text:
Khe Sanh (song)

"Khe Sanh" is the debut single by Australian rock band Cold Chisel, released in May 1978 as a 45 rpm single, and named after the district capital of Hướng Hóa District, Quảng Trị Province, Vietnam. Written by pianist Don Walker, "Khe Sanh" concerns an Australian Vietnam veteran dealing with his return to civilian life. According to Toby Creswell's liner notes for the band's 1991 compilation album Chisel, the song is also a story of restless youth.

Composition
The mood of the song is typified by its first verse:

 * I left my heart to the sappers round Khe Sanh
 * And my soul was sold with my cigarettes to the black market man
 * I've had the Vietnam cold turkey
 * From the ocean to the Silver City
 * And it's only other vets could understand

The remaining verses describe the singer's aimless drifting after his return to Australia: womanising, post traumatic stress disorder, addiction to speed and Novocaine, getting work on oil rigs and flying helicopters. He has travelled the world: "I've been back to South East Asia but the answer sure ain't there". The final refrain is "Well the last plane out of Sydney's almost gone", as the singer heads to Hong Kong for casual sex.

Don Walker has said the song was inspired by a number of people, including, "the guy from the next farm," who came back from Vietnam, "severely changed for the worst," (sic) and Adelaide guitarist Rick Morris. The first draft was written in Sweethearts Cafe in Kings Cross, New South Wales. Walker said he "killed a couple of afternoons" putting down the lyrics, "for my own enjoyment and amusement," in the days before the band had a recording contract. "If I had imagined anybody would see those lyrics, I probably would have written them a bit differently."

Singer Jimmy Barnes said of the writing process: "Don Walker used to write great songs, but he'd take months and months, and you wouldn't know about them until he'd turn up that day and say, 'Let's learn it.' I remember we were doing a gig somewhere, it might have been in Melbourne, and Don walked in and said, 'I've got this song. Let's do it tonight. It's really easy.' And it really was easy for them, because there are not many chords, but for me it's like a novel. I had to learn all the words that day." Walker said, "I originally wrote it as a punk song, but we found it worked better with a country-rock approach."

Don Walker later described it as the type of song that would be written by an author who had yet to learn the established forms of songwriting. "It doesn't follow any of those rules, it has no chorus. The punchline of it is a line out of a verse, it had nothing to do with the title."

Popularity
"Khe Sanh" is one of the most popular songs ever recorded by an Australian act and one generally seen as a resonant symbol of the Australian culture. Allmusic describes it as, "a song that will forever epitomize this period of Australian music."

In August 1978, censors gave the song an A Classification, meaning that it was "not suitable for airplay". The classification was ostensibly due to sex and drug references, such as the lines: "their legs were often open, but their minds were always closed". Walker said, "That was the reason they told us, which wasn't necessarily the real one." Barnes later commented "Every DJ in the country begged us to release "Khe Sanh" as a single. Then they banned it two weeks later. They had to ban something once a week to keep the Catholic Church happy." Although it peaked on the national sales charts at a modest number 41, the record reached number four in the band's home town of Adelaide where it received airplay on 5KA (owned by the Methodist Church). At the start of the Live at the Wireless album, Barnes thanks Double J for being the only Sydney station that played the song.

In 2001, members of APRA, the Australasian music industry's peak body, put "Khe Sanh" at number eight in a poll of the all-time best Australian songs. It still receives strong airplay on Australian radio stations with a "classic rock" format. In November 2014, "Khe Sanh" was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry of historically, culturally and aesthetically significant sound recordings.

In August 2011, "Khe Sanh" re-entered the ARIA Singles Chart at #40, beating their previous peak position by one spot.

In January 2018, as part of Triple M's "Ozzest" 100, the 'most Australian' songs of all time, "Khe Sanh" was ranked number 1, ahead of Men at Work's "Down Under" and Jimmy Barnes's "Working Class Man".

Named by Double J as one of the best debut singles of all time, they said, "Walker jumped inside the psyche of a Vietnam Vet and laid it all bare: PTSD, drug addiction, reliance on overseas sex workers for intimacy, and a constant sense of unease and displacement. It's a song pulsing with palpable paranoia, ambivalence, and deep-seated mental illness."

Versions
Three studio versions of "Khe Sanh" were released by Cold Chisel. The first featured on the band's 1978 debut self-titled album. A second version was included on the international version of the 1980 album East and omits the piano introduction. A third version with a re-recorded vocal from Barnes was released on the Radio Songs greatest hits album and all future compilations.

A notable cover of the song was released in 2007 by Australian singer/songwriter Paul Kelly. This rendering was in a stripped down bluegrass/country style, featuring largely spoken lyrics. It was released on the tribute album Standing on the Outside.

Adam Brand includes the chorus of "Khe Sanh" at the end of his single "Comin' From/Khe Sanh" from his fifth album Blame It on Eve.

John Schumann covered "Khe Sanh" on his 2008 album Behind the Lines. As a member of folk-rock band Redgum, Schumann wrote and sang another hit song about Australians in Vietnam: "I was only 19", released in 1983.

Other details
The Battle of Khe Sanh was fought between US Marines with elements of the South Vietnamese ARVN, and the North Vietnamese Army. The only Australian personnel to be directly involved in the siege were the crews of Canberra bombers operated by 2 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force, who flew close air support missions in the area.

"Sanh" is often misspelled (even, at times, on official album covers and sleeve notes) as "Sahn".

During the Australian cricket team's tour of the Caribbean in 1994–1995, the players accorded "Khe Sanh" the status of an unofficial team song and sang it frequently. "I've heard them. They're shocking," Barnes has said.

Khe Sanh has also been mentioned in another frequently misinterpreted song. Bruce Springsteen's 1984 hit "Born in the USA" includes the sentence: "Had a brother at Khe Sanh". Springsteen pronounces it to rhyme with "barn" rather than with "man", as the Cold Chisel version does.

A video was made to promote the single, directed by Paul Drane. It was filmed in a movie studio in Melbourne, and featured the band miming to the song, interspersed with some sepia-toned footage of the band backstage.

Recording credits

 * Jimmy Barnes – lead vocals
 * Ian Moss – backing vocals, electric guitar
 * Don Walker – piano, Hammond organ
 * Steve Prestwich – drums
 * Phil Small – bass
 * Peter Walker – acoustic guitar
 * Dave Blight – harmonica

title: Khe Sanh (song)


text:
Cobweb model

The cobweb model or cobweb theory is an economic model that explains why prices may be subjected to periodic fluctuations in certain types of markets. It describes cyclical supply and demand in a market where the amount produced must be chosen before prices are observed. Producers' expectations about prices are assumed to be based on observations of previous prices. Nicholas Kaldor analyzed the model in 1934, coining the term "cobweb theorem" (see Kaldor, 1938 and Pashigian, 2008), citing previous analyses in German by Henry Schultz and Umberto Ricci.

The model
The cobweb model is generally based on a time lag between supply and demand decisions. Agricultural markets are a context where the cobweb model might apply, since there is a lag between planting and harvesting (Kaldor, 1934, p. 133–134 gives two agricultural examples: rubber and corn). Suppose for example that as a result of unexpectedly bad weather, farmers go to market with an unusually small crop of strawberries. This shortage, equivalent to a leftward shift in the market's supply curve, results in high prices. If farmers expect these high price conditions to continue, then in the following year, they will raise their production of strawberries relative to other crops. Therefore, when they go to market the supply will be high, resulting in low prices. If they then expect low prices to continue, they will decrease their production of strawberries for the next year, resulting in high prices again.

This process is illustrated by the adjacent diagrams. The equilibrium price is at the intersection of the supply and demand curves. A poor harvest in period 1 means supply falls to Q1, so that prices rise to P1. If producers plan their period 2 production under the expectation that this high price will continue, then the period 2 supply will be higher, at Q2. Prices therefore fall to P2 when they try to sell all their output. As this process repeats itself, oscillating between periods of low supply with high prices and then high supply with low prices, the price and quantity trace out a spiral. They may spiral inwards, as in the top figure, in which case the economy converges to the equilibrium where supply and demand cross; or they may spiral outwards, with the fluctuations increasing in magnitude.

The cobweb model can have two types of outcomes:
 * If the supply curve is steeper than the demand curve, then the fluctuations decrease in magnitude with each cycle, so a plot of the prices and quantities over time would look like an inward spiral, as shown in the first diagram. This is called the stable or convergent case.
 * If the demand curve is steeper than the supply curve, then the fluctuations increase in magnitude with each cycle, so that prices and quantities spiral outwards. This is called the unstable or divergent case.

Two other possibilities are:
 * Fluctuations may also maintain a constant magnitude, so a plot of the outcomes would produce a simple rectangle. This happens in the linear case if the supply and demand curves have exactly the same slope (in absolute value).
 * If the supply curve is less steep than the demand curve near the point where the two curves cross, but more steep when we move sufficiently far away, then prices and quantities will spiral away from the equilibrium price but will not diverge indefinitely; instead, they may converge to a limit cycle.

In either of the first two scenarios, the combination of the spiral and the supply and demand curves often looks like a cobweb, hence the name of the theory.

The Gori et al. group finds that cobwebs experience Hopf bifurcations, in Gori et al. 2014, Gori et al. 2015a, and Gori et al. 2015b.

Elasticities versus slopes
When supply and demand are linear functions the outcomes of the cobweb model are stated above in terms of slopes, but they are more commonly described in terms of elasticities. The convergent case requires that the slope of the (inverse) supply curve be greater than the absolute value of the slope of the (inverse) demand curve:
 * $$\frac{dP^S}{dQ^S} > \left|\frac{dP^D}{dQ^D}\right|.$$

In standard microeconomics terminology, define the elasticity of supply as $$\frac{dQ^S/Q^S}{dP^S/P^S}$$, and the elasticity of demand as $$\frac{dQ^D/Q^D}{dP^D/P^D}$$. If we evaluate these two elasticities at the equilibrium point, that is $$P^S=P^D=P>0$$ and $$Q^S=Q^D=Q>0$$, then we see that the convergent case requires
 * $$\frac{dQ^S/Q}{dP^S/P}<\left|\frac{dQ^D/Q}{dP^D/P}\right|,$$

whereas the divergent case requires
 * $$\frac{dQ^S/Q}{dP^S/P}>\left|\frac{dQ^D/Q}{dP^D/P}\right|.$$

In words, the convergent case occurs when the demand curve is more elastic than the supply curve, at the equilibrium point. The divergent case occurs when the supply curve is more elastic than the demand curve, at the equilibrium point (see Kaldor, 1934, page 135, propositions (i) and (ii).)

