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Burghley House

Burghley House is a grand sixteenth-century English country house near Stamford, Lincolnshire. It is a leading example of the Elizabethan prodigy house, built and still lived in by the Cecil family and is Grade I listed.

The exterior largely retains its Elizabethan appearance, but most of the interiors date from remodellings before 1800. The house is open to the public on a seasonal basis and displays a circuit of grand and richly furnished state apartments. Its park was laid out by Capability Brown.

The house is on the boundary of the civil parishes of Barnack and St Martin's Without in the Peterborough unitary authority of Cambridgeshire. It was formerly part of the Soke of Peterborough, an historic area that was traditionally associated with Northamptonshire. It lies 0.9 mi south of Stamford and 10 mi northwest of Peterborough city centre.

The house is now run by the Burghley House Preservation Trust, which is controlled by the Cecil family.

History

Burghley was built for Sir William Cecil, later 1st Baron Burghley, who was Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth I of England, between 1555 and 1587, costing £21,000 at the time. It was modelled on the privy lodgings of Richmond Palace. It was subsequently the residence of his descendants, the Earls, and since 1801, the Marquesses of Exeter. Since 1961, it has been owned by a charitable trust established by the family.

Victoria Leatham (b. 1947), antiques expert and television personality, followed her father, Olympic gold medal-winning athlete, IAAF President and MP, David Cecil, the 6th Marquess, by running the house from 1982 to 2007. The Olympic corridor commemorates her father. Her daughter, Miranda Rock, is now the most active live-in trustee. The Marquessate passed it in 1988 to Victoria's uncle, Martin Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter (1909–1988), and then to his son, William Michael Anthony Cecil (b. 1935), both Canadian ranchers on land originally bought by the 5th Marquess, who have not lived at Burghley.

The house is one of the main examples of stonemasonry and proportion in sixteenth-century English Elizabethan architecture, reflecting the prominence of its founder, and the lucrative wool trade of the Cecil estates. It has a suite of rooms remodelled in the baroque style, with carvings by Grinling Gibbons. The main part of the house has 35 major rooms, on the ground and first floors. There are more than 80 lesser rooms and numerous halls, corridors, bathrooms, and service areas.

In the seventeenth century, the open loggias around the ground floor were enclosed. Although the house was built in the floor plan shape of the Letter E, in honour of Queen Elizabeth, it is now missing its northwest wing. During the period of the 9th Earl's ownership, and under the guidance of the famous landscape architect, Capability Brown, the south front was raised to alter the roof line, and the north-west wing was demolished to allow better views of the new parkland. A chimney-piece after the design of Venetian printmaker Giovanni Battista Piranesi was also added during his tenure.

The so-called "Hell Staircase" and its neighbour "The Heaven Room" has substantial ceiling paintings by Antonio Verrio, between 1697 and 1699. The walls to the "Hell Staircase" are by Thomas Stothard, who completed the work about a century later. The Bow Room is decorated with wall and ceiling paintings by Louis Laguerre.

Art collection
Although depleted of a number of important pieces by death duties in the 1960s, the Burghley art collections are otherwise mainly intact and are very extensive. The house still displays several hundred paintings, a large proportion of which are of the 17th century, bought in Italy by John Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter (c. 1648–1700), and by Brownlow Cecil, the 9th Earl (1725–1793). They visited Italy eight times, bringing back large quantities of art. John Cecil purchased 300 works of art during his 22 years in Burghley and spent on his last visit to Europe £5,000 (c. £600,000 in 2017 currency ).

The chapel has a large altarpiece by Paolo Veronese and his workshop, and two large paintings by Johann Carl Loth, a German painter active in Venice with few works in British collections. There are in total seven works by Luca Giordano, including a self-portrait.

In the Pagoda Room, there are portraits of the Cecil family, Elizabeth I, Henry VIII, and Oliver Cromwell. Many delicately painted walls and ceilings of the house were done by Antonio Verrio. The Billiard Room displays six oval portraits of members of the Order of Little Bedlam, the 5th Earl's drinking club.

The large collection of Japanese export porcelain is especially important because, almost uniquely, pieces still in the house, and others sold in 1888 and 1959, can be identified with pieces in an inventory of the house with several hundred ceramic items made in 1688. These are the "earliest recorded pieces in Europe" that can be documented in this way, and of great interest to scholars.

There are a number of outstanding pieces of furniture including work by celebrated 18th-century cabinet makers, Ince and Mayhew, in addition to silver, tapestry and collections of other porcelain, much of this is on public display in the state rooms, or display cases for the ceramics. A new "Treasury" space in the Brewhouse displays annually changing exhibitions highlighting aspects of the collections.

Parkland

The avenues in the park were all laid out according to the 1755–1779 designs by Capability Brown, paying due respect to pre-existing plantings, some of which were from the 16th century or earlier.

Brown also created the park's man-made lake in 1775–80. He discovered a seam of waterproof "blue" clay in the grounds, and was able to enlarge the original nine-acre (36,000 m2) pond to the existing 26-acre (105,000 m2) lake. Its design gives the impression of a meandering river. Brown designed the Lion Bridge at a cost of 1,000 guineas (£1,050 ) in 1778. He was paid £23,000 in total of the park designs in Burghley. Brown's landscape has been conserved by planting 30,000 new trees between 2012 and 2016.

Originally, Coade-stone lions were used as ornamentation. After these weathered, the existing stone examples were made by local mason Herbert Gilbert in 1844. Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert planted two trees to commemorate their visit.

As well as the annual Burghley Horse Trials, the park plays host to the "Burghley Run" for Stamford School and an annual meet for the Cambridge University Draghounds.

Recent developments have included starting a sculpture garden around the old ice house and, in 2007, a "garden of surprises" was created using traditional ideas of water traps, shell grottos and a mirror maze, but in a 21st-century style. The Burghley House trust has commissioned contemporary artwork in the grounds from leading artists.

The parkland and gardens of Burghley House are listed Grade II* on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Today
The Lincolnshire county boundary crosses the park between the town of Stamford and the house. Burghley is located in the ancient Soke of Peterborough, once a part of Northamptonshire but now for ceremonial purposes in Cambridgeshire; for planning and other municipal functions the house is in the Peterborough unitary authority.

The house is a Grade I listed building, with separately Grade I listed north courtyard and gate. The listing document for the House provided this summary: "C19 and C20 formal gardens and pleasure grounds, developed from those originally designed by Lancelot Brown, surrounded by a park of C16 origins for which Brown provided extensive plans between 1754 and 1777".

The residents of the house since 2007 were Miranda Rock, director of the Burghley House Preservation Trust, granddaughter of the 6th Marquess of Exeter and daughter of Lady Victoria Leatham with Orlando Rock (chairman of Christie's UK) and their family. Data before the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom indicated that the number of visitors to the site each year had almost doubled during Miranda Rock's tenure, to 110,000.

Filming

Burghley House has been featured in several films and television programmes including:Treasure Houses of Britain (1985); Middlemarch (1994); Antiques Roadshow (1998, 2009); Pride & Prejudice (2005); The Da Vinci Code (2006); Castle in the Country (2006); Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007); How We Built Britain (2007); Climbing Great Buildings (2010); Royal Upstairs Downstairs (2011); Housefull 2: The Dirty Dozen (2012); The Crown (2016); Top Gear (2018); Mortimer & Whitehouse: Gone Fishing (2021); and The Flash (2023).

Lost village
The medieval settlement of Burghley, mentioned in Domesday, was abandoned by 1450. Failure to locate its site leads to the supposition that the settlement was near Burghley House, and perhaps lies below the estate.

title: Burghley House


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Health psychology

Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare. The discipline is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness. Psychological factors can affect health directly. For example, chronically occurring environmental stressors affecting the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, cumulatively, can harm health. Behavioral factors can also affect a person's health. For example, certain behaviors can, over time, harm (smoking or consuming excessive amounts of alcohol) or enhance (engaging in exercise) health. Health psychologists take a biopsychosocial approach. In other words, health psychologists understand health to be the product not only of biological processes (e.g., a virus, tumor, etc.) but also of psychological (e.g., thoughts and beliefs), behavioral (e.g., habits), and social processes (e.g., socioeconomic status and ethnicity).

By understanding psychological factors that influence health, and constructively applying that knowledge, health psychologists can improve health by working directly with individual patients or indirectly in large-scale public health programs. In addition, health psychologists can help train other healthcare professionals (e.g., physicians and nurses) to apply the knowledge the discipline has generated, when treating patients. Health psychologists work in a variety of settings: alongside other medical professionals in hospitals and clinics, in public health departments working on large-scale behavior change and health promotion programs, and in universities and medical schools where they teach and conduct research.

Although its early beginnings can be traced to the field of clinical psychology, four different divisions within health psychology and one related field, occupational health psychology (OHP),   have developed over time. The four divisions include clinical health psychology, public health psychology, community health psychology, and critical health psychology. Professional organizations for the field of health psychology include Division 38 of the American Psychological Association (APA), the Division of Health Psychology of the British Psychological Society (BPS), the European Health Psychology Society, and the College of Health Psychologists of the Australian Psychological Society (APS). Advanced credentialing in the US as a clinical health psychologist is provided through the American Board of Professional Psychology.

