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Buckeye Partners

Buckeye Partners, formerly known as the Buckeye Pipeline Company, is a distributor of petroleum in the East and Midwest areas of the United States. A direct descendant of Standard Oil, the company is considered one of the largest independent oil pipelines in the United States. Its global headquarters is located in Houston's River Oaks District, and it maintains an additional U.S. headquarters in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Its predecessor company, the Buckeye Pipe Line Company, was founded in 1886 as part of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil. It existed as a subsidiary until it became an independent company after Standard Oil's dissolution in 1911. It changed its name to Buckeye Partners in 1986 during a reorganization that transitioned it into a master limited partnership. The company expanded by buying oil pipelines from mainstream petroleum companies. In 1942, the company purchased Indiana Pipe Line. In 2004, its $517 million acquisition of refined petroleum pipelines and terminals from Shell was approved by the Federal Trade Commission.

Buckeye manages over 6200 mi of petroleum pipelines and over 100 truck-loading terminals. Many of its pipelines follow historic Northeastern railroad rights-of-way, and the firm is a surviving fragment of the defunct Penn Central railroad. Among Buckeye's clients were major airports in New York City, leading it to being listed by US federal prosecutors as among the targets of the 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot.

In 2019, IFM Investors acquired Buckeye Partners for $10.3 billion in an all-cash deal, paying Buckeye Partners shareholders $41.50 per share. Buckeye Partners is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of IFM under its "Global Infrastructure Fund".

Facilities

 * Perth Amboy Refinery
 * The North Line System - A 309 mile refined products pipeline connecting Wood River Refinery in Roxana, Illinois to a company terminal in Peotone, Illinois. The system includes two onward connections, one to Hammond, Indiana and one to a company terminal in Summit, Illinois.  The 96,000 barrel-per-day pipeline was constructed in 1952 by Shell Oil Company.  Buckeye Partners acquired the system from Shell in 2004.

title: Buckeye Partners


text:
Talk:Jerry Vines

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Controversies and article lede
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I am curious if anyone has thoughts of adding or expanding the lede of the article to include more information regarding Vines' covering up of sexual crimes by Paige Patterson. I'll personally say that that is actually what I know most about Vines, rather than his service to his church/his theology. Northern-Virginia-Photographer (talk) 13:18, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jerry Vines


text:
Fourier (crater)

Fourier is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southwestern part of the Moon's near side, just to the southeast of the crater Vieta. To the northeast is the Mare Humorum. The rim of this crater is roughly circular, but appears oval when viewed from the Earth due to foreshortening.

Except to the north-northwest, the outer rim is not heavily eroded. The satellite crater Fourier B lies along the eastern rim and inner side. The inner wall is relatively wide, and is slumped slightly along the edge forming a shelf near the perimeter. The interior floor is just over half the diameter of the crater rim, and is relatively level with a small crater to the west of the midpoint and another near the northeast edge.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Fourier.

title: Fourier (crater)


text:
Talk:Didot family

Source, public domain
Article source originally from http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04782b.htm. Marked as copyvio on January 21, 2005 but source is public domain catholic encyclopedia. RedWolf 02:06, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Graphic Design History
— Assignment last updated by Ktrachsel01 (talk) 01:07, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Didot family


text: User talk:68.83.142.204

title: User talk:68.83.142.204


text:
Gibbs (crater)

Gibbs is a lunar impact crater that lies near the eastern limb of the Moon. It is situated less than a crater diameter to the northeast of the larger crater Hecataeus. The crater chain Catena Humboldt passes to the south of Gibbs, following a line to the northeast. Due to its proximity to the limb, this crater appears foreshortened when viewed from the Earth, and visibility is subject to libration.

The outer rim of Gibbs is not quite circular, and an outward bulge to the north gives it an onion-like profile. The southeastern wall is slightly straightened and there is a low break in the rim at the southern and northern ends. In other respects, however, the rim is only slightly eroded. The interior floor is nearly level in the southwestern half, with irregular ridges to the northeast. There is a small craterlet to the northwest of the midpoint.

A recent small impact along the northeastern rim, Mirzakhani, has produced a small ray system that forms a skirt of higher albedo material across this part of the rim. Faint traces from these rays cover the interior floor of Gibbs.

The crater was named after Josiah W. Gibbs by the IAU in 1964.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gibbs.

title: Gibbs (crater)


text:
Pay-to-play

Pay-to-play, sometimes pay-for-play or P2P, is a phrase used for a variety of situations in which money is exchanged for services or the privilege to engage in certain activities. The common denominator of all forms of pay-to-play is that one must pay to "get in the game", with the sports analogy frequently arising.

Terminology
The term "pay-to-play"' in the political context refers to a practice where individuals or entities, often through campaign donations or financial contributions, gain access or influence over government officials and decision-making processes (Smith, 2020). This term is used to describe a perceived link between political contributions and political favors or access (Jones, 2019). While it is a widely used term in discussions about campaign finance and political corruption, it doesn't have a single origin or a specific creator (Brown, 2017).

Origin and usage

The concept of "pay-to-play" has been present in political discourse for many years (Johnson, 2005). However, it gained significant prominence in the United States during the 20th century, particularly in the context of campaign finance regulations and political fundraising practices (Smith, 2020). The specific phrase "pay-to-play" is believed to have emerged organically within political and media discussions, reflecting the idea that political access and influence could be bought through financial contributions (Davis, 2013).

Prominence and Usage: The term "pay-to-play" is most commonly used in discussions about campaign finance, lobbying, and political corruption (Smith, 2020). It gained prominence in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as concerns grew about the increasing influence of money in politics (Brown, 2017).

Effects on people

"Pay-to-play" practices can have various effects on the political system and the general populace:

Undermining Equal Representation: It can create a perception that those with financial resources have greater access to policymakers, potentially undermining the principle of equal representation (Jones, 2019). Policy Influence: There are concerns that large political contributions can lead to policies that favor the interests of wealthy donors over the broader public (Davis, 2013). Erosion of Trust: It may erode public trust in government, as people believe elected officials are more responsive to donors than to constituents (Johnson, 2005). Barriers to Participation: It can discourage individuals without financial means from engaging in the political process, potentially limiting diversity in political leadership (Smith, 2020). These effects highlight the complex and contentious nature of "pay-to-play" dynamics in politics, with implications for democratic principles and governance.

Broadcasting
The term also refers to a growing trend in which individuals or groups may purchase radio or television airtime, much like infomercials, to broadcast content promoting the payer's interests. While these types of shows are typically shows that have little sponsor support and have no substantiated audience, some major program producers do purchase airtime to "clear" their programs in certain major markets. This type of format is particularly common among religious broadcasters (televangelism), where the related term pay-for-pray is used.

Music industry
The term also refers to a growing trend, where venue owners charge an up-front fee to performing artists for the use of their facilities. The practice began in Los Angeles, California, during the 1980s. It has become common in many U.S. cities at low-turnout all-ages shows where performers are required to guarantee a minimum attendance through pre-show ticket sales. Pay-to-play gigs are a contentious practice in the UK, and some of the largest pay-to-play gig organisers have generated large amounts of discussion and criticism.

The term pay-to-play was also used as the title to a song by the band Nirvana (later renamed to "Stay Away"). The refrain referred to the practice of a band or their record label paying radio stations to put a song into heavy rotation. The phrase is also the title to a song by the band Cringer, in which they denounce the practice.

Music Supervision is a booming field in the music industry, whose professionals place music in many kinds of film, television, commercial, web-based and other live and recorded media cues. While some music supervisors are paid only by their employer or per-project, some companies use a pay-to-play model wherein artists pay to submit tracks for consideration to a variety of media concerns, only to have to pay the Music Supervision intermediary again at a cost of half of its earning for the track placement should it win a placement.

Online gaming
The term is also used as slang to refer to Internet services that require that users pay to use them. Usually, it refers to MMORPGs, where players must pay to maintain a playing account, as is the case with Eve Online or World of Warcraft. This is in contrast to free-to-play games. Many formerly pay-to-play MMORPGs have switched to a free-to-play model, including EverQuest, Star Wars: The Old Republic, Aion: The Tower of Eternity, and The Lord of the Rings Online. The game RuneScape features both free accounts for no money or pay-to-play accounts, with a much larger list of features.

The term may also refer to something like the online game Habbo Hotel, where there are games inside the game, which you may pay-to-play to join into a game whilst it is in progress.

Stand-up comedy
In a pay-to-play gig, the performer will either pay the promoter some money to be allowed to perform at the show, or will have to offer some in-kind payment. In a conventional comedy club, the promoter will pay the acts for their performance, and will raise the money to stage the gig by charging the audience. Some clubs offer open mic slots, where newer acts are allowed to learn the craft, unpaid; this is not the same as pay-to-play. Many comedians are against pay-to-play schemes, which they consider exploitative.

Pay-to-play was cited as a cause of major damage to the quality of the New York comedy scene. In economic terms, a pay-to-play strategy elevates those people who can afford to perform for nothing, or can afford to pay for their stage-time, which has nothing to do with their quality as an act. The pay-to-play promoter is able to profit from the goodwill and desire to perform of the acts, while discouraging appearances by those who cannot afford to perform without payment.

In some shows, the performer is asked to bring a certain number of paying audience members. As a payment-in-kind policy, this has caused similar controversy to pay-to-play. A show where the acts are obliged to bring the audience is called a bringer.

Visual arts
Similar to the trend cited above in music, pay-to-play is the practice of visual artists paying gallery owners, dealers, curators, publishers, festival and contest sponsors, and better-established artists to critique, review, judge, exhibit, collect, or publish works created in such disparate media as painting, photography, video, and sculpture. Pay-to-play is a type of vanity gallery. Pay-to-play is characterized by cash flow that moves away from visual artists. Pay-to-play is sold to visual artists and justified by visual artists as "an investment in future sales" and may be self-victimization.

