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My Secret Identity

My Secret Identity is a television series starring Jerry O'Connell and Derek McGrath. Originally broadcast from October 9, 1988 to May 25, 1991 on CTV in Canada, the series also aired in syndication in the United States. It was later shown in reruns on the Sci-Fi Channel. The series won the 1989 International Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Programming for Children and Young People.

Synopsis
O'Connell stars as 14-year-old Andrew Clements, who while looking one day for his friend, Dr. Benjamin Jeffcoate (McGrath), trips and is hit by a photon beam, causing him to develop superpowers. He uses these abilities to fight crime, to solve personal problems, and to help others. He hides his powers from his mother, sister, and friends with the exception of Jeffcoate. Andrew initially called himself Ultraman, but this was later dropped.

Powers
In the first season, Andrew must carry around aerosol spray containers and use them to move through the air, as his flying ability is limited; he can make himself nearly weightless, and move up without any problems, but he cannot propel himself through the air or move down without some external force. He can jump quite high and do amazing flips. In the second season, unexplained, Andrew gains the ability to move through the air without the use of aerosol cans. Later in that season, after being struck by the photon beam a second time, Andrew develops superhuman strength but loses his invulnerability.

For the entirety of the series, Andrew loses his powers when exposed to radiation (e.g. electromagnetic waves and x-rays). Starting in episode 10, he loses his powers for 2–3 days after exposure to an x-ray at the dentist. Later in the series, he regains them immediately after the exposure stops.

Setting and characters
The main setting of the show is Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in the fictional suburb of Briarwood. Andrew goes to Briarwood High and his sister Erin goes to another school.

Dr. Jeffcoate (supposedly the fourth-smartest man in the world) is a close friend of the family who lives next door. He is attracted to Mrs. Clements but never tells her.

Cast

 * Jerry O'Connell as Andrew Clements
 * Derek McGrath as Dr. Benjamin Marion Jeffcoate
 * Christopher Bolton as Kirk Stevens (1989–1991)
 * Marsha Moreau as Erin Clements
 * Wanda Cannon as Stephanie Clements
 * Elizabeth Leslie as Ruth Schellenbach

Novel
A novelization of the pilot episode, written by Jovial Bob Stine (R. L. Stine), was released in 1989.

title: My Secret Identity


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Positive and negative predictive values

The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV respectively) are the proportions of positive and negative results in statistics and diagnostic tests that are true positive and true negative results, respectively. The PPV and NPV describe the performance of a diagnostic test or other statistical measure. A high result can be interpreted as indicating the accuracy of such a statistic. The PPV and NPV are not intrinsic to the test (as true positive rate and true negative rate are); they depend also on the prevalence. Both PPV and NPV can be derived using Bayes' theorem.

Although sometimes used synonymously, a positive predictive value generally refers to what is established by control groups, while a post-test probability refers to a probability for an individual. Still, if the individual's pre-test probability of the target condition is the same as the prevalence in the control group used to establish the positive predictive value, the two are numerically equal.

In information retrieval, the PPV statistic is often called the precision.

Positive predictive value (PPV)
The positive predictive value (PPV), or precision, is defined as

 * $$ \text{PPV} = \frac{\text{Number of true positives}}{\text{Number of true positives} + \text{Number of false positives}} = \frac{\text{Number of true positives}}{\text{Number of positive calls}}$$

where a "true positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a positive result under the gold standard, and a "false positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a negative result under the gold standard. The ideal value of the PPV, with a perfect test, is 1 (100%), and the worst possible value would be zero.

The PPV can also be computed from sensitivity, specificity, and the prevalence of the condition:

 * $$ \text{PPV} = \frac{\text{sensitivity} \times \text{prevalence}}{\text{sensitivity} \times \text{prevalence} + (1 - \text{specificity}) \times (1 - \text{prevalence})} $$

cf. Bayes' theorem

The complement of the PPV is the false discovery rate (FDR):

 * $$ \text{FDR} = 1 - \text{PPV} = \frac{\text{Number of false positives}}{\text{Number of true positives} + \text{Number of false positives}} = \frac{\text{Number of false positives}}{\text{Number of positive calls}}$$

Negative predictive value (NPV)
The negative predictive value is defined as:

 * $$ \text{NPV} = \frac{\text{Number of true negatives}}{\text{Number of true negatives}+\text{Number of false negatives}} =

\frac{\text{Number of true negatives}}{\text{Number of negative calls}} $$

where a "true negative" is the event that the test makes a negative prediction, and the subject has a negative result under the gold standard, and a "false negative" is the event that the test makes a negative prediction, and the subject has a positive result under the gold standard. With a perfect test, one which returns no false negatives, the value of the NPV is 1 (100%), and with a test which returns no true negatives the NPV value is zero.

The NPV can also be computed from sensitivity, specificity, and prevalence:

 * $$ \text{NPV} = \frac{\text{specificity} \times (1-\text{prevalence})}{\text{specificity} \times (1-\text{prevalence}) + (1-\text{sensitivity}) \times \text{prevalence}} $$

 * $$ \text{NPV} = \frac{TN}{TN + FN} $$

The complement of the NPV is the  (FOR):

 * $$ \text{FOR} = 1 - \text{NPV} = \frac{\text{Number of false negatives}}{\text{Number of true negatives}+\text{Number of false negatives}} =

\frac{\text{Number of false negatives}}{\text{Number of negative calls}} $$

Although sometimes used synonymously, a negative predictive value generally refers to what is established by control groups, while a negative post-test probability rather refers to a probability for an individual. Still, if the individual's pre-test probability of the target condition is the same as the prevalence in the control group used to establish the negative predictive value, then the two are numerically equal.

Relationship
The following diagram illustrates how the positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity are related.

Note that the positive and negative predictive values can only be estimated using data from a cross-sectional study or other population-based study in which valid prevalence estimates may be obtained. In contrast, the sensitivity and specificity can be estimated from case-control studies.

Worked example
Suppose the fecal occult blood (FOB) screen test is used in 2030 people to look for bowel cancer:

The small positive predictive value (PPV = 10%) indicates that many of the positive results from this testing procedure are false positives. Thus it will be necessary to follow up any positive result with a more reliable test to obtain a more accurate assessment as to whether cancer is present. Nevertheless, such a test may be useful if it is inexpensive and convenient. The strength of the FOB screen test is instead in its negative predictive value — which, if negative for an individual, gives us a high confidence that its negative result is true.

Other individual factors
Note that the PPV is not intrinsic to the test—it depends also on the prevalence. Due to the large effect of prevalence upon predictive values, a standardized approach has been proposed, where the PPV is normalized to a prevalence of 50%. PPV is directly proportional to the prevalence of the disease or condition. In the above example, if the group of people tested had included a higher proportion of people with bowel cancer, then the PPV would probably come out higher and the NPV lower. If everybody in the group had bowel cancer, the PPV would be 100% and the NPV 0%.

To overcome this problem, NPV and PPV should only be used if the ratio of the number of patients in the disease group and the number of patients in the healthy control group used to establish the NPV and PPV is equivalent to the prevalence of the diseases in the studied population, or, in case two disease groups are compared, if the ratio of the number of patients in disease group 1 and the number of patients in disease group 2 is equivalent to the ratio of the prevalences of the two diseases studied. Otherwise, positive and negative likelihood ratios are more accurate than NPV and PPV, because likelihood ratios do not depend on prevalence.

When an individual being tested has a different pre-test probability of having a condition than the control groups used to establish the PPV and NPV, the PPV and NPV are generally distinguished from the positive and negative post-test probabilities, with the PPV and NPV referring to the ones established by the control groups, and the post-test probabilities referring to the ones for the tested individual (as estimated, for example, by likelihood ratios). Preferably, in such cases, a large group of equivalent individuals should be studied, in order to establish separate positive and negative predictive values for use of the test in such individuals.

Bayesian updating
Bayes' theorem confers inherent limitations on the accuracy of screening tests as a function of disease prevalence or pre-test probability. It has been shown that a testing system can tolerate significant drops in prevalence, up to a certain well-defined point known as the prevalence threshold, below which the reliability of a positive screening test drops precipitously. That said, Balayla et al. showed that sequential testing overcomes the aforementioned Bayesian limitations and thus improves the reliability of screening tests. For a desired positive predictive value $$\rho$$ that approaches some constant $$k$$, the number of positive test iterations $$n_i$$ needed is:

 * $$n_i =\lim_{\rho \to k}\left\lceil\frac{\ln\left[\frac{\rho(\phi-1)}{\phi(\rho-1)}\right]}{\ln\left[\frac{a}{1-b}\right]}\right\rceil $$

where Of note, the denominator of the above equation is the natural logarithm of the positive likelihood ratio (LR+).
 * $$\rho$$ is the desired PPV
 * $$n_i$$ is the number of testing iterations necessary to achieve $$\rho$$
 * $$a$$ is the sensitivity
 * $$b$$ is the specificity
 * $$\phi$$ is disease prevalence, and
 * $$k$$ is a constant.

Different target conditions
PPV is used to indicate the probability that in case of a positive test, that the patient really has the specified disease. However, there may be more than one cause for a disease and any single potential cause may not always result in the overt disease seen in a patient. There is potential to mix up related target conditions of PPV and NPV, such as interpreting the PPV or NPV of a test as having a disease, when that PPV or NPV value actually refers only to a predisposition of having that disease.

