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Royal Scots Fusiliers

The Royal Scots Fusiliers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army that existed from 1678 until 1959 when it was amalgamated with the Highland Light Infantry (City of Glasgow Regiment) to form the Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment) which was later itself merged with the Royal Scots, King's Own Scottish Borderers, the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment), the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and the Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons) to form a new large regiment, the Royal Regiment of Scotland.

Naming Conventions
In the late 17th century, many English and Scottish politicians viewed standing armies or permanent units as a danger to the liberties of the individual and a threat to society itself. The experience of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the use of troops by both the Protectorate and James VII and II to repress political dissent created strong resistance to permanent units owing allegiance to the Crown or State. Regiments were deliberately treated as the personal property of their current Colonel, carried his name which changed when transferred and disbanded as soon as possible. This makes tracing the origins of modern regiments very complex, particularly since many regimental histories were written in the late 19th or early 20th century. This was partly due to the 1881 Childers Reforms; the abolition of the numbering system for regiments was as bitterly resisted then as the various amalgamations have been since and establishing precedence or age became almost an obsession.

The Earl of Mar's Regiment of Foot (1678–1689)
The regiment was formed in Scotland in September 1678 by the Earl of Mar for service against dissident Covenanters and helped suppress Presbyterian rebellions at Bothwell Bridge in 1679 and the 1685 Argyll's Rising. Thomas Buchan, a Scottish Catholic and professional soldier replaced the Earl as Colonel in July 1686.

When William III landed in England on 5 November 1688 in what became known as the Glorious Revolution, the regiment was shipped to London. There was very little fighting; the vast majority of James VII and II's army simply changed sides and Buchan followed him into exile in France. The position of Colonel was filled in March 1689 by Francis Fergus O'Farrell, an Irishman who had served William since 1674 and it became O'Farrell's Regiment in accordance with the practice of the time.

The Nine Years War and Scotland (1689–1702)
The regiment spent the Nine Years' War in Flanders and took part in most of the major engagements, including Walcourt, Steinkirk and Landen. In July 1695, it was part of the garrison when O'Farrell surrendered Deinze to the French without resistance. The regiment became prisoners until exchanged in September; Ellenberg, commander of Diksmuide which surrendered in a similar fashion at the same time was executed, while O'Farrell was cashiered along with eight other officers. The officers concerned were later reinstated with O'Farrell ending his career as a Major-General.

His replacement was Robert Mackay, nephew of Hugh Mackay former commander of the Dutch Scots Brigade; he died in December 1696 and was succeeded by another Scot, Colonel Archibald Row. After the Treaty of Ryswick ended the Nine Years' War in September 1697, the regiment went to Scotland where it spent the next few years.

The date at which it became a Fusilier unit is debated, but it first appears as O'Farrell's Fusiliers on an Army list of 1691. 'Fusilier' is a specific designation while 'fusil' was originally a light-weight musket carried by units guarding the artillery train, so it may have been equipped with these before 1691. The original Fusilier regiments all had an exploding bomb emblem, so it may also relate to grenades; for example, only Fusilier regiments, the Grenadier Guards plus one or two others were later allowed to use the British Grenadiers regimental march.

The War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713)

The Regiment returned to Flanders when the War of the Spanish Succession began in May 1702 and formed part of the army led by the Duke of Marlborough. In August 1704, the regiment took part in the Battle of Blenheim; in their assault on the village, now Brigadier-General Row famously ordered his men not to fire until he struck his sword upon the palisade; he was shot and mortally wounded as he did so. The regiment suffered heavy casualties, the new Colonel being Viscount Mordaunt, who himself lost an arm at Blenheim.

Shortly after the Battle of Ramillies in May 1706, Mordaunt exchanged regiments with Colonel Sampson de Lalo, a French Huguenot refugee who previously commanded what later became the 28th Regiment of Foot. Under de Lalo, it fought at Oudenarde and the capture of Lille, one of the strongest defences in Europe whose Citadel is regarded as Vauban's masterpiece. de Lalo was killed at Malplaquet in September 1709, a battle technically an Allied victory but which incurred casualties so severe they shocked Europe.

Malplaquet and the huge financial costs of the war meant the focus changed to capturing fortresses as each side attempted to improve its bargaining position prior to peace talks; the war ended in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht. Mordaunt, reappointed Colonel after de Lalo's death, died of smallpox in April 1710 and was succeeded by Thomas Meredyth. He was dismissed for political reasons in December and replaced by the Earl of Orrery.

21st (Royal North British Fusilier) Regiment of Foot (1713–1877)
The regiment was awarded the title "Royal" around 1713, returning to England in August 1714 on the death of Queen Anne who was succeeded by George I. During the Jacobite Rising in 1715, it fought at Sheriffmuir against forces led by its founder's son, the 6th Earl of Mar. The Rebellion was defeated but in July 1716 Orrery was removed due to his Jacobite sympathies and replaced by George Macartney. Macartney was a Whig loyalist involved in the 1712 Hamilton–Mohun Duel who went into exile when charged as an accessory to murder, returning when George I became King.

Britain was at peace during this period and the regiment remained on garrison duty until the War of the Austrian Succession broke out in 1742. It fought at Dettingen in June 1743 and Fontenoy in April 1745, a British defeat famous for the British and French commanders politely inviting each other to fire first. During the 1745 Rising it was part of the force that defeated the Jacobite army at Culloden in April 1746 but was back in Flanders when the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748.

In 1751, the system whereby regiments were numbered by seniority was formalised and it became the 21st Regiment. With the exception of the capture of Belle Île in 1761 during the 1756–63 Seven Years' War, the next 20 years were spent on garrison duty in Gibraltar, Scotland, West Florida and Quebec before returning to England in 1773.

The regiment saw action at the Siege of Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, took part in the Siege of Bergen op Zoom in March 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars and saw combat at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 during the War of 1812. The regiment then served under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Haines at the Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 during the Crimean War. A second battalion was raised in 1805 serving initially in Ayr and Greenock, Scotland and then in Ireland for the next three years.

21st (Royal Scots Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot (1877–1881)
The regiment finally saw the restoration of "Scots" in their title in 1877.

Childers Reforms
The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Churchill Barracks in Ayr from 1873, or by the Childers Reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment. Under the reforms the regiment became The Royal Scots Fusiliers on 1 July 1881. It became the County Regiment of Ayrshire, Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire and Wigtownshire in South-West Scotland. This made them a Lowland Regiment and forced them to adopt trews. The regiment saw action at the Battle of the Tugela Heights in February 1900 during the Second Boer War. Captain Hugh Trenchard was seriously wounded while serving with the regiment near Krugersdorp at this time.

In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve; the regiment now had one Reserve and two Territorial battalions.

First World War
The 1st Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of 9th Brigade in the 3rd Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front. It saw action at the Battle of Mons in August 1914, the First Battle of Ypres in October 1914, Battle of the Somme in Summer 1916, the Battle of Arras in April 1917 and the advance to the Hindenburg Line in September 1918 and was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Deneys Reitz in the closing stages of the war.

The 2nd Battalion landed at Zeebrugge as part of the 21st Brigade in the 7th Division in October 1914 for service on the Western Front. It saw action at the First Battle of Ypres in October 1914, the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915, the Battle of Loos in October 1915, the Battle of the Somme in Summer 1916, the Battle of Arras in April 1917 and the Battle of Lys in April 1918.

The 1/4th and 1/5th Battalions landed in Gallipoli as part of the 155th Brigade in the 52nd (Lowland) Division in June 1915; after being evacuated in January 1916 they moved to France in April 1918 for service on the Western Front.

The 6th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 27th Brigade in the 9th (Scottish) Division in May 1915 for service on the Western Front. Lieutenant Colonel Winston Churchill commanded the battalion when it was located near Ploegsteert Wood during Spring 1916. The 7th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 45th Brigade in the 15th (Scottish) Division in July 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 8th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 77th Brigade in the 26th Division in September 1915 for service on the Western Front but soon moved to Salonika.

Second World War
The 1st Battalion spent the whole war as part of the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade Group. The battalion participated in the Battle of Madagascar in 1942 as did the 2nd Battalion, a unique achievement for the regiment to have both its regular battalions involved in the same action. They were then transferred to India to fight in the South-East Asian Theatre. In 1944 the 29th Brigade became part of the 36th Infantry Division, previously a British Indian Army formation and one of two British divisions fighting the Japanese. The 36th Division spent the rest of the war under command of the British Fourteenth Army.

The 2nd Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers was based in Redford Barracks in Edinburgh on the outbreak of war commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Walter Clutterbuck. In September 1939, the battalion was grouped with the 2nd Bn Seaforth Highlanders and the 2nd Bn Northamptonshire Regiment to form 17 Infantry Brigade, which was assigned to the 5th Infantry Division. They were sent as an independent brigade to France in October 1939 to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The battalion acted in support during the Battle of Arras and was significantly involved in the subsequent Battle of the Ypres-Comines Canal. The battalion suffered significant casualties and prisoners of war, and only 40 personnel were able to make it as a formed unit to Dunkirk to be evacuated to England. After 2 years spent on home defence in the United Kingdom, the battalion and brigade were detached from the 5th Division, and like the 1st Battalion, fought in Madagascar. The battalion next saw service fighting in Sicily. In 1944 the division fought in the Battle of Anzio in some of the fiercest fighting of the Italian Campaign thus far. The Anzio landings were an attempt to outflank the German Gustav Line, one of many defensive lines the Germans had created across Italy. After the fierce fighting there, the 2nd RSF and the rest of 5th Division were withdrawn, in July 1944, to Palestine to rest and refit. They returned to Italy briefly in early 1945 but were transferred, along with I Canadian Corps from British Eighth Army, to Belgium to join the 21st Army Group in the Allied invasion of Germany.

