult it was to find ANY photos of Rogers, actually!

Cbarlow3 (talk) 22:27, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Edits to History of Portland, Oregon
Thank you for working to improve the article, but why remove citations? I know in general with academic pieces that if the citation supports the entire paragraph, then you only use one footnote, but Wikipedia is not an academic article. There are several issues that arise on Wikipedia when only a single footnote is used for a paragraph. First, only you know that the single footnote at the end supports the entire paragraph. If this was just your own article, such as in the academic world, no problem, as you would be the only author, but on Wikipedia you would be one of many. Secondly, and very related to the first, is that Wikipedia is a dynamic work, and four months from now when someone inserts text into one of those paragraphs, then no one knows if that single footnote at the end is now accurate. I for one have actually witnessed where one author did just as you did and reduce citations to a single footnote for a paragraph, and months later that same editor then went back and tagged a sentence within one of those paragraphs with a citation needed tag. One, that shows some poor behavior in my opinion by that author, but more importantly it demonstrates the problem when a single footnote is used to support an entire paragraph. Just some food for thought. Aboutmovies (talk) 05:42, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

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title: User talk:JustDerek


text:
Talk:List of South-East European Jews

[Untitled]
Alexander Beliavsky was born and raised in Lviv, Ukraine. He moved in Slovenia in late '90s.
 * True. However, he is now a Slovenian citizen and plays chess for Slovenia, so it is appropriate to list him here. (Regarding his Jewishness, he is listed at the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia. However, this site does not differentiate between people of full and part Jewish ancestry, and contains the occasional error. Hence he is currently marked unconfirmed.) Juko 13:42, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ivan Shishman's father was not Jewish. There is talk that his mother, Sarah, may have been but that is highly speculative. I am also close to 100% sure that Pancho Vladigerov was not of Jewish descent. I will provide evidence soon.

what's South Park's Kyle gotta do with Serbia?

X-Americans
Per standards for X-American lists, people of first-generation American birth are categorized on X-Americans list, not by their ethnic background. Note that Jennifer Aniston's father was Greek-born, we don't categorize her on List of Greeks. 65.10.45.212 16:00, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Please provide a link to the relevant Wikipedia policy.--20.138.246.89 16:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * WikiProject Ethnic groups/Rules for lists of X-Americans. It is an impossibility to merge X-American lists with their European counterparts as you are claiming. 65.10.45.212 16:07, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

This is not a policy; it's a discussion. Further, the position you advance is not mentioned.--20.138.246.89 16:17, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * We do not categorize people based on their ancestry when they are American-born. It is a very simple policy that has been held up on nearly every other list. Do you suggest the merging of List of German Americans with list of Germans? If not, why not? If you wish, we can consult a user who has worked on X-American lists, and they'll tell you the same thing I am. Shall we? 65.10.45.212 16:39, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Please provide a link to the relevant Wikipedia policy. The opinion of one editor does not make Wikipedia policy.--20.138.246.89 16:41, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Not all wikipedian standards are enumerated. Link me to a policy that says we can add people to a list based solely on their great grandparent's ancestry. They are standards that arise from discussion. If you wish, we will bring several editors to help clear up this mess. Also note that you have broken the three-revert-rule on this page. But I will not bother to report it because that is simply spiteful. 65.10.45.212 16:56, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

By all means delete everyone on the list with only a Jewish great-grandparent, and bring as many editors as you like. And 3RR doesn't apply in this case, as I am fixing deliberate attempts to damage the page (and of course you made the fourth edit first).--20.138.246.89 17:01, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This discussion isn't about who's Jewish, its about who counts as an X-American. Not that it matters, but you clearly made four reverts to my three on this page, so I'm not sure what you're talking about. 65.10.45.212 17:07, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

This isn't a list of X-Americans, it's the List of South-East European Jews, so who counts as an X-American is irrelevant. --20.138.246.89 17:12, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Yet you keep re-adding many X-Americans to this list. How about we get a third opinion and form a deal? If the third opinion states that we can't be going around adding X-Americans to European country lists, you agree to allow the removal of them. If the third opinion states that it is fine to list people based on their ethnic origins and suggests we do away with X-American lists, I'll agree to leave them on here. Ok? A quick end. 65.10.45.212 17:14, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

No, there is no reason why someone cannot be on two lists. Would anyone argue that someone born and educated in Greece but who spent most of his or her life in America was not both Greek and Greek-American? I'm quite happy to ask some of the people editing List of Czech Jews for an opinion.--20.138.246.89 17:20, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Also you missed the point. People born in Greece are a whole different story. I only removed American-borns. 65.10.45.212 17:23, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * If you agree, I will list this on Third Opinion. Sound alright? 65.10.45.212 17:23, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

I am happy for you to put it on that page if you put the options fairly and refer to all the lists in dispute.--20.138.246.89 17:25, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You can edit it if you feel its unfair, but I wouldn't do that. 65.10.45.212 17:26, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok its listed. See if its ok. 65.10.45.212 17:32, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have to go. You can edit what your position is but preferably leave mine alone. I'll be back later today. 65.10.45.212 17:39, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Comment from Third Party
Coming from WP:3O, I have the following comment: Policies and guidelines provides an overview on how WP works. They do not (with some exceptions) detail exactly what should and should not be included or excluded. Rather, editors must come to an agreement on what is relevant. In this case, if there's consensus, or even a supermajority, among editors for WikiProject Ethnic groups/Rules for lists of X-Americans, that may be applicable here.

However, more important is WP:VERIFY and WP:NPOV. In the case of Aniston (just an example), if she's normally referred to as an American, that's what she is (even if you could find one or two sources saying she's Greek), unless she refers to herself as Greek. -- Steve Hart 02:07, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Seems eminently sensible. So there's no reason to have mass-removals of people just because they are also on other lists.  Obviously, if anyone queries any specific names on the list, they can flag them    in the usual way.--20.138.246.89 09:46, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not uncommon for people to be mentioned more than once or be on several lists in WP. However, you should avoid categorizing a person as American in one article while the same person is categorized as Greek (to use the Aniston example) in a different article. You need consistency. In a "normal" article this kind of a disagreement can easily be solved by first mentioning the dominant view (that Aniston is an American), and then add that she has Greek ancestors or that many in Greece regards her as Greek, see WP:NPOV.
 * Unfortunately, this solution doesn't work for lists where there's only room for one viewpoint (the dominant one). Thus, Aniston could be placed on "List of Americans", "List of Greek-Americans" (possibly) or "List of famous people with Greek ancestors", but not on "List of Greeks", provided that the dominant view is that she's an America (which appears to me to be the case). Hope this helps. -- Steve Hart 15:43, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Hi Steve. Using your Aniston example, I drew parallels to all the removed names:

 * Alan Arkin, actor (Greek descent)

The dominant view is that this person is American (born in America, raised in America). Accordingly, he has Greek ancestors, just like any other American has X ancestors. Thus, he could possibly be put on List of Greek Americans if the ancestry is recent enough for him to consider himself Greek-American. Aniston has Greek desent too but we don't put her on a list of Greeks either.
 * Hank Azaria, actor (Greek grandparents)

His grandparents are from Greece, but the dominant view is this person is an American actor/comedian, born and raised in America, 2nd generation. He may barely qualify for List of Greek Americans, but a full-blown list of Greeks? Aniston has closer ties to Greece and she is seen as more American too. As per above, we wouldn't put her on a list of Greeks, so Azaria shouldn't either.