An example is the microbiological throat swab used in patients with a sore throat. Usually publications stating PPV of a throat swab are reporting on the probability that this bacterium is present in the throat, rather than that the patient is ill from the bacteria found. If presence of this bacterium always resulted in a sore throat, then the PPV would be very useful. However the bacteria may colonise individuals in a harmless way and never result in infection or disease. Sore throats occurring in these individuals are caused by other agents such as a virus. In this situation the gold standard used in the evaluation study represents only the presence of bacteria (that might be harmless) but not a causal bacterial sore throat illness. It can be proven that this problem will affect positive predictive value far more than negative predictive value. To evaluate diagnostic tests where the gold standard looks only at potential causes of disease, one may use an extension of the predictive value termed the Etiologic Predictive Value.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Positive and negative predictive values


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Talk:The Palisades (Hudson River)

Untitled
I'm not too savvy with the editing, so if someone could please make a disambiguation page for 'The Palisades'...since they're cliffs on the Hudson River as well as a neighborhood in Washington, D.C.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palisades http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palisades%2C_Washington%2C_DC

 * Hmmm. I guess this should be New Jersey Palisades, and there would also be a link to Palisades (Manhattan) if necessary. I'm not going to do to the disambig right now, but I would support it if we're voting or whatever the cabal wants. --SPUI (talk) 07:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

other crossings tappan zee bridge bear mountain bridge

Name change?
I have never been happy with New Jersey Palisades as the title for this article. I was perfectly happy with The Palisades, though I can understand why it needs a qualifier of some sort. While I reside in New Jersey, just a few miles from the Palisades (or is it the New Jersey Palisades), I'm not sure that New Jersey should be the qualifier. The article itself states that the cliffs continue for 20 miles in New York State, and New York Palisades would be just as appropriate. But my vote would be to move the article to Hudson River Palisades; it deals with the NY vs. NJ issue, and the line of cliffs follows the river, not any other border or feature. Any thoughts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alansohn (talk • contribs)

Totally agree with you, Alan. The cliffs do continue past the state line, and the park is called "Interstate" for a good reason. Daniel Case 17:30, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

The title is completely inappropriate and will never be "bought" by any serioulsy reading it, especially those who live in New York State. I vote for the Palisades or Hudson Palisades. Djflem (talk) 07:05, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Agreed. Nobody calls them the "New Jersey Palisades." I'd favor "The Palisades (Hudson River)" or some such, which is more in keeping with the Wikipedia custom--you don't invent a fake name for the thing the article is about, you use its normal name and append a parenthetical disambiguation in the article name.

65.213.77.129 (talk) 18:01, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

I totally agree with all of the above comments, but I must wonder if we are all in agreement...why hasnt it been moved?!24.182.142.254 (talk) 00:12, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Well, it has been moved now! dm (talk) 04:09, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

List of crossings
The list of Palisades crossings seems, um, trivial. If there are interesting parts to it, fine, but noting each street seems a bit excessive. dm (talk) 16:03, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Figurative meaning
Reference would have been to metaphor "Beyond the pale," rooted in the Latin palus (which ended up a root of the English palisade, not the English word "boundary"). Wikiuser100 (talk) 14:36, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Name change
Is there any objection to moving this article to Hudson Palisades? The new name would satisfy WP:NATURAL (by using a rewording to remove the parentheses), and WP:CONCISE. Dralwik|Have a Chat 02:14, 19 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, I object, because they're not called that locally - no one says "Hey, let's go hiking on the Husdon Palisades", they say "Lets go hiking on the Palisades." Since they're called "The Palisades", the (Hudson River) is required for disambiguation. BMK (talk) 20:26, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

 * FWIW, having lived in the area all my life, I've never heard anybody call it anything other than "The Palisades". -- RoySmith (talk) 23:37, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

"Closter Dock" problem
The latest position of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, as expressed at, is that at least the bulk of General Cornwallis' forces probably ascended The Palisades from Huyler’s Landing, about a mile south of what is now called Closter Dock. Last week I saw a Palisades Interstate Park Commission marker at the State Line Lookout to the same effect.

Huyler's was once called "Lower Closter Landing" and "Closter New Dock"; Closter Dock was called "Upper Closter Landing" and "Closter Old Dock" and is now "Alpine Landing" where a marina has been constructed. Presently, "Huyler's Beach" is located at about 40°55'30.0"N 73°55'33.1"W according to Google Maps and "Hulyer's Trail" leads up The Palisades from about that point. This seems to be about where the British and Hessian troops landed according to the latest belief, and should be reflected in the main article.

The story of the "Closter Rider" alerting Washington to Cornwallis' gambit is probably just a folk legend (see https://www.bergencountyhistory.org/newbridge-revwar). One of the observers posted up and down The Palisades spotted troops crossing the Hudson River during the foggy, rainy night. He alerted General Greene at Ft. Lee. I could not find a description of how Washington was informed... he was not at Ft. Lee at the time.

Disagreement regarding lede image
Opinions are requested. Beyond My Ken (talk) 02:30, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Note that the suggested replacement is not a view of the Palisades, it is a view of the east bank of the Hudson River from the Palisades. Beyond My Ken (talk) 02:32, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't mind replacing the top picture with the picture (which you also took) that currently headlines the Geology section,

 * and we can place the view of Midtown Manhattan from the Palisades in the body of the article, as it is entirely pertinent to show that the Palisades overlook the George Washington Bridge and Manhattan. But the previous title picture looks like a jumble of ornaments (testicles) tethered by strings, and is not helpful to introduce the article. Castncoot (talk) 02:54, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Replacing the current lede photo with the one heading the geology section is fine with me, as is the placement of the other image in the body. Beyond My Ken (talk) 06:30, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Castncoot (talk) 08:02, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I don’t understand the rationale for replacing the original lede photo. The original photo showed the massive scale of the cliffs, with tiny white cars visible in the foreshore area beneath the cliffs. And at the top of the cliffs, tall buildings could be seen in the distance. The replacement photo has no context of adjacent buildings or other detail so does not show the scale of the cliffs. The comment about ‘testicles’ and ‘string’ is incomprehensible. The photo clearly shows tall, sheer cliffs with an area of woodland immediately beneath, then a flat grassy area at the bottom, by the riverbank. Dubmill (talk) 13:34, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I oppose the replacing of the original photo too. Castncoot didn't have a rational reason for replacing it. NmWTfs85lXusaybq (talk) 03:08, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

 * As I told you on your talk page. following an editor to articles you have never edited before is Wikihounding, which is not allowed under the policy WP:Harassment. I suggest you read that page. Beyond My Ken (talk) 03:16, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I have a good reason to make edits on this article. You are making a POV charge against me, just like you did on Talk:Moro Rebellion. NmWTfs85lXusaybq (talk) 03:17, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * We'll let admins decide. In the meantime, there is no consensus for your preferred version. Beyond My Ken (talk) 03:19, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not my preferred version. Both Dubmill and I disagree with this replacement. NmWTfs85lXusaybq (talk) 03:20, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately that doesn't make a consensus, especially considering the ulterior motive (i.e. WP:Harassment) behind your edit and comment. (For folks who are interested, this goes back to a content dispute on Moro Rebellion.) Beyond My Ken (talk) 03:28, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * You are making a POV charge against me, just like you did on Talk:Moro Rebellion. I support the restoration of the original image. Is this a harassment for you? NmWTfs85lXusaybq (talk) 03:31, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Your following me to Flatiron Building, Enemy of the people, Nazi Party, Martin Bormann and this one, all articles that I have edited recently and most of which I have made major contributions to, and none of which you hve eever' edit before, immediately after our content dispute on Moro Rebellion (which, BYW, I struck out my POV claims concerning your editing), is indeed a violation of WP:Harassment, regardless of the quality of the edits you made -- which in this case was against talk page consensus. Beyond My Ken (talk) 03:38, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * You are off-topic. You should make these comments somewhere else. NmWTfs85lXusaybq (talk) 03:40, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I am making them at every article you are harassing me on, so that other editors can see the ulterior motives behind you edits. I will continue to do so as long as you keep Wikihounding me. Beyond My Ken (talk) 03:43, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * So, you are wikilawyering at me. NmWTfs85lXusaybq (talk) 03:45, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * No, as I told you on User talk:Drmies, presenting evidence of a violation of behavioral policy is not "Wikilawyering". Beyond My Ken (talk) 04:04, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It's your right to make off-topic comments. But the disagreement about replacing the original image still exists. NmWTfs85lXusaybq (talk) 05:15, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

Preservation of the NewJersey/New York Palisades
Your articles about the preservation of the New Jersey/New York Palisades have failed to mention the important work of Major S. Wood McClave, a resident of Cliffside Park, New Jersey, who was also known as the “Father of the Hudson River Bridge,” but who strongly believed in the preservation of the Palisades north of the bridge. He worked tirelessly to preserve the Palisades and wrote many articles about it (even radio broadcasts!). 24.151.126.59 (talk) 05:21, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Palisades (Hudson River)


text:
Talk:The Palisades (Washington, D.C.)

Untitled
I'm not too savvy with the editing, so if someone could please make a disambiguation page for 'The Palisades'...since they're cliffs on the Hudson River as well as a neighborhood in Washington, D.C.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palisades http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palisades%2C_Washington%2C_DC

Oh, great article on the Palisades. We're a neighborhood full of rich people who don't like change. A little research would also indicate that there are plenty of not-so-rich people, and we're no more adverse to change than anyone else anywhere else is the world. PLUGHEASE! Give me a break.

212.222.205.74 21:29, 4 June 2007 (UTC) Erik Gaull (Not-so-rich Palisades Resident who actually doesn't mind change)

 * As someone who grew up in this area, a block north of MacArthur Blvd and Macomb St, I know that Francis Scott Key was not the only elementary school attended by residents as I and my neighbors attended Horace Mann Elementary up by American University.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:47, 23 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Palisades (Washington, D.C.)


