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Northern brown bandicoot

The northern brown bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus), a marsupial species, is a bandicoot found only on the northern and eastern coasts of Australia and nearby islands, mainly Papua New Guinea. It is not, however, found far inland.

Description
This species can be set apart from other marsupials by two traits; it is both polyprotodont (i.e., several pairs of lower front teeth) and syndactylous. The northern brown bandicoot has typical body and tail lengths of 40 and 15 cm, respectively. On average it weighs 1200 g. This marsupial has a thick harsh coat but is not spiny. The dorsal pelage is light brown in appearance with speckled black patterns throughout. On the ventral surface it is solid white. The northern brown bandicoot has a reverse pouch so it won't fill with soil when digging. This bandicoot also has short, rounded ears and a short nose. One can easily mistake the northern brown bandicoot for the southern brown bandicoot. The two species differ in both size, with the northern brown bandicoot larger, and regional locality, in that the southern brown bandicoot is found only on the southern coastline of Australia.

The male is typically 5 – longer and about 0.5 kg heavier than the female.

Ecology
The populations of the northern brown bandicoot live in two different habitats: one during the dry season and the other during the wet season. During the dry season, this species lives in thick vegetation consisting of tall weeds, small trees, and dense shrubs. This probably occurs because of the sparse food supply that can be found. During the wet season though, the northern brown bandicoot "comes out" and roams open grasslands where sources of food are more abundant.

The northern brown bandicoot is one of relatively few native Australian ground-dwelling mammals that is able to survive within urbanized landscapes. The generalized dietary and habitat requirements, as well as a high reproductive output, undoubtedly facilitate the survival of the species in urban habitat fragments.

The northern brown bandicoot makes individual nests or homes on the ground consisting of simple mounds of hay and twigs that are well camouflaged and waterproof. The inside is hollow and large enough for just the single bandicoot. Some bandicoots use hollowed out tree trunks or abandoned rabbit dens for shelter. In general, however, the northern brown bandicoot shows a strong preference for homes in areas of low ground cover.

The northern brown bandicoot is omnivorous. It eats insects, earthworms, berries, and grass seeds. Sometimes when food is scarce, the female bandicoot will eat her young. This marsupial forages alone during the night and has a keen sense of smell. This allows it to find food either laying in the open or buried underground. Hunting at night, however, also has its consequences. The bandicoot is prime prey for many nocturnal cats, foxes, and owls found in Australia. The Northern brown bandicoot is a host of the Acanthocephalan intestinal parasite Australiformis semoni.

Life history
The northern brown bandicoot diligently marks and retains its territory. It has scent glands on the ears, mouth, pouch, and cloaca. This solitary marsupial is aggressive only towards others of its species. If a bandicoot is startled in its nesting site, it will flee. Hardly ever will the northern brown bandicoot defend itself unless two males confront one another over territorial rights. Then, either a male is killed or one male becomes subordinate to the other and avoids confrontation. The subordinate male also forfeits to the dominant male all sexual relations with local females. Bandicoots are not social animals and do not live in groups, with the exception of mother and her young.

The northern brown bandicoot breeds throughout the year. An average litter consists of 2 to 4 young. Being marsupials, the newborns are naked and immature and thus undergo extensive development within the mother's pouch. The gestation period (12.5 days) is the shortest recorded for any mammal. Bandicoots are also the only metatherian marsupials that have placentas similar to eutherian mammals. Juveniles are weaned at 60 days post partum. By this time, the marsupial young are capable of sustaining endothermy on their own. I. macrourus have a lifespan of approximately two years.

Female bandicoots produce between 8 and 11 litters in their lifetime. Male bandicoots don't play a significant role in the care of juvenile I. macrourus.

The name bandicoot is based on their rather ratlike appearance. The name comes from a corruption of an Indian word "pandi-kokku" signifying "pig-rat".

Conservation status
Over the past century, populations of the northern brown bandicoot have decreased after the European introduction of rabbits and livestock into Australia. This dramatically heightened the direct competition for food and habitat. Bandicoot populations further suffered after the introduction of the fox and cat, both predators of small animals. Northern brown bandicoot populations in the Northern Territory are showing considerable declines, with one study in the Northern Territory finding a 35% reduction in the breadth of occupied environmental space. As there was only a small (1-2%) reduction in their extent of occurrence, the study concluded that the species is contracting to areas of higher rainfall, lower fire frequency, and higher vegetation cover.

In Aboriginal language and culture
The Northern brown bandicoot is known as yok to the Kunwinjku people of western Arnhem Land,  and for those still living on their country is an important food. It is stuffed with hot coals and bush herbs then covered with paperbark and cooked in a ground oven.

title: Northern brown bandicoot


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Berlitz Corporation

Berlitz Corporation is a language education and leadership training company which is based in Princeton, New Jersey. The company was founded in 1878 by Maximilian Berlitz in Providence, Rhode Island in the United States. Berlitz Corporation is owned by Berlitz Holdings, a company established through a 100% investment by ILSC Holdings LP (which owns ILSC Education Group, a company engaged in language education businesses such as study abroad), with more than 547 company-owned and franchised locations in more than 70 countries.

History

Berlitz started in 1878, when Maximilian Berlitz was in need of an assistant French instructor; he employed a Frenchman by the name of Nicholas Joly, only soon to discover that Joly barely spoke English, and was hired to teach French to English speakers in their native language. The first Berlitz language school opened in Providence, Rhode Island, in July 1878. A decade later, Berlitz moved to Boston, Massachusetts, and opened additional schools. Soon after, he opened schools in New York and New Jersey. In 1886, he moved the headquarters and his personal residence to New York City. In 1895, a children's language learning book was published by Maximilian Berlitz. By 1914, there were about 200 Berlitz schools; 63 Berlitz schools in Germany, and 27 in Britain.

Growth
By the time of the start of World War I in 1914, there were over 200 Berlitz Schools worldwide. Maximilian Berlitz died in 1921. His son-in-law and associate, Victor Harrison-Berlitz, assumed leadership of the business. Harrison died in 1932, and control passed briefly to his son, Victor Harrison-Berlitz Jr. The control of the company was thereafter passed to Jacques Strumpen-Darrie. Jacques' son Robert succeeded his father as president in 1953.

In the 1950s, Berlitz opened its first Latin American language center in Mexico, followed by locations in Brazil, Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Peru. In 1966, Berlitz reached Asia, starting with a language center in Tokyo. Today there are more than 90 Berlitz centers in Asia.

Macmillan, Inc. ownership era
In 1966, Berlitz became a subsidiary of Macmillan, Inc. Robert Strumpen-Darrie continued as president until his retirement in 1970, Raphael Alberola became CEO for about 4 or 5 years and then Elio Boccitto led the company through most of the 1980s. In November 1988, Maxwell Communication Corporation took over Macmillan, and just a year later, Berlitz was made public.

On August 19, 1992, Berlitz International Inc. announced it has signed a definitive agreement to sell a 67 percent its stake to the Fukutake Publishing Company, with merger to be completed by the end of the year. On January 28, 1993, Berlitz International Inc. announced a court order disengaging the language services company from the bankrupt Maxwell Communication Corporation had cleared the way for Berlitz's pending merger, while shareholders approved the merger at a stockholder meeting in New York held on the same day, with merger to be closed on February 8, 1993.

Benesse Corporation ownership era
In 2001, Berlitz became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Benesse Corporation. In 2002, Berlitz publishing was sold to Langenscheidt. Today, Berlitz Publishing is owned by APA Publications, led by René Frey, the sale of Berlitz Publishing and Insight Guides by Langenscheidt having occurred in early 2014.

On November 1, 2010, Berlitz International, Inc. announced its renaming from Berlitz International, Inc. to Berlitz Corporation, effective in the same day.

In February 2022, all shares of Berlitz Corporation held by Benesse Holdings were transferred to Berlitz Holdings, a company established through a 100% investment by ILSC Holdings LP (which owns ILSC Education Group, a company engaged in language education businesses such as study abroad). At the same time, the Board of Directors of Benesse Holdings transferred all shares of Berlitz Japan (15.75% of all shares held by Benesse) to Berlitz.

Subsidiaries

 * Berlitz Japan, Inc. (ベルリッツ・ジャパン株式会社): Berlitz's first branch in Japan, established in Akasaka in 1966.
 * ELS Educational Services, Inc.: In 1988, Berlitz International, Inc. acquired Language Institute for English (L.I.F.E.), which later became ELS Language Centers.
 * Second Language Testing, Inc.: Specializes in the development of second language proficiency tests and the translation and adaptation of standardized achievement tests to students' native languages and cultures. In 2011-03-07, Berlitz Corporation announced the acquisition of Second Language Testing, Inc. (SLTI).
 * Telelangue SA: In 2011-08-11, Berlitz Corporation announced the acquisition of Telelangue SA.

Former subsidiaries

 * Phoenix Associates Co., Ltd. (フェニックス アソシエイツ株式会社): In 2009, Berlitz acquired Phoenix Associates Co., Ltd. On 2012-10-31, Berlitz Corporation announced merging Phoenix Associates Co., Ltd. into Berlitz Japan, Inc., effective 2013-01-01.
 * Berlitz Publishing (Apa Publications (UK) Ltd): Berlitz's publishing brand, owned by Langenscheidt 2002-2014, then sold and led by René Frey.

Maximilian D. Berlitz
Maximilian Berlitz was born in Germany in 1852, the son of a family of teachers and mathematicians. He emigrated to the United States in 1870, settling in Westerly, Rhode Island. In 1877 Berlitz moved to Providence, Rhode Island where he was an instructor of languages at the Bryant and Stratton National Business College, later to become Warner's Polytechnic Business College after an ownership change.