Overview
Recent advances in psychological, medical, and physiological research have led to a new way of thinking about health and illness. This conceptualization, which has been labeled the biopsychosocial model, views health and illness as the product of a combination of factors including biological characteristics (e.g., genetic predisposition), behavioral factors (e.g., lifestyle, stress, health beliefs), and social conditions (e.g., cultural influences, family relationships, social support).

Psychologists who strive to understand how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health and illness are called health psychologists. Health psychologists use their knowledge of psychology and health to promote general well-being and understand physical illness. They are specially trained to help people deal with the psychological and emotional aspects of health and illness. Health psychologists work with many different health care professionals (e.g., physicians, dentists, nurses, physician's assistants, dietitians, social workers, pharmacists, physical and occupational therapists, and chaplains) to conduct research and provide clinical assessments and treatment services. Many health psychologists focus on prevention research and interventions designed to promote healthier lifestyles and try to find ways to encourage people to improve their health. For example, they may help people to lose weight or stop smoking. Health psychologists also use their skills to try to improve the healthcare system. For example, they may advise doctors about better ways to communicate with their patients. Health psychologists work in many different settings including the UK's National Health Service (NHS), private practice, universities, communities, schools and organizations. While many health psychologists provide clinical services as part of their duties, others function in non-clinical roles, primarily involving teaching and research. Leading journals include Health Psychology, the Journal of Health Psychology, the British Journal of Health Psychology, and Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. Health psychologists can work with people on a one-to-one basis, in groups, as a family, or at a larger population level.

Health psychology, like other areas of applied psychology, is both a theoretical and applied field. Health psychologists employ diverse research methods. These methods include controlled randomized experiments, quasi-experiments, longitudinal studies, time-series designs, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, qualitative research as well as action research. Health psychologists study a broad range of health phenomena including cardiovascular disease (cardiac psychology), smoking habits, the relation of religious beliefs to health, alcohol use, social support, living conditions, emotional state, social class, and more. Some health psychologists treat individuals with sleep problems, headaches, alcohol problems, etc. Other health psychologists work to empower community members by helping community members gain control over their health and improve quality of life of entire communities.

Clinical health psychology (ClHP)
ClHP is the application of scientific knowledge, derived from the field of health psychology, to clinical questions that may arise across the spectrum of health care. ClHP is one of the specialty practice areas for clinical and health psychologists. It is also a major contributor to the prevention-focused field of behavioral health and the treatment-oriented field of behavioral medicine. Clinical practice includes education, the techniques of behavior change, and psychotherapy. In some countries, a clinical health psychologist, with additional training, can become a medical psychologist and, thereby, obtain prescription privileges.

Public health psychology (PHP)
PHP is population-oriented. A major aim of PHP is to investigate potential causal links between psychosocial factors and health at the population level. Public health psychologists present research results to educators, policy makers, and health care providers in order to promote better public health. PHP is allied to other public health disciplines including epidemiology, nutrition, genetics and biostatistics. Some PHP interventions are targeted toward at-risk population groups (e.g., undereducated, single pregnant women who smoke) and not the population as a whole (e.g., all pregnant women).

Community health psychology (CoHP)
CoHP investigates community factors that contribute to the health and well-being of individuals who live in communities. CoHP also develops community-level interventions that are designed to combat disease and promote physical and mental health. The community often serves as the level of analysis, and is frequently sought as a partner in health-related interventions.

Critical health psychology (CrHP)
CrHP is concerned with the distribution of power and the impact of power differentials on health experience and behavior, health care systems, and health policy. CrHP prioritizes social justice and the universal right to health for people of all races, genders, ages, and socioeconomic positions. A major concern is health inequalities. The critical health psychologist is an agent of change, not simply an analyst or cataloger. A leading organization in this area is the International Society of Critical Health Psychology.

Occupational health psychology
Pickren and Degni and Sanderson observed that in Europe and North America, occupational health psychology (OHP) emerged as a specialty with its own organizations. The authors noted that OHP owes some of that emergence to health psychology as well as other disciplines (e.g., i/o psychology, occupational medicine). Sanderson underlined examples in which OHP aligns with health psychology, including Adkins's research. Adkins documented the application of behavioral principles to improve working conditions, mitigate job stress, and improve worker health in a complex organization.

Origins and development
Health psychology developed in different forms in different societies. Psychological factors in health had been studied since the early 20th century by disciplines such as psychosomatic medicine and later behavioral medicine, but these were primarily branches of medicine, not psychology.

United States
In 1969, William Schofield prepared a report for the APA entitled The Role of Psychology in the Delivery of Health Services. While there were exceptions, he found that the psychological research of the time frequently regarded mental health and physical health as separate, and devoted very little attention to psychology's impact upon physical health. One of the few psychologists working in this area at the time, Schofield proposed new forms of education and training for future psychologists. The APA, responding to his proposal, in 1973 established a task force to consider how psychologists could (a) help people to manage their health-related behaviors, (b) help patients manage their physical health problems, and (c) train healthcare staff to work more effectively with patients.

Health psychology began to emerge as a distinct discipline of psychology in the United States in the 1970s. In the mid-20th century there was a growing understanding in medicine of the effect of behavior on health. For example, the Alameda County Study, which began in the 1960s, showed that people who ate regular meals (e.g., breakfast), maintained a healthy weight, received adequate sleep, did not smoke, drank little alcohol, and exercised regularly were in better health and lived longer. In addition, psychologists and other scientists were discovering relationships between psychological processes and physiological ones. These discoveries include a better understanding of the impact of psychosocial stress on the cardiovascular and immune systems, and the early finding that the functioning of the immune system could be altered by learning.

Led by Joseph Matarazzo, in 1977, APA added a division devoted to health psychology. At the first divisional conference, Matarazzo delivered a speech that played an important role in defining health psychology. He defined the new field in this way, "Health psychology is the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of diagnostic and etiologic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction, and the analysis and improvement of the healthcare system and health policy formation." Similar organizations were established in other countries, including Australia and Japan.

Europe
In the 1980s there was increasing interest in many European countries in researching psychological aspects of health and illness. In 1986, Stan Maes (1947–2018) of Tilburg University convened a meeting of researchers from Finland, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Spain, the UK and the Netherlands. Out of this meeting emerged the European Health Psychology Society which began to organise regular conferences (e.g. Trier, 1988; Utrecht, 1989; Oxford, 1990; Lausanne, 1991; and Leipzig, 1992) and published proceedings from these meetings. This society also began to develop its own publications.

United Kingdom
Psychologists have been working in medical settings for many years (in the UK sometimes the field was termed medical psychology). Medical psychology, however, was a relatively small field, primarily aimed at helping patients adjust to illness. The BPS's reconsideration of the role of the Medical Section prompted the emergence of health psychology as a distinct field. Marie Johnston and John Weinman argued in a letter to the BPS Bulletin that there was a great need for a Health Psychology Section. In December 1986 the section was established at the BPS London Conference, with Marie Johnston as chair. Annual conferences began to be held and began to map out the areas of interest. At the Annual BPS Conference in 1993 a review of "Current Trends in Health Psychology" was organized, and a definition of health psychology as "the study of psychological and behavioural processes in health, illness and healthcare" was proposed.

The Health Psychology Section became a Special Group in 1993 and was awarded divisional status within the UK in 1997. The awarding of divisional status meant that the individual training needs and professional practice of health psychologists were recognized, and members were able to obtain chartered status with the BPS. The BPS went on to regulate training and practice in health psychology until the regulation of professional standards and qualifications was taken over by statutory registration with the Health Professions Council in 2010.

Development
A number of relevant trends coincided with the emergence of health psychology, including:
 * Epidemiological evidence linking behavior and health.
 * The addition of behavioral science to medical school curricula, with courses often taught by psychologists.
 * The training of health professionals in communication skills, with the aim of improving patient satisfaction and adherence to medical treatment.
 * Increasing numbers of interventions based on psychological theory (e.g., behavior modification).
 * An increased understanding of the interaction between psychological and physiological factors leading to the emergence of psychophysiology and psychoneuroimmunology (PNI).
 * The health domain having become a target of research by social psychologists interested in testing theoretical models linking beliefs, attitudes, and behavior.
 * The emergence of AIDS/HIV, and the increase in funding for behavioral research the epidemic provoked.

The emergence of academic /professional bodies to promote research and practice in health psychology was followed by the publication of a series of textbooks which began to lay out the interests of the discipline.

Understanding behavioral and contextual factors
Health psychologists conduct research to identify behaviors and experiences that promote health, give rise to illness, and influence the effectiveness of health care. They also recommend ways to improve health care policy. Health psychologists have worked on developing ways to reduce smoking in order to promote health and prevent illness. They have also studied the association between illness and individual characteristics. For example, health psychology has found a relation between the personality characteristics of thrill seeking, impulsiveness, hostility/anger, emotional instability, and depression, on one hand, and high-risk driving, on the other.

