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Mandylion (album)

Mandylion is the third studio album by the Dutch band the Gathering. It was released on 22 August 1995 by Century Media Records. The record is their first album to feature vocalist Anneke van Giersbergen. The album was recorded and mixed at Woodhouse Studios in Hagen, Germany between 1 and 16 June 1995, under the guidance of Siggi Bemm and Waldemar Sorychta.

Two of the songs have quotes from popular culture inserted into them: "Strange Machines" contains a passage from George Pal's film version of H. G. Wells's The Time Machine, and "Sand & Mercury" ends with a recording of J. R. R. Tolkien reading a quote from Simone de Beauvoir.

Track listing
Disc 2, 1–3 demo recorded in June 1994 at Beaufort Studio.

Disc 2, 4–7 demo recorded in early 1995 at Double Noise Studio in Tilburg.

Personnel

 * The Gathering
 * Anneke van Giersbergen – lead vocals
 * René Rutten – guitars, flute
 * Jelmer Wiersma – guitars
 * Frank Boeijen – keyboards
 * Hugo Prinsen Geerligs – bass
 * Hans Rutten – drums

 * Production
 * Siggi Bemm, Waldemar Sorychta – producers, engineers, mixing

title: Mandylion (album)


text:
Alabama people

The Alabama or Alibamu (Albaamaha) are a Southeastern culture people of Native Americans, originally from Alabama. They were members of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy, a loose trade and military organization of autonomous towns; their home lands were on the upper Alabama River.

The Alabama and closely allied Coushatta people migrated from Alabama and Mississippi to the area of Texas in the late 18th century and early 19th century, under pressure from American settlers to the east. They essentially merged and shared reservation land. Although the tribe was terminated in the 1950s, it achieved federal recognition in 1987 as the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas. Its 1,137 members have about 4500 acre of reservation.

The Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town is a federally recognized tribe, headquartered in Wetumka, Oklahoma.

Language
The Alabama language is part of the Muskogean language family. Alabama is closely related to Koasati and distantly to Hitchiti, Chickasaw and Choctaw. Also known as Alibamu, an estimated 100 speakers, primarily from Texas, still speak the language.

History
The Alabama first encountered Europeans when Hernando de Soto arrived in 1540 and visited numerous places during his expedition. In the 18th century, the French arrived on the Gulf Coast and built a fort at what became Mobile, Alabama.

The Alibamu and Koasati tribes were part of the Creek Confederacy. They had less contact with British colonists from the Thirteen Colonies than other Creek tribes did. They were the first to migrate away when British colonists began to settle in the region by the middle of the 18th century, after the land was ceded by the French following Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War (known in the colonies as the French and Indian War). Under pressure as well by Native American enemies, the Alabama and Coushatta tribes wanted to avoid the powerful Choctaw in present-day Mississippi. They moved into territories of future states, first into Louisiana and then into Texas.

Alabama and Coushatta towns were divided into "red" and "white" towns. The "white" towns were responsible for keeping the peace and for providing refuge, while the "red" towns were responsible for conducting military campaigns. Though they had "red" and "white" towns, the Alabama-Coushattas thought of themselves as peace-loving people.

In 1795, the Coushatta arrived in the Big Thicket area of East Texas. In 1805, nearly 1,000 Alabama came to Tyler County's Peach Tree Village in East Texas. The two tribes developed a strong friendship as they roamed and hunted their new land together. In the early 19th century, the Texas Congress granted each tribe two strips of land along the Trinity River. Their land was soon taken over by American settlers, leaving them homeless. Sam Houston, the governor of Texas, recommended that the state purchase 1280 acre for the Alabamas; although money was appropriated to buy 640 acre for the Coushattas, the land was never bought. Either through marriage or special permission, many Coushatta went to live on the land given to the Alabama. Other Coushatta had stayed in an area in southern Louisiana near the Red River. Many of their descendants are enrolled members of the federally recognized Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana.

By 1820, there were three main Alabama towns and three large Coushatta towns in east Texas, in the region known as the Big Thicket. In 1854, the Alabama were given 1,280 acres (5 km2) in Polk County. The following year, 640 acres (2.6 km2), also in Polk County, were given to the Coushattas. The Coushatta claim was disputed by white settlers in 1859. When the Coushatta lost the land claim, the Alabama invited them to live on their land claim.

The federal government approved a large grant in 1928 to purchase additional land near the reservation; it was granted to the "Alabama and Coushatta tribes". Since that time, the reservation has officially been known as "Alabama-Coushatta".

Origin myths focus on the interconnectedness of the tribes. One myth states that the two tribes sprouted from either side of a cypress tree. Another legend was recorded in 1857 from Se-ko-pe-chi, one of the oldest Creeks in Indian Territory. He said that the tribes "sprang out of the ground between the Cohawba and Alabama Rivers." The symbol of the Alabama-Coushatta tribe comes from pre-contact Mississippian culture: two intertwined woodpeckers, now symbolic of the connection between the two tribes.

Ethnobotany
The obtusifolium subspecies of the plant Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium is used in a compound decoction for nervousness and sleepiness, and in a decoction as a face wash for nerves and insomnia.

Texas
The Alabama who relocated to Texas supported Texas independence. In gratitude, Governor Sam Houston recommended that Texas purchase land for the tribe when their existing land was overtaken by settlers.

The two tribes share many cultural characteristics. In a hearing before the Indian Claims Commission in 1974, Dr. Daniel Jacobson suggested that the Alabama and Coushatta tribes were culturally related because of intermarriage. The Handbook of Texas reports that the languages come from the same stock, even though there could be some word variance.

They merged with the Coushatta to become the present-day Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas. Although long under state trusteeship because the state controlled public lands, the tribe achieved Federal recognition in 1987 by an act of Congress, rather than by administrative process of the Department of Interior. The law that restored the tribe's federal relationship prohibited such gaming as was then prohibited under state laws.

The current tribal lands are in eastern Polk County, Texas. The Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation, Texas' oldest reservation, located at 30.714°N, -94.674°W, has 18.484 km2 (7.137 sq mi) of land. The land purchased by the state and assigned to the Alabama in 1854 was expanded by another purchase, under a federal grant in 1928. The 2000 census reported a resident population of 480 persons within the reservation. As of 2010, there are some 1000 members of the Alabama-Coushatta tribe.

Oklahoma
In Okmulgee County, Oklahoma, the Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town was established and federally recognized in 1936. The descendants of the Alabama who live there are also affiliated with the federally recognized Muscogee Creek Nation.

Tribal economy and gaming
In the tribe's earlier years in Texas, gathering, hunting, agriculture, fishing, and trading were its main economic pursuits. In more recent years, the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe has relied on the service and entertainment industry to generate revenue and jobs on the reservation. In 2002, the Tribe opened a convenience store, gas station and tobacco store on U.S. Highway 190, which can sell products tax free because of the tribe's sovereign status. This business complex is slowly becoming profitable. The station generates a small profit margin and a limited number of jobs.

The Tribe opened an entertainment center for tourists. The center offered casino gambling. The tribe believed it satisfied requirements of the 1992 Texas Lottery Law that permitted the state lottery, horse racing, and dog racing. The Alabama-Coushatta, a Christian community, allows no alcohol in the casino.

The Tribe was successful in generating revenue and jobs. The center offered jobs to 87 Tribal members, greatly reducing unemployment from 46 percent to 14 percent. Revenues from the entertainment center provided the Tribe with funding for health services, the elderly, educational opportunities for youth, social services, and housing. Such jobs had a multiplier effect within the regional economy, with businesses' reporting an increase in sales and tax revenues. The entertainment center benefited not only the Tribe, but also the surrounding regions by creating more than 495 jobs and paying US$4.3 million in wages and nearly US$400,000 in federal taxes.

After the center had operated for nine months, the state brought suit against it in 1999. A Federal court ruled that the Alabama-Coushatta had to close their entertainment center. The federal courts made this determination based on the conditions of federal recognition in 1987, which banned tribes from gaming prohibited under state laws.

In July 2006 the Alabama-Coushatta sued lobbyist Jack Abramoff and his associates for attempts to defraud the tribe in seeking to defeat state legislation in 2001 that would have given them authority to run the casino. The tribe claimed the lobbyists had hidden their motives in representing the competing Coushatta of Louisiana, which ran their own casino, and mobilized Christian groups in an underhanded way. A Senate investigation in 2006 revealed that several tribes were defrauded of tens of millions of dollars by Abramoff and associates on issues associated with Indian gaming.

The four tribes that Abramoff persuaded to hire him were all newly wealthy Indian gaming tribes. They included: Michigan's Saginaw Chippewa, California's Agua Caliente, the Mississippi Choctaw, and the Louisiana Coushatta. The Abramoff scandal received widespread public attention and he was prosecuted.

On March 29, 2008, Jack Abramoff was sentenced to five years and ten months in prison for pleading guilty to fraud, tax evasion, and conspiracy to bribe public officials. Abramoff made a deal to cooperate with investigators to provide information about his relationships with several members of Congress. Federal sentencing guidelines indicated a minimum sentence of 108 months in prison. Because of Abramoff's cooperation with the government, his sentence was greatly reduced. He was released from prison on June 8, 2010 and completed the remaining six months of his sentence in a halfway house in Baltimore.

Without the casino, the tribe has no funding for economic programs. More than 300 jobs have been lost in Polk County. The Alabama-Coushatta tribe has been trying to gain state and Federal support to re-open the entertainment center, for the economy of both the Tribe and the surrounding regions. Over the years, the Tribe has struggled to rebuild its economy in a depressed Polk County.