The 4/5th and 6th battalions both saw service in the European Campaign in 1944-1945 with the 6th also serving in France in 1940, assigned to 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and part of the BEF. The 4/5th Battalion was the TA 4th and 5th battalions merged and became part of 156th Infantry Brigade assigned to the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Corbett commanded the 6th Battalion during the Battle of France in June 1940. The 6th Battalion was reassigned to the 46th Infantry Brigade part of 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of the 52nd, and served with them during the Battle of Normandy.

The 50th (Holding) Battalion was raised in late May 1940 and was later redesignated the 11th Battalion in October and was assigned to the 222nd Infantry Brigade, where it remained until September 1942 when it transferred to the 147th Infantry Brigade, alongside the 1/6th and 1/7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, part of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, where it was to remain for the rest of the war.

Amalgamations of 1959
The Royal Scots Fusiliers were amalgamated with the Highland Light Infantry (City of Glasgow Regiment) in 1959 to form the Royal Highland Fusiliers, (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment). The regular 1st battalions of the two Regiments combined at Redford Barracks, Edinburgh to form the 1st Battalion of the new regiment (1 RHF).

Battle honours
The Regiment was awarded the following battle honours. Those shown in bold from the two World Wars were those selected to be emblazoned on the King's Colour.

 * Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, Dettingen, Bellisle, Martinique 1794, Bladensburg, Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol, South Africa 1879, Burma 1885–87, Tirah, Relief of Ladysmith, South Africa 1899–1902
 * The Great War (18 battalions): Mons, Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, La Bassée 1914, Ypres 1914 '17 '18, Langemarck 1914, Gheluvelt, Nonne Bosschen, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Flers-Courcelette, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916, Arras 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917 '18, Arleux, Messines 1917, Pilckem, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, St Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Rosières, Lys, Estaires, Hazebrouck, Bailleul, Béthune, Scherpenberg, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenberg Line, Canal du Nord, Courtrai, Selle, France and Flanders 1914–18, Doiran 1917 '18, Macedonia 1916–18, Helles, Gallipoli 1915–16, Rumani, Egypt 1916–17, Gaza, El Mughar, Nebi Samwil, Jerusalem, Jaffa, Tel Asur, Palestine 1917–18
 * The Second World War: Defence of Arras, Ypres-Comines Canal, Somme 1940, Withdrawal to Seine, Odon, Fontenay le Pesnil, Cheux, Defence of Rauray, Mont Pincon, Estry, Falaise, Le Vie Crossing, La Touques Crossing, Aart, Nederrijn, Best, Le Havre, Antwerp-Turnhout Canal, Scheldt, South Beveland, Lower Maas, Meijel, Venlo Pocket, Roer, Rhineland, Reichswald, Cleve, Goch, Rhine, Dreirwalde, Uelzen, Bremen, Artlenberg, North-West Europe 1940 '44–45, Landing in Sicily, Sicily 1943, Sangro, Garigliano Crossing, Minturno, Anzio, Advance to Tiber, Italy 1943–44, Madagascar, Middle East 1942, North Arakan, Razabil, Pinwe, Shweli, Mandalay, Burma 1944–45
 * 4th Battalion: South Africa 1900–02
 * 5th Battalion: South Africa 1900–01

Victoria Crosses
Victoria Crosses awarded to members of the regiment were:

 * Second Lieutenant Stanley Henry Parry Boughey, First World War (1 December 1917)
 * Sergeant Thomas Caldwell, First World War (31 October 1918)
 * Second Lieutenant John Manson Craig, First World War (5 June 1917)
 * Fusilier Dennis Donnini, Second World War (18 January 1945)
 * Private David Ross Lauder, First World War (13 August 1915)
 * Private George Ravenhill, Second Boer War (15 December 1899)

Colonels of the Regiment
Colonels of the regiment were:

 * 1678–1686: Col. Charles Erskine, 5th Earl of Mar; resigned June 1686;
 * 1686–1689: Col. Thomas Buchan; removed for refusing to swear allegiance to William III, March 1689;

21st Regiment of Foot

 * 1689–1695: Brig-Gen. Francis Fergus O'Farrell; cashiered September 1695 for the surrender of Deinze (later reinstated);
 * 1695–1697: Col. Hon. Robert Mackay; died of disease December 1696;
 * 1697–1704: Col. Archibald Row; killed at Blenheim May 1704;
 * 1704–1706: Brig-Gen. John Mordaunt, Viscount Mordaunt; transferred to 28th Foot June 1706;
 * 1706–1709: Maj-Gen. Sampson de Lalo; killed at Malplaquet September 1709.

The North British Fusiliers

 * 1709-1710: Brig-Gen. John Mordaunt, Viscount Mordaunt; reappointed September 1709, died of smallpox April 1710;
 * 1710: Lt-Gen. Thomas Meredyth; removed for political opposition to the Harley Tory government December 1710;
 * 1710-1716: Maj-Gen. Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery; removed for political opposition to the Whigs July 1716;

The Royal North British Fusiliers

 * 1716–1727: Lt-Gen. George MacCartney
 * 1727–1738: Maj-Gen. Sir James Wood, 2nd Baronet
 * 1738–1752: Gen. John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll, KT

21st (Royal North British) Fusiliers

 * 1752–1770: Gen. William Maule, 1st Earl of Panmure
 * 1770–1789: Lt-Gen. Hon. Alexander Mackay
 * 1789–1794: Gen. Hon. James Murray
 * 1794–1803: Gen. James Inglis Hamilton
 * 1803–1816: Gen. Hon. William Gordon of Fyvie
 * 1816–1843: Gen. James Ochoncar Forbes, 17th Baron Forbes
 * 1843–1853: Gen. Sir Frederick Adam, GCB, GCMG
 * 1853–1870: Gen. Sir George de Lacey Evans, GCB
 * 1870–1890: Gen. Sir Frederick William Hamilton. KCB

The Royal Scots Fusiliers

 * 1890–1909: F.M. Sir Frederick Paul Haines, GCB, GCSI, CIE
 * 1909–1919: Lt-Gen. John Thomas Dalyell
 * 1919–1946: Marshal of the RAF (Col.) Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, GCB
 * 1946–1957: Maj-Gen. Sir Edmund Hakewill Smith, KCVO, CB, CBE, MC
 * 1957–1959: Brig. Archibald Ian Buchanan-Dunlop, CBE, DSO

title: Royal Scots Fusiliers


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Mario Biaggi

Mario Biaggi (October 26, 1917 – June 24, 2015) was an American politician, attorney, and police officer. He served ten terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from 1969 to 1988.

Prior to his political career, Biaggi became one of the most decorated officers in NYPD history; he killed two criminals who attacked him and was injured 11 times as an officer. He then became an attorney at 49 years of age. First elected a U.S. Representative as a Democrat from the Bronx in 1968, Biaggi was subsequently re-elected nine times, seven times with more than 90% of the vote.

In 1987 and 1988, he was convicted in two trials of receipt of unlawful gratuities, and, facing the prospect of expulsion from the House, he resigned from Congress in 1988.

Early life
Biaggi was born in a tenement on East 106th Street in East Harlem in Upper Manhattan, New York City, New York to poor Italian immigrants from Piacenza in Northern Italy. His father, Salvatore Biaggi, was a marble setter. His mother, Mary (née Campari), worked as a charwoman. He had two younger brothers.

Biaggi graduated from P.S. 171 in East Harlem. Subsequently, in 1934 during the height of the Depression, he graduated from Haaren High School in Manhattan. In 1940 he married Marie Wassil (who died in 1997), and they moved to the Bronx and had two daughters, Barbara and Jacqueline, and two sons, Richard and Mario Jr.

Mailman
After working as a shoeshine boy and a stint as a factory worker, at age 18, Biaggi became a substitute letter carrier for the United States Postal Service, for 65 cents per hour. Later, he became a regular letter carrier; his mail route included the home of one of his heroes, New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia. He served nearly six years with the Post Office and became an activist in Branch 36 of the National Association of Letter Carriers.

New York City Police Department
In 1942, Biaggi joined the New York City Police Department (NYPD), at 25 years of age. He wanted to join the US Army, but police were exempted from the US military at the time, and the fact that his two brothers were in the armed forces was an additional factor. His police career spanned 23 years, until 1965.

He was wounded 11 times. Biaggi received dozens of citations for valor, including the police department’s Medal of Honor (its highest award) and the National Police Officers Association of America’s Medal of Valor, becoming one of the NYPD's most decorated officers. Among his many exploits was his rescue in 1946 on Amsterdam Avenue in Manhattan of a girl on a runaway horse, which dragged him 90 feet and trampled his right leg before he subdued it, causing a permanent limp. He used a cane for the rest of his life. In 1944, he shot and killed a man who tried to stab him with an ice pick, and in 1959, he shot and killed a man who tried to rob him at gunpoint; he himself was wounded in the shootout in the Bronx.