Health psychology is also concerned with contextual factors, including economic, cultural, community, social, and lifestyle factors that influence health. Physical addiction impedes smoking cessation. Some research suggests that seductive advertising also contributes to psychological dependency on tobacco, although other research has found no relationship between media exposure and smoking in youth. OHP research indicates that people in jobs that combine little decision latitude with a high psychological workload are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Other research reveals a relation between unemployment and elevations in blood pressure. Epidemiologic research documents a relation between social class and cardiovascular disease.

Health psychologists also aim to change health behaviors for the dual purpose of helping people stay healthy and helping patients adhere to disease treatment regimens (also see health action process approach). Health psychologists employ cognitive behavioral therapy and applied behavior analysis (also see behavior modification) for that purpose.

Preventing illness
Health psychologists promote health through behavioral change, as mentioned above; however, they attempt to prevent illness in other ways as well. Health psychologists try to help people to lead a healthy life by developing and running programmes which can help people to make changes in their lives such as stopping smoking, reducing the amount of alcohol they consume, eating more healthily, and exercising regularly. Campaigns informed by health psychology have targeted tobacco use. Those least able to afford tobacco products consume them most. Tobacco provides individuals with a way of controlling aversive emotional states accompanying daily experiences of stress that characterize the lives of deprived and vulnerable individuals. Practitioners emphasize education and effective communication as a part of illness prevention because many people do not recognize, or minimize, the risk of illness present in their lives. Moreover, many individuals are often unable to apply their knowledge of health practices owing to everyday pressures and stresses. A common example of population-based attempts to motivate the smoking public to reduce its dependence on cigarettes is anti-smoking campaigns.

Health psychologists help to promote health and well-being by preventing illness. Some illnesses can be more effectively treated if caught early. Health psychologists have worked to understand why some people do not seek early screenings or immunizations, and have used that knowledge to develop ways to encourage people to have early health checks for illnesses such as cancer and heart disease. Health psychologists are also finding ways to help people to avoid risky behaviors (e.g., engaging in unprotected sex) and encourage health-enhancing behaviors (e.g., regular tooth brushing or hand washing).

Health psychologists also aim at educating health professionals, including physicians and nurses, in communicating effectively with patients in ways that overcome barriers to understanding, remembering, and implementing effective strategies for reducing exposures to risk factors and making health-enhancing behavior changes.

There is also evidence from OHP that stress-reduction interventions at the workplace can be effective. For example, Kompier and his colleagues have shown that a number of interventions aimed at reducing stress in bus drivers has had beneficial effects for employees and bus companies.

Illness, disabilities and long-term conditions
Health psychologists investigate how disease affects individuals' psychological well-being. An individual who becomes seriously ill or injured faces many different practical stressors. These stressors include problems meeting medical and other bills, problems obtaining proper care when home from the hospital, obstacles to caring for dependents, the experience of having one's sense of self-reliance compromised, gaining a new, unwanted identity as that of a sick person, and so on. These stressors can lead to depression, reduced self-esteem, etc.

The use of medications can alter the microbiome and potentially impact overall health and the development of diseases. It has been discovered that the metabolites produced by intestinal microorganisms can influence one's health. For instance, antidepressants can modify the composition of the intestinal microbiota, which can then affect the course of the disease through changes in specific metabolites produced by certain intestinal microorganisms. This has significant implications, particularly in the context of depression, as it offers new insights into how to approach and treat the condition at hand.

Health psychologists can support people living with long-term conditions to improve or maintain quality of life, self-manage their conditions, and adjust to life with an illness, disability or long-term condition.

Health psychology also concerns itself with bettering the lives of individuals with terminal illness. When there is little hope of recovery, health psychologist therapists can work within a multi-disciplinary palliative care team to improve the quality of life of the patient by helping the patient recover at least some of his or her psychological well-being.

A form of therapy shown in recent studies is psychotherapy. It is used as a mode of intervention due to the inconsistency and issues that may arise from pharmacological interventions. It ensures the use of evidence-based practices and helps in facilitating adherence to medication regimens that may be impacted by psychiatric symptoms, such as low motivation or depressive symptoms. When using psychotherapeutic strategies, clinicians can choose from three modes: individual, family/couples, and group psychotherapy.

Critical analysis of health policy
Critical health psychologists explore how health policy can influence inequities, inequalities and social injustice. These avenues of research expand the scope of health psychology beyond the level of individual health to an examination of the social and economic determinants of health both within and between regions and nations. The individualism of mainstream health psychology has been critiqued and deconstructed by critical health psychologists using qualitative methods that zero in on the health experience.

Conducting research
Like psychologists in the other main psychology disciplines, health psychologists have advanced knowledge of research methods. Health psychologists apply this knowledge to conduct research on a variety of questions. For example, health psychologists carry out research to answer questions such as:
 * What influences healthy eating?
 * How is stress linked to heart disease?
 * What are the emotional effects of genetic testing?
 * How can we change people's health behavior to improve their health?

Teaching and communication
Health psychologists can also be responsible for training other health professionals on how to deliver interventions to help promote healthy eating, stopping smoking, weight loss, etc. Health psychologists also train other health professionals in communication skills such as how to break bad news or support behavior change for the purpose of improving adherence to treatment.

Improving doctor–patient communication
Health psychologists aid the process of communication between physicians and patients during medical consultations. There are many problems in this process, with patients showing a considerable lack of understanding of many medical terms, particularly anatomical terms (e.g., intestines). One area of research on this topic involves "doctor-centered" or "patient-centered" consultations. Doctor-centered consultations are generally directive, with the patient answering questions and playing less of a role in decision-making. Although this style is preferred by elderly people and others, many people dislike the sense of hierarchy or ignorance that it inspires. They prefer patient-centered consultations, which focus on the patient's needs, involve the doctor listening to the patient completely before making a decision, and involving the patient in the process of choosing treatment and finding a diagnosis.

Improving adherence to medical advice
Health psychologists engage in research and practice aimed at getting people to follow medical advice and adhere to their treatment regimens. Patients often forget to take their pills or consciously opt not to take their prescribed medications because of side effects. Failing to take prescribed medication is costly and wastes millions of usable medicines that could otherwise help other people. Estimated adherence rates are difficult to measure (see below); there is, however, evidence that adherence could be improved by tailoring treatment programs to individuals' daily lives. Additionally, traditional cognitive-behavioural therapies have been adapted for people with chronic illnesses and comorbid psychological distress to include modules that encourage, support and reinforce adherence to medical advice as part of the larger treatment approach.

Ways of measuring adherence
Health psychologists have identified a number of ways of measuring patients' adherence to medical regimens:
 * Counting the number of pills in the medicine bottle
 * Using self-reports
 * Using "Trackcap" bottles, which track the number of times the bottle is opened.

Managing pain
Health psychology attempts to find treatments to reduce or eliminate pain, as well as understand pain anomalies such as episodic analgesia, causalgia, neuralgia, and phantom limb pain. Although the task of measuring and describing pain has been problematic, the development of the McGill Pain Questionnaire has helped make progress in this area. Treatments for pain involve patient-administered analgesia, acupuncture (found to be effective in reducing pain for osteoarthritis of the knee ), biofeedback, and cognitive behavior therapy.

Health psychologist roles
Below are some examples of the types of positions held by health psychologists within applied settings such as the UK's NHS and private practice.

Healthcare professionals who treat individuals with mental health conditions prefer medications that provide energy and have fewer side effects. When prescribing psychiatric drugs, it is essential to consider individual needs, safety, and anti-doping policies. Psychologists patients prefer specific medications like escitalopram for anxiety, melatonin for insomnia, lamotrigine for bipolar disorders, and aripiprazole for psychotic disorders. This emphasizes the importance of personalized prescribing individuals.
 * Consultant health psychologist: A consultant health psychologist will take a lead for health psychology within public health, including managing tobacco control and smoking cessation services and providing professional leadership in the management of health trainers.
 * Principal health psychologist: A principal health psychologist could, for example lead the health psychology service within one of the UK's leading heart and lung hospitals, providing a clinical service to patients and advising all members of the multidisciplinary team.
 * Health psychologist: An example of a health psychologist's role would be to provide health psychology input to a center for weight management. Psychological assessment of treatment, development and delivery of a tailored weight management program, and advising on approaches to improve adherence to health advice and medical treatment.
 * Research psychologist: Research health psychologists carry out health psychology research, for example, exploring the psychological impact of receiving a diagnosis of dementia, or evaluating ways of providing psychological support for people with burn injuries. Research can also be in the area of health promotion, for example investigating the determinants of healthy eating or physical activity or understanding why people misuse substances.
 * Health psychologist in training/assistant health psychologist: As an assistant/in training, a health psychologist will gain experience assessing patients, delivering psychological interventions to change health behaviors, and conducting research, whilst being supervised by a qualified health psychologist.

United States
Universities began to develop doctoral-level training programs in health psychology. In the US, post-doctoral level health psychology training programs were established for individuals who completed a doctoral degree in clinical psychology.