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Tugaya

Tugaya, officially the Municipality of Tugaya (Maranao: Inged a Tugaya; Bayan ng Tugaya), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 24,778 people.

The municipality, also known as Togaya, is known as the "Industrial Capital of Lanao del Sur" due to its Maranao crafts which includes gongs, drums, musical instruments, weaves, baskets, and metalwares, among others. It is also distinguished as a 'UNESCO Home for Culture and Heritage'.

Geography
Tugaya has a land area of 4028 hectares, equal to 40.28 square kilometers. Tugaya is located on the shores of the largest lake on Mindanao Island: Lake Lanao.

Barangays
Tugaya is politically subdivided into 23 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
 * Bagoaingud
 * Bubong
 * Buadi Alawang
 * Buadi Dico
 * Campong Talao
 * Cayagan
 * Dandanun
 * Dilimbayan
 * Gurain
 * Engud Poblacion
 * Lumbac
 * Maidan
 * Mapantao
 * Pagalamatan
 * Pandiaranao
 * Pindolonan I
 * Pindolonan II
 * Putad
 * Raya
 * Sugod I
 * Sugod A Mawatan
 * Sumbaga Rogong
 * Tangcal

Economy
Poverty Incidence of

Arts and culture
Tugaya is unique in that the town is inhabited almost entirely by craftsmen and artisans of various pursuits. Each household specializes in some form of art or craft that is part of traditional Maranao culture: back-strap loom weaving, tapestry weaving, and other kinds of handmade textile manufacture; foundry casting of various forms of brass or bronze vessels, instruments, and decorative items; wood-carving and mother-of-pearl inlay work; metalwork and silver- and gold-smithing—all of which utilize the traditional Maranao form of decoration, okir. From this community come the artisans called upon to decorate major forms of architecture in the traditional manner, e.g., the Maranao "torogan" or royal houses. Performance arts are also unique among the residents of Tugaya, where the penchant for the artistic spills out into everyday games and mundane articles of domestic use.

Textile weaving in Tugaya includes traditional Southeast Asian back-strap loom weaving, utilizing indigenous okir decorative motifs. Laborious, expert needle-weaving produces the complex "langkit" panels which are incorporated into the traditional Maranao garment, the "malong landap". Foundries employ the cire perdue or "lost wax" method to produce various types of bronze or brass products which follow traditional forms, such as the "gador" (a pair of ornate brass urns). Metal forging uses the traditional Southeast Asian double-bellows forge, and employs traditional tools. Other forms of metalwork include hand shaping and pounding of metal sheets, a laborious method which transforms flat metal sheets into sturdy, solid metal Maranao kulintang ensemble gong instruments, including "gandingan" and "agong". Woodworking includes manufacture of decorative objects, ornate furniture such as the traditional storage chest "baul", musical instruments such as the large drum "dadabuan", and ceremonial 12-foot-tall Maranao drums (such as were used for the adhan in the 1800s). Carved and painted wood products also feature the distinctive okir decorative motifs.

Nearly every member of the community is engaged in one or more of these forms of traditional arts and crafts, and many of their products are specially ordered on a regular basis by merchants in Davao City, which is the largest city on Mindanao island, a full day's drive from Tugaya. When displayed in the stores of Davao City, Tugaya's products are purchased by locals and international visitors, and by professional buyers from the department stores and tourist shops of MetroManila.

Thus, Tugaya supplies both inhabitants and visitors to Metro Manila with high quality, traditional, handmade items which are identified to customers as simply being "from Mindanao". Majority of items sold in Metro Manila as being "from Mindanao" are actually manufactured in Indonesia or Thailand, but are represented as being from Mindanao because the items were imported into Davao City by a middleman before being re-sold and transported to Metro Manila.

Torogan Architectural Planned Towns
The Kawayan Torogan is the oldest known torogan in the Philippines, located in Marantao municipality. It is a traditional Maranao house built for royal Maranao families. There was once a campaign where the people wanted the municipalities of Marantao and Tugaya to pass an ordinance where the architectural scheme of the two towns will follow only the totogan style, in effect, preserve the Maranao people's most royal architectural style and lead to the first two towns with a planned town landscape under an indigenous Maranao architecture. However, the campaign led to deaf ears due to little funding available.

Sunken Heritage
Aside from the current heritage of Tugaya today, the town also hosted the oldest mosque in Lanao del Sur until 1955 where the region was hit by an earthquake. The entire mosque sank beneath Lake Lanao along with hundreds of heritage pieces. Majority of the sunken artifacts have not been researched on by the National Museum of the Philippines due to tensions in the area. The lake is known as one of the deepest in the country and one of the 17 most ancient lakes in the world.

UNESCO Significance
The Old Town of Tugaya was formerly listed in the UNESCO Tentative List for Heritage Sites. However, it was dropped from the list as UNESCO officials announced that the site was better to be nominated in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List instead due to its many intangible heritages. The National Commission for Culture and the Arts was tasked to do the job.

title: Tugaya


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title: User talk:82.69.106.43


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Indo-Hittite

In Indo-European linguistics, the term Indo-Hittite (also Indo-Anatolian) refers to Edgar Howard Sturtevant's 1926 hypothesis that the Anatolian languages may have split off a Pre-Proto-Indo-European language considerably earlier than the separation of the remaining Indo-European languages. The term may be somewhat confusing, as the prefix Indo- does not refer to the Indo-Aryan branch in particular, but is iconic for Indo-European, and the -Hittite part refers to the Anatolian language family as a whole.

Proponents of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis claim the separation may have preceded the spread of the remaining branches by several millennia, possibly as early as 7000 BC. In this context, the proto-language before the split of Anatolian would be called Proto-Indo-Hittite, and the proto-language of the remaining branches, before the next split, presumably of Tocharian, would be called Proto-Indo-European (PIE). This is a matter of terminology, though, as the hypothesis does not dispute the ultimate genetic relation of Anatolian with Indo-European; it just means to emphasize the assumed magnitude of temporal separation.

According to Craig Melchert, the current tendency is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved, and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations." Hittite, as well as its Anatolian cousins, split off from Proto-Indo-European at an early stage, thereby preserving archaisms that were later lost in the other Indo-European languages.

Linguistics
Traditionally there has been a strong notion among Indo-European linguistics that the Anatolian branch was separated earlier than other branches. Within the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, the split is estimated to have occurred in roughly 4000 BC.

Some fundamental shared features such as the aorist category of the verb (which denotes action without reference to duration or completion), with the perfect active particle -s fixed to the stem, link the Anatolian languages closer to the southeastern languages such as Greek and Armenian and to Tocharian.

Features such as the lack of feminine gender in the declensions of nominals, a division between an "animate" common gender and an "inanimate" neuter gender, a reduced vowel system, a tendency towards a greater simplicity of the case system, a less typical Indo-European vocabulary and other striking features have been interpreted alternately as archaic retentions, which means that the common Indo-European structural features observed in the non-Anatolian branches evolved at a later stage, or just as later innovations being caused by prolonged contacts in typologically alien surroundings "en route" or after their arrival in Anatolia.

In favor of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis are the very Indo-European agricultural terminology conserved in Anatolia, otherwise considered the cradle of agriculture, and the laryngeal theory that hypothesizes the existence of one or more additional spirant or stop consonants in the Indo-European parent language that has only been attested in Hittite and of which only traces are left outside Anatolian.

However, in general this hypothesis is considered to attribute too much weight to the Anatolian evidence and as early as 1938 it was demonstrated that the Anatolian group should be placed on the same level as other Indo-European subgroups and not as equal with Indo-European. According to another view the Anatolian subgroup left the Indo-European parent language comparatively late, approximately at the same time as Indo-Iranian and later than the Greek or Armenian divisions. A third view, especially prevalent in the so-called French school of Indo-European studies, holds that extant similarities in non-satem languages in general—including Anatolian—might be due to their peripheral location in the Indo-European language area and early separation, rather than indicating a special ancestral relationship.

Genetics
Recent paleogenetic studies of population migration reportedly give new credence to Proto-Indo-Anatolian theories, but several linguists have disputed this and believe that genetics cannot accurately describe historical language change.

title: Indo-Hittite


text:
Dictator game

The dictator game is a popular experimental instrument in social psychology and economics, a derivative of the ultimatum game. The term "game" is a misnomer because it captures a decision by a single player: to send money to another or not. Thus, the dictator has the most power and holds the preferred position in this “game.” Although the “dictator” has the most power and presents a take it or leave it offer, the game has mixed results based on different behavioral attributes. The results – where most "dictators" choose to send money – evidence the role of fairness and norms in economic behavior, and undermine the assumption of narrow self-interest when given the opportunity to maximise one's own profits.

Description
The dictator game is a derivative of the ultimatum game, in which one player (the proposer) provides a one-time offer to the other (the responder). The responder can choose to either accept or reject the proposer's bid, but rejecting the bid would result in both players receiving a payoff of 0. In the dictator game, the first player, "the dictator", determines how to split an endowment (such as a cash prize) between themselves and the second player (the recipient). The dictator's action space is complete and therefore is at their own will to determine the endowment, which ranges from giving nothing to giving all the endowment. The recipient has no influence over the outcome of the game, which means the recipient plays a passive role.

While the ultimatum game is informative, it can be considered too simple a model when discussing most real-world negotiation situations. Real-world games tend to involve offers and counteroffers while the ultimatum game is simply player one placing forward a division of an amount that player 2 has to accept or reject. Based on this limited scope, it is expected that the second player will accept any offer they are given, which is not necessarily seen in real world examples.

