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User talk:Electricmoose

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Hello and welcome to E l e c t r i c m o o s e s user talk page, please visit my Talk Archive 1.

E l e c t r i c m o o s e - Electrifying 16:27, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Harry Potter
RHB(AWB) 21:31, 30 December 2006 (UTC), on behalf of WPHarry Potter

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Joseywales.JPG)
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Image copyright problem with Image:Corgicars.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Corgicars.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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Archive
I have archived a load of your stuff for you Brookie :) - a will o' the wisp ! (Whisper...) 10:40, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

User page
Looks cool! Brookie :) - a will o' the wisp ! (Whisper...) 15:12, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Cars_image.JPG)
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Arkangel.JPG
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Image:Eaglestrike.JPG
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Image:Pointblanc.JPG
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Image:Skeletonkey.JPG
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Image:Monsterlogo.JPG
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Image:EliWallach.JPG
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Image:Gadd.JPG
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Image:GameboyHorror.JPG
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Image:Booghost.JPG
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Image:Supernaturalist.JPG
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Image:Splintercell2.jpg
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Image:Artemisfowl2.JPG
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Image:Artemisfowl3.JPG
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Image:Artemisfowl4.JPG
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Image:Theshadows.JPG
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Image:Zildjian.jpg
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Image:Corgilogo.JPG
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Image:Dean_Thomas.JPG
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Booghost.JPG)
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Fair use disputed for Image:Image:Artemisfowl2.JPG
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Fair use rationale for Image:Joseywales2.JPG
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Unspecified source for Image:Splintercell.jpg
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Image:Splintercell.jpg
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Image copyright problem with Image:Scorpia.JPG
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Orphaned non-free media (File:Pink Floyd Edit2.jpg)
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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"Gryffindors in Harry's Year" listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: User talk:Electricmoose


text:
343 Ostara

343 Ostara (prov. designation: or ) is a background asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg Observatory on 15 November 1892.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 343 Ostara


text:
Seal of the president of Ireland

The presidential seal (séala an uachtaráin ) is a seal used by the president of Ireland to authenticate his signature on official documents. The Constitution of Ireland requires certain documents to be issued under the president's "hand and seal", and in other cases the seal is mandated by act of the Oireachtas. It is a single-sided "dry seal" impressed directly onto the fabric of the document, leaving a relief of its design without sealing wax or ink.

Design
The physical seal is a metal disc about 6 in in diameter. The image is an Irish harp, with 15 strings, surrounded by a ring of Celtic ornamentation based on that on the base of the Ardagh Chalice. Within the ring is the word Éire ("Ireland", the name of the state in Irish) in Gaelic type. The design was approved by the Executive Council of the Irish Free State on 15 September 1937, in preparation for the adoption of the current constitution on 29 December 1937. The harp is modelled on the 1928 design by Percy Metcalfe for the obverse of the Free State coinage, itself based on the "Brian Ború harp", also used on the 1945 coat of arms of Ireland. The design is similar to that of the seal which it replaced, the Internal Great Seal of the Irish Free State; the most obvious difference being in the name of the state (previously Saorstát Éireann). However, the Free State seal was used with sealing wax. In 1949 John Aloysius Belton of the Department of External Affairs suggested changes to the seal's design to reflect its new diplomatic uses under the Republic of Ireland Act, but no change was made.

Use
The seal remains in the custody of the current president or, in his absence, the Presidential Commission. In the latter case, sealed documents must be signed by at least two members of the commission and the secretary-general to the president. At the inauguration of a new president, the chief justice presents the seal to him.

The 1937 Constitution of Ireland created the office of President of Ireland and defines most of its powers. It specifies several situations in which the president must send a message "under his hand and seal": It specifies other cases where his signature is required: While not always expliclity required by the Constitution, in practice each exercise of his official functions is accompanied by a signed and sealed document. For example, while Article 13.1.1° does not specify the manner in which the president appoints a nominated Taoiseach, the practice includes signing and sealing a warrant. The Presidential Seal Act 1937 states that the presence of the seal authenticates the president's signature on any "order, commission, warrant, or other instrument". It also states that "the presidential seal shall be affixed to instruments made by the President, and to no other instruments, and shall be so affixed by direction of the President and not otherwise". The Defence Act 1954 specifies that officers' commissions into the Defence Forces must carry the seal. The office of the president maintains registers of bills, diplomatic documents, and other "Executed Documents" to which the seal has been applied, older volumes of which are in file PRES 3 of the National Archives of Ireland.
 * notifying the Oireachtas (parliament) of agreeing or refusing to an ordinary referendum
 * appointing or dismissing discretionary members of the Council of State
 * dismissing (after impeachment) the Comptroller and Auditor General or a judge
 * signing bills into law
 * signing an enrolled text of the Constitution

Since the coming into force in 1949 of The Republic of Ireland Act 1948, the president has authority to sign and seal important treaties and diplomatic credentials. Before 1949, the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936 provided that the diplomatic functions of Irish head of state were performed by the British monarch, who signed such documents and sealed them with the External Great Seal. Before and after 1949, practically all diplomatic documents have in fact been signed by the Minister for Foreign Affairs and sealed with his ministerial seal. The presidential seal has only been used for Full Powers instruments relating to the Treaties of the European Union.

title: Seal of the president of Ireland


text:
344 Desiderata

Desiderata (minor planet designation: 344 Desiderata) is a very large main-belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 15 November 1892, in Nice.

title: 344 Desiderata


text:
345 Tercidina

Tercidina (minor planet designation: 345 Tercidina) is a large main-belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 23 November 1892, in Nice.

Size
Via asteroid occultations:

Observations of an occultation of a bright 5.5 magnitude star on 17 September 2002, produced seventy-five chords indicating an ellipsoid of 111×90 km.

Observations of an occultation on 15 November 2005, near Grass Valley, California, produced five chords indicating an incomplete outline of 126×111 km. This larger result may be caused by a different orientation of the asteroid as it passed in front of the star.

title: 345 Tercidina


text:
346 Hermentaria

Hermentaria (minor planet designation: 346 Hermentaria) is a very large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 25 November 1892, in Nice. It is probably named for the town of Herment in the region of Auvergne, France. The asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a period of 1708.5 days and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.10. The orbital plane is inclined by 8.7° to the plane of the ecliptic.

This body has a rotation period of $106.52 km$ during which it varies in brightness with an amplitude of $93.27 km$ magnitude. It has a cross-section diameter of $6.33 kg$. 346 Hermentaria is classified as a (stony) S-type asteroid, indicating a siliceous mineralogical composition. The near infrared spectra of this object show absorption features that suggest a mix of the minerals clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. It may be thermally–evolved, having at least partially melted at some point. The overall shape resembles a prolate spheroid.

title: 346 Hermentaria


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Larry Laoretti

Larry Laoretti (born July 11, 1939) is an American golfer.