Role of expectations
One reason to be skeptical of this model's predictions is that it assumes producers are extremely shortsighted. Assuming that farmers look back at the most recent prices in order to forecast future prices might seem very reasonable, but this backward-looking forecasting (which is called adaptive expectations) turns out to be crucial for the model's fluctuations. When farmers expect high prices to continue, they produce too much and therefore end up with low prices, and vice versa.

In the stable case, this may not be an unbelievable outcome, since the farmers' prediction errors (the difference between the price they expect and the price that actually occurs) become smaller every period. In this case, after several periods prices and quantities will come close to the point where supply and demand cross, and predicted prices will be very close to actual prices. But in the unstable case, the farmers' errors get larger every period. This seems to indicate that adaptive expectations is a misleading assumption—how could farmers fail to notice that last period's price is not a good predictor of this period's price?

The fact that agents with adaptive expectations may make ever-increasing errors over time has led many economists to conclude that it is better to assume rational expectations, that is, expectations consistent with the actual structure of the economy. However, the rational expectations assumption is controversial since it may exaggerate agents' understanding of the economy. The cobweb model serves as one of the best examples to illustrate why understanding expectation formation is so important for understanding economic dynamics, and also why expectations are so controversial in recent economic theory.

The "Anpassung nach Unten" and "Schraube nach Unten" argument
The German concepts which translate literally "adjustment to lower" and "screw to lower" are known from the works of Hans-Peter Martin and Harald Schumann, the authors of The Global Trap (1997). Martin and Schumann see the process to worsened living standards as screw-shaped. Mordecai Ezekiel's The Cobweb Theorem (1938) illustrate a screw-shaped expectations-driven process. Eino Haikala has analyzed Ezekiel's work among others, and clarified that time constitutes the axis of the screw-shape. Thus Martin and Schumann point out that the cobweb theorem works to worsen standards of living as well. The idea of expectations-variation and thus modeled and induced expectations is shown clearly in Oskar Morgenstern's Vollkommene Voraussicht und Wirtschaftliches Gleichgewicht. This article shows also that the concept of perfect foresight (vollkommene Voraussicht) is not a Robert E. Lucas or rational expectations invention but rests in game theory, Morgenstern and John von Neumann being the authors of Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944). This does not mean that the rational expectations hypothesis (REH) is not game theory or separate from the cobweb theorem, but vice versa. The "there must be" a random component claim by Alan A. Walters alone shows that rational (consistent) expectations is game theory, since the component is there to create an illusion of random walk.

Alan A. Walters (1971) also claims that "extrapolators" are "unsophisticated", thus differentiating between prediction and forecasting. Using induced modeled expectations is prediction, not forecasting, unless these expectations are based on extrapolation. A prediction does not have to even try to be true. To avoid a prediction to be falsified it has to be, according to Franco Modigliani and Emile Grunberg's article "The Predictability of Social Events", kept private. Thus public prediction serves private one in REH. Haikala (1956) claims that cobweb theorem is a theorem of deceiving farmers, thus seeing cobweb theorem as a kind of rational or rather, consistent, expectations model with a game-theoretic feature. This makes sense when considering the argument of Hans-Peter Martin and Harald Schumann. The truth-value of a prediction is one measure in differentiating between non-deceiving and deceiving models. In Martin and Schumann's context, a claim that anti-Keynesian policies lead to a greater welfare of the majority of mankind should be analyzed in terms of truth. One way to do this is to investigate past historical data. This is contrary to the principles of REH, where the measure of policies is an economic model, not reality, and credibility, not truth. The importance of intellectual climate emphasized in Friedmans' work means that the credibility of a prediction can be increased by manipulating public opinion, despite its lack of truth. Morgenstern (1935) states that when varying expectations, the expectation of future has always to be positive (and prediction has to be credible).

Expectation is a dynamic component in both REH and cobweb theorem, and the question of expectation formation is the key to Hans-Peter Martin's and Harald Schumann's argument, which deals with trading current welfare for expected future welfare with actually worsening policies in the middle. This 'in order to achieve that then we have to do this now' is the key in Bertrand de Jouvenel's work. Cobweb theorem and the rational (consistent) expectations hypothesis are part of welfare economics which according to Martin and Schumann's argument act now to worsen the welfare of the majority of mankind. Nicholas Kaldor's work The Scourge of Monetarism is an analysis of how the policies described by Martin and Schumann came to the United Kingdom.

Livestock herds
The cobweb model has been interpreted as an explanation of fluctuations in various livestock markets, like those documented by Arthur Hanau in German hog markets; see Pork cycle. However, Rosen et al. (1994) proposed an alternative model which showed that because of the three-year life cycle of beef cattle, cattle populations would fluctuate over time even if ranchers had perfectly rational expectations.

Human experimental data
In 1989, Wellford conducted twelve experimental sessions each conducted with five participants over thirty periods simulating the stable and unstable cases. Her results show that the unstable case did not result in the divergent behavior we see with cobweb expectations but rather the participants converged toward the rational expectations equilibrium. However, the price path variance in the unstable case was greater than that in the stable case (and the difference was shown to be statistically significant).

One way of interpreting these results is to say that in the long run, the participants behaved as if they had rational expectations, but that in the short run they made mistakes. These mistakes caused larger fluctuations in the unstable case than in the stable case.

Housing sector in Israel
The residential construction sector of Israel was, primarily as a result of waves of immigration, and still is, a principal factor in the structure of the business cycles in Israel. The increasing population, financing methods, higher income, and investment needs converged and came to be reflected through the skyrocketing demand for housing. On the other hand, technology, private and public entrepreneurship, the housing inventory and the availability of workforce have converged on the supply side. The position and direction of the housing sector in the business cycle can be identified by using a cobweb model.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cobweb model


text:
Talk:Four humours

Table
I found the following quote which contains some discrepancies with the table.

Source: Whiting, J. (2006). Hippocrates: Biography From Ancient Civilizations. Mitchell Lane Publishers. (Amazon, search inside).

Quote: As a result of his observations, [Hippocrates] formed a theory involving the four humors. He believed that the human body contained four fluids, or humors. These were blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Each humor was associated with a particular organ and emotion. Blood came from the heart and helped make people cheerful. Phlegm was centered in the brain and aided in calmness. The spleen was the home of black bile, which could lead to depression and a gloomy outlook. Yellow bile, from the liver, led to anger, a hot temper, and courage. (p. 12). Bmarmie 14:56, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

A Supporting Quote (Source: Oxford English Dictionary (1971). Oxford University Press.): "Black bile, 'a term anciently used for an imaginary fluid, thick, black, and acrid,' supposed to be secreted by the renal or atrabiliary glands, or by the spleen, and to be the cause of melancholy (Syd. Soc. Lex.); hence: Melancholy, spleen" (s.v. 'atrabile'). --64.60.100.162 08:24, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

The table is useful, but I found a similar type table with conflicting information on this website: http://www.ptypes.com/temperaments.html. The four humors don't match in the same way within their columns to the other categorizations found there. --Jen1234 03:06, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

I am currently doing research on the four humours and i am finding this information useful
 * I created the table; i'm glad you find it useful =) if you have any questions i have a good handle on where to find information on these topics --Alterego 18:21, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Hmm, I find it rather strange that the four totem spirits do not correspond to the elements (normally, salamanders are for fire, gnomes for earth, etc) - I'd expect that Paracelsus would have had his totem spirits fit Hippocrat's humours, no ? If they didn't, I'd expect them to be pretty irrelevant here :-P

I'd be in favour of taking the totem spirits off this page, they make things confusing. Or, adding information as to why they don't fit their elements. (I can see this comes from Keirsey's book, I wonder if he gives any extra explanation on these totem spirits)

Flammifer 03:06, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The bottom half of the table is totally inappropriate to an encyclopedia. It has no factual or scientific basis whatsoever. The items with historical dates are quite different: they are clearly appropriate because they are labelled as important historical views that influenced the thinking of millions of people, and help us to understand the development of ideas.
 * I agree with you and have restored the table to my factual and initial version. --Alterego 03:00, September 13, 2005 (UTC)

The table has some incorrect information;: the characteristics field is wrong: courageous, hopeful, amorous is sanguine, NOT choleric calm, unemotional is phlegmatic NOT melancholic despondent, sleepless, irritable is melancholic, NOT sanguine easily angered, bad-tempered is choleric, NOT phlegmatic

What color is phlegm associated with? White? Green? I assumed it couldn't be yellow because of yellow bile...

table presentation of sets of 4
This is my first time reading the article. Found it very informative. One issue I had though is the tabular presentation of some of these sets. For one thing I'm not clear about what the relationship of these modern sets are to the sets of Greek influenced medicine (other than they are all sets of 4). However, I'm especially unclear what information each column is meant to convey: especially after the first several rows. If the more recent sets are relevant to the article, it might be better to remove them from the table and just present them as lists. If they each column has some connection between the elements, perhaps that could be made more clear in the article or — even better— naming the columns in some descriptive way that captures the common trats of the elements in the column. Just a suggestion. I don't have the background to contribute the answer myself, but as a casual reader this was a problem in interpretation.

