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David Casa

David Casa (born 16 November 1968 in Valletta) is a Maltese politician and Member of the European Parliament. He is Malta's longest serving MEP, having served since June 2004. As a member of the Nationalist Party in Malta, he belongs to the European People's Party.

Casa has been described by Politico as a key MEP for his work as co-rapporteur on the Social Climate Fund. As Quaestor, he was a member of the Bureau of the European Parliament.

He is Co-Chair of the Media Working Group of the European Parliament and the EPP's Head of National Delegation for Malta.

Key legislation
In 2019, Casa successfully negotiated the Work-Life Balance Directive, which enshrined paternal leave as an EU right for the first time.

In 2021, he concluded negotiations on the European Social Fund Plus, paving the way for €88 billion to be deployed in the 2021-2027 period.

In 2023, he finalised the Social Climate Fund, a multibillion euro proposal to ensure social justice in the EU's Fit-for-55 climate package under the European Green Deal. The report, led jointly with Dutch MEP Esther de Lange received decisive backing by the European Parliament in committee and plenary stages.

In 2024, as the EPP's negotiator on the EU Disability Card and the EU Parking Card, he helped reach a deal to bolster access to mobility rights across the European Union for up to 100 people living with disabilities.

Quaestor
He was elected Quaestor of the European Parliament, having withheld his nomination for a second term to support the candidature of Roberta Metsola for President of the European Parliament.

As Quaestor, he was responsible for establishing the Daphne Caruana Galizia Prize for Journalism.

Coordinator, Employment and Social Affairs Committee
Casa is known for his work in the European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs and was the European Parliament's lead negotiator on landmark legislation on social affairs. He was the EPP Group Coordinator for the EMPL Committee for two terms during the 8th legislature, having been reelected unanimously in 2017.

European Parliament
Mr. Casa was the EPP coordinator for the employment and social affairs committee (EMPL) and also serves as the substitute for the economic and monetary affairs committee (ECON).

In the past years, David was a member of the TAXE committee and a full member of the PANA committee, which was entrusted with an inquiry into money laundering, tax avoidance and tax evasion in the European Union.

David Casa became the first ever Maltese member of the European Parliament to lead and successfully negotiate a directive on behalf of the European People's Party (EPP).

The directive introduced 10 days of paid paternity leave, and out the 4 months of parental leave for each parent, 2 months will now be paid and non-transferable between parents. This law also provides for 5 days of annual carers' leave and the right to request flexible working arrangements.

On 26 February 2019 the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs approved the agreement David Casa reached with the Council on the Work Life Balance Directive. This brings the proposed directive one step closer to becoming EU law. The agreement was approved with 31 votes in favour and 3 votes against.

In 2020, David Casa was nominated Co-Chair of the Media Working Group of the European Parliament. The other Co-Chair is Renew MEP Ramona Strugariu.

In 2021, David Casa presided over the first edition of the Daphne Caruana Galizia Prize for Journalism, for which he was responsible as Quaestor of the European Parliament and as Co-Chair of the Media Working Group. The first edition was won by Forbidden Stories for the Pegasus Project.

Early career

 * 1987: Member of the Executive Committee of the Union of Bankers
 * 1990: Personal Assistant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * 1995: Adviser to the Deputy Prime Minister
 * 1998: Member of the Council of the Confederation of Malta Trade Unions (CMTU)
 * 1998: Personal Assistant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * 2001: Founder and Secretary-General of the 'Yes to Europe Movement'
 * 2004: Elected as a Member of the European Parliament (2004 - 2009)
 * 2009: Elected as a Member of the European Parliament (2009 - 2014)
 * 2014: Elected as a Member of the European Parliament (2014 - 2019)
 * 2019: Elected as a Member of the European Parliament (2019 - 2024)

Moviment Iva
David Casa was one of the founding members and subsequently Secretary General of the Moviment Iva ("Yes to Europe Movement"), an organisation which played a fundamental role in the campaign in favour of Malta's accession to the European Union in the run-up to the referendum on the subject.

Mr. Casa was Secretary of the Malta-EU Steering and Action Committee (MEUSAC) and subsequently served as advisor and Personal Assistant to Prof Guido de Marco during his tenure as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister. This role also ensured that David followed the process of membership closely since its inception. In 1999, when Professor Guido de Marco became President, David Casa was the Inter-Ministerial Coordinator for E .U. Matters in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

David was active in the Council of the Confederation of Malta Trade Unions and later he formed part of the Executive Committee of the Union of Bankers.

In the field of broadcasting, he led political programmes on Radio 101. Such programmes were aimed at providing information in relation to Malta and the European Union.

Recognition

 * Croce dell'Ordine - Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM)

title: David Casa


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Louis Grech

Louis Grech (born 22 March 1947) is a Maltese politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister of Malta, as well as Minister of European Affairs. He also served as Deputy Leader for Parliamentary Affairs of the Labour Party. He currently serves as consultant to the Prime Minister Robert Abela and attends Cabinet.

Air Malta
Louis Grech was one of the first pioneers in the setting up and formation of the national flag carrier Air Malta under a Labour Government in 1973. Initially, he was responsible for Administration, organisational strategy, Personnel and industrial relations, as well as being Corporate Secretary of the Company.

In 1979 Grech was appointed General Manager, and in 1985 he was appointed Managing Director and CEO of the national airline. He was re-appointed CEO in 1997, where he oversaw an increase in traffic to 1.8m passengers, and Chairman of the Air Malta Group, which was one of the biggest companies in Malta with an international dimension. The Group had interests in Aviation and Tourism, employed around 2,500 workers, generated a turnover of approximately €293.5m, and was responsible for around 5.3% of Government revenue and 5.5% equivalent jobs in the country.

During his tenure as CEO, Louis Grech extended the activities of the Group and created other ancillary sectors in various sectors such as hotels, tour operations, tourist handling, air service to Gozo, insurance, Duty Free services and hotel management.

Lufthansa Technik
One of Louis Grech's major achievements was to attract Lufthansa Technik to Malta and convince the German enterprise to enter into a joint venture with Air Malta, which led to a foreign investment which is still growing. He was appointed by the Shareholders of Lufthansa Technik as well as those of Air Malta as the first Chairman of Lufthansa Technik (Malta).

Other activities
During his long career, Louis Grech has held a number of managerial posts. These include Director of Bank of Valletta, Central Bank of Malta, Middle Sea, Medavia, Malta International Airport, Dragonara Casino, and various private companies. Other appointments include member of the Malta Institute of Management, member of the Industrial Tribunal, founder trustee of the Foundation for International Studies, and guest lecturer at the University of Malta. Between 1992 and 1996, Grech also provided consultancy in various sectors ranging from industrial relations, through tourism, manufacturing, and financing to marketing.

Member of the European Parliament (2004-2013)
Grech was first elected as an MEP in 2004. As part of Malta's first group of MEPs, he was a member of the Party of European Socialists. In the subsequent MEP elections of 2009, Grech was re-elected with a larger tally of first-preference votes. His positive showing led to his nomination as the Head of Delegation of the Labour Party to the European Parliament. Grech held this seat until his election to the House of Representatives of Malta in 2013.

His work during his tenure as an MEP includes sitting on the Committee on Budgets, vice-chair of the delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula, member of the delegation to the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly, substitute for the Committee on Regional Development, and substitute for the delegation to the EU–Croatia Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Deputy Leader of the Malta Labour Party (2012-2017)
On 27 December 2012 he was elected as the Deputy Leader for Parliamentary Affairs of the Labour Party, replacing Angelo Farrugia.

Deputy Prime Minister of Malta (2013-2017)
Following the Labour Party's landslide win in the 2013 elections, Louis Grech was sworn in as the Deputy Prime Minister of Malta. As a member of Joseph Muscat's first cabinet, he was given the post of Minister of European Affairs and Implementation of the Electoral Manifesto. He was responsible for Relations with the European Union EU Internal Coordination, EU Presidency 2017, and EU Funds and Programmes. Ian Borg assisted him as Parliamentary Secretary for EU funds and 2017 Presidency during this period.

Personal life
Grech married Maria in 1972. They have 3 children; Xandru Grech, Francesca and Louisa.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Louis Grech


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Joseph Muscat

Joseph Muscat (born 22 January 1974) is a Maltese politician who served as the 13th prime minister of Malta from 2013 to 2020  and leader of the Labour Party from 2008 to 2020.

Muscat was re-elected as prime minister in the elections of 3 June 2017 (55.04% after 54.83% in 2013). Previously he was a member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 to 2008. He was the leader of the opposition from October 2008 to March 2013. Muscat identifies as a progressive and liberal politician, with pro-business leanings, and has been associated with both economically liberal and socially liberal policies.

Muscat succeeded Alfred Sant as party leader in 2008. He rebranded the Labour Party, which embraced an increasingly socially liberal and centrist position. The 2013 general election saw Muscat becoming prime minister in March 2013. His premiership was marked for pulling together a national consensus for economic growth, based on a restructured Maltese economy. His administration led to large-scale changes to welfare and civil liberties, including the legalisation of same-sex marriage in July 2017 and Cannabis in 2018. Muscat presided over the rise of the Labour Party and its dominance in Maltese politics, and the relative decline of the Nationalist Party. He has been criticised by figures on both the left and right, and has been accused of political opportunism, broken promises on meritocracy and the environment, as well as corruption allegations. On 1 December 2019, under pressure from the 2019 street protests calling for his resignation in relation to the assassination of journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, Muscat announced his resignation, and stepped down on 13 January 2020.

In May, 2024, Joseph Muscat together with Konrad Mizzi, Keith Schembri, and others were criminally charged with, among other things, bribery, criminal association, and money laundering in relation to Steward Health Care, Vitals Global Healthcare and the related Hospital contract controversy.