Early life
Laoretti was born in Mahopac, New York. He worked for the U.S. Navy in his early adulthood.

Professional career
For most of his career as a golfer, Laoretti worked as a club professional. He won no tournaments of note until he was past 50. His best finish in a major was T-49 at the 1966 PGA Championship.

In 1989, Laoretti won both the regular and senior Florida PGA championships, and he joined the Senior PGA Tour the following season. In 1992, he won the U.S. Senior Open. His trademark was playing, including during his swing, with a lit cigar in his mouth.

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Senior PGA Tour): 1992

title: Larry Laoretti


text:
347 Pariana

347 Pariana (prov. designation: or ) is a metallic background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois at the Nice Observatory on 28 November 1892. The M-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 4.1 hours and measures approximately 49 km in diameter. The origin of the asteroid's name remains unknown.

title: 347 Pariana


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George Montgomery Scott

George Montgomery Scott (July 27, 1835 – November 19, 1915) was a U.S. politician and entrepreneur, notable for being the first non-Mormon mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah. He was a member of the Liberal Party and served as mayor of Salt Lake City from 1890 to 1892.

Scott was not a native of Utah, but was born in Chazy, New York to a merchant father. He followed his father's footsteps, and eventually found his way to California during the gold rush, opening a hardware store in San Francisco. In 1871 he was drawn to Utah for similar reasons, with the opening of mines along the Wasatch Range. He soon opened George M. Scott Hardware Company in Salt Lake City. The company grew and changed, the most impressive evidence of its prosperity was the Scott Building built in downtown on Main Street in 1888.

In the 1890 election Scott defeated Spencer Clawson to be elected mayor of Salt Lake City.

He died in San Mateo, California on November 19, 1915.

title: George Montgomery Scott


text:
User:Welsh spud

I would rather edit real Wikis than make a decent userpage

title: User:Welsh spud


text:
348 May

May (minor planet designation: 348 May) is a large Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 28 November 1892 in Nice, and was named for the German author Karl May. This asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $82.82 km$ with a period of 1869.0 days and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.067. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 9.7° to the plane of the ecliptic. During its orbit, this asteroid has made close approaches to the dwarf planet Ceres. For example, in September 1984 the two were separated by 0.042 AU.

Analysis of the asteroid light curve generated from photometric data collected during 2007 provided a rotation period of $2.09 g cm^{−3}$ with a brightness variation of $0.045$ in magnitude. This is consistent with an estimate from a 2006 study. It is classified as a G-type asteroid and spans a diameter of approximately 83 km.

title: 348 May


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User talk:Emvee~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Emvee. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Emvee~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Emvee~enwiki


text:
Great Seal of Ireland (disambiguation)

The Great Seal of Ireland was the seal used before 1922 by the Dublin Castle administration in Ireland to authenticate important state documents.

Great Seal of Ireland may also refer to the:
 * Great Seal of Ireland introduced by Oliver Cromwell in 1655, see Great Seal of the Realm
 * Seal of the president of Ireland introduced in 1937

title: Great Seal of Ireland (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Orbitalia

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Eleassar777 13:21, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Hi

I see you've also contributed an image to Australian Water Dragon, I recently contributed one too - shot in Brunswick Heads, noticed yours was in Byron Bay :) Athiril (talk) 14:08, 31 January 2008 (UTC)Athiril

title: User talk:Orbitalia


text:
John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset

John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, KG (25 March 1745 – 19 July 1799) was the only son of Lord John Philip Sackville, second son of Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset. His mother was the former Lady Frances Leveson-Gower. He succeeded to the dukedom in 1769 on the death of his uncle, Charles Sackville, 2nd Duke of Dorset. He was the British Ambassador to France from 1784 and returned to England in August 1789 following the escalation of the French Revolution.

Dorset is remembered for his love of cricket. He was both a good player and an important patron, but his interest was sharpened by gambling, cricket being a major attraction for gamblers throughout the 18th century. His other sporting interests included billiards and tennis. He also acquired a reputation as a womaniser.

Politics
Dorset was returned unopposed as the Member of Parliament for the county of Kent in 1768, sitting until he became the 3rd Duke of Dorset on the death of his uncle in 1769. He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Kent in 1769, a position he held until 1797. He was Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard in 1783 before going to Paris the next year. After he returned to England, he served as Lord Steward of the Household until his death.

Cricket
Sackville was schooled at Westminster, where he first became a noted proponent of cricket. He went on to join Hambledon Cricket Club, based in Hambledon, Hampshire, which was the leading cricket club of the day. He was joined there by Sir Horatio Mann, a Carthusian, and Lord Tankerville of Eton and Surrey, who was his keenest rival.

Dorset gained a reputation as a keen competitor. The Morning Post in 1773 wrote: "The Duke...having run a considerable number of notches from off strokes, the opposing fielders very unpolitely swarmed round his bat so close as to impede his making a full stroke; his Grace gently expostulated with them on this unfair mode, and pointed out their danger, which having no effect, he, with proper spirit made full play at a ball and in so doing brought one of the gentlemen to the ground".

In the same year, Dorset presented the Vine Cricket Ground, Sevenoaks, Kent, to the town, at a peppercorn rent, literally. It is one of the oldest cricket grounds in England. The first nationally reported cricket match had taken place here in the 1734 season when "The Gentlemen of Kent" beat "The Gentlemen of Sussex". Sevenoaks Town Council still has the Vine Cricket Club, though the rent doubled to two peppercorns after the pavilion was built in the 19th century. They must also pay the Lord Sackville (if asked) one cricket ball on 21 July each year.

In 1775, a full-scale riot broke out at the Artillery Ground when Dorset's side was not performing too well. In 1782 the Morning Chronicle noted that "His Grace is one of the few noblemen who endeavour to combine the elegance of modern luxury with the more manly sports of the old English times".

Dorset's patronage of cricket was expensive – the Whitehall Evening Post in 1783 noted that the cost to Dorset of maintaining his team, before bets, was £1,000 a year. This was a lot, but less than the amounts some of his contemporaries were spending on racing. The report went on to say that Dorset was unrivalled (among noblemen) "at cricket, tennis and billiards".

After Dorset became the British ambassador to France, he reportedly tried to promote cricket there amongst the locals and British expatriates with The Times noting that horse racing was losing popularity in France and cricket, on Dorset's recommendation, was taking its place. In 1786, The Times reported on a cricket match played by some English gentlemen in the Champs-Elysées: "His Grace of Dorset was, as usual, the most distinguished for skill and activity. The French, however, cannot imitate us in such vigorous exertions of the body, so that we seldom see them enter the lists".

British ambassador to France
In 1784, Dorset moved to Paris to serve as British ambassador to France. His official role was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.

