text:
Chandannagar

Chandannagar (Chandernagor, ), also known by its former names Chandernagore and Chandernagor, is a city in the Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is headquarter of the Chandannagore subdivision and part of the area covered by the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA).

Located on the western bank of Hooghly River, the city was one of the five settlements of French India. Indo-French architecture is seen in the colonial bungalows, most of which are in a dilapidated state.

Etymology
The name Chandannagar is composed of two elements, of which the latter, nagar, means 'city' and the former may be:
 * Bengali chand meaning 'moon', alluding to the shape of the bank of the river Hooghly.
 * Bengali chandan meaning 'sandalwood'; local tradition holds that the city was once the major hub of the trade of sandalwood.
 * Chandi, name of a goddess.

Earlier, the city was known as Farasdanga, from Bengali Faras 'French' and danga 'land'.

History
Chandannagar came into being during colonial times, proved conclusively by the fact that no mention of the town is found in medieval Bengali texts like Chandimangal and Manasamangal Kāvya. Historians are of the opinion that the French created the town by amalgamating various smaller localities in the area. The three notable villages to be incorporated were Gondolpara to the South, Boro in the North and Khalisani to the West. The name "Chandernagor" can be first found in a letter dated 1696, intended for the officials of the French East India Company, dispatched by André Boureau-Deslandes and Palle, French officials posted in Chandernagore.

The First Director of the French East India Company, Boureau-Deslandes paid 40,000 coins to the Mughal subahdar in 1688 to gain control of the area and build a factory there. But the first Frenchman to possess any subsequent land holding in this area was Du Plessis who bought land of 13 Arpents at Boro Kishanganj, now located at North Chandannagar for Taka 401 in the year 1673–74.

The prosperity of Chandannagar as a French colony started soon after. At this time the Company establishment consisted of 1 Director, and 5 members who formed a council, 15 merchants and shopkeepers, 2 notaries, 2 padres, 2 doctors and 1 Sutradhar. The army consisted of 130-foot soldiers, 20 among them were native Indians. The Fort d'Orleans was constructed in the year 1696-97 and was better defended than its French and British counterparts. After the initial success the French trade languished due to the lax policy of its Directors.

In 1730 Joseph François Dupleix was appointed governor of the city, during whose administration more than two thousand brick houses were erected in the town and a considerable maritime trade was carried on. The population of the city reached to be around a lakh (100,000) at this time and the fledgling town of Calcutta was considered to be a poor cousin of Chandannagar. From Dupleix's time to 1756, Chandannagar was the main center for European commerce in Bengal. The city had thriving centres of trade involving opium, indigo, silk, rice, rope, sugar, etc. The fine clothes of Chandannagar were exported to Europe.

One of the premier men of the town who made it big at this time was Indranarayan Chaudhari. He had arrived at the end of the seventeenth century from Jessore as an orphan sheltered at his maternal grandfather's house. He secured a job at the Company out of his own industriousness and then went on to gain a tremendous fortune being associated with the burgeoning trade of the company. When the East India Company seized his house after the siege of 1756, cash and jewellery worth 65 lakhs was secured from his house alone. Nandadulal Temple, a temple to Krishna established by him still houses the secret chamber in which he reportedly hid his immense fortune which was later recovered by British general Robert Clive. Maharaj Krishna Chandra of Krishnanagar would often come to him to lend money. In 1756 war broke out between France and Great Britain, and Colonel Robert Clive of the British East India Company and Admiral Charles Watson of the British Navy bombarded and captured Chandannagar on 23 March 1757. The town's fortifications and many houses were demolished thereafter, and Chandannagar's importance as a commercial center was eclipsed by that of Calcutta situated down river. Chandernagore was restored to the French in 1763, but retaken by the British in 1794 in the Napoleonic Wars. The city was returned to France in 1816, along with a 3 sqmi enclave of surrounding territory. It was governed as part of French India until 1950, under the political control of the governor-general in Pondicherry. By 1900 the town's former commercial importance was gone, and it was little more than a quiet suburb of Calcutta, with a population of 25,000 (1901). But it was noted for its clean wide thoroughfares, with many elegant residences along the riverbank.

Like the other three French-administered colonies of India, Chandernagore was under the jurisdiction of French-controlled Pondicherry. There was only one Governor for the entire French India. He resided in the principal city of Pondicherry, and from time to time, he would visit the other colonies. There was one Administrator under the Governor in each colony. Though there were courts and magistrates here, a separate judge used to come from Pondicherry for session trials. There was a High court in Pondicherry for filing an appeal. The Collectorates, the Education Department, the Housing Department, etc. were all under the said department of Pondicherry. One Inspector from France used to come here every year for inspecting all the affairs. The French Consul who lived in Calcutta had no connection with the administration of Chandernagore.

Formerly the government kept a troop of sepoys to help maintenance of peace in the town. It is known that Chandernagore had two divisions of infantry during 1743–45. Under the terms of the treaty it had no alternative but to keep not more than 15 soldiers.

The laws of this place were not specific, laws were the same in regard to all the French colonies and special decrees were drawn up by the Minister of the Interior of France. In the French parliamentary houses, among the Députés and Senators there was one representative elected by the citizens and representatives of French India in each house.

Though no Indian ever got a place in the French Parliament, the citizens of Chandernagore had the right to be elected to those seats.

A Municipality was created here on 1 August 1880. Charles Dumaine became the first Mayor.

There was a sworn-in post called Notaire like the Registrar of British India. All the deeds such as testaments and wills, sales and purchases, conveyances, debts and dues or prenuptial contracts were registered by him.

The judicial system even passed a few death sentences in the town. The first time this was carried out was on 26 January 1883: two persons named Sk. Abdul Panjari and Hiru Bagdi were sentenced to death. The guillotine was used to carry out capital punishment and was used in the town for the last time on 22 July 1895.

Merger with India
India became independent from Britain in 1947. In June 1948, the French Government held a plebiscite which found that 97% of Chandannagar's residents wished to become part of India. In May 1950, the French allowed the Indian government to assume de facto control over Chandannagar, officially ceding the city to India on 2 February 1951. De jure transfer took place on 9 June 1952. The inhabitants were given the option to retain French nationality, like their counterparts in Pondicherry.

On 2 October 1954, Chandannagar was integrated into the state of West Bengal.

Location
Chandannagar is located at 22.87°N, 88.38°W. It has an average elevation of 10 m.

Chandannagar consisted of mainly three parts Khalisani (west), Gondalpara (south) and Boro (north). There are about 30 localities (para) and more than 100 sub-localities. Of them, some are Gondalpara, Nutan Telighat, Barasat, Tematha, Hatkhola, Daibokpara, Padripara, Lalbagan, Barabazar, Bagbazar, Fatokgora, Khalisani, Nabagram, Palpara, Urdibazar, Luxmigunj, Boro Panchanantala, Boro Champatala, Taldanga, Haridradanga etc. Bajra, Bandhagram etc. are some of the village-like areas near the borders of the city.

The city is bordered by Chinsurah in the north, Bhadreswar in the south, the Hooghly river in the east and Dhaniakhali in the west.

Police station
Chandannagar police station has jurisdiction over the Chandernagore Municipal Corporation area. Chandannagar Police Commissionerate was established on 30 June 2017. The establishments marked under the same are Chinsurah PS; Chandernagore PS; Bhadreswar PS; Serampore PS; Dankuni PS; Rishra PS; Uttarpara PS; Chinsurah Women PS; Serampore Women PS. Mr Peeyush Pandey, an IPS of 1993 batch, became the first commissioner of the Chandannagar Police Commissionerate. A major urban part of the district along river Hooghly has been brought under the jurisdiction of the commissionerate to ensure better policing.

Places of interest
Most of the city's numerous public and private buildings have a distinct Indo-French style of architecture, similar to that of Pondicherry (now called Pudducherry) and other former French enclaves in India. Most of these buildings are in a dilapidated state and in need of restoration.

Chandannagore Strand

The tree-shaded promenade along the river is about 700 m in length and 7 m in width, and there are many buildings of historical importance along the way. It is a popular spot for local people and tourists alike, who love to stroll along enjoying the breeze and watching the small boats sail by. Along the Strand one can find the Vivekananda Mandir (a meditation centre protruding into the river Ganges).

Chandernagore Museum and Institute (Institut de Chandernagor)
The Chandernagore Museum was established in 1961. It boasts a collection of French antiques (such as cannons used in Anglo-French war, wooden furniture of the 18th century, etc.) which are difficult to find anywhere else in the world. The institute still teaches French through regular classes. Jogendra Nath Sen, resident of Chandannagar who died in France fighting in the World War I. His personal items were sent to his brother in India who later donated them to the Institut de Chandernagor in Chandannagar. The Museum is closed on Thursday and Saturday.

