text:
MCPA

MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) is a widely used phenoxy herbicide introduced in 1945. It selectively controls broad-leaf weeds in pasture and cereal crops. The mode of action of MCPA is as an auxin, which are growth hormones that naturally exist in plants.

History
In 1936 investigations began at ICIs Jealott's Hill research center into the effects of auxins on plant growth looking specifically for a way to kill weeds without harming crops such as wheat and oats. William Templeman found that when indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the naturally occurring auxin, was used at high concentrations, it could stop plant growth. In 1940, he published his finding that IAA killed broadleaf plants within a cereal field. Templeman and the ICI group were searching for compounds with similar or greater selective activity than IAA or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid in inhibiting the growth of weeds while not adversely affecting the growth of cereal crops. They synthesized MCPA from the corresponding phenol by exposing it to chloroacetic acid and dilute base in a straightforward substitution reaction:
 * 2-methyl-4-chlorophenol + ClCH2CO2H + base → MCPA + base·HCl (hydrochloric acid)

By the end of 1941 it was clear to the Templeman group that MCPA was one of the most active compounds tested but other auxin herbicides including 2,4-D were also effective. This work took place during World War II and was a case of multiple discovery. Four groups worked independently in the United Kingdom and the United States: the ICI team; Philip S. Nutman and associates at Rothamsted Research in the UK; Franklin D. Jones and associates at the American Chemical Paint Company; and Ezra Kraus, John W. Mitchell, and associates at the University of Chicago and the United States Department of Agriculture. All four groups were subject to wartime secrecy laws and did not follow the usual procedures of publication and patent disclosure, although ICI did file an application relating to both MCPA and 2,4-D on 7 April 1941 in the UK. In December 1942, following a meeting at the Ministry of Agriculture the Rothamsted and ICI workers pooled resources and Nutman moved to Jealott's Hill to join the ICI effort. The first publications about this group of herbicides were by other workers who were not the original inventors: the precise sequence of discovery events has been discussed. MCPA was first reported in the open scientific literature by Slade, Templeman and Sexton in 1945. ICI's decision to commercialize MCPA (rather than 2,4-D, for example) was influenced by the fact that ICI had access to 2-methyl-4-chlorophenol and following extensive field trials the material was first made available to UK farmers in 1946, as a 1% dust.

Mode of action
MCPA acts by mimicking the action of the plant growth hormone auxin, which results in uncontrolled growth and eventually death in susceptible plants, mainly dicotyledons. It is absorbed through the leaves and is translocated to the meristems of the plant. Uncontrolled, unsustainable growth ensues, causing stem curl-over, leaf withering, and eventual plant death.

Commercial use
MCPA is used as an herbicide, generally as its salt or esterified forms. Used thus, it controls broadleaf weeds, including thistle and dock, in cereal crops and pasture. It is selective for plants with broad leaves, and this includes most deciduous trees. Clovers are tolerant at moderate application levels. It is currently classified as a restricted use pesticide in the United States: its use is mapped by the US Geological Survey, whose data show consistent use from 1992, with a small recent decline in the ten years to 2017, the latest date for which figures are available. The compound is now used almost exclusively in wheat.

Its toxicity and biodegradation are topics of current research. One formulation is described by its manufacturer as "designed for specific markets that require the safest possible phenoxy product, primarily for use in the Pacific Northwest". Though not extremely toxic, it has been determined that MCPA can form complexes with metal ions and thereby increase their bioavailability, and there is also work being done to utilize this ability.

Chemical use
Because it is inexpensive, MCPA is used in various chemical applications. Its carboxylic acid group allows the formation of conjugated complexes with metals (see above). The acid functionality makes MCPA a versatile synthetic intermediate for more complex derivatives.

Brand names
The following commercial products contain MCPA:
 * Agritox, Agroxone, Chiptox, Chwastox, Cornox, Methoxone, Rhonox, Spurge Power, Tigrex, Verdone Extra (UK), Weed-Rhap, Weed'n'Feed, Weed-B-Gone, Zero Bindii & Clover Weeder (Aus), Jolt (Aus), BIN-DIE (Aus), Maatilan MCPA, K-MCPA, Hedonal, Basagran (Finland), and others.

Degradation in soil
Since MCPA is extensively used in the USA, the extensively dispersed MCPA and its biological and photochemical metabolites might be deemable as environmentally hazardous. However, current studies show that there is no resistance of MCPA to degrade in soil.

Behaviors in soil
MCPA herbicide is usually sprayed to the soil surface and plant leaves in its water solution, sometimes with additional surfactant. MCPA in soil can be absorbed by plant roots, and translocated in phloem to leaves and stems. The MCPA residue left in soil typically has a half-life of 24 days. However, the degradation rate depends on environmental conditions, such as temperature and soil moisture. MCPA is rather mobile in soil, and not strongly adsorbed to soil particles, with Kf = 0.94 and 1/n = 0.68 of Freundlich adsorption.

Environmental risks
Wide usage of MCPA as an herbicide raises concern of environmental risks, so considerable research has been done in recent decades to evaluate the environmental risk of MCPA. MCPA can be moderately toxic to mammal and aquatic organisms, and relatively less toxic to birds. MCP (4-chloro-2-methylphenol) is the intermediate in the synthesis of phenoxy herbicides, and is also the metabolite of MCPA degradation. It has been estimated that a total of 15000 tons of MCP were produced in 1989 in the EU. MCP is considered very toxic to aquatic organisms. However, the concentration of MCPA and MCP detected in water and soil are lower than the predicted no-effect levels of all environmental compartments, and considered to present low potential risk.

The carboxyl group of MCPA can form conjugated complex with metals as a ligand. In the general pH range of aqueous environments, the MCPA-metal complex has higher solubility than metal ions. MCPA may be environmentally hazardous by affecting the mobility and bio-availability of heavy metals such as cadmium and lead. The acid functionality makes MCPA a versatile synthetic intermediate for more complex derivatives

-COOH + M+ → -COOM + H+

Bio-degradation
The MCPA can be degraded biologically in soils by plants and microorganisms. The major metabolite of MCPA degradation is MCP (4-chloro-2-methylphenol). The pathway could be the cleavage of the ether linkage, yielding MCP and acetate acid. Another pathway could be the hydroxylation of the methyl group, yielding cloxyfonac (4-Chloro-2-hydroxymethylphenoxyacetic acid). Recent studies have demonstrated that biological degradation of MCPA is enzymatically catalyzed by an α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase encoded by the tfdA gene of soil microorganisms. Soil indigenous bacteria that carry the tfdA gene could use MCPA as the sole source of carbon.

Photo-degradation
MCPA also could be photochemically degraded. Two scheme pathways can be proposed for the formation of the main intermediate, MCP. One scheme is MCPA oxidation by hydroxyl radical, •OH. The hydroxyl radical adds on the ring, followed by radical transfer to the ether carbon. With oxygen present, the addition of the hydroxyl radical leads the cleavage of the ether link, yielding MCP. The other scheme is MCPA oxidation by positive electron holes h+. The positive holes h+ polarize carboxyl group, CH 2 -COOH bond is split to produce 4-chloro-2-methylphenylformate. With the presence of oxygen, the positive holes h+ oxidation finally yields MCP as well.

title: MCPA


text:
Senlis (disambiguation)

Senlis is a commune in the Oise département of France.

Senlis may also refer to:

Places

 * Senlis, Pas-de-Calais, France
 * Senlis-le-Sec, France

People

 * Simon I de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton (died c. 1111), Norman nobleman
 * Simon II de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton (c. 1098–1153), Norman nobleman
 * Michelle Senlis (1933–2020), French lyricist

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Senlis (disambiguation)


text:
Screen theory

Screen theory is a Marxist–psychoanalytic film theory associated with the British journal Screen in the early 1970s. It considers filmic images as signifiers that do not only encode meanings but also mirrors in which viewers accede to subjectivity. The theory attempts to discover a way of theorizing a politics of freedom through cinema that focuses on diversity instead of unity. Here, the Marxist emphasis on universal consciousness as a basis for defining emancipation shifted to the articulation of diversities and multiplicities of individual and collective experience due to the psychoanalytic elaboration of the unconscious.

Overview
The theoreticians of the "Screen theory" approach—Colin MacCabe, Stephen Heath and Laura Mulvey—describe the "cinematic apparatus" as a version of Althusser's ideological state apparatus. According to Screen theory, it is the spectacle that creates the spectator and not the other way round. The fact that the subject is created and subjected at the same time by the narrative on screen is masked by the apparent realism of the communicated content. This is also explained by Screen's conceptualization of the post-structuralist theory, which regards a text as an act of intervention in the present so that the film is considered a work of production of meanings rather than reflection. Instead of taking representation as a means of reproducing what is real, representation serves as a point of departure.

Screen theory's origins can be traced to the essays "Mirror Stage" by Jacques Lacan and Jacques-Alain Miller's Suture: Elements of the Logic of the Signifier. This theory describes an infant who has a fragmented experience of its body but once he looks in a mirror, he sees a whole being instead of fragmentary one. Lacan called this a deception, one that is essential to the function of imaginary order that creates illusory wholeness.

title: Screen theory


text:
List of airports in Russia

This is a list of airports in Russia (Russian Federation), sorted by location. , Russia had 227 operational airports registered by the Federal Air Transport Agency.