On 16 July 1789, two days after the Storming of the Bastille, Dorset reported to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds: "Thus, my Lord, the greatest revolution that we know anything of has been effected with, comparatively speaking—if the magnitude of the event is considered—the loss of very few lives. From this moment we may consider France as a free country, the King a very limited monarch, and the nobility as reduced to a level with the rest of the nation".

There is no official record of Dorset's recall but he is known to have been in Paris from the beginning of 1789 until 8 August that year when he left on leave and returned to England. He did not return to France and was temporarily replaced by his Embassy Secretary, Lord Robert Stephen FitzGerald (1765–1833; son of James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster), as Minister Plenipotentiary. New credentials were delivered by Dorset's official successor, Earl Gower, on 20 June 1790. Dorset's credentials were terminated on 29 June 1790.

There is a story that, as the revolution began, Dorset was planning what might have become the first international cricket tour by forming an England team to play matches in France. His team, said to have been captained by William Yalden, reportedly assembled at Dover on 10 August but met the Duke coming the other way and the tour was cancelled. According to John Major in More Than A Game, "the whole story is nonsense". Dorset had written to Leeds on 16 July and had already warned other British residents to leave Paris so, as Major points out, he would hardly have invited a cricket team to come to France at the time of such a crisis.

Back in England, Dorset's public life continued in the post of Steward of the Royal Household.

Personal life
Dorset was a notorious womaniser. He had an affair with Anne Parsons, the influential mistress of the Prime Minister, who had divorced his own wife for adultery and planned to marry Parsons until he discovered her infidelity with Dorset.

Dorset's best-known and most enduring mistress was the Venetian ballerina Giovanna Zanerini, who was the principal ballerina at the King's Theatre, Haymarket, and used the stage name Giovanna Baccelli. Dorset commissioned a painting of her in 1780–81 from Thomas Gainsborough, which is reckoned to be one of Gainsborough's later masterpieces. He also commissioned a painting by Joshua Reynolds and a sculpture showing her nude and prone on a divan and cushions; this is still to be found at Knole. When made Ambassador to France, Dorset even took her to Paris with him, and she danced at the Opera by invitation. (When he was made Knight of the Garter (KG), she wore the blue ribbon of the Garter while dancing.) Dorset and Giovanna had a son together: John Frederick Sackville (1778–1796), who was raised by his father at Paris and Knole after the couple parted in 1789.

The Duke was also known for his affair (c. 1777–1779) with the Countess of Derby, and briefly (c. 1784) with Lady Elizabeth Foster, daughter of Frederick Hervey, 4th Earl of Bristol and mistress of William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire. The first affair was notable because it did not lead to a divorce. The Countess of Derby was born Lady Elizabeth Hamilton, the only daughter of the 6th Duke of Hamilton and the beauty Elizabeth Gunning. However, the Earl of Derby refused to divorce his errant wife. This meant that Lady Derby was ostracized for the remainder of her life, and Dorset soon lost interest and abandoned his lover. He was received back into society, and even received by his former mistress's betrayed husband Lord Derby.

Marriage and descendants
In 1790, after returning from France, Dorset married twenty-three-year-old Arabella Diana Cope (1767–1825), daughter and co-heiress of Sir Charles Cope, 2nd Baronet, and stepdaughter of Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool. Dorset and Arabella had one son together, George John Frederick, who was born on 15 November 1793, and two daughters, Lady Mary Sackville, born on 30 July 1792, and Lady Elizabeth Sackville, born on 11 August 1795. The Duke died in 1799, aged 54, and left a life interest in his estates and free disposition thereof (in case of the death of their young son) to his wife. At his death, Arabella was thus a very wealthy heiress and from 1799 until her own death in 1825, Arabella, Duchess of Dorset (as she preferred to be known) controlled the Sackville estates and wealth in trust for their son. She remarried his friend, Charles Whitworth, in 1801, who became 1st Earl Whitworth, but had no further issue.

George John Frederick became the 4th Duke of Dorset on his father's death at the family seat, Knole House, near Sevenoaks, Kent at age 6, but spent the rest of his life under the legal and financial control of his mother and stepfather. He died in a riding accident in Ireland, aged 21 having just become engaged to Lady Elizabeth Thynne (born 1795), elder daughter of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath. (She went on to marry October 1816 Lord Cawdor and have many children). Although the dukedom passed to his cousin Charles, Viscount Sackville, the estates remained at the disposition of Arabella until her own death in 1825, when Knole went to her elder daughter Mary, Countess of Plymouth, and Buckhurst and the Middlesex lands (of the Cranfield family) to her younger daughter Elizabeth, Countess De La Warr. Lady Mary Sackville had married firstly Other Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth (1789–1833) on 5 August 1811 and secondly her first husband's stepfather William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst on 25 May 1839. She died childless on 20 July 1864, leaving her estates to her sister Countess De La Warr and her heirs male.

The Countess De La Ware was created Baroness Buckhurst in her own right (a title later inherited by a younger son Reginald who is ancestor of the present Earl De La Warr). Another line stemming from this lady is that of the Barons Sackville, a title created in compensation for losing the Buckhurst title. The 1st Baron Sackville inherited Knole, according to the will of Mary, Countess of Plymouth. (He died unmarried, as did his brother the 2nd Baron). Their nephew, the 3rd Baron Sackville, was father of the writer Vita Sackville-West who created a garden at Sissinghurst. Knole House, still lived in by the Sackville-West family, and Sissinghurst, the family home of Lord Carnock have both been given to the National Trust.

title: John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset


text:
349 Dembowska

Dembowska (minor planet designation: 349 Dembowska) is a large asteroid of the main belt, discovered on 9 December 1892, by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois while working at the observatory in Nice, France. It is named in honor of the Baron Hercules Dembowski, an Italian astronomer who made significant contributions to research on double and multiple stars.

Orbiting just inside the prominent 7:3 resonance with Jupiter, 349 Dembowska is among the largest asteroids in the main belt with an estimated diameter of ~140 km. It has a rotational period of 4.7012 hours, and is classified as an R-type asteroid for the presence of strong absorption lines in olivine and pyroxene with little or no metals. It may have undergone partial melting/differentiation. 349 Dembowska has an unusually high albedo of 0.384. Of the asteroids with a diameter greater than 75 km, only 4 Vesta has a higher known albedo.

Dembowska and 16 Psyche have orbits that repeat themselves almost exactly every five years in respect to their position to the Sun and Earth.

In 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty. There was one occultation on 31 October 2006, and on 5 December 2007.

title: 349 Dembowska


text:
Gould League

The Gould League is an independent Australian organisation promoting environmental education, founded in Victoria in 1909 and named after the English ornithologist John Gould. Largely autonomous branches were subsequently established in other Australian states.