The Berlitz Method
"The Berlitz Method" uses the direct method and focuses on using language as a tool for communication. The direct method, as opposed to the traditional grammar translation method, advocates teaching through the target language only, the rationale being that students will be able to work out grammatical rules from the input language provided, without necessarily being able to explain the rules overtly. Today, there are a variety of derivative methods and theories that found their beginnings in the natural and communicative elements that were pioneered by Berlitz.

Financial results
For the fiscal years 2004 to 2010 (in millions of US dollars):
 * 2004: 395.2
 * 2005: 423.4
 * 2006: 464.9
 * 2007: 529.7
 * 2008: 607.9
 * 2009: 527.3
 * 2010: 563.4

The total number of language lessons given during the year 2011 was 6,506 thousand. The number of language centers was 563 as of December 31, 2011. As of early 2013, 75% of its revenue was from English language lessons.

Unions
In Japan, Berlitz teachers are represented by several unions. In the Kansai region they are represented by the General Union, and in the Kanto region they are represented by Begunto, the Berlitz Tokyo General Union, part of Tozen, and the Berlitz Union at NUGW which belongs to the National Trade Union Council.

In Germany, teachers and office staff are represented by GEW. In November 2010, management attempted for the first time to claw back the employee gains of the past 30 years in order to substantially reduce the conditions guaranteed in the collective bargaining agreement, threatening to lay off up to half of the contract teachers if the givebacks were not agreed to.

Industrial action
While the situation at Berlitz is different from country to country, in Japan there has been substantial industrial action, including the 2007–2008 Berlitz Japan strike organised by Begunto, which grew into the longest and largest sustained strike among language teachers in Japan. Berlitz filed suit against the union for damages it says it suffered during the strike, but the claim was rejected by the Tokyo District Court on February 27, 2012. Within a week Berlitz appealed the ruling to the high court, with the first court date being on May 28, 2012. The final hearing was held on December 27, 2012, when an agreement was struck between Berlitz and the union. Berlitz withdrew their high court lawsuit and new rules for collective bargaining were also established. They will again be conducted in English, after the language was changed to Japanese previously. Berlitz also promised to disclose more financial information to the union. The company also agreed to pay a base-up raise to current union members plus a lump sum bonus to the union.

In 2010, employees of Berlitz language centers in Germany experienced a major labor conflict, as management planned to lay off nearly 70 contract teachers in order to economize with a staff of freelancers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Berlitz Corporation


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Parallel tempering

Parallel tempering, in physics and statistics, is a computer simulation method typically used to find the lowest energy state of a system of many interacting particles. It addresses the problem that at high temperatures, one may have a stable state different from low temperature, whereas simulations at low temperatures may become "stuck" in a metastable state. It does this by using the fact that the high temperature simulation may visit states typical of both stable and metastable low temperature states.

More specifically, parallel tempering (also known as replica exchange MCMC sampling), is a simulation method aimed at improving the dynamic properties of Monte Carlo method simulations of physical systems, and of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling methods more generally. The replica exchange method was originally devised by Robert Swendsen and J. S. Wang, then extended by Charles J. Geyer, and later developed further by Giorgio Parisi, Koji Hukushima and Koji Nemoto, and others. Y. Sugita and Y. Okamoto also formulated a molecular dynamics version of parallel tempering; this is usually known as replica-exchange molecular dynamics or REMD.

Essentially, one runs N copies of the system, randomly initialized, at different temperatures. Then, based on the Metropolis criterion one exchanges configurations at different temperatures. The idea of this method is to make configurations at high temperatures available to the simulations at low temperatures and vice versa. This results in a very robust ensemble which is able to sample both low and high energy configurations. In this way, thermodynamical properties such as the specific heat, which is in general not well computed in the canonical ensemble, can be computed with great precision.

Background
Typically a Monte Carlo simulation using a Metropolis–Hastings update consists of a single stochastic process that evaluates the energy of the system and accepts/rejects updates based on the temperature T. At high temperatures updates that change the energy of the system are comparatively more probable. When the system is highly correlated, updates are rejected and the simulation is said to suffer from critical slowing down.

If we were to run two simulations at temperatures separated by a ΔT, we would find that if ΔT is small enough, then the energy histograms obtained by collecting the values of the energies over a set of Monte Carlo steps N will create two distributions that will somewhat overlap. The overlap can be defined by the area of the histograms that falls over the same interval of energy values, normalized by the total number of samples. For ΔT = 0 the overlap should approach 1.

Another way to interpret this overlap is to say that system configurations sampled at temperature T1 are likely to appear during a simulation at T2. Because the Markov chain should have no memory of its past, we can create a new update for the system composed of the two systems at T1 and T2. At a given Monte Carlo step we can update the global system by swapping the configuration of the two systems, or alternatively trading the two temperatures. The update is accepted according to the Metropolis–Hastings criterion with probability

 * $$ p = \min \left( 1, \frac{ \exp \left( -\frac{E_j}{kT_i} - \frac{E_i}{kT_j} \right) }{ \exp \left( -\frac{E_i}{kT_i} - \frac{E_j}{kT_j} \right) } \right) = \min \left( 1, e^{(E_i - E_j) \left( \frac{1}{kT_i} - \frac{1}{kT_j} \right)} \right) ,$$

and otherwise the update is rejected. The detailed balance condition has to be satisfied by ensuring that the reverse update has to be equally likely, all else being equal. This can be ensured by appropriately choosing regular Monte Carlo updates or parallel tempering updates with probabilities that are independent of the configurations of the two systems or of the Monte Carlo step.

This update can be generalized to more than two systems.

By a careful choice of temperatures and number of systems one can achieve an improvement in the mixing properties of a set of Monte Carlo simulations that exceeds the extra computational cost of running parallel simulations.

Other considerations to be made: increasing the number of different temperatures can have a detrimental effect, as one can think of the 'lateral' movement of a given system across temperatures as a diffusion process. Set up is important as there must be a practical histogram overlap to achieve a reasonable probability of lateral moves.

The parallel tempering method can be used as a super simulated annealing that does not need restart, since a system at high temperature can feed new local optimizers to a system at low temperature, allowing tunneling between metastable states and improving convergence to a global optimum.

Implementations
• Abalone

• ACEMD

• AMBER

• CHARMM

• Desmond

• GROMACS

• LAMMPS

• RASPA-2.0

• Orac

title: Parallel tempering


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The Colour of Magic (video game)

The Colour of Magic is a text adventure game developed by Delta 4 and published by Piranha Software, released in 1986. It was released for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, and Commodore 64 computers. It is the first Discworld computer game and so far the only one adapted directly from one of the novels, and follows the plot of the book closely.

In 2006, another video game based on The Colour of Magic was released on mobile phones titled Discworld: The Colour of Magic. It is an isometric action game.

title: The Colour of Magic (video game)


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Chuck Zito

Charles Alfred Zito Jr. (born March 1, 1953) is an American actor, stuntman, celebrity bodyguard and former outlaw biker who was president of the New York chapter of the Hells Angels.

Early life
Zito was born in the Bronx, New York City, the second of three children of Charles Zito Sr. and Gloria Frangione. His grandparents were Italian immigrants to the United States. Zito was raised in the Bronx and New Rochelle. The son of a professional welterweight boxer, Zito was taught at an early age how to fight and defend himself. His father boxed under the ring name Al LaBarba and fought in 228 professional matches. At the age of seventeen, Zito dropped out of New Rochelle High School and married his high school sweetheart, Kathy. His involvement with the Hells Angels motorcycle club eventually led to their divorce. Zito became a refrigerator mechanic. He also worked as a bouncer at Café Central on the Upper West Side of Manhattan.

Boxing and martial arts
Zito was an amateur boxer for several years. He trained out of the Southside Boys Club in New Rochelle and Cage Recreation in White Plains, and held an amateur boxing record of 36–5. Zito had his first boxing match aged 12. At 17, he fought his first of four career Golden Gloves bouts when he knocked out Joe Pratt at 1:50 of round two of a preliminary bout in the 147 lb sub-novice division of the 47th annual New York Golden Gloves, held at the Felt Forum on January 30, 1973. Zito then defeated Michael Nesbitt in the tournament's third round at the Audubon Ballroom on February 19, 1973, before losing to Orlando Nieves in the fourth round of the competition at the Felt Forum on February 23, 1973. He returned to the Golden Gloves on February 2, 1978, losing to Gaylord Bryant at the Felt Forum in the 160 lb open division. Zito was later the boxing coach of Mickey Rourke.

Reflecting on his boxing career in 2003, Zito said: "I tried to follow in my father's footsteps... but didn’t have the desire and willpower to train 100 percent for the fight game. I didn't take it serious enough... When I found out I was fighting I'd go to the gym like two days before the fight. I never trained. I never got out and did my roadwork. I had so many distractions in my life, growing up at the same time. I think I could have been champion if I stuck with boxing." He further stated in a 2006 interview: "I got married young, at 17, and I had other things on my mind, but I wish I had gone pro, I would have been a good fighter". Zito began studying martial arts at the age of 18 and earned black belts in six different disciplines, including jujutsu. He claims to have broken his nose nine times and his hands eight times.

The combat sports reporter Thomas Gerbasi wrote that Zito "has achieved celebrity status in the fight game" as "a fixture at fights in and around the New York Tri-State area", remarking that "to the fighters, he's one of the guys". He developed friendships with Arturo Gatti, Vinny Pazienza and Mike Tyson. Zito was seen with Cuba Gooding Jr. and Dwayne Johnson at the Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson pre-fight party on June 8, 2002, at the Memphis Pyramid. He first met Gatti in 1996 and accompanied the boxer to the ring for several high-profile fights.