In 1952, he was promoted to Sergeant. He retired from the Department in 1965, with the rank of Detective Lieutenant.

Legal career
At the age of 45 and near the end of his police career, Biaggi entered law school. The American Bar Association granted him a special dispensation to study law due to his distinguished police career, even though Biaggi had never gone to college and a college degree was a prerequisite for law school. Dean Daniel Gutman offered him a full scholarship to New York Law School, after hearing him speak at a public event. In 1965, he graduated from the law school with an LLB. In 1966, at the age of 49, he was admitted to the New York State Bar and founded the law firm Biaggi & Ehrlich. He represented a Queens woman who was denied the right to be an umpire in minor league baseball in 1969, and won her case at the New York Court of Appeals in 1972.

U.S. House of Representatives
In 1968, the U.S. House seat in NY's 24th congressional district became vacant when eight-term Republican incumbent Paul A. Fino resigned to become a justice on the New York Supreme Court. Biaggi ran for the open seat as a Democrat with the endorsement of the Conservative Party. He won the 1968 election to Congress with 60.5% of the vote in what had previously been considered a traditional Bronx Republican stronghold. He was 51 years old.

Author Gerhard Falk wrote: "Few members of the House of Representatives have ever achieved the popularity of Mario Biaggi." He was easily re-elected in 1970, as a nominee of the Democratic, Republican, and Conservative Parties, with a vote of 130,000-8,000. He won the 1970 election defeating former Bronx Borough President Joseph F. Periconi, the 1972 election with 93.9% of the vote, the 1974 election with 82.4% of the vote, the 1976 election with 91.6% of the vote, the 1978 election with 95.0% of the vote, the 1980 election with 94.5% of the vote, the 1982 election with 93.7% of the vote, the 1984 election with 94.8% of the vote, and the 1986 election with 90.2% of the vote.

In the redistricting after the 1970 census, Biaggi's district was renumbered the 10th, and included part of Queens. In the redistricting after the 1980 census, his district was renumbered the 19th, and included part of suburban Westchester County. From 1972 onward, he was nominated by the Republicans as well. In 1968, 1970, and 1972 he also received the Conservative nomination. From 1978 onward he got the Liberal nomination.

Biaggi was known as a law-and-order Democrat, socially conservative, economically progressive, and tough on street crime, and led the institution of a federal ban on armor-piercing "cop killer" teflon-coated bullets, a major concern of police. He also strongly supported the elderly, labor unions, the mentally disabled, hand-gun control, Israel, Soviet Jewry, and peace in Northern Ireland, and opposed brutality in US Army camps and antisemitism. Commenting in 1973 during the Yom Kippur War, Biaggi said: "Israel was attacked in very much the same fashion that Pearl Harbor was attacked." He was noted for being "a service congressman." John C. Dearie, a former New York State Assemblyman, recalled: "He would do it for the son who needed to get his mother a bed in a nursing home, or the family who needed to resolve a Social Security problem, or the kid who needed help getting a job application at the Parks Department. He would pick up and make the phone call, and when he did, it was like God himself was making the call."

During his tenure in office he was Chairman of the United States House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Navigation, Chairman of the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Aging Subcommittee on Human Services, and Chairman of the 120-member bi-partisan Ad Hoc Congressional Committee for Irish Affairs.

In 1975, Biaggi introduced a joint resolution of Congress, Public Law 94-479, to posthumously promote George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States and restore Washington's position as the highest-ranking military officer in U.S. history. It was passed and was approved by President Gerald Ford in 1976, and formalized in Department of the Army Order 31-3 in 1978, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976, the United States Bicentennial.

Biaggi established the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund (NLEOMF). It sponsored the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in Washington, D.C. at Judiciary Square, authorized in 1984, which honors 21,183 U.S. law enforcement officers who have died in the line of duty throughout American history.

1973 mayoral campaign
In 1973, Biaggi declared his candidacy for Mayor of New York City. He entered the Democratic primary. Biaggi was a fairly conservative Democrat by New York City standards, and had run on the Conservative line for Congress three times. Conservative Party leaders supported him as the party's candidate for mayor, and planned to make him their nominee regardless of whether he received the Democratic line. Initially, he was ahead in the polls. Biaggi lost the Democratic primary in June, coming in third with 21% of the vote behind Abe Beame (34%) and Herman Badillo (29%), and ahead of Albert H. Blumenthal (16%).

After Biaggi did not win the Democratic primary, while he remained on the Conservative line in the general election, he gave assurances to Democratic county chairmen in late August 1973 that he would not make a "serious run" for Mayor and thereby pull votes away from Democratic nominee Beame, even though he would remain as the Conservative party nominee inasmuch as New York law did not allow him to withdraw at that stage. He finished in fourth place, behind Beame, John Marchi, and Blumenthal, with 11% of the vote, as Beame won the election.

Unlawful gratuity convictions
In 1987 Biaggi was charged with taking an unlawful gratuity. He had accepted a payment of a $3,200 spa bill for him and his companion as he vacationed in Florida in December 1984, from his long-time friend former Brooklyn Democratic leader Meade Esposito. Prosecutors said it was in exchange for using his influence to help a ship-repair company that was a major client of Esposito's insurance agency. The defense said it was given by Esposito out of friendship, and no favors were done by Biaggi in return. The judge explained that to convict Biaggi of bribery, the jury would have to find that Biaggi accepted something of value with the understanding it was in exchange for Biaggi's influence on official actions. He said that in contrast an unlawful gratuity is like a tip given for services performed or expected to be performed, but requires no quid pro quo understanding.

Biaggi was acquitted of both bribery and conspiracy in the three-week trial. He was, however, convicted of accepting an illegal gratuity and obstruction of justice, sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison, and fined $500,000. Esposito received a suspended sentence. Judge Jack B. Weinstein said, as he sentenced Biaggi: "If ever there was a Greek tragedy, it is this one. A hero is today struck low, and grief descends." Even after, Biaggi maintained his innocence. The House Ethics Committee recommended that Biaggi be expelled, the most severe penalty.

Separately, in 1988 Biaggi was charged by US Attorney Rudy Giuliani in the Wedtech scandal with having accepted bribes for assisting the Wedtech Corporation in obtaining federal procurement contracts. The core of the prosecution's case was built around the testimony of four former Wedtech executives who negotiated cooperation agreements with the government, that allowed the executives to plead guilty to lesser charges in exchange for their cooperation. He was convicted of 15 counts of obstruction of justice and accepting illegal gratuities. Prior to his sentencing, dozens of House members wrote letters to the sentencing judge attesting to Biaggi's character and past contributions. He was sentenced to eight years in federal prison. He continued to maintain his innocence. Three other defendants in the Wedtech scandal who were also indicted by Giuliani, and also initially convicted of receiving illegal payments, had their convictions overturned in 1991 by the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which held that prosecutors "should have been aware" that a crucial Wedtech executive witness in the Wedtech case lied; the witness had also testified against Biaggi in his trial, in exchange for being allowed to plead guilty to a lesser charge.

Later life
Facing expulsion from the House, Biaggi resigned his seat on August 5, 1988. He was at the time 70 years old, and the senior Congressman in the New York City delegation.

Since primary election petitions were already filed, Biaggi remained on the ballot for the 1988 Democratic and Republican primaries in the 19th District, though he said that he would not campaign nor run. He sought to be removed from the ballot, but a New York court held that there was no legal means to effect his removal. Biaggi did not campaign, and lost the Democratic primary to then-State Assemblyman Eliot Engel. At the time, the 19th District was one of the more conservative districts in New York City. He was nominated by the Republican Party. In the general election, Engel won with 56% of the vote to Biaggi's 44%. To date, this is the last time that a candidate running on the Republican line has crossed the 40% mark in the district.

In Robert Friedman's biography of Meir Kahane, the leader of the terrorist organization the Jewish Defense League, Kahane states that Biaggi marched with both himself and New York City mafia boss Joseph Colombo in 1971. Friedman also states that Biaggi received a "medal of honor" from Kahane at a Kach dinner that took place at the Lincoln Square Synagogue in February 1988.

Biaggi was released in 1991 when he was 73 years old, after 26 months in prison, by the sentencing judge on the grounds of ill health (heart problems, arthritis, nerve damage in his legs, and broken bones from four falls in prison). He would have been eligible for parole six months later.

In 1992, at 74 years of age, Biaggi attempted a political comeback. He sought his old seat in Congress, challenging his successor, Engel, in the Democratic primary. The last Congressman to be re-elected after serving time for a felony was Matthew Lyon of Vermont, who ran from jail in 1798 and won. Biaggi was endorsed by the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association and eight other police and firefighter unions. He said that many of his former constituents asked him to run, and that Engel had a poor record on constituent service. Despite the enthusiasm of some of his supporters, Biaggi raised little money. Engel, who raised more money and cited Biaggi's criminal convictions, won easily. After the election, the Bronx News reported that some of Biaggi's former constituents wanted to vote for him but could not. In the redistricting after the 1990 census, parts of Biaggi's old district that had been his strongholds, Throggs Neck and Morris Park, had been shifted to other districts.