The Sacred Heart Church of Chandannagar (l'Eglise du Sacré Cœur)
The Sacred Heart Church, Chandannagar is situated near the Strand. It was designed by French Architect Jacques Duchatz. The church was inaugurated by Paul Goethals on 27 January 1884. The church stands for over two centuries to mark the beauty of the architecture during the French period – a good place to visit for the historians and tourists alike. The remains of the Church of St. Louis is also an attractive tourist spot.

French Cemetery
The French Cemetery contains 150 tombs and is located on Grand Trunk Road opposite Lal Dighi (a large lake). Amongst the remarkable people buried there, one can find the tomb of Duplessis, the founding father of French Chandannagar and also the one of pioneering meteorologist Henry "Storm" Piddington, who is mentioned in Amitav Ghosh's novel The Hungry Tide.

Chandanangar Gate
Constructed in 1937, to mark the Fall of Bastille, the gate has the slogan of the French Revolution "Liberté, égalité, fraternité (Liberty, equality fraternity)" etched on it.

The Underground House (Patal-Bari)
The building is another beautiful example of the advancement in the knowledge of architecture and the aesthetic sense of the people of those earlier days. Its lower floor is submerged during monsoon when the level of the river rises. Rabindranath Tagore frequently visited the place and appreciated a lot about the building. He felt that the place influenced him to a large extent and broadened his intellectual capabilities. He mentioned Patal-bari in many of his famous novels. The famous social reformer Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar also stayed in the building. The house was owned by the zamindars of nearby Mankundu.

Nandadulal Temple
Nandadulal Temple built in 1740 by Indranarayan Roychoudhury presents an excellent example of ancient Indian sculptures. There are many fascinating temples devoted to Kali, Shiva and other deities which show marks of brilliant craftsmanship and artistic taste. The temple's old idol of lord Krishna was thrown away into the pond behind the temple by a general. Later the pieces of the idols were fished out and submerged in varanasi. It is built in the do style.

Nritya Gopal Smriti Mandir
Built by Harihar Sett, and donated to the people of Chandannagore. This building still serves as a theatre hall and a library. It was first of its kind in the entire locality. It has one of the largest collections of books in French, English and Bengali in the district.

Bishalakshmi temple
The temple is situated near Brahmin para, Boubazar in the western part of railway station. The history of this ancient temple is not known properly. The deity is worshiped regularly by the local people.

Sabinara Thakurbari
A temple of Lord Jaggannath, Lord of the universe. It is situated on 'Rather Sadak' or the road of Lord Jaggannath's chariot. Mahaprabhu Chaitanya is said to have visited this place in his time. Currently this temple is maintained by the Chattopadhyay family.

KMDA Park
The KMDA Park located West of Chandernagore Railway Station is a popular park and picnic spot. It was made open to the public in 2002 and since then it has served thousands of people who come here for picnics, particularly in the winter months.

The Mango Gardens
There mango gardens now privately owned and maintained are popular picnic spots situated west of the railway station near Mankundu. The Gardens have been operational since 2009, and several hundreds of people gather here for winter day outs. Few such gardens are named as Amrapali, Amrakunja.

Cultural Calendar of the City
In the month of Shravan, Bhuvaneshwari Puja is held at Hatkhola for a month.

During the month of November, 10 days after Diwali, Jagaddhatri Puja is held citywide including the neighbouring towns of Bhadreswar and Mankundu. These idols are almost 3 times taller than the Durga Puja held in Kolkata. From Panchami till Dashami the whole region lights up, bedecked with lights of Chandernagore's local manufacturers. From Dashami night till the next dawn all the major puja committees bring their idols with a theme and line in the world's largest procession after Rio's Samba festival. Some of the oldest pujas here range from over 300 (Adi Maa) till 150 years.

By Road
Chandannagore is 37 km by road from Kolkata via State Highway 6/ Grand Trunk Road (which runs through the middle of the city) or Delhi Road (which runs through the western limit of the city). Private Bus number 2 (Chunchura Court - Dakshineswar) plies through Chandannagar along Grand Trunk Road. A newly built overbridge above the railway tracks makes easy to connect East and West parts of Chandannagar City. Taxis and private cars are easily available between Kolkata and Chandannagar.

By Rail
Chandannagar railway station serves the locality. Local trains from Howrah station on Howrah-Bardhaman main line of Eastern Railway run very frequently (peak frequency one train every 10 or 12 minutes). A few important express and passenger trains halt here. The distance from Howrah by rail is approximately 33 km and it takes about 50–55 minutes in all-stop local trains. Many through trains (trains which will stop only at specific stations, primarily junctions) also tend to make stops here.

By Bus
Chandannagore is well connected by bus after lockdown period. Every day, two buses of West Bengal Transport Corporation leave from Esplanade Bus Stand for Chandannagar, one in the morning and the other in the evening. Apart from the WBTC buses, there are many other private buses that connects Kolkata and Chandannagar.

By Air
Nearest airport is in Kolkata (Dumdum/Kolkata Airport), which is linked with all major Indian and international cities. Chandannagore is only 40 km by road from the airport.

By Water
Government of West Bengal (West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation) operates river services to Jaggaddal across Hooghly River (the Ganges) and also between Chandannagar and Kolkata and Belur.

Heritage and culture
Jagaddhatri Puja is a major socio-cultural event in this region, attracting massive crowds from all over the state of West Bengal.

History
The history of Jagaddhatri Puja in Chandannagar is unknown. The beginning of Jagaddhatri Puja in Krishnanagore was 1762. Indranarayan Choudhury died in 1756. Indranarayan Choudhury by no means introduced the Jagaddhatri puja in Chandannagar. Indranarayan Choudhury performed the Jagaddhatri puja at his own house in Chandannagar, at the time Krishnachandra used to come to borrow money from Indranarayan Choudhury. The father of Krishnachandra had started the puja of Jagaddhatri at Krishna Nagar due to missing out once on the puja of Durga by being locked up in British prison. Once Krishnachandra's ship could not reach Krishna Nagar in time for Jagaddhatri puja due to weak winds. So he performed on day of navami the puja at the Ghat of Nichupatty. Seeing in this the wish of the Goddess to be established as a puja in Chandannagar too, he left funds for its yearly worship on a permanent basis. In 1780 Bengal Gazette of James August Hickey was the first newspaper of this country. The newspaper was silent about the Jagaddhatri Puja. But the 'Friends of India' published a report on the community Jagaddhatri Puja in 1820. The date of the community Jagaddhatri Puja in Chandernagore was 1790. In those days Robert Clive called Lakhsmiganj of Chandernagore the 'Granary of Bengal'. The Jagaddhatri Puja at Chaulpatty (Rice Market) in Lakshmiganj is probably the historic example of the ancient community Jagaddhatri Puja. The Jagaddhatri Puja of Chandernagore bridges the past and the present.

List of boys' schools

 * Sri Aurobindo Vidyamandir
 * Pearl Rosary School (WBBSE, WBCHSE)
 * Adarsa Shikshalaya (WBBSE, WBCHSE)
 * Chandernagore Kanailal Vidyamandir( Eng. Sec.) (WBBSE, WBCHSE)
 * Chandernagore Kanailal Vidyamandir( Fr. Sec.) (WBBSE)
 * Durga Charan Rakshit Banga Vidyalaya (WBBSE, WBCHSE)
 * Prabartak Vidyarthi Bhaban (WBBSE)
 * Ganges Gurukul (Coed) (ICSE + ISC)
 * Khalisani Vidya Mandir (WBBSE)
 * Narua Siksha Niketan (WBBSE)
 * Modern Public School, Bhakunda (co ed)
 * Chandannagar St. Paul's
 * Rishi Aurobindo Bal-Kendram, Vidyalanka (Co-Ed)
 * Vivekanand Wisdom Mission (Co-ED)
 * Chandannagar Banga Vidyalaya (WBBSE, WBCHSE)
 * Nritya Gopal Model High School (WBBSE)

List of girls' schools

 * St. Joseph Convent
 * Krishna Bhabini Nari Shiksha Mandir (WBBSE, WBCHSE)
 * St. Anthony's High School (WBBSE, WBCHSE)
 * Lal Bagan Balika Vidyalaya (WBBSE)
 * Ushangini Balika Vidyalaya (WBBSE, WBCHSE)
 * Prabartak Nari Mandir (WBBSE)
 * Indumati Girls High School (WBBSE)
 * Khalisani Nari Siksha Mandir (WBBSE)
 * Ganges Gurukul (Coed)(ICSE + ISC)
 * Bholanath Das Balika Vidyalaya
 * Modern Public School, Bhakunda (co ed)
 * Rishi Aurobindo Bal-Kendram, Vidyalanka (Co-Ed)

List of colleges

 * Chandernagore Government College (University of Burdwan)
 * Khalisani Mahavidyalaya (University of Burdwan)
 * Institute of Education (P.G.) for Women, Chandannagar (University of Burdwan)
 * Women's Polytechnic College
 * Sir J. C. Bose School of Engineering, Mankundu

Demographics
As per 2011 Census of India Chandannagar had a total population of 166,867 of which 84,009 (50.3%) were males and 82,858 (49.7%) were females. Population below 6 years was 11,826. The total number of literates in Chandannagar was 139,005 (89.65% of the population over 6 years).