In other articles I've read on scientific thought in this period: concepts are often presented in some polar form. So presenting each of these four sets would be on a circle or square: sometimes combined to consider the various combining influences of each trait. From my reading here and elsewhere that seems more in keeping with the thinking within these fields and would provide a clearer presentation of the concepts. To see what I'm referring to you could look at the following: Pythagoras, Pentagram, Hindu astrology, Gnostic circle. Just a thought. --Cplot 03:16, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I am confused by the four totems. I would have expected (just in terms of how these creatures are presented in mythology) that the following would hold: Salamanders (Fire), Sylphs (Air), Nymphs (Water, Gnomes (Earth).  However I defer to more thorough research of the topic. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 165.228.134.219 (talk • contribs).

 * This content borrows quite heavily from this page: http://bodilyhumour.quickseek.com/ with some notable miscategorizations, as the above comment suggests.

Fifth temperament?
The section I had added to the page and was deleted by Toh (as "non-germane to the topic", and suggested a separate article) 12 Sep 05 I felt was a very significant discovery:

 * ''In the 1980's, the National Christian Counselors Association, Inc. conducted extensive research and developed the Arno Profile System, named after its founders Richard G. and Phyllis J. Arno.

 * ''It is a system of calculating a person's temperament based on a questionnaire. Each temperament is divided into three categories: Inclusion (social orientation and intellectual energy), Control (one’s decision making abilities and/or need to control others), and Affection (how we respond in our deep personal relationships). All of the temperaments, except the Phlegmatic, can also be "compulsive.”

 * ''During the Arnos’ research, a fifth temperament was discovered which identified a category of people who did not really fit into the other four temperament categories. Some researchers suspected it existed, but only as a “wounded [passive] Sanguine." The Arnos found the missing link, a fifth temperament. This newly identified temperament was called the “Supine,” which means “with the face upwards,” like a servant looking up to his/her master. The Arnos refer to it as “the serving temperament,” because the Supine “feels” that their only value is to serve others. Supines like and need people; however, they have a fear of rejection and do not initiate.

 * ''Supines are identified by strengths such as: a desire to serve, liking people, and having a gentle spirit. Their weaknesses include: expecting others to read their mind, harboring anger as "hurt feelings," and feelings of powerlessness. They are generally open to receiving affection, but have trouble initiating.

 * In some respects, the Supine can be considered as the opposite of a Choleric just as the Melancholy is opposite of a Sanguine.

I had recently been thinking that it should have its own article. But this is by the research of one person (Mr. Arno), which it took me some time to realize. And he seems to be a bit protective of his "discovery", which he has copyrighted, I think. (I had to run the text through him, and he edited it to the way he saw fit before I posted it). I would have to go to him to post any further articles, and my wife, who is the one getting her Counseling license though him, is a bit nervous about me bothering him so much posting all of this information on my own.

But his discovery is quote significant! [Another important point that should have been included]: Temperaments are determined by a scale of a person's "responsiveness" to other people's approaches ("Wanted" behavior) in the above three areas of interaction, and their need to approach other people for those interactions ("expressed" behavior). A melancholy in control has a low need to control others, and also a low tolerance of control by others. A choleric, however, has a high need to control others, but a low tolerance of others controlling him. A sanguine "swings" between control and dependency.

But there were some sanguines who scored high in Response, (as normal) but low in Expressed (like Melancholies). Instead of swinging from control to dependency, they seemed to alway be dependant, and in the area of "inclusion" and "affection", they had a high need to socialize and receive affection, like other sanguines, but were not as open and outgoing as the others --looking a lot like melancholies on the surface. (This leads to what is called "indirect behavior"). These were the "passive" class of sanguines that had been detected in earlier studies. But in Arno's system of scoring, since a separate "temperament" is detemined by a high or low score in expression and response, it follows that someone high in response and low in express is just as much a separate temperament from sanguine, as choleric (which is high in expressed and low in response) is. This was how the temperament of Supine was discovered.

And to those of us who have participated in this analysis, it is so accurate! It perfectly explains to us ourselves, as well as our close friends and loved ones! I, for instance, am "supine" in inclusion, and "choleric" in control. The Supine wants to serve the world and share something good, and the Choleric is what took on the task of trying to expose this theory (even though it may have been seen as impinging on someone else's turf). I think this guy should go for a Nobel or something. But IIRC, he may be choleric as well, so my wife cautions me about pushing him.

Anyway, I guess the deletion of the information provides a good excuse to go and speak to him again, about giving his theory its own article. So I'll leave it off for now, and I hope to contact him soon.

Here, for now is Arno's own website:

| Arno Profile System

Eric B 17:10 28 Dec. 2005

You know what; slept on it, and I guess there would be no harm is making a new article called "Supine (Temperament)" with the text in question right now. I always did fear all of that was a bit much to tack on to this article, but didn't think to mak a separate article, so I apologize. Eric B 8:45 29 Dec. 2005

About bloodletting--
I found this at http://www.collectmedicalantiques.com/bloodletting.html, which seemed to me to introduce an interesting example of bloodletting taken to excess, and was very nicely written, too.

Bleeding was used to reduce excess circulation, to slow the pulse, and to "reduce irritation", all felt to be the cause of inflammation. Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was a major figure in colonial American medicine and was an important proponent of bleeding, though unfortunately he mistakenly thought that the body held 12 instead of 6 quarts. Shortly before his death, George Washington was bled 4 ‡ quarts in 24 hours for an infected throat and died not long after (3).

the parallels
The assignment of the classical elements is not what I expected, namely fire:blood, earth:melanchole, water:choler, air:phlegm. —Tamfang 00:56, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Food classification
The usual current term for the foods that we still talk about in this way (e.g. spices) is hot, not warm. I was surprised to see warm used in this article -- would hot be a better choice? Andrew Dalby 18:56, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Merge to Humourism
"Four humours" is really not a proper subject for an article. The proper term for the theory, according to OED, is Humorism/Humoralism; so, I've suggested merging this into Humorism. See the talk page there for more comments about merging. --  BRIAN  0918 14:38, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

A figure left out in the merge from Four temperaments

When the article Four temperaments was merged into this one, the following image was left out. If the article had been significantly improved in the merging process, I'd absolutely respect the decision of the editor(s) carrying out this work, but I do not think that is the case, and I therefore would like to recommend the image again. I do not know who first had the simple idea behind the image; it was not me, though I created this particular graphics file. I will not add it myself, as it could be considered original research. The eyes may be interpreted as an indication of a high/low energy level, and the mouth of a positive/negative tone.

I liked it so much I made an SVG version:

But it doesn't render properly from wikipedia (it does render properly with the firefox svg renderer, just not (librsvg?) the server side one). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jaded-view (talk • contribs) 00:05, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Fat people?
I got rid of a random comment about how the personalities are "ruled by FAT PEOPLE." Pretty damn random.

Renaissance Adaptations
The following section has recently been added and removed:
 * ==Renaissance Adaptations==
 * Though the four humors were indeed a pagan belief borrowed from the Greeks, in Renaissance times these four humors were adapted for Christian use are said represent the four natures of God. As man is an imperfect reflection of Gods image we as mankind have these four traits. The goal is keep them in perfect balance as God does. This perfect balance is known as eukrasia or the state of harmonious balance. This state has also been known as the “quinta essentia” or the fifth state witch belongs only to God. Its is an emotional and character quality that all good Christian men should strive for but no man can ever truly and completely attain.
 * -section added by Edward Youn (ASU)

Perhaps, with some editing towards WP:NPOV etc., it may be a valuable addition.--Niels Ø 12:31, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

yellow and black bile are switched on a number of pages
black bile is choleric and yellow bile is melancholic. I dont have the time curently to change them all so I thought I would post here for some help —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.72.109.237 (talk) 02:59, 23 December 2006 (UTC).
 * could you please cite your sources on that? everything I have from textbooks, various websites, etc. says that black bile is melancholic and yellow is phlegmatic. It also makes sense: phlegm is yellow. -- Log'a'log 04:58, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "Melan" is a greek word for "black", and "cholera" is bile. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Melancholy So right there, "melan choler" is black bile. Eric B 17:43, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Under Melanchoia you write: There is no bodily fluid corresponding to black bile This does not make sense to me since I presumed black bile (from the gall bladder) IS the bodily fluid associated with this humour. Wardrobe 06:47, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Four humours


text:
Christopher Memminger

Christopher Gustavus Memminger (Christoph Gustav Memminger; January 9, 1803 – March 7, 1888) was a German-born American politician and a secessionist who participated in the formation of the Confederate States government. He was the principal author of the Provisional Constitution (1861), as well as the founder of the Confederate financial system. As the first Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury, Memminger was the principal author of the economic policies of Jefferson Davis's administration.

Early life and career
Christopher Gustavus Memminger was born on January 9, 1803, in Vaihingen, Wuerttemberg  (present-day Stuttgart-Vaihingen,  Germany). His father, Gottfried Memminger, was a military officer who died a month after his son's birth. His mother, Eberhardina (née Kohler) Memminger, immigrated to Charleston, South Carolina, but died of yellow fever in 1807. Christopher was placed in an orphanage. His fortunes changed when, at the age of eleven, he was taken under the care of Thomas Bennett, a prominent lawyer and future Governor. He entered South Carolina College at the age of 12 and graduated second in his class at 16. Memminger passed the bar in 1825 and became a successful lawyer. He married Mary Withers Wilkinson in 1832.

He was a leader of the opponents during the Nullification Crisis. He published The Book of Nullification (1832–33), which satirized the advocates of the doctrine in biblical style. He entered state politics and served in the South Carolina state legislature from 1836 to 1852 and 1854 to 1860, where for nearly twenty years he was the head of the finance committee. Memminger was a staunch advocate of education and helped give Charleston one of the most comprehensive public school systems in the country. In 1859, after John Brown's raid, he was commissioned by South Carolina to consult with other delegates in Virginia as to the best method of warding off attacks of abolitionists.

American Civil War
Memminger was considered a moderate on the secession issue, but after the election of Abraham Lincoln, he decided that secession was necessary. Memminger owned 12 slaves (six males), listed in his estate in the Charleston, South Carolina, census of 1850. His estate was in Henderson County, North Carolina, where he built his Connemara summer home ). When South Carolina seceded from the United States in 1860, Memminger was asked to write the South Carolina Declaration of Secession (officially: Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union), which outlined the reasons for secession. When other states declared secession, he was selected as a South Carolina delegate to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States. He was the chair of the committee which drafted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States. The twelve-man committee produced a provisional constitution in only four days.