 * Gabrielle Carteris, tv actress (Greek parents)

Apparently this American actresses parents were Greek (born in Greece? We don't know.) Aniston's father was born in Greece. The dominant view is that she is American (born here, raised here) so at best she is a Greek American, like Aniston.

 * Diane von Fürstenberg, fashion designer (Greek mother)

This person only has one Greek parent. They were born in Belgium and later moved to America. The dominant view appears to be that she is an American, of mixed ancestry, like any America. She may pass of as Belgian given she was born there. Her mother was born in Greece. Aniston's father was born in Greece. Yet as we don't put Aniston, we would't but Furstenberg.

 * Edgar Moren, sociologist (Greek Jewish parents who migrated to France)

can't find much of any information on this person to begin with.

 * Jamie-Lynn Sigler, actress (Greek father)

Sigler has a Greek father (actually mixed Greek/Romanian father). Aniston has a Greek father. Both were born and raised in USA. Both may identify as Greek-Americans, but neither would go on a full list of Greeks.
 * Nicholas Sarkozy

This politicial is seen almost ubiquitously as French despite Hungarian and Greek ancestry. He was born in France, raised in France to a Hungarian father and mother of mixed French-Greek(Jewish) ancestry. Simirlarly, Aniston has rather close Greek ancestry and she was born and raised in the USA. We wouldn't put her on a list of Greeks, so why put Sarkozy (especially considering such distant ancestry)? He could perhaps qualify for the category Category:Greek-French people
 * Edward Zander, CEO of Motorola (Greek mother)

Zander had a Greek mother. Aniston had a Greek father. Both were born and raised in America. As we would not add Aniston to a list of greeks, we would equivalently not add Zander. Greek-Americans, possibly yes.

 * Silvio Santos

Brazilian is much like "American". It is considered a nationality as nobody is ethnically Brazilian. Sivlio Santos has a Greek parent (and a Turkish one). Aniston has a Greek parent. Santos was born and raised in Brazil. Aniston was born and raised in US. WE don't put Aniston on a list of Greeks. We wouldn't put Santos. He probably qualifies as Category:Greek-Brazilians

Hopefully now, without further objections, we can see why each was removed and most were moved to List of Greek Americans. 65.10.36.51 21:17, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Sampras
Despite the source saying he's a Greek Jew, Sampras explains his family's background in great detail here: http://www.tennisserver.com/netgame/netgame_10_2_96.html. Pete Sampras was born in the United States. 141.213.212.42 05:14, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * And in that reference he describes himself as Greek and Jewish. "Sampras: I'm 75 percent Greek, 25 percent Jewish. My Dad's Jewish. My Mom was born and raised in Greece; she's 100 percent Greek. My Dad's mother was Jewish, but his father is Greek. That's where we got the Sampras name. A Greek Jew."  What the third opinion above said was "In the case of Aniston (just an example), if she's normally referred to as an American, that's what she is (even if you could find one or two sources saying she's Greek), unless she refers to herself as Greek."  Sampras passes that test.--20.138.246.89 13:46, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * So all American celebrities who mention their family's ancestry should be put on lists of those nationalities? There's a Vanessa Carleton quote on List of Russian-Americans where she's says she's half-Russian. Should she be on List of Russians then? 141.213.212.42 17:38, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

This is the third opinion that you requested, and you were happy with it.--20.138.246.89 10:26, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It must be nice to think only one person has noticed your streak of contradictory edits. Wait, didn't I provide the third opinion too? And make this list?? Wouldn't that make it null and void? I admit, this a good method by which to avoid answering questions. Your digression to misconstrued personal diatribe proves to me there's honestly no hope of trying to find a consensus with you on the talk page before reverting. Likely, this will be the type of answers I get from now on. Since when is the "dominant view" that Pete Sampras is Greek and not American? Anybody when asked about their background is going to say "I'm [part] [half] [50%] [1/2] [25%] [1/4] Whatever." That has nothing to do with the opinion provided. You can find just about anything saying someone is something. . This doesn't make it the dominant view. 141.213.212.42 12:16, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

This is ridiculous. The compromise was that we would get a Third Opinion. This opinion was that an American was an American unless they referred to themselves as Greek. Where does "dominant view" come in? Are you now repudiating the Third Opinion? --20.138.246.89 13:44, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * If you would have read the third opinion carefully, maybe then you would understand it still applies to this case, and judging from your contact with the giver, you'll see he'll mention the same thing. It is not the dominant view that Pete Sampras is Greek. Because somebody asked him his ancestry and he responded "Greek," doesn't qualify him for this list than any other American celebrity who was asked that question.

 * "In the case of Aniston (just an example), if she's normally referred to as an American, that's what she is (even if you could find one or two sources saying she's Greek), unless she refers to herself as Greek." The third opinion basically negates your first source since "even if you ould find one or two sources saying he/she's Greek" referes to he page that calls Sampars a Greek Jew as opposed to an American. In the other source, Sampras was asked what his background was. Clearly, he's going to say "I'm _____" in response to that question. That doesn't mean that Sampras refers to himself as Greek more often than American (or Greek-American), because he was asked of his BACKGROUND; he's not going to respond "I'm American" to that question. I'm beginning to doubt you even read the third opinion. 141.213.210.40 03:06, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Rather than having you guess what Mr Hart meant, let's wait and see what he says.--20.138.246.89 16:00, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Sourcing check for WP:FACT
I was asked by an anonymous editor to check into the referenced information regarding Pete Sampras. I will make my response here in case the IP is a dynamic one. (By the way, perhaps both of you should register for accounts, having a stable talk page makes communication much easier!) It appears the source of Sampras' quote is from a 1996 interview, which can be found here. In it, Sampras does state that he is 25% Jewish, from his father's side. However, he declines to identify himself as a Jew here, and there seems to be a significant consensus among the Jewish community that only matrilineal Jewish ancestry "counts" toward being Jewish. Finally, the source cited, "standwithus", is of questionable reliability-it is pretty evidently partisan, and I see little evidence of peer review or editorial control. As the information regards a living person, I have removed it per WP:BLP, and would ask that it not be added again unless a better source can be found showing that Sampras has been identified as Jewish by a more reliable source, or has unequivocally self-identified as such. (He certainly would fit on, for example, a "List of people with Jewish ancestry", if such were to exist.) Seraphimblade 01:02, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Hi. Just one point. I don't believe that there is a "significant consensus among the Jewish community that only matrilineal Jewish ancestry "counts" toward being Jewish." To the contrary, I believe it is the offical policy of the Reform movement (which I believe is greater in number in the US than the Orthodox movement), that patrilinal Jewish ancestry counts. Cheers. --Epeefleche 22:34, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Sources for some
Ammiel Alcalay Bosnian? Moise Rahmani Greek? Edgar Morin Greek? Yosef Lapid Serbian? Lavoslav Glesinger Jewish? Olivier Strelli Greek? Thomas Nagel Serbian?