Family
Muscat was born on 22 January 1974, in Pietà, Malta, to a Burmarrad family. He is an only child. With his father a fireworks importer, Muscat constantly referred to his family roots when describing his aversion to bureaucracy that hinders business. Muscat is married to Michelle Muscat (née Tanti) and they are the parents of twins, Etoile Ella and Soleil Sophie.

Education
Muscat received his formal education at the Government Primary School in St. Paul's Bay, Stella Maris and St. Aloysius' College. Educated at St. Aloysius' in the 1980s, Muscat experienced the closure of Church schools by the Labour government of the day. This experience was reflected in the Labour party's 2013 manifesto with a pledge to continue financially supporting Church schools.

He graduated Bachelor of Commerce in Management and Public Policy (University of Malta, 1995), Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Public Policy (University of Malta, 1996), and Master of Arts in European Studies (University of Malta, 1997). In 2007, he attained a Doctorate of Philosophy in Management Research from the University of Bristol with a thesis on Fordism, multinationals and SMEs in Malta, written during Muscat's term as MEP. The works of Mario Vella are quoted in Muscat's thesis and, according to Daphne Caruana Galizia, Vella could have himself authored certain parts of it.

Politics
Muscat was as a member of the youth section of the Labour Party, the Labour Youth Forum (Forum Żgħażagħ Laburisti) where he served as financial secretary (1994–97) and acting chairperson (1997). During the Labour government of 1996–98 he was a member of the National Commission for Fiscal Morality (1997–98) and was considered a protégé of Mario Vella. He later served as education secretary in the central administration of the party (2001–2003) and chairman of its annual general conference (November 2003).

During his university years, from 1992 till 1997, Muscat worked as a journalist with the Labour Party's media arm, and founded the Party's now defunct news portal maltastar.com. He also worked as a journalist with the party's radio station, Super One Radio. He later took on a similar role at the Labour Party's Super One Television, chaired by Alfred Mifsud, becoming assistant head of news in 1996. Muscat wrote a regular column in L-Orizzont, a Maltese-language newspaper published by the General Workers' Union, as well as its sister Sunday weekly It-Torċa; he was a regular contributor to the independent newspaper The Times of Malta.

Upon graduation, in 1997 Muscat was employed as investment adviser by the Malta External Trade Corporation (METCO) and soon after joined as market intelligence manager the newly established Institute for the Promotion of Small Enterprise (IPSE) under the Malta Development Corporation (MDC) headed by Mario Vella; as he himself noted in his PhD thesis, in this post Muscat was effectively considered a political appointee and a person of trust of the ruling party. This situation made it harder for him to retain the confidence of the management after the return in power of the Nationalist Party in 1998 and the departure of Mario Vella from the MDC. He stayed in the position till 2001.

After staunchly campaigning against Malta's membership in the European Union at the 2003 referendum, the Labour Party lost its second general election in a row. In 2003, Muscat was nominated to a working group led by George Vella and Evarist Bartolo on the Labour Party's policies on the European Union. This working group produced the document Il-Partit Laburista u l-Unjoni Ewropea: Għall-Ġid tal-Maltin u l-Għawdxin ('Labour Party and the European Union: For the benefit of the Maltese and the Gozitans') which was adopted by the Labour Party Extraordinary General Conference in November of that year. The working group was instrumental in changing the Labour Party's eurosceptic policies, leading it to embrace a pro-EU stance. At this General Conference, Muscat was approved as a candidate for member of the European Parliament.

Member of the European Parliament (2004–2008)
Despite having previously expressed opposition to Malta's entry into the European Union, Muscat was elected to the European Parliament in the 2004 European Parliament election. He was the Labour Party (formerly the Malta Labour Party) candidate who received the most first-preference votes. Sitting as a Member of the European Parliament, with the Party of European Socialists, he held the post of Vice-President of the Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and substitute member of the committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection. He was a member of a number of delegations for relations with Belarus and with the countries of south-east Europe. He was also a member of the EU-Armenia, EU-Azerbaijan and EU-Georgia Parliamentary Cooperation Committees. As an MEP he supported a reduction in the tax for satellite television, the right for customers to watch sport events for free, and a number of issues related to environmental protection in Malta. He formed part of a team responsible for a report on the roaming mobile phone bills and sale of banks.

In 2006, he was the recipient of the Outstanding Young Person of the Year. Muscat resigned his seat in the European Parliament in 2008 to take up a seat in the Maltese Parliament, and the role of Leader of the Opposition. Four months previously, he had been elected Leader of the Labour Party. Before his resignation, the European Parliament adopted his report proposing new regulations for the EU's financial services sector.

Leader of Labour Party
On 24 March 2008 Muscat announced his candidacy for the post of Party Leader, to replace Alfred Sant, who had resigned after a third consecutive defeat for the Party in the March 2008 general election and a heavy defeat in the EU referendum in March 2003.

Although at the time Muscat was not a member of the Maltese House of Representatives, he was elected as the new party leader on 6 June 2008. Muscat was just three votes short of winning the contest outright, obtaining 435 of the 874 valid votes cast, three fewer than the 438 needed (50 per cent plus one). He garnered 49.8 per cent of valid votes cast while the combined number of votes of the other contestants was 50.2 per cent. In order to take up the post of Leader of the Opposition, Muscat was co-opted in the Maltese Parliament on 1 October 2008 to fill the seat vacated by Joseph Cuschieri for the purpose. The latter eventually took up the sixth seat allocated to Malta in the European Parliament once the Treaty of Lisbon was brought into effect in 2011. On taking up the Leadership post, Muscat introduced a number of changes to the Party, notably the change of official name and party emblem. In the 2009 Maltese European Parliament Elections, the first with Muscat as Party Leader, Labour candidates obtained 55% of first-preferences against the 40% obtained by candidates of the Nationalist Party.

First term as prime minister
Muscat contested Malta's general elections for the first time in March 2013 and was elected on District 2 on the first count, with 13,968 votes and on District 4 again on the first count with 12,202 votes and 53% of the vote. On 11 March 2013 he was sworn in as Prime Minister of Malta. Following his election victory, Muscat was congratulated in a statement by the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, on behalf of the European Commission.

On 7 April 2014, Muscat suffered from temporary blindness caused by UV radiation, probably related to burns to his cornea. Like 60 other people with similar symptoms, he had participated at a political rally the day before.

In 2014, Muscat's government introduced the Malta Individual Investor Programme, for which it contracted Henley & Partners. Through such programmes, applicants acquire Maltese citizenship against investing a minimum of 1 million EUR in the country. The citizenship-by-investment programme soon became a boon to Malta's economy, generating up to €163.5 million in revenues in 2016, which the government used to finance deficit spending. Muscat repeatedly defended such passport sale scheme, also presenting and promoting it personally at global Henley & Partners events in Dubai and elsewhere. Malta became an attractive location for foreign direct investment in financial services, online gaming, information technology, maritime and aviation hubs and high value-added manufacturing clusters. His administration led to large-scale changes to welfare with the introduction of social benefit tapering policies, increases in minimum wages, and introduced private sector involvement in healthcare.

After three years Muscat claimed that he had presided over Malta's economic turnaround, and – amongst others – was instrumental for the introduction and strengthening of civil liberties, improvements in the health and energy sector, and the elimination of out-of-stock medicines, the reduction in energy tariffs, the introduction of free-childcare centres, higher social benefits to parents and the youth employment guarantee. Upon being elected to office, the Muscat administration found a worsening public deficit, a slowdown in the economy, the country's main utility provider on the verge of bankruptcy and a slowing economy in Gozo. The directional change resulted in economic growth of over 6%, the elimination of the public deficit and a decrease in the public debt burden. Poverty was reduced and pensions were increased for the first time in 25 years. Muscat insisted that these results were delivered by his government as a team. Among others, the Muscat administration's family friendly measures led to a 9% increase in female participation in the labour market, substantial savings to first-time home buyers, the value-added tax car registration refund, in-work benefits to low-income couples and single parents, stipends given to 900 students who repeated a year and the introduction of civil unions. Muscat admitted that his first administration had its challenges, namely the environment and good governance.

Panama Papers
In 2016, two of Muscat's close collaborators were implicated in the Panama Papers, holding two companies in that jurisdiction. These were Konrad Mizzi, a minister, and Keith Schembri, the Prime Minister's chief of staff. In 2017 journalist and blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia alleged that Muscat's wife held a third company in Panama named Egrant. Opposition Leader Simon Busuttil made his own allegations of significant money transfers into Egrant. Muscat and his wife Michelle denied the claims and Muscat requested an independent magisterial inquiry, calling the allegations the 'biggest political lie in Malta's political history'. Muscat insisted that truth was on his side, and that he wanted to protect Malta from uncertainty, and called a general election. Corruption became the battlecry for the Nationalist Party in the general election campaign. Holding a snap election in the last months of Malta's rotating presidency of the EU Council was looked at with scepticism in Brussels.

The magisterial inquiry led by Magistrate Aaron Bugeja interviewed 477 witnesses. International forensic experts sifted through thousands of documents and digital records from multiple sources. The inquiry required the collaboration of five nations (including Panama and Germany) and spanned over 15 months. The results of the inquiry were made public on 22 July 2018 (though the final report of the inquiry was never released for public scrutiny). The inquiry found falsified signatures, differing testimonies and no proof that the Prime Minister, his wife, or their family had a connection with the company. The inquiry found no evidence linking the Prime Minister and his wife to the Panama company. Muscat defined the Egrant allegations as an "undisputed and elaborate" attempt at a political frame up.

