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Fort Garry Horse

The Fort Garry Horse is a Canadian Army Reserve armoured regiment based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It is part of 3rd Canadian Division's 38 Canadian Brigade Group. It traces its history to a cavalry regiment first formed in 1912 that first took up the name "Fort Garry" a year afterwards. Since that time the regiment has served in the First World War, sending men to battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, and as an armoured regiment in the Second World War.

Boulton's Mounted Infantry
A unit named Boulton's Mounted Infantry was established in 1885. It was mobilized for active service on 10 April 1885 against the North-West Rebellion, and served with Middleton's Column of the North West Field Force until it was disbanded on 18 September 1885. In 1932, The Manitoba Horse was granted the status of perpetuating Boulton's Mounted Infantry (see below).

The Fort Garry Horse
The Fort Garry Horse itself originated in Winnipeg on 15 April 1912, as the 34th Regiment of Cavalry. The following year it was re-designated the 34th Fort Garry Horse on 2 January 1913 and The Fort Garry Horse following the First World War on 15 March 1920. Winnipeg had originally been established as the expansionary outpost Fort Garry. On 15 December 1936, it was amalgamated with The Manitoba Horse. During the Second World War it was mobilised in the Canadian Active Service Force as a reconnaissance unit for the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. The Fort Garry Horse, C.A.S.F., was later removed from the 2nd Division and converted to an armoured unit with the designation 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment (Fort Garry Horse). The Non-Permanent Active Militia component remaining in Canada was re-designated the 2nd Regiment, the Fort Garry Horse on 13 August 1940 and the 10th (Reserve) Armoured Regiment, (The Fort Garry Horse), on 1 April 1941. After the Second World War it was re-designated as the 10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse), on 31 January 1946, as The Fort Garry Horse (10th Armoured Regiment), on 4 February 1949; The Fort Garry Horse on 19 May 1958, the 2nd Fort Garry Horse on 11 October 1958, The Fort Garry Horse (Militia) on 1 January 1960 and finally The Fort Garry Horse on 16 June 1970, following the reduction to nil strength of the Regular Force regiment.

The Manitoba Horse
The Manitoba Horse originated in Roblin, Manitoba on 1 April 1912, as the 32nd Light Horse. It was re-designated the 32nd Manitoba Horse on 2 November 1912 and, following the Great War as The Manitoba Horse on 15 March 1920. On 15 December 1936, it was amalgamated with the Fort Garry Horse.

Post-War
On 11 October 1958, a Regular Force component was authorized as the 1st Fort Garry Horse. On 1 January 1960, it was re-designated The Fort Garry Horse. The regiment served in Canada, on NATO duty in West Germany and on United Nations duty in the Sinai and Cyprus. The Regular Force regiment was reduced to nil strength and placed on the Supplementary Order of Battle on 16 June 1970.

In 2003, the regiment began hosting personnel to help create a new unit of the Canadian Military Engineers. On 14 April 2012, during the 100th anniversary celebrations of the FGH, the Engineer Squadron was stood up as 31 Engineer Squadron, part of 38 Combat Engineer Regiment. During their time as a sub-unit of the FGH, the engineers had the distinction of being the only reservists in Canada to wear the black beret of the Armoured Corps with the cap badge of the Canadian Military Engineers. , they wear the green beret in common with other engineer units.

The unit uses Mercedes Benz G-Wagon LUVW scout cars for reconnaissance vehicles and the Tactical Armoured Patrol Vehicle (TAPV).

The Great War
Details from the 32nd Manitoba Horse and the 34th Fort Garry Horse were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties.

The 6th Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force, was organised in Winnipeg in August 1914. 10 officers and 224 men of the 34th FGH joined the battalion as well as members of the 20th Border Horse, 18th Mounted Rifles, 32nd Manitoba Horse, 15th Canadian Light Horse, and 22nd Saskatchewan Light Horse. The 6th battalion proceeded to England with the First Contingent in October 1914 and was part of the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, CEF. In March 1915, the 6th Battalion was removed from the 1st Canadian Division and re-roled to form the Canadian Cavalry Depot, to support the Canadian Cavalry Brigade in France. The Canadian Cavalry Depot would provide the officers and men for the Fort Garry Horse CEF. Despite its connection with the 34th FGH, and FGH (CEF), the 6th Battalion was not perpetuated by the unit after the war. The perpetuation went to The Border Horse and is held by the XII Manitoba Dragoons, now on the Supplementary Order of Battle.

The Fort Garry Horse, CEF, was organised in England on 21 January 1916. It disembarked in France on 25 February 1916, where it fought in France and Flanders as part of the Canadian Cavalry Brigade until the end of the war. The regiment was disbanded on 6 November 1920. Harcus Strachan of the regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at the battle of Cambrai on November 20, 1917, in France.

The regiment also mobilised the 34th Fort Garry Horse Overseas Training Depot, CEF, on 15 June 1917. It was re-designated the 34th Fort Garry Horse, Depot Squadron, CEF, on 1 January 1917 and embarked for Britain on 21 May 1917, where it provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field. The squadron was disbanded on 6 November 1920.

The 226th Battalion (Men of the North), CEF, was authorised on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Britain on 16 December 1916, where its personnel were absorbed by the 14th Reserve Battalion, CEF on 7 April 1917 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was disbanded on 27 July 1917. The Fort Garry Horse perpetuates both Boulton's Mounted Infantry of 1885 and the 226th Battalion.

The Second World War
The regiment mobilised The Fort Garry Horse, CASF, on 1 September 1939. It was re-designated as the 10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse), CASF, on 11 February 1941, the 10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse), CAC, CASF, on 15 October 1943 and the 10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse), RCAC, CASF, on 2 August 1945. The regiment embarked for Britain in November 1941.

The regiment landed in Normandy on 6 June 1944, as a part of the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade, in support of the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, and fought in North-West Europe until the end of the war. The overseas regiment was disbanded on 31 January 1946.

Alliances

 * 🇬🇧 - The Royal Dragoon Guards

Battle honours
In the list below, battle honours in small capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. Battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the guidon. The battle honours, , , , , and , are by amalgamation with the Manitoba Horse in 1936. •
 * North West Rebellion

•

•

• 1916, '18
 * The Great War

• Bazentin

• Pozières

• Flers-Courcelette

•

•

• 1917, '18

• St. Quentin

•

•

•

• St. Quentin Canal

• Beaurevoir

•

•

•
 * The Second World War

•

• Carpiquet

•

• Falaise Road

• The Laison

• Boulogne, 1944

• Antwerp-Turnhout Canal

•

• Woensdrecht

•

• Goch-Calcar Road

• The Hochwald

• Groningen

• Oldenburg

•

 * War in Afghanistan

Other information

 * Facings: yellow
 * Colours: regimental guidon, presented to the 2nd Fort Garry Horse (Militia) in 1963 and 1st Fort Garry Horse (Regular) in 1964. When the regular force unit was disbanded, their Guidon was presented to the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba for safekeeping. It remains on display in the Manitoba Legislative Building. The Guidon presented in 1963 is kept and still used by the unit.

Armoury
The Fort Garry Horse and the regimental museum are located in Lieutenant-Colonel Harcus Strachan, VC, MC Armoury (formerly called McGregor Armoury) at 551 Machray Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Designed by Herbert E. Matthews it is drill hall with Tudor-Revival façades built in 1914–5 The building was recognised in the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings in 1994.

Memorial Wall
Dedicated on 12 November 1995 to members of the Fort Garry Horse who have died on active service, a memorial wall incorporates the battle honours, the names of the deceased members (with the date of their death), an inscription, the regimental Guidon (Fort Garry gate and the regimental motto), and the cap badges used in 1914 and 1939.

A wall hanging in the Warrant Officer's and Sergeant's Mess incorporates two lances; the regimental cap badge; the regimental motto and the battle honours won during the North West Rebellion and the First and Second World Wars.

Monument at Masnières, France
On June 11, 2004, during a visit by Fort Garry Horse, a monumental stone was unveiled at Masnières, Northern France, to commemorate the charge by 'B' Squadron on 20 November 1917, the opening day of the Battle of Cambrai, and the actions of Lieut. Harcus Strachan during the charge, which earned him the Victoria Cross.