Application
The initial game was developed by Daniel Kahneman in the 1980s and involved three parties, with one active and two passive participants. However, it was only in 1994 that a paper by Forsythe et al. simplified this to the contemporary form of this game with one decision-maker (the dictator) and one passive participant (the recipient). One would expect players to behave "rationally" and maximize their own payoffs, as shown by the homo economicus principle; however, it has been shown that human populations are more “benevolent than homo economicus” and therefore rarely do the majority give nothing to the recipient.

In the original dictator game, the dictator and the recipient were randomly selected and completely unknown. However it was found that the result was different depending on the social distance between the two parties. The level of "social distance" that a dictator and a recipient have changes the ratio of endowment that the dictator is willing to give. If the dictator in the game has anonymity with the recipient, resulting in a high level of social distance, they are most likely to give less endowment, whereas players with a low level of social distance, whether they are very familiar with each other or shallowly acquainted, are more likely to give a higher proportion of the endowment to the recipient.

When players are within an organization, they are likely to have a low level of social distance. Within organizations, altruism and prosocial behavior are heavily relied on in dictator games for optimal organizational output. Prosocial behavior encourages the “intention of promoting the welfare of the individual, group, or organization toward which it is directed”.

Experiments
In 1988 a group of researchers at the University of Iowa conducted a controlled experiment to evaluate the homo economicus model of behavior with groups of voluntarily recruited economics, accounting, and business students. These experimental results contradict the homo economicus model, suggesting that players in the dictator role take fairness and potential adverse consequences into account when making decisions about how much utility to give the recipient. A later study in neuroscience further challenged the homo economicus model, suggesting that various cognitive differences among humans affect decision-making processes, and thus ideas of fairness.

Experimental results have indicated that adults often allocate money to the recipients, reducing the amount of money the dictator receives. These results appear robust: for example, Henrich et al. discovered in a wide cross-cultural study that dictators allocate a non-zero share of the endowment to the recipient. In modified versions of the dictator game, children also tend to allocate some of a resource to a recipient and most five-year-olds share at least half of their goods.

A number of studies have examined psychological framing of the dictator game with a version called "taking" in which the player "takes" resources from the recipient's predetermined endowment, rather than choosing the amount to "give". Some studies show no effect between male and female players, but one 2017 study reported a difference between male and female players in the taking frame, with females allocating significantly more to the recipient under the "taking" frame compared to the "giving" frame, while males showed exactly the opposite behavior – nullifying the overall effect.

In 2016, Bhogal et al. conducted a study to evaluate the effects of perceived attractiveness on decision-making behavior and altruism in the standard dictator game, testing theories that altruism may serve as a courtship display. This study found no relationship between attractiveness and altruism.

If these experiments appropriately reflect individuals' preferences outside of the laboratory, these results appear to demonstrate that either:
 * 1) Dictators' utility functions include only money that they receive and dictators fail to maximize it.
 * 2) Dictators' utility functions may include non-tangible harms they incur (for example self-image or anticipated negative views of others in society), or
 * 3) Dictators' utility functions may include benefits received by others.

Additional experiments have shown that subjects maintain a high degree of consistency across multiple versions of the dictator game in which the cost of giving varies. This suggests that dictator game behavior is well approximated by a model in which dictators maximize utility functions that include benefits received by others, that is, subjects are increasing their utility when they pass money to the recipients. The latter implies they are maximizing a utility function that incorporates the recipient's welfare and not only their own welfare. This is the core of the "other-regarding" preferences. A number of experiments have shown that donations are substantially larger when the dictators are aware of the recipient's need of the money. Other experiments have shown a relationship between political participation, social integration, and dictator game giving, suggesting that it may be an externally valid indicator of concern for the well-being of others. Regarding altruism, recent papers have shown that experimental subjects in a lab environment do not behave differently to other participants in an outside setting. Studies have suggested that behavior in this game is heritable.

Challenges
The idea that the highly mixed results of the dictator game prove or disprove rationality in economics is not widely accepted. Results offer both support of the classical assumptions and notable exceptions which have led to improved holistic economic models of behavior. Some authors have suggested that giving in the dictator game does not entail that individuals wish to maximize others' benefit (altruism). Instead they suggest that individuals have some negative utility associated with being seen as greedy, and are avoiding this judgment by the experimenter. Some experiments have been performed to test this hypothesis with mixed results.

Additionally, the mixed results of the dictator game point to other behavioral attributes that may influence how individuals play the game. Specifically, people are motivated by altruism and how their actions are perceived by others, rather than solely by avoiding being viewed as greedy. There have been experiments that more deeply study people's motivations in this game. One experiment showed that females are more likely to value altruism in their actions than males. They are also more likely to be more altruistic towards other females than to males. This proves that there are many extraneous variables that may influence players’ decisions in the dictator game, such as an individual’s own motivations and the other players.

Variants
The Trust Game is similar to the dictator game, but with an added first step. It is a sequential game involving two players, the trustor and the trustee. Initially called the Investment Game by Berg, Dickhaut and McCabe in 1995, the trust game originated as a design experiment to study trust and reciprocity in an investment setting. In the trust game, the trustor first decides how much of an endowment to give to the trustee. The trustor is also informed that whatever they send will be tripled by the experimenter. Then the trustee (now acting as a dictator) decides how much of this increased endowment to allocate to the trustor. Thus the dictator's (or trustee's) partner must decide how much of the initial endowment to trust with the dictator (in the hopes of receiving the same amount or more in return). In this game, it is all about trust and trustworthiness in order to determine the behavior of the two players. Since trust is an important factor in economic behavior, trust and trustworthiness must be addressed at an individual level by utilizing experimental designs involving both roles in different trust games. The experiments rarely end in the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of "no trust". Often, studies found that having more trust resulted in the participant losing more in the end. Since the decision to trust is dependent on the belief that the other participant will reciprocate, according to Berg et al.'s study, then the first participant will usually send an endowment even when they are not expecting anything back, similar to the practical conditions of participating in the lottery. This is because the trustor wants to avoid the responsibility of leaving the trustee with no endowment and risking zero payoffs at the end of the game. A pair of studies published in 2008 of identical and fraternal twins in the US and Sweden suggests that behavior in this game is heritable.

Betrayal aversion is another major factor that weighs the impact of trust and risk, determining whether trusting another person is equivalent to taking a risky bet. Initially coined by Bohnet and Zeckhauser, betrayal aversion could prevent the trustor from not trusting the trustee due to the social risk of having zero payoffs. Their study looked at a practical experiment where participants were randomly paired with one another to increase the probability that the outcome would be dependent on the actions of the trustee selected. Results from the study showed that regardless of whether the trustor placed a safe or risky bet, the payoffs were not equivalent to the trustee's payoffs. Ultimately, Bohnet and Zeckhauser assessed potential risk with the Trust Game and the relative hesitation made by each participant when deciding the amount to give in the game.

A variation of the dictator game called the "taking" game (see “Experiments" section above for further detail) emerged from sociological experiments conducted in 2003, in which the dictator decides how much utility to “take” from the recipient's pre-determined endowment. This dictator game variation was designed to evaluate the idea of greed, rather than the idea of fairness or altruism generally evaluated with the standard dictator game model, also referred to as the "giving" game.

title: Dictator game


text: File:Tiger panzer p18.jpg

title: File:Tiger panzer p18.jpg


text: Talk:Aid to Bible Understanding

title: Talk:Aid to Bible Understanding


text:
Just Another Missing Kid

Just Another Missing Kid is a 1981 Canadian documentary film, directed by John Zaritsky, about the search for a missing Ottawa teenager.

Summary
Eric Wilson had left his native Ottawa in July 1978 in a Volkswagen camper on a trip to Boulder, Colorado. Somewhere in Nebraska, he disappeared. The movie traces how his family and a private investigator work to find out what had happened. The film focuses on how little help the various police forces were and is an indictment of the apathy and bureaucracy of the legal system on both sides of the border. Raymond Hatch and Bertram Davis, hitchhikers Wilson had picked up, eventually confessed to the murder. The long-time criminal and drifter Hatch, who had committed the murder, was sentenced to 26 years in prison, but was released after serving 13. In 1994, he stabbed his girlfriend with a knife and was convicted of assault for which he served 9 months in jail. In a follow-up to the story from 1995, The Fifth Estate reported that Hatch had resumed his drifting. He died in 2000.

Accolades
Originally produced by CBC Television for the documentary news program The Fifth Estate, it was broadcast on CBC television to much acclaim in 1981. It was released in theatres in the United States in 1982. It was nominated for several international awards and won the 1983 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

Controversy
In this film, Zaritsky broke new ground for documentaries by having the interview subjects recreate their actions for the camera. This caused some controversy as some critics and filmmakers felt these recreations did not make it a true documentary. In later years, Zaritsky himself agreed the technique should not be used. However, it has since been widely used by other documentary filmmakers.

Adaptation
The story was later re-told in fictionalized form in a made-for-television movie called Into Thin Air. The film starred Ellen Burstyn as the mother and was aired in 1985.