In engineering, design, and construction
Pay-to-play in the engineering, design, and construction industry can refer to:
 * 1) monetary and gift exchanges to persuade decision makers such that they make decisions in favor of those offering the money or gifts;
 * 2) exchanges of money or gifts and providing sponsorships such that the engineering, design, or construction company gets considered for work that would not otherwise be available (this in essence becomes a type of pre-qualification for work—contracts; and
 * 3) illegal acts of bribery.

Pay-to-play might also be used to explain the appearance of engineering, design, and construction public work being done not in an open and fair manner.

PwC's 2014 Global Economic Crime Survey explored financial corruption in the construction industry. This survey found that asset misappropriation and bribery were the most prevalent crimes, with nearly 70% of crimes being perpetrated by insiders. In 2018, 14 people were charged with bribe-taking, money laundering, grand larceny and other charges relating to construction projects at Bloomberg LP's offices in New York.

In corporate finance
Pay-to-play is a provision in a corporation's charter documents (usually inserted as part of a preferred stock financing) that requires stockholders to participate in subsequent stock offerings in order to benefit from certain antidilution protections. If the stockholder does not purchase his or her pro rata share in the subsequent offering, then the stockholder loses the benefit(s) of the antidilution provisions. In extreme cases, investors who do not participate in subsequent rounds must convert to common stock, thereby losing the protective provisions of the preferred stock. This approach minimizes the fears of major investors that small or minority investors will benefit by having the major investors continue providing needed equity, particularly in troubled economic circumstances for the company. It is considered a "harsh" provision that is usually only inserted when one party has a strong bargaining position.

In finance
In the finance industry, the term pay-to-play describes the practice of giving gifts to political figures in the hopes of receiving investment business in return.

In the U.S., after discovering that this practice was not uncommon and was undermining the integrity of the financial markets, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) severely regulated and limited the interactions and gifts-giving practices between the investment industry personnel and politicians and candidates. This can be seen most notably in Rule 206(4)-5 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and Rules G-37 and G-38 of the MSRB Rule Book.

Pay-to-play occurs when investment firms or their employees make campaign contributions to politicians or candidates for office in the hope of receiving business from the municipalities that those political figures represent. It usually applies to investment banking firms that hope to receive municipal securities underwriting business in return or to investment management firms that hope to be selected for the management of government funds such as state pension funds.

An example of this form of corruption or bribery is the 2009 probe by then New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo into private equity funds payments to placement agents with political connections to obtain business with the New York State Common Retirement System.

In politics
In politics, pay-to-play refers to a system, akin to payola in the music industry, by which one pays (or must pay) money to become a player. Almost always used in criticism, the phrase also refers to the increasing cost of elections and the "price of admission" just to run for office and the concern "that one candidate can far outspend his opponents, essentially buying the election".

Typically, the payer (an individual, business, or organization) makes campaign contributions to public officials, party officials, or parties themselves, and receives political or pecuniary benefit such as no-bid government contracts, influence over legislation, political appointments or nominations,  special access or other favors. The contributions, less frequently, may be to nonprofit or institutional entities, or may take the form of some benefit to a third party, such as a family member of a governmental official. Incumbent candidates and their political organizations are typically the greatest beneficiaries of pay-to-play. Both the Democratic and Republican parties have been criticized for the practice.

While the direct exchange of campaign contributions for contracts is the most visible form of pay-to-play, the greater concern is the central role of money in politics, and its skewing of both the composition and the policies of government. Thus, those who can pay the price of admission, such as to a $1000/plate dinner or $25,000 "breakout session", gain access to power and/or its spoils, to the exclusion of those who cannot or will not pay: "giving certain people advantages that other[s] don't have because they donated to your campaign". Good-government advocates consider this an outrage because "political fundraising should have no relationship to policy recommendations". Citizens for Responsible Ethics in Washington called the "pay-to-play Congress" one of the top 10 scandals of 2008.

Many seeking to ban or restrict the practice characterize pay-to-play as legalized corruption. Pay-to-Play practices have come under scrutiny by both the federal government and a number of states. In Illinois, federal prosecutors in 2006 were investigating "pay-to-play allegations that surround Democratic Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich's administration". The allegations of pay-to-play in Illinois became a national scandal after the arrest of Gov. Blagojevich in December 2008, on charges that, among other things, he and a staffer attempted to "sell" the vacated U.S. Senate seat of then-president-elect Barack Obama.

Many agencies have been created to regulate and control campaign contributions. Furthermore, many third-party government "watchdog" groups have formed to monitor campaign donations and make them more transparent. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has created a rule that puts some restrictions on asset managers when they make campaign contributions. The New York and Tennessee Republican parties filed a lawsuit against the SEC in August over the 2010 rule, arguing that it impedes free speech, seeking a preliminary injunction against the rule. U.S. District Judge Beryl Howell questioned whether the parties have standing to bring the case, noting they failed to name the potential donors and did not cite any investment advisers who are upset about the rule.

The opposite of a pay-to-play system is one that is "fair and open"; the New Jersey Pay-to-Play Act specifically sets out bid processes that are or are not considered fair and open, depending upon who has contributed what to whom. In a series of academic research articles, Christopher Cotton shows how selling access may lead to better policy decisions compared to other means of awarding access. He also illustrates how wealthy interest groups are not necessarily better off from having better access to politicians.

Because of individual federal campaign contribution limits in the wake of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain-Feingold), pay-to-play payments of "soft money" (money not contributed directly to candidate campaigns and that does not "expressly advocate" election or defeat of a candidate) donations to state parties and county committees have come under greater scrutiny. This method refers to money that is donated to an intermediary with a higher contribution limit, which in turn donates money to individual candidates or campaign committees who could not directly accept the payor's funds.

title: Pay-to-play


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Assurance services

Assurance service is an independent professional service, typically provided by Chartered or Certified Public Accountants or Chartered Certified Accountants, with the goal of improving information or the context of information so that decision makers can make more informed, and presumably better, decisions. Assurance services provide independent and professional opinions that reduce information risk (risk from incorrect information).

Definition and distinction from other services
The technical definition of assurance requires five components set out in the International Framework for Assurance Engagements:

 * 1)  A three-party relationship – the responsible party who prepares the information to be assured; the independent practitioner who assures the information; and the users who are expected to rely on the information. In the case of an audit, the responsible party is the management of the company, the practitioner is the audit firm and the users are primarily the shareholders.
 * 2)  Agreed subject matter – in the case of an audit, this would be the annual accounts of a company. However it could be almost anything in practice – the systems operated by a state lottery, a company's greenhouse gas emissions, controls over a supply chain etc.
 * 3)  Suitable criteria – this means that there must be some agreed framework to which the information may be compared. In the case of an audit, this will be the form of company accounts mandated by the appropriate laws, regulations and accounting standards in a particular jurisdiction. For other subject matter, it might be the design and proper operation (as specified) of the lottery systems and controls.
 * 4)  Sufficient appropriate evidence. The practitioner must obtain sufficient appropriate evidence that the subject matter information (the data related to the subject matter) agrees with the criteria.
 * 5)  A conclusion expressed in a written report.

Audits are therefore a type of assurance service. However, audits only test the validity of the assertions in financial statements, and are subject to regulation under International Standards on Auditing. Assurance engagements designed to test historical financial information are referred to as assurance reviews (these are regulated by International Standard on Review Engagements (ISRE 2400)), but assurance reports can be obtained over many other subject matters and will then be subject to ISAE 3000 or other individual Standards on Assurance Engagements.

Consulting services are not considered as assurance because in consulting services, an accountant generally uses their professional knowledge to make recommendations for a future event or a procedure, such as the design of an information system or accounting control system. In contrast, assurance services are designed to test the validity of past data of the business cycles. Although there is no boundary to what can be tested by assurance services, professional accountants cannot accept any engagement for which they do not believe themselves to be competent.

Agreed–upon procedures do not constitute an assurance procedure under the above definition, because no conclusion is given. However, they are often loosely referred to as "assurance". Similarly compilation engagements (which also have no conclusion) are often described as giving assurance, but are not strictly assurance engagements.

Guidance
Technical guidance for practitioners wishing to undertake assurance services can be found in ISAE (International Standard on Assurance Engagements) 3000 ISAE 3000 and in The Assurance Sourcebook published by ICAEW (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales) which also includes advice for companies wishing to choose between various assurance services.

title: Assurance services


text:
Music of Kosovo

Music of Kosovo is music that originates from Kosovo, a country in the Balkans. Kosovo's population is mainly Kosovo Albanians, also known as Kosovars, and there are various minority ethnic groups as well. Kosovan music is closely related to that of neighbouring Albania, as well as to that of countries in the former Yugoslavia.

Throughout its history, Kosovan music has played an important cultural role and also a significant part of the Kosovan national identity, drawing its artistic basis from the ancient and traditional folk music (with distinctive instrumentation of Albania), rhapsody, and classical music. In recent times, Kosovo has seen the rise of popular music.

Popular music dominates the Kosovan music market, although classical music and folk music remain vibrant. Kosovan musicians have reconstructed traditions that were suppressed while the country was under Yugoslav rule.

Mainstream music in Kosovo is based on Western trends, and popular genres include pop, rock, hip hop, electronic, and jazz.

Folk music
In the past, epic poetry in Kosovo and northern Albania was sung on a lahuta (a one-string fiddle) and then a more tuneful çiftelia was used which has two strings-one for the melody and one for drone. Cultural anthropology researches revealed the antiquity of this tradition and how was it developed in parallel with other traditional music in the Balkans, while various archaeologists discovered finds dating back to the 5th Century B.C. such as stone paintings depicting musicians with instruments, notably the portrait of "Pani" holding an aerophone similar to flute.