Plaques
Donated in May 1970, a plaque is dedicated to the members of the Fort Garry Horse who participated in the liberation of The Netherlands in 1944–45.

A plaque was dedicated to the members of the regiment who participated in the Normandy landings and the liberation of Bernières-sur-Mer in France.

A replica of a cairn at Saint Aubin-sur-Mer, dedicated to members of The Fort Garry Horse who landed on the beaches of Normandy on 6 June 1944 was constructed for the regiment in 1965.

Windows
Stained glass windows were removed from the Regimental Church in Hemer, West Germany and transported to Winnipeg as a memorial to the regiment's service in Europe from 1962 to 1966.

Vehicles
A Lynx reconnaissance vehicle, which was used in the Canadian military as an armoured reconnaissance and command vehicle, is on the grounds.

A Sherman M4A2, 76mm (W) HVSS tank which was used by Fort Garry Horse from 1946 to 1969 is on the grounds of the Armoury.

title: Fort Garry Horse


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Sebald

Sebald can refer to:
 * Saint Sebaldus of Nuremberg
 * W. G. Sebald (1944–2001), German academic and writer
 * William J. Sebald (1901–1980), American diplomat
 * Sebald Beham (1500–1550), German printmaker

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sebald


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Public holidays in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, public holidays are days on which most businesses and non-essential services are closed. Many retail businesses (especially the larger ones) do open on some of the public holidays. There are restrictions on trading on Sundays, Easter and Christmas Day in England and Wales and on New Year's Day and Christmas Day in Scotland. Public holidays defined by statute are called "bank holidays", but this term can also be used to include common law holidays, which are held by convention. The term "public holidays" can refer exclusively to common law holidays.

There is no automatic right to time off on these days, but banks close and the majority of the working population is granted time off work or extra pay for working on these days, depending on their contracts.

There are eight bank holidays a year in England and Wales, nine in Scotland and ten in Northern Ireland. Additional days have been allocated for special events, such as royal weddings, coronations, and jubilees. There are seven bank holidays common to all jurisdictions: New Year's Day, Good Friday, the early May bank holiday (May Day), the Spring bank holiday, the Summer bank holiday, Christmas Day, and Boxing Day. Easter Monday is a bank holiday in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, but not in Scotland. In Northern Ireland, St Patrick's Day and Orangemen's Day are also bank holidays. In Scotland, 2 January and St Andrew's Day are bank holidays. The Summer bank holiday varies according to jurisdiction: in Scotland, it is on the first Monday in August, and in the rest of the United Kingdom, it is on the last Monday in August.

History
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, Good Friday and Christmas Day are common law holidays, having been customary holidays since time immemorial.

The first official bank holidays were named in the Bank Holidays Act 1871, introduced by Liberal politician and banker Sir John Lubbock. Under the Act, "no person was compelled to make any payment or to do any act upon a bank holiday which he would not be compelled to do or make on Christmas Day or Good Friday, and the making of a payment or the doing of an act on the following day was equivalent to doing it on the holiday". People were so grateful that some called the first bank holidays St Lubbock's Days for a while.

The Act did not include Good Friday and Christmas Day as bank holidays in England, Wales, or Ireland because they were already recognised as common law holidays.

In 1903, the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act added 17 March, Saint Patrick's Day, as a bank holiday in Ireland only. New Year's Day did not become a bank holiday in England, Wales and Northern Ireland until 1 January 1974. Boxing Day did not become a bank holiday in Scotland until 1974.

Starting in 1965, experimentally, the August Bank Holiday weekend was observed at the end of August "to give a lead in extending British holidays over a longer summer period". Each year's date was announced in Parliament on an ad hoc basis, to the despair of the calendar and diary publishing trade. The rule seems to have been to select the weekend of the last Saturday in August, so that in 1968 and 1969 Bank Holiday Monday actually fell in September.

A century after the 1871 act, the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 (c. 80), which currently regulates bank holidays in the UK, was passed. The majority of the current bank holidays were specified in the 1971 Act: however New Year's Day and May Day were not introduced throughout the whole of the UK until 1974 and 1978 respectively. The date of the August bank holiday was changed from the first Monday in August to the last Monday in August in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (but not in Scotland), and the Whitsun bank holiday (Whit Monday) was replaced by the Late Spring Bank Holiday, fixed as the last Monday in May. From 1978, the final Monday of May in Scotland (a statutory holiday in the rest of the UK) and the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK (a statutory holiday in Scotland) have been proclaimed as bank holidays.

In January 2007, the St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007 was given royal assent, making 30 November (or the following Monday if 30 November falls on a weekend) a bank holiday in Scotland.

Future
There are calls for extra public holidays on the patron saints' days in England (for St. George's Day), and Wales (for St. David's Day). For example, in 2018 the Labour Party announced it would make those days bank holidays if elected. The same year, an online petition to the Prime Minister as to Wales received 3,577 signatures.

In 2009, it was reported that St Piran's Day (patron saint of Cornwall) on 5 March is already given as an unofficial day off to many government and other workers in the county. It is suggested that a move from the May bank holiday to a St Piran's Day bank holiday in Cornwall would benefit the Cornish economy by £20–35 million.

The number of holidays in the UK is relatively small compared to many other European countries. However, direct comparison is inaccurate since the 'substitute day' scheme of deferment does not apply in most European countries, where holidays that coincide with a weekend (29% of fixed-date holidays) are "lost". In fact, the average number of non-weekend holidays in such countries is only marginally higher (and in some cases lower) than the UK. Worth mentioning is that public holidays in Europe which fall on Thursday or Tuesday typically become "puente" or "bridge" four-day or even six-day extended holiday weekends as people tend to use one or two days from their holiday entitlement to take off Monday and/or Friday.

After the election of the coalition government in May 2010, the Department of Culture, Media and Sport launched a pre-consultation in 2011 which included the suggestion of moving the May Day Bank Holiday to October, to be a "UK Day" or "Trafalgar Day" (21 October) or to St David's Day and St George's Day.

Legal basis
Bank holidays are established in several ways:
 * by statute (statutory holidays) – Holidays specifically listed in the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971.
 * by royal proclamation – Under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, bank holidays are proclaimed each year by the legal device of a royal proclamation.
 * by convention (common law holidays) - Holidays established in common law (not applicable in Scotland)

Royal proclamation is also used to move bank holidays that would otherwise fall on a weekend and to create extra one-off bank holidays for special occasions. The Act does not provide for a bank holiday to be suppressed by royal proclamation without appointing another day in its place. In this way, public holidays are not "lost" in years when they coincide with weekends. These deferred bank holiday days are termed a "bank holiday in lieu" of the typical anniversary date. In the legislation they are known as "substitute days". The movement of the St Andrew's Day Scottish holiday to the nearest Monday when 30 November is a weekend day is statutory and does not require a proclamation. Bank holidays falling on a weekend are always moved to a later date, not an earlier one.

Workers' rights
Although there is no statutory right for workers to take paid leave on bank holidays, where paid leave is given (either because the business is closed or for other reasons), the bank holiday can count towards the minimum statutory holiday entitlement. Likewise, if people are required to work on a bank holiday, there is no statutory right to an enhanced pay rate nor to a day off in lieu, although many employers do give either or both. Any rights in this respect depend on the person's contract of employment. The statutory minimum paid holidays is 28 days (or 5.6 weeks) a year under the Working Time Regulations 1998 (including any bank holidays or public holidays that are taken).

Changes

 * In 1968 and 1969 the new "August" bank holiday fell in September. This was as a result of the decision to move the holiday to the end of the month, and the nearest Monday being taken. The current definition was introduced in 1971.
 * In 1995 the early May bank holiday was moved to Monday 8 May to commemorate the 50th anniversary of VE Day.
 * In 2002, there was a special holiday on Monday 3 June to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The Spring Bank Holiday was moved from 27 May to 4 June to create a four-day weekend.
 * In 2012, there was a special holiday on Tuesday 5 June to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The Spring Bank Holiday moved to Monday 4 June to create a four-day weekend.
 * In 2020, the early May bank holiday originally set for Monday 4 May was moved to Friday 8 May to commemorate the 75th anniversary of VE Day.
 * In 2022, there was a special holiday on Friday 3 June to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The Spring Bank Holiday was moved to Thursday 2 June to create a four-day weekend.