As the presidency of Bill Clinton closed, Biaggi requested a pardon for his federal convictions. When asked for comment, the United States Attorneys Offices for the Eastern and Southern District of New York each opposed pardon for any convictions, noting that Biaggi received a humanitarian release and had failed to pay his fines. No pardon was issued.

Death and burial
Biaggi died at his home in Riverdale in the Bronx on June 24, 2015, at the age of 97. He is buried in the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, New York.

Relatives
In their obituary, the New York Times noted his survivors as two daughters, two sons, eleven grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren. From 2019-2022, Biaggi's granddaughter, Alessandra Biaggi, was a member of the New York State Senate.

Accolades
In 1961, Biaggi became the first police officer in New York State to be made a member of the National Police Officers Hall of Fame. In 1976, he was inducted into the National Italian American Hall of Fame. In 2000, he was inducted into the National Safe Boating Council’s Boating Safety Hall of Fame.

Biaggi received the New York City Police Department's Medal of Honor (1960), the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity from Italy (1961), the National Law Officers Distinguished Service Award (1968), the Columbian Lawyers Association Rapallo Award (1972), the Jewish Identity Center Award for Dedicated Efforts on Behalf of Jewish Causes (1978), the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators (NASBLA) Bonner Award (1978), the Order of the Pike Award, the Ancient Order of Hibernians (1980), and the August A. Busch, III Award (1981). He was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize (1982; for trying to halt the violence in Northern Ireland), and received the American Merchant Marine Achievement Award (1983), the United Seamen's Service Admiral of the Ocean Sea Award (1983), the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund's Distinguished Service Award (1998), the Grand Council of United Emerald Societies Presidents Award (2001), the NYPD Shomrim Society Otto Raphael Award (2005), and the Ancient Order of Hibernians Friend of the Irish Award (2011).

Fordham University conferred an honorary Doctor of Laws degree on Biaggi in 1984, for being "widely respected as a Representative of unparalleled responsiveness to his constituents even in the smallest personal matter", and New York Law School held the Inaugural Mario Biaggi Lecture in 1985.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mario Biaggi


text:
List of radio stations in Portugal

The following is an (incomplete) list of radio stations in Portugal.

National radio stations
Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
 * Antena 1 (Information, light music)
 * Antena 2 (Jazz, classical music, culture)
 * Antena 3 (Alternative music, promotion of portuguese bands)

Grupo Renascença
 * Rádio Renascença (Information, pop music, oldies)
 * RFM (Pop, music, Café Da Mannhã)
 * Mega Hits (Pop Music, rock)
 * Rádio Sim (Oldies music (1970s, 1980s and 1990s), Church services)

Bauer Media Audio Portugal
 * Rádio Comercial (Pop, music, rock)
 * Cidade (R&B, dance)
 * Best Rock FM (Punk rock, hard rock, alternative Rock, Pop rock, Metal)
 * M80 Radio (Oldies music (1970s, 1980s and 1990s))
 * Mix FM (Dance, Techno, Electro, House)
 * Batida FM (Indie, Alternative rock, Portuguese music)
 * Smooth FM (Jazz, blues, soul, bossa nova)

Global Media Group
 * TSF (Information, Contemporary Music)

Lusocanal|Grupo Lusocanal / Música no Coração
 * Rádio Capital (Information, Rock)
 * Rádio Radar (Alternative Music, Culturs, Information)
 * Oxigénio (Alternative Music, indie Rock)
 * Rádio Nova Era (R&B, dance, house)

Associação Rádio Maria Portugal
 * Radio Maria (Christian music, Catholic Church devotions and prayers)

Other radios
 * Radio Observador (Information)
 * Estação Orbital (Information, music)
 * MEO Sudoeste (R&B, dance, house)
 * Rádio Amália (Fado music)
 * Rádio Festival (Diverse music)
 * Rádio NoAr (Information, music)
 * Rádio Hiper FM (Information, music)
 * Nove3Cinco (Dance, house)
 * Rádio 105.4 FM (Rock)
 * Rádio Marginal (Alternative Music)
 * Rádio Nova (Information, music)
 * SBSR (Rock, indie rock)

For more detailed listings, please see FMLIST or FMSCAN

Most-heard radio stations
Monthly radio audience shares in June 2024:

Defunct radio stations

 * Rádio Cidade
 * Rádio 94FM

title: List of radio stations in Portugal


text:
Air Horizons

Air Horizons was an airline based in Paris, France. It operated charter flights for tour operators to the Mediterranean and Africa. Its main bases were Orly Airport, Paris, Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris and Le Bourget Airport, Paris.

History
The airline was founded as Euralair in October 1962 by Alexandre Couvelaire. In November 2003 Euralair had to file for bankruptcy protection. Euralair Horizons and Euralair International were saved from liquidation by a last-minute takeover offer from UK-based Angel Gate Aviation and in February 2004 Euralair was restarted as Air Horizons.

In November 2005, however, the airline filed for bankruptcy protection in a French court.

Air Horizons ceased operations in November 2005.

Services
Air Horizons launched weekly scheduled services from Montpellier to Casablanca and from Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris to Ouarzazate in October 2004.

Fleet
The former Air Horizons fleet was formed by Boeing 737-300, Boeing 737-400, Boeing 737-800 and Boeing 757-200. All these planes were returned to their lessor after the airline closed December 7, 2005

title: Air Horizons


text:
User talk:Ashenden

John Ashenden was born July 23 1986 in Jacksonville, Florida to Edward and Deborah Ashenden. He attended Alimacani Elementary School and Providence Middle school. In middle school he met Will Pafford who later played an important role in the development of his musical career. John attended Paxon School for The Advanced Studies in 2000. Graduating with a diploma in the International Baccealureate program he went on to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Fl. Majoring in Computer Science (Software) Engineering he still lives there today.

John began to play drums as soon as he was able to walk. He continued to express intrest until late elementary school when he quit playing. It was for another three years when he met Will Pafford that he started to play again. Joing up with fellow musician and bass player Marc Vanderlaan and Singer Brandon Thompson; he and Will formed Nevertheless. At the same time he and Marc Vanderlaan formed another Band called Rodeo Drive  with Chris Williams and Jay Fields. Eventually NeverTheLess became "...and this is my odyssey"  after dropping Brandon. Since then John has joined The Most, as well as Venetia  (headed by Parker Hastings).

Jimbo Wales at UF -- next week
Hi ! I noticed on your userpage that you go to the University of Florida. I wanted to let you know about an event going on at UF next week: Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, is coming to speak!

The speech is on Wednesday, April 12 at 7 pm at Emerson Alumni Hall (1938 W. University Ave.). The speech is free and open to the public.

Jimbo's keynote will be on the role of free culture in universities. The keynote will be followed by a discussion panel of UF students and faculty. It's sponsored by Florida Free Culture, ACCENT, and the Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation.

For more information, visit this page or email me. Hope to see you here!

(P.S. Because not everyone checks their userpage regularly, I'll also email you this note if your account is set up to allow e-mails from other users.) --Tetraminoe 05:49, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ashenden


text: Template:Seminaries and theological colleges in Canada


text:
Pietro Nardini

Pietro Nardini (12 April 1722 – 7 May 1793) was an Italian composer and violinist, a transitional musician who worked in both the Baroque and Classical era traditions.

Life
Nardini was born in Livorno and at the age of 12 became a pupil of Giuseppe Tartini in Padua. In 1740 he moved to Lucca. He was invited to the court of Maria Theresa in Vienna more than once. In 1762 he moved to Stuttgart, where he joined the court of Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg and performed at his summer residence Ludwigsburg Palace. He was appointed conductor, succeeding Niccolò Jommelli. In 1765 he traveled to the courts of Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony. In 1770 he moved back to Italy to assist the suffering Tartini. The next year he became Kapellmeister, succeeding Carlo Antonio Campioni in Florence. The rest of his life he stayed at the court of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, but performed in Naples, Pisa and Rome.

As a friend of Leopold Mozart, he witnessed the arrival of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on his first visit to Italy and his attempts to find a sustainable position in 1770–1771. He also met the Bohemian composer Václav Pichl, Kapellmeister to Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este, governor of Lombardy. In 1778 he was invited by Catherine the Great.

Nardini is mentioned in English writer Hester Lynch Piozzi's Observations and Reflections Made in the Course of a Journey Through France, Italy, and Germany (1789) as playing a solo at a concert Mrs Piozzi and her husband, Gabriele Piozzi, gave in Florence in July 1785.

Though Nardini was not a prolific composer, his works are known for their sentimental but melodious tunes and usefulness in technical studies. Among the best known are the Sonata in D major and the Concerto in E minor.

He was a teacher to many students: Bartolomeo Campagnoli, Filippo Manfredi, Thomas Linley the younger, Giovanni Francesco Giuliani and perhaps Giuseppe Cambini and Gaetano Brunetti. Nardini died in Florence on 7 May 1793, aged 71.

Recordings

 * Overtures and Flute Concertos, Auser Musici, Carlo Ipata, director, Agorà Musica AG 157.1 (2002)

Nardini's Concerto per Violino in mi minore (Violin Concerto in E minor), was recorded by Pinchas Zukerman, violin, and members of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, on CBS Masterworks, in the 1970s, now available in "Vivaldi, Nardini & Viotti: Italian Violin Concertos", ETERNA 2009.

