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Bart Wellens

Bart Wellens (born 10 August 1978) is a Belgian former professional cyclo-cross and road cyclist. He now works as the team manager of UCI Cyclo-cross Team.

Career
Wellens was born in Vorselaar. In the Under 23 category, Wellens battled Sven Nys. Wellens won the Under 23 Belgian championships in 1997 beating Nys while Nys got revenge at the UCI Under 23 World Cyclo-Cross championships a month later. Wellens had to settle for second place. The following year Wellens again finished second to Nys at the World Championships. Nys then left the category and Wellens became the Under 23 World Champion for two years in a row. Wellens turned professional in 2000 with the Spaar Select team. In 2002/03 season, Wellens won the World Cup and then won the Elite World Championships.

In the following season 2003/04 he dominated the sport and beat rival Sven Nys in both the Gazet van Antwerpen and the Superprestige series. Wellens also beat Nys to become Belgian champion and as defending champion Wellens retained his World title after narrowly winning a sprint against Mario De Clercq. With these wins together with a third place overall in the World Cup, Wellens was very close to being the first cyclist to win the Grand Slam of cyclo-cross. Entering the final World Cup event where there were double points on offer, Wellens needed to win or that place in the top five ahead of Nys. However, in the end it was Richard Groenendaal who won the race and took the World Cup lead. Wellens could not compete in the final events of the Superprestige and the Gazet van Antwerpen due to injury, despite having already won both classifications.

Wellens started the 2004/05 season as World Champion but the season started poorly with a lack of form followed by injury. However his form returned toward the end of the season where he won the Grand Prix Rouwmoer in Essen, a Gazet van Antwerpen race.

In the 2005 edition of the Vlaamse Druivenveldrit Overijse, Wellens kicked a spectator who was allegedly throwing beer at him. Wellens went on to win the event after Boom slipped in the final lap and initially was awarded the win despite the threat of disqualification. Several days later after a meeting of the three race commissionaires and the UCI, Wellens was disqualified and Boom was awarded the win. Later Wellens was served with a ban from racing during the first month (September) of the following season (2006/07).

Personal life
His younger brother Geert also competed professionally as a cyclist, including a year with his brother. He starred in the reality television series Wellens en Wee on Flemish TV-channel VT4. In this series, Wellens together with his parents, Lucien and Wiske, and his other teammates were shown in their daily lives and preparations for the weekend races.

Road

 * 2008
 * 1st Stage 1 Volta a Lleida

 * 2010
 * 4th Overall Czech Cycling Tour

Cyclo-cross

 * 1995–1996
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG National Junior Championships

 * 1996–1997
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG National Under-23 Championships
 * 2nd Silver medal blank.svg UCI World Under-23 Championships

 * 1997–1998
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG National Under-23 Championships
 * 2nd Silver medal blank.svg UCI World Under-23 Championships
 * Superprestige
 * 3rd Gieten

 * 1998–1999
 * 1st Jersey rainbow.svg UCI World Under-23 Championships
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG National Under-23 Championships
 * 2nd Overall Superprestige
 * 1st Hoogstraten
 * 2nd Diegem
 * 3rd Gavere
 * 3rd Gieten
 * 3rd Overijse
 * 3rd Surhuisterveen
 * UCI World Cup
 * 2nd Koksijde

 * 1999–2000
 * 1st Jersey rainbow.svg UCI World Under-23 Championships
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG National Under-23 Championships
 * UCI World Cup
 * 1st Kalmthout
 * Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Essen
 * 2nd Rijkevorsel
 * 2nd Lille
 * 2nd Oostmalle
 * Superprestige
 * 2nd Hoogstraten
 * 2nd Surhuisterveen
 * 3rd Silvelle

 * 2000–2001
 * 2nd Overall UCI World Cup
 * 1st Tábor
 * 2nd Bergamo
 * 3rd Heusden-Zolder
 * 2nd Overall Superprestige
 * 1st Harnes
 * 2nd Ruddervorde
 * 2nd Gieten
 * 3rd Sint-Michielsgestel
 * 2nd Loenhout
 * 3rd Overall Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Oostmalle
 * 2nd Lille
 * 3rd National Championships

 * 2001–2002
 * 1st Ardooie
 * 1st Contern
 * 1st Vossem
 * 1st Woerden
 * 2nd Eeklo
 * 2nd Veldegem
 * 3rd Overall Superprestige
 * 1st Ruddervorde
 * 2nd Gieten
 * 3rd Sint-Michielsgestel
 * 3rd Vorselaar
 * 3rd Overall Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Kalmthout
 * 1st Lille
 * 3rd Niel
 * 3rd Overall UCI World Cup
 * 2nd Monopoli
 * 2nd Igorre
 * 3rd Heerlen

 * 2002–2003
 * 1st Jersey rainbow.svg UCI World Championships
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall UCI World Cup
 * 1st Frankfurt
 * 1st Wetzikon
 * 2nd Hoogerheide
 * 3rd Liévin
 * 1st Eeklo
 * 1st Overijse
 * 1st Tábor
 * 2nd Overall Superprestige
 * 1st Gavere
 * 1st Vorselaar
 * 2nd Gieten
 * 3rd Sint-Michielsgestel
 * 3rd Hoogstraten
 * 3rd Harnes
 * 2nd Overall Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Niel
 * 2nd Essen
 * 2nd Lille
 * 2nd Oostmalle
 * 3rd Koppenbergcross
 * 2nd Hamme
 * 2nd Woerden
 * 2nd Zonnebeke
 * 3rd National Championships
 * 3rd Eernegem

