text:
Central Expressway, Singapore

The Central Expressway (CTE) in Singapore is the major highway connecting the city centre of Singapore with the northern residential parts of the island, including Toa Payoh, Bishan and Ang Mo Kio and further onwards to the Seletar Expressway and the Tampines Expressway.

As of 29 December 2013, SLE and CTE are one of the two pairs of expressways in Singapore which are linked together, the other being the KPE and MCE.

Route description
Beginning at a junction with the Ayer Rajah Expressway (AYE) in Bukit Merah, the expressway runs northeast, passing through Outram and parallel to Chin Swee Road. The CTE then runs through two tunnels between Chin Swee Road and Bukit Timah Road, with an at-grade segment between Buyong Road and Cairnhill Circle, before continuing northeast, between Kallang and Novena. The expressway then turns north, intersecting the Pan Island Expressway (PIE) and passing through Toa Payoh, Bishan and Ang Mo Kio before terminating at an interchange with the Seletar Expressway (SLE) and Tampines Expressway (TPE), and measures 16 km.

Construction
Work on the first phase of the CTE, between Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 and Thomson Road, commenced in July 1981. Intended to alleviate heavy traffic along Upper Thomson Road, a 3 km segment of the expressway between Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 and Jalan Toa Payoh opened in March 1983, while the segment of expressway between Jalan Toa Payoh and Thomson Road was opened in May 1985, In August 1985, construction commenced on a 3 km, S$18 million segment of the expressway in Ang Mo Kio. This segment of expressway was opened to traffic in January 1987, while the 1.7 km section between Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5 and Yio Chu Kang Road was constructed between August 1986 and November 1988.

The contract for the second phase of the CTE was awarded in December 1987. This phase, which comprised 3.7 km of expressway between Bukit Timah Road and Chin Swee Road, included two tunnels, with lengths of 0.7 km and 1.7 km, and involved the acquisition of land along Orchard Road and Clemenceau Avenue worth over S$20 million. Work on the second phase commenced in June 1987, and the tunnels were constructed using the cut-and-cover method. As the areas along the expressway's route were heavily built-up, precautions were taken to limit disruption to the public during construction, with the exclusive use of hydraulic piling machines and work near residential areas being paused at night. In addition, cofferdams were built in the Singapore River to facilitate construction of the expressway tunnels, and to prevent erosion, the river bed directly above the tunnels was covered with rocks. The segment of expressway between Outram Road and the Ayer Rajah Expressway opened in September 1988, but the construction of the tunnels was delayed, which the government attributed to a shortage of workers and "poor soil conditions near Cairnhill Circle". Construction on the CTE's second phase was completed in May 1991, and the opening of the two tunnels, which were named the Kampong Java and Chin Swee Tunnels, in September 1991 marked the completion of the expressway.

Impact and expansion
Traffic volumes along the CTE rose after the expressway was fully opened, and in May 1994, the section of expressway between Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 and the PIE was expanded to eight lanes to ease traffic congestion. A traffic monitoring system, the Expressway Monitoring and Advisory System, was introduced on the expressway in March 1998. By the late 1990s, the CTE faced traffic congestion issues, and while a road pricing scheme was introduced to rectify the issue, it was unable to eliminate it.

In 2008, a large-scale improvement of the CTE was initiated, and the first phase of the scheme, consisting of the expansion of the expressway between Ang Mo Kio Avenues 1 and 3, started in June 2008, and cost S$17 million. Subsequently, flyovers were constructed at the junction with the PIE to improve traffic flow, while other sections of the CTE, between Bukit Timah Road and Yio Chu Kang Road, were widened, and the improvement scheme was completed by December 2011.

Road interchanges
{| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" | Exit ! scope="col" | Destinations ! scope="col" | Notes
 * Ayer Rajah Expressway (Jurong)
 * - style="background: #ffdddd"
 * -style="background: #ffdddd"
 * 1A
 * Jalan Bukit Merah
 * Northbound entrance and southbound exit only
 * 1B
 * Chin Swee Road, Tiong Bahru Road, Outram Road
 * 2
 * Clemenceau Avenue, Merchant Road, Havelock Road
 * - style="background: #ffdddd"
 * 4
 * Orchard Road
 * Northbound entrance and southbound exit only
 * - style="background: #ffdddd"
 * 5
 * Cairnhill Circle
 * Northbound entrance and southbound exit only
 * - style="background: #ffdddd"
 * 6
 * Bukit Timah Road
 * Northbound entrance and southbound exit only
 * 7A
 * Moulmein Road
 * Signed as Exits 7D (Jalan Kebun Limau, Balestier Road) and 7C (Balestier Road, Moulmein Road) southbound
 * - style="background: #ffdddd"
 * 7B
 * Jalan Bahagia
 * Northbound exit only
 * - style="background: #ffdddd"
 * 8A
 * Pan Island Expressway (PIE) (Tuas)
 * Northbound entrance and southbound exit only
 * 8B
 * PIE (Changi Airport), Upper Serangoon Road
 * 10
 * Braddell Road
 * 11
 * Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1
 * 14
 * Ang Mo Kio Avenue 3, Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5
 * Signed as Exits 12A (Ang Mo Kio Avenue 3) and 12B (Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5) northbound
 * 15
 * Yio Chu Kang Road
 * - style="background: #dff9f9"
 * 16
 * Seletar West Link (Yishun Avenue 1), Seletar Expressway (SLE)
 * Northbound terminus; expressway continues as SLE
 * 11
 * Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1
 * 14
 * Ang Mo Kio Avenue 3, Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5
 * Signed as Exits 12A (Ang Mo Kio Avenue 3) and 12B (Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5) northbound
 * 15
 * Yio Chu Kang Road
 * - style="background: #dff9f9"
 * 16
 * Seletar West Link (Yishun Avenue 1), Seletar Expressway (SLE)
 * Northbound terminus; expressway continues as SLE
 * Yio Chu Kang Road
 * - style="background: #dff9f9"
 * 16
 * Seletar West Link (Yishun Avenue 1), Seletar Expressway (SLE)
 * Northbound terminus; expressway continues as SLE
 * Northbound terminus; expressway continues as SLE

title: Central Expressway, Singapore


text:
United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies

The U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies is one of twelve subcommittees of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations. It was formerly known as the Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, and Related Services, but was renamed in 2007 to more accurately reflect the programs under its jurisdiction, and to more closely align the subcommittee with its counterpart on the House Appropriations Committee. The United States Senate Committee on Appropriations has joint jurisdiction with the United States House Committee on Appropriations over all appropriations bills in the United States Congress. Each committee has 12 matching subcommittees, each of which is tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills. This subcommittee has jurisdiction over the budget for the United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, and the Food and Drug Administration.

Appropriations process
Traditionally, after a federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year has been passed, the appropriations subcommittees receive information about what the budget sets as their spending ceilings. This is called "302(b) allocations" after section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. That amount is separated into smaller amounts for each of the twelve Subcommittees. The federal budget does not become law and is not signed by the President. Instead, it is guide for the House and the Senate in making appropriations and tax decisions. However, no budget is required and each chamber has procedures in place for what to do without one. The House and Senate now consider appropriations bills simultaneously, although originally the House went first. The House Committee on Appropriations usually reports the appropriations bills in May and June and the Senate in June. Any differences between appropriations bills passed by the House and the Senate are resolved in the fall.

Appropriations bills
An appropriations bill is a bill that appropriates (gives to, sets aside for) money to specific federal government departments, agencies, and programs. The money provides funding for operations, personnel, equipment, and activities. Regular appropriations bills are passed annually, with the funding they provide covering one fiscal year. The fiscal year is the accounting period of the federal government, which runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following year.

There are three types of appropriations bills: regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental appropriations bills. Regular appropriations bills are the twelve standard bills that cover the funding for the federal government for one fiscal year and that are supposed to be enacted into law by October 1. If Congress has not enacted the regular appropriations bills by the time, it can pass a continuing resolution, which continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year (or with minor modifications) for a set amount of time. The third type of appropriations bills are supplemental appropriations bills, which add additional funding above and beyond what was originally appropriated at the beginning of the fiscal year. Supplemental appropriations bills can be used for things like disaster relief.

Appropriations bills are one part of a larger United States budget and spending process. They are preceded in that process by the president's budget proposal, congressional budget resolutions, and the 302(b) allocation. Article One of the United States Constitution, section 9, clause 7, states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law..." This is what gives Congress the power to make these appropriations. The President, however, still has the power to veto appropriations bills.

Jurisdiction
This subcommittee has jurisdiction over the Department of Agriculture discretionary spending (does not include the Food Stamp Program or farming subsidies that are mandatory spending), as well as food safety programs at the Food and Drug Administration and foreign agriculture assistance programs. The subcommittee also oversees rural development programs, such as loan guarantees for rural housing and the rural electrification program

Members, 118th Congress
Source:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Charlotte Forten Grimké

Charlotte Louise Bridges Grimké ( Forten; August 17, 1837 – July 23, 1914) was an African American anti-slavery activist, poet, and educator. She grew up in a prominent abolitionist family in Philadelphia. She taught school for years, including during the Civil War, to freedmen in South Carolina. Later in life she married Francis James Grimké, a Presbyterian minister who led a major church in Washington, DC, for decades. He was a nephew of the abolitionist Grimké sisters and was active in civil rights.

Her diaries written before the end of the Civil War have been published in numerous editions in the 20th century and are significant as a rare record of the life of a free black woman in the antebellum North.

Early life and education
Forten, known as "Lottie," was born on August 17, 1837, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Mary Virginia Wood (1815–1840) and Robert Bridges Forten (1813–1864).

Paternal family lineage
Her father, Robert Forten, and his brother-in-law, Robert Purvis, were abolitionists and members of the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee, ered assistance to people who escaped slavery. Her paternal grandfather, the wealthy sailmaker James Forten Sr., was an early abolitionist in Philadelphia.