"We should be candid about the interests surrounding Indian gaming. The issue has never really been one of crime control, morality, or economic fairness...At issue is economics...Ironically, the strongest opponents of tribal authority over gaming on Indian lands are from States whose liberal gaming policies would allow them to compete on an equal basis with the tribes...We must not impose greater moral restraints on Indians than we do on the rest of our citizenry. - Daniel Inouye, senior United States senator from Hawaii."

The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA), passed by Congress in 1988 (after the act that restored federal recognition to the Alabama-Coushatta), established the framework that governs Indian gaming. The IGRA allows tribes to develop casino-style operations that could improve governmental services and economic conditions in Indian country. According to the IGRA, tribes have the "exclusive right" to regulate gaming in Indian Territory "except when gambling is contrary to federal law or when a state completely prohibits a form of gaming." The IGRA recognizes three different classes of gaming:
 * Class I Gaming: Includes traditional tribal gambling, such as stick and bone games
 * Class II Gaming: Includes bingo, pull tabs, etc.
 * Class III Gaming: Includes large-scale gambling operations

Class I gaming is controlled completely by the tribes. Class II gaming is regulated by the tribes with oversight by the National Indian Gaming Commission. Class III gaming may be allowed in a state that allows large-scale gambling operations, even if it allows only low-level operations. Also, Class III gaming is subject to agreed regulatory procedures in Tribal-State compacts, which states are required to negotiate in "good faith". Without a tribal-state compact, no tribal casino can be permitted.

Tribes find fault with the provision about Tribal-State compacts, because under the Eleventh Amendment, which provides for state sovereign immunity, tribes are not able to sue any state to enforce the requirement to enter into such compacts. Thus, while the IGRA gives tribes the right to have casinos, the Eleventh Amendment gives the states the right to refuse to negotiate tribal-state compacts.

The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act requires that gaming revenues be used only for governmental or charitable purposes. The tribal governments determine how gaming revenues are spent. They are typically used to invest in infrastructure for tribal members, such as housing, schools, and roads; to fund health care and education; and to develop a strong economy.

Indian gaming is considered the most powerful economic development tool available on most Indian reservations. The National Gaming Impact Study Commission has stated that "no...economic development other than gaming has been found." Tribal governments also use gaming revenues to develop other economic enterprises, such as museums, malls, and cultural centers that attract tourists and other visitors. Indian gaming can provide substantial economic benefits in states where a tribe and state work together.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alabama people


text: File:Leckyhouseandgtb.jpg

title: File:Leckyhouseandgtb.jpg


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Lordship Lane, Southwark

Lordship Lane is an ancient thoroughfare, once rural, in East Dulwich, a suburb of the London Borough of Southwark in southeast London, England, and forms part of the A2216.

It runs north–south from Goose Green to Wood Vale. The Lordship Lane and North Cross Road area now has a wide selection of bars, restaurants and specialist retailers for the 'foodie' market.

Points of interest
The architecturally meritorious Dulwich Library, which opened on 24 November 1897, is on the lane. Lordship Lane is also home of the unusual listed building, the so-called "Concrete House".

The children's author, Enid Blyton was born on 11 August 1897 above a shop in Lordship Lane. A Southwark Blue Plaque was placed there in 2003 (above 352–356 Lordship Lane, near the library).

The Concrete House
One of the most architecturally interesting buildings in the area is at 549 Lordship Lane. The so-called "Concrete House" grade II listed building and is an example of a 19th-century concrete house. It was built in 1873 by Charles Drake of the Patent Concrete Building Company. In 1867, the builder had patented the use of iron panels for shuttering rather than timber. It is listed on English Heritage's Buildings At Risk register. Southwark Council refused permission for its demolition.

Derelict for many years it has now been restored with the help of the Heritage of London Trust into 5 flats, to be managed by Hexagon Housing Association. The Duke of Gloucester opened the completed building on 13 June 2013.

History of the lane
Lordship Lane is East Dulwich's oldest street. It is an ancient thoroughfare that significantly predates the late 19th century developments. The area was transformed from fields and market gardens to Victorian suburbs in the period 1865–1885. The tram line that once served Lordship Lane is long gone.

Lordship Lane station
Lordship Lane station was a station on the Crystal Palace and South London Junction Railway, built by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway in 1865, which closed along with the rest of the line on 20 September 1954. The railway crossed London Road (just beyond the southern end of Lordship Lane) on a bridge and the station was just to the south-west of the road. The site is now housing: the London Borough of Southwark's Sydenham Hill Estate.

This locality is also the subject of Lordship Lane Station, Dulwich, an 1871 painting by Camille Pissarro, which now hangs at the Courtauld Institute of Art in London.

title: Lordship Lane, Southwark


text:
Jonah (disambiguation)

Jonah is a prophet described in the scriptures of Abrahamic religions, primarily in the Book of Jonah, as having been swallowed by a large fish.

Jonah may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie, a 2002 American animated film
 * Jonah (TV series) a 1962 Australian historical drama series
 * Jonah (1982 miniseries), an Australian miniseries based on the Louis Stone novel (see below)
 * Jonah (2019 miniseries), a New Zealand biographical miniseries about Jonah Lomu

Literature

 * Jonah (comics), a character in The Beano
 * Jonah (Goodman play), a 1942 play and musical by Paul Goodman
 * Jonah (novel), a 1911 novel by Louis Stone
 * Jonah (opera), a 1950 opera by Jack Beeson
 * Jonah (poetry collection), a 2005 book by Peter Porter
 * Jonah (Romeril musical), a 1985 musical by John Romeril
 * Jonah, a 1917 poetry collection by Aldous Huxley
 * Jo Nah, or Ultra Boy, a DC Comics superhero
 * "Jonah" ("Jonas" in French), a 1966 short story by Gérard Klein.

Music

 * Jonah (musical), a 1985 Australian musical by John Romeril and Alan John
 * "Jonah" (Breathe song), 1987
 * "Jonah" (Kanye West song), 2021

People

 * Jonah (given name)
 * Bronson Reed (born 1988), Australian professional wrestler who used ring name Jonah
 * Jonah of Hankou (1888–1925), bishop of Hankou of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
 * Jonah of Moscow (died c. 1461), Russian Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus

Places

 * Jenah or Jonah, a city in Iran
 * Jonah, Texas, US
 * Jonah Field, a large natural gas field in Sublette County, Wyoming, US

Other uses

 * Jonah (Lorenzetto), a 1520 marble sculpture by Lorenzetto
 * JONAH (Jews Offering New Alternatives for Healing), a Jewish organization providing conversion therapy
 * Book of Jonah, in the Hebrew Bible

title: Jonah (disambiguation)


text:
HU-210

HU-210 is a synthetic cannabinoid that was first synthesized in 1988 from (1R,5S)-myrtenol by a group led by Raphael Mechoulam at the Hebrew University. HU-210 is 100 to 800 times more potent than natural THC from cannabis and has an extended duration of action. HU-210 has a binding affinity of 0.061 nM at CB1 and 0.52 nM at CB2 in cloned human cannabinoid receptors compared to delta-9-THC of 40.7 nM at CB1. HU-210 is the (–)-1,1-dimethylheptyl analog of 11-hydroxy- Δ8- tetrahydrocannabinol; in some references it is called 1,1-dimethylheptyl- 11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol. The abbreviation "HU" stands for Hebrew University.

Effects and research
HU-210, the (–) enantiomer of 11-OH-D8-THC-DMH, has almost all of the cannabinoid activity, while the (+) enantiomer, known as HU-211, is inactive as a cannabinoid and instead acts as an NMDA antagonist having neuroprotective effects.

HU-210 has an oral LD50 of 5,000 mg/kg in rats and 14,200 mg/kg in rabbits. HU-210 has an LDLO (Lowest Lethal Dose amount) of 143 mg/kg in humans. Delta-8-THC LD50 has not been confirmed. In a 1973 study monkeys and dogs given 9,000 mg/kg of delta-8-THC was nonlethal.

Chemistry
HU-210 is the enantiomer of HU-211 (dexanabinol). The original synthesis of HU-210 is based on an acid-catalyzed condensation of (–)-Myrtenol and 1,1-Dimethylheptylresorcinol (3,5-Dihydroxy-1-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)benzol).

Legal status
HU-210 is not listed in the schedules set out by the United Nations' Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs from 1961 nor their Convention on Psychotropic Substances from 1971, so the signatory countries to these international drug control treaties are not required by said treaties to control HU-210.

New Zealand
HU-210 is banned in New Zealand as of 8 May 2014.

United States
HU-210 is not explicitly listed in the list of scheduled controlled substances in the USA. A brief profile of HU-210 written and published by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in 2009, but removed in later years, stated that HU-210 is a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act due to being similar to THC. A version of the document (updated in 2013), now in PDF form, exists on the DEA Office of Diversion Control's website. In that PDF, the DEA reasserts that HU-210 is a Schedule I substance. The DEA currently considers HU-210 a Schedule I controlled substance under the umbrella of ‘tetrahydrocannabinols’ under CSCN 7370.

Alabama
HU-210 is a Schedule I controlled substance in Alabama. "(4)a. A synthetic controlled substance that is any material, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of the following chemical compounds, their salts, isomers and salts of isomers, unless specifically excepted, whenever the existence of these salts, isomers and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation or compound: ... 9. (6aR, 10aR)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol, some trade or other names: HU-210."

Florida
HU-210 is a Schedule I controlled substance, categorized as a hallucinogen, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in the state of Florida without a license. (c) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances or that contains any of their salts, isomers, including optical, positional, or geometric isomers, homologues, nitrogen-heterocyclic analogs, esters, ethers, and salts of isomers, homologues, nitrogen-heterocyclic analogs, esters, or ethers, if the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation or class description:

... 47. HU-210 [(6aR,10aR)-9-(Hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol].