 * 2003–2004
 * 1st Jersey rainbow.svg UCI World Championships
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG National Championships
 * 1st Overall Superprestige
 * 1st Ruddervorde
 * 1st Gavere
 * 1st Gieten
 * 1st Diegem
 * 2nd Sint-Michielsgestel
 * 2nd Harnes
 * 3rd Hoogstraten
 * 1st Overall Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Koppenbergcross
 * 1st Niel
 * 1st Kalmthout
 * 1st Essen
 * 1st Loenhout
 * 1st Dottenijs
 * 1st Harderwijk
 * 1st Hooglede
 * 1st Milan
 * 1st Overijse
 * 1st Surhuisterveen
 * 1st Vossem
 * 1st Woerden
 * 2nd Middelkerke
 * 3rd Overall UCI World Cup
 * 1st Nommay
 * 2nd Torino
 * 2nd Wetzikon
 * 3rd Eernegem

 * 2004–2005
 * Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Essen
 * 2nd Baal
 * Superprestige
 * 2nd Gieten
 * 2nd Vorselaar
 * 2nd Heerlen

 * 2005–2006
 * UCI World Cup
 * 1st Igorre
 * 2nd Kalmthout
 * 3rd Wetzikon
 * 1st Ardooie
 * 1st Dottenijs
 * 1st Erpe-Mere
 * 1st Neerpelt
 * 2nd Overall Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Essen
 * 2nd Koppenbergcross
 * 3rd Niel
 * 2nd Silver medal blank.svg UCI World Championships
 * 3rd Overall Superprestige
 * 1st Ruddervorde
 * 1st Sint-Michielsgestel
 * 2nd Hamme
 * 3rd Vorselaar
 * 3rd National Championships
 * 3rd Eeklo

 * 2006–2007
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG National Championships
 * 1st Lebbeke
 * 1st Middelkerke
 * 1st Veghel-Eerde
 * 2nd Overall UCI World Cup
 * 1st Milan
 * 2nd Aigle
 * 2nd Tábor
 * 2nd Koksijde
 * 2nd Igorre
 * 2nd Nommay
 * 2nd Neerpelt
 * Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Niel
 * 2nd Hasselt
 * 2nd Essen
 * 3rd Overall Superprestige
 * 2nd Hamme
 * 2nd Diegem
 * 3rd Ruddervorde

 * 2007–2008
 * 1st Zonhoven
 * 1st Zonnebeke
 * 2nd Overall Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Niel
 * 2nd Oostmalle
 * 2nd Lille
 * 2nd Hasselt
 * 2nd Koppenbergcross
 * UCI World Cup
 * 2nd Pijnacker
 * 2nd Igorre
 * 2nd Hofstade
 * 2nd Liévin
 * 2nd Hoogerheide
 * 2nd Overall Superprestige
 * 3rd Ruddervorde
 * 3rd Hamme
 * 3rd Gavere
 * 3rd Veghel-Eerde
 * 2nd National Championships
 * 2nd Eeklo
 * 2nd Overijse
 * 3rd Antwerpen
 * 3rd Ardooie
 * 3rd Dottenijs
 * 3rd Harderwijk
 * 3rd Neerpelt

 * 2008–2009
 * 1st Asteasu
 * 1st Sint-Niklaas
 * 2nd Overall Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Hasselt
 * 3rd Lille
 * 2nd Overall UCI World Cup
 * 3rd Nommay
 * 2nd Lebbeke
 * 2nd Neerpelt
 * 2nd Sint-Michielsgestel
 * 3rd Overall Superprestige
 * 2nd Gieten
 * 2nd Gavere
 * 3rd Hamme
 * 3rd Hoogstraten
 * 3rd Maldegem
 * 3rd Mechelen

 * 2009–2010
 * Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Oostmalle
 * 1st Eeklo
 * 3rd Maldegem
 * 3rd Zonnebeke

 * 2010–2011
 * 1st Cauberg
 * 2nd National Championships
 * UCI World Cup
 * 3rd Heusden-Zolder
 * Superprestige
 * 3rd Middelkerke
 * Fidea Classics
 * 3rd Niel

 * 2011–2012
 * Gazet van Antwerpen
 * 1st Essen
 * 3rd Baal
 * 1st Issaquah
 * 1st Redmond
 * 1st Sun Prairie Day 2
 * 2nd Kalmthout
 * 2nd Sun Prairie Day 1

 * 2012–2013
 * 1st Maldegem
 * 2nd Otegem
 * 2nd Woerden
 * Superprestige
 * 3rd Gavere

 * 2013–2014
 * 3rd National Championships

title: Bart Wellens


text:
File:Doom3 roebox.jpg

Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil box art. Source:

Rationale
It is believed that the use of this image qualifies as fair use in the article Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil because:

 * id Software has released no such images into the public domain, and a replacement image could not be created that would adequately provide the same information
 * The image is being used for no purpose other than to identify the subject of the article
 * The image resolution has been significantly decreased from the original, so copies made from it would be of inferior quality
 * The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibits its salability in any way

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Doom3 roebox.jpg


text:
Talk:Cardioid

Definition of parameter t
I believe that the definition of the parameter t in the Equations section may be incorrect. I think t should the (radian) angle from the x-axis to the line from the origin going through the centre of the rolling circle. I could easily derive the given parametric equations for x and y using this definition, whereas I got nowhere using the given definition: "t is the angle at the origin from the horizontal axis to the ray to a point on the cardioid." Robedavi42 (talk) 18:06, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

Move the graph to the top?
 * - seconded

Huh?? Why move a chunk of page content off to a subpage? Dysprosia 01:27, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * See WikiProject Mathematics/Proofs. -- Jitse Niesen 11:33, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

Pear?
I'm no geometer, but it looks like the cross-section of a globe tomato to me.

It's a butt... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.238.88.87 (talk) 08:49, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Plums are almost always an oval shape. Peaches and apples are much closer to the shape than plums. Apples though are usually round and match the shape perfectly, especially so if they are the sweeter ones that supermarkets sell and people like to eat. Apples are the only decent fit when the cardioid is three dimensions because there is no groove in them (peaches and plums have a groove from top to bottom.)