Local holidays
Local holidays are determined by local authorities across Scotland. Some of these may be taken in lieu of statutory holidays while others may be additional holidays, although many companies, including Royal Mail, do not follow all the holidays listed below, and many swap between English and local holidays.

Since Easter 1996 the Scottish clearing banks have harmonised the days on which they are closed with those in England and Wales and are therefore closed on Easter Monday and the last Monday in August (rather than the first). This has resulted in a number of local authorities creating a public holiday on Easter Monday. Previously Easter Monday had not been a public holiday in Scotland.

There have been protests about banks opening on 2 January since this decision was taken. This has resulted in many banks now providing only a limited service on 2 January, with most members of staff still entitled to the holiday.

Special holidays

 * During the sterling crisis of 1968, Prime Minister Harold Wilson convened a meeting of the privy council in the early hours of 14 March to declare 15 March a bank holiday. This allowed the UK government to close the London gold market to stem the losses being suffered by the British pound. It was this meeting that triggered the resignation of Foreign Secretary George Brown.
 * 14 November 1973 was made a special bank holiday to celebrate the wedding of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips.
 * 7 June 1977 was made a special bank holiday as part of the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II.
 * The wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981 resulted in an extra bank holiday.
 * 31 December 1999 was a one-off bank holiday as part of the Millennium celebrations.
 * In 2002, there was a special holiday on Monday 3 June to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The Spring Bank Holiday was moved from 27 May to 4 June to create a four-day weekend.
 * Friday 29 April 2011 was a special bank holiday to celebrate the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.
 * In 2012, there was a special holiday on Tuesday 5 June to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Therefore, to create a four-day weekend, the Spring Bank Holiday that would usually have occurred at the end of May was moved to Monday 4 June.
 * In 2022, there was a special holiday on Friday 3 June to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Therefore, to create a four-day weekend, the Spring Bank Holiday that would usually occur at the end of May was moved to Thursday 2 June. An additional public holiday was declared for Monday 19 September, the day of the State Funeral of Queen Elizabeth II.
 * Monday 8 May 2023 was an additional public holiday to commemorate the Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla.

title: Public holidays in the United Kingdom


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User talk:Enclavesoldier

Hello. My name is Michael and I am a private first class in the Army National Guard. I love to hunt and i collect rifles. I am 18, i have green eyes and am relitively short. My name came from a game called Fallout 2. If you have never heard of it, look it up on wikipedia... im sure they have something about it.

--Enclavesoldier 19:35, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Enclavesoldier


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Tashtyk culture

The Tashtyk culture was a Late Iron Age archaeological culture that flourished in the Yenisei valley in Siberia from the 1st century CE to the 4th century CE. Located in the Minusinsk Depression, environs of modern Krasnoyarsk, eastern part of Kemerovo Oblast, it was preceded by the Tagar culture and the Tesinsky culture.

History
The Tashtyk culture was first surveyed by the Russian archaeologist Sergei Teploukhov. Teploukhov suggested that it had been initially Indo-European dominated, only to become overcome by the Yenisei Kirghiz around the 3rd century AD. The Yenisei Kirghiz are often associated with the Tashtyk culture.

Tashtyk settlements and hill-forts have been unearthed throughout the Yenisei region, particularly the Sayan canyon area. Their most imposing monuments were immense barrows-crypt structures; these have yielded large quantities of clay and metal vessels and ornaments. In addition, numerous petrographic carvings have been found. Some of the graves contained leather models of human bodies with their heads wrapped in tissue and brightly painted. Inside the models there were small leather bags probably symbolising the stomach and containing burned human bones. Scaled-down replicas of swords, arrows and quivers were placed nearby. The animal motifs of the Tashtyk belonged to the Scytho-Altaic style, while they were also under significant Chinese influence.

During his excavations of the Oglahty cemetery south of Minusinsk, Leonid Kyzlasov discovered a number of mummies with richly decorated plaster funerary masks showing Western Eurasian features, though this would not rule out some East Asian admixture, as revealed by ancient DNA (see below). There were also intact fur hats, silk clothes, and footwear (now in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg).

Datation
Oglakhty is considered as "the key site of stage I of the Tashtyk culture." From the early 20th century, various dates have been proposed for the Tashtyk burials: 1st century BC-1st century CE, 1st-2nd century CE. From the 1990s, new proposals were made dating the Tashtyk burials to the 3rd–4th centuries CE. C-14 Wiggle-matching datation techniques, applied to wooden logs of tomb 4 at Oglakhty have confirmed a datation to the 3rd–4th centuries CE. Other post-Xiongnu cultures, such as the Kokel Culture have also been recorded nearby.

Genetics
In 2009, a genetic study covering specimens from the Tashtyk culture was published in Human Genetics. Six Tashtyk remains of 100–400 AD from Bogratsky region, Abakano-Pérévoz I, Khakassia were surveyed, of which 5 yielded genetic ancestry and pigmentation alleles.

All specimens examined were determined to be female. Extractions of mtDNA from three individuals resulted in their assignment to the Western Eurasian haplogroups HV, H, and T1, while the other two carried the East Asian haplogroups haplogroup C and N9a. Of the Tashtyk specimens which yielded pigmentation data, the majority (4) were predicted to have blue eyes and blond or light brown hair, including those with an Asian haplogroup. All specimens were determined to be of primarily European ancestry based on the analysis of 10 SNPs.

A full genome analysis on two Tashtyk mummies revealed high genetic affinity to the Saka Tagar culture, which derives around 70% from the Sintashta culture, 5% from the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, and 25% from Ancient Northeast Asian hunter-gatherers (Baikal_EBA).

title: Tashtyk culture


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J. J. Daigneault

Jean-Jacques Daigneault (born October 12, 1965) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League from 1984 to 2000. He was the head coach of the Halifax Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League from 2019 to 2021. He also served as an assistant coach for the Montreal Canadiens of the NHL from 2012 until the end of the 2017–18 NHL season.

Playing career
As a youth, Daigneault and his teammate Mario Lemieux, played in the 1977 and 1978 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Ville-Émard.

Daigneault was selected tenth overall in the first round of the 1984 NHL Entry Draft by the Vancouver Canucks. Daigneault is one of the most well-travelled players in NHL history. When he joined his tenth team, the Minnesota Wild, in 2000, he tied the NHL record held by Michel Petit. The record has since been broken by Mike Sillinger. Daigneault remains tied for second in the category, along with Petit, Jim Dowd, Lee Stempniak, Derick Brassard, Mathieu Schneider, Dominic Moore and Olli Jokinen.

Daigneault played for the Vancouver Canucks (1984–85 – 1985–86), Philadelphia Flyers (1986–87 – 1987–88), Montreal Canadiens (1989–90 – 1995–96), St. Louis Blues (1995–96), Pittsburgh Penguins (1995–96 – 1996–97), Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (1996–97 – 1997–98), New York Islanders (1997–98), Nashville Predators (1998–99), Phoenix Coyotes (1998–99 – 1999–2000), and Minnesota Wild (2000–01). He played in the Stanley Cup finals with Philadelphia in 1987, and was a key member of the Montreal Canadiens as they won their 24th Stanley Cup in 1993.

1987 Stanley Cup Finals
Daigneault's earliest fame at the NHL level came when he scored the winning goal for the Philadelphia Flyers in the sixth game of the 1987 Stanley Cup Finals against the Edmonton Oilers. Daigneault had scored only six goals during the regular season, and, up to that point, had zero points in 8 playoff games. In 2006 this game was voted the eighth-greatest game in Philadelphia Flyers history according to fan voting.

Personal life
Daigneault and his wife Janie have three daughters, Valérie, Gabrielle and Juliette. All three of the girls were born in different states where Daigneault was playing at the time. The family resides in Dorval, Quebec.

title: J. J. Daigneault


text: Category:Gardens in Norfolk

title: Category:Gardens in Norfolk


text: File:Oasis All Around the World sleeve cover.jpg


text: File:Silver ball Pubsign.JPG

title: File:Silver ball Pubsign.JPG


text: User talk:82.32.104.178

title: User talk:82.32.104.178


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Loftus, North Yorkshire

Loftus is a market town and civil parish in the Redcar and Cleveland borough of North Yorkshire, England. The town is located north of the North York Moors and sits between Whitby and Skelton-in-Cleveland.

At the 2011 census, the town's parish population was 7,988. The parish includes the villages of Carlin How, Easington, Liverton, Liverton Mines and Skinningrove.