Vermont
Effective January 1, 2016, HU-210 is a regulated drug in Vermont designated as a "Hallucinogenic Drug."

title: HU-210


text:
Talk:10/40 window

Overview
Update: August 2007. The article appears to be mostly stable now. One cited value (number of Jews in the Window) is clearly erroneous and has been noted as such. Unfortunately, no other published source has yet been found for that data. Could it be that the controversies have been resolved?

To the reader: please read the extensive discussion below as well as the archived discussion here before editing and/or adding additional comments. This article has been extensively examined and edited to achieve good neutrality, good citations, etc. Perhaps the most important points missed by many readers:
 * The research was done in 1990. Today's data might well show a different result (which would likely validate the work done since 1990 to bring more attention to this part of the world!) Please do not compare your knowledge of the world today with what is described in this article.
 * The nations of the 10/40 Window are there because of geography, not culture. Any nation that was at least 50 percent inside the window, is a Window nation. This list is a 1990 list of nations. If you want to update due to more recent name changes (e.g. Sudan is now two nations), please follow the existing pattern by leaving the original list alone and adding parenthetical remarks.

Most of the extensive discussions about disputed topics have been resolved since 2007. Those discussions have been moved to an archive page; the topics are summarized below. See Talk:10/40_Window/Archive_1

New Discussion
Any new/current discussion should be added here. Of special interest: improving the wording and/or tightening up the "lead" to improve the rating.

As far as I can tell, the article is now class "B". Mr Pete (talk) 13:11, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Title format: Should be capitalized to be consistent with usage in the article ThinkWellThinkGlobal (talk) 03:16, 22 May 2022 (UTC)

Most Frequent Article Edit Errors
These edits are repeatedly made. They are all incorrect. Please re-read the material below as well as the archived discussion. Mr Pete (talk) 22:11, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Italy, Spain and Ethiopia are not in the Window. North and South Korea are in the Window. Gibraltar and Macau were not considered independent nations at the time.
 * Current economic status of China, Israel, Oil nations, etc is immaterial. The study was done in 1990, based on 1980's data.
 * Be cautious when introducing heavily religious elements to the article. The analysis was a scientific correlation study based on widely recognized data. The implications of that study for various groups, whether missionaries or others, are really a separate topic.

More incorrect edits, mostly based on previously resolved discussion in the archive: Mr Pete (talk) 10:52, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Lists of "Christian nations." There's no generally accepted definition for this term, and there's no evidence such analysis was done in the 1990 10/40 Window study. A new study might produce some information on this; it would need citations and would be a separate topic, probably outside the scope of this article.
 * The analysis was not of "presence of Christianity" but "access to Christian resources." These are not the same; see the linked references in the article. (Simple examples: a half-hour radio broadcast once a week, or a Bible on the shelf in a bookstore, represents "access" more than "presence.")

Origin/coining of the term 10/40 Window.
The term cannot have been coined in 1990 by Luis Bush, because the term appears in the book The Coming Revolution in World Missions by K. P. Yohannan published in 1986. I don't know who coined this term, but it is goes back to 1986 at least. Xtian1977 (talk) 22:28, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

Others have made edits based on the idea that the term was in use elsewhere in the early 1980's, e.g. YWAM or USCWM (Dr. Ralph Winter). --Mr Pete (talk) 10:30, 8 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Resolution: the term does not appear in the original edition of Yohannan's book; it was added in more recent revisions. The term really did originate in 1990. Reverting Xtian1977's edits. (Further info added: Yohannan's book claims to have been heavily edited for the 2004 edition, which is available online. The earlier editions (at least 1986-1995) do not reference the 10/40 Window. Unfortunately, the Google "1986" edition is actually from much later, with comments about eleven years of feedback, etc. Check their 1995 version for proof.)

Additional disputes below are condensed from the now-archived talk pages. Mr Pete (talk) 13:11, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Are these the correct nations?
Concern:
 * Wealthy and/or "Christian" nations are included; poor and/or "non-Christian" nations are excluded.

Resolution:
 * This is a generalization. Exceptions exist and are noted in the article.
 * The term is an historical one, based on analysis done in 1990, using data available at the time. Today's data is immaterial.

Are the cited sources valid, NPOV, etc?
Concerns: Resolution:
 * Should "biased sources on both sides of an issue" be cited? Some would prefer citation of only neutral sources.
 * Are "Christian" sources valid?
 * Yes and yes...
 * Read Wikipedia policy, which [|specifically recommends] quoting without promoting or berating sources that reflect various POV's.
 * Read the policy on reliable sources.
 * Read the policy on verifiability
 * Read the NPOV FAQ, particularly here: Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ
 * Readers not familiar with the subject matter may be unaware that there's an extensive academic corpus behind the topic of Christianity, people group research, etc. Accredited college majors, journals, etc etc. "Christian" publications are not automatically excluded from Wikipedia as having a POV bias.

Is/was the cited data and analysis valid?
Concerns:
 * Some see this as saying Christianity brings wealth, or that the problem is lack of evangelism.
 * Some find the facts presented unsettling.

Resolution:
 * The analysis found correlations, not causes.
 * The analysis examined long term impact. Recent change does not invalidate the study.
 * It found correlation between poverty/suffering and a lack of Christian resources. There's an implication that introducing Christian influence can assist with escape from poverty and suffering. That's not the same as equating prosperity and Christianity. There was no study of prosperity.
 * The facts presented are based on (1990) valid, authoritative sources, all properly cited.
 * Many concerns raised looked at today's population or poverty measures, rather than those available in 1990.
 * Many concerns raised confused "western" religion with global data.
 * Some do not know that Christianity has not been a "white, western" faith for a long time.
 * Some concern was raised about questions of "access" to Christian resources. This is examined extensively in the cited references, particularly the World Christian Encyclopedia and Operation World.

Any dispute of the cited facts needs to be based on authoritative sources.

But aren't Christians responsible for oppressing these nations?
Concerns:
 * Individuals, and even nations, have sometimes had horrible policy and practices. That doesn't relate to the question of Christian resources and influence.
 * A good case study is India, obviously long under British rule. Yet the outcastes of India are held in place by a variety of factors; many would argue that much of this has to do with the upper classes enjoying the "benefit" of a slave class. One of the more eloquent is the "Tocqueville" of India, Vishal Mangalwadi. In The Quest for Freedom and Dignity: Caste, conversion and cultural revolution" he argues passionately that 'Caste, karma, and reincarnation created today's Hindu hierarchy, but caste cannot coexist with democracy. Democracy, built on the biblical principles of justice and equality, is driving Dalits and other lower caste Hindus to rise up against 3,000 years of Hindu caste-driven "apartheid."'

Eastern hemisphere only?
Portugal is included, I noticed, yet from a geographical standpoint, Portugal is west of the Prime Meridian, as is Great Britain. So, is this 10/40 geographical primarily or what?Jlujan69 (talk) 01:07, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Good question. "Eastern hemisphere" can be the arbitrary degree-based definition, but most people use the more traditional occidental/oriental definition, where eastern is the "half" of the world that includes Eurasia, Africa and Australia. cf http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=eastern%20hemisphere Mr Pete (talk) 21:18, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Significance in Evangelical Christianity section
This entire section is purely meaningless drivel. It belongs on a missions website, not an encyclopedia. I propose eliminating the section because there is no way to salvage it.--68.40.223.225 (talk) 17:25, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree; I went ahead and cut it. Auntie E. (talk) 05:19, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Dead link
(Several dead links repaired) Mr Pete (talk) 13:48, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 21 May 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Page moved. No opposition voiced. (closed by non-admin page mover) --  Dane talk  05:50, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

10/40 Window → 10/40 window – Not a proper noun. 142.161.81.20 (talk) 04:50, 13 January 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. — Amakuru (talk) 19:42, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). — Amakuru (talk) 19:41, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Comment this was moved in January, but has now been contested by (permalink) so I've reverted back to the long-term stable version of and listing it here for discussion.  — Amakuru (talk) 19:41, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Boko Haram
The Boko Haram terrorist group is a response to Christian evangelization in the 10/40 window. How can it be effectively added to this article? Jasonagastrich (talk) 20:44, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

 * That sounds quite simplistic... AnonMoos (talk) 01:38, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

 * You'd need sources making that statement. Doug Weller  talk 15:57, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Here's a resource with several theories on this group's history. None of them appear to have any connection to the topic of this WP page. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/explaining-the-emergence-of-boko-haram/ Mr Pete (talk) 22:04, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:10/40 window


text:
Virginia Senate

The Senate of Virginia is the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly. The Senate is composed of 40 senators representing an equal number of single-member constituent districts. The Senate is presided over by the lieutenant governor of Virginia. Prior to the American War of Independence, the upper house of the General Assembly was represented by the Virginia Governor's Council, consisting of up to 12 executive counselors appointed by the colonial royal governor as advisers and jurists.

The lieutenant governor presides daily over the Virginia Senate. In the lieutenant governor's absence, the president pro tempore presides, usually a powerful member of the majority party. The Senate is equal with the House of Delegates, the lower chamber of the legislature, except that taxation bills must originate in the House, similar to the federal U.S. Congress. The 40 senatorial districts in Virginia elect their representatives every four years on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November. The last election took place in November 2023. There are no term limits for senators. The Senate also employs 36 pages (ages 13–14) to help with daily tasks during each general session in a full-time residential program of high regard.

History
The Senate of Virginia was created by the 1776 Constitution of Virginia, and originally consisted of twenty-four members. Along with the House of Delegates, the Senate comprised a new bicameral legislature designed to replace the colonial Virginia House of Burgesses, which formally dissolved on May 6, 1776. The Senate replaced the legislative functions of the appointed Virginia Council of State.

Pursuant to the original Virginia Constitution, the Senate was only permitted to file amendments, while the House of Delegates had the power to propose bills. Accordingly, the Senate had far less power than the House, until the revised Virginia constitution of 1851 allowed the Senate to propose new laws.