Tomatoes don't tend to have a stalk recessed into the fruit. Cherries do but they aren't always round and people think of them in pairs.Scottonsocks (talk) 03:57, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Images
I do not understand how the images can be understood - what are x and y? --Abdull 16:11, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The Equations section describes x and y in terms of theta. --Jevon 20:39, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The equations express the rectangular coordinates of the curve, x and y, in terms of a parameter theta. That is, for each value of theta, compute x(theta) and y(theta), and plot the point (x,y) measured x units to the right of the y axis, and y units above the x axis (other direction for negatives).  The set of all such points makes the curve shown in the image.  So, x and y are just numbers to describe the location of a point on a curve. Dicklyon 22:25, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The other way to understand the images is to ignore x and y, and just look at rho (radius) and theta. At each angle theta measured from the positive x axis, compute the radius rho and put a point that far from the origin.  At 180 degrees, the formula 1+cos(theta) gives zero, so you get a point at the origin, which is the cusp.  By displacing theta, or using sin instead of cosine, the whole picture just rotates around that cusp. Dicklyon 22:29, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

IMHO it should be merged with/into Heart (Symbol)
IMHO it should be merged with/into Heart (Symbol) --Wulf 03:17, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Absolutely not. Read the article. The two shapes are not the same. Dysprosia 03:23, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That's almost as bad as calling a trapezoid a squashed square. --ssd 07:14, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Whaddaya mean? A squashed square is a great explanation to start out with. It is something easily recognizable from kindergarten.  You must begin somewhere recognizable and advance once the audience comprehends. I love all the images: Coffee cup, Spirograph(TM), Apple with grid, Apple with microphone stem.  That moving Spirograph was great, plus being near the top! It instantly lets reader know. A picture's worth 1000 words. They can rest after that. Kristinwt (talk) 18:03, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

If you want to know r=4*sin-1((sin(O/2)(3/2))) graphs a better "love heart" shape [Matthew Schimpf 7:15 11 March 2009] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.221.2.176 (talk) 10:17, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

The caustic seen at the bottom of a coffee cup
It's a nephroid. I have solved this problem. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.2.80.109 (talk) 11:49, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
 * As the article states, it may be a cardioid, and it may be a nephroid. It depends on the angle of the light rays relative to the bottom of the cup. Cheers, Doctormatt 17:58, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Merge with Cardioid/Proofs
It should be possible to simplify and summarize the material in Cardioid/Proofs so that it can be merged into the main article. In addition, the article name 'Cardioid/Proofs' does not conform to Wikipedia naming conventions. Therefore I propose that the other article be merged with this article.--RDBury (talk) 04:59, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Frankly, I'm not convinced that any of the material in Cardioid/Proofs is worth including in the main article. The results proved there seem simple enough that they could easily be stated without proof, and adding any portion of those derivations here would clutter up the article. Jim (talk) 07:31, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree for the most part and I'll go through the proofs article with a critical eye before doing a merge.--RDBury (talk) 07:13, 14 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and did the merge. I took some parts of the page in very summarized and altered form to add to the main article without disturbing the prose style. The old page is still there with the history so it can be restored if someone objects strongly.--RDBury (talk) 08:22, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Are the parametric equations correct?
Other sources give them as:

x = a cos t (1 - cos t) y= a sin t (1 - cos t)

These are not equivalent to those shown in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.179.4.83 (talk) 08:34, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

Also, the equation for the area enclosed by a cardioid appears to be incorrect. Instead of A = 6*pi*r^2, isn't it A = 3*pi*r^2/2? Or am I off my rocker? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.248.242.76 (talk) 11:53, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Your a corresponds to the radius to the centre of the circle rolling round, i.e. the diameter of the small circle rather than its radius. The equations are the same otherwise except x is offset a bit. Dmcq (talk) 12:45, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

Length of curve
Given the parametric equations used in the article, I think the arc length should be 16a not 8a. The 8a length relates to the parametric equations: x = a cos t (1 - cos t) y= a sin t (1 - cos t) which describe a smaller cardioid that the parametric equations shown in this article. Also, the formula for area will need to be adjusted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.179.4.83 (talk) 19:33, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

what is t?
In the equations, for example; x = a(2cos(t)- cos(2t)) Is t the angle? Is it in degrees or radians? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.7.132.78 (talk) 14:11, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's the angle. It doesn't matter whether it's in degrees or radians, since you still end up with the same cosine (e.g., cos(90°) is the same thing as cos(pi/2). Loraof (talk) 16:11, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

BUTT
DOESN"T THE CARDIOID LOOK LIKE A BUTT? 108.66.234.157 (talk) 22:45, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

points
Hi

I would like to add new section:

Points
 * center
 * cusp
 * vertex

What do you think aboyt it ? --Adam majewski (talk) 09:25, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cardioid


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Enclosure (archaeology)

In archaeology, an enclosure is one of the most common types of archaeological site – It is any area of land separated from surrounding land by earthworks, walls or fencing. Such a simple feature is found all over the world and during almost all archaeological periods. They may be few metres across or be large enough to encompass whole cities.

Archaeological enclosures are typically representative of recurrent patterns of human activity throughout history through landscape. The absolute definition of archaeological enclosures has been debated over time. Some suggest that at a general level, enclosure (archaeologically) could be defined as the replacement of open-fields with privately owned-fields through walls, banks, and dividers. However, this definition has been criticised, as it appears many archaeological enclosures are not enclosed by a physical boundary.

Enclosures served numerous practical purposes including being used to delineate settlement areas, to create defensive positions, or to be used as animal pens. They were also widely adopted in ritual and burial practices and seem to demonstrate a fundamental human desire to make physical boundaries around spaces. Some economic historians speculate that the introduction of archaeological enclosures likely caused a shift into historical capitalist economies. Along with most archaeological interests, enclosure sites have been most researched and notably progressive during the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.