General election 2017
The Labour Party ran a campaign focused on the administration's successes and achievements over the previous four years. Muscat stressed the record economic growth and employment levels, and the turnaround in the country's finances from deficit to surplus. The Labour campaign highlighted the fulfilled pledges, dealing with tax reductions, social benefits and childcare, as well as higher student stipends. Labour's fight on poverty and increase in pensions also featured prominently. Muscat's pledges for the next five years were aimed at the better distribution of the country's wealth, giving workers back public holidays that fall during a weekend, an ambitious seven-year plan to resurface all of Malta's roads and a tax bonus for every worker earning up to 60,000 euro.

The Labour Party, with Muscat at its helm, won the 2017 General Election and was returned to power with a wider majority.

Second term as prime minister
Muscat's first commitment upon being elected was the introduction of a gay marriage law before Parliament's summer recess. Same-sex marriage was legalised by mid-July 2017, after a vote which tested the Nationalist Party's conservative MPs.

In July, Muscat closed Malta's presidency of the EU Council, describing the country's achievements and the sense of positivity the EU Presidency brought to Malta. The Presidency itself got mixed reviews in Brussels.

2019 political crisis and resignation

In October 2017, investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia died in a car bomb attack. Muscat promised to "leave no stone unturned" in the subsequent investigation. The opposition blamed Muscat for what they deemed a "political murder" and for the collapse of the rule of law in the country. In the following two years, Muscat spoke very sparingly of the Caruana Galizia case and of the periodic protests that took place in Valletta. Government employees were tasked with clearing a makeshift memorial to Caruana Galizia at the Great Siege Monument in Valletta on a regular basis.

Muscat faced accusations of failing to take action against two close aides: Keith Schembri, his chief of staff, and Konrad Mizzi, tourism and formerly energy minister, whose business and underworld links had been subject to judiciary and administrative investigations.

Around the 2019 European elections, Muscat was touted for an EU job, possibly as successor to Donald Tusk as head of the European Council. His bid failed. While he had been a frontrunner to succeed Tusk back in 2017, in 2019 his image was tainted by the Caruana Galizia murder and the multiple reports of European institutions warning about the erosion of the rule of law in Malta.

In late November 2019, Muscat's premiership was rocked by the arrest of prominent businessman Yorgen Fenech and the implication of Muscat's chief of staff Keith Schembri. On 25 November 2019, after protestors had called for him to resign, Muscat autonomously decided to grant presidential pardon to Melvin Theuma, considered the middleman between the executors of Caruana Galizia's murder, and the masterminds. On 29 November, after a six-hours cabinet meeting, Muscat denied the same presidential pardon to Yorgen Fenech. The same day Muscat informed the President of Malta George Vella that he would soon be resigning his duties as prime minister.

On 1 December he announced that he would step down from his position as prime minister, after a PL leadership contest. Both Malta's main newspapers, The Times of Malta and Malta Today, as well as international media such as The Guardian called on Muscat to make his resignation immediate. The European Parliament also called for Muscat to immediately quit over the Caruana Galizia murder. National protests were held calling for his immediate resignation, rather than stepping down in January 2020. The Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project named Muscat "Man of the Year in Organized Crime and Corruption" for 2019 for the increases in criminality and lack of prosecutions during his term.

In December 2019 Muscat had a strictly private meeting with Pope Francis. While in Rome, he did not meet with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte.

Muscat gave his final speech as Prime Minister on 10 January 2020. Following Robert Abela's victory over Chris Fearne in the Labour Party internal competition, Muscat resigned as prime minister.

Following activities
In late 2019 / early 2020, Muscat went on a number of overseas trips, including a New Year's Day trip to London and a 70-hour trip to Dubai with his family on 27–30 December, out of which 15 hours were spent in transit, to attend the Ritossa Family office Investment Summit. The tickets were purchased in Jordan. Despite Muscat's initial statement that he had paid for the trip out of his own pocket, Malta's Standards Commissioner George Hyzler confirmed that the first-class flights (for a total of €21,000) were paid by a third party, which he decided not to name, upon Muscat's request, as the visit was of a private nature.

In September 2020, financial crime blogger Kenneth Rijock alleged that Muscat aimed to move to Dubai and take up a post as CEO of a Maltese-owned Dubai catering company which had just been awarded a lucrative public tender in Malta. Rijock claimed Muscat could be among the targets of an FBI special money laundering investigation focusing on Malta, and as there is no extradition treaty between the United Arab Emirates and the United States. Muscat denied plans to move to Dubai.

In August 2020, Muscat was interrogated by police on the case of the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia, following remarks by suspect Yorgen Fenech. Muscat was not under investigation. Muscat's former chief of staff Keith Schembri was arrested in September 2020 for money-laundering and corruption linked to the sale of Maltese citizenship.

In October 2020, Muscat resigned as Member of the Maltese Parliament with a 90-second speech.

In December 2020, Joseph Muscat testified in the public inquiry into Caruana Galizia's murder; he confirmed close contacts and "friendship" with Yorgen Fenech, while denying having any indication on the murder plot. In July 2021 the inquiry conclusions affirmed that Muscat's cabinet was "collectively responsible" for Caruana Galizia's death, having failed to grant her protection and having contributed in spreading a "culture of impunity" that ultimately facilitated the assassination. Muscat has accepted the results of the inquiry, despite expressing "serious reservations" on its conclusions.

Wealth
In 2014, Muscat declared an unchanging bank balance of €75,000. In 2015, he has stopped declaring his actual salary, simply stating "salary prime minister" on his yearly asset declaration, which showed a lower income than a number of cabinet ministers. In 2018, according to his spokesperson, his salary amounted to €55,978 plus €6,769 in allowances.

National honours

 * 🇲🇹 Malta: Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (2013) by right as a Prime Minister of Malta

Foreign honours

 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (2015)
 * 🇬🇷 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour
 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Grand Cross – Special Class – of the Order pro Merito Melitensi
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Great Cross of Merit – Grand Cross
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine: Order of the Prince Yaroslav the Wise – II class
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (10 January 2018)

title: Joseph Muscat


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Malcolm O'Kelly

Malcolm O'Kelly (born 19 July 1974) is an Irish former rugby union player who played as a lock for Ireland and Leinster.

O'Kelly was born in Chelmsford, England, and attended Templeogue College secondary school in Dublin, Ireland. He has played for the Barbarians FC three times, wearing his old school socks. O'Kelly completed a B.A. in Engineering at Trinity College, Dublin between 1992 and 1996.

The 6 ft O'Kelly, who made his international début in 1997 against New Zealand, became a talisman of the Irish side and was Ireland's all-time caps leader, surpassing Mike Gibson, on 12 February 2005 when he started in Ireland's Six Nations fixture against Scotland. O'Kelly not only earned his 70th cap, but scored Ireland's first try in the match, giving them a lead they never relinquished. O'Kelly has since been surpassed by Ronan O'Gara (128caps), Brian O'Driscoll (124 caps), John Hayes (105 caps) Johnny Sexton (99 caps), Peter Stringer (98 caps) and Donncha O'Callaghan (94 caps) but earned 92 test caps in his career.

O'Kelly also played with the British & Irish Lions on their tour to Australia, and had been named in the Lions squad for their 2005 tour of New Zealand, but aggravated a groin injury in training and was replaced by Simon Shaw. He has five Lions caps.

At the end of the 09/10 season, O'Kelly announced his retirement from professional rugby. He is the only player in the Heineken cup to have played since the start of the competition – 15 years. He has won a grand slam, the Heineken cup, the Magners League(3) and 4 Triple Crowns: he is also Ireland's third most capped second row. As well as that, he is a two time British and Irish Lion.

O'Kelly is a supporter of the children's charity Plan Ireland and is a committee member of the rugby sevens club, Shamrock Warriors RFC.

title: Malcolm O'Kelly


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Talk:Mandarin square

unknown
I would like to question the naming of species in the Mandarin squares. I believe the article is based on out-of-date information.

The Asian flycatcher is now usually placed in the genus Terpsiphone and is no longer called Tchitrea Incei.

The Eastern egret, Egretta modesta, appears to be known as Egretta alba modesta, i.e., modesta is a subspecies of alba.

The Silver pheasant is known as Lophura nycthemera and not Gallophasis nyethemerus.

The oriole (for musicians) is identified on this page as the Golden oriole and a link provided to the article on the Golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus). Although the Golden oriole is found in relatively remote parts of China, isn't it likely that the oriole being referred to is Oriolus chinensis, the Black-naped oriole? Could someone confirm this?

(Discussion by bathrobe)

 * Your info is most probably right. I got my info from a century-old dictionary by Herbert Giles. It could indeed use some updates. Be bold! --Menchi 09:28, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

In support of my point on the Oriole, you will find that the Chinese words 黄鹂,黄莺, and 仓庚 all appear to refer to Oriolus chinensis, not Oriolus oriolus.

