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Christo and Jeanne-Claude

Christo Vladimirov Javacheff (1935–2020) and Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon (1935–2009), known as Christo and Jeanne-Claude, were artists noted for their large-scale, site-specific environmental installations, often large landmarks and landscape elements wrapped in fabric, including the Wrapped Reichstag, The Pont Neuf Wrapped, Running Fence in California, and The Gates in New York City's Central Park.

Born in Bulgaria and Morocco, respectively, the pair met and married in Paris in the late 1950s. Originally working under Christo's name, they later credited their installations to both "Christo and Jeanne-Claude". Until his own death in 2020, Christo continued to plan and execute projects after Jeanne-Claude's death in 2009.

Their work was typically large, visually impressive, and controversial, often taking years and sometimes decades of careful preparation – including technical solutions, political negotiation, permitting and environmental approval, hearings and public persuasion. The pair refused grants, scholarships, donations or public money, instead financing the work via the sale of their own artwork.

Christo and Jeanne-Claude described the myriad elements that brought the projects to fruition as integral to the artwork itself, and said their projects contained no deeper meaning than their immediate aesthetic impact; their purpose being simply for joy, beauty, and new ways of seeing the familiar.

Career

Christo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958 when he was commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother, Précilda de Guillebon. Their first show, in Cologne, 1961, showcased the three types of artworks for which they would be known: wrapped items, oil barrels, and ephemeral, large-scale works. Near Christo's first solo show in Paris, in 1962, the pair blocked an alley with 240 barrels for several hours in a piece called Iron Curtain, a poetic reply to the Berlin Wall.

They developed consistent, longtime terms of their collaboration. They together imagined projects, for which Christo would create sketches and preparatory works that were later sold to fund the resulting installation. Christo and Jeanne-Claude hired assistants to do the work of wrapping the object at hand. They originally worked under the name "Christo" to simplify dealings and their brand, given the difficulties of establishing an artist's reputation and the prejudices against female artists, but they would later retroactively credit their large-scale outdoor works to both "Christo and Jeanne-Claude". They eventually flew in separate planes such that, in case one crashed, the other could continue their work.

The couple relocated to New York City, the new art world capital, in 1964. Christo began to make Store Fronts, wooden facades made to resemble shop windows, which he continued for four years. His largest piece was shown in the 1968 Documenta 4. In the mid-1960s, they also created Air Packages, inflated and wrapped research balloons. In 1969, at the invitation of the museum director Jan van der Marck they wrapped the Chicago Museum of Contemporary Art while it remained open. It was panned by the public and ordered to be undone by the fire department, which went unenforced. With the help of Australian collector John Kaldor, Christo and Jeanne-Claude and 100 volunteers wrapped the coast of Sydney's Little Bay as Wrapped Coast, the first piece for Kaldor Public Art Projects.

1970s

Within a year of Wrapped Coast, Christo began work on Valley Curtain: an orange curtain of fabric to be hung across the mountainous Colorado State Highway 325. They simultaneously worked on Wrapped Walk Ways (Tokyo and Holland) and Wrapped Island (South Pacific), neither of which came to fruition. The artists formed a corporation to benefit from tax and other liabilities, a form they used for later projects. Following a failed attempt to mount the curtain in late 1971, a new engineer and builder-contractor raised the fabric in August 1972. The work only stood for 28 hours before the wind again destroyed the fabric. This work, their most expensive to date and first to involve construction workers, was captured in a documentary by David and Albert Maysles. Christo's Valley Curtain was nominated for Best Documentary Short in the 1974 Academy Awards. The Maysles would film many of the artists' later projects.

Inspired by a snow fence, in 1972, Christo and Jeanne-Claude began preparations for Running Fence: a 24.5-mile fence of white nylon, supported by steel posts and steel cables, running through the California landscape and into the ocean. In exchange for temporary use of ranch land, the artists agreed to offer payment and use of the deconstructed building materials. Others challenged its construction in 18 public hearings and three state court sessions. The fence began construction in April 1976 and the project culminated in a two-week display in September, after which it was deconstructed.

Their 1978 Wrapped Walk Ways covered paths within Kansas City, Missouri's Loose Park in 12,540 square meters (135,000 square feet) of saffron-colored nylon fabric covering 4.4 kilometers (2.7 miles) of the park's formal garden walkways and jogging paths.

1980s
Christo and Jeanne-Claude planned a project based on Jeanne-Claude's idea to surround eleven islands in Miami's Biscayne Bay with 603850 m2 of pink polypropylene floating fabric. Surrounded Islands was completed on May 7, 1983, with the aid of 430 workers and could be admired for two weeks. The workers were outfitted with pink long sleeve shirts with pale blue text written on the back reading “Christo Surrounded Islands”, and then in acknowledging the garment's designer, "designed and produced by Willi Smith".

Jeanne-Claude became an American citizen in March 1984. The couple received permission to wrap the Pont Neuf, a bridge in Paris, in August 1985. The bridge stayed wrapped for two weeks (22 Sep - 5 Oct 1985). The Pont Neuf Wrapped attracted three million visitors. Wrapping the Pont Neuf continued the tradition of transforming a sculptural dimension into a work of art. The fabric maintained the principal shapes of the Pont Neuf but it emphasized the details and the proportions. As with Surrounded Islands, workers who assisted with the installation and deinstallation of Pont Neuf Wrapped wore uniforms designed by Willi Smith.

1990s

Their 1991 The Umbrellas involved the simultaneous setup of blue and gold umbrellas in Japan and California, respectively. The 3,100-umbrella project cost US$26 million and attracted three million visitors. Christo closed the exhibition early after a woman was killed by a windblown umbrella in California. Separately, a worker was killed during the deconstruction of the Japanese exhibit.

Christo and Jeanne-Claude wrapped the Berlin Reichstag building in 1995 following 24 years of governmental lobbying across six Bundestag presidents. Wrapped Reichstag 100,000 square meters of silver fabric draped the building, fastened with blue rope. Christo described the Reichstag wrapping as autobiographical based on his Bulgarian upbringing. The wrapping became symbolic of unified Germany and marked Berlin's return as a world city. The Guardian posthumously described the work as their "most spectacular achievement".

In 1998, the artists wrapped trees at the Beyeler Foundation and its nearby Berower Park. Prior attempts had failed to secure government support in St. Louis, Missouri, and Paris. The work was self-funded through sale of photographic documentation and preparatory works, as had become standard for the couple.

The Gates

Work began on the installation of the couple's most protracted project, The Gates, in New York City's Central Park in January 2005. Its full title, The Gates, Central Park, New York, 1979–2005, refers to the time elapsed between the year of the artists' initial proposal and the year they were allowed to proceed, having received permission from the newly elected mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. The Gates was open to the public from February 12–27, 2005. A total of 7,503 gates made of saffron-colored fabric were placed on paths in Central Park. They were 5 m high and had a combined length of 37 km. The mayor presented them with the Doris C. Freedman Award for public art. The project cost an estimated US$21 million, which the artists planned to recoup by selling project documentation.

Big Air Package
Christo filled the Gasometer Oberhausen from March 16 until December 30, 2013, with the installation Big Air Package. After The Wall (1999) as the final installation of the Emscher Park International Building Exhibition, Big Air Package was his second work of art in the Gasometer. The "Big Air Package – Project for Gasometer Oberhausen, Germany" was conceived by Christo in 2010 (for the first time without his wife Jeanne-Claude). The sculpture was set up in the interior of the industrial monument and was made of 20350 m3 of translucent fabric and 4500 m of rope. In the inflated state, the envelope, with a weight of 5.3 tonne, reached a height of more than 90 m, a diameter of 50 m and a volume of 177000 m3. The monumental work of art was, temporarily, the largest self-supporting sculpture in the world. In the accessible interior of Big Air Package, the artist generated a unique experience of space, proportions, and light.

X-TO+J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Featuring Works from the Bequest of David C. Copley
In 2014, the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego presented the exhibit X-TO + J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Featuring Works from the Bequest of David C. Copley, one of the museum's patrons and trustees who also had the largest collection of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's work in the United States. X-TO + J-C featured more than fifty works by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, including pieces such as Christo's evocative Package (1960), alongside drawings related to his early concealed objects: chairs, road signs, and other commonplace items. Christo himself gave a lecture in which he discussed two works that were in progress: Over the River, Project for the Arkansas River, Colorado, and The Mastaba, Project for the United Arab Emirates.

The Floating Piers

The Floating Piers were a series of walkways installed at Lake Iseo near Brescia, Italy. From June 18 to July 3, 2016, visitors were able to walk just above the surface of the water from the village of Sulzano on the mainland to the islands of Monte Isola and San Paolo. The floating walkways were made of around 200,000 polyethene cubes covered with 70000 m2 of bright yellow fabric: 3 km of piers moved on the water; another 1.5 km of golden fabric continued along the pedestrian streets in Sulzano and Peschiera Maraglio. After the exhibition, all components were to be removed and recycled. The installation was facilitated by the Beretta family, owners of the oldest active manufacturer of firearm components in the world and the primary sidearm supplier of the U.S. Army. The Beretta family owns the island of San Paolo, which was surrounded by Floating Piers walkways. The work was a success with the Italian public and critics as well.

The London Mastaba

The London Mastaba was a temporary floating installation exhibited from June to September 2018 on The Serpentine in London. The installation consisted of 7,506 oil barrels, in the shape of a mastaba, a form of an early bench, as well as a style of tomb, in use in ancient Mesopotamia, with a flat roof and inward sloping sides. It sat on a floating platform of high-density polyethene, held in place by 32 anchors. It was 20 m in height and weighed 600 tonne. The vertical ends were painted in a mosaic of red, blue and mauve, whilst the sloping sides were in red with bands of white.

Simultaneously with the display of The London Mastaba, the nearby Serpentine Gallery presented an exhibition of the artists' work, entitled Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Barrels and The Mastaba 1958–2018. The exhibition comprised sculptures, drawings, collages, scale-models and photographs from the last 60 years of the artists' work.

Another Mastaba of over 400,000 oil barrels is intended to be built at Al Gharbia, 100 mi from the city Abu Dhabi.