In 2003, Zito began his career as a broadcaster with a role as a ringside reporter on Monday Night Fights broadcasts on HBO. He was also a correspondent at the Affliction: Day of Reckoning mixed martial arts event on January 24, 2009.

Zito owns a dojo, Chuck Zito's Street Survival School, in Pelham, New York.

Hells Angels
A motorcycle enthusiast, Zito established the New Rochelle Motorcycle Club in 1974, which merged with the Bronx-based Ching-a-Ling Nomads in 1976. He met Sandy Alexander, the president of the New York City chapter of the Hells Angels and a professional boxer, while they both trained at the Gramercy Gym on East 14th Street in Manhattan. After serving as a club "prospect" for some time, Zito was voted in as a member of the New York City Hells Angels in May 1979. Explaining what inspired him to join the Angels, Zito said: "I used to watch their movies like Hells Angels on Wheels and Hell's Angels '69 as a kid. They were the elite of the elite, the No. 1". His biker nickname was "Charming Chuck".

According to prosecutors, one membership requirement of the Hells Angels' New York City chapter was that prospective members must kill or attempt to kill a target selected by the club as part of an initiation process. Zito allegedly earned his membership in the club by attempting to murder Robert Giangarra, a Queens pizzeria owner who had previously shot and injured Hells Angels biker Cortland "Chip" Candow in a Manhattan bar. According to testimony from John Joseph "Pirate" Miller, a Hells Angels member who turned government witness, Zito and another Hells Angel, Philip "Lightfoot" Kramer, used a remote-controlled device from a model airplane to detonate C-4 explosives attached to a vehicle belonging to Giangarra, who survived without serious injury. Zito was never charged with the bombing, although he was variously convicted of weapons possession, when police discovered a loaded pistol, ammunition and brass knuckles in his car, criminal possession of a controlled substance (Quaaludes), and disorderly conduct. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began monitoring his "meteoric rise" in the Hells Angels. After rising to the rank of vice president in the New York City charter, Zito assisted in the formation of the Hells Angels New York Nomads chapter in November 1984 and became the Nomads' founding president. The Nomads chapter, which is based between Syracuse and the northern suburbs of New York City, was allegedly formed after some members became frustrated with restrictions on narcotics distribution imposed by senior members of the New York City charter. Zito served as president of the Nomads chapter for ten years.

On May 2, 1985, 133 Hells Angels members and associates were arrested on racketeering and drug trafficking charges after a series of law enforcement raids in fourteen cities across the United States. The indictments were the culmination of Operation Roughrider, a three-year FBI investigation into the club. Fifteen of the arrests took place in the New York metropolitan area, where the New York City chapter headquarters on Manhattan's Lower East Side was raided, and at least one Uzi submachine gun and an undetermined quantity of drugs were seized. A warrant was issued for Zito's arrest on charges of selling 15.8 oz of methamphetamine in New York state in November 1984. Working as bodyguards for Bon Jovi on tour in Japan, Zito and fellow Hells Angels member Herbert Reynolds Kittel surrendered to the United States Embassy in Tokyo on July 22, 1985, after they were the subject of a nationwide dragnet by Japanese police at the request of the FBI. On October 14, 1985, the Tokyo High Court approved an extradition request by U.S. authorities. After detaining the pair in a Tokyo prison for four months, the Japanese Ministry of Justice released Zito and Kittel into the custody of U.S. Justice Department officials in Tokyo on October 26, 1985. Zito pleaded guilty to one felony drug count in late 1986 and was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. His sentence was reduced to seven years' in 1988, and he ultimately served six years at nineteen different federal prisons. He was released from prison in 1991. On the stigma of being a Hells Angel, he has said: "I never did a drug in my life. It's ridiculous to judge a group on the actions of a few".

Zito was questioned by police over the shooting of a motorist who cut into a Hells Angels procession the day before the funeral of Lamont "Monte" Mathias, a member of the Hell's Henchmen Motorcycle Club who was killed during a biker war with the Outlaws Motorcycle Club, in Rockford, Illinois, in June 1994. On December 11, 1994, Zito was among a group of twenty Hells Angels arrested by a task force composed of agents from the FBI, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), Illinois State Police, and the Chicago Police Department at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago after a high-speed car chase along the Northwest Tollway. The drivers of three passenger vans carrying the bikers were charged with speeding, while the passengers were charged with disorderly conduct. The contingent, which included senior Hells Angels members from across the country, had been attending a meeting in Rockford to formally mark the club's merger of the Hell's Henchmen.

On February 23, 2002, Zito was present at the Hellraiser Ball, a tattoo and motorcycle trade exposition in Plainview, New York, sponsored by the Long Island chapter of the Hells Angels, which was ambushed by dozens of members of the rival Pagan's Motorcycle Club, resulting in one biker being killed and at least ten injured. A Hells Angel was charged with second-degree murder and 73 Pagan members were indicted on federal racketeering charges in the aftermath of the incident. Zito attended the funeral of Gambino crime family boss John Gotti in Queens on June 14, 2002. He declined to comment when he was approached by reporters after the wake. According to Justice Department, the Hells Angels in New York have been criminally linked to the Gambino family.

In 2004, Zito left the Hells Angels, after 25 years of membership in the club, to focus on his acting career. He resigned from the club "in good standing", an option reportedly extended only to the Hells Angels' most respected members.

Hollywood
Following in his father's footsteps, Zito became an amateur boxer and fought in New York Golden Gloves while working manual labor. In 1979, after assisting the bodyguards of actor Robert Conrad at a motorcycle convention at the New York Coliseum, Zito began his own bodyguard agency, Charlie's Angels Bodyguard Service. Zito initially provided protection for actress Lorna Luft and later was hired by her half-sister Liza Minnelli. The actress recommended Zito's service to her plethora of celebrity acquaintances, allowing Zito to quickly develop contacts throughout Hollywood. His other clients included Muhammad Ali, Charles Bronson, Michael Jackson, Sean Penn, Chita Rivera, Eric Roberts, Mickey Rourke, Charlie Sheen, and Sylvester Stallone. Zito's brother-in-law was a policeman, which allowed him to hire moonlighting police officers to bodyguard celebrities at public events which required additional manpower, such as award shows.

In 1979, Zito and 18 other members of the New York City Hells Angels chapter were hired to appear in the film Dead Ringer, starring Meat Loaf and Cher. The film was never released due to litigation. Parlaying his connection with Mickey Rourke, Zito began a career as a stuntman in 1983 when he acted as Rourke's stunt double in the film Year of the Dragon. He later worked on over 50 films such as Nowhere to Run, The Specialist, True Lies, Die Hard with a Vengeance, Heat, Eraser, The Juror and The Rock. Zito acted as stunt coordinator for the first time on Santa with Muscles. He then also began landing small acting roles in films, including Heaven's Prisoners, No Code of Conduct and Gia. In 1996, after a meeting with producer Tom Fontana, Zito joined the HBO prison drama Oz as mobster Chucky Pancamo. He was a cast member until the show ended in 2003, after six seasons.

In 1997, Zito allegedly knocked gossip columnist A. J. Benza unconscious at the Scores strip club in Manhattan after Benza attributed a false rumor to him in his column in the Daily News. Zito is purported to have punched Jean-Claude Van Damme, who had previously been a bodyguarding client of his, in another incident at Scores on February 5, 1998. Recounting the incident in his autobiography, Zito claims that he suffered a broken hand as a result of striking Van Damme numerous times after Van Damme had told a bouncer at the club that Zito had "no heart" and the bouncer relayed Van Damme's comments to Zito. He reportedly stood over a prone Van Damme shouting: "This ain't the movies! This is the street, and I own the street!". He later added: "If I knew it would have gotten me so much positive publicity, I would have knocked him out 10 years earlier." Zito is also reputed to have delivered two open-handed slaps to the face of actor Gary Busey in a similar incident.

Zito appeared on the January 11, 1999 edition of WCW Monday Nitro accompanying Hollywood Hulk Hogan to the ring alongside several other members of the Hells Angels. In 2002, Zito released his autobiography, Street Justice, co-authored with Joe Layden. He released a self-defense and dieting video, Chuck Zito's Street Survival System, in 2005. Zito appeared in Carlito's Way: Rise to Power the same year. In 2006, he expanded into radio with the show Chuck Zito's View on Howard Stern's Sirius Satellite Radio station. He also hosted Chuck Zito’s Italian Bad Boy Hour on WVOX.

In 2010, Zito filed a $5 million lawsuit against the cable network FX, alleging that he had a development meeting with them in 2006, in which he pitched the idea of an outlaw motorcycle group. He alleges that FX blew him off and then stole his idea, which became the FX show Sons of Anarchy. On December 11, 2011, a court judgment was ruled against Zito. Zito appeared in Sons of Anarchy season 5, as Frankie Diamonds. He also appeared in SOA creator Kurt Sutter's Discovery Channel documentary series, Outlaw Empires.

Personal life
Zito has a daughter, Lisa, with his ex-wife Kathy. His daughter became an entertainment lawyer for Condé Nast in Manhattan. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks of 2001, Zito violated a protective order that prohibited him from contacting Kathy when he made a phone call to his wife and daughter in Manhattan. In 2002, he pleaded guilty to violating an order of protection. When given a choice by Westchester County Supreme Court Justice Daniel Angiolillo of a year of violence education classes or 15 days in county jail, Zito chose the latter, telling the judge: "...if I'm in a room with a bunch of guys bragging about how they beat their wives, I'm gonna smack someone." He served twelve days in jail. In 2005, Zito announced that he and Kathy had stopped trying to reconcile after 30 years of marriage and numerous attempts at reconciling. At the time, he had not spoken to his daughter Lisa in five years so had never met his two grandchildren.