A Concerto for Violin in F major, Op. 1, No. 3 was performed on a Stradivarius violin by Andrea Cappelletti with the European Community Chamber Orchestra in 1992. The recording was released in 1998 on Koch Schwann Musica Mundi 3-8711-2 under the title, Tribute to Stradivarius: Virtuoso Violin Concertos.

A Violin Concerto in E minor performed by Mischa Elman and the Chamber Orchestra of the Vienna State Opera, Vladimir Golschmann conducting, was digitally remastered and appeared in 1993 on Vanguard Classics OVC 8033 as part of The Mischa Elman Collection.

Four violin concertos (in C major, G major, D major, and A major) were recorded in 2001, featuring Mauro Rossi as performer and conductor, on Dynamic CDS392.

His Six String Quartets are performed by Quartetto Eleusi on Brilliant Classics.

The ensemble Ardi Cor Mio performed four violin sonatas from manuscripts in various European museums and recorded them in 2007 on Tactus TC 721401.

Henryk Szeryng plays Nardini, Vieuxtemps, Ravel & Schumann. Violin Concerto in E minor. SWR Sinfonieorchester, Hans Rosbaud.

Ensemble Alraune recorded the duets for two violas on NovAntiqua Records.

The Austrian Eduard Melkus recorded the Violin Concerto in E-flat major with the Capella Academica, Vienna, conducted by August Wenzinger on Archiv Produktion 198370 in February 1966.

title: Pietro Nardini


text: User talk:82.33.185.15

title: User talk:82.33.185.15


text:
Lemmings 2: The Tribes

Lemmings 2: The Tribes is a 1993 puzzle strategy video game developed by DMA Design and published by Psygnosis, and is the sequel to the 1991 video game Lemmings. Similar to the original title, the game sees the player guiding various tribes of anthropomorphised lemmings through a number of levels, using various skills to help them reach the exit. Expanding on the mechanics of the original game, Lemmings 2 featured a more open-ended series of levels with different 'tribes', contained an overarching narrative, expanded the number of skills, simplified the requirements for clearing levels, and included a practice mode for players to test out new gameplay mechanics. Development of Lemmings 2 was more intensive, with Psygnosis having greater involvement in attempt to recreate the success of the original game. A focus on the production of the game was cross-development of a large number of ports, with the game released to consoles including the Mega Drive, Super NES and Game Boy. Lemmings 2 was a commercial success and received positive reviews from critics, with praise directed towards its additional gameplay mechanics and greater variety of levels and abilities.

Gameplay

Lemmings 2 is divided between a series of twelve worlds, each containing ten levels of obstacles, traps and other hazards, where the goal of each level is to guide a group of lemmings from their entry point to an exit(s) in the level within a set time limit, by creating a safe passage using a variety of skills. Unlike its predecessor, the player is only required to get at least one lemming to the exit of each level from the sixty they begin each world with, but the amount saved affects the medal ranking they receive - Gold being the best result, down to Silver and then Bronze for the lowest amount rescued. In addition, the number saved in one level becomes the starting amount in the next level; as some levels may require several lemmings to complete, the player might have to replay an earlier level to save more lemmings for the following ones if they realize they do not have enough.

As with Lemmings, each level varies what skills and how many can be used in order to get the lemmings to the exit. However, the game features not only the eight original skills from the first game, but 43 new skills to make use of. These skills differ in their purpose - some overcome obstacles and hazrds; some focus on creating bridges and crossings; and some bash through barriers. In addition, players have the option to pause the game, or "nuke" all the lemmings in a level when in a "no-win" situation, though Lemmings 2 also includes two new options: fast forward, which replaces the release rate button in the original game by allowing players to speed up the game; and the fan, which allows the player to control lemmings using flight-related skills (i.e. using a balloon).

The player is free to choose which world to begin on when starting a game from a world map, as well as check on the progress they have made, and can save between levels. In addition, the game features a practice mode, allowing the player to try out any eight of the skills in the game in one of four different practice levels. In order to complete the game fully, the player must secure all golden talisman parts, by ensuring they end levels with gold medals, effectively adding replay value to levels they completed.

Plot
Once upon a time, the twelve tribes of Lemming Island lived joyfully and peacefully. However, an ancient prophecy foretells a great darkness soon to cover the island. This prophecy tells that the only way the lemmings can live is by getting off their island using the power of the Lemming Talisman. This talisman consists of twelve pieces, with one owned by each tribe. With the help of the player, the lemmings must reach the center of the island in order to escape their doom.

Development
Lemmings 2 was developed by British developer DMA Design and published by Psygnosis, although programmer Brian Watson stated that the publisher played a more involved role in "helping with the game design and production" for the sequel. Development was marked by considerable pressure to recreate the crossover success of the original game, and greater time was dedicated by lead programmer David Jones to consider how the game would port to multiple platforms. Developer Mike Dailly stated that the sequel's focus on tribes was conceived as a way of creating a more open-ended structure to the game, with Dailly describing the feature as "a way to give (the player at least some choice) when stuck on a level" and "create more gameplay and make the game last longer." The inclusion of a fast forward feature was adopted from an aborted arcade port, with the feature originally intended to complement "the fast pace of arcade machines".

Lemmings 2 was initially released for MS-DOS, Amiga, and Atari ST on February 26, 1993, and was extensively ported to other systems, including Mega Drive, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Game Boy. To accommodate the capabilities of consoles, the game was modified across versions to support reduced levels, skills, and numbers of lemmings on-screen. Dailly stated that the porting process was "much more complex" in an attempt to "make console versions much better", citing the Super NES version of the game as "one of the most complex games I've had to write." Psygnosis allocated Dailly with additional time to complete the ports, allowing for the inclusion of tweaks and improvements, such as a parallax background and additional animations and sound effects. Although ports of the game were developed for the Master System and Game Gear by Spidersoft, they were not published.

Reception
Lemmings 2 was not quite as popular as Lemmings was, nor was it ported to as many platforms. In the United Kingdom, it was the top-selling Amiga game in February 1993, and the top-selling PC game in March 1993.

The game was well received by critics, who widely considered it to be better than the original game. Bruce and Margaret Howden of Compute! commented "This sequel is packed with cute, engaging new features, more Lemming abilities, and oodles of new scenarios. If the original Lemmings was a perfect arcade game, then this is perfection improved upon." Computer Gaming World stated that Psygnosis had done "a first rate job with this sequel ... Lemmings 2 really is twice the game its predecessor was", with "lovingly designed" puzzles and "delightful animations", and concluded that it would be one of the "better purchases of the year". Computer Gaming World praised the game's "lovingly designed" puzzles and highlighted the game's "delightful animations, clever puzzles, soundtrack with original music for each tribe (and) people-friendly interface."

Reviewing the Genesis version, GamePro commented that the controls themselves are easy to use but the small size of the lemmings makes it difficult to control them with any precision. However, they praised the variety and creativity of the level design and the different lemming maneuvers, as well as the game's "charming" personality and wide range of difficulty, and gave it an overall recommendation. They made similar comments of the Super NES version, and remarked that the game "adds nonlinear variety to the cartoony brainteasers mix." The five reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly were also pleased, with Mike Weigand commenting, "This title adds some nice twists (and graphics) to the standard guide-the-Lemmings-to-safety theme, making it a must for veterans of the games."

Next Generation reviewed the Genesis version of the game, and stated that "Lemmings fanatics are sure to love the new features and for those who've never experienced a Lemmings game, we strongly suggest checking this game out."

In a 2001 retrospective review, Rosemary Young wrote in Quandary that "Lemmings 2: Tribes will be hard to find now because of its age but, really, it's hardly aged at all. Although a little 'flat' the graphics are still perfectly good and the puzzles are just as fiendish. It compares very well with later Lemmings titles such as 3D Lemmings and Lemmings Revolution even if it doesn't offer the opportunity to save mid level."

Lemmings 2 was named Best Action/Arcade Game at the 1994 Codie awards. In 1995, Total! ranked the game 33rd on their Top 100 SNES Games writing: "This took the original format and piled on loads of new levels, a range of new lemmings and basically just gave us more of what we liked, only better.

title: Lemmings 2: The Tribes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carol Harris-Shapiro

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 15:48, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Carol Harris-Shapiro
Does the value which this article may potentially provide our readers outweigh the costs of hosting this document on Wikipedia servers? This individual turns up 206 unique matches on google (scroll to page 21). What must a Reconstructionist rabbi accomplish in order to be "notable enough" for inclusion on Wikipedia? GRider\talk 22:52, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain, but I did delete the pov header since there is no discussion on the Talk page. I also changed the language about linkage, since that's inappropriate for an encyclopedia article.  RickK 23:20, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - 162 Google hits. Megan1967 00:27, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Her book is regarded by most interested in Messianic Judaism as highly significant, although some deny this so vigorously that they prove the very point they wish to deny! Amazon has some reviews, and 18 new and used copies in stock so someone must expect them to sell. Andrewa 01:10, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Her book appears to be well-reviewed and well-viewed on Amazon.  My answer to your question is that I'm of the belief that being a Reconstructionist rabbi who writes a decently popular book might be enough. BenSamples 04:52, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable Jewish theologian. Capitalistroadster 11:19, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. While she is not a noted Jewish theologian as such, her book on messianic Judaism has been widely discussed (and rejected) in the Jewish community. I have rewritten the article to add some details and perspective, and have added a bibliography. RK 16:10, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This person is not notable as either Jewish or as a theologian. Simply a person pushing a view that they are not even a part of, and have little say over. If she were a messianic Rabbi, it would be another story. SF2K1 14:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Feb27 Keep the page- she is a noted author and up and coming new voice. Even if one does notlike what she says.
 * Unsigned by anonymous user 151.198.168.193.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Great Satan

1st reference is horrible as a reference for the facts it's supposed to back up
There might be some tag one can add to the reference on the page itself, but I leave that to the people who know how to wikipedia. I only read articles and check sources when interested. The facts the reference is for are about US support for the shah, and initial US support for Saddam Hussein, but the article linked as reference 1 is a highly biased rant about how bin Ladin is a bad man and how the middle east should be colonized, oldschool British style. It does mention the two facts it's being referenced for, but surely there must be a better reference for that than some whiny rant?