More modern methods used to identify archaeological enclosures have been studied and developed by economic historians, historical geographers, landscape historians and trained archaeologists. Even in current times, through using accessible technology, many non-trained individuals have become interested in archaeological enclosures through methods such as satellite imaging. Enclosures created from ditches and banks or walling can often be identified in the field through aerial photography or ground survey. Other types of enclosures leave less permanent records and may only be identified during excavation.

Types of enclosure

 * Banjo enclosures
 * Causewayed enclosures
 * Enclosed cremation cemeteries
 * Henges
 * Henge enclosures
 * Hill-slope enclosures
 * Kraals
 * Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe
 * Oppida
 * Ring ditches
 * Stone circles
 * Timber circles
 * Tor enclosures

Ritual
Uses of archaeological enclosures for rituals date back to early Neolithic Age. Ritual sites often used roofless enclosures for dances, customs, mourning ceremonies. Sites such as the Native American Chumash sacred enclosures were positioned towards the middle of settlements and were often built for priests. Conversely, sites such as the Lismullin Henge in Ireland (520-370 B.C.) were created and positioned meteorologically to celebrate summer and winter solstices. Many archaeological enclosures that were once considered defensive and fortified are recently being understood as ritualistic after instances of skulls and other human bones have recently revealed to have been laid in deposits within enclosures — suggesting a recurring ritual, rather than war or other forms of battles.

Fortification
The use of enclosures as defensive structures are considered to have first been used in Mesolithic times. Archaeological sites such as causewayed enclosures, enciente enclosures, and other fortification enclosures were generally considered among the popular defensive models. For example, the Tel Jezreel enclosure built during 9th century Israel was once the central military base for the Royal Israelite army. Large scale excavation has revealed that most fortification enclosures, including Tel Jezreel, were built using layers of soil and stones to provide solid protection and defence.

Settlement
Many archaeological enclosure sites throughout time have been used as dwellings, settlements and animal enclosing sites. Economic dependency, kinship, and social hierarchy all influenced the regular implementation of enclosures within communities. Some enclosures contained just single houses, while others contained entire communities within them. Enclosure entrances were usually found on the sides of the structure, with doorways into the enclosures often consisting of kerb-stones and vertical wooden jambs. The most common form of settlement enclosure was a kraal enclosure, which consisted of multiple houses surrounding a livestock enclosure.

Identification methods and techniques
Identification for archaeological enclosures developed five pillars of scientific archaeology method from 1860 onwards. These pillars consisted of small find and plain artefact, field notes / photography / maps / excavation, stratigraphic excavation, and publication of results, and indigenous rights. In more recent times, the methods of identification have become technologically advanced and less invasive.

Google Earth
Especially popular amongst amateur archaeologists, Google Earth is used for its satellite imaging techniques that reveal indications of eroded archaeological sites. Methods of aerial photographs were first popularised in the 1930s, but current universal access of websites such as Google Earth has provided un-restricted access to such images. Due to the nature of Google Earths high resolution imagery, it has allowed access for speculation into the landscape of inaccessible areas. These satellite images often show the uncovered or eroding areas of archaeological enclosures and settlement mounds that are exposed.

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
LiDAR is an aerial tool introduced to archaeology in the 1970s, and in modern times has been used greatly amongst the archaeological community for remote sensing. LiDAR has developed popularity in recent years among the archaeological community. It is able to produce three-dimensional mapping of earthworks and high-resolution topographical data. LiDAR's advantages can be attributed to its flexibility, small laser footprint, non-invasive technology, price, and far-reaching field of view. The most prominent and discussed advantage of LiDAR is its ability to map human impact through identifying cultural features of landscapes. However, LiDAR is restricted in its ability to maintain effectiveness when mapping large areas.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-invasive technique to identify manmade buildings such as enclosures and walls. GPR uses downward facing energy to identify clustered, enclosed areas that other geophysical techniques are often unable to detect. Moreover, it uses high frequency radar pulses from a surface antenna. GPR was popularised for its centimetre accuracy and ground penetration.

Early signs of archaeological enclosure
The oldest archaeological site that in some way involved an enclosure is Göbekli Tepe, a site from the late stone / Neolithic age in South-eastern Turkey first noted in 1963. The site contains over 200 limestone pillars within multiple stone circle enclosures (each enclosure being designated A-H). The length of these enclosures span up to 20 meters in diameter, and the pillars up to 5.5 meters. These structures were thought to be over 11,000 years old, however the exact date of the creation of Göbekli Tepe is still unknown.

It is speculated that the enclosures of the site were likely built by hunter-gatherers of the time, due to the significant variety of animal bones uncovered around the site. However, these bones could be related to evidence suggesting that Göbekli Tepe was not a settlement like most archaeological sites from that time, but rather a temple likely used for death rituals. It is estimated that creation of one of the enclosures would have required hundreds of builders, and construction would have taken place over a significantly long period of time. Many of the pillars and enclosures are thought to be landmarks for storytelling amongst the population, with data suggesting that snakes, boars and cranes are the most represented animal depicted within the carvings and pictographs.

The lead excavator of the site, Klaus Schmidt, believed the site was a cult of the dead. This suggestion is further noted by recent findings of potential skulls within the walls and floors. It is possible that each enclosure within the site was representative of different groups, and pictographs within the walls aligned with clans beliefs or traditions.

Causewayed Enclosures
One example of an enclosure suggested to be created in the Neolithic Stone Age are causewayed enclosures (otherwise referred to as ‘causewayed camps’). They are the earliest known form of open space enclosures. It is believed causewayed enclosures originated in mainland Europe and spread through France, Germany, Scandinavia and the British Isles. The enclosures are characterised by their oval or circular shape, and often having a concentric circuit for banks and ditches of up to 20 meters long. It is suggested the functions of the enclosures were for communal meetings, settlement, and burial sites.