The town was formerly known as Lofthouse. The town's built-up area, including Liverton Mines, had a population of 4,824. It is near Brotton, Saltburn and Skelton-in-Cleveland.

History
The Loftus area has been inhabited since at least the 7th century. A manor in the area was owned by Siward, Earl of Northumbria. Loftus is recorded as "Lcotvsv" in the Domesday book, from Laghthus meaning low houses.

Anglo-Saxon royal burial site
The only known Anglo-Saxon royal burial site in north-east England is near Loftus.

Artefacts were discovered there from excavations which took place between 2005 and 2007. Finds include pieces associated with a rare bed burial in which a decorated female body is laid out on a decorated wooden bed accompanied by fine gold jewellery. The finds include a gold pendant, which would have belonged to a princess. as well as glass beads, pottery, iron knives, belt buckles and other objects. The finds, which date back nearly 1400 years were discovered by members of the Teesside Archeological Society, led by Dr Steve Sherlock, in a 109-grave site at Street House, Loftus. They are presently on show at the Kirkleatham Old Hall Museum.

Oddfellows Hall
The Oddfellows Hall, in Loftus, was built in 1874 as the offices and meeting place of the local Oddfellows society. Oddfellows were friendly or mutual societies, set up and organised by people from different guilds representing various trades. Other societies existed for single trades, but when there were not enough people from one trade, especially in smaller towns, societies would be formed from an "odd" mixture of people, so giving the name "Oddfellows". The Loftus Oddfellows would raise money for their members. The Oddfellows Hall was unused from the early 1990s. Tees Valley Housing Association have now taken over ownership of the building and converted it from a large meeting hall into eight self-contained flats.

Climate
Loftus has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).

Religion and education
The two main churches in the town are St Leonard's (Church of England), and St Joseph and St Cuthbert (Roman Catholic). There are three primary schools: St.Joseph's RCVA Primary School, Handale Primary School, and Hummersea).

Transport
The A174 is the town’s main road. Loftus railway station opened in 1875, and closed to passengers in 1960. The line still operates through the station site, with freight services for Boulby Mine, and occasional passenger 'specials' for rail enthusiasts. The nearest open station is at Saltburn.

Community and culture
Loftus parish includes the settlements of Boulby, Carlin How, Cowbar (in Staithes), Easington, Handale, Liverton Mines, Liverton, Loftus, Scaling and Skinningrove.

Loftus’s facilities include: Loftus Swimming Baths (where the swimming group, Loftus Dolphins, train), Loftus Youth Club, Loftus Army Cadets, Scouts, Cubs etc. The town also has its own dance studio - Triple Dee Dance Studio - which offers dance classes for children age two upwards. The studio started inside the town hall and later the company moved into their own studio on Zetland Road. It also has a fire station and part-time police station.

Loftus Town Hall was commissioned by Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Earl of Zetland, erected by a Thomas Dickinson of Saltburn, and was first opened in 1879.

Tees Valley Leisure Limited, which was established in 1999 as an Industrial and provident society, provides a variety of leisure services on behalf of Redcar & Cleveland Borough Council operating for the benefit of the community as a non-profit distributing organisation. They took over the running of Loftus Leisure Centre, which had been opened in 1981 to provide the community with swimming facilities. The centre was improved with the addition of a sauna suite in 1985 and a fitness suite in 1998.

Sport
Loftus Cricket & Athletic Club is situated at the eastern end of Loftus on Whitby Road. The club have two senior teams: a Saturday 1st XI that compete in the Langbaurgh Cricket League and a Midweek Senior XI in the Esk Valley Evening League.

Notable people
Among notable people who were born in or lived in Loftus were geologist Lewis Hunton (1814–1838), actress Faye Marsay born in 1986, and table tennis player Paul Drinkhall born in 1990.

title: Loftus, North Yorkshire


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W. Marvin Watson

William Marvin Watson (June 6, 1924 – November 26, 2017) was an advisor to U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson and was Postmaster General from April 26, 1968, to January 20, 1969.

Life and career
Watson was born in Oakhurst, Texas. He received a bachelor's degree in economics and an M.B.A. from Baylor University, which he initially attended on a music scholarship.

Watson entered the United States Marine Corps during World War II and saw action in the Pacific campaign during the later stage of the war. He began working for Johnson during the 1948 primary campaign for the Democratic nomination to run for the United States Senate. At that time, there was no noteworthy Republican Party in Texas, so the primary would effectively decide the election.

Watson continued being active in local politics as a "Johnson Man," rising to become the head of the Democratic Party in Texas. In 1960, he both helped organize the Kennedy/Johnson campaign in Texas while also working directly for Johnson as an aide while campaigning across the United States. During Johnson's years as both a senator as well as vice president, he repeatedly asked Watson to join his staff, but Watson declined, preferring the freedom of remaining an independent adviser to LBJ, rather than an employee.

Johnson called upon Watson to help organize the 1964 Democratic Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Watson found it necessary to remove many Kennedy family loyalists from the convention staff, as he became convinced that they were working to either force Johnson to accept Robert F. Kennedy as his running mate, or else stampede the delegates to have RFK nominated for the presidency instead of Johnson.

Watson became the White House Chief of Staff in all but name as White House Appointments Secretary to Johnson in 1965, helping to coordinate passage of much of the Great Society domestic agenda. In this position, his workday frequently began shortly after 6:00 in the morning, and he routinely didn't return home for the day until midnight or later; even during his off hours, he remained on call, and quite often found himself back at his desk in the White House on Sundays in order to deal with sudden issues. He was appointed Postmaster General in 1968, and was the last surviving cabinet-level Postmaster General at the time of his death.

After the end of the Johnson administration in 1969, Watson became an official with Armand Hammer's Occidental Petroleum, working with Armand Hammer. He had been offered the U.S. ambassadorship to Australia by Richard Nixon, but declined so as to be able to spend more time with his family.

Watson delivered a eulogy at Johnson's state funeral in January 1973, emphasizing Johnson's unswerving dedication to the betterment of America.

Watson served as the president of Dallas Baptist College (now Dallas Baptist University) from 1979 to 1987.

Watson died on November 26, 2017, at the age of 93. He was buried at the Texas State Cemetery.

In popular culture
Watson, played by Martin McDougall, was featured in the second episode of season 3 in the Netflix series The Crown.

title: W. Marvin Watson


text:
Talk:Internationalized domain name

Comments
What is a "non-English" language? English is ***one*** language among possibly thousands of languages that are not English.

Indeed, English can itself be considered a non-Russian, non-Japanese, and non-Swahili language. What is your point? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.177.124.118 (talk) 18:32, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Making simple things complicated by grand-fathering haphazard beginnings is as if there is a powerful secret commercial purpose behind it. It is not ASCII that ought to be the basic code set but the Single-byte-character-set SBCS. UTF-8 has a standard method to bring most multiple code characters into the singl-byte representation. Radical, but an alternative to this mess is to decouple illogical association between shapes understood in abstract and numeric codes. This way, even Cyrillic can be mapped to SBCS. What we see is ALWAYS decided by a font. We should allow text be displayed using user preferred fonts. JC (talk) 15:40, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

Fair use
The fair use bot warnings make this page hard to read, I refactored it moving four warnings into this section, and moving another section created 2008 near the end, where folks interested in fresh issues might find it faster. Unrelated, it's nice to see that somebody found the blog entry about the 11 test TLDs last year. ;-) --217.184.142.58 (talk) 21:11, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:2ask2.gif
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BetacommandBot 05:32, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:HindiIDN.PNG
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Fair use rationale for Image:Ukrainian IDN.png
Image:Ukrainian IDN.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Chinese-domain-name.png
Image:Chinese-domain-name.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:48, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Spoof
As reported on slashdot, IDN is at the root of a new way to spoof URLs. See http://www.shmoo.com/idn/ for examples and an explanation. If this problem is not quickly worked around, I would suggest mentioning it in the article. If the bug proves difficult to overcome, it could mean a lot for this standard's widespread adoption. Bgruber 19:44, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It should be mentioned anyway, since it has always been a major objection to any form of IDN. But it needs to be put into the context of the general debate about IDNs, which we don't have anything on at present. (The specific example given on http://www.shmoo.com/idn/ could be put in the IDNA article. Currently it's in Punycode, which is the wrong place.) --Zundark 20:05, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Safari has a fix in place for spoofs. Certain spoofable character sets are rendered in punycode to prevent fraud. Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 00:25, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

possible first page using IDN
http://räksmörgås.josefsson.org/ Should this be added as a small piece of trivia? :) porges 04:08, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

"label"
"In IDNA, the term internationalized domain name means specifically any domain name consisting only of labels to which the IDNA ToASCII algorithm can be successfully applied."

