text:
Talk:Name day

Italian habits
Hello, I'm Italian and actually what you've written about name days in my country refers to the period up to the 50s-60s. Nowadays it's quite rare to be named after a saint or to receive gifts on your name day also in the south. Hope I've been helpful and sorry for my bad English :) --Puccia1996 (talk) 16:59, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

I can confirm. Many Italians do not even know what day of the year is their name day! One could receive (provided their name were a saint's one) "name day wishes" by some older relative, at most, but it is increasingly rare nowadays. I would at least add a "citation needed" tag to the claim. --CBC — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.56.75.176 (talk) 01:58, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

Untitled
This article was created by merging Namesdays in Sweden and Namesdays in Finland. Please see the related talk pages for prior discussions (Talk:Namesdays in Sweden and Talk:Namesdays in Finland). --HappyDog 19:05, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The term chosen for this entry (Namesday) is not English. It offends against English usage. The correct term is Name day. Whether the term in the original Swedish has an 's' is irrelevant. Compound nouns are not constructed in this way in English. The article should be rewritten using the correct English terminology. Eilthireach 20:59, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I am English, and am not 'offended' by it's usage. Please try to be civil and not use such loaded terms.  Regarding the article, I assume you have followed the above links and read previous discussions on this topic.  It would be good for a concensus to be reached about the article name, but a more constructive approach to the issue would be helpful.  In terms of the article content itself, you are free to edit it as you see fit - that is how a wiki works. I'm sure if someone disagrees with your edits they will be reverted quite quickly.  --HappyDog 00:31, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Even if it does not offend you, it is ungrammatical. In English noun compounds, the secondary word (the one that functions as an adjective) is always singular. On the Talk:Namesdays_in_Sweden page, it is suggested that either the S or the one-word or both should be retained because of the Swedish usage, but this is silly. If I were to write an article on the Afrikaans Waterlemoenkonfytuniekompetisie (a textbook example of Afrikaans compound nouns), I would call it Watermelon-preserve Union Competition. If I called it Watermelonpreserveunioncompetition you would think I was mad. We just don't do that in English. --Taejo

 * One of the most notable features of English is its massive flexibility. Namesday is a perfectly reasonable usage, "grammatical" or not. Algebraist

 * Yes, but it is far less common than "name day" and the article title should not be plural. I have moved the article and adjusted the intro.  Pr oh ib it O ni o n s   (T) 18:12, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

I don't understand where this idea that Namesday is grammatically incorrect comes from? It certainly is a little archaic but it is not grammatically incorrect. Messiah of rodents (talk) 21:15, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

Expansion
Apparently this is also applicable to other European countries, including Germany, according to User:Rvollmert. -- Beland 03:33, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It is also NOT a Catholic thing, as it is common practice here in Latvia, where the main 'branch' of christianity is protestant - Lutheranism.--159.148.174.220 11:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This traditon comes from church calendars. I guess, that it is pre-luteranic, but this tradition in Latvia isn`t connected with church anymore (in fact I`ve heard that name days in church are different from normal callendar) so maybe better deffinition would be that this tradiion is popular in countries influenced by cristianity (in Europe ?) or that it is influenced by church calendr Xil
 * Where is the stuff on namesdays in France? Alphax τεχ 00:26, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Where's the stuff on name days in Mexico? Early morning phone calls and singing the mañanitas are still traditional in some circles. 68.0.156.26 03:33, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Poland
I found at Imieniny list where several dates are assigned to most of names. Why? --Kompik 11:47, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * This is a lot like the Russian calendar, which if you look at a truly comprehensive one (buy a book on Russian names, for example), certain names have upwards of 20 name days. This is beccause there is more than one saint with the same name. — John 16:18, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Where?
"...found in various Catholic and Eastern Orthodox countries" — in which countries exactly are these found? (Only in Sweden, Finland, Greece, Poland, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary?) --Zoz (t) 19:37, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I googled and found name days calendars for Estonia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Greece, Austria, Bulgaria, France, Russia, Ukraine, Estonia, Spain, Croatia, USA, Canada. They are "unheard of" in the Middle East, in USA and posibly some other countries they are not tradition - some people are trying to introduce them. I'll change that sentence to "large parts of Europe" or something, I guess it'll be more exact location -- Xil/talk 11:09, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * Namesdays → Name day … Rationale: Article name should be singular not plural; and the usual English spelling of this compound has a space, not written solid; Virtually all English compounds using nouns attributively have the attributive in the singular (e.g. "three day weekend"; "scissor kick"; "man-eater"  … Please share your opinion at Talk:Namesdays. --jnestorius(talk) 12:55, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Namesdays → Name day … Rationale: Article name should be singular not plural; and the usual English spelling of this compound has a space, not written solid; Virtually all English compounds using nouns attributively have the attributive in the singular (e.g. "three day weekend"; "scissor kick"; "man-eater"  … Please share your opinion at Talk:Namesdays. --jnestorius(talk) 12:55, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~

 * Support jnestorius(talk) 12:55, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

As this is a fairly clear case, I have moved the article. The previous discussion above suggests an existing consensus for a move. Pr oh ib it O ni o n s  (T) 18:12, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, thanks for moving it. It's obvious it should be called "name day," since that's how it's listed in English dictionaries, including The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. — John 16:21, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion
I have removed the notice proposing deletion of this page. It claims the subject is non-notable. As the article says, "It is common in large parts of Europe." That makes it notable. I agree that sources are needed, but this subject is sufficiently notable to be included in Wikipedia. --HappyDog 23:23, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Nope - a claim of notability means that it can't be speedied, however that doesn't make it notable. Also, none of the sub-articles have any sources. Addhoc 23:32, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, if you look above you will see that it has been rated as Mid-importance on the assessment scale by WikiProject Russia. I think the burden of proof is on you to show that it is not notable, in this case.  What is your experience of this subject?  You seem pretty sure that it should be deleted... --HappyDog 16:46, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, I've added sources and removed the unreferenced tag. Addhoc 20:05, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Fantastic - well done and thank you! --HappyDog 08:38, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Finland Feb 29
The text says that in Finland February 29 is not a name day. This may be technically incorrect. I am under the impression that Finland holds to the original rule that leap year day (the bissextile) falls on February 24. Thus in leap year, it is February 24 that is not a name day, the name days for February 24 thru February 28 being celebrated one day later. I may be completely wrong on this. Ask a Finn. —  Randall Bart     Talk   00:59, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

add "Name Days" to the "On this day" Pages
I think that on each day page, (e.g. September 22) there should be a section at the bottom detailing the names which belong to each day? What's other peoples opinion on this? and is there another place I should ask this question? D-Ozols 11:20, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

 * A great idea. — John (talk) 22:45, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I like the idea as well. Just keep in mind that the same names might be celebrated on different dates around the world. This is especially true for Christian countries on "the old calendar" and "the new" one. Anyhow, I hope this gets more support. --Cryout (talk) 03:01, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

In popular culture section?
Name days feature a lot in Game of Thrones, should that be mentioned in an "In popular culture" section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.43.12.83 (talk) 13:49, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

Advertising
I removed this as it looks non-notable and pretty much like advertising:
 * In 2004 an English name day enthusiast, Paul Feagan, collated a list of popular English names and studied their etymology in order to match them against the calendar of Saint's Feast Days. These English name days were then published on www.happynameday.com. Paul Feagan also owns the trademark 'Happy Name Day' for use on physical and electronic greeting cards, registered in the USA, Canada, United Kingdom and Ireland.

90.196.233.81 (talk) 13:29, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Name day. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080514135640/http://www.scandinavius.com/sweden/seconnections/namesday/senamesday.html to http://www.scandinavius.com/sweden/seconnections/namesday/senamesday.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:58, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Name day. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080226060338/http://www.kultura.lv/en/heritage/191/ to http://www.kultura.lv/en/heritage/191/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:41, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

Estonia or Lithuania?
I added WikiProject lines for Estonia and Lithuania, but I am unsure that these two Baltic countries bordering on Russia share name day traditions with Latvia, which is documented here. Comments?--Dthomsen8 (talk) 03:03, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

Clarifying my edit
Sorry if the description of my edit about the Eastern Orthodox tradition seems confusing: I accidentally saved the changes before finishing the description. My point was, the Eastern Orthodox use the term “feast day”, just like the Catholics, and while it’s usually the day of the saint’s death, it can also be a celebration of the saint’s birth, transfer of relics, a council where the saint(s) took part, etc. --94.19.10.16 (talk) 04:02, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Name day


text:
Name day

In Christianity, a name day is a tradition in many countries of Europe and the Americas, among other parts of Christendom. It consists of celebrating a day of the year that is associated with one's baptismal name, which is normatively that of a biblical character or other saint. Where they are popular, individuals celebrate both their name day and their birthday in a given year.

The custom originated with the Christian calendar of saints: believers named after a saint would celebrate that saint's feast day. Within Christianity, name days have greater resonance in areas where the Christian denominations of Catholicism, Lutheranism and Orthodoxy predominate.

In some countries, however, name-day celebrations do not have a connection to explicitly Christian traditions.