List
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%" ! Location ! ICAO ! IATA ! Airport name
 * - valign=top

 * - class="sortbottom" style="vertical-align:top; background:#62d2c5;"
 * colspan=4 |

Northwestern Federal District

 * - valign=top
 * Amderma
 * ULDD
 * AMV
 * Amderma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Apatity
 * ULMK
 * KVK
 * Kirovsk-Apatity Airport (Khibiny)
 * - valign=top
 * Arkhangelsk
 * ULAA
 * ARH
 * Talagi Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Arkhangelsk
 * ULAH
 * Vaskovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Cherepovets
 * ULWC
 * CEE
 * Cherepovets Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kaliningrad
 * UMKK
 * KGD
 * Khrabrovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Murmansk
 * ULMM
 * MMK
 * Murmansk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Naryan-Mar
 * ULAM
 * NNM
 * Naryan-Mar Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Petrozavodsk
 * ULPB
 * PES
 * Besovets Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Pskov
 * ULOO
 * PKV
 * Pskov Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Saint Petersburg
 * ULLI
 * LED
 * Pulkovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Syktyvkar
 * UUYY
 * SCW
 * Syktyvkar Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ukhta
 * UUYH
 * UCT
 * Ukhta Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Usinsk
 * UUYS
 * USK
 * Usinsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Varandey
 * ULDW
 * VRI
 * Varandey Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Velikiy Ustyug
 * ULWU
 * VUS
 * Velikiy Ustyug Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vologda
 * ULWW
 * VGD
 * Vologda Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vorkuta
 * UUYW
 * VKT
 * Vorkuta Airport
 * Vorkuta Airport

 * - class="sortbottom" style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffff80;"
 * colspan=4 |

Central Federal District

 * - valign=top
 * Belgorod
 * UUOB
 * EGO
 * Belgorod International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Bryansk
 * UUBP
 * BZK
 * Bryansk International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ivanovo
 * UUBI
 * IWA
 * Ivanovo Yuzhny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kaluga
 * UUBC
 * KLF
 * Kaluga (Grabtsevo) Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kostroma
 * UUBA
 * KMW
 * Kostroma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kursk
 * UUOK
 * URS
 * Kursk Vostochny Airport (Khalino)
 * - valign=top
 * Lipetsk
 * UUOL
 * LPK
 * Lipetsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Moscow
 * UUDD
 * DME
 * Moscow Domodedovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Moscow
 * UUEE
 * SVO
 * Sheremetyevo International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Moscow
 * UUWW
 * VKO
 * Vnukovo International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Moscow
 * UUBW
 * ZIA
 * Zhukovsky International Airport (Ramenskoye)
 * - valign=top
 * Moscow
 * UUMO
 * OSF
 * Ostafyevo International Business Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sasovo
 * UUBG
 * Sasovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Smolensk
 * UUBS
 * LNX
 * Smolensk North Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Stary Oskol
 * UUOS
 * Stary Oskol Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tambov
 * UUOT
 * TBW
 * Tambov Donskoye Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vladimir
 * UUBL
 * VLI
 * Semyazino Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Voronezh
 * UUOO
 * VOZ
 * Voronezh International Airport (Chertovitskoye)
 * - valign=top
 * Voronezh
 * UUOD
 * Pridacha Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yaroslavl
 * UUDL
 * IAR
 * Tunoshna Airport
 * UUDL
 * IAR
 * Tunoshna Airport

 * - class="sortbottom" style="vertical-align:top; background:#37ce04;"
 * colspan=4 |

Volga Federal District

 * - valign=top
 * Bugulma
 * UWKB
 * UUA
 * Bugulma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Buguruslan
 * UWWB
 * Buguruslan Severny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Cheboksary
 * UWKS
 * CSY
 * Cheboksary International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Izhevsk
 * USII
 * IJK
 * Izhevsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kazan
 * UWKD
 * KZN
 * Kazan International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kirov
 * USKK
 * KVX
 * Pobedilovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nizhnekamsk/Naberezhnye Chelny
 * UWKE
 * NBC
 * Begishevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nizhny Novgorod
 * UWGG
 * GOJ
 * Strigino International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Novoulyanovsk
 * UWLS
 * Soldatskaya Tashla Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Orenburg
 * UWOO
 * REN
 * Orenburg Tsentralny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Orsk
 * UWOR
 * OSW
 * Orsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Penza
 * UWPP
 * PEZ
 * Penza Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Perm
 * USPP
 * PEE
 * Perm International Airport (Bolshoye Savino)
 * - valign=top
 * Samara
 * UWWW
 * KUF
 * Kurumoch International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Samara
 * UWWG
 * Bezymyanka Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Saransk
 * UWPS
 * SKX
 * Saransk Airport
 * Saratov
 * UWSG
 * GSV
 * Gagarinsky International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Saratov
 * UWSS
 * RTW
 * Saratov Tsentralny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ufa
 * UWUU
 * UFA
 * Ufa International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ulyanovsk
 * UWLL
 * ULV
 * Ulyanovsk Baratayevka Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ulyanovsk
 * UWLW
 * ULY
 * Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yoshkar Ola
 * UWKJ
 * JOK
 * Yoshkar-Ola Airport
 * Yoshkar Ola
 * UWKJ
 * JOK
 * Yoshkar-Ola Airport

 * - class="sortbottom" style="vertical-align:top; background:#fc8b8b;"
 * colspan=4 |

Southern Federal District
De jure belongs to Ukraine; captured by Russia as a result of annexation of Crimea in 2014; at the end of March 2014, Ukraine and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) banned flights to the Russian-occupied Crimea, the air service to Simferopol is operated only from Russia, resulting in the airport having lost its international status.
 * - valign=top
 * Anapa
 * URKA
 * AAQ
 * Vityazevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Astrakhan
 * URWA
 * ASF
 * Narimanovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Elista
 * URWI
 * ESL
 * Elista Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Gelendzhik
 * URKG
 * GDZ
 * Gelendzhik Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Krasnodar
 * URKK
 * KRR
 * Krasnodar International Airport (Pashkovsky)
 * - valign=top
 * Olginskaya
 * Olginskaya Airstrip
 * - valign=top
 * Rostov-on-Don
 * URRP
 * ROV
 * Platov International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Simferopol
 * URFF
 * SIP
 * Simferopol International Airport
 * SIP
 * Simferopol International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sochi
 * URSS
 * AER
 * Sochi International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Taganrog
 * URRT
 * TGK
 * Taganrog South Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Volgograd
 * URWW
 * VOG
 * Volgograd International Airport (Gumrak)
 * - valign=top
 * Yeysk
 * URKE
 * EIK
 * Yeysk Airport

 * - class="sortbottom" style="vertical-align:top; background:#aa6ca6;"
 * colspan=4 |

North Caucasian Federal District

 * - valign=top
 * Grozny
 * URMG
 * GRV
 * Grozny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Magas, Nazran
 * URMS
 * IGT
 * Magas Airport (Oskanov, Sleptsovskaya)
 * - valign=top
 * Makhachkala
 * URML
 * MCX
 * Uytash Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Mineralnye Vody
 * URMM
 * MRV
 * Mineralnye Vody Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nalchik
 * URMN
 * NAL
 * Nalchik Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Stavropol
 * URMT
 * STW
 * Shpakovskoye Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vladikavkaz
 * URMO
 * OGZ
 * Beslan Airport

 * - class="sortbottom" style="vertical-align:top; background:#c7cb8f;"
 * colspan=4 |

Ural Federal District

 * - valign=top
 * Beloyarsky
 * USHQ
 * EYK
 * Beloyarsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Beryozovo
 * USHB
 * EZV
 * Beryozovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Bovanenkovo gas field
 * USDB
 * Bovanenkovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Chelyabinsk
 * USCC
 * CEK
 * Balandino Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Igrim
 * USHI
 * IRM
 * Igrim Airport
 * - valign=top
 * - valign=top
 * Khanty-Mansiysk
 * USHH
 * HMA
 * Khanty-Mansiysk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kogalym
 * USRK
 * KGP
 * Kogalym Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kondinskoye
 * USHK
 * Kondinskoye Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kurgan
 * USUU
 * KRO
 * Kurgan Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Magnitogorsk
 * USCM
 * MQF
 * Magnitogorsk International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nadym
 * USMM
 * NYM
 * Nadym Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nizhnevartovsk
 * USNN
 * NJC
 * Nizhnevartovsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Novy Urengoy
 * USMU
 * NUX
 * Novy Urengoy Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Noyabrsk
 * USRO
 * NOJ
 * Noyabrsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nyagan
 * USHN
 * NYA
 * Nyagan Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sabetta
 * USDA
 * SBT
 * Sabetta International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Salekhard
 * USDD
 * SLY
 * Salekhard Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sovetsky
 * USHS
 * OVS
 * Sovetsky Airport (Tyumenskaya)
 * - valign=top
 * Surgut
 * USRR
 * SGC
 * Surgut International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tarko-Sale
 * USDS
 * TQL
 * Tarko-Sale Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tolka, Krasnoselkupsky District
 * USDO
 * Tolka Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tyumen
 * USTR
 * TJM
 * Roshchino International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tyumen
 * USTL
 * Plekhanovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Uray
 * USHU
 * URJ
 * Uray Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Urengoy
 * USDU
 * UEN
 * Urengoy Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yamburg
 * USMQ
 * Yamburg Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yekaterinburg
 * USSS
 * SVX
 * Koltsovo International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yekaterinburg
 * USSS
 * SVX
 * Koltsovo International Airport

 * - class="sortbottom" style="vertical-align:top; background:#01bee7;"
 * colspan=4 |

Siberian Federal District

 * - valign=top
 * Abakan
 * UNAA
 * ABA
 * Abakan Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Barnaul
 * UNBB
 * BAX
 * Barnaul Airport (Mikhailovka)
 * - valign=top
 * Bodaybo
 * UIKB
 * ODO
 * Bodaybo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Bratsk
 * UIBB
 * BTK
 * Bratsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Chara
 * UIAR
 * Chara Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Chita
 * UIAA
 * HTA
 * Kadala Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Erbogachen
 * UIKE
 * ERG
 * Erbogachen Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Gorno-Altaysk
 * UNBG
 * RGK
 * Gorno-Altaisk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Igarka
 * UOII
 * IAA
 * Igarka Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Irkutsk
 * UIII
 * IKT
 * Irkutsk International Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Irkutsk
 * UIIR
 * Irkutsk Northwest Airport (Irkutsk-2)
 * - valign=top
 * Kemerovo
 * UNEE
 * KEJ
 * Kemerovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Khatanga
 * UOHH
 * HTG
 * Khatanga Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kirensk
 * UIKK
 * KCK
 * Kirensk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kodinsk
 * UNKI
 * Kodinsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Krasnoyarsk
 * UNKL
 * KJA
 * Yemelyanovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Krasnoyarsk
 * UNKM
 * CER
 * Cheremshanka Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kuznetsovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Krasnoyarsk
 * Kuznetsovo Airfield
 * - valign=top
 * Kyzyl
 * UNKY
 * KYZ
 * Kyzyl Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Mama
 * UIKM
 * Mama Airport (Mamsky)
 * - valign=top
 * Nizhneangarsk
 * UIUN
 * Nizhneangarsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Norilsk
 * UOOO
 * NSK
 * Alykel Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Novokuznetsk
 * UNWW
 * NOZ
 * Spichenkovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Novosibirsk
 * UNNT
 * OVB
 * Tolmachevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Novosibirsk
 * UNNE
 * Yeltsovka Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Omsk
 * UNOO
 * OMS
 * Omsk Tsentralny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Podkamennaya Tunguska, Bor
 * UNIP
 * TGP
 * Podkamennaya Tunguska Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sharypovo
 * UNKO
 * Sharypovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Shushenskoye
 * UNAU
 * Shushenskoye Airport (Kazancevo)
 * - valign=top
 * Strezhevoy
 * UNSS
 * SWT
 * Strezhevoy Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Taksimo
 * UIKG
 * Taksimo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tomsk
 * UNTT
 * TOF
 * Bogashevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Turukhansk
 * UOTT
 * THX
 * Turukhansk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ulan-Ude
 * UIUU
 * UUD
 * Baikal International Airport (Mukhino)
 * - valign=top
 * Ust-Kut
 * UITT
 * UKX
 * Ust-Kut Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yeniseysk
 * UNII
 * EIE
 * Yeniseysk Airport
 * Baikal International Airport (Mukhino)
 * - valign=top
 * Ust-Kut
 * UITT
 * UKX
 * Ust-Kut Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yeniseysk
 * UNII
 * EIE
 * Yeniseysk Airport