Cursus Monuments
Cursus monuments are archaeological enclosures most commonly noted throughout British, Scottish and Irish earthwork. They are characterised as being long, narrow pairs of enclosures generally dating back to 4000-2500BC. Cursus monuments often resemble ditches in the ground, as their rectangular walls are often outlined structurally by materials such as wood. These monuments are most often discovered through aerial imaging, and other ground penetrating methods. These enclosures range in length from 10 km (as seen in the Dorset Cursus), to around 50 meters approximately. There is no approximate width of any known cursus monuments, as it varies depending on the purpose. There are few entrances to cursuses enclosures, but most often seen as gaps along the side of the earthwork. The purpose of cursus monuments are considered mostly to be used for guides, barriers for districts, and most commonly for ritualistic and ceremonial purposes.

Mar Hall
The Mar Hall enclosure is a small, horse-shoe shaped enclosure appearing in southern Scotland, and was excavated in 2007. Mar Hall was an enclosure site predicted to have been formed within the Bronze Age. It appears certain that activity took place within the inner-ring grooves of the enclosure, and was likely not used for domestic practises due to its lack of diagnostic material.

Banjo Enclosures
Banjo enclosures are a prominent enclosure type found commonly in the British Middle Iron Age. They are characterised by their small, sub-circular outline, and single entrance, and usually connect to a wider field or paddock. The rounded enclosure is usually bound by a lake or something of the sorts, often resembling a banjo. They are not strongly understood or dated; however, it is evident they were originated during the Iron Age. The use of these enclosures is speculated to be for stock control and containment, rather than being for defensive and military use. It is also thought that the enclosures may have served as high-status occupation sites. The majority of Banjo enclosures are discovered through aerial photography and ground-penetrating radar imaging. Due to their earthwork, they are not expected to remain stable over time.

title: Enclosure (archaeology)


text:
Morelia Cathedral

The Metropolitan Cathedral of Morelia (Catedral Metropolitana de Morelia (San Salvador)) is a religious site that is the seat of the Archdiocese of Morelia of the Catholic church in Mexico. It is located as its name itself says in the city of Morelia, capital of the state of Michoacán, Mexico. The cathedral is located in the first square of the city, forming the trace of the Historic Center of Morelia. The building was built in the 18th century at the time of the viceroyalty, it is Baroque in style and is made of pink stone that gives it a peculiar and characteristic color. An important family group headed by Sebastián de Guedea collaborated in its construction for a long period; They were Andrés, Pedro, Diego, Miguel, Anastacio, Lorenzo and Joseph, all with the surname Guedea.

General data of interest
Majestic pink quarry building, in Baroque board style. Inside, the Doric order predominates as the basis of the ornamentation and it has Neoclassical altarpieces. Its construction began in 1660 and was completed in 1744. Among the treasures it houses are the Baroque-style Silver Manifestor from the 18th century; the silver Baptismal Font, in Neoclassical style, also from the 18th century; the Monumental Organ, from the beginning of the century and consisting of 4,600 flutes or voices; the image of the Lord of the Sacristy, made with the pre-Hispanic technique of "corn cane paste", from the 16th century, as well as valuable paintings located in the sacristy and the Chapter house.

 * Architecturally, the Morelia Cathedral, when compared to other cathedrals in Mexico, is similar to the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, Puebla Cathedral, and even (inside:) the Guadalajara Cathedral.

 * The cathedral is the most emblematic and representative building of Morelia given its height, since it has two tall towers, which can be seen throughout the city valley. Due to their height, the towers of the Morelia Cathedral (66.8 m) are the seventh tallest in Mexico, after the towers of the Guadalupano Sanctuary (unfinished cathedral) in Zamora de Hidalgo (107.5 m), the Villahermosa Cathedral (80 m), the Puebla Cathedral in Puebla de Zaragoza (73 m), Cathedral of León, in León, Guanajuato (70 m), the Sanctuary of Guadalupe, in San Luis Potosí City (68 m) and the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral (61 m).

 * It is the only one of the Mexican cathedrals that faces north and not south.

 * It has a new LED lighting, with different colors. On Saturdays, the cathedral offers a light, sound and fireworks show with this illumination.

 * The cathedral is dedicated to the Transfiguration and inside it houses two highly venerated images, the Sacred Heart of Jesus, which is the patron saint of the city, and the Lord of the Sacristy, a very old Christ made of corn cane paste, which It is very visited and loved by the parishioners.

 * Its architectural beauty and its history are other reasons why it has become an icon of the city.

 * Its monumental organ, of German origin at the beginning of the 20th century, was considered the largest organ in Latin America at the beginning of the 20th century and is currently considered one of the most important in Mexico.

 * Inside this venue, given its beauty, acoustic sound and ample space, is the setting for various artistic and cultural events such as the Morelia International Organ Festival and the Morelia International Music Festival.

 * On February 16, 2016, it was visited by Pope Francis, Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church.

History
In 1580 the first cathedral was inaugurated, much inferior to the current one in size and artistic value (it was located on the corners of calles Abasolo and Corregidora). However, the growth experienced by the city of Valladolid —now Morelia— at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th, as well as a fire that severely affected the previous cathedral, made it necessary to think of another larger, more solid, and more important temple. That is why, at the beginning of the 17th century, the procedures for the construction of the new cathedral began.

On May 6, 1660, the first stone was laid by Bishop Friar Marcos Ramírez Del Prado. The construction was in charge of the Italian architect Vizencio Barroquio until his death in 1692, which is why this great architect could not see his monumental work completed. However, only 52 years later his disciples managed to finish the gigantic architectural task, so this magnificent work was completed in 1744.

The interior of the building is Doric in style and consists of three naves, the central one supported by 14 columns. Attached to these naves are four delicately decorated chapels as well as several Neoclassical altarpieces along the 2 side naves. The cathedral has four chapels located at the beginning of the side naves, two of them are placed under the towers and the other two are adjoining, the chapels on the east side were dedicated to the Virgin of la Soledad and the tabernacle of the cathedral, meanwhile one on the west side is dedicated to the Holy Family and the other made of marble as the tomb of archbishops.