History
The celebration of name days has been a tradition in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox countries since the Middle Ages, and has also continued in some measure in countries, such as the Scandinavian countries, whose Protestant established church retains certain Catholic traditions. The name days originate in the list of holidays celebrated in commemoration of saints and martyrs of the church. For example, the name Karl or Carl is celebrated in Sweden on 28 January, the anniversary of the death of Charlemagne (Charles Magnus, i.e., "the great"). The church promoted the celebration of name days (or rather saints' feast days) over birthdays, as the latter was seen as a pagan tradition.

Where name days occur, official lists contain the current assignations of names to days. There are different lists for Finnish, Swedish, Sámi, and other countries that celebrate name days, though some names are celebrated on the same day in many countries. From the 18th century and onwards the list of name days has been modified in Sweden and Finland.

Bulgaria
Name days (имени дни) in Bulgaria have almost always been associated with Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox celebrations. Some names can be celebrated on more than one day and some have even started following foreign traditions (like Valentina being celebrated on the Catholic St. Valentine's Day).

Two of the most popular name days in Bulgaria are St. George's day (Гергьовден, celebrated on 6 May) and St. John's day (Ивановден, celebrated on 7 January).

Another example of a name day connected with Christianity is Tsvetnitsa (Цветница, Palm Sunday). On this day people with names derived from flowers, trees, herbs, etc., celebrate. Name days are frequently connected with some year or season features like Dimitrovden (Dimitar's day, 26 October) marking the beginning of winter and Gergyovden (George's day, 6 May) heralding the end of it according to traditional folklore.

Name days in Bulgaria are important and widely celebrated. Children celebrate their name days by bringing sweets and chocolates to school. By an ancient Bulgarian tradition, everybody is welcome on name days; there is no need to invite guests. Presents are given.

Common well-wishes include "May you hear your name from grandchildren and great-grandchildren!" (Да чуеш името си от внуци и правнуци!), "May you hear your name only with good!" (Да ти се чува името само за добро!) and "May your name be healthy and well!" (Да ти е живо и здраво името!).

Croatia
In Croatia, name day (imendan) is a day corresponding to a date in the Catholic calendar when the respective saint's day is celebrated. Even though the celebration of the name day is less usual than celebrating a birthday, the name day is more often the occasion of congratulations from a broader number of acquaintances. This is due to the fact that the date of birth is seldom known and the person's name is known to many.

The names that are celebrated on the certain saint's day are all the names that correspond to the respective name and all the derivative names. For example, if there are different versions of the same name in different languages (e.g. John), i.e. different versions in Slavic, Romance, Germanic or other language groups, all the respective names are celebrated.

Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, each day of the year corresponds to a personal name (or several names). People celebrate their name day (svátek or dated jmeniny) on the date corresponding to their own given name.

Name days are commonly of less importance than birthdays to Czech people. However, name-day celebrations can be, and often are, held together with friends or co-workers of the same name and in this way can grow in size and importance.

In the past, by law, parents were not allowed to choose just any name for a child. This has changed, although it is still common to choose the name from the name-day "calendar". The original list was the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, but changes have been made to reflect the present-day usage of names. Any existing name, Czech or foreign, can be given, but not domestic or diminutive forms.

Name days corresponding to some of the most frequently occurring names in the Czech Republic gain slightly more importance than others. For example, the dates associated with the names Josef (Joseph) and Karel (Charles) are commonly known even by people with different names. However, the popularity of these names has decreased in the last years (6836 Josefs were born in 1947, but only 638 in 2014 ).

Denmark
Danes have Name days in Denmark for name days (navnedag). However, the custom of celebrating one's name day is practically unknown in Denmark, and few Danes know when their name day is.

Finland
Finns celebrate their name days (nimipäivä, namnsdag) according to their given names on the dates set by the calendar published by the University of Helsinki Almanac Office (Almanakkatoimisto). Every day except New Year's Day, Christmas Day and 29 February is a name day. For each day, there are names in both Finnish and Swedish; the names are frequently, but not always, cognates.

Women are slightly underrepresented in the calendar: approximately 45 per cent of name days celebrate only women while some 49 per cent are name days of men. The rest relate to names which may be given to either sex, such as Rauni (15 July), or which feature both women's and men's names, such as Oliver and Olivia (29 May).

There are many traditional beliefs associated with various name days, especially involving the weather and the appropriate times to perform agricultural tasks, such as planting some particular crop. For example, there is a saying that "Jaakko (James) casts a cold rock into the water", meaning that on Jaakko's day, 25 July, the lake and sea waters will start getting colder, which is not far from true on average. The seven days from the 18th to the 24th of July, all being women's name days, are known as "the women's week" (naistenviikko). It is popularly believed to be an especially rainy week, and this is to some extent supported by statistics, as late July and early August are the rainiest times of the year in Finland.

The Almanac Office reviews the name lists at intervals of 5 to 10 years, adding new names as they gain popularity and removing others that have faded into disuse. The University of Helsinki owns the copyright to the name lists and their corresponding dates.

The Finnish Orthodox Church has its own calendar of name days, corresponding to the feasts of Orthodox saints.

France
In France name days (fête du prénom) have long been very important in everyday culture and it was traditional to give a small gift to a friend or family member on their name day.

Some days of the year are commonly referred to by their saint's day: "la [sc. fête de] Saint Sylvestre" is New Year's Eve; "la Saint Jean" is Midsummer (24 June); and so on.

Germany
In Germany name days (Namenstag) used to be widely popular in traditionally Catholic southern and western regions, where historically they were more important than birthdays. Since the 1950s, the tradition has mostly disappeared even in Catholic families.

Greece and Cyprus
In Greece and Cyprus, a name day (ονομαστική εορτή, or γιορτή) is celebrated in a similar way to a birthday, except for expected differences (e.g. no birthday cake). It has been a strong Greek tradition since antiquity for newborn children to be named after one of their grandparents. This results in a continuation of names in the family line.

According to the Greek Orthodox Church, every day of the year is dedicated to the memory of at least one (usually more than one) saint or martyr. If someone is named after a saint, then there is a big celebration on his or her name day. In Greece and Cyprus, many names derive from pagan Greek antiquity, and there may not be a Christian saint of the same name. In such a case, the person is said "not to have" a name day, or they may choose to celebrate on All Saints' Day. The vast majority of name days are on the same date every year; the few exceptions are names directly or indirectly associated with Easter, and so are floating. The tradition facilitates social interaction, as all Greek language calendars include detailed name-day lists. Some name days coincide with major Christian feasts. For example, people whose names are Chrēstos or Christine have their name day on Christmas, people named after St. Basil have their name day on New Year's Day, Anastásios and Anastasía on Easter Sunday, and María and Mários either on the Dormition or on the Presentation of Mary, mother of Jesus.

The traditional format of a name-day celebration is an open house: once a family or person has chosen to celebrate with invited guests (at home, at a restaurant, a bar or a club) if at all (e.g. following a recent bereavement), all well-wishers may be welcomed. Children celebrate their birthdays and name days equally festively, but as the person grows up the emphasis may shift decisively. Entertainment provided by the celebrating host may include a meal, drinks, desserts, music and partying, rather than the guests fussing over the person celebrating. Gifts are expected from the guests. Optionally, an adult relative or a godparent might give pocket money to a celebrant child or teenager instead of a gift. In cases where birthdays and name days are close to each other, the celebrations are best merged. It is also common to shift a name day celebration to a more convenient day, e.g. to the following Friday or to a weekend. Name days can be celebrated up to 40 days after the nominal date.

Hungary
Name days in Hungary are very popular, although not quite as much as a person's actual birth date. A woman is typically given flowers on her name day by acquaintances, including in the workplace, and the price of flowers often rises around the dates of popular names because of demand. A bottle of alcohol is a common gift for men on their name day. Children frequently bring sweets to school to celebrate their name days. Name days are more often celebrated than birthdays in workplaces, presumably because it is simpler to know the date since most calendars contain a list of name days. You can also find the name day on daily newspapers by the date and on Hungarian websites. Some highly popular names have several name days; in that case, the person chooses on which day they wish to celebrate, though traditionally the one closest to their birthday is celebrated. The list of the name days is, as usual in name day celebrating cultures, based on the traditional Catholic saints' feasts, but the link of the secular name-days calendar to the Catholic calendar is not maintained any more. For example, even religious Catholic people named Gergely (Gregory) after Pope Gregory the Great still celebrate their name days on 12 March, although the Church moved the feast of that saint to 3 September in 1969.

Ireland
In Ireland, name days were occasionally observed in the past. Among Roman Catholics, it was traditional to begin the celebration on the night before, with a decade of the Rosary to ask the Virgin Mary and the child's patron for his or her needs.

Italy
In Italy, one's name day is referred to as their "" (όνομα). People often receive small gifts on their Onomastico; cakes are also baked. Name days are determined according to the Sanctorale, a cycle found in the General Roman Calendar giving almost each day a few saints, so different names may celebrated on the same day. Traditionally, parents fix the name day of their child at christening, according to the favourite saint in case of different ones (on different days) with the same name, and the child will carry it all along throughout its life. In the case of multiple given names, the child will celebrate only one, usually the first. In South Italy, the onomastico is given a much higher relevance, and sometimes it is considered more important than the birthday itself.

Many parishes used to celebrate the name-day of their patron saint with Mass celebrations, religious processions and also charity festivals. Such a festival can involve a community canteen, food stands or a temporary amusement park; it could last few days and is called sagra, even if the term is broadly used also for non-Catholic-related town festivals.