 * - class="sortbottom" style="vertical-align:top; background:#fece2c;"
 * colspan=4 |

Far Eastern Federal District

 * - valign=top
 * Aldan
 * UEEA
 * ADH
 * Aldan Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Anadyr
 * UHMA
 * DYR
 * Ugolny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ayan
 * UHNA
 * Munuk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Aykhal
 * UERA
 * Aykhal Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Batagay
 * UEBB
 * BQJ
 * Batagay Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Belaya Gora
 * UESG
 * BGN
 * Belaya Gora Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Beringovsky
 * UHMR
 * Beringovsky Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Blagoveshchensk
 * UHBB
 * BQS
 * Ignatyevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Bogorodskoye
 * UHNB
 * BQG
 * Bogorodskoye Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Chersky
 * UESS
 * CYX
 * Chersky Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Chokurdakh
 * UESO
 * CKH
 * Chokurdakh Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Chulman, Neryungri
 * UELL
 * NER
 * Chulman Neryungri Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Chumikan
 * UHHY
 * Chumikan Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Deputatsky
 * UEWD
 * DPT
 * Deputatsky Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ekimchan
 * UHBP
 * Ekimchan Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Iturup
 * UHSI
 * ITU
 * Iturup Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Keperveyem, Bilibino
 * UHMK
 * KPW
 * Keperveyem Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Khabarovsk
 * UHHH
 * KHV
 * Novy Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Khandyga
 * UEMH
 * KDY
 * Teply Klyuch Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kherpuchi
 * UHNH
 * Kherpuchi Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Khonuu
 * UEMA
 * MQJ
 * Moma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Komsomolsk-on-Amur
 * UHKK
 * KXK
 * Komsomolsk-on-Amur Airport (Khurba)
 * - valign=top
 * Kresta Bay
 * UHME
 * Kresta Bay Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kupol Gold Mine
 * UHED
 * Kupol Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Lavrentiya
 * UHML
 * Lavrentiya Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Lensk
 * UERL
 * ULK
 * Lensk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Magadan
 * UHMM
 * GDX
 * Sokol Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Magan
 * UEMM
 * GYG
 * Magan Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Markovo
 * UHMO
 * KVM
 * Markovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Milkovo
 * UHPM
 * Milkovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Mirny
 * UERR
 * MJZ
 * Mirny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
 * UHNN
 * NLI
 * Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nikolskoye
 * UHPX
 * Nikolskoye Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nogliki
 * UHSN
 * NGK
 * Nogliki Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nyurba
 * UENN
 * NYR
 * Nyurba Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Okha
 * UHSH
 * OHH
 * Okha Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Okhotsk
 * UHOO
 * OHO
 * Okhotsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Olenyok
 * UERO
 * ONK
 * Olenyok Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Olyokminsk
 * UEMO
 * OLZ
 * Olyokminsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Omolon
 * UHMN
 * Omolon Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Omsukchan
 * UHMF
 * Omsukchan Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ossora
 * UHPD
 * Ossora Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ozernaya
 * UHQO
 * Ozernaya Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Pakhachi
 * UHPA
 * Pakhachi Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Palana
 * UHPL
 * Palana Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
 * UHPP
 * PKC
 * Yelizovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Pevek
 * UHMP
 * PWE
 * Pevek Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Provideniya
 * UHMD
 * PVS
 * Provideniya Bay Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sakkyryr / Batagay-Alyta
 * UEBS
 * SUK
 * Sakkyryr Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sangar
 * UEMS
 * Sangar Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Saskylakh
 * UERS
 * SYS
 * Saskylakh Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Severo-Evensk
 * UHMW
 * SWV
 * Severo-Evensk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Seymchan
 * UHMS
 * Seymchan Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Shakhtyorsk
 * UHSK
 * EKS
 * Shakhtyorsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sobolevo
 * UHQO
 * Sobolevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Srednekolymsk
 * UESK
 * SEK
 * Srednekolymsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Suntar
 * UHPS
 * Suntar Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Talakan oil field, Vitim
 * UECT
 * TLK
 * Talakan Airport (Vitim)
 * - valign=top
 * Tigil
 * UHPG
 * Tigil Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tiksi
 * UEST
 * IKS
 * Tiksi Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tilichiki
 * UHPT
 * Tilichiki Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tukchi
 * UHOI
 * Tukchi Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tymovskoye
 * UHSO
 * ZZO
 * Zonalnoye Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tynda
 * UHBW
 * TYD
 * Tynda Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Udachny
 * UERP
 * PYJ
 * Polyarny Airport (Udachnaya)
 * - valign=top
 * Urgalan
 * UHNU
 * Urgalan Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ust-Kamchatsk
 * UHPK
 * Ust-Kamchatsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ust-Kuyga
 * UEBT
 * UKG
 * Ust-Kuyga Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ust-Maya
 * UEMU
 * UMS
 * Ust-Maya Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ust-Nera
 * UEMT
 * USR
 * Ust-Nera Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Verkhnevilyuysk
 * UENI
 * VHV
 * Verkhnevilyuysk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vilyuisk
 * UENW
 * VYI
 * Vilyuisk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vladivostok
 * UHWW
 * VVO
 * Vladivostok International Airport (Knevichi)
 * - valign=top
 * Yakutsk
 * UEEE
 * YKS
 * Yakutsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yuzhno-Kurilsk
 * UHSM
 * DEE
 * Yuzhno-Kurilsk Mendeleyevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
 * UHSS
 * UUS
 * Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport (Khomutovo)
 * - valign=top
 * Zeya
 * UHBE
 * EYA
 * Zeya Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zhigansk
 * UEVV
 * ZIX
 * Zhigansk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zyryanka
 * UESU
 * ZKP
 * Zyryanka Airport
 * Yakutsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yuzhno-Kurilsk
 * UHSM
 * DEE
 * Yuzhno-Kurilsk Mendeleyevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
 * UHSS
 * UUS
 * Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport (Khomutovo)
 * - valign=top
 * Zeya
 * UHBE
 * EYA
 * Zeya Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zhigansk
 * UEVV
 * ZIX
 * Zhigansk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zyryanka
 * UESU
 * ZKP
 * Zyryanka Airport

 * - class="sortbottom" style="vertical-align:top; background:#dcdcdc;"
 * colspan=4 |