Over the River
Christo and Jeanne-Claude announced plans for a future project, titled Over The River, to be constructed on the Arkansas River between Salida, Colorado, and Cañon City, Colorado, on the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains. Plans for the project call for horizontally suspending 6.7 mi of reflective, translucent fabric panels high above the water, on steel cables anchored into the river's banks. Project plans called for its installation for two weeks during the summer of 2015, at the earliest, and for the river to remain open to recreation during the installation. Reaction among area residents was intense, with supporters hoping for a tourist boom and opponents fearing that the project would ruin the visual appeal of the landscape and inflict damage on the river ecosystem. One local rafting guide compared the project to "hanging pornography in a church." The U.S. Bureau of Land Management released a Record of Decision approving the project on November 7, 2011. Work on the project cannot begin, however, until the Bureau of Land Management issues a Notice to Proceed. A lawsuit against Colorado Parks and Wildlife was filed on July 22, 2011, by Rags Over the Arkansas River (ROAR), a local group opposed to the project. The lawsuit is still awaiting a court date.

Christo and Jeanne-Claude's inspiration for Over the River came in 1985 as they were wrapping the Pont-Neuf and a fabric panel was being elevated over the Seine. The artists began a three-year search for appropriate locations in 1992, considering some eighty-nine river locations. They chose the Arkansas River because its banks were high enough that recreational rafters could enjoy the river at the same time.

Christo and Jeanne-Claude spent more than $6 million on environmental studies, design engineering, and wind tunnel testing of fabrics. As with past projects, Over The River would be financed entirely by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, through the sale of Christo's preparatory drawings, collages, scale models, and early works of the 1950s/1960s. On July 16, 2010, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management released its four-volume Draft Environmental Impact Statement, which reported many potentially serious types of adverse impact but also many proposed "mitigation" options.

In January 2017, after the election of President Trump, Christo canceled the controversial project citing protest of the new administration as well as tiring from the hard-fought legal battle waged by local residents.

L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped

Continuing their series of monumental "wrapping" projects, the Arc de Triomphe in Paris was wrapped in 30,000 square meters of recyclable polypropylene fabric in silvery blue, and 7,000 meters (23,000 feet) of red rope. Originally scheduled for autumn of 2020, it was postponed a year to Saturday, September 18 to Sunday, October 3, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France and its impact on the arts and cultural sector worldwide. Following Christo's death, his office stated that the project would nevertheless be completed.

Several articles in the press cut the name of Jeanne-Claude on their coverage of the event leading to a debate about the suppression of the place of women in art history.

Reception
Christo and Jeanne-Claude's work is held by many major public collections. The artists received the 1995 Praemium Imperiale, the 2006 Vilcek Prize, and the 2004 International Sculpture Center's Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award.

Art critic David Bourdon described Christo's wrappings as a "revelation through concealment". Unto his critics Christo replied, "I am an artist, and I have to have courage ... Do you know that I don't have any artworks that exist? They all go away when they're finished. Only the preparatory drawings, and collages are left, giving my works an almost legendary character. I think it takes much greater courage to create things to be gone than to create things that will remain." Jeanne-Claude was a firm believer in the aesthetic beauty of works of art; she said, "'We want to create works of art of joy and beauty, which we will build because we believe it will be beautiful.'"

In 2022, the Pérez Art Museum Miami presented Christo Drawings: A Gift from the Maria Bechily and Scott Hodes Collection, comprising drawings and project sketches produced by Christo and his life partner and artistic collaborator Jeane-Claude between the 1960s and the 2000s.

Christo

Christo Vladimirov Javacheff (Христо Владимиров Явашев, ) was born on June 13, 1935, in Gabrovo, Bulgaria, as the second of three sons to Tzveta Dimitrova, a Macedonian Bulgarian from Thessaloniki, and Vladimir Javacheff, who worked at a textile manufacturer. Christo was shy and had a predilection for art. He received private art instruction at a young age and the support of his parents, who invited visiting artists to their house. Christo was particularly affected by events from World War II and the country's fluid borders. During evacuations, he and his brothers stayed with a family in the rural hills outside town, where Christo connected with nature and handicraft.

Christo pursued realistic painting through the mid-1950s, a period during which Western art was suppressed in Bulgaria. He was admitted into the Sofia Academy of Fine Arts in 1953 but found the school dull and stifling. Instead, he found inspiration in Skira art books, and visiting Russian professors who were older than him and once active in Russian modernism and the Soviet avant-garde. On the weekends, academy students were sent to paint propaganda and Christo unhappily participated. He found work as a location scout for the state cinema and served three tours of duty during summer breaks. In 1956, he used an academy connection to receive permission to visit family in Prague, where the theater of Emil František Burian reinvigorated him. Amid fears of further Russian suppression in Hungary, Christo decided to flee to Vienna as a railcar stowaway. He had little money after paying the bribe, did not speak the language, had deserted during his Bulgarian military service, and feared being trapped in a refugee camp.

In Vienna, he stayed with a family friend (who had not expected him), studied at the Vienna Fine Arts Academy, and surrendered his passport to seek political asylum as a stateless person. There, he supported himself with commissions and briefly visited Italy with the academy, whose program he found equally unhappy as the one before it. At the behest of a friend relocated from Sofia, he saved up to visit Geneva in late 1957. In violation of his visa, he continued to pursue commissions (whose works he would sign with his family name, reserving his given name for more serious work) and was transformed after visiting the Kunstmuseum Basel and Kunsthaus Zürich. In January 1958, he first began to wrap things, as would become his trademark, starting with a paint can. His collection of wrapped household items would be known as his Inventory. In February 1958, Christo left for Paris, having received a visa with the assistance of a Sofia academy connection.

In 1973, after 17 stateless years, Christo became a United States citizen. He died at his home in New York City on May 31, 2020, at 84. No cause of death was specified. L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped, a planned work by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, went ahead posthumously in Paris in September 2021.

Jeanne-Claude
Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon was born in Casablanca, Morocco, where her father, an army officer, was stationed. Her mother, Précilda, was 17 when she married Jeanne-Claude's father, Major Léon Denat. Précilda and Léon Denat divorced shortly after Jeanne-Claude was born, and Précilda remarried three times. Jeanne-Claude earned a baccalauréat in Latin and philosophy in 1952 from the University of Tunis. After Précilda married the General Jacques de Guillebon in 1947, the family lived in Bern (1948–1951) and Tunisia (1952–1957) before returning to Paris.

Jeanne-Claude was described as "extroverted" and with natural organizational abilities. Her hair was dyed red, which she claimed was selected by her husband. She took responsibility for overseeing work crews and for raising funds.

Jeanne-Claude died in New York City on November 18, 2009, from complications due to a brain aneurysm. Her body was to be donated to science, one of her final wishes. When she died, she and Christo were at work on Over the River and the United Arab Emirates project, The Mastaba. She said, "Artists don't retire. They die. That's all. When they stop being able to create art, they die."

Marriage
Christo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958 when he was commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother, Précilda de Guillebon. Initially, Christo was attracted to Jeanne-Claude's half-sister, Joyce. Jeanne-Claude was engaged to Philippe Planchon. Shortly before her wedding, Jeanne-Claude became pregnant by Christo. Although she married Planchon, Jeanne-Claude left him immediately after their honeymoon. Christo and Jeanne-Claude's son, Cyril, was born on May 11, 1960.

The early work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude

 * Matthias Koddenberg, Christo: The Paris Sculptures 1961, Kettler Verlag, Bönen, Germany 2011
 * Matthias Koddenberg, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Early Works 1958–64, Kettler Verlag, Bönen, Germany 2009
 * Matthias Koddenberg, "Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Realism's Newly Unveiled Face", in: Nouveau Réalisme, exh. cat. Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien, Vienna, Austria 2005
 * David Bourdon, Christo, Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1971

Specific projects of Christo and Jeanne-Claude

 * Wark, Wesley K., Christo: A New Work in Miami / An Imaginary Visit to Scotland, in Cencrastus No. 9, Summer 1982, pp. 10 – 12,
 * Anne L. Strauss, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: The Gates, Central Park, New York City, 1979–2005, Taschen Verlag, Cologne, Germany 2005
 * Christo: 5.600 Cubicmeter Package, Verlag Wort und Bild, Baierbrunn, Germany 1968
 * Five Films about Christo & Jeanne-Claude: A Maysles Films Production, New York: Plexifilm, 2004.

Life and work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude

 * Matthias Koddenberg, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: In/out Studio, D.A.P., New York, 2015
 * Christo and Jeanne-Claude: 40 Years – 12 Exhibitions, exh. cat. Annely Juda Fine Art, London, Great Britain 2011
 * Jacob Baal-Teshuva, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Taschen Verlag, Cologne, Germany 2005
 * Burt Chernow, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: A Biography, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2002

title: Christo and Jeanne-Claude


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Golden Gate Transit

Golden Gate Transit (GGT) is a public transportation system serving the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, United States. It primarily serves Marin County, Sonoma County, and San Francisco, and also provides limited service to Contra Costa County. In, Golden Gate Transit had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of.

Golden Gate Transit is one of three transportation systems owned and operated by the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District; the others are the Golden Gate Bridge and Golden Gate Ferry, both of which connect San Francisco and Marin County. Funding for cross-bridge "Transbay" bus service is partially funded by Golden Gate Bridge tolls in addition to traditional federal and state sources. GGT operates some bus service within Marin County under contract with Marin Transit.

History
Golden Gate Transit service began on January 1, 1972, as the culmination of years of work for the Golden Gate Bridge to alleviate traffic congestion, reduce pollution, and take over unprofitable commuter bus service operated by Greyhound. GGT had previously began operating local bus service in Marin County under contract with Marin Transit beginning December 15, 1971. Initial service ran on two corridors in San Francisco: Civic Center routes on Van Ness Avenue and the McAllister/Golden Gate one way pair, and Financial District routes on North Point Street and the Battery/Sansome pair.

The system initially operated with 152 buses, including 20 leased buses, out of garages in Novato and Santa Rosa and a temporary facility in San Rafael. A permanent garage opened in San Rafael in 1974, and the facility was expanded in 1987 to house additional administrative staff. Transbay commuter bus service was reduced in 1987 as a result of declining ridership associated with a shift in jobs from San Francisco to Bay Area suburbs. However, that increase in the number of suburban jobs led to the initiation of commuter bus service from Sonoma County to Marin County employment centers in 1990.

In 1992, the District and opened the San Rafael Transit Center. The transit station was designed as the hub in a hub-and-spoke local bus system and immediately became GGT's busiest transit station. In 1993, acting on behalf of MTC, GGT began operating service between Marin and Contra Costa counties via the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. That same year, the district initiated inter-county paratransit service, as required by the Americans with Disabilities Act), through an agreement with Marin County and its paratransit contractor, Whistlestop Wheels.