Latvia
In Latvia, name days (vārda dienas) are settled on certain dates; each day (except for 29 February in a leap year) is a name day. Usually, Latvian calendars list up to five names each day—around 1,000 names a year. Recently an extended calendar with around 5,000 names was published, and there are also a few extended calendars found on the Internet, listing names even on 29 February. 29 February is a popular date to celebrate name days of people who do not have a name day; another such date is 22 May. People who do not have name days in ordinary calendars can enjoy many variations when to celebrate—on 29 February or 22 May and, if they have their name in an extended calendar or in the church calendar, on the date listed there (so in a leap year such a person can choose from 2 to 4 dates when to celebrate). The Latvian name-days calendar is updated at one or two-year intervals; anyone can suggest a name for the calendar, usually by sending an application to the State Language Centre (Valsts valodas centrs).

Celebrations are very much like birthday celebrations. It is popular to celebrate name days in one's workplace—usually, the person who has a name day prepares snacks for well-wishers, and during the day colleagues arrive one after another with flowers, sweets and small presents to greet him. Sometimes, especially in smaller companies, a certain time is set for the main celebrations. It is normal to come to a name day celebration without an invitation. At school one is expected to arrive with candy for classmates and teachers. Celebrating name days at home is similar to celebrating a birthday, although it may vary depending on the period of time between one's birthday and name day; usually, one will eat cake with household members and receive presents.

Some families may even celebrate their name days more than their birthdays if the name day falls on a date during a much nicer season. For example: they are more likely to organise a big party for a name day that falls in the summer months than a birthday during the months with bad weather (late autumn or winter).

Mexico and Latin America
The onomastico in Latin America is the feast of the saint in honor of which someone was named. It is very common for this term to be used as a synonym for birthdays, but this word refers to the list of the names of the saints, so they are not synonymous. Although (especially years before) by popular tradition the newborn son was named with the name that the Catholic saint indicated for that day, the day of someone's birthday does not always coincide with the day of his name. In this way, women called "Rosa" could celebrate their name on the day of Saint Rose of Viterbo in Italy, Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne in France or Saint Rose of Lima on 23 August in Peru; women called "Mercedes" celebrate on 24 September, and men called "Joseph" celebrate on 19 March, regardless of whether or not they were born on those dates. For the devout their saint day can be more important and significant than their own birthday.

North Macedonia
Name-days (Именден, Imenden) in North Macedonia have been celebrated throughout the history of this country. It has some similarities with the other Balkan countries but there are some name days unique to the country. The name days are scheduled according to the Macedonian Orthodox Church following the Julian calendar. Each month there are several name days which are celebrated by the people with the same name. Some of the name-days that are more significant to the history and culture are non-working days for the whole country. At these days everyone is invited or would like to say "Кој дојде – Добредојде" ("Whoever comes—is welcomed") in Macedonian. Bringing presents is optional (usually wine or something symbolic). A typical phrase to salute the celebrant is "Let your name last forever" ("Нека ти е вечно името", "Neka ti e vecno imeto") or "For years to come" ("За многу години" / "Za mnogu godini"). Among the most celebrated name-days in North Macedonia are St. Stefan (9 January), Epiphany (19 January), St. John (20 January), Blagovec (7 April), St. George (6 May), Ss. Cyril and Methodius (24 May), St. Kostadin and Elena (3 June), St. Peter (12 July), St. Paul (12 July), and St. Dimitar (8 November). Sv Nikola is the most celebrated (19 December).

Poland

Traditionally, name-day celebrations (imieniny) have enjoyed a celebratory emphasis greater than that of birthday celebrations in parts of Poland. However, birthday celebrations are increasingly popular and important, particularly among the younger generations. Imieniny involve the gathering and socializing of friends and family at the celebrant's home, as well as the giving of gifts and flowers at home and elsewhere, such as at the workplace. Local calendars often contain the names celebrated on a given day.

Romania
Name days (onomastica) in Romania are associated with the Orthodox Christian saint's celebrations. The celebrations are made very much in the same way as in Greece (see above). Name days are almost as important as birthdays, and those who have the name of that particular saint celebrate on that day. Some of the more important name days are 1 January: Sf. Vasile (St. Basil), 7 January: Sf. Ioan (St. John), 23 April: Sf. Gheorghe (St. George), 21 May: Sf. Constantin şi Elena (St. Constantine and Helen), 29 June: Sf. Petru şi Pavel (St. Peter and Paul), 20 July: Sf. Ilie (St. Elias), 15 August and 8 September: Sf. Maria (St. Mary), 9 September: Sf. Ana (St. Ann), 14 October: Sf. Parascheva (St. Paraskeva), 26 October: Sf. Dumitru (St. Demetrios), 8 November: Sf. Mihail şi Gavril (St. Michael and Gabriel), 25 November: Sf. Ecaterina (St. Catherine), 30 November: Sf. Andrei (St. Andrew), 6 December: Sf. Nicolae (St. Nicholas), 27 December: Sf. Stefan (St. Stephen).

Persons (especially women) who have no saint name or who only have a flower name celebrate their name day on Palm Sunday (Floriile in Romanian, which roughly translates as "the Flowers Day"). This name day varies: it is celebrated each year on the last Sunday before Orthodox Easter.

Russia
Russians celebrate name days (именины) separately from birthdays. Some calendars note name days, but usually one must refer to a special name-day calendar. Celebrations range from the gifting of cards and flowers to full-blown celebrations similar to birthday parties. Such a celebration begins with attendance at the divine services marking that day (in the Russian tradition, the All-Night Vigil and Divine Liturgy), and usually with a festive party thereafter. Before the October Revolution of 1917, Russians regarded name days as important as, or more important than, the celebration of birthdays, based on the rationale that one's baptism is the event by which people become "born anew" in Christ.

The Russian Imperial family followed a tradition of giving name-day gifts, such as a diamond or a pearl.

References to name days in Russian literature and theatre include the entire first act of Anton Chekhov's Three Sisters, where Irina celebrates her name day, Alexander Pushkin's Eugene Onegin with the celebration of Tatiana's name day, and Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, Book I, where both the mother and the youngest daughter of the Rostov family (referred to as Natalya and Natasha, respectively) celebrate their name day.

Although the name day (именины) celebration is not as popular as a birthday celebration, the Russian word for a person having a birthday (день рождения/den rozhdeniya) is still именинник/imeninnik (feminine: именинница/imeninnitsa), literally "a person whose name day is being celebrated").

Slovakia
In Slovakia name days (meniny) are widely celebrated. Name days are more often celebrated than birthdays in workplaces, presumably because it is simpler to know the date since most calendars contain a list of name days, which can also be found in the header of daily newspapers. Celebrations in elementary schools are different from those within the family, as the celebrant gives candies to their classmates. Within the family, birthday-like celebrations are often held with cakes, presents and flowers. Flowers are sometimes sold out for popular name-days. In the past, the law did not allow parents to choose any name for their child. That has changed, although it is still common to choose a name from the name-day list in the calendar.

The original list was the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, but changes have been made to reflect the present-day usage of names.

Slovenia
Name days (god) were widely celebrated and preferred over birthday celebrations, until after World War II and the advent of Communism. In rural areas as well as among certain strata of town people the custom of celebrating name days lasted longer. Nowadays, while the tradition has not been obliterated, name days are celebrated mostly among older people.

Spain
Until recently, name days in Spain (onomásticos or día de mi/su santo) were widely celebrated. Onomásticos are not limited to saints but also include the celebration days of the different representations of the Virgin Mary. For example, the name day of a woman named Carmen would be 16 July, day of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Currently, onomásticos are still remembered in more traditional families, but are not generally celebrated with festive parties and presents as they were in the past. To celebrate name days, practising Catholics typically attend mass and have some intimate family celebration. In Spain, children often take sweets or cake to school to share with their classmates.

Sweden

From the 18th century onwards, names used by the royal family were introduced to the Swedish list of name days, followed by other common names. In 1901 a comprehensive modernisation was made to make the list up to date with current names. The monopoly on almanacs, held by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, expired in 1972 and so did the official name-day list. Competing name-day lists began to emerge, but the official list was still in general use until 1986 when the consensus of a new list with three names on each day was reached. This list was revised in 1993 and reduced to two names on each day. However, widespread dissatisfaction with the list prompted the Swedish Academy to compile a new two-name list which was finally accepted and brought into use in 2001. Although it does not have the official status of the 1901 or older lists, it is now universally used in Sweden.

Ukraine
Name days in Ukraine (день ангела) are usually associated with Ukrainian Orthodox, Ukrainian Orthodox (Moscow Patriarchate), and Ukrainian Catholic churches' celebrations of a day when a saint was born.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Name day


text:
Hinch (surname)

Hinch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * A. J. Hinch (born 1974), American baseball manager and former player
 * Derryn Hinch, Australian television host and former politician
 * Hinch Live, now simply Hinch, a Sky News television program hosted by Derryn Hinch
 * Dick Hinch (1949–2020), American politician
 * Jimmy Hinch, English footballer
 * John Hinch (mathematician), mathematician
 * John Hinch (musician), British drummer
 * Maddie Hinch, English field hockey player
 * Mrs Hinch, British influencer

title: Hinch (surname)


text:
Soviet Union at the Olympics

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, and competed at the Summer and Winter Games on 18 occasions subsequently. At six of its nine appearances at the Summer Olympic Games, the Soviet team ranked first in the total number of gold medals won, second three times, and became the biggest contender to the United States' domination in the Summer Games. Similarly, the team was ranked first in the gold medal count seven times and second twice in its nine appearances at the Winter Olympic Games. The Soviet Union's success might be attributed to a heavy state investment in sports to fulfill its political objectives on an international stage.