Unregistered

 * - valign=top
 * Achinsk
 * UNKS
 * ACS
 * Achinsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Bagdarin
 * Bagdarin Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Balabanovo
 * UUWE
 * Yermolino Airport (Borovsk)
 * - valign=top
 * Balakovo
 * UWSB
 * BWO
 * Balakovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Baley
 * Baley Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Baikit
 * UNIB
 * Baikit Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Bereznik
 * Semenovskoye Shidrovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Biysk
 * UNBI
 * Biysk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Boguchany
 * UNKB
 * Boguchany Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ceremukhovo
 * USSE
 * Severouralsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Chaybukha
 * UHMG
 * Chaybukha Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Chistopol
 * UWKI
 * Chistopol Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Dikson
 * UODD
 * DKS
 * Dikson Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Dudinka
 * UROD
 * Dudinka Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Inta
 * UUYI
 * INA
 * Inta Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Izhma
 * UUYV
 * Izhma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kaliningrad
 * Kaliningrad Devau Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kazachinsk
 * UITK
 * Kazachinsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kazan
 * UWKG
 * Borisoglebskoye Airfield
 * - valign=top
 * Kerch
 * URFK
 * KHC
 * Kerch Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kimry
 * UUEI
 * Kimry Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kolomna
 * UUMT
 * Tretyakovo Airport (Lukhovitsy)
 * - valign=top
 * Kolpashevo
 * UNLL
 * Kolpashevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kotlas
 * ULKK
 * KSZ
 * Kotlas Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kozyrevsk
 * UHPO
 * Kozyrevsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Krasnokamensk
 * UIAE
 * Krasnokamensk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Krasnovishersk
 * Krasnovishersk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kyren
 * Kyren Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Kyzyl-Syr
 * UENK
 * Kyzyl-Syr Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Leshukonskoye
 * ULAL
 * LDG
 * Leshukonskoye Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Magadan
 * UHMT
 * Magadan-13 Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Menzelinsk
 * UWKP
 * Menzelinsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Mezen
 * ULAE
 * Mezen Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Moscow
 * UUBB
 * BKA
 * Bykovo Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Moscow
 * Khodynka Aerodrome (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Moscow
 * UUBM
 * Myachkovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Neftekamsk
 * UWUF
 * NEF
 * Neftekamsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Nefteyugansk
 * USRN
 * NFG
 * Nefteyugansk Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Nikolsk
 * Nikolsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Norilsk
 * UOOW
 * Valek Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Novosibirsk
 * UNCC
 * Severny Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Oktyabrsky
 * UWUK
 * OKT
 * Oktyabrsky Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Oryol
 * UUOR
 * OEL
 * Oryol Yuzhny Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Pechora
 * UUYP
 * PEX
 * Pechora Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Plesetsk
 * Plestsy Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Raduzhny
 * USNR
 * RAT
 * Raduzhny Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Rostov on Don
 * URRR
 * RVI
 * Rostov-on-Don Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Rubtsovsk
 * UNBR
 * Rubtsovsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ryazan
 * UUWR
 * RZN
 * Ryazan Turlatovo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Rybinsk
 * UUBK
 * RYB
 * Rybinsk Staroselye
 * - valign=top
 * Saint Petersburg
 * ULSS
 * RVH
 * Rzhevka Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Sarmany
 * Sarmany Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sarov
 * XUDM
 * Sarov Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Severo-Eniseysk
 * UNIS
 * Severo-Eniseysk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Shimanovsk
 * Shimanovsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sibay
 * UWUA
 * Sibay Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Simferopol
 * URFW
 * Zavodskoe Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Smolensk
 * Smolensk South Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Snezhnogorsk
 * UOIC
 * Snezhnogorsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Solikamsk
 * USPT
 * Berezniki Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Solovetsky Islands
 * ULAS
 * CSH
 * Solovki Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Staraya Russa
 * ULNR
 * Staraya Russa Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Susuman
 * UHMH
 * Susuman Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Svetlogorsk
 * UOIG
 * Svetlogorsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Svobodny
 * UHBS
 * Svobodny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Syktyvkar
 * Syktyvkar Southwest Airport (abandoned)
 * - valign=top
 * Tarnogsky Gorodok
 * Tarnogsky Gorodok Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tasayevo
 * Tasayevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tura
 * UNIT
 * Tura Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Uka
 * Uka Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ulan-Ude
 * UIUW
 * Ulan-Ude Vostochny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ust-Ilimsk
 * UIBS
 * UIK
 * Ust-Ilimsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ust-Tsylma
 * UUYX
 * Ust-Tsylma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vanavara
 * UNIW
 * Vanavara Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Velikiy Novgorod
 * ULNN
 * NVR
 * Yurievo Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Velikiye Luki
 * ULOL
 * VLU
 * Velikiye Luki Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Verkhnyaya Toyma
 * Verkhnyaya Toyma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vuktyl
 * UUYK
 * Vuktyl Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vyazma
 * Vyazma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yelabuga
 * Yelabuga North
 * - valign=top
 * Yekaterinburg
 * USSK
 * Uktus Airport (former Aramil air base, closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Yugarenok
 * Yugarenok Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zheleznogorsk
 * UIBV
 * Zheleznogorsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zyryanka
 * Zyryanka West Airport (closed)
 * Tasayevo Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Tura
 * UNIT
 * Tura Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Uka
 * Uka Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ulan-Ude
 * UIUW
 * Ulan-Ude Vostochny Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ust-Ilimsk
 * UIBS
 * UIK
 * Ust-Ilimsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Ust-Tsylma
 * UUYX
 * Ust-Tsylma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vanavara
 * UNIW
 * Vanavara Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Velikiy Novgorod
 * ULNN
 * NVR
 * Yurievo Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Velikiye Luki
 * ULOL
 * VLU
 * Velikiye Luki Airport (closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Verkhnyaya Toyma
 * Verkhnyaya Toyma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vuktyl
 * UUYK
 * Vuktyl Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Vyazma
 * Vyazma Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Yelabuga
 * Yelabuga North
 * - valign=top
 * Yekaterinburg
 * USSK
 * Uktus Airport (former Aramil air base, closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Yugarenok
 * Yugarenok Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zheleznogorsk
 * UIBV
 * Zheleznogorsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zyryanka
 * Zyryanka West Airport (closed)
 * Yelabuga North
 * - valign=top
 * Yekaterinburg
 * USSK
 * Uktus Airport (former Aramil air base, closed)
 * - valign=top
 * Yugarenok
 * Yugarenok Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zheleznogorsk
 * UIBV
 * Zheleznogorsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zyryanka
 * Zyryanka West Airport (closed)
 * Zheleznogorsk Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Zyryanka
 * Zyryanka West Airport (closed)
 * Zyryanka West Airport (closed)
 * Zyryanka West Airport (closed)

 * - class="sortbottom" style="vertical-align:top; background:#dcdcdc;"
 * colspan=4 |

Under construction

 * - valign=top
 * Omsk
 * Fyodorovka Airport
 * - valign=top
 * Sevastopol
 * URFB
 * UKS
 * Sevastopol International Airport (Belbek)
 * - valign=top
 * Velikiy Novgorod
 * Krechevitsy Airport
 * Velikiy Novgorod
 * Krechevitsy Airport
 * Krechevitsy Airport
 * Krechevitsy Airport

 * }

title: List of airports in Russia


text:
Hangover Music Vol. VI

Hangover Music Vol. VI is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Black Label Society, released April 20, 2004. This album is a much more mellow affair than any other Black Label Society album, and some fans have recognized it as a nod back to Zakk Wylde's solo effort, Book of Shadows, from 1996. The album contains a piano version of Procol Harum's 1967 No. 1 song "A Whiter Shade of Pale" and a song entitled "Layne", which is written in memory of Layne Staley of Alice in Chains.

The song "No Other" is a leftover track from The Blessed Hellride sessions, which explains why Zakk Wylde played bass on this song, whereas other bassists played on the rest of the album. The song was also recorded, mixed, and mastered by the same team that was responsible for the production on The Blessed Hellride.

This was the last album that Black Label Society recorded for Spitfire Records; it was recorded as a contract fulfilling obligation, and therefore received very little promotion from the label. None of the songs from this album were performed live by the band until 2009 when "Damage Is Done" was performed.

Personnel
Black Label Society
 * Zakk Wylde – guitars, vocals, bass (track 12), piano
 * Craig Nunenmacher – drums
 * John Tempesta – drums (track 14)
 * James LoMenzo – bass (tracks 3, 4, 6–8, 11, 15)
 * John DeServio – bass (tracks 2, 9, 10, 14)
 * Mike Inez – bass (track 1)

Production
 * Produced by Zakk Wylde
 * Associate producer and engineer – Barry Conley
 * Mixed by Barry Conley and Zakk Wylde
 * Mastered by Bill Dooley
 * "No Other" associated produced by Eddie Mapp, mixed by Eddie Mapp and Zakk Wylde, assistant engineered by Steve Crowder, and mastered by Steve Marcussen
 * Artwork concept – Zakk Wylde
 * Artwork assistance – Rob "RA" Arvizn
 * Photography – Neil Zlozower
 * Management – Bob Ringe (Survival Management)

title: Hangover Music Vol. VI


text:
Jeremy King

Jeremy King is an American historian, Professor of History at Mount Holyoke. He was research fellow at Harvard University, Berlin Prize Fellow, from the American Academy in Berlin, and 2004–2005 Research Fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies.

He graduated from Yale University with a B.A, and from Columbia University with an MA, M.Phil., Ph.D.

He lived in Prague, Budapest, and Vienna. In the summer of 1989, he held an internship at the Hungarian Section of Radio Free Europe, in Munich.

title: Jeremy King


text:
Groblersdal

Groblersdal is a farming town situated 32 km north of the 178 million m³ Loskop Dam in the Sekhukhune District of Limpopo.

The town is South Africa's second largest irrigation settlement. The main crops in this man-made floodplain are cotton, tobacco, citrus fruit, table grapes, maize, wheat, vegetables, sunflower seeds, peanuts, lucerne and peaches, although not in order of importance as some previously leading crops e.g. tobacco, have made way for others such as grapes.

Groblersdal was laid out on the farm "Klipbank" taking advantage of the Loskop Dam, and named after the original owner WJ Grobler.

Notable people from Groblersdal include Roma Blecher, noted philanthropist and Shakespeare scholar, and South African Test bowler Duanne Olivier (born 1992).

title: Groblersdal


text:
Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod

Česká zbrojovka a.s. (CZ, English: "Czech armory"), is a Czech armament manufacturer that is based in Uherský Brod. The company is famous for producing service, hunting and sporting firearms. It is owned by the Czech holding company Colt CZ Group SE, which also owns other brands with related production programs.

CZ currently has around 1,800 employees. It is one of the highest volume exporters in the Czech Republic, sending its products to more than 100 countries. The company is among the top ten small arms manufacturers in the world and five that manufactures automatic firearms. In 2021, CZ acquired the Colt's Manufacturing Company; the following year, the parent company changed its name to Colt CZ Group.

History
Jihočeská zbrojovka was founded in Strakonice in 1919. Today's Česká zbrojovka a.s. was built as part of a large-scale transfer of strategically important production capacities of the former Czechoslovakia as far as possible from the western borders threatened by Nazi Germany. In Uherský Brod in the south-east of Moravia, a brand-new arms factory was established in 1936, which was one of the most modern and most efficient factories at the time. In the first years of its existence, it was successfully engaged primarily in the highly demanding production of aircraft machine guns.

1945 – 1992
After World War II, the joint-stock company Česká zbrojovka was nationalized and its branch factory in Uherský Brod, which became independent in 1950, gradually became the main Czechoslovak manufacturer of small firearms. Its most famous products from the immediate post-war period were the Sa vz. 23 submachine guns, chambered in the common 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge (Later the 7.62×25mm Tokarev in vz. 24/26 after Czechoslovakia joined the Warsaw Pact). The Sa vz. 23 were the first production-model submachine guns with a telescoping bolt, which the bolt wraps around the barrel, which made the vz. 26 shorter and more compact than the other submachine guns at the time. By 1953, 545,000 were produced in Uherský Brod, 345,000 of which were of the 7.62 mm Tokarev variants. The vz. 58 assault rifle chambered in the 7.62×39 mm cartridge, was a Czechoslovak alternative to the Soviet's AK-47 with an original design. This firearm was produced in Uherský Brod for the national armed forces as well as for export until 1984 and the total production volume reached about 920,000 units.

In 1961 Sa vz. 61 Škorpion machine pistol was introduced to fill the gap between submachine guns and semi-automatic pistols. More than 200,000 of these machine pistols in the standard .32 ACP cartridge were produced in Uherský Brod until 2000, and small batches of these machine pistols in the .380 ACP version were produced in the 1990s.