Will readers know what 'label' means here? What does it mean?

Joaquin

 * The meaning is explained in the first paragraph of the "ToASCII and ToUnicode" section, so I've added a forward reference to that section. --Zundark 08:11, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Verbal diarrhea
Diarrhea, possibly one of the most unpleasant words in English. Anyway, coming to an article about IDNs, am I really interested in "about:config" settings in Mozilla, or somebody registering paypal.com? I would remove that whole section on spoofing concerns; it can be treated with a simple link to the full article (which seems not to expand on the subject at all.) Miken32 23:48, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Examples
If the Wikipedia is to be linking to examples of domains using IDNA, should they really all be advertisers' sites? It would be better to link to, well, anything else. --holizz 11:03, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I did clean it up, but they have since been added back. --Ben 10:46, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

When Listing Examples for this page, Do not put links to sites that redirect to pages that aren't IDNs!. --68.239.46.12

Agreed. This is the sole reason why I started http://IDNSearch.net - to showcase real-life (not just ads landing pages) IDN-accessible sites. -- WilliamTan

I just poked my head into the discussion page here for the first time to mention my concerns about the examples and external links becoming far to large. Even the IDNSearch.net site, while good intentioned, looks too much like a free-for-all link page for my liking. There are already two images that show examples. Maybe the entire "example" section should be delted? Looks like too much of a spam-magnet to me. Wrs1864 13:24, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Safari
Safari 2.0.4 also treats the spoofed URL as http://www.xn--pypal-4ve.com/

External link spam
A large portion of the external links in this article are just basically spam. The ad-to-content ratio is laughably skewed, and sometimes the domain exists just to sell one product and offers no other information. I've deleted a few so far, but I think many more could still be evaluated and then removed. The list was incredibly long anyway, and it still is pretty big after my edits. Thoughts? -Markusbradley 21:56, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

The first IDNA domains went up a few days ago. Where are they?
ICANN press releases about the first test IDNA domains going live appeared on the AP feed a few days ago. But I'm unable to find a link to the test domains. If someone can find the links, they should go in the article. --John Nagle 15:26, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It sounds like they might not be available until 15 October (see the ICANN announcement). By the way, they aren't the first IDNA domains; they're the first top-level IDNA domains. --Zundark 16:29, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * In fact, the websites are already up, but they're not open to the public yet (they ask for a password). There's a list of them here (although I haven't verified this list). --Zundark 17:56, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Here's the list of links (now verified). But, as mentioned above, they currently require a password for access. --Zundark 19:11, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * simplified Chinese
 * Hindi
 * Russian
 * Korean
 * Yiddish
 * traditional Chinese
 * Persian
 * Tamil
 * Greek
 * Arabic
 * Japanese

 * The password protection has been removed now, but I'm still not sure whether it's appropriate to add the links to the article. (The sites are just MediaWiki wikis, and are not much use to people who don't speak any of the languages. They do, however, provide a simple demonstration of the IDNA TLDs.) --Zundark 14:52, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * In fact, there's a English-language gateway site at http://idn.icann.org, which I'll add to the article. --Zundark 15:47, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Missing info on 'Non-IDNA or non-ICANN registries that support non-ASCII domain names' section
In the last paragraph it says that during the "ICANN december meeting". The text doesnt mention the year. I thought it was important but couldn't find out the year. Just pointing it out if someone else wants to fix the article...200.84.244.129 (talk) 11:42, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It was 2006. But this paragraph was in the wrong section, and the meeting is already mentioned in the timeline anyway, so I've just removed it. --Zundark (talk) 14:07, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

The "Example of Arabic IDN" image is barely readable
The "Example of Arabic IDN" image is barely readable. 202.78.240.7 (talk) 23:54, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. If you click on the image, you see it in its full 373-pixel width, which is a little better. --Jdlh  | Talk 19:14, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Why are they not directly supported by the next DNS standards?
I seems like an aggressive promotion of the english language. Are there sources backing up that is impossible to transitionally go to directly supporting unicode domains on DNS? I would find it extremely hard to believe that is 'impossible'. Only a non-scientific mind non versed in computer technology would make such outlandish claims. --Leladax (talk) 15:56, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
 * You are right, it is not "impossible" to directly use unicode, but the article doesn't claim it is impossible. It was, however, judge by experts working in this area to be very hard to change all the applications that currently assume that domain names (hostnames, actually) are restricted to a subset of ASCII and create a new standard (IDN) would be easier.  As far as the use of english, read the History of the Internet article.  It was no more an "aggressive promotion of english" than Minitel was an "aggressive promotion of french".  Wrs1864 (talk) 18:11, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I tend to think it's ignorance of only-english speaking people. They just don't care/understand/see how it is, how ugly it is to speak e.g. on tv to kids a domain name in an English manner; mainly the americans that largely control the internet base. --Leladax (talk) 22:57, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I would love to see the deployment plan for replacing the DNS lookup function on every single PC, laptop, mobile phone, Internet device and server in the whole world, simultaneously. With any other scenario, you're talking about living with multiple versions of the DNS protocol (or - coexistence of the DNS with another name resolution protocol) for a number of years - this has "issues", to put it mildly. Would love to see a realistic deployment plan that let us do that, too. Haven't seen any so far, and have looked for one since 1997 or so. --Alvestrand (talk) 21:42, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

List of software that supports IDN
It would be nice to have a list of software (from what version) that support IDN. There are mentioned some browsers. But it would be nice to have a more complete list of software for which the user supply the software with domain names. That includes browsers, Email clients (MUA), email transport software (MTA, MDA, POP, IMAP), whois, host, FTP clients, ssh tools, and many other internet tools that in one way or another takes a domain names as input or shows domain names as output.

Such a complete list should probably not be within this article, but probably a related article. --Jarl (talk) 19:12, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Yes, I agree that a table with software that support IDN would be helpful and also might be a stimulance for adoption. What I can contribute is that presently Gmail webmail and Thunderbird do not support IDN email addresses and I don't know any email client that does. Erniecom (talk) 08:54, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

Here a list of software that supports IDN: http://www.denic.de/domains/internationalized-domain-names/idns-und-sicherheit/idn-faehige-programme.html Erniecom (talk) 05:45, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

To my knowlege currently no Browser supports IDNA2008. And they seem not to be willing to implement it any time soon. Browsers use wrong replacement i.e. ß -> ss instead of IDNA2008. Now there is some fear that browser will not show the same behaviour, which seems to be more important than correct IDNA2008 behaviour. 134.3.100.213 (talk) 15:08, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

Chrome
Google's Chrome browser displays punycode in the adress bar. 82.169.112.106 (talk) 23:44, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't this be included in the actual article? Either under the spoofing section or a new section regarding how different browsers display/handle IDN. 202.73.1.98 (talk) 03:10, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

Original research
The article's rife with it. See specifically the bit on homographs. -24.16.108.67 (talk) 23:23, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

fix needed
The name has a z, not internationalised. Yet the date in the footnotes are not the American style. Can the chief editor or his helpers fix it? I don't know how. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Q900 (talk • contribs) 23:48, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

potential for abuse?
I am curious about letters in non-ASCII character sets that look like ASCII characters, such as the Cyrillic о, а, е, І or the Greek ο. Can these characters be used to spoof a legitimate business ("please visit citybаnk.com to verify your account settings"). Are there any safeguards against such use? It would be useful to discuss these issues in the article. --İnfoCan (talk) 19:05, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
 * You don't see section 8, on Spoofing Concerns? I checked the History, and it wasn't just added today. Długosz (talk) 21:00, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I didn't, I apologize. When I saw the long sections on chronology and domain name lists, my eyes glazed and I must have assumed the article was finished. Perhaps these sections should be moved to the very end, after the more interesting stuff. --İnfoCan (talk) 21:16, 8 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Good suggestion. I moved those sections to the end of the article. HaŋaRoa (talk) 20:58, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