Following the Russian Revolution of November 1917 and the Russian Civil War (1917–1922), the Soviet Union did not participate in international sporting events on ideological grounds; however, after World War II (1939–1945), dominating the Olympic Games came to be seen by Soviet officials and leaders as a useful method of promoting communism. The Olympic Committee of the USSR was formed on April 21, 1951, and the IOC recognised the new body in its 45th session (May 7, 1951). In the same year, when the Soviet representative Konstantin Andrianov became an IOC member, the USSR officially joined the Olympic Movement.

The 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki thus became first Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. On July 20, 1952 Nina Romashkova won the first Olympic gold medal in the history of Soviet sport, competing in the women's discus throw. Romashkova's result in this event (51.42 m) was the new Olympic record at that time.

The 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo became the first Winter Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. There Lyubov Kozyreva won the first Winter Olympic gold medal in the history of Soviet sport, competing in the women's cross-country skiing 10 km event.

The USSR became the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The United States and many other countries boycotted these Games in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; the USSR led a boycott of the 1984 Games in Los Angeles.

Although the USSR ceased to exist on December 26, 1991, The Olympic Committee of the USSR formally existed until March 12, 1992, when it disbanded.

In 1992, 7 of the 15 former Soviet Republics competed together as the Unified Team and marched under the Olympic Flag in the Albertville Games, where they finished second in the medal rankings. The Unified Team also competed in the Barcelona Games later in the year (represented by 12 of the 15 ex-Republics), and finished first in the medal rankings at those Games.

Hosted Games
Soviet Union has hosted the Games on one occasion.

Medal tables

 * *Purple border colour indicates tournament was held on home soil.

Controversy
Soviet Olympic team was notorious for skirting the edge of amateur rules. All Soviet athletes held some nominal jobs, but were in fact state-sponsored and trained full-time. According to many experts, that gave the Soviet Union a huge advantage over the United States and other Western countries, whose athletes were students or real amateurs. Indeed, the Soviet Union monopolized the top place in the medal standings after 1968, and, until its collapse, placed second only once, in the 1984 Winter games, after another Eastern bloc nation, the GDR. Amateur rules were relaxed only in the late 1980s and were almost completely abolished in the 1990s, after the fall of the USSR.

Doping
According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts". On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics, a 1989 Australian study said "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games."

Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements. The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Flag bearers controversy
Soviet officials expected the flag bearer to show an example of an attractive, physically strong person and a distinguished athlete. He was expected to carry the flag through the Olympic ceremony in one hand unsupported by a harness. This presented a formidable physical task as the flag weighed 16 kg in the 1960s, and a sudden wind might further increase the physical load. Hence the Soviet flag bearers at the opening ceremony of the Summer Olympics were selected from among heavyweight weightlifters or wrestlers, who did not have to compete the next day.

Soviet officials also expected the flag bearer to win a gold medal at the given Olympics. This resulted in absurd situations at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics, when the selected flag bearers, Yakov Kutsenko and Aleksey Medvedev respectively, were not allowed to compete because the officials did not believe they would win a gold medal. Both were top-level heavyweight weightlifters. Kutsenko placed second at the 1950 World Championships and Medvedev won the world title in 1956 and 1957.

title: Soviet Union at the Olympics


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tax protestor

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Deathphoenix 03:47, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Tax protester
Less common spelling, current content just a POV quote.Squidwina 19:22, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page needs to be extensively reworked. --Rodschmidt 4:58, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC) --Rodschmidt 13:33, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV essay/rant. Megan1967 00:10, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Since there is no Tax protester article, I would think this should be Renamed and cleaned up. Gazpacho 00:27, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Having contributed this article (which I recognize certainly needs development), I feel compelled to defend it.  There is such a creature as a 'tax protestor,' a term which is used by the IRS, by courts, and by tax professors and practitioners.  W/respect to the POV, it is frankly very hard to write about people who think that the Sixteenth Amendment is invalid because Ohio was technically not a state until 1953, or that the word 'income' could not conceivably include wages, without sounding judgmental.  Indeed, some tax protestors have become quite legendary for taking multiple appeals to the Supreme Court on various theories (and invariably getting shot down).  I borrowed the section (with permission of the author, as noted) because it was succinct, and I saw no point in reinventing the wheel.  In any event, I contend that the topic, however set forth, is certainly encylopedic.--BD2412 02:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * PS - sorry about the spelling, they get us into the '-or' habit in law school.
 * Comment. This page has now been substantially expanded since the initial votes for deletion. --BD2412 22:30, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment.
 * 1) 'If tax protestor' is a US legal term as opposed to 'tax protester' as a general term for a person in any country not paying their taxes and whatnot, I think there should be separate articles for the two.
 * 2) I think the quoted material should not be there unless it is impossible to provide a NPOV explanation of the legal term, as the author's opinion expressed in the quote doesn't seem to add any insight into the factual content and may cause unnecessary offence to some people. Squidwina 10:30, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment.
 * 1) Let's start with the aspects of this topic that are the least controversial: when the phrase first appeared in print; to whom, by name, it referred; how it has expanded over time; whether or not it is a legal term, and if so, where defined; a list of specific people who self-identify as "tax protestors"
 * 2) A list of the specific arguments, with citations to court cases for those that have been tested - this is where the article will become huge, particularly if both sides of every argument are included
 * 3) The phrase "disagree with the tax laws" is ambiguous: does it mean someone who wants the law to be changed, or someone who disagrees with someone else about what the law is?
 * 4) Is it possible to draw a distinct line between "such a creature" and people who are confused by the tax code and have genuine doubts and unanswered questions? In other words, is "tax protestor" a distinct population?
 * 5) Reference to "Holocaust deniers" is too far afield and merely shows the author's bias. (No one self-identifies as a Holocaust denier, it is entirely a slur-word.) It might be appropriate in a page about the psychology of people who question mainstream beliefs about points of law and history, but there the topic should be fully explored.
 * 6) It is easy for a schooled lawyer to ridicule the rest of us, but tell me this: if the personal income tax is an excise (as the corporate income tax is), and if an excise is a tax imposed on the happening of an event, then what's the event?
 * Comment. In any event, I think we are beyond arguing whether this article should exist, and into arguing what it should say.  I will note that there is no legal distinction between the '-er' or '-or' spellings; I've seen them used about equally in legal texts/documents, and I'll self-correct to the more common usage.  I would clarify that 'tax protesters,' as the IRS defines the term, do not want to change the law b/c they believe the law as written has no effect.  It is hard to draw a line between the stubborn and the merely confused, as the term applies to the belief, not the reason for it.  Also, sorry if I seemed to be ridiculing anyone, that was not my intent - I'm really not a 'schooled lawyer' yet - I'm still just a law student until May. --BD2412 18:42, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Probably could use a little cleanup. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:37, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. May need cleanup, but it's a valid topic.   — Gwalla | Talk 03:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Provisional keep so long as it's cleaned up. --Spinboy 21:32, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment.
 * 1) I believe the term "tax protestor" first applied to people who signed 1040's "under protest" (to reserve their right to disclaim the signature in case it turned out they weren't required by law to sign). Parenthetically, when Form SS-5 (Application for Social Security Number) came out in 1937, many people signed it "under protest" according to the New York Times.  The people listed in the first paragraph wouldn't have been called tax protestors, they would have been called rebels, revolutionaries or traitors.
 * 2) I believe the "movement" started around the 1950's, with Arthur Porth and a few others.  See http://www.anti-irs.com/newsletters/1997/oct97.html
 * 3) What would be proper primary source materials? The court cites and IRS publications you referred to?  What else?
 * 4) They tend to call themselves the "freedom movement," "patriot movement" or "tax honesty movement."
 * 5) Mr. BD, please contact me at rod underscore schmidt at hotmail
 * Note. Renamed to the more common spelling, Tax protester. --BD2412 02:19, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Renamed here too, to avoid double-redirect.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Arachovitika

Arachovitika (Αραχωβίτικα) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Rio in the northern part of Achaea, Greece. It is situated on the Gulf of Corinth, 1 km northwest of Drepano and 6 km northeast of Rio. The Greek National Road 8A (Patras - Corinth) passes south of the village, and the railway Patras - Corinth runs through the village. The community consists of the villages Arachovitika and Kato Arachovitika. There is a port next to Cape Drepano.

title: Arachovitika


text: User:Paranoid/Timelines/Technology foresight


text:
Talk:Wikisource

Consult database
I can´t find a way to consult Wikisource by itself. Wouldn't it be a good idea, to have a general table of contents with links to areas of the library? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.139.92.107 (talk) 17:47, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Suggestions
It would be nice to know how recent a document can be to qualify for inclusion to Wikisource. That way people know that while they can find Lysastrata, they can't expect Gone with the Wind any time soon.