The CZ 75 semi-automatic pistol, revolutionary in a number of aspects, was the work of the well-known designer František Koucký, who worked on its development based on an assignment of today's Česká zbrojovka a.s since 1969. This firearm with perfect ergonomics and unique double-action trigger mechanism co-defined the category of Wonder Nines, i.e. large capacity SA/DA pistols chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum and has long been one of the most popular of them.

1992 – present
In 1992 Česká zbrojovka was privatized and transformed it into a joint-stock company, which concentrates its activities in its main plant in Uherský Brod on the development and production of high-quality firearms, while utilizing its remaining capacity for the production of high-precision components for the automotive and aerospace industry. The position of Česká zbrojovka, a.s. on the world's firearms market has significantly strengthened by the establishment of the subsidiary distribution and service company CZ-USA in 1997. This subsidiary started its activities in California, but in 1998 it relocated to Kansas City, Kansas, where it still operates. Within the creation of the international holding Česká zbrojovka Group (now Colt CZ Group), CZ-USA became an independent business entity.

In order to preserve the famous tradition of firearms production in Brno, Česká zbrojovka a.s began preparing to take over the firearms division of Zbrojovka Brno, a.s. The newly created company, originally named BRNO RIFLES, started its activities at the turn of 2006 and its domain was the production and development of break action firearms. In 2008 it became a subsidiary company of Česká zbrojovka a.s. In 2010 the company was renamed to Zbrojovka BRNO, s.r.o. In 2005 CZ became the owner of Dan Wesson Firearms through its subsidiary CZ-USA.

In 2011 the company began production of the new generation of CZ 805 BREN A1/A2 assault rifles, CZ SCORPION EVO 3 A1 submachine guns and CZ 805 BREN G1 grenade launchers for the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. Česká zbrojovka a.s significantly penetrated foreign markets by opening a separate space for the assembly and repairs of CZ pistols at the FAME army plant in Lima, Peru. The Czech company participated in the project by supplying modern equipment and tools and training of technical personnel. This enabled the Peruvian company to assemble CZ guns, provide service and sell them on the Peruvian market and then throughout Latin America. It was the first case of technological transfer of Česká zbrojovka a.s to this promising region.

Since 2018, Česká zbrojovka a.s has been part of the international holding Česká zbrojovka Group SE that, in addition to the parent plant in Uherský Brod, gradually incorporates other companies with related production and development programmes. In cooperation with CZ-USA, the production of the first CZ firearms was launched in Kansas City, Kansas, US. These include selected models of the CZ P-10 series of pistols. In 2021 CZ bought Colt's Manufacturing Company and their Colt Canada subsidiary.

Notable developments
Over the years Česká zbrojovka has developed several revolutionary or highly influential designs in various fields of small arms, most notably:
 * vz. 23/25 submachine gun with overhanging bolt
 * vz. 52 roller locked automatic pistol
 * vz. 61 Škorpion ultra compact submachine gun with rate reducer
 * vz. 75 high-capacity automatic pistol with cam unlocking

Pistols

 * CZ 75 - 9mm high-capacity semi-automatic pistol with cam unlocking
 * CZ P-07 - CZ P-07 (compact) and CZ P-09 (full-size) polymer pistols
 * CZ P-10 - Striker-fired pistol with polymer frame
 * CZ SHADOW - A double-action sport shooting version of CZ 75
 * CZ TS - Championship Pistols CZ 75 TS and CZ TS 2 series

Submachine guns

 * CZ Scorpion EVO 3 - Select-fire 9×19mm Parabellum submachine gun

Rifles

 * CZ 457 - Bolt-action rifle with .22 Long Rifle caliber
 * CZ 600 - Bolt-action rifle
 * CZ-USA Field Sports - Shotgun
 * CZ TSR - A sniper rifle with 7.62×51 mm NATO caliber
 * CZ BREN 2 - Assault rifle with 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×39mm caliber
 * CZ 805 G1 - Grenade launcher

Handguns

 * ČZ pistol, Modell 27 Kal,7.65 mm
 * ČZ pistol, caliber 7.65 mm
 * ČZ pistol, caliber 6.35 mm
 * Model LK 38 pistol, 9 mm caliber
 * DUO pistol, caliber 6.35 mm
 * Target pistol, Model ZKP 493
 * CZ 40B pistol, a Joint venture with Colt
 * CZ 40P (Limited run, no longer in production)
 * CZ 45
 * CZ 50
 * CZ 52
 * CZ 70
 * CZ 82 and CZ 83
 * CZ 97B/BD.45acp B = DA/SA; BD = DA/SA with de-cocker
 * CZ 100
 * CZ 110
 * CZ 122
 * ZKR-551 revolver, chambered in 7.62 Nagant, .22 LR, .32 S&W Long and .38 Special. Was manufactured from 1957-1971 and continued in 1990s until 2006.
 * ZKR-590 Grand revolver, in calibers .38 and .22 and 7.62 Nagant short

Smallbore rifles

 * Model 242
 * Model 243
 * Model 244
 * Model 245
 * Model 246
 * Model 247
 * ZKM 452 2E
 * CZ 452
 * CZ 453
 * CZ 455
 * CZ 511
 * CZ 512 - Semi-automatic rifle chambered in .22 Long Rifle
 * CZ 513
 * CZ 527, caliber .17 Hornet; .204 Ruger; .223 Rem; 7.62x39, etc.

Bigbore rifles

 * CZ 550
 * CZ 557
 * CZ 584 combination gun,12 ga.x calibers 7x65R; 7×57R; 5.6×52R; 6.5×57R; .243, .308, .30-06, etc.
 * CZ 807 - Chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62x39mm

Aircraft machine guns

 * LK 30
 * MG 17

Assault rifles

 * vz. 24
 * vz. 33
 * vz. 52/57
 * vz. 54
 * vz. 58
 * Prototype ČZ 2000
 * CZ S 810 HROM

Submachine guns

 * Sa vz. 23/25 (9×19mm Parabellum and 7.62×25mm Tokarev)
 * Škorpion vz. 61 (.32 ACP a.k.a. 7.65×17mm Browning SR)

Shotguns

 * The CZ 581 Over and under shotgun, 12/12 bore;
 * The CZ 585 Over and under shotgun; the over and under rifle/shotgun; the CZ 582 prepared for SKEET shooting

Miscellaneous

 * Signal/flare pistol
 * Components for the infantry fire-support machine gun models MG 34, MG 81, and the K 35 anti-aircraft cannon
 * Alarm/starting pistols: UB 070 and 071
 * Signal pistols: 44/67, produced between 1981–1983
 * Target pistol: Model ZKP 493
 * Air rifles: Z 47, 235, 236, 237, 612, 614, 618, 620, 624, 630, 631, 632, 634, 800, 801 and 802
 * Air pistol: Model ZVP, 4.5 mm
 * Gas-fired pistol: The APP Automatic
 * Air pistol: Tex, Model 3
 * CO2 pistol: Model CZ 75D Compact, 4.5 mm
 * Three shot automatic shotgun: CZ 241, 12, 16 and 20 gauge
 * Over and under shotguns: 12, 16 and 20 gauge
 * Over and under ČZ models: 581 and 584 - 586
 * Hunting rifles: ZKK 600, 601 and 602, calibers ranging from .243Win-.248Win
 * Rifles: The ZKW 465 Hornet and the ZKW 465 Fox
 * Small bore rifles: ZKM 452, 561, 573 and 581
 * Rifles: ZKW 465, 680
 * Rifle: CZ 537

Literature

 * David Pazdera, Jan Skramoušský: Česká zbrojovka. Historie výroby zbraní v Uherském Brodě [ Česká zbrojovka. History of weapon manufacturing in Uherský Brod ], 2006, ISBN 80-903450-9-3. Two chapters online and.

title: Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod


text:
Jakarta Stock Exchange

Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX; Indonesian: Bursa Efek Jakarta (BEJ)) was a stock exchange based in Jakarta, Indonesia, before it merged with the Surabaya Stock Exchange to form the Indonesia Stock Exchange.

History
Originally opened in 1912 under the Dutch colonial government, it was re-opened in 1977 after several closures during World War I and World War II. After being reopened in 1977, the exchange was under the management of the newly created Capital Market Supervisory Agency (Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal, or Bapepam), which answered to the Department of Finance. Trading activity and market capitalization grew alongside the development of Indonesia's financial markets and private sector – highlighted by a major bull run in 1990. On 13 July 1992, the exchange was privatised under the ownership of Jakarta Exchange Inc. As a result, the functions of Bapepam changed to become the Capital Market Supervisory Agency. On 22 March 1995, JSX launched the Jakarta Automated Trading System (JATS). In September 2007, Jakarta Stock Exchange and Surabaya Stock Exchange merged to form the Indonesian Stock Exchange by the Indonesian Minister of Finance.

Stock indices
Two of the primary stock market indices used to measure and report value changes in representative stock groupings are the JSX Composite and the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII). The JII was established in 2002 to act as a benchmark in measuring market activities based on Sharia (Islamic law). Currently, there are approximately 30 corporate stocks listed on the JII. The FTSE/ASEAN Indices were launched by the five ASEAN exchanges (Singapore Exchange, Bursa Malaysia, The Stock Exchange of Thailand, Jakarta Stock Exchange, The Philippine Stock Exchange) and global index provider FTSE on 21 September 2005. The indices, covering the five ASEAN markets, are designed using international standards, free float adjusted, and based on the Industry Classification Benchmark (ICB). The indices comprise FTSE/ASEAN Benchmark Index and FTSE/ASEAN 40 tradable index. The FTSE/ASEAN 40 index is calculated on a real-time basis from 9:00 a.m. and the closing index is calculated at 6:00 p.m. (Singapore time). The FTSE/ASEAN benchmark index is calculated on end-of-day basis.

Merger
Both Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX) and the Surabaya Stock Exchange (SSX) merged to form a new entity "Indonesia Stock Exchange (Bursa Efek Indonesia).

title: Jakarta Stock Exchange


text:
Kremlin (board game)

Kremlin is a board game satire of power struggles within the pre-glasnost Soviet Union government of the 1980s. The game takes its name from the Kremlin in Moscow, the location associated with the central Soviet government offices. The original German-language edition was designed by Urs Hostettler and released in 1986 by the Swiss board game company Fata Morgana Spiele under the name Kreml. An English translation of the game with slightly modified rules was published by Avalon Hill in 1988. Kremlin won a 1988 Origins Award for Best Boardgame Covering the Period 1900-1946.