United Kingdom
The term "health psychologist" is a protected title, with health psychologists required to register with the Health Professions Council (HPC) and have trained to a level to be eligible for full membership of the Division of Health Psychology within the BPS. Registered health psychologists who are chartered with the BPS will have undertaken a minimum of six years of training, with three of those years dedicated to health psychology training. Following the completion of a BPS-accredited undergraduate degree in Psychology, aspiring health psychologists must first complete a BPS-accredited masters in health psychology (Stage 1 training). Once the trainee has completed Stage 1 training, they can either choose to complete the BPS' independent Stage 2 training route or sign up to an accredited health psychology doctorate program at a UK university (DHealthPsy). Both training routes require trainees to demonstrate they meet the core competencies of:

 * professional skills (including implementing ethical and legal standards, communication, and teamwork),
 * research skills (including designing, conducting, and analyzing psychological research in numerous areas),
 * consultancy skills (including planning and evaluation),
 * teaching and training skills (including knowledge of designing, delivering, and evaluating large and small scale training program),
 * intervention skills (including delivery and evaluation of behavior change interventions).

At present, there are limited opportunities for trainees to receive fully funded training. The NHS Education Scotland (NES) Stage 2 program funds several trainee health psychologists each year, providing trainees with fixed-term posts within NHS Boards across Scotland. In 2022, a pilot scheme was launched by Health Education England (HEE) to provide similar opportunities to aspiring health psychologists across England.

Once qualified, health psychologists can work in a range of settings, for example the NHS, universities, schools, private healthcare, and research and charitable organizations. A health psychologist in training might be working within applied settings while working towards registration and chartered status. All qualified health psychologists must also engage in and record their continuing professional development (CPD) for psychology each year throughout their career.

Australia
Health psychologists are registered by the Psychology Board of Australia. The standard pathway to becoming an endorsed health psychologists involves a minimum of six years training and a two-year registrar program. Health psychologists must also undertake continuing professional development (CPD) each year.

New Zealand
Health psychologists are registered by the New Zealand Psychologists Board within the psychologist scope of practice. The training pathway to becoming a registered health psychologist requires a Masters in Health Psychology and a two-year registration Postgraduate Diploma in Health Psychology at the University of Auckland. Outside of clinical work in primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare settings, graduates may choose careers in research and health promotion in universities and private settings. Health psychologists are able to join the Institute of Health Psychology (IHP), an institute of the New Zealand Psychological Society, as a practitioner, academic or student affiliate.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Health psychology


text:
User talk:Veratien

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Have fun, sister! — MikeX (talk) 16:25, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

User categories
I noticed you put yourself in a couple of categories. By default, articles (including user pages) are sorted by their full name. Your user page has the name, so you go under "U". If you want to go under "V" as you should, add a piped string in the link consisting of just your User name. For instance, your link  becomes. That tells it to sort on "Veratien". Ddawson 16:21, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, thanks. :) -Veratien 17:50, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Play piano *AND* Flute
I can manage to play the piano and harmonica (with a neck holder), but I can't imagine playing the piano and flute. Maybe a .gif of how you manage that. --Swirsky
 * Ha. Ha. -Veratien 10:19, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

New LGBT noticeboard.
Hi, I've created a LGBT noticeboard for wikipedians to post issues and concerns. Please take a look. Thanks. -- Samuel Wantman 08:16, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Fleet River / River Fleet
Hi... I saw your edit concerning the "Fleet River" on the US/UK English article. I figured there might be an article on the river, and was checking to see if I could add a wikilink. It turns out that if you go to Fleet River you see the "official" name of the article is River Fleet. I don't know anything about it, so maybe you can clarify? Should the River Fleet article be renamed? Is popular use unified or divided on what to call it? If there is a national agency on place names, what do they say? Thanks! -- Coneslayer 19:23, 2005 August 5 (UTC)

 * Hiya. Officially it's called the River fleet.  I have never, however, actually heard anyone from London call it that. :p  Most people outside of Central London don't even know it exists, heh. :p  --Veratien 19:30, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Template:Vandalwhacker
In appreciation of your creation of this template, I award you one! -- Essjay ·  Talk 23:40, August 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hehe, I feel speshul. :D --Veratien 00:14, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Cobo
I've approved your bot for one month testing. Whenever you need to run your bot for testing, you should have it running for a full month, that way to work out whatever kinks it may have. I think your bot is a wonderful idea. If you get stuck, looking for additional ideas, or want a sounding board, just leave a note on my talk page. Best wishes. --AllyUnion (talk) 06:32, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

RE: The Lloyd-Webber crappie
In what way is my comment invalid? The material on the Lloyd-Webber crappie should have its own page, like the rest of his corpus.--62.255.232.20 02:30, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It added nothing to the discussion and it was in block caps. --Veratien 02:34, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * What's wrong with block capitals? It added a request to the discussion. What's unreasonable about suggesting that the Lloyd-Webber crappie get a seperate article? If you're such a L-W fan, why don't you write it? --62.255.232.20 18:36, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Request for a recording
I would like to place a request for a recording of the Ohio Wesleyan University page. Who can I turn to? Thank you! WikiprojectOWU 03:48, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm currently overdue on the three articles I earmarked, however, if I've got time, I'll do a recording for you. :) --Veratien 10:35, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Article Exclusion: List of Fumblerules
Hiya,

Can you please exclude List of Fumblerules from your bot's search list? The article contains deliberate examples of incorrect grammar which your bot keeps 'correcting'.

Thanks,

--Veratien 12:56, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * No problem. — M ETS 501 (talk) 13:00, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Pier Gerlofs Donia
Veratien, do you care to help me with a spoken version of the article Pier Gerlofs Donia? I would be very glad when you'd record it fo me, or help me to do it. I'm trying to help the spoken wiki, and I'd like to start with this article; it should be interesting to listen... Because the man is a very interesting figure; he has links to his page all across wikipedia, and has a wiki-commons-section and wikiquote-article; he was a man of little words, and great deeds, but the things he said, became graet quotations later. Consider it, and read the article before okay? I'll await your answer, greetings, from -)-(-H- (|-|) -O-)-(- 16:47, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

After seing that you are intrested in various Homosexual topics
 Hello Veratien, Meateater has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling at someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Go on, smile! Cheers, and happy editing! Smile at others by adding {{subst:Smile}} to their talk page with a friendly message. But because of my position (student), If people found out my sexual disposition, terrible things could happen Meateater 17:28, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Bhutto article
What's with the snark at the "whilst" edit? I appreciate your catching my spelling mistake in the edit summary, but I think the actual edit is in fact appropriate. I'm not about to start an edit war over idiosyncratic spelling, but I do think the encyclopedia would benefit from removing something both the Times and Guardian style guides specifically proscribe. Anyway, I'll leave it as is for now. Maybe after the article itself settles down for a while I'll bring it up on the talk page and see what the consensus is. Vonspringer (talk) 19:38, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Read your message. Fair enough! Sorry about that dang "depreciate" again. I think it's because I write a lot of economics papers in my non-Wikipedia life and of course it's used in that subject many times. Force of habit and all that. Anyway, my plan is to one of these days ask about whilst/while in the Wikipedia style guide talk page and see what the consensus is. It's of course a pretty minor thing in the context of an encyclopedia anyway so I'll not be too disappointed if my view ends up in the minority. ;) Vonspringer (talk) 19:31, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Indeed I am an American, but I think British spelling is perfectly fine and I have zero objection to British spelling in Wikipedia in general. It seems to be though that "whilst" in particular isn't so much a preferred British construction so much as it is a British colloquialism. To me it seems analogous to using "ain't" in articles with American spelling. It's a relatively common word in America, but it's strongly frowned upon in business or formal contexts. "Whilst" isn't nearly so sketchy, but personally I think it's probably better avoided under similar reasoning. Either way though, happy new year! Vonspringer (talk) 22:46, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Recordings in progress removed
I have removed your spoken article in progress status for Nostradamus due to it's inactivity, and others may want to give it a go. If you wish to continue work on this project, please re-submit. Thank you. Reason turns rancid (talk) 03:07, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of List of fumblerules
An editor has nominated List of fumblerules, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

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Copyright problems
Hello. Concerning your contribution, List of fumblerules, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material without the permission of the author. As a copyright violation, List of fumblerules appears to qualify for deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. List of fumblerules has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message. For text material, please consider rewriting the content and citing the source, provided that it is credible.

If you believe that the article or image is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) then you should do one of the following:

 * If you have permission from the author, leave a message explaining the details at Talk:List of fumblerules and send an email with the message to "permissions-en (at) wikimedia (dot) org". See Requesting copyright permission for instructions.
 * If a note on the original website states that re-use is permitted under the GFDL or released into the public domain leave a note at Talk:List of fumblerules with a link to where we can find that note.
 * If you own the copyright to the material: send an e-mail from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-en(at)wikimedia(dot)org or a postal message to the Wikimedia Foundation permitting re-use under the GFDL, and note that you have done so on Talk:List of fumblerules.