History
The initial stimulus to form the Gould League was a letter from Jessie McMichael to John Albert Leach, supervisor of nature study in Victorian state schools and later Assistant Chief Inspector of Schools in Victoria.

1900s
When formally established in 1909, the Gould League of Bird Lovers, as it was then called, was devoted to bird protection, especially the prevention of bird egg theft, the promotion of interest in and knowledge of birds and to campaign for the formation of bird sanctuaries. Members would take a pledge to protect Australian birdlife and not to collect their eggs.

One of the main sponsors was the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. Alfred Deakin was the first Gould League president. The League had considerable success during this period, particularly in education. Activities included field days for the public to be introduced to birdlife, and publishing educational material.

1960s
After the 1960s the League focused on more general environmental education, and the name "Gould League" was adopted, without specific reference to birds. The Gould Leagues promoted the teaching of Environmental Education in schools, publishing classroom material and establishing field studies centres, initially in New South Wales.

1990s
During the 1990s there was a shift of emphasis to "Education for Sustainability". For example, the 1990 formation of the first Recycling Education Centre in Australia by the Gould League of Victoria and the Waste Wise Schools program significantly reduced the waste to landfill produced by schools.

2000s
The Gould League located in Moorabbin, Victoria changed its name from Gould League to Gould Group Ltd. in 2006.

In August 2008, Gould Group had been under voluntary administration. This was attributed to many factors, primarily being lack of funding for projects. The loss of hundreds of thousands of dollars of funding from Sustainability Victoria caused major problems.

In good news though, administrators found a buyer for the ailing organisation, with a NSW land care group, Liverpool Plains Land Management Committee, taking over its running and reviewing the Gould League's operations in a bid to have it continue into the future.

2009 was the 100th anniversary of the organisation.

2010s
School excursions at Gould League's Recycling/Sustainability Education Centre in Moorabbin, Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary in Beaumaris and outreach in Melbourne Metro schools returned for 2010 and beyond.

These popular programs cover the important sustainability themes of waste minimisation (recycling and composting), biodiversity, marine ecology and water conservation. Bookings for programs can be made online or by phoning the Gould League office.

Gould League publications are available via an online bookstore, and hundreds of Australian's renew their annual membership to the organisation. Membership badges have become collectors items. The 2012 badge features the brolga, to acknowledge the relationship with NSW Liverpool Plains Land Management Committee.

In October 2012, Gould League initiated Toolangi State Forest excursions, with the endorsement of the Department of Sustainability and Environment after the closure of the Toolangi Forest Discovery Centre and Education Programs mid-2012.

In mid-2016, Gould League's Genoa St Sustainability Education Centre is being upgraded and moved to a new site: Le Page Primary School in Cheltenham.

Gould League Publications
In the late 1920s Neville Cayley, a member of the Council for some years, was occupied in writing and illustrating a comprehensive guide to Australian birds. In return for the Council’s sponsorship he assigned four tenths of his 10% royalty to the League. In 1931 at the 21st Bird Day celebration in the Assembly Hall, What Bird is That? was launched. Despite early doubts, What Bird? was a huge success. In 1960 it was rated the all-time best seller in Australian natural history books, and is still in print today.

Initial sales were disappointing, and in February 1935 Cayley, perennially short of cash, offered to sell his remaining royalty share to the League for £300. With considerable misgivings, Council agreed. Sales took off during World War II, sparked interest from US servicemen in Australia, and the book turned out to be a lucrative investment.

It was not until 1934 that the League undertook a publication of its own with the production of Gould League Songs and Poems. This took the form of an 80-page booklet: the main section of 14 pages featured 16 songs, the words mainly written about Australian birds and set to the music of well-known British folk songs. Twenty five pages of bird poems followed, and the rest was given over to articles about birds and Gould League matters.

The book is plentifully illustrated with photographs and two colour plates of paintings by Neville W. Cayley (fantails and whistlers). Songs & Poems was reprinted in 1965, but on inferior paper and without the colour plates.

In June 1935 the Council agreed to another publication, called Feathered Friends. It consisted of “a Foreword by The President, Mr. Ross Thomas; a preface by Mr. W. Fingigan, and an introductory article on Australian birds in general by Mr. A. Chisholm. Then followed six articles: The Lyrebird by Mr. M. Sharland; The Satinbird by Mr N. Chaffer; The Blue Wren’s by Mr. Cayley; The White-eared Honeyeater by Mr K. Hindwood; The Magpie by Mr. D. Leithhead and The Heath Wren by Mr. Chisholm.”

Feathered Friends was illustrated with numerous photographs and full-page colour plates of the six birds, painted by Neville Cayley. The originals are now in the National Library in Canberra. The book was published by Angus and Robertson in September 1935, and copies given to every public school in NSW.

In the same year, 1935, the League commenced publication of Gould League Notes, a magazine that appeared annually until 1967, following the general pattern set by the earlier Supplements to the Gazette. A copy was sent to every public school in Victoria, as well as every private school with a Gould League branch. The first issue ran to 24 pages, the next three to 40, and from 1939 there were always more than 50.

From the beginning the pages were brightened by a coloured plate, supplied (with descriptive notes) by Neville Cayley for many years, and then by a succession of distinguished artists. Starting with 1938, League Notes featured extensive accounts of the most recent Bird Camp.

title: Gould League


text:
350 Ornamenta

Ornamenta (minor planet designation: 350 Ornamenta) is a relatively large main-belt asteroid, measuring 118 km in diameter. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material.

Ornamenta was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 14 December 1892, in Nice, France. It was named in 1905 in honor of Antoinette Horneman, who was a member of the Société astronomique de France.

During 2002, the asteroid was observed occulting a star. The resulting chords provided a diameter estimate of 99.5 km.

This object is the namesake of a family of 14–93 asteroids that share similar spectral properties and orbital elements; hence they may have arisen from the same collisional event. All members have a relatively high orbital inclination.

title: 350 Ornamenta


text:
351 Yrsa

Yrsa (minor planet designation: 351 Yrsa) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Max Wolf on 16 December 1892 in Heidelberg.

title: 351 Yrsa


text:
352 Gisela

Gisela (minor planet designation: 352 Gisela) is an asteroid belonging to the Flora family in the Main Belt that has an unusually high albedo.

It was discovered by Max Wolf on 12 January 1893 in Heidelberg.

title: 352 Gisela


text:
353 Ruperto-Carola

353 Ruperto-Carola (prov. designation: or ) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg Observatory on 16 January 1893. It is named after the Ruprecht Karls University (University of Heidelberg), whose Latin name is Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis.

title: 353 Ruperto-Carola


text:
354 Eleonora

Eleonora (minor planet designation: 354 Eleonora) is a large, stony main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois on January 17, 1893, in Nice.

