text:
Talk:Tiltrotor

Helps please
Hey, you know those things you often see in fictional war stories, with the propellor embedded in the wind facing upright? What're they called? Tiltrotors? --80.6.145.230 14:32, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I've seen them referred to as "fan wing", although the FanWing article is a different concept completely. Akradecki 15:54, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
I've added cleanup tags because I feel the author's got a chip on their shoulder and they're constantly comparing tiltrotors to helicopters and constantly telling us that helicopters are overall better. While it would perhaps be valid to have a "comparison with other V/STOL aircraft" section, it's inappropriate in the main segment - things like the second and third paragraphs are what's needed here - facts and description so we can get an idea of what a tiltrotor is; not comparison with other aircraft, and far less conclusions on these comparisons (again, at least not in the main body of the article). -- Scott Wilson 14:18, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Trivia?
For the record, first woman to fly a tiltrotor was Jean Tinsley. Trekphiler 01:10, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Revert Advert?
The external link removed by Mr. Wilson was to the only hour long documentary ever made on the history, evolution, technology and performance of tiltrotor aircraft. It contains interviews with experts ranging from the V-22 program manager to NASA X/V-15 test pilots and FAA certification and rulemaking authorities, some now-deceased. The link is no more an advert than those to Bell or Boeing, both commercial enterprises. The documentary was produced in 1987 during the height of the XV-15 program and is illustrated with footage of the X/V-3, X/V-15 and animations of the then as yet un-built V-22 Osprey. It even has images of possible future civil tiltrotor airliners. This is a historical reference not available in any other medium anywhere. I respectfully request you leave the external link intact.

Aerospacenews.com 02:40, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It may be a fantastic documentary, but you still have to pay to get it. The whole point of external links is to give readers access to extra information, something the Boeing page gives for free - indeed, this is its primary purpose. This link does not; it's prime purpose is to get people to buy your product. Wikipedia is not the place for this. --Scott Wilson 10:21, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * From the very reference you cite: "External links to commercial organizations are acceptable if they can serve to identify major corporations associated with a topic (see finishing school for an example). Please note Wikipedia does not endorse any businesses and it does not set up affiliate programs."

 * Surely the finishing schools in that example charge their students. Tiltrotor and The Future is the only documentary ever made about the evolution of convertiplane technology, how tiltrotor became the solution for transport (vs. attack) aircraft, the major test programs, problems and outlook. If someone is looking at these articles they clearly are interested in detailed information. Again, this is a 60 minute documentary. It was not sponsored by Boeing or Bell. It is not a commercial. It is a unique information resource. Books cost money. Trade show white paper proceedings often cost money. The fact that one must buy the video if they want to is not an excluded criteria nor a reasonable test in this situation. You are denying those looking for more information on this topic the ability to find a singular resource. Furthermore, there is a link on the V-22 (see Israel considers V-22 acquisition) article to Janes with four paragraphs of information (less than half the article) followed by this text "End of non-subscriber extract." Aerospacenews.com 14:40, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The finishing schools are because they are important examples of finishing schools; one can see how they present themselves; you get that information for free. Aerospacenews.com is not an important example of a tiltrotor - the equivalent for tiltrotors or the V-22 would be the manufacturers. I'm not saying that your documentary is a commercial either - I'm sure it's not - it is the commercial for the documentary that is the problem. Similarly, the Jane's link provides some information - including some that is unavailable in the article - while yours provides none. Finally, at Wikipedia:External links note that item ten of 'links to normally avoid' says that you should not link to a website that you own or maintain, as there is a clear conflict of interests, notwithstanding section six which says that you should not link to sites which require payment for the relevant content to be accessed. --Scott Wilson 16:03, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge
Support: The Quad Tilt Rotor article (complete with misspelled title) is very short, and at this time the concept is really just a footnote in tiltrotor history, and not an actual aircraft. The article has existed for just over a year, but is still very small. Until such time as a company seriously puts forth a proposal (beyond an article in tech magazines), this is not likely to change. In addition, the Tiltrotor article is not that big itself, so there is plenty of room for its expansion in the future. - BillCJ 04:46, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Support for now...though I have a feeling this will need to be demerged at some point. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 06:21, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
The article may well need to be de-merged at some point, but I don't beielve it will be in the next 4-5 years. With as much touble as opponents of the V-22 (for "saftey reasons") have given, I can't see a QTR being developed for the military any time soon. Ten-20 years from now, it's quite possible though. - BillCJ 18:33, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think it should be merged, at this point there are to many others. Would that mean lumping the XV-15 the V-22 and the BA-609 as well as this aircraft all on one page? Each of these aircraft has its own merits.  While it's true that this aircraft, probably will not exist as a even a prototype for at least 10 more years I think it still deserves a page.  Plus it definately has merit as the most original and fastest of the jhl concepts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.205.25.75 (talk • contribs)

If you want to vote against the merger, you should place Oppose:, a short reason, and your signature in the above section.

The XV-15, V-22, and BA609 are each covered in depth in their own articles, because they are actual designs that have been flown. That's also why they are mentioned in this article, but there are not entries on them as such, just a list to their articles. We aren't talking about merging those articles in here, just the one on the Quad Tiltrotor. In addition, the QTR is not yet an aircraft, even on paper; it's just a concept, and as a tilt-rotor concept, I believe it deserves lengthy coverage here. Once there is greater commitment to designing and building an actual QTR, then by all menas that actual design should get its own article.

I agree with you on the JHL, but is there even an article on the JHL here yet? I haven't come across it as yet if there is one. Because it covers a wide range of technologies, a good article would be worth having. It could cover some of your points on the QTR that might not fit here. But as far as I know, right now the JHL isn't really active, though DARPA is testing various high-speed vertical lift concepts for later application, including in the JHL program. - BillCJ 04:47, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Decision
With a vote of 2 to 1, I am proceeding with the merger. I see no reason that this article cannot be incorporated whole into the Tiltrotor article, as it is still only 7 lines long. Neither article is sourced, so I will be placing an {unreferenced} tag here. Thanks. - BillCJ 18:46, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Merge completed. - BillCJ 00:27, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Added Back Detail
I added back some detail about the cost of a tiltrotor's speed. While Scott Wilson complains that there was too much comparison, without some, there is no framework for the reader to understand where the tiltrotor stands on the vertical flight spectrum. Remove the comparisons and the piece becomes a puff-piece, where tiltrotors do all things for all people. The ideal piece should show the advantages and disadvantages against similar and competing technologies. For example, helicopters carry about half the payload of airplanes with the same empty weight and power. So somewhere the spectrum should show that airplanes are fastest, and carry the most, tiltrotors are intermediate in speed (half that of an airplane) and they have 25% of the payload of an airplane, but they can hover and take off from small areas without great infrastructure needs. Helicopters gain back payload somewhat (to the 50% level) but are the slowest yet. Nick LapposNlappos 07:44, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * A tlitrotor is half the speed of an airplane?? A jet airplane, yes, but not a prop plane, to which a tiltrotor's speed is very comparable. How much of the other info you've provided is the same type of comparision? We can't tell, since you have not provided verifiable sources for your additions. Therefore, another editor has reverted your edits, with my full support. - BillCJ 17:26, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I reverted Nlappos' edits, because they were completely uncited. It is critical that you provide citations with your statments. At one point, you changed information in a referenced sentence. Did the reference have the original or your material? It makes a difference. If you change material in a cited sentence, but don't change the cite, that makes it look like the cite supports your statement, when if fact it doesn't, which presents as serious integrity problem as far as the encyclopedia is concerned. And when you do refer to a reference, don't write "in reference number 1", but rather use the ref tags. If you need help with this, see WP:CITET and WP:FN. Also, please don't sign your article additions. Signing is only for talk page additions. Akradecki 19:12, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I would wish someone would READ the references before they arbitrarily delete the addition. I originally posted reference 1 months ago, which clearly cites the fact that the V22 tilt rotor has half the payload of the CH-53E helicopter (and that both have the same power and mpty weight).  It further states that the CH-53E helicopter has 1.6 times the transport efficiency.  Additionally, I put in the discussion section the speed concept, which is important for those of us who edit to understand the "big" picture, admittedly that speed ratios are too loose to use in the article itself.  Must I re-post my previous edits, or would one of you who deleted them re-insert them after you have bothered to READ the reference?