However, for text content, you may want to consider rewriting the content in your own words. Thank you, and please feel free to continue contributing to Wikipedia. Hazillow (talk) 06:04, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

User:Cobo
Can User:Cobo be adpated to run checks for posts at Template_talk:Did_you_know and post positive hits under the DYK suggestion? Please reply at Wikipedia talk:Did you know. Thanks. -- Suntag  ☼  08:25, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:STALKER screenshot after extensive tweaking.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:STALKER screenshot after extensive tweaking.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:21, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Quick question
It was suggested to seek to someone who might be able to take a look at a website and explain what it is. Namely "Tom.com" and "Photo Tom.com". Are these sites news sites? Are they user created blog/photo sites such as myspace/flicker? Is there a direct page, or section, of either that links to any sort of copyright information? Mainly the issues are about on images that are found on the site. Thanks. Soundvisions1 (talk) 17:57, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

File:Theban letter space.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Theban letter space.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Skier Dude ( talk ) 07:40, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:Ss benjamin 11-19-08 22-20-49 (l06 rostok).jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:Ss benjamin 11-19-08 22-20-49 (l06 rostok).jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:11, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

GIMP change
I think the change will be fine without a citation, I think a person who wants to challenge that will have a hard time saying they cannot get a copy of GIMP :), doing it that way is in keeping with wikipedias "The spirit of the law is more important than the letter of the law". --Gnepets (talk) 11:37, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of De Hems pub

The article De Hems pub has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No assertion of notability.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Tagishsimon (talk) 13:12, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

De Hems pub
I have nominated De Hems pub, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/De Hems pub. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Tagishsimon (talk) 21:14, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

Hi. I've nominated De Hems, an article you worked on, for consideration to appear on the Main Page as part of Did you know. You can see the hook for the article here, where you can improve it if you see fit. Colonel Warden (talk) 00:26, 7 October 2009 (UTC) regards, Colonel Warden (talk) 00:26, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Veratien


text:
Benjamin W. Arnett

Benjamin William Arnett (March 6, 1838 – October 7, 1906) was an American educator, minister, bishop and member of the Ohio House of Representatives.

Early life
He was born a free black man March 6, 1838 in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, where he taught school from 1859 to 1867. In his youth, Arnett lost a leg to an infection sustained after an ankle injury while working on a steam boat between 1857 and 1858.

Arnett married May 25, 1858 to Mary Louise Gordon from Geneva and Uniontown, Pennsylvania. They had seven children: Alonzo T, Benjamin W, Henry T, Annie L, Alphonso Taft, Flossy Gordon, and Daniel Payne.

Religious career
As a pastor in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), Arnett served parishes in Toledo, Cincinnati, and Columbus; under his leadership, St. Paul's Church in Urbana was completed. It has been designated as a historical landmark. In 1888, he was elected bishop, a position he held until his death in 1906.

He was active in religious education as well, and was a delegate to the International Convention of Sabbath Schools in Washington, DC in 1872 and to the International Sunday School Convention in Toronto in 1880. He had an honorary Doctor of Divinity from Wilberforce University awarded in June 1883.

Civil career
In the 1860s, Arnett was active in the civil rights movement. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League and in 1864 was a member of the national convention of colored men in Syracuse, New York. He was secretary of the National Convention of Colored Men in Washington, D.C. in 1867 and chaplain of the convention in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1883.

In 1872, Arnett became the first black man to serve as foreman of an otherwise all-white jury. In 1885, he was elected to the Ohio General Assembly from a district with an 85 percent white majority, thus becoming the first African-American to represent a predominantly white constituency. That same year another African-American, Jeremiah A. Brown, was elected from Cleveland, and the two frequently worked together. In 1886, as Republican representative from Greene County in the Ohio General Assembly, Arnett introduced legislation to repeal the state's "Black Laws," which limited the freedom and rights of African-American residents. Arnett was particularly concerned that state law did not ensure that black children had the same educational opportunities as white children. In 1887, statutes regarding education were changed; the state was thereafter required to provide equal opportunities to all children regardless of race. A forceful and compelling speaker, Arnett was influential in Republican politics, thanks, in part, to his friendship with fellow legislator (and later president), William McKinley.

Death and legacy
Arnett died at Wilberforce University on October 7, 1906.

Bishop Arnett's influence is felt in the Pentecostal community. His great-grandson, Right Reverend Benjamin Terwood Douglass of Cleveland, Ohio, is the Seventh Bishop elevated in the Pentecostal Churches of Christ. Bishop Douglass serves as Secretary-General of that Reformation which has its roots in Methodism.

title: Benjamin W. Arnett


text:
Aaron Aaronsohn

Aaron Aaronsohn (אהרון אהרנסון) (21 May 1876 – 15 May 1919) was a Romanian-born Ottoman agronomist, botanist, and political activist, who lived most of his life in Ottoman Syria. Aaronsohn was the discoverer of emmer (Triticum dicoccoides), believed to be "the mother of wheat." He founded and was head of the NILI espionage network.

Biography
Aaron Aaronsohn was born in Bacău, Romania, and brought to Palestine, then part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire, at the age of six. His parents were among the founders of Zikhron Ya'akov, one of the pioneer Jewish agricultural settlements of the First Aliyah. He had two sisters, Sarah and Rivka, and a brother, Alexander. Aaronsohn was the first car-owner in Palestine and one of the first to own a bicycle, which he brought back from France. The languages Aaronsohn spoke at home were Yiddish and Hebrew, but he also knew English, Arabic, Turkish, French, German, and some Italian.

Agriculture and botany
After studying agriculture in France, sponsored by Baron Edmond de Rothschild, Aaronsohn worked in Metulla, then a new colony in the north of the country. He left Metulla to establish an organization for agricultural technology. Together with a member of the German Templer community he launched a business for importing and selling agricultural machines such as reapers, harrows and combine harvesters using modern marketing methods. Another company he established sold gasoline-operated pumps, a centrifuge for separating cream and making butter, and fertilizers. He also imported different varieties of seeds and vines.

He botanically mapped Palestine and its surroundings and became a leading expert on the subject. On his 1906 field trip to Mount Hermon, while trekking around the Upper Galilee in the area of Rashaya in what is now Lebanon, he discovered Triticum dicoccoides, whom he considered to be the "mother of wheat", an important find for agronomists and historians of human civilization. Geneticists have proven that wild emmer is indeed an ancestor of most domesticated wheat strands cultivated on a large scale today with the exception of einkorn, a different ancient species, which is currently just a relict crop.

This discovery made Aaronsohn world-famous and, on a trip to the United States, he was able to secure financial backing for a research station established in Atlit in 1909. Aaronsohn built up a large collection of geological and botanical samples and established a library.

Aaronsohn served as a scientific consultant to Djemal Pasha during a crop-destroying desert locust invasion in 1915. In March–October of that year, the locusts stripped the country of almost all vegetation. Aaronsohn and the team fighting the locust invasion was given permission to move around the area known as Southern Syria (including modern day Israel) and made detailed maps of the areas they surveyed. Aaronsohn also collected strategic information about Ottoman camps and troop deployment.

In 1918, Aaronsohn was one of the experts consulted for the purpose of demarcating the northern boundary of Palestine, focusing on the need for irrigation water. He envisaged a boundary that would assure the inclusion of the sources of the Jordan, Litani and Yarmuk rivers. His approach became the official Zionist baseline presented to the Peace Conference in Paris in February 1919.

Political activity and espionage
During World War I, the Ottomans had joined sides with the Germans, and Aaronsohn feared the Jews would suffer the same fate as the Armenians under the Turks. Together with his assistant Avshalom Feinberg, his sister Sarah Aaronsohn and a few others, Aaronsohn organized Nili, a ring of Jewish residents of Palestine who spied for Britain during World War I. He recommended the plan of attack through Beersheba that General Edmund Allenby ultimately used to take Jerusalem in December 1917 as part of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. Owing to information supplied by Nili to the British Army concerning the locations of oases in the desert, General Allenby was able to mount a surprise attack on Beersheba, bypassing strong Ottoman defenses in Gaza.

In 1917, Chaim Weizmann sent Aaronsohn on a political campaign to the USA. While there, Aaronsohn learned that the Ottoman authorities had intercepted a Nili carrier pigeon, which led to the arrest and torture of his sister Sarah and other members of the underground.

Death and legacy
After the war, Weizmann called on Aaronsohn to work on the Versailles Peace Conference. On 15 May 1919, under unclear circumstances, Aaronsohn was killed in an airplane crash over the English Channel while on his way to France. Some blamed the British government.

Aaronsohn died a bachelor and had no children. His research on Palestine and Transjordan flora, as well as part of his exploration diaries, were published posthumously.

After Aaronsohn's death, the director of British Military Intelligence confirmed that Allenby's victory would not have been possible without the information supplied by the Aaronsohn group.

Published works

 * Agricultural and botanical explorations in Palestine, 1910
 * "Shemot ha-tzemachim" ("Botanical names"), in: Hashelaḥ 26 (1912)
 * Reliquiae Aaronsohnianae, 1940

title: Aaron Aaronsohn


text: User talk:205.215.222.171

title: User talk:205.215.222.171


text: User talk:65.254.197.50

title: User talk:65.254.197.50


text:
Talk:Data dictionary

Photograph?