When Jefferson Davis formed his first cabinet, Memminger was appointed Secretary of the Treasury on February 21, 1861. It was a difficult task in view of the Confederacy's financial challenges. He attempted to finance the government initially by bonds and tariffs (and the confiscation of gold from the United States Mint in New Orleans). Still, he soon found himself forced to more extreme measures such as income taxes and fiat currency. He had been a supporter of hard currency before the war but found himself issuing increasingly-devalued paper money, which had become worth less than 2% of its face value in gold by the end of the war.

Later life
Memminger resigned as Secretary of the Treasury on July 1, 1864, and was replaced by fellow South Carolinian George Trenholm. He returned to his summer residence in Flat Rock, North Carolina. In the post-war years, he returned to Charleston, received a presidential pardon in 1866, and returned to private law practice and business investment. He also continued his work on developing South Carolina's public education system and was voted to a final term in the state legislature in 1877. Memminger died on March 7, 1888, at age 85, in Charleston, South Carolina.

Notable works

 * The Book of Nullification (1830)

Honors
Christopher Memminger was featured on the Confederate $5.00 bill.

title: Christopher Memminger


text: User talk:213.190.195.101

title: User talk:213.190.195.101


text: Category:Communes of Haute-Saône

title: Category:Communes of Haute-Saône


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Talk:Second Chechen War/Temp

''The Analyses and Reports of the Second Chechen War was listed on Votes for deletion and the consensus was merge with Second Chechen War. As that page is currently a copyvio warning, I have moved it here (Second Chechen War/Temp) in the hope that it can form the basis of an external links section of a new article. See Votes for deletion/The Analyses and Reports of the Second Chechen War''. —Stormie 10:36, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Rewritten from scratch
I've taken the time to rewrite the article from scratch to avoid the risk of tainting it with any material that might be under copyright protection. I've also noticed a lengthy and sometimes acrimonious edit history. With that in mind, I have striven to achive as neutral a point of view as possible, and I have tried to restrict my statements to demonstrable facts. I have attempted to ensure that different perspectives on the conflict are represented, and that opinions and analysis are marked as such—and kept to a minimum. Finally, I have tried to present a level of detail (where possible) suitable for an encyclopedia. In the interest of clarity, I have attempted to cover key points of the conflict rather than every detail. It is perhaps a philosophical point, but I believe it very important for an encyclopedia to provide concise, pithy information suitable for the educated layperson...but not so much minutiae as to drown readers in detail.

I would humbly suggest that edits to this page be carried out with the utmost care not to inject inflammatory material or unsubstantiated POV. I encourage all editors—of this article as with all articles—to be frugal in the use of any potentially loaded terms. I have no intention of trying to take 'ownership' of this article, but I would encourage all editors to discuss substantial contributions, modifications, and deletions on the article's Talk page before adding them. Wikipedia doesn't need another edit war, and they leave everybody involved in a bad mood. I would rather see a few extra weeks spent refining and discussing this article than see several days of page protection, revert warring, personal attacks, and an article littered with or  tags.

With respect to material from other sources, it's not appropriate to copy text directly, even if a few words are changed. If you don't feel confident paraphrasing other text, provide a link and try to summarize the key points here on the Talk page (please try to indicate what new information is present, and why it is important to add). I'm willing to try to incorporate important information into the article. Because I lack any professional or personal vested interests in this topic, I would welcome the role of informal moderator in editing this article.

That said, I am not an expert on Chechnya. It's actually a topic I've dealt with only in passing until now. Check my contribution history; I've been mostly involved in editing science-related articles, and my area of expertise is molecular biology. Because Chechnya is not my (professional) field of research, I have found that doing this rewrite has been highly educational. :) Please jump right in if I have made demonstrable factual errors: incorrect dates, mispelled names, grammatical errors.  Accept my apologies in advance for any major gaffes.

Yours truly in the spirit of cooperation and collaboration,

--TenOfAllTrades | Talk 05:43, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've started the new revision; there are still some sections missing but I'm too tired to write them up tonight. The floor is open for contributions. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 05:43, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

On Referendum
I don't quite know how to tell NPOVwise that the referendum was criticized abroad, for example by the US dept. of state, the mass media then on the spot, for the proper conduct, plus that the occupying Russian troops took part in this referendum. So, the lacking validity of the referendum should be included somehow if this referendum is mentioned here at all.--BIR 13:44, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The truth is the referendum was held by the hostile occupiers in order to stoneset the Chechnya status as a constitient RF part, but, for one, the majority of Chechens never recognized the referendum but went on fighting or supporting the fight until today.--BIR 13:44, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Well...the procedure was about the same as everywhere in the old post-WW2 Soviet sphere in Eastern Europe.--BIR 13:44, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, there are a few points to look at there there. With respect to the validity of the referendum, the section as it stands mentions concerns, but I wasn't specific because I didn't dig for a lot of details. If you can point me to some useful sources on that I'd appreciate it.  (Organizations that are generally recognized as somewhat neutral—Amnesty International, the United Nations, even the BBC—are better for this purpose than local or state news agencies which often have an ax to grind.  On this topic, the U.S. state department or the U.K. Foreign Office are probably pretty good, too.)  If Russian troops were allowed to vote, that's quite relevant, and it should be included if there is external support for that claim. Extremely low turnout would also support this argument; what percentage of the population voted?  What fraction were registered?

 * The second point—that Russia pushed through the referendum for their own ends and mostly for show—is a bit tougher to include. That's more of a question of interpretation, unless Putin happened to actually say something to that effect in an interview.  If there is sufficient factual material to lead one to such a conclusion, then the article readers should probably be able to come up with it without having it spelled out for them.

 * Finally, there is the question of whether or not the Chechen people have accepted the referendum result. I honestly don't know.  Throw me a few links to show that a majority of Chechens (or a significant minority) reject the result.  Widespread protests and rioting, general strikes, that type of thing.

 * I should reiterate that I don't necessarily disagree with or disbelieve what you've said. I just feel that it's important to have solid sources and research to produce a solid, factual article.  Sometimes that may mean I play a bit of a Devil's Advocate, just to be sure that we really know what we think we know.  Cheers!  --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 18:24, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"What can we say? The more blatant the lie, the more firmly one believes in it, Moscow thinks."

Groups.yahoo.com/Chechnya short list

The so called Chechnya referendum was held in March 23, 2003.

Here are my pick-ups of the relevant messages ( the most relevant ones marked ! ) derived from reputable sources which may be traced back identically to the original files in situ of the medias and organisations.

29925 (!), 29939 (!), 30029, 30033, 30150, 30167, 30186, 30210, 30217 (!), 30218, 30282 (!), 30289, 30290 (!), 30291 (!), 30295, 30311, 30329 (!), 30333, 30335, 30353, 30357 (!), 30371, 30381 (!!), 30383, 30414 (!), 30415, 30416, 30418, 30425 (!), 30455 (!), 30509 etc.

The only trouble is just the abundance of details. You need to know dates etc. to be able to search this wide database and to focus properly on.--BIR 13:01, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow, there's a lot there. I've taken a stab at distilling the key concerns about the referendum; are there any additional suggestions?

 * The sheer number of references you've provided is overwhelming--might I suggest limiting your links to one or two examples related to each point? (I'd again recommend preferentially citing the major wire services (Associated Press, Reuters), internationally-recognized news organizations (BBC, New York Times), and reports from major organizations (US/EU governments, UN, OSCE).  It is much more difficult to assess the credibility and accuracy of smaller independent news organizations, or of guest editorials in the major newspapers.)

 * I also haven't written anything about what happened between the Russian occupation of Grozny in February 2000 and the constitutional referendum in 2003. What do you think the highlights are from that period?  Point form is fine, I'm interested in key names, dates, and events. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 20:17, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Category analysis of valid sources - the news institutes tend to weight only another institutes
Seen from the world's high street news agencies the crisis in Chechnya is nothing but local, desides, the adverse parties of the conflict are one remarkably overwhelming superpower and one tiny nation. The former has had locally all the institutional news medias at disposal, and the later has had only some sporadicly spontaneous channels of news. Eventually, the mainstream agencies worldwide have automaticly echoed, first and foremost, the points of view "filtrated" in the former one's sphere rather than delivered from the later one's reality on the spot.

So, in oder to lighten your burden, I wouldn't weight a lot the above mentioned daily news but rather their in-depth analyses here. Instead, I would prefer some other more professionally focused kinds of directions like human rights organisations, national academies of military studies, and even private conflict-oriented institutes in this peculiar issue. The researchers of those have already evaluated the details taken from the local news sources of the both adverse parties quite neutrally and coherently.

The problem has been that the later tiny adverse party never could "institutionalize" the news from its reality well enough for the world headlines - exept some infamous media-atractive incidents of indefinite origin which ended up in headlines quite hasty while the organised large scale human rights abuses never did as a whole.

About sources: one has better to read first the analyses and reports and take notes of dated interesting details. Then, in order to widen the scope one may, for example, search the yahoo.groups database. Here are just a few topics: 5836, 5877, 5887, 5913, 5942, 5949, 6113, 6138, 6303....etc. until you can cover the rest from February 2000 to March 2003 by these   two links

This far, you've proceeded quite well with the renovation of the article. Just go ahead for free on your way. We might focus on details, at long least, when it's complete.--BIR 13:21, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Chechnya abuses on the map

 * Among other things, Chechnya was mentioned in the regards of the latest Bush Putin Summit.--BIR 06:54, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

List of links
Below are all of the links that were in the original Second Chechen War article. I think it might be best to select the most relevant/comprehensive/accessible/representative of them, but leave the vast majority out of the article. (Yes, I know that list of traits may be hard to satisfy.) We want to give a representative sample, not drown the reader in data, speculation, and virtual paper.