Her paternal aunts – Margaretta Forten, Sarah Louisa Forten Purvis, and Harriet Forten Purvis – and her paternal grandmother, Charlotte Vandine Forten, were all founding members of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

Maternal family lineage
While the Fortens were free northern blacks, Charlotte's mother, Mary Virginia Wood, had been born into slavery in the south. She was the daughter of wealthy planter James Cathcart Johnston of Hayes Plantation, Edenton, North Carolina, and the granddaughter of Governor Samuel Johnston of North Carolina.

Charlotte's maternal grandmother, Edith "Edy" Wood (1795–1846) was the slave of Captain James Wood, owner of the Eagle Inn and Tavern in Hertford, Perquimans County, North Carolina. Edy Wood and the wealthy planter James Cathcart Johnston carried on a longstanding relationship and had four daughters: Mary Virginia, Caroline (1827–1836), Louisa (1828–1836), and Annie E. (1831–1879).

Johnston emancipated Edy and their children in 1832 and settled them in Philadelphia in 1833 where they rented a Pine Street home for two years from Sarah Allen, widow of Richard Allen of Philadelphia's Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church. From 1835 through 1836, Edy Wood and her children boarded with Elizabeth Willson, mother of Joseph Willson, author of Sketches of Black Upper Class Life in Antebellum Philadelphia.

Woods–Forten marriage and family life
After Mary Virginia Wood's 1836 marriage to Robert B. Forten, her mother Edy joined the Forten household and paid board to her son-in-law. When Mary died of tuberculosis in 1840, Edy continued to care for her grandchild Charlotte alongside Charlotte's young aunt, Annie Wood, who was only six years older. Upon Edy Wood's death in 1846, Charlotte was raised by various members of the Forten-Purvis family, while her aunt Annie moved to the Cassey House, where she was adopted by Amy Matilda Cassey.

In 1854, Forten joined the household of Amy Matilda Cassey and her second husband, Charles Lenox Remond, in Salem, Massachusetts, where she attended the Higginson Grammar School, a private academy for young women. She was the only non-white student in a class of 200. The school offered classes in history, geography, drawing, and cartography, with special emphasis placed on critical thinking skills. After Higginson, Forten studied literature and education at the Salem Normal School, which trained teachers. Forten cited William Shakespeare, John Milton, Margaret Fuller and William Wordsworth as some of her favorite authors. Her first teaching position was at Eppes Grammar School in Salem, becoming the first African American hired to teach white students in a Salem public school.

Activism
Forten became a member of the Salem Female Anti-Slavery Society, where she was involved in coalition building and fund-raising. She proved to be influential as an activist and leader on civil rights.

Forten occasionally spoke to public groups on abolitionist issues. In addition, she arranged for lectures by prominent speakers and writers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Senator Charles Sumner. Forten was acquainted with many other anti-slavery proponents, including William Lloyd Garrison, editor of The Liberator, and the orators and activists Wendell Phillips, Maria Weston Chapman and William Wells Brown.

In 1892, Forten, Helen Appo Cook, Ida B. Wells, Anna Julia Cooper, Mary Jane Patterson, Mary Church Terrell, and Evelyn Shaw formed the Colored Women's League in Washington, D.C. The goals of the service-oriented club were to promote unity, social progress, and the best interests of the African American community. In 1896, Forten assisted in starting the National Association of Colored Women. Forten stayed active in activist circles until her death.

Teaching career
In 1856, finances forced Forten to take a teaching position at Epes Grammar School in Salem. She was well received as a teacher but returned to Philadelphia after two years due to tuberculosis. At this point, Forten began writing poetry, much of which was activist in theme. Her poetry was published in The Liberator and Anglo African magazines.

During the American Civil War, Forten was the first black teacher to join the mission to the South Carolina Sea Islands known as the Port Royal Experiment. The Union allowed Northerners to set up schools to begin teaching freedmen who remained on the islands, which had been devoted to large plantations for cotton and rice.

Forten was the first African American to teach at the Penn School (now the Penn Center) on St. Helena's Island, South Carolina. The school was initially founded to teach enslaved African-American children and eventually African-American children freed during the U.S. Civil War. The Union forces divided the land, giving freedmen families plots to work independently. Forten worked with many freedmen and their children on St. Helena Island. During this time, she resided at Seaside Plantation. She chronicled this time in her essays, entitled "Life on the Sea Islands," which were published in Atlantic Monthly in the May and June issues of 1864.

Forten struck up a deep friendship with Robert Gould Shaw, the Commander of the all-black 54th Massachusetts Regiment during the Sea Islands Campaign. She was present when the 54th stormed Fort Wagner on the night of July 18, 1863. Shaw was killed in the battle, and Forten volunteered as a nurse to the surviving members of the 54th.

Following the war in the late 1860s, she worked for the U.S. Treasury Department in Washington, DC, recruiting teachers. In 1872, Forten taught at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. One year later, she became a clerk in the Treasury Department.

Marriage and family
In December 1878, Forten married Presbyterian minister Francis J. Grimké, pastor of the prominent Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., a major African-American congregation. He was a mixed-race nephew of white abolitionists Sarah and Angelina Grimké of South Carolina. Francis and his brother Archibald Grimké were the sons of Henry Grimké and Nancy Weston (a woman of color). At the time of their marriage, Forten was 41 years old and Grimké was 28. On January 1, 1880, Charlotte and Francis' daughter Theodora Cornelia Grimké was born, but the child died less than five months later.

Charlotte Grimké assisted her husband in his ministry, helping create important networks in the community, including providing charity and education. Many church members were leaders in the African-American community in the capital. She organized a women's missionary group and focused on "racial uplift" efforts. When Francis' brother, Archibald Grimke, was appointed as U.S. consul in the Dominican Republic (1894–98), Francis and Charlotte cared for his daughter Angelina Weld Grimké, who lived with them in the capital. Angelina Grimké later became an author in her own right.

Details of Charlotte Forten Grimké's health and travels during the 1880s and 1890s are documented in the recently discovered letters of Louisa Matilda Jacobs, Charlotte's third-cousin, and daughter of fugitive-slave-narrative author Harriet Ann Jacobs. The Charlotte Forten Grimke House in Washington, D.C., is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Writings
Charlotte Forten Grimké's last literary effort was in response to The Evangelist editorial, "Relations of Blacks and Whites: Is There a Color Line in New England?" It asserted that blacks were not discriminated against in New England society. She responded that black Americans achieved success over extraordinary social odds, and they simply wanted fair and respectful treatment.

She was a regular journal writer until she returned north after teaching in South Carolina. After her return, her entries were less frequent, although she wrote about her daughter's death and her busy life with her husband. Her journals are a rare example of documents detailing the life of a free black female in the antebellum North.

In her diary on December 14, 1862, she made a reference to "the blues" as a sad or depressed state of mind. She was teaching in South Carolina at the time and wrote that she came home from a church service "with the blues" because she "felt very lonesome and pitied myself." She soon got over her sadness and later noted certain songs, including one called Poor Rosy, that were popular among the slaves. Forten admitted that she could not describe the manner of singing but she did write that the songs "can't be sung without a full heart and a troubled spirit." Those conditions inspired countless blues songs and could be described as the essence of blues singing.

title: Charlotte Forten Grimké


text: User talk:139.57.140.147

title: User talk:139.57.140.147


text:
Talk:Perfective aspect

"In modern Indo-European languages, the concepts of aspect and tense are usually conflated, though they were once distinct."
 * Isn't this abit a west-european centric? In Slavonic languages, the concepts of aspect and tense seem be to still quite distinct, I suspect it also to be true with other IE branches I might not be familiar with.

Latin perfective and imperfective aspects in all tenses
I don't understand why this quote in the article is true: "'In other languages such as Latin the distinction between perfective and imperfective is made only in the past tense (e.g., Latin veni 'I came' vs veniebam 'I was coming', 'I used to come')." First, I would describe veni as present-perfective, not the past-perfective. Second, it seems to me the better comparison would be the past perfective with the past imperfective, so veneram "I had come" vs veniebam "I was coming / I used to come". This makes obvious distinction of past completion and incompletion of action.

In Latin, I see the tense-aspect distinction quite clearly in the present and the future tenses, as well. It has seemed to me that Latin is simply taught as six tense-aspects (called "tenses" in books) instead of three true tenses and two aspects as distinct grammatical categories of verbs. Understanding the tense and aspect in Latin separately makes it more obvious how to properly implement indirect discourse and subjunctive sequence of tenses. I think a table like the one below can be useful in the article for demonstrating imperfective vs perfective aspect, if I'm not wrong. I hope a linguist can give input. So essentially, I argue the following Latin "tense-aspects" have the respective distinct tenses and aspects, fulfilling every combination: –ShyamBhakta (talk) 07:23, 12 November 2019 (UTC)
 * "Present" = present imperfective
 * "Imperfect" = past imperfective
 * "Future" = future imperfective
 * "Perfect" = present perfective
 * "Pluperfect" = past perfective
 * "Future perfect" = future perfective

Slavic languages and conflation of tense ad aspect
Though there are purely aspectual and purely tense-related elements in Savic languages, these languages still display a significant level of conflation of the two phenomena. Examples are verb forms such as aorist, imperfect, plu(squam)perfect, or the way Russian expresses future (complex forms for imperfective vers and the present for perfective verbs). Boban Arsenijevic nvhjg jhbjhjhjm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.149.136.160 (talk) 14:03, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