Instructions on how to input such domain names?
I know Wikipedia is not an instruction manual, but one issue with the internationalized domain names is most people have no idea how, if they had to access, say, a Russian or Chinese website, that they could actually manually input the link on a standard Roman QWERTY keyboard (especially with many using iPads, etc). If not in this article directly, perhaps a link could be added to either another WP article or an off-site page that explains how one goes about it. It hasn't become an issue for me yet, but if I were to see a Russian Cyrillic domain name printed somewhere and I wanted/needed to access the site I wouldn't have a clue how to go about it. The only directions I've been able to find indicate that the only way is to locate a link online somewhere and click it. But that's unreasonably restrictive, especially for new sites that might not have been indexed. And how do you Google search something in non-Roman characters anyway? 68.146.71.145 (talk) 14:53, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Unfortunatley I think the answer is "with great difficulty". You could switch to an alternate keyboard layout or copy/paste from a character map tool but both are likely to be pretty painful. Especially if you don't actually speak the language. You could also type the nameprepped representation of the name but good luck figuring out what that is. Plugwash (talk) 14:18, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

Relevant criticism?
http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/idn.html seems to bring up some relevant concerns — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.191.60.249 (talk) 10:51, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Substandard
This article needs some serious work / reformatting

50.46.193.16 (talk) 14:51, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Internationalized domain name. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081220044332/http://abcnews.go.com:80/Technology/wireStory?id=3813334 to http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3813334
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060422155224/http://www.apng.org:80/old/commission/idns/ to http://www.apng.org/old/commission/idns/

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Internationalized domain name. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20030823041046/http://www.minc.org:80/about/history/idns/idomain/ to http://www.minc.org/about/history/idns/idomain/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060811114532/http://www.apng.org:80/old/commission/idns/ipv6/ to http://www.apng.org/old/commission/idns/ipv6/

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"language-specific script"
What does it mean? Some examples are given, but I don't think it makes much sense. If a script is used in two languages, is it still language specific? In that case, aren't all scripts language-specific? Why not just say which characters are not allowed in plain DNS? The long s is an English alphabet character, it was used in the Bill of Rights. IDN is necessary to use this character, but right now, the article makes it sounds like IDN is only necessary for "language-spefific" things, is this some kind of fancy synonym to "exotic"? --95.222.26.132 (talk) 11:16, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20030823041200/http://www.minc.org:80/about/history/idns/iname/ to http://www.minc.org/about/history/idns/iname/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20041110195336/http://www.minc.org:80/oldminc/old/meetings/minc_20000327.html to http://www.minc.org/oldminc/old//meetings/minc_20000327.html
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Merge Emoji domain into this article
An emoji domain is an IDN. There's nothing special or interesting about them that would warrant a separate article (they're not even widely used). As such, I think we can move some of the contents of that article into a small section here. --ChiveFungi (talk) 11:46, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Respectfully, I see where you're coming from, but disagree. While it's true that an emoji domain is an IDN, they have a special set of concerns / history apart from standard IDN domains. Regardless of subjective interest, there's a fair amount of news coverage of emoji domains, so much so that searches for "emoji domain" have passed "IDN domain" in Google Trends. There's been an explosion of interest in the last year: registration numbers (estimated around 22,000 as of Sep 2017) are larger than that of many new gTLDs. Let's say you want to know more about emoji domains, you're going to want to know about browser compatibility, why you can't register new dotcoms, what ccTLDs accept emoji, etc... given that "emoji domain" is a settled term of art in common usage, those factors warrant an emoji domain article. Just as developers began to embrace UTF8 in response to demands from emoji users, this is an excellent opportunity to educate the public about IDN, punycode, and the underpinnings of the DNS system. --Jon90210 (talk) 17:18, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

Allowed character set?
Which characters are allowed in the IDN? Only a-zA-Z0-9- and "non-ASCII characters"? Or also ASCII characters that are neither numbers nor letters, e.g. "! ? ^ :" etc. Where is that defined? --RokerHRO (talk) 12:20, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

5% or 20%?
> ... While the Arab region represents 5 percent of the world's population ...

That's a severe under-estimation within the article's context. The Al-Quran being a sacred text it is printed in its original arabic language, so the majority of app. one billion muslim people around he world can read some degree of arabic, regardless of their mother tongue. Arabic acts as "lingua franca" for the crescent moon cultural sphere. As such, arabic domain names have a much larger global significance than just 5%, e.g consider the recent rise of Al-Jazeera as an international news powerhouse. 94.21.160.82 (talk) 16:03, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Internationalized domain name


text:
Geoffrey Hornby

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Geoffrey Thomas Phipps Hornby GCB (10 February 1825 – 3 March 1895) was a Royal Navy officer. As a junior officer, he saw action at the capture of Acre in November 1840 during the Egyptian–Ottoman War. As a captain, he was assigned to Vancouver Island with a naval brigade where he found a unit of United States troops ready to take over the San Juan Islands in a dispute that became known as the Pig War. Hornby used his powers of diplomacy to facilitate a peaceful handover of the islands to the United States.

Hornby went on to be Commander-in-Chief, West Africa Squadron, Commander-in-Chief of the Flying Squadron and then Commander-in-Chief, Channel Squadron. After that he became Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich and finally Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth.

Early career
Born the son of Admiral Sir Phipps Hornby and Sophia Maria Hornby (daughter of General John Burgoyne), Hornby was educated at Winwick Grammar School and Southwood's School in Plymouth and joined the Royal Navy in March 1837. He was appointed, as a first class volunteer, to the first-rate HMS Princess Charlotte, flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet and saw action at the capture of Acre in November 1840 during the Egyptian–Ottoman War. He transferred to the fourth-rate HMS Winchester, flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station, in August 1842. He went on to be mate in the sixth-rate HMS Cleopatra, in the West Africa Squadron, and took part on anti-slavery operations. Promoted to lieutenant on 15 June 1845, he became flag-lieutenant in the second-rate HMS Asia, flagship of his father, who was Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station, in September 1847. He was promoted to commander on 12 January 1850 and to captain on 18 December 1852.

Hornby had no patron once the Aberdeen ministry came to power in December 1852 and instead cared for his father's estate at Lordington and played no part in the Crimean War. Following a change of government, Hornby became commanding officer of the frigate HMS Tribune on the Pacific Station in August 1858. When he arrived at Vancouver Island with a naval brigade, he found that a unit of American troops was about to take over the San Juan Islands in a dispute known as the Pig War. Hornby used his powers of diplomacy to facilitate a peaceful handover of the islands to the United States.

Hornby became commanding officer of the first-rate HMS Neptune in the Mediterranean Fleet in February 1861 and then became flag captain to the Commander-in-chief, Channel Squadron in the second rate HMS Edgar in May 1863. In January 1864 the squadron was instructed to shadow the ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy en route to Prussia and to sink their ships if they bombarded Copenhagen as their answer to the Schleswig-Holstein Question.

Promoted to commodore, he became Commander-in-Chief, West Africa Squadron, with his broad pennant in the frigate HMS Bristol in September 1865. He condemned the independent rulers of West Africa for continuing to supply slaves when all civilised countries except Brazil had abolished slavery.

Senior command
Promoted to rear admiral on 1 January 1869, Hornby became Commander-in-Chief of the Flying Squadron, with his flag in the frigate HMS Liverpool, in June 1869 and undertook a circumnavigation of the World to demonstrate that Royal Navy could reach any part of the globe. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Channel Squadron, with his flag in the armoured frigate HMS Minotaur, in September 1871 and in that capacity entertained President Ulysses S. Grant at Gibraltar.

Hornby became Second Naval Lord under the Second Disraeli ministry in December 1874 and was promoted to vice admiral on 1 January 1875. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, with his flag in the battleship HMS Alexandra, in January 1877. He forced his way through the Dardanelles, despite Turkish protests, in a display of British naval power intended to deter Russian aggression during the Russo-Turkish War. Sir John Fisher, who served under Hornby in the Mediterranean Fleet, wrote that he was 'the finest Admiral afloat since Nelson. [...] There never lived a more noble character or a greater seaman. He was incomparable'. The naval historian Sir William Clowes, who knew him well, wrote that '... he was a natural diplomatist, and an unrivalled tactician; and, to a singular independence and uprightness of character, he added a mastery of technical detail, and a familiarity with contemporary thought and progress that were unusual in those days among officers of his standing'. The historian Ben Wilson has said that Hornby was "the exceptional admiral who eased the Navy's transition from sail to steam". Hornby was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 12 August 1878.