William Feller
I added William Feller to the list of Croatian Jews.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of South-East European Jews


text:
User:Steinbach

I'm not doing a single edit at the English Wikipedia. It always, always, always gets reverted by senior editors with more authority.

Just rot and die!

title: User:Steinbach


text:
Chai Wan Road

Chai Wan Road located in Hong Kong, is one of the major roads in Chai Wan on Hong Kong Island. It runs from Shau Kei Wan to Chai Wan through Chai Wan Gap; with one of the steepest inclines in Hong Kong on either side, with signs posted 1 in 10 gradient. It is therefore popularly referred to as Cheung Meng Che (長命斜), or long-lived incline.

The road was the only way towards Chai Wan before the opening of the Island Eastern Corridor and MTR Island line. Currently, it is still the only pedestrian route connecting to Chai Wan.

Route
From West to East:

Chai Wan Road starts from the connection with Shau Kei Wan Road and the off-ramp from the Island Eastern Corridor and then goes uphill through Chai Wan Gap. After junctioning with Tai Tam Road, it goes downhill into central Chai Wan, and intersects the Island Eastern Corridor's eastern terminus and Wan Tsui Road at a roundabout, before turning north-east and turning sharply to the east at the junction with Wing Tai Road and flows into Siu Sai Wan Road to the east at Sun Yip Street.

Accidents
On 19 November 2012, three men were killed and 56 people were injured when a New World First Bus's driver became unconscious and hit a Kowloon Motor Bus and a taxi. British citizen Ivan Aranto Herrera Jorge and Swede Carl Magnus Lindgren, members of celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal's culinary team, were among the dead.

On 16 September 2017, a Citybus on route 118 was travelling along Chai Wan Road when one of its passengers was stabbed on the upper deck near Fu Shing Court. The suspect subsequently smashed open the window and jumped out in an attempted suicide. While no one else was injured, the victim succumbed to her injuries after being transported to Eastern Hospital. The suspect was eventually convicted of murder in December 2020 sentenced to life imprisonment in 2021.

On 20 January 2018, a truck whose crane was raised while driving on Chai Wan Road crashed into a bridge. No one was injured and the driver was stuck in the vehicle for an hour and half until being rescued.

Major buildings
From West to East:
 * Salesian English School
 * Island Garden
 * Shau Kei Wan Fire Station
 * Shau Kei Wan East Government Secondary School
 * Shau Kei Wan Government Secondary School
 * Shan Tsui Court
 * Hing Man Estate
 * Koway Court
 * Hing Wah Estate
 * Law Uk Folk Museum
 * Youth Square
 * New Jade Gardens
 * Chai Wan station
 * Wan Tsui Estate
 * Chai Wan Municipal Services Building
 * Lok Hin Terrace
 * Yue Wan Estate
 * Sheng Kung Hui Chai Wan St. Michael's Primary School
 * (互聯優勢大廈) (One of the major Internet housing locations of Asia)

title: Chai Wan Road


text:
Equidistant

A point is said to be equidistant from a set of objects if the distances between that point and each object in the set are equal.

In two-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the locus of points equidistant from two given (different) points is their perpendicular bisector. In three dimensions, the locus of points equidistant from two given points is a plane, and generalising further, in n-dimensional space the locus of points equidistant from two points in n-space is an (n−1)-space.

For a triangle the circumcentre is a point equidistant from each of the three vertices. Every non-degenerate triangle has such a point. This result can be generalised to cyclic polygons: the circumcentre is equidistant from each of the vertices. Likewise, the incentre of a triangle or any other tangential polygon is equidistant from the points of tangency of the polygon's sides with the circle. Every point on a perpendicular bisector of the side of a triangle or other polygon is equidistant from the two vertices at the ends of that side. Every point on the bisector of an angle of any polygon is equidistant from the two sides that emanate from that angle.

The center of a rectangle is equidistant from all four vertices, and it is equidistant from two opposite sides and also equidistant from the other two opposite sides. A point on the axis of symmetry of a kite is equidistant between two sides.

The center of a circle is equidistant from every point on the circle. Likewise the center of a sphere is equidistant from every point on the sphere.

A parabola is the set of points in a plane equidistant from a fixed point (the focus) and a fixed line (the directrix), where distance from the directrix is measured along a line perpendicular to the directrix.

In shape analysis, the topological skeleton or medial axis of a shape is a thin version of that shape that is equidistant from its boundaries.

In Euclidean geometry, parallel lines (lines that never intersect) are equidistant in the sense that the distance of any point on one line from the nearest point on the other line is the same for all points.

In hyperbolic geometry the set of points that are equidistant from and on one side of a given line form a hypercycle (which is a curve not a line).

title: Equidistant


text:
Talk:Changi Prison

whitewash
Let's be sure this page isn't being sanitized. This is the camp the James Clavell spent 3 years in. It is the camp he writes about in the novel King Rat. It is the camp that is referred to in Clavell's New York Times obituary as a camp where only one out of every 15 prisoners survived. It may take someone doing further research but this is just too much of a stark contrast to what is claimed on this wiki page. Jackhammer111 (talk) 02:03, 17 January 2021 (UTC)
 * The specific section of which the period Clavell was sent to here at is Changi Prison. I don't think it is just a stark contrast to what is claimed on this wiki page or sanitised, conversely, what is needed is an expansion of the section. This page has had a chronic lack of research and expansion done. I had done the expansion for the initial history, and anyone else is free to expand on the rest of the article. I am happy to circle back on this article, but only when I have the free time to potentially having to dig through archives at the national library. – robertsky (talk) 05:26, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

This page got vandalised.
The content of this page has been defaced from a prison to a slaughterhouse, alongside some bold irrelevant text. 116.14.54.22 (talk) 17:00, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Changi Prison


text:
1834 in sports

1834 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

Boxing
Events
 * Still trying to fight Jem Ward for the English Championship, James Burke travels from town to town giving boxing exhibitions to raise the money. Ward, who refuses to fight Burke, keeps raising the stakes to avoid the fight.  The question of the title remains unresolved with Ward officially retired and Burke under a stigma following the death of Simon Byrne in 1833.

Chess

 * The La Bourdonnais – McDonnell chess matches take place at the Westminster Chess Club in London. They are a series of matches between Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais of France and Alexander McDonnell of Ireland. The matches confirm La Bourdonnais as the leading chess player in the world.

Cricket
Events England
 * Fuller Pilch reaches his peak as a top-class batsman, scoring 551 runs at an unprecedented average of 61.22, an outstanding achievement on the unpredictable pitches of his time.
 * Most runs – Fuller Pilch 551 @ 61.22 (HS 153*)
 * Most wickets – William Lillywhite 38 (BB 7–?)