Zito is a supporter of Donald Trump. On May 20, 2024, Zito was among an entourage of Trump supporters who accompanied the former president to federal court in Manhattan during Trump's hush money trial.

title: Chuck Zito


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FRC

FRC may refer to:

Organizations

 * Fatah - Revolutionary Council, a defunct terrorist organization
 * Federacion de Radioaficionados de Cuba, a Cuban amateur radio organization
 * First Responders Children's Foundation, an American non-profit organization; see Disney Princess
 * Financial Reporting Council, an independent regulator in the UK and Ireland
 * Finnish Red Cross

Finance

 * First Republic Bank, an American bank
 * First Round Capital, an American venture capital firm
 * First Reserve Corporation, an American private equity firm

Education

 * Feather River College, in California, US
 * Fort Richmond Collegiate, a high school in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Government

 * Family Records Centre, a defunct British genealogical library
 * Federal Radio Commission, a defunct regulatory agency of the US federal government
 * Federal Republic of China, a proposed federal republic encompassing mainland China, Macau, and Hong Kong
 * Federal Record Centers, one of the National Archives facilities

Religion

 * Family Research Council, an American conservative Christian organization
 * Family Rosary Crusade, a Roman Catholic prayer movement
 * Family Rosary Crusade (TV program), a Philippine television program
 * Fraternitas Rosae Crucis, an American Rosicrucian organization
 * Free Reformed Churches (disambiguation)

Science and technology

 * Fiber-reinforced composite
 * Fiber-reinforced concrete
 * Field-reversed configuration, a type of plasma device studied as a means of producing nuclear fusion
 * Flame-resistant clothing
 * Frame rate control, in displays
 * Fibroblastic reticular cells, a type of reticular cell
 * Fourier ring correlation, in structural biology
 * Functional residual capacity, the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration

Music

 * "F.R.C." (song), a 1991 single by Australian rock band The Screaming Jets
 * Futuristic Retro Champions, a Scottish band

Transportation

 * Franca Airport (IATA code), in Brazil
 * Fast Response Car, of the Singapore Police Force
 * Fast Response Cutter, of the United States Coast Guard
 * Functional road class, in road functional classification

Other uses

 * FIRST Robotics Competition, an annual international robotics competition for students aged 14-18
 * Cajun French (ISO 639-3 language code)
 * Fischer Random Chess, a chess variant
 * Folk Research Centre, in Saint Lucia
 * Frater Rosae Crucis, a title in the Rosicrucian Order
 * French Republican calendar

title: FRC


text:
Talk:Happy ending

what about the handjob one (hopefully) gets at the end of a massage?!

I tweaked the slang reference to put the sexual definition under 'handjob' instead of leaving it with the literary definition.

From the sitcom "mind of a married man" yes I agree this should be included as it is the first thing that came to my mind.

Proposed merge
I've proposed a merge with several other "ending" articles into one, Ending (literature)

 * I disagree with these proposals. Bad ending is a video game construct and so certainly shouldn't be merged here. DJ Clayworth (talk) 18:44, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Awesome, but...
I must say I like this article. But lets be honest here, it's an essay more than an article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Spikeleefan (talk • contribs) 09:58, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. Needs some clean-up, and also some verifications, as it can be up to peoples own decisions as to whether an ending is happy or not TimothyJacobson (talk) 12:10, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes. Some sections and references would help too. I can't follow the logic of the current organization of the "essay" and I'm too tired to try to figure it out right now. There are way too many examples; the lengthy Trudi Canavan discussion seems far less notable than some of the others, and it was pretty clearly written by a fanfic ... fanatic. Meh. -Phoenixrod (talk) 10:42, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Trudi Canavan
I've removed the following two paragraphs (in italics here) from the article because they seem to belong more in a forum for complaining about fanfic:

''Fantasy writer Trudi Canavan responded to fans shocked by her killing off a major character whom they had come to love and appreciate: "I was utterly sick of books where all the characters are alive and happily shacked up with a love interest by the end. Nobody died, or if they did, it was in some expected way that left you feeling warm and fuzzy about their 'sacrifice'. Death shouldn't leave you feeling warm and fuzzy. [The character] was a casualty of war. War is a cruel and random killer. It doesn't kill based on who deserves it more or less. And, hey, you're never going to forget that ending!"

''Several unreconciled Canavan fans went ahead with writing and posting on the Internet their own alternate endings, reversing the published tragic end and replacing it with a more conventional "happily ever after" ending. Canavan reacted: "Fan fiction has been around a long time and gives people much pleasure. I like the idea that people may be adding to what I've created. I can appreciate that some need to indulge in a little wish fulfillment. (...) [But] if you have changed the plot, you are writing a different story. If you have removed or changed aspects of the book because of your own prejudice or desire for cheesy romance, you've taken out some of the deeper meaning of my work. So do us both a favour and give your book, world and characters different names to mine." '' -Phoenixrod (talk) 19:10, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

A Happy Ending Literature is also known as a 'Sympathetic Circulatory' ending.
Sympathetic as it is a happy ending and circulatory as all of the plot circles are tied up neatly.

I also agree that there should be a disambiguation for the term happy ending in reference to massages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Beatdizzy (talk • contribs) 13:17, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

Other literature
Many works on classical themes will feature a deus ex machina to force a happy ending over an original tragedy. Examples are numerous but see Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice (lib. Calzabigi) and Euripides' Alcestis. This is very significant to the topic (and was an operatic convention) but the article starts many centuries later. Also the stories of the sacrifice of Isaac and of Ariadne on Naxos are sometimes believed to be revisions of less happy originals. I'm too lazy and unable to contribute this but maybe take this as a suggestion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.169.195.207 (talk) 15:08, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Happy ending


text:
Crime (disambiguation)

A crime is an act that violates the law, though the word sometimes describes anti-social behaviors outside of a legal context.

Crime, Crimes, or The Crime may also refer to:

Geography

 * Crime Lake, a lake in Greater Manchester, England

Books

 * The Crime Book, by Cathy Scott, Shanna Hogan, Rebecca Morris, Lee Mellor, and Michael Kerrigan, 2017
 * Crime (novel), by Irvine Welsh, 2008
 * The Crime (Mahfouz book), 1973
 * The Crime (novel) (French: Un crime), by Georges Bernanos, 1935

Film and TV

 * The Crime (film), a 2022 Egyptian film
 * A Crime, a thriller film directed by Manuel Pradal (2006)
 * "Crime" (Brass Eye), a 1997 television episode
 * "The Crime", an episode of Your Favorite Story (1954)
 * Crime (TV series), a 2021 TV series by BritBox based on the 2008 novel by Irvine Welsh

Music

 * Crime (band), an early punk rock band from the U.S. city of San Francisco, California
 * Crim3s, a witch house duo from London
 * Crimes (album), an album by the post-hardcore band The Blood Brothers
 * "Crime", a song by Stina Nordenstam from the 1994 album And She Closed Her Eyes
 * "The Crime", a song by Prince featuring Kim Basinger Prince, John L. Nelson Scandalous!

Acronyms

 * CRIME, a security exploit against the HTTPS protocol

title: Crime (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:The Colour of Magic

Anyone seen the version with the cover by Stephen Player? ISBN 0-552-13893-2

Anyone up to splitting the game out into its own article? --Phil | Talk 08:15, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)

Added a redirect from The Color of Magic to The Colour of Magic. See: amazon.com Probably a common spelling in America? At least that's the version I have :) Ash Lux 6 July 2005 00:05 (UTC)
 * Wierd, the Brittish version is called The Colour of Magic. Did they rename it for the American market? Or is it a typo on the cover? Have they Americanized the spelling in the book too? :) Í'm curious about the story of the different spellings. Maybe something about this could be added to the article. But you are right about adding a redirect since that spelling of the title is used. Jeltz talk  6 July 2005 09:47 (UTC)
 * I'd imagine it's been renamed for the American market. It's probably worth mentioning briefly. Something like The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (US) and The Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy (UK).  Interstingly, both of my copies of these books are on loan right now :P Ash Lux 23:12, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Editors have a terrible habit of butchering books (including titles) for other markets. Philosopher's stone, anyone? ::Didactylos 07:32, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Chapters? It isn't split into chapters at all. It is in four sections, like Pyramids. Plus, Chapters links to the bookshop. And young adults? Children, I think. Any objections if I edit this? ::Didactylos 07:51, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
 * About it being a children's book: yes, I object.

Should we possibly mention that Ankh-Morpork itself is a parody of Lankhmar? It's even visible in the name:

Ankh-Morpork Lankh mar

Adam Cuerden 07:29, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Terry Pratchett has stated himself that it isn't a parody of Lankhmar.

"Bravd and the Weasel were indeed takeoffs of Leiber characters – there was a lot of that sort of thing in The Colour of Magic. But I didn't – at least consciously, I suppose I must say – create Ankh-Morpork as a takeoff of Lankhmar."

Lankhmar could have inspired Pratchett, which he admits himself. Jeltz talk  12:33, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Certainly not ALL of Ankh-Morpork, no. I think, though, it started out closer to Lankhmar, but rapidly grew in other directions after it became a setting for more than Bravd and the Weasel. In orther wrods, as long as it was just a setting for a Lieber parody, it wasn't important, but as soon as it became important, it grew to something distinctly Pratchett.