Notable residents

 * Radhanath Sikdar, Indian mathematician, best known for calculating the height of Mount Everest.
 * Kanailal Dutta, Bengali revolutionary and martyr.
 * Rash Behari Bose, Bengali revolutionary.
 * Motilal Roy, Bengali revolutionary, journalist, spiritual leader.
 * Shrish Chandra Ghosh, Bengali revolutionary
 * Manindra Nath Nayak, Bengali revolutionary
 * Basabi Pal, Professor of French
 * Tapas Paul, Bengali actor and Member of Parliament.
 * Ishan Porel, Indian Under-19 and Bengal(CAB) cricketer

Cuisine
Chandannagar is famous for its own popular Jolbhora Talsash Sondesh.

title: Chandannagar


text:
Riesz function

In mathematics, the Riesz function is an entire function defined by Marcel Riesz in connection with the Riemann hypothesis, by means of the power series
 * $${\rm Riesz}(x) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{k-1}x^k}{(k-1)! \zeta(2k)}=x \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\mu(n)}{n^2} \exp\left(\frac{-x}{n^2}\right).$$

If we set $$F(x) = \frac12 {\rm Riesz}(4 \pi^2 x)$$ we may define it in terms of the coefficients of the Laurent series development of the hyperbolic (or equivalently, the ordinary) cotangent around zero. If
 * $$\frac{x}{2} \coth \frac{x}{2} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty c_n x^n = 1 + \frac{1}{12} x^2 - \frac{1}{720}x^4 + \cdots$$

then $$F$$ may be defined as
 * $$F(x) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{x^k}{c_{2k}(k-1)!} = 12x - 720x^2 + 15120x^3 - \cdots$$

The values of $$\zeta(2k)$$ approach one for increasing k, and comparing the series for the Riesz function with that for $$x\exp(-x)$$ shows that it defines an entire function. Alternatively, F may be defined as
 * $$ F(x) = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{k^{\overline{k+1}}x^{k}}{B_{2k}}. \ $$

$$n^{\overline{k}}$$ denotes the rising factorial power in the notation of D. E. Knuth and the number $$B_n$$ are the Bernoulli number. The series is one of alternating terms and the function quickly tends to minus infinity for increasingly negative values of $$x$$. Positive values of $$x$$ are more interesting and delicate.

Riesz criterion
It can be shown that

 * $$\operatorname{Riesz}(x) = O(x^e)\qquad (\text{as }x\to\infty)$$

for any exponent $$e$$ larger than $$1/2$$, where this is big O notation; taking values both positive and negative. Riesz showed that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the claim that the above is true for any e larger than $$1/4$$. In the same paper, he added a slightly pessimistic note too: «Je ne sais pas encore decider si cette condition facilitera la vérification de l'hypothèse» ("I can't decide if this condition will facilitate the verification of the hypothesis yet").

Mellin transform of the Riesz function
The Riesz function is related to the Riemann zeta function via its Mellin transform. If we take
 * $${\mathcal M}({\rm Riesz}(z)) = \int_0^\infty {\rm Riesz}(z) z^s \frac{dz}{z}$$

we see that if $$\Re(s)>-1$$ then
 * $$\int_0^1 {\rm Riesz}(z) z^s \frac{dz}{z}$$

converges, whereas from the growth condition we have that if $$\Re(s) < -\frac{1}{2} $$ then
 * $$\int_1^\infty {\rm Riesz}(z) z^s \frac{dz}{z}$$

converges. Putting this together, we see the Mellin transform of the Riesz function is defined on the strip $$-1 < \Re(s) < -\frac12$$. On this strip, we have (cf. Ramanujan's master theorem) $$\frac{\Gamma(s+1)}{\zeta(-2s)} = {\mathcal M}({\rm Riesz}(z)) $$

From the inverse Mellin transform, we now get an expression for the Riesz function, as
 * $${\rm Riesz}(z) = \int_{c - i \infty}^{c+i \infty} \frac{\Gamma(s+1)}{\zeta(-2s)} z^{-s} ds $$

where c is between minus one and minus one-half. If the Riemann hypothesis is true, we can move the line of integration to any value less than minus one-fourth, and hence we get the equivalence between the fourth-root rate of growth for the Riesz function and the Riemann hypothesis.

Calculation of the Riesz function
The Maclaurin series coefficients of $$F$$ increase in absolute value until they reach their maximum at the 40th term of $$-1.753\times 10^{17}$$. By the 109th term they have dropped below one in absolute value. Taking the first 1000 terms suffices to give a very accurate value for $$F(z)$$ for $$|z| < 9$$. However, this would require evaluating a polynomial of degree 1000 either using rational arithmetic with the coefficients of large numerator or denominator, or using floating point computations of over 100 digits. An alternative is to use the inverse Mellin transform defined above and numerically integrate. Neither approach is computationally easy.

Another approach is to use acceleration of convergence. We have
 * $${\rm Riesz}(x) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{k+1}x^k}{(k-1)! \zeta(2k)}.$$

Since $$\zeta(2k)$$ approaches one as k grows larger, the terms of this series approach
 * $$\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{k+1}x^k}{(k-1)!} = x \exp(-x)$$. Indeed, Riesz noted that: $$\ {\sum_{n=1}^\infty {\rm Riesz}(x/n^2) = x \exp(-x)}.$$

Using Kummer's method for accelerating convergence gives
 * $${\rm Riesz}(x) = x \exp(-x) - \sum_{k=1}^\infty \left(\zeta(2k) -1\right) \left(\frac{(-1)^{k+1}}

{(k-1)! \zeta(2k)}\right)x^k$$ with an improved rate of convergence.

Continuing this process leads to a new series for the Riesz function with much better convergence properties:
 * $${\rm Riesz}(x) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{k+1}x^k}{(k-1)! \zeta(2k)}

= \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{k+1}x^k}{(k-1)!} \left(\sum_{n=1}^\infty \mu(n)n^{-2k}\right)$$
 * $$ \sum_{k=1}^\infty \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{k+1}\left(x/n^2\right)^k}{(k-1)!}= x \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\mu(n)}{n^2} \exp\left(-\frac{x}{n^2}\right).$$

Here $$\mu$$ is the Möbius mu function, and the rearrangement of terms is justified by absolute convergence. We may now apply Kummer's method again, and write
 * $${\rm Riesz}(x) = x \left(\frac{6}{\pi^2} + \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\mu(n)}{n^2}\left(\exp\left(-\frac{x}{n^2}\right) - 1\right)\right)$$

the terms of which eventually decrease as the inverse fourth power of $$n$$.

The above series are absolutely convergent everywhere, and hence may be differentiated term by term, leading to the following expression for the derivative of the Riesz function:
 * $${\rm Riesz}'(x) = \frac{\text{Riesz}(x)}{x} - x\left(\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\mu(n)}{n^4} \exp\left(-\frac{x}{n^2}\right)\right)$$

which may be rearranged as
 * $${\rm Riesz}'(x) = \frac{\text{Riesz}(x)}{x} + x\left(-\frac{90}{\pi^4} + \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\mu(n)}{n^4} \left(1-\exp\left(-\frac{x}{n^2}\right)\right)\right).$$

Marek Wolf in assuming the Riemann Hypothesis has shown that for large $$x$$:
 * $${\rm Riesz}(x) \sim K x^{1/4} \sin\left(\phi-\frac{1}{2}\gamma_1\log(x)\right)$$

where $$\gamma_1=14.13472514...$$ is the imaginary part of the first nontrivial zero of the zeta function, $$ K = 7.7750627...\times 10^{-5}$$ and $$\phi=-0.54916...= -31,46447^{\circ}$$. It agrees with the general theorems about zeros of the Riesz function proved in 1964 by Herbert Wilf.

A plot for the range 0 to 50 is given above. So far as it goes, it does not indicate very rapid growth and perhaps bodes well for the truth of the Riemann hypothesis.