Kosovo Albanian music
It is characterized by use of çiftelia (an authentic Albanian instrument), mandolin, mandola and percussion. The most notable Albanian rock bands are: Gjurmët, Asgjë Sikur Dielli - Jazz Drummer, Ilir Bajri is a notable jazz and electronic musician.

Ledri Vula, Rita Ora, Era Istrefi, Dua Lipa, Regard, Dhurata Dora, Nora Istrefi, Majk (rapper), Genta Ismajli, Rona Nishliu, Vedat Ademi and Adelina Ismajli are some of the most popular commercial singers in Kosovo today.

Tallava is a minority music genre from Kosovo, also popular in Albania and the Republic of North Macedonia, in the Albanian-speaking communities. Having originated in the Roma community in Kosovo in the 1990s, it is oriental-sounding, and perceived of as low-status. Nevertheless, it is becoming increasingly popular in Albania and North Macedonia. It is identified as part of the wider Pop-folk genre of the Southeastern Europe, which includes Chalga from Bulgaria, Skiladiko from Greece, Manele from Romania and Turbo-folk from Serbia.

Kosovo Serb music
Serbian music in Kosovo today represents a minority group and is a mixture of traditional music (which is part of the wider Balkan tradition) with its own distinctive sound and various Turkish influences. Some of Serbian traditional dance kolo originated from Kosovo. Serb songs from Kosovo were an inspiration for 12th song wreath (sr. Руковет) by composer Stevan Mokranjac, who is often called “father of Serbian music”. Most of Serbian music from Kosovo was dominated by church music, with its own share of sung epic poetry. Oral epic poetry and folk songs cultivated the Kosovo Myth. Many epic poems are about events related to the Battle of Kosovo, which is important to Serbian history, tradition and national identity. Serbian national instrument Gusle was also used by their minority in Kosovo.

Jordan Nikolić, Viktorija, Sejo Kalač, Đani, Jana, Tina Ivanović, Slađa Delibašić, Rasta, Nevena Božović are some of the most popular Kosovo Serb commercial singers.

Rock music
While rock music in Kosovo has always been Western oriented, Yugoslavian influence became also evident to a minor extent but it was short-lived. One of the first popular Albanian rock bands was called Blue Star which formed in 1964 in Pristina and later it was renamed to Modestët. In the beginning of the 1970s, the rock music scene in Mitrovica, Kosovo (then Yugoslavia) comprised both Albanian and Serbian bands, though each had their own separate audience and performed in their own languages. However, there was a band called MAK which had both Albanian and Serbian musicians, and another bi-ethnic band was FAN also based in Mitrovica, but their collaboration was short-lived as well.

Pristina was the most important city for Albanian rock music during the 1980s. In the mainstream circles Gjurmët (founded 1981) were among favorites. Their combination of rock with "muzikë qytetare" laid the foundation of Albanian rock. Other known bands that formed during this period were Ilirët, 403, Telex, Seleksioni 039, Minatori and Menkis. On the other hand, underground music was more leaning towards punk. The most notable underground rock/punk band of Pristina in the 1980s was Lindja with its lead musician Luan Osmani (lead guitar). The beginning of the 1990s introduced other rock bands and individuals that played mainly in Kosovo like Troja, Jericho, Dardan Shkreli, Blla blla blla and Elita 5 (from North Macedonia). During the parallel governance (1989–1999) and after the 1999 war in Kosovo, several new Kosovo-Albanian bands emerged, among which the most famous are KEK (Kreativ e jo Komercial – English: creative and not commercial), Troja, 7me7, The Hithat, Cute Babulja, Por-no, Gre3n, Retrovizorja. After the war in 1999, metal bands like: Land of Confusion, Frisson, Krieg, Shlem, Diadema, Sotap, emerged to the surface.

After 2004 many alternative rock band appeared forming a new wave. Many bands formed, dissolved than re-formed. Bands like Votra, Gillespie, The Bloody Foreigners, and Gre3n (ceased existing in 2008). Also the Glasses, the Dizzies (with some band members of Gillespie) The Freelancers most of them debuting in 2009.

Musicians
The contemporary pop stars Dua Lipa and Rita Ora are ethnic Albanians from Pristina and have achieved an international recognition for their music. Also Era Istrefi had an international breakthrough with her song "BonBon", which charted globally, and was featured on 2018 FIFA World Cup anthem "Live It Up". Another widely recognized musicians are de:Ardita Statovci and Petrit Çeku, both winners of prestigious music awards. Gjon's Tears a Swiss singer and songwriter of Kosovar-Albanian descent, who auditioned for the eighth season of the French singing competition The Voice: la plus belle voix and reached the semi-finals, as well as who will represent Switzerland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021.

Eurovision
SAP Kosovo was represented by RTV Priština at the Jugovizija, the national pre-selection of Yugoslavia, but their entry has never won. Jugovizija 1986 was organised by RTV Priština. Before 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, Viktorija a singer from Vučitrn represented Yugoslavia as part of Aska in 1982 and Nevena Božović from Mitrovica represented Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007.

Kosovo's national public service broadcaster, Radio Television of Kosovo (RTK), has attempted to attain European Broadcasting Union (EBU) membership. The broadcaster had applied to enter Kosovo for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009  and Kosovo would have made its Eurovision Song Contest debut in 2011 if it joined the EBU. However, RTK is ineligible to become a full EBU member as it is not part of the International Telecommunication Union due to Kosovo not being a United Nations members state.

From 2013 on, RTK has observer status within the EBU and did participate in the Eurovision Young Dancers 2011. According to the Kosovar newspaper Koha Ditore, a future entry would be selected via a national final called Akordet e Kosovës, a former pop show that had been taken off the air some years ago.

Kosovo Albanian artists have competed at the Festivali i Këngës since the 80s and have represented Albania in several occasions. The Kosovar singer, Rona Nishliu, represented Albania with "Suus" and placed 5th in the grand final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, whereas Lindita Halimi represented Albania in 2017 with "World". Additionally, Elhaida Dani's song I'm Alive which represented Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015, was written and produced by Zzap & Chriss, both Kosovo Albanian record producers and songwriters.

Some singers, especially Kosovo Serbs, participate in Serbian national selection organised by RTS. Nevena Božović also represented Serbia as a member of Moje 3 in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 and as a solo artist in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019.

title: Music of Kosovo


text:
Koryak language

Koryak is a Chukotko-Kamchatkan language spoken by 1,665 people as of 2010 in the easternmost extremity of Siberia, mainly in Koryak Okrug. It is mostly spoken by Koryaks. Its close relative, the Chukchi language, is spoken by about three times that number. The language together with Chukchi, Alutor and Itelmen forms the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family. Its native name in Koryak is нымылан nymylan, but variants of the Russian "Koryak" name are most commonly used in English and other languages.

The Chukchi and Koryaks form a cultural unit with an economy based on reindeer herding and both have autonomy within the Russian Federation.

Phonology
may be an allophone of.

title: Koryak language


text:
Drue Heinz

Drue Heinz, DBE (born Doreen Mary English; March 8, 1915 – March 30, 2018) was a British-born American actress, philanthropist, arts patron, and socialite. She was the publisher of the literary magazine The Paris Review (1993 to 2007), co-founded Ecco Press, founded literary retreats and endowed the Drue Heinz Literature Prize among others. She was married to H. J. Heinz II, president of Heinz.

Biography
Born Doreen Mary English in Norfolk, England to Patrick Harry English, an army officer, and Edith English (née Wodehouse), she first married John Mackenzie Robertson with whom she had one daughter, Wendy Mackenzie. Her second husband was Dale Wilford Maher, the first Secretary of the U. S. Legation in Johannesburg, South Africa (died 1948). They had a daughter Marigold Randall. In 1953, Drue became the third wife of H. J. Heinz II (1908–87), then president of Heinz company and heir to the Heinz fortune. With Heinz she became the stepmother of John Heinz (1938–91) who later became a Pennsylvania United States Senator.

Prior to her marriage to Heinz she was an actress. As "Doreen English" she had a small role in the 1948 movie Uneasy Terms, which starred Michael Rennie. Using the name Drue Mallory, she was cast in three 1950 movies, Please Believe Me, starring Deborah Kerr, Three Came Home and Breakthrough.

The Heinz home in Pittsburgh was called "Goodwood", in Sewickley Heights. They also had an apartment in New York's Upper East Side, and a winter retreat in Hobe Sound, Florida. For many years, their British home was Ascot Place at North Ascot in Winkfield, Berkshire. Heinz would buy houses, restore them and turn them into writers' retreats. She purchased Hawthornden Castle, a medieval fortress outside Edinburgh, Scotland and made it into a place for writers to live and work called the Hawthornden Literary Retreat. The Heinz Italian home, called Villa Maresi, was on Lake Como in the town of Griante. She called it "Casa Ecco", and writers would go there for discussions. "She was very close to Tom Wolfe, Norman Mailer, Andy Warhol, Harold Pinter and Antonia Fraser," according to Daniel Halpern, founder of Ecco Press.

Of her character, Teresa Heinz said "Drue was a very private person but she came to know an amazing group of people in her life. She was smart and passionate and deeply interested in art, literature, and especially poetry." Of her reputation, Jonathan Galassi, President, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, said
 * "Drue Heinz was the great literary philanthropist of our time. The institutions she created and/or supported – among them The Drue Heinz Prize, Antaeus, The Ecco Press and The Paris Review in the United States and the Hawthornden Prize and Hawthornden Castle in the U.K., to name only a few – are monuments to the seriousness and long-standing of her commitments; but it was her personal involvement, her long friendships with J. Laughlin, George Plimpton, and countless writers and editors, that made her generosity so impactful."

Death
Heinz died on March 30, 2018, at age 103, at Hawthornden Castle in Lasswade, Scotland.