 * What would you photograph? The disk drive it sits on? RayGates 01:03, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Hah now that's funny LOL. SqlPac 03:55, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Probably referring to a dialog or table Elantrix 04:16, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Example
Does anyone have an example of a Data Dictionary? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.213.72.2 (talk • contribs)

Or a template? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 233.109.211 (talk • contribs)

I have a few based off a DFD diagram, this is probably more complexity then needed, i will post then later when i get time.Elantrix 10:44, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Datamanager was a data dictionary product independent of any DBMS. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.89.193.46 (talk) 02:03, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Datamanager was a product developed by Management Systems & Programming Ltd. (MSP) of London. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.89.193.46 (talk) 02:09, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

DBMS Data Dictionary vs. an abstract Data Dictionary definition
The definition of a Data Dictionary in the context of a DBMS seems very similar to the one used by Oracle(r). Do other DBMSs have a similar definition of a Data Dictionary? That is, is this definition extensible to ther DBMSs?

 * specifically that section i.e. "The data Dictionary consists of record types (tables) created in the database by systems generated command files, tailored for each supported back-end DBMS. Command files contain SQL Statements for CREATE TABLE, CREATE UNIQUE INDEX, ALTER TABLE (for referential integrity), etc., using the specific statement required by that type of database." is confusing because the just stating The data dictionary does not suffice to introduce the narrow DBMS context.--Joelemaltais (talk) 10:18, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

The statement "...it may include both semantics and representational definitions for data elements" seems to me to be part of a definition of a more abstract data dictionary (than one just within a DBMS).

May be the more abstract definition a Data Dictionary would be better appearing before the more detailed definition of one within the context of a DBMS.

Martin 17:33, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

A bit of history...
The idea of databases was beginning to appear by the early 1970s. It soon became obvious that a database application would have so many components that it might be useful to have a parallel BoM (bill-of-materials) database to keep track of the real database. Thus was born the "data dictionary."

In the early days there was debate as to whether or not the dictionary should be "active" (100% in sync with the database) or "passive" (separate from the database & updated via separate (likely manual) processes. Cullinet's IDMS/IDD is an example of an "active" dictionary (IDD - integrated data dictionary) 100% tied to the DBMS.  IBM's IMS dictionary is a DBMS with a "passive" dictionary.  To use the IMS DBMS, it is not necessary to use the separate IMS data dictionary product.  An "active" dictionary would be tightly coupled to its DMBS engine.  Passive dictionaries could be more flexible in supporting the many different DBMSs & file types in use in a typical organization.

In the late 1980s, IBM's abortive AD/Cycle, RepositoryManager effort effectively changed the name of data dictionary to "metadata repository." Duly note that by the mid 2010s, "repository" is now often used to simply mean a database.

The precise meaning of "data dictionary" is difficult to pin down since it depends on how an organization chooses to use it. Some experience the dictionary as just a list of tables & data elements. A full, robust data dictionary will keep track of data elements, data structures, programs, systems & other components relevant to a portfolio of software applications.

While the original intent of data dictionaries was to document databases/files/software portfolios, they have been used for many other purposes.

As a BoM "database" the dictionary—if properly populated with accurate systems information—could easily answer "where used" & "provenance" questions.

Data dictionaries enjoyed their heyday during the reign of the central mainframe, but have largely fallen into obscurity with the rise of heavily distributed computing. DEddy (talk) 11:32, 19 September 2018 (UTC)DEddy (talk) 21:51, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Data dictionary


text:
Gibrat's law

Gibrat's law, sometimes called Gibrat's rule of proportionate growth or the law of proportionate effect, is a rule defined by Robert Gibrat (1904–1980) in 1931 stating that the proportional rate of growth of a firm is independent of its absolute size. The law of proportionate growth gives rise to a firm size distribution that is log-normal.

Gibrat's law is also applied to cities size and growth rate, where proportionate growth process may give rise to a distribution of city sizes that is log-normal, as predicted by Gibrat's law. While the city size distribution is often associated with Zipf's law, this holds only in the upper tail. When considering the entire size distribution, not just the largest cities, then the city size distribution is log-normal. The log-normality of the distribution reconciles Gibrat's law also for cities: The law of proportionate effect will therefore imply that the logarithms of the variable will be distributed following the log-normal distribution. In isolation, the upper tail (less than 1,000 out of 24,000 cities) fits both the log-normal and the Pareto distribution: the uniformly most powerful unbiased test comparing the lognormal to the power law shows that the largest 1000 cities are distinctly in the power law regime.

However, it has been argued that it is problematic to define cities through their fairly arbitrary legal boundaries (the places method treats Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts, as two separate units). A clustering method to construct cities from the bottom up by clustering populated areas obtained from high-resolution data finds a power-law distribution of city size consistent with Zipf's law in almost the entire range of sizes. Note that populated areas are still aggregated rather than individual based. A new method based on individual street nodes for the clustering process leads to the concept of natural cities. It has been found that natural cities exhibit a striking Zipf's law Furthermore, the clustering method allows for a direct assessment of Gibrat's law. It is found that the growth of agglomerations is not consistent with Gibrat's law: the mean and standard deviation of the growth rates of cities follows a power-law with the city size.

In general, processes characterized by Gibrat's law converge to a limiting distribution, often proposed to be the log-normal, or a power law, depending on more specific assumptions about the stochastic growth process. However, the tail of the lognormal may fall off too quickly, and its PDF is not monotonic, but rather has a Y-intercept of zero probability at the origin. The typical power law is the Pareto I, which has a tail that cannot model fall-off in the tail at large outcomes size, and which does not extend downwards to zero, but rather must be truncated at some positive minimum value. More recently, the Weibull distribution has been derived as the limiting distribution for Gibrat processes, by recognizing that (a) the increments of the growth process are not independent, but rather correlated, in magnitude, and (b) the increment magnitudes typically have monotonic PDFs. The Weibull PDF can appear essentially log-log linear over orders of magnitude ranging from zero, while eventually falling off at unreasonably large outcome sizes.

In the study of the firms (business), the scholars do not agree that the foundation and the outcome of Gibrat's law are empirically correct.

title: Gibrat's law


text:
Einthoven (crater)

Einthoven is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It is located beyond the region of the surface that is sometimes brought into view due to libration, and so can not be viewed from the Earth. Einthoven is located to the northeast of the huge walled plain Pasteur.

This is a circular crater with some minor terrace structure along the inner rim. The satellite crater Einthoven X is attached to the northwestern rim, and is partly overlaid by Einthoven. The hummocky interior floor is marked only by a small crater in the eastern half and a few tiny craterlets.

The crater is named after Dutch physiologist and Nobel laureate Willem Einthoven. Prior to formal naming by the IAU in 1970, Einthoven was called Crater 273.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Einthoven.

title: Einthoven (crater)


text:
Gail (river)

Gail (Zilja, Zeglia) is the name of a river in southern Austria, the largest right tributary of the Drava. Its drainage basin is 1413.9 km2.

Etymology
The name Gail developed from Old High German Gîla, in turn from the form *Gīla (which was also the source of the Slovene name Zilja). It is likely that the name is of substrate origin, predating the Roman presence in the area. The name is believed to derive from the pre-Romance word *gai̯li̯a (from the Indo-European root *gʰoi̯lo-), meaning 'foaming (water), powerful'. The river is documented as Gila in a 1090 deed. The Slovene name Zilja is also commonly cited because the lower Gail Valley is a traditional settlement area of the Carinthian Slovenes and a language region of the distinct Gail Valley dialect.

Course
The river source is located east of the Kartitsch Saddle and the Puster Valley in the Tyrolean municipality of Obertilliach. It flows from west to east through the Southern Limestone Alps, between the Gailtal Alps in the north and the Carnic Alps in the south. The river reaches the state of Carinthia in Lesachtal and from Kötschach-Mauthen runs down the broader Gail Valley (Gailtal) with its steep slopes, parallel to the borders with Italy and Slovenia. Beyond its confluence with the Slizza (Gailitz) tributary in Arnoldstein, the Gail joins the Drava River beneath the western Karawanks mountain range near the village of Maria Gail, part of the city of Villach. Following the 1348 Friuli earthquake, the river's course near Villach was buried by a major landslide, causing extensive flooding. The rockslide region (Schütt) along a length of 10 km is still discernible on the steep slopes of Mt. Dobratsch north of Arnoldstein.

While the upper river course is largely preserved in its natural condition, a habitat for shorebirds like the common sandpiper, the white-throated dipper and the grey wagtail, large parts of the lower Gail have been gradually regulated since the 1870s. In recent times, some sections have been renaturated. Today the trout zone reaches up to Hermagor with 17 species, among them common barbel, the common nase, and the rare souffia.