Hardy–Littlewood criterion
G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood proved, by similar methods, that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the claim that the following will be true for any exponent $$e$$ larger than $$-1/4$$:
 * $$\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-x)^k}{k! \zeta(2k+1)} = O(x^{e})\qquad (\text{as }x\to\infty).

$$

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Riesz function


text:
Talk:Bitburg

Translation
I placed a request on the translation page to translate the German version of this article as it's got a lot more info on the city than just the Reagan controversy. Ellsworth 21:15, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure that Bitburg has a lot more history than this...
IMHO,this biased article could use some more demographical and historical(pre-World War II)info...Ranma9617 03:58, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Added some historical background. Probably needs more. --Polylerus 19:02, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Year
When did Reagan's visit occur? The date is given but not the year. --Myles Long 18:01, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's there now. Ellsworth 14:41, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Michael Moore
This looks suspicious:

 * When Reagan arrived at the cemetery, Michael Moore and a Jewish friend of his whose parents were at Auschwitz were there with a banner that read "WE CAME FROM MICHIGAN: THEY KILLED MY FAMILY". They were shown on live TV networks across the country.

Is there a source on this? At the time Moore wasn't a national media figure. I'm not saying it didn't happen. Ellsworth 14:41, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

And, even if it happened, I don't see why it should be mentioned here on Wikipedia. Among other things, all polemics against President Reagan, who sure can't be accused of any sympathy for the Nazis, were artfully created by the worst left. - Zorobabele

Please correct
I'm an german Wikipedian from Bitburg and I found a few mistakes or a few things which cold be added. I dont speak English very good. Cold you please add them?
 * When Bitburg was founded, it was on the road between Trier and Köln.
 * Bitburg was build as an castle. The area of the castle is still the centre of the town
 * The air base is not the heart of the city. It is located ca. 3 km away fron the centre. It was built 1965. It is an NATO-Airbase. After ist was closed in 1994, it was changed into an industrial area. At the moment, a few parties try to reopen the aribase as an industiral airport.
 * There is an american housing in Bitburg. Many houses are beeing teared off now, because many american people move to the housing of Spangdahlem. Some people say that the housing of Bitburg is not save enough because there are many public roads around it.

IMO an own article about Ronald Reagans visit can be written. --Oliver Tölkes 10:04, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Picture
Today, I loaded up a picture of Bitburg on Wiki Commons. Can someone please add it to the article? --Oliver Tölkes 09:26, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

"NPOV"
There is much coverage of the reaction to Reagan's visit to Bitburg. Perhaps this section can be condensed.- Gilliam 05:58, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * As far as I could see, there is no other presidential or state visit that gets this much coverage. There are no such events with their own articles in wikipedia, not even the IMO much more significant visit of prime minister Sharon to the Temple mount in September 2000 (see Second Intifada). I suggest someone condenses this section, I'll replace the (IMO not applicable) POV tag with the Shorten tag. Markussep Talk 16:08, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

No, I think this is a very important part Bitburg has played in History, and the article has indepth coverage, which does not adversely affect readability. If you must, move it to a separate topic, but don't condense it. ThumbFinger (talk) 23:57, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I think there are some details in the section that aren't really encyclopedic, and the style of writing is too personal/subjective. No big deal, but I guess someone (you?) should look into it. Markussep Talk 09:31, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

How many SS?
I have also seen sources giving the number of Waffen-SS conscripts buried at the cemetery is 56. Anyone got a definitive answer? Ellsworth 21:23, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Does it matter? The men buried in this cemetery haven't committed any crimes. Just soldiers fighting for their country. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.135.87.111 (talk • contribs).

 * These soldiers also deported and executed Jews. And they hindered Allied soldiers from stoppin the Holocaust.--Carabinieri 12:36, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

You've got no proof whatsoever that any member of the Waffen SS buried at Bitburg was involved in deporting and executing anyone. In a court of law your statement would be thrown out as nonsense as you've got not a shred of eveidence against any one of these men. Maybe you can name them all and list the crimes attributed to each of them alongside. Now that would be interesting. As for the second part of your statement, they hindered allied troops from stopping the Holocaust. I suppose you could argue that every single German soldier/sailor/airman and German civilian for that matter are all guilty because they all hindered the Allied advance. You probably haven't got a clue as to the individual stories and backgrounds of any of the men buried in that cemetery. But you abuse them anyway, just because of their uniform. It's disgusting. And while we're on the topic. It's a pity that they didn't hinder those savages in the Red Army. Maybe not so many German girls would have been raped and murdered by that Communist scum that occupied Eastern Europe for the 40+ years after World War 2. Don't forget the Waffen SS fought and died against Stalin's own Holocaust. But that doesn't matter does it!!.

You are correct. I was stationed at Spangdahlem AB during Regan's visit and attended the presidential visit. Those of us stationed there had no idea what the controversy was about. I personnaly visited the cemetary prior to the President's visit and the only SS graves I noticed were those of young boys, 15, 16, and 17 years old. They all died in the closing days of the war, proving that they were not the hard core SS depicted by the media. More than likely they were comparable to the volksturm; old men and young boys recruited at the end as a last ditch effort to defend their country. I personally knew several German WWII veterans and had respect for these individuals that did as we did - they defended their country in a time of war. I have pictures from my visit in 1985 and will provide them upon request. MSgtUSAFret —Preceding unsigned comment added by MSgtUSAFret (talk • contribs) 18:14, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The true scandal is the Brewahaha made about it. I don't see the same people protesting, when the graveyards of Allied soldiers are visited, even when those buried there belonged to infamous units. 41.151.7.147 (talk) 11:28, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

Proportionality
This, like all other such entries, is supposed to be an article about the city. Instead, it's been conflated with (and overwhelmed by) an account of a highly controversial but brief and relatively minor event that took place there 30 years ago.

The Reagan visit controversy section, at 1,500 words, comprises two-thirds of the 2,300-word Bitburg entry. This is drastically out of proportion, and inappropriate, especially for a town whose history dates from the era of Charlemagne.

While this notable event certainly should be mentioned in the present article, the detail presented here obviously should be packaged in a separate Bitburg Controversy article. This is the case on German WP, where the 1,800-word Bitburg article's history section summarizes the controversy in one paragraph, then links to a separate, 1,300-word entry on the controversy.Sca (talk) 13:40, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

Accordingly, I moved the Bitburg Controversy material to a separate article: Bitburg controversy (1985). Sca (talk) 15:32, 26 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bitburg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Patros

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:11, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Patros
Vanity. Thue | talk 21:23, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete vanity, not yet notable. RJFJR 21:30, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Very notable actually
 * comment was by User:129.173.163.211
 * Delete --Lawlore 23:34, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's your usual high school student vanity. --Idont Havaname 00:18, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * One student using Wikipedia as a publishing medium for a sarcastic attack upon another. Delete. Uncle G 02:38, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 03:24, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Zero web hits for the subject's name, "Patrick Kreidi"; no evidence of leadership in the Montreal Lebanese community besides the vague (and plausibly, as Uncle G suggests, sarcastic) claims in the article. Delete. Samaritan 23:03, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Spinboy 20:46, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Patros


text: User talk:193.198.150.136

title: User talk:193.198.150.136


text:
LBHF

LBHF may refer to:

 * Lagos Black Heritage Festival, an annual event in Lagos which includes the Lagos Carnival
 * London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, a London borough in West London

title: LBHF


text:
Roberto Hernández

Roberto Hernández may refer to:

Sports

 * Roberto Hernandez Jr. (1938–2017), Mexican sportscaster
 * Roberto Hernández (relief pitcher) (born 1964), Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Roberto Hernández (Chilean footballer) (born 1964), Chilean football manager and former defender
 * Roberto Hernández (Mexican footballer) (born 1967), Mexican football manager and former defender
 * Roberto Hernández (Uruguayan footballer) (born 1994), Uruguayan football defender
 * Roberto Hernández (sprinter) (1967–2021), Cuban athlete
 * Roberto Hernández (starting pitcher) (born 1980), Dominican baseball player, formerly known as Fausto Carmona
 * Roberto Hernández (archer) (born 1989), El Salvadoran archer

Others

 * Roberto Hernández Ramírez (born 1942), Mexican businessman
 * Roberto Hernández Vélez, Puerto Rican politician and former mayor of Corozal
 * Roberto Hernández (filmmaker), Mexican filmmaker and lawyer, director of the 2009 documentary Presumed Guilty
 * Roberto Aguilar Hernández (born 1964), Mexican politician

title: Roberto Hernández


text:
Talk:Corpus Juris

I removed some paragraphs making wild claims about habeas corpus and other rights. Since these rights are constitutional or treaty guarantees in all EU countries, the claims are incomprehensible. David.Monniaux 21:26, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Merge
I merged this with Corpus juris and created a redirect. --Eastlaw 07:26, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Corpus Juris


text:
Portal:Biology/Categories

Biology (books) Anatomy - Anthropology - Astrobiology - Biochemistry - Bioengineering - Bioinformatics - Biotechnology - Botany - Cell biology - Conservation biology - Developmental biology - Ecology - Environmental science - Evolutionary biology - Genetics - Mathematical biology - Medicine - Microbiology - Immunology - Molecular biology - Mycology - Neuroscience - Paleontology -  Palynology  Parasitology - Pharmacology - Phylogenetics - Physiology - Systems biology - Taxonomy - Toxicology - Virology - Zoology

Select [►] to view subcategories

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Portal:Biology/Categories


text:
William Jory Henwood

William Jory Henwood FRS (16 January 1805 – 5 August 1875), was a Cornish mining geologist. He was a prolific writer on geological topics, for which he was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London.