Nick Lappos134.216.26.211 19:10, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It might be worth comparing tiltrotors to the helicopters they are intended to replace - the CH-46 has an empty weight of ~15,500 lb and a max t/o of 24,300 lb. The HH-60 family is a much later generation helicopter, and it's possible that second- or third-generation tiltrotors will offer superior performance. Right now it's like comparing an A330 to a 707 or Comet. ericg ✈ 21:06, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Support: The Tiltwing article is very short and should probably be placed in a section within this article. They are basically the same kind of aircraft, the only difference being how much of the structure moves. -Aubri (talk) 17:27, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Merging them into the same page is a good idea, but I wouldn't want it to be Tiltrotor any more than Tiltwing. I'd suggest a new Compound rotorcraft article. This could then include other sparsely-described subcategories, such as those having a compound power train (e.g. the Fairey Rotodyne (AIUI some definitions of a "compound rotorcraft" actually focus on the power train rather than the fixed-plus-rotary wing configuration). Tiltrotor and Tiltwing would then become redirects. -- Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 20:46, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Best to call the article rotating propellers so there's no confusion. (Though both of these articles use the term proprotors, which isn't used for anything else.) Hcobb (talk) 21:17, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I like the idea of adding other "corner-case" categories to a combined article. I suggest Hybrid Rotorcraft as the article title, defined as vehicles which rely on dynamic lift generated by both powered rotary wings and fixed wings, since that can encompass tiltrotors, tiltwings, compound rotorcraft, and miscellaneous experimental VTOLs, but excludes autogyros. (It is necessary to specify powered rotors, because some early autogyros and rotorkites had regular airplane wings too.) Though, really, any list of aircraft types needs to include a "miscellaneous weird stuff" category for all the odd experimentals. -Aubri (talk) 16:21, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.svg|15px]] Opposed. I believe that there are enough tiltwing aircraft to expand the tiltwing article, and that the tiltrotor should discuss more of the BA609 development, as well as other European tiltrotor designs. However if merging wins out, I think Hybrid aircraft would be more suited to combining the two articles in question. In regards to compound rotorcraft, Dr. J. Gordon Leishman (a professor of aerodynamics and a Technical Fellow of the AHS International), in his book, Principles of helicopter aerodynamics, defines compound rotorcraft more in line with the basics of the ICAO definition of rotorcraft, in that it is primarily a rotorcraft which also incorporates lift or thrust structures of fixed-wing or other rotorcraft to provide added capability.  The primary lift, however, is still being provided by the rotor. The AH-56 Cheyenne, Lockheed XH-51, Piasecki 16H, Sikorsky S-67, and CarterCopter are all examples of compound rotorcraft. Leishman splits from the ICAO definition of rotorcraft, in that he also considers tiltwing and tiltrotor as high-speed rotorcraft, which I think would also be a better choice than compound rotorcraft. --Born2flie (talk) 22:25, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Again I'll point out that any merger really needs to be to proprotor. That is used for both tiltwings and tiltrotors and nowhere else and it is a general term of disparagement used by critics of the concepts. Hcobb (talk) 15:13, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

 * According to the article, a proprotor is a piece of equipment, not a type of aircraft. Are these critics using it as synecdoche? -Aubri (talk) 16:27, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
 * One could ask the same about "tiltrotor", "tiltwing" and even, in common usage, "jet". All are that nice Greek wordy-thing - describing either the part or the whole according to context. Anyway, the consensus seems to have shifted from tiltwing vs. tiltrotor to a catch-all article summarising the wacky stuff. I originally lumped this stuff in the rotorcraft article, under the heading "Hybrids and compounds". Would Hybrid and compound rotorcraft be too wordy? -- Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 19:59, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

Also opposed: tiltwings have a very different history than tiltrotors. The only tiltwing I'm aware of suffered high vibratory loads at the wing root so that the craft itself spent much of its lifting power on the structure rather than the cargo. Tiltrotors have greater theoretical potential as well as more current craft. The media coverage of the Osprey has not been good, but eventually I think tiltrotors will be viewed positively where tiltwings are going to be relegated to "other historical attempts at aviation." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Annahoward (talk • contribs) 14:16, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

Large Civil Tiltrotor (LCTR)
We should  add to  those  listed here and also  create  a standalone  article  for the Large Civil Tiltrotor (LCTR) / Large Civil Tilt Rotor / LCTR2 from NASA.

http://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Research/Programs/LCTR.html [has  four cites]

http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120618-designing-the-future-helicopter

-- 186.221.136.197 (talk) 12:49, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

Bell X-22
The Bell X-22 image is missing text in the body of the article to tie it in. Lacking sufficient round tuits this morning to add it myself. --J Clear (talk) 13:22, 28 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Agree. I have added a wikilink to the Bell X-22 article, but there are other tiltfans such as Doak VZ-4, Project Zero, Cadet so a section on tiltfans should be made. TGCP (talk) 21:21, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Tilting intermediates
There are at least two projects which blur the line between tiltrotor and tiltwing. One is the Karem OSTR, the other is AgustaWestland. Where do we place these? TGCP (talk) 16:07, 9 March 2015 (UTC)
 * That is a very good point. I believe the regulatory authorities now classify all such craft as powered lift, so Talk:Powered lift might be the best place to discuss this. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 17:22, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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I have just modified 3 external links on Tiltrotor. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080705115900/http://www.simlabs.arc.nasa.gov/library/tiltrotor/ctr20th.html to http://www.simlabs.arc.nasa.gov/library/tiltrotor/ctr20th.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060830203438/http://boeing.com/news/releases/2005/photorelease/q3/pr_050923p-1.html to http://boeing.com/news/releases/2005/photorelease/q3/pr_050923p-1.html
 * Added tag to http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4710186&c=AME&s=LAN
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150414020029/http://www.agustawestland.com/documents/17633750/23356203/body_AHS_vertiflite_NextGenCTR_Vertiflite_Sep_Oct_2014.pdf to http://www.agustawestland.com/documents/17633750/23356203/body_AHS_vertiflite_NextGenCTR_Vertiflite_Sep_Oct_2014.pdf

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Remove "Mono Tiltrotor" section, possibly include mention of failed concept elsewhere in text?
It looks like the only effort in this direction was a small study that never got past scale model stage, and has since died. The topic's own article is quite out of date, and many links lead to the inventor's dead website. When that article was originally created the study was ongoing, but it apparently failed to result in a full size aircraft. I don't believe it is notable enough a design to include in the article as it currently exists. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 135.180.3.193 (talk) 19:35, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Looking again, I would at most mention it in passing after the first mention of the Bell X-22, where it says nearly all are bi-copter designs. Note there is not section on quad-rotors or other distinct layouts. 135.180.3.193 (talk) 19:40, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

second that, remove or significantly tighten up. The description isn't even clear about the configuration and the fairly obscure references are no longer readily available. Gjxj (talk) 17:42, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

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Christoph Schönborn

Christoph Maria Michael Hugo Damian Peter Adalbert Schönborn, O.P. (born 22 January 1945) is a Bohemian-born Austrian Dominican friar, theologian and philosopher, who is a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He serves as the Archbishop of Vienna and was the Chairman of the Austrian Bishops' Conference from 1998 to 2020. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1998. He is also Grand Chaplain of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Austrian branch), of which he has been a member since 1961. He is a member of the formerly sovereign House of Schönborn, several members of which held high offices of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church as prince-bishops, prince-electors and cardinals.

Family and early life

Schönborn was born at Skalka Castle, west of Litoměřice in Bohemia (then Nazi Germany, now part of the Czech Republic), the second son of Count Hugo-Damian von Schönborn (1916-1979), and his wife, Baroness Eleonore Ottilie Hilda Maria von Doblhoff. He is a member of an ancient House of Schönborn whose members have historically borne the title of Imperial Count and the style of Illustrious Highness. Several members of the Schönborn family held high offices in the Catholic Church and, since the 17th century, the Holy Roman Empire, including several prince-bishops, cardinals and ecclesiastical prince-electors. One ancestor was Franziskus von Paula Graf von Schönborn, Cardinal-archbishop of Prague. When aristocratic titles were abolished in the First Czechoslovak Republic, after its independence in 1918, just as in Austria, his father officially lost his title of count, although titles continue to be used privately.

During the war, his father Hugo Damian was involved in the anti-Nazi resistance. Following the German withdrawal from Czechoslovakia at the end of World War II, Bohemia's German-speaking population, especially the nobility, was persecuted by the new rulers, first by Edvard Beneš' post-war nationalist government and then by the new Stalinist regime, and the family fled to Austria in 1945. His parents divorced in 1959. He has two brothers and one sister; his brother Michael Schönborn is an actor. He grew up in Schruns in western Austria, close to the border of the Swiss canton of Graubünden. Parts of his family live in France.

Growing up in Vorarlberg, Schönborn speaks the Vorarlberg dialect as well as Swiss German in addition to Standard German. In addition to his native German, Schönborn is fluent in French and Italian, and proficient in English, Spanish and Latin. He lived for several years in France and Switzerland.

He is a direct descendant of the Duchess of Bohemia Saint Ludmilla (860 Mělník – 921 Tetín).

Early church career
In September 1945, his family was forced to flee from Bohemia. Schönborn took his Matura examination in 1963, and entered the Order of Preachers. He studied theology in Paris; and philosophy and psychology in Bornheim-Walberberg and Vienna. Schönborn also attended the Catholic Institute of Paris for further theological work, before studying Slavic and Byzantine Christianity at the Sorbonne.

Schönborn was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Franz König on 27 December 1970 in Vienna. He obtained a Licentiate of Sacred Theology in 1971, and later studied in Regensburg under Fr. Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI). He subsequently completed a doctorate in Sacred Theology in Paris. From 1975 he was Professor of Dogmatics at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. In 1980, he became a member of the International Theological Commission of the Holy See, and in 1987 he became editorial secretary for the Catechism of the Catholic Church. In 1991 he was chosen to become an auxiliary bishop of Vienna.