Preservation
The Academy Film Archive preserved Just Another Missing Kid in 2007.

title: Just Another Missing Kid


text:
Talk:Python

Programming language
Python is also a object oriented programming language used very often on the Internet by web based tools such as Google. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.109.86.7 (talk) 07:37, 1 March 2005 (UTC)

there's a programming program called Python. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.96.151.245 (talk) 13:43, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * There's already a link in this article to Python (programming language). Perhaps the "programming program" you refer to is a compiler or interpreter for this. --Jwinius (talk) 15:47, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

python is a open source software and easy to use Ykajal65 (talk) 11:13, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

Disambiguation issues

 * I moved Python (disambiguation) to Python and Python to Python (snake) to make the Wikipedia easier to navigate. A large number of the python links were about the language and this will reduce the average number of clicks to get around. Daniel Quinlan 09:37, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * This sounds like a reasonable move. I think Python should redirect to Python (disambiguation) due to how common the alternative meanings are.  --Karnesky 06:17, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Seems to me that most things named "Python" are named after the snake, thus one would assume that the most predominant link should be the page on the snake, and the disambiguation link at the top should be enough to direct anyone else to where they want to go. Not that I care either way, just figured I'd be devil's advocate for a moment. -Dawson 22:31, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The snake is undisputably the primary meaning of "Python"; all other uses flow from it. Wikipedia editors are generally very computer-literate and frequently programming-literate, and so they would often associate the word Python with the programming language. However, that's not how the general educated public sees it; few outside the programming community would ever have heard of or have any interest in the Python programming language. Wikipedia aims to be a general encyclopedia, and so we must be careful not to allow computer-related meanings to hijack the primary meanings of words. Rwxrwxrwx 20:51, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Rwxrwxrwx: "Python" should point to Python (snake) and not to Python (disambiguation). A poll in the street will show that 99% of the population expect Python to be a snake (even most of the programming-literate population will expect it). I propose moving Python to Python (snake) and adding a link on that page to Python (disambiguation).Tos 08:53, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree again. Make it the default show Python (snake) and not Python (disambiguation)! Wilbot (talk) 09:59, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

This discussion is a bit out of touch with reality, seeing as significant changes have taken place in the mean time. Python (snake) is currently a redirect to Pythonidae, which is the article that describes the entire python family, while Python (disambiguation) is a redirect to this page, Python, which is now the disambiguation page for this term. By the way, there's also Python (genus), which is potentially confusing, and therefore one of the reasons why I believe it's better to keep Python as a disambiguation page. --Jwinius (talk) 14:49, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Python (programming language) should without doubt be moved to Python, and the disambiguation page linked from the top of that article. Regardless of what the "core" meaning of Python is, browsing through the top (non-wikipedia) google hits shows that at least on the Internet, python is a programming language. The first result that isn't talking about the PL python is #20, which is about Monty Python. Snakes aren't mentioned until result #40. Otherwise, the out of the top 40 google hits for the query "python", 37 are talking about the programming language—Trevor Caira (talk) 22:07, 29 December 2007 (UTC).

 * Move Python (programming language) to Python simply on the basis of Google search results? I disagree. It's much more likely that people in general think of the snakes first. The Internet may have grown immensely, but I would think it obvious why computer related subjects still have the more dominant presence in cyberspace. --Jwinius (talk) 23:00, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Jwinius - by your logic, the link to Pascal should point to the formerly-widely-used programming language rather than the person. 99% of people have no idea there even is a programming language of that name, but everyone is at least vaguely familiar with giant snakes called pythons. The snake definition should be primary, with all others located on a disambiguation page. Mokele (talk) 02:08, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The primary meaning of Python is the snake. The programming language was named after comedy troupe, which in turn was named after the snake.  Thus, having Python be about the programming language wouldn't make much sense. -- RoySmith (talk) 02:25, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

IMO, the current situation, which is already an acknowledgement of the many other things that are referred to as "python", is fine the way it is. I should also point out the confusing fact that with the snakes the family is called Pythonidae, while one of the genera below it is simply called Python. It looked really awkward when the article for the family was also called Python. So, I think that in this environment there may be no perfect solution, but what we have here comes pretty close. --Jwinius (talk) 12:46, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

I gotta say, I think this is a bit daft. Python should go to one of the snake articles, not a disambig page. Python the programming language is utterly obscure to the general population, compared to phython having to do with snakes. Wasted Time R (talk) 01:45, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Not entirely. See my last comment directly above yours. --Jwinius (talk) 02:24, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Shouldn't it be based on what most people will be searching on? By and far that would be researching the programming language. Look at search engine results, they are pro's at finding what people want. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 14:40, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The world is not defined by Google. Of course there's more information on the Internet about computer related subjects than there is about snakes, but that doesn't make it an accurate reflection of what people know about in general. In truth, if you ask people what they first think of when they see the word python, most will say a snake. Only a small number will mention the programming language or something else. --Jwinius (talk) 16:32, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * If we're going to start giving priority to the most prominent search engine result, I suspect a lot of beauty spa enthusiasts are going to be very, very surprised by what facial redirects to. Mokele (talk) 04:56, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The prominence of Python on Google is likely due to many pages linking to the official Python the Language homepage. There's no official Python the Snake homepage, so this could be why it has a higher PageRank. The snake results are there too, but more fragmented across pages. This is the major fallacy in the argument to me and I'm surprised it hasn't been brought up much. Google simply cannot be used as a guide, at least not in this case. Maybe if we compare the PageRanks of two US president candidates, but an animal like in this case is impossible to compare to a lanugage that has an official homepage, thus boosting its PageRank massively from Google counting inbound links to it. Pretty much any language tutorial will link to the Python home, just as one example. A page about pythons may point to a much broader range of websites. Personally, I wholeheartedly support a redirect to Python the Snake with a note to the disambiguation page on top, possibly with Python the Language given extra attention as a quick link. — Northgrove 11:37, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with most of your argument, but prefer the status quo. See my statement above from 12:46, 30 December 2007 (UTC). --Jwinius (talk) 16:06, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

fyi: Some data: Python programming language was viewed 79,000 times in the month of May. Pythonidae was visited 20,400 times. The disambiguation page was visited 41,500 times. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 14:20, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * wp:mosdab says to put the most common usage at the top of the page. Given the above stats, does this mean the programming language should be listed first? Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 17:24, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * That always sounds like an easy solution, but WP's "most common usage" guideline is pretty vague. After all, how do you measure "most common"? If you look to the Internet for an answer your results will always be skewed towards computer related subjects. Is that fair? I don't think so. For example, according to stats.grok.se, our article on the C programming language is much more popular than our article on the letter C. So, should we change the former to "C" and the latter to "C (letter)"? Not in my estimation. For the same reason, I don't believe that we should regard the programming language as being the primary usage of "Python." The only difference here is that, for technical (taxonomic) reasons, I believe it would also be unhelpful to use "Python" for a snake article. --Jwinius (talk) 19:16, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Python should redirect to Python (genus), which is clearly the primary meaning. Wikipedia isn't any more the "encyclopedia that slashdot built". Never mind google hits. Wikipedia may be online, but it isn't focussing on online or computer topics. dab (��) 18:50, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

 * For some reasons I would be pleased if that were to happen, but unfortunately I think that in that case many, if not most, people looking for completely different things, such as the computer programming language, would be disappointed. Even the people interested in snakes and looking for general information on pythons would probably also find it confusing not to end up on the Pythonidae page. It's simply an awkward name for which I see no easy solution, but the status quo will do. --Jwinius (talk) 19:16, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

2013 New Brunswick python attack
The 2013 New Brunswick python attack article concerns a python, but the incident is not ambiguously called "python". See Disambiguation for the purpose of a disambiguation page. (Should all python incidents be listed here too?) + m t  22:12, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * @m, how is the disambig of, say, MG 08/15, different? (see  08/15). XOttawahitech (talk) 04:07, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
 * With MG 08, it looks like the weapon is sometimes called "08/15", and it even goes into describing "the word 08/15 lives on as ...", so it is unquestionably appropriate on the 08/15 disambiguation page. So the disambiguation is different in that "08/15" is ambiguous to several meanings. There isn't any ambiguity with the word "python" and the article "2013 New Brunswick python attack", because it isn't called "python". + m t  04:38, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

The mythological Python / Anaconda
In Greek mythology, The Anaconda was a snake/Python so huge that it encircled the world at the Equator ! Call it what you may, but the points to the tale are as follows: A. It was a completely mythological creature, and it was like a python, which the Ancient Greeks knew of. B. The Ancient Greeks had contacts, via travelers, in India, Burma, Ceylon, etc. Later on, the Romans even exchanged ambassadors with China. See the map of the world that was drawn by Ptolemy, a Greek in Egypt long ago.24.156.78.205 (talk) 07:28, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

Idea for move
Make simply "Python" the name of the article about the snake, and then put the contents of this page into Python (disambiguation). Woshiyiweizhongguoren (🇨🇳) 15:27, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * This has been discussed at some length above under . 'The snake' is itself ambiguous as it could refer to a family or a genus. --Qwfp (talk) 20:26, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * It probably should be moved to Python (disambiguation), with Python (genus) moved to Python and given an appropriate about hatnote, e.g., , rendering as:
 * Alternatively, the target of the move could be Pythonidae and the hatnote adjusted accordingly. The two-target about template is designed for exactly this sort of thing.
 * It's pretty clear, though, that one of the snake articles is the primary topic, and a reader searching on "Python" is better served starting from one of those articles. And I say that as someone who is not interested in the snakes; my interest is the computer language. TJRC (talk) 23:33, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
 * It's pretty clear, though, that one of the snake articles is the primary topic, and a reader searching on "Python" is better served starting from one of those articles. And I say that as someone who is not interested in the snakes; my interest is the computer language. TJRC (talk) 23:33, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Python


text:
Pellín Rodríguez

Pellín Rodríguez (December 4, 1926 – October 31, 1984) was a Salsa singer. Rodríguez was a member of the musical group El Gran Combo and toured with them all over Latin America and Europe, gaining fame and popularity as a singer. In addition to his singing capabilities, Rodríguez had great comedic abilities and participated on comedy bits on various TV shows in Puerto Rico.