Significant service reductions were implemented in 2003 as a result of a declared fiscal emergency. As a result of the restructuring, all GGT service to the Sonoma Valley and Sebastopol was eliminated. Ferry Feeder bus routes to the ferry terminals in Larkspur and Sausalito were also discontinued. This fiscal emergency helped spur the passage of Measure A by Marin County voters in 2004. The sales tax measure established a new funding source for Marin Transit and was a catalyst for changes to the contract the District had with Marin Transit. Marin Transit assumed control over local bus service planning, and it began transitioning some service to private contractors.

On June 15, 2009, Golden Gate Transit began operating Route 101, which provides all-day service between Santa Rosa and San Francisco with fewer stops, similar to many bus rapid transit "light" systems that rely on stop spacing changes rather than capital improvements to speed up buses. Introduced initially as a weekday-only route, service was expanded to Saturdays in June 2010 and to Sundays and holidays in September 2011.

On December 13, 2015, service to Contra Costa County on Route 42 was merged with Route 40. The next day, service began on Route 580, which was the District's first transit line into nearby Alameda County. The latter experiment failed and Route 580 was discontinued in September 2016, however the numeric designation was revived when Route 40 was renumbered to Route 580 in December 2021. GGT buses returned to Alameda County in February 2019 to provide Early Bird Express bus service under contract with BART.

As a result of declining ridership due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting loss in operating revenue, including a reduction in Golden Gate Bridge tolls, bus service was dramatically reduced throughout 2020. GGT had 27 routes at the beginning of the pandemic and just seven routes by December 2020. In March 2022, Route 4C was revived as Route 114.

Service area
Golden Gate Transit serves cities and communities in four Bay Area counties: San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, and Contra Costa.

Fleet
Golden Gate Transit has operated mostly suburban-style coaches fitted with high-back seats, overhead luggage bins, and reading lights since its inception. The full fleet has been equipped with wheelchair lifts since 1997 for accessibility. Bike racks were installed on buses beginning in 1999 as part of the Bike Racks on Buses program.

Current fleet
The active fleet consists of 147 buses owned by Golden Gate Transit. GGT also operates buses owned by Marin Transit, as described here.

Fares
Golden Gate Transit charges different fares, depending on distance (zones) traveled and method of payment. Fares can be paid with cash or Clipper card. As of July 1, 2021, adult cash fares are as follows:

Adult Clipper fares are discounted 20% for most trips, except within Zones 2, 3, and 4 where the discount is 10% to match Marin Transit fares. A 50% discount is provided to youth (ages 5 through 18), senior (ages 65 and over), disabled, Medicare passengers, and passengers with a Clipper START card. In addition, as a result of a bus service contract with BART, Clipper fares for travel within Zone 7 and between Zones 1 and 7 are further reduced.

Transfers are issued by the farebox upon request at the time of cash fare payment. Clipper automatically tracks transfers. Transfers are valid for two hours for intra-county travel and three hours for inter-county travel and can be used twice. Round-trips are not permitted for inter-county travel. Full transfer privileges are available to/from Marin Transit.

Transfers are issued from GGT to Golden Gate Ferry for cash and Clipper customers, but transfers from Golden Gate Ferry to GGT are available only to Clipper customers. Transfers are available to/from some other connecting transit systems, including AC Transit, Muni, Petaluma Transit, Santa Rosa CityBus, SMART, SolTrans, Sonoma County Transit, and WestCAT. Muni transfers are available only to Clipper customers.

Golden Gate Transit accepts one-day and 31-day passes issued by Marin Transit for rides within Marin County. No other pass products are accepted.

Club Bus program
The Club Bus program was administered by Golden Gate Transit through 2012. It provided commuter clubs with contract support for subscription bus service on routes not otherwise operated. The program also provided a 30% subsidy for the cost of service. The program required the formation of not-for-profit organizations to collect riders' subscription fees and develop schedules.

The Marin Commute Club, which began service in 1971, had direct service from Marin County to three University of California, San Francisco locations (Parnassus Campus, Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco General Hospital) not otherwise served by Golden Gate Transit. Daily ridership dropped from 300 in 1978 to 120 in 2012, and down further to 55 in 2014 shortly before the service was discontinued altogether.

The Valley of the Moon Commute Club provided bus service to the San Francisco Financial District from the Sonoma Valley, which otherwise does not have direct bus service to San Francisco. It was created in 1973 and operated as part of the Club Bus program until 2011. At its peak, the club had service on five buses. However, the economic downturn and changing travel patterns resulted in substantial service reductions and fare hikes. By late 2010, service had been cut to one round-trip with a monthly subscription fee of $350. In February 2011, with the club on the brink of shutting down, service was transferred to a private tour company. Due to further ridership declines, service was discontinued in May 2014.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Golden Gate Transit


text:
Talk:Sugar Grove/to do

There's a Sugar Grove in West Virginia per ECHELON. Please add stub if there is.

title: Talk:Sugar Grove/to do


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Russian martial arts

There are a number of martial arts styles and schools of Russian origin. Traditional Russian fist fighting has existed since the 1st millennium AD. It was outlawed in the Russian Empire in 1832. However, it has seen a resurgence after the break-up of the Soviet Union.

During the Soviet era, the government wanted to create both military hand-to-hand combat systems and combat sports, resulting in the creation of sambo. During the 1980s and after the fall of Communism the interest in the folk martial arts was reawakened. Through ethnographic study, many new styles based on the folk styles appeared.

Russian fist fighting
Russian fist fighting (Russian - Кулачный бой Kulachniy boy "fist fighting, pugilism) is the traditional bare-knuckle boxing of Russia. The earliest accounts concerning the sport date to the 13th century.

Sambo
Sambo (са́мбо; САМозащита Без Оружия) is a Russian martial art and combat sport. The word "SAMBO" is an acronym for SAMozashchita Bez Oruzhiya, which literally translates as "self-defense without weapons". Sambo is relatively modern since its development began in the early 1920s by the Soviet Red Army to improve their hand-to-hand combat abilities. Intended to be a merger of the most effective techniques of other martial arts, sambo has roots in Japanese judo, international styles of wrestling, plus traditional folk styles of wrestling such as: Armenian kokh, Georgian chidaoba, Romanian trântă, Tatar köräş, Uzbek kurash, Mongolian khapsagay and Azerbaijani gulesh.

The pioneers of sambo were Viktor Spiridonov and Vasili Oshchepkov. Oshchepkov died in prison as a result of the political purges of 1937 after accusations of being a Japanese spy. Oshchepkov spent much of his life living in Japan and training in judo under its founder Kano Jigoro. The two Russians independently developed two different styles which eventually cross-pollinated and became what is known as Sambo. Compared to Oshchepkov's judo-based system, then called "Freestyle Wrestling," Spiridonov's style was softer and less strength dependent. This was in large part due to Spiridonov's injuries sustained during World War I.

Anatoly Kharlampiev, a student of Oshchepkov, is often considered the founder of sport sambo. In 1938, it was recognized as an official sport by the USSR All-Union Sports Committee.

Systema
Systema (Система, literally meaning The System) is a Russian martial art. Training includes, but is not limited to: hand-to-hand combat, grappling, knife fighting, and firearms training. Training involves drills and sparring without set kata.

ARB
ARB (Армейский Рукопашный Бой; Armeyskiy Rukopashniy Boy; 'Army Hand-to-Hand Combat') is a Russian martial art of training for protection and attack receptions that incorporated many functional elements from an arsenal of individual hand-to-hand combat and martial arts from around the world, and has been used in real fighting activities.

title: Russian martial arts


text: Talk:Autistic Pride Day

title: Talk:Autistic Pride Day


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Englishman River

Englishman River (Halkomelem: K̓wal̓uxw) is a river in the eastern side of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. It starts on the eastern slopes of the Beaufort Range, originating from tiny Jewel Lake and flowing in an easterly direction for 40 km, entering the Strait of Georgia at Parksville, British Columbia. It is an important watershed providing habitat for various species of salmon and community water to the residents of Parksville and surrounding area. The Englishman River watershed includes Arrowsmith Lake, Hidden Lake, Fishtail Lake, Rowbotham Lake, Healy Lake, Shelton Lake, and Rhododendron Lake.

Englishman River Falls Provincial Park is a popular tourist destination approximately 10 km upstream from the mouth of the river. It is famed for its two picturesque waterfalls and treed campsites. The park was created on December 20, 1940, in an effort to protect the old-growth forest and its associated ecosystem along the river in the vicinity of the waterfalls.

A dammed reservoir on the Englishman is a source of water for Parksville, British Columbia.

South Englishman River
The Englishman's south fork begins at Shelton (Echo) Lake and shortly after exiting the north end of that lake enters Healy (Panther) Lake. The river then exits the far end of the lake and flows northeast to where it merges with the main fork of the Englishman.

History
The indigenous name of the river, Kw’a’luxw, comes from the island dialect of Halkomelem, meaning "dog salmon" due to the river's well-known salmon populations.

According to a local legend, indigenous people in the area found the skeleton of a Caucasian man near the waterfalls, thus giving the river its current name; the river was given its name because "an Englishman was drowned while attempting to cross." A further source is cited as "Hirst, being the first settler by the river, was referred to by Indians as ‘that Englishman by the river‘. Hence the name Englishman's River came to be known". Spanish mapmakers originally named it the "Rio de Grullas," presumably because of the large number of great blue herons living at its estuary (grulla being Spanish for "crane").

title: Englishman River


text:
User talk:Curps/archive8

Harry Everett Smith
Thanks for the fix Zosodada 21:34, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Constitutionality
Concerning the Constitutionality article: Any word on whether the "technical problems" have been fixed so that speedy deletions can happen? RJII 21:05, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Diapers
You wrote at WP:AN: "It doesn't make sense to block the sock puppet for less time than the puppeteer." I quite agree. However, I'm unconfortable with blocking all his user names indefinitely. Not that I thought he actually would change his behavior... but blocking him indefinitely on sight wherever he pops up is effectively banning him—and he hasn't been banned yet. We janitors do not have a license to ban—we may block for vandalism, but to enforce a ban, we'd actually need an ArbCom ruling. I think we should block only the sockpuppets forever, but his first account Sud-Pol only for a limited time (e.g. a month or two). In that way, we'd follow the letter of our policies and achieve basically the same effect, for his "main" account could and would be re-blocked if he started doing his vandalism again. BTW, he isn't very Wikipedia-savvy: a true troll would have filed complaints agianst the blocking admins long ago, and would try to hide his doings better. I rather have the feeling that he is a very poor and truly deranged soul. Lupo 07:33, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Apollomelos2
Apollomelos2 is an account created by Noah Peters to further attack me. Apollomelos 03:46, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

redirection of Indonesian province names
Sorry but that was Wik using his Gzornenplatz sock puppet to continue his revert war from last year.--Daeron 12:20, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Was there any consensus reached among other users about the page titles? -- Curps 17:47, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Same as last year, John uses pseudo logic to argue his Point Of View; but if he loses ground and sounds as if he is about to relent on any point; another person suddenly appears to break up the discussion. This time it was this "OneGuy" person; after several comments "OneGuy" started sounding like John_Kenney ..
 * on checking their contributions for pass month they never do heavy editing at the same time, their activity periods tend to dove-tail together; just as John jumped to defend Wik last year, so too OneGuy has jumped to defend Gzornenplatz now, where OneGuy argument sounds very much like John again. And I found a page of Wikipedians by numbers of contribution showing John typically does 1600 edits/month (1100-2400) but in the last update drops to 264 while the new OneGuy does 1162, I am becoming increasingly suspicious that "OneGuy" is John's sock puppet for his pro-Islam edits & when he wants to kick butt.--Daeron 16:34, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

revision code
Why did u delete the paj revision code it waz kewl -- Lunar Jesters