Philanthropic and literary career
In 1971, with the encouragement of her friend James Laughlin, she co-founded Ecco Press. In addition to the literary magazine Antaeus, which she funded from 1970 to its closing in 1994, Ecco published many out of print books, and was one of the leading US publishers of poetry.

Heinz began supporting the University of Pittsburgh's fiction prize in 1980. In 1995, she endowed the prize with a $1 million gift at which point it became known as the Drue Heinz Literature Prize. The prize publishes collections of short fiction through the University of Pittsburgh Press. "The revenue from that million has exceeded the needs of the press for publication and promotion of the Heinz books so it keeps growing," said Ed Ochester, editor of the press in 2018. Heinz also endowed the Hawthornden Prize for many years.

When the archives of The Paris Review were sold to the Morgan Library in 1999, Heinz paid the purchase price of $850,000. Heinz was close friends with the founder, George Plimpton, and was herself publisher of the Review from 1993 to 2007. Heinz was among those who helped found the paper in 1953 and over the years help fund it.

In 1970, she restored an old movie theater into the Heinz Hall for the Performing Arts, which was the founding institution of what would later become the Cultural District, Pittsburgh. Heinz gave $10 million to Carnegie Institute for the creation of the Heinz Architectural Center in 1990. Heinz also supported London's Tate Gallery and the Royal Institute of British Architects. Funds from her foundation help publish the Lincoln Center Theater Review.

She was the sponsor of The Royal Oak Foundation's Drue Heinz Lecture Series and served as the Foundation's Honorary Chairman. In 2002, Heinz endowed a Chair jointly held at St. John's College, Oxford and the Rothermere American Institute, University of Oxford called the Drue Heinz Professor of American Literature. She endowed the position of the Drue Heinz Librarian at the American Academy in Rome. She sponsored the Literary Evenings, Monday Night Lecture Series produced by Pittsburgh Arts & Lectures in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the Drue Heinz Study Center for Drawings and Prints at the National Design Museum. She was on the board of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the MacDowell Colony, the Pierpont Morgan Library, the American Academy in Rome and served on the International Council of the Museum of Modern Art. She joined the board of the Howard Heinz Endowment in 1973, which later became the Heinz Endowments, and became Director Emeritus in 1994. She was also a board member of the Carnegie Museum of Art.

Her private foundation, the Drue Heinz Trust, had assets of $36 million according to its 2015 tax return.

Awards and honors
Heinz was named an Honorary Dame Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in July 1995. In 2002, Heinz was selected as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. She was an Honorary Fellow of Hertford College, Oxford.

title: Drue Heinz


text:
Talk:Music of Kosovo

Serbian
I reverted Category:Serbian culture and Category:Serbian music. First, there are sections about Serbian music in the article, and second, as per Kosovo disputed status, this categories are also welcomed. -- Tadijataking 21:37, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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"Western music"
To clarify, this term is slightly problematic because there exists an actual genre of music called "Western" music. Generally speaking, Western music consists of either the classical+folk Western music traditions or the contemporary pop music trends, which are led by the West but of course are experienced globally. Jargo Nautilus (talk) 15:17, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music of Kosovo


text:
Victim

Victim(s) or The Victim may refer to:

People

 * Crime victim
 * Victim, in psychotherapy, a posited role in the Karpman drama triangle model of transactional analysis
 * Casualty (person), the victim of an event

Films and television

 * The Victim (1916 film), an American silent film by the Fox Film Corporation starring vamp Valeska Suratt
 * The Victim (1930 film), an American film starring Esther Howard
 * Victim (1961 film), a British drama film featuring Dirk Bogarde
 * The Victim (1972 film), a television film produced for American Broadcasting Company
 * The Victim (1980 film), a Hong Kong film directed by and starring Sammo Hung
 * Victim (1999 film), a Hong Kong film directed by Ringo Lam
 * The Victim (2006 film), a Thai horror-thriller film written by Monthon Arayangkoon
 * Victim (2010 film), an American indie film directed by Matt Eskandari
 * The Victim (2011 film), an American horror film written by and starring Michael Biehn
 * Victims (film), a 1982 American television film
 * Victim (2011 film), a British action drama film written by and starring Ashley Chin
 * The Victim (2019 TV series), a Scottish miniseries starring Kelly Macdonald and John Hannah
 * Victim (2022 film), a Slovak-Czech-German thriller-drama film
 * Victim (TV series), a 2022 Indian Tamil-language anthology thriller series

Literature

 * The Victim (novel), a 1947 Saul Bellow novel
 * Victim: The Other Side of Murder, a 1980 book by Gary Kinder
 * The Victim, the American title for Gabriele D'Annunzio's 1892 novel The Intruder
 * The Victim, a 1914 novel about Jefferson Davis by Thomas Dixon, Jr.

Music

 * Victims (band), a hardcore punk/d-beat band from Sweden
 * The Victims (Australian band), a punk band from Perth, Western Australia
 * Victim, a punk band originally on the Good Vibrations record label
 * Victim (album), 1996 by Gojira
 * Victims (Steel Pulse album), 1991
 * Victims (Lucky Dube album), 1993
 * "Victims" (song), 1983 by Culture Club
 * "Victim" (Eighteen Visions song), 2006
 * "Victim" (Sevi song), 2012
 * "Victim", by Avenged Sevenfold from the album Nightmare, 2010
 * "Victim", by Devin Townsend from the album Physicist, 2000
 * "Victim", by Drain Gang from the album Trash Island, 2019
 * "Victim", by Esmée Denters from the album Outta Here, 2009
 * "Victim", by Kate DeAraugo from the album A Place I've Never Been, 2005
 * "Victims", by[Lacuna Coil from the album Broken Crown Halo, 2014
 * "The Victim", by Juliana Hatfield from the album Juliana's Pony: Total System Failure, 2000
 * "The Victim", by Memphis May Fire from the album The Hollow, 2011

Other uses

 * Victim cache, a special cache used in modern microprocessors
 * The Victim (racehorse), a competitor in the 1849 Grand National steeplechase

title: Victim


text: Category:Religious service organizations


text:
No Man's Heath, Warwickshire

No Man's Heath is an area of the civil parish of Newton Regis, in the North Warwickshire district, in the county of Warwickshire, England, about 6 mi northeast of Tamworth. It is near the boundaries of four English counties: Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire and Staffordshire. Nearby in the late 19th century were Netherseal Colliery and Netherseal Hall. Today a small village exists here, also called No Man's Heath, which is the northernmost settlement in Warwickshire. No-Mans-Heath was formerly an extra-parochial tract, in 1858 No Mans Heath became a separate civil parish, on 24 March 1888 the parish was abolished and merged with Newton Regis. In 1881 the parish had a population of 70. The county boundary which used to divide the village between Leicestershire and Warwickshire has been re-drawn on 1 April 1965 to place the whole village in Warwickshire.

The village has an Indian restaurant called The Four Counties Spice; this used to be the village public house, called The Four Counties Inn.

Leicestershire, Warwickshire, and Staffordshire meet about 0.5 mi northwest of the village. Derbyshire, Leicestershire, and Staffordshire meet a further half-mile northwest. There is an ancient (probably Mercian) stone, divided into four parts, which may mark the point where the four counties met before boundary adjustments.

title: No Man's Heath, Warwickshire


text:
Assurance (theology)

As a general term in theological use, assurance refers to a believer's confidence in God, God's response to prayer, and the hope of eternal salvation. In Protestant Christian doctrine, the term "assurance", also known as the Witness of the Spirit, affirms that the inner witness of the Holy Spirit allows the Christian disciple to know that they are justified. Based on the writings of St. Augustine of Hippo, assurance was historically an important doctrine in Lutheranism and Calvinism, and remains a distinguishing doctrine of Methodism and Quakerism, although there are differences among these Christian traditions. Hymns that celebrate the witness of the Holy Spirit, such as Fanny Crosby's "Blessed Assurance", are sung in Christian liturgies to celebrate the belief in assurance.

John Wesley and Methodism
John Wesley believed that all Christians have a faith which implies an assurance of God's forgiving love, and that one would feel that assurance, or the "witness of the Spirit". This understanding is grounded in Paul's affirmation, "...ye have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry Abba, Father. The same Spirit beareth witness with our spirits, that we are the children of God..." (Romans 8:15–16, Wesley's translation). This experience was mirrored for Wesley in his Aldersgate experience wherein he "knew" he was loved by God and that his sins were forgiven.

 * "I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone for salvation, and an assurance was given me that He had taken my sin, even mine."—from Wesley's Journal.

Early in his ministry Wesley had to defend his understanding of assurance. In 1738, Arthur Bedford had published a sermon in which he misquoted Wesley's teachings. Bedford had misunderstood Wesley as saying that a Christian could be assured of persevering in a state of salvation, the Reformed view.

In a letter dated September 28, 1738, Wesley wrote, "The assurance of which I alone speak I should not choose to call an assurance of salvation, but rather (with the Scriptures), the assurance of faith. ...[This] is not the essence of faith, but a distinct gift of the Holy Ghost, whereby God shines upon his own work, and shows us that we are justified through faith in Christ. ...The 'full assurance of faith' (Hebrews 10.22) is 'neither more nor less than hope; or a conviction, wrought in us by the Holy Ghost, that we have a measure of the true faith in Christ.'"

The full assurance of faith taught by Methodists is the Holy Spirit's witness to a person who has been regenerated and entirely sanctified. This full assurance of faith "excludes all doubt and fear since the heart has now been perfected in love", consistent with a Wesleyan–Arminian interpretation of 1 John 4:18, which proclaims "There is no fear in love; but perfect love casteth out fear: because fear hath torment. He that feareth is not made perfect in love." John Wesley emphasized that this is not an assurance about the future, but about the present state of the believer (Methodist theology teaches that apostasy can occur through sin or a loss of faith). Believers can be assured that they are the adopted children of God and will be with Him for eternity if they continue in holiness by trusting in Christ and obeying God's commandments in this life.