Since each section below has a specific thesis it aims to demonstrate, it might be sufficient to take the most comprehensive/representative article from each section for the article's link list. We don't need to hit our readers over the head with these things.

Any thoughts on what should be kept—or added—, and why?

Cheers, TenOfAllTrades | Talk 04:38, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The beginning of the crisis
Just see how the crisis was purposely developed in order to launch a reconquest of this tiny peace of the collapsed empire and to establish a new rule.

 * FMSO:A Tale of Two Theaters: Russian Actions in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999
 * FAS: CRS Report for Congress, Chechnya Conflict.
 * FMSO: Chechen Nationalism and the Tragedy of the Struggle for Independence
 * GS: Dagestan Incursions - August-September 1999
 * GP:The Chechen fight for independence
 * EP: The Background of Chechen Independence Movement V: The Dagestan Provocation
 * FMSO: The Second Chechen War: The Information Component
 * FMSO: Information Warfare in the Second (1999-Present) Chechen War: Motivator for Military Reform?
 * FAS: Post-Soviet Developments
 * Physicians for Human Rights: Endless Brutality, Ongoing Human Rights Violations in Chechnya
 * HRW: Evidence of War Crimes in Chechnya
 * The Jamestown Foundation, Chechnya weekly

In the heat of the crisis
Here one may read how the reconquest ended in Grozny demolition, invading troops got stuck on the partisan warfare, and how the wide-scale human righs abuses were conducted to break the resistance of the Chechen population.

 * FAS: Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB)
 * CEIP: Dmitri Trenin, "The Forgotten War: Chechnya and Russia's Future"
 * IHF Report: The Silencing of Human Rights Defenders in Chechnya and Ingushetia
 * FIDH: Terror and Impunity : A Planned System
 * IHF: Russian Federation, Joint NGO Statement on the Beslan Hostage Tragedy
 * FAS: Riyadus-Salikhin Reconnaissance and Sabotage Battalion of Chechen Martyrs (RSRSBCM)
 * FAS: Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB)
 * RFERL: THE OCTOBER 2002 MOSCOW HOSTAGE-TAKING INCIDENT (Part 1)
 * RFERL: THE OCTOBER 2002 MOSCOW HOSTAGE-TAKING INCIDENT (Part 2)
 * RFERL: THE OCTOBER 2002 MOSCOW HOSTAGE-TAKING INCIDENT (Part 3)
 * Human Rights Violations in Chechnya
 * Kennan Institute, Chechnya: Anti-Terrorist Operation or Human Rights Disaster?
 * IDEE:Dispatches from Chechnya

Signs of 'Realpolitik' on Chechnya developments
Here are sources pointing out how the international community gradually swapped some scattered concerns of a 'political solution' and human rights for the downright acceptance of the Kremlin politics in Chechnya resulting more war crimes and human rights abuses.

 * A Critical Analysis of Western Realpolitik The Case of Russia and Chechnya
 * HRW: U.K.: Postponing Rights Report Sends ?Wrong Message?
 * HRW: Russia: Conditions in Chechnya and Ingushetia Deteriorate
 * HRW: Briefing to the 60th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights
 * HRW: ?Glad to be Deceived?: the International Community and Chechnya
 * IPWR: Life After Beslan
 * CRSC: Chechnya after Beslan
 * Prague Wacthdog: Is Beslan the result of Russian policies in the Caucasus?
 * Prague Watchdog: Four Putinist years in Chechnya
 * Kennan Institute, Russia's Future and U.S. Policy

Samples of judgement

 * Alu Alkhamov: Russia's decision to send troops into separatist Chechnya ten years ago was a mistake (in Russian)
 * Ramzan Kadyrov: The resistance controls everything in Southern Chechnya (in Russian)

Merger back into Second Chechen War
Hi,

I'm merging the content here back into a non-copyvio reverted version of Second Chechen War. I would urge moderate, reasoned, NPOV edits for the future. I would also urge editors to limit their use of templates on the article page. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 17:34, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Please, go on
Ok. So far the stuff looks great. The "ugly boxes" just reflect the minds of totalitarianism where they are accumulated from. --BIR 15:40, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Second Chechen War/Temp


text: Category:Eating behaviors

title: Category:Eating behaviors


text:
Service Provisioning Markup Language

Service Provisioning Markup Language (SPML) is an XML-based framework, being developed by OASIS, for exchanging user, resource and service provisioning information between cooperating organizations.

The Service Provisioning Markup language is the open standard for the integration and interoperation of service provisioning requests. SPML is an OASIS standard based on the concepts of Directory Service Markup Language. SPML version 1.0 was approved in October 2003. SPML version 2.0 was approved in April 2006. Security Assertion Markup Language exchanges the authorization data.

Definition
The OASIS Provisioning Services Technical Committee uses the following definition of "provisioning":

Provisioning is the automation of all the steps required to manage (setup, amend and revoke) user or system access entitlements or data relative to electronically published services.

Goal of SPML
The goal of SPML is to allow organizations to securely and quickly set up user interfaces for Web services and applications, by letting enterprise platforms such as Web portals, application servers, and service centers generate provisioning requests within and across organizations. This can lead to automation of user or system access and entitlement rights to electronic services across diverse IT infrastructures, so that customers are not locked into proprietary solutions.

SPML Functionality
SPML version 2.0 defines the following functionality:

Core functions

 * listTargets - Enables a requestor to determine the set of targets that a provider makes available for provisioning.
 * add - The add operation enables a requestor to create a new object on a target.
 * lookup - The lookup operation enables a requestor to obtain the XML that represents an object on a target.
 * modify - The modify operation enables a requestor to change an object on a target.
 * delete - The delete operation enables a requestor to remove an object from a target.

Async capability

 * cancel - The cancel operation enables a requestor to stop the execution of an asynchronous operation.
 * status - The status operation enables a requestor to determine whether an asynchronous operation has completed successfully or has failed or is still executing.

Batch capability

 * batch - Supports batch execution of requested operations.

Bulk capability

 * bulkModify - Allows multiple modify requests to be run together.
 * bulkDelete - Allows multiple delete requests to be run together.

Password capability

 * setPassword - Enables a requestor to specify a new password for an object.
 * expirePassword - Marks as invalid the current password for an object.
 * resetPassword - Enables a requestor to change (to an unspecified value) the password for an object and to obtain that newly generated password value.
 * validatePassword - Enables a requestor to determine whether a specified value would be valid as the password for a specified object.

Search capability

 * search - The search operation obtains every object that matches a specified query.
 * iterate - The iterate operation obtains the next set of objects from the result set that the provider selected for a search operation.
 * closeIterator - The closeIterator operation tells the provider that the requestor has no further need for the search result that a specific represents.

Suspend capability

 * suspend - The suspend operation enables a requestor to disable an object.
 * resume - The resume operation enables a requestor to re-enable an object that has been suspended.
 * active - The active operation enables a requestor to determine whether a specified object has been suspended.

Updates capability

 * updates - The updates operation obtains records of changes to objects.
 * iterate - The iterate operation obtains the next set of objects from the result set that the provider selected for an updates operation.
 * closeIterator - The closeIterator operation tells the provider that the requestor has no further need for the updates result set that a specific represents.

Custom capabilities

 * An individual provider (or any third party) can define a custom capability that integrates with SPMLv2.

Provisioning Service Object (PSO)
The key identifier in SPML is a PSO.

A Provisioning Service Object (PSO), sometimes simply called an object, represents a data entity or an information object on a target. For example, a provider would represent as an object each account that the provider manages.

Every object is contained by exactly one target. Each object has a unique identifier (PSO-ID).

Profile
SPMLv2 defines two “profiles” in which a requestor and provider may exchange SPML protocol:

 * XML Schema as defined in the “SPMLv2 XSD Profile” [SPMLv2-Profile-XSD].
 * DSMLv2 as defined in the “SPMLv2 DSMLv2 Profile” [SPMLv2-Profile-DSML].

A requestor and a provider may exchange SPML protocol in any profile to which they agree.

The DSMLv2 Profile may be more convenient for applications that access mainly targets that are LDAP or X500 directory services. The XSD Profile may be more convenient for applications that access mainly targets that are web services.

title: Service Provisioning Markup Language


text:
List of Indian Nobel laureates

The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on "those who conferred the greatest benefit on humankind" in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economic Sciences, instituted by Alfred Nobel's last will, which specified that a part of his fortune be used to create the prizes. Each laureate (recipient) receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel; the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; the Swedish Academy awards the Nobel Prize in Literature; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize. They are widely recognised as one of the most prestigious honours awarded in the aforementioned fields.

First instituted in 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to a total of 989 individuals (930 men and 59 women) and 30 organisations. Among the recipients, 12 are Indians of which 5 are Indian citizens and 7 are of Indian ancestry or residency. Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian citizen to be awarded and also first Asian to be awarded in 1913. Mother Teresa is the only woman among the list of recipients. Sri Aurobindo, the Indian poet, philosopher, nationalist and developer of Integral yoga, was nominated unsuccessfully for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1943 and for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950.

On 1 December 1999, the Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mahatma Gandhi was nominated unsuccessfully for the Peace Prize five times (from 1937 to 1939, in 1947 and a few days before he was assassinated in January 1948). In 2006, Geir Lundestad, the Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee, cited it as "the greatest omission in our 106-year history".

title: List of Indian Nobel laureates


text:
Storm Jameson

Margaret Ethel Storm Jameson (8 January 1891 – 30 September 1986) was an English journalist and author, known for her novels and reviews and for her work as President of English PEN between 1938 and 1944.

Life and career
Jameson was born in Whitby, Yorkshire, in 1891, the eldest child of sea captain and former shipbuilder William Storm Jameson and his wife Hannah Margaret Galilee, from a family of wealthy Whitby shipbuilders; she briefly attended school at the Scarborough Municipal, before studying at the University of Leeds. Graduating first in her year, she won a scholarship to King's College, London King's College London in 1914. It was during this time that she began seriously to write, producing her first novel The Pot Boils in 1919. Her dissertation on 'Modern Drama in Europe' was also published in 1920 to significant critical acclaim. It expressed, for the first time, her interest in European literature and her sense of its impact on Britain. She went on to write 48 novels, three autobiographies, several screenplays and a wealth of journalistic articles for national and international publications.