Tributaries

 * Gössering (left)
 * Slizza (right)

title: Gail (river)


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User talk:Joe13

Hi my name is Joe13. I live in a box...

title: User talk:Joe13


text:
Eze

Eze (pronounced ) is an Igbo word which means King. Such words as Igwe and Obi, plus others, are used by Igbo people as titles of respect and homage to the Eze. Igwe is derived from the Igbo word Igwekala or Eluigwekala, "the sky or heaven above the sky is higher or bigger than land", implying that the Eze is a higher servant of the people. Obi usually refers to the centre building for receiving visitors within an Igbo leader's or man's homestead. When used as a title of respect for the Eze, Obi implies: "the one who sits in the throne house or heart of the Kingdom."

In Igbo tradition and culture, the Eze is normally an absolute monarch advised by a council of chiefs or elders whom he appoints based on their good standing within the community. A popular saying in Igbo is "Igbo enwe eze", which translates to "the Igbo have no king." This popular saying does not, however, capture the complexity of Igbo societies as it has been explored in many centuries of anthropological, sociological and political research. In many ways, it is a comment on a cultural disregard for authority and nationhood as seen in the build-up and aftermath of the Biafran Civil War.

The Igbo people had and still have ruling bodies of royal and political leaders in which an individual can be recognized by the entire society as primus inter pares, i.e., first among equals. This status is usually hereditary among the male lineage, since Igbo culture is patrilineal. Women in Igbo cultures were known to develop parallel social hierarchies through which they both competed and collaborated with their counterpart male kingship and governing hierarchies. However, there was one woman Eze in colonial Nigeria, Ahebi Ugbabe.

Kingship in Igboland
Scholars generally believe that Igbo kingship institutions developed from three sources. The first is indigenous and ancient priesthood, which traditionally combined clerical and political duties of leaders in the village-based republics. Ezes were recognized in Arochukwu, Awka, Nri-Igbo, Owere, Northern Nsukka and Ngwa: the most populous Igbo sub-group. In Ngwa, Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuku was Eze from ancestral, royal lineage. Enugu-Ezike, Ovoko, and Iheakpu-Awka are home to the Igbo-Eze communities. The King is variously referred to as Eze or Ezedike, depending on lineage.

Secondly, the neighboring Benin Empire imposed certain conventions by colonizing certain parts of Nigeria. According to an opposite view, the Eze of Nri influenced the constitution of the Benin Oba's status. Differing points of view are focused particularly on the communities of Asaba, Onitsha, and Oguta. According to some scholars who argue against what is known as the Afigbo and Omenka Thesis on Origin, Igbo kings of these places trace the historical roots of their investiture immediately to the Oba of Benin. They tend to be called Obi as royal title of honour.

The third source of Igbo kingship is believed to be 19th and 20th century colonial rule by the British. Under a policy of indirect rule, the colonial administration created "warrant chiefs," selecting recognised individuals to serve as administrators, rulers, judges and tax collectors. Native to their communities, warrant chiefs were usually selected from among those men who were most cooperative with the colonial administration. For this and a number of other reasons, Igbo populations often resented and sometimes overtly resisted the authority of warrant chiefs. An example of such resistance is the Igbo Women's War of 1929.

After Nigeria gained its constitutional independence from Britain on Saturday 1 October 1960, many of those warrant chiefs tried to maintain their power by seeking to recast their political roles. Those with political influence and new-found wealth bought honorary Eze- sounding titles. They clamored to be among traditional rulers retained by government of independent Nigeria.

title: Eze


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Noori

Noori is a Pakistani rock band from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, formed in 1996. The group was formed by songwriter, lead vocalist, and guitarist, Ali Noor, along with his younger brother Ali Hamza, who were soon joined by bassist Muhammad Ali Jafri and drummer Salman Albert. Since the inception of the band, there has been many changes in the line-up; the only consistent members being brothers, Ali Noor and Ali Hamza. The band has produced songs such as "Suno Ke Mein Hoon Jawaan" and the epic "Manwa Re".

Internationally, the band has performed in countries like the United States, India, Afghanistan, United Arab Emirates and Norway.

Early years (1998 – 2002)
The name of the band, Noori, is not derived from Ali Noor, lead vocalist and guitarist. Noori is a Persian word which means "light" and the concept behind the band was the light which shows you things with a different perspective.

Noori started seven years before their first album Suno Ke Main Hun Jawan which was released in 2003. Before Noori, Ali Noor and Muhammad Ali Jaffri worked with co-VEN and released an EP called Not In Your World. Noori has been known for its live acts.

Debut studio album, Suno Ke Mein Hun Jawan and rise to fame (2002–2005)
Noori's debut album, Suno Ke Main Hun Jawan developed a cult following before the album's release in 2003 through leaks on the Internet. It offered a complicated mix of sounds, starting from a folk-like "Manwa Re" that was actually written for a Pakistani film, to hard rock anthems to youth like the title track. Noori's debut album created whirlwinds across the Urdu-speaking community all over the world. A first of its kind, it introduced the genre of pop rock music to the Pakistani mainstream. In addition, the album was also a departure from the beaten track of chummy love songs and focused instead on inspiring the youth of Pakistan to take up the responsibility of doing something worthwhile for themselves and others. Thematically with songs urging listeners to change the world, that life is beautiful and professing women empowerment. Their album was about youth, their innocence, their dreams and how they feel about life. After their album release in 2003, they performed a duet, "Nayan Jahan", with Anaida which was a success.

Second studio album Peeli Patti Aur Raja Jani Ki Gol Dunya (2005–2007)
Their second album was a follow-up on where Suno Ke Main Hun Jawan left off. It talked about what happens when the ever so energetic and hopeful youth grows up and faces the realities of the world. The discontentment and suffering which arises in this growing up create an indifferent and self-centered individual, who finds escape routes in things like drugs and other short-lived pleasures. Titled Peeli Patti Aur Raja Jani Ki Gol Dunya, the album started off in a somewhat hopeful mood and then travels through bitter experiences and ends up with resigned despair, peppered with taunts. The album dealt with a variety of subjects ranging from the problems and consequences of drug use to the collective apathy we all have descended into as individuals and as a society.

In 2005, Muhammad Ali Jafri, who was playing bass guitar for Noori, left the band and started his own business. In 2006, Noori parted ways with Louis J. Pinto (Gumby), the band's drummer.

"Do Dil" and appearances in Coke Studio (2008–2010)
In 2008, after a hiatus of almost two years, Noori came back with their new single "Do Dil".

In 2009, they performed at the Coke Studio Sessions along with artists like Atif Aslam, Zeb and Haniya, Ali Zafar, Saeen Zahoor and many other successful musicians. They performed a duet with Saeen Zahoor, "Aik Alif", a Sufi rock song which was huge success. They also performed in the third episode of Coke Studio Sessions with their song "Jo Meray" which was performed in the format as it was originally composed by Ali Hamza in 2000. They performed "Sari Raat Jaga" on the fourth Coke Studio Session. On 14 August 2009, Noori performed "Kedaar" from their upcoming album at the last Coke Studio Session.

On 15 May 2010, the line-up for Coke Studio confirmed that Noori will feature in the third season along with many well-known artists and bands like Entity Paradigm, Aunty Disco Project, Karavan, Abida Parveen and many other successful musicians. On 20 June 2010, Noori performed a duet "Tann Dolay" with Zeb & Haniya at Coke Studio third season in the second session, 'Will'. On 10 July 2010, Noori released the studio version of the single "Tann Dolay" which also featured Zeb & Haniya. On 18 July 2010, Ali Noor and Ali Hamza did a live interview with Abdul Rauf and Maria Memon on the weekly morning show, Geo Pakistan, on Geo News. On 26 July 2010, the Noori brothers did a collaboration at the fourth Coke Studio session 'Form' for the song "Hor Vi Neevan Ho" with their mother, Noor Zehra Kazim, an accomplished player of the Sagar veena, an instrument developed by her father, Raza Kazim at the Sanjan Nagar Institute for Philosophy and Arts.

Begum Gul Bakaoli Sarfarosh (2015)
Noori performed three preview shows for their new album Begum Gul Bakaoli Sarfarosh in Lahore, Islamabad, and Karachi on 19, 20, and 21 September respectively. Each show had a limited audience of 111 people. Noori used the slogan "I am 1 in 333" for the promotion of these three shows. Although Noori set the release date for the new album at 30 September, it was later delayed to 9 October. Noori, through social media, once again announced the release of their album through a series of meet and greets in Lahore (9 October), Karachi (10 October) and Islamabad (11 October). Noori proclaimed that their album would only be available for sale at these three meets and greets, in order to build a one-on-one connection with the fans by eliminating the middleman. Noori later on performed in Peshawar on 22 November as well for the promotion of the album. Additionally, the album was made free to stream through Patari.pk as a Patari exclusive on 9 October.

Music director in Coke Studio Season 9 and Cornetto Pop Rock (2016)
Noori appeared as a music director in Coke Studio Season 9. Noori's first song in this capacity was "Aaja Re Moray Saiyaan", which was sung by Zeb Bangash and Ali Hamza. It was well-received. The band collaborated on "Paar Channa De" with Shilpa Rao, which turned out to be successful as well.