Archbishop of Vienna

Schönborn was appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Vienna on 11 April 1995 and succeeded as Archbishop of Vienna on 14 September 1995. He was created Cardinal-Priest of Gesù Divin Lavoratore by Pope John Paul II in the consistory of 21 February 1998. Considered among the papabili following John Paul's death, Cardinal Schönborn was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI, and in the 2013 papal conclave that selected Pope Francis. Cardinal Schönborn remains eligible to vote in any future papal conclaves for papal vacancies occurring before he reaches 80 on 22 January 2025.

He has been Chairman of the Austrian Bishops Conference since 1998 when he was elected to the first of four six-year terms.

Schönborn serves as a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, that for the Oriental Churches, and that for Catholic Education, and of the Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church. On 5 January 2011 he was appointed among the first members of the newly created Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelisation. On Saturday, 30 November 2013, Pope Francis confirmed Cardinal Schönborn as a Member of the Education Congregation.

Cardinal Schönborn also serves as the Grand Chaplain to the Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece. Schönborn's episcopal motto is Vos autem dixi amicos (I have called you friends) from.

Acting as Pope Benedict XVI's personal representative as well as in his own capacity as archbishop, Schönborn presided over the Funeral of Otto von Habsburg, former Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, in St. Stephen's Cathedral on 16 July 2011.

On 18 September 2012, Schönborn was named by Pope Benedict XVI as a Synod Father for the October 2012 13th Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization.

Schönborn visited Iran in February 2001 and met with Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Schönborn was one of the highest-ranked Catholic Church officials to visit the country since the 1980–88 Iran–Iraq War.

Schönborn has been described as an accomplished crisis manager. He had a close relationship with Pope Benedict XVI, whom he knew for decades, and has been referred to as Benedict's "spiritual son".

On December 1, 2017, Cardinal Schönborn presided over an interconfessional prayer service entitled Mozart Requiem in his cathedral church for World AIDS Day. The event was co-hosted by the homosexual Gerry Keszler.

On December 1, 2018, he invited in the St. Stephen’s Cathedral a rock ensemble to perform a flamboyant play called Jedermann (reloaded), which was based on the early 20th-century homonym drama written by Hugo von Hofmannsthal.

Response to the sex abuse scandal
In May 2010 Schönborn told the Austrian Catholic news agency Kathpress, "the days of cover-up are over. For a long while the Church's principle of forgiveness was falsely interpreted and was in favour of those responsible and not the victims," while praising Pope Benedict XVI for having pushed for sex abuse inquiries when he was a Cardinal. Schönborn has earned much recognition for his handling of the abuse scandal surrounding his predecessor as Vienna Archbishop Hans Hermann Groër, who was removed from office in 1995. In 1998, Schönborn publicly confirmed that he believed in the allegations against Groër. In 2010, he explained that the future Pope Benedict XVI had long pressed for a full investigation of the case, but met resistance in the Vatican at the time. A sex abuse victims group named him as one of two promising cardinals they saw as good candidates for the papacy in 2013.

Gerhard Wagner controversy
In January 2009, Gerhard Maria Wagner was appointed by the Vatican, without consultation with the Austrian bishops' conference, as an auxiliary bishop of Linz, Austria. Wagner was known for highly conservative views, in particular for blaming the Hurricane Katrina on the sins of the New Orleans' homosexuals and abortionists. Wagner's appointment generated widespread protests in Austria and a boycott by many priests of the Linz diocese. Schönborn quickly joined the public criticism of the appointment. Schönborn made an emergency trip to Rome and in mid-February 2009 Wagner was thus persuaded to resign his post at Linz.

Response to dissident priest movement
As the Archbishop of Vienna and the head of the Catholic Church in Austria, Schönborn has faced an open and highly publicized rebellion by a movement of Austrian dissident clergy known as the Pfarrer Initiative or Parish priests' Initiative. The group, formed in 2005, and comprising about 10% of the Austrian clergy, has been publicly advocating a number of radical religious reforms, such as ordination of women, allowing priests to marry, allowing divorced Catholics and non-Catholic Christians to receive communion, and others. In 2011 the Pfarrer Initiative attracted considerable attention with the publication of the group's manifesto called "Call to Disobedience". Cardinal Schönborn met with the supporters of the Pfarrer Initiative, but in June 2012 he publicly reaffirmed the official position of the Vatican on the issues raised by the dissident group and directed that no priest expressing support for the "Call to Disobedience" be allowed to hold any administrative post in the Austrian Catholic Church. In September 2012 Schönborn again "backed celibacy for priests, limiting ordination to men and preserving marriage as a life-long commitment" and reiterated a warning to the dissident clergy that they faced serious consequences if they continued to advocate disobedience to the Vatican.

Views
Schönborn has been described as a "conciliatory pragmatist who is open to dialogue."

On 1 December 2018, he allowed a controversial rock performance to take place in St. Stephen Cathedral to raise money for HIV patients. The event was held to benefit the Brotherhood of Blessed Gérard, a hospice in South Africa run by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta for people dying of AIDS. In the previous year, Cardinal Schönborn, the Order of Malta, and Gery Keszler's LGBT Life Ball organized a Mass to remember World Aids Day. Conchita Wurst was invited to speak in that occasion.

Interfaith dialogue
Schönborn is a member of the Elijah Interfaith Institute Board of World Religious Leaders.

In May 2017, Schönborn published an approbation in regards to the Orthodox Rabbinic Statement on Christianity entitled To Do the Will of Our Father in Heaven: Toward a Partnership between Jews and Christians which was published two years beforehand by the Israel-based Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation (CJCUC).

Islam and Catholicism
In 2006, Schönborn published an article on the relationship between Catholicism and Islam, noting that both are missionary religions and interfaith dialogue is often seen as an alternative to the missionary impulse. He advised that dialogue focus on "How is mission situated in respect of freedom of conscience and of religion? How is it situated in respect of the requirements of a plural world?", while addressing "openly the dangers of intolerance, of attacks on religious freedom". When news outlets reported in 2016 that he had warned of "an Islamic conquest of Europe", Schönborn pointed out that he had asked the question "Will there be an Islamic conquest of Europe?" in a sermon that identified Europe with the prodigal son in Luke's gospel who has squandered his inheritance. He argued that if Islam stood to gain it was because "We ourselves are therefore those that have brought the Christian inheritance of Europe into peril." He objected to any reading of his words as an attack on refugees. He wrote: "Europe's Christian legacy is in danger, because we Europeans have squandered it. That has absolutely nothing to do with Islam nor with the refugees. It is clear that many Islamists would like to take advantage of our weakness, but they are not responsible for it. We are."

Same-sex relationships
In a September 2015 interview, he said that the Church's ministers should recognise what is good where it is found. For example, he said, a civil marriage is better than simply living together, because it signifies a couple has made a formal, public commitment to one another. "Instead of talking about everything that is missing, we can draw close to this reality, noting what is positive in this love that is establishing itself." Schönborn described a gay friend of his who, after many temporary relationships, is now in a stable relationship. "It's an improvement. They share "a life, they share their joys and sufferings, they help one another. It must be recognised that this person took an important step for his own good and the good of others, even though it certainly is not a situation the Church can consider 'regular'." The Church's negative "judgment about homosexual acts is necessary, but the Church should not look in the bedroom first, but in the dining room! It must accompany people." He said that pastoral accompaniment "cannot transform an irregular situation into a regular one, but there do exist paths for healing, for learning," for moving gradually closer to a situation in compliance with Church teaching.

In 2021, Schönborn said he cannot deny same-sex couples a blessing if they request one and that he was "not happy" with the Vatican's mid-March statement on same-sex unions.

HIV/AIDS and condoms
In 1996, Schönborn told an Austrian television audience that someone suffering from AIDS might use a condom as a "lesser evil", but he quickly cautioned, "no one could affirm that the use of a condom is the ideal in sexual relations."

Evolution and the Catholic Church
In an opinion piece that appeared in The New York Times on 7 July 2005, Schönborn accepted the possibility of evolution but criticised certain "neo-Darwinian" theories as incompatible with Catholic teaching:

"Evolution in the sense of common ancestry might be true, but evolution in the neo-Darwinian sense – an unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection – is not. Any system of thought that denies or seeks to explain away the overwhelming evidence for design in biology is ideology, not science."

The director of the Vatican Observatory, George Coyne, SJ, criticized Schönborn's view and pointed to Pope John Paul II's declaration that "evolution is no longer a mere hypothesis" and Catholic physicist Stephen Barr wrote a critique which evoked several replies, including a lengthy one from Schönborn.

Gay pastoral council member
In April 2012, the election of a young gay man, who was living in a registered same-sex partnership, to a pastoral council in Vienna was vetoed by the parish priest. After meeting with the couple, Schönborn reinstated him. He later advised in a homily that priests must apply a pastoral approach that is "neither rigorist nor lax" in counselling Catholics who "don't live according to [God's] master plan".

Reform of clerical celibacy
On 14 April 2019, Schönborn expressed openness to the possibility of married men being ordained to the priesthood (something which already occurs in the Eastern Catholic Churches and the Anglican ordinariate), while maintaining clerical celibacy as normative.