Horse racing
England
 * 1,000 Guineas Stakes – May-day
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Glencoe
 * The Derby – Plenipotentiary
 * The Oaks – Pussy
 * St. Leger Stakes – Touchstone

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race is not held this year

title: 1834 in sports


text:
Zud

A zud, dzud (зуд), dzhut, zhut, djut, or jut (, жут, джут) is a periodic disaster in steppe, semi-desert and desert regions in Mongolia and Central Asia (including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan) in which large numbers of livestock die, primarily due to starvation, being unable to graze due to particular severe climatic conditions. Various kinds of zud are recognized, depending on the particular type of climatic conditions. In winter it may be caused by an impenetrable ice crust, and in summer it may happen due to drought. The literal translation of the Kazakh word 'жұт' is "devourer".

One-third of Mongolia's population depends entirely on pastoral farming for its livelihood, which contributes to 80% of its agricultural output and 11% of the country's GDP. Harsh zuds can cause economic crises and food security issues in the country.

Description
In Mongolia, the following types of zud are recognized:

 * tsagaan (white) zud results from high snowfall that prevents livestock from reaching the grass. It is a frequent and serious disaster that has caused a great number of deaths.
 * khar (black) zud results from a lack of snowfall in grazing areas, leading to both livestock and humans lacking water. This type of zud does not occur every year, nor does it affect large areas. It mostly happens in the Gobi Desert region.
 * tumur (iron) zud results from a short wintertime warming, followed by a return to sub-freezing temperatures. The snow melts and then freezes again, producing an impenetrable ice-cover that prevents livestock from grazing.
 * huiten (cold) zud occurs when the temperature drops to very low levels for several days. The cold temperature and the strong winds prevent livestock from grazing; the animals have to use most of their energy to keep warm.
 * havsarsin (combined) zud is a combination of at least two of the above types of zud.
 * tuuvaryin zud is when any of the above are geographically widespread, and may include complications such as overgrazing.

In Kazakhstan there is a proverb that "Djut has seven relatives" (жұт жеты агайынды). When interpreted, seven severe natural conditions are mentioned (not always the same), e.g., summer drought, grass drying out, early winter, deep snow, winter rains, ice crust, blizzard.

Man-made factors
Human factors worsen the situation caused by the harsh winters. Under the communist regime, the state regulated the size of the herds to prevent overgrazing. The 1990s saw a deregulation of Mongolia's economy and a simultaneous growth in worldwide demand for cashmere wool, which is made from goat hair. As a result, the number of goats in Mongolia has increased significantly. Unlike sheep, goats tend to damage the grass by nibbling at its roots; their sharp hooves also damage the upper layer of the pasture, which is subsequently swept away by the wind. This leads to desertification. Additionally, climate change has resulted in snowier winters and stronger droughts, both of which contribute to harsher and more frequent zuds.

Mitigation
Some traditional methods to protect the livestock from such inclement weather conditions include drying and storing cut grass during the summer months, and collecting sheep and goat dung to build dried flammable blocks called kizyak in Central Asia and аргал (аргал түлш) in Mongolia. Dried grass can be fed to animals to prevent death from starvation when zud occurs. The kizyak, or blocks of sheep and goat dung, are stacked to make a wall that protects the animals from the wind chills, and keep them warm enough to withstand the harsh conditions. These blocks can also be burnt as fuel during the winter. These methods are still practiced today in the westernmost parts of Mongolia, and areas formerly part of the Zuun Gar nation.

Because of the semi-permanent structure of the winter shelter for their livestock and the cold, most – if not all – nomads engage in transhumance (seasonal migration). They have winter locations to spend the winter, which are in a valley protected by mountains on most sides from the wind, while in the summer they move to more open space.

Extent and history
It is not uncommon for zuds to kill over one million head of livestock in a given winter. The 1944 record of almost seven million head of livestock lost was surpassed in the 21st century.

The arctic oscillation in both 1944–45 and in 2010 was pushed much deeper into Central Asia, bringing prolonged extreme cold weather. In 1999–2000, 2000–2001, and 2001–2002, Mongolia was hit by three zuds in a row, in which a combined number of 11 million animals were lost.

During the winter of 2009–2010, 80% of the country's territory was covered with a snow blanket of 200–600mm (7-24 inches). In the Uvs aimag, extreme cold (night temperature of −48 °C / −54 °F) remained for almost 50 days. 9,000 families lost their entire herds while a further 33,000 suffered 50% loss. The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry reported 2,127,393 head of livestock were lost as of 9 February 2010 (188,270 horse, cattle, camel and 1,939,123 goat and sheep). The agriculture ministry predicted that livestock losses might reach four million before the end of winter; however, by May 2010, the United Nations reported that eight million, or about 17% of the country's entire livestock, had died.

In the winter of 2015–2016, extreme temperatures were again recorded and the previous summer's drought led to insufficient hay fodder reserves for many herders, which caused another ongoing loss of livestock.

The zud of winter 2023–2024 has been particularly substantial with 2 million animals dead by late February, which had increased to 5 million by late March, and to 7.1 million animals by early June, representing over 10% of the country's livestock population.

Social consequences
Some herders who lose all of their animals to zud have to seek a new life in the cities. Mongolia's capital, Ulaanbaatar, is surrounded by clusters of wooden houses without roads, water or sewage systems. Lacking in education and skills to survive in an urban environment, many displaced herders cannot find work and become extremely poor, may become addicted to alcohol, and may commit crime. Others risk their lives in dangerous illegal mining jobs.

title: Zud


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jan haapala

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE. —Korath (Talk) 18:25, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Jan haapala
Should Jan haapala be deleted? 193.167.132.66 13:32, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Not notable --Henrygb 13:30, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like a vanity article of a non-notable person. Almost devoid of content. 193.167.132.66 13:32, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Thue | talk 13:38, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to speedy it, content was: Jan Haapala was born in 1982 in Nacka, Sweden. He's famouse for singing "Horungar!" whenever he's drunk. jni 13:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Acritic songs

The Acritic songs (Ακριτικά τραγούδια "frontiersmen songs") are the epic poems that emerged in the Byzantine Empire probably around the ninth century. The songs celebrated the exploits of the Akritai, the frontier guards defending the eastern borders of the Byzantine Empire. The historical background was the almost continuous Arab–Byzantine wars between the seventh and twelfth centuries. Against this background several romances were produced, the most famous of which is that of Digenes Akritas, considered by some to signal the beginnings of modern Greek literature.

Subject
Written in Medieval Greek, the Acritic songs deal with the heroic deeds (ανδραγαθίες) of ἀκρίτες ("frontiersmen"), warriors that lived near the Arab frontiers and fought against the enemy. The constant state of war in the region and the repeated confrontations with the Arabs inspired poets to write down tales of chivalry as a response to a society that wished to be informed or hear details, whether factual or imaginary, of the adventures caused by enemy invasions or of the martial valor of their countrymen who drove the enemy out. The fate of the local civilians — who after each invasion often had to face the loss of family members as well as their own pain — is also a major theme.