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121212/http://www.pacificasiamuseum.org/rankandstyle/ to http://www.pacificasiamuseum.org/rankandstyle/

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Korea section needs rewrite
The "Korea" section needs some help from someone who is knowledgeable about the subject. I already removed the adjective "...yet beautifully executed...", which has no place in an encyclopedia, but what remains is problematic since it appears to be describing one single example of a Joseon embroidered panel, in that "...it shows a pair of black and white leopards, one above the other in opposing stance, surrounded by stylised cloud patterns in pink, purple and pale green upon a blue background." Since that is the only example cited, it makes it seem as if all of them are identical, which they weren't. So perhaps more information could be added about other examples, and it can be clarified that the example cited may be considered typical, it is by no means uniform. Bricology (talk) 21:33, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mandarin square


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User talk:Senda

Speedy deletion nomination of Iosearcher
A tag has been placed on Iosearcher, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Triwbe (talk) 13:28, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Senda


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Get Back/archive1

Get Back
This has obtained approval from peer review; it was nominated before but failed because of insufficient support votes (there were no objections, to the best of my memory). Self-nom. Johnleemk | Talk 08:16, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Could we get a table(s) of some kind to illustrate how this album did on the charts? There's some mention in the text, but it doesn't seem adequate for such a successful song. Everyking 08:26, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't disrupt Wikipedia to make a point. Ambi 09:01, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, you can disregard my objection all you like, but it still stands. I don't see how this can be considered comprehensive without better chart data. Everyking 13:35, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comprehensive does not mean trivia. See Informative. Johnleemk | Talk 14:06, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ...That's not trivia. It's more important than some of the stuff that's already in the article. Everyking 20:22, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think this is possible, as the records have not been kept. - Ta bu shi da yu 09:14, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Huh? There are Billboard charts and all going way back, I thought. Everyking 13:35, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's possible I'm wrong. Could you point us to the data? - Ta bu shi da yu 20:03, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The method I use in the article is the same as the one I recommended for Autobiography, an option which has garnered signifcant support, I should add. Johnleemk | Talk 09:17, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That's fine, because detailed charting tables carry close to zero valuable information. There are simply too many variables unaccounted for in the charts, as explained in Billboard 200 -- and those limitations apply to all such popular music charts. They do indicate that a song was popular, but they really do poorly at indicating how popular.  The fascination with chart details reminds me of the "Kitty Porn" story that was at thecorporation.com years ago. "In a recent study conducted by Richard Little it is estimated that there are over a million billion pictures of cats on the Internet. That number is expected to rise by some 30000000% over the next year. Projections for the year 2,010 show that there will be more cat pictures on the internet than molecules of oxygen in the atmosphere. Of course some critics have questioned Richard's study pointing to the fact that Richard is only ten and a half and call the study "dangerous, unfounded fiction" Supporters claim it's not dangerous at all. Both sides agree however that it would be impossible to come up with accurate numbers... so we'll use these.'' (And actually, singles charts are even worse, because they factor in airplay, which isn't really a measure of popularity at all.) iMeowbot~Mw 10:03, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I think it needs improvement. Everyking 13:35, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It appears however that almost no one agrees with you. I for one do not agree that your hyper detailed chart data is anything but fancruft. We are talking about a song here, its not like its a crucial medical fact or something. - Taxman 21:45, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * You get your vote, and I get mine. It's not a bad article. I just don't think it's quite comprehensive yet. Everyking 21:50, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, if everyone disagrees with you then I would suggest that the objection is not actionable. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:18, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems easily actionable to me; surely anyone who knows that much about the song can put together a little chart illustrating its popularity. Everyking 01:47, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is actionable, as one would simply do it, an action. But since consensus is that it does not need to be done, the objection can be more or less ignored. Consensus, just like on every other decision on wikipedia is the rule here, not actionability. - Taxman 22:45, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - excellent! - Ta bu shi da yu 08:32, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Ambi 09:01, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, good article! iMeowbot~Mw 09:48, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, excellent article. I think it's a really good thing that it's very consistent in style and content with other Featured Article songs, so that instead of having an unrelated bunch of great articles, it's heading towards creating a "set". Rossrs 12:07, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support jguk 15:14, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Could use better inline citations though. See comments in one of the above nominations for more on that. I see one inline citation to a Playboy interview, but that is not listed in the references section. Maybe it would be better though in a notes section or similar if it is not indeed a good reference for the whole article or if the actual article was not available to you or another editor. - Taxman 21:45, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object briefly. The writing isn't there yet.  Needs a bit more copyediting - the last two paragraphs of the first section, and the first para of the second section, for instance. +sj  +
 * How is it now? Johnleemk | Talk 10:45, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Great, thank you. +sj  +  05:35, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, as promised. Fredrik | talk 18:54, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. JuntungWu 06:03, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: Talk:Mount Ball

title: Talk:Mount Ball


text: Talk:Mount Adam Joachim

title: Talk:Mount Adam Joachim


text: Talk:Mount Andromeda (Alberta)

title: Talk:Mount Andromeda (Alberta)


text: Talk:Mount Collie

title: Talk:Mount Collie


text: Talk:Mount Confederation

title: Talk:Mount Confederation


text: Talk:Mount Cory (Alberta)

title: Talk:Mount Cory (Alberta)


text: Talk:Mount Cromwell

title: Talk:Mount Cromwell


text: Talk:Mount Engelhard

title: Talk:Mount Engelhard


text: Talk:Mount Eugene

title: Talk:Mount Eugene


text: Talk:Fossil Mountain (Alberta)

title: Talk:Fossil Mountain (Alberta)


text:
Ruwi

Ruwi (روي) is a commercial hub and the main business area of Muscat, the capital of Oman. Attractions in Ruwi include a variety of multi-confessional religious buildings, a National Museum, a clock tower, and a park. The population of Ruwi is 85,601.

The southeastern portion of the district has been dubbed as "Little Pakistan" and "Little India" due to a huge number of South Asians from either country residing there.

History
Ruwi was initially a small fishing village with only a few houses, located near the bay. During the reign of Sultan Said bin Sultan Al-Busaidi, it grew into a town with several shops, a police station, and a few homes.

In the late 19th century, the first road was built in the region, connecting Muscat to Al Bustan and connecting the small village of Ruwi to the rest of Oman. With the construction of the road, the village of Ruwi began to grow and develop rapidly. It became the commercial and economic center of Muscat, attracting merchants and traders from different regions of the country.

During the 20th century, Ruwi continued to develop, and several modern amenities were added to the neighborhood. The first bank in Oman, Oman Bank, was opened in Ruwi in the 1970s. It was followed by the establishment of several other banks, including the Central Bank of Oman, which also has its headquarters in Ruwi.

Transportation
Ruwi is the main transport hub of the local city bus service, Mwasalat. Buses on national and international routes leave from here.

Restaurants
There are a large number of Pakistani restaurants in Ruwi that serve many types of Pakistani food, including Peshwari Chapli kabab, Peshwari grill, and different types of Pakistani kabab. Pakistani Tea House is a well-known Pakistani restaurant and serves Pakistani baryani (Halal).

Airport in Ruwi
Bait Al Falaj Airport was the first airport in Oman, fitted with limited equipment and facilities to serve as a civilian airport. It had a Communication Centre, a Customs Office, asphalt parking for aircraft and a maintenance shed. With these modest facilities, the airport was able to play a small part in the advancement of civil aviation in Oman. Bait Al Falaj Airport, dating back to 1929, was nothing but a dirt track landing strip, mainly put to use for military purposes. It was additionally being utilized by the Petroleum Development Oman Company for its aircraft, flying between Muscat and oil exploration fields in Fahud, Qarn Al Alam and other locations.

Today, the site of the airfield is now the centre of modern commercial and residential buildings in Ruwi.

Commercials in Ruwi
Ruwi high street is the main commercial street in Oman and has numerous jewelry shops, electrical shops, gift shops etc. Both bigger shopping complexes and smaller retail shops are located in Ruwi.

Cinemas
Star Cinema and City Cinema are the most popular cinemas of Muscat situated in Ruwi.

Religious places in Ruwi
Sultan Qaboos Mosque is one of the biggest mosques in Ruwi located next to the Ruwi Bus station. A number of churches and Hindu temples are located in the multi-denominational compound in Ruwi.

title: Ruwi


text: Talk:Mount GEC

title: Talk:Mount GEC


text: Talk:Gong Peak

title: Talk:Gong Peak


text:
Talk:Mr. Zog's Sex Wax

Proof that fans only want wiki to mirror their preferences, not build an encyclopedia
Perhaps you'd like to address the maintenance tags there rather than revert me? Chris Troutman ( talk ) 23:53, 13 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I removed the tags because they were not supported by facts.

 * 1) The subject is notable.
 * 2) At 298 words, the article could be expanded, but the current sources suffice.
 * Which is why I removed the tags, and will do so again. I suggest if you are unhappy with the citations, you find some new ones. --evrik (talk) 01:34, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mr. Zog's Sex Wax


text:
Arthur Upham Pope

Arthur Upham Pope (February 7, 1881 – September 3, 1969) was an American scholar, art historian, and architecture historian. He was an expert on historical Persian art, and he was the editor of the Survey of Persian Art (1939). Pope was also a university professor of philosophy and aesthetics, an archaeologist, photographer, museum director, interior designer, and the co-founder of an international scholarly organization.

Education and early career
Born in Phenix in West Warwick, Rhode Island on February 7, 1881. His family was descended from English Puritans that had settled in the Boston-area.

Pope graduated from Worcester Academy in 1899. He attended Brown University, and graduated with a B.A. degree in 1904 and a M.A. degree in 1906. He taught at Brown University for two years during his master's degree studies. In 1909, he married Bertha Louise Clark.

He pursued further graduate-level teaching work at Cornell University and Harvard University and again taught at Brown until 1911, when he was hired by the philosophy department at the University of California, Berkeley. During World War I, while teaching at U.C. Berkeley, he was active in the peace movement as California organizing secretary for the American Neutral Conference Committee.

He left Berkeley in December 1917 under a cloud caused by his relationship with student Phyllis Ackerman. He taught briefly at Amherst College, where his friend and former professor Alexander Meiklejohn had become president. But he soon gave up teaching philosophy and pursued his passion for Persian art, which had begun with an early interest in Oriental rugs. He had organized his first museum exhibition of Middle Eastern carpets while still an undergraduate at Brown University.