Photometric observations of this asteroid gave a light curve with a period of 13.623 hours. The data was used to construct a model for the asteroid, revealing it to be a regular-shaped object, spinning about a pole with ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (+20°, 356°), although this is with an accuracy of only ±10°. The ratio of the major to minor axes lengths is roughly equal to 1.2. It is classified as an S-type asteroid and has an estimated size of 154.34 km. The spectrum of 354 Eleonora reveals the strong presence of the mineral olivine, a relative rarity in the asteroid belt.

During favorable oppositions, such as in 1968 and 2010, Eleonora can reach an apparent magnitude of +9.31.

title: 354 Eleonora


text:
355 Gabriella

Gabriella (minor planet designation: 355 Gabriella) is a typical Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 20 January 1893 in Nice and named after French astronomer Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion.

title: 355 Gabriella


text:
356 Liguria

Liguria (minor planet designation: 356 Liguria) is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Auguste Charlois on January 21, 1893, in Nice. It is one of seven of Charlois's discoveries that was expressly named by the Astromomisches Rechen-Institut (Astronomical Calculation Institute), and was named for the Italian region.

13-cm radar observations of this asteroid from the Arecibo Observatory between 1980 and 1985 were used to produce a diameter estimate of 155 km.

Since 1991, the asteroid has been observed in stellar occultation a total of 6 times, all but one were single chord occultations. A 2006 double chord observation indicated a diameter of 126.6 +/-8.3 km.

title: 356 Liguria


text:
U.S. Senior Open

The U.S. Senior Open is one of the five major championships in senior golf, introduced 44.6083191509069 years ago in 1980. It is administered by the United States Golf Association (USGA) and is recognized as a major championship by both the PGA Tour Champions and the European Senior Tour. The lower age limit was 55 in 1980, but it was lowered to 50 for the second edition in 1981, which is the standard limit for men's senior professional golf tournaments. By definition, the event is open to amateurs, but has been dominated by professionals; through 2022, all editions have been won by pros. Like other USGA championships, it has been played on many courses throughout the United States.

Bernhard Langer became the oldest U.S. Senior Open Champion in 2023, winning at the age of 65 years 10 months.

The total purse was the highest of any senior tour event until the Posco E&C Songdo Championship in South Korea, a Champions Tour event in 2010 and 2011 with a $3 million purse, but had a lower winner's share ($450,000). The U.S. Senior Open is again the highest purse on the PGA Tour Champions; in 2016 it was $3.75 million, and champion Gene Sauers earned $675,000. The purse in 2017 is anticipated to be $4 million, yielding a winner's share of $720,000.

Like other senior majors, players must walk the course unless they receive a medical exemption to use a cart. Winners gain entry into the following year's U.S. Open.

The playoff format was modified for 2018, reduced from three to two aggregate holes, followed by sudden death. The three-hole aggregate playoff was used in 2002 and 2014; the final 18-hole playoff at the U.S. Senior Open was in 1991, won by Jack Nicklaus.

Eligibility
The following players are exempt from qualifying for the U.S. Senior Open, provided they are 50 years old as of the opening day of the tournament. Amateur categories require that the player is still an amateur on the opening day of the tournament, except for the one-time exemption for former champions of the U.S. Amateur or The Amateur Championship.
 * Any past winner of the U.S. Senior Open
 * Winners of any of the major championships in the last 10 years
 * Winners of any of the U.S. Amateur in the last 10 years and runner-up in previous year
 * Winners of the Senior PGA Championship in the last 10 years
 * Winner of the Senior Open Championship in the last five years
 * Top 15 finishers from the previous year's U.S. Senior Open
 * Any amateur completing 72 holes in last U.S. Open
 * Low amateur in last U.S. Senior Open
 * Winner and runner-up of the U.S. Senior Amateur in the previous year
 * Members of the Walker Cup and Eisenhower Trophy teams for the last two competitions
 * Members of both Ryder Cup and Presidents Cup teams for the last five competitions
 * Top 30 from the previous year's PGA Tour Champions money list, top 20 from current list
 * Top 50 leaders from the PGA Tour Champions career money list
 * Winners of PGA Tour Champions events in the previous three years
 * Top six from previous year's European Senior Tour money list
 * Top two from previous year's Japan Seniors Tour money list
 * Winners of PGA Tour events in the previous five years
 * Winners of the U.S. Open in first ten years of age eligibility
 * One-time exemption for any winner of a major championship, U.S. Amateur, or British Amateur.
 * Winners of amateur championships who have since turned professional are able to use this exemption.

Special exemptions are given occasionally, and like other USGA events, many qualify through the local and sectional ranks.

Multiple winners
Seven men have multiple victories in the U.S. Senior Open:

3 wins 2 wins
 * Miller Barber (1982, 1984, 1985)
 * Gary Player (1987, 1988)
 * Jack Nicklaus (1991, 1993)
 * Hale Irwin (1998, 2000)
 * Allen Doyle (2005, 2006)
 * Kenny Perry (2013, 2017)
 * Bernhard Langer (2010, 2023)

Successful defenders of the title were Barber (1985), Player (1988), and Doyle (2006).

Winners of both U.S. Open and U.S. Senior Open
The following men have won both the U.S. Open and the U.S. Senior Open, the majors run by the USGA:

Palmer (1954) and Nicklaus (1959, 1961) also won the U.S. Amateur, previously considered a major.

Future sites
Source:

title: U.S. Senior Open


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357 Ninina

Ninina (minor planet designation: 357 Ninina) is a large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on February 11, 1893, in Nice. The reference of its name is not known, though Ninine is a French personal name. This minor planet is orbiting at a distance of $106.1 km$ from the Sun with a period of 2048.1 days and an orbital eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.074. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 15.1° to the plane of the ecliptic.

Photometric observations of 357 Ninina during 2023 provided a light curve that presents an Earth commensurate rotation period of $0.051$ with a brightness amplitude of $3.16 AU$ in magnitude. In 2024, spin shape modelling using the light curve inversion technique show a blocky, rounded figure, with a refined rotation period of $36 hours$

title: 357 Ninina


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358 Apollonia

Apolonia (minor planet designation: 358 Apolonia) is a large Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 8 March 1893 in Nice.

title: 358 Apollonia


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Alex Mack

Javon Alexander Mack (born November 19, 1985) is an American former professional football player who was a center in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the California Golden Bears and was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the first round with the 21st overall selection of the 2009 NFL draft. He also played for the Atlanta Falcons and the San Francisco 49ers.

Early life
Mack was born in Los Angeles, California. He attended San Marcos High School in Santa Barbara, where he was named the Channel League's Co-Most Valuable Player on defense and earned a first-team all-league selection. He was also selected to the All-CIF team. In addition to football, Mack wrestled for four years with the Royals, losing only two matches his senior year and reaching the state final. He was a CIF champion as a junior and a senior. In the classroom, he compiled a 4.2 GPA and an 1180 SAT score.