 * "A revision code is a thing". Nuff said. -- Curps 02:29, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Peer review/Elara (moon)/archive1
Can we archive this? Is the issue fully resolved now? - Ta bu shi da yu 03:01, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it can be archived. -- Curps 06:24, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Cheers. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:41, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Vandal
Can you please look into W:VIP for user 205.188.117.7 listed yesterday in the current alerts? Nobody has issued a temp. ban yet and user hit the same article once again today deleting information and replacing it "with the sake of brevity" then insturcting those interested to visit outside websites. Has far as I knew on Wikipedia we didn't delete relevant information that a Wiki wrote and then tell those interested to find out themselves on a different website. And this users seems to have a history which I listed of more direct vandalism towards gay-related and communtist-related entries. Please check into it, it would be helpful since nobody else has seemed to do so. 207.224.215.134 21:37, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * On the surface, the latest edits to Homosexuality look more like an edit war than clearcut vandalism by either side. Admin powers have to be exercised within the limits of Wikipedia policy, so I don't believe there are grounds for an admin to block a user here.  Also, this appears to be an AOL address, so it's very likely that previous edits (days or weeks or months ago) by this anon IP could have been an entirely different person. -- Curps 21:48, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

mmmmmmmew
Sorry about that Muya 06:46, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It's OK, we caught it at the same time. It kind of stood out among the Recentchanges entries. -- Curps 06:47, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fiona Apple
Thanks for protecting Fiona Apple. I'm glad others noticed what was going on there, with multiple(?) anonymous users pasting in what looks to be a magazine interview article. What next? --Arteitle 16:52, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

External Links?
Hi, I don't understand why you keep removing the external links I am adding to my own site. I'm only adding them to pages where they are relevant and benefitial to the user. Does it matter whether I do it on 2 pages or 20 pages, as long as they are relevant, that's what should count, right?

 * It could be considered a form of spamming. I only removed the links from Gardening, Houseplant and Cactus if I remember correctly; in other cases you added a link to a specific page within your site so that seemed OK.  Also you added some Amazon affiliate links, which I changed to a more neutral ISBN link form. -- Curps 20:40, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Goatse
I don't understand the justification for the speedy deletion of the image. It is certainly relevant for the article, and is acceptable under fair use. Discussion on Talk:Autofellatio has convinced me that the image is perfectly appropriate for the article. --SPUI (talk) 03:00, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

AOL
Re: - W  -64.12.116.204 Blocked for vandalism.

By now, I am aware that AOL gives many of us common user ID's for your system. --- so this number is now blocked. But, I did no vandalism. I do plan to set myself up on the system, once I figure it out and discover the advantages. However, it would be nice for me -- and other AOL users -- not to be summarily blocked en mass. If you have questions about me and what I've been doing,I've been signing things with a -W. I've been working on several pages under pottery. You can leave a message for me under native american pottery, which is one of several pages I've started in that area. -W 2-09-05

Yi Seok
Ok, I'll do my best. I was actually planning to do more or less as you suggest. I just need to find some time. --BM 03:05, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ummm...
I didn't unprotect it! When I got to that page it was unprotected already. I did unprotect PHP. The Spam_blacklist already has all that spam on the filter however. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:46, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * S'OK, I don't mind. Spammers are annoying :-) Ta bu shi da yu 12:25, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Timeline of the Axial World's History
Thanks for putting it on vfd. I guess I was too quick in deleting it. Mgm|(talk) 11:25, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for letting me know about Myg0t. :) Mgm|(talk) 11:42, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Watchlist
Done. Bearcat 20:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Done. But I've done surprisingly little watchlist-watching since the beginning of the year, so don't expect too much from me... Mgm|(talk) 21:07, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

81.156.xx.xx
Could be anyone in the BT netblock.

% This is the RIPE Whois query server #2. % The objects are in RPSL format. % % Rights restricted by copyright. % See http://www.ripe.net/db/copyright.html inetnum:     81.154.0.0 - 81.157.255.255 remarks:     ****************************************************** remarks:     * Please send abuse reports to abuse@btbroadband.com  * remarks:     ****************************************************** netname:     BT-CENTRAL-PLUS descr:       IP pools country:     GB admin-c:      BTCP1-RIPE tech-c:      BTCP1-RIPE status:      ASSIGNED PA "status:" definitions remarks:     Please send abuse notification to abuse@btbroadband.com mnt-by:      BTNET-MNT mnt-lower:   BTNET-MNT mnt-routes:  BTNET-MNT changed:     preston.dialip@bt.com 20040323 changed:     eva.shepherd@bt.com 20040426 changed:     preston.dialip@bt.com 20040608 source:      RIPE route:       81.128.0.0/11 descr:       BT Public Internet Service origin:      AS2856 mnt-by:      BTNET-MNT changed:     support@bt.net 20030615 source:      RIPE role:        BT CENTRAL PLUS - OPERATIONAL SUPPORT remarks:     ***************************************************** remarks:     * Please send abuse reports to abuse@btbroadband.com * remarks:     ****************************************************** address:     BT address:      Wholesale address:     UK e-mail:       eva.shepherd@bt.com admin-c:     PC487-RIPE tech-c:      SR401-RIPE nic-hdl:     BTCP1-RIPE mnt-by:      BTNET-MNT changed:     preston.dialip@bt.com 20040608 changed:     preston.dialip@bt.com 20040623 source:      RIPE

Ta bu shi da yu 02:06, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
I don't know if my user page was on your watch list, or if you followed the vandal's trail, but thanks for reverting my page. :) --Golbez 19:40, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
...about getting angry at the loathesome sockpuppetry accusation on the Democrazy VfD. I modified my comment, and that version stays unless Dwain withdraws or apologizes for his remark. --Calton 10:13, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jewish ethnocentrism
How can I restore only part of the history? Mikkalai

The censorship just happened draws more members in the ranks of anti-Semites, I am afraid. I am not at all for this article. Even if I misinterpreted the policy, the way the oponents were fighting me was disgusting and outrageous. The term is in circulation, but qoting: "wikipedia does not want an article with this title". 1984. Mikkalai 20:24, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I perfectly understand what people think about me. But are you listening to what I am saying? The term is in circulation, hence a valid topic for an article. The statemnt about "deletion of a title" is a frightening attitude. My version is not at all "recreation". It was a brief and neutal explanation of the usage of the term. If my explanation is wrong, please fix it. But attempts to erase every trace of some words leads to consequences very well known in the history. Mikkalai 20:51, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dunno nothin about Chinese ethnocentrism, but Sinocentrism is alive and kicking. Mikkalai 22:41, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I didn't see that it was arecent deletion. Anyway, I am not especially interested in the issue. It is an arbitrary extension of the authority of the VfD that bothers me strongly: vfd is either delete or not. Saying that Vfd bans redirects and other articles is way overboard. I am too lazy to discuss this at the policy page. Let someone more vigorous than me and more eloquent in English defends the freedom of speech. I think I gave the problem some visibility. If everyone else thinks it is OK to ban some words forever, I am sorry for the community, but I'll spend my time somewhere else. My monthly quota of political debates is exhausted. Mikkalai 23:14, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The other problem you've given visibility to is that admins don't have the power to block other admins who abuse their powers, as you did when you unprotected the blank page so you could write on it; and that is a problem I intend to pursue, so don't think this has gone away, and don't think you've succeeding in highlighting only the issue you intended to highlight. SlimVirgin 23:33, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I think Mikkalai has withdrawn his attempts to recreate the article for now. But it's up to you if you wish to formally pursue an RfC or RfArb. -- Curps 23:44, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your note, Curps. I should have clarified what I meant, and I may go back and do that. I'm very grateful that you responded as you did. What I meant was the lack of response to the complaint about Mikkalai's behavior. I didn't know that admins aren't allowed to block other admins for abusing their admins' powers. I know that now, but still wonder why he can't be blocked for vandalism. He recreated a deleted article (the vote to delete was overwhelming at VfD and a subsequent VfU) and redirected it to a page containing arguably anti-Semitic content. When his recreation was deleted, he created it again. Then instead of redirecting it, he started to rewrite the deleted article. He cut and pasted the previous VfD delete notice onto the page, in order to try to force a third vote. He moved Votes for deletion/Jewish ethnocentrism, and used that page for his fake vote. When I pasted in the previous VfD discussion, he reverted. When you protected the blank page, he unprotected it. He has also deleted comments of mine about this issue from Talk pages, blaming editing glitches. If any ordinary editor had done all this, they'd been blocked for 24 hours at least. And so I feel very discouraged that, just because someone is an admin, others admins won't act against them; and I have almost no interest in being part of Wikipedia now because of it, though I hope my mood will change. Best, SlimVirgin 00:19, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Article move?
Curps, I am trying to understand why you moved an article to my sandbox -- its not a problem, but I didn't write it, so I don't understand why you think it is mine... --Goodoldpolonius2 03:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Governor-General
I refer to the article Governor-General of Australia. User Dlatimer has made reverts as follows:

Paragraph 2:
 * 10:38, 14 Feb 2005
 * 10:59, 14 Feb 2005
 * 14:09, 14 Feb 2005

Paragraph 4:
 * 10:38, 14 Feb 2005
 * 10:59, 14 Feb 2005
 * 14:07, 14 Feb 2005

Paragraph 5:
 * 10:38, 14 Feb 2005
 * 10:59, 14 Feb 2005
 * 14:07, 14 Feb 2005

In each case he reverted my edits of these three paragraphs of 07:37-45, 14 Feb 2005, where I corrected earlier errors.