Health and retirement plans
On 22 March 2019, Schönborn revealed that he was suffering from prostate cancer and would not appear in public until after surgery in May 2019. On 9 May, the Archdiocese of Vienna announced that his surgery was successful.

On 21 January 2020, the archdiocese announced that Pope Francis would not accept Schönborn's resignation when he turned 75, but only when it was ready to name his successor. Schönborn has resigned as president of the Austrian Bishops Conference on 16 June 2020, after four years of his six-year term.

Coat of arms
Schönborn's coat of arms as an archbishop and cardinal includes in its upper sinister field the family arms of the House of Schönborn.

title: Christoph Schönborn


text:
Talk:Goon

Wheel of fourgoon not 'goon of fortune'

Word origin
Since the word "goon" originally referred to someone who was employed as someone's muscle I don't like the use of the word "thug" as clarification. The Western use of the word "thug" is supposed to be based on the only contact Western traders had with the Thugee cults (to Europeans a thug was specifically someone who robbed travelers or attacked trade caravans). In the Eastern sense a "thug" was a Thugee (they were a specific religious cult that engaged in murder & violence). While the terms are used interchangeably in much of the U.S., the word "thug" has a very specific meaning that "goon" does not match. If anyone has a problem with this edit let's discuss the matter. 24.145.157.81 (talk) 00:34, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Should this be a disambig?
Should this be a proper disambig page? — P Ingerson (talk)  11:48, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, yes it should. I'll take care of it soon. Commander Keane 03:40, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Popeye / Segar origins?
As far as I'm aware, the usage originated in the West with the "Goon" tribe of savages from the Popeye comics, notably Alice the Goon ... If nobody has any objections I'll edit the page ? — Hobart 07:42, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Who's josh?
It was vandalism, now removed.--Commander Keane 21:27, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

aliens?
I usually hear aliens (as in some games) be refered as "goons", any comment? → A z a  Toth 21:10, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Bouncers

 * Hired thugs employed by bosses or other authorities to break up strikes and protests, or to guard places. See bouncer.

Isn't this a bit offensive to those of us employed in the door supervision industry? Pienamo 09:59, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * In Scandinavia thugs hired for pay to carry out threats, extortion, violence, sabotage or murder are commonly called torpedos. In Oslo during the 1980’s and 1990’s the most feared torpedos were ranked at the top of the food chain in the criminal underworld. These torpedos were largely recruited from their legal profession as bouncers. Many bouncers’ use of excessive force and close ties to organized crime gave their profession a very bad reputation, until the police succeeded in their quest to have laws implemented regulating the business with doormen having to fulfill certain requirements in order to obtain licenses to work at bars and clubs. Until quite recently it was common in Norway to regard bouncers as goons. In my opinion a doorman with a habit of using excessive force deserves being labelled as a goon. I’m not sure if the English language has a better word than goon as an equivalent to the Scandinavian use of the word torpedo for hired muscle. Possibly enforcer. Busynissen (talk) 18:07, 26 December 2015 (UTC)

heyy —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.118.40.243 (talk) 22:41, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Goon Squad
Goon Squad as explained to me by my grandfather Charles Teodor Hansson (also spelled Hansen) who was the press foreman and union organizer at the San Francisco Examiner goes back to the days when William Randolf Hearst had thugs to discourage the union movement at his printing plant on 3rd & Stevenson, San Francisco. The Examiner at the time carried Popeye comics and Alice the Goon was a new character. My grandfather organized his own squad of locals to retaliate. This lead Hearst, who always referred to my grandfather as 'The Swede,' to 'inform' the public about the union's use of 'Goon Squads' to terrorize workers. So my understanding is that 'goon' term originally was to demonize union 'protection' squads (who were most likely doing the same things as management hired thugs). FAHansson (talk) 22:18, 1 February 2010 (UTC) Frederick Arn Hansson

Something Awful Forums
Anonymous users have added and removed this more than once: Does anyone know why? Man with two legs 12:09, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * A member of the Something Awful Forums
 * Why what? added or removed? I don't know why added but it is removed because wikipedia is not dictionary. See also what disambiguation pages are. `'mikka 00:29, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * That does not actually answer my question. What separates this item from the others that remain on the list? Man with two legs 06:17, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * {It does answer your question. You probably wanted to say "It is not what I wanted to know".) There is no wikipedia article about "a member of the Something Awful Forums" or its synonym. There is no evidence presented anywhere in wikipedia that goon is a SAF member. Finally, it is unclear whether "goon" is some notable person's SAF nick or it is a general term for all SAF members. I may understand that some other entries may look weak as well, and I agree. But the discussed one was way below the threshold. `'mikka 17:52, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * THAT answers my question! Man with two legs 21:47, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Oddly enough I was going to say that the entry for the Something Awful Forums should actually explain that "goon" is a term to describe all members of the forums (all 98,000+ of them) but apparently that information is not in the article. So I guess that's a problem! One of Wikipedia's greatest problems is when it lacks little-yet-sometimes-important information like this. I believe that the particular definition of "goon" should remain there, because hey it's not like it's vital it's not included, and I should probably add in a line on the main article just in case. --FuegoFish 14:30, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for ading an expmanation to the SAF article. At the same time, for such, as you say little-yet-sometimes-important information, it is obligatory to provide a reliable source of the info. Otherwise how we be sure that this is a standard usage, rather than yours and a couple of your buddies, or it was a short fad, for laughs, for a couple of weeks after the mentioned letter. Please add a ref. `'mikka 16:47, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Also funny that you put it as "greatest problems" of wikipedia. Did you try to find this info in Encyclopedia Britannica? :-) Also, there are other resources for various word-of-the mouth things, such as Urban Dictionary. Wikipedia has two conflicting rules: "anyone can edit" and "corectness of information". If you have in mind another idea to keep vandals, jokers and hoaxers off wikipedia other than requiring citing reliable sources, you are very welcome to suggest it. I will be the first to support you. I am reverting several dozens of "informations" daily, and I will be only happy to make my life easier. `'mikka 16:53, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It is one of Wikipedia's greatest problems. A lack of information not easily available elsewhere is what makes me, and other people, have to use other sources. Another one of Wikipedia's greatest problems is control freaks with self-diagnosed Asperger's who seem to think that because they've made hundreds of edits, they have "authority" over other people's edits. My word, they think, is this plebian editing my page? Ha ha, reverted! They'll think twice before infringing on my territory, they laugh! Not that I'm pointing any fingers here or anything, perish the thought, but there's a reason I treat Wikipedia half as a repository for nerdy information like eighteen-thousand-word articles on Pokemon or Klingons, and half as a completely laughable joke of a site. That's because nerdy subjects are the only things which have hundreds of people obsessing over them. So I guess I'll do my duty as an honest-to-God Wikipedian and spend a few minutes trying to find a reference that you'll accept. Except, wait, no I won't because I have better things to do with my time than jump through hoops for some guy who think he's being constructive by viciously deleting information he could easily verify himself via Google. I mean, perish the thought that it's you who actually does this. No, not when you can be making big, self-important, badly-worded messages that highlight what a wonderful addition to the community you are! KEEP REACHING FOR THAT RAINBOW --FuegoFish 01:57, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * You are not jumping thru the hoop for me. You are disregarding wikipedia community. If you don't like its rules, hwy don't you join other 'goons' and create your own one? `'mikka 22:43, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * This isn't that hard to source. In addition to this video, numerous online media sources refer to members of the forums as "goons". Now enough with the internet rage. --Wafulz 02:58, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * How about simply providing a valid reference into the corresponding article without hysteric and wkilawyering? `'mikka 05:41, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Well I figured I would show you the reference directly on the talk page- for copyright reasons, I can't just link the YouTube video on the article, and I wasn't sure if you accept formatted citation that you couldn't verify yourself. --Wafulz 12:52, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

BTW, an unrelated question (seemingly; but in fact a quirk of my train of thought), in The_Goon_Show_cast_members_and_characters you added getting "one over" on the BBC censors. I am afraid that "one over" may be unclear to the broader readership, even among native English speakers. Slang should be avoided or explained in encyclopedia. Please do. `'mikka 18:25, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, that bit was not added by me; I just added the explanation of the rhyming slang. But you are correct that that phrase is not clear. Man with two legs 21:47, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * ...so I have now changed it anyway! Man with two legs 21:51, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Something Awful "Goons" and other colloquial terms for Internet users

 * Added it again. While I understand that Wikipedia is not a dictionary, the term "goon/goons" when referring to Something Awful members is used in various online media. Having a redirect for users who may be searching for those specific "goons" can only make Wikipedia more useful. 203.26.122.12 (talk) 06:44, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It should be noted that Wikipedia accepts other colloquial terms for Internet forum members. The most notable example is that a search for /b/tard will return a search result for 4chan.