In the 2007 elections, the Democratic Party reclaimed the majority in the Senate for the first time since 1995, when the Republican Party gained a 20–20 split. The Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time in history after a January 1998 special election. The 2011 elections resulted in a 20–20 split between the parties, but as the tie breaker was Republican lieutenant governor Bill Bolling, the Republicans effectively regained control.

After the 2013 elections, Democratic state senator Ralph Northam became the lieutenant governor, but the Democrats did not regain control of the chamber until January 28, 2014, following a series of special elections including that of Northam's vacated 6th district seat. The Democratic majority would prove short-lived, however, as Senator Phil Puckett (D-38th) resigned, effective June 8, handing the GOP a majority of 20 to 19. The Republicans solidified their majority following a special election win on August 19, 2014, which increased their total number of seats to 21.

The Democratic Party regained control of Senate after the 2019 election and new members were sworn into office on January 8, 2020. As the legislative session opened, Louise Lucas was elected as the first female and African American President Pro Tempore.

Salary and qualifications
The annual salary for senators is $18,000 per year. To qualify for office, senators must be at least 21 years of age at the time of the election, residents of the district they represent, and qualified to vote for General Assembly legislators. The regular session of the General Assembly is 60 days long during even numbered years and 30 days long during odd numbered years, unless extended by a two-thirds vote of both houses.

Committee chairs and ranking members
The Senate of Virginia has 10 Standing Committees and a Committee on Rules.

Coat of Arms
The Senate of Virginia has its own coat of arms designed and granted by the College of Arms in England. The coat of arms also makes up the official seal of the Virginia Senate. It bears no resemblance to the Seal of the Commonwealth of Virginia, which is the seal of the state as a whole, however the shield does resemble the Coat of Arms of the Commons Wealth of Virginia.

The coat of arms adopted January 22, 1981, was designed by the College of Arms and based on the coat of arms used by the London Company, the royally chartered English entrepreneurs who funded the European settlement of Virginia. This is not to be confused with the Seal of the London Company, for other than both devices displaying a quartered shield, there is little resemblance between them.

The Senate's arms have a shield in the center which is divided into four sections by a red cross. In each quarter are smaller shields representing the arms of four countries (England, France, Scotland, and Ireland) that contributed settlers to Virginia's early waves of European immigration.

The four coats of arms, a small crest of a crowned female head with unbound hair representing Queen Elizabeth (the Virgin Queen who named Virginia), and the dragon (part of the Elizabethan royal seal of England) represent Virginia's European heritage.

An ivory gavel emblazoned on the vertical arm of the red cross represents the Senate as a law making body. The cardinal and dogwood depicted are Virginia's official state bird and tree. The ribbon contains the Latin motto of the Senate, Floreat Senatus Virginiae, which means "May the Senate of Virginia flourish."

title: Virginia Senate


text:
Eddie Griffin (basketball)

Eddie Jamaal Griffin (May 30, 1982 – August 17, 2007) was an American professional basketball player from Philadelphia. He last played for the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves, who waived him on March 13, 2007. Months later, he was killed in a car crash.

College career
After a standout career at Roman Catholic High School of Philadelphia in which he was named Parade's National Player of the Year, he competed in the McDonald's All-American Game and led Roman to the Philadelphia Catholic League Championship in his junior and senior years. However, in a harbinger of things to come, Griffin was forced to finish his senior year via correspondence courses after getting in a fight with a teammate.

As a freshman, Griffin averaged 17.8 points, 10.7 rebounds, and 4.4 blocks for Seton Hall and was at one point thought to be a potential top pick in the 2001 NBA draft. He was named the nation's Freshman of the Year by Sporting News.

In January 2001, Griffin got in a fight with teammate Ty Shine. Griffin left the school in somewhat acrimonious circumstances after his freshman year, and made himself available for the NBA Draft. Shortly before the draft, Griffin's half-brother Marvin Powell died of a heart attack.

NBA career
Despite Griffin's freshman year at Seton Hall, the lingering question about his attitude saw him slip to the seventh overall pick of the 2001 NBA draft, where he was selected by the New Jersey Nets, who immediately traded the rights to him over to the Houston Rockets in exchange for those to Jason Collins, Brandon Armstrong, and Richard Jefferson (all of whom selected likewise in the 2001 draft).

In his rookie year, Griffin played in 73 games (starting 24) while averaging 8.8 points, 5.7 rebounds, and 1.84 blocks per game (ranking 13th in the NBA in that category). He followed this in 2002-03 with per-game averages of 8.6 points, 6.0 rebounds, and 1.44 blocks.

Off the court, Griffin suffered from alcoholism, and his troubles piled up quickly over the ensuing year. In December 2003, the Rockets released him after he missed practices and engaged in a team fight. Griffin signed with the Nets in January 2004, only to miss the entire 2003–04 season, when he entered an alcohol rehabilitation center.

Prior to the 2004–05 season, the Timberwolves signed Griffin to a one-year contract, for which season he posted roughly the same numbers as he had done for his previous two. The Timberwolves re-signed Griffin for three years (player option in the third), starting with the 2005–06 season. Griffin had a significant drop-off in scoring and rebounding, albeit while suffering only a slight decrease in minutes and while averaging a career-high in blocks per game (2.11).

On March 30, 2006, Griffin was involved in a car crash. Witnesses and friends stated that he was watching a "pornographic movie on a DVD in his vehicle, and was masturbating". After the accident, he proceeded to enter a nearby convenience store, where, as per the store's security camera footage, he lamented his being  drunk and without driver's license to the clerk;  it also showed Griffin begging the man whose SUV he had struck not to call the police and promising to buy him a new car in exchange.

Griffin's final NBA game was played on December 13, 2006, in a 82–95 Timberwolves loss to the San Antonio Spurs. Griffin played for 48 seconds and recorded no stats except for a missed three-pointer, his only such attempt of the season. In March 2007, Griffin was released by the Timberwolves.

In 303 NBA games (117 starts), Griffin averaged 7.2 points, 5.8 rebounds, 0.8 assists, 1.7 blocks, and 22:12 of floor time per game.

Death
Griffin died as a result of a car crash on August 17, 2007, at approximately 1:30 a.m. Houston police said in a report that Griffin ignored a railroad warning and went through a barrier before striking a moving train. The resulting fire burned Griffin's SUV and the side of a railcar carrying plastic granules. Griffin's body was badly burned and there was no initial identification. Dental records later revealed the man was Griffin. He had more than three times the legal alcohol limit in his system when he crashed, according to an autopsy report. The Harris County Medical Examiner's office said the 25-year-old Griffin died of "multiple blunt force injuries." The medical examiner's office performed tests on Griffin's bile and blood from his heart and liver and determined his blood-alcohol level was 0.26; the legal limit in Texas is 0.08. Tests found no traces of cocaine, barbiturates or any other narcotics. Former Timberwolves coach Dwane Casey said he had not talked to Griffin in five or six months, but he knew that Griffin was spending the summer trying to get back in shape to play in Europe the next season. He was buried in Northwood Cemetery in Philadelphia. At the time of his death he had a three-year-old daughter named Amaree.

Regular season
Source

title: Eddie Griffin (basketball)


text:
HNB

HNB may refer to:

 * Croatian National Bank (Croatian: Hrvatska narodna banka)
 * Hasnabad railway station, in India
 * Hatton National Bank, a Sri Lankan bank
 * Heat-not-burn tobacco product, cigarette that heats tobacco to a lower temperature than when a conventional cigarette is burned
 * Herne Bay railway station, in England
 * Hexanitrobenzene, an explosive compound
 * Hockey New Brunswick
 * Home Node B, in wireless telecommunications
 * Huntingburg Airport, in Indiana, United States
 * HNB (band), a South Korean boy band

title: HNB


text: Talk:Nick of Time

title: Talk:Nick of Time


text:
Rum River

The Rum River is a slow, meandering stream that connects Minnesota's Mille Lacs Lake with the Mississippi River. It runs for 151 mi through the communities of Onamia, Milaca, Princeton, Cambridge, Isanti, and St. Francis before ending at the city of Anoka, roughly 20 miles northwest of Minneapolis. It is one of the six protected Wild and Scenic rivers in Minnesota.

History
The early explorer Louis Hennepin is credited with being the first European to lay eyes upon the Rum. He was taken to see it during the spring of 1680, while under the captivity of a party of Dakota. He referred to it as the St. Francis river in his published journals, although obviously the name didn't stick. The current river bearing the name St. Francis River, located 12 miles west of the Rum, parallels the flow of the Rum.

The Rum River makes a sharp turn southward at Cambridge, Minnesota. During the spring floods, the Rum River forces itself through a wetland complex west of Cambridge as the sharp bend constricts the river's floodwaters. In the 1825 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien, the outlet of this natural diversion channel located near Isanti, Minnesota, known as "Choking Creek", became a treaty boundary separating the Dakota from the Ojibwe.

In Princeton, Minnesota, the Rum divides between the Main Branch and the West Branch. When Mille Lacs County, Minnesota was created from Benton County, Minnesota, the West Branch of the Rum served as the counties' boundary. Today, Mille Lacs County's western boundary instead follows the public land survey line.

The Bogus Brook, which flows into the Rum River, was known to have been a refuge for moonshiners during Prohibition.