The Pilgrim Nazarene Church, a Methodist denomination in the conservative holiness tradition, teaches:

The Emmanuel Association of Churches, another Methodist denomination, states:

Quakerism
The Central Yearly Meeting of Friends, a Holiness Quaker denomination, teaches in reference to the experiences of the New Birth and Perfection "that the Spirit of God gives to each born again person an inward witness that he is truly a child of God and to each truly sanctified person a witness that he is entirely sanctified." Quakers hold that the "witness of the Spirit is nothing more than the communication and assurance of God through the Spirit to the inward consciousness of the seeking and the believing soul that he has received that which he desired of God, that God has both hear the prayer and performed His work of grace in the heart (Rom 8;16; I Jn. 5:14, 15)."

Baptists
Baptists teach that a "person is born again when he/she believes on the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ (the death, burial, and resurrection) and he/she calls upon the name of the Lord." Those who have been born again, according to Baptist teaching, know that they are "a child of God because the Holy Spirit witnesses to them that they are."

Lutheranism
Lutheranism accepts monergism, which states that salvation is by God's act alone, and rejects the teaching that humans in their fallen state have a free will concerning spiritual matters. Lutherans believe that although humans have free will concerning civil righteousness, they cannot work spiritual righteousness without the Holy Spirit, since righteousness in the heart cannot be wrought in the absence of the Holy Spirit. Lutherans believe that the elect are predestined to salvation. According to Lutheranism, Christians should be assured that they are among the predestined. Lutherans believe that all who trust in Jesus alone can be certain of their salvation, for it is in Christ's work and his promises in which their certainty lies. However, they disagree with those that make predestination the source of salvation rather than Christ's suffering, death, and resurrection. Unlike Calvinists, Lutherans do not believe in a predestination to damnation. Instead, Lutherans teach eternal damnation is a result of the unbeliever's sins, rejection of the forgiveness of sins, and unbelief, all of which occur when God chooses not to positively intervene during the unbeliever's lifetime. The central final hope of the Christian is "the resurrection of the body and the life everlasting" as confessed in the Apostles' Creed, but Lutherans also teach that, at death, Christian souls are immediately taken into the presence of Jesus in heaven, where they await this bodily resurrection and the second coming of Jesus on the Last Day.

Reformed
Reformed Christianity (Calvinism) has had controversies over the doctrine of assurance, many however teach that believers may have assurance of their salvation especially through the work of the Holy Spirit and also by looking at the character of their lives. The idea that because good works necessarily result from true faith one can gain assurance by observing evidences of faith in their life is called the practical syllogism. If they believe God's promises and seek to live in accord with God's commands, then their good deeds done in response with a cheerful heart provide proof that can strengthen their assurance of salvation against doubts. This assurance is not, however, a necessary consequence of salvation, and such assurance may be shaken as well as strengthened.

The Westminster Confession of Faith affirms that assurance is attainable though the wait for it may be long:

"...infallible assurance doth not so belong to the essence of faith but that a true believer may wait long and conflict with many difficulties before he be partaker of it: yet, being enabled by the Spirit to know the things which are freely given him of God, he may, without extraordinary revelation, in the right use of ordinary means, attain thereunto. And therefore it is the duty of everyone to give all diligence to make his calling and election sure; that thereby his heart may be enlarged in peace and joy in the Holy Ghost, in love and thankfulness to God, and in strength and cheerfulness in the duties of obedience, the proper fruits of this assurance..."

Additionally, the Augustinian doctrines of grace regarding predestination are taught in the Reformed churches primarily to assure believers of their salvation since the Calvinist doctrines emphasize that salvation is entirely a sovereign gift of God apart from the recipient's choice, deeds, or feelings (compare perseverance of the saints).

The Marrow Brethren, being a group inside Reformed theology instead taught that assurance is to be grounded upon the gospel, while their opponents emphasized the human element in assurance.

Anabaptism
Anabaptists who belong to Conservative Mennonite and New Order Amish communities teach the belief in assurance—"that one can know the state of his soul while on earth". This differs from the Old Order Amish understanding, who teach a "living hope" of salvation. Obedience to Jesus and a careful keeping of the Ten Commandments, in addition to loving one another and being at peace with others are seen as "earmarks of the saved".

Similarities in Catholic teaching
The Catholic Church teaches that an infallible certitude of final salvation, as supposed in Calvinism, is not a usual experience, as seen in the sixteenth canon of the sixth session of the Council of Trent:

"If any one saith, that he will for certain, of an absolute and infallible certainty, have that great gift of perseverance unto the end, unless he have learned this by special revelation; let him be anathema." In critiquing the Reformed doctrine of the assurance of salvation, prominent Catholic apologist Robert Sungenis notes a complication of the doctrine as it relates to the historic Protestant doctrine of Sola fide:

"The burden is on the Reformed position because [it] says that a person can live his whole life thinking that he is justified by faith and yet come to the point in time where he stands at the judgment seat of God and finds out that he did not have the works that qualified the faith to be justifying faith and therefore God would say to him, 'I'm sorry, you were never justified in the first place.' So, if there’s anyone who lives under a cloud of terror, it’s the Reformed position because he never knows whether he did the proper works in order to qualify the faith that he needs for justification. And this is especially important because the Reformed position says that works can never enter into the faith that procures my justification, because works are all in sanctification. So, if works can never enter into the faith that I need for justification, how can they ever qualify the faith that I need for justification? So, he's in a double dilemma now."

Catholics recognize that a certainty of faith is ascribed to St. Paul (2 Cor 12,9) and speculate that the Virgin Mary also probably possessed it. Jesus Christ as man, however, did not need to believe since he knew it. Ludwig Ott argues that a high moral, human certainty of having sanctifying grace is possible, on the grounds that one is not conscious of an unforgiven grave sin, but by no means faith which is believing with divine certainty, and that with some probability one can locate positive signs of predestination, which does not mean that their lack be a sign of reprobation: He lists persistent action of the virtues recommended in the Eight Beatitudes, frequent Communion, active charity, love for Christ and the Church and devotion to the Blessed Virgin. Moreover, and especially, a Catholic can, and should, have certain hope for eternal salvation, which does not rest chiefly on a grace already received, but rather on prospective future forgiveness by God's omnipotence and mercy. The point in question is that however certain, the hope must retain its proper name and not be confused with faith. If together with a determination for sin, this hope is in danger of giving way to presumption.

In the Catholic tradition, a close equivalent to a doctrine of assurance has been a doctrine of final perseverance. Compliance with First Friday Devotions has sometimes been taught as a means to final perseverance.

title: Assurance (theology)


text:
Graff (lunar crater)

Graff is a small lunar impact crater that lies along the southwestern limb of the Moon. It is located to the west of the Vallis Bouvard depression in the southern part of the ejecta blanket that surrounds the Mare Orientale impact basin. To the south-southwest is the smaller crater Catalán.

The outer rim of this crater is roughly circular, with a slight outward protrusion along the southern side. The rim and inner walls are not significantly eroded, and slope downward to a ring of accumulated debris surrounding the interior floor. The bottom is somewhat irregular, with a tiny crater near the midpoint and another to the northeast.

Because of its location, this crater is viewed obliquely by observers on the Earth, and its visibility can be affected by libration.

This crater lies within the Mendel-Rydberg Basin, a 630 km wide impact basin of Nectarian age.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Graff.

title: Graff (lunar crater)


text:
Eva Zeisel

Eva Striker Zeisel (born Éva Amália Striker, November 13, 1906 – December 30, 2011) was a Hungarian-born American industrial designer known for her work with ceramics, primarily from the period after she immigrated to the United States. Her forms are often abstractions of the natural world and human relationships. Work from throughout her prodigious career is included in important museum collections across the world. Zeisel declared herself a "maker of useful things."

Early life and family
She was born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1906 to a wealthy, highly educated assimilated Jewish family. Her mother, Laura Polányi Striker, a historian, was the first woman to get a PhD from the University of Budapest. Striker's work on Captain John Smith's adventures in Hungary added fundamentally to our understanding and appreciation of his reliability as a narrator. Zeisel's uncles were Karl Polanyi, a sociologist and economist, and Michael Polanyi, a physical chemist and philosopher of science.

Education
Despite her family's intellectual prominence in the field of science, Zeisel always felt a deep attraction towards art. At 17, she entered Budapest's Magyar Képzőművészeti Akadémia (Hungarian Royal Academy of Fine Arts) as a painter. To support her painting, she decided to pursue a more practical profession and apprenticed herself to Jakob Karapancsik, the last pottery master in the medieval guild system. From him she learned ceramics. She was the first woman to qualify as a journeyman in the Hungarian Guild of Chimney Sweeps, Oven Makers, Roof Tilers, Well Diggers, and Potters. After graduating as a journeyman, she found work at the Hansa-Kust-Keramik, a ceramic workshop in Hamburg, Germany.

Early career, imprisonment, and emigration
In 1928, Zeisel became the designer for the Schramberger Majolikafabrik in the Black Forest region of Germany where she worked for about two years creating many playfully geometric designs for dinnerware, tea sets, vases, inkwells and other ceramic items. Her designs at Schramberg were largely influenced by modern architecture. In addition, she had just learned to draft with compass and ruler and was proud to put them to use. In 1930, Zeisel moved to Berlin, designing for the Carstens factories. During this period, she met the physicist Alexander Weissberg, who later worked in Kharkov. They became engaged in 1932.

After almost two years of a glamorous life among intellectuals and artists in decadent Berlin, Zeisel decided to visit the Soviet Union in 1932, where she would stay for 5 years.