The invasion and riposte, the hatred for the invader, the desire for revenge, the fate of female prisoners and the endeavours undertaken to achieve their rescue, all inspire the poet who, based on direct narrations by eyewitnesses, organises and develops this pool of information and emotions into a live language with an easily memorable verse. The poet also narrates in recitation, or in a simple, recurring, and easily taught pace, the enslavement, duels, massacres, escapes, release of captives, and often the bonds of affection between kidnappers and women that led to marriage and reconciliation.

Origins
Most academics trace the origins of Byzantine Akritic chivalric romance to the oral epic poetry of the ninth and tenth centuries. Greek scholar Sokrátes Kuyás (Σωκράτης Κουγέας) dates the earliest reference to oral epics of the tenth century to a speech given by bishop Arethas of Caesarea condemning the local αγύρται (ayirte, the Greek counterpart of troubadours) of Paphlagonia for glorifying violent acts instead of the saints and God. Kougeas aptly observed that Arethas suggests a tradition developed at that time exactly in central Anatolia, which was the cradle of Acritic literature. The preservation of such important oral songs in Asia Minor up to 1922, when the entire region was depopulated of Greeks, proves that Kougeas's assumption is valid.

These folk singers may have been professionals, or semi-professionals that temporarily abandoned their jobs to sing their songs for pay. This tradition remains today in Cyprus with the ποιηταράδες ("chanters") that sing regularly in festivals and holidays.

A famous theory from specialist Roderick Beaton is that the poem of Digenes Akritas was first written in the capital, Constantinople, during the twelfth century, using elements from the military landed aristocracy, originally from the empire's Asian provinces. These had fled to the capital after the establishment of the Sultanate of Rum in the mid-eleventh century.

They made the songs to keep their culture alive, giving attention to skills in war, personal honour and courage, and an aristocratic way of life.

Background
With the early Muslim conquests came a life of warfare for the residents of the easternmost territories. Syria was occupied in 640 and from then on, every year, Saracens attempted invasions in Asia Minor, carrying off captives on their way back. Cities were usually retaken by the Byzantine army, with the exception of Tarsus and Adana, which remained under occupation until the tenth century; but each year, after the invaders left, the pain and suffering of the inhabitants remained, along with their despair for their beloved ones that were missing. This continuous state of warfare set the stage for Acritic poetry.

The hero of these poems, the Ακρίτης (Akritis), is the personification of all Byzantine soldiers that guarded those territories. As early as emperor Alexander Severus, soldiers were vested with land that would pass on to their sons in exchange for their service in the army. Justinian I consolidated these lands as tax-free, the owners of which Procopius names as λιμιτανέοι (limitanei). With the creation of the Byzantine theme system the landowners were given further privileges, that also excluded lakes from taxes. During the reign of Constantine VII, Akritic lands were not allowed to be sold, even with the consent of the owner. This was necessary for the preservation of cavalry which was important for dealing with thieves (απελάτες). Following Byzantine successes against the Arabs after the tenth century, the borderlands were stabilised, tensions between them settled down, and attention was diverted away from foreign affairs towards internal dangers.

Poems
Most poems did not survive the Ottoman occupation of Greece, and only a fraction remains of the original number of works, yet the ones we do hold today were famous enough to have existed in enough copies to survive. The most well known oral songs were written down and copied in great numbers, the most exceptional case being the Digenes Akritas which was well known even in Western Europe, outside the Byzantine Empire.

The most important Acritic romances are:
 * Digenes Akritas (Διγενής Ακρίτας)
 * Andronicus' Steed (Ο Ανδρόνικος και ο Μαύρος του)
 * Son of Andronicus (Ο υιός του Ανδρόνικου)
 * Song of Armouris (Το άσμα του Αρμούρη)

Legacy
Acritis, as a representation of Acritic poetry, is greatly influential in modern Greek literature. Besides its prose of popular idiom which went on to influence and shape modern Greek, the poems themselves were nationalistic enough in character that they became a symbol of Greek continuity. Byzantine nationalism during the formation of the Greek state and in the age of the new "Megali Idea" was widened and intensified. Kostis Palamas, among the greatest of Greek poets, was preparing his own version of Digenis Acrites before his death. Byzantine history as part of Greece's wider history derives from historian Constantine Paparrigopoulos and it is that which inspired Palamas in one of his poems ("Iambs and Anapaests") to praise the hero of Digenis Acrites as the connecting link between the Greece of the Greco-Persian Wars and the 1821 Greek Revolution:

With the defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) signaling the death of the "Megali Idea", and along with population exchange that emptied Anatolia of Greeks, the legend of Akritas was weakened, although not completely erased. After World War II, Nikos Kazantzakis planned on writing his own poem centered on Acritas, who this time would not be the personification of a nation but of the higher and continuous spiritual fight of man. Its historical context would not be Byzantine.

title: Acritic songs


text:
Wick, West Sussex

Wick is a suburb of Littlehampton in the Arun district of West Sussex, England. Originally a separate village, it now forms part of the built up area around the town and is on the A284 road 1 miles (1 km) to the north of Littlehampton.

There is an annual summer festival held in Wick. The Church Hall (Wick Hall) is one of the largest in the area, there are several flint Victorian buildings including All Saints Church, Lyminster School and one thatched cottage.

History
The village of Wick formed around Wick Manor, established after the Norman Conquest of 1066. It has an ancient Roman Brick/clay making site, (this now lies under a road called 'Potters Mead', off Courtwick Road). Wick had an Art Deco era Steam Laundry built in the 1920s, it has now been demolished.

An Alleyway or Twitten that passes by the site of the former True Blue public house, is known locally as 'Dark Alley' due to the black clinker surface laid down along its route.

During the early 1990s some areas of Wick had developed a reputation for drug and alcohol addiction, high teenage pregnancy, and low ‘community esteem’ this resulted in the establishment of a Christian charity called "The WIRE project" to address these issues. In recent years, efforts have been made to improve the quality of Wick's social housing, with many being refurbished.

In 1901 Wick became a separate civil parish, being formed from part of Lyminster, on 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished and merged with Littlehampton. In 1951 the parish had a population of 4138.

Sport and leisure
Wick has a Non-League football club Wick F.C. who play at Crabtree Park.

title: Wick, West Sussex


text:
User talk:Arunib

Arun.I.B ,a student of electronics and communication engineering.