Name history
The Dakota name for the river is Watpa waḳaŋ (Spirit(ual)/Mystic River), after Mille Lacs Lake (Mde waḳaŋ, Spirit(ual)/Mystic Lake). In 1702, d'Isle's map recorded the name of the river as Riviere des Mendeoüacanton (River of the Mdewakanton). On the "Carte représentant le Messisipi entre le 49e d. et le 42e d. ou aboutit la rivière Wisconsing lac Supérieure, lac des Illinois et lac Alemepigon" map (c. 1730), Rum River is recorded as Rivière de S. François ou des Nadouessioux (St. Francis or Sioux River). On the 1733 Henry Popple map, the Rum River is shown as R. Nendivaocanton. Upham notes that both Carver in 1766 and Pike in 1805 found the name "Rum River" in use by English-speaking fur traders. However, the 1778 Mitchell Map by John Mitchell records the river as Fiume del Lago (River of the Lake), with Samuel Mitchell reproducing the map in 1880, with the river recorded as Lake R.; Mille Lacs Lake, though, was recorded in the reproduction as Red Lake or Mustiacalsan ("Mustiacalsan" being a mis-recording of "Miſsiſacaigon"). Henry Schoolcraft in his Narratives in 1820 records the Rum River by its Ojibwe name Missisawgaiegon. By 1832, Tanner's map recorded the name of the river as Missisagaigon or Rum River. Today, two different Ojibwe names can be found for this river: one indicating the lake of its origin (Misi-zaaga'igani-ziibi, Grand Lake River) and the other reflecting the English (Ishkodewaaboo-ziibi, Fire-water River). Due to changes in the Dakota language, two slightly varying river's name appears as well: Watpa waḳaŋ representing the historically recorded name, and Wakpa waḳaŋ reflecting the current name.

Naming controversy
The current English name is a mistranslation of the one given to it by the Mdewakanton Dakota (see Dakota) tribe. Though Watpa waḳaŋ (Spirit(ual)/Mystic River) in the Dakota language, by the late 18th-century Europeans interpreted the Mdewakanton Dakota name for the river not as "Spirit" denoting a mystical force, but instead as "spirit" denoting alcohol and ever since it has been known as the Rum River.

title: Rum River


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HGANB

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 01:43, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

HGANB or Huki Gets A New Ball
The effort... The vanity... Simply wtf?--ZayZayEM 06:51, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Some incomprehensible web-cruft. jni 17:03, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 01:32, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable ad (use of the royal "We", etc). --Deathphoenix 01:37, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Echo the "WTF" noted above. delete. humblefool® 03:53, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Whatever it is. JoaoRicardo 04:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with extreme prejudice and kindly add another WTF to the discussion. Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 18:43, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * EXTREME DELETE. —RaD Man (talk)  22:31, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HGANB


text:
General War Commissariat

Following the defeats Prussia suffered in the 30 Years' War, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, set up the General War Commissariat (General-Kriegs-Kommissariat) to oversee the army, as well as to levy taxes necessary to support the army. It soon became a bureaucratic machine for civil government as well. Frederick William used it to govern the state. Many members were landed aristocracy known as Junkers, who served in the army as well. The commissariats helped to centralize power. It later was merged into General Directory of War and Finance in 1723. Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal was its first head since 1646. During the reign of Frederick William I, Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow became its head.

title: General War Commissariat


text:
Anthony Babington

Anthony Babington (24 October 1561 – 20 September 1586) was an English gentleman convicted of plotting the assassination of Elizabeth I of England and conspiring with the imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots, for which he was hanged, drawn and quartered. The "Babington Plot" and Mary's involvement in it were the basis of the treason charges against her which led to her execution. He was a member of the Babington family.

Biography
Born into a gentry family to Sir Henry Babington and Mary Darcy, granddaughter of Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy, at Dethick Manor in Dethick, Derbyshire, England, he was their third child. His father died in 1571 when Anthony was nine years old, and his mother married Henry Foljambe. Anthony was under the guardianship of his mother, her second husband, Henry Foljambe, and Philip Draycot of Paynsley Hall, Cresswell, Staffordshire, his future father-in-law. While publicly Protestant, the family remained Catholic.

Babington was employed as a page boy in the Earl of Shrewsbury's household. The Earl was at this time the gaoler of Mary, Queen of Scots and it is likely that it was during this time that Babington became a supporter of Mary's cause to ascend the throne of England. In 1579, he was married to Margery Draycot. He was never knighted, judging by the fact that he is not listed in The Knights of England. In about 1580, while travelling on the continent, he had met the arch-conspirator Thomas Morgan, who persuaded him to courier letters to Mary while she was still being held by his former master, the Earl of Shrewsbury. He also assisted the movement of priests in the Catholic Midlands, but by 1586, with Mary removed to the harsher regime of Tutbury and the consequent closing down of communications with her, Babington's role as a courier came to an end. Twice in early 1586 he received letters from France, destined for Mary, but in each case he declined to 'deal further in those affairs'. Around this time he was reportedly considering leaving England permanently and was trying to secure a passport along with his Welsh friend, Thomas Salisbury. He obtained an introduction to Robert Poley, a man with good political contacts, with a view to securing a 'licence' to go to France. Poley, unknown to Babington, was an agent for Francis Walsingham, the Secretary of State, and was under orders to infiltrate known Catholic circles. He probably intentionally failed to obtain a passport for Babington, and instead persuaded him that he, Poley, was a Catholic sympathiser and could be trusted. It was Babington's misplaced trust of, and possibly even love for, Poley that was a large contributory factor in his eventual downfall.

During Elizabeth's reign her court was particularly concerned about the prospect of Mary Stuart coming to the throne. It was a time of great religious tension. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre served to increase the realisation of the outcome a return to Roman Catholicism might present. The Queen's security forces, led by Sir Francis Walsingham with its ruthless and cunning spies like Poley were more than effective at their job. During one of Walsingham's investigations, a suspected subversive named Gilbert Gifford was arrested and interrogated. To avoid punishment, Gifford agreed to act as a double agent. He made contact with the French Embassy in London and arranged the smuggling of letters from Mary Stuart to her followers. This was to be achieved through the use of beer barrels. Gifford ensured that Walsingham was given access to these communications, which revealed Mary's requests to the French and Spanish that they intervene on her behalf.

On 6 July 1586, Babington wrote to Mary Stuart, telling her that he and a group of friends were planning to assassinate Elizabeth, whom she (the Queen of Scots) would succeed. Babington's (and Mary Stuart's) defenders claim that in the sixteenth century it was held that the killing of "tyrants" was morally acceptable. Babington decided to write to Mary to seek her authorisation, which he believed she could provide as the legitimate claimant to the Throne. (It was believed by Catholics that Elizabeth's claim to the throne was void due to her being the daughter of Anne Boleyn whose marriage to Henry VIII they considered illegal due to Henry VIII's divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.)

Mary replied to Babington, in which she stressed the necessity of foreign aid if the rescue attempt was to succeed. However, she left the matter of the assassination to Babington's conscience.

In the meantime, Babington's growing involvement with the plot was being reported to Walsingham, by Poley, who was by this time much in Babington's confidence, despite having been caught by him copying some of Mary's letters. When Walsingham and his officials had gathered sufficient evidence, Babington and his crew were rounded up. Babington was in the Tower of London by 3 September when Burghley ordered his goods and papers at Dethick to be seized. The house was almost empty except for his two sisters, Madeleine and Ellen, and his two-year-old daughter. His wife had fled.

Death
Babington (aged 24) and his thirteen conspirators were convicted of high treason and sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered.

His offer to Elizabeth of £1,000 for his pardon was rejected, and the execution of the first seven (including Babington, John Ballard, and Chidiock Tichborne) took place on the 20th. The condemned men, kept in the Tower of London, were marched from their cells, strapped to sledges and pulled by horses through the streets of London. On reaching a specially erected scaffold in St. Giles' Field, near Holborn, they were hanged, drawn and quartered. After this, the executioner distributed the parts of their bodies to prominent locations around the city to warn all of the consequences of disloyalty to the monarch.

Babington's final letter to his friend and betrayer, Poley ("farewell sweet Robyn...") is one of the more strikingly poignant documents in the case.

Popular culture
A Traveller in Time by Alison Uttley is set at Thackers, the fictional name for the Babington Manor House, actually at Dethick, in Derbyshire. The narrator, Penelope Taberner, witnesses young Anthony Babington's growing involvement with Mary, Queen of Scots, as Penelope finds herself passing between her world of the 1940s and the year 1582.

In 2008, BBC Radio 4 broadcast an Afternoon Play by Michael Butt entitled The Babington Plot, directed by Sasha Yevtushenko with Stephen Greif as "The Presenter", done in documentary-style and told from the perspectives of some of the conspirators – some genuine, some government spies that had infiltrated the group - and several people who were in various ways involved in the events. Babington is portrayed as possibly homosexual and having an emotional relationship first with Thomas Salisbury (played by Samuel Barnett) and then Robert Poley (played by Burn Gorman).

Actors who played Babington

 * David Collings played Babington in the 1971 BBC miniseries Elizabeth R.
 * Charles Rogers played Babington in the 1978 BBC miniseries adaptation of Alison Uttley's A Traveller in Time.
 * Geoffrey Streatfeild played Babington in the HBO miniseries, Elizabeth I, which starred Helen Mirren.
 * Eddie Redmayne played Babington in the 2007 film Elizabeth: The Golden Age.
 * Nicholas Agnew played Babington in the 2016 BBC documentary Bloody Queens: Elizabeth and Mary.

Styles

 * Sir Anthony Babington (?–1586)
 * Anthony Babington (1586)

title: Anthony Babington


text:
Petition of right

In English law, a petition of right was a remedy available to subjects to recover property from the Crown.

Before the Crown Proceedings Act 1947, the British Crown could not be sued in contract. However, as it was seen to be desirable that Crown contractors could obtain redress, lest they be inhibited from taking on such work, the petition of right came to be used in such situations, especially after the Petitions of Right Act 1860 simplified the process. Before the petition could be heard by the courts, it had to be endorsed with the words fiat justitia on the advice of the Home Secretary and Attorney-General. This Latin phrase was normally translated as "Let right be done".