Life and career
Henwood was born at Perran Wharf, Cornwall in 1805. In 1822 he commenced work as a clerk in an office of the Perran Foundry, owned by the Fox family of Falmouth, a post previously held by his father, John Henwood. He received some tuition in science at the home of Charles Fox. Henwood soon took an active interest in the working of mines and in the metalliferous deposits. He was funded by the Fox family and local gentry to survey Cornish mines. He developed a theory on how metal lodes had been formed. Unfortunately, he saw Robert Were Fox, who was researching in the same field, as a plagiarist.

In 1832 Henwood was appointed to the office of assay-master and supervisor of tin in the duchy of Cornwall, a post from which he retired in 1838. Meanwhile, he had commenced in 1826 to communicate papers on mining subjects to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, and the Geological Society of London, and in 1840 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1843 he went to take charge of the Gongo Soco mines in Brazil; afterwards he proceeded to India to report on certain metalliferous deposits for the Indian government; and in 1858, impaired in health, he retired and settled at Penzance.

Publications
In 1839 a paper entitled "On the Expansive Action of Steam in some of the Pumping Engines on the Cornish Mines", published in the Philosophical Magazine, won him the Telford Medal in silver.

His most important memoirs on the metalliferous deposits of Cornwall and Devon were published in 1843 by the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. At a much later date he communicated with enlarged experience a second series of Observations on Metalliferous Deposits, and on Subterranean Temperature  (reprinted from Trans. R. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, 2 vols, 1871).

In 1874 he contributed a paper on the Detrital Tin-ore of Cornwall (Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall). The Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London was awarded to him in 1875, and the mineral Henwoodite was named after him.

He was concerned about the conditions of slaves, working in mines, and he published a pamphlet on the subject in 1864, reprinted in volume eight (1871) of the Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.

title: William Jory Henwood


text: User:Sesel/Copyrights

title: User:Sesel/Copyrights


text:
Talk:America's Army/Archive 1

Propaganda
Face the truth and add an article about the propaganda in the game, which is probably the most important reason for the critism against the game and the game faced a lot of critism - which goes unmentioned here. All these superflous weapon and bullets should have a less priority than the propaganda since it's the propaganda why they're there: the game promises to be realistic so it can change the view of people on matters like of real life, like the army of the real life.

"Video Game Propaganda"

http://www-ugs.csusb.edu/honors/02/ResTravis.htm (from a Californian university) (a brilliant article, you should read through it completely)

"Your tax dollars at play U.S. Army gets into the gaming business. You're paying for it." http://money.cnn.com/2002/05/31/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/

(from CNN) (eg.: "[...]From a propaganda perspective, though, the Army has seemingly hit the jackpot. (And the Army readily admits the games are a propaganda device.[...]To deflect criticism, the Army development team has toned down the violence, earning a "T" rating by the Entertainment Software Ratings Board. (A "T" is on par with a "PG" rating for a movie. Games carrying that rating are meant for players ages 13 and older and may contain violent content, mild or strong language, and/or suggestive themes.) Kills in "Operations" are depicted with a puff of red, followed by the enemy falling to the ground. There are no pools of blood or dismemberment, both of which the game engine is more than capable of rendering.[...])

"Recruitment hard drive The US army is the world's biggest games developer, pumping billions into new software. Steve O'Hagan reports on the battle for young thumbs and minds" http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguide/features/story/0,,1242262,00.html

(from The Guardian, a famous British newspaper) "[...]Released in 2002, America's Army (www.americasarmy.com ) was given out at recruitment stations (which frequent US school playgrounds, like predatory ice cream vans) and put on the internet for free download. Essentially a playable piece of PC propaganda, America's Army saw 1.5m downloads in its first six months - the most successful game launch in history.[...]The US army is the biggest games developer at work today. It's channelling around $1.1bn a year of US taxpayers' money to a war chest for software development via its simulations arm (www.peostri.army.mil) and spent $50m setting up its very own LA-based dream factory, the Institute Of Creative Technologies, the Hollywood-linked high-tech research centre behind the Kubrickesquely named Full Spectrum Warrior.[...]These games may be ultra-realistic down to the calibre of the weapons, but when bullets hit flesh, people just crumple serenely in a heap. They're like Tom Clancy novels made into episodes of the A-Team. No blood. No exit wounds. No screams.[...]These two games are not the end of it.[...]US army has a shortfall in recruits, and it knows only young people are dumb enough to sign up - the average age of a US soldier is just 20[...]"

'America's Army' Targets Youth http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20020902&s=hodes20020823 (from the newspaper "The Nation")

"[...]But there is a difference between realistic detail and actual reality, and as a depiction of Army life America's Army is, to say the least, misleading.[...]Players learn, in this army, that war is fun.[...]The "Go Army" button in "Operations" will generate thousands of clicks this year. The game is a good investment. Recruiting each individual soldier typically costs the army $15,000. If 400 new soldiers sign up via this web link, then America's Army will have paid for itself."

Army targets youth with video game http://www.notinourname.net/resources_links/video-game-7nov03.htm

"[...]I don't think people playing these games make a strong correlation between the game and real-world conflict, where real people are doing real important things in real places," says Rob Smith, editor of PC Gamer magazine and a history buff who loves tactical shooters.[...]" (don't forget that those from Gaming magazines know a lot about gaming culture) "[...]One payoff is showing up at the military academy at West Point, he added, where 19 percent of this year's freshman class said they had played " America's Army: Operations".[...]"

revert
If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, do not submit it.

Stop reviving the inbox. It doesn't even provide correct information because it wasn't the US Army who developed the game. It was the MOVES institute who did that provided by instruction by the US army. I even posted the official website of the developers which you deleted thoughtlessly. Also "multiplayer" is incorrect too because you can't play the game online without having played the Single player mode which means training. If you don't like the addition "propaganda" (which is worth mentioning since it's the only fact that made the game famous or rather infamous) and the cause for that game in the inbox, just write another article in the main text instead of deleting it. Besides, round-based team deathmatch IS the game mode of the game. Also I mentioned the correct number of players having played the game at the same time online having checked and compared the accurate details from www.aaotracker.com which saves the stats. The highest number ever had was 4859 which was their record and achieved on 31st May, 2004. When the authentication server is down (should be mentioned in the main article because it forces the user to be tracked) the number of players on the servers is zero. It's worth mentioning because only this number gives accurate information about the number of players. If you don't mention Counter-strike but Rainbow six, you must have misunderstood something because there are only little similarities of Americans army with Rainbow, unlike with CS. Similarities with CS(amongst others): round-based time-limited team-deathmatch in which you pause for the round when dead, in which you can win the round by either accomplishing the objectives or killing all the enemies, in which the terrorist fight the counter-terrorists, which was for free and popular, which was limited to carrying ONE big weapon and ONE pistol and some GRENADES, whose grenades can be SMOKE, EXPLOSION OR FLASHBANG, in which you have to shout a comment when you throw an explosive grenade with other teammembers alive (Fire in the hole!/Frag out!), in which you can chat to the team or to everyone, in which you can't chat when dead, in which you can chat certain audible orders to your teammembers, in which you can exchange your weapon+ammo with weapons+ammo that lie on the ground, in which you don't aim at the enemy automatically, in which you you're on foot, in which there are civilians which you can kill, in which you get punished for killing civilians, in which one team wins when the time is up and in which you hear a spoken comment when won or lost a round, ETC..

Furthermore the number of accounts is inaccurate. Check the main page of America's Army and you'll see 4.2 millions. It's also crucial to say that the number of accounts has nothing to do with the number of players. And as you can see even the newspapers mistook that for the number of players, as the articles for this game show. I also added the " " to make clear it's a name which is necessary. And you can't say " is hard at work trying to catch the cheaters off-guard with mass bannings". 1.it's your own opinion. you don't know if they're really working that hard 2.they don't use mass bannings to catch the cheaters off-guard. They write a script which banishs those who've certain other data than the usualy america's army player has on his hard disk. So I wrote: "tries to find and banish cheaters" which is at least the truth and also a "Neutral point of view". Also hardware bans are just said to cause the victim to replace hardware so he can play again. I know someone who's had a hardware ban but it went away after a month or so, which makes me think it's only for a certain time.