Tense and aspect
These categories are distinct; the sentence "The perfective aspect is one of the tenses in the Romance languages..." did not make sense to me for that reason, so I removed it. If someone knows what was intended here, please fix it up. Thanks, ArielGlenn 05:20, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Slavic languages
I had written 'Russian and other Slavic languages' but TaivoLinguist disagreed, and deleted 'Russian and other'. He writes on his own talk page: 'If a reader doesn't know what a Slavic language is, they can click on the link. In linguistics articles we don't list a representative language for every language family we mention. Articles would become unwieldy if that were the case. It doesn't matter whether you think Russian is more important or more searched for or not. You put Russian there and the Poles will want Polish and the Ukrainians will want Ukrainian and the Serbs will want Serbian. Then you get the arguments about which Slavic language is the most typical when it comes to perfective aspect. Leave it out. Taivo' – But I thought it useful to put 'Russian and other' in case non-European readers don't know what is meant by Slavic, to save them clicking on the link. What is the consensus, I wonder? Kanjuzi (talk) 19:02, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
 * If this were a page on "10 fun facts about Europe", your point of the ill-informed reader might be appropriate. But this is an article on a linguistic topic.  The vast majority of readers who come to this page already know something about linguistics and if they know about linguistics then they have a good idea what the Slavic languages are.  Should we also write "...like Medlpa and other Trans-New Guinea languages..."?  Certainly not.  Taken to its logical extreme, then every single language family should have a representative language listed then the family name.  That's not an option.  Every single subject should be treated that way:  "...like grizzlies and other bears..."  You simply have to draw a line and require the one reader a year who might stumble here and not know what a Slavic language is to click on the link.  Every single link in Wikipedia is there for a good reason:  we cannot define "Slavic language" every single time that the phrase occurs throughout Wikipedia.  --Taivo (talk) 19:10, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopaedic resource, not 'a dummies guide'. Please have the courtesy of not assuming ignorance on behalf of the reader. You want to "save" the reader the trouble of learning something they may be interested in exploring for themselves? Perhaps this article is targetting the 5 year old demographic. Linguistics and other academic disciplines, anyone? --Iryna Harpy (talk) 21:03, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, I should think it would be helpful to put 'in Zulu and other languages of Guthrie zone S' or 'in Tamil and other Dravidian languages'. Remember that the introduction to an article is supposed to be less technical than the rest of it. I particularly wrote 'in Russian and other Slavic languages' since Russian is particularly often cited as an example of the perfective/imperfect distinction (e.g. by Comrie in his book "Aspect"). There doesn't seem anything wrong with it to me. Since both of you who have written so far are obviously Slavic specialists, perhaps you find it hard to put yourselves in the shoes of someone who is less familiar with those languages. Kanjuzi (talk) 07:59, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I would rather expand the sentence with further explanation and a couple of examples (saying it is "central to the verb system" doesn't really tell anyone much). If the examples come from Russian (there is already a Russian example, further down in the lead) then it will no longer be necessary to say "Russian and other...", and hopefully you will all be happy. W. P. Uzer (talk) 08:55, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

 * There is never a problem providing an example from a given language with, of course, the appropriate language label for the example. The problem is with the gratuitous mention of a language as if it is automatically typical of or uniquely illustrative of the family.  --Taivo (talk) 10:40, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't say it is uniquely illustrative, but isn't it fair to say Russian is typical, at least as far as perfectivity is concerned? Kanjuzi (talk) 10:47, 20 February 2017 (UTC)
 * What makes Russian more typical than Polish? Or Ukrainian?  Or Serbian?  Or Old Church Slavonic?  It's not.  The notion that "Slavic" needs to be qualified by a reference to Russian is simply unwarranted in an encyclopedia, especially on a page that will only be referenced by linguists or by people who know enough to click on the link if they actually don't know what the term means.  And, as User:W. P. Uzer wrote, a Russian example is already on the page.  --Taivo (talk) 16:41, 20 February 2017 (UTC)
 * What I say is this: You have spoilt the balance of my sentence. I mentioned three languages: Russian (as a well-known example of where aspect is important), German (as a well-known example of where it is not important), and Latin (as an example of one where it is important only in the past tense). You have ignored the architecture of the whole paragraph by replacing 'Russian' with 'Slavic languages'. If you are going to delete something, delete 'Slavic languages' and keep 'Russian'. Kanjuzi (talk) 03:42, 21 February 2017 (UTC)
 * You seem to be going through some form of proprietorial problems. That it not how Wikipedia articles are built. If you wish to write your own version of this article, Wikipedia is not the venue for you. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 04:14, 21 February 2017 (UTC)
 * It is not a question of it being 'my' sentence. It would be the same whoever had written it. I would be quite happy with the change if it improved the paragraph. The point is that it is not good style to make an antithesis of two things which are of different types. 'Russian' will balance with 'German', but 'Slavic languages' will not, or at any rate it is less satisfactory. Kanjuzi (talk) 17:00, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

Although the essence...
This sentence from the introduction seems to me illogical: "Although the essence of the perfective is an event seen as a whole, most languages which have a perfective use it for various similar semantic roles, such as momentary events and the onsets or completions of events, all of which are single points in time and thus have no internal structure." The "although" part doesn't seem to fit logically with the rest. It is like saying "Although he was a tall man, he had difficulty getting into the tiny car." It would surely be better to omit the "although " clause. The word "similar" is also ambiguous here. Similar to what? And a "momentary event" is not "a single point in time", although it may last only that long. I would like to rewrite the sentence, but am not quite sure what the writer is getting at. Kanjuzi (talk) 03:52, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

Combine...
Combine this article with imperfective aspect into a single Perfective and imperfective aspects? It would save repetition and duplication of work. W. P. Uzer (talk) 11:50, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

Spanish imperfective
Just as for the Latin example, the "used to" frame should also be used for Spanish examples  --Backinstadiums (talk) 08:53, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perfective aspect


text:
Talk:Tracheotomy

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 November 2018 and 21 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kwanster8. Peer reviewers: Ucsfwikielective2018.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:34, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

How to perform a tracheotomy
I was curious as to why this was placed in the tracheotomy article. I understand this would have a great deal of value to medical professionals, but the average person? How often do non medical people have to perform an emergency tracheotomy? And if that's what the instructions are geared towards, the section might be too technical? Take for example step #3 "Division of thyroid isthmus between ligatures". Most people would have no idea what that is, I have no idea what step #3 means.

JesseG 01:32, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Because it is interesting and relevant. Even if it doesn't give you an exact idea, you still get a general idea. Don't give an Ameriflag 01:53, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Name
"Tracheotomy"/"tracheostomy"? Ground 02:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Essentially synonyms. Tracheotomy is "cutting into the trachea", tracheostomy is "making an opening into the trachea". I suppose the former might be used more in emergency settings, and the latter in elective settings, but basically there's not much of a distinction. - Nunh-huh 04:53, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

well i found the info helpfull, i had this done to me november 2005 after giving birth to my son. im alittle disapointed that it says nothing of the after effects, i now suffer with my throut, its sore to swallow now and then, and ive been left with a terrible scar, no one at the hospital told me how it worked or anything, they couldnt even tell me why i was unable to talk, or make any sound for that matter, never mind, i guess ill keep looking around for my answeres.

 * Nunh-huh (or someone else knowlegeable) could you please add to the article intro something about emergency settings versus elective settings? -Pgan002 05:34, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Confusion
The article states that tracheotomy is a surgical procedure and later in the second paragraph talks about the "indiacations" of it. Is it the name of a medical condition also? -- Sundar 04:42, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * An "indication" for a surgical procedure is a reason for doing it. I've translated it into English from "medical" now. -Nunh-huh

Fine. Thanks. -- Sundar 05:21, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

Loss of speech...
During the procedure, there is a risk of damaging a nerve called (I have to write in Latin, because we use it in medicine in my country) NERVUS LARYNGEUS RECCURENS. This nerve sends impulses (alows the function) of VOCAL CORDS. If one of the nerves, and there are two of them: n. laryngeus reccurens sinister et dexter, is damaged, a person will probably have a problem with their voice (as if you were singing all night, or have a bad cold). But if both of the nerves are damaged, the person would loose their speech. It is possible that the loss of speech is just temorary, because of the procedure...

I hope this has been helpful.

Stefan

I have had loss of speech after the tracheotomy and also mix up my words and can't pronounce them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.125.23.96 (talk) 04:01, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Most anatomists/doctors under the age of 70 wouldn't use the latin name, they would call it "recurrent laryngeal nerve", so called because they loop down around some major blood vessels and recurr back up to the larynx. Likewise, they would say "left" instead of "sinister" and "right" instead of "dexter". This risk of nerve damage is the reason emergency tracheotomies are performed higher up, in the larynx and why tracheostomies have to be done in hospital under anaesthetic as i have mentioned below.--KX36 22:12, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * But in the illustration, the vocal folds are way up at the top, with the tracheotomy below. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.70.113 (talk) 23:50, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Tracheo-oesophageal fistulation
Tracheo-oesophageal fistulation is a late comlication. The term fistula implies the development of an epithelialised tract between two surfaces. What i presume you are referring to is accidental puncture of the oesophagus which would indeed be an early complication.

Also with regard to the -otomy/-ostomy debate, tracheotomy would simply refer to a cut, tracheostomy is the creation of a stoma (Greek for mouth) which is more appropriate in this setting. But that could just be me being a pedant.

Euan Green

 * A fistula is a pathological hole, so a tracheo-oesophageal fistula would be a pathological hole joining the trachea and the oesophagus. I can find no reference in medical dictionaries or my textbooks which says it necessarily must be "epithelialised".--KX36 22:29, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Tracheotomy vs Tracheostomy
They are NOT the same thing. They are both openings in the upper respiratory tract to allow breathing to continue when there is a blockage higher up, however...

A TRACHEOTOMY is a temporary tube inserted in the larynx between the 2 major cartilages (cricoid and thyroid), peircing the cricothyroid membrane, in an emergency situation.

A TRACHEOSTOMY is a permanent/long term tube inserted lower down in the trachea, in hospital conditions, under anaesthetic (There are several important nerves down there and so this is a relatively more risky opperation than a tracheotomy which famously can be performed with a pen by someone with relatively little medical training, without anaesthetic in an emergency.). This image is a tracheostomy; it is correctly captioned in the article, but has an inaccurate file name and description. I can't really cite a source, I know this because I'm a medical student with a close relative with a permanent tracheostomy.