Comment: This page needs to describe more clearly what Wikisource is. Although it deals well with the history of the project, it does little to tell a newcomer what he might find there. The opening summary with its link to the Primary_source page seems to suggest it's exclusively an historian's tool. May I suggest adding a more informal and thorough description of what a surfer might find at Wikisource? David Wigram 3:20 GMT 12th December 05

Logo
I don't know, I rather like the logo. I thought it was meant to connote a vast wealth of information backing up the more common "public face" that is Wikipedia. I'm not sure how much "enthusiasm" one can expect a logo to generate, but I like the idea, in my own personal interpretation of it.

 * I was gonna come in here and say all kinds of stuff about the logo, but you hit the nail on the head. You said exactly, I mean exactly, what I was gonna say!!  Jaberwocky6669 04:00, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * I second Jaberwocky6669's seconding. The logo is right-on! -- BD2412 talk June 30, 2005 01:54 (UTC)

Question
If someone would edit this page to give me a way to get to the directory of Wikisource source texts, I doubt I'd be the only one who was grateful? Every path I've taken takes me OUT of WikiSource. Apologies for clumsy post formatting... new wikite.

go to wikisource home page click on top left tool bar tag "article" / scroll down to "milestones" paragraph/ click on "englush wikisource" in first sentence of text [doubtless there are other more formal ways but that got me there after a lot of searching also]

Wikisource as a "source"
Can Wikisource be cited as a source for the previous publication of a work ? Can a wikipedia article cite a wikisource publication as the way to *verify* the contents of the article? Wjhonson 06:08, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * In order for wikisource to be used as a source to verify previous publication it would be necessary that the specific source in question has its source noted (which we try to encourage). For wikisource to be used as a source, which can be cited, for a work it would be best if the work in question (the source document on wikisource) has been proofread and verified as complete and accurate (in which case it should be protected to save it from vandalism/'corrections'). Otherwise there is no guarantee that the source is infact accurate or non-fictitious. We have a procedure for proofreading our sources, noting any changes from the printed source, noting origin of the work, for verifying their level of completeness and for protecting the source (as well as a range of other things) but this is just a recent addition so most of the sources we have are unverified & unsourced. You could cite them but you'd be taking the risk that they aren't consistent with the originally published work. AllanHainey 15:03, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Can wikisource be cited as the source for the elements of an article on wikipedia? If someone states that an article on wikiPEDIA is unverifiable, can a wikisource document be pointed to as the source from which the elements of the wikipedia article can be verified? 20:59, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, but the same criticism could be applied to wikisource, that it is unverifiable, unless the source in question had gone through the process noted above. AllanHainey 12:06, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Project Guttenberg

 * Well?
 * Can we get this article to show the difference between Wikisource and Project Guttenberg? Are they conflicting, cooperating, etc.? As an outsider it is unclear. Thanks. GuyFromChicago 21:47, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Quantity = Quality?
"The English Wikisource passed 20,000 text-units in its third month of existence, already holding more texts than did the entire project in April (before the move to language subdomains)." Well, congratulations. But since quality standards seem to be set on "plain text mainly without reliable sources, and forget about scans", I prefer Gutenberg. 82.83.35.12 14:30, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Look at some of the special projects, which are great examples of how Wikisource can provide added value to readers and editors of texts in ways that Project Gutenberg cannot. The amazing multilingualism of the project is also far greater than at Gutenberg. Dovi 18:49, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

like omigod good info yo!

History writing
I think the current article could benefit from grouping several sections (Early history, Language subdomains, Logotype) into one large, strictly chronological History section. I think the very origin of the project was a branch out from Wikipedia, caused by the "Wikipedia is not" policy. In 2005 both language subdomains and proofreading of scanned texts (Meyers Blitz-Lexikon, The New Student's Reference Work) were introduced, and probably several other things. About the same time, the new Page module was introduced. It's not at all obvious that the language subdomains is the most important change that calls for its own subsection. But history writing should always come second. The top of the article should describe (in more detail than it does now) where the project now. --LA2 18:01, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * All seem like good suggestions, go for it! Has the Page module really been around since 2005? If so, I guess it was in German. Dovi 20:02, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * And the article would benefit from being brought up to date. And, no, I don't want to work on this article. I came to this one as a "reader" and can't say I learned much I didn't already know. - Jmabel | Talk 20:23, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. 74.32.229.23 (talk) 15:20, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Notability?
It has been six months since this was nominated for deletion and all we have still are self-references. I've just looked on google and can't see a single external source in the first 50 pages of results. Shouldn't this be deleted, given that sources simply haven't been found? Merging it into Wikimedia Foundation might be an idea. Richard001 (talk) 05:45, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Wikisource is a notable project and should have it's own page describing exactly what it is.Wjhonson (talk) 06:07, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Not vanity press - citation needed
The article says: "Wikisource does not host "vanity press" books or documents produced by its contributors".

It may be true, but i couldn't find this policy written anywhere. --132.64.35.157 (talk) 07:55, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Greetings Wikisource watchers, I have an original Ramsey Clark 1986 Libya Bombing Raid Complaint
I have an original Copy of Ramsey Clark regarding the 1986 Libya Bombing Raid from the desk of Ramsey Clark with his hand written penciled in page numbers on each page stamped by his law clerk Jackson when he was suing Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thacher and Admiral Crowe and many others. It is of historical value and would like for it to be considered into Wikisource. Thank You For Your Ear And PatienceQui Tam Relator 08:27, 6 April 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Qui Tam Relator (talk • contribs)

Help! How to wikilink from WP article to Wikisource text
Can't find the answer to this question, surely it must be possible, without treating it as an external link and giving full URL? Thanks for any help on this. (Lobsterthermidor (talk) 20:35, 2 October 2011 (UTC))
 * It's described at Help:Interwikimedia links - use a normal wikilink but prepend with either " " or " ", as in The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders, R.N.. -- Red rose64 (talk) 20:50, 2 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. This really needs to be placed somewhere more accessible or obvious, I would suggest as a section heading in this article. I couldn't get that piece of info I needed except by this appeal! (Lobsterthermidor (talk) 22:43, 4 October 2011 (UTC))
 * Now done, see new section "Linking from Wikipedia" (Lobsterthermidor (talk) 22:53, 4 October 2011 (UTC))
 * This was close to being a SELFREF issue, so I moved your text to Wikisource (after creating that page). - AdamBMorgan (talk) 12:11, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

Mother Shipton Prophecies and Nostradamus
I was wondering if possibly, to add more of the full version of Mother Shipton prophecies, and Nostradamus prophecies, unless you might know something else to come.-- GoShow  (............................)   05:05, 22 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Wikisource. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110929162757/http://www.wikimedia.fr/wikim%C3%A9dia-france-signe-un-partenariat-avec-la-bnf to http://www.wikimedia.fr/wikim%25C3%25A9dia-france-signe-un-partenariat-avec-la-bnf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:59, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Big shortcoming: public domain texts are just as good as copyrighted ones
There are some works (not all) in which different editions differ quite significantly. Scholarly editors (producing copyrighted texts) study these differences and explain how they concluded what an accurate text should contain. With public domain texts, especially those with no statement of what version has been digitized, their accuracy is unknown, and their uncritical use as sources is a sign of ignorance and will in some cases lead to pretty erroneous conclusions. deisenbe (talk) 10:56, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

A distant cousin Mr Enfield about a certain Mr Hyde
A distant cousin Mr Enfield about a certain Mr Hyde 164.151.16.14 (talk) 07:19, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

English literature
khubla khan by s.t Coleridge 152.58.180.169 (talk) 15:39, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wikisource


text:
Marvin Bower

Marvin Bower (August 1, 1903 – January 22, 2003) was an American business theorist and management consultant associated with McKinsey & Company. Under Bower's leadership, McKinsey grew from a small engineering and accounting firm to a leader in the consulting industry. Bower, alongside Edwin G. Booz, is regarded one of the individuals most responsible for the rise of management consulting after World War II; he is considered by many to be the "father" of the modern consulting industry."

Biography
Bower was the son of the deputy recorder at Cuyahoga County, and grew up in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio and attended Glenville High School. He earned his bachelor's degree in Economics and Psychology from Brown University in 1925. His father advised him to study law, and Bower graduated from Harvard Law School in 1928. Bower then attended Harvard Business School, graduating in 1930. Following completion of his studies, Bower worked as an associate at Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue in Cleveland.

In 1933, Bower was hired by James O. McKinsey in the new Chicago firm of James O. McKinsey & Company to manage a newly acquired branch in New York. Following McKinsey's death in 1937, the two offices split up and Bower resurrected the New York firm, with the assistance of New York partners, as McKinsey & Company in 1939. He served as managing director from 1950 to 1967, and remained a leadership figure at McKinsey as director and partner until 1992.

According to Harvard Business School, Bower "is considered the father of modern management consulting" for his decades of work at McKinsey. Upon turning 60 years old, Bower sold his shares back to the firm at book value. This was an unusual step, as the book value of the shares was likely well below that of their market value.

Bower's decision came as a surprise to many, including his family. "Let me just say there was a shock on people's faces when he told us that he was selling his shares back to McKinsey at book value," said his son Dick Bower. "It felt unbelievable, to tell you the truth. But that was Marvin for you."