Gameplay
Each player controls a number of politician cards depicting caricatures of Soviet politicians. These are arranged in a pyramid on the game board, representing a hierarchy of power. Players promote, demote and exile these politicians in order to maneuver their own politicians to the top of the pyramid. Each turn, the Party Chief "waves" from the rostrum during a military parade in Red Square. If a player's politician waves during three non-consecutive years, that player wins. Additionally, politicians age and each year there is a chance they will die. If no player is able to wave three times, the player with the highest ranking politician at the end of the health phase of the 11th turn wins the game.

Publication history

 * 1986 1st edition (originally titled Kreml) by Fata Morgana Spiele (German language)
 * 1988 2nd edition by Avalon Hill
 * 1989 expansion by Avalon Hill, adding cards depicting the real people and events at the birth of the Soviet Union
 * 2014 3rd edition by Jolly Roger Games, which included a new modern scenario
 * 2014 Limited edition by Jolly Roger Games with alternate box art and promotional cards

Reception
In the October 1988 edition of Games International (Issue 1), Brian Walker reviewed the Avalon Hill version as the magazine's "Game of the Month." Walker thought the production values of the components were "quite superb", and admired the game rules. He concluded by giving the game a perfect rating of 5 out of 5, saying, "It is difficult to determine the skill/luck ratio in this strange game, but who cares? The important thing is that it is such fun to play."

In the December 1993 edition of Dragon (Issue 200), Allen Varney reviewed Avalon Hill's 1988 edition and the 1989 expansion set favorably, saying, "Makes for backbiting, double-crossing fun, and Avalon Hill’s advanced rules work well."

Kremlin was chosen for inclusion in the 2007 book Hobby Games: The 100 Best. Lester Smith commented, "Kremlin invites us to look back on the Soviet era and put it in perspective through laughter. The humor in Kremlin is gallows humor, of course, as anyone who lived through the 1980s would attest. But the satire isn't constrained by its ties to the past, or to one political superpower; with the minimum of imagination, Kremlin can easily be seen as a pointed jab at any corrupt and treacherous bureaucracy populated by ambitious old men."

Reviews

 * Games #96

Awards
At the 1988 Origins Awards, Kremlin won the award for Best Boardgame Covering the Period 1900-1946.

title: Kremlin (board game)


text:
Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station

The Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station (also known as Coney Island Terminal and signed on some trains as either Coney Island or Stillwell Avenue) is a New York City Subway terminal in Coney Island, Brooklyn. It is the railroad-south terminus for the D, F, N, and Q trains at all times and for the <F> train during rush hours in the peak direction.

Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue has eight tracks and four island platforms, with trains entering from both compass north and south. Opened in 1919–1920, the large facility was designed at a time when Coney Island was the primary summer resort area for the New York metropolitan area, with all of the rail lines in southern Brooklyn funneling service to the area. The station has seen many service patterns throughout its history, and was completely renovated from 2001 to 2004.

The station is located at the corner of Stillwell and Surf Avenues in Coney Island, the site of the former West End Terminal. Geographically, the station is the southernmost terminal in the New York City Subway system. In addition, it is one of the largest elevated transportation terminals in the world.

Origins
Rail transportation to Coney Island had been available since 1864. The Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Railroad was the first steam railroad to Coney Island. It ran from Fifth Avenue and 36th Street in what is now Sunset Park, to its West End Terminal, at the present-day Coney Island Terminal's location, along what is now the right-of-way of the West End Line. The nearby Culver Depot, along the Atlantic Ocean waterfront near the site of the present-day West Eighth Street station, served the Brooklyn, Flatbush, and Coney Island Railway (now the Brighton Line) and Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad (now the Culver Line). Other rail transportation included The Manhattan Beach Railroad; The Sea Beach Railroad; The Coney Island and Brooklyn Railroad; a route to Long Island City via the Long Island Rail Road; and the Norton's Point Line trolley to what is now Sea Gate.

These railroads were not all connected to each other, resulting in a series of spur lines crossing the island. However, the Brighton, Culver, Sea Beach, and West End railroads were acquired by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) by the late 1890s, and the Dual Contracts, signed in 1913, allowed many more subway lines to be built within New York City, which had been incorporated fifteen years prior.

New West End Terminal
In the late 1910s, a completely reconstructed New West End Terminal station (which gradually became better known as Coney Island Terminal station) was built on an elevated structure. The new terminal unified the terminals of most of the former steam railroad lines terminating at Coney Island, aside from the Long Island Rail Road-controlled New York and Manhattan Beach Railway. This new terminal could accommodate hundreds of thousands of passengers a day. This project entailed rerouting the Brighton and Culver Lines from a ground-level alignment to an elevated structure with eight tracks and four platforms.

The BRT-operated Sea Beach Line, which served the terminal, opened on September 5, 1917, and the BRT West End Line had been similarly inaugurated on December 23, 1918. The terminal officially opened on May 29, 1919, when the new Brighton Line opened. With the opening of the Culver Line on May 1, 1920, the terminal was finally completed.

As a result of the Culver Line extension, the BRT's double fare to Coney Island expired, and was cut from 10 cents to 5 cents, and Coney Island became a more affordable vacation area compared to in previous years. In 1923, these lines came under the control of the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT), the BRT's successor company. Riders at the new station were promised trains that ran every three minutes during rush hours, but this quickly proved not to be true. In 1923, a reporter for the Brooklyn Standard Union observed that rush hour trains had headways of eight minutes on the Sea Beach Line and fifteen minutes on the West End Line, and that no direct Manhattan service was being run on either the Brighton or Culver Lines during rush hours.

In 1929, the BMT announced a new entrance for the station. This new entrance would have retail space that would be "periodically inspected." In June 1933, a new Brighton–Franklin weekday service was announced. This service would operate express (except in evening rush hours) providing a direct route from Franklin Avenue to Coney Island. Culver elevated trains would operate to either Sands Street or Park Row depending on the time of day.

There was a transfer from the Coney Island Terminal to the Norton's Point Trolley to Sea Gate, via an elevated footbridge across Stillwell Avenue to the elevated trolley station. In 1948, the trolley was discontinued and replaced with the B74 Mermaid Avenue Bus, The trolley ramp spanning Stillwell Avenue and West 15th Street was torn down around this time.

Matters became more complicated in 1954, when the Independent Subway System (IND) started operating D trains on the Culver Line. At the time, the tracks had lettered names (i.e. Track A, Track B, all the way to Track H from east to west). However, the IND also used lettered designations for its routes (i.e. A, B, all the way to H as well). The BMT had used numbered route designations up to this point, so this had not been a problem. However, the D route was now using the Culver Line, which departed from tracks E and F. To avoid confusion, the tracks were given numbered designations.

In 1956, residents of Coney Island protested against paying a transfer to the bus on Mermaid Avenue (now the B74 bus to Sea Gate), with some saying that the 15-cent fee for transferring should be abolished because the bus was essentially an adjunct to the station. In 1979, the City Planning Commission proposed something similar, in that Coney Island residents would get a free transfer between the /B74 bus routes and the subway station. It was noted that the station was the only one that did not get a free bus transfer after the corresponding subway transfer was discontinued (in sharp contrast to the BMT Culver Line, BMT Myrtle Avenue Line, and IRT Third Avenue Line, which were discontinued but replaced by bus transfers). The free transfers would allow a $200 million apartment complex nearby, funded by the government, to get more residents to move in, as well as diversify Mark Twain Junior High School and attract a stable middle class. The experimental free transfer was instituted in November 1980, following three years of continuous advocacy by a Coney Island tenants' group. At the time, subway and bus fares were separate and cost a combined $1.20. The first phase of the program allowed riders to transfer for free, paying a 60-cent combined fare, while the second phase allowed for a half-price transfer, with the combined fare being 90 cents. Schedules showing trains' departure times were installed at the Coney Island Terminal in 1965.

Station renovation
Once a grand hub, the Coney Island Terminal had started deteriorating by the 1960s. By 1980, the entire system was in a state of disrepair, and the terminal was no exception. It was slated to be rebuilt that year. According to the New York Daily News, the renovated station would get "a bright, new airy look" as well as one of the system's first installations of continuously welded rail. The steel and concrete station was badly corroded by the effects of salt water and poor maintenance. In 1983, the MTA added funding for a renovation of the Stillwell Avenue station to its 1980–1984 capital plan. The New York Times wrote in 2008: "The old station was a gaping masterpiece of stalactited decrepitude [...] nicely mirroring the seedy ambience of the Coney Island Boardwalk."

Initial renovation attempts
Plans to renovate the Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station were brought up again in the late 1980s, after restaurant mogul Horace Bullard proposed rebuilding the nearby Steeplechase Park. The Steeplechase Park reconstruction was later canceled. Nonetheless, plans for the station renovation moved forward, and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) indicated in 1988 that it would spend $30,000 to study what to do with the station building. At the time, The Washington Post characterized the shops around the entrance as being arranged around a dark alley that smelled like urine; according to the Post, it had been 15 years since the station had been repainted. By the mid-1990s, the MTA had finalized plans to overhaul the station completely.

On December 23, 1992, a contract was awarded for $21.14 million to rehabilitate the viaduct at the station. As part of the project, the concrete on columns and beams were to be removed and replaced. Once work started on the project, the contractor discovered that the extent of the concrete deterioration was greater than expected. Work on the change proceeded on April 1, 1994, and additional workers, including asbestos and lead abatement, were retroactively approved on May 23, 1994. By late 1998, the MTA was planning to renovate the station for $200 million. The MTA requested $125 million in federal funding for the renovation the next year. As part of renovation, a group of satellite dishes was proposed for the station. By this point, the New York City Transit Police were operating from a tent adjacent to the station, and there were vestiges of a carousel within the station.

2000s renovation
The MTA began evicting existing tenants from the station house in early 2001, including Philip's Candy, a candy store that had operated in the station building for seven decades. Despite the economic effects of the September 11 attacks in 2001, the MTA awarded a $282 million construction contract the next month. A full reconstruction started in November 2001 with the closure of the Sea Beach platform, which was used by the N train. The Brighton and Culver Lines' platforms, hosting the F and Q services, were closed in September 2002, as was the adjacent West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium station. At the time, the Coney Island Chamber of Commerce estimated that 75 percent of tourists to Coney Island traveled there via one of the two subway stations.