Note: I am a british medical student. In britain, the above is the case, but from a few confused web pages i have seen that either there is a massive confusion over the nomenclature or there is a difference between british and american nomenclature. It may be the case that in america, what i have described as a "tracheotomy" is called a "cricothyrotomy" and what I have described as a "tracheostomy" is called a "tracheotomy". What I do know is that this article refers to both procedures and calls them both "tracheotomies" (e.g. the reference to M*A*S*H and Scrubs, were what i call a tracheotomy, not what i call a tracheostomy; the "how to" is that of what i would call a tracheostomy), so something's wrong somewhere.

--KX36 22:05, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

I agree. I'm a respiratory therapist in America, and I see cricothyrotomies done on TV all the time, and called tracheotomies. In addition, when I correct them here on Wikipedia, they are invariably reverted by those with little to no medical knowledge. At my facility in Michigan, we generaly describe the procedure as a "tracheotomy" and the hole as a "tracheostomy" (of course, we generally just call both "trachs". I won't say this is the official American English distinction, but that's what we do. IronLung2533 21:55, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately this happens a lot on WP. Please add this info to correct the article, together with a reference.  Then we will make sure that it stays corrected. -Pgan002 05:39, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I agree with some of the above. I am a respiratory therapist in Canada (so somewhere between UK and US English I suppose) and if you go to the roots of tracheotomy and tracheostomy (Greek, I think, not Latin), tracheotomy is the act of performing an incision into the trachea (a verb) and tracheostomy is the actual opening or hole that has been made into the trachea (a noun). A cricothyrotomy is in fact the act of creating an opening between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages but I wouldn't really think of it as a tracheotomy. Yes it's an emergent, short term thing but these cartilages are above the trachea and not a part of it. I suppose the hole created would be a cricothyrostomy, although I've never heard the word used.DougMike1 (talk) 17:14, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Link request
I would like to request that the following informational web resource be included under External Links:

http://hopkinsmedicine.org/tracheostomy (Videos, FAQs for patients, caregivers and patients) - Johns Hopkins Medicine

This is an educational resource for patients, caregivers and physicians and includes videos, FAQs that are answered promptly by a nurse practitioner specifically trained in trachoestomy care and information for living with and caring for a tracheostomy.

Apulcinella (talk) 20:49, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Waterboarding?
Not clear how important that mention is, albeit topical. Should we list every other case in which a tracheostomy might be performed? — Charlie (Colorado) (talk) 18:38, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Tracheotomy/Tracheostomy in popular media
Seems inappropriate in a medical article. Is there really a need for such information here? Wjousts (talk) 20:50, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Misuse of sources
This article has been edited by a user who is known to have misused sources to unduly promote certain views (see WP:Jagged 85 cleanup). Examination of the sources used by this editor often reveals that the sources have been selectively interpreted or blatantly misrepresented, going beyond any reasonable interpretation of the authors' intent.

Please help by viewing the entry for this article shown at the cleanup page, and check the edits to ensure that any claims are valid, and that any references do in fact verify what is claimed. Tobby72 (talk) 10:45, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Cricothyrotomy, a similar procedure.
In an emergency setting a cricothyrotomy "crike" is often performed. The general public uses "trach" and "crike" as synonyms when there very different and often in the media in situations where a cricothyrotomy would be indicated a tracheotomy is performed. Also sometimes when a cricothyrotomy is done it's called a trach. Added a note note about the cricothyrotomy to avoid confusion. 67.253.15.163 (talk) 20:34, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

Respiratory Distress as a sign for Tracheotomy Care
I added a few sentences on the indication for tracheotomy tubes for respiratory distress in a patient. This seemed to be left out of the section. I felt it was important to note that tracheotomy can be used for multiple indications. Aendicot (talk) 01:54, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Death after percutaneous tracheostromy
10.1186/cc13085 is a systematic review of causes of death. The rate is about 1:600. This could replace some current primary sources. JFW | T@lk  13:37, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

Original Research Removed
Section which reads as follows removed due to lack of citations as well as poor language and syntax:

In popular culture

In the 2013 American comedy film The Heat, Sandra Bullock's character performs an unnecessary emergency tracheotomy on a choking man.

In Saw V detective Peter Strahm does this to himself by a ballpoint pen, preventing him from drowning in one of the antagonist's traps.

In Nancy Drew(2007 movie) ,Nancy Drew will perform on a boy who was having breathing difficulties due to allergic reaction to peanuts.

This should not be restored in its current state 81.152.63.82 (talk) 18:20, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * WP:SOFIXIT applies. Plot summaries do not need citations and they are NPOV and should be included. Nonetheless, I'll find a source for all of them and readd it. Tutelary (talk) 18:38, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I've done such. An edit is not original research if it can be pointed to a source that states the same. It is not original research thereby that definition. Tutelary (talk) 18:50, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

"Evil" surgeons?
This bit needs reworking: "By the late 19th century, some surgeons had become evil in performing the tracheotomy."

121.223.185.214 (talk) 23:23, 15 September 2015 (UTC)InnocentBystander

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WikiMed Fall 2018 Work Plan
Hello! I am a 4th year medical student working on revising this article over the next couple of weeks as part of a course to improve Wikipedia’s medical content. My specific goals include:

 * 1) Indications- I plan to reorganize and expand this section (More information regarding emergency access. Further discussion of “late vs early” tracheostomy)
 * 2) Parts- More information regarding Passy-Muir one-way valves
 * 3) Complications- I plan to expand this section, specifically stating potential complications
 * 4) Alternatives- finding possible citations
 * 5) Overall- review of the page with some edits for clarity with possible additions to make the page more accessible to nonmedical laypeople. Possible inclusion of additional pictures.

Please let me know if you have any suggestions or recommendations! Kwanster8 (talk) 20:16, 2 December 2018 (UTC)

Hi Kwanster8,

Great additions to the page. Knowing the indications and understanding the ongoing debate of when to place a tracheostomy is important to patients and families. My overall impression is that the tracheotomy page is organized with an appropriate amount of content and tone. I only have a few comments:
 * 1) Under the complications section, the immediate/early complications are described. Adding trach displacement/dislodgement, either spontaneously or during trach change, as an early complication may provide the reader with a more complete idea of what to expect as a patient. A review article here may offer some insight DOI:10.4103/ijrc.ijrc_12_17
 * 2) Additionally, adding a long-term complication like tracheal stenosis may similarly enrich the page. A meta-analysis of tracheal stenosis s/p percutaneous vs surgical tracheotomy may help DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001382
 * 3) With that said, these complications are more related to tracheostomy and not really to the actual tracheotomy. If you decide that these two complications do not belong on the page, then I think that would also be reasonable.
 * 4) I love the Passy-Muir parts - important to visually understand the nuts and bolts of the device that assists/replaces a patient's airway
 * 5) Some of the other sections could use another citation or two, but the areas that you focused on are great
 * 6) Doing a once over of the page to clarify some of the medical terms would be helpful; not a particularly big issue on this page, but I feel like every medical wiki page could always use a touch up in this regard

Happy to further discuss!

- Ucsfwikielective2018

Thanks for the review and suggestions! I've incorporated some more information regarding the potential complications you mentioned in addition to further clarifications of medical terms. I will plan to do another once over of the page again for readability. Kwanster8 (talk) 20:56, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

FEATHER'S are one of the main instruments used in this procedure? Vandalism? (And unuseful reference #11?)?
As of this date, in the section Surgical Procedure, sub-section Instruments, the text for main instruments used reads, "“Two small scalpels,...,ligatures, sponges, a flexible catheter, and feathers.", with a reference #11, which reference reads, "Rosen H (January 1897). "On enactment". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 40 (4): 1228–9. doi:10.1097/00000441-189701000-00008. PMC 1430766. PMID 1430766.". I expect the mention of feathers is vandalism? Feather's are not mentioned anywhere else that I could see in this article, though I did read the the popular media section of the companion article Cricothyrotomy that in a TV episode of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman the hollow quill of a feather was used. And I can only find a brief two page review of a aged book on general bandaging practices in the reference #11, which therefore doesn't seem to support any of the information it's referencing in this article, including specifically any of the instruments used in this procedure (maybe I'm reading the reference wrongly?). UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 08:25, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

Far too much detail
This article contains far too much detail for an encyclopedia. Accordingly, I have trimmed it a bit. DiverDave (talk) 04:33, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tracheotomy


text:
The Decline of the American Empire

The Decline of the American Empire (Le Déclin de l'empire Américain) is a 1986 Canadian sex comedy-drama film directed by Denys Arcand and starring Rémy Girard, Pierre Curzi and Dorothée Berryman. The film follows a group of intellectual friends from the Université de Montréal history department as they engage in a long dialogue about their sexual affairs, touching on issues of adultery, homosexuality, group sex, BDSM and prostitution. A number of characters associate self-indulgence with societal decline.

The film was a box office success in Canada and internationally and received good reviews. It won the FIPRESCI Prize at the Cannes Film Festival, nine Genie Awards, including Best Motion Picture, and was the first Canadian film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. It was followed by two sequels, The Barbarian Invasions in 2003 and Days of Darkness in 2007.

Plot
In an interview with Radio-Canada, Université de Montréal History Professor Dominique St. Arnaud tells Diane about her new book, Variations on the Idea of Happiness, which discusses her thesis that modern society's fixation on self-indulgence is indicative of its decline, predicting a collapse in the "American Empire", of which Quebec is on the periphery. Several of Dominique and Diane's friends, mostly intellectual history professors at the university, prepare for a dinner later in the day, with the men at work in the kitchen while the women work out at the gym.