Bower is widely credited for leading the formation of the global management consulting industry. His principled insistence on impeccable professional standards in substance, ethics, and style; his dedication to the professional development of his colleagues; and his candor, all served as a role model for several generations of management consultants, both within and outside McKinsey. He protested being named by BusinessWeek as one of the top businesspeople of the 20th century on the grounds that he was a professional, not a businessman.

Publications
He published several books and articles, among them:
 * The Will to Manage: Corporate Success Through Programmed Management (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966), ISBN 0-07-006735-X
 * The Will to Lead: Running a Business With a Network of Leaders (Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Mass., 1997), ISBN 0-87584-758-7
 * Perspective on McKinsey - internal McKinsey publication

title: Marvin Bower


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ethnofuturism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Block compress error: pending deletion Joyous 02:55, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Ethnofuturism
Neologism for a movement; doesn't google. Radiant! 19:30, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nothing in the article or the one linked citation establishes notability. Delete unless notablility is demonstrated. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:44, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Quorum (Latter Day Saints)

Untitled
I've gone through and cleaned up doctrinally. However, I did not incude patriarch quorums as they are very rare in LDSM sects. John, do you know which ones have them, I cannot recall for sure, but believe strangites, and some of the apostolic brethren-type utah sects fit the bill. Thoughts? -Visorstuff 19:32, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This article seems to be based stricly on text from the Doctrine & Covenants. But is the practice of this interpretation the same in all of the sects of Mormonism? For instance, the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthood groups may be strictly CoJCoLDS. Val42 19:57, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * As a matter of practice, Patriarchs are usually grouped with the High Priests, for purposes of socialization and social project assignments (like Home Teaching duties and quorum organization for disaster relief). While a different priesthood office, Patriarchs report to the "President of the Melchizedek Priesthood", which is the Stake President, who is also the president of the High Priest's Quorum.  --Robert Horning 17:02, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Robert, you are correct for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, however, in the broader "Mormonism" you are not. Patriarchs and Apostles in the LDS Church are considered both High Priests and their respective offices - much like being a bishop and high priest at the same time. In fundamentalist sects and other Mormonism or Latter Day Saint movement sects, there are and have been patriarch or evangelical quorumns. Since this is a Mormonism article, we try to represent the basic beliefs as shared by all of the broader movement. For example, no patriarch is going ot be home teaching in the Community of Christ as they don't even have home teachers. And the patriarch in the Community of Christ is not accountable to a stake president. And then there are other sects where the patriarch plays a much larger role, but i digress. -Visorstuff 00:23, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Unnamed Quorum
I thought this quorum (although unnamed in the revelation) was called the "Council on the Disposition of Tithes" in the CJCoLDS.

Correct. But unnamed in the revelations - this is a LDSM article - we could add in: "in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints it is called 'the Council on the Disposition of Tithes,'" but either way is fine with me. -Visorstuff 21:34, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

--Actually, this council is talked about in the Doctrine and Covenants, and metioned elsewhere, but is not technically a quorum. It is the legal body and "trustees" that determine how donations to the church are administered. The three bodies (First Presidency, Presiding Bishopric, and Quorum of the Twelve) are in fact independent entitities with duties beyond dealing with church finances. Most administration of church facilities, including building maintainence and church organizations beyond the ecclesiastical structure like Deseret Industries and Bonneville Communications are administered through the Presiding Bishopric. The Quroum of the Twelve has direct oversight authority for all ecclesiastical organizations, particularly toward Stake Presidents and groups like Area Presidencies. Obviously the First Presidency deals with both sets of issues for church governance. --Robert Horning 17:02, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

It is talked about but not named in the D&C. It is mentioned elsewhere - but again, in the broader mormonism context, it is considered a quorum just as much as the high council is. Second, in the LDS church I believe the council is incorporated, much like the trustee-in-trust or corporation of the first presidency is - so it is a legal entity as well. But this is not specified by D&C revelation, and therefore is a "LDS Church thing," not a Mormonism thing. Using this same reasoning, you'd have to say the council of the twelve is not a quorum, as it is a council in the revelations not called a quorum. But we believe it is a quorum in the LDS Church. This is disputed in other LDSM sects, who define council and quorum as the same thing or as vastly different things. Hope this helps. -Visorstuff 00:23, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Quorums of the Seventy
While historically Seventy were found within stake and local organizations, that is an historical anachronism that needs to be removed. On the other hand, the eighth and nineth quorums of Seventy were recently organized for Area Authority Seventies, so even the scriptural limit of seven quorums is not taken officially. Much more could be added about the organization of the Seventy, including distinctions between the 1st Quorum, the 2nd Quroum, and the 3rd through 9th Quorums (that are organized along geographical lines). --Robert Horning 17:02, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Again, you are thinking of the Latter-day Saints and LDS Church, rather than Latter Day Saints and Mormonism in general. The revelation on the 70 is D&C 107, and it states that there are seven presidents who preside over the seventy. There can be 70 times 70 seventies called (4900) this does not specify how many quorums, but specifies how many presidents and how many total seventy there can be (4900) under seven presidents. This does not specify if they are stake or general authorities, but that all of the 70 together form one large quorum who is "equal in authority" to the First Presidency and Twelve apostles. See D&C 107:25-26 . Of course most people look at gosh seven presidents, it seems to make sense that means one president per quorum, but that is not specified. The Seventy are seperate and different than all other callings in teh Church (verse 25) and are to be set apart from all other offices. In other Latter Day Saint sects, 70 still exist in the stakes, and they may once again be called in teh LDS Church. Who knows. Again, I hope this context is helpful. The revelations are clear enough on many things and broad enough on others that there is a lot of flexibility in church government following the principles outlined in the revelations to Joseph Smith, Jr. And it seems that every church in the Latter Day Saint Movement interprets them slightly differently. Please accept this feedback to your thoughts with a grain of salt - not meant to say you are wrong, but to hopefully expand your horizons on this topic... -Visorstuff 00:23, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Differentiation between usage of the term "Quorum" inside and outside the Church
It may be appropriate to note somewhere that the Church uses the term quorum differently than most would understand the term. Rather than meaning a sufficient number of a body to vote on a motion, as most use the term, within the church "quorum" refers to the body itself. It is synonymous with council or college (e.g., the Electoral College). Indeed, Church scripture and publications that are translated into French (and likely other languages as well) have adopted the term "collège" as a translation of "quorum". 160.2.168.216 (talk) 04:53, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quorum (Latter Day Saints)


text:
Translation management system

A translation management system (TMS), formerly globalization management system (GMS), is a type of software for automating many parts of the human language translation process and maximizing translator efficiency. The idea of a translation management system is to automate all repeatable and non-essential work that can be done by software/systems and leaving only the creative work of translation and review to be done by human beings. A translation management system generally includes at least two types of technology: process management technology to automate the flow of work, and linguistic technology to aid the translator.

In a typical TMS, process management technology is used to monitor source language content for changes and route the content to various translators and reviewers. These translators and reviewers may be located across the globe and typically access the TMS via the Internet.

Translation management systems are most commonly used today for managing various aspects translation business.

Naming
Although translation management systems (TMS) seems to be the currently favoured term in the language localisation industry, these solutions are also known as globalization management systems (GMS) or global content management systems (GCMS). They work with content management systems (CMS) as separate, but linked programs or as simple add-ons that can answer specific multilingual requirements.

Overview
A TMS typically connects to a CMS to manage foreign language content. It tends to address the following categories in different degrees, depending on each offering:
 * Business administration: project management, resource management, financial management. This category is traditionally related to enterprise resource planning (ERP) tools.
 * Business process management: workflow, collaboration, content connectors. This category is traditionally the domain of specialised project management tools.
 * Language management: integrated translation memory, webtop translation tools, customer review and markup. This is traditionally performed with specialised translation tools.

CMS excels at process management while ignoring business management and translation tools, which are strongholds of TMS.

Features and benefits
The measurable benefits of using a TMS are similar to those found in a CMS, but with a multilingual twist: the localization workflow is automated, thus reducing management and overhead costs and time for everyone involved; localization costs are reduced, time to market is decreased and translation quality improves; finally, the cooperation between headquarters and national branches increases thanks to more thorough reporting. A typical TMS workflow goes through the following steps:

Change detection of updated or new materials is a must either with standard off-the-shelf CMSs or with the use of custom-developed connectors in the case of proprietary systems. Content is automatically extracted from the CMS and packaged for transmission to the TMS. In some cases, file manipulation may be needed for later analysis and translation. Project managers customise workflows to match their business needs. Every participant in the workflow receives a notification where there is new work to be done, and a unique number is assigned to every project and every task for traceability. Translators and revisers work either online or offline and their queries and comments are tracked through the system. Translators or revisers receive comments from the customer's in-country reviewers to verify and implement any corrections. After the documents are approved, the TM is automatically updated for later reuse. Finally, the translated materials are returned into their CMS for publishing and productivity and efficiency metrics are available through reports.

Linguistic technology generally includes at least translation memory and terminology database; some systems also integrate machine translation technology. Translation memory is a database of all previously translated sentences. While a translator performs translation, he or she is automatically prompted with similar sentences from the memory that were previously translated. A terminology database is a glossary that contains specific words and phrases and their context-appropriate translations.

A machine translation system is a program that uses natural language processing technology to automatically translate a text from one language to another.