Also it's worth mentioning the advetisement for the game by the US army. Here's the link for the source of two E3 trailers: http://aaotracker.4players.de/thread.php?threadid=7109 There's were also presentations of the game at E3s, one of which even with a military helicopter flying above the public, then landing and letting out some soldiers which pretended to be in a battlefield. To prove how misleading the game can be I noted some aspects. Wrong image of the army you may draw from this game (+ = wrong aspect that gives you an approving view of the army, - = aspect that gives you a disapproving view of the army):

- you're likely to die within (less than) 10minutes in missions (rounds last up to 10minutes, when the rounds ends usually more than 70% of all players are dead) (- bugs in the army (I've never ever played a game that had so many bugs) ) - much hate and insults between team members - training is ineffective (it doesn't really help you solve the missions) (- many cheaters (aimbot, wallhack, devmode, etc.)

+army is full of adventures (you play on various terrains, from desert till snow, the training is short, you'll mainly face missions) +you can do whatever you want in the team (you're not bound to squad formation, you can camp while your team dies alone) +the army would mainly concentrate on you (in the game you seem to be the centre of the universe, you get your own nice sergeant, your own special forces team introducing you to their jobs, they pretend as if you were the only soldier important in the fort) +battles are clear (enemies are easy to distinguish from your troop and from civilians, both your troops and the enemy start at a certain spawn that never changes, you can calculate where and when your enemies come or are present, clear briefing, help of ghosting) +no surprises possible(there are no randomly-created events, no suicide bombers, no mines, you can learn the maps by heart) +civilians act predicatably(there are only few maps with civilians, civilians don't move, they can't be terrorists in disguise) +you only fight terrorists (evilly-looking, armed, attentin-grabbing black males shouting uglily in a different language, fighting you and your like) +you are among the good guys (your objects are honorable, you fight against the destruction of a pipeline, against the aims of our evil terrorists, you escort a vip (counter-strike-copied idea), you destroy the evil) +you're equal to the tests in the army(the tests in the training can be accomplished by 6-year-olds, and even if you're so dumb and fail, you can do it again and again till you pass, mostly there's not even time limit, and if there is, it is totally exaggeratetly high eg. that you can accomplish a test where you're supposed to run through an obstacle course by normally walking) +everybody is nice to you (your personal sergeant greets you with "Good morning, soldier, and welcome to the M16A2 training course...", in the classroom they say "how's it going to you", every dumbest task you accomplish is awarded by "outstanding, soldier", "Hooah!", "good job!" or "great job!". +the runs in the army are easy to solve (no sweat, no gasp, no loss of pace when running for a long time, easy-to-solve time limit) +there are no real punishments for failure (you never have to polish any toilet, they tolerate failure in tests, they never yell at you, there's no military drill, there are no insults against you, they pretend to be your best friends) +the US soldiers all look great (like in advertisement on TV, in contrast to the terrorists, they only show handsome persons, even a woman explaining you the medical training, except for a small majority in the training, you only see white skins around (in the real army you'd face a great proportion of black soldiers, as mostly people from the lower class join the army and blacks mainly belong to it) +the training period is compared to the mission very short (after once accomplishing the little and few training missions, you can spent the rest on action missions, where are the endless pushups?) +the military has a high reputation (they published descriptions on the power and the glory of their forts, of course, skipping over every negative detail) +many people would play the game (they only showed the number of accounts rather the actual number of players on the server which could only reveal the popularity, even the articles I published fell for that, the actual number of players is, despite much advertisement for the game, merely about 1/12 of the number of players playing Counter-strike 1.6 online, which means very low) +there'd be no propaganda in the game (according to the official website and army officials +it would be the only game in which you don't have to kill to accomplish an objective (according to the official website, reality: what about the game they copied that from, called Counterstrike, which wasn't censored because of this very fact?) +everybody is honest and open to you (they flood you with unimportant and for the game irrelevant information on weapons, forts, tanks and jets (you know the kids are crazy about these things) till your mentality is like saying "shut up already, okay, I believe you") +you have to kill (despite the theory which allows to accomplish the objectives rather than kill, it is practically totally unrealistic to do without, neither you nor the terrorist have the possibility to give up) +terrorism could be fought with weapons (reality: it cannot, think tanks even report that the war in Iraq increased terrorism, making a negative contribution to the other war: the war on terror, violence can never be fought with violence) +the moral and enthusiasm of the US army is indestructable (you never see despair in their faces, you always here confidence in their shoutings, emerging even Battlefield as more realistic) +battlefields are clean and proper (some corpses vanish, there's no blood on the walls, there are no death screams or any other screams of pain, or any other kind of gore, emerging even Counter-strike as more realistic) +there's only training or battlefield (reality: there are no real battlefields anymore (compare that to Vietnam or Iraq) +there are no rules how to treat your enemy (no violation of the Geneva Convention punished) +in wars, there's fairness (there's no guerilla, there's no mines, there's traps, there's no bombs, there's no enemy in disguise, no kidnappings, no suicide bombers) +special forces are totally educated (in the game they speak 4languages perfectly, are experts in ten extensive and interesting military ranges, are the best soldiers in the world and all wan to tell you what they can like you were more important) +you are the most important member in the army (you arrive as the last soldier to the lectures, you have your own sergeant, everything focuses on you, even our nice special forces are happy that you care about them) +there is no military drill in the army (not included, everybody is nice, happy about their lives and happy to meet you, where's the harassment in the military??) +death isn't that horrible (neither gore nor screams and you are even allowed to chat and spectate other players till the round is over, after the round is over, you live again) +playing that game or joining the army would be honorable (a number in front of your name that the longer you play the game the more it increases is called "Honor" ** indicating the addiction for the game, reality: addiction isn't honorable but weak) +you can't get deaf forever (after an explosion happened close to you, you'll hear again in some seconds) +you can quit whenever you want to(you can quit the game whenever you want to) +after joining the army, you could be whatever you want to be (rifleman, squadleader, fireteamleader, sniper, special force,...) +after joining the army, you'd be more worth than anyone else (you get a nice but pointless little icon next to your name indicating that you're in the army) +there'd be democracy in the army (you even can initiate a vote to kick your squadleader if you want) +you could insult anyone you want (reality: try insulting your little bossy drill sergeant for example) +you know as much about the terrain as your enemy (reality: since the US army usually attacks in other countries, the other soldiers usually know more about the terrain) ETC. (I'm sure you could find many more)

The game can only mislead by contending to be realistic and this is what it does: For example:"Where do you think Americas Army will go in the future? TechnoloG: Our goal is to continue implementing America's Army to push the limits of current gaming technology while staying true to representing the U.S. Army. We are constantly trying balance our design goals between realism and fun. ... read more in the thread" REPRESENTING THE US ARMY

Also replace this picture of america's army. It is an official which gives the question if it's under copyright and it's no real screenshot because there are no screen elements (like HUD, or "Spectating"). The screenshot itself might even be described as propaganda because it doesn't give a balanced picture of the game. The fact that you see sunrises is what appears in many military sites as well. The sunrise creates a certain atmosphere of untouchedness, innocence and new. If you want a balanced picture add your own. It should be of the map that is played most (sf_hospital I guess), it should depict the weapon most people see (Rifleman), it should be at a playerspawn because that's the place that is most seen. You should be alive then and you should see other soldiers. You should see the average number of players, you usually see. That would present reality the most.

I won't write anything on propaganda but translate additional parts of the German version of wikipedia's America's Army article. The Counter-Strike article is one of the articles that we are told by wikipedia to base our other game articles on. Counter-Strike is even the game's closesed realative so the screenshot showed there is what this article's one should look like. It shows the map played most of the times (de_dust). It depicts the weapon that is bought most (desert eagle) and the player is close to the player spawn. Being disputable if the aao picture (which is not even a real screenshot) is protected under copyright or "PD-USGOV" is another reason why I think it should be replaced by a real one. Nightbeast Nov 29

Rainbow six doesn't mean anything here. You can compare AAO with a lot of other games only depending in what way. You can compare it with graphics,weapons, votekick, gameplay, sound, maps, objectives, to other games.... anything. So why compare it to Rainbow Six? Why pick one of those things capriciously? You could just as well say: Since it has the same engine, it is pretty much like Unreal Tournament. But it's irrelevant as well. It's most in common with CS and that's all that is to say. Well, anyway I'll leave it at comparison with rainbow six.