Early life
Pellín Rodríguez (born Pedro Rodríguez de Gracia ) was born and raised in Santurce, a sector of San Juan, the capital city of Puerto Rico. His parents, Tomasita De Gracia and Zenón Rodríguez, were poor and Rodríguez was only able to complete his primary education. He had to work in various jobs in order to help his family financially. During his adolescence, Rodríguez demonstrated his musical talents singing in church and in plays at school. He was related to Gilberto Concepción de Gracia, the principal founder of the Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (Puerto Rican Independence Party), or PIP.

Early years
Rodríguez started his musical career in 1942 when he joined Leopoldo Salgado's Conjunto Moderno. Soon after Rodríguez joined Johnny Seguí's Dandies Del 42 followed by a short stint with Orquesta Carmelo Díaz Soler. Rodríguez also played with Moncho Usera's orchestra, Manuel "Canario" Jiménez quartet, Mario Dumont's orchestra, Rafael Muñoz orchestra and Rafael Elvira's Orquesta Tropicana where he shared vocal duties with Gilberto Monroig.

In 1947 Rodríguez was hired by Noro Morales to join his orchestra. During the late 1940s and early 1950s Rodríguez also played with Xavier Cugat, José Curbelo and Tito Puente in prestigious dancing venues in New York City such as the Palladium Ballroom, Paramount Theater and China Doll Club.

In 1954 Rodríguez recorded several singles with Alfred Levy's band (Alfredito And His Orchestra) which were later compiled on a few EPs and LPs.

Rodríguez has two writing credits on the songs Saoco and "El Mantequero", both recorded by Cortijo Y Su Combo between the late 50s and early 60s.

Rodríguez moved to Chicago in the mid-1950s, where he joined Orquesta Nuevo Ritmo de Cuba, led by Armando Sánchez.

In 1960 Rodríguez moved to Puerto Rico and played with Rafael Elvira's Super Orquesta Tropicana later followed by a short stint with Noro Morales Orchestra before joining El Gran Combo.

El Gran Combo
In 1962 after Cortijo Y Su Combo disbanded, some of its members got together and founded El Gran Combo. Rodríguez joined them and shared vocal duties with Andy Montañez.

Rodríguez toured with the group all over Europe and Latin America, gaining fame and popularity as a singer. Rodríguez was the lead singer for more than 100 songs with El Gran Combo and recorded over 20 studio albums with them. Rodríguez also appears on over 20 compilations of the group.

During his decade with El Gran Combo, the group enjoyed commercial success and received several awards and international recognitions. Among them a couple of Gold Records.

In September 1972 El Gran Combo released the album Por El Libro. It was Rodríguez last studio recording with the group. During rehearsals for their upcoming record, En Acción, the leader of El Gran Combo, Rafael Ithier found out that Rodríguez had signed a contract with Borinquen Records. Rodríguez told Ithier that he was going to record an album of Boleros and that he was going to continue singing Guarachas with El Gran Combo. Ithier felt that was not a good idea and was not willing to take that risk of having Rodríguez as a member of the band and as a solo artist at the same time. Ithier suggested that Rodríguez should leave the band and Rodríguez left to pursue a solo career.

Solo Artist (Borinquen Records)
Rodríguez first solo album with Puerto Rico-based music label Borinquen Records, Amor Por Tí, was recorded in two weeks and released in April 1973. The album was a commercial success earning Rodríguez a Gold Record award and the single of the same name earned a Platinum Record award. During the time Rodríguez was signed to Borinquen Records, he recorded six studio albums and he also participated on several compilation albums for the label. Most of the arrangements and orchestration of Rodríguez music while he was at Borinquen Records were done by Bobby Valentín and his band.

Nuestra Orquesta La Salsa Mayor
In 1978 several musicians that had left Oscar D'León Salsa Mayor asked Rodríguez to join their band. Rodríguez accepted and moved to Venezuela. The new band went by the name of Nuestra Orquesta La Salsa Mayor. For their first album Rodríguez shared lead vocals duties with Leo Pacheco and Carlos El Grande (Calixto Ferrer Pérez). In 1979 they released a second album where Rodríguez shared lead vocals duties with Leo Pacheco and Freddy Nieto who replaced Carlos El Grande.

Andy & Pellín
After two albums with Nuestra Orquesta La Salsa Mayor, Rodríguez left the band and joined forces with his old partner from El Gran Combo Andy Montañez to record a new album. In 1979 they released the album "Encuentro Cercano De Dos Grandes" Andy & Pellín. The lead track of the album (Alacrán) was a direct response to a snide remark made in an El Gran Combo song released after Montañez left El Gran Combo.

Reflexiones Pasadas
In 1981 Rodríguez recorded his last studio album as a solo artist, Reflexiones Pasadas. The album was produced and directed by renowned pianist and arranger Jorge Millet. It was the last album Millet worked on before he died.

El Combo Del Ayer
In 1982 under the initiative of Johnny "El Bravo" López, a few ex-members from El Gran Combo reunited to form a group by the name of El Combo Del Ayer. Among them were Pellín Rodríguez, Elías Lopes, Roberto Roena, Milton Correa & Martín Quiñónez. They released three studio recordings and toured extensively between 1982 and 1984. The group disbanded after Rodríguez died in October 1984.

Personal life
While on tour in New York, Rodríguez met a young lady who worked as a secretary for the American Express Company by the name of Elba López Pérez. Rodríguez and Elba were married in 1951 and in 1953, they had their first child, in New York, whom they named Pedro. The family was constantly on the go and in 1954 Elba gave birth to their second child, Michael, in Puerto Rico. In the late 1950s Rodríguez moved with his family to Chicago and Elba gave birth to their third son, Tommy (who followed in Pellin's footsteps and became a salsa singer). In 1960, Rodríguez moved with his family to Puerto Rico. Rodriguez and his wife bought a house in the city of Bayamón.

In June 1984, just a few months before his passing, Rodríguez had a concert in Puerto Rico where he celebrated his 45th anniversary in the music business. A few songs from this concert appear on the album Los 45 Años De Pellín Rodríguez.

Rodríguez died on October 31, 1984, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, after suffering a stroke at the age of 57. Before he died, he had the pleasure of witnessing the graduation of his first born, Pedro Rodriguez, who earned a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Alabama in Huntsville while working in NASA. Pedro became the director of a test laboratory at NASA and invented a portable, battery-operated lift seat for people suffering from knee arthritis. Rodríguez is survived by his wife Elba, his sons Pedro, Michael, Tommy.

Rodríguez is buried in the San José Cemetery in Villa Palmeras, Santurce, Puerto Rico.

Legacy
Puerto Rico has honored the memory of Rodríguez by naming a street in Santurce after him. In the Villa Palmeras neighborhood in Santurce there is a square named "Plaza De Los Salseros" which has a statue and plaque dedicated to Pellin Rodríguez.

title: Pellín Rodríguez


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IBM ROMP

The ROMP is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor designed by IBM in the late 1970s. It is also known as the Research OPD Miniprocessor (after the two IBM divisions that collaborated on its inception, IBM Research and the Office Products Division (OPD)) and 032. The ROMP was originally developed for office equipment and small computers, intended as a follow-on to the mid-1970s IBM OPD Mini Processor microprocessor, which was used in the IBM Office System/6 word-processing system. The first examples became available in 1981, and it was first used commercially in the IBM RT PC announced in January 1986. For a time, the RT PC was planned to be a personal computer, with ROMP replacing the Intel 8088 found in the IBM Personal Computer. However, the RT PC was later repositioned as an engineering and scientific workstation computer. A later CMOS version of the ROMP was first used in the coprocessor board for the IBM 6152 Academic System introduced in 1988, and it later appeared in some models of the RT PC.

History
The architectural work on the ROMP began in late spring of 1977, as a spin-off of IBM Research's 801 RISC processor (hence the "Research" in the acronym). Most of the architectural changes were for cost reduction, such as adding 16-bit instructions for byte-efficiency. The original ROMP had a 24-bit architecture, but the instruction set was changed to 32 bits a few years into the development.

The first chips were ready in early 1981, making ROMP the first industrial RISC. The processor was revealed at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference in 1984 ROMP first appeared in a commercial product as the processor for the IBM RT PC workstation, which was introduced in 1986. To provide examples for RT PC production, volume production of the ROMP and its MMU began in 1985. The delay between the completion of the ROMP design, and introduction of the RT PC was caused by overly ambitious software plans for the RT PC and its operating system (OS). This OS virtualized the hardware and could host multiple other operating systems. This technology, called virtualization, while commonplace in mainframe systems, only began to gain traction in smaller systems in the 21st century. An improved CMOS version of the ROMP was first used in the IBM 6152 Academic System workstation, and later in some models of the RT PC.

IBM Research used the ROMP in its Research Parallel Processor Prototype (RP3), an early experimental scalable shared-memory multiprocessor that supported up to 512 processors first detailed in 1985; and the CMOS version in its ACE, an experimental NUMA multiprocessor that was operational in 1988.

Architecture
The ROMP's architecture was based on the original version of the IBM Research 801 minicomputer. The main differences were a larger word size (32 bits instead of 24), and the inclusion of virtual memory. The architecture supported 8-, 16-, and 32-bit integers, 32-bit addressing, and a 40-bit virtual address space. It had an instruction pointer register and sixteen 32-bit general-purpose registers. The microprocessor was controlled by 118 simple 16- and 32-bit instructions.

The ROMP's virtual memory has a segmented 40-bit (1TB) address space consisting of 4,096 256MB segments. The 40-bit virtual address is formed in the MMU by concatenating a 12-bit segment identifier with 28 low-order bits from a 32-bit ROMP-computed virtual address. The segment identifier is obtained from a set of 16 segment identifiers stored in the MMU, addressed by the four high-order bits of the 32-bit ROMP-computed virtual address.