 * The guilds are very Lankhmar, thought. Adam Cuerden 12:57, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

I own a few Discworld novels and inside is a list of Terry Patchett's published works. One of which was a graphic novel version of 'The Colour of Magic' (there was one for 'The Light Fantastic' as well), but no mention to this is made and there is no separate article on it. I also believe that there's a screenplay of it by Stephen Briggs.

Translation
I've changed the translation section a bit, hopefully for the better. I've added a bit of structure by making the section into a table and added bookcovers from the foreign versions. The round-trip translations back to English are interesting I think, especially when they translate to something other than "The Colour of Magic". Eldestone 13:36, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Graphic Novel
The book was adapted into a graphic novel in 1992. It would be great if someone who has read it could add a few lines about it. Eldestone 14:38, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

TV series thingy
The Sun, April 24th, 2007. An article on page 23 about a TV series with David Jason as Rincewind in the Colour of Magic. Not much, though. Don't know how to cite newspapers so I won't add it myself... Vimescarrot 18:18, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Other covers
I put the foreign language covers back on the page. Fair use regarding cover art is

Cover art: Cover art from various items, for identification and critical commentary

Identification is covered. Illustrating different characters and events - and how the titles are translated - they are part of the critical commentary on The Coulor of Magic which the article is. Eldestone 10:58, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay, ignore the edit summary I put on my revert since you clearly have read the fair use guidelines, however I disagree that these are "critical commentary" - the titles are listed and it's not necessary for an image to appear to show them - they are decorative as the article currently stands, nothing more. If the article contained a discussion of the different covers with some reliable sources to back up that discussion, then they might be acceptable. QmunkE 12:31, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Characters who only appear in this book
Is this significant? Every Discworld book has characters who haven't appeared in any others, usually of the same order of importance as Liessa, but a few of them have main characters who are never seen again. Daibhid C 18:56, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Ian Richardson?

 * Ian Richardson isn't the voice of Death in Wyrd Sisters or Soul Music. He played Death in the TV adaptation of Hogfather, but Christopher Lee voiced Death previously.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.107.97.26 (talk) 06:52, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Nudity
The graphic novel section seems to be overly concerned with the issue of (partial) nudity of various characters without saying too much else. Can some more plot/real world info be added to balance this out a little. Astronaut (talk) 16:42, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

reception
we really need here a section on that. with a link to a review. 89.134.199.32 (talk) 19:48, 1 June 2018 (UTC).

title: Talk:The Colour of Magic


text:
Objectivist movement

The Objectivist movement is a movement of individuals who seek to study and advance Objectivism, the philosophy expounded by novelist-philosopher Ayn Rand. The movement began informally in the 1950s and consisted of students who were brought together by their mutual interest in Rand's novel, The Fountainhead. The group, ironically named "The Collective" due to their actual advocacy of individualism, in part consisted of Leonard Peikoff, Nathaniel Branden, Barbara Branden, Alan Greenspan, and Allan Blumenthal. Nathaniel Branden, a young Canadian student who had been greatly inspired by The Fountainhead, became a close confidant and encouraged Rand to expand her philosophy into a formal movement. From this informal beginning in Rand's living room, the movement expanded into a collection of think tanks, academic organizations, and periodicals.

Rand described Objectivism as "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute". Objectivism's main tenets are: that reality exists independently of consciousness; direct realism, that human beings have direct and inerrant cognitive contact with reality through sense perception; that one can attain objective conceptual knowledge based on perception by using the process of concept formation and inductive logic; rational egoism, that the moral purpose of one's life is the achievement of one's own happiness through productive work; that the only social system consistent with this morality is one that displays full respect for individual rights embodied in laissez-faire capitalism; and that art is "a selective re-creation of reality according to an artist's metaphysical value-judgments."

The Collective
"The Collective" was Rand's private, humorous name for a group of close confidants, students, and proponents of Rand and Objectivism during the 1950s and 1960s. The founding members of the group were Nathaniel Branden, Barbara Branden, Leonard Peikoff, Alan Greenspan, Joan Kennedy Taylor, Allan Blumenthal, Harry Kalberman, Elayne Kalberman, Joan Mitchell, and Mary Ann Sures (formerly Rukavina). This group became the nucleus of a growing movement of Rand admirers whose name was chosen by Rand as a joke based on Objectivism's staunch commitment to individualism and strong objection to all forms of Collectivism.

The Collective originally started out as an informal gathering of friends (many of them related to one another) who met with Rand on weekends at her apartment on East 36th Street in New York City to discuss philosophy. Barbara Branden said the group met "because of a common interest in ideas". Greenspan recalled being drawn to Rand because of a shared belief in "the importance of mathematics and intellectual rigor". The group met at Rand's apartment at least once a week, and would often discuss and debate into the early morning hours. About these discussions, Greenspan said, "Talking to Ayn Rand was like starting a game of chess thinking I was good, and suddenly finding myself in checkmate." Eventually, Rand also allowed them to begin reading the manuscript of Atlas Shrugged (1957) as she completed it. The Collective began to play a larger, more formal role, promoting Rand's philosophy through the Nathaniel Branden Institute (NBI). Some Collective members gave lectures at the NBI in cities across the United States and wrote articles for its newsletters, The Objectivist Newsletter (1962–1965) and The Objectivist (1966–1971).

Nathaniel Branden Institute
The first formal presentation of Objectivism began with the Nathaniel Branden Lectures (NBL), shortly after the publication of Rand's final novel, Atlas Shrugged. Nathaniel Branden was the first member of The Collective, and later, Rand's "intellectual heir". In time, Branden and Rand became romantically involved. After the publication of Atlas Shrugged, Rand was inundated with requests for more information about her philosophy. Not wanting to be a teacher or leader of an organized movement, she allowed Branden to lecture on her behalf.

The success of NBL prompted Branden to expand his lecture organization into the Nathaniel Branden Institute (NBI). Rand and Branden also co-founded the first publication devoted to the study and application of Objectivism. The Objectivist Newsletter began publication in 1962 and was later expanded into The Objectivist.

The 1960s saw a rapid expansion of the Objectivist movement. Rand was a frequent lecturer at universities across the country. Rand hosted a radio program on Objectivism on the Columbia University station, WKCR-FM. The Nathaniel Branden Institute (NBI) hosted lectures on Objectivism, the history of philosophy, art, and psychology in cities across the country. Campus clubs devoted to studying Rand's philosophy formed throughout the country, though operated independently of NBI. Rand was a frequent guest on radio and television, as well as an annual lecturer at the Ford Hall Forum. At the peak of its popularity, NBI was delivering taped lectures in over 80 cities. By 1967 NBI had leased an entire floor in the Empire State Building (with The Objectivist as a sub-tenant).

In 1968, Rand publicly broke with Nathaniel and Barbara Branden. She accused Nathaniel Branden of a "gradual departure from the principles of Objectivism", financial exploitation of her related to business loans, and "deliberate deception of several persons". In a response sent to the mailing list of The Objectivist in 1968, the Brandens denied many of Rand's charges against them. The result of their conflicting claims was a "schism", as some participants in the Objectivist movement supported the Brandens, while others supported Rand's repudiation of them.

NBI was closed and its offices vacated, in an environment that Barbara Branden described as "total hysteria" as its former students learned about the matter. The Brandens continued for a time to sell some of NBI's recorded lectures through a new company, but otherwise had little involvement with the Objectivist movement until their biographical books about Rand were released. The Objectivist continued publishing with Rand as editor and Leonard Peikoff as associate editor. Peikoff also took over Nathaniel Branden's role as the primary lecturer on Objectivism. Peikoff later described the Brandens' expulsion as the first "of the many schisms that have plagued the Objectivist movement."

1970s
In the 1970s, Rand gave fewer public speeches. She concentrated instead on nonfiction writing and on helping the work of her students and associates, through efforts such as a series of private workshops on epistemology that she conducted from 1969 through 1971 for about a dozen students and professionals in philosophy, math and physics. The Objectivist was replaced by The Ayn Rand Letter in 1971. While The Objectivist had published articles by many authors, The Ayn Rand Letter, marketed as a personal newsletter from Rand, published only her work (plus occasionally Leonard Peikoff's).

Throughout the decade, Peikoff continued to offer a number of lecture series on various topics related to Objectivism to large audiences, often incorporating new philosophic material. Rand worked closely with Peikoff, helping edit his book, The Ominous Parallels, for which she wrote the introduction. In mid-1979, Peter Schwartz began editing and publishing The Intellectual Activist, a publication which Rand recommended to her audience. One of Rand's associates, philosopher Harry Binswanger, pitched to Rand his idea for a mini-encyclopedia of Objectivism, The Ayn Rand Lexicon: Objectivism from A to Z (1986), and she approved of the project after seeing a sample of the proposed selections. Rand advised him on standards of inclusion but died before the work was completed. After the close of The Objectivist Calendar, a short publication listing upcoming events within the Objectivist movement, Binswanger began editing and publishing The Objectivist Forum, a bimonthly journal on Objectivism which had Rand's support and for which she served as "Philosophic Consultant".

1980s
Upon Rand's death on March 6, 1982, Peikoff inherited her estate, including the control of the copyrights to her books and writing (barring Anthem, in the public domain). Shortly after Rand's death, Peikoff's first book, The Ominous Parallels, was published. In 1983, Peikoff gave a series of lectures titled Understanding Objectivism, for the purpose of improving the methodology used in studying Objectivism, as a corrective to what he describes as the "Rationalist" and the "Empiricist" methods of thought.