At the age of 29, after several jobs in the Russian ceramics industry—inspecting factories in Ukraine as well as designing for the Lomonosov and Dulevo factories—Zeisel was named artistic director of the Russian China and Glass Trust. On May 26, 1936, while living in Moscow, Zeisel was arrested. She had been falsely accused of participating in an assassination plot against Joseph Stalin. She was held in prison for 16 months, 12 of which were spent in solitary confinement. In September 1937, she was deported to Vienna, Austria. Some of her prison experiences form the basis for Darkness at Noon, the anti-Stalinist novel written by her childhood friend, Arthur Koestler. It was while in Vienna that she re-established contact with her future husband Hans Zeisel, later a legal scholar, statistician, and professor at The University of Chicago. A few months after her arrival in Vienna the Nazis invaded, and Zeisel took the last train out. She and Hans met up in England where they married and sailed for the US with $67 between them.

US career, 1937–1960s
When Zeisel arrived in the US, she had to reestablish her reputation as a designer. Beginning in 1937, she taught at Pratt Institute in New York. She and her students created designs for the Bay Ridge Specialty Company including Stratoware (a rare, short-lived line made for Sears), designed by student Frances Blod, under Zeisel'ls supervision. In 1942, Zeisel was commissioned by the Museum of Modern Art and Castleton China to design a set of modern, porcelain, undecorated china that would be worthy of exhibition at MoMA, to be produced for sale by Castleton. The resulting exhibition, "New Shapes in Modern China Designed by Eva Zeisel," ran from April 17 to June 9, 1946, and was the first one-woman exhibition at MoMA. It was received with wide praise, but because of wartime constraints the porcelain dishware did not go into production until 1949. Zeisel's dishes, known as "Museum" and "Castleton White," were manufactured and sold over the next several decades, initially in all-white as designed by Zeisel, and later with a wide variety of decorations. Zeisel credited this commission with establishing her reputation in the US, remarking that, "it made me an accepted first-rate designer rather than a run-of-the-mill designer."

"Museum's" success brought Zeisel to the attention of Red Wing Potteries, for whom she designed the perennially popular "Town and Country" in response to their request for dishes inspired by Greenwich Village.

Around 1949–1950, Zeisel was commissioned by the Hall China Company to create her most popular line, "Hallcraft, Tomorrow's Classic." Production began in 1952 and was a full line of dinnerware and tableware accessories, including plates, bowls, cups and saucers, serving platters and bowls, butter dishes, sugar bowls and creamers, candleholders, salt and pepper shakers, etc., initially intended to be offered in plain white. Some of her Pratt student-assistants were involved in designing the initial decal patterns that Hall requested. Other patterns were designed by the painter Charles Seliger.

In 1955, Zeisel created a second line for Hall called "Century" with production beginning in 1956. In the late 1950s she designed for several international companies including Rosenthal AG, and Mancioli Pottery.

Later career, 1980s–2011
Zeisel stopped designing during the 1960s and 1970s, to work on American history writing projects. Her major research focused on the New York Conspiracy, an alleged slave rebellion in 1741 New York City which resulted in many innocent slaves being put to death or transported to plantations in the Caribbean. Zeisel found parallels between their trials and the Soviet show trials of which she had been a victim.

She returned to design work in the 1980s. Many of her later designs have found the same success as her earlier designs. These include glassware, ceramics, furniture and lamps for The Orange Chicken, porcelain, crystal and limited-edition prints for KleinReid, glasses and giftware for Nambé, a teakettle for Chantal, furniture and gift-ware for Eva Zeisel Originals, rugs for The Rug Company, "Classic-Century," one of Crate & Barrel's best selling dinner services, produced by Royal Stafford. This set combines pieces from the "Tomorrow's Classic" and "Century" lines. ("Classic-Century is now sold by EvaZeiselOriginals.com) Most of the pieces for this set were made from the original molds (dishwasher safe). She also created a line of flatware produced by Yamazaki for Crate & Barrel, and a coffee table and stoneware / dinnerware set (called Granit) for Design Within Reach.

A bone china tea set, designed in 2000, is manufactured by the Lomonosov Porcelain factory in St. Petersburg, Russia. Zeisel released two designs in 2010 through EvaZeiselOriginals.com: Eva Zeisel Lounge Chair and Eva Zeisel Salt & Pepper Shakers. The Lounge Chair was featured in the February 2010 issue of O Magazine and The S&P shakers were featured in the April 2010 issue of O Magazine. Her new designs for a line of glass lamps (pendant, wall and table lamps) was introduced in 2012 by Leucos USA.

In 2017 Spinneybeck/FilzFelt introduced a collection of felt, acoustic wall tiles based on Zeisel's tile and space divider designs. They come in 63 colors, and custom sizes.

Reproductions of earlier designs have been sold at MoMa, Brooklyn Museum and Neue Galerie, as well as other museum gift shops.

Personal style
Eva Zeisel's designs are made for use. The inspiration for her sensuous forms often comes from the curves of the human body. Her sense of form and color, as well as her use of bird themes, show influence from the Hungarian folk arts she grew up with. Most of Zeisel's designs, whether in wood, metal, glass, plastic or ceramics, are designed in family groups. Many of her designs nest together creating modular designs that also function to save space.

Zeisel describes her designs in a New York Sun article: "I don't create angular things. I'm a more circular person—it's more my character....even the air between my hands is round."

Among her most collected shapes are the eccentric, biomorphic "Town and Country" dishes, produced by Red Wing Pottery, in 1947. This set includes the iconic "mother and child" salt and pepper shakers.

Personal life
Zeisel raised two children with Hans: a daughter, Jean Richards, who was born in 1940 and a son, John Zeisel, who was born in 1944. In the documentary Throwing Curves: Eva Zeisel, John and Jean comment on their parents' tempestuous relationship in the 1940s and 1950s when the children were young. In the film, John claims that both Hans and Eva had dominant personalities, and that this often led to "a collision of forcefields".

Museums and exhibitions
Zeisel's works are in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum; Brooklyn Museum; New-York Historical Society, Cooper-Hewitt Design Museum and The Museum of Modern Art, New York; the British Museum; The Victoria and Albert Museum, London; Bröhan Museum, Germany; as well as Dallas, Chicago, Atlanta and Milwaukee museums and others in the US and abroad.

In the 1980s, a 50-year retrospective exhibit of her work organized by the Musée des arts décoratifs de Montréal and the Smithsonian Institution traveled through the US, Europe and Russia. In 2004, a significant retrospective exhibition "Eva Zeisel: The Playful Search for Beauty" was organized by the Knoxville Museum of Art, which subsequently traveled to the Milwaukee Art Museum, the High Museum of Art, Atlanta, and the Hillwood Museum & Gardens, Washington, D.C.

From 2005 to 2007, the Erie Art Museum mounted the long-term exhibition "Eva Zeisel: The Shape of Life."

On December 10, 2006, The Mingei International Museum in Balboa Park, San Diego, opened a major centenary retrospective exhibit "Eva Zeisel: Extraordinary Designer at 100", showing her designs from Schramberg (1928) through more recent designs for Nambe, Chantal, Eva Zeisel Originals, The Orange Chicken, and others (2006). The show ran through August 12, 2007. In the same year, the Pratt Institute Gallery also organized an exhibition celebrating her centenary.

Awards
In 2005, Zeisel won the Lifetime Achievement award from the Cooper-Hewett National Design Museum. She received the two highest civilian awards from the Hungarian government, as well as the Pratt Legends award and awards from the Industrial Designers Society of America and Alfred University. She was an honorary member of the Royal Society of Industrial Designers, and received honorary degrees from Parsons (New School), Rhode Island School of Design, the Royal College of Art, and the Hungarian University of the Arts.

Publications

 * Eva Zeisel: The Shape of Life Erie Art Museum, 2009, essay by Lance Esplund
 * Eva Zeisel on Design by Eva Zeisel, Overlook Press 2004
 * Eva Zeisel: The Playful Search for Beauty by Lucie Young, Chronicle Books 2003
 * Eva Zeisel, Designer for Industry, 1984 (Out of print. Available through Eva Zeisel Forum).
 * Eva Zeisel: Throwing Curves 2002 (documentary film), Canobie Films, Director: Jyll Johnstone.
 * Regular Bulletins from Eva Zeisel Forum.
 * Richards, Jean, ed. 2012, 2019. Eva Zeisel: A Soviet Prison Memoir. 2n edition. iBook version contains photos, original NKVD documents, audio and video clips; Kindle version and Kindle paperback, text only.
 * Pat Kirkham, Pat Moore, and Pirco Wolfframm. 2013. Eva Zeisel: Life, Design, and Beauty. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. Complete works.
 * Zelinsky, Volker. 2019. Eva Zeisel in Hamburg: Her Work For Hansa-Kunst-Keramik, 1927/28. Edition Kakenhan: Hamburg. 49pp, 40 illus.

title: Eva Zeisel


text:
User:SPUI/NYC road openings

Brooklyn-Queens Expressway

 * - exits 26 to 27
 * June 29, 1951 - ramp from Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel
 * December 6, 1952 - exits 32A to 32B
 * June 22, 1954 - exits 27 to 28
 * July 8, 1957 - ? NEED SOURCE
 * September 30, 1958 - exits ? to 32A
 * January 12, 1959 - new eastbound exit to Brooklyn Bridge; old exit to Fulton Street was to be closed, but was either kept open or reopened by 1974
 * January 22, 1959 - exits 37 to 41

 * New Traffic Underpass Opened in Brooklyn, New York Times June 30, 1951 page 17
 * Expressway Link Will Open Today, New York Times December 6, 1952 page 16
 * 3-Level Road Link in Brooklyn Open, New York Times June 23, 1954 page 27
 * Highways Linked in Three Counties, New York Times October 1, 1958 page 27
 * New Brooklyn Bridge Link to Open Today, New York Times January 12, 1959 page 1
 * Expressway Link Opened, New York Times January 23, 1959 page 27

Gowanus Parkway

 * November 1, 1941 - Shore Parkway to exit 24
 * early May 1942 - exits 24 to 26, with Hicks Street north to Atlantic Avenue widened soon after

 * City to Dedicate Parkway Today, New York Times November 1, 1941 page 17
 * Parkway Extension, New York Times May 9, 1942 page 12

Long island Expressway

 * September 30, 1958 - ?