Goon Show
I think the Goon Show (BBC Radio) c. 1951-58, should feature on the list. Valetude (talk) 11:16, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

Rangiora
Rangiora in Canterbury, New Zealand is referred to by locals as “Goon” it should be added here 118.149.84.193 (talk) 13:07, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Goon


text:
Ephraim Wilson

Ephraim King Wilson may refer to:

 * Ephraim King Wilson (1771-1834), U.S. congressman from the state of Maryland
 * Ephraim King Wilson II (1821-1891), U.S. senator from the state of Maryland and son of Ephraim King Wilson

title: Ephraim Wilson


text:
Impossibility of performance

The doctrine of impossibility or impossibility of performance or impossibility of performance of contract is a doctrine in contract law.

In contract law, impossibility is an excuse for the nonperformance of duties under a contract, based on a change in circumstances (or the discovery of preexisting circumstances), the nonoccurrence of which was an underlying assumption of the contract, that makes performance of the contract literally impossible.

For example, if Ebenezer contracts to pay Erasmus £100 to paint his house on October 1, but the house burns to the ground before the end of September, Ebenezer is excused from his duty to pay Erasmus the £100, and Erasmus is excused from his duty to paint Ebenezer's house; however, Erasmus may still be able to sue under the theory of unjust enrichment for the value of any benefit he conferred on Ebenezer before his house burned down.

The parties to a contract may choose to ignore impossibility by inserting a hell or high water clause, which mandates that payments continue even if completion of the contract becomes physically impossible.

Sometimes it is impossible to perform a contract as a result of war. As to impossibility of performance of contract during war, see Arnold Duncan McNair, "War-Time Impossibility of Performance of Contract", Essays and Lectures Upon Some Legal Effects of War, Cambridge, at the University Press, 1920, Chapter 5, p 78; Henry Campbell, "Impossibility of Performance", The Law of War and Contract, Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1918, chapter 5, p 263 et seq Google; K V R Townsend, "Impossibility of Performance of Contracts due to War-Time Governmental Interference" (1941) 8 Current Legal Thought 150; "Impossiblity of Performance of Contracts due to War-Time Regulations" (1918 to 1919) 32 Harvard Law Review 789; Weber, The Effect of War on Contracts, 2nd Ed, 1946, p 445 et seq; MacKinnon, Effect of War on Contract: Being an Attempted Analysis of the Doctrine of Discharge of Contract by Impossibility of Performance: With a Résumé of the Principal Cases decided in the English Courts during the Present War, 1917 Google; Trotter, The Law of Contract during War, 1914, p 57, 58 and 59 et seq Google; Trotter, The Law of Contract during and after War, 3rd Ed, 1919, p 118 et seq; Trotter, Supplement to the Law of Contract during War, 1915, pp 76, 77 and 78 et seq Google; and Coleman Philipson, "Where new circumstances would make lawful fulfilment impossible", The Effect of War on Contracts, 1909, p 78 Google.

Australia
Frustration usually involves impossibility of performance. As to whether the non-existence of the subject matter of a contract constitutes (initial) impossibility of performance, see McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission. Cf. Res extincta.

England and Wales
A contract may be frustrated by impossibility of performance.

In 1997, Downes said that impossibility and impracticability were separate in England and Wales, and that impracticability was not usually found to result in frustration.

The English case that established the doctrine of impossibility at common law is Taylor v Caldwell.

New Zealand
Wilkins and Davies Construction Co Ltd v Geraldine Corporation [1958] NZLR 985 is relevant.

South Africa
A contract may be ended by supervening impossibility of performance. As to supervening impossibility of performance in South Africa, see William Arthur Ramsden, Supervening Impossibility of Performance in the South African Law of Contract, Juta & Co, 1985, ISBN 0-7021-1629-7; William Arthur Ramsden, Supervening Impossibility of Performance in the South African Law of Contract, University of the Witwatersrand, 1983; William Arthur Ramsden, "Some Historical Aspects of Supervening Impossibility of Performance of Contract" (1975) 38 Tydskrif vir Hedendaagse Romeins-Hollandse Reg 153, 284 and 370; William Arthur Ramsden, "Temporary Supervening Impossibility of Performance" (1977) 94 South African Law Journal 162; Jacques du Plessis, "Supervening Impossibility of Performance – A Conceptual Conundrum and Restatement of Principles" (2022) 33 Stellenbosch Law Review 605Sabinet; A J Kerr, "The Effect of Leases on Supervening Impossibility of Performance" (1977) 94 South African Law Journal 389; "Termination by supervening impossibility of performance", The Law of South Africa, Butterworths, 2006, vol 19, para 249 at p 170; Louis F van Huyssteen and Catherine J Maxwell, Contract Law in South Africa, 2021, paras 386 to 398; "Rendering performance impossible", Wille's Principles of South African Law, 8th Ed, Juta, 1991, p 514; J T R Gibson, "Supervening Impossibility of Performance", South African Mercantile and Company Law, 2nd Ed, Juta & Company, 1966, p 95; A J Kerr, "Breach, Supervening Impossibility and Risk" (1978) 95 South African Law Journal 16; and Martin Brassey, "The Effect of Supervening Impossibility of Performance on a Contract of Employment" [1990] Acta Juridica 22.

United States
At common law, for the defence of "impossibility" to be raised performance must not merely be difficult or unexpectedly costly for one party, there must be no way for it to actually be accomplished. However, in the United States it is beginning to be recognized that "impossibility" under this doctrine can also exist when the contemplated performance can be done but only at an excessive and unreasonable cost, i.e., commercial impracticability. On the other hand, some US sources see "impossibility" and impracticability as being related but separate defences.

title: Impossibility of performance


text:
Ken Kercheval

Kenneth Marine Kercheval (July 15, 1935 – April 21, 2019) was an American actor, best known for his role as Cliff Barnes on the television series Dallas and its 2012 revival.

Early life
Kercheval was born on July 15, 1935, in Wolcottville, Indiana, to Marine "Doc" Kercheval (1899-1967), a local physician, and the former Christine Reiber (1903-1996), a registered nurse. He was raised in Clinton, Indiana. As a teenager, Kercheval often was with his dad in the operating room and once put two stitches in his sister Kate when she had an appendectomy. Kercheval attended Indiana University, not to become a doctor, but to major in music and drama. He later studied at the University of the Pacific, and starting in 1956, at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City under Sanford Meisner.

Career
Kercheval made his Broadway debut in the 1962 play Something About a Soldier. He appeared off-Broadway in the 1972 Kurt Weill revue Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill, and can be heard on the cast recording. His other theatre credits included The Apple Tree, Cabaret (replacing Bert Convy as Cliff), and Here's Where I Belong. In 1966, he appeared as the title character in the original Broadway production of Fiddler on the Roof, co-starring with Herschel Bernardi, Maria Karnilova, Julia Migenes, Leonard Frey, and Pia Zadora.

Kercheval gained his first television role, playing the part of Dr. Nick Hunter number one on Search for Tomorrow in 1966. His later soap-opera roles were in The Secret Storm and How to Survive a Marriage. His film credits include The Seven-Ups with Roy Scheider and Tony LoBianco plus F.I.S.T. with Sylvester Stallone. In 1976, he co-starred in two episodes of The Adams Chronicles as James Madison.

Kercheval is best known for having played J.R.'s nemesis Cliff Barnes on the CBS television series Dallas. He starred in the show from 1978 to 1991, from its pilot episode to the series finale. He initially was cast as Ray Krebbs before being given the role of Cliff Barnes. Kercheval and Larry Hagman were the only Dallas cast members to stay with the series throughout its entire run, although Kercheval's character was only a recurring character during the first two seasons. He became a regular cast member in the 1979–1980 season. Kercheval reprised the role of Cliff Barnes in the 1996 Dallas reunion, J. R. Returns, and he appeared in the 2004 CBS reunion special. He again reprised the role in the Dallas (2012) series. In the 1980s, he made numerous appearances on Super Password and The $25,000 Pyramid. In 1991, he appeared in the reunion movie, I Still Dream of Jeannie, playing Mr. Simpson, a guidance counselor at Anthony Nelson Jr.'s high school and was the temporary master for Anthony Jr.'s mother, Jeannie (Barbara Eden); this was because Larry Hagman, who played Tony Nelson, was not available to reprise his role, as he had not yet finished his run on Dallas – the irony being that I Dream of Jeannie was Hagman's first major series, and the actors' respective Dallas characters despised each other. He also appeared as a ballroom dance teacher in the independent film California Casanova.

In 2006, Kercheval appeared in the musical White Christmas at Southampton's Mayflower Theatre and Plymouth's Theatre Royal as the General. In 2007, he reprised his role at the Edinburgh Playhouse and the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff. He reprised his role in Sunderland in 2010 and at The Lowry in Salford Quay with Coronation Street actor Wendi Peters and Brookside regular Claire Sweeney from November 2012 until January 2013.

In 1985, Kercheval became a partner in the Old Capital Popcorn Company. The business thrived at first, but the partnership soured in 1988. The financial issues and other conflicts led to a 1989 armed rampage and suicide on the Dallas set by one of the partners.

Personal life and death
A lifelong smoker, Kercheval was a lung cancer survivor after having had part of his lung removed in 1994. Kercheval was married and divorced three times and had five children. , he had six grandchildren.

In later years, he spent the majority of his time near his family in Clinton, IN, where he enjoyed attending local fairs and festivals.

Kercheval died of pneumonia on April 21, 2019, at the age of 83.