In 1985, Leonard Peikoff and Ed Snider founded the Ayn Rand Institute (ARI), the first organization devoted to the study and advocacy of Objectivism since the closure of NBI in 1968. The institute began by sponsoring essay contests on Rand's novels and distributing op-eds analyzing world events from an Objectivist perspective. In 1987, the institute began teaching aspiring Objectivist academics.

Peikoff–Kelley split
In 1989, another major split occurred within the Objectivist movement. Peter Schwartz criticized David Kelley, a philosopher and lecturer then affiliated with ARI, for giving a speech under the auspices of Laissez Faire Books (LFB), a libertarian bookseller. Schwartz argued that this activity violated the Objectivist moral principle of sanction. In other words, Kelley was implicitly conferring moral approval on the organization by appearing at an event that it sponsored. LFB, in turn, was morally objectionable because it promoted books, such as The Passion of Ayn Rand (1986), that Schwartz maintained were hostile and defamatory towards Rand and Objectivism as well as being the world's center for literature promoting anarchism, which Rand condemned as "childish" and subjectivist. (Although Schwartz made no mention of it, Leonard Peikoff had signed copies of his book The Ominous Parallels at three LFB events in 1982. According to Peikoff, he later broke off relations with LFB after being told that LFB offered anarchist literature. )

Kelley responded, in a paper titled "A Question of Sanction", by disputing Schwartz's interpretation of the sanction principle in particular and his interpretation of moral principles in general. Subsequently, in an essay appearing in The Intellectual Activist, Peikoff endorsed Schwartz's view and claimed that Kelley's arguments contradicted the fundamental principles of Objectivism. Peikoff maintained that many non-Objectivist systems of thought, such as Marxism, are based on "inherently dishonest ideas" whose advocacy must never be sanctioned. He attributed the fall of NBI and subsequent schisms not to "differences in regard to love affairs or political strategy or proselytizing techniques or anybody's personality", but to a "fundamental and philosophical" cause: "If you grasp and accept the concept of 'objectivity,' in all its implications, then you accept Objectivism, you live by it and you revere Ayn Rand for defining it. If you fail fully to grasp and accept the concept, whether your failure is deliberate or otherwise, you eventually drift away from Ayn Rand's orbit, or rewrite her viewpoint or turn openly into her enemy." Those who criticized his position were to make their exit: "If you agree with the Branden or Kelley viewpoint or anything resembling it—please drop out of our movement: drop Ayn Rand, leave Objectivism alone. We do not want you and Ayn Rand would not have wanted you [...]"

Kelley responded to the Peikoff–Schwartz critique in his monograph, Truth and Toleration, later updated as The Contested Legacy of Ayn Rand. He responded to his ostracism by founding the Institute for Objectivist Studies (IOS), later renamed The Objectivist Center (TOC) and then The Atlas Society (TAS), with the help of Ed Snider, one of the founders of the Ayn Rand Institute. Kelley was joined by Objectivist scholars George Walsh and Jim Lennox, as well as former Collective members Joan and Allan Blumenthal.

1990s
Kelley's Institute for Objectivist Studies (IOS) began to publish material on Objectivism and host conferences for Rand scholars in 1990. IOS held a symposium on Chris Matthew Sciabarra's book, Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical. IOS invited Nathaniel and Barbara Branden to participate in the institute's activities, effectively bringing them back into the Objectivist movement, and they continued to appear at events for the organization until their deaths in 2014 and 2013, respectively. In 1999, IOS renamed itself to The Objectivist Center.

In 1991, Peikoff's book Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand was published. It was the first comprehensive presentation of Rand's philosophy to appear in print. In 1994, the Ayn Rand Institute expanded its educational programs into the Objectivist Graduate Center (OGC), which held classes led by Peikoff, Binswanger, and Schwartz. In 1996, ARI intellectuals delivered a series of lectures on Objectivism at Harvard. ARI increased its notoriety by staging a protest against President Clinton's volunteerism initiative in 1997. ARI gathered more attention for its activism on behalf of the family of Elian Gonzalez. The Academy Award-nominated documentary Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life, directed by Michael Paxton, was released in 1996.

2000s
In 2000, Yaron Brook succeeded Michael Berliner as head of ARI, and ARI expanded its OGC into the Objectivist Academic Center (OAC), offering undergraduate and graduate courses on Objectivism, writing, history, the history of philosophy, and the history of science. Several OAC classes are now accredited. Throughout the 2000s, ARI increased its media presence, publishing op-eds and providing intellectuals for live interviews. In 2005, ARI helped establish the Ayn Rand Institute Canada, which distributes free books to Canadian schools. In 2006, ARI sponsored a conference on the War on Terror. In addition to Objectivist speakers, mid-east scholars Daniel Pipes, Robert Spencer, and Danish newspaper editor Flemming Rose gave lectures. By 2007, ARI had donated 700,000 copies of Rand's novels to high schools around the United States.

The Objectivist Center also went through a number of changes in the 2000s. In 2005, founder David Kelley stepped aside as executive director in favor of former Cato Institute scholar Ed Hudgins, while Kelley stayed on as Chief Intellectual Officer, and the institute relocated to Washington, D.C. In 2006, the organization rebranded itself again, changing its name to The Atlas Society.

In 2009, Domingo García founded Objetivismo Internacional (OI) in Spain to help spread Objectivism in the Spanish-speaking world. OI is not officially affiliated with any other Objectivist organization; however, they closely collaborate with the Ayn Rand Institute. OI is based in Murcia, Spain, and García is its CEO.

2010s
A central goal for ARI throughout the 2010s has been to spread Objectivism internationally. ARI helped establish the Ayn Rand Center Israel in October 2012, the Ayn Rand Institute Europe in April 2015, and the Ayn Rand Center Japan in February 2017. Each of these institutions are affiliated with ARI but are separate legal entities. In 2017, Jim Brown replaced Yaron Brook as the operational executive of ARI, while Brook continues as its chairman of the board. In June 2018, Tal Tsfany, co-founder of the Ayn Rand Center Israel, took over as the president and CEO of ARI.

In 2014, Carl Barney launched the Objectivist Venture Fund, originally the Anthem Venture Fund, which has helped fund a number of Objectivist initiatives, including The Undercurrent and the Ayn Rand Center Israel.

In 2016, the Ayn Rand Center Israel launched the Atlas Award for the Best Israeli Start-up, presented annually at the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Judges for the award include Yaron Brook and Shlomo Kalish. Moovit was the first recipient of the award in 2016. Zebra Medical Vision won the award in 2017, and Innoviz won in 2018.

In 2016, Objetivismo USA was established as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in New York, New York as a sister organization of Objetivismo Internacional. Its CEO is Edwin Thompson.

The Atlas Society has also undergone a change in leadership in the 2010s. In 2011, Aaron Day replaced Ed Hudgins as the operational executive of The Atlas Society, and on March 1, 2016, The Atlas Society announced Jennifer Grossman as its new CEO.

Objectivism in academia
Despite the fact that several members of The Collective were philosophy graduate students at NYU, Objectivism did not begin to make serious inroads into academic philosophy until the 1980s. Rand herself had much disdain for modern academia, citing the poor state of American universities, particularly the humanities, as the source of much of the country's problems, and Peikoff expressed similar sentiments in the early 1990s, declaring that his book on Objectivism was "written not for academics, but for human beings (including any academics who qualify)". The Ayn Rand Institute initially concentrated on promoting Objectivism independently of academia, supplying free books to high schools and universities, sponsoring essay contests for students and support programs for teachers and professors interested in studying and teaching Rand's ideas.

Some limited academic attention was given to Objectivism in the 1970s. In 1971, William F. O'Neill published With Charity Toward None: An Analysis of Ayn Rand's Philosophy, in which he provides an academic discussion of Objectivism. Although he alleges flaws in Rand's thinking, he expresses admiration for her efforts, and particularly her ability to motivate readers to think about philosophical issues. There was occasional discussion of Rand in scholarly journals throughout the rest of the decade.

Thirteen years later, the second book-length academic study of Objectivism appeared. It was a collection of essays called The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand (1984), edited by Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas Rasmussen. It was also the first book about Rand's thought to be published after her death. Den Uyl and Rasmussen made a specific effort to bring more serious scholarly attention to Objectivism by maintaining high scholarly standards for the essays in their book.

In 1987, noted Aristotle scholar and Rand student Allan Gotthelf co-founded the Ayn Rand Society with George Walsh and David Kelley, which is affiliated with the American Philosophical Association. Non-Objectivist participants have included Jaegwon Kim and Susan Haack.

In 1995, Chris Matthew Sciabarra published Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical, an academic study of Rand's ideas and intellectual history. Rand bibliographer Mimi Reisel Gladstein called Sciabarra's work "a significant milestone in Rand studies". Three years later, Sciabarra declared a "renaissance" in the scholarship about Rand, noting that his book was only "one of fifteen book titles dealing with Rand that have been published since 1995, along with countless articles and other references to her work". However, he also noted that not all of the material carried "deep scholarly interest".

In 2001, John P. McCaskey founded the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, which sponsors the work of professors affiliated with the Ayn Rand Institute. As of 2007 there were 13 such fellowships for the study of Objectivism in universities in the U.S., including at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Texas at Austin. In 2006, the Anthem Foundation in conjunction with the University of Pittsburgh hosted a conference on the philosophy of science called "Concepts and Objectivity: Knowledge, Science, and Values". Participants included Objectivists Onkar Ghate, Allan Gotthelf, James G. Lennox, Harry Binswanger, and Tara Smith, as well as noted analytic philosophers David Sosa, A. P. Martinich, and Peter Railton. Other Objectivists, not all of whom are affiliated with ARI, have received support from the BB&T Charitable Foundation's program to support the study of capitalism. In 2010 McCaskey was forced to resign from the Ayn Rand Institute and subsequently resigned from the Anthem Foundation.