Jameson was President of the English branch of PEN International from 1938 until ill-health forced her to retire in 1944. She remained an active member and PEN International Vice President until her death in 1986. During her time as president she founded the PEN Refugee Writers Fund, which helped hundreds of refugee writers and their families to flee occupied Europe during World War Two. She also worked to try to bridge gaps within PEN during the Cold War, working to keep Communist states within the organisation in order to allow PEN to protect writers' rights in countries where many were being challenged and even killed. Additionally, she was a founding member of the Peace Pledge Union, although she recanted her views in the mid-1930s believing that war was the only way forward to what she hoped would be a fairer and more equal Europe.

Jameson became active in politics at University and remained a committed socialist throughout her life, but her distrust of "groupthink" and passion for the rights of free expression and the liberty of the individual prevented her from following any of the political creeds that were in vogue at the time: Jameson was never a communist, a fascist or, really, a pacifist.

Jameson's collection of novellas, Women Against Men, was admired by The Times reviewer, Harold Strauss, who stated, "So completely is she the master of her art, so instinctively the craftsman, so superlatively the selective artist, that a restrained evaluation of her work is difficult for a student of the novel." Jameson wrote the introduction to the 1952 British edition of The Diary of Anne Frank.

Jameson's novel Last Score was praised by Ben Ray Redman in the Saturday Review of Literature. Redman described Last Score as "one of Storm Jameson's best" and stated "it is the complex web of human relationships that give this novel its breadth and depth".

While her work was highly praised in her lifetime and she was a well-known figure, working at PEN with H.G. Wells, E.M. Forster, Rebecca West, and countless others, Jameson's work and achievements were largely forgotten by critics and readers alike. Her reputation and her work have been significantly recovered in recent years, thanks to the work of female scholars like Jennifer Birkett, Phyllis Lassner, Chiara Briganti and Elizabeth Maslen.

A biography by Jennifer Birkett, professor of French Studies at Birmingham University, was published by the Oxford University Press in March 2009. A second biography, Elizabeth Maslen's Life in the Writings of Storm Jameson: A Biography, was published in 2014 by Northwestern University Press. A critical study by Katherine Cooper, War, Nation and Europe in the Novels of Storm Jameson was published by Bloomsbury Academic in 2020.

The rebuilt Charles Morris Halls of the University of Leeds now have a building named after her, Storm Jameson Court.

Mary Hervey Russell books

 * Company Parade (1934) The Mirror in Darkness I
 * Love in Winter (1935) The Mirror in Darkness II
 * None Turn Back (1936) The Mirror in Darkness III
 * The Journal of Mary Hervey Russell (1945)
 * Before the Crossing (1947)
 * The Black Laurel (1947)

Triumph of Time books

 * The Lovely Ship (1927) The Triumph of Time I
 * The Voyage Home (1930) The Triumph of Time II
 * A Richer Dust (1931) The Triumph of Time III
 * The Triumph of Time (three volumes in one) (1932)

Other fiction

 * The Pot Boils (1919)
 * The Happy Highways (1920)
 * The Clash (1922)
 * Lady Susan and Life: An Indiscretion (1923)
 * The Pitiful Wife (1923)
 * Three Kingdoms (1926)
 * Farewell to Youth (1928)
 * Full Circle: A Play in One Act (1928) drama
 * The Single Heart (1932) novella
 * That Was Yesterday (1932)
 * Women Against Men (1933) three novellas
 * A Day Off (1933) novella
 * In the Second Year (1936)
 * The Moon is Making (1937)
 * Delicate Monster (1937)
 * Loving Memory (1937) novel under the pseudonym James Hill
 * The World Ends (1937) novel under the pseudonym William Lamb
 * Here Comes a Candle (1938)
 * No Victory For the Soldier (1938) novel under the pseudonym James Hill
 * Farewell Night, Welcome Day (1939) (published in the United States as The Captain's Wife)
 * Cousin Honoré (1940)
 * Europe to Let (1940)
 * The Fort (1941)
 * Then We Shall Hear Singing: A Fantasy in C Major (1942)
 * Cloudless May (1943)
 * The Other Side (1946)
 * The Moment of Truth (1949)
 * The Green Man (1952)
 * The Hidden River (1955)
 * The Intruder (1956)
 * A Cup of Tea for Mr. Thorgill (1957)
 * A Ulysses Too Many (1958)
 * A Day Off (1959) short novels, stories
 * Last Score, or the Private Life of Sir Richard Ormston (1961)
 * The Road from the Monument (1962)
 * A Month Soon Goes (1962)
 * The Aristide Case (1964)
 * The Early Life of Stephen Hind (1966)
 * The White Crow (1968)
 * There Will Be A Short Interval (1973)

Non-fiction

 * Modern Drama in Europe (1920) criticism
 * The Georgian Novel and Mr. Robinson (1929) criticism
 * The Decline of Merry England (1930) history
 * The Novel in Contemporary Life (1938) critical essay
 * No Time Like the Present (1933) autobiography
 * Challenge to Death (1935) editor, essays
 * The Soul of Man in an Age of Leisure (1935) pamphlet
 * Civil Journey (1939) essays
 * The End of This War (1941) essay
 * London Calling : A Salute to America (1942) editor, short stories
 * The Writer's Situation (1950) essays
 * Morley Roberts: The Last Eminent Victorian (1961) biography
 * Journey from the North (Volume 1 – 1969) (Volume 2 – 1970) autobiography
 * Parthian Words (1970) criticism
 * Speaking of Stendhal (1979) criticism

Secondary literature

 * Jennifer Birkett, Margaret Storm Jameson: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)
 * Jennifer Birkett and Chiara Briganti, (2007), Margaret Storm Jameson: Writing in Dialogue, (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2007).
 * Katherine Cooper, War, Nation and Europe in the Novels of Storm Jameson (London: Bloomsbury, 2020)
 * Elizabeth Maslen, Life in the Writings of Storm Jameson (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2014).

title: Storm Jameson


text:
User:Inter/AMD

The AMD64 section in AMD gotta go. Not sure where to put it or how to merge it yet. Pasting it here to retain it while I think it over.

AMD64
AMD's future strategy is shown with the 64-bit AMD64 "Hammer" architecture (a.k.a. K8), based on the AMD Opteron. Whilst retaining support for the traditional x86 instruction set, the Hammer's native 64-bit mode is unique to AMD processors and incompatible with the IA-64 architecture used in Intel's Itanium processor (Intel has since announced an extension to their Xeon CPU based on and compatible with AMD64 known as EM64T). As a relatively straightforward extension and cleanup of the basic x86 architecture, from a technical perspective AMD's conservative approach looks likely to produce, at least initially, better price-performance than the Itanium and its successors.

This also gives AMD a marketing advantage in that it can leverage its ordinary 32-bit x86 processor market to naturally upgrade and adopt its 64-bit processors without introducing risk to the existing software infrastructure. The potential for this processor to compete with Itanium head on in its intended markets (high-end 64 bit servers) remains unclear.

AMD released its first AMD64 processor (K8), the Opteron, in March 2003. The Opteron is designed for workstation and server systems, including those containing more than one processor. However, Cray Inc. announced that it was going to use the Opteron as the basis for a top of the line super computer called "Red Storm", indicating that there seemed to be no limit for what sort of applications the Opteron could be used for. AMD then released Athlon 64 and Athlon 64 FX in September 2003 based on the same core architecture, which most benchmarks indicated both as performing equal or better than the Pentium 4. The Pentium 4 was previously a boon to Athlon 64, and had retained its performance advantage in streaming media processing applications. As of November 2004, there had been the 2700+, 2800+, 3000+, 3200+, 3400+, 3700+, 3800+, and 4000+ for the Athlon 64.

The AMD Athlon FX and the Opteron use a different numbering system. The Opteron includes three series, the 100's, 200's, and the 800's, each of which are meant for different types of servers and workstations. 100 Series Opterons are intended for Workstation, and uniprocessor configuration. The 200 series are intended for workstation or server use, and are not qualified to use more than 2 processors in the same system. 800 Series Opterons are used in 4 or 8 way (CPU) servers which anchor some of the most powerful computers built using Opteron. The Athlon 64 FX uses numbers going up, starting with 51. The three models available for the high-end Athlon FX include the FX-51, FX-53 and the FX-55. The recent release of the Athlon 64 FX-55 has shown that up against the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, you can't lose if you have the cash to spend on one, as the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition loses out on many categories that it previously held the crown in (like Media Encoding or Adobe Premiere). AMD thus regains the crown in those areas once again. The Hammer core is very similar to the Athlon in basic microarchitecture, but includes 4 major differences:

 * 1) The inclusion of the AMD64 instruction set;
 * 2) A built-in DDR memory controller;
 * 3) The HyperTransport point-to-point-bus.
 * 4) Support for the NX, or No-Execute bit, which serves to act as a hardware buffer against viruses and other software exploits.

These improve both the capabilities and performance of the Hammer versus the K7 Athlon.

title: User:Inter/AMD


text:
Birthright (disambiguation)

Birthright is the concept of things being due to a person upon or by fact of their birth, or due to the order of their birth.