There are several rooms such as the capitulary and the sacristy, where you can find old paintings and furniture from the 17th and 19th centuries, despite the many lootings that the Morelia cathedral suffered during the war of independence and the Mexican Revolution, it still preserves great works of artistic, religious and historical value. Inside there are several sculptures, such as a majestic Christ dating from the 16th century, better known as the Lord of the Sacristy. It also includes paintings by prominent artists such as Miguel Cabrera and Juan Rodríguez Juárez, and others are preserved in the sacristy and in the chapter house.

The Cathedral of Morelia has an impressive tubular organ from the beginning of the 20th century, called "San Gregorio Magno", it is German-made and has 4600 voices or flutes, it replaces the old Spanish organ from the 18th century, of which only the wood facades that decorate the tubular organ are preserved.

The exterior of the cathedral is an enormous colossus of pink quarry stone (very frequent material in the region) with two large Baroque-style towers, each more than 65 meters high, it has a triple façade with carved altarpieces, its beautiful wrought-iron grille from the 19th century limits the atrium, in the temple we can appreciate a "Latin cross" type plant with a length of 96 meters, the main Baroque style facade is composed of three levels and unlike other New Spanish cities it faces the main avenue of the city and not the square, on the main portal we can see bas-reliefs and sculptures that refer to the resurrection, the adoration of the shepherds, as well as the adoration of the magicians.

The two twin towers, each more than 65 meters high, exceed the front of the temple, which gives the cathedral an imposing appearance, full of grace and balance, an iron cross is placed on the tip of one of the towers, which symbolizes "the divine nature of Christ", while in the other there is a stone cross that represents "the human nature of Jesus", there is also another dome, which crowns one of the chapels of the building, finally we find that the main dome is covered with azulejos and supported by a large circular drum.

The exterior
It is a huge colossus of pink quarry with two large towers 66.8 m high, (twin towers) of checkered Baroque style. It has a triple facade (one front and two sides) with carved altarpieces. The temple has a floor plan of the Latin cross type with a length of 96 m and a total width of 62 m. Limiting the atrium is a beautiful wrought iron grille dating from the 19th century.

 * Facades:
 * Tripartite facade: The main facade of the cathedral, which is made up of three bodies (horizontal levels defined by cornices) and corresponds to the Baroque style, faces the main avenue of the city (Avenida Madero), and not the square, as it is customary in most New Spanish cities. The main portal is decorated with sculptures and bas-reliefs that allude to the Transfiguration of Christ, the Adoration of the Shepherds, as well as the Adoration of the Magi. There are also statues of St. Peter, St. Paul, St. John the Baptist, St. Michael the Archangel, St. Agatha of Sicily and St. Rose of Lima.
 * Side Facades:
 * East Portal: This side facade is dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe, patron saint of America.
 * West Portal: This side façade is dedicated to St. Joseph, the first patron saint of the city.
 * Towers: On the other hand, the two twin towers, each with three sections and 62 m high (66.7 if the crosses in the topped are considered) cross the portal of the temple, which gives the building an imposing appearance, but does not devoid of grace and balance. One of the towers is crowned with an iron cross, which symbolizes the divine nature of Christ, while the other tower is crowned with a stone cross, which represents the human nature of Jesus.
 * East Tower
 * West Tower
 * Central dome: The main dome is covered with azulejos and inside it is supported by a huge circular tholobate. There is also another dome that crowns one of the building's chapels.
 * Dome of the shrine (Dome of the sagrario)

Interior
The interior of the building contrasts with the exterior, since it is Doric in style and consists of three naves, the central one being supported by fourteen columns. In addition, attached to the lateral naves, there are four delicately decorated chapels and multiple Neoclassical altarpieces along the two lateral naves.

 * Naves:
 * Central nave: In the main altar there is a cypress, made up of four columns that support a dome, and inside it a silver manifestor. In the central nave there is a pulpit made of carved wood.
 * Side naves: Two side naves to the central one, have Neoclassical altars dedicated to various saints, in the background the naves are topped by large altars, one on the east side dedicated to the Lord of the Sacristy and another on the west side dedicated to the Sacred Heart, patron saint of the city.
 * East side nave:
 * West side nave:
 * Chapels: the cathedral has four chapels, located at the beginning of the side naves, 2 chapels just below the towers and the other two adjoining. The chapels on the eastern side are dedicated to the Virgen de los Dolores or "La Dolorosa" and to the Tabernacle of the cathedral. On the west side, one is dedicated to the Holy Family and the other is a funerary chapel that houses the marble tombs of Archbishops.
 * Chapel of the Tabernacle (Chapel del Sagrario)
 * Chapel of la Soledad
 * Chapel of la Sagrada Familia or of los Mártires
 * Chapel of San Jerónimo
 * Rooms: has several rooms including the Chapter House, the Sacristy, among others, where you can find old 18th-century and 19th-century paintings and furniture.
 * Sacristy Room:
 * Chapter House:

This magnificent architectural work, due to the clarity of its profiles, chiaroscuro and the way of carving the facades between the buttresses, is compared by Joaquín Bérchez, with the facade of the Granada Cathedral by Alonso Cano and with works by Diego Antonio Díaz in Seville.

Artistic works
It still preserves great treasures. Works of great artistic, religious and historical value.