Promoted to full admiral on 15 June 1879, Hornby became President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich in March 1881 and went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in November 1882. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 19 December 1885, appointed First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen on 18 January 1886 and promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 1 May 1888. He was appointed to the staff of the German emperor Wilhelm II during his visits to England in 1889 and 1890. He retired in February 1895 and died of influenza at Lordington House on 3 March 1895; his ashes were scattered at Compton Church.

Family
In 1853 Hornby married Emily Frances Coles (sister of Captain Cowper Coles), with whom he had three sons and two daughters. One of his sons, Edmund Phipps-Hornby, a major in the artillery, won the Victoria Cross in South Africa in 1900; another, Robert Hornby, became an admiral in the Royal Navy.

title: Geoffrey Hornby


text:
HART

HART may refer to:

 * Halt All Racist Tours, New Zealand
 * Health Advisory and Recovery Team, a British antivaccine pressure group
 * Heterogeneous Aerial Reconnaissance Team
 * Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol
 * Hillsboro Artists' Regional Theatre
 * Human Assisted Reproductive Technology
 * Hypervelocity Aircraft Rocket, Tactical

Transportation

 * Hillsborough Area Regional Transit, Florida
 * Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation, Hawaiʻi
 * Housatonic Area Regional Transit, Connecticut
 * Huntington Area Rapid Transit, Long Island, New York

Response or rescue teams

 * Hazardous area response team, UK
 * High Acuity Response Team, a type of Rapid response team (medicine)

Science and technology

 * HART Communications Protocol (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) - a communication protocol used in the process industries.

title: HART


text:
Flagship species

In conservation biology, a flagship species is a species chosen to raise support for biodiversity conservation in a given place or social context. Definitions have varied, but they have tended to focus on the strategic goals and the socio-economic nature of the concept, to support the marketing of a conservation effort. The species need to be popular, to work as symbols or icons, and to stimulate people to provide money or support.

Species selected since the idea was developed in 1980s include widely recognised and charismatic species like the black rhinoceros, the Bengal tiger, and the Asian elephant. Some species such as the Chesapeake blue crab and the Pemba flying fox, the former of which is locally significant to Northern America, have suited a cultural and social context.

Utilizing a flagship species has limitations. It can skew management and conservation priorities, which may conflict. Stakeholders may be negatively affected if the flagship species is lost. The use of a flagship may have limited effect, and the approach may not protect the species from extinction: all of the top ten charismatic groups of animal, including tigers, lions, elephants and giraffes, are endangered.

Definitions

The term flagship is linked to the metaphor of representation. In its popular usage, flagships are viewed as ambassadors or icons for a conservation project or movement. The geographer Maan Barua noted that metaphors influence what people understand and how they act; that mammals are disproportionately chosen; and that biologists need to come to grips with language to improve the public's knowledge of conservation. Several definitions have been advanced for the flagship species concept and for some time there has been confusion even in the academic literature. Most of the latest definitions focus on the strategic, socio-economic, and marketing character of the concept. Some definitions are:

 * "a species used as the focus of a broader conservation marketing campaign based on its possession of one or more traits that appeal to the target audience"
 * "species that have the ability to capture the imagination of the public and induce people to support conservation action and/or to donate funds"
 * "popular, charismatic species that serve as symbols and rallying points to stimulate conservation awareness and action"

History
The flagship species concept appears to have become popular around the mid 1980s within the debate on how to prioritise species for conservation. The first widely available references to use the flagship concept applied it to both neotropical primates and African elephants and rhinos, in the mammal-centric approach that still dominates how the concept is used. The use of flagship species has been dominated by large bodied animals, especially mammals, although members of other taxonomic groups have occasionally been used.

Flagship species projects have sometimes been successful in saving the species and its habitat, as with the American bald eagle and the manatee.

Choosing species
Chosen flagship species are often charismatic, well-known species: see the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris), the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), the Golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), the African elephant (Loxodonta sp.) and Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). However, because flagship species are selected according to the audience they are hoping to influence, these species can also belong to traditionally uncharismatic groups if the cultural and social content is right. Less charismatic but locally significant species include the use of the Pemba flying fox as a flagship in Tanzania, and of the Chesapeake blue crab as a flagship in the US.

Some flagship species are keystone species, like the African lion, a top predator: it used to control the populations of large herbivores, protecting ecosystems across the entire landscape. However, the lion's ability to serve as a keystone species is decreasing as its population and range decline. The WWF uses flagship species as one of its species classification categories, along with keystone and indicator species. It chooses between these when selecting a priority species to represent the conservation threats facing a certain region. Flagship species can represent an environmental feature (e.g. a species or ecosystem), cause (e.g. climate change or ocean acidification), organization (e.g. NGO or government department) or geographic region (e.g. state or protected area).

Flagship species can be selected according to many different methodologies, such as social marketing, environmental economics, and conservation biology, depending on what is valued by the audience they try to target, and the goals of the project, such as conservation awareness, fundraising, ecotourism promotion, community-based conservation, and promotion of funded research. This is illustrated by the differences in recommendations made for flagship species selection targeting different target audiences such as local communities and tourists.

Limitations
The use of flagship species has some limitations:
 * They can skew the management and conservation priorities in their favour, to the detriment of more threatened but less charismatic species.
 * The management of different flagships can conflict.
 * The disappearance of the flagship can have negative impacts on the attitudes of the conservation stakeholders.
 * They may have limited impact on the behaviour of donors, if the donors cannot dedicate much time to processing the campaign message.
 * Most conservation practices for flagship species tend to be costly and difficult to maintain

Leaving aside the impact on other species, charisma does not seem to protect even charismatic species against extinction. All ten of the most charismatic groups of animal identified in a 2018 study, namely tiger, lion, elephant, giraffe, leopard, panda, cheetah, polar bear, wolf, and gorilla, are currently endangered; only the giant panda shows a demographic growth from an extremely small population. The researchers suggest that the widespread use of images of these animals has given the public the impression that the animals are abundant, obscuring their high risk of imminent extinction. They note that this remains true despite the intense focus of conservation efforts on these particular species. A major challenge for the utilization of several flagship species in non-Western contexts is that they may come into conflict with local communities, thereby jeopardizing well-intended conservation actions. This has been termed 'flagship mutiny', and is exemplified by the Asian elephant in countries where there is human-elephant conflict.

Other types
Conservation flagships can be used at broader levels, for example as ecosystems like coral reefs, rainforests or protected areas like the Serengeti or Yellowstone. Some recent initiatives have developed flagships based on the conservation value of particular areas or species. Examples of these are the EDGE project run by the Zoological Society of London and the Hotspots run by Conservation International. More recently, work in microbiology has started to use flagship species in a distinct way. This work relates to the biogeography of micro-organisms and uses particular species because "eyecatching "flagships" with conspicuous size and/or morphology are the best distribution indicators".

title: Flagship species


text:
Rosalynn Sumners

Rosalynn Diane Sumners (born April 20, 1964) is an American former competitive figure skater. She was the World Junior champion in 1980, the U.S. National champion in 1982, 1983 and 1984, World champion in 1983, and won a silver medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics (second to Katarina Witt).

Early career
Sumners was born in Palo Alto, California and raised in Edmonds, Washington. Sumners considers Edmonds her hometown and is where she learned to skate. Edmonds renamed its 5th Avenue to "Rosalynn Sumners Boulevard" after her winning the silver medal in the 1984 Olympics.

Sumners was a hard-working, dedicated skater. Her coach, Lorraine Borman, called the "Wizard of Roz", emphasized her student's artistry as her skating strength. Sumners balanced athleticism and artistry, giving her a competitive edge. Sumners first emerged on the skating scene after winning the 1980 World Junior title. Her artistic style throughout 1980-1981 usually placed her 1st or 2nd in the free skating round of competitions while scoring lower in the compulsory figures at this stage of her career. She failed to make the U.S World team or win any medals.