Country:          India; State:            Kerala; Mother tongue:    Malayalam; Blog:             http://enthymemes.blogspot.com; Web-site:         http://arunib.googlepages.com;

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Speedy deletion nomination of TeNet Group

A tag has been placed on TeNet Group requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

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Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 22:04, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Thank you :)
Thank you for the barnstar Arun :)

You would be surprised to know that there are a lot more of us. Just in case you don't know, there is an active Wikipedia in Malayalam too. Wishing you a wonderful wiki experience in both places -- Raziman T V (talk) 21:32, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

A WikiLove for you!
Thanks for the barnstar :)

Multipacket Reception
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Vaduvanchal published
 Vaduvanchal, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. You are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. Note that because you are a logged-in user, you can create articles yourself, and don't have to post a request. However, you are more than welcome to continue submitting work to Articles for Creation. Thank you for helping improve Wikipedia!
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 * One small note, the category is Villages in Wayanad district, changing it to Small towns in Wayanad district makes the category stop working. Before applying/changing a category, ensure your intended category actually exists, or the article will become lost. See WP:Categories for more info. MatthewVanitas (talk) 17:20, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arunib


text:
Emma Lahana

Emma Kate Lahana (born c. 1984) is a New Zealand actress. She is known for her roles as Kira Ford, the Yellow Dino Ranger, in Power Rangers Dino Thunder, Jennifer Mason on Haven, and Brigid O'Reilly in Cloak & Dagger.

Career
Lahana played Erin Kingston, a supporting role on the New Zealand TV drama Shortland Street, and also appeared on Street Legal. She also portrayed Fiona in Disney's You Wish!. In 2004, Lahana starred as Kira Ford, the Yellow Power Ranger, on Power Rangers Dino Thunder. For this series, she recorded the songs "Patiently", "Freak You Out", "I'm Over You", "Just a Little", and "True Love" (Ft. Morgan Fairhead).

Lahana began her music career after joining BMI in 2005, although she later quit the industry.

Lahana appeared in an episode of the fourth season of Stargate Atlantis, "Outcast" (S04E15), and as the waitress abducted by a serial killer on a third-season episode of Psych. Lahana appeared in the films Alien Agent (2007) and the true-crime thriller Dear Mr. Gacy (2010), in the latter of which she played the girlfriend of Jason Moss. In 2010, she played the role of Beth in the television miniseries Seven Deadly Sins.

Lahana played a recurring character on the TV series Hellcats, starring Aly Michalka and Ashley Tisdale. She appeared in the music video for Drew Seeley's single "How a Heart Breaks". In 2012, she appeared in the television movie Big Time Movie (2012). In 2013, Lahana was cast in the recurring role of Jennifer Mason on the Syfy drama series, Haven.

In 2018, Lahana was cast as a series regular in the Freeform television series Marvel's Cloak & Dagger, where she played New Orleans police detective Brigid O'Reilly for two seasons from 2018 to 2019.

Personal life
Lahana is Jewish and vegan. She was previously married to New Zealand actor Antony Starr.

title: Emma Lahana


text:
Talk:Nickey line

Name of article
This line was always known as the "Nickey Line" and it was a mistake by the Council to leave out the "e" when building the cycleway - this is confirmed in the Oakwood Press book referred to in the sources who show several examples of tickets with "Nickey" on them. I would propose moving the article to "Nickey Line" unless there are any objections. Lamberhurst (talk) 09:40, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Upon reflection, I would propose leaving this article as named to deal with the cycleway and move the content about the line to a separate article entitled the Harpenden and Hemel Hempstead Railway. This has been done with other articles such as the Cuckoo Line and Cuckoo Trail. Lamberhurst (talk) 19:59, 8 November 2012 (UTC)
 * TBH, at the moment, the cycleway does not appear to be particularly independently notable, the only information given is an apparantly original research description of the route. At present, the article is a coherent description of a railway and its ultimate demise. It then mentions that the track bed has been re-used as a cycleway. Personally, I think your original proposal is to be preferred. If the notability of the cycleway can be shown then I will of course re-consider. Op47 (talk) 20:54, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

Split tag
Someone added a split tag. Over a month later, and no one seemed interested in said tag. As far as I can tell, the Harpenden and Hemel Hempstead Railway is also called the Nicky Line, i.e. the proposed new article and the current article are about the same thing. Given the lack of intrest and the lack of an obvious split, I removed the tag. The tag has been replaced without further explanation of what is intended or why, but protesting the lack of discussion. Can some further information be added so that a sensible discussion take place? Op47 (talk) 13:03, 6 January 2013 (UTC)
 * If you were to look further up this page, you would see that a split was proposed in November by myself and the reasons for so doing are also set out. The two articles are "not the same thing" as one deals with the historical railway line and the other with the cycleway. In accordance with WP:Silence, it is not to be assumed that the proposed is rejected. Quite the opposite, silence=consensus. You had no right to remove that tag and so it has been reinstated. Lamberhurst (talk) 13:14, 6 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Lamberhurst, I can see why you would think I was being rude. I did look for the discussion above, I can assure you of that, and did not see it. I am sorry. Op47 (talk) 20:42, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

 * A split is not appropriate per WP:SPLIT. There is no need to split for either size or content reasons. The section which describes the route applies to both the railway line and the cycle path. That section is in need of attention as it is disproportionately large, and is unsourced, appearing to rely on first hand assessment by the writer rather than reliable sources.  SilkTork  ✔Tea time  18:50, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

Duckhall Gasworks Halt
A station called Duckhall Gasworks Halt appears on the route map of this article but unable to find any further reference to its existence. I have looked on "Disused Stations" website by Nick Catford and in the book "Private and Untimetabled Stations" by G.Croughton and neither mention it. What is worth noting is that there was never a regular passenger service between Hemel Hempstead and Heath Park Halt which are the stations either side. The line was constructed and used by a few freight trains but no regular passenger service on this section of line. Accordingly I have deleted it from the map of the text article on the stations.It requires deleting from the route map on the right hand side of the page of this article.Steamybrian2 (talk) 08:22, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nickey line


text:
Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem

In mathematics, specifically in algebraic geometry, the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem is a far-reaching result on coherent cohomology. It is a generalisation of the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem, about complex manifolds, which is itself a generalisation of the classical Riemann–Roch theorem for line bundles on compact Riemann surfaces.

Riemann–Roch type theorems relate Euler characteristics of the cohomology of a vector bundle with their topological degrees, or more generally their characteristic classes in (co)homology or algebraic analogues thereof. The classical Riemann–Roch theorem does this for curves and line bundles, whereas the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem generalises this to vector bundles over manifolds. The Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem sets both theorems in a relative situation of a morphism between two manifolds (or more general schemes) and changes the theorem from a statement about a single bundle, to one applying to chain complexes of sheaves.

The theorem has been very influential, not least for the development of the Atiyah–Singer index theorem. Conversely, complex analytic analogues of the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem can be proved using the index theorem for families. Alexander Grothendieck gave a first proof in a 1957 manuscript, later published. Armand Borel and Jean-Pierre Serre wrote up and published Grothendieck's proof in 1958. Later, Grothendieck and his collaborators simplified and generalized the proof.