After the United States entered World War I in 1917, Pope took a job in the Personnel Division of the War Department's General Staff in Washington, D.C. He began lecturing and writing on military morale and on the assessment for promotion of officers. After the war he was among the organizers of the League of Oppressed Peoples and made speaking tours in favor of the Irish Free State. He also intensified his study of Islamic art, a field that was not yet being taught in American universities.

He was divorced from his first wife (who later became the author Bertha Damon). In 1920, Pope married his former student Phyllis Ackerman, who had completed a doctorate in philosophy at Berkeley in 1917 and shared his interest in textile arts. They had collaborated on an exhibition of the Phoebe Apperson Hearst collection in 1916 at the Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco, and they continued to be partners in many projects for the rest of their lives, each crediting the other with greater expertise.

Persian art advisors
By the early 1920s, Pope and Ackerman had developed a great deal of expertise as historians of Persian and related art, and they became advisors to major collectors and museums on the acquisition of Islamic art and artefacts.

Pope's museum clients included the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Art Institute of Chicago, and Philadelphia Museum of Art. He also advised wealthy individual collectors including Calouste Gulbenkian, William Randolph Hearst, George Hewitt Myers, and John D. Rockefeller Jr.

San Francisco
In 1923, Pope was appointed director of the not-yet-opened California Palace of the Legion of Honor, Ackerman was named assistant director, and the two travelled in Europe to develop a collection for the new museum. Before long, however, their relationship with Alma Spreckels, patron of the museum, deteriorated and they resigned. Pope remained interested in museum planning, publishing an article on "Museum fatigue" in 1924 and writing and lecturing about a new museum plan for San Francisco. He was a consultant on planning for an art museum and opera house in the Civic Center of San Francisco in the mid-1920s.

In 1924 Pope and Ackerman bought the house in San Mateo, California they called "Scholars' Cottage" from its architect and first occupant, Ernest Coxhead. They sold it in 1943 and it later became a state and national historic landmark.

Continued Persian pursuits
Pope made his first trip to Iran in the spring of 1925. He gave a speech urging Iranians to appreciate the architecture of their past and to use it as inspiration for modern buildings. Reza Shah Pahlavi, then prime minister and later Shah of Iran, heard the speech, met Pope, and began taking a personal interest in Persian architectural restoration and revival. He authorized Pope to enter key mosques to study and photograph their architecture and became a lifelong supporter of Pope's pursuits in the field.

In 1926, Pope helped design the Persian pavilion and organized an exhibition of Persian art for the Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The Persia Pavilion, based on the Masjed-e Shah (King’s Mosque) in Isfahan, won a gold medal. That year he also organized the first international congress on Persian art; he would lead four more of these congresses over the next 40 years. By 1927, he and Phyllis returned to San Francisco and pursued additional design projects, including an ornate Persian-palace-style interior for the penthouse of the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco, and the interior of the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park, where they made extensive use of Middle Eastern kilims as well as Native American artefacts.

In 1928, Pope founded the American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology, which was incorporated in New York City in 1930 and later became the Asia Institute. He enlisted other scholars to teach and conduct research under the auspices of the institute, and he led numerous trips to Iran from 1929 to 1939 to photograph art and architecture and participate in archaeological excavations. The six-volume Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present was published by Oxford Press in 1938-39, and Pope and his colleagues arranged for several exhibitions of Persian art in the U.S. and Europe to coincide with the publication. Pope was a pivotal figure in the organisation of the highly successful International Exhibition of Persian Art that opened at the Royal Academy of Arts in London in January 1931; in particular he was instrumental in obtaining items on loan from many sources, including the Persian Crown Jewels.

1940s and later
During the Second World War Pope again worked for the U.S. government, drawing upon his expertise in languages and cultures. He also became a champion of Russia at a time when it was not popular to do so. He was a trustee of the American-Russian Institute and a vice-president of the National Council for American-Soviet Friendship. He published a biography of the Russian diplomat Maxim Litvinov in 1943. After Life magazine listed Pope in April 1949 among people they considered to be Communist sympathizers, some patrons withdrew their support of the Asia Institute.

Pope retired as chancellor of the Asia Institute in 1952 at age 71. The institute went into decline and no longer operated as the thriving educational institution it had been. Pope remained active as a scholar, publishing more than 20 articles and papers, as well as a book on Persian architecture, between 1952 and his death in 1969.

In 1964, during a state visit to Iran, Pope and Ackerman were formally invited to move the Asia Institute to Shiraz, Iran, where it would be affiliated with Pahlavi University and housed in the Narenjestan. They accepted the offer and in 1966 moved to Iran, where they would spend the rest of their lives. Pope suffered a heart attack and died in 1969. Ackerman remained in Shiraz until her death in 1977. Their remains lie in a mausoleum on the bank of the Zayandeh River in Isfahan close to Khaju Bridge, a special mausoleum that was erected on the order of the Shah.

Legacy
The Asia Institute became a part of Pahlavi University and gradually declined, especially after the Islamic revolution in 1979. Eventually, the Bulletin of the Asia Institute was revived in Michigan in 1987.

Pope began taking photographs for his Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present in 1929 with a camera he had purchased in Cairo. An amateur cameraman who became, as Noël Siver describes him, 'a top-notch photographer', Pope overcame difficulties with weather conditions, opposition to his visiting mosques as a non-Muslim, and having to process all his negatives before leaving the country. He wrote about these problems in an article for Photography (London), vol. 5, no. 49 (September 1936) graphically entitled, “Killed for Photographing a Fountain! Camera as a Record of World-Famous Persian Architecture”. Exhibitions of his Persian photographs were mounted at art galleries and museums in cities such as New York, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, London, Copenhagen, Chicago, San Francisco, Jerusalem and Leningrad during the 1930s to great acclaim. His photographic legacy lives on, photographs taken in Persia and attributed to Pope, are held by the Conway Library whose archive, of primarily architectural images, is in the process of being digitised under the wider Courtauld Connects project.

In 2010 the Art Institute of Chicago, one of the museums Pope advised, presented an exhibition, "Arthur Pope and a New Survey of Persian Art", curated by Yuka Kadoi. In conjunction with the exhibition the museum held a symposium in which international scholars of Persian art discussed the life, achievements and influence of Arthur Upham Pope. According to Noël Siver in the Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Arthur Upham Pope was a charismatic yet controversial figure. While admired by most of his contemporaries for his aesthetic sensibilities, his energy, his enthusiasm, and for the many contributions and activities described above, more recent opinion has been critical of Pope’s financial dealings including the sale of works of art to museums and important collectors, activities which he felt, having exhausted his personal means, were necessary in order to sponsor the field trips, underwrite the Survey of Persian Art, keep the underfunded Institute afloat, etc."

2014 vandalism of Pope–Ackerman tomb
Richard Frye, who was a student of Arthur Pope and an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asia studies, died on March 28, 2014, at the age of 94. In his will, Professor Frye expressed his wish to be buried, like Pope, next to the Zayandeh River in Isfahan. This request was approved by Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in September 2007. However, Frye's death coincided with efforts to improve Iran-United States relations, and the planned burial became highly controversial. During the associated protests by Islamic hardliners in April 2014, the Pope-Ackerman tomb was vandalized with extensive painted words. After Frye's family waited more than two months for approval to proceed with the burial, they decided to have his body cremated in Boston.

Selected publications

 * Arthur Upham Pope introducing Persian Architecture, Tehran : Published under the auspices of the Farah Pahlavi Cultural Foundation & the Festival of Arts Centre by Soroush Press, 1976
 * Persian Architecture, London : Thames & Hudson, 1965
 * Maxim Litvinoff,  London : Martin Secker and Warburg, 1943
 * A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present, six volumes published under the auspices of the American Institute for Iranian Art and Archaeology, with Phyllis Ackerman, London & New York : Oxford University Press, 1938-1939
 * An Introduction to Persian Art : since the seventh century AD, London : Peter Davies, 1930
 * Persian Art and Culture, New York ; San Francisco : New Orient Society of America, 1928

title: Arthur Upham Pope


text: Talk:Haiduk Peak

title: Talk:Haiduk Peak


text: Category:Liverpudlians

title: Category:Liverpudlians


text: Talk:Highpointer Peak

title: Talk:Highpointer Peak


text:
Talk:Kohlit

This article was listed on Votes for deletion and the consensus was to keep: see Votes for deletion/Kohlit

This article mentions that one of the items listed on the Copper Scroll has been found. There is no mention of this on the Copper Scroll page. Should it even be here? -OlinOfTheHillPeople (talk) 22:28, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

What is the sources for references for "east of the Jordan" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.57.4.238 (talk) 06:47, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

What´s the item that has been found? and the references for "east of Jordan"? I'm sorry of my bad english. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.59.227.163 (talk) 08:08, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Is Kohalit and Kohlit the same?
Is Kohalit and Kohlit really the same name? Does Hebrew allow an A to be added or left out in that position? Arminden (talk) 13:09, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, under the "het" of כוחלית there is a hataf patach, which can be rendered a an "a" or as nothing. Debresser (talk) 21:09, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kohlit


text:
Talk:Mount Joffre

Joffre Peak and/or Joffre Group article needed
In the Cayoosh Range near Pemberton, British Columbia. There's also a provincial park - Joffre Lakes Provincial Park, comprising the famous tarns adjacent to Hwy 99. Joffre is commonly known as Mount Joffre despite the official Joffre Peak; even without an article it should be mentioned in this article I'd say; not sure of the wording to be used.Skookum1 (talk) 18:49, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Joffre


text: Talk:King Edward Peak

title: Talk:King Edward Peak


text:
Ngalop people

The Ngalop (སྔ་ལོང་པ་ ; "earliest risen people" or "first converted people" according to folk etymology) are people of Tibetan origin who migrated to Bhutan as early as the ninth century. Orientalists adopted the term "Bhote" or Bhotiya, meaning "people of Bod (Tibet)", a term also applied to the Tibetan people, leading to confusion, and now is rarely used in reference to the Ngalop.