Considered a two-star recruit by Rivals.com, Mack chose California over Northwestern and Stanford.

College career

Mack played for the California Golden Bears football team while attending the University of California, Berkeley. He made 39 consecutive starts for the Golden Bears registering 256 key blocks/knockdowns, 32 touchdown-resulting blocks and 29 down field blocks. Mack compiled a 3.61 undergraduate GPA at the University of California, Berkeley as a legal studies major. He graduated in 2008 and played the 2008 season as a graduate student in education. He won the Draddy Trophy, also dubbed the "academic Heisman", for his academic success in 2008, becoming the first Cal player and the second consecutive center to earn the trophy, following Dallas Griffin of Texas. He also won the Morris Trophy in 2007 and 2008, making him the third offensive lineman and the first since Washington's Lincoln Kennedy in 1991 and 1992 to win the award twice. Mack also represented Cal at the 2009 Senior Bowl.

Pre-draft
Projected as a first-to-second rounder by Sports Illustrated, Mack was the highest ranked center available in the 2009 NFL draft.

Cleveland Browns
Mack was drafted in the first round by the Cleveland Browns with the 21st overall selection. He was the first Golden Bears offensive lineman selected in the first round since Tarik Glenn in 1997.

Mack signed a five-year contract with the Browns on July 25. During the 2009 NFL season, Mack started on the Browns offensive line every game. After a shaky start, the Browns line, anchored by Joe Thomas, paved the way to three consecutive 100+ yard games by Jerome Harrison and one game in which Harrison ran for 286 yards, which stands at third all-time in one game. At the end of the regular season, Mack was selected as center on the All-Rookie team. He started all 16 games, committed only 1 penalty and allowed just 1 sack. During the 2010 NFL season, Mack again started every game for the Browns. He was named to the 2011 Pro Bowl roster as a second alternate to replace Nick Mangold. During week 5 of the 2011 NFL season, Mack played through appendicitis during a loss to the Tennessee Titans. Mack had an appendectomy during Cleveland's bye week and came back and started against the Oakland Raiders the week after the bye week.

On December 27, 2013, Alex Mack was voted to his first Pro Bowl Selection, after having been added in 2011 to replace an injured player.

On April 9, 2014, it was announced that the Jacksonville Jaguars had offered Mack a five-year contract, worth reportedly $42 million. The Browns had a maximum of five days to match Jacksonville's offer, which they did on April 11. Mack had been previously assigned the transition tag, nullifying his free agency unless a team signed Mack to an offer sheet. During Week 6 against the Pittsburgh Steelers on October 12, 2014, Mack was carted off the field due to a leg injury. X-rays tested positive that his leg had a broken fibula, forcing Mack out for the rest of the 2014 campaign. Prior to Mack's injury, he had never missed a single snap in his professional career. On March 2, 2016, Mack voided his contract with the Cleveland Browns thus making him a free agent.

Atlanta Falcons
On March 9, 2016, Mack signed a five-year, $45 million contract with the Atlanta Falcons, including $28.5 million in guaranteed money.

In the 2016 season, Mack and the Falcons reached Super Bowl LI, where they faced the New England Patriots. Mack was the starting center in the game for the Falcons. In the Super Bowl, the Falcons fell in a 34–28 overtime defeat.

On December 19, 2017, Mack was named to his fifth Pro Bowl. On December 18, 2018, Mack was named to his sixth Pro Bowl.

Mack missed Week 16 of the 2020 NFL season due to a concussion, ending a streak of 90 consecutive regular season starts. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on December 31, 2020, and activated on January 13, 2021.

San Francisco 49ers
On March 18, 2021, Mack signed a three-year contract with the San Francisco 49ers.

On June 3, 2022, Mack retired after 13 seasons in the NFL.

title: Alex Mack


text:
359 Georgia

Georgia (minor planet designation: 359 Georgia) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an X-type asteroid.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 10 March 1893 in Nice. It was named by the daughter of Felix Klein at a meeting of the Astronomische Gesellschaft in 1902 held at the Georg August University of Göttingen, where Klein was a professor. It was named after the University's founder King George II of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover.

title: 359 Georgia


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360 Carlova

360 Carlova is a very large main-belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material. The asteroid has a convex, roughly ellipsoid shape. The sidereal rotation period is 6.1873 hours with an axis of rotation along the ecliptic coordinates (l, b) = ($115.76 km$, $0.054$). It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 11 March 1893 in Nice.

title: 360 Carlova


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Carlsberg Meridian Telescope

The Carlsberg Meridian Telescope (formerly the Carlsberg Automatic Meridian Circle) is a decommissioned meridian circle telescope located at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in the Canary Islands. It was dedicated to high-precision optical astrometry and operated from May 1984 to September 2013.

The CMT's 20 years of photometric data was studied to understand atmosphere extinction. Up to 2003, 11 catalogs were published and it had been given various upgrades since its installation in 1984.

The telescope is owned by the Danish Copenhagen University Observatory and was jointly operated under an international agreement with the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge and the Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada.

title: Carlsberg Meridian Telescope


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Through-hole technology

In electronics, through-hole technology (also spelled "thru-hole") is a manufacturing scheme in which leads on the components are inserted through holes drilled in printed circuit boards (PCB) and soldered to pads on the opposite side, either by manual assembly (hand placement) or by the use of automated insertion mount machines.

History
Through-hole technology almost completely replaced earlier electronics assembly techniques such as point-to-point construction. From the second generation of computers in the 1950s until surface-mount technology (SMT) became popular in the mid 1980s, every component on a typical PCB was a through-hole component. PCBs initially had tracks printed on one side only, later both sides, then multi-layer boards were in use. Through holes became plated-through holes (PTH) in order for the components to make contact with the required conductive layers. Plated-through holes are no longer required with SMT boards for making the component connections, but are still used for making interconnections between the layers and in this role are more usually called vias.

Axial and radial leads
Components with wire leads are generally used on through-hole boards. Axial leads protrude from each end of a typically cylindrical or elongated box-shaped component, on the geometrical axis of symmetry. Axial-leaded components resemble wire jumpers in shape, and can be used to span short distances on a board, or even otherwise unsupported through an open space in point-to-point wiring. Axial components do not protrude much above the surface of a board, producing a low-profile or flat configuration when placed "lying down" or parallel to the board.

Radial leads project more or less in parallel from the same surface or aspect of a component package, rather than from opposite ends of the package. Originally, radial leads were defined as more-or-less following a radius of a cylindrical component (such as a ceramic disk capacitor). Over time, this definition was generalized in contrast to axial leads, and took on its current form. When placed on a board, radial components "stand up" perpendicular, occupying a smaller footprint on sometimes-scarce "board real estate", making them useful in many high-density designs. The parallel leads projecting from a single mounting surface gives radial components an overall "plugin nature", facilitating their use in high-speed automated component insertion ("board-stuffing") machines.