 * Goldsmith:
 * "Manifestor:" Of the 18th century, silver that measures 3.19 m high, adorned with 29 statuettes and 42 gilded reliefs that communicate a message about the Eucharistic presence of Christ.
 * Baptismal Font: piece of fine silverware with a strong Neoclassical hue. Agustín de Iturbide and José María Morelos were baptized there.
 * Sculptures: There are also multiple sculptures inside, standing out a Christ, known as the Lord of the Sacristy, which dates from the 16th century.
 * Lord of the Sacristy:
 * Sacred Heart:
 * Ceramics:
 * Chinese Tibores (vessels)
 * Oil paintings: There are paintings by the most prominent New Spanish painter, Miguel Cabrera, as well as by the painter Juan Rodríguez Juárez; These paintings are preserved in the sacristy and in the chapter house.
 * Monumental oil painting of the Transfiguration:
 * Virgin of Guadalupe Oil:
 * Relics:
 * Relics of the Martyrs: the relics of the Martyrs Saint Pío and Saint Christopher are preserved, which are shown at audience in glass cases in one of the chapels in the side naves.
 * Furniture:
 * Pulpit:
 * Choir stalls:
 * Archbishop's Chair:
 * Tenebrario: Triangle-shaped candlestick, made of carved wood, used for praying the offices
 * Other art pieces:
 * Monumental Organ of the Cathedral of Morelia: The cathedral has an important tubular organ with 4,600 voices or flutes, built in 1907, German-made, Churrigueresque Revival style, called "San Gregorio Magno", replacing the old Spanish organ from the 18th century of which only its carved wooden facades are preserved and decorate the electromechanical organ. In the month of December the Morelia International Organ Festival takes place. The festival has been in charge of the dean and teacher the organist Alfonso Vega Núñez who has invited important organists from all over the world to perform concerts, among which the French Jean Guillou stands out. Some of the presentations include the participation of the Michoacán State Symphony Orchestra.
 * Commemorative plaque for the visit of S.S. Pope Francis

title: Morelia Cathedral


text:
Tour de las Américas

The Tour de las Américas (TLA) was the principal men's professional golf tour throughout Latin America and the Caribbean from 2000 through to 2012 when it was superseded by the PGA Tour Latinoamérica.

History
Top level tournament golf in Latin America has had an unstable history. Some of the national open championships in the region are long established, but they did not traditionally form a coherent tour. From the late 1950s through to the mid 1970s the Caribbean Tour, which was affiliated with the PGA Tour, comprised only a small number of tournaments but attracted entrants from leading European and American golfers. As interest from PGA Tour players dwindled, the tour eventually withdrew their support and the Caribbean Tour folded. The next attempt was the IMG promoted South American Tour, which began in 1979 with the existing national opens of the five leading Latin American countries and a circuit prize sponsored by Pierre Cardin.

A new circuit was founded in 1991, the Tour Sudamericano, which would become the first long-lived stable tour in the region. In 2000, new owners relaunched the tour under the name Tour de las Américas with the aim of creating a schedule which would cover the whole region from Argentina to the Caribbean, and gain broader media exposure. The tour soon introduced a policy of co-sanctioning some events with Europe's second tier Challenge Tour, and some years later, in 2008, a similar arrangement was agreed with the Canadian Tour. The TLA also co-operated with the Nationwide Tour; whereby some of the leading Tour de las Américas players are given entries to specific Nationwide Tour events.

In May 2003, it was announced that the tour had signed a title sponsorship agreement with American Express, being renamed as the American Express Tour de las Américas.

In the early 21st century, Latin America was the only region of the World which still did not have a professional tour which was a full member of the International Federation of PGA Tours, the Tour de las Américas having joined the federation as an associate member on July 30, 2007. In August 2010, the Governing Board of the Official World Golf Ranking made a provisional announcement that the tour would offer ranking points starting in 2011. The first tournament to receive ranking points was 2011 Abierto de Chile.

title: Tour de las Américas


text:
Dáil constituencies

There are 39 multi-member electoral districts, known as Dáil constituencies, that elect 160 TDs (members of parliament), to Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas, Ireland's parliament, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV), to a maximum term of five years. The configuration of constituencies and seats per constituencies has been reviewed, and is subject to Oireachtas approval.

Electoral law
Article 16.2 of the Constitution of Ireland outlines the requirements for constituencies. The total number of TDs is to be no more than one TD representing twenty thousand and no less than one TD representing thirty thousand of the population, and the ratio should be the same in each constituency, as far as practicable, avoiding malapportionment. Under the Constitution, constituencies are to be revised at least once every twelve years in accordance with the census reports, which are compiled by the Central Statistics Office every five years.

Under the Electoral Reform Act 2022, the Electoral Commission conducted a review of all constituencies on the publication, by the Central Statistics Office, of the preliminary result of the census. The commission is independent and is responsible for the redrawing of constituency boundaries. Any alterations to constituencies do not take effect during the life of the Dáil sitting when a revision is made. Prior to the establishment of the Commission in 2023, constituency reviews were carried out by a Constituency Commission under the Electoral Act 1997, as amended.

The constitution specifies that the minimum number of TDs returned for each constituency is three, but does not define the maximum number; however, electoral law specifies a maximum number of five TDs. The electoral system for general elections is proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote (PR-STV). PR-STV is also used at European Parliament elections and local elections. Although they are conducted under the same rules, in the case of by-elections (where this is only one vacancy) and presidential elections, this becomes alternative vote.

Proposed constituencies
On its establishment in February 2023, the Electoral Commission sought submissions for a review of Dáil constituencies and European Parliament constituencies following the publication of the 2022 census preliminary results. It has recommended a Dáil size of 174 members, an increase from the current membership of 160 TDs.

New constituencies proposed:
 * Dublin Fingal East (3)
 * Dublin Fingal West (3)
 * Laois (3)
 * Offaly (3)
 * Tipperary North (3)
 * Tipperary South (3)
 * Wicklow–Wexford (3)

Constituency proposed to be abolished:
 * Dublin Fingal (5)
 * Laois-Offaly (5)
 * Tipperary (5)

These constituency changes will take effect from the dissolution of the current Dáil.