Formulation
Let X be a smooth quasi-projective scheme over a field. Under these assumptions, the Grothendieck group $$K_0(X)$$ of bounded complexes of coherent sheaves is canonically isomorphic to the Grothendieck group of bounded complexes of finite-rank vector bundles. Using this isomorphism, consider the Chern character (a rational combination of Chern classes) as a functorial transformation:

 * $$\mathrm{ch} \colon K_0(X) \to A(X, \Q),$$

where $$A_d(X,\Q)$$ is the Chow group of cycles on X of dimension d modulo rational equivalence, tensored with the rational numbers. In case X is defined over the complex numbers, the latter group maps to the topological cohomology group:

 * $$H^{2\dim(X) - 2d}(X, \Q).$$

Now consider a proper morphism $$f \colon X \to Y$$ between smooth quasi-projective schemes and a bounded complex of sheaves $${\mathcal F^\bull}$$ on $$X.$$

The Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem relates the pushforward map

 * $$f_{!} = \sum (-1)^i R^i f_* \colon K_0(X) \to K_0(Y)$$

(alternating sum of higher direct images) and the pushforward

 * $$f_* \colon A(X) \to A(Y),$$

by the formula

Here $$\mathrm{td}(X)$$ is the Todd genus of (the tangent bundle of) X. Thus the theorem gives a precise measure for the lack of commutativity of taking the push forwards in the above senses and the Chern character and shows that the needed correction factors depend on X and Y only. In fact, since the Todd genus is functorial and multiplicative in exact sequences, we can rewrite the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch formula as

 * $$ \mathrm{ch}(f_{!}{\mathcal F}^\bull) = f_* (\mathrm{ch}({\mathcal F}^\bull) \mathrm{td}(T_f) ),$$

where $$T_f$$ is the relative tangent sheaf of f, defined as the element $$TX - f^*(TY)$$ in $$K_0(X)$$. For example, when f is a smooth morphism, $$T_f$$ is simply a vector bundle, known as the tangent bundle along the fibers of f.

Using A1-homotopy theory, the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem has been extended by to the situation where f is a proper map between two smooth schemes.

Generalising and specialising
Generalisations of the theorem can be made to the non-smooth case by considering an appropriate generalisation of the combination $$\mathrm{ch}(-)\mathrm{td}(X)$$ and to the non-proper case by considering cohomology with compact support. The arithmetic Riemann–Roch theorem extends the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem to arithmetic schemes.

The Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem is (essentially) the special case where Y is a point and the field is the field of complex numbers.

A version of Riemann–Roch theorem for oriented cohomology theories was proven by Ivan Panin and Alexander Smirnov. It is concerned with multiplicative operations between algebraic oriented cohomology theories (such as algebraic cobordism). The Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch is a particular case of this result, and the Chern character comes up naturally in this setting.

Vector bundles on a curve
A vector bundle $$E \to C$$ of rank $$n$$ and degree $$d$$ (defined as the degree of its determinant; or equivalently the degree of its first Chern class) on a smooth projective curve over a field $$k$$ has a formula similar to Riemann–Roch for line bundles. If we take $$X = C$$ and $$Y = \{*\}$$ a point, then the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch formula can be read as

 * $$ \begin{align}

\mathrm{ch}(f_{!}E) &= h^0(C,E) - h^1(C,E) \\ f_*(\mathrm{ch}(E)\mathrm{td}(X))&= f_*((n + c_1(E))(1 + (1/2)c_1(T_C))) \\ &= f_*(n + c_1(E) + (n/2)c_1(T_C)) \\ &= f_*(c_1(E) + (n/2)c_1(T_C)) \\ &= d + n(1-g); \end{align}$$

hence,

 * $$\chi(C,E) = d + n(1-g).$$

This formula also holds for coherent sheaves of rank $$n$$ and degree $$d$$.

Smooth proper maps
One of the advantages of the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch formula is it can be interpreted as a relative version of the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch formula. For example, a smooth morphism $$f\colon X \to Y$$ has fibers which are all equi-dimensional (and isomorphic as topological spaces when base changing to $$\Complex$$). This fact is useful in moduli-theory when considering a moduli space $$\mathcal{M}$$ parameterizing smooth proper spaces. For example, David Mumford used this formula to deduce relationships of the Chow ring on the moduli space of algebraic curves.

Moduli of curves
For the moduli stack of genus $$g$$ curves (and no marked points) $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_g$$ there is a universal curve $$\pi\colon\overline{\mathcal{C}}_g \to \overline{\mathcal{M}}_g$$ where $$\overline{\mathcal{C}}_g = \overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g,1}$$ is the moduli stack of curves of genus $$g$$ and one marked point. Then, he defines the tautological classes

 * $$\begin{align}

K_{\overline{\mathcal{C}}_g/\overline{\mathcal{M}}_g} &= c_1(\omega_{\overline{\mathcal{C}}_g/\overline{\mathcal{M}}_g})\\ \kappa_l &= \pi_*(K^{l+1}_{\overline{\mathcal{C}}_g/\overline{\mathcal{M}}_g}) \\ \mathbb{E} &= \pi_*(\omega_{\overline{\mathcal{C}}_g/\overline{\mathcal{M}}_g}) \\ \lambda_l &= c_l(\mathbb{E}) \end{align}$$

where $$1 \leq l \leq g$$ and $$\omega_{\overline{\mathcal{C}}_g/\overline{\mathcal{M}}_g}$$ is the relative dualizing sheaf. Note the fiber of $$\omega_{\overline{\mathcal{C}}_g/\overline{\mathcal{M}}_g}$$over a point $$[C] \in \overline{\mathcal{M}}_g$$ this is the dualizing sheaf $$\omega_C$$. He was able to find relations between the $$\lambda_i$$ and $$\kappa_i$$ describing the $$\lambda_i$$ in terms of a sum of $$\kappa_i$$ (corollary 6.2) on the chow ring $$A^*(\mathcal{M}_g)$$ of the smooth locus using Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch. Because $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_g$$ is a smooth Deligne–Mumford stack, he considered a covering by a scheme $$\tilde{\mathcal{M}}_g \to \overline{\mathcal{M}}_g$$ which presents $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_g = [\tilde{\mathcal{M}}_g/G]$$ for some finite group $$G$$. He uses Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch on $$\omega_{\tilde{\mathcal{C}}_g/\tilde{\mathcal{M}}_g}$$ to get

 * $$\mathrm{ch}(\pi_!(\omega_{\tilde{\mathcal{C}}/\tilde{\mathcal{M}}})) = \pi_*(\mathrm{ch}(\omega_{\tilde{\mathcal{C}}/ \tilde{\mathcal{M}}}) \mathrm{Td}^\vee(\Omega^1_{\tilde{\mathcal{C}}/\tilde{\mathcal{M}}}))$$

Because

 * $$\mathbf{R}^1\pi_!({\omega _{{\tilde {\mathcal {C}}}_{g}/{\tilde {\mathcal {M}}}_{g}}}) \cong \mathcal{O}_{\tilde{M}},$$

this gives the formula

 * $$\mathrm{ch}(\mathbb{E}) = 1 + \pi_*(\text{ch}(\omega_{\tilde{\mathcal{C}}/\tilde{\mathcal{M}}}) \text{Td}^\vee (\Omega^1_{\tilde{\mathcal{C}}/\tilde{\mathcal{M}}})).$$

The computation of $$\mathrm{ch}(\mathbb{E})$$ can then be reduced even further. In even dimensions $$2k$$,

 * $$\text{ch}(\mathbb{E})_{2k} = 0.$$

Also, on dimension 1,

 * $$\lambda_1 = c_1(\mathbb{E}) = \frac{1}{12}(\kappa_1 + \delta),$$

where $$\delta$$ is a class on the boundary. In the case $$g=2$$ and on the smooth locus $$\mathcal{M}_g$$ there are the relations

 * $$\begin{align}

\lambda_1 &= \frac{1}{12}\kappa_1 \\ \lambda_2 &= \frac{\lambda_1^2}{2} = \frac{\kappa_1^2}{288} \end{align}$$

which can be deduced by analyzing the Chern character of $$\mathbb{E}$$.