I pointed out the reasons for my changes on the discussion page, as part of an ongoing discussion about the literal text of the Constitution.

Please advise and act if necessary. Skyring 04:48, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sorry i took things too literately - one of the problems of having an autistic spectrum disorder PMA 06:44, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry I'm not sure what you're referring to here. The message I posted at your talk page was actually in reply to what Skyring posted there; I also replied to his talk page. -- Curps 06:47, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bizarre articles
I guess that "dirty pirates" and such is the price we pay for open content. It's never boring on the Wikipedia! - Lucky 6.9 18:06, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Template:Article
Nice work on Template:Article - shame we can't have a talk link on there but it looks good after your edits. violet/riga (t) 20:17, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I thought you were upset i protected the page. My bad. PMA 22:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

OK, I'll shift it...
... mind if I have a little fun? Just for an hour, then I'll shift it to a subpage. - Ta bu shi da yu 09:11, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ya, I know :-) Only an hour or so, I promise :) Ta bu shi da yu 09:15, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Futurology → Future studies
Thanks for the help Curps. It seems thought that Future studies still needs to be deleted before Futurology, which I mistakenly moved to Future Studies, can be moved to that location.--Nectarflowed 10:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think it's all done now. In general if there is a problem doing a move, you can post to Requested moves. It's better to do that than to put a notice on the page. -- Curps 10:49, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Will do. Thanks again. --Nectarflowed 10:52, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jewish ethnocentrism logs
It may interest you to view this. This is a compiled log from the history, logs, and everything. Votes_for_deletion/Jewish_ethnocentrism/Logs -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:04, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thank you! - Stephane
Thanks for your revising. Welcome to discuss the cities in China.

Could you tell something about you?

Re:No personal attacks
Regarding the "No personal attacks" link that you posted on my discussion page, what can I say? Please feel free to visit Jiang's talk page. He deemed it fit to devote an entire section to me, full of venomous attacks against me. Sorry but my talk page can't compete with that. -Heimdal 09:52, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't say that I've read Jiang's section concerning me thoroughly, since usually I can't stand reading such things. I just noticed, for instance, the name of a user who is letting out his anger about me, because I removed images of Nazi camp mass graves he insisted on adding to the "Germany" article. I had a hard time explaining this is an online encyclopedia and not a place to take revenge because this user apparently lost his family in the Holocaust. It makes me somehow want to slam pictures from Abu Ghraib prison on the "United States" article, although I'm sure they would be removed immediately. So this is the way one starts to make foes here. -Heimdal 10:29, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

3RR
Hi. You have also been blocked for a 3RR on Quebec sovereignty movement. Details at Administrators' noticeboard/3RR -- Chris 73 Talk 04:11, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * ..um...and thanks for the vote on Talk:Gdansk/Vote. I do appreciate that. No hard feelings about the block, I hope. Contact me by email if necessary. Thanks -- Chris 73 Talk 04:21, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * You have misinterpreted the three-revert rule. See Administrators' noticeboard/3RR -- Curps 04:59, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Curps/archive8


text:
Talk:Battle of Killdeer Mountain

Language
The original text of this article is at Killdeer Mountain at the National Park Service and is in the public domain. DialUp 05:03, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think this text merits some consideration of the perspective and language used here.

The first thing is that the US Army sought "to end the war with the Sioux". While it might be argued that the utter crushing of the Minnesota Uprising of the Santees had actually ended that "war" for all practical purposes, the wording "War with the Sioux" aparently deliberately blurs the line between the Santees who had launched the ultimately failed uprising and all the other Sioux tribes who lived further west outside white-controlled reservations. In fact, there was no war with these Sioux - until the US army attacked them.

"The Sioux, who had been operating north of Fort Rice, moved across the Missouri River and took a strong position on the Little Missouri River, about 200 miles from the fort."

This wording makes about as much sense as saying "The whites who had been operating in Minnesota took a strong position in New Ulm in late August 1862". In other words, this wording deliberate obfusciates the difference between a community of people pursuing their daily pursuits in a given region of residence on the one hand and a unit of combatants being on a military operation on the other hand. The only connection to anything military these Sioux had was that they had given shelter to Santee refugees from Minnesota - who formed a small minority of the overall group of indians here.

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Ensured that the article is within project scope, tagged for task forces, and assessed for class. --Rosiestep (talk) 03:00, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120622062547/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp//battles/nd005.htm to http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/nd005.htm

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title: Talk:Battle of Killdeer Mountain


text:
Datta Dalvi

Datta Dalvi, an Indian politician from the Shiv Sena political party was the Mayor of Mumbai from 2005 to 2007. Until then, he served as a corporator in the Mumbai municipal corporation for three successive terms.

title: Datta Dalvi


text:
Michael Enright (broadcaster)

Michael Enright (born 1943) is a Canadian journalist and radio broadcaster. A high school dropout, Enright became a journalist after taking a University of Toronto extension course. As a journalist he held numerous positions at organizations such as The Globe and Mail, Time and Maclean's. He is best known for his long tenure as a CBC Radio host. Enright was the host of CBC Radio One's The Sunday Edition from 2000 to 2020 and previously hosted As It Happens from 1987 until 1997 and co-hosted This Morning from 1997 to 2000. From 2009 until 2019, he hosted the archive show Rewind on CBC Radio One. He retired from CBC radio in 2020. Enright was the recipient of two honorary doctorates and was named a Member of the Order of Canada in 2017.

Early life and education
Enright grew up in Toronto, Ontario. He attended St. Michael's College School, a Catholic all-boys school in Toronto, but dropped out before finishing. After he took a University of Toronto extension course, he found a job in Brampton, Ontario working for a weekly newspaper. Jobs in Kitchener-Waterloo and a Welsh television followed this. By the time he was 25, he had landed a position as The Globe and Mail's Washington, D.C. bureau chief.

Career
Enright first joined CBC Radio in 1974 as host of This Country in the Morning for one year. He was then a print journalist for Time, Maclean's, the Toronto Star and The Globe and Mail. He subsequently returned to CBC, becoming managing editor of CBC radio news in 1985, and then became cohost of As It Happens in 1987. He hosted that program with Alan Maitland until 1993, and with Barbara Budd until 1997.

In a May 10, 1997 article in the Globe and Mail, Enright referred to the Roman Catholic Church as "the greatest criminal organization outside the Mafia", causing some outcry from Catholic organizations. Enright attended St. Michael's College School, a Catholic all-boys school, was lead altar boy at Holy Rosary Church and spent one year at a Passionist seminary in Dunkirk, New York.

In 1997, when Peter Gzowski retired from CBC Radio, the network discontinued Gzowski's Morningside and Ian Brown's Sunday Morning, replacing both with the new This Morning. Enright and Avril Benoit hosted the program for two years. Benoit subsequently became host of CBC's local afternoon show in Toronto, Here and Now, and Enright continued as the sole host of This Morning.

In 2000, CBC split This Morning's Sunday broadcast back into a distinct show. Enright became the host of Sunday Edition, a position he would hold from 2000 to 2020. From 2009 until 2019, he also hosted the archive show Rewind on CBC Radio One.

On May 24, 2020, Enright announced that after two decades as host, he would be leaving The Sunday Edition at the end of June and will be hosting a new one-hour CBC Radio programme in the fall.

Awards
He was awarded an "Honorary Degree Doctor of Letters, honoris causa" at the 98th Spring Convocation of St. Thomas University in Fredericton, New Brunswick on May 18, 2008. Enright, who never finished high school, had previously said that he would have preferred an honorary high school diploma; in June 2009, he was finally granted this wish.

In June 2012 Enright received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from York University in Toronto. In 2013, Enright was inducted into the Order of Canada as a Member.

title: Michael Enright (broadcaster)


text:
User:Draconiator

Hi, I have been coming here for a few months now, and I REALLY like Wikipedia.

As far as I'm concerned, it is the "Google of all encyclopedias"

I LOVE editing articles about things in my area ( Aroostook County ); it's a shame there are not more of them.

...except on April Fools day....sometimes.

title: User:Draconiator


text:
Faith and the Muse

Faith and the Muse is an American rock band composed of Monica Richards and William Faith. Their music encompasses many genres, from folk music to dark wave, drawing on many sources and influences, notably Dead Can Dance. Richards is the primary singer, although Faith sings one or two tracks on each album. Their influences include dark alternative, gothic rock, Celtic, and other folk influences. Welsh and Irish mythology have often served as inspiration to many of the band's songs.

Biography
Monica Richards, a native of Washington, D.C., is a musician/artist/poet/scholar. She met William Faith in 1992 when her band, Strange Boutique, opened for Shadow Project in Norfolk, VA. Before starting Faith and the Muse, both had had experience in the gothic rock and post-punk culture of the 1980s. Richards had sung for the band Strange Boutique, while Faith had performed with gothic/death rock icons Shadow Project, Christian Death, Mephisto Walz, and Sex Gang Children. Faith and the Muse was started in 1993 with Richards and Faith exchanging tapes while Richards was still living on the east coast. Shortly thereafter she moved to Los Angeles where the duo was based.

They recorded their debut album Elyria in March 1994, following it in 1995 with the concept album Annwyn, Beneath the Waves, based around Welsh mythology. The band followed this up with an extensive touring schedule, playing with both guest musicians as a full line-up and as an acoustic duo - the latter tour documented on the Vera Causa album in 2001.

Their third album, Evidence of Heaven (1999), marked the end of the first creative phase of Faith and the Muse. They then modernised both their image and their overall sound, the result appearing on their 2003 album The Burning Season - their first on Metropolis Records.

Their most recent efforts were 2009's :ankoku butoh:, a compact disc/dvd/book release, steeped in Japanese myth, sound and atmosphere. This was followed by the : shoumei : dvd in 2010, capturing the band performing during the :ankoku butoh: tour in Houston, TX.

They have toured extensively in North America, South America and Europe, and have performed at major music festivals such as Wave-Gotik-Treffen and M'Era Luna in Germany, several Whitby Gothic Weekends in the UK and at Convergence festival 4 and 13 in the U.S. Their live performances feature a full band with a rotating line-up of live musicians.

Outside of the band, Faith and Richards are permaculture designers, whose most public project was Ars Terra - the retrofit their home into a practical example of a sustainable suburban homestead.

Richards has also recently been active contributing vocals to The Eden House - a collaborative musical project initiated by Tony Pettitt (Fields of the Nephilim and formerly of Rubicon) and Steve Carey (formerly of This Burning Effigy) and involving a varied collection of guest musicians and vocalists.