As the dinner draws nearer, the men and women mainly talk about their sex lives, with the men being open about their adulteries, including Rémy, who is married to Louise. Most of the women in the circle of friends have had sex with Rémy, though he is not attractive, but they conceal this from Louise to spare her feelings. Louise has been to an orgy with Rémy, but believes he is generally faithful to her in Montreal. The friends are also accepting of their homosexual friend Claude, who speaks about pursuing men reckless of fear of STDs, while secretly being fearful of having one. During the dinner party, the friends listen to Dominique's theories about the decline of society, with Louise expressing skepticism. To retaliate against Louise, Dominique reveals she has had sex with Rémy and their friend Pierre, causing her to have an emotional meltdown. By morning, relationships have gone back to normal.

Development
In the wake of the 1980 Quebec referendum, director Denys Arcand felt Quebec's interests had shifted from politics to "individual pleasures", and with a budget of $800,000 for his next project, envisioned a dialogue-heavy film like Louis Malle's 1981 film My Dinner with Andre. Arcand viewed sex as the most likely topic that could sustain audience interest for an entire film. He worked on the screenplay throughout the summer of 1984, under the working title Conversations scabreuses. He chose tenured university professors as his subject matter because he felt that such people had less of a Quebecois accent, which would make the film more accessible to French-speaking audiences around the world. He avoided naming local places for the same reason, even though this went against the wishes of the National Film Board of Canada, which co-sponsored the film.

As Arcand worked on the script, producer Roger Frappier saw the story as promising and lobbied René Malo to co-produce, allowing for a bigger budget. Frappier and Malo raised $1.8 million, allowing for more settings depicted in the film. Most of the funding came from the governments of Canada and Quebec.

Arcand had Rémy Girard and Yves Jacques in mind for principal roles after working with them on The Crime of Ovide Plouffe (Le Crime d'Ovide Plouffe) (1984), and named the main character Rémy after Girard. Nevertheless, their lack of celebrity meant Girard had to audition for the part named for him, to satisfy producers.

Filming
Filming began in Montreal in August 1985, and moved to Lake Memphremagog in September, finishing in October. Filmmaker Jacques Leduc is given credit for photographing the nature scenes in the film.

In filming sex scenes, Arcand felt visual depictions were overused, which is why he focused on the verbal aspect. He also felt the sex scenes were challenging because of actors' modesty, and sought to place the camera in novel positions.

Release
The film was screened at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival, where it received a 20-minute standing ovation, after which distribution to 60 countries was assured. In Canada, the film premiered in Montreal on 20 June, and opened across the country in September and October.

Box office
The film was screened for months in Montreal and Paris and was the highest-grossing film ever in Quebec, making $2.2 million in the province alone. Outside Quebec, the film made $1 million in Canada. In France, it drew an audience of 1,236,322 people, the highest for a Quebec film ever. The film ultimately made $30 million.

Critical response
The Decline of the American Empire has an approval rating of 86% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews, and an average rating of 7.3/10. Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Roger Ebert gave the film three stars, saying that despite the sexual dialogue, "the real subject is wit", and comparing it to My Dinner with Andre. Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote "Not since Alain Tanner's Jonah Who Will Be 25 in the Year 2000 has there been a comedy that so entertainingly and successfully expresses itself through intelligent characters defined entirely in their talk", and called the cast, including Rémy Girard and Pierre Curzi, "excellent". Rita Kempley of The Washington Post found most characters unlikable but wrote "The Decline of the American Empire is certainly the year's most intellectual work, a frequently funny, unrepressed meditation on midnight in North America". Peter Keough of the Chicago Reader wrote "The laughs come easy in Decline, but also a bit guiltily when you recognize that this hip sex comedy is actually a reactionary tract", given what he saw as the ending's victory for "traditional heterosexuality" while the homosexual character had an STD. David Denby of New York magazine panned the film, calling it "pompous and tiresome". In France, many critics highlighted the film's use of Quebec's natural landscape.

The Toronto International Film Festival ranked it in the Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time twice, in 1993 and 2004. Shortly after the release of the sequel The Barbarian Invasions in 2003, the British Film Institute called The Decline of the American Empire "a witty and provocative look at the battle of the sexes". In 2011, marking the 25th anniversary of the film, Isabelle Houde of the Montreal-based La Presse remarked the film was daring for 1986 in portraying homosexuality as normal.

In 2023, Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail named the film as one of the 23 best Canadian comedy films ever made.

Accolades
The film won nine Genie Awards in 1987, including Best Motion Picture and Best Director and Best Original Screenplay for Arcand. It also received the FIPRESCI Prize at the Cannes Film Festival.

The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 59th Academy Awards, the first Canadian film so honoured. Garth Drabinsky, who handled the distribution of the film in the United States, hired Renee Furst to promote the film's Oscar nomination. Telefilm Canada contributed $50,000, under the stipulation that it would only be repaid if the film won an Oscar. The Assault won the award. The Decline of the American Empire's sequel, The Barbarian Invasions (Les Invasions barbares), would go on to win Canada's first Oscar in the category in 2003.

Sequels and proposed remake
Paramount Pictures purchased the rights to remake the film in English. David Giler was hired to write the script. Charles Champlin stated that Giler was an "art vandal" for being involved.

The Barbarian Invasions, released in 2003, uses the same characters as The Decline of the American Empire and presents an aftermath to the ending of the first film, having Rémy's marriage end, and is thus a sequel. Before 2007, critics called the two films, along with Arcand's 1989 film Jesus of Montreal, the "Montreal trilogy" because of their shared setting and allegory. There are also characters from Jesus of Montreal in The Barbarian Invasions.

In 2007, Arcand's film Days of Darkness was released. This film, along with The Decline of the American Empire and The Barbarian Invasions, was considered to complete a trilogy "about where Western civilization stands in the run-up to and the aftermath of the new millennium". The Decline character Pierre, played by Pierre Curzi, also appears in Days of Darkness to update his story from The Barbarian Invasions. Arcand's 2018 film, The Fall of the American Empire, continued themes of money degrading civilization, although it was not a direct sequel to The Decline of the American Empire apart from its similar name.

title: The Decline of the American Empire


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Siamese Twin

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Conjoined twins. —Korath (Talk) 05:55, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Siamese Twin
Information is already covered on AQi Fzono's main page. Besides, people who come to this page are more likely looking for information on conjoined twins. I say either make it a redirect to conjoined twins, or a disambiguation page (though is a Japanese composer of electronic music's pseudonym really notable?) Junkyardprince | Talk 01:44, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to conjoined twins, but add a disamboguaton tag there. -Sean Curtin 04:13, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Conjoined twins. Megan1967 06:04, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Create a disambiguation page with a link for the Japanese composer. 23skidoo 21:53, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above, and add a small line on that page to send to the composer. Radiant! 12:00, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to conjoined twins as above. Martg76 16:50, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Algic languages

title: Category:Algic languages


text: Talk:Branislav Nušić

title: Talk:Branislav Nušić


text:
C. Virginia Fields

Clara A. L. Virginia Fields, better known as C. Virginia Fields (née Clark; born August 6, 1945), is an American politician who served as Borough President of Manhattan. She was served two terms, elected in 1997 and reelected in 2001, with her second term expiring at the end of 2005.

Early life and education
Clara Virginia Clark was born in Birmingham, Alabama to Peter and Lucille Clark. She received a B.A. in sociology from Knoxville College in Tennessee in 1967 and an M.S.W. from Indiana University Bloomington in 1969. She married Henry Fields in 1971; they divorced in 1985. In 1971, she moved to New York City and became a social worker. In the late 1970s and 1980s she worked in a variety of administrative positions in the social services field, while also becoming involved in community politics.

Fields was known for her activism during the height of the civil rights movement in which she participated in a number of protests and marches, thus beginning her foray into social and political advocacy. She is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha.

Political career
In 1989, Fields was elected to the New York City Council. In 1997, Fields was elected Manhattan Borough President, after Ruth Messinger served the maximum two terms. Fields supported cultural organizations such as the New York Shakespeare Festival and the West Side Arts Coalition. She was in office during the September 11 attacks.

In 2005, Fields was a Democratic candidate for mayor of New York City. In early polls, she placed second to Bronx Borough President Fernando Ferrer. She received criticism for her campaign's perceived lack of policy-based motivation, with some critics pointing to the term limits of her position at the time as the real impetus for her campaign. It was discovered that her campaign literature included photographs doctored to create the impression of diversity in support. Fields never found traction and in the primary she finished third with 15.92% of the vote. Fields finished behind former Bronx Borough President Fernando Ferrer and Congressman Anthony Weiner, but ahead of City Council Speaker Gifford Miller.

In March 2006 it was reported that Fields would run for the State Senate seat representing Harlem and parts of Upper Manhattan, being vacated by Senate Minority Leader David Paterson. (Paterson ran for lieutenant governor on a ticket headed by State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer who was running for governor.) On June 1, 2006, Fields announced that she was ending her Senate campaign, explaining that it was not the right time for her to run.

Post-political career
Fields became President and CEO of the non-profit organization, National Black Leadership Commission on AIDS (NBLCA) in 2008. During her tenure the organization rebranded itself as the National Black Leadership Commission on Health ("Black Health") and broadened its focus to include other diseases that disproportionately affect Black Americans. She retired as President and CEO of Black Health in June 2024. New York City Mayor Eric Adams designated June 19, 2024 as C. Virginia Fields Day, which coincided with the National Juneteenth Holiday.

title: C. Virginia Fields


text:
David Joris

David Joris (c. 1501 – 25 August 1556, sometimes Jan Jorisz or Joriszoon; formerly anglicised David Gorge) was an important Anabaptist leader in the Netherlands before 1540.

Life
Joris was probably born in Flanders, the son of Marietje Jan de Gortersdochter and Georgius Joris de Koman, an amateur actor and shopkeeper. He was a disciple of Melchior Hoffman.

By trade David Joris was a glass painter or tinsel painter, having learned the art in Antwerp; in 1522 he painted windows for the church at Enkhuizen, North Holland. In 1524 he married Dirckgen Willems, and also took interest in the Reformation movement of Martin Luther. On Ascension Day 1528 he committed an outrage on the sacrament carried in procession; he was placed in the pillory, had his tongue bored, and was banished from Delft for three years.