Implementation
The ROMP is a scalar processor with a three-stage pipeline. In the first stage, if there are instructions in the 16-byte instruction prefetch buffer, an instruction was fetched, decoded, and operands from the general-purpose register file read. The instruction prefetch buffer read a 32-bit word from the memory whenever the ROMP was not accessing it. Instructions were executed in the second stage, and written back into the general-purpose register file in the third stage. The ROMP used a bypass network and appropriately scheduled the register file reads and writes to support back-to-back execution of dependent instructions. Most register-to-register instructions were executed in one cycle; of the 118 instructions, 84 had a single-cycle latency. The ROMP had an IBM-developed companion integrated circuit which was code-named Rosetta during development. Rosetta was a memory management unit (MMU), and it provided the ROMP with address translation facilities, a translation lookaside buffer, and a store buffer.

The ROMP and Rosetta were originally implemented in an IBM 2μm silicon-gate NMOS technology with two levels of metal interconnect. The ROMP consists of 45,000 transistors and is 7.65×7.65mm large (58.52mm2), while Rosetta consists of 61,500 transistors and is 9.02×9.02mm large (81.36mm2). Both are packaged in 135-pin ceramic pin grid arrays. A CMOS version of the ROMP and Rosetta (called ROMP-C and Rosetta-C) was later developed.

title: IBM ROMP


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User:Acrotatus

''The password of this "public account" has been changed. Please see Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Iasson for more information.''

Hi! I am. I subscribed also and  in order to preserve the alphabetical continuity of my public account, because after my  account was robbed, someone subscribed  and.

title: User:Acrotatus


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Equivalent National Tertiary Entrance Rank

The Equivalent National Tertiary Entrance Rank (ENTER) was the national Australian tertiary entrance rank, administered by Universities Australia (previously called the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee). It was a percentile ranking, designed to simplify the comparison of entrance levels for students educated in different processes of admission for university applicants from interstate. It was replaced by the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank from 2010.

Equivalence
The term ENTER was only used in Victoria (1998-2009), although the actual rank was identical and equivalent to the Universities Admission Index (UAI) used in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, and to the Tertiary Entrance Rank (TER) used in South Australia, the Northern Territory, Tasmania and Western Australia. Queensland used a different system called the Overall Position (OP), but conversion tables were published each year to convert the OP to or from an ENTER.

Non-school-leaver university applicants were selected using other criteria: usually previous results, or results in the Special Tertiary Admissions Test.

Each state's university and government education authorities determined the method of calculation of the ENTER or state-equivalent for students from that state, due to the historical differences between different state's education systems. However, these decisions were co-ordinated to ensure that the necessary equivalence is maintained (i.e. so that an ENTER of 90.00 from Victoria would indicate a sufficiently similar degree of attainment as a UAI of 90.00 from New South Wales, in spite of the differences in each rank's methods of application.)

Calculation
The Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA) was the authority responsible for conducting assessments in Victoria. It determined Study Scores for each Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) Unit 3/4 subject successfully completed by a student, ranging from 0 to 50. It also determined whether a student had "satisfactorily" completed the VCE.

For all students who satisfactorily completed the VCE, and who meet certain other criteria for receiving an ENTER, VCAA provided the students' Subject Study Scores to the Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre (VTAC). VTAC then scaled the Subject Study Scores to allow for cross-study calculations - that is, the Study Scores were adjusted up or down to take into account the strength of competition amongst the cohort of students studying the subject that year. Scaling was undertaken to ensure that each subject contributes equally to the ENTER. In other words, a 25 in English was equivalent to a 25 in Mathematical Methods or a 25 in any other VCE subject. The scaled Study Scores are referred to as ENTER subject scores.

VTAC determines an ENTER for each student who satisfactorily completed at least one subject in the current year, and who had obtained VCE Study Scores in an English study and at least three other studies in an allowable combination at the Unit 3 & 4 level.

A student's overall ENTER was calculated as the total of:

 * The ENTER subject score in an English subject (one of English, English Language, Literature or English as a Second Language)(any one of these subjects was compulsory for the VCE))
 * The ENTER subject scores of the next three best subjects (the English study and these constituted the Primary Four)
 * Plus an increment of 10% of the next best two subjects (if available).
 * additional studies such as Vocational Education and Training (VET) or tertiary extension studies may also have been considered.

Candidates were ranked in order of these aggregates. The ENTER was the percentile ranking of each student's position on this list in steps of 0.05 ranging from 0.00 to 99.95. For instance, an ENTER of 80.00 indicated that the aggregate was higher than 80% of aggregates. Each 0.05 rank typically contained around 20 students, depending on the number of students in the cohort each year.

Ranks less than 30.00 were typically only disclosed as "less than 30", as the exact ranking at this low level was not deemed educationally useful and may have been demoralising to the recipient.


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Wikipedia:Picture of the day/March 2005

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User talk:Ashary

Do not add your signature to articles, thank you.--User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:49, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

May 2007
Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia. However, the external links you added to the page Kulintang do not comply with our guidelines for external links. Wikipedia is not a mere directory of links; nor should it be used for advertising or promotion. Since Wikipedia uses nofollow tags, external links do not alter search engine rankings. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page before reinserting it. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. — Indon ( reply ) — 12:04, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikipedia, as you did to Lake Lanao. Wikipedia is not a mere directory of links, nor should it be used for advertising or promotion. Inappropriate links include (but are not limited to) links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that attract visitors to a web site or promote a product. See the external links guideline and spam policy for further explanations. Since Wikipedia uses nofollow tags, external links do not alter search engine rankings. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page before reinserting it. — Indon ( reply ) — 12:15, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Alpha Phi Omega
I'm a fellow Alpha Phi Omega brothers (APO-USA, Kappa chapter at Carnegie-Mellon University) and an experienced Wikipedia editor. Let me know what you think can also be done in terms of APO on wikipedia!Naraht (talk) 20:27, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

Alpha Phi Omega Fast Facts
Alpha Phi Omega (ΑΦΩ) is a co-ed collegiate service fraternity founded on December 16, 1925, at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, United States. The fraternity's mission is "To assemble college students in a national service fraternity in the fellowship of principles derived from the Scout Oath and Law of the Boy Scouts of America; to develop Leadership, to promote Friendship, and to provide Service to humanity; and to further the freedom that is our national, educational, and intellectual heritage."

History
Alpha Phi Omega was founded by Frank Reed Horton, Everett W. Probst, and Gordon M. Looney, with the goal of creating a fraternity that combined the principles of Boy Scouts with college students. The organization's roots can be traced back to the Easton Scout Gang, a group of Boy Scouts at Lafayette College. Alpha Phi Omega was officially recognized as a fraternity on January 11, 1927.

Cardinal Principles
Alpha Phi Omega is guided by three cardinal principles: Leadership, Friendship, and Service. These principles form the foundation for the fraternity's activities and goals. Members are encouraged to develop their leadership skills, foster friendship among themselves, and actively engage in service to their communities.

Membership
Membership in Alpha Phi Omega is open to students from all fields of study, regardless of gender, race, or religion. The fraternity is committed to promoting inclusivity and equality. It is not limited to any particular academic discipline and aims to bring together individuals who share a passion for service and leadership.

Activities and Programs
Alpha Phi Omega emphasizes service to the community, leadership development, and friendship-building among its members. The fraternity encourages its members to engage in volunteerism and philanthropic activities, both individually and collectively. It organizes various service projects, such as Scouting and Youth Services, AIDS Awareness, Elderly and Senior Services, and Leadership Development.

Chapters and Sections
Alpha Phi Omega has established chapters and sections in colleges and universities across the United States. As of [insert current year], there are over 375 active chapters and approximately 350,000 initiated members. The fraternity operates on both a local and national level, with chapters and sections organizing their own activities while also adhering to the national organization's guidelines and principles.

National Service Week
Alpha Phi Omega celebrates a National Service Week each year, during which members dedicate their time and efforts to serve their communities. This week-long event allows members to come together, coordinate service projects, and make a meaningful impact on society.

Notable Alumni
Alpha Phi Omega boasts a distinguished list of alumni who have made significant contributions to various fields. Notable alumni include former U.S. President Bill Clinton, astronaut Neil Armstrong, journalist Tom Brokaw, civil rights activist Jesse Jackson, and entrepreneur Mark Cuban, among others. These individuals exemplify the fraternity's commitment to leadership, service, and friendship, and their achievements continue to inspire current and future members of Alpha Phi Omega.

Symbols and Traditions
Alpha Phi Omega has several symbols and traditions that hold special significance within the fraternity. The fraternity's official colors are blue and gold, representing loyalty and excellence, respectively. The golden eagle serves as the fraternity's symbol, embodying the spirit of strength, freedom, and service. The stylized letters "APO" are prominently featured in the fraternity's logo and represent the organization's name.

Alumni Engagement
Alpha Phi Omega maintains strong connections with its alumni members, who continue to contribute to the fraternity's mission and support current members. Alumni engagement is encouraged through various means, including mentoring programs, networking events, and opportunities to give back to the fraternity and its chapters.

National Conventions
Alpha Phi Omega holds national conventions every two years, providing an opportunity for members from across the country to come together. These conventions serve as a platform for discussing important fraternity matters, electing national leaders, recognizing outstanding achievements, and fostering a sense of unity among members.

Outreach and Impact
Alpha Phi Omega's dedication to service extends beyond its member base. The fraternity actively collaborates with other organizations, both within and outside the realm of higher education, to address societal challenges and make a positive impact. Through partnerships and community engagement, Alpha Phi Omega seeks to promote social progress and foster a culture of service.

title: User talk:Ashary


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Bobbi Sykes

Roberta "Bobbi" Sykes (16 August 1943 – 14 November 2010) was an Australian poet and author. She was a lifelong campaigner for Indigenous land rights, as well as human rights and women's rights.