Discography

 * Elyria (TESS Records) (1994)
 * Annwyn, Beneath the Waves (TESS Records) (1996)
 * Live in Mainz (16.10.1997) (1997)
 * Evidence of Heaven (Neue Ästhetik Multimedia) (1999)
 * Vera Causa (Metropolis Records) (2001)
 * The Burning Season (Metropolis Records) (2003)
 * Ankoku butoh (Danse Macabre) (2009)

title: Faith and the Muse


text:
Circle L engine

The Circle L is an automobile engine produced by GM Powertrain Poland in Poland. It is a 1686 cc inline-four 16-valve turbocharged diesel engine originally designed by Isuzu but now owned by General Motors. The engine was produced in Europe by General Motors for use in the Opel, Vauxhall and Chevrolet vehicles and by Honda for use in the Civic compact car.

History
In the late nineties the Japanese company Isuzu, which was known for the efficiency of its diesel engines, collaborated with General Motors on a new diesel engine for the European market for Opel and Vauxhall. For this purpose it opened a new plant in the city of Tychy, in Poland, called Isuzu Motor Polska. Engine blocks were supplied from Japan.

At the time the engine was developed, GM owned a 49% share of Isuzu, but later dissolved its stake and reacquired a 12% share for US$80 million in exchange for exclusive rights to the Circle L engine.

Characteristics
For reasons of economy, GM and Isuzu chose not to make an engine from scratch, but rather evolved the new engine from an existing base. Thus, the Isuzu 4EE1 1.7-liter was chosen and developed into the "Circle L" family of engines, also known as the 4EE2.

The engine kept the same dimensions of 1.7 4EE1. The main differences are in the DOHC camshafts and direct injection. The first engines mounted a simple direct injection and met the Euro 3 standard, while the later engines met Euro 4 and used common rail injection technology. The 1.7 Circle L common rail engines were the first common rail engines used in Opels.

60 percent of the components for the production of the engines at Isuzu Motor Polska come from Germany, as well as the aluminium alloy for the manufacture of the cylinder head. The Polish plant was responsible for the construction and the development of the valvetrain. The block, however, comes to Tychy already built by the Isuzu factory in Hokkaido, Japan.

These engines are particularly important for Opel since they are fitted to their best-selling models in a period in which diesel engines became extremely popular. Moreover, thanks to their great fuel economy and reduced emissions, Circle L engines were integrated into the family of Ecotec engines. Later Circle L engines became part of the Ecoflex family.

The 1.7-liter 4EE2 was offered in six variants, whose characteristics and applications are described below.

Y17DT
The abbreviation Y17DT identifies the very first Circle L engine: As already mentioned it is a Euro 3 engine with a compression ratio of 18.4:1. The unit has Denso engine management, as in most Circle L engines. A Mitsubishi TD025 turbocharger is fitted, as is an exhaust gas recirculation system. The Y17DT reaches 75 PS at 4400 rpm, with a torque of 165 Nm between 1800 and 3000 rpm. This engine was fitted in:

 * Opel Corsa C 1.7 DTI 16V 75 HP (2000-03);
 * Opel Combo C 1.7 DTI 16V (2002-04);
 * Opel Astra G 1.7 DTI 16V (1999-2003);
 * Opel Meriva 1.7 16V DTI (2003-05);

Y17DTL
The engine Y17DTL is a reduced power variant of the Y17DT, to which it differs in the absence of an intercooler. Maximum power is reduced to 65 PS at 4400 rpm, and maximum torque to 130 Nm between 2000 and 3000 rpm. This engine, also Euro 3, was fitted in:

 * Opel Corsa C 1.7 16V 65 HP (2000-03);
 * Opel Combo C 1.7 DI 16V (2002-04);

Z17DTL
The engine Z17DTL was one of the first common rail turbo-diesel engines used as a "CDTi" badge by Opel. With a turbocharger and a compression ratio of 18.4:1, it can reach the maximum power of 80 PS at 4400 rpm, with a maximum torque of 170 Nm at 1800 rpm. It was fitted in:

 * Opel Astra G 1.7 16V CDTI (2003-04)
 * Opel Astra H 1.7 CDTI (2004- 05)

Z17DT
The engine Z17DT was one of the first common rail turbo diesel engines used as a "CDTi" badge by Opel. With a variable-geometry turbocharger and a compression ratio of 18.4:1, can reach the maximum power of 101 PS at 4400 rpm, with a maximum torque of 240 Nm at 2300 rpm. It was fitted in:

 * Opel Corsa C 1.7 16V CDTI 101CV (2003-06);
 * Opel Meriva A 1.7 CDTi 16v 101CV (2003-05);

This engine meets the Euro 4 directive.

Z17DTH and A17DT
This motor is similar to the one signed Z17DT it replaces, and features a number of minor improvements. The power is unchanged at 101 PS at 4400 rpm, but the torque increases to 260 Nm at 2300 rpm. It was fitted in

With the exception of the Opel Astra 1.7 CDTI 16V, this car had a Bosch engine management system, and the other four models are equipped with a Denso control unit. In more modern versions, introduced in 2010, this engine delivers 100 PS of maximum power at 4000 rpm, while maximum torque is always 260 Nm, but delivered between 1,700 and 2,550 rpm. In this configuration, this engine has been fitted to:
 * Opel Meriva A 1.7 CDTI A (2005-10),
 * Opel Astra H 1.7 CDTI (2004-08),
 * Opel Combo C 1.7 CDTI (2004-2010).
 * Opel Corsa C 1.7 CDTI (2003-06)

 * Opel Meriva B 1.7 CDTI (2010-13)

Z17DTR and A17DTR
These are more powerful variants (but not the most powerful) of the Circle L engines. They also meet the Euro 4 standard, but feature a slightly lower compression ratio of 18.2:1. As in all Euro 4 engine an exhaust gas recirculation system is present. The maximum power reaches 125 PS at 4000 rpm, with a peak torque of 280 Nm between 2000 and 2700 rpm.

This engine was fitted in:

 * Opel Corsa D 1.7 CDTI 16V 125hp (2006-11);
 * Opel Corsa D GSi 1.7 CDTI ( 2007 -11);
 * Opel Meriva 1.7 CDTI 16V 125hp (2006-10);
 * Opel Astra 1.7 16V 5p CDTI 125hp (2007-09);
 * Opel Astra H SW 1.7 CDTI 16V 125hp (2007-10);
 * Opel Astra GTC 1.7 CDTI 16V 125hp (2007- 11 ).

The abbreviation A17DTR identifies the Euro 5 variant, which has otherwise identical features and is fitted in:

 * Opel Zafira B 1.7 CDTI 16V 125hp ( 2009 -14);
 * Opel Astra J 1.7 CDTI 125hp (2010-11).

A17DTS
In 2010 the engine A17DTR was developed into the A17DTS: here the engine power has been increased to 130 PS at 4000 rpm, while the maximum torque is increased to 300 Nm between 2000 and 2500 rpm. This variant has been fitted in:

 * Opel Corsa D 1.7 CDTI (2011-13);
 * Opel Astra J 1.7 CDTI 130cv (2011-14);
 * Opel Meriva B 1.7 CDTI 130cv (2010-13);
 * Opel Mokka 1.7 CDTI ( 2012 -15);
 * Chevrolet Cruze 1.7 VCDi (2012-14);
 * Chevrolet Trax 1.7 D ( 2013 - 15 ).

Z17DTJ and A17DTJ
This engine was the basis for the 1.7 Ecoflex: Maximum power reaches 110 PS at 3800 rpm, with a maximum torque of 260 Nm at 2000 rpm.

It is fitted in:

 * Opel Astra H 1.7 CDTI 16v 110 bhp (2007-09);
 * Opel Astra J 1.7 CDTI 16v 110 bhp (2010-15);
 * Opel Astra GTC H / SW 1.7 CDTI 16v 110 bhp (2007-10 );
 * Opel Zafira B 1.7 CDTi 16v 110HP (2007-08).

A17DTC and A17DTE
This is the second diesel engine in the Opel engine range to be included in the EcoFlex range (the first was a 1.3 Multijet engine from Fiat). Introduced in 2008, is based on the Z17DTJ engine developed simultaneously, and is characterized by a reduction of friction of the moving parts in order to optimize the thermal efficiency and meet the stricter Euro 5 standard. Outputs are identical to those of the Z17DTJ. It is fitted in:

 * Opel Meriva B 1.7 CDTi 16v 110HP (from 2010);
 * Opel Zafira B 1.7 CDTi 16v 110HP (2008-14);
 * Opel Astra J 1.7 CDTI 16v 110HP (2010-14).

Honda
The Honda version features common rail direct injection technology, while the Opel 4EE2 unit uses low-pressure DI. Honda's purchase of the Circle-L engines was reciprocated by GM's purchase of the J35A3 V6.

Applications:
 * Honda Civic (Europe)

4EE2
The 4EE2 produces 74 hp at 4400 rpm and 165 Nm at 1800 rpm.

Applications:
 * Opel Corsa
 * Opel Meriva
 * Opel Astra
 * Opel Zafira
 * Opel Vectra
 * Cummins MerCruiser Recreational Sterndrive, Inboard or Jet (Boat Engine)

title: Circle L engine


text:
Nesbit, Northumberland

Nesbit is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Doddington, Northumberland, England. It was once the site of a medieval village. In maps published during the 17th to 19th centuries, the name of the settlement was variously spelled Nesbet, Nesbitt or Nesbit. In 1951 the parish had a population of 143.

Nesbit is near the confluence of the Glen and Till rivers and the hypothesized location of one of King Arthur's battles against invading Anglo-Saxons. Latin documentation dating to 1242 lists "Dodington cum Nesebit membro suo" (Doddington with its member Nesbit) as among the holdings of Baron William de Vesci.

In 1346, Edward III granted land at Nesbit to Thomas Grey (or Gray) of Heaton after the rebellion of the previous holder, John de Trollope. Documents note the existence in 1415 of a defensive tower at Nesbit belonging to his grandson, Thomas Grey. However, in a 1541 survey it was observed that:

 * At Nesebytte (Nesebitt) there was a towre of thinheritaunce of Sir Roger Gray but yt is longe synce for laske of reparacons decayed & fallen and no fortresse there now remayneth.

During the 19th century, the township was productive farmland supporting a small community of workers. An 1855 survey of Northumberland reports as follows.

 * Nesbit township is situated four miles north by west of Wooler. It contains 776 acres, and the landowners are the Messrs. Clarke of Newcastle. The number of inhabitants in 1801, was 63; in 1811, 65; in 1821, 52; in 1831, 47; in 1841, 59 and in 1851, 63 souls.