In the 1981-1982 season, though still weak in figures, Sumners was successful. She won a silver medal in a stacked field at Skate Canada (winning the free skate and combined free skate, but being 8th in figures), and later won an upset U.S title over defending Champion Elaine Zayak, rising star Vikki De Vries, and veteran Priscilla Hill, climbing from 5th place after the figures by winning the short and long programs. At the World Figure Skating Championships, Rosalynn scaled down her technical content due to injury, attempting only one triple over the two free skating phases, but delivered strong short and long programs, placing 4th (behind Witt, Leistner, Vodezorova) in the short, 5th in the long (behind Zayak, Witt, Leistner, Kristofics Binder), and 4th in combined free skating (behind Witt, Leistner, Zayak), taking 6th place overall at her first Worlds, despite a low 11th in the compulsory figures.

1982 - 1984
In 1982-1983, Sumners showed improvement in compulsory figures. She won Skate America, defeating strong competitors including Claudia Leistner and Kristina Wegelius. She took the bronze at Skate Canada, that was won by Vikki De Vries, after several falls in the long program. She won silver behind Katarina Witt at NHK, after a pair of lackluster performances. By U.S Nationals though, Rosalynn was at her best, her jumps showing improved fitness and power, easily defending her title over reigning World Champion and 1981 U.S Champion Elaine Zayak, winning all three phases (compulsory figure, short program, long program). Especially impressive was her short program, delivering a clean performance including a triple jump combination for the only time of her career in the short, earning mostly 5.9s on both technical and artistic marks. At the World Championships that year she came in as one of the favorites, winning her first and only World title. She won the figures and 4th in the short due a missed triple jump combination she had previously executed well at Nationals, then winning the long program. Her main rivals were Elaine Zayak, who withdrew with injury after 11th place in figures, and Katarina Witt who finished 4th overall after placing 8th place in figures, despite a 1st place in the short, and 2nd to Rosalynn (on a 5-4 split) in the final long program.

Sumners struggled throughout 1983-1984 and seemed less technically proficient compared to her stellar 1982-1983 season. She lost (while ill) to little-known Yugoslav skater Sanda Dubravčić in one international event. She won her third straight U.S title, but only after technical problems in both the short and long programs left her in 2nd place in both phases to rising star Tiffany Chin. She went into the Olympics as a narrow favorite for the gold medal in an open field with Katarina Witt, Elaine Zayak, reigning World silver medalist Claudia Leistner, Tiffany Chin, and reigning World bronze medalist Elena Vodorezova, who were considered strong contenders. The event was so competitive that the perceived third Soviet skater behind Anna Kondrashova and Vodorezova- Kira Ivanova, who had not competed at a World Championships since 1981 due to a travel ban, and was only 4th at the recent European Championships (without Leistner or Vodorozova), took the bronze medal. Rosalynn won the compulsory figures but, main rival Katarina Witt, known to struggle in figures, was a close 3rd. Looking to win the short program to put Witt out of reach, and after a clean jump combination, a foot touching down on the double axel left Sumners in 5th at that phase, and dropped her to a close 2nd overall going into the long program behind Katarina Witt. Had she won the short program, she would have only required a 2nd place in the long program to win. Now the winner would be whether Sumners or Witt won the final long program between her and Witt. Witt delivered a strong, clean, and charismatic performance, with three triples and three double axels, including a difficult and then rare double lutz-triple toe. Witt's skating was hesitant at times, and she omitted her famed triple flip. With 5 5.9s, 12 5.8s and 1 5.7 out of 18 marks she had positioned herself in good shape, but the judges still left room for Sumners to win with a great performance. Rosalynn followed with a reasonably strong skate, but a doubled triple toe and singled double axel in the closing seconds (which left her only two triples and two double axels as opposed to Witt's 3 of each, and also no triple jump combination in the whole performance) likely cost her the gold medal which she would lose by only one tenth of a point on a 5-4 split of the judges. Had any of the Soviet, West German, or Canadian judges rose her technical mark by .1 she would have been the winner of the long program and the gold medal. She received a perfect 6.0 for artistic impression from the Italian judge, the first 6.0 awarded in the ladies event at the Olympics since 1972.

Later life and career
Sumners opted out of competing for a second World title at the upcoming Worlds in Ottawa, and instead turned professional immediately after the 1984 Winter Olympics. She toured first with Disney on Ice, and then was one of the original cast members of the Stars on Ice tour, appearing until 1999. She became one of the most consistent and long-standing competitors on the professional circuit, appearing at the World Professional Championships in Landover ten consecutive years (from 1984 to 1993) although never winning the event. Her biggest win was the Challenge of Champions in 1986, and won numerous other professional competitions. She did not do triple jumps in professional competitions, but was known for her artistry.

In 1984, Sumners lent three of her world figure skating medals to an Edmonds bank for display. When she was to retrieve them, the bank had changed ownership, and no one knew where the medals had been stored. They were discovered twenty years later as unclaimed property in a safe deposit box and returned to Sumners (with a mock "awards" ceremony) by the state of Washington in 2004.

On April 24, 2004, Sumners married IMG vice president Bob Kain. She opened several retail shops in Kirkland in 2011.

Records and achievements

 * World champion (1983)
 * Three-time United States National champion (1982–1984)
 * Olympic silver medalist (1984)
 * Inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame (2001)

title: Rosalynn Sumners


text:
Talk:NIFTY 50

Calculation type
If CNX Nifty index is in fact a market-cap weighted stock index, the text should Explicitly say so. --Tschurin (talk) 03:36, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Nifty 50 usually refers to a group of the 50 most popular large-cap stocks on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in the 1960s and 1970s. Due to their marked stability, Nifty 50 stocks were viewed as "one-decision" picks because investors were told to buy and hold them forever.

The companies in the Nifty 50 were characterized by consistent earnings growth and high P/E ratios. They were also credited with propelling the bull market of the early 1970s. However, after 1996, Nifty 50 gained an additional meaning in the financial industry. Nifty 50 usually refers to a group of the 50 most popular large-cap stocks on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in the 1960s and 1970s. Due to their marked stability, Nifty 50 stocks were viewed as "one-decision" picks because investors were told to buy and hold them forever.

The companies in the Nifty 50 were characterized by consistent earnings growth and high P/E ratios. They were also credited with propelling the bull market of the early 1970s. However, after 1996, Nifty 50 gained an additional meaning in the financial industry. In India, the NIFTY 50 is an index of 50 stocks that are diversified across 12 sectors of the nation's economy: financial services, energy, information technology, consumer goods, automobiles, metals, construction, pharmaceuticals, cement and cement products, telecommunications, fertilizers and pesticides, media and entertainment, and services Alaison alu (talk) 04:53, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

1st paragraph is a grammatical circus not comporting with other articles about stock indexes
The corona pandemic has called attention to this article, whose intro is a grammatical circus I cannot understand. Ellenor2000 (talk) 07:00, 18 March 2020 (UTC)

Creation of new category
If we look at Category:Companies by stock market index, most of the world's major indices are listed, except for the NIFTY. Can somebody add this? 92.71.60.62 (talk) 09:32, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:NIFTY 50


text:
Urban Saints

Urban Saints is a Christian youth charity based in the United Kingdom. Previously known as Crusaders, it has been operating since the early 1900s. Urban Saints is a member of the Evangelical Alliance.

History
The original Crusaders group was formed in 1900 in north London by Rev Albert Kestin, with the intention of teaching the Bible to young people who did not attend church. Several similar groups started in the years that following and in 1906, under the leadership of Herbert Bevington, the leaders of eleven groups voted to form the Crusaders’ Union as an umbrella organisation. By 1939 there were 256 groups.

In 2006, the organisation became known as Urban Saints. The name was revealed at a concert at the Royal Albert Hall to celebrate the centenary of the Crusaders’ Union.

In 2000, Matt Summerfield became chief executive. Since then, the organisation has developed Energize, online resources, discipleship activities, discussions and videos for youth and children’s groups. As of 2018, Energize had over 1600 subscribers.

Urban Saints also offers summer camps, overseas adventure trips and additional needs training. Urban Saints own Urban Saints Westbrook, a residential centre and campsite on the Isle of Wight. This site has been in operation since 1948.

In 2017, following the arrival of Richard Langmead as chief executive, the organisation's strategy placed focus on planting and supporting new groups in churches, schools and communities across the UK and Ireland.

title: Urban Saints


text: User talk:65.100.214.122

title: User talk:65.100.214.122