Future
Future trends in TMSs include:
 * interoperation with more CMS offerings: content managers should be able to order translations within their own environment
 * tie in with text authoring environments: for existing multilingual content leverage against new writing
 * incorporation of business management functions: to preview the localization cost and timeframe
 * integration with enterprise systems: general ledger applications and sales force automation tools

Target markets and licensing
TMS vendors target two main buyers when marketing and selling their products. On the one hand, software developer-only companies attract content producers, and sell their offering with no strings attached. On the other hand, software developers can also be language service providers (LSPs), so they offer their language services over their custom-made technological offering for easier customer integration. The latter is commonly referred to as a captive solution, meaning that buyers must use the TMS developer's language services in order to take advantage of their platform.

Content producers with preferred or previous language service agreements to third LSPs may prefer to maintain their independence and purchase software licences only. However, a combined option of technology solution and language services in one package is bound to be more cost effective. Similarly, LSPs may prefer to contact technology vendors who are not part of the competition, offering also language services. Many LSPs got nervous when SDL bought Trados in 2005, becoming the biggest translation technology provider, while still having language services as part of their activities. As a result of this, competitive cloud translation management systems that combine TMS functionality with CAT tools and online translation editors, started making their way to the market.

title: Translation management system


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Brian Doherty

The vote submitted by Meelar is being challenged under the condition that it was ambiguously cast. GRider\talk 19:36, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Dancon

Dancon, an abbreviation of Danish Contingent, is the term that comprises all Danish national forces in a current military mission of the UN, NATO, or national character. Dancon is not a military unit per se, like a brigade, but rather an organisation in which all military units currently working in a mission are linked together. The commander of Dancon is usually the commander of the hierarchically biggest military unit associated with the specified mission, and does not have a headquarters of its own, but rather it is that military unit's headquarters.

Because several Dancons can exist at the same time, the mission name is usually added to Dancon, like Dancon/Irak or Dancon/SFOR.

 * Dancon/UNFICYP (early 1964 – 1993)
 * Dancon/UNPROFOR (April 1992 – October 1995)
 * Dancon/IFOR (December 1995 – December 1996)
 * Dancon/SFOR (December 1996 – August 2003)
 * Dancon/Albanien (May 1997 - August 1997)
 * Dancon/AFOR (June 1999 - September 1999)
 * Dancon/KFOR (August 1999 – date)
 * Dancon/UNMEE (November 2000 – July 2001)
 * Dancon/ISAF (January 2002 – date)
 * Dancon/SRO2 (March 2002 / Nato-excise Strong Resolve)
 * Dancon/Irak (May 2003 – July 2007)
 * Dancon/ISAF (February 2012 – August 2012)
 * Dancon/USA (5 June 2021)

title: Dancon


text:
NNPI

NNPI is an acronym for:
 * Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated
 * Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information
 * nonnegotiated premodified input, in acquisition of English as a second language, input that is modified and adjusted to the level of learners

title: NNPI


text:
Nikolai Spathari

Nikolai Spathari (Николай Гаврилович Спафарий; 1636–1708), also known as Nicolae Milescu and Nicolae Milescu Spătaru (, first name also Neculai, signing in Latin as Nicolaus Spadarius Moldavo-Laco, Николае Гаврилович Милеску), or Spătarul Milescu-Cârnu (trans.: "Chancellor Milescu the Snub-nosed"), was a Moldavian-born writer, diplomat and traveler, who lived and worked in the Tsardom of Russia. He spoke nine languages: Romanian, Russian, Latin, both Attic and Modern Greek, French, German, Turkish and Swedish. One of his grandsons was the Spătar (Chancellor) Yuri Stefanovich, who came to Russia in 1711 with Dimitrie Cantemir.

Early life
Spathari was born into a Greek family. His prosonym Moldavo-Lacone (Moldavan-Laconian) emphasizes his origins. The name Milescu was adopted by his parents when they settled in Milești. Prof. L. Turdeanu-Cartojan discovered at Oxford his autobiography, written in Greek (Λαζάρου, Lazarou).

A boyar born in Vaslui, Milescu studied at the Patriarchate College of Istanbul and, after returning to Iași, was appointed Chancellor for the Moldavian Prince Gheorghe Ștefan. In 1660–1664, he acted as representative of his country with its Ottoman overlord, and then as envoy to Berlin and Stockholm. He followed Gheorghe Ștefan in his exile to Stockholm and Szczecin (1664–1667) and visited Louis XIV's France in an attempt to get the king to assist him in creating an anti-Ottoman alliance.

Exile
Milescu had ambitions of his own, and conspired against Prince Ștefăniță Lupu. As punishment, Ștefăniță ordered Milescu's nose to be cut off (the reason for Milescu's moniker). According to the unlikely account of chronicler Ion Neculce: "After [being mutilated], Nicolae the Snub-nosed fled to the German Land and found himself a doctor there, who repeatedly drew blood out of his cheeks and sculptured his nose, and thus day by day the blood coagulated, leading to his healing".

Milescu again left for Istanbul, where he received a letter from the Russian Tsar Aleksey I, who appointed him chief translator and diplomat at the Foreign Ministry in 1671. Milescu arrived in Russia together with Patriarch Dositheos II of Jerusalem. In 1674, he is shown as leading negotiations with both Wallachia and Moldavia, trying to rally them in the Russian-led anti-Ottoman projects. In 1695, Milescu took part in Peter the Great's Azov campaigns.

One of Milescu's tasks was to reinforce the legitimacy of the Romanov dynasty. To this end, he asserted that the Tsar was a successor to both the Roman and Byzantine emperors. In Vasiliologion ("Book of Rulers", 1674), he wrote that tsarist rule was derived from God, whose representative on earth was the Tsar. The work included short biographies of famous rulers, culminating with Michael Romanov and Aleksey, but also including Ivan the Terrible, Dmitry Donskoy, Alexander Nevsky, Byzantine emperors Constantine and Theodosius, and Augustus and Julius Caesar from Rome. Significantly, he included the feeble-minded Feodor Ivanovich, whose reign was considerably less illustrious, but who had to be mentioned in order to demonstrate dynastic continuity.

In Khrismologion ("Book of Prophecy", 1672) he analyzed commentary on the four kingdoms of Daniel prophecy, concluding that, due to its connection with Constantinople, Russia was the only true successor to the fourth kingdom, Rome. Going further, he asserted that the right of Roman succession belonged only to Russia, and not to the Holy Roman Empire. In setting forth his claim, he made reference to Anna Porphyrogenita, the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II, who married Vladimir the Great. In his view, this union not only reinforced the strong connection between Byzantium and Russia, but also drew a dynastic line between Vladimir and Aleksey.

In China
In 1675, he was named ambassador of the Russian Empire to Beijing, the capital of Qing China, returning in 1678. At the head of a 150-strong expedition that had a military component (meant to fend off possible attacks by a hostile indigenous population), Milescu had as his main tasks the settlement of several border incidents between Russia and China, the establishment of permanent trade relations with China, and the survey of the newly incorporated Russian lands along the Amur River. The previous Muscovite embassy to China, led by Fyodor Baykov in 1656-56, had failed to achieve these objectives.

Unlike previous Russians who had gone through Mongolia, Milescu chose to travel through Siberia as far as Nerchinsk, directly north of Peking. Upon reaching Yeniseysk, Milescu sent one of his men, Ignatiy Milovanov, to the Chinese court in order to inform the Kangxi Emperor about the purpose of their embassy. Milovanov was the first European known to have crossed the Amur (Heilong) River, reaching Beijing by the shortest route possible. Milescu followed the same route to the Chinese border, and established his camp on the Nen River in Heilongjiang, waiting for news from Milovanov. The latter returned to the camp on 18 February and, taking Milescu's report to the Tsar with him, proceeded to Moscow. Milescu, on the other hand, crossed into Beijing via Hebei in the middle of May, after being held up for two months at Kalgan (modern Zhangjiakou). Here he was able to communicate in Latin with the Jesuit Ferdinand Verbiest. His diplomacy proved unsuccessful, and he returned to Siberia by the same route in Spring 1677.

Achievements
Milescu is the author of one of the first Russian works on arithmetic, "Arithmologion", which was written in 1672, based on his own Greek original. The manuscript was preserved in the Chudov Monastery, till it was discovered by church historian Nikolay Kedrov.

In his road journal, later published under the title Travels through Siberia to the Chinese borders, Milescu correctly described the middle course of the Ob, Irtysh, and Angara rivers. He assumed the Ob to have its source in Lake Teletskoye in the Altai Mountains. He was also the first person to describe Lake Baikal and all the rivers feeding the lake, and the first to point out Baikal's unfathomable depth.

On his way through Siberia, Milescu used the astrolabe to establish coordinates of some settlements. His materials were later used by the Jesuits, who took considerable interest in China. Upon returning to Moscow, he submitted to the Foreign Ministry three volumes of notes: Travel notes and Description of China, alongside the Travels.

In his narratives, Milescu summed up the knowledge that Russian explorers had gathered about East Siberia. Although he believed that the Amur was the largest river in the world, he listed its main tributaries without mistake. His idea that there was a vast mountain range stretching from the Baikal to the Okhotsk Sea, although fundamentally wrong, was widely believed by many geographers until the mid-20th century. He also heard rumours about Sakhalin, which he supposed to be the same island as Hokkaido, thus considerably exaggerating its dimensions.

Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu believed that Milescu was the author of the first translation of the Bible into Romanian, the Bucharest edition (printed in 1688, during the rule of Prince Șerban Cantacuzino). However, Nicolae Iorga and other historians have argued that there is no actual proof of this, and have proposed Constantin Cantacuzino as the main translator.

Legacy
Milescu's name was assigned to several streets in localities throughout Romania and Moldova, including one in Bucharest named "Strada Spatărul Nicolae Milescu", one in Chișinău named "Strada Nicolae Milescu Spătaru", one in Constanța named "Strada Nicolae Milescu", etc. Also there are scientific and education institutions named in Milescu's honor, among them a lyceum in Chișinău, Liceul Teoretic "Nicolae Milescu Spătarul", and the Association of Scientists of Moldova "N. Spătaru Milescu". Several busts of Milescu are across Romanian and Moldovan cities. The public library in Vaslui, his birthplace, bears his name. Also in Moldova several stamps with Milescu on them were issued. In 2011, the National Bank of Romania issued a silver coin dedicated to the 375th anniversary of Nicolae Milescu's birth.

title: Nikolai Spathari


text:
River Ayr

The River Ayr (pronounced like air, Uisge Àir in Gaelic) is a river in Ayrshire, Scotland. At 65 km it is the longest river in the county.

The river was held as sacred by pre-Christian cultures. The remains of several prehistoric sacrificial horse burials have been found along its banks, mainly concentrated around the town of Ayr.

Etymology
The name Ayr may come from a pre-Celtic word meaning "watercourse". Ayr could also be of Brittonic derivation, perhaps from the element *ar, an ancient river-name element implying horizontal movement. The town of Ayr was formerly known as Inver Ayr meaning "mouth of the Ayr" (see Inver), but this was later shortened to just Ayr.

Geography
The River Ayr has a catchment area of 574 km2.

The river originates at Glenbuck Loch in East Ayrshire, close to the border with Lanarkshire. It winds its way through East and South Ayrshire to its mouth at the town of Ayr, where it empties into the Firth of Clyde.

On its way, the river passes through the villages of Muirkirk,  Sorn, Catrine, Failford, Stair and Annbank, as well as passing the location of (the now ruined) Ayr Castle. The largest settlements being Ayr, Cumnock, Catrine, Ochiltree, Muirkirk and Sorn.

Major land uses within the catchment area are agriculture, forestry, mining, leisure and recreation and urban development.

Tributaries
Principal tributaries include:
 * Greenock Water
 * Lugar Water
 * Water of Fail
 * Water of Coyle.

River Ayr Way
Many practitioners of hillwalking and other related activities are probably aware that the river is pathed for upwards of 90% of its length. Due to disputes with estate owners and weather damage, the walk does temporarily abandon the river in a couple of locations. The path begins in the former village of Glenbuck, now a casualty of opencast mining and general industry decline. It follows the river from its source at Glenbuck Loch and ends at the coastal town of Ayr, where the river empties into the ocean at the Firth of Clyde. Typically the walk is done in 2 or 3 stages.

title: River Ayr


text:
Bambatha Rifles

The Bambatha Rifles (formerly the Witwatersrand Rifles) is a reserve mechanised infantry regiment of the South African Army.

Origin
The Witwatersrand Rifles (often familiarly known as the "Wits Rifles or the Wit Rifles") was formed by proclamation on 1 May 1903 and absorbed the members of the Railway Pioneer Regiment and the Rand Rifles, both of which had fought on the British side during the Second Anglo-Boer War of 1899 – 1902.

As befitted a regiment based from the gold-rich Witwatersrand region, it had a very close relationship with the mining establishment of the time; and its cap badge further emphasised this link.

Bambatha Rebellion
The regiment first saw action during the Bambata Rebellion of 1906, when it deployed a contingent to (the then) Zululand.

Absorption of the Transvaal Light Infantry
In 1907 the regiment was further strengthened when it absorbed the Transvaal Light Infantry Regiment.

World War 1
The regiment was mobilised again when World War I broke out.

German South West Africa
The first action that it took part in was the South African invasion of German South-West Africa (now Namibia).

After the successful conclusion of this campaign, virtually all members volunteered for overseas service.

Western Front
Most of the volunteers were consequently assigned to the 3rd South African Infantry Battalion. (Due to the South African military law of the time, soldiers could not be forced to serve overseas, nor could existing military units be deployed there.) The most well-known action that this unit took part in was the Battle of Delville Wood in the Somme.

East Africa
Other members of the regiment served in the Witwatersrand Rifles company of 7th Infantry ACF, which served in German East Africa against the forces of General von Lettow-Vorbeck.

Rand Revolt
The inter-war years saw the regiment deployed during the 1922 Rand Revolt, when rebellious South African Communist Party miners attempted to overthrow the government of General Jan Smuts.

In the early 1930s the regiment affiliated with the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) Regiment of the British Army. As a consequence, the Witwatersrand Rifles adopted the uniform and many of the traditions of this Scottish Lowland regiment. Despite the Cameronians' disbandment in 1968, the Wits Rifles still continues this heritage today.

World War 2
As a result of the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the regiment was expanded to two battalions. However, due to the battalions being used to supply replacements in a piecemeal fashion to depleted South African units taking part in the North African campaign, the Witwatersrand Rifles was only deployed as a coherent unit (to Egypt) in 1943.

During its service in North Africa, the Witwatersrand Rifles was amalgamated with Regiment de la Rey. This combined regiment, was nicknamed the "Royal Boere" and saw extensive action in Italy as part of the South African 6th Armoured Division, particularly at Monte Caprara and Monte Stanco.

Border War
From 1970 until the first all-race democratic elections in 1994, the regiment saw action in the South African Border War in South-West Africa (now Namibia) and Angola as well as on the South Africa/Botswana border and in South African townships.

Post 1994
When conscription ended in 1993, the regiment began an active recruitment drive to maintain reserve troop strength. During South Africa's second democratic election in 1999, the regiment deployed 180 volunteers in support of the South African Police Service (SAPS).

Late in its history the Witwatersrand Rifles Regiment attracted volunteers for regular part-time training.

Scottish tradition
To maintain its Scottish links, the regiment had formed alliances with the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) and the King's Own Scottish Borderers (now amalgamated into the Royal Scots Borderers). Up to the disbandment and name change, members of the regiment continued to maintain their traditional Scottish Lowland uniforms and traditions and uphold very high standards of discipline and effective military training.

The regiment also had an active pipe band as well as one of the top shooting teams in the country and was ably supported by a Regimental Council, a very active Regimental Association and a Ladies Committee up to the point of the renaming process.

Peacekeeping
The Witwatersrand Rifles Regiment provided troops for internal operations in support of the South African Police Service and on the border (as part of Operation Corona) as well as for United Nations peacekeeping operations in the DRC and the Sudan.

Name Change
In August 2019, 52 Reserve Force units had their names changed to reflect the diverse military history of South Africa. The Witwatersrand Rifles became the Bambatha Rifles, and have 3 years to design and implement new regimental insignia.

Freedom of Entry
The Regiment holds the Freedom of the Cities of Johannesburg and Germiston as well as the town of Barberton.

Colonel-in-Chief
(This Honorary post officially fell away in 1961 when the Union of South Africa became a Republic)
 * HM Queen Elizabeth (The Queen Mother) (1947–1961) (unofficially 1947 – 2002)

Railway Pioneer Regiment

 * Lt Col.J.E. Capper, RE (1899–1903) (Later Maj Gen. J.E. Capper, )

Regimental Symbols

 * Regimental motto: "Pro Deo et Patria" (For God and Country). This motto was adopted in 1961, when the Republic of South Africa became a republic, prior to 1961 the motto was "Pro Deo et Rege et Patria" (For God, King and Country).
 * Regimental march: "Within a Mile O' Edinburgh Town".
 * Regimental anniversaries: Regimental Day (1 May), Monte Stanco Day (20 April).
 * Regimental Freedoms: Germiston, Johannesburg, Barberton.
 * Regimental badge: A Maltese cross within a wreath of ten Protea flowers, with a rifle on each side of the cross. The cross was surmounted by a stringed bugle and in the centre of the cross is a mine shaft in a circlet. At the top of the wreath is the Cameronian Star and on the base of the wreath is a scroll with the inscription "Pro Deo et Patria".
 * Regimental headdress: Glengarry or Kilmarnoch with black hackle.
 * Regimental tartan: Douglas (trews).

Battle honours
As a Rifle regiment, the Witwatersrand Rifles did not carry colours. Instead the honours banner was displayed on the pipes of the Pipe Major. The Witwatersrand Rifles had the following battle honours: South West Africa 1914–1915 Italy 1944–45, Cassino II, Allerona, Florence, Monte Querciabella, Monte Fili, The Greve, Gothic Line, Monte Stanco, Monte Salvaro, Sole/Caprara, Po Valley, Campo Santo Bridge
 * First World War:
 * Second World War:

Sister Regiments

 * – Transvaal Scottish Regiment
 * – Regiment de la Rey

Alliances

 * – The Royal Scots Borderers
 * – Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)

title: Bambatha Rifles