Nesbit was formerly a township in Doddington parish, from 1866 Nesbit was a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished on 1 April 1955 and merged with Doddington.

Today, Nesbit is the site of a sheep farm with no visible trace of the medieval tower or village.

title: Nesbit, Northumberland


text: User talk:65.41.93.97

title: User talk:65.41.93.97


text: User talk:83.70.230.7

title: User talk:83.70.230.7


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Varig destinations

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:02, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Varig destinations
Article is nothing more than a copy of information already in Varig. Foobaz · ✐ 05:14, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, duplicate article, a list of airline destinations. Megan1967 10:23, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, exact copy of information already in Varig Ana Jessica 16:10, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, clearly a duplicate Fernando Rizo 19 Feb
 * Delete, a duplicate mat334 | talk 00:44, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. I suggest that the vfd footer be removed in order to allow the redirect to work properly. I strongly recomend redirect to Varig rather than delete in order to keep the Airline destinations category intact. 129.177.61.124 11:43, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect sounds reasonable to me. Foobaz · ✐  07:27, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
This Morning (radio program)

This Morning was a Canadian radio program which aired from 1997 to 2002 on CBC Radio One. It was not always successful with CBC audiences, and underwent several format and hosting changes during its lifetime.

The program was devised as a replacement for Morningside following Peter Gzowski's retirement from the network. It aired weekday and Sunday mornings from 9 a.m. to noon, also replacing Ian Brown's Sunday Morning. The program was hosted in its first two years by Michael Enright and Avril Benoit.

The program was generally perceived by critics as an expanded Sunday Morning rather than a successor to Morningside. Listener reaction to Benoit was particularly polarized, with Benoit herself noting that "I've been accused of being dour, earnest, biased, distant, cool and flippant, all in the same package of letters."

Enright became the show's sole host in 1999, and Benoit moved on to CBC Radio's local afternoon program in Toronto, Here and Now. In 2000, the CBC discontinued the six-day format. The Sunday broadcast once again became a separate program hosted by Enright, The Sunday Edition, and Shelagh Rogers became the weekday host of This Morning.

Following the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York City, the program faced some criticism for the flaws its format revealed in CBC Radio's ability to respond to a breaking news story. Because the program had been prerecorded for its Atlantic Time Zone airing, and was airing in tape delay in the Eastern Time Zone while all of the stations in Western Canada were still airing their local morning shows, the network had no viable way to interrupt programming in advance of its regular news break, and thus opted to wait until 10 a.m. EST to begin its coverage of the attacks.

In part as a response to the criticism, the program was cancelled in 2002 and split into two new morning programs, The Current for hard news and Sounds Like Canada for human interest and documentary features. Anna Maria Tremonti became host of The Current, while Rogers remained as host of Sounds Like Canada.

Note
CBC Radio carried a daily morning radio program under the This Morning name during 1976, shortly before the debut of Morningside.

title: This Morning (radio program)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dr. Robert

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:56, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dr. Robert
This page was created by 24.5.82.8 after the article he/she created, Wily Python, was marked as Vfd. In his comments on Votes_for_deletion/Wily Python, he wikified links to this Dr. Robert article. On its own, the article reads as not notable. Zzyzx11 05:15, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * This is the complete content of the article: "Dr. Robert provided the copy of Thomas Hardy's " Far from the Madding Crowd" and "The Return of the Native. Also the copy for John Reed's " Ten Days That Shook The World" and Jack London's "Call of the Wild"". "provided the copy"?  To whom?  When?  For what purpose?  Entailing what, precisely?  Dr. Robert is an enigmatic figure of mystery, it seems.  Unfortunately, you don't get into Wikipedia just for being an enigmatic figure of mystery -- or for being mentioned in one line of a movie. -- Antaeus Feldspar 05:36, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Although I'm sure it's only a matter of time before someone writes an article on the Beatles song. -R. fiend 06:21, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Or on the 80's singer/songwriter, for whom we already have a redlink. -- Antaeus Feldspar 15:53, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Also, the moment I started reading this VFD the Beatles song started playing on TV. Weird. [maestro] 07:45, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable and probably speediable as patent nonsense. Was Dr Robert swallowed by a wily python?Capitalistroadster 09:47, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This article is meaningless.  RickK 00:35, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Deck2sack3slick

I am a student interested in politics. My ideology is the left-authoritarian wing of political philosophy. On gamespot I am the user deck3slick.

title: User:Deck2sack3slick


text:
Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XJBT; 新疆生产建设兵团; 新疆兵团), also known as Bingtuan ("The Corps"), trading with the external name China Xinjiang Group, is a state-owned enterprise and paramilitary organization in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

The XJBT was established in 1954 under the orders of Mao Zedong, and developed sparsely populated areas in its early decades, taking the model of the traditional tuntian system of setting military units in frontier areas. The XJBT was severely damaged during the Cultural Revolution, and was outright abolished in 1975, before being re-established in 1981, partly due to the Soviet-Afghan War. It re-established its economic dominance over Xinjiang afterwards, also being responsible for maintenance against the "three evils" (separatism, religious extremism, and terrorism). In its history, the XJBT has built farms, towns, and cities, provided land and employment to disbanded military units, and re-settled Han migrants from other parts of China in what has been called a campaign of assimilation.

The XJBT operates cities, where it provides prisons, healthcare, policing, judiciary, and education, and has stakes in numerous publicly traded companies. It is extensively involved in economic, political and military affairs of Xinjiang, being called a "state in a state". It is led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Xinjiang Committee secretary, currently Ma Xingrui, though the CCP secretary of the XJBT handles the daily affairs of the organization.

History
The XJBT draws from the traditional Chinese tuntian system, a policy of settling military units in frontier areas so that they become self-sufficient in food, and similar policies in the Tang and Qing dynasties. Construction corps were set up for sparsely populated frontier regions, including Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang.

After the Chinese Communist Party took control of Xinjiang in 1949, People's Liberation Army (PLA) forces deployed into Xinjiang were commanded to start production in the area. In 1953, PLA there were separated into National Defense and Production Divisions. XJBT was formed from soldiers from First Field Army, Kuomintang, and from the local Ili National Army.

In October 1954 the Production Division was ordered by the Mao Zedong to form People's Liberation Army Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, tasked to "Integrate labor with violent, colonize and populate the frontier" in 1954. XJBT was founded by Wang Zhen. It initially comprised 175,000 military personnel, led by Tao Zhiyue as its first commander.

XJBT was initially focused on settling, cultivating, and developing sparsely populated areas, such as the fringes of the Taklamakan Desert and the Gurbantünggüt Desert, under the principle of "not competing for benefits with the local people". It provided a reserve military force, although they were not called upon. XJBT was expanded by youth from other parts of China, to equalize its sex ratio and include members with better education. In 1962, after the Sino-Soviet split, rioting occurred in Yining and 60,000 ethnic minorities living near the border fled to the Soviet Union. The Chinese government feared that the USSR was trying to destabilize China and start a war. XJBT was ordered to cultivate the farms of the exiles. By 1966 XJBT had a population of 1.48 million.

The XJBT was severely damaged by the Cultural Revolution. In 1975 it was abolished completely. Its powers were transferred to the government of Xinjiang and regional authorities. After the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, and the Islamic movements gained force, fears of Soviet encirclement and Islamic fundamentalism led to the re-establishment of the XJBT in 1981 as well as the cultivation of frontier lands and economic development. During the 1990s, XJBT began to contribute significantly to Xinjiang's economy, producing 40% of the region's cotton in 1997. After 2008, as a result of improvements in farm mechanization, students were no longer compelled to pick the cotton crop.

Starting in the 1980s, a stated task has been to prevent and break down "destructive activities of the three forces", (separatism, religious extremism, and terrorism), in order to protect social stability and national unity. In 2012, XJBT generated 11.1 billion yuan from the 37 settlements they control, "allowing the Corps to spread advanced culture and Chinese culture, while taking in and infusing culture of ethnic minority in Xinjiang".

At the end of the 20th century, XJBT's military role was given instead to the Xinjiang Military District, a part of the current Western Theater Command that includes all of western China. XJBT military personnel are mostly reservists or militia.

United States
XJBT was sanctioned by the United States in 2020, citing alleged human rights abuses. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Commissioner Nury Turkel remarked "Now, no business can claim ignorance of China's oppression of the Uyghur people. We hope the sanctions signal to other Chinese officials that there are costs associated with taking part in the Communist Party's repression of religion. The world is watching and we know which officials and entities are responsible for the abuses against the Uyghur people." She added:

"The XPCC is essentially a parallel government in Xinjiang and has been directly involved in implementing the surveillance, mass detention, and forced labor of Uyghurs."

In July 2020, the United States announced Global Magnitsky Act sanctions on XJBT in connection with human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities. XJBT was alleged to run many internment camps, as well as implementing the CCP's efforts to settle ethnic Han in the region.

In December 2020, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection announced that XJBT-produced cotton and cotton products would be prohibited from import into the U.S. due to forced labor concerns. In June 2021, the United States Department of Commerce placed XJBT on the Bureau of Industry and Security's Entity List.

Canada
Following the U.S. footsteps, Global Affairs Canada imposed sanctions against the XJBT in January 2021 due to human rights abuses.

European Union
In March 2021, the Council of the European Union listed the XJBT public security bureau as an entity subject to restrictive measures. The reason given for this listing was that this entity is "responsible for serious human rights violations, in particular large-scale arbitrary detentions and degrading treatment inflicted upon Uyghurs and people from other Muslim ethnic minorities".

Organization and function
The XJBT is a ministerial-level institution under the State Council and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region regional government. It has administrative authority over medium-sized cities, settlements and farms in Xinjiang. It provides services such as healthcare, policing, judiciary, and education. Nominally subject to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, its internal affairs, including city and reclaimed land administration, are separate from that of the Autonomous Region and under direct control of the central government. The XJBT has been described to operate as a "state within a state" and has been considered by scholars as acting as a de facto prefecture-level governmental entity.

The XJBT's internal affairs, including the administration of its cities and reclaimed land, is separate from that of the Autonomous Region and under direct control of the central government. It has sub-provincial powers on par with sub-provincial cities. The XJBT is headed by the Communist Party secretary of Xinjiang, who is "executive political commissar" ex officio. The XJBT's own party secretary, usually a ministerial-level official, typically concurrently serves as its political commissar and acts as its highest day-to-day authority, and is considered to be the second most-powerful person in Xinjiang after the CCP secretary. Additionally XJBT has a commander, usually a deputy-ministerial level official.