One of the most famous causes célèbres in English law, the Archer-Shee case, arose out of proceedings on a petition of right.

Section 1 of the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 allows claims for which a petition would previously have been demanded to be brought in the courts directly as against any other defendant. However, a petition and fiat still appear to be necessary for personal claims against the monarch.

Claims allowed
A petition of right was available:
 * To obtain restitution of real or personal property of the subject which has found its way into the hands of the Crown, or compensation if restitution could not be made; or
 * To recover damages for breach of a contract made on behalf of the Crown, whether the breach was due to the acts or the omissions of servants of the Crown.

Where the Crown was in possession of the property of the applicant, and the title of the Crown appeared by record, as by inquest of office, the remedy was somewhat different and was called monstrans de droit. Petition of right was not available in respect of engagements in the naval, military or civil service, which, were not generally considered as contracts of employment but as appointments enjoyed during the pleasure of the Crown. This relationship based on the royal prerogative only ended in 1996. Nor was the action available for breach of public duty, e.g. a failure to perform treaty obligations, nor for trespass or negligence or other torts by Crown servants. Where such acts were wrongful the remedy was still by action against the official as an individual and not in his official capacity.

Common law
At common law the petition went through its earliest stages in Chancery. The petition suggested a right disputing the title of the Crown, and the Crown endorsed the petition soit droit fait la partie. Then a commission was issued to inquire into the truth of the suggestion. After the return to the commission, the Attorney-General filed a response and the merits were determined as in any inter partes action. If the right was determined against the Crown, judgment of amoveas manus was given in favour of the applicant.

Scotland and Ireland
The law as to petitions of right applied to Ireland but not to Scotland, and a right to present such a petition was also thought to exist in colonies whose law was based on the common law of England. Ultimately, in many colonies legislation was passed with respect to claims against the government which made it unnecessary to resort to a petition of right.

title: Petition of right


text:
Grand WEGA

A liquid crystal rear projection television system using a patented "optical engine" made by Sony to provide a large image in a very compact chassis. Screen sizes in inches can range anywhere for 42" to 70"; with exceptional sharpness, composed of approximately 2.5 million plus pixels.

title: Grand WEGA


text: Template:Bacteria-stub

title: Template:Bacteria-stub


text:
Caribbean martin

The Caribbean martin or white-bellied martin (Progne dominicensis) is a large swallow.

It has at various times been considered alternatively as a race of the purple martin, Progne subis.

Taxonomy
In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the Caribbean martin in the second volume of his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in the French colony of Saint-Domingue on the island of Hispaniola. He used the French name L'hirondelle de S. Dominigue and the Latin name Hirundo Dominicensis. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The Caribbean martin was subsequently described by the French polymath, the Comte de Buffon, in 1779 and by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1783. Latham used the English name "St Dominico swallow" but neither Buffon nor Latham introduced a scientific name.

The German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin included the Caribbean martin when he revised and expanded Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae in 1789. He placed it with the swallows in the genus Hirundo and coined the binomial name Hirundo dominicensis. The specific epithet dominicensis  is from Santo Domingo. The Caribbean martin is now one of nine species placed in the genus Progne that was introduced in 1826 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
Adult Caribbean martins are 18.5 cm in length, with a forked tail and relatively broad wings, and weigh 40 g. Adult males are a glossy blue-black with contrasting white lower underparts. Females and juveniles are duller than the male, with grey-brown breast and flanks and white lower underparts.

Distribution
It breeds throughout the Caribbean, except on Cuba and Isla de la Juventud, where it is replaced by the related Cuban martin (P. cryptoleuca). It is closely related to the aforementioned species, as well as the Sinaloa martin (P. sinaloae) to which it used to be considered conspecific. There are sight records from mainland Central and South America, and most birds appear to migrate to the South American mainland. A single bird was recorded in Key West, Florida, on May 9, 1895 (AOU 2000).

Behaviour
The Caribbean martin nests in cavities in banks and buildings, or old woodpecker holes. 3-6 eggs are laid in the lined nest, and incubated for 15 days, with another 26-27 to fledging. Just as the purple martin, this species may compete with other passerines for nesting cavities. In particular, the main foe is the house sparrow in urban areas, where they mostly use man-made structures, whereas in more rural locations Picidae holes in coconut trees are favored, and there is less competition with the sparrows.

Caribbean martins are gregarious birds which hunt for insects in flight. Their call is a gurgly chew-chew.

title: Caribbean martin


text: Category:Bacteria stubs

title: Category:Bacteria stubs


text: Template:Microbiology-stub

title: Template:Microbiology-stub


text:
Talk:Yusuf Estes/Archive 1

Biography
Yusuf Estes was born to Joseph Edward Estes and his wife, Ruth Lois Burger in Cleveland, Ohio in February of 1944. They moved to Texas in December of 1949.

Yusuf (nicknamed Skip in later years) was actually a businessman and a missionary type preacher before entering into Islam in July of 1991. He changed his name to Yusuf after becoming Muslim.

His business accomplishments include establishing the Estes Music Studio in Laurel, Maryland in early 1962, then after moving to El Campo, Texas he furthered his career by learning to repair musical instruments. He joined Holloway House of Music in 1970 and then advanced his marketing to include northern Texas as he open a series of retail and wholesale outlets, including: Piano and Organ Brokers Outlet; Estes Video Music Studios; Estes Music; Estes Piano and Organs and then finally moved to central Florida to open his last retail outlet, Estes Music Co. This last venture included a television program designed to help promote store identity, called Estes Music Jamboree.

Yusuf studied various religions cults along with Metaphysics, numerology and astrology in the early 1960s. He also has background and degrees in business, education and English language. Prior to entering Islam, his studies ranged from music to marketing and religion to theology.

His knowledge of Islamic thought, Christian concepts and Biblical background are well established. However, he does not claim to be an expert in ancient texts and manuscripts. He can however, be considered most reliable with regard to presentation of Islam into simple English language. Well known scholars from many Muslim countries have endorsed his projects and referred to him as most excellent in his presentations.

He is well known for his dedication to presenting the correct view of Islam, Christianity and Judaism and he does work constantly to improve his understanding by sitting with and taking instruction from the people of knowledge. Sheik Yusuf has been known to travel all around the world to places like Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabi, Kuwait, Bahrain, India, Sweden, Denmark, U.A.E. and Pakistan just to ask questions and take references from the scholars there.

Sheik Yusuf's father, Joseph Estes, born 1917 and died in 2003, was also a businessman, spokesman for various causes and himself an ordained minister for a non-denominational church. (story below)

Check out his talks online at http://www.IslamYesterday.com

His other works are at: http://www.IslamTomorrow.com

Joseph Estes (Father of Yusuf Estes)
Joseph Edward Estes, born to Arthur Joseph Estes and Mary Magdelen Flemming, in Michigan on December 15, 1917, died January, 2003 in Falls Church, Virginia.

His geneology can be traced back to the 15th century in America from Old English decendency, in the 1400s and 1500s. Prior to that, the Estes ancestory likely came from immigrants to the coastline of England, Ireland and Scotland while escaping religious persecution in Muslim Spain (around 1500).

He is yet another preacher turned Muslim, and he is the father of the well known and world famous lecturer on Islam, Sheik Yusuf Estes.

Estes was always active in religion from his childhood days. Both of his parents died in his early childhood and he was left in foster homes until his step-sister and her husband adopted him and his brother, Arthur Flemming Estes.

By the time Joseph reach the age of 10 he had read the entire Bible and received an award from the Sunday school master, Harry Burger, who would later become his father in law. Joseph Estes married Ruth Lois Burger in August of 1941.

Their fist child was born to them (Sheik Yusuf Estes) in February of 1944 and they went on to have three more children, all girls.

Estes (Joseph) became very active in religious and social work in Texas in the last 25 years of his life, dedicating his wealth, time and energy to promoting religious education, bus ministries and religious education.

He followed his son (Sheik Yusuf Estes) into Islam in 1991 and became a strong advocate of inter-faith dialog between the Muslims and various Christian groups, including his favorite, the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International (FGBMFI).

His financial and emotional support of the work of his son (Sheik Yusuf Estes) cannot be denied. It has been said that much of what Sheik Yusuf Estes has accomplished in his world wide mission of sharing true religious knowledge, can be traced back to the efforts and unswerving dedication of his father.

Estes (Eustaz)
The family name of Estes (from Sheik Yusuf and his father, Joseph) can be traced all the way back to England (1500s) and even further back to Spain with the pronounciation of Eustaz, Ustath and finally the original Arabic, Ustadh.

http://www.triode.net.au/~dragon/ft/estes-us.txt

Yusuf Estes Story: Preacher to Teacher of Islam
The Conversion Story of Yusuf Estes, US Federal Prison Chaplain (in his own words)

Read the amazing tale of American, former "born again" Christian, his wife, daughters and his father, both ordained ministers, plus a Catholic priest, all became convinced of the truth of Islam.

Christian Preacher from Texas to Muslim Teacher - as told by Yusuf Estes

Many people ask me how a preacher or priest in Christianity can ever go to Islam, especially considering all the negative things that we hear about Islam and Muslims everyday. I would like to thank everyone for their interest and offer my humble story, God Willing.

I was born into a very strong Christian family in the Midwest. Our family and their ancestors not only built the churches and schools across this land, but actually were the same ones who came here in the first place. While I was still in elementary we relocated in Houston, Texas in 1949 (I'm old). We attended church regularly and I was baptized at the age of 12 in Pasadena, Texas. As a teenager, I wanted to visit other churches to learn more of their teachings and beliefs. The Baptists, Methodists, Episcopalians, Charismatic movements, Nazarene, Church of Christ, Church of God, Church of God in Christ, Full Gospel, Agape, Catholic, Presbyterian and many more. I developed quite a thirst for the "Gospel" or as we say; "Good News." My research into religion did not stop with Christianity. Not at all. Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Metaphysics, native American beliefs were all a part of my studies. Just about the only one that I did not look into seriously was "Islam". Why? Good question.