 * Highways Linked in Three Counties, New York Times October 1, 1958 page 27

Prospect Expressway

 * November 29, 1954 - exit 1 to Sixth Avenue

 * Brooklyn Opens Expressway Link, New York Times November 30, 1954 page 25

Shore Parkway

 * May 30, 1941 - Sheepshead Bay link from exits 8 to 9, ending the detour via Emmons Avenue

 * Link in Belt Road to be Open Today, New York Times May 30, 1941 page 17

title: User:SPUI/NYC road openings


text:
Lepaute (crater)

Lepaute is a small lunar impact crater that is located along the western edge of the Palus Epidemiarum, a minor lunar mare in the southwestern part of the Moon's near side. It was named after French astronomer Nicole-Reine Lepaute. To the east is the larger crater Ramsden, within a system of rilles named the Rimae Ramsden. This is an elongated crater feature that is longer in the north–south direction. The outer rim is only slightly worn, and the inner walls are simple slopes that run down to the level, featureless interior floor.

Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Lepaute.

title: Lepaute (crater)


text:
List of U.S. state and tribal wilderness areas

List of wilderness areas designated by U.S. state and tribal governments. Eight states had designated wilderness programs in 2002 while some other states had designated wildernesses. In 2002, the 9 state programs had 74 wilderness areas with a total protected area of 2,668,903 acres (10,800.7 km2). Florida had 10 wilderness areas until their authorizing legislation was repealed in 1989.

For federally designated wildernesses, see List of U.S. wilderness areas. There are also privately owned areas called wildernesses like the Nature Conservancy's 12,000 acre (49 km2) Disney Wilderness Preserve in Florida.

Alaska
3 areas in 2002, total area 922,700 acres (3734 km2)

California
10 areas in 2002, total area 466,320 acres (1887 km2)
 * Boney Mountains State Wilderness Area
 * Mount San Jacinto State Wilderness Area
 * Henry W. Coe State Wilderness (unofficially called the Orestimba Wilderness)
 * Santa Rosa Mountains State Wilderness Area
 * Sinkyone Wilderness State Park
 * West Waddell Creek State Wilderness Area

Hawaii

 * Alakai Wilderness Preserve - 9,000 acres (36 km2)

Maine

 * Allagash Wilderness Waterway

Maryland
29 areas in 2009, total area 43,773 acres (177 km2)

Michigan
1 area in 2002, total area 40,808 acres (165 km2)

Minnesota

 * state land within the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

Missouri
11 areas in 2002, total area 22,993 acres (93 km2)

New York
21 areas in 2002, total area 1,170,312 acres (4,736 km2)

Adirondack Park:

 * Blue Ridge Wilderness Area - 45,736 acres (185.09 km2)
 * Dix Mountain Wilderness Area - 45,208 acres (182.95 km2)
 * Five Ponds Wilderness Area - 117,978 acres (447.440 km2)
 * Giant Mountain Wilderness Area - 22,768 acres (92.139 km2)
 * Ha-De-Ron-Dah Wilderness Area - 26,528 acres (107.36 km2)
 * High Peaks Wilderness Area - 192,685 acres (779.769 km2) (part of High Peaks Wilderness Complex - 226,435 acres (916.74 km2))
 * Hoffman Notch Wilderness Area - 36,231 acres (146.62 km2)
 * Jay Mountain Wilderness Area - 7,100 acres (28.73 km2)
 * McKenzie Mountain Wilderness Area - 37,616 acres (152.23 km2)
 * Pepperbox Wilderness Area - 22,560 acres (91.300 km2)
 * Pharaoh Lake Wilderness Area - 45,883 acres (185.68 km2)
 * Pigeon Lake Wilderness Area - 50,100 acres (202.75 km2)
 * Saint Regis Canoe Area - 18,231 acres (73.778 km2)
 * Sentinel Range Wilderness Area - 23,252 acres (94.098 km2)
 * Siamese Ponds Wilderness Area - 112,524 acres (455.368 km2)
 * Silver Lake Wilderness Area - 105,270 acres (426.013 km2)
 * West Canada Lake Wilderness Area - 156,695 acres (634.122 km2)
 * William C. Whitney Wilderness Area - 20,500 acres (83 km2)

Catskill Park:

 * Slide Mountain Wilderness Area 47,500 acres (190 km2)
 * Big Indian-Beaverkill Wilderness Area 33,000 acres (132 km2)
 * Indian Head Wilderness Area 16,800 acres (67.2 km2)
 * West Kill Wilderness Area 19,250 acres (77 km2)

(A proposed revision to the Catskill State Land Master Plan would upgrade two other management units in the Catskills from wild forest to wilderness status and transfer some land currently considered wild forest to existing wilderness areas)

South Carolina

 * Mountain Bridge Wilderness

Tennessee

 * Bridgestone/Firestone Centennial Wilderness - 10,000 acres (40 km2)

Wisconsin
1 area in 2002, total area 6,358 acres (2.6 km2 )

Flathead Indian Reservation (Montana)

 * Mission Mountains Tribal Wilderness

Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission
consisting of 11 Ojibwa tribes: Bay Mills Indian Community, Keweenaw Bay Indian Community and Lac Vieux Desert band in Michigan; Bad River, Lac Courte Oreilles, Lac du Flambeau, Sokaogon Chippewa Community, Red Cliff and St. Croix bands in Wisconsin; and Fond du Lac and Mille Lacs bands in Minnesota.

 * in Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, Wisconsin
 * Blackjack Springs
 * Headwaters
 * Porcupine Lake
 * Rainbow
 * Whisker Lake
 * in Ottawa National Forest, Michigan
 * McCormick
 * Sturgeon River Gorge
 * Sylvania
 * in Hiawatha National Forest, Michigan
 * Big Island Lake
 * Delirium
 * Horseshoe Bay
 * Mackinac
 * Rock River Canyon
 * Round Island
 * in Huron-Manistee National Forest, Michigan
 * Nordhouse Dunes


text:
User:Raivein

Search user languages

Greatings. I am: Intrests include (ranked in no paticular order): Planned articles include; Comments on my posting methodology are solicited, any feedback on how to be a better internet citizen are greatly appreciated.
 * 16 years old
 * Asian American
 * Male
 * Residing in South Korea
 * 6' 1" or 183 cm
 * Skinny
 * The Lord of the Rings
 * Automobile design
 * Science
 * the Discworld series by Terry Pratchett
 * the works of Ayn Rand
 * Society (or, why the public is so dumb)
 * Machiavelli, because he sounds like my kind of guy
 * FFC-Cambridge method.
 * Ferroplasma acidarmanus
 * Stonehenge Aotearoa
 * the submarine hydrothermal vent system 'Lost City'

title: User:Raivein


text:
Neander (crater)

Neander is a lunar impact crater that is located to the south of Mare Nectaris, in the southeastern part of the Moon's near side. It was named after 16th century German mathematician Michael Neander. To the west-northwest lies the prominent crater Piccolomini. The northwestern extension of the Vallis Rheita lunar valley passes about a crater diameter to the west of this formation. The rim of Neander is roughly circular and somewhat sharp-edged, with some ledges formed along the inner sides. The circular, cup-shaped Neander A lies along the northwestern inner wall. The interior floor is uneven, with a formation of central peaks located at the midpoint.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Neander.

title: Neander (crater)


text:
User talk:Spacecow

I DON'T KNOW HOW TO USE THE INTERNET--Spacecow 02:30, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hello Spacecow, did you know that flies have wings. -Canjo

title: User talk:Spacecow


text:
Coahuiltecan languages

Coahuiltecan was a proposed language family in John Wesley Powell's 1891 classification of Native American languages. Most linguists now reject the view that the Coahuiltecan peoples of southern Texas and adjacent Mexico spoke a single or related languages. Coahuiltecan continues to be a convenient collective term for the languages and people of this region.

Language relationships
Similarities among the cultures among the indigenous people and the physical setting of south Texas led linguists to believe that the languages of the region were also similar. The Coahuiltecan language family was proposed to include all the languages of the region, including Karankawa and Tonkawa. Linguistic connections were proposed with Hokan, a language family of several Native American peoples living in California, Arizona, and Baja California.

Most modern linguists, by contrast, see the Coahuiltecan region as one of linguistic diversity. A few words are known from seven different languages: Comecrudo, Cotoname, Aranama, Solano, Mamulique, Garza, and Coahuilteco or Pakawa. Coahuilteco or Pakawa seems to have been a lingua franca of Texas Coahuiltecans living at or near the Catholic Missions established at San Antonio in the 18th century. Almost certainly, many more languages were spoken, but numerous Coahuiltecan bands and ethnic groups became extinct between the 16th and 19th century and their languages were unrecorded. In 1886, ethnologist Albert Gatschet found perhaps the last surviving speakers of Coahuiltecan languages : 25 Comecrudo, 1 Cotoname, and 2 Pakawa. They were living near Reynosa, Mexico. In 1690, the population of Indians in northeastern Mexico and southern Texas may have been 100,000. The Coahuiltecans were sold into slavery, died of introduced European diseases, and were absorbed by the Hispanic population.

Linguists have postulated a Comecrudan language family with Comecrudo, Mamulique, and Garza as related and Coahuilteco and Cotoname possibly related. Comecrudo and Cotoname are the best known of the languages. They were spoken in the delta of the Rio Grande. Not enough information exists to classify Solano and Aranama. However, linguistic conservatives say that all these languages should be considered language isolates, with insufficient data to establish relationships between and among the languages.