When needed, an axial component can be effectively converted into a radial component, by bending one of its leads into a "U" shape so that it ends up close to and parallel with the other lead. Extra insulation with heat-shrink tubing may be used to prevent shorting out on nearby components. Conversely, a radial component can be pressed into service as an axial component by separating its leads as far as possible, and extending them into an overall length-spanning shape. These improvisations are often seen in breadboard or prototype construction, but are deprecated for mass production designs. This is because of difficulties in use with automated component placement machinery, and poorer reliability because of reduced vibration and mechanical shock resistance in the completed assembly.

Multiple lead devices
For electronic components with two or more leads, for example, diodes, transistors, ICs, or resistor packs, a range of standard-sized semiconductor packages are used, either directly onto the PCB or via a socket.

Characteristics

While through-hole mounting provides strong mechanical bonds when compared to SMT techniques, the additional drilling required makes the boards more expensive to produce. They also limit the available routing area for signal traces on layers immediately below the top layer on multilayer boards since the holes must pass through all layers to the opposite side. To that end, through-hole mounting techniques are now usually reserved for bulkier or heavier components such as electrolytic capacitors or semiconductors in larger packages such as the TO-220 that require the additional mounting strength, or for components such as plug connectors or electromechanical relays that require great strength in support.

Design engineers often prefer the larger through-hole rather than surface mount parts when prototyping, because they can be easily used with breadboard sockets. However, high-speed or high-frequency designs may require SMT technology to minimize stray inductance and capacitance in wire leads, which would impair circuit function. Ultra-compact designs may also dictate SMT construction, even in the prototype phase of design.

Through-hole components are ideal for prototyping circuits with breadboards using microprocessors such as Arduino or PICAXE. These components are large enough to be easy to use and solder by hand.

title: Through-hole technology


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Henry Sapoznik

Henry "Hank" Sapoznik (העניק סאַפאַזשניק; born 1953, in Brooklyn, New York) is an American author, record and radio producer and performer of traditional Yiddish and American music.

Career
With MacArthur Fellow David Isay, Sapoznik produced the 10-week radio series the "Yiddish Radio Project" on the history of Jewish broadcasting for NPR’s All Things Considered in the spring of 2002. The series won the prestigious Peabody Award for Excellence in Broadcast Journalism for 2002.

A pioneering scholar and performer of klezmer music, Sapoznik was the first director of the Max and Frieda Weinstein Archives of Recorded Sound at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, from its founding in 1982, until 1994. As an outgrowth of that work, in 1985 Sapoznik started "KlezKamp: The Yiddish Folk Arts Program", the world's most important training venue for practitioners of this nearly lost art and, in 1994, founded the Yiddish arts organization "Living Traditions" to administer it. His book ''Klezmer! Jewish Music from Old World to Our World'' (1999) was the winner of the 2000 ASCAP Deems Taylor Award for Excellence in Music Scholarship. In 2020, he published pioneering research on the previously hidden life of Madame Goldye Steiner, the first African-American female cantor.

A four-time Grammy nominated performer/producer, Sapoznik has recorded and/or produced over 35 recordings of traditional Yiddish and American music. Nominated for a 2002 Emmy Award for his music score to the documentary film, The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg. His 2005 3-CD anthology of country music pioneer Charlie Poole for Sony Columbia Legacy was nominated for three Grammy awards (Best Historical Album, Best Album Notes, Best Box Design). In 2007, he co-produced the 3-CD reissue anthology ''People Take Warning! Murder Ballads and Disaster Songs 1913–1938'' with Christopher King and authored the notes, which was nominated for a 2008 Grammy award for Best Historical Album. His most recent project with co-producer King is the 2 CD reissue box set Ernest V. Stoneman: The Unsung Father of Country Music 1925–1934 for 5 String Productions (2008). He co-produced, with Sherry Mayrent and Christopher King, the 3-CD compilation Cantors, Klezmorim and Crooners 1905–1953: Classic Yiddish 78s from the Mayrent Collection. In his Wall Street Journal review, Nat Hentoff calls Sapoznik a "fount of historical and anecdotal knowledge of Yiddish culture and history". He plays banjo and autoharp on Kevin Burke's 1977 album Sweeney's Dream.

Sapoznik was one of the founding members of the klezmer ensemble Kapelye. Friction between him and bandmembers led to his departure.

Sapoznik was the director of the Mayrent Institute for Yiddish Culture at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2011-2018, and was also the donor of the Henry Sapoznik collection (AFC 2010/003), which includes photos, over 1400 sound recordings (most are instantaneous discs), and manuscript materials documenting Yiddish-American radio, at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.

title: Henry Sapoznik


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Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann

Johannes Christian Konrad von Hofmann (21 December 1810 – 20 December 1877) was a Lutheran professor of systematic and historical theology.

Biography
He was born on 21 December 1810 at Nuremberg, and studied theology and history at the University of Erlangen. In 1829 he went to Berlin, where he heard lectures by Schleiermacher, Hegel, Hengstenberg, Neander, and Ranke. The latter almost persuaded Hofmann to focus entirely upon secular history rather than Christian theology. Other figures who had an influence on his faith and thinking included Christian Krafft, a Reformed pastor and associate professor of theology at Erlangen, and Friedrich Ludwig Georg von Raumer, a professor of natural history and pedagogics there.

In 1833 Hofmann received an appointment to teach Hebrew and history in the gymnasium of Erlangen. In 1835 he became Repetent, in 1838 Privatdozent, and in 1841 professor extraordinarius in the theological faculty at Erlangen. In 1842 he became professor ordinarius at the University of Rostock, but in 1845 he returned to Erlangen as the successor to Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless, founder of the journal Zeitschrift für Protestantismus und Kirche. Between 1846 and 1852 Hofmann served as co-editor of this journal, along with J. F. Höfling (1802–1853) and Gottfried Thomasius (1802–1875). (Between 1853 and 1858 he and Thomasius were co-editors. From 1859 until his death, Hofmann was the principal editor.) He died in Erlangen, on 20 December 1877. While he operated with a conservative biblical hermeneutic, he was a member of a progressive political party, and served as its representative (for Erlangen and Fürth) in the Bavarian parliament between 1863 and 1868.

Hofmann stood out among his Erlangen colleagues for many reasons, not least because he was the most prolific among them but also because of his progressive political views. Beyond several dozen smaller essays and editorials (that dealt with both theological and political issues), Hofmann wrote the two-volume Prophecy and Fulfillment in the Old and New Testaments, the two-volume Scriptural Proof, and an unfinished eleven-volume commentary on the whole of the New Testament. He also delivered important lectures on biblical hermeneutics, theological ethics, and theological encyclopedia, which were published posthumously by some of his students.