In 2006, Cambridge University Press published Tara Smith's book, Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist.

Since 1999, The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, edited by Stephen D. Cox, Chris Matthew Sciabarra, and R. W. Bradford (until his death in 2005), has been published semi-annually as a "nonpartisan", scholarly forum for the discussion of Rand's work and its application to many fields. The Journal is published by the Pennsylvania University Press and archived at Stanford University's CLOCKSS. None of its editors have been aligned with the Ayn Rand Institute, and no one affiliated with ARI has participated in its exchanges since 2002.

Student activism
Objectivism has remained popular on college campuses, with dozens of student groups dedicated to promoting and studying the philosophy of Objectivism spread across the U.S., Australia, Canada, Guatemala, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Norway. These clubs often present speakers on controversial topics such as abortion, religion, and foreign policy, often allying with conservative (and sometimes liberal) organizations to organize their events. For example, the New York University Objectivism Club hosted a joint panel on the Muhammad cartoons that received nationwide coverage for NYU's censorship of the cartoons. There are several dozen speakers sponsored by the Ayn Rand Institute and other organizations who give nationwide tours each year speaking about Objectivism.

The Ayn Rand Institute has spent $5 million on educational programs advancing Objectivism, including scholarships and clubs. These clubs often obtain educational materials and speakers from ARI. There are also several conferences organized by various organizations, which draw several hundred attendees each summer and feature philosophy courses and presentations of new publications and research. A student-run magazine, The Undercurrent, is published for colleges around the United States.

Influence
There are a number of writers who cannot be classified as Objectivist but who still exhibit a significant influence of Objectivism in their own work. Prominent among these is John Hospers, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, University of Southern California, who credited Rand's political ideas as helping to shape his own, while in other areas sharp differences remained. Another is Murray Rothbard, who, like Rand, advocated volition, Aristotle and natural rights, but who also advocated anarchism, which was anathema to Rand. Also in this category are journalist Edith Efron, scientist Petr Beckmann, and author Charles Murray.

Criticisms
Over the years, some critics have accused the Objectivist movement of being a cult or cult-like, and Rand of being a cult figure. The term 'Randroid' (a portmanteau of 'Rand' and 'android') has been used to evoke the image of "the Galt-imitating robots produced by the cult".

Suggestions of cult-like behavior by Objectivists began during the NBI days. With growing media coverage, articles began appearing that referred to the "Cult of Ayn Rand" and compared her to various religious leaders. Terry Teachout described NBI as "a quasi-cult which revolved around the adoration of Ayn Rand and her fictional heroes", one that "disintegrated" when Rand split with Nathaniel Branden. In 1968, psychologist Albert Ellis, in the wake of a public debate with Nathaniel Branden, published a book arguing that Objectivism was a religion, whose practices included "sexual Puritanism", "absolutism", "damning and condemning", and "deification" of Ayn Rand and her fictional heroes. In his memoirs, Nathaniel Branden said of The Collective and NBI that "there was a cultish aspect to our world [...] We were a group organized around a charismatic leader, whose members judged one another's character chiefly by loyalty to that leader and her ideas."

In 1972, libertarian author Murray Rothbard began privately circulating an essay on "The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult", in which he wrote: "If the glaring inner contradictions of the Leninist cults make them intriguing objects of study, still more so is the Ayn Rand cult ... [f]or not only was the Rand cult explicitly atheist, anti-religious, and an extoller of Reason; it also promoted slavish dependence on the guru in the name of independence; adoration and obedience to the leader in the name of every person's individuality; and blind emotion and faith in the guru in the name of Reason." Rothbard also wrote that "the guiding spirit of the Randian movement was not individual liberty ... but rather personal power for Ayn Rand and her leading disciples."

In the 1990s, Michael Shermer argued that the Objectivist movement displayed characteristics of religious cults such as the veneration and inerrancy of the leader; hidden agendas; financial and/or sexual exploitation; and the beliefs that the movement provides absolute truth and absolute morality. Shermer maintained that certain aspects of Objectivist epistemology and ethics promoted cult-like behavior: "[A]s soon as a group sets itself up to be the final moral arbiter of other people's actions, especially when its members believe they have discovered absolute standards of right and wrong, it is the beginning of the end of tolerance, and thus reason and rationality. It is this characteristic more than any other that makes a cult, a religion, a nation, or any other group, dangerous to individual freedom. Its absolutism was the biggest flaw in Ayn Rand's Objectivism, the unlikeliest cult in history."

In 1999, Jeff Walker published The Ayn Rand Cult. In one passage, Walker compared Objectivism to the Dianetics practices of Scientology, which is considered by many to be a cult. Both, argues Walker, are totalist sets of beliefs that advocate "an ethics for the masses based on survival as a rational being." Walker continues, "Dianetics used reasoning somewhat similar to Rand's about the brain as a machine. [...] Both have a higher mind reprogramming the rest of the mind." Walker further notes that both philosophies claim to be based on science and logic. Walker's book has drawn criticism from Rand scholars. Chris Matthew Sciabarra criticized Walker's objectivity and scholarship. Mimi Reisel Gladstein wrote that Walker's thesis is "questionable and often depends on innuendo, rather than logic." R. W. Bradford called it "merely annoying" for scholars.

The claims of cultism have continued in more recent years. In 2004, Thomas Szasz wrote in support of Rothbard's 1972 essay, and in 2006, Albert Ellis published an updated edition of his 1968 book that included favorable references to Walker's. Similarly, Walter Block, while expressing admiration for some of Rand's ideas and noting her strong influence on libertarianism, described the Objectivist movement as "a tiny imploding cult".

Responses
Rand stated that "I am not a cult", and said in 1961 that she did not want "blind followers". In the wake of NBI's collapse, she declared that she did not even want an organized movement.

Jim Peron responded to Shermer, Rothbard and others with an argument that similarities to cults are superficial at best and charges of cultism directed at Objectivists are ad hominem attacks. Objectivism, he said, lacks layers of initiation, a hierarchy, obligation, cost or physical coercion: "I cannot see how a disembodied philosophy can be a cult. I say Objectivism was disembodied because there was no Objectivist organization to join. The Nathaniel Branden Institute gave lectures, but had no membership. You could subscribe to a newsletter but you couldn't join. Objectivism was, and is, structureless. And without a structure there cannot be cult. [...] The vast majority of self-proclaimed Objectivists are people who read Rand's works and agreed with her. Most have never attended an Objectivist meeting nor subscribed to any Objectivist newsletter."

In 2001, Rand's long-time associate Mary Ann Sures remarked: "Some critics have tried to turn her certainty into a desire on her part to be an authority in the bad sense, and they accuse her of being dogmatic, of demanding unquestioning agreement and blind loyalty. They have tried, but none successfully, to make her into the leader of a cult, and followers of her philosophy into cultists who accept without thinking everything she says. This is a most unjust accusation; it's really perverse. Unquestioning agreement is precisely what Ayn Rand did not want. She wanted you to think and act independently, not to accept conclusions because she said so, but because you reached them by using your mind in an independent and firsthand manner."

Meanwhile, Shermer, who considers himself an admirer of Rand, has tempered his judgment. Contrasting Peikoff's "heavy-hammer approach" with the "big-tent approach" of The Atlas Society, Shermer told Ed Hudgins: "If we're close enough on the same page about many things, I think it's more useful to cut people some slack, rather than going after them on some smaller points. I don't see the advantage of saying, 'You shouldn't have liked that movie because ultimately, if you were an Objectivist, you wouldn't have.' I guess it was those sorts of judgments made by some Objectiv[ists] that I objected to."

title: Objectivist movement


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User talk:942

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --fvw *  08:18, 2005 Feb 2 (UTC)

title: User talk:942


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Benoît Serré

Benoît Serré (April 7, 1951 – May 11, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He represented the riding of Timiskaming—French River from 1993 to 1997, and Timiskaming—Cochrane from 1997 to 2004, in the House of Commons of Canada. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Natural Resources.

Serré was an accountant and business consultant before entering politics. He is the younger brother of Gaetan Serré, who served as MP for the neighbouring riding of Nickel Belt from 1968 to 1972.

He did not stand for re-election in the 2004 election. Serré died on May 11, 2019, from cancer.

title: Benoît Serré


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José Rivera (playwright)

José Rivera (born March 24, 1955) is a playwright and the first Puerto Rican screenwriter to be nominated for an Academy Award for the movie, The Motorcycle Diaries.

Early years
Rivera was born in the Santurce section of San Juan, Puerto Rico in 1955. He was raised in Arecibo where he lived until 1959. Rivera's family migrated from Puerto Rico when he was 5 years old, and moved to New York City. They settled down in Long Island, whose small town environment would be of an influence to him in the future. His father was a taxi driver, he said "...for a long time I just wanted to do better than him...so for years I wanted to be a bus driver." His parents were very religious and he grew up in a household whose only book was the Bible. His family enjoyed telling stories and he learned a lot by hearing these stories. As a child, he also enjoyed watching The Twilight Zone and The Outer Limits. He received his primary and secondary education in the New York state public school system. In 1968, when Rivera was 12 years old, he saw a traveling company perform the play "Rumpelstiltskin" at his school. Witnessing the collective reaction of the audience towards the play convinced the young Rivera that someday, he too, would like to write plays.