Filmography

 * Naked City (1962, TV Series) as Acting Student (uncredited)
 * The Defenders (1962–1965, TV Series) as Harry Grant / Jack Wilks
 * The Nurses (1965, TV Series) as Mac
 * The Trials of O'Brien (1965–1966, TV Series) as Jerry Quinlan / Dr. McCahey
 * Hawk (1966, TV Series) as Clark
 * An Enemy of the People (1966, TV Movie) as Billing
 * Pretty Poison (1968) as Harry Jackson
 * The Secret Storm (1968, TV series regular) as Archie Borman
 * Cover Me Babe (1970) as Jerry
 * Rabbit, Run (1970) as Barney
 * The Coming Asunder of Jimmy Bright (1971, TV Movie) as Jimmy Bright
 * Search for Tomorrow (1965-1973, TV series regular) as Dr. Nick Hunter
 * The Seven-Ups (1973) as Ansel – Seven-Up
 * Get Christie Love! (1974, TV Series) as Alec Palmer
 * The Disappearance of Flight 412 (1974, TV Movie) as White
 * How to Survive a Marriage (1974, TV series regular) as Larry Kirby
 * Beacon Hill (1975, TV Series) as Dist. Attorney
 * The Adams Chronicles (1976, TV Series) as James Madison
 * Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys (1976, TV Movie) as District Attorney Tom Knight
 * Network (1976) as Merrill Grant
 * The Lincoln Conspiracy (1977) as John Surratt
 * Rafferty (1977, TV Series) as Jerry Parks
 * Family (1978, TV Series) as Mark Adams
 * Kojak (1973–1978, TV Series) as Teddy Maclay / Professor Lacey / Ray Fromm
 * F.I.S.T (1978) as Bernie Marr
 * Devil Dog: The Hound of Hell (1978, TV Movie) as Miles Amory
 * CHiPs (1978, TV Series) as Dr. Faraday
 * Too Far to Go (1979, TV Movie) as Jack Dennis
 * Starsky & Hutch (1979, TV Series) as Deputy D.A. Clayburn
 * Walking Through the Fire (1979, TV Movie) as Dr. Freeman
 * Here's Boomer (1980, TV Series) as Dr. Haggert
 * Trapper John, M.D. (1981, TV Series) as Marty Wicks
 * The Patricia Neal Story (1981, TV Movie) as Dr. Charles Canton
 * The Demon Murder Case (1983, TV Movie) as Richard Clarion
 * Calamity Jane (1984, TV Movie) as Buffalo Bill Cody
 * The Love Boat (1981–1984, TV Series) as Lester Erwin / Don Bartlett
 * Glitter (1985, TV Series) as John Ramsey Jr.
 * Hotel (1983–1986, TV Series) as Frank Jessup / Leo Cooney
 * You Are the Jury (1986, TV Series) as Stanley Nelson
 * Mike Hammer (1987, TV Series) as A. Walter Decker
 * Matlock (1987, TV Series) as Louis Devlin
 * Highway to Heaven (1988, TV Series) as Richard Osbourne
 * Perry Mason: The Case of the Defiant Daughter (1990, TV Movie) as L.D. Ryan
 * Corporate Affairs (1990) as Arthur Strickland
 * Dallas (1978–1991, TV series regular) as Cliff Barnes
 * California Casanova (1991) as Willie
 * Keeping Secrets (1991, TV Movie) as Frank Mahoney
 * I Still Dream of Jeannie (1991, TV Movie) as Mr. Simpson
 * Diagnosis: Murder: Diagnosis of Murder (1992, TV Movie) as Frank Stevens
 * L.A. Law (1992, TV Series) as Al Bremmer
 * Murder, She Wrote (1992, TV Series) as Alex Ericson
 * Dangerous Curves (1992, TV Series) as Jimmy Douglas
 * In the Heat of the Night (1993, TV Series) as Judge Lawton Gray
 * Woman on the Ledge (1993, TV Movie) as Doctor Martin
 * The Golden Palace (1993, TV Series) as Charlie
 * Beretta's Island (1994) as Barone
 * Walker, Texas Ranger (1993, TV Series) as Dr. Slade
 * Lovejoy (1993, TV Series) as Rutherford Lovejoy
 * Burke's Law (1994, TV Series) as Bernie Green
 * A Perry Mason Mystery: The Case of the Grimacing Governor (1994, TV Movie) as Harlan Richards
 * Dallas: J.R. Returns (1996, TV Movie) as Cliff Barnes
 * Diagnosis Murder (1997) A Mime is a Terrible Thing to Waste as Duke Fallon
 * Rusty: A Dog's Tale (1998) as Carl Winthrope
 * ER (1 episode, 1998) as Mr. Zwicki
 * Diagnosis: Murder (1993–2000, TV Series) as Keith Dunn / Duke Fallon / William P. Bissell / Alex Ridlin
 * Blind Obsession (2001) as Harrison Pendragon
 * Crossing Jordan (2002–2006, TV Series) as Claude Manning
 * Corrado (2009) as Vittorio
 * Dallas (2012–2014, TV Series, recurring role) as Cliff Barnes
 * The Promise (2017) as Dr. Christopher Webber
 * Surviving in L.A. (2019) as Charlie (final film role)

title: Ken Kercheval


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Abraham van Diepenbeeck

Abraham van Diepenbeeck (9 May 1596 (baptised) – between May and September 1675) was Dutch painter, draftsman, glass painter, print maker and tapestry designer who worked most of his active career in Antwerp. He designed glass windows for various churches and monasteries in Antwerp for which he made many design drawings and oil sketches. He engraved and designed many prints which were published by prominent Antwerp printers such as van Meurs, the Plantin Press and Martinus van den Enden the Elder. He had a close relationship with the workshop of the leading Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens and collaborated on various projects under the direction of Rubens. In the 1630s van Diepenbeeck started to create monumental paintings. His work was influenced by Rubens and Anthony van Dyck.

Life
Van Diepenbeeck was born in 's-Hertogenbosch as the son of the glass painter Jan Roelofsz. van Diepenbeeck. The early Dutch biographer Arnold Houbraken alleged that van Diepenbeeck was in Italy to study glass painting likely in the late 1610s or early 1620s. Modern scholarship has cast some doubt on this study time in Italy. It is believed that he studied with his father and left 's-Hertogenbosch for Antwerp after his father's death in 1620. It is possible that his move from his home town in 1621 was related to the war negotiations that were underway that year, which particularly threatened the northern border provinces of the Southern Netherlands, where 's Hertogenbosch was located.

He was registered in the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke as a glass painter ('gelaesschryver') in the guild year 1622–23. It is believed that in the years 1626-1627 he assisted, along with the workshop of Rubens, with the cartoons for the tapestry series of The Adoration of the Eucharist. In 1627 he designed on the instruction of Rubens drawing for the frontispiece of the book ''Vitae patrum. De vita et verbis seniorum, sive, Historiae eremiticae libri X. Auctoribus suis et nitori pristino nestituti, ac notationibus illustrati, opera et studio Heriberti Ros-weydi Vltraiectini, e soc. Jesu theologi'' published in 1628 by the Plantin Press in Antwerp. Around 1632 Rubens requested van Diepenbeeck to travel to France to make drawings after frescoes by Francesco Primaticcio (1504–157) and Nicolò dell'Abate (ca. 1509–1571) in Paris and Fontainebleau.

He became a member of the Sodality of the Unmarried Men of Age ('Sodaliteit der bejaerde jongmans') in April 1634 and a consultor of this Sodality in September 1634 and September 1636. On 4 January 1636 he was registered as a poorter (citizen) of Antwerp. He married in June 1637 Catharina Heuvick, daughter of Luc Heuvick, notary of Antwerp and Schelle. The couple had eight children. On 13 June 1639 he became consultor of the Sodality of the Married Men of Age ('Sodaliteit der getrouwden'). He became a master painter and glass painter of the Guild of St. Luke in the Guild year 1638–1639. Van Diepenbeeck had his whole career great difficulties with the Guild and many of his colleagues. He was elected, against his own wishes, to serve as the dean of the guild during the guild year 1642–1643. He refused to present the annual accounts of the guild for that year which were then prepared by Guillam Leestens in his stead. He employed the engraver Hendrik Snijders II on 1 September 1642.

In 1648 the Antwerp painter Gonzales Coques undertook to supply a series of monumental paintings on the life of Psyche for the Huis Honselaarsdijk, a palace of the Stadtholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (1584–1647). The paintings in the series were to be made after designs by van Diepenbeeck and were executed by other painters from Antwerp. As in 1652 Van Diepenbeeck had still not been paid the financial compensation for his work he filed a lawsuit against Coques. As at the beginning of the 19th century a large portion of the palace was destroyed, the paintings do not survive. His first wife died in 1648. On 13 May 1652 he married Anna van der Dort, with whom he had four children. Their daughter Johanna Marie van Diepenbeeck married the painter Joris van Bredael and their sons Jozef and Jan Pieter both became painters.