Birthright may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Birthright (1924 film), a silent film by Oscar Micheaux
 * Birthright (1939 film), a sound remake of the 1924 film also by Oscar Micheaux
 * Birthright (2010 film), a Japanese horror film
 * Birthrights (TV series), a 1991–1993 BBC2 TV series
 * "Birthright" (The Outer Limits), a 1995 episode of The Outer Limits
 * "Birthright" (Star Trek: The Next Generation), a 1993 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation
 * "Birthright" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of Stargate SG-1

Literature

 * Birthright: The Book of Man, a 1982 science fiction novel by Mike Resnick
 * Birthright (Robinson novel), a 1993 Doctor Who novel
 * Birthrights (play), a 2003 play by David Williamson
 * Birthright (Diablo novel), a 2006 novel by Richard A. Knaak
 * Birthright, a 1975 novel by Kathleen Sky
 * Birthright, a 1922 novel by Thomas Sigismund Stribling

Comics

 * Birthright (comic book), a 2014 comic book series by Joshua Williamson, Andrei Bressan, and Adriano Lucas
 * Superman: Birthright, a 2003 comic book series by Mark Waid and Leinil Francis Yu

Music

 * Le droit d'aînesse or The Birthright, an opéra bouffe that premiered in 1883
 * Birthright (album), a 2005 album by James Blood Ulmer
 * "Birthright" (A-ha song) (2005)
 * "Birthright" (Samhain song)
 * "Birthright", a 2012 song by Celldweller from Wish Upon a Blackstar

Other uses

 * Birthright, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Birthright (campaign setting), a setting for Dungeons & Dragons
 * Birthright: The Gorgon's Alliance, a 1996 video game based on Dungeons & Dragons
 * Birthright International, an organization of crisis pregnancy centers
 * Birthright Israel, a program offering free trips to Israel for young Jews
 * Birthright Unplugged, a program set up in response to Birthright Israel
 * Birthright, Inc., an American eugenics organization

title: Birthright (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Underarm bowling

Dates
Could someone add some dates to this?

I think the 1981 incident deserves its own page. I'm in no rush to change this, but I'd like to see any comments for or against a move. Rocksong 01:02, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think that's necessary. This isn't a very long article, and the material on the 1981 incident alone would make quite a short page by itself. If it was expanded to something like twice the size, it might start deserving its own article. I don't think there's all that much more that can be written about it, though. -dmmaus 06:50, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * My reasoning was the sidebar on the RHS of the page: this is one of 20 or more pages on "bowling styles". I don't think any other "bowling style" page discusses a specific incident (e.g. Bodyline is not on the bouncer page). Also, someone specifically looking up the 1981 incident is confronted with (for them) irrelevant stuff on the history of underarm bowling. Also my observation is "multi-pronged" Wikipedia articles tend to expand such that a split becomes necessary sooner or later - even hough, as you say, the article isn't too long yet. Having said all that, if people don't agree with me then so be it. Rocksong 07:04, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I could go either way. It's ok as it is, but it would also work well as two separate articles, linking to each other - a short paragraph on the incident with . Stevage 10:07, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

My concern with the "1981 incident" is that the controversy was not the underarm delivery (an easy bounced underarm could be more easily smacked for 6 than a regular delivery), but the fact it was *rolled*. That fact doesn't seem to be mentioned - the ball was rolled dead flat along the ground, totally preventing any attempt to get 6 runs off it. I seem to recall the batsman picked it up in disgust? Stevage 10:01, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I've added the clarification. It's a good point, because if I'd never seen the incident and only knew of backyard underarm lobbing, it might not be obvious otherwise. BTW McKechnie didn't pick the ball up, he just knocked it aside with his foot. Rocksong 00:22, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * McKechnie blocked the ball with his bat (it was quite straight. if he had offered his foot, i guess the aussies would have appealed for it !) and threw away his bat. Tintin (talk) 13:55, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I just saw the replay again. You are right: he blocked it with his bat, then tossed his bat. Rocksong 11:45, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Walters incident
Re Walters incident, it appears in a autobiography of Border. I read it in around 1987 in a cricket magazine which published a few extracts from that book. I don't remember the name of the book or anything more about it.

The bowler was not TM Chappell but Border. It happened the day after the underarm incident. Walters struck a bet with Border that he could hit an underarm ball for six. As Border rolled one along, Walter took a few steps down the wicket and put hit foot on the way of the ball. As the ball bounced up he hit it out of the ground and into the Kippax lake (so it was probably at SCG No.2, not the regular SCG).

All this is from memory. I am sure that Gerald Brodribb mentions in this in his book - The Lost Art - about underarm bowling. But this will have to wait till someone finds the exact lines from one of the books. Tintin (talk) 05:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I remember a story like that, but the batsman was South Africa's Clive Rice (Almost certainly not at the MCG or off Chappell). If either story is true, I don't think it's worthy to be in the article, because hitting the ball up off the foot is illegal. Rocksong 11:16, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

I have got the exact citation if anyone is interested :

 * The day after the affair Doug Walters promised to show Allan Border on the Sydney ground just how that grub might have been successfully dealt with. He asked Border to bowl a grub to him and the moment the ball was delivered Walters charged down the wicket and stuck out his left foot whereupon the grub cannoned into his boot, popped up in the air, and then Walters clouted it out of the ground.

Gerald Brodribb, The Lost Art, Boundary books edition (1997), p.63, ISBN 0-95222070-8-7 Tintin (talk) 13:07, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks - aded it to miscellanea--Arktos talk 20:31, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the article needs to point out that, while it's a cute trick, it doesn't "successfully" deal with the grubber. See the rule on hitting the ball twice at http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-34-hit-the-ball-twice,60,AR.html :
 * (a) The striker is out Hit the ball twice if, while the ball is in play, it strikes any part of his person or is struck by his bat and, before the ball has been touched by a fielder, he wilfully strikes it again with his bat or person, other than a hand not holding the bat, except for the sole purpose of guarding his wicket.  Rocksong 01:08, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Damn. I was planning to ask that as a question in WP:CRIQ :-) Tintin (talk) 08:45, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

The POINT of this article....
... is to discuss a vital and essential aspect of cricket's history and NOT to dwell at length and ad nauseum on the doings of the Chappell family. I have therefore followed precedent where a controversial incident is deemed worthy of inclusion on the site by giving it its own article as per the linkage provided. That means this article can be developed according to its context and perspective in historical terms and not in the terms of modern media sensationalism.

Incidentally, underarm bowling was rarely if ever used (i.e., legitimately) by first-class teams in Australia or New Zealand, hence this article does not belong in the categories covering the histories of those countries. --BlackJack | talk page 19:36, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, you started off by saying this article is about a history discussion, then you went on to say it is not a history that is directly linked to any one country. I do not see how you got to that conclusion, except for through your "I doubt" statement. Please do not revert good faith additions based on a doubt that they are supposed to be there. Please make those kind of deletions based on "knowing" that they are not an integral part of the history of both countries. For the record, the incident had a cultural effect on both countries, and hence it is a part of the history of both countries, just as the Bledisloe Cup is an inevitable part of our shared heritage, this too is an undeniable part of the heritage. Ans e ll  22:44, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I've removed doubt above which was a wrong choice of words. I've provided a better linkage to the new article which is what this incident needs if as you say it was so important, though you are being POV when you say that because Aussies and Kiwis that I know personally regard it as trivial and of no importance whatsoever.  See WT:CRIC where there is already a consensus in agreement with the incident having its own article.  --BlackJack | talk page 07:42, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that this needs to be separated from the 1981 incident so that the context and historical importance of underarm bowling is not overshadowed. But having said that, the 1981 event was significant in the modern history of cricket, particularly in respect to Australian and New Zealand cricketing relations and tours (obviously).  I'm sure most Aussies and Kiwis would agree and would be surprised if a majority thought it "... trivial and of no importance whatsoever".  It wasn't Bodyline, but it certainly wasn't trivial.

 * Also, Intercolonial first class matches were being played in Australia from 1851 and I can't imagine that underarm bowling wasn't significant in those early days. — Moondyne 08:25, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry about the statement above. The incident is still not insignificant IMO, but I misrepresented the situation. Feel free to implement the solution which has been approached so far. Ans e ll  00:13, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Information
The following text was deleted from the 1981 page because it wasn't about that incident, it might be added this page. --Jpeeling 12:30, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Underarm bowling was prohibited in all forms of cricket by the 2000 code of the laws, although this does not stop a competition organiser putting it back in.
 * In the First World Series Cup Final played between the two sides at the SCG in 1983, Australia needed one run to win with Lance Cairns bowling to Greg Chappell. Cairns brought the house down with laughter when he bowled an underarm delivery! The umpire no-balled him, and Greg Chappell hit a six of the next ball to secure the victory, over the demoralised Kiwis who were without an injured Richard Hadlee for the first time since 1977.
 * The day after the affair Doug Walters and Allan Border experimented on the Sydney ground how a ball bowled underarm might have been successfully dealt with. Border bowled underarm to Walters. The moment the ball was delivered, Walters "charged down the wicket and stuck out his left foot whereupon the grub cannoned into his boot, popped up in the air, and then Walters clouted it out of the ground." . However, the batsman could be given out under the Hit the ball twice law.
 * Whilst Greg Chappell was batting at Eden Park, Auckland in the first Rothmans Cup one-day international of the 1981/82 season, the record NZ crowd of over 40,000 was greatly amused when some wag in crowd bowled a lawn bowl onto the field. Chappell went on to score a fine century, under much duress from the hostile crowd, and he was given a standing ovation upon his departure.

Lob bowling talk page topic
I think, underarm bowling isn't illegal if it is pre arranged before the match. I shall consult Tom Smith.
 * No need to go to that far. Law 24.1.b mentions it. Tintin 03:14, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Note that there is a more detailed article on Underarm bowling and the two articles handle pretty much the same stuff. Tintin 03:20, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

So I think we should qualify the word illegal. do you agree or am I nit picking? Johnnybriggs 19:23, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

"Today the laws pertaining to the bowling of "beamers" would be likely to render most lob bowling illegal, and it would probably be deemed a wide." probably irrelevant and incorrect since beamers are balls which do not pitch.