Noori performed three concerts in Karachi, Lahore & Islamabad for Cornetto Pop Rock. Cornetto released their song featuring Quratulain Baloch, which did well on charts.

Return of Noori (2023)
In January 2023, Ali Noor announced the return of Noori through his social media pages. Noor announced the news by posting a picture of him and his other band mate and brother, Ali Hamza. The caption on the picture said, “Yes Noori is back…".

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Suno Ke Main Hun Jawan (2003)
 * Peeli Patti Aur Raja Jani Ki Gol Dunya (2005)
 * Begum Gul Bakaoli Sarfarosh (2015)

 * Live albums
 * Live at the Rock Musicarium (with Faraz Anwar) (2012)

Timeline

 * Current members
 * Ali Noor – vocals, backing vocals, lead guitar (1996–present)
 * Ali Hamza – vocals, backing vocals, rhythm guitar (1996–present)
 * Kami Paul – drums (2013–present)

 * Former members
 * Louis J. Pinto (aka Gumby) – drums (2003–2006, 2011–2012)
 * Salman Albert – drums, backing vocals (1996–1999)
 * Farhad Humayun – drums (2000–2002)
 * Murtaza Jaffar – rhythm guitar (2003)
 * Mohd. Ali Jafri (bass)

 * Live concert (additional members 2012)
 * Faraz Anwar – Lead guitar
 * Zeeshan Pervez
 * Awais Jaffery – Bass & Lead Guitar

Awards

 * Noori won the award for the Best Rock Song for "Do Dil" at MTV Pakistan Music Awards in 2009.
 * Noori was selected as "Picked Artist of the Month" on the Pakistani music channel called The Musik in June 2006.
 * Noori has won the Best Rock Song Category Award for "Nishaan" in Indus Music Awards 2006.
 * Noori has won the Ultimate Rock song Category Award for "Saari Raat Jaga" in MTV Pakistan Awards 2006.
 * Noori has won Album of the Year award for Begum Gul Bakaoli Sarfarosh at the 15th Lux Style Awards

Controversy
On 18 February 2022, a journalist named Ayesha Binte Rashid accused Ali Noor of sexual harassment. She called him a sexual harasser and predator in her Instagram post. In response to these allegations, Ali Noor said he is truly, deeply sorry.

title: Noori


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User talk:Bob14

Hi my name is Bob. I live in a box... JK what is up my fellow dorky homefries? wb please!

title: User talk:Bob14


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farouk Khury

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETED. dbenbenn | talk 23:23, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Farouk Khury
Nonsense. jni 16:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. It's an article from the future!  Or a bad-faith hoax. Shimeru 20:51, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Future histories are patent nonsense. Speedy deleted.  RickK 21:44, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Benjamin W. Arnett

Untitled
The text of article was obtained from Library of Congress site. Darwin 16:47, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Benjamin W. Arnett


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User:Ihamlen-Gomez

Boy Scouts
Boy Scouts consists of several ranks that can be reached through different tasks and accomplishments. All in all, there are seven ranks to get, including Eagle Scout, the final and most difficult rank to achieve. The first rank is Scout. This can be done in a week or two. The requirements for advancement get progressively harder as you go on. After Scout comes Tenderfoot. Tenderfoot is still a relatively low rank, and is almost as easy to get as the Scout rank is. After Tenderfoot is Second Class. From Second Class onward, the ranks require certain Merit Badges to get the rank. Merit Badges are almost ranks in themselves. There are hundreds of different badges to be earned, from Salesmanship to Shotgun Shooting. Certain ranks require certain badges (called Eagle-required) to be earned. Some requirements for ranks simply specify a number of Merit Badges to be earned. These can be whatever you want, as long as you get the number of badges needed. Higher ranks require more badges, both Eagle-required and ones of your choice. To get the rank of Eagle, you must have a minimum of 21 badges. After Second Class is First Class. First Class is a sort of milestone in the ranks. It is halfway to Eagle. It also qualifies you to become a leader in the troop. The troop consists of several patrols of roughly 6-10 people. At First Class, you can run to be leader of a patrol as Patrol Leader, or on the entire troop, as Senior Patrol Leader. After First Class is Star Scout. This is not a particularly important rank, because nothing new happens when you reach it. The rank after it is Life Scout. Eagle Scout is the final rank, and by far the hardest to get. To get Eagle, you must plan and carry out (with the help of the troop) a service project that benefits the community. These projects usually involve the repair or construction of benches or tables for parks or other public areas. At the age of 18, you must leave the troop, so if you plan to get your Eagle, you must get it before then.

This is you user page there is already a page about eagle Scouts - mb

title: User:Ihamlen-Gomez


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User:Swimtwowin

THE BASICS OF WATER POLO
The sport of water polo is very complex. In layman’s terms according to dictionary.com “[water polo] a game played in a swimming pool by two teams of swimmers who try to throw an inflated ball into the opponent’s goal.”

Water polo is thought to have originated in the lakes and rivers of England in the nineteenth century. It is called water polo because it’s played in the water and the original ball they played with came from India, and in India the word for ball is “Pulu.”

Arguably the driver is the hardest position. They have to be the fastest in the water, be able to read the defense in the least amount of time possible, be willing to go all out at all times, and have an accurate shot and pass.

Being left handed is a great advantage in the sport. Because there aren’t very many left handed people, coaches train the players to defend right handed people. This makes it hard for less experienced players, because they have to do everything they were taught backwards.

title: User:Swimtwowin


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Combination Act 1799

The Combination Act 1799 (39 Geo. 3. c. 81) titled "An Act to prevent Unlawful Combinations of Workmen", prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers. The Act received royal assent on 12 July 1799. An additional Act, the Combination Act 1800, was passed in 1800 (39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 106).

Background
The 1799 and 1800 acts were passed under the government of William Pitt the Younger as a response to Jacobin activity and the fear of then-Home Secretary the Duke of Portland that workers would strike during a conflict to force the government to accede to their demands. Collectively these acts were known as the Combination Acts. Under these laws any combination of two or more masters, or two or more workmen, to lower or raise wages, or to increase or diminish the number of hours of work, or quantity of work to be done, was punishable at common law as a misdemeanor.

Significance
The legislation drove labour organisations underground. Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824. Lobbying by the radical tailor Francis Place played a role in this. However, in response to the series of strikes that followed, the Combinations of Workmen Act 1825 was passed, which allowed trade unions but severely restricted their activity.

title: Combination Act 1799


text: User:MaxPower/myImages

title: User:MaxPower/myImages


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User:Jharvey

Windsurfing boards have always been one of the most significant factors in the performance of a windsurfing rig. Sails, masts, and booms, are all important, however i think that the board has the biggest impact on how the rig performs. I have been windsurfing for 12 years and have sailed on every type of board there is from freestyle and wave boards to race and slalom boards and the difference of performance between them all is incredible. Starting with the smallest boards, wave boards i will describe the performance of each board all the way up to the biggest boards, the race boards. Wave boards were first invented when some people windsurfing in Maui on slalom boards (the only boards there were) decided that slalom boards were too long to carve back and fourth on bigger waves, so they wanted a smaller board. At first, the boards they made were pretty much just small slalom boards but then the shape of the true wave board was created. Wave boards are short in length, anywhere from 7 1/2 feet to 8 1/2 feet, wider than a slalom board, and very light so that they can carve sharply and quickly in the water and they are easy to jump. The next biggest board, my personal favorite, is the freestyle board. The freestyle boards were invented just recently (about 4 years ago) when people started doing more and more freestyle (tricks). Most of the freestyle moves people were able to do on wave boards, however the newer moves that people were doing, where the board is doing a lot of sliding on the water and jumping the board in little or no waves, were getting hard to do on wave boards because they were too small. So the freestyle board was invented. Freestyle boards are about the same length as wave boards, however they are much wider, which gives them more volume (in other words, since they are wider they have more buoyancy). This is critical for the new freestyle moves. When the board is sliding sideways, if it is long and narrow it does not have as much stability which makes it harder to balance. With a wider board, the board has more volume (which gives it buoyancy) which makes it easier to balance when the board is sliding sideways on the water. This also is very helpful when you are doing light wind tricks when you need maximum balance. Just a small step up from the freestyle board is the freeride, or slalom, board. This board is more centered towards the people who want to go fast but still want the light weight for jumping. Freeride boards were invented just after the sport itself was. They were the first boards that you could go fast on. Freeride boards are shaped a lot like wave boards but made a little longer. Freeride boards are great for speed, carving, and jumping. They basically are the average boards, they include aspects from each discipline of boards. Wave, the long narrow shape, race, the speed, and freestyle, the light weight. And finally the biggest board of them all, the race board. This is the board that probably first started the sport. It is shaped much different than any other board. It is long, about the same as the freeride board, but is very wide, much wider than the freestyle board. However, the most significant aspect that makes it stand out is the volume. It is the floatiest board of them all. It is designed for early, light wind planning and is very fast. In addition to being a great board for racing, it is an excellent board for beginner windsurfers, due to its wide stability and large volume.

title: User:Jharvey