Anyway, I became very interested in different types of music, especially Gospel and Classical. Because my whole family was religious and musical it followed that I too would begin my studies in both areas. All this set me for the logical position of Music Minister in many of the churches that I became affiliated with over the years. I started teaching keyboard instruments in 1960 and by 1963 owned my own studios in Laurel, Maryland, called "Estes Music Studios."

Over the next 30 years my father and I worked together in many business projects. We had entertainment programs, shows and attractions. We opened piano and organ stores all the way from Texas and Oklahoma to Florida. I made millions of dollars in those years, but could not find the peace of mind that can only come through knowing the truth and finding the real plan of salvation. I'm sure you have asked yourself the question; "Why did God create me?" or "What is it that God wants me to do?" or "Exactly who is God, anyway?" "Why do we believe in 'original sin?" and "Why would the sons of Adam be forced to accept his 'sins' and then as a result be punished forever. But if you asked anyone these questions, they would probably tell you that you have to believe without asking, or that it is a 'mystery' and you shouldn't ask.

And then there is the concept of the 'Trinity.' If I would ask preachers or ministers to give me some sort of an idea how 'one' could figure out to become 'three' or how God Himself, Who can do anything He Wills to do, cannot just forgive people's sins, but rather and had to become a man, come down on earth, be a human, and then take on the sins of all people. Keeping in mind that all along He is still God of the whole universe and does as He Wills to do, both in and outside of the universe as we know it. Then one day in 1991, I came to know that the Muslims believed in the Bible. I was shocked. How could this be? But that's not all, they believe in Jesus as: * a true messenger of God; * prophet of God; * miracle birth without human intervention; * he was the 'Christ' or Messiah as predicted in the Bible; * he is with God now and most important; * He will be coming back in the Last Days to lead the believers against the 'Antichrist.'

This was too much for me. Especially since the evangelists that we used to travel around with all hated Muslims and Islam very much. They even said things that were not true to make people afraid of Islam. So, why would I want anything to do with these people?

My father was very active in supporting church work, especially church school programs. He became and ordained minister in the 1970s. He and his wife (my stepmother) knew many of the TV evangelists and preachers and even visited Oral Roberts and helped in the building of the "Prayer Tower" in Tulsa, OK. They also were strong supporters of Jimmy Swaggart, Jim and Tammy Fae Bakker, Jerry Fallwell, John Haggi and the biggest enemy to Islam in America, Pat Robertson.

Dad and his wife worked together and were most active in recording "Praise" tapes and distributing them for free to people in retirement homes, hospitals and homes for the elderly. And then in 1991 he began doing business with a man from Egypt and told me that he wanted me to meet him. This idea appealed to me when I thought about the idea of having an international flavor. You know, the pyramids, sphinx, Nile River and all that. Then my father mentioned that this man was a 'Moslem.' I couldn't believe my ears. A 'Moslem?' No way. I reminded my dad of the various different things that we had heard about these people, how they are; terrorists; hijackers; kidnappers; bombers and who knows what else? Not to mention that: they don't believe in God; they kiss the ground five times a day and they worship a black box in the desert.

No. I did not want to meet this 'Moslem' man. No way. My father insisted that I meet him and reassured me that he was a very nice person. So, I gave in and agreed to the meeting. But on my terms. I agreed to meet him on a Sunday after church so we would be all prayed up and in good standing with the Lord. I would be carrying my Bible under my arm as usual. I would have my big shiny cross dangling and I would have on my cap which says: "Jesus is Lord" right across the front. My wife and two young daughters came along and we were ready for our first encounter with the 'Moslems.'

When I came into the shop and asked my father where the'Moslem' was, he pointed and said: "He's right over there." I was confused. That couldn't be the Moslem. No way.

I'm looking for a huge man with flowing robes and big turban on his head, a beard half way down his shirt and eyebrows that go all the way across his forehead.

This man had no beard. In fact, he didn't even have any hair on his head at all. He was very close to bald. And he was very pleasant with a warm welcome and handshake. This didn't make sense. I thought they are terrorists and bombers. What is this all about?

Never mind. I'll get right to work on this guy. He needs to be 'saved' and me and the Lord are going to do it. So, after a quick introduction, I asked him: "Do you believe in God?" He said: "Yes." (Good!) Then I said: "Do you believe in Adam and Eve?" He said: "Yes." I said: "What about Abraham? You believe in him and how he tried to sacrifice his son for God?" He said: "Yes." Then I asked: "What about Moses?" Again he said: "Yes." Then: "What about the other prophets, David, Solomon and John the Baptist?" He said: "Yes." I asked: "Do you believe in the Bible?" Again, he said: "Yes." So, now it was time for the big question: "Do you believe in Jesus? That he was the Christ of God?" (I waited until later to mention the "Son of God" as I knew it would take some time and planning for this part) Again the said: "Yes."

Well, now, this was going to be easier than I had thought. He was just about ready to be baptized only he didn't know it. And I was just the one to do it, too. I was winning souls to the Lord day after day and this would be a big achievement for me, to catch one of these 'Moslems' and 'convert' him to Christianity. I asked him if he liked tea and he said he did. So off we went to a little shop in the mall to sit and talk about my favorite subject: Beliefs. While we sat in that little coffee shop for hours talking (I did most of the talking) I came to know that he was very nice, quiet and even a bit shy. He listened attentively to every word that I had to say and did not interrupt even one time. I liked this man's way and thought that he had definite potential to become a good Christian. Little did I know the course of events about to unravel in front of my eyes.

First of all, I agreed with my father that we should do business with this man and even encouraged the idea of him traveling along with me on my business trips across the northern part of Texas. Day after day we would ride together and discuss various issues pertaining to different beliefs that people have. And along the way, I could of course interject some of my favorite radio programs of worship and praise to help bring the message to this poor individual. We talked about the concept of God; the meaning of life; the purpose of creation; the prophets and their mission and how God reveals His Will to mankind. We also shared a lot of personal experiences and ideas as well.

One day I came to know that my friend Mohamed was going to move out of the home he have been sharing with a friend of his and was going to be living in the mosque for a time. I went to my dad and asked him if we could invite Mohamed to come out to our big home in the country and stay there with us. After all, he could share some of the work and some expenses and he would be right there when we were ready to go to out traveling around. My father agreed and Mohamed moved in.

Of course I still would find time to visit my fellow preachers and evangelists around the state of Texas. One of them lived on the Texas -- Mexico border and another lived near lived Oklahoma border. One preacher liked to a huge wooden cross that was bigger than a car. He would carry it over his shoulder and drag the bottom on the ground and go down the road or freeway hauling these two beams formed in the shape of a cross. People would stop their cars and come over to him and ask him what was going on and he would give them pamphlets and booklets on Christianity.

One day my friend with the cross had a heart attack and had to go to the Veterans Hospital where he stayed for quite a long while. I used to visit him in the hospital several times a week and I would take Mohamed with me with the hopes that we could all share together in the subject of beliefs and religions. My friend was not very impressed and it was obvious that he did not want to know anything about Islam. Then one day a man who was sharing the room with my friend came rolling into the room in his wheelchair. I went to him and asked him his name and he said that it didn't matter and when I asked him where he was from he said he was from the planet Jupiter. I thought about what he said and then began to wonder if I was in the cardiac ward or the mental ward.

I knew the man was lonely and depressed and needed someone in his life. So, I began to 'witness' to him about the Lord. I read to him out of the book of Jonah in the Old Testament. I shared the story of the prophet Jonah who had been sent by the Lord to call his people to the correct way. Jonah had left his people and escaped by boat to leave his city and head out to sea. A storm came up and the ship almost capsized and the people on board threw Jonah over the side of the ship. A whale came up to the surface and grabbed Jonah, swallowed him and then went down to the bottom of the sea, where he stayed for 3 days and 3 nights. Yet because of God's Mercy, He caused the whale to rise to the surface and then spit Jonah out to return back home safely to his city of Nineveh. And the idea was that we can't really run away from our problems because we always know what we have done. And what is more, God also always knows what we have done. After sharing this story with the man in the wheel chair, he looked up and me and apologized. He told me he was sorry for his rude behavior and that he had experienced some real serious problems recently. Then he said that he wanted to confess something to me. And I said that I was not a Catholic priest and I don't handle confessions. He replied back to me that he knew that. In fact, he said: "I am a Catholic priest." I was shocked. Here I had been trying to preach Christianity to a priest. What in the world was happening here? The priest began to share his story of being a missionary for the church for over 12 years to south and Central America and Mexico and even in New York's 'Hell's Kitchen.' When he was released from the hospital he needed a place to go to recover and rather than let him go to stay with a Catholic family, I told my dad that we should invite him to come out and live with us in the country along with our families and Mohamed. It was agreed by all that he would so, he moved out right away. During the trip out to our home, I talked with the priest about some of the concepts of beliefs in Islam and to my surprise he agreed and then shared even more about this with me. I was shocked when he told me that Catholic priests actually study Islam and some even carry doctors degrees in this subject. This was all very enlightening to me. But there was still a lot more to come.

After settling in, we all began to gather around the kitchen table after dinner every night to discuss religion. My father would bring his King James Version of the Bible, I would bring out my Revised Standard Version of the Bible, my wife had another version of the Bible (maybe something like Jimmy Swaggart's 'Good News For Modern Man." The priest of course, had the Catholic Bible which has 7 more books in it that the Protestant Bible. So we spent more time talking about which Bible was the right one or the most correct one, than we did trying to convince Mohamed about becoming a Christian.