The Ngalop introduced Tibetan culture and Buddhism to Bhutan and comprise the dominant political and cultural element in modern Bhutan. Furthermore, cultural, ethnic, and linguistic identity in Bhutan are not always mutually exclusive. For these reasons, Ngalops are often simply identified as Bhutanese. Their language, Dzongkha, is the national language and is descended from Old Tibetan. The Ngalop are dominant in western and northern Bhutan, including Thimphu and the Dzongkha-speaking region. The term Ngalop may subsume several related linguistic and cultural groups, such as the Kheng people and speakers of Bumthang language.

Population
The Ngalop are concentrated in the western and central valleys of Bhutan, whose total population in 2010 was about 708,500 (This is the total population of Bhutan, not the population of Ngalops. The population of Ngalops could be less than 250000). Together the Ngalop, Sharchops and tribal groups constituted up to 72 percent of the population in the late 1980s according to official Bhutanese statistics. The 1981 census claimed Sharchops represented 30% of the population and Ngalops about 17%. The World Factbook estimates the "Bhote" Ngalop and Sharchop populations together to total about 50 percent, or 354,200.

Language
Ngalops speak Dzongkha. As Ngalops are politically and culturally dominant in Bhutan, Dzongkha is the language of government and education throughout the kingdom. Other groups that identify as culturally Ngalop speak the Kheng and Bumthang languages. To a large extent, even the Sharchops of eastern Bhutan, who speak Tshangla, have adopted Ngalop culture and may identify as Ngalop.

Religion
Ngalops largely follow Tibetan Buddhism, particularly the Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Vajrayana that is the state religion of Bhutan. A significant number also follow the Nyingma school, which was dominant in early Bhutanese history.

Bon
Bon practitioners are a minority, although the practices of the Ngalops, like that of most Bhutanese, are characterized by incorporated elements of the older ethnic religion that is also referred to by the term Bon.

Lifestyle
The primary agricultural crops are Bhutanese red rice, potatoes, barley, and other temperate climate crops. Ngalop people build houses out of timber, stone, clay, and brick. The Ngalop are also known for building large fortress-monasteries known as dzongs that now serve as government offices. The Druk Gyalpo and most of the government are Ngalop, and all citizens of the country are required to follow the national dress code, the driglam namzha, which is Ngalop in origin.

The Ngalops follow matrilineal lines in the inheritance of land and livestock.

title: Ngalop people


text: Talk:Mount King Edward

title: Talk:Mount King Edward


text: Talk:Little Alberta

title: Talk:Little Alberta


text:
Bobbitt

Bobbitt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Arch Bobbitt, Associate Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
 * Betty Bobbitt, American-Australian actress
 * John Franklin Bobbitt, American educator
 * James M. Bobbitt (1930–2021), American chemist and professor
 * John and Lorena Bobbitt, couple whose disputes led to a severed (and re-attached) penis
 * Robert Lee Bobbitt, Texas politician
 * Philip Bobbitt, American author on Constitutional and military strategy
 * Sean Bobbitt, Texas-born British cinematographer
 * William H. Bobbitt, Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court

title: Bobbitt


text: Category:Communes of Corrèze

title: Category:Communes of Corrèze


text:
Talk:Mount John Laurie

File:Mount-Yamnuska2-Szmurlo.jpg
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Mount-Yamnuska2-Szmurlo.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on March 25, 2014. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2014-03-25. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 23:51, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

Time to retitle article?
It appears the mountain is now officially known as Mount Yamnuska and has been for several years. Time I think to rename this article Mount Yamnuska (or Yamnuska) and make Mount John Laurie the redirect. 136.159.160.4 (talk) 16:30, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

The 1987 Convergence
A PhD dissertation of the ASU University affirms: "the 1987 Convergence that marked them as power centers also named Mount Fujiin Japan, Machu Pichu in Peru, Australia’s Ularu, and the pyramids of the Yucatanpeninsula as similarly spiritual charged locations....Other sites included Stonehenge, Mount Shasta, Mount John Laurie, and the Egyptian pyramids"

It is the unique source available about Mount John Laurie on the Connecting REpositories website. Because the 1987 Convergence is totally unclear, the current article mentions solely the existence of a global network of spiritual webasites, without telling anything regards to its origin.

title: Talk:Mount John Laurie


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chrono Crusade

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. The article and its talk page are pending deletion with a block compression error. Joyous 02:54, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Chrono Crusade
This Chrono Crusade is supposedly a different series from "Chrno Crusade", a series titled "Chrono Crusade" in the U.S.A.

The problem is that THIS Chrono Crusade cannot be verified.

WhisperToMe 08:24, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 16:55, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I had stumbled upon it and found it very strange, but being only a very ocassional manga reader, I left it untouched. Indeed, I can't find evidence of that other Chrono Crusade. "chrono crusade" + "jouko" (the alleged main character) gets 2 Google hits, one of them to a Wikipedia mirror. JoaoRicardo
 * Stealth vandal. Delete. humblefool® 20:25, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll be... it's not mentioned in ANN's encyclopedia. Delete unless verified (an ISBN, publisher and publication date, photo, or something similar). - RedWordSmith 22:22, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and recreate as misspelling redirect to Chrno Crusade. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:25, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well actually, Chrono Crusade is the ADV release title, so it isn't technically a mispelling. Given that our guidelines state that "article naming should give priority to what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize," perhaps we should move the Chrno Crusade article to Chrono Crusade after this is deleted. - RedWordSmith 23:35, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I misread WhisperToMe's listing. This changes the justification for the redirect. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:53, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - fails Google test. Megan1967 01:23, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, then move Chrno Crusade here. -Sean Curtin 03:05, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:48, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Red-winged tinamou

The red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) is a medium-sized ground-living bird from central and eastern South America. Other common names for the species include perdiz grande, rufous tinamou, and ynambu.

Taxonomy
All tinamou are from the family Tinamidae, and in the larger scheme are also ratites. Unlike other ratites, tinamous can fly, although in general, they are not strong fliers. All ratites evolved from prehistoric flying birds, and tinamous are the closest living relative of these birds.

Coenraad Jacob Temminck first identified the red-winged tinamou from a specimen from São Paulo state, Brazil, in 1815.

Subspecies
The red-winged tinamou has three subspecies:
 * R. r. rufescens, the nominate race, occurs in southeastern Peru, Bolivia, eastern Paraguay southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina, and possibly Uruguay
 * R. r. catingae occurs in central and northeastern Brazil
 * R. r. pallescens occurs in northern Argentina; eastern Formosa, Chaco, Santa Fé, Córdoba, La Pampa, Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Corrientes, and Rio Negro

Previously, the taxon maculicollis was considered a subspecies of the red-winged tinamou, but following SACC it is now considered a species in its own right; the huayco tinamou.

Etymology
Its common name refers to the bright rufous primaries, which mainly are visible in flight.

Description
The red-winged tinamou is approximately 40 to(-) in length, and weighs 830 g, and the female may be slightly larger. It has a black crown, rufous primaries, and light gray to brown underneath. It may have black bars on flanks, abdomen and vent. Also, the throat is whitish, the foreneck and breast are cinnamon. The curved bill is horn-coloured with a blackish culmen. Juveniles are duller.

Range
Its range is southeastern, northeastern and central Brazil, eastern Paraguay, southeastern Peru, Bolivia and eastern Argentina

Habitat
At lower elevations (1000 m), it favours marshy grasslands (seasonally flooded) and forest edges. While, at higher elevations, up to 2500 m, it will frequent arid shrubland, pastures, and grain fields. Overall it prefers dry savanna.

Behavior
The red-winged tinamou have vocal males that are a longs ringing single whistle followed by shorter sad whistles. The female does not call. This species is most active during the hottest parts of the day.

Feeding
Its diet varies by season; it taking insects and other small animals (even small mammals) in the summer, and switching to vegetable matter, such as fruits, shoots, tubers and bulbs, in the winter. It can be an agricultural pest, feeding on cereals, rice and peanuts, as well as being predatory, taking poisonous snakes and even jumping up into the air to snatch an insect off a leaf.

Reproduction
The male of the species attracts the female by follow feeding and after the attraction will move to the nest where she lays her eggs that he will incubate only and then raise the chicks.