Why it's own page
Shouldn't this just point/redirect directly to wikipedia page on the United States?

 * no. ChillyMD (talk) 21:52, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Regarding UK being called the Great Satan
In the eyes of some people, the UK, as well other US allies, share the blame for the situation in Iraq. I understand that the US and the UK have MANY similiraties, but the UK is called the Great Satan no more than the rest of the US allies.

 * actually the UK has (and is currently) been singled out, too, as the great satan. ChillyMD (talk) 21:52, 20 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Case in point, Iran's supreme leader recently publicly claimed the UK was the most evil of all of Iran's enemies.ChillyMD (talk) 19:01, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Next paragraph
That latest addition Shaitan meaning "adversary" is a bit silly. Shaitan means Satan - it is the same root and has largely the same theological meaning.

Indeed in Jewish/Christian/Islamic theology the Shaitan/Satan is the big adversary/accuser of men in the final court, but Shaytan is most certainly not a generic term for someone whom yo do not like/who opposes you in your business/politics etc. Refdoc 22:53, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Since I was the person who originally added that the terms used were Iblis and Shaitan, I'll explain why did it. If someone wrote a paper about the ancient Greeks and the wrath of Jupiter, it would be incorrect, even if Zeus and Jupiter are basically the same thing.  That's how I see the term The Great Satan being used, although it is correct to a degree, it's not exactly the same thing.  I think there should be a note included that states the exact terms that were used and not what was translated, especially since there are articles on both Iblis and Shaitan.  Just my two cents. Lokifer 07:18, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I agree, but th translation previosuly added no meaning, rather it detracted. Satan is also translated as "adversary", fine, but neither Shaytan nor Satan is used in common language to describe someone who simply behaves "adversarial" - unless of course you want to make reference to his/her "devilish"/satanic/shaytani characteristics. Refdoc 09:52, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I took the liberty to remove the part, since no justification for translation as "adversary" had been not shown for several months while the main article for Shaitan notes the word as analogous for Christian Satan. "Adversary" being an etymological root doesn't not mean it is correct translation for modern day usage, and this not the right article to discuss etymology of "Shaitan". The Merciful 16:28, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Little Satan
I've heard that the Iranian regime dubbed Israel the "Little Satan". Anyone got any sources for this (or for the regime calling the USA the "Great Satan")? Andjam 05:08, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Colin Powell as Baron Munchausen
>United States rebuilt Europe and Japan after World War II

Only the western half of Europe was rebuilt with US help, the much worse war-demolished eastern and central Europe was totally excluded from the Marshall plan, because USA wanted to hurt the soviet empire with the tremendous costs. Japan was rebuilt not because of any philantropy, but to support the logistics and industrial background of the Korean colonial warfare and the US agression in Vietnam!

>US defeated Communism and fascism

Communism was defeated by Gorbachev and the ordinary people in the soviet bloc.

Fascism was defeated by the Soviet Red Army at a loss of 27 million people. The only reason D-Day was done is that the anglo-saxon were very afraid the soviets will arrive at Calais by 1946 all alone. After the spring 1944 "Bagration" offensive of the soviets started, the Third Reich was over.

It would be great if USA stopped spreading lies. Empires do not have feelings or philantropy. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 195.70.32.136 (talk • contribs)

I partly concur with your asessment of Colin Powells statements, but would appreciate your comment more if you kept it in a more civil tone. Anyway, I don't really see why he (Powell) should be quoted in this context at all, this should be about the term "great satan", not about defending against being labeled as it. Does anyone strongly object to my deleting it, say so. baetterdoe 22:07, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Here's a good principle do not listen to sleazy male prostitutes (I refuse to use the euphemism Colin Powell as Colin Powell is a politically correct for sleazy male prostitute) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Phoneabove (talk • contribs).

"Far from being the great Satan, I would say we are the great protector. The United States rebuilt Europe and Japan after World War II, defeated Communism and fascism and the only land we ever asked for was enough land to bury our dead."

This quote bugs me, all right, it's actually driving me INSANE

First of all, America is not quite the great protector it claims to be, it's history is no more or less brutal than that of other nations, seeing as how they slaughtered countless natives to claim their land and then had it worked with slaves. Then they put Saddam in power, then launched a brutal war to remove him. Things like that sort of contradict that "Great Protector" statement. I'm not saying they're wrong because they've had some violence in the past, I say they're wrong because they act as if they've never committed any atrocities before and like they are the purest good.

"the only land we ever asked for was enough land to bury our dead."

So America needed to oppress the natives of Hawaii in the 19th century to bury their dead there? Did they even need to bury there dead there, or did they just want it as a base for their navy in the Pacific? Either way, it contradicts the above statement, because they weren't asking for enough land to bury their dead, they were forcibly seizing control of an independent nation. They also didn't ask the independent Cherokee nation for enough land to bury there dead, they just sent them on a death march, then seized the land.

I propose that something about the United States disapproval of this term be posted in a form that is not overly biased towards "The Great Protectors", but instead more neutral and perhaps less offensive to my, I mean other's intellects; because this quote is propaganda, and fundamentally biased. As such it has no place in an encyclopedia. 75.109.34.50 (talk) 02:52, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

"See also" link remoal
I am not trying to censor anything, but if we put every tangentially related topic in that section, it will grow larger than the article itself. We should stick to related terms and the article about U.S.-Iran relations. People will find links to Operation Bagration and allied articles if they follow the link to the Iranian Revolution article in the text. The Zionist terrorism article covers pre-1948 terrorism, and would probably best be found in an article on Iran-Israel relations or Israel-Muslim relations. --Jpbrenna 19:19, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I would disagree with Jpbrenna regarding censorship. We have to suppose a good will. But why the person with supposed a good will used a proxy server in Hungary to place his/her views on Operation Bagration and so on? If (s)he really believes in what (s)he is saying, why was a proxy there? Anonymouses have to be censored mercilessly. Usually they do not have a good will.

 * Some people just use the culture of Freedom of Speech to build a society, where any Freedom is banned. Including Freedom of Speech. Be carefull with them.
 * I'm presuming good faith, I just thought it was getting cluttered and we needed to stay on topic. Like I said, some of the links belong as "See also" on the articles linked to from this "See also" because they aren't directly germane.  --Jpbrenna 12:23, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Encyclopedic language
I put a "POV-check" template on top of this with "The part from Sayyid Qutb to the Powell statement seems to be somewhat unencyclopedic in tone" as comment. It was reverted out (by the person who made the last edit in article). I am not sure how these are handled usually as I am new (please, do enlighten me), but I would think a second opinion is needed. Nobody agrees with me? RandomMonitor 19:07, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with you and will start rewriting the article. I could use help; anyone care to join me? Captainktainer * Talk 14:22, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Ugh. Now that I've reviewed the article more fully, this is in horrible shape. The best reference for most of the article is some blog? This article needs serious help. Captainktainer * Talk 14:34, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Reducing the idea behind the term down to "an ideologic and religious idea" is far from reality. If this was true then the whole western world in addition to china, Japan, Thailand, Russia etc would be called Satanic as you see sexual freadom and non-Islamic behaviours there as well. An originally Arabic word, Satan and Satanic in Persian language changed its meaning and is no more a strong religious word. People may even call a clever kid who does some thing funny or interferes in other people's afairs as Satanic. Contrary to Arabic language, the word in Persian is not very strong and does not necessarily carry an insulting meaning. My personal opinion is that Khomeini thought US interferes in the afairs of as many as coutries it can afford and the main meaning behind Satanic is "interference and corruption" and not evil and devil. Sina Kardar 16:57, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

iranian centered
i've heard this phrase so many times in the entire muslim and arab world more than i've heard it in iranian ones. is there a special reason this article is so iran centered ?  Jaakobou Chalk Talk  05:54, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Great Satan Speech
Where did the author get this November 5 1979 date for a speech in which Khomeini called the USA the "great Satan"? I surely cannot find this speech online in any language whatsoever. I have marked up the parts of the article with citation requests. paros (talk) 23:23, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree I cannot find this citation. I have found a November 22 1979 speech in which he used the term but I think November 5 would be a much more important date to have it given what was happening in Iran at the time. G1729 (talk) 16:24, 20 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Update: I believe I found the speech and have cited it. because it's a translation further verification may be needed.G1729 (talk) 00:18, 22 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Great Satan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131109191825/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/15/international/15POWE.html to http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/15/international/15POWE.html

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Marg bar Amrika
The present version of the article states "('Death to America' is an inexact translation of 'Marg Bar Amrika', but is supposed to mean 'Down with America')."