Headquartered in Ürümqi, XJBT is subdivided into divisions, then regiments. Each XJBT division corresponds to a prefecture-level administrative division, and are in themselves of sub-prefectural rank. In addition to regiments, the XJBT also administers regiment-level farms and ranches. XJBT and each individual division are headed by three leaders: a first political commissar, a political commissar, and a commander. The first political commissars of each XJBT division are their committee secretaries.

Administrative structure
The XJBT's 14 divisions which are then subdivided into 185 regiment-level entities (including regiments, farms, and ranches), scattered throughout Xinjiang, mostly in previously unpopulated or sparsely populated areas.

The divisions are:

In May 1953, the PLA's 25th, 26th and 27th Divisions from the 9th Corps were reorganized as 7th, 8th and 9th Agriculture Construction Division of the XJBT, respectively.

Settlements
The XJBT has settled Han in Xinjiang and has built eleven medium-sized cities during its history, and now controls ten of them. The governments of these cities are combined entirely with the division that controls them. For example, the division headquarters is the same entity as the city government, the division political commissar the same person as the city committee secretary, the division commander the same person as the city's mayor, and so forth. Ten XJBT-administered cities are nominally listed as "sub-prefectural-level cities" of Xinjiang, but the local government is usually not involved in the administration of these cities.

Demographics
XJBT is predominantly composed of Chinese citizens of Han ethnicity. While the Han are by far the largest group of XJBT workers, their relative numbers have declined: from 1980 to 1993 the overall population remained constant, while Han membership declined slightly from 90% to 88%.

Economic activity
XJBT created many publicly traded subsidiary companies. XJBT uses the name "China Xinjian Group" for its economic activities. XJBT plays an outsized role in Xinjiang's economy, with the organization producing CN¥350 billion (US$52 billion), or around 19.7% of Xinjiang's economy, while the per capita GDP was CN¥98,748 (US$14,680). The area and population of the XJBT are generally given as part of Xinjiang's total figures, but XJBT's GDP is generally reported separately.

XJBT's primary economic activity remains agriculture, including cotton, fruit, vegetables, food crops, vegetable oils, and sugar beets. Important products are cotton, tomatoes, ketchup, Korla pears, Turpan grapes, and wine. In 2018 the XJBT produced 30% of China's cotton output. XJBT has a mix of factory farming and smaller farms. XJBT dominates Xinjiang's agriculture and controls nearly a quarter of Xinjiang's arable land. During its history, XJBT established significant mining and mining-related industries, most of which subsequently were handed over to the Xinjiang government. XJBT is also involved in tertiary industries, including trade, distribution, real estate, tourism, construction and insurance.

Subsidiaries
The XJBT has thousands of subsidiary companies. The Center for Advanced Defense Studies has identified 2,923 subsidiaries. Currently the XJBT has eleven publicly traded subsidiaries. They are:
 * Xinjiang Baihuacun Co., Ltd. (新疆百花村股份有限公司) (百花村, 600721.SS) – primarily information technology
 * Xinjiang Tianye Co., Ltd. (新疆天业股份有限公司) (新疆天业, 600075.SS) – primarily plastics
 * Suntime International Economic-Trading Co., Ltd. (新天国际经贸股份有限公司) (新天国际, 600084.SS) – primarily international trade
 * Xinjiang Talimu Agriculture Development Co., Ltd. (新疆塔里木农业综合开发股份有限公司) (新农开发, 600359.SS) – primarily cotton
 * Xinjiang Yilite Industry Co., Ltd. (新疆伊力特实业股份有限公司) (伊力特, 600197.SS) – primarily alcohol
 * Xinjiang Chalkis Co., Ltd (新疆中基实业股份有限公司) (新中基, 000972.SZ) – primarily tomatoes and related industries
 * Xinjiang Tianhong Papermaking Co., Ltd. (新疆天宏纸业股份有限公司) (新疆天宏, 600419.SS) – paper manufacturing
 * Xinjiang Tianfu Energy Co., Ltd. (新疆天富能源股份有限公司) (天富能源, 600509.SS) – electricity
 * Xinjiang Guannong Fruit & Antler Co., Ltd. (新疆冠农果茸股份有限公司) (冠农股份, 600251.SS) – fruits; animal husbandry
 * Xinjiang Qingsong Cement Co., Ltd. (新疆青松建材化工股份有限公司) (青松建化, 600425.SS) – cement
 * Xinjiang Sayram Modern Agriculture Co., Ltd. (新疆赛里木现代农业股份有限公司) (新赛股份, 600540.SS) – primarily cotton

Education and media
XJBT operates its own educational system covering primary, secondary and tertiary education (including two universities, Shihezi University (石河子大学) and Tarim University (塔里木大学)); its own daily newspaper, Bingtuan Daily; and its own TV stations at both provincial and division levels.


text:
This Morning

This Morning may refer to:

 * This Morning (TV programme), a British daytime television programme
 * This Morning (radio program), a Canadian radio show which aired from 1997 to 2002
 * CBS This Morning, an American morning show, successor and predecessor to The Early Show
 * CNN This Morning, an American morning show
 * "This Morning", a song by The Cure from The Cure
 * "This Morning", a song by Irish band Picture This

title: This Morning


text:
Gustav Landauer

Gustav Landauer (7 April 1870 – 2 May 1919) was one of the leading theorists on anarchism in Germany at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. He was an advocate of social anarchism. As an avowed pacifist, Landauer advocated the principle of "non-violent non-cooperation" in the tradition of Étienne de La Boétie and Leo Tolstoy.

In 1919, he briefly served as Commissioner of Enlightenment and Public Instruction in the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic during the German Revolution of 1918–1919. He was murdered by right-wing paramilitary (Freikorps) soldiers when this republic was overthrown.

Landauer is also known for his study of metaphysics and religion, and his translations of William Shakespeare's and Peter Kropotkin's works into German.

Life and career
Landauer was the second child of Jewish parents Rosa (Neuberger) and Herman Landauer. He supported anarchism by the 1890s. In those years, he was especially enthusiastic about the individualistic approach of Max Stirner and Friedrich Nietzsche, but also "cautioned against an apotheosis of the unrestrained individual, potentially leading to the neglect of solidarity".

He was good friends with Martin Buber, influencing the latter's philosophy of dialogue. Landauer believed that social change could not be achieved solely through control of the state or economic apparatus, but required a revolution in interpersonal relations.

He felt that true socialism could arise only in conjunction with this social change, and he wrote, "The community we long for and need, we will find only if we sever ourselves from individuated existence; thus we will at last find, in the innermost core or our hidden being, the most ancient and most universal community: the human race and the cosmos." He also became a close collaborator with the leader of the People's State of Bavaria, Kurt Eisner, until the latter's assassination, after which Landauer had no official position in the third Räterepublik.

Death
Landauer was murdered on 2 May 1919. He was being taken to Stadelheim, along with three other members of the Starnberg workers' soviets. Two officers suddenly called upon Freikorps soldiers in his escort to kill him, and they immediately beat and shot him to death. His last words reportedly were:"Kill me! Show me that you are men!"

Descendants
Landauer's second wife Hedwig Lachmann died in 1918, but his three daughters, Charlotte, Gudula, and Brigitte survived.

One of Landauer's grandchildren, with wife and author Hedwig Lachmann, was Mike Nichols, the American television, stage and film director, writer, and producer.

Legacy
Soon after his death, Landauer was almost completely forgotten by European socialists and anarchists though his heroic example and thinking enjoyed a revival, thanks to Martin Buber, in Zionist and kibbutznik circles. In Philip Kerr's novel Prussian Blue, Hitler is imagined to be one of the Freikorps militants who murdered Landauer, and gloated as a photo was taken at the scene.

Works

 * Skepsis und Mystik (1903)
 * Die Revolution (trans. Revolution) (1907)
 * Aufruf zum Sozialismus (1911) (trans. by David J. Parent as For Socialism. Telos Press, 1978. ISBN 0-914386-11-5)
 * Editor of the journal Der Sozialist (trans. The Socialist) from 1893–1899
 * "Anarchism in Germany" (1895), "Weak Statesmen, Weaker People" (1910) and "Stand Up Socialist" (1915) are excerpted in Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas – Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE–1939), ed. Robert Graham. Black Rose Books, 2005. ISBN 1-55164-250-6
 * Gustav Landauer. Gesammelte Schriften Essays Und Reden Zu Literatur, Philosophie, Judentum. (translated title: Collected Writings Essays and Speeches of Literature, Philosophy and Judaica). (Wiley-VCH, 1996) ISBN 3-05-002993-5
 * Gustav Landauer. Anarchism in Germany and Other Essays. eds. Stephen Bender and Gabriel Kuhn. Barbary Coast Collective.
 * Gustav Landauer. Revolution and Other Writings: A Political Reader, ed. & trans. Gabriel Kuhn; PM Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-60486-054-2

title: Gustav Landauer


text:
Thirty Years of Maximum R&B

Thirty Years of Maximum R&B is a box set by British rock band, The Who released by Polydor Records internationally and by MCA Records in the U.S.; since 2003, it has been issued in America by Geffen Records. The set consists of four CDs that span The Who's career from their early days when they were known as The High Numbers 1964 to their 1991 cover of Elton John's "Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting". It contains well-known tracks from studio albums, rarities, interviews, commercials, and sketches. A video titled Thirty Years of Maximum R&B Live was also released in 1994.

Track listing
All songs written by Pete Townshend except where noted. Any tracks with ** are commercials or dialogues recorded for BBC radio. Background music on 'Poetry Cornered' is 'Laguna Sunrise' taken from Black Sabbath's 1972 album, Black Sabbath Vol. 4.

Personnel

 * The Who
 * Roger Daltrey - vocals, harmonica, percussion, guitar
 * Kenney Jones - drums on "The Real Me", "You Better You Bet", "Eminence Front", and "Twist and Shout"
 * John Entwistle - bass guitar, horns, piano, vocals
 * Keith Moon - drums and percussion (all except noted), vocals on "Bell Boy" and "Girl's Eyes"
 * Pete Townshend - guitars, synthesizer, piano, organ, vocals

 * Additional musicians
 * Jon Astley - drums on "Saturday Night's Alright (For Fighting)"
 * Steve "Boltz" Bolton - guitar on "I'm a Man"
 * John "Rabbit" Bundrick - keyboards on "The Real Me" and "I'm a Man"
 * Jody Linscott - percussion on "I'm a Man"
 * Jimmy Page - guitar on "I Can't Explain"
 * Simon Phillips - drums on "I'm a Man"

 * Design
 * Design & Art Direction by Richard Evans

title: Thirty Years of Maximum R&B