In 1533 he accepted the ideas of the Anabaptists, and was baptized in Delft by Obbe Philips. According to the Mennonite Encyclopedia, "He was an influential figure in Anabaptism's consolidation period following the fall of Münster." He rejected the violence of Münster, but theoretically accepted polygamy (he is not known to have practiced it). After the Münster debacle, a number of diverse disciples of Hoffman gathered for counsel at Bocholt in 1536. Joris had some success in highlighting their common beliefs, while defusing the ideas of those who wanted vengeance. He believed that God would take vengeance, but that the saints should not. He promoted compromise on the question of polygamy, stating he thought the number of wives a man had was not important, as long as the family obeyed God. The group made no decision on the issue. David Joris remained on the "mystic" edge of Anabaptism, leading by citing dreams, visions and prophecies. Against this is his rationalist approach to the topic of the devil and supernatural evil. David Joris anticipated the views of Thomas Hobbes, John Epps and John Thomas in interpreting the devil as an allegory. He adapted in his own interest the theory of three dispensations: the old, with its revelation of the Father, the newer with its revelations of the Son, and the final or era of the Spirit.

For a time he was a theological combatant with emerging leader Menno Simons. Menno considered Joris a compromiser; Joris thought Menno excessively literal. Joris moved to Basel in 1544 and protected himself by living under the assumed name Johann van Brugge. He joined the Reformed Church, but he continued his theological writings on Anabaptism. This reflects both his opinion that "to the pure all things are pure", and his developing view that external symbols were less important than inner faith.

His wife Dirckgen died 22 August 1556. David died three days later and was buried in the church of St Leonard, Basel. Anabaptist leader Nicolas van Blesdijk, the husband of his eldest daughter, became an opponent of Joris' teachings. In 1559 he revealed Joris' theology to the authorities of Basel. David Joris was posthumously convicted of heresy, and his body exhumed and burned on 13 May 1559. A portrait of Joris, by the Dutch painter Jan van Scorel, is now displayed in the Oeffentliche Kunstsammlung at Basel.

The Mennonite Encyclopedia divides Joris' religious career into "four overlapping phases: Sacramentarian (1524–1530); Melchiorite sympathizer (1531–1534) Anabaptist leader (1534–c. 1543); and Spiritualist (c. 1540–1556)." In addition to his spiritualism, Joris developed nicodemite practices from 1534 on.

Works
His writings, all in Dutch, flowed in a continuous stream from 1524 (though none is extant before 1529) and amounted to over 200 in number. His magnum opus was  ' T Wonder Boeck (n.d. 1542, divided into two parts; 1551, handsomely reprinted, divided into four parts; both editions anonymous). Its chief claim to recognition is its use, in the latter part, of the phrase Restitutio Christi, which apparently suggested to Servetus his title Christianismi Restitutio (1553). In the first edition is a figure of the "new man," signed with the author's monogram, and probably drawn as a likeness of himself; it fairly corresponds with the alleged portrait, engraved in 1607, reproduced in the appendix to Alexander Ross's Pansebeia (1655), and idealized by P. Burckhardt in 1900. Another work, Verklaringe der Scheppenissen (1553) treats mystically the Book of Genesis, a favourite theme with Böhme, Swedenborg and others.

title: David Joris


text:
East Warburton, Victoria

East Warburton is a town in Victoria, Australia, 67 km east from Melbourne's central business district, located within the Shire of Yarra Ranges local government area. East Warburton recorded a population of 906 at the.

The Post Office opened on 1 November 1921 and closed in 1975.

title: East Warburton, Victoria


text:
Ruvi

The Sony Ruvi is an analog video and still video camera released in 1998. The Ruvi was considerably smaller than any other camcorder available at the time, at 124 mm × 66 mm × 44.1 mm and 380 g. This made the Ruvi small enough to keep inside a shirt pocket. Ruvi is an abbreviation of Recording Unit by Video.

The small size was achieved by making the tape essentially non-removable. A miniature "video cartridge" contained thirty minutes of Hi8 tape permanently loaded around a conventional helical scan record head. The head itself was part of the cartridge, negating the need for a loading mechanism. Although user-replaceable, the cartridge was intended to be a service part and not a form of removable media.

The Ruvi contained several features that were considered innovative at the time of its release. The camera had high-density electronics packaging and a color-reflective LCD screen. The Ruvi also featured mechanical linkages for zoom optics. It could record up to 350 stills on the cartridge, each still being able to hold up to five seconds of audio, and a search function that would display them all in sequence. An "End Search" button automatically located the end of recorded material, readying the camera for new recordings.

Though it was considered an engineering marvel at the time of its release, the Ruvi achieved only mild success, mainly due to certain engineering trade offs to achieve a smaller size (such as using two AA batteries for power instead of the standard plug-in rechargeable battery). As a result, only one model was ever produced, the CCD-CR1, before the system was discontinued in 1999. The Ruvi was briefly released in the United States and the United Kingdom.

title: Ruvi


text:
Carolyn Hurless

Carolyn Hurless (November 24, 1934 – February 13, 1987) was an American astronomer and an American Association of Variable Star Observers merit award winner. She made an estimated 78,876 astronomical observations in her lifetime.

Life
Carolyn Hurless was born in Lima, Ohio on November 24, 1934 to Frank R. Klaserner and Charlotte Jane Foster Klaserner. At the age of 13, she started to take an interest in astronomy through her love of science fiction. She was invited to join the Lima Astronomy Club by the club president, Herbert Speer, after he saw her name on astronomy books checked out from the library. Soon afterwards, Hurless made her own 8-inch reflector telescope, which had a very short focal length and a compact tube assembly with a simple mounting that could be easily moved. She referred to her telescope as "feminine" because of its ease of transport. Many of her observations were made with this very telescope. Around the same time, Hurless started to study under AAVSO observer, Leslie Peltier. Hurless passed on Peltier's knowledge to other astronomers by becoming a mentor and by writing monthly newsletters. Eventually, she published her own newsletter, Variable Views, for 22 years. She also was a councilor for AAVSO for two years, and a 2nd Vice President of the council for six years.

Astronomical Observations
Hurless's main interest was tracing out minimums in light curves of LPV's that were below a magnitude of 14. These observations were nicknamed "inner sanctum" observations and were the focus of her monthly newsletter. She contributed observations to a paper published by Bornhurst on differences between light curves of individual star eclipses. Hurless, along with Peltier, Cragg, Ford, and Bornhurst made 767 observations of 29 individual eclipses, which were then compiled into a composite phase plot. The data suggested a "reflection effect observed rarely before primary eclipse and the indication of a double minimum often suspected during the eclipse". Hurless advocated for a trick she called "heavy breathing" in an effort to detect very faint variable stars, which she learned from her mentor, Leslie Peltier. The technique consisted of hyperventilating through the nose before putting the eye to the telescope eyepiece. This would cause a rush of oxygen to the brain and eyes, affecting enhanced alertness. Then, while scanning the field, breathing should slow, still through the nose, until focusing on a target, when breath should again speed up.

Aside from those involving light curves, many of Hurless' contributions throughout her career dealt with the discovery and observation of variable stars, a status that categorizes stars whose visibility varies based on either the brilliance of the star itself (intrinsic) or on the amount of emitted visible light that reaches Earth's atmosphere (extrinsic). Her first variable observation captured SS Cygni, a dwarf nova star in the constellation Cygnus.

Dwarf novae are a class of intrinsic variable stars of the cataclysmic variety, meaning their brilliance changes as a result of the fluctuating nature of the energy generated by thermonuclear interactions. Since SS Cyg's discovery in 1896, it has undergone an estimated 800 cataclysmic outbursts. Hurless observed one such outburst in 1959 under the guidance of Peltier with a considerably large magnitude of 8.1-12.0.

Variable Views Newsletter

The original purpose for Variable Views was to serve as a forum where observers could describe themselves and their observations. The newsletter became popular, with increasing length of entries and articles, eventually including the presentation of entire published articles. Subscribers were mostly other active observers who would occasionally gather at the Hurless' house for summer meetings. Hurless eventually ended the newsletter because it became too long with too many subscribers and the costs of producing it became too burdensome.

Personal life
Other than being an astronomer, Hurless was a full-time music teacher along with her husband, Don Hurless. After her death, Don never remarried and lived in their house until his death on June 15, 2015.

Honors and awards
In 1981, an asteroid was discovered by Brian Skiff and was named 3434 Hurless in her honor. In 2012, AAVSO also honored Hurless by launching and naming their four pilot programs The Carolyn Hurless Online Institute for Continuing Education (CHOICE). These pilot programs were the first step towards creating an online education center, which was a goal left behind by Hurless.

Obituary
Mattei, Janet: Carolyn J. Hurless, 1934 - 1987: AAVSO's enthusiastic ambassador. Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Vol. 16, No. 1, p. 35 - 36.

title: Carolyn Hurless


text: User talk:80.178.218.250

title: User talk:80.178.218.250


text:
Charles Darling, 1st Baron Darling

Charles John Darling, 1st Baron Darling, (6 December 1849 – 29 May 1936) was an English lawyer, politician and High Court judge.

Early life and career
Darling was born in Abbey House in Colchester, the eldest son of Charles Darling and Sarah Frances (Tizard) Darling. Of delicate health, he was educated privately. Under the patronage of his uncle William Menelaus, he was articled with a firm of solicitors in Birmingham, before entering the Inner Temple as a student in 1872. After reading in the chambers of the pleader John Welch, Darling was called to the bar in 1874. He then devilled for John Huddleston (later Baron Huddleston) and joined the Oxford circuit. Although he took silk in 1885 he was never prominent at the bar and practised almost entirely within his own circuit. He combined his legal career with journalism, and contributed to the St. James's Gazette, the Pall Mall Gazette, and the Saturday Review.