This assertion directly contradicts Death to America; the word "Marg" (مرگ) literally means "death". -- Heath 50.134.34.221 (talk) 17:21, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

re Carter administration support for Shah
article says "The United States supported the Shah starting from the 1950s, but that changed toward the end of the 1970s, particularly under the Carter administration" which is not in the citation given, as noted in the edit. Also it's unclear what "support" means in this context. The Shah fell out of power in the Carter admin, but I'd expect the US continued to support him in other ways.G1729 (talk) 00:35, 22 May 2016 (UTC)

Demonizing rhetoric
The term The Great Satan is an example of demonizing rhetoric. As such, I have added a link to the wikipedia article Demonizing the enemy as described at length throughout the article on Great Satan itself as well as in some of the references quoted in the article. My edit was identified as a test by a user called Chlod who undid the edit, saying ''Hello, I'm Chlod. An edit that you recently made to Great Satan seemed to be a test and has been removed. If you want to practice editing, please use the sandbox.'' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.252.39.178 (talk) 11:08, 4 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I have left a message on your talk page. Please refer there for further information. To summarize: the term "demonizing" is too heavy to be considered neutral, which is against Wikipedia's guidelines. I'd like to hear your response soon. Chlod (say hi) 11:20, 4 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, because "Great Satan" is a tiptoe through the tulips of diplomacy. Elizium23 (talk) 14:17, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Satan


text:
Minoritaire

Minoritaire was a 1982 album by Jean-Jacques Goldman, his second solo album sung in French. It was certified platinum in France in 1983, another in 1991 and another in 2001, for a total sales of 900,000 copies.

It was recorded at the Studio Gang by Olivier do Espirito Santo and Jean-Pierre Janiaud. It was released by NEF and produced by Marc Lumbroso.

Track listing

 * 1) "Au bout de mes rêves"
 * 2) "Comme toi"
 * 3) "Toutes mes chaines"
 * 4) "Jeanine Medicament Blues"
 * 5) "Veiller tard"
 * 6) "Quand la musique est bonne"
 * 7) "Je ne vous parlerai pas d'elle"
 * 8) "Être le premier"
 * 9) "Si tu m'emmènes"
 * 10) "Minoritaire"
 * 11) "Quand la bouteille est vide"

Personnel

 * Guy Delacroix - bass
 * Christophe Deschamps, Marc Chantereau - percussion
 * Albane Alcalay, Guy Alcalay, Jean-Jacques Goldman, Jean-Pierre Janiaud - vocals
 * Jean-Yves d'Angelo, Jean-Jacques Goldman - keyboards
 * Claude Engel, Jean-Jacques Goldman - acoustic guitar
 * Claude Engel, Jean-Jacques Goldman, Nono Krief (Jeanine Medicament Blues, Minoritaire), Patrice Tison - electric guitar
 * "Jumpin" Ramon Roche - piano (Minoritaire)
 * Patrick Bourgoin, Philippe Delacroix-Herpin - saxophone
 * Georges Rodi - synthesizer
 * Patrick Mondon - violin (Comme toi)

title: Minoritaire


text:
Great Lakes Transportation

Great Lakes Transportation (GLT) was a group of transportation-related companies primarily consisting of rail and water carriers catering to the needs of the steel making industry centered on the Great Lakes of North America. The holding company was acquired by Canadian National Railway in 2004.

History
Its companies included:

 * Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad
 * Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway
 * Great Lakes Fleet
 * Pittsburgh & Conneaut Dock Company

Formerly owned by the privately owned Transtar, Inc., GLT's rail and marine holdings were purchased in 2004 by the Canadian National Railway for $380 million USD.

Great Lakes Fleet operated eight Great Lakes bulk carriers ranging from 1,004 feet long to 767 feet long. Among its carriers was the SS Arthur M. Anderson, notable for being the last ship to have radio contact with her sister ship the SS Edmund Fitzgerald and would be the lead ship to attempt to rescue her crew.

title: Great Lakes Transportation


text:
Francesco II Acciaioli

Francesco II Acciaioli (died 1460), called Franco, was the last Duke of Athens. He was the son of Duke Antonio II Acciaioli and Maria Zorzi but had only ruled for two years (1455–1456) when the Turkish army under Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey arrived in Athens. The duke and his citizens hid themselves in the Acropolis and held out against the Turks until June 1458, when they were forced to surrender. Mehmed II entered Athens in August 1458, and allowed Franco to retain lordship of Thebes as his vassal.

In 1460, Mehmed was informed by his Janissaries of a plot to place Franco once more in Athens. Franco was summoned to the Morea by Zaganos Pasha, one of the sultan's governors. After a long night of entertainment, Zaganos Pasha told Franco that his last hour had struck. Franco's last request was to be killed in his own tent, which was honored.

title: Francesco II Acciaioli


text:
Loyd Wheaton

Loyd Wheaton (July 15, 1838 – September 17, 1918) was a United States general who fought in the Philippine–American War and in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Early life
Wheaton was born in Pennfield, Michigan, on July 15, 1838.

American Civil War
At the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861, Wheaton joined the 8th Illinois Infantry as a first sergeant. He was commissioned as a first lieutenant in July 1861, and was promoted to captain in March 1862, major in August 1863, and reached the rank of lieutenant colonel in November 1864.

Wheaton received a brevet (honorary promotion) to colonel on March 26, 1865, for his service in the campaign against Mobile, Alabama.

Wheaton received the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Fort Blakeley on April 9, 1865; however, the medal was not presented until January 16, 1894. After mustering out of the volunteers in 1866, he became a captain in the regular army.

He was discharged from the volunteer Army on May 4, 1866.

After the war, he became a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States—a military society of officers of the Union armed forces and their descendants.

Regular Army career
Shortly after his discharge from the volunteer Army, Wheaton was commissioned as a captain in the 34th Infantry Regiment of the Regular Army on July 28, 1866. He transferred to the 20th Infantry on September 1, 1869. In 1870, he commanded soldiers which captured a number of Fenian raiders, who were heading to Manitoba. He was promoted to major of the 20th Infantry on October 14, 1891.

He was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 22nd Infantry on May 31, 1895, and transferred back to his old regiment, the 20th, on September 11 of the same year.

Spanish–American War
Wheaton was appointed brigadier general of volunteers at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War on May 27, 1898, and was placed in command of the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Seventh Army Corps stationed in Miami. Seventh Corps served in Cuba but only after the fighting was over; his brigade was part of the occupation force.

He fulfilled a long-held ambition when, on February 6, 1899, he became colonel of the 20th Infantry—the regiment with which he had spent the bulk of his long career.

Philippine–American War
Wheaton was then sent to the Philippines, where he was placed in command of a Provisional Brigade in the Eighth Army Corps during the Philippine–American War. He led his brigade during the Pasig River expedition, Malolos campaign, and at the Battle of Zapote River. He then assumed command of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Eighth Corps during the Northern offensive where his troops defeated a Filipino force at the Battle of San Jacinto and linked with the corps' 1st Division under Arthur MacArthur at Dagupan. He commanded the 1st Brigade of 1st Division, Eighth Corps during the second Cavite expedition.

He was breveted to major general of volunteers on June 19, 1899, for gallantry in action against insurgent forces in Imus, Philippines. Wheaton commanded the Department of Northern Luzon during the second phase of the war. He was Brigadier General Frederick Funston's immediate superior and authorized Funston's expedition to capture Emilio Aguinaldo. He was promoted to major general of volunteers on June 18, 1900.

During the war, Wheaton and troops under his command perpetrated a massacre of Filipino civilians in the town of Titatia. A. A. Barnes, a soldier in the G Battery of the 3rd Artillery Regiment, wrote a letter to his brother describing the massacre:

"The town of Titatia was surrendered to us a few days ago, and two companies occupy the same. Last night one of our boys was found shot and his stomach cut open. Immediately orders were received from General Wheaton to burn the town and kill every native in sight; which was done to a finish. About 1,000 men, women and children were reported killed. I am probably growing hard-hearted, for I am in my glory when I can sight my gun on some dark skin and pull the trigger."

Late career
He was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Regular Army to rank from February 2, 1901, and was discharged from the Volunteer Army on February 28, 1901. He was promoted to major general in the Regular Army on March 30, 1901.

Having reached the mandatory retirement age of 64, General Wheaton retired from the Army, after 41 years of service, on July 15, 1902. He was a companion of Kansas Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

He died in Chicago on September 17, 1918.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Lieutenant Colonel, 8th Illinois Infantry. Place and date: At Fort Blakeley, Ala., April 9, 1865. Entered service at: Illinois. Born: July 15, 1838, Calhoun County, Mich. Date of issue: January 16, 1894.