 * Realism is what makes this game a tactical shooter. Counterstrike is usually not refered to as a tactical shooter. Only when the game is played online and actual tactics come into play is it refered to this. See the article and play Rainbow Six then come back and tell me that AA is more like Counterstrike than it is Rainbow Six. K1Bond007 00:40, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

I've played it over a year and stopped with 60 Honor. So I think I know something about the Culture which is just the same as in Counter-strike (which I played for two years). The only reason why it was removed was because it doesn't only show aao in a positive light, too bad. Bad it's crucial to mention BOTH positive aspects AND NEGATIVE. PROPAGANDA IS NOT SUBJECTIVE!! It is a definition. It is "a specific type of message presentation, aimed at serving an agenda. Even if the message conveys true information, it may be partisan and fail to paint a complete and balanced picture." America's Army's main agenda is to increase recruiting, create a positive image of the army and also to create a positive image of the US politics itself (political proganda. For example the US soldier in the game ALWAYS fight for a good cause. They always fight against terrorists and are supported by the natives. They fight against terrorism and their supposedly evil aims. They don't fight against furious civilians or little children with weapons) The advertisement for the US Army resembles usual TV advertisement. Gorgeous people are in the US army. Ugly people are on the other side, (in versions up to 1.7 it was more extreme: ugly aggressive-looking skinheads for example). And as you belong to the gorgeous guys as a player, everyone is nice to you to pretend your life is much better there. In the history pages of the game, there are no scandals, suicides, crimes or anything else negative mentioned. The army is glorified in every aspect. And to make sure the player believes this is how the real army is, the contend that it "represents the real army" and try to combine irrelevant details from reality to the game. They flood the player with hundreds of details of weapons, military bases, US army units etc. till the player gives up being critical and starts believe it's the truth. The entire purpose of the training levels is to do just that. The training itself is totally ineffective for the player with regard to performance for the rest of the game (it doesn't even teach how to run. I had to ask another player online to get to know that). But the game would never mention the low money a soldier earns (and it is low, half of what the British army earns or so I've heard) or anything negative against the army. If I still haven't convinced you, look at wrong picture it creates (the misleading aspects of the game mentioned above. And if that can't convince you, think about this: why did the game cause worldwide indignation and ethical debates if it's not because propaganda entered computer games? why is there an objective article by an university writing about America's Army as video game propaganda? why did it remain after checking for further basis for people? why has never been mentioned in any professional source that there's controversy if it's propaganda or not? why does CNN even say the army "readily admits it's propaganda"? why doesn't even the army deny it is propaganda? (I searched extensively for what the army has to say to this allegation of propaganda: nothing) why do many sources speak of it as "the world's best propaganda game and the best recruitment scheme since the Nazi threat in World War II"?

and if you still don't believe it is propaganda: why do you delude yourself or do you just pretend you don't believe it because you don't want this fact mentioned in the article because it could include the negative side of the game and be objective? But I begin to understand why you want this "screenshot" (which is not a screenshot) included: it looks good and could advertise for this game, although it is different from how the screenshots should look like. I mean real screenshots. The CS article is how we're supposed to do it.Nightbeast 16:22, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) I've just found another source which could be used in this article as well. http://artcontext.org/crit/essays/noQuarter/ Nightbeast 17:37, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

That's funny, really. You say it's advertisement but deny it's propaganda! Read through Wikipedia's article on propaganda and look at the examples. By the way, America's Army is an example there too. Funny, huh? And by the way, it DOES have a message "Join me!" or for those from abroad: "Have sympathy for me!". And to the editorial things: what about the research paper? Do you know what an university is? Is that article POV? Do you know what .edu means? If America's Army is not defined by the word propaganda, nothing is. And read through what I posted. No, I can't give you any statement by the army... HoW?!! Is Macdonalds advertisement no advertisement because they didnt say it is? And if the CNN guy says "the army readily admits", prove it's a lie. BTW why should the army publicly say it's propaganda? So that everybody knows? Nightbeast 23:23, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

No sorry, that's just a wikipedian change. The actual article which is NPOV doesn't include the last line. You don't say "recruiting advertising". Propaganda means the same as in German or the Oxfor dictionary along with others just lie..Nightbeast 22:29, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thirdly, the university article calls America's Army propaganda, and I disagree. It's that simple! Also, universities don't have NPOV policies, and neither do history books or dictionaries. They could very well be POV, and I think this university article must be.

They don't publish POV article on "research paper", but if you can disprove that, go ahead. I just hope you don't only write I disagree in your English essays, do you? Nightbeast 22:14, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * As for CNN, I see where you SAY CNN said that the army admits it is propaganda, but I can't find a SOURCE. Your words aren't a source - I require independent verification. Andre ( talk )A| 21:56, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

search again for it and click on the link two lines above written by Morris, "Morris is director of content development for CNN/Money."Nightbeast 22:29, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

oh indirectly aao manipulates the fact too, you should read my "misleading statesment".

no, to disprove you donm't need two people, you need an argument. The statement "it's POV" must be based on arguments, saying two people think it is, means nothing. an editorial doesn't mean it's a lie. it means there's an own opinion. and if he claims the army "readily admits" it's propaganda, then I've got a goddamn authority argument while you have nothing. "Because of its portrayal of the U.S. Army and its political aims". What are you trying to say??? The main NPOV artice about propganda where wikipedia got almost everything from defines America's Army as propagandaNightbeast 22:52, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Well, of course it doesn't create a complete and balanced picture. You can go through all the points above (not everyone opinionless, and you'll see that it doesn't create a balanced picture. To do that, it would also be necessary how the "enemy" considers his and the army's objectives. And several points more. Is it a feeling that the Geneva Convention is neglected ALTHOUGH THE DEVELOPERS CLAIM THAT "players are bound by the laws of land warfare"? Is it a feeling that there are only very few civilians included? Is it a feeling that there are no randomly-created events, no suicide bombers, no mines? Is it a feeling that everybody says nice things to you? Is it a feeling that there's no harassment in the army? Strangely a documentary on tv claims there is in the US army.

 * I don't lie. Speaking of painting a balanced picture, wheres the information on MILES? It's funny how the word "balance" is getting tossed around, but the majority that is posted is negative and one of the biggest parts of the game is missing. K1Bond007 23:58, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

what the hell is MILES?? anyway post something of that if it's really so important. hmm. are you talking of that training thing laser part to beep enemies down? Oh I see. Yes, that's worth mentioning too even though only few players play these maps (I liked that map in which you're in a cornfield though).

Understand this: a feeling is something subjective and is often not true. A fact is something necessarily true. If you devaluate facts as feelings, it's POV.

title: Talk:America's Army/Archive 1


text:
Faure Gnassingbé

Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé (born 6 June 1966 ) is a Togolese politician who has been the president of Togo since 2005. Before assuming the presidency, he was appointed by his father, President Gnassingbé Eyadéma, as Minister of Equipment, Mines, Posts, and Telecommunications, serving from 2003 to 2005.

Following President Eyadéma's death in 2005, Gnassingbé was immediately installed as president with support from the army. Doubts regarding the constitutional legitimacy of the succession led to heavy regional pressure being placed on Gnassingbé, and he subsequently resigned on 25 February. He then won a controversial presidential election on 24 April 2005, and was sworn in as president. Gnassingbé was re-elected for a second term in 2010.

In the April 2015 presidential election, Gnassingbé won a third term, defeating his main challenger, Jean-Pierre Fabre, by a margin of about 59% to 35%, according to official results. In the February 2020 presidential elections, Gnassingbé won his fourth presidential term in office as the president of Togo. According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister Agbeyome Kodjo who had 18%. The legitimacy of elections in Togo is widely disputed.

Background
Born in Afagnan in Lacs Prefecture where his mother gave birth to him at the Hospital of the Brothers of the Order of Saint-Jean-de-Dieu d'Afagnan, Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé is of Kabye descent and is one of Gnassingbé Eyadéma's many children; his mother is Séna Sabine Mensah. Gnassingbé received his secondary education in Lomé before studying in Paris at the Université Paris-Dauphine, where he received a degree in financial business management; he subsequently obtained a Master of Business Administration degree from The George Washington University in the United States. He was elected to the National Assembly of Togo in the October 2002 parliamentary election as a Deputy for Blitta, and in the National Assembly he was coordinator of the commission in charge of privatization. On July 29, 2003, he was appointed as Minister of Equipment, Mines, Posts, and Telecommunications, serving in that position until becoming president in February 2005.