Conservation
Like all tinamous, the red-winged tinamou is a popular target for hunters, and in areas of high human population density number have declined, but the species has also increased in some areas where forest clearance has created favourable habitat. Overall, it is not considered threatened and is therefore listed as Least Concern by IUCN. It has an occurrence range of 5700000 km2.

title: Red-winged tinamou


text:
Talk:City of caterpillar

This article was listed on Votes for deletion and the consensus was to keep: see Votes for deletion/City of caterpillar

title: Talk:City of caterpillar


text:
Talk:Power-line communication

What's wrong with this page
Overall it seems to be well formated. The external links are well structured and huge. Their may be minor problems, but is the editing banner really needed? Indolering http://www.homeplug.com/en/news/japanexec_2005/presentations.asp 28 Nov 2005 The [hrase "The most robust low-speed powerline technology uses DCSK technology available from Yitran Communications" is untrue thhis is old technology surpassed by EU initiatives such as PRIME. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.88.64.5 (talk) 13:55, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree Jacoplane 20:13, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Internet Access section is pretty long. It also as some repetition about differences between Europe and North America (pars. 4 and 6). Parksy 14:57, 17 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why there is a table of DSL technologies at the start of the article. I think instead, the passing reference to DSL with a link is all that is needed. PLC doesn't use DSL. If there are no objections, I plan to delete the table but leave the link. --DavidDHaynes 19:32, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, hearing no objections, I have moved the DSL table into the "See Also" section. (DSL is a telephone technology -- not as far as I'm aware, a powerline technology.)--DavidDHaynes 14:29, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Also on the subject of "what's wrong with the page", it doesn't recognize the many other well established technologies. I'm adding material to represent the other technologies and re-organizing the page to be a bit more fair. The content otherwise completely intermingles discussions regarding different technlogoies and probably leaves the reader confused.--DavidDHaynes 14:29, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting slides:
 * The speeds don't seem right and shoulg be listed in either Kb or Mb (or Gb/Tb, but i dont thing they can compete with fiber) per secondShawnlandden (talk) 07:22, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Frankly, such statements should not be appearing in Wikipedia in the first place. The only suitable similiar statement I would should be things such as "this [reliable independant survey] judged this [make and model] to provide best speed, reliability etc". Statements such as the above are stating as fact things will always be open to argument, and generally come over as something which has been written by a biast author. Jatos (talk) 12:45, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguation
The introduction is now very clearly disambiguating DC from AC, smart grid applicable from broadband standards, but this does require a separate HomePlug Green PHY article and probably more redirects like IEEE 1905.1 and IEEE 1905 (both of which should currently redirect to IEEE P1905 as the standard is still in the process).

Perhaps two different articles should describe PLC for short haul which is what the IEEE 1901 standard covers, and the longer haul technologies still in R&D like E-line from corridor.biz which supposedly compete with fibre over 1km and between transformers? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.11.94.143 (talk) 18:22, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

Glossary

 * Okay, whoever put the glossary in: that's what wikilinks are for, and in any case the server smashed your formatting. It had to go; please do not restore it. If you wish to add information to the article, please please please learn how to do it right. Haikupoet 03:28, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Technology
I think the technology section should describe "what" the technology is rather than "who" makes it. We can refer the reader to the PLC manufacturer's page for this type of information. --DavidDHaynes 17:48, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Standards
An effort needs to be made to sort out the standards and organize them by the technology they attempt to address. Perhaps we should combine the Technology and Standards sections into a single section. Thoughts? --DavidDHaynes 18:07, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Deployments
It may be unreasonable to attempt to list all of the deployments. Many of the BPL citations in the current article were perhaps newsworthy at one time, but not of much interest today. To balance it out and attempt to cite every deployment for the other technologies would swamp the article, since they continue at a pace of about one a week. BPL deployments are newsworthy because they are new, novel, and rare. Does anyone have an idea on what to do about the growing list of deployments?--DavidDHaynes 17:59, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

"all BPL deployments in the US."
The link "all BPL deployments in the US" only includes a few implementations, notably not the large (though still piloting) Cincinnati implementation.

Ham radio
What are the dangers of BPL to the ham radio comunites?

 * If it is implemented properly, then the effects can be minimized, but the most common complaint is basically taking up bandwidth. If you have what are effectively giant antennas strung across neighborhoods broadcasting carrier waves, you get a giant CW transmitter with the key down. The Motarola system is probably the best performer in this catagory, but time will tell if the technology even gains wide acceptance at all. JVkamp 04:38, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Not ALL BPL causes interference or fails on long haul --Microwave BPL
While the above comments are appropriate to HF-BPL, microwave-BPL known as E-Line has been shown not to have these problems. It has multi-Gbps capacity and doesn't cause the interference devastation of previous methods. In addition, by using existing infrastructure, the powerline, it circumvents the expense and delays of stringing ariel fiber and the attendant pole "make-ready" fees. Even with periodic amplification, very high capacity installations can be achieved at approximately one-tenth the cost of aeriel fiber. Furthermore, each amplification site is potentially a location for placement of a user-access antenna as part of a large distributed antenna system. Expensive optical/electrical & electro/optical conversion equipment is not required at each drop point. Such a system, composed of line mounted antennas, ~15 meters above ground, can effectively provide extremely high capacity services for mobile as well as fixed end users, even those in rural environments.

added E-Line link N6gn 22:03, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

PLC, Automotive
since this is an encyclopedia article, wouldn´t it be reasonable to expose not only benefits but also potential problems? This may include a possible bigger cost, and a littler SNR.

 * Such analysis should focus on the actual proposed standards such as the SAE J1772 electric vehicle charger. It's absurd to engage in general criticism of de facto and de jure standards without a clear standard and an alternative to compare it to.  It's hard to imagine guaranteeing any other bandwidth necessarily will be there when one starts to put a massive charge into a 500V car battery - and do you really want it starting to charge, or not charging, without the charging circuit itself being aware of what it's charging ?   That kind of voltage amounts to a death penalty for any serious safety error.  So I sure do not want to trust this to some telco or cableco consumer grade router or proprietary flakeware it runs! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.11.94.143 (talk) 18:24, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

Dirty power
Doesn't this technology make AC power "dirty" for sensitive electronic devices? -- Beland 21:09, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

The 50 or 60 Hz power is not a pure sinewave anyway. Many applications contribute some noise to the powerline -- its just in this case the contribution is intentional. There are FCC and IEC regulations to limit the emissions at the important parts of the spectrum. As long as the electronic device has a proper power supply, it shouldn't be affected. In fact, most of our PC's have switch mode power supplies. An office building full of PC's can contribute significant noise to the powerline. (Ironical isn't it!)--DavidDHaynes 19:26, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

advantages of power line communication

 * WRT fiber competitiveness, please see additions to microwave-BPL below.--N6gn 03:23, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * PLC per se has some advantages -- it allows power companies to automate switching tasks that would otherwise have to be handled by hand, and it also allows networking to be spread within a location by running powerline Ethernet in locations where standard Ethernet or 802.11x won't work as well (there's an interesting combination of powerline Ethernet and 802.11b in Rob Flickenger's book Wireless Hacks from O'Reilly that demonstrates an impressive use of PLC). It fails miserably when used for long-haul broadband use (i.e. BPL) though -- the spectrum devastation it causes, one can argue, just aren't worth the benefits, and special precautions need to be made to bypass transformers. For the level of effort needed to make BPL work, the power companies may as well string up fiber everywhere and call it a day. Haikupoet 05:35, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Home Control
The Main article link for the Home Control section should link to Home automation article instead of X10. If there are no objections I'll make the change. Kinema 06:11, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

OFDM system comparison table
Feel free to add a PLC column to the OFDM. Mange01 11:58, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Corruption
Anyone else getting a corrupt page for this article? 206.45.125.208 17:30, 3 December 2007 (UTC)SomeX

combining power and data
This article does a good job discussing systems that send data over conductors originally intended to carry power.

However, it fails to mention systems that send power over conductors originally intended to carry data (such as Power over Ethernet, AS-Interface, telephone line, etc.). Such systems run at less than 50 V, because various organizations have ruled that 50 V is a "safe" voltage (extra-low voltage).

Should another section be added to this article discussing such systems? Or am I overlooking some other article that already discusses such systems? --68.0.124.33 (talk) 14:21, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

That sounds the inverse of this: sending power over lines intended primarily for communication. Should be mentioned as a sort of inverse but very briefly. W Nowicki (talk) 23:53, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Recommendation
I enjoyed reading this article. My understanding is that it's possible to have a network of various home attached by PLC. Is anyone interested in making a diagram? How about one for North America? Here's my attempt for my neighborhood. _ _ _ █                                                                                /║     ▓█     _  __                                                                                / ║      ↑    / \ ||                                                                                /  ║  power /  \││                Light                                                                                _/_     plant /     │               ð──┐                                                                          High     /║ /_______\             / \ │        ______              ______            ______                     Voltage  / ║ │┌┬┐ ┌┬┐│                 │       /      \            /      \          /      \                            /  ║      │└┴┘ └┴┘│                  │      /________\          /________\        /________\                  _______¥/   ║      │CYCLE'S│                  │      │┌┬┐ ┌─┐ │          │┌┬┐ ┌─┐ │        │┌┬┐ ┌─┐ │                 ┌¥-¥┐    ║ │ ┌─┐  │    __            │      │└┴┘ │¡│ │          │└┴┘ │¡│ │        │└┴┘ │¡│ │           ______│_______│__________ │_│_│___│___|¥ |___________│_____┌┴────┴─┴─┴┐________┌┴────┴─┴─┴┐______┌┴────┴─┴─┴┐________/        ║         ┴-+╬┴-┴---┴-┴                        ║ Transformer Meter ║ main box             Smart meter        Meter              Meter                    ║ ╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝                                     Underground Medium/High Voltage

--CyclePat (talk) 05:59, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * This is quite an awesome diagram. I have bookmarked it. I hope it can be put into the article. 81.101.245.102 (talk) 02:31, 29 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I've wondered about this possibility, but assuming there is a transformer box isolating these houses, there will be some filtering centered at 60Hz. Perhaps you could get an audio signal through.

Potential for interference section may not be neutral
The Checksection template has been inserted into this section as the last sentence of the last paragraph contains a word implying NPOV violation. PatrickDunfordNZ (talk) 02:55, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Hopefully this neutrality problem will be resolved soon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.46.237.146 (talk) 18:04, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * If all the problem was the last sentence with the "blow" comment, then simply remove it, it isn't worth the not neutral sign... So.. I have just removed it. Regards! --Alchaemist (talk) 05:04, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Resolved, the US administrative law issue has been more clearly explained and the pre-EIST disputes separated from the current ones. Unless someone has a complaint with G.hn the various complaints about pre-G.hn powerline networking in the home are moot, and unless someone believes the IEEE really can't solve this problem for good, the amateur radio dispute already got far too much coverage.  As for the stupid statement about fibre resolving this, it was clarified because there is no way that a pre-existing-wiring solution like G.hn can be in any way compared to anything that requires new provision of fibre optic cable.  It's something like an order of magnitude in cost difference, BPL will certainly still be used at the edges of the new AU national fibre network backbone, even if it's not used to carry the aggregation.