Citation:

"Led the right wing of his regiment, and, springing through an embrasure, was the first to enter the enemy's works, against a strong fire of artillery and infantry."

title: Loyd Wheaton


text: User talk:68.84.53.189

title: User talk:68.84.53.189


text:
Agricultural emissions research levy

The agricultural emissions research levy was a controversial tax proposal in New Zealand. It was first proposed in 2003 and would collect an estimated $8.4 million annually from livestock farmers (out of an estimated annual $50–125 million in costs to the public which is caused by farm animals' emissions of greenhouse gases such as methane), and which would have been used to fund research on the livestock industry's emissions of greenhouse gases, to further the nation's compliance with the Kyoto Protocol.

History
In May 2003 a report prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (O'Hara report ) identified that although some funding for agricultural emissions was being provided by FRST and MAF, "The level of investment in abatement research by other public and private sources has been low". The report assessed that a minimum of $4.5 million (optimally $8.4 million) of additional funding would be needed to fund the recommended research program.

In 2003, the tax was opposed by MP's of the ACT Party and the National Party. but eventually they proposed an alternative solution, as described below. Shane Ardern, a National Party MP, drove a tractor up the steps of Parliament as part of a protest against the tax.

In 2004, a consortium of the livestock industry agreed to pay for a portion of this research (just not via taxation), and the government reserved the right to reconsider the tax if they or the industry withdrew from the agreement.

In New Zealand, farm animals account for approximately 50% of the greenhouse gas emissions, according to two official estimates, and the Kyoto treaty may compel New Zealand to pay penalties if gas levels are not brought down. Research shows that the world's livestock produce are a significant contributor to global emissions (NZ exports a significant degree of its dairy and meat, as noted in Economy of New Zealand.)

In 2004, whilst the Labour Party's coalition still led parliament, New Zealand's livestock farmers agreed to contribute to related scientific research, and to fund an unspecified portion of the costs of the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium.

In September 2009, the National-led government announced that a push would be made for the formation of a Global Alliance to investigate methods of reducing greenhouse gas emissions due to agriculture. Simon Upton, a former National Party MP and Minister for the Environment, was appointed as a special envoy to liaise with other countries on the issue.

Controversy
The tax was described by livestock farmers and other critics as a "flatulence tax" or "fart tax" (though these nicknames are misleading, since most ruminant methane production is a product of the burping of methane produced by bacteria in the first stomach (the rumen) rather than of flatulence ), and the president of the Federated Farmers contended that the government was trying to make the livestock industry pay for the "largesse" of others.

In contrast, those who endorse such taxes contend that the result is that if one consumes a larger amount of the products which increase healthcare costs (in a system where citizens share each other's medical costs) – or those whose habits damage the environment, or if one's animals require antibiotics constantly to ameliorate disease-prone conditions, antibiotics which breed super-bugs that may also attack humans – then one would merely be paying for their own largesse, and the costs to society that their habits cause (and the opposition argues that one should pay more, commensurately, as one does or consumes more of what harms others in his society) (see also Pigovian tax).

title: Agricultural emissions research levy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Normal Bob Smith

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 15:52, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Normal Bob Smith
Vanity(?) Dunc|☺ 22:58, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 100 percent vanity and self-promotion. I guess he forgot to mention how he became the center of controversy. Zzyzx11 00:08, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Did the article that linked to say the "controversy" was a single complaint? A few thousand more and "Dress-Up Jesus" might be notable, but even that doesn't necessarily make the creator of it notable. -R. fiend 00:26, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The article did not specify how many complained. It only said "some". But it just seems like a local Philadelphia area news story. I never heard of him before here on the West Coast. Zzyzx11 01:28, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Notoriety = notability. Megan1967 07:19, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:GregRobson/Categories/Invite

This is a draft of the invite I'd like to place on people's pages

Categories WikiProject
Thank you for your contributions towards improving the categories of Wikipedia - they have not gone unnoticed!

Because of your interest in helping out with the categories I thought you might like to know about the WikiProject I have set up for to help organise the categories of Wikipedia:

 * WikiProject Categories.

The members, of course, will form and solidify the purpose, rules, officers, etc. but my idea (to kick things off) is to establish a group of us who will take responsiblity to organise the core categories of Wikipedia and see that the whole namespace is managed so that it can grow and need less on-going maintenance.

If you are willing to join the project, please go to WikiProject:Categories and indicate your acceptance of this invitation by placing your four tilde ( ~ ) characters in the list of Particpants.

Then please feel free to comment on what I've proposed so far on the talk page: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Categories.

Thank you for your time. Even you don't want to take part - keep up the good work!

title: User:GregRobson/Categories/Invite


text:
Talk:Missouri Hall

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Missouri Hall. The consensus was to merge it to Truman State University. dbenbenn | talk 22:58, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Missouri Hall


text:
University of Stavanger

The University of Stavanger (Norwegian: Universitetet i Stavanger, UiS) is a public research university located in Stavanger, Norway. It was established in 2005 when the Stavanger University College received university status.

The university is organised in six faculties. In 2022 it had 12,506 students and 2,200 employees including academics, administrative and service staff. In 2024 it had a budget of just under two billion NOK, which corresponds to roughly $190 million.

History
The university has its roots in Rogaland Regional College, established in 1969. In 1986, Rogaland Regional College merged with the Rogaland Polytechnic to form Rogaland College Center.

In 1994, the Stavanger University College (Norwegian: Høgskolen i Stavanger; HiS) was formed, when Rogaland College Center merged with Stavanger Nursing College, Stavanger Social Work College, the Norwegian Hospitality College, Stavanger Teachers' College, Rogaland Music Conservatory and the Congregational College.

In January 2005, the college was granted university status by the government. Officially rebranding as the University of Stavanger. It was the first university to form as the result of a merger

In 2009, the Museum of Archaeology in Stavanger was transferred from Stavanger Museum to UiS.

The University of Stavanger was in 2018 the third highest ranked in Norway in terms of number of research publications per member of scientific staff and fifth overall. The university became a member of the European Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU) in October 2012.

Organisation and administration
The university board consists of the leader, 3 representatives chosen by the scientific staff, 3 from representatives from outside the university, 2 chosen by the student parliament, 1 representative chosen by temporary staff, and 1 representative chosen by technical and administrative staff. The rector is secretary of the board.

It is organised in six faculties: Arts and Education, Social Sciences, Science and Technology, Performing Arts, Health Sciences and the UiS Business School. There are also two national centres of expertise and the Museum of Archaeology. The university has two campuses: one at Ullandhaug and another at Bjergsted; both in Stavanger. The latter campus hosts the Faculty of Performing Arts.

Faculty of Arts and Education

 * Department of Education and Sports Science
 * Department of Early Childhood Education
 * Filiorum Center: High Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care
 * Department of Cultural Studies and Languages

Faculty of Social Sciences

 * Department of Media and Social Sciences
 * Department of Social Studies
 * The Norwegian School of Hotel Management

Faculty of Science and Technology

 * Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
 * Stavanger AI lab
 * Department of Mathematics and Physics
 * Quark-Lab: Centre for fundamental physics research (SFF)
 * Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering and Materials Science
 * Department of Safety, Economics and Planning
 * Department of Chemistry, Biosciences and Environmental engineering
 * Department of Energy Resources
 * Department of Energy and Petroleum Engineering

Faculty of Health Sciences

 * Department of Public Health
 * Department of Quality and Health Technology
 * Department of Caring and Ethics

Faculty of Performing Arts

 * Department of Classical Music
 * Department of Jazz, Dance, PPU (Educational Theory and Practice), and Music Production

UiS Business School
The University of Stavanger Business School (Norwegian: Handelshøyskolen ved UiS) is a business school and a faculty under UiS. The school offers a wide variety of educational programmes, and is one of the largest institutions in Norway educating students at the master's level in business administration.

Faculty

 * Ellen Nisbeth, violist
 * Kjersti Engan, scientist
 * Jan Egeland, diplomat, political scientist and humanitarian leader
 * Wencke Mühleisen, gender and media researcher
 * Hande Eslen-Ziya, sociologist

Alumni

 * Hadia Tajik, politician
 * Geir Bergkastet, director
 * Helge Eide, oil & gas executive
 * Ingrid Fiskaa, politician
 * Leif Johan Sevland, politician
 * Bodil Arnesen, opera singer

title: University of Stavanger


text:
National Board of Health and Welfare (Sweden)

The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) is a Swedish government agency. The agency was the result of a merger between the National Swedish Board of Health and the Swedish Royal Board of Social Affairs in 1968. , it is headed by director-general Olivia Wigzell.

The Board is the central national authority for social services and health services. The Board establishes norms by issuing provisions and general advice. It evaluates legislation and activities conducted by municipalities, county councils and local authorities. It also issues certificates of registration to 22 professional groups. Another responsibility are the official national statistics in the social services, medical care, and health and disease.

Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Register
The Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Register (SCAAR) is a national registry sponsored by the National Board of Health and Welfare that contains relevant medical data on consecutive patients from 29 hospitals in Sweden at which coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are performed.

The registry was established in 1989. It is independent of funding from industry. The data technology was developed by, and is administered by the Uppsala Clinical Research Center. Since 2001, SCAAR has been Internet-based, with recording of data online through a Web interface. Data are transferred in an encrypted format to a central server at the Uppsala Clinical Research Center. All consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI in Sweden are registered in this database which provides a unique opportunity for prospective observational studies within the field of interventional cardiology.


text: Category:Austrian biologists

title: Category:Austrian biologists