After unsuccessfully contesting Hackney South as a Conservative in 1885 and 1886, Darling was returned for Deptford in a by-election in 1888, defeating Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, and held the seat until his elevation to the bench in 1897.

His time in the House of Commons was said to be undistinguished. He mainly spoke on legal issues and Irish Home Rule, and was said to never have entered the important House of Commons Smoking Room on grounds that he did not smoke.

In 1896, Darling was appointed commissioner of assize for the Oxford circuit. The Liberal opposition accused him of having vacated his seat by accepting an office of profit under the Crown, but Darling was able to point out that he accepted no payment.

Judicial career
Darling was appointed a Justice of the High Court in 1897, and received the customary knighthood. The appointment had been made at the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor Lord Halsbury, who was known to let political considerations influence his choice of judges, and was widely condemned as political. The Times commented that although he possessed "acute intellect and considerable literary power", he had given "no sign of legal eminence".

Assigned to the Queen's Bench Division, Darling presided over a number of important trials, including the Stinie Morrison case (1911), that of "Chicago May", and the trial for criminal libel of Noel Pemberton Billing MP (1918), brought by Maud Allan after Billing and Harold Sherwood Spencer had claimed there were 47,000 "sexual perverts" in high places who were controlled by the Germans. He also sat on the criminal appeals of Hawley Crippen and Roger Casement, both of which he dismissed. He was known for his erudition and at times inappropriate wit, both on and off the bench, as well as for being impeccably dressed and wearing a silk top hat whilst riding to Court on a horse and accompanied by a liveried groom. He displayed his literary acuity in a book of essays Scintillae Juris. The novelist and barrister F. C. Philips gave his opinion, 'I think that the wittiest book ever written by a legal luminary was one called "Scintillæ Juris" by Mr. Justice Darling, when he was a barrister on the Oxford Circuit. I understand that when he was raised to the Bench he stopped its circulation.'

During the Billing trial one of the witnesses, Eileen Villiers-Stuart, claimed to have seen the mysterious "Black Book" in which the names of the "perverts" were listed, declared in court that Darling was one of them. She was later convicted of bigamy, and admitted that her testimony was invented.

During the First World War, Lord Reading, the Lord Chief Justice, was frequently absent on diplomatic business. As the Senior Puisne Judge in the King's Bench Division, Darling deputized for him, and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1917 as a reward. In 1922, he was mooted as a stop-gap Lord Chief Justice until Sir Gordon Hewart could be appointed. Darling went so far as to write to Hewart asking for the office "even for ten minutes", but was passed over in favour of Mr Justice A. T. Lawrence. On hearing the news he was said to have remarked that he supposed he was not old enough (Darling being then 71 to Lawrence's age 77).

He retired from the bench in 1923, and was created Baron Darling, of Langham in the County of Essex on 12 January 1924 by King George V. In retirement he spoke in the Lords on legal issues and sat in the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. He also sometimes sat in the King's Bench Division to deal with its arrears. He died at the Cottage Hospital, Lymington, Hampshire, on 29 May 1936 aged 86, and was succeeded as Baron Darling by his grandson, Robert Charles Henry Darling, his only son having predeceased him.

Family
Darling married Mary Caroline Greathed (d. 1913) on 16 September 1885. She was the daughter of Major-General William Wilberforce Harris Greathed and Alice Clive. They had one son and two daughters.

title: Charles Darling, 1st Baron Darling


text:
Bulk material handling

Bulk material handling is an engineering field that is centered on the design of equipment used for the handling of dry materials. Bulk materials are those dry materials which are powdery, granular or lumpy in nature, and are stored in heaps. Examples of bulk materials are minerals, ores, coal, cereals, woodchips, sand, gravel, clay, cement, ash, salt, chemicals, grain, sugar, flour and stone in loose bulk form. It can also relate to the handling of mixed wastes. Bulk material handling is an essential part of all industries that process bulk ingredients, including: food, beverage, confectionery, pet food, animal feed, tobacco, chemical, agricultural, polymer, plastic, rubber, ceramic, electronics, metals, minerals, paint, paper, textiles and more.

Major characteristics of bulk materials, so far as their handling is concerned, are: lump size, bulk weight (density), moisture content, flowability (particle mobility), angle of repose, abrasiveness and corrosivity, among others.

Bulk material handling systems are typically composed of stationary machinery such as conveyor belts, screw conveyors, tubular drag conveyors, moving floors, toploaders, stackers, reclaimers, bucket elevators, truck dumpers, railcar dumpers or wagon tipplers, shiploaders, hoppers and diverters and various mobile equipment such as loaders, mobile hopper loaders / unloaders, various shuttles, combined with storage facilities such as stockyards, storage silos or stockpiles. Advanced bulk material handling systems feature integrated bulk storage (silos), conveying (mechanical or pneumatic ), and discharge.

The purpose of a bulk material handling facility may be to transport material from one of several locations (i.e. a source) to an ultimate destination or to process material such as ore in concentrating and smelting or handling materials for manufacturing such as logs, wood chips and sawdust at sawmills and paper mills. Other industries using bulk materials handling include flour mills and coal-fired utility boilers.

Providing storage and inventory control and possibly material blending is usually part of a bulk material handling system.

In ports handling large quantities of bulk materials continuous ship unloaders are replacing gantry cranes.

Other materials handling classifications (non-bulk)
Non-bulk materials handling classifications include palletization and containerization.

title: Bulk material handling


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zombie catfish

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 01:17, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Zombie catfish
Delete, nn local band vanity. (2 Google hits.) --Idont Havaname 01:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. You know, I've always heard that fish is braaaaaaaaaaaiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnnnn food. Gamaliel 01:55, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ooh, punny! Delete. Android79
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 06:00, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No! Not "punny."  Finny!  Jeez, this isn't even very good vanity.  Where are the band members' names?  Their dates of birth?  Hospitals of birth?  Instruments they attempt to play?  Delete with a side of zombie hushpuppies, please. - Lucky 6.9 07:02, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for not meeting the Notability and Music Guidelines. Tuf-Kat 04:31, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Tobyox

Welcome
Hi, leave a message for me here, if you wish. Tobyox

I do wish
Hey, Tobyox (not Toybox? are you sure?), thanks very much for your nice encouraging vote on The Country Wife for Featured article! I was delighted that you liked the première section. That stuff about the actors is fascinating to me, but I was afraid others might think such a section a bit over the top. That type of info doesn't exactly seem to be common in play articles, but I think it does "ground" the more abstract discussion. Wycherley seems to have shaped the play very closely round the small troupe of available actors—like a true cruft-fan, I would have enjoyed writing three times as much about that—for instance, they all seem to be age-appropriate for their parts (I don't know the birth dates, but I do know who's young and who's middle-aged). That's a whole different way of proceeding—a different theatre production culture—than in the 18th century, where you'd get Garrick impersonating Romeo one night and King Lear the next. Anyway, thanks, great vote! (On a different note, is your name Gunnar, by any chance?) Bishonen | Talk 16:19, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cathars, Troubordors, Women
Thank you for responding! I went back and signed my name... I am still getting used to the wikipedia.

I started out researching women rulerhip in the Middle Ages, more preciesly, how they came to rulership positions, and what was the social context that allowed them to come to power in a traditionally macho society. First I researched Empress Maude's claim, having been designated by her father to succed her. Then Melisende of Jerusalem (whos family is origionally from Boulogne), and now Eleanor of Aquitaine. The commonality I observe between the three is Cathar Christianity.

According to Chas Clifton in "Encyclopedia of Heresies and Heretics", and Tobias Churchton in "the Gnostics", Gnostic-influenced Cathar Christianity tought that the soal of Adam and Eve came from the same sources (the "Seven Heavens") and were thus equal, while the Catholic church advocated the traditional story of Eve formed from Adam's rib and the reason for mans fall. According to these two sources women held positions of power in their respective societies.

Cathar Christianity was also influenced by Bogimul Christian missionaries from the East. Cathars seem to have dominated large parts of Italy, France and Flanders. Through the Troubordours, Cathar Christianity spread from Langudoc throughout the Aquitaine to the ducal court in Poutiou by the late 1000's, and in Boulonge and other areas of France.

According to author Alison Weir in her biography of "Eleanor of Aquitaine" (1999) before the Catholich Church domanited all France, women could inherit land and property by right and rule them autonomously from their husbands estates

This was the situation from the late 1000's until the Albigensian Crusade of the early and mid 13th century.

Ultimatly, my questions are: to what extent did the troubordours contribute to this influence of Cathar Christianity. According to both sources Troubodors took the Cathar belifes with them, often weaving their belifes into the stories. And that the unatainable noble lady was in fact variously Mary Magdaline or that of Mary, Mother of Jesus, both "unattainable" and the most perfect of women. The details reguarding this I have not researched as yet. But that is why I sought advice.

I know I wrote a chapter here.. so will of corse not be offended if you move or remove it, it IS your page!