Some in the opposition claimed that the amendment of the Constitution in December 2002, lowering the minimum age for the president from 45 years to 35 years, was intended to benefit Gnassingbé. His appointment to the government in July 2003 came after he had already been appearing with his father at official functions and contributed to speculation that he was intended as his father's successor.

Presidency (2005–present)
Eyadéma died suddenly on February 5, 2005. According to the Togolese Constitution, after the president's death, the president of the National Assembly should become acting president. At the time of Eyadéma's death, National Assembly President Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba was out of the country, and Gnassingbé was sworn in as acting president to "ensure stability". Many believe that Natchaba did not want to come back to Togo due to fears of assassination by the Gnassingbé clan. The army wanted him to resign his position and allow Gnassingbé to legally take over. The African Union denounced Gnassingbé's assumption of power as a military coup.

Legitimacy

A day after his father's death, the National Assembly received clear instructions to dismiss Natchaba and elect Gnassingbé in his place, which would legalize his succession, which took place on 6 February 2005. Gnassingbé's election was unanimously approved by the deputies (98% of them were members of the ruling party) who were present in the National Assembly at the time; the opposition was not represented in the National Assembly due to its boycott of the 2002 parliamentary election. The members of Gnassingbé's party did not want to challenge the army's choice. The parliament also eliminated a constitutional requirement that elections be held within 60 days of the president's death, enabling the younger Gnassingbé to rule until the expiration of his father's term in 2008.

Under pressure from others in the region, and particularly Nigeria, later in February 2005 Gnassingbé announced that new elections would be held within 60 days, but said that he would remain in office in the meantime. However, on February 21, the National Assembly reversed some of the constitutional changes that it had made so as to allow Gnassingbé to assume power, although it did not instruct him to resign. This was construed as a way of pressuring him to stand down with dignity. To change the constitution during a period of transition was itself an unconstitutional act, but this did not deter Gnassingbé's allies. On February 25, Gnassingbé was nominated by delegates of the ruling party, the Rally for the Togolese People, as the party's presidential candidate. He was also chosen as head of the party. Shortly afterwards, he announced that he would step down as president during the interim period. Bonfoh Abass was appointed by the National Assembly to replace him until the election on April 24, 2005. Bonfoh was considered by some to be a puppet of the military elite and the Gnassingbé family. Gnassingbé competed with the main opposition candidate, Emmanuel Bob-Akitani, a retired engineer of the state-owned mining company and the second most important person in the opposition coalition after Gilchrist Olympio. Olympio could not take part in the election, since the constitution required that any candidate must have lived for at least 12 months in Togo, and Olympio had been in self-imposed exile for fear that he would be murdered by the Eyadema clan like his father.

In the election, Gnassingbé received slightly more than 60% of the votes, according to official results. The RPT refused to allow oversight during the counting of the ballots. The EU and the Carter Center deemed the elections to be fraudulent. Mass protests by the coalition of opposition parties led to the killing of over 1,000 citizens by security forces. 40,000 refugees fled to neighboring Benin and Ghana.

Corruption
The phosphates sector – accounting for 40% of export revenues – is managed at the office of the president, and Abdi Latif Dahir, based on the Panama Papers, stated that contracts and permits to manage the sector are sold to benefit the president.

Economic and fiscal policy
Since improving the Economy of Togo he has mobilized 12 billion 860 million CFA francs in order for construction of National No.2. He also reconstructed the nations infrastructure by progressing steps with the Togblécopé and Amakpapé bridges being completed. In which is why he had an agenda to develop the country in where he announced in Belgium.

Protests and term limit
In 2019, the Parliament of Togo approved a new bill that allowed Gnassingbé to stay in office until 2030. Despite that many protests took place in the streets calling for the end of the dynasty ruling for 50+ years.

Foreign relations
He also met with Grand Master of the Sovereign Order of Malta in where they talked about humanitarianism and that Gnassingbé has improved it in his presidency.

Meanwhile in 2010 Gnassingbé and the Prime Minister of Japan Yukio Hatoyama met with each other with Hatoyama congratulating Gnassingbé for winning the election results. Gnassingbé later met Fumio Kishida in the Japan-Togo summit meeting where Kishida expressed his support for Gnassingbé for visiting the funeral of Shinzo Abe. In response, President Gnassingbe conveyed his sincere condolences to former Prime Minister. They would also talk about their good relations with each other and how Japan was going to reinforce its relationship.

title: Faure Gnassingbé


text: Category:Geometric shapes

title: Category:Geometric shapes


text:
T-70

The T-70 is a light tank used by the Red Army during World War II, replacing both the T-60 scout tank for reconnaissance and the T-50 light infantry tank for infantry support. The T-80 light tank was a more advanced version of the T-70 with a two-man turret—it was produced only in very small numbers when light tank production was abandoned. The T-90 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun was a prototype vehicle with twin machine guns, based on the T-70 chassis.

The T-70 was armed with a 45-mm L/46 gun Model 38 with forty-five rounds carried, and a coaxial 7.62-mm DT machine gun. The tank was operated by a driver and a commander who loaded and fired the gun. Armour thickness on the turret front was 60 mm, turret sides and rear: 35 mm, hull front and sides: 45 mm, roof and bottom: 10 mm.

Production history

By 1942, light tanks were considered inadequate by the Red Army, unable to keep up with the T-34 medium tank and unable to penetrate the armour of most German tanks, but they could be produced by small factories that were unable to handle the large components of medium and heavy tanks. The T-70 was an attempt to remedy some of the shortcomings of the T-60 scout tank, which had very poor cross-country mobility, thin armour, and an inadequate 20-mm gun. It also replaced the very short production run of the T-50 light infantry tank, which was more sophisticated, but also much more complicated and expensive to produce.

The T-70 was designed by Nicholas Astrov's design team at Factory No. 38 in Kirov.

The first batch of T-70s were built with a GAZ-202 automotive engine on each side of the hull, one driving each track. This arrangement was seen to be a serious problem, even before the first tanks were issued. It was quickly redesigned as the T-70M (although it continued to be referred to as just T-70), with the engines in-line on the right side of the tank and a normal transmission and differential. The conical turret was replaced by one more easily welded out of plate armour, and moved to the left side of the hull.

Curiously, even after the T-70's production line was redesigned, SU-76 self-propelled guns started to be built with the same unsatisfactory unsynchronized two-engine layout, and all of them were later recalled for factory rebuilding as SU-76Ms.

T-70s were put into production in March 1942 at Zavod No. 37, and along with T-60 production at GAZ and Zavod No. 38. They completely replaced T-60 production in September 1942, although that tank remained in use until the end of the war. Production ended in October 1943, with 8,226 vehicles completed.

In April 1942, the conical turrets on early-production machines were replaced with new welded turrets. The end of the T-70's production run was built with two 85-hp GAZ-203 engines, a Mark 4 commander's periscope replacing a vision slit, and other improvements.

The T-70 remained in service until 1948.

Decline of light tanks

The one-man turret of the Soviet light tanks made co-ordinating a tank platoon nearly impossible, because the commanders were kept busy acquiring targets, loading and firing the main gun and machine gun, and commanding their drivers.

The infantry tank role was already considered obsolete. The SU-76 self-propelled gun was better suited for infantry support, its 76.2-mm gun capable of firing a larger high explosive shell. Industrial resources could be redirected from light tanks to building SU-76s.

In an attempt to compensate, the T-80 light tank was designed, a more robust version of the T-70 with a two-man turret. But there was enough lend-lease equipment available to fulfill the reconnaissance role of the light tanks, and armoured cars were better suited for light scouting and liaison. All light tank production was cancelled in October 1943, after only about 120 T-80s were built. No further light tanks would be built during the war.

In November 1943 Red Army tank units were reorganized: light tanks were replaced by the T-34 and the new T-34-85 variant, which started production the following month. Light tanks continued to be used in self-propelled artillery and some other units.

The Soviets did start development work on an amphibious light tank in 1945, resulting in the post-war PT-76, introduced in 1954.

Variants

 * SU-76 self-propelled gun: tank destroyer with a 76mm ZiS-3 cannon mounted on a modified T-70 chassis.
 * T-90 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun: the Soviet Union lacked tracked, armoured self-propelled anti-aircraft guns at the beginning of World War II. The first serious design of a real air-defence vehicle was in 1942, when a twin 12.7 mm DShK machine gun turret with optical sights was built for mounting on the T-60 scout tank. The T-70 became available in the meantime, and was adopted as the basis for the T-90 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. The program was cancelled in 1943, in favour of the ZSU-37 37 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, built on an SU-76 chassis. The ZSU-37 used the cannon developed for the M1939 towed carriage.
 * ZUT-37: prototype anti-aircraft tank armed with a Sh-37 cannon. The tank passed field tests but was not accepted into production.

title: T-70