Career
Many of his plays have been produced across the nation and even translated into several languages, including: The House of Ramon Iglesia, Cloud Tectonics, The Street of the Sun, Sonnets for an Old Century, Sueño, Giants Have Us in Their Books, References to Salvador Dalí Make Me Hot and  Adoration of the Old Woman. In 2003, Cloud Tectonics was presented in the XLII Festival of Puerto Rican Theater, an event sponsored by the Puerto Rican Institute of Culture, in San Juan. Rivera helped found the Los Angeles-based theater company, The Wilton Project.

Rivera's play, "Brainpeople," premiered in San Francisco January 30, 2008, and was co-produced by the American Conservatory Theater. Rivera will also direct and write the screenplay for "Celestina", a film loosely adapted from his play "Cloud Tectonics", which will be produced by Walter Salles. Among his recent projects is the movie adaptation of On the Road, based on the novel by Jack Kerouac.

Television
Rivera contributed as a writer to the following shows: ‘’a.k.a.Pablo’’ (1984) (TV series), The House of Ramon Iglesia (1986) (TV), Family Matters, Goosebumps, The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998), Night Visions (2001) (TV series) and the "Harmony" segment of Shadow Realm (2002). He also co-created and co-produced the NBC-TV series, Eerie, Indiana with Karl Schaefer.

TV appearances
Rivera was featured in The Dialogue interview series. In this 90 minute interview with producer Mike DeLuca, Rivera describes his transition from playwright to Oscar-nominated screenwriter.

The Motorcycle Diaries
In 2002, Rivera was hired to write the screenplay for the film Diarios de Motocicleta (The Motorcycle Diaries) by director Walter Salles. The movie, which was released in 2004, is based on Che Guevara's diary about a motorcycle trip which he and Alberto Granado had, and how it changed their lives. In January 2005, Rivera became the first Puerto Rican to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. His screenplay won awards from the Cinema Writers Circle (Spain) and from the Argentine Film Critics Association; it was also nominated for awards by the American Screenwriters Association, the Online Film Critics Society, and the Writers Guild of America.

This work with the subject of Che Guevara later led Rivera to write and perform a play entitled School of the Americas which focuses on Che's last few hours alive. The play starring John Ortiz as Che, imagines Che's final conversations, mainly with a young and fairly naïve female schoolteacher, in the one-room village schoolhouse where he is imprisoned before his execution. The play was featured in New York City 2006-2007 and later San Francisco 2008.

Influences
In high school and later in college, he read everything that had to do with Shakespeare, Ibsen and Molière. His education was directed towards the Anglo-Euro Cultures, without receiving any exposure to the literature and writers of Latin America. However, he was profoundly influenced later by a Latin American novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude by 1982 Nobel Prize winner Gabriel García Márquez. Márquez later became his mentor at the Sundance Institute.

Rivera incorporates many of his life experiences into his plays. In The Promise and Each Day Dies With Sleep, Rivera discusses his experiences as a Puerto Rican in a small American town, with an emphasis on family, sexuality, spirituality and the occult. Marisol was inspired by the situation of his homeless uncle.

Awards and honors
Rivera has won two Obie Awards for playwriting, a Kennedy Center Fund for New American plays Grant, a Fulbright Arts Fellowship in playwriting, a Whiting Award, a McKnight Fellowship, the 2005 Norman Lear Writing Award, a 2005 Impact Award and a Berilla Kerr Playwriting Award.

Plays

 * The House of Ramon Iglesia (1983)
 * The Promise (1988)
 * Each Day Dies With Sleep (1990)
 * Marisol (1992)
 * Tape (1993)
 * Flowers (1994)
 * Giants Have Us In Their Books (1997)
 * Cloud Tectonics (1995)
 * Maricela De La Luz Lights The World
 * Godstuff
 * Adoration of the Old Woman
 * The Street of the Sun (1996)
 * Sueno (1998)
 * Lovers of Long Red Hair (2000)
 * References to Salvador Dalí Make Me Hot (2000)
 * Sonnets for an Old Century (2000)
 * School of the Americas (2006)
 * Massacre (Sing To Your Children) (2007)
 * Brainpeople (2008)
 * Boleros for the Disinchanted (2008), world premiere Yale Repertory Theatre
 * Human Emotional Process (2008), commissioned by McCarter Theatre
 * Pablo and Andrew at the Altar of Words (2010)
 * Golden (2010)
 * The Kiss of the Spider Woman (translation) (2010)
 * The Hours are Feminine (2011)
 * Lessons for an Unaccustomed Bride (2011)
 * The Book of Fishes (2011)
 * Another Word for Beauty (2012), musical, music and lyrics by Héctor Buitrago, book by Rivera, production of The Civilians
 * Written on my Face (2012)
 * Another Word for Beauty (2013)
 * The Last Book of Homer (2013)
 * The Garden of Tears and Kisses (2014)
 * Sermon for the Senses (2014)
 * Charlotte (2014)
 * The Untranslatable Secrets of Nikki Corona

Many of these plays are published by Broadway Play Publishing Inc.

Bibliography of Scholarly Criticism

 * 1) Toward a Rhetoric of Sociospatial Theatre: José Rivera's Marisol By: J. Chris Westgate, Theatre Journal, 2007 March; 59 (1): 21–37.
 * 2) Split Personality: Random Thoughts on Writing for Theater and Film By: José Rivera, Cinema Journal, 2006 Winter; 45 (2): 89–92.
 * 3) The Motorcycle Diaries By: Yon Motskin, Creative Screenwriting, 2005 January-Feb; 12 (1): 89.
 * 4) 'An Urgent Voice for Our Times': An Interview with José Rivera By: Caridad Svich, Contemporary Theatre Review: An International Journal, 2004 November; 14 (4): 83–89.
 * 5) Die Imaginierung ethnischer Weltsicht im neueren amerikanischen Drama By: Herbert Grabes, IN: Schlote and Zenzinger, New Beginnings in Twentieth-Century Theatre and Drama: Essays in Honour of Armin Geraths. Trier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher; 2003. pp. 327–44
 * 6) José Rivera By: Miriam Chirico, IN: Wheatley, Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, Third Series. Detroit, MI: Thomson Gale; 2002. pp. 281–301
 * 7) Marisol, Angels, and Apocalyptic Migrations By: Jon D. Rossini, American Drama, 2001 Summer; 10 (2): 1-20.
 * 8) An Interview with Jose Rivera By: Norma Jenckes, American Drama, 2001 Summer; 10 (2): 21–47.
 * 9) Dream Editor By: Stephanie Coen, American Theatre, 1996 December; 13 (10): 26.
 * 10) Exile and Otherness: Examples from Three Continents By: Phyllis Zatlin, Hispanofila, 1993 January; 107: 33–41.
 * 11) Poverty and Magic in Each Day Dies with Sleep By: José Rivera, Studies in American Drama, 1945–present, 1992; 7 (1): 163–232.
 * 12) An Interview with José Rivera By: Lynn Jacobson, Studies in American Drama, 1945–present, 1991; 6 (1): 49–58.

title: José Rivera (playwright)


text:
Talk:River Dove, central England

Assessment
I feel article is is now the new C grade as; Has photos, Ibox and refs, and gives a concise description, am uprating it To C status - BulldozerD11 (talk) 18:46, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

More detail ?
River Dove Cap - is it possible to give a little more detail on this? eg Is it for the river below Ashbourne? Linuxlad 08:23, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'm gunna be getting some images of the river soon to improve the article. - Erebus555 13:18, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I always think that the wooded stretch north of the stepping stones is a finer view than that to the south - any hope?? Bob aka Linuxlad 20:06, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

East Midlands
Is anything gained by saying the river is 'in the East Midlands' For one thing it isn't (half the river is in Staffs) - for another the concept is hardly relevant that far over and up in the Peac (sic) District. Bob aka Linuxlad 20:31, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I just find it odd that it's half in Derbs and half in Staffs, and the title is River Dove, Derbyshire. Could change it back to Midlands. AxG   ۝۝۝҈  ► talk ► guests  20:35, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

I see someone has changed the title.... there are dozens of refs to this on the English, French and commons wikipedia as being "River Dove, Derbyshire". The pictures of the river had stopped working (Ive fixed them). Exactly how many miles does this river flow outside Derbyshire? ... Sorry, I think the change has achieved very little apart from creating the need for repairs. Changes are meant to improve the wiki. Pleased to see it was discussed here first. Victuallers (talk) 16:37, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Started on this ... need help
Victuallers (talk) 14:40, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Length
The article says 40 miles; the infobox 45. Which is correct? Andy Mabbett (User: Pigsonthewing ); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 09:41, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

New sections
I have added a couple of new sections, so that there is something about the Dove other than Dovedale. Jokulhlaup (talk) 17:49, 5 May 2013 (UTC)

River Dove
The 'springs of Dove' is a line from the William Wordsworth poem, 'she dwelt among the untrodden ways' I thought that would be worthy of a mention. 80.6.84.94 (talk) 09:30, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

Length (again)
A figure is given in the infobox for the length of the Dove (72km / 45 miles) but no source is given for that figure. Due to this uncertainty I have, as with some other watercourses where dubious lengths have been asserted, painstakingly measured its length on online 1:25,000 scale OS mapping using a digital tool and determined it at 93.1km / 57.9 miles - I'd be confident of the accuracy of the figure to within less than 1%. The current figure then appears to be significantly inaccurate. All of this is of course original research on my part so cannot be included in the article but it does at least give an idea of what a true figure should look like if and when an editor finds a suitable reference out there! cheers Geopersona (talk) 11:43, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:River Dove, central England