Closed embedding
Closed embeddings $$f\colon Y \to X$$ have a description using the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch formula as well, showing another non-trivial case where the formula holds. For a smooth variety $$X$$ of dimension $$n$$ and a subvariety $$Y$$ of codimension $$k$$, there is the formula

 * $$c_k(\mathcal{O}_Y) = (-1)^{k-1}(k-1)![Y]$$

Using the short exact sequence

 * $$0 \to \mathcal{I}_Y \to \mathcal{O}_X \to \mathcal{O}_Y \to 0$$,

there is the formula

 * $$c_k(\mathcal{I}_Y) = (-1)^k(k-1)![Y]$$

for the ideal sheaf since $$1 = c(\mathcal{O}_X) = c(\mathcal{O}_Y)c(\mathcal{I}_Y)$$.

Quasi-projectivity of moduli spaces
Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch can be used in proving that a coarse moduli space $$M$$, such as the moduli space of pointed algebraic curves $$M_{g,n}$$, admits an embedding into a projective space, hence is a quasi-projective variety. This can be accomplished by looking at canonically associated sheaves on $$M$$ and studying the degree of associated line bundles. For instance, $$M_{g,n}$$ has the family of curves

 * $$\pi\colon C_{g,n} \to M_{g,n}$$

with sections

 * $$s_i\colon M_{g,n} \to C_{g,n}$$

corresponding to the marked points. Since each fiber has the canonical bundle $$\omega_{C}$$, there are the associated line bundles $$\Lambda_{g,n}(\pi) = \det(\mathbf{R}\pi_*(\omega_{C_{g,n}/M_{g,n}}))$$ and $$\chi_{g,n}^{(i)} = s_i^*(\omega_{C_{g,n}/M_{g,n}}) .$$ It turns out that

 * $$\Lambda_{g,n}(\pi) \otimes \left(\bigotimes_{i=1}^n \chi_{g,n}^{(i)}\right)$$

is an ample line bundle pg 209, hence the coarse moduli space $$M_{g,n}$$ is quasi-projective.

History
Alexander Grothendieck's version of the Riemann–Roch theorem was originally conveyed in a letter to Jean-Pierre Serre around 1956–1957. It was made public at the initial Bonn Arbeitstagung, in 1957. Serre and Armand Borel subsequently organized a seminar at Princeton University to understand it. The final published paper was in effect the Borel–Serre exposition.

The significance of Grothendieck's approach rests on several points. First, Grothendieck changed the statement itself: the theorem was, at the time, understood to be a theorem about a variety, whereas Grothendieck saw it as a theorem about a morphism between varieties. By finding the right generalization, the proof became simpler while the conclusion became more general. In short, Grothendieck applied a strong categorical approach to a hard piece of analysis. Moreover, Grothendieck introduced K-groups, as discussed above, which paved the way for algebraic K-theory.

title: Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem


text:
Shi Jiuyong

Shi Jiuyong (9 October 1926 – 18 January 2022) was a Chinese judge at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Shi was elected to the ICJ on 6 February 1994, and became President nine years later on 6 February 2003. In 2010, he announced his resignation from the Court effective on 28 May 2010.

Life and career
Shi was born in the port city of Ningbo, in Zhejiang Province, China, on 9 October 1926. His father, an importer and merchant of dyes who had six children, relocated the family to Shanghai in 1927. He grew up in a relatively wealthy household, and was educated in English at the British-run Lester Institute, before going on to study law at Saint John's University, Shanghai, where he obtained a bachelor's degree on politics. Afterward he went to United States and studied at Columbia Law School, New York City, where he obtained postgraduate degree in international law.

From 1956 to 1958, he held various teaching and fellowship positions at international affairs colleges and institutes around Beijing.

He became a professor of international law at the Foreign Affairs College, Beijing, in 1984. From the 1980s, he served as an international law representative of the People's Republic of China through various important international conventions and treaties, including the Sino-British negotiations on the status of Hong Kong. Shi was also a member and chairman of the International Law Commission. He lectured on international law throughout China and the English-speaking world, including a stint at The Hague Academy of International Law.

Shi died on 18 January 2022, at the age of 95.

Rise to the Hague

Shi was elected to the ICJ on 6 February 1994, and became the president on 6 February 2003 at the age of 77. It was the first time that a Chinese judge became president of the ICJ. The foreign minister of the People's Republic of China Tang Jiaxuan sent his personal warm congratulations to Shi.

Selected works
He is the author of numerous publications on international law.
 * 《外交庇护》 (Diplomatic asylum)
 * 《条约法讲演集》 (Lectures on the Law of Treaties)
 * 《南极的法律问题》 (Legal Issues of Antarctica)
 * 《普遍优惠制度与国际贸易》 (The Generalised System of Preferences and International Trade)
 * 《香港与关税和贸易总协定》 (Hong Kong and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

Positions

 * Fellow; Chinese Society of International Law
 * Senior Advisor; China's Legal Advice Centre

Lectures

 * Asia and International Law: A New Era Distinguished Speakers Panel in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
 * The Present and Future Role of the International Court of Justice in the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

title: Shi Jiuyong


text:
Talk:Christine Arron

Orphaned references in Christine Arron
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Christine Arron's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "beijing": From Tahesia Harrigan: Athlete biography: Tahesia Harrigan, beijing2008.cn, ret: Aug 27, 2008 From Vida Anim: Athlete biography: Vida Anim, beijing2008.cn, ret: Aug 27, 2008 From Lauryn Williams: Athlete biography: Lauryn Williams, beijing2008.cn, ret: Aug 27, 2008 From Oludamola Osayomi: Athlete biography: Oludamola Osayomi, beijing2008.cn, ret: Aug 27, 2008

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 03:05, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christine Arron


text: User talk:144.139.121.71

title: User talk:144.139.121.71


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Internal communication

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 18:29, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Internal communication
Cross between bureaucratese jargon, and a dicdef. Radiant! 13:50, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but a complete rewrite is necessary and the title needs to be changed to Internal Communications. Internal Communications is a fast-growing professional field and indicative of a move by big corporations to improve top-down contact between management and employees. It's an important subject and worthy of an article. But the current contents need to be revised considerably. 23skidoo 15:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, rewrite and expand. Megan1967 00:26, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.