Hofmann's contribution to the history of Christian theology resides in four main areas: his reflections on biblical hermeneutics, his understanding of the Bible as "Heilsgeschichte" or "salvation history", his understanding of the atonement, and his renewal of trinitarian theology in the wake of Schleiermacher's dogmatics. According to Matthew Becker, whose study of Hofmann's life and theology is the only comprehensive overview and analysis of this theologian's ideas in the English language, "Hofmann's Trinitarian view of God is grounded in the divine love, which is the cause of God's free decision to self-differentiate God’s self in history and give God’s self (divine kenosis or 'divine self-emptying') in history in order to realize in the human Jesus a new humanity. The focal point of Hofmann's conception of 'salvation history' (Heilsgeschichte) is his understanding of Trinitarian kenosis, that the eternal God has become historical by 'emptying' God's self into Jesus in order to reconcile the whole world to God.  According to Hofmann, world history can only be understood properly within the historical self-giving of the triune God who is love.  Salvation history, therefore, is not separate from history but ultimately embraces and fulfills all history within itself. Thus salvation history (Heilsgeschichte) is not a part of world-history, but rather world-history is a part of salvation history".

Hofmann's Trinitarian theology of history is properly eschatological: History is given its unity and meaning by viewing it from its end—not from its beginning—though its end appears in the midst of history and is discernible only in faith. Hofmann believed, in light of his baptismal regeneration and by faith, that God has already revealed the end or goal of history (its unity) in the event of Jesus, who is "the center of all history". In Jesus the eternal God has become temporal to give the eternal Self in love in order to restore and unite the temporal to God.

Hofmann's historical perspective was tempered by his concern to take seriously the inescapable pre-understanding that every interpreter of the Bible brings to the biblical text and to reckon with the hermeneutical implications that a particular religious perspective creates for biblical interpretation. Hofmann acknowledged that the interpreter’s personal participation in his knowledge and understanding, in both its discovery and its validation, is an indispensable part of interpretation itself. According to Becker, Hofmann's hermeneutical reflections thus form an important development between the hermeneutics of Schleiermacher and later thinkers such as Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Rudolf Bultmann, and Paul Ricoeur, who have also analyzed the historicity of language and the historicality of the biblical interpreter.

Works
Hofmann wrote: In theology, as in ecclesiastical polity, Hofmann was a conservative, confessional Lutheran, although the strongly marked individuality of some of his opinions laid him open to repeated accusations of heterodoxy. He was the principal figure in what has been called the Erlangen School, although his unique theological positions frequently put him at odds with his fellow colleagues and set him apart. Elected provost of Erlangen University more times than any other professor there in the nineteenth century, he was unquestionably the leading figure on that faculty during his years of service.
 * De bellis ab Antiocho Epiphane adversus Ptolemaeos, Ph.D. diss., (1835)
 * Die siebzig Jahre des Jeremias u. die siebzig Jahrwochen des Daniel (1836)
 * Geschichte des Aufruhrs in den Cevennen (1837)
 * De argumento psalmi centesimi decimi, Th.D., diss., (1838)
 * Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichte fur Gymnasien (1839), which became a text-book in the Protestant gymnasia of Bavaria
 * Weissagung u. Erfullung im allen u. neuen Testamente (1841–1844; 2nd ed., 1857–1860)
 * Der Schriftbeweis (1852–1855; 2nd ed., 1857–1860)
 * Die heilige Schrift Neuen Testaments zusammenhängend untersucht (1862–1878, 2nd ed., 1896)
 * Schutzschriften (1856–1859), in which he defends himself against the charge of teaching an unorthodox understanding of the Atonement.
 * Die Augsburger Rechtfertigung der Augsburger Adresse (1874)
 * Theologische Ethik (1878)
 * Vermischte Aufsaetze (1878)
 * Encyklopaedie der Theologie (1879)
 * Biblische Hermeneutik (1880)
 * Die Offenbarung St. Johannis (1896)

title: Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann


text:
Philip William, Prince of Orange

Philip William, Prince of Orange (19 December 1554 in Buren, Gelderland – 20 February 1618) was the eldest son of William the Silent by his first wife Anna van Egmont. He became Prince of Orange in 1584 and Knight of the Golden Fleece in 1599.

Biography
Philip William, Filips Willem in Dutch, was born on 19 December 1554 in Buren, Guelders, Seventeen Provinces. He was the first son of William the Silent and Anna van Egmont.

When his father William the Silent ignored Alva's summons to return to Brussels, remaining in Germany, Philip William, only a boy of 13, was studying at the University at Leuven in Brabant. He was seized in February 1568, and taken to Spain partly as a hostage, but especially to be raised as a good Catholic and loyal subject. Cardinal-Archbishop of Mechelen, Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1517-1586)

He would never see his father again (his mother had already died ten years earlier).

In Spain he continued his studies at the university of Alcalá de Henares. He remained in Spain until 1596 when he returned to the southern Netherlands. His interests in the Dutch Republic were vigorously defended by his sister, Maria of Nassau, against his half-brother Maurice of Nassau who contested his brother's right to the barony and city of Breda.

In 1606 Philip William was recognized in the Republic as Lord of Breda and Steenbergen, and his right to appoint magistrates was acknowledged, provided he did so maintaining the "Union and the Republic's religion". He duly made his ceremonial entry into his town of Breda in July 1610 and from then until his death, regularly appointed the magistrates in his lordship. Though he restored Catholic services in the castle of Breda, he did not try to challenge the ascendancy of the Protestant-Calvinist Reformed Church in the city. He had a difference with the States-General in 1613, when they annulled his appointment of a Catholic drost. He had to cooperate with the military governor in Breda, his illegitimate half-brother Justinus van Nassau, staunchly loyal to the States-General.

In 1606 in Fontainebleau, Philip William was married to Eleonora of Bourbon-Condé, daughter of Henry I, Prince de Condé, and cousin of King Henry IV of France, but he died in 1618 without any children. Therefore, Maurice of Nassau could at last inherit the title Prince of Orange.

Philip William died on 20 February 1618 as a consequence of a badly administered enema which gravely injured his intestines. As Lord of Diest and a pious Catholic at the time of his death, Philip William of Orange commanded that the parish church of Saint Sulpice in the same city, should celebrate a yearly Requiem Mass for his soul. Diest is also the site of his burial in the Catholic Roman Rite. Diest is known as the "Orange City", and Philip William as "the Catholic prince of Orange", as his father in 1573 – leading the Dutch Revolt – had become a Calvinist Protestant instead of a Catholic as he had been before.

title: Philip William, Prince of Orange