Current constituencies
The 2017 report of the Constituency Commission, proposed several changes to Dáil constituencies. These changes were provided for by the Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017, which came into effect at the 2020 general election. The total number of TDs increased by two to 160, while the number of constituencies was reduced by one to 39, as well as various boundary revisions.

title: Dáil constituencies


text:
Heinrich Gustav Hotho

Heinrich Gustav Hotho (Berlin, May 22, 1802 – Berlin, December 25, 1873) was a German historian of art and Right Hegelian. He is famous for being the compiler and editor of Hegel's posthumous work Vorlesungen über die Ästhetik ("Lectures on Aesthetics").

Biography
During boyhood he was affected for two years with blindness consequent on an attack of measles. But recovering his sight he studied so hard as to take his degree at Berlin in 1826. A year of travel spent in visiting Paris, London and the Low Countries determined his vocation.

He came home delighted with the treasures which he had seen, worked laboriously for a higher examination and passed as "docent" in aesthetics and art history. In 1829 he was made professor at the university of Berlin. In 1833 GF Waagen accepted him as assistant in the museum of the Prussian capital; and in 1858 he was promoted to the directorship of the Berlin print-room.

During a long and busy life, in which his time was divided between literature and official duties, Hotho's ambition had always been to master the history of the schools of Germany and the Netherlands. Accordingly what he published was generally confined to those countries. In 1842-1843 he gave to the world his account of German and Flemish painting. From 1853 to 1858 he revised and published anew a part of this work, which he called "The school of Hubert van Eyck, with his German precursors and contemporaries."

His attempt later on to write a history of Christian painting overtasked his strength, and remained unfinished. Hotho is important in the history of aesthetics as having developed Hegel's theories; but he was deficient in knowledge of Italian painting.

title: Heinrich Gustav Hotho


text:
Ensign Records

Ensign Records was a record label started in 1976 by London-born Nigel Grainge, elder brother of UMG Chairman Sir Lucian Grainge.

History
Nigel Grainge began his career in the record business as a sales office assistant at Phonogram UK in 1970. After a promotion to US-affiliated labels manager, he was responsible for the marketing and chart success of many hits by acts such as Faron Young, The Detroit Emeralds, The Stylistics, Chuck Berry, Rod Stewart (switching "Maggie May" from an original 'B' side), and eventually became the company's head of A&R from 1974 to 1976. He directly signed Thin Lizzy, 10cc, The Steve Miller Band, and a worldwide license for the successful All Platinum label (hits by Shirley & Co, the Moments, etc.), among others, before deciding to leave and set up his own independent label, funded by Phonogram Inc., which distributed it.

Ensign had early success with The Boomtown Rats in 1977, who went on to have 13 UK Top 20 entries including two at number 1 – "Rat Trap" and "I Don't Like Mondays". Ensign also had a constant stream of UK and European hits with Flash and the Pan, Eddy Grant, Light of the World, and Phil Fearon & Galaxy. Grainge's cohort throughout the life of the label was London DJ Chris Hill.

Grainge sold the company to Chrysalis Records in 1984 and continued to run it from their offices in Notting Hill until the mid-1990s. The roster had reached its most credible peak with Sinéad O'Connor, The Waterboys, World Party, and the Blue Aeroplanes. The Waterboys' contract with Ensign expired in 1991.

By 1990, millions of records had been sold by O'Connor, the biggest success being "Nothing Compares 2 U" which hit number one in over 30 countries.

After EMI acquired Chrysalis Records in 1991, Grainge felt stifled by the corporate changes and requested to leave the company, and the label was folded into its parent.

With the acquisition of the EMI group by Universal in 2012, the ownership of the Ensign catalogue of artists was transferred to Parlophone/Warner Music Group, and in 2016 Ensign and Chrysalis were acquired by Blue Raincoat Music. Chris Hill continues to DJ in the London area, and Grainge relocated to Santa Monica, California in 2002, where he co-founded cultural search-engine TunesMap, owned by G. Marq Roswell, and worked as a special advisor on the HBO series Vinyl. He died, at age 70, on 11 June 2017.

title: Ensign Records


text:
Banjo enclosure

In archaeology, a banjo enclosure is the name of a type of archaeological feature of the British Middle Iron Age. It is so named because in plan it consists of a small round area with a long entrance track leading inward from one direction. This layout gives it the appearance of a frying pan or banjo. The enclosure is defined by a low bank and ditch. The earthworks at the end of the track are sometimes turned outward, creating a funnel effect. The enclosure used to be thought of as a small farming settlement occupied around 400 bc to AD 43; however, because of the lack of finds relating to settlement it is currently thought to be a seasonal ritual centre where feasting occurred.

title: Banjo enclosure


text:
Trimurti Films

Trimurti Films Pvt. Ltd. is an Indian film production house founded by Gulshan Rai in 1970. After Rai's death, his son Rajiv Rai took over as the head of the company. The company's first production was Johny Mera Naam (1970). The company subsequently produced notable films like Deewaar, Trishul, Vidhaata, Tridev, Vishwatma, Mohra and Gupt.

Dormant for more than a decade, the company's last production was Asambhav (2004). The banner has been re-launched in 2022 by Rajiv Rai who is back with direction after 18 years with Zora & Zora Zoravar.

title: Trimurti Films


text:
Matthew Locke

Matthew Locke may refer to:
 * Matthew Locke (administrator) (fl. 1660–1683), English Secretary at War from 1666 to 1683
 * Matthew Locke (composer) (c. 1621–1677), English Baroque composer and music theorist
 * Matthew Locke (soldier) (1974–2007), Australian soldier killed in Afghanistan
 * Matthew Locke (U.S. Congress) (1730–1801), Representative from North Carolina between 1793 and 1799
 * Matthew Fielding Locke (1824–1911), American politician in Texas

title: Matthew Locke


text: Category:Magnetars

title: Category:Magnetars


text:
User:Cyberlettuce

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title: User:Cyberlettuce