Let me know your thoughts on this... thax much!!!Drachenfyre

 * Hi! Sorry to take such a long time to reply to you. The idea of the troubadours veneration of the domna being linked to Catharism is an old classic, as far as I can tell: it appears to me that e.g. René Nelli, L'Érotique des troubadours, Toulouse: Privat, 1963 espouses that view (but I've only glanced at it), and it is certainly often mentioned. It might spring partly from the once-common perception of the cathars as proto-protestants. While it is of course difficult to ascertain exactly what the beliefs of the cathars were (see e.g. Peter Biller, 'Through a Glass Darkly: Seeing Medieval Heresy', The Medieval World ed. Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson, London and New York: Routledge, 2001; Mark Gregory Pegg, 'On Cathars, Albigenses, and Good Men of Languedoc', Journal of Medieval History 27 (2001), 181-95; and indeed the first chapter of John H. Arnold, History: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), it appears to me that the troubadours probably weren't cathars, nor significantly influenced by catharism. Linda Paterson emphasises that cathars' focus on the spiritual world, and abhorrence of the physical world, and the consequent dislike of sexuality per se, especially female. This dualism also included the idea of Jesus as 'pure spirit', '[t]he role of the Virgin Mary was therefore very much reduced: for some, she was the symbol of the Church, for others a woman through whom Christ had passed in order to appear in spiritual form on earth' (The World of the Troubadours: Medieval Occitan Society, c. 1100- c. 1300, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 335). She also notes that while a few women did indeed have the status of perfect, they were few and far between. And, 'Cathars commonly held woman to be an instrument of the Fall of heavenly spririts...some Cathars thought women had to change into men to be admitted to heaven' (p. 251). The desexualised nature of Catharism also jars with the frankly sexualised veneration of the troubadours. Regarding inheritance etc., it's a vexed question, but it does appear that under customary law in Occitania, women could inherit at least something, and some did indeed inherit large lands they ruled by their own authority (see Paterson; Fredric L. Cheyette, Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001). However, through the twelfth and thirteenth centuries this changed (a classic article is Cheyette, ‘Suum cuique tribuere’, French Historical Studies 6 (1969/70), 287-99; see also F. R. P. Akehurst, ‘The Legal Background of the Troubadours and Trouvères’, The Cultural Milieu of the Troubadours and Trouvères, ed. Nancy van Deusen, Ottawa: Institute of Medieval Studies, 1994). William Paden also has some interesting comments in his introduction to The Voice of the Trobairitz: Perspectives on the Women Troubadours, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 1989.In conclusion, I wouldn't link Catharism to the troubadours in any significant way, especially as regards the domna of their lyric. I hope I answered some of your questions! Tobyox 08:04, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the note. I did not know about the poet. Please go right ahead and make the disambiguation. BTW, Minnesota has a large Scandinavian population, so you are probably right. THanks again, and welcome to Wikipedia. Danny 11:32, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Noticeboard
Hello. We now have a sparkling new LGBT notice board. Check it out, if you're interested, and feel free to contribute, if you like. Jonathunder 15:36, 2005 May 8 (UTC)

Trobairitz
I've just created this page, and my intention is that it can hold whatever info we have on each trobairitz. I noticed that you have the beginnings of an article on a trobairitz in your user space, so if you want, feel free to put it in the trobairitz article. I thought it would make more sense to put them all in one place, in order to avoid putting the same info a million times, and I figured people might learn more if they were all shoved together. Happy editing, Mak emi 04:25, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 00:53, 16 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

A new Oxbridge user box
Tobyox...I am currently in the process of writing a user box for all of the colleges that are part of Oxbridge. This template is meant to replace your current college template. Please take a look at the work in progress and comment on it. My main concerns are college abbreviations and color choice. I am using scarf colors for the colleges. Thank you. - LA @ 16:56, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Looking for Wikipedia Ambassadors
Hi! I'm leaving you this message because you are listed as a Wikipedian associated with Harvard. The Wikipedia Ambassador Program is currently looking for Campus Ambassadors to help with Wikipedia assignments at schools in Boston and Cambridge (including Harvard), which will be participating in the Public Policy Initiative for the Spring 2011 semester. The role of Campus Ambassadors will be to provide face-to-face training and support for students on Wikipedia-related skills (how to edit articles, how to add references, etc.). This includes doing in-class presentations, running workshops and labs, possibly holding office hours, and in general providing in-person mentorship for students.

Prior Wikipedia skills are not required for the role, as training will be provided for all Campus Ambassadors (although, of course, being an experienced editor is a plus).

If you live near Boston and you are interested in being a Wikipedia Campus Ambassador, or know someone else from the area who might be, please email me or leave a message on my talk page.

If you're an experienced and active Wikipedian, you might be interested alternatively in becoming an Online Ambassador. The role of Online Ambassadors is to serve as mentors for students; it doesn't require any in-person outreach. Take a look at the Online Ambassador guidelines; the "mentorship process" describes roughly what will be expected of mentors in the coming term. If that's something you want to do, please apply!

You can find instructions for applying at WP:ONLINE. The main things we're looking for in Online Ambassadors are friendliness, regular activity (since mentorship is a commitment that spans several months), and the ability to give detailed, substantive feedback on articles (both short new articles, and longer, more mature ones).

--Sage Ross - Online Facilitator, Wikimedia Foundation (talk) 22:05, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tobyox


text:
The Way of the Master

The Way of the Master (WOTM) is a United States-based Christian evangelism ministry, founded in 2002 and headed by New Zealand-born evangelist Ray Comfort, American former child actor Kirk Cameron and American radio host Todd Friel. The organization produces a television show, a radio show, books and tracts, an online course in evangelism, small-group training courses, and a website. The ministry's logo incorporates the letters, WDJD, standing for "What Did Jesus Do?" and a reference to : "And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature."

The Way of the Master is an outreach of Living Waters Ministries, also headed by Comfort.

Television series
The Way of the Master is a television show hosted by Cameron and Comfort. Production started in 2004. Currently, it has been released up to season four. WOTM is broadcast on the Trinity Broadcasting Network, FamilyNet, Sky Angel, Christian Television Network, along with other media outlets, and can be watched in more than 100 countries.

In 2006, Comfort recorded a segment for The Way of the Master 's television show in which he argued that the banana was an "atheists' nightmare", arguing that it displayed many user-friendly features that were evidence of intelligent design. Comfort retracted the video and claims upon learning that the banana is a result of artificial selection by humans, and that the wild banana is small and unpalatable.

The show won the National Religious Broadcasters' People’s Choice 2004, 2005, 2006, and Best Program, 2005 and 2006.

Radio show
The Way of the Master Radio, WOTMR, was a syndicated two-hour, daily radio show hosted by former stand-up comedian Todd Friel. WOTMR was broadcast on various local radio outlets, internet streaming and on Sirius XM Radio. The show ran from January 2006 until November 2008, when it was renamed Wretched Radio, broadcast through FamilyNet. The Way of the Master Radio web link is no longer active for the ministry.

The Way of the Master Minute
The Way of the Master Minute was a series of one-minute Biblical radio sermonettes made between 2006 until 2008. They still continue to air on The Full Armor of God Broadcast.

Living Waters Publications
Living Waters Publications (LWP) acts as an online store for WOTM.

On June 6, 2006, the United States Secret Service seized 8,300 copies of the "million dollar bill" tract printed by Living Waters Publications from the Great News Network headquarters because a woman in North Carolina attempted to deposit the tracts as legal tender (despite the fake bills being marked "This is not legal tender").

Debate with Rational Response Squad
Cameron and Comfort participated in a debate with two members of the Rational Response Squad (RRS) atheist activism organization at Calvary Baptist Church in Manhattan, on May 5, 2007. Nightline correspondent Martin Bashir served as moderator at the event. Nightline aired the debate online and included a short two-segment summary on its May 9 broadcast. Cameron told the audience he would prove the existence of God scientifically, without resorting to faith. In reporting on the debate, Slate magazine pointed out that Cameron's declaration to prove God would have made him the first to accomplish this feat in many centuries of religious thought, besting scholars such as Thomas Aquinas. Slate reported that RRS atheist debaters Brian and Kelly defeated the three main arguments of Cameron and Comfort which were: a) everything has a maker, b) the existence of the human conscience shows that there is a higher moral power, and c) Christ is revealed in the Gospel. Although numerous Christians claimed that Comfort and Cameron went to the debate "well-intentioned but unprepared", the two were also widely commended for having a very "positive demeanor" during the debate, in strong contrast to their opponents. In addition, some Christian debate viewers accused the moderator, Martin Bashir, of "being biased towards the atheist side."

title: The Way of the Master


text: Category:Bariatrics

title: Category:Bariatrics


text:
Adalbert von Hamburg-Bremen

Adalbert (also Adelbert or Albert; c. 1000 – 16 March 1072) was Archbishop of Bremen from 1043 until his death. Called Vikar des Nordens, he was an important political figure of the Holy Roman Empire, papal legate, and one of the regents for Emperor Henry IV.

Life
Adalbert was possibly born at Goseck Castle in Hassegau, Saxony, the son of Count Frederick of Goseck, who served as Saxon Count palatine from 1038, and his wife Agnes of Weimar. After his father's death in 1042, his office was assumed by Adalbert's elder brothers Dedo and Frederick II. Adalbert prepared for an ecclesiastical career and became subdeacon to the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen in 1032, later provost of the Halberstadt Cathedral, and Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen in 1043 or 1045 with supremacy over the Scandinavian Peninsula and a great part of the Wend lands, and all territory north of the Elbe.

Having accompanied the Emperor Henry III on a christianization campaign in 1045, he also journeyed with him to Rome in 1046. Adam of Bremen rumours Adalbert to have refused a candidacy as pope, resulting in the election of Clement II, to continue with the conversion of the Wends.

Adalbert worked to increase the influence of his see, and thereby also the influence of the Holy Roman Empire, but encountered competition in Scandinavia from missionary bishops despatched from England and elsewhere who sometimes found greater favour from rulers and ordinary lay people alike. King Sweyn II of Denmark appealed to the Emperor and to Pope Leo IX for an archbishop of his own, which would mean a loss to Hamburg of lands just yielding fruits after two hundred years of Christianization. The whole discussion was cut short by the death of both Pope (1054) and Emperor (1056).

Subsequently, Adalbert lost his hold on the imperial court, and the young Emperor, Henry IV, fell under the influence of the Archbishop Anno of Cologne. However, Adalbert gained control of Henry's education, eventually superseding Anno in his confidence and esteem, but again forced to retire from court in 1066-69. Archbishop Adalbert is characterized by Adam of Bremen as:"Generous, prudent, and zealous as he was, his character was marred by indomitable pride, which has caused him to be depicted in the blackest colours."

He died at Goslar in 1072.

title: Adalbert von Hamburg-Bremen