At one point I recall asking him about the Quran and how many versions of it there were in the last 1,400 years. He told me that there was only ONE QURAN. And that it had never been changed. Yet he let me know that the Quran had been memorized by hundreds of thousands of people, in it's entirety and were scattered about the earth in many different countries. Over the centuries since the Quran was revealed millions have memorized it completely and have taught it to others who have memorized it completely, from cover to cover, letter perfect without mistakes. This did not seem possible to me. After all, the original languages of the Bible have all been dead languages for centuries and the documents themselves have been lost in their originals for hundreds and thousands of years. So, how could it be that something like this could be so easy to preserve and to recite from cover to cover.

Anyway, one day the priest asked the Mohamed if he might accompany him to the mosque to see what it was like there. They came back talking about their experience there and we could not wait to ask the priest what it was like and what all types of ceremonies they performed. He said they didn't really 'do' anything. They just came and prayed and left. I said: "They left? Without any speeches or singing?" He said that was right. A few more days went by and the Catholic priest asked Mohamed if he might join him again for a trip to the mosque which they did. But this time it was different. They did not come back for a very long time. It became dark and we worried that something might have happened to them. Finally they arrived and when they came in the door I immediately recognized Mohamed, but who was this alongside of him? Someone wearing a white robe and a white cap. Hold on a minute! It was the priest. I said to him: "Pete? -- Did you become a 'Moslem?' He said that he had entered into Islam that very day. THE PRIEST BECAME A MUSLIM!! What next? (You'll see).

So, I went upstairs to think things over a bit and began to talk to my wife about the whole subject. She then told me that she too was going to enter into Islam, because she knew it was the truth. I was really shocked now. I went downstairs and woke up Mohamed and asked him to come outside with me for a discussion. We walked and talked that whole night through. By the time he was ready to pray Fajr (the morning prayer of the Muslims) I knew that the truth had come at last and now it was up to me to do my part. I went out back behind my father's house and found an old piece of plywood lying under an overhang and right there I put my head down on the ground facing the direction that the Muslims pray five times a day.

Now then in that position, with my body stretched out on the plywood and my head on the ground, I asked: "O God. If you are there, guide me, guide me." And then after a while I raised up my head and I noticed something. No, I didn't see birds or angels coming out of the sky nor did I hear voices or music, nor did I see bright lights and flashes. What I did notice was a change inside of me. I was aware now more than ever before that it was time for me to stop lying and cheating and doing sneaky business deals. It was time that I really work at being an honest and upright man. I knew now what I had to do. So I went upstairs and took a shower with the distinct idea that I was 'washing' away the sinful old person that I had become over the years. And I was now coming into a new, fresh life. A life based on truth and proof. Around 11:00 A.M. that morning, I stood before two witnesses, one the ex-priest, formerly known as Father Peter Jacob's, and the other Mohamed Abel Rehman and announced my 'shahadah' (open testimony to the Oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad, peace be upon him).

A few minutes later, my wife follow along and gave the same testimony. But hers was in front of 3 witnesses (me being the third).

My father was a bit more reserved on the subject and waited a few more months before he made his shahadah (public testimony. But he did finally commit to Islam and began offering prayers right along with me and the other Muslims in the local masjid (mosque).

The children were taken out of the Christian school and placed in Muslim schools. And now ten years later, they are memorizing much of the Quran and the teachings of Islam.

My father's wife was the last of all to acknowledge that Jesus could not be a son of God and that he must have been a mighty prophet of God, but not God.

Now stop and think. A whole entire household of people from varying backgrounds and ethnic groups coming together in truth to learn how to know and worship the Creator and Sustainer of the Universe. Think. A Catholic priest. A minister of music and preacher. An ordained minister and builder of Christian schools. And they all come into Islam! Only by His Mercy were we all guided to see the real truth of Islam without any blinders on their eyes any longer.

If I were to stop right here, I'm sure that you would have to admit that at least, this is an amazing story, right? After all, three religious leaders of three separate denominations all going into one very opposite belief at the same time and then soon after the rest of the household?

But that is not all. There is more! The same year, while I was in Grand Prairie, Texas (near Dallas) I met a Baptist seminary student from Tennessee named Joe, who also came to Islam after reading the Holy Quran while in BAPTIST SEMINARY COLLEGE!

There are others as well. I recall the case of the Catholic priest in a college town who talked about the good things in Islam so much that I was forced to ask him why he didn't enter Islam. He replied: "What? And loose my job?" - His name is Father John and there is still hope for him yet.

More? Yes. The very next year I met a former Catholic priest who had been a missionary for 8 years in Africa. He learned about Islam while he was there and entered into Islam. He then changed his name to Omar and moved to Dallas Texas.

Any more? Again, yes. Two years later, while in San Antonio, Texas I was introduced to a former Arch Bishop of the Orthodox Church of Russia who learned about Islam and gave up his position to enter Islam.

And since my own entrance into Islam and becoming a chaplain to the Muslims throughout the country and around the world, I have encountered many more individuals who were leaders, teachers and scholars in other religions who learned about Islam and entered into it. They came from Hindus, Jews, Catholics, Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses, Greek and Russian Orthodox, Coptic Christians from Egypt, non-denominational churches and even scientists who had been atheists.

Why? Good question. May I suggest to the seeker of truth do the following NINE STEPS to purification of the mind: 1.) Clean their mind, their heart and their soul real good. 2.) Clear away all the prejudices and biases 3.) Read a good translation of the meaning of the Holy Quran in a language that they can understand best. 4.) Take some time. 5.) Read and reflect. 6.) Think and pray. 7.) And keep on asking the One who created you in the first place, to guide you to the truth. 8.) Keep this up for a few months. And be regular in it. 9.) Above all, do not let others who are poisoned in their thinking influence you while your are in this state of "rebirth of the soul."

The rest is between you and the Almighty Lord of the Universe. If you truly love Him, then He already Knows it and He will deal with each of us according to our hearts.

So, now you have the introduction to the story of my coming into Islam and becoming Muslim. There is more on the Internet about this story and there are more pictures there as well. Please take the time to visit it and then please take the time to email me and let us come together to share in all truths based on proofs for understanding our origins and our purpose and goals in this life and the Next Life.

And once again I thank you for your email today. If you hadn't sent it, I probably would still not have completed this task of putting down the story once and for all of how "Priest and Preachers Are Coming to Islam."

May Allah guide you on your journey to all truth. Ameen. And May He open your heart and your mind to the reality of this world and the purpose of this life, ameen.

Peace to you and Guidance from Allah the One Almighty God, Creator and Sustainer of all that exists. Your friend, Yusuf Estes

Visit Site for Details: http://www.IslamTomorrow.com

title: Talk:Yusuf Estes/Archive 1


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Lieutenant Governor of Virginia

The lieutenant governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia is a constitutional officer of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The lieutenant governor is elected every four years along with the governor and attorney general.

The office is currently held by Winsome Earle Sears, who was elected in 2021 and is the first woman of color to hold this position. The governor and lieutenant governor are elected separately and thus may be of different political parties. The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate of Virginia and is first in the line of succession to the governorship; if the governor dies, resigns, or otherwise leaves office, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. In Virginia, the governor is not permitted to serve consecutive terms, but the lieutenant governor may do so, and has no term limit.

History
Beginning in the 1630s, the British Crown appointed several officials to aide the governors of the Colony of Virginia in the execution of their duties, collectively known as the Governor's Council or the Council of State. One member of this body was designated as the governor's deputy, or lieutenant governor, and exercised the governor's authority when they were absent. The Virginia Constitution of 1776 abolished the council.

The Virginia Constitution of 1851 created the modern office of the lieutenant governor. It provided for the popular election of the officer and designated them ex officio president of the Virginia Senate. In this capacity they replaced the Speaker of the Senate, which had been chosen by the body's own members as their presiding officer from 1776 until 1852. During the American Civil War, Virginia had two different governments and accordingly different sets of lieutenant governors. From 1865 until 1870, the lieutenant governors were appointed by the commanding general of the First Military District. In 1870, Virginia was readmitted to the federal union and, from then on, the officers were chosen by popular election. That year, the state adopted a new constitution which gave the lieutenant governor the power to cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate.

Douglas Wilder, sworn-in in 1986, was Virginia's first black lieutenant governor. Winsome Sears, sworn in on January 15, 2022, is the first woman to have held the office.

Election
Along with the governor and attorney general, the lieutenant governor is one of three popularly elected executive offices in the state of Virginia. The lieutenant governor is elected on their own ticket separate from the governor. They serve without term limits. If the governor-elect does not assume their office, the lieutenant governor-elect becomes governor.

Powers, duties, and structure
Article V of the Constitution of Virginia designates the lieutenant governor as the president of the Senate. If absent, its president pro tempore serves as its presiding officer. The lieutenant governor is allowed to vote in the Senate only to break ties. While this power has been interpreted to apply to most generic legislation, it has been disputed by state officials as to whether the tie-breaking power applies to votes on matters such as constitutional amendments or on the Senate's concurrence with an executive appointment. Such questions are yet to be resolved by litigation in state courts. The constitution additionally stipulates that the lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in their office should it become vacant due to death, disqualification, or resignation. State law empowers the lieutenant governor to serve on several state boards and commissions. The lieutenant governor can be impeached and removed from office by the Virginia General Assembly.

The lieutenant governor's office is located in the Oliver Hill Building in Richmond, Virginia. Their salary is set by legislation and cannot be altered during a given term to which they were elected. As of 2021, the annual salary is $36,321. As the role is a part-time position, most incumbents—unless already wealthy or retired by the time of their tenure—have held additional occupations.

List of elected lieutenant governors of Virginia

 * Parties

title: Lieutenant Governor of Virginia