In the last half of his life, the artist busied himself nearly exclusively with designs for books and tapestries. He had various pupils. Between 18 September 1640 and 18 September 1641 he became the master of Franchoys Muntsaerts and between 18 September 1672 and 18 September 1673 of Jan Pauwels. Françoys van Uffelen was also his pupil.

Abraham van Diepenbeeck died in Antwerp on 31 December 1675.

Work
He was mainly a designer of prints for books, stained-glass windows and tapestries. Only in the 1630s did he commence with monumental painting. He treated mythological and historical subjects, as well as portraits.

In Antwerp he achieved his first successes in painting on glass. He designed windows for the cathedral of Antwerp on the subject of the Acts of Mercy. He also designed the windows for Antwerp's Saint Paul's Church showing scenes of the Life of Saint Pau. The 18 stained glass windows in the Carmelite monastery in Boxmeer are attributed to van Diepenbeeck. The windows depict scenes from the history of the monastery and also from the Eucharist.

Among his prints are 49 of the 58 designs engraved by Cornelis Bloemaert and others for Michel de Marolles' Tableaux du Temple des Muses to illustrate de Marolles' adaptations of classical fables. Van Diepenbeeck designed all plates other than plates nos. 9, 10, 19, 32, 49, 47, 50, 52 and 53 which were designed by Pierre Brebiette.

title: Abraham van Diepenbeeck


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Conestogo River

The Conestogo River is a river in Waterloo Region and Wellington County in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. The river was named by Mennonite settlers after the Conestoga River in Pennsylvania. In the 1800s there were several different spellings of the name of the river and of the nearby settlement of Conestogo, Ontario but the name ending in "o" became official.

It is in the Lake Erie Basin and joins the Grand River as a right tributary at the community of Conestogo.

A dam built on the river for flood control formed Conestogo Lake, which covers an area of about 23 km2. A conservation area operated by the Grand River Conservation Authority is located on this lake.

Natural history
Fish species in the river include brown trout, pike, smallmouth bass, perch, walleye and carp.

title: Conestogo River


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List of Italian PDO cheeses

This List of Italian PDO/DOP cheeses includes all the Italian cheeses which have protected designation of origin (denominazione di origine protetta, or DOP/PDO), status under European Union regulations. All of the formerly existing "DO" cheeses (protected under Italian law) were registered in the EU as "PDO/DOP" cheeses during the course of 1996. They have the Italian abbreviation for PDO (DOP) written on the cheese.

Prior to 1996 when the PDO system came into operation, many Italian cheeses were regulated under a denominazione di origine (DO) system, which arose out of the 1951 Stresa Conference and was established under the Italian law 125/54. These appellations of origin were recognized in a number of European countries with which Italy had bilateral agreements. The international framework of recognition was further developed, and extended from cheese to include other agricultural products, by the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, and the modifications made to it at Stockholm in 1967. Italian cheeses protected under this agreement remain protected. Geographical indications are also protected through the TRIPS Agreement of 1994.

Italian PDO/DOP cheeses
The following table indicates for each cheese the year in which it acquired DO status (where applicable), the year of PDO/DOP registration and the approximate area within which the regulations permit it to be produced.

Key to acronyms
 * DO: Denominazione di Origine (Appellation of Origin)
 * DOP: Denominazione di Origine Protetta (PDO, or Protected Designation of Origin)
 * DPR: Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica (Presidential Decree)
 * DPCM: Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio (Prime-ministerial Decree)
 * PDO: Protected Designation of Origin

Applications under consideration
Applications have been made for DOP status in the case of the following cheeses:
 * Nostrano di Valle Trompia, a cows' milk cheese, coloured with saffron, produced in the Valle Trompia region of the province of Brescia (Lombardy). The application was submitted on 22 September 2010.
 * Pecorino di Picinisco, a sheep's milk cheese (with the optional inclusion of up to 25% goats' milk), produced in the Valle di Comino region of the province of Frosinone (Lazio). The application was submitted on 28 February 2011.
 * Squacquerone di Romagna, a cows' milk cheese from the region of Emilia-Romagna in the provinces of Ravenna, Forlì-Cesena, Rimini and Bologna, and in part of the province of Ferrara. The application was submitted on 4 December 2009.

title: List of Italian PDO cheeses


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Abraham Calovius

Abraham Calovius (also Abraham Calov or Abraham Kalau; 16 April 1612 – 25 February 1686) was a Lutheran theologian, and was one of the champions of Lutheran orthodoxy in the 17th century.

Biography
He was born in Mohrungen (Morąg), Ducal Prussia, a fief of Crown of Poland. After studying at Königsberg, in 1650 he was appointed professor of theology at Wittenberg, where he afterwards became general superintendent and primarius.

Calovius opposed the Catholics, Calvinists and Socinians, and in particular attacked the syncretism of his bitter enemy, George Calixtus. While Calixtus affirmed that the Apostles' Creed was an adequate definition of faith, Calovius rather held that one must believe every part of revealed truth in order to gain salvation. This led Calovius to deny as a heresy the idea that Roman Catholics or Calvinists could be partakers of salvation.

As a writer of polemics Calovius had few equals. His chief dogmatic work, Systema locorum theologicorum, (12 volumes, 1655–1677) represents the climax of Lutheran scholasticism. He produced a popular commentary on Martin Luther's translation of the Bible, "die deutsche Bibel," today known as the Calov Bible. He also wrote a much larger professional exegetical work on the entire Bible called "Biblia Illustrata." It is written from the point of view of a very strict belief in inspiration, his object being to refute the statements made by Hugo Grotius in his Commentaries.

Calovius died in Wittenberg.

Works (selection)

 * Tractatus Novus De Methodo Docendi & Disputandi, 1632.
 * Metaphysica divina. Rostock, Hallervord, 1640.
 * Scripta philosophica. Lübeck, Wilden, 1651.
 * Systematis locorum theologicorum. :"Système de prémisses théologiques issues des écrits les plus sacrés de l'Antiquité :" Wittenberg 1655–1677 (12 volumes).
 * Biblia illustrata. Frankfurt am Main 1672–1676 and 1719 (4 volumes).
 * Theologia positiva. Wittenberg 1682.

title: Abraham Calovius


text:
List of Will & Grace episodes

Will & Grace is an American television sitcom that aired for eight seasons on NBC from 1998 to 2006, and resumed on September 28, 2017. The show earned sixteen Emmy Awards, and 83 nominations. Will & Grace is set in New York City and focuses on Will Truman, a gay lawyer, and his best friend Grace Adler, a straight woman who runs her own interior design firm. Also featured are their friends Karen Walker, a rich socialite; Jack McFarland, a struggling gay actor/singer/dancer who also has had brief careers as a choreographer, cater-waiter, nurse and talk show host; and Rosario Salazar, Karen's maid with whom she has a love-hate relationship.

Despite initial criticism for its particular portrayal of gay people, Will & Grace is the most successful series portraying gay principal characters, as it went on to become a staple of NBC's Must See TV Thursday night lineup where it was ensconced in the Nielsen for half of its network run. Every episode of the series was directed by James Burrows, one of the show's executive producers. In January 2017, NBC announced that the series would return for a 12-episode season during the 2017–18 season. All four principal cast members (Debra Messing, Eric McCormack, Sean Hayes, and Megan Mullally) confirmed their return to the revival. An additional four episodes were ordered on August 3, 2017, for a total of 16, and a tenth and eleventh season were also ordered.

title: List of Will & Grace episodes


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Loch Eriboll

Loch Eriboll (Scottish Gaelic: "Loch Euraboil") is a 16 km long sea loch on the north coast of Scotland, which has been used for centuries as a deep water anchorage as it is safe from the often stormy seas of Cape Wrath and the Pentland Firth.

Bronze Age remains can be found in the area, including a souterrain and a very well preserved wheelhouse on the hillside above the west shore. A small scale lime industry developed here in the 19th century and Ard Neakie, a promontory on the eastern shore of the loch, had four large lime kilns developed in around 1870. Before the development of the coast road around the loch in 1890, the Heilam ferry ran from the quay at Portnancon on the west shore to Ard Neakie. Both Ard Neakie and Portnancon were fishing stations.

Around the shores of the loch are the crofting townships of Eriboll, Laid, Heilam, Portnancon and.

Eilean Hoan is located at the northern, seaward end of the loch and there are various small islets in the vicinity including A' Ghoil-sgeir, An Cruachan, An Dubh-sgeir, Eilean Clùimhrig, and Pocan Smoo. Today it is a largely unspoilt wilderness, in a region of high rainfall and with the lowest population density in the UK.

Naval use
The Royal Navy have been frequent visitors to the loch, particularly during World War II. There are stones arranged by sailors into the names of their warships, including HMS Hood (51) and Amethyst, on the hillside above the hamlet of Laid. It was nicknamed "Lock ’orrible" by the British servicemen stationed here during the war because of the often inclement weather. The largest island in the loch, Eilean Choraidh, was used as a representation of the German battleship Tirpitz for aerial bombing practice by the Fleet Air Arm prior to the successful Operation Tungsten in April 1944. The surviving 33 German U-boats, for example GS U-532 and GS U-295, formally surrendered here in 1945, ending the Battle of the Atlantic.