The project included restoring the BMT station building's facade and adding a roof with solar panels. To minimize impact on the surrounding community, the renovation was supposed to take 42 months, and the West End Line continued serving the station through the renovation. One platform at a time remained open during construction so the West End services (the W until February 2004 and the D afterward ) could keep serving the station. Although local officials supported the renovation, they worried that the closure of three platforms would negatively impact local businesses. During the 2003 season, merchants in Coney Island reported that their business had declined significantly because of the station's partial closure.

The new terminal opened on May 23, 2004, with the restoration of F and Q train service and the relocation of D service to tracks 1 and 2. The New York Times called the refurbished station house "one of the grandest subway stations in the city" and wrote that the station house would give Surf Avenue "a much needed face-lift". The project was completed on May 29, 2005, with full restoration of N service. The final cost of the renovation is variously cited as $240 million, $260 million, $294 million, or $300 million. Although the station had been made fully wheelchair-accessible during the renovation, the Daily News reported in 2007 that the elevators were often in disrepair and that passengers had to take two elevators to reach their platforms.

Later modifications
In May 2010, the station received four new electronic 32 in train departure boards for each platform. These boards are controlled by dispatchers, based on the departure times posted on subway timetables. In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the station house was flooded, and some electrical equipment was damaged. Luna Park operator Central Amusement International agreed to lease nine storefronts at the station in 2019, covering 7,000 ft2. The spaces would have housed a restaurant, visitor center, and other tourism-themed businesses. These stores were supposed to have opened in 2020, but all attractions on Coney Island were closed during that year due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.

The MTA announced in late 2022 that it would open customer service centers at 15 stations; the centers would provide services such as travel information and OMNY farecards. The first six customer service centers, including one at the Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station, were to open in early 2023. The Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station's customer service center opened in February 2023. The MTA also announced plans in 2023 to add bicycle parking racks at the Stillwell Avenue station.

Station layout
The station has eight tracks and four island platforms. According to the New York City Transit Authority, this makes it one of the world's largest elevated transportation terminals. The westernmost tracks, tracks 5–8, gradually slope downward, so tracks 1–4 are slightly higher than tracks 5–8 at the station's south end. There are ADA-compliant ramps from the three easternmost platforms (served by the, the , and the , respectively) to the main station building below the platforms; a non-ADA-compliant ramp leads from the (western) platform, with steps. ADA access to the platform is provided by an elevator at the north end of that platform. The elevator leads to an overpass that connects to another ADA-compliant elevator at the northern end of the platform. There are also stairways down to the station building. The station has train crew facilities at its north end. North of the station, tracks 1–2 and 7–8 lower to run at-grade adjacent to the yard.

Nearly everything in the current station dates to the 2000s renovation; a brick signal tower is all that remains of the old station. The southern two-thirds of the station is under the solar-panel-covered roof, while the northern third of the station is in the open air, not covered by anything. The shed is lit up by platform floodlights during the night hours. The solar-paneled roof was designed by Kiss and Cathcart Architects and the new station's structural engineering was designed by Jacobs Engineering Group. Both the roof and the station itself were built by a joint venture between Granite Halmar Construction and Schiavone Construction. The new station recycled 85 percent of the materials from the old station, and 2 e6lb of steel was salvaged from the old station for use in the new terminal. In total, the terminal uses about 6500 ST of steel.

As part of the MTA Arts & Design program, an artwork by Robert Wilson, My Coney Island Baby, was installed in 2004. The artwork consists of glass bricks measuring 8 by across and 1.5 in thick, which in turn form a wall measuring 17 ft tall. The wall contains silk screen prints that feature beach-related scenes, especially scenes related to Coney Island's history. The width of the wall is variously described as 300 ft or 370 ft. In conjunction with the installation of My Coney Island Baby, Wilson created a set of drawings, which were displayed in a 2005 exhibit by Coney Island USA.

Station house
The station house, called the Portal Building, was designed by di Domenico + Partners  and built by Vertex Engineering Services. The three-floor, 34,000 sqft Portal Building, located at 1243 Surf Avenue, has a terracotta facade in imitation of the former terminal, including restored BMT signs and logos, and a parapet salvaged from the original station house. The original station house had about 580 terracotta tiles, as well as green medallions with the initials "BMT"; these had been covered with billboards during the late 20th century before being restored in the 2000s. The modern station building's design is supposed to evoke the area's amusement park-based history, with small lights hanging from the narrow, articulated tower that rises next to the station entrance. There are also art deco lamps and a semicircular window that fills an arch above the station entrance.

The Portal Building's main entrance is on Surf Avenue past the station's south end. From this entrance, there is a police precinct (Transit District 34 of the New York City Police Department ), retail space, and the station's fare control area. There is also another entrance/exit to the bus shelter on Mermaid Avenue. The retail space and the new station entrance were built during the 2001–2005 renovation. There is also a side entrance from Stillwell Avenue itself.

There are also High Entry-Exit Turnstiles that allow entry to the station during late night hours, when the station booth is closed.

Solar panels
The new station's infrastructure includes a soaring roof with arches reminiscent of grand European railway stations such as the Gare Saint-Lazare and the Paddington railway station. The roof is glazed with photovoltaic (solar electric) panels, consisting of 2,730 thin-film modules from Schott AG, which cover about 76000 sqft. The solar panel system has a nominal capacity of about 210 kWp; this equates to an annual output of 250,000 kWh. The solar panels provide about 15 percent of the station's power. Although the solar roof cost about $4 million more than a glass roof of the same size, the MTA believed that the panels would save money in the long run.

Due to their location near the beachfront, the station roof's solar panels needed to meet stringent hurricane standards. To meet those standards, the panels for the station were rigorously tested in a laboratory in York, Pennsylvania. This makes Stillwell Avenue the first solar-powered subway station in the New York City Subway system. The solar panels were expected to last for at least 35 years, and a catwalk is located below the roof if any solar panel replacements were ever needed. As a bonus feature, a low voltage current, which is emitted from the panels, serves as a deterrent against pigeons.

At the time of the panels' installation, Con Edison did not generally allow solar systems to be designed to feed energy back into its grid. As a result, output never exceeds demand, and much of the power produced on sunny days is wasted.

Services and tracks
Each line has its own pair of tracks and a pair of double switches between these tracks, and each service has its own island platform serving these tracks. In regular operation, no service needs to cross over the tracks of another service. The tracks are numbered sequentially from east to west, with the N train at tracks 1 and 2; the Q at tracks 3 and 4; the F at tracks 5 and 6; and the D at tracks 7 and 8. Tracks 1–6 can serve trains coming from both the north and south, while tracks 7–8 can only serve trains from the north, since they terminate at bumper blocks at the station's south end. Until 1954, track 2 ended at a bumper block to the south, while track 7 merged with track 6 at the south end of the station. The next stations to the north are for  trains,  for  trains, and  for  trains.

Though designed as a through station, service has rarely been provided between tracks. Aside from service changes, only two services have been scheduled to run through the station. These brief services ran as follows:
 * 7 Brighton–Franklin service, via the BMT Franklin Avenue Line and BMT Brighton Line, through Stillwell Avenue to Manhattan (summer Sundays 1924–1952)
 * NX Sea Beach "super-express" service (rush hours 1967–1968)

North of the station, tracks 7 and 6 merge into one track (with a switch from track 7 to track 8), tracks 5 through 2 merge into another track, and tracks 1 and 8 stay separate, so that there is a four-tracked structure when the BMT West End Line and BMT Sea Beach Line cross the Coney Island Creek. Before the structure crosses the creek, all four tracks have switches that connect the tracks to each other, before the West End and Sea Beach Lines split. Tracks from these lines then lead into Coney Island Yard. South of the station, tracks 4, 5, and 6 stay separate from the other tracks (with a pair of switches between tracks 5 and 6) and tracks 1, 2, and 3 merge and have a diamond crossover with track 4. Tracks 3 and 4 (the Brighton Line tracks) are above tracks 5 and 6 (the Culver Line tracks) at this point.

Bus terminal

Located underneath the subway station terminal is a set of bus stops that loop on Stillwell Avenue and Mermaid Avenue that make up a bus terminal for four New York City Bus lines. The bus terminal provides easier transfer to the subway and bus connections. One additional bus line is located near the station complex.

Subway–bus transfer coordination
To reduce missed connections and waiting time between the and  buses and the, New York City Transit began operating yellow holding lights to signal bus operators to wait for imminently arriving trains. The lights, which began operating March 10, 2014, are on the northeast corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues and in the Mermaid Avenue Bus Loop. This system operates during late nights, from 11:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. daily.

Nearby points of interest

The station is located across Surf Avenue from the Coney Island amusement area. It is close to the Luna Park amusement park, formerly the site of Astroland; the Scream Zone area, operated by Luna Park; Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park; the Cyclone and Thunderbolt roller coasters; and the amusement area on the site of Steeplechase Park, which includes the B&B Carousell. Other nearby attractions include the original Nathan's Famous store and the Riegelmann Boardwalk along the Atlantic Ocean. The New York Aquarium is a few blocks to the east, though the West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium station is closer to the aquarium than the Stillwell Avenue station is.

Slightly to the west is Maimonides Park, home park of the Brooklyn Cyclones, a minor league baseball team. The nearby area also has assorted amusement park attractions, such as bumper cars, carousels, and ice skating rinks, especially along Surf Avenue. The Parachute Jump, a former parachute-drop ride later converted into a lighted tower, is nearby and visible from the station. In addition, the seasonal Coney Island Mermaid Parade is held every summer near the station. The Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, held on July 4 each year, also takes place at the Nathan's shop, diagonally across the intersection of Surf and Stillwell Avenues on the southwest corner. The former Shore Theater is located on the northwest corner of that intersection, west of the station and north of Nathan's Famous.

title: Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station


text:
Walter Baldwin Spencer

Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer (23 June 1860 – 14 July 1929), commonly referred to as Sir Baldwin Spencer, was a British-Australian evolutionary biologist, anthropologist and ethnologist. He is known for his fieldwork with Aboriginal peoples in Central Australia, contributions to the study of ethnography, and academic collaborations with Frank Gillen. Spencer introduced the study of zoology at the University of Melbourne and held the title of Emeritus Professor until his death in 1929. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1900 and knighted in 1916.