 * It would be interesting to ask how much interference the wireless spectrum gets from all the wall warts, and from dirty generation processes to provide vampire power, due to all these wireless users using dumb power ports. ;-)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.177.12.18 (talk) 15:01, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

Ultra-High-frequency communication (≥100 MHz)
I moved the previous E-Line information out of the High-Frequency section, the previous upper limit, and added a new section for Power line communication above 100 MHz. As the characteristics, technology and applications are completely different from the other types, this seems warranted. It still needs cleanup (citations converted to references etc). N6gn (talk) 14:06, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Well it certainly would have been less lazy to use citations yourself instead of assuming others will do your work for you. I do think this is undue weight right now to mention it twice and near the front. I will re-org to go in more historical order of bands, e.g. low bandwidth first and then highest last. W Nowicki (talk) 21:15, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Usual "Broadband" confusion
Lots of material in this, but much is overlapping and confusing. One problem is that broadband has lost its technical meaning. I think often it means Internet access, and it seems in theory possible to use power lines for Internet access (although one would need citations for actual providers). I think that is what most politicians mean when they say "Broadband"? Then there is using power lines as a LAN within a home. Might be called "Broadband" too if video is sent for example. These both seem different than the "Smart Grid" idea, which might include the power companies to send data on the lines themselves. These seem all mixed together. W Nowicki (talk) 22:41, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Also a recent edit added more confusion by taking out some citations and adding inline links instead. Please do not do this. Read how to use the tags first before adding more inline links. The confusion is even worse due to the changing acronyms thrown around. In the subsection on PLC for example the text uses PLT instead, and this is within the section labeled BLP! Please clarify the TLAs. W Nowicki (talk) 19:50, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I care about how experts use the word "broadband", not uneducated politicians.162.246.139.210 (talk) 18:05, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

DLC
DLC uses existing electrical distribution network in the medium voltage (MV) — i.e., 11 kV, Low Voltage (LV) as well as building voltages. It is very similar to the powerline carrier. DLC uses narrowband powerline communication frequency range of 9 to 500 kHz with data rate up to 576 kbit/s. DLC is suitable (even in very large networks) for multiple realtime energy management applications. It can be implemented under REMPLI System as well as SCADA, AMR and Power Quality Monitoring System. DLC complies with the following standards: EN 50065 (CENELEC), IEC 61000-3 and FCC Part 15 Subpart B.

Radio users may experience some interference to their systems when in the near proximity of overhead power lines. For two way radio systems utilizing digital schemas, such as the P25 systems, this may appear as loss of received signal caused by the radio's front end (desensitising the receiver). For analog radios the interference appears as a buzzing sound eminating from the radio's speaker. With external inductive or capacitive coupling, a distance more than 15 km can be achieved over a medium voltage network. On low voltage networks, a direct connection can be made since the DLC has a built-in capacitive coupler. This allows end-end communications from substation to the customer premises without repeaters.

The latest DLC systems significantly improve upon and differ from other powerline communication segments. DLC is mainly useful for last-mile and backhaul instrastucture that can be integrated with corporate wide area networks (WANs) via TCP/IP, serial communication or leased-line modem to cater for multi-services realtime energy management systems.

More recently, narrowband PLC communications techniques have also started to include implementations of more sophisticated communication technologies like OFDM, that were till date used in broadband domain. PRIME is one such system that operates within CENELEC A band and uses OFDM as the technology at physical layer to provide data rates of up to 128 kbit/s. The PRIME Alliance is an industrial consortium that is putting forth this open specifications of physical and MAC layers and allowing for utilities to pick solutions from different vendors.

 * This entire section had no citations, just inline links to mostly defunct web sites. Will try to summarize with citations. W Nowicki (talk) 23:53, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

British or American English?
As per WP:ENGVAR, we should stick to one variety of English per article. It seems to use British style dates and some words, but "power line" seems more American than "the mains" would be. Does anyone have any strong thoughts either way? W Nowicki (talk) 17:13, 24 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Let's call it Canadian English and move on to more relevant problems with the article. --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:39, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Thanks for the humor (humour??) and good point (eh?). I did a pass a couple days ago, but there is much more to be cleaned up. I got distracted (also worked on IEEE 1901 a bit). Am I heading in the right direction? For example, using citations instead of inline links, trying to form a historical narrative, etc. W Nowicki (talk) 23:36, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Time to split BPL?
I suggest we split the broadband-over-power-line material out to its own article; it's notable in its own right and gets into details that bog down this overview. --Wtshymanski (talk) 20:15, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose see above. The word broadband has a technical meaning that encompasses most of the variants in this article. My guess is that you mean Internet access over power lines? I do agree that it needs to be clearly distinguished with other applications, especially communication within a single building, for example, or power companies themselves sending internal communication. The verbage now that talks about "indoor" and "outdoor" is very bad. Electricity behaves exactly the same indoors and outdoors. My guess is again the intra-building vs. wide area distinction is meant. Another big gap is discussing how power companies (at least in the US?) have generally given up on using the wires for communication and are using wireless technology for example in smart meters. All sorts of red wikilinks and inline web links also appeared again. Sigh. I vote we clean up this article first before spinning off multiple ones. No need to have two bad articles if we cannot maintain one well-cited one. W Nowicki (talk) 22:14, 24 November 2011 (UTC)
 * No, I mean broadband over poower line, which is distinct from power line carrier communications, X10, and broadcasting over the powerline. BPL has its own set of issues that don't apply to the other narrow band modes. "Indoor" and "outdoor" is a short hand for "intrabuilding" and "interbuilding". Getting all that internet crap out of here would help focus this article, and a Broadband over power line article could then just talk about that topic instead of line couplers to 230 kV transmission systems. --Wtshymanski (talk) 22:22, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Of course shorthand should not be used in the article but precise language. We engineers might understand, but the article is going to be read by people who do not know the subject; that is a good reason why they are reading it. Thanks for taking those details out of the lead; I was doing it at the same time and got an edit conflict. Still much more to do. It would seem that issues like interference depend on power and frequency, not if the waves happen to be Internet access or teleohone calls or whatever. And of course in the technical sense, home LANs can have higher data rates and perhaps broader bandwidth than Internet access technologies. So I am still not sure how to organize, but maybe you have a point that readers use "broadband" in its marketing sense as "Internet access". Maybe we can start with getting information sourced by citations. W Nowicki (talk) 23:34, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

 * It appears from the sources that HomePlug and IEEE 1901 both use the term "broadband" to refer to their home LAN variants too. Do you have sources that make a clean distinction? Also it looks like the E-Line stuff is a single person pushing this in general, no indication it was ever used for Internet access, so no clear where it belongs. W Nowicki (talk) 01:14, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

We have since created the Broadband over power lines article. -- Beland (talk) 21:15, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Suggest merge
PLC carrier repeating station is a very small stub on a topic with little independant notability; it should be merged to this article to give it context. --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:34, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I see this was merged. I changed the redirect to make it more relevant.Timtempleton (talk) 18:14, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Power-line communication. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110718042743/http://www.pulseworx.com/UPB_.htm to http://pulseworx.com/UPB_.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:56, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Overhaul of this article
This article needs a strong dose of WP:FIXIT. It needs WP:COPYEDIT. The first sentence of the article doesn't even define it properly: "PLC is a communication protocol that uses electrical wiring to simultaneously carry both data, and Alternating Current (AC) electric power transmission or electric power distribution" It's not restricted to AC. A better definition is "PLC is a communication technology that enables the transfer of data over power cables." Large amounts of WP:ORIGINAL needs referencing or deletion. It's also out of date: where's Insteon?

The article is rather rambling and I propose to organise it as
 * Intro & and technological overview
 * History e.g. Carrier current
 * low freq/data rates e.g. smart grid, implementation & standards
 * high freq/data rates e.g. used in building automation and home networking, implementation & standards
 * DC applications.

A larger goal is to eliminate some of the overlap between this article and G.hn, Broadband over power lines, Broadband, HomePlug, HomePNA, IEEE 1901, PLCBUS, Universal Powerline Association, X10 (industry standard), X10 Firecracker, Z-Wave, ZigBee, and IEC 61334 etc. etc.

If you wish to contribute to this project, please comment here (rather than on my talk page or reverting) or edit constructively. --Cornellier (talk) 04:38, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Cornellier please justify your edits from 09-Mar-2016 as "Narrowband: Fixed typo" when you remove entire paragraphs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.178.87.73 (talk • contribs) 5:58 pm, 9 March 2016
 * The revision with the edit summary "Narrowband: Fixed typo" was done by anonymous user 93.109.185.141. It was done neither by me nor on "09-Mar-2016" as you claim. The revision with the edit summary "Narrowband: Fixed typo" is dated 7 March 2016 and was a 3 byte change. The edit summary is here. I am not sure why you are engaging in WP:EDITWAR over a revision I did not do. Please reply here if you require further information. --Cornellier (talk) 01:51, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

Market share
Some context about the adoption rate of this technology would be extremely helpful. -- Beland (talk) 21:20, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Power-line communication


text:
Talk:Webster Orthography

This article was listed on Votes for deletion and the consensus was to redirect to Spelling reform: see Votes for deletion/Webster Orthography

title: Talk:Webster Orthography