This article seems to have turned into one on "donkey drops" see Spedagues Dropper by Conan Doyle. Lob bowling was slow underam (usually spin) bowling which dropped on a normal length. Donkey drops are something specific and different Johnnybriggs 06:57, 13 February 2007 (UTC) I think this should be merged with underarm bowling

What does this mean: "As an underarm bowler he had an action a little like setting a wood in crown green bowling." Drutt 22:50, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Clarifying the article
I think this needs tidying up in several respects, but I don't have the expertise to do so. The opening sentence tells us underarm is old, not the essence of it. There is also no mention of its current legal status in the opening paragraph. I think the definition should follow before the history. It would also be useful to define pitched bowling, since it seems to be important in the history and perhaps 'shooters, twisters and risers'. It would also be useful to know when it became illegal to roll a ball along the ground, since the article says this was the original style. The history seems to get a bit excessive in detail from the paragraphs about 'Lumpy' onwards. It also needs some more citations as it seems like a personal essay. Tomcrocker (talk) 11:41, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Lob bowling be merged into Underarm bowling. I think that the content in the Lob bowling article can easily be explained in the context of Underarm bowling, and the Underarm bowling article is of a reasonable size that the merging of Lob bowling will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. Jack | talk page 10:12, 25 May 2016 (UTC)

Underarm bowling was the original form of bowling in cricket, existing since time immemorial. The ball was originally delivered all along the ground as in bowls but c.1760, pitched delivery bowling began as the first stage in bowling's evolution (the modern straight bat was invented in response). A lob is itself a pitched delivery although its purpose and target area are unconventional and so it could be defined as one form of underarm bowling. Roundarm bowling evolved from underarm pitched bowling in the early 19th century and overarm bowling from roundarm in the third quarter of the 19th century. The scope of underarm bowling is wide, especially in terms of its historical importance. There really is not much else that can be said about lobs beyond what the current article already has and this content would be easily placed within underarm bowling, perhaps in a dedicated section, without causing any problems. Jack | talk page 10:31, 25 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Comment. Note points raised on their own talk pages by HuPi and LessHeard vanU. Jack | talk page 03:56, 26 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Comment. As HuPi and LessHeard vanU both indicated support for the merger, I will be WP:BOLD in another day or two and just go ahead and do it unless anyone objects. Jack | talk page 13:16, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

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Mike Brearley
In The Art of Captaincy (1985), Mike Brearley said that he had bowled lobs for Middlesex CCC as a practised last resort to try to buy a wicket, but never took one. Unfortunately, I've mislaid my copy. There may also be mention in contemporary Wisdens of something ao unusual. Narky Blert (talk) 13:38, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Underarm bowling


text:
National Olympiad in Informatics

The National Olympiad in Informatics in computing usually refers to the a national competition of a particular country, which usually is the course of selection of the country's top team or persons to participate in the International Olympiad in Informatics. Examples are:

 * Philippines : National Olympiad in Informatics - Philippines
 * China : National Olympiad in Informatics, China
 * Singapore : National Olympiad in Informatics, Singapore
 * Greece : National Greek Competition in Informatics

title: National Olympiad in Informatics


text:
Parrina

Parrina is a small Italian Denominazione di Origine Controllata comprising parts of the commune of Orbetello in the province of Grosseto, Tuscany. The DOC was awarded in 1971, and extends to 110.33 ha with about 20 wine producers, the largest of which, by far, is Antica Fattoria La Parrina. The DOC originally allowed only the use of Italian varieties such as Trebbiano, Sangiovese and Ansonica, but an amendment in 1986 recognised emerging trends in allowing the use of Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. About 50% of the wine production is white, 35% red, and 15% rosato (rosé, or pink). The name "Parrina" may originate from the Castilian word for a pergola on which vines or figs are grown. Others argue the area took its name from the Parrini order which had a monastery here in the twelfth century (although the existence of such an order is hard to substantiate).

The small Parrina DOC is located entirely within the larger Ansonica Costa dell'Argentario DOC.

DOC Regulations
According to regulations, Parrina bianco must be 30% to 50% Trebbiano Toscano (Procaino), 30% to 50% Ansonica (Inzolia) and/or Chardonnay, and 20% maximum of other white grapes. This blend permits the wine producer to use a much larger potential portion of Chardonnay, and therefore allows for a more structured and full wine than the typical Trebbiano-based DOC whites of Central Italy. As an example of this, the Italian producer Antica Fattoria La Parrina typically produces a Parrina bianco which is 50% Trebbiano, 30% Chardonnay and 20% Sauvignon Blanc.

Parrina Rosso is required to contain at least 70% Sangiovese, and is allowed to be released June 1 of the year succeeding the vintage.

title: Parrina


text: Talk:Parrina

title: Talk:Parrina


text: User talk:82.200.141.159

title: User talk:82.200.141.159


text:
User:Melissadolbeer

This is so wrong; I feel as though I have been violated by Wikipedia.To have Ril and his bullies succeed makes me feel sick. Time to give up on Wikipedia. It is sad that a few can ruin it for everyone.--Melissadolbeer 05:58, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Thank you Wikipedia for dealing with Ril and his bullies!

See

 * Requests for arbitration/-Ril-/Evidence

 * Requests for comment/-Ril-

--Melissadolbeer 08:54, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Melissadolbeer


text: Category:Communes of Mayenne

title: Category:Communes of Mayenne


text:
Erwinia

Erwinia is a genus of Enterobacterales bacteria containing mostly plant pathogenic species which was named for the famous plant pathologist, Erwin Frink Smith. It contains Gram-negative bacteria related to Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and Yersinia. They are primarily rod-shaped bacteria.

Many infect woody plants. A well-known member of this genus is the species E. amylovora, which causes fire blight on apples, pears, and other Rosaceae crops; E. tracheiphila, though, causes bacterial wilt of cucurbits. Other familiar species, such as E. carotovora (another major cause of plant diseases), are more distantly related to the fire blight bacterium, and have been moved to genera Brenneria, Dickeya, and Pectobacterium.

Erwinia aphidocola and E. persicina species were both observed to be present within the floral nectar microbial community of seven different orchid (Epipactis) flower species. E. aphidicola appears to display characteristics of a pathogen as it had decimated fifty percent of a bean crop in Spain in late 2003.

Erwinia rhapontici has been identified as a plant pathogen that produces a distinct diffusible pink pigment on sucrose-peptone agar and creates pink seeds in the hosts. It is also found to be a wound pathogen. Wound pathogens are replicating microorganisms in a wound that can cause the host injury. It is possible that the bacterium can penetrate though young pea pods through wounds or injuries and infect seeds produced in the pod, causing deformed leaves.

Erwinia uredovora is a bacterium from which Phytoene desaturase was isolated, which is the gene that is inserted into golden rice.

Species
Species in Erwinia are:
 * Erwinia amylovora (Fire blight)
 * Erwinia aphidicola
 * Erwinia billingiae
 * Erwinia endophytica
 * Erwinia gerundensis
 * Erwinia iniecta
 * Erwinia mallotivora
 * Erwinia oleae
 * Erwinia papayae
 * Erwinia persicina
 * Erwinia piriflorinigrans
 * Erwinia psidii
 * Erwinia pyrifoliae
 * Erwinia rhapontici
 * Erwinia tasmaniensis
 * Erwinia teleogrylli
 * Erwinia toletana
 * Erwinia tracheiphila
 * Erwinia typographi
 * Erwinia uredovora
 * Erwinia uzenensis

Dickeya dadantii was formerly classified as Erwinia chrysanthemi.

title: Erwinia


text:
Talk:Erotica (madonna)

This article was listed on Votes for deletion and the consensus was redirect to Erotica (Madonna album): see Votes for deletion/Erotica (madonna) —Stormie 10:50, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erotica (madonna)


text:
Ludwig Christoph Heinrich Hölty

Ludwig Christoph Heinrich Hölty (21 December 1748 – 1 September 1776) was a German poet, known especially for his ballads.

Hölty was born in the Electorate of Hanover in the village of Mariensee (today part of Neustadt am Rübenberge) where his father was pastor. In 1769, he went to study theology at the University of Göttingen. There he formed a close friendship with Johann Martin Miller, Johann Heinrich Voss, Heinrich Christian Boie, the brothers Stolberg, and others, and became one of the founders of the famous society of young poets known as the Hain, or Göttinger Hainbund. By the time he left the university in 1774, he had abandoned all intention of becoming a clergyman, but he was not to enter any profession. He died of consumption at Hanover.

Hölty was the most gifted lyric poet of the Göttingen circle. He was influenced by Johann Uz and Friedrich Klopstock, but his love for the Volkslied and his delight in nature preserved him from the artificiality of Uz and the unworldliness of Klopstock. A strain of melancholy runs through all his lyrics. His ballads are the pioneers of the rich ballad literature on English models, which sprang up in Germany over the next few years. Among his most familiar poems are: "Üb' immer Treu' und Redlichkeit" (1776), "Tanzt dem schönen Mai entgegen", and "Wer wollte sich mit Grillen plagen" (1776).

To many, the opening lines of Hölty's poem "Der alte Landmann an seinen Sohn" ("The Old Farmer to His Son") are the very embodiment of all Prussian virtues. This poem was set to music by Mozart to a melody adapted from the aria "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen" from his 1791 opera The Magic Flute. It was played daily by the carillon of the Potsdam Garrison Church where Frederick the Great was initially buried. The text reads as follows: "Üb' immer Treu und Redlichkeit / Bis an dein kühles Grab; / Und weiche keinen Fingerbreit / Von Gottes Wegen ab." Translation: "Use always fidelity and honesty / Up to your cold grave; / And stray not one inch / From the ways of the Lord."

Hölty's collection Gedichte (poems) was published by his friends Count Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg and J. H. Voss (Hamburg, 1783). A new edition, enlarged by Voss with a biography, came out in 1804, followed by a more complete but still imperfect edition by F. Voigts (Hanover, 1857). The first complete edition was that of Karl Halm (Leipzig, 1870), who had access to manuscripts not hitherto known.

Many of Hölty's poems were set to music by composers including Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Fanny Hensel-Mendelssohn, and Brahms, and his verse 'Ihr Freunde, hänget, wann ich gestorben bin' is inscribed above the final movement of the Harp Sonata by Paul Hindemith. Several streets and schools in Germany are named after him, including the Hölty-Gymnasium in Wunstorf near Hanover; in 2008, the biennial poetry prize Hölty-Preis was created in his name.

title: Ludwig Christoph Heinrich Hölty