The Coahuiltecan languages and culture are now extinct. The names of many bands have been preserved, including the Ervipiame, Mayeye, Pajalat, Quems, Quepano, Solano, and Xarames.

title: Coahuiltecan languages


text:
Talk:Bill Goldberg

Undefeated streak
I propose removing the undefeated streak list from this article as violations of the following Wikipedia guidelines: Too much detail, Fancruft, and Article size. This list is excessive detail that would only be of interest to a small number of people. I'm not saying his streak itself isn't notable, but a list of 155 matches (most of which are house shows or non-title/non-stipulation matches) is a bit much. Mention the streak and important matches in the text. Thoughts? Nikki ♥  311   03:50, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Agree, 155 matches overtakes the article. If it were independently notable I'd recommend splitting off, like The Streak (wrestling), but I don't think it's at that level. Best to just discard it.LM2000 (talk) 07:01, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree with the removal, Goldberg's streak had a two-year period, and most of the wrestlers that he defeated were mostly jobbers or from the undercard.  Nickag989 talk 12:36, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Agree, too much detail. McPhail (talk) 21:00, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Delete also assumes original research as to how the matches were counted. The WCW reference does not match any matches to numbers, and the current table results in a record of 155 wins instead of 173. There's an attempt to construct the streak on genius.com and there are debates over counting wins at random forums.   The exercise is kind of like estimating power levels in Dragon Ball Z, only some matches have a number of victories in the streak attached to it and the rest are interpolated or extrapolated. This could be added as an external link though if there is a reliable source documenting his matches, but this is generally fun stuff to debate over at a wikia and not Wikipedia. AngusWOOF  ( bark  •  sniff ) 22:04, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I would agrue that even if there were not original research concerns the list would still be too excessive even if it could be properly sourced. Some of the more significant wins during the streak (ie defeating Hogan for the title) can be mentioned in prose though.--67.68.21.146 (talk) 03:51, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * disagree. I think it is an antisemitic spear to be taking this away from da brotha 2601:14D:8B00:6000:50E7:842C:7284:450E (talk) 01:07, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * smear* but spear works given da subject lol 2601:14D:8B00:6000:50E7:842C:7284:450E (talk) 01:07, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

I think we can make his own section, his Streak is relevant. However, don't to list every singles match he had. --HHH Pedrigree (talk) 19:28, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * The biography section already covers the streak and the most notable matches for it, as well as analysis on whether it was an actual streak by number of matches counted. AngusWOOF  ( bark  •  sniff ) 14:24, 7 October 2017 (UTC)

Thanks for the input. It has been a week. That section has been deleted. Nikki ♥  311   18:09, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

The win streak was researched primarily on Graham Hawthorne's History of WWE site, which has a comprehensive listing of match results for WWE, WCW, ECW, ect by year. He's also written several books detailing promotional histories. Most of the wins came from there, the rest were researched from various other sites. The attempt was to put together a definitive, sourced list of The Streak and to attempt to answer firmly just exactly what the streak was, versus what was reported on air. The results did not come from forums. As for it taking over the page - that's why I made the list collapsible. Marino73 (talk) 13:14, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Goldberg Retired ?
Did Goldberg retire at the Hall of Fame ? Edward the Artist (talk) 11:18, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

No Jimmyy68 (talk) 00:12, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

Goldberg in 2015!
Goldberg returned to wrestling in a Legends To Wrestling show in 2015! Jimmyy68 (talk) 12:06, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Please provide a WP:RS that he WRESTLED there -  Galatz גאליץ שיחה Talk  14:20, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

He is talking about the event where he speared Scott Steiner. However, the match was between rvd and steiner, Goldberg just speared him. HHH Pedrigree (talk) 23:16, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Exactly, which does not make him an active wrestler. -  Galatz גאליץ שיחה Talk  12:38, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

Well why 1996? Jimmyy68 (talk) 06:52, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

Goldberg and CFL
Is there any source for Goldberg actually playing in the CFL, not just on a practice roster or something? I do not see any stats for him in CFL and his name is not listed under either Sacramento or San Antonio. Also I notice the page claims he played in 1993 in CFL, yet also claims he played 1992 to 1994 in NFL. This would be pretty much impossible unless he signed three one year contracts since both leagues have games playing at same time in the fall. Kav2001c (talk) 05:22, 24 February 2021 (UTC)kav2001c

Greatest Jewish wrestler
Why do y'all keep taking dat out? 2601:14D:8B00:6000:50E7:842C:7284:450E (talk) 00:19, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Why do you keep adding it, without a source or an explanation of how that's important. Is there a greatest Methodist wrestler?  Acroterion   (talk)   00:23, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I've sourced it! And he takes pride in it in an industry that don't be having a lot of jewish brothas 2601:14D:8B00:6000:50E7:842C:7284:450E (talk) 00:53, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * And Sportskeedia is a reliable source? Just asking. In any case, MOS:ETHNICITY discourages mention of ethnicity or religion in the lead of the article unless it's central to the subject's life; for example a cleric or religious scholar, not a wrestler. And please stop trying to write in dialect.  Acroterion   (talk)   02:00, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I mean, there's citations for WWE.com and Sports Illustrated. Idk that they are much better, particularly wwe
 * Would it be amenable to move this to the "legacy" section? 71.200.16.180 (talk) 04:04, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * following up 2601:152:981:54B0:2431:5537:B9BD:BA7C (talk) 18:15, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, it's probably more appropriate there than in the lede.  Acroterion   (talk)   18:19, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bill Goldberg


text:
Norwegian Spirit

Norwegian Spirit is a Leo-class cruise ship operated by Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL). She was built in 1998 for Star Cruises as SuperStar Leo by the Meyer Werft shipyard in Papenburg, Germany. In 2004 she was transferred to NCL and renamed Norwegian Spirit.

History
The vessel was constructed by Meyer Werft in Papenburg, Germany. Named SuperStar Leo in 1998, the vessel was the first of Star Cruises' Leo class. After the test drives, which were successfully completed at the beginning of September 1998, the ship was delivered on 25 September 1998, one week earlier then contracted. She was then homeported in Singapore in 1998 and operated 2–5 night cruises to Malaysia and Thailand. One year later, SuperStar Virgo arrived in Singapore. She was then based in Hong Kong on 10 September 1999 and offered 1–5 night cruises to China, Hainan, Vietnam and the South China Sea.

In 2003, SuperStar Leo was transferred to Australia due to SARS in Asia and she returned to Hong Kong afterwards.

In 2004, Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) was planning to launch Pride of America. However, just prior to completion, the vessel partially sank when a storm hit the Lloyd Werft shipyards. To meet the already booked cruises for Pride of America, Norwegian Sky was immediately rushed into service as  Pride of Aloha. To compensate for the unexpected events, SuperStar Leo was immediately transferred to the NCL fleet, her planned cruises cancelled (thus forcing Star Cruises to refund or re-book passengers), and after only two weeks of refits, the vessel emerged as Norwegian Spirit, ready to assume the planned cruises of Norwegian Sky.

In January 2020 Norwegian Spirit underwent a major renovation project in Marseille, France. The ship received six new restaurants, seven new bars and lounges, enhanced public areas, new and modernized staterooms and new hull art. The drydock took 43 days and cost over $100 million.

Vessel class
Norwegian Spirit is a Leo-class cruise ship and was the first ship of this design. She was followed by her sister ship Resorts World One (formerly SuperStar Virgo) which is currently operated by Resorts World Cruises. No other ships of this particular design were constructed.

Propulsion
Four 14-cylinder MAN B&W 14V48 medium speed diesel engines, each producing 14700 kW, driving ABB electric propulsion motors coupled to twin propellers.

Cruises

Norwegian Spirit was originally intended to operate cruises in Asia in 2020 following her refurbishment. However, this program was cancelled in February 2020 due to COVID-19 concerns and the ship was instead to operate cruises to the Greek Isles for the summer 2020 season. However, this program was also cancelled due to NCL suspending all sailings in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The ship is currently slated to resume operations in May 2022 with cruises in the South Pacific and Hawaii.

Incidents
In 2005, Norwegian Spirit hit a pier in Juneau, Alaska, causing minor damage. In 2007, Norwegian Spirit again struck a pier, this time in New York Harbor. In both cases, repairs were made to the ship. On 25 May 2008, at approximately 9:00 am, Norwegian Spirit contacted Pier 90 in New York City at the end of an eight-day cruise to the Eastern Caribbean. She damaged the parking garage support columns and the bow of the ship.

In January 2006, the ship encountered heavy seas and rogue waves off the coast of Tortola resulting in the ship listing, broken windows and 11 flooded passenger cabins.

In March 2008 a passenger from Norwegian Spirit died following a zip-lining accident on an NCL-sponsored shore excursion in Roatán, Honduras.

In November 2009 a passenger from Norwegian Spirit died after being shot in a robbery during a port call in Santo Tomás de Castilla, Guatemala.

In June 2011 a passenger jumped overboard from Norwegian Spirit in the Mississippi River 3 hours after the ship had set sail from New Orleans, Louisiana. A rescue boat was deployed from the ship and the man was recovered alive.

In April 2018 a passenger went missing after reportedly going overboard whilst the ship was sailing off the coast of Cabo de Palos, Spain. A search operation was launched by the Spanish Coastguard, however the man was never found.

In October 2019, passengers held protests on a two-week cruise of Europe after planned stops were cancelled, toilets became blocked, and the cruise line offered as compensation a 25 percent discount off future cruises.

In March 2020, passengers of Norwegian Spirit were banned from disembarking in Port Victoria, Seychelles, amid fears over the coronavirus and the announcement of a temporary closing for cruise ships.

Media
In 2003, Japanese TV drama Netsuretsu teki chuuka hanten took place on SuperStar Leo.

In 2012, Norwegian Spirit was briefly featured in a scene in 21 Jump Street whilst docked in New Orleans, Louisiana.

title: Norwegian Spirit