Early life and education
Spencer was born on 23 June 1860 in Stretford, Lancashire, England to Martha (née Circuit) and Rueben Spencer. He was educated at Old Trafford school and Manchester School of Art, where he received training in drawing.

In 1879, Spencer began study at Owens College (University of Manchester), where he first developed an interest in evolutionary biology. In 1884, he obtained a BA in biology from the University of Oxford, with first-class honours. Through his time at Oxford, Spencer attended lectures by anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor, which began a lifelong interest in the field.

As a graduate, Spencer worked as a teaching assistant to his former professor Henry Nottidge Moseley, where he aided in the transferral of General Pitt-Rivers's collection of anthropological artefacts from the South Kensington Museum to Oxford University, which had built a museum to house it. He obtained a fellowship at Lincoln College, Oxford in 1886.

Move to Melbourne
Having already contributed various papers to scientific journals, one of which, on the Pineal eye in lizards, had aroused much interest, and having applied for the professorship of biology at Melbourne in June 1886 was elected to that chair in January 1887.

Spencer arrived in Australia in March of that year and set about organising his new school (the chair had just been founded), successfully receiving a building grant of £8000 to develop new lecture rooms and laboratories. He showed much capability as a lecturer and organiser, and also took a full part in the general activities of the university. His interests were not confined to his university duties; he took a leading part in the proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, and the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and did valuable work for those bodies.

Expeditions and museum work
In 1894 a new field was opened up for Spencer when he joined the W.A. Horn scientific expedition which left Adelaide in May 1894 to explore Australia. In July he met Francis James Gillen at Alice Springs with whom he was to be so much associated in the study of the Aboriginal peoples. The expedition covered some 2000 miles in about three months and on his return Spencer busied himself with editing the report, to which he also largely contributed. It was published in 1896. In November 1896 Spencer was again at Alice Springs beginning the work with Gillen which resulted in Native Tribes of Central Australia, published in 1899 and partly opposed by Carl Strehlow and Moritz von Leonhardi. He continued this work with Gillen during the vacations of the two following years. A large amount of material relating to tribal customs was accumulated, and the book appeared with the names of both Gillen and Spencer on the title page. D. J. Mulvaney, writing about Spencer in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, tells us that while Spencer was "a kindly humanitarian in practice, in theory he saw Aboriginal people simply as dehumanised 'survivals' from an early stage of social development" and that while records are invaluable, he nonetheless made "unacceptable value judgements" on indigenous Australians.

Spencer was recruited as science writer for the Australasian by its editor, David Watterston.

Spencer had been appointed a trustee of the public library in 1895. When Sir Frederick McCoy died in May 1899, Spencer became honorary director of the national museum. He was to do an enormous amount of work in the following years, and to present to the museum many valuable collections of sacred and ceremonial Aboriginal objects collected during his journeys. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, London.

In 1900 and in 1901 he spent 12 months in the field with Gillen going from Oodnadatta to Powell Creek and then eastward to Borraloola on the Gulf of Carpentaria. They were assisted with their work by the artist and interpreter known to Europeans as Jim Kite, Erlikilyika, who lived at Charlotte Waters telegraph station, where Gillen had previously spent some years. Their experiences and studies formed the basis of the next book, The Northern Tribes of Central Australia, which appeared in 1904, dedicated to David Syme, who had given £1000 towards the cost of the expedition. Patrick ("Pado") Byrne, telegraph master at Charlotte Waters, corresponded with Spencer for many years and collected biological specimens. Spencer named a small marsupial known locally as the kowari in recognition of Byrne's contribution as Dasyuroides byrnei.

In 1904, Spencer became president of the professorial board, an office he was to hold for seven years. There was then no paid vice-chancellor at Melbourne university and much administrative work fell on Spencer's shoulders. Outside of these duties, he took an interest in the sporting activities of the undergraduates. He was President of the Melbourne University Sports Union and later was the President of the Victorian Football League from 1919 to 1925. In 1911 at the request of the Commonwealth government he led an expedition in the Northern Territory sent to make inquiries into conditions there, and in the following year he published his Across Australia and also accepted the position of special commissioner and chief Protector of Aborigines. The story of this will be found in Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia (1914). In 1914 Spencer was honorary secretary for the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Melbourne. He also did work for the national museum. In 1916 at the request of the Felton Bequest's committee he went to England to obtain an art adviser for the Felton Bequest. He took an interest in Australian artists. He had been made CMG in 1904 and in 1916 he was created a KCMG in 1919 he resigned his professorship and in 1920 became vice-president of the trustees of the public library of Victoria. Spencer was awarded the Clarke Medal in 1923.

Clashes with Carl Strehlow
Spencer held very different views on the Aranda people (now often referred to as Arrernte) from missionary Carl Strehlow. Spencer's more pessimistic view saw decline, while Strehlow saw creativity and a future for them. Strehlow's son, Ted Strehlow, mentions this in his book Songs of Central Australia (1971), defending his father from Spencer's criticism. He shows that Spencer and Gillen were limited by their lack of language competence when extracting information from Indigenous peoples, whereas his father was a fluent speaker and writer of the local languages. Spencer and Gillen famously described the Aranda as "naked savages... chanting songs of which they do not know the meaning" in The Northern Tribes of Central Australia (1904).

A controversy arose in anthropological circles, after Spencer wrote "angry and to some degree defamatory letters" to Andrew Lang and Sir James Frazer about Strehlow's work. Strehlow's book, Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (published in parts, between 1907 and 1920 ), challenged some of the findings of Spencer and Gillen's The Native Tribes of Central Australia (1899), which had been accepted by anthropologists as a true picture of the Aranda people. This led to a major controversy among British anthropologists, involving Andrew Lang, Sir James Frazer, Robert Ranulph Marett, A.C. Haddon, Spencer and later Bronisław Malinowski. The debate centred on whether Aboriginal people were primitive, on a lower level of evolution than Europeans (Frazer and Spencer's view) or a decadent people who had previously been on a higher level of culture (Strehlow's view).

From 1912 to 1922, Spencer attempted to shut down Strehlow's Hermannsburg Mission. In his 1913 report as Special Commissioner and Chief Protector, Spencer proposed taking all Aboriginal children away from their parents and setting up reserves where the children would be denied any contact with their parents, be prevented from speaking their languages and made incapable of living in the bush. While recognising that "this will undoubtedly be a difficult matter to accomplish and will involve some amount of hardship so far as the parents are concerned", Spencer justified it on the grounds that "once the children have grown to a certain age and have become accustomed to camp life with its degrading environment and endless roaming about in the bush, it is almost useless to try and reclaim them". So he thought it essential to take them away, for "then they will gradually lose the longing for a nomad life and will in fact become incapable of securing their living in the bush". He was particularly keen to make sure that "half-caste" children had no contact with camp life. Hermannsburg was to be taken away from the Lutherans and "serve as a reserve for the remnants of the southern central tribes where they can, under proper and competent control, be trained to habits of industry". However, when the Administrator of the Northern Territory, John A. Gilruth, came down from Darwin in 1913 to see whether these negative reports were true, he was impressed with what he saw and decided that the Strehlows and the mission should remain.

Further travels
Spencer paid two more visits to the centre of Australia, one in 1923 with Dr Leonard Keith Ward, the government geologist of South Australia, and the other in 1926. These visits enabled Spencer to revise his earlier researches and consider on the spot various opposing theories that had been brought forward. His The Arunta: a Study of a Stone Age People (1927), revisits and reaffirms his earlier conclusions; Gillen's name as joint author appeared on the title-page though he had died 15 years before. Wanderings in Wild Australia, published a year later and slightly more popular in form, completes the list of his books. A list of his other published writings will be found in Spencer's Last Journey (1931). Spencer went to London in 1927 to see these books through the press. Ten years before he had said that he realised he was not getting younger and must regard his field work as finished. In February 1929, however, in his sixty-ninth year, he travelled in a cargo boat to Magallanes and then went in a little schooner to Ushuaia at the south of Tierra del Fuego.

Personal life
Spencer married Mary Elizabeth ('Lillie') Bowman in January 1887. The couple had two daughters, and a son who died in infancy.

Death
Spencer died from heart failure on 14 July 1929 during an expedition to Tierra del Fuego, Chile/Argentina. The events leading to his death are recorded in Spencer's own journal entries, and that of his research assistant Jean Hamilton. He was buried in Magallanes (Punta Arenas), Chile.

Legacy
In 2009, an Australian Research Council project was established with the aim of aggregating and digitising the original Spencer and Gillen collection.

The Baldwin Spencer Building at the University of Melbourne was built in 1888 and named for Spencer in 1920. it was listed on the Victorian Heritage Register on 24 June 1992.

In 1976, Australia Post issued a postage stamp bearing Spencer's portrait.

Spencer is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of Australian lizards: Pseudemoia spenceri and Varanus spenceri.

Selected works

 * Spencer, Walter Baldwin (1931). Spencer's Last Journey. Being a Journal of an Expedition to Tierra Del Fuego by the Late Sir Baldwin Spencer. With a Memoir. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Edited by R. R. Marett and T. K. Penniman.
 * Spencer, Walter Baldwin (1931). Spencer's Last Journey. Being a Journal of an Expedition to Tierra Del Fuego by the Late Sir Baldwin Spencer. With a Memoir. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Edited by R. R. Marett and T. K. Penniman.
 * Spencer, Walter Baldwin (1931). Spencer's Last Journey. Being a Journal of an Expedition to Tierra Del Fuego by the Late Sir Baldwin Spencer. With a Memoir. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Edited by R. R. Marett and T. K. Penniman.
 * Spencer, Walter Baldwin (1931). Spencer's Last Journey. Being a Journal of an Expedition to Tierra Del Fuego by the Late Sir Baldwin Spencer. With a Memoir. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Edited by R. R. Marett and T. K. Penniman.

title: Walter Baldwin Spencer