A leased area of the shore and loch is classified as a Minor training area by the Defence Training Estate, generally being used for amphibious and specialist training for three fortnights per year.

In 2011 the loch was used as part of Exercise Joint Warrior, the largest war games staged in the UK, involving the navy's new flagship, the assault ship HMS Bulwark.

title: Loch Eriboll


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Order of Saint Lazarus

The Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem, also known as the Leper Brothers of Jerusalem or simply as Lazarists, was a Catholic military order founded by Crusaders during the 1130s at a leper hospital in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem, whose care became its original purpose, named after its patron saint, Lazarus.

The monastic order itself is believed to have been created in the during the 1130s as a hospitaller order, and the earliest reference to the order's military activity is dated to 1234. It was recognised by King Fulk in 1142, and canonically recognised as a hospitaller and military order of chivalry under the rule of Saint Augustine in the Papal bull Cum a Nobis Petitur of Pope Alexander IV in 1255. Although they were centred on their charism of caring for those afflicted with leprosy, the knights of the Order of Saint Lazarus notably fought in the Siege of Acre in 1191, Arsuf, in the Battle of Jaffa in 1192, the Battle of La Forbie in 1244, and in the Defense of Acre in 1291. The titular seat was successively situated at Jerusalem, then Acre. After the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the order split into two main branches – in Italy and in France (at the Château Royal de Boigny-sur-Bionne).

In 1489, Pope Innocent VIII attempted to merge the order and its land holdings with the Knights Hospitaller. This was resisted by the larger part of the jurisdictions of the Order of Saint Lazarus, including those in France, Southern Italy, Hungary, Switzerland and England. The Knights Hospitaller only managed to appropriate the order's holdings in what is now Germany.

In 1572, the Order of Saint Lazarus in Italy was merged with the Order of Saint Maurice under the House of Savoy to form the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, which still exists today and is recognised as a dynastic successor of the Italian branch. However, the merger excluded the order's holding in the southern part of Italy, then forming part of the Spanish realm. These were transformed into ecclesiastical benefices. The Duke of Savoy only managed to gain control of those benefices situated in the Duchy of Savoy.

In 1608, King Henry IV of France, with the approval of the Holy See, the jurisdiction of the head of the Catholic Church, linked the French branch administratively to the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel to form the Royal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem united. This branch became closely linked to the French Crown during the 18th century, with the serving grand masters then being members of the French royal family. It suffered the consequences of the French Revolution and went into exile along with its grand master, Louis-Stanislas-Xavier de Bourbon, Count of Provence (the future King Louis XVIII). It formally lost its royal protection in 1830 and then ceased to remain listed as having royal protection in the French Royal Almanac.

The word lazarette (in some languages being synonymous with leprosarum) is believed to also be derived from the hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus, these edifices being adopted into quarantine stations in the 15th century, when leprosy was no longer the scourge it had been in earlier centuries.

Crusades
The military order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem originated in a leper hospital founded in the twelfth century by crusaders of the Latin Kingdom. There had been earlier leper hospitals in the East, of which the Knights of St. Lazarus claimed to be the continuation, in order to have the appearance of remote antiquity and to pass as the oldest of all orders. According to Charles Moeller, "this pretension is apocryphal"; but documentary evidence does confirm that the edifice was a functioning concern in 1073.

The Order of St. Lazarus was purely an order of hospitallers in the beginning, and adopted the hospital Rule of St. Augustine in use in the West. It has been claimed that the Order assumed a military role in the 12th century, but this date may not be supported by verifiable evidence. The monastic order was most likely founded in the 1130s, though the earliest military action that involved Lazarist knights did not occur until the 1230s. The Lazarists wore a green cross upon their mantle.

Hospitals dependent on the Jerusalem leprosarium were eventually established in other towns in the Holy Land, notably in Acre, and in various countries in Europe particularly in Southern Italy (Capua), Hungary, Switzerland, France (Boigny), and England (Burton Lazars). Louis VII of France, on his return from the Second Crusade, gave it the Château of Broigny, near Orléans in 1154. This example was followed by Henry II of England, and by Emperor Frederick II.

In 1154, King Louis VII of France granted the Order of Saint Lazarus a property at Boigny near Orléans which was to become the headquarters of the order outside of the Holy Land. Later, after the fall of Acre in 1291 the Knights of St. Lazarus left the Holy Land and moved first to Cyprus, then Sicily and finally back to Boigny, which had been raised to a barony in 1288.

The Order remained primarily a hospitaller order. They did take part in a number of battles, but there is no evidence for this prior to the fall of Jerusalem (1244). After the fall of Jerusalem in July 1244 and the subsequent Battle of La Forbie the following October, the Order of St. Lazarus, although still called "of Jerusalem", transferred to Acre, where it had been ceded territory by the Templars in 1240. The Ordinis Fratrum & Militum Hospitalis Leprosorum S. Lazari Hierosolymitani under Augustinian Rule was confirmed by Papal Bull Cum a Nobis Petitur of Pope Alexander IV in April 1255. In 1262 Pope Urban IV assured it the same immunities as were granted to the monastic orders.

Late medieval period
The order quickly abandoned its military activities after the fall of Acre in 1291. As a result of that catastrophe, the leper hospital of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem disappeared, but its commanderies in Europe, together with their revenues, continued. In 1308, King Philip IV of France gave the order his temporal protection.

In 1490, Pope Innocent VIII attempted to amalgamate the order with the Knights of St. John, including the handing-over to the Knights of the possessions of the Order. Although that was confirmed in 1505 by Pope Julius II, the Order of Saint Lazarus resisted the move, and the order of St. John never came into possession of the property, except in Germany. In France, the bull of suppression was ignored and French Grand Masters appointed. The order of Saint John pursued its claim to the French holdings but that was legally rejected by the Parlement of Paris in 1547.

In 1565, Pope Pius IV annulled the bulls of his predecessors and restored all possessions to the order so that he might give the grand magistry to a favorite, Giovanni de Castiglione. However, de Castiglione did not succeed in securing the devolution of the commanderies in France. By the end of the 16th century, the Order retained a significant presence only in France and Italy.

Royal House of Savoy

With the death of the papal favorite, Castiglione, in 1572, the grand magistry of the order was rendered vacant and Pope Gregory XIII united the Italian branch with the Order of Saint Maurice to set up the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. This order was then linked in perpetuity with the Crown of Savoy and thenceforth the title of its Grand Master was hereditary in that house. By the time of Pope Clement VIII the order had two houses, one at Turin, was to contribute to combats on land, while the other, at Nice, had to provide galleys to fight the Turks at sea. But when thus reduced to the states of the Duke of Savoy, the order merely vegetated until the French Revolution, which suppressed it. In 1816 the King of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel I, re-established the titles of Knight and Commander of Sts. Maurice and Lazarus, as simple decorations, accessible without conditions of birth to both civilians and military men.

This became a national order of chivalry on the unification of Italy in 1861, but has been suppressed by law since the foundation of the Republic in 1946. Since 1951 the order has not been recognized officially by the Italian state. However, the House of Savoy in exile continued to bestow the order. Today, it is granted to persons eminent in the public service, science, art, letters, trade, and charitable works.

Royal House of France

In 1604, Henry IV of France re-declared the French branch of the order a protectorate of the French Crown. King Henry IV founded in 1608, with the approbation of Pope Paul V, the Order of Notre-Dame du Mont-Carmel. He then, in turn, united to this new order the possessions of St. Lazarus in France, and such is the origin of the title Ordres Royaux, Militaires & Hospitaliers de Saint Lazare de Jérusalem & de Notre-Dame du Mont-Carmel réunis ("Royal, Military, and Hospitaller Orders of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St. Lazarus of Jerusalem united"). This amalgamation eventually received formal canonical acceptance on 5 June 1668 by a bull issued by Cardinal Legate de Vendôme under Papal authority of Clement IX.

Unlike the situation with the Savoyian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus where a complete merger took place creating one order, the French branch was not completely merged with the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and the orders were managed as two separate entities, with individuals being admitted to one order but not necessarily to both.

During the French Revolution, a decree of 30 July 1791 suppressed all royal and knightly orders in France. Another decree the following year confiscated all the Order's properties. The Holy See, which had originally created the Order, on the other hand did not suppress the order; while Louis, Count of Provence, then Grand Master of the order, who later became Louis XVIII, continued to function in exile and continued admitting various dignitaries to the order.

Scholars differ in their views regarding the extent to which the Order remained active during and after the French Revolution. There is however no doubt of its continuing existence during this time. In different museums, there are preserved a number of paintings of Russian and Baltic nobles, admitted to the order after 1791. In this list are general John Lamb, Prince Suvorov, count Pahlen, count Sievers etc. Some of the new knights are listed in Almanach Royal from 1814 to 1830. King Louis XVIII, the order's protector, and the duc de Châtre, the order's lieutenant-general, both died in 1824. In 1830, a royal decree caused the order to lose its royal protection in France.

In popular culture

 * The Order of Saint Lazarus is depicted in season two of the television series Knightfall.
 * A fictionalized version of the Order is depicted in the television series A Discovery of Witches.

Successors

 * Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
 * Royal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem united

title: Order of Saint Lazarus