Early life and education
Born Roberta Barkley Patterson in Townsville, Queensland, sometime in the 1940s, Sykes was raised by her white mother, Rachel Patterson, and never knew her father. Sykes says in her autobiography that his identity is unknown, and her mother told her a number of different accounts about him; variously that he was Fijian, Papuan, African American, and Native American. The most consistent and plausible version was that he was an African American soldier stationed in Australia during World War II.

Although she fought hard for Australian Aboriginal rights, she herself was not of Australian Aboriginal descent. She was sometimes criticised for not correcting the record when others assumed she was Aboriginal.

Early activism
Sykes was expelled from St Patricks College at age 14 and, after a succession of jobs, including a nurse's assistant at the Townsville General Hospital from 1959 to 1960, she moved to Brisbane and then to Sydney in the early to mid-1960s, where she worked as a striptease dancer at the notorious Pink Pussycat Club in Kings Cross under the stage name of "Opal Stone".

She became a freelance journalist and got involved in several national Indigenous activist organisations. She was one of the many protestors arrested at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in July 1972.

During the 1970s Sykes, along with Sue Chilly (also spelt Chilli), Marcia Langton, and Naomi Mayers, formed the Black Women's Action (BWA) group, which later evolved into the Roberta Sykes Foundation.

She was involved in the creation and early development of the Redfern Aboriginal Medical Service, the National Black Theatre in Redfern, and in the setting up of Aboriginal Islander Dance Theatre in Glebe, which later became NAISDA, which nurtured Bangarra Dance Theatre.

Poetry
Sykes's early poetry was published in 1979 in the book Love Poems and Other Revolutionary Actions. The first edition was limited to a thousand copies (with the first 300 numbered and signed). A mass-market edition was published in 1988. Her second volume of poetry was published in 1996. In 1981 she ghosted the autobiography of Mum (Shirl) Smith, an Aboriginal Australian social worker in New South Wales.

She won the Patricia Weickert Black Writers Award in 1981.

Harvard and later activism
Sykes received a PhD in education from Harvard University in 1983 or 1984, after Black Women's Action raised funds to cover her expenses to study there in 1979. She was the first black Australian to graduate from a United States university.

She returned to Australia, where she took over running the BWA.

She was appointed to the Nation Review, as Australia's first (presumed) Indigenous columnist.

Recognition
In 1994 her role was recognised when awarded the Australian Human Rights Medal.

Sykes's three-volume autobiography Snake Dreaming was published between 1997 and 2000. The first volume won The Age Book of the Year 1997 and the 1998 Nita Kibble Literary Award for women writers.

Death and legacy
Sykes died in Sydney in November 2010.

Roberta Sykes Foundation
During the 1970s Sykes, along with Sue Chilly (often spelt Chilli; from Brisbane ), Marcia Langton, and Naomi Mayers, formed the Black Women's Action (BWA) group, which later evolved into the Roberta Sykes Foundation. BWA started publishing a monthly community newspaper for Aboriginal people, Koori Bina, also spelt Koori-Bina (meaning "black ears"; also translated as "listen up" ). Aboriginal journalist John Newfong, already established in mainstream media and inaugural editor and principal writer of quarterly magazine Identity (1971–1982) was also involved. The paper raised awareness of biased coverage of Indigenous issues in mainstream Australian media, and covered Aboriginal unemployment, health issues, and land rights, but struggled on minimal funding, relying on donations to keep going. It was later described as a "hard-hitting, staunchly political newspaper". It criticised cuts to funding that affected Aboriginal organisations and the Fraser government's plans to dismantle Medibank. Along with other Indigenous publications, it covered stories in detail that were not found, or only superficially covered, in mainstream media, such as Aboriginal housing.

Students at Aboriginal Islander Dance Theatre were taught publishing and writing skills to produce the newspaper, which eventually led to their assuming responsibility for its publication. The cast of Here Comes the Nigger by Gerry Bostock, which played at Black Theatre in Redfern in December 1976, were involved in the publication and group. The journal ran from June 1976 to June 1979, before running out of funds. A new magazine, AIM (Aboriginal and Islander Message or Aboriginal-Islander-Message), took up its format and ran until 1982. It was more moderate in tone than its predecessor, but did publish political stories challenging government policy, such as the powers given to ASIO over Aboriginal campaigners. It also encouraged Indigenous participation and activism. AIM was produced by a group of Aboriginal students, overseen by two mainstream journalists

Langton later wrote that the founders of the paper had been inspired by Abo Call, published in 1938 in Sydney,  by Jack Patten (co-founder of the Aborigines Progressive Association) and Percy Reginald Stephensen. She also wrote: "the experience of producing those newspapers within a hostile white environment... because it has the power and resources, has historically defined us".

BWA expanded its scope over time, and started funding small enterprises established by Aboriginal women. In 1979 it raised funds to pay for Sykes to study at Harvard University, where she became the first Aboriginal woman to graduate from an American university. It contributed to several other Black women's educational goals, including Norma Ingram and MaryAnn Bin-Sallik, who both attended Harvard too. BWA played a crucial part in raising public awareness and funds to enable Mum Shirl to pay off the mortgage on her house she was in danger of losing, after giving so much to others throughout her life.

In 1990, Black Women's Action became registered as a tax-deductible entity, changing its name to Black Women's Action in Education Foundation (BWAEF) to reflect the change. Langton, Rob Bryant (later co-founder of Bangarra), Jackie Huggins, Jilpia Jones, Brian Syron and Lili Tuwai became trustees of the foundation. Funds to assist Aboriginal students to achieve goals were raised mainly through small individual donations and community fundraising events.

In 2003 Sykes became ill and participated less in BWAEF activities, but the foundation continued its work until around 2006, when there was an hiatus for a few years.

In late 2008, Sykes asked Danny Gilbert to revive the foundation, and Gilbert suggested a change of name to the Roberta Sykes Indigenous Education Foundation (RSIEF). In 2010, Peter Waters (chair), Jilpia Jones, Shireen Malamoo, Mark McMillan, Richard Potok and Nicole Watson were appointed as trustees, with Potok also taking the role of executive director. RSIEF has continues Sykes' work, supporting a number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students to undertaking postgraduate study overseas. It also runs a program of bursaries to support short course overseas study.

Awards and nominations

 * 1981: Patricia Weickert Black Writers Award
 * 1994: Australian Human Rights Medal
 * 1997: Age Book of the Year for Snake Cradle
 * 1998: National Biography Award for Snake Cradle
 * 1998: Nita B. Kibble Literary Award for Snake Cradle

title: Bobbi Sykes


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Arc measurement

Arc measurement, sometimes degree measurement (Gradmessung), is the astrogeodetic technique of determining the radius of Earth – more specifically, the local Earth radius of curvature of the figure of the Earth – by relating the latitude difference (sometimes also the longitude difference) and the geographic distance (arc length) surveyed between two locations on Earth's surface. The most common variant involves only astronomical latitudes and the meridian arc length and is called meridian arc measurement; other variants may involve only astronomical longitude (parallel arc measurement) or both geographic coordinates (oblique arc measurement). Arc measurement campaigns in Europe were the precursors to the International Association of Geodesy (IAG).

History
The first known arc measurement was performed by Eratosthenes (240 BC) between Alexandria and Syene in what is now Egypt, determining the radius of the Earth with remarkable correctness. In the early 8th century, Yi Xing performed a similar survey.

The French physician Jean Fernel measured the arc in 1528. The Dutch geodesist Snellius (~1620) repeated the experiment between Alkmaar and Bergen op Zoom using more modern geodetic instrumentation (Snellius' triangulation).

Later arc measurements aimed at determining the flattening of the Earth ellipsoid by measuring at different geographic latitudes. The first of these was the French Geodesic Mission, commissioned by the French Academy of Sciences in 1735–1738, involving measurement expeditions to Lapland (Maupertuis et al.) and Peru (Pierre Bouguer et al.).

Struve measured a geodetic control network via triangulation between the Arctic Sea and the Black Sea, the Struve Geodetic Arc. Bessel compiled several meridian arcs, to compute the famous Bessel ellipsoid (1841).

Nowadays, the method is replaced by worldwide geodetic networks and by satellite geodesy.

List of other instances

 * Al-Ma'mun's arc measurement
 * Posidonius' arc measurement
 * Swedish–Russian Arc-of-Meridian Expedition
 * Picard's arc measurement
 * Dunkirk-Collioure arc measurement (Cassini, Cassini, and de La Hire)
 * Dunkirk-Collioure arc measurement (Cassini de Thury and de Lacaille)
 * Meridian arc of Delambre and Méchain
 * West Europe-Africa Meridian-arc
 * De Lacaille's arc measurement
 * Fernel's arc measurement
 * Norwood's arc measurement
 * Boscovich and Maire's arc measurement
 * Maclear's arc measurement
 * Hopfner's arc measurement
 * Struve Geodetic Arc

Determination
Assume the astronomic latitudes of two endpoints, $$\phi_s$$ (standpoint) and $$\phi_f$$ (forepoint), are precisely determined by astrogeodesy, observing the zenith distances of sufficient numbers of stars (meridian altitude method). The empirical Earth's meridional radius of curvature at the midpoint of the meridian arc can then be determined as:
 * $$R = \frac{\mathit{\Delta}'}{\vert\phi_s - \phi_f\vert}$$

where $$\mathit{\Delta}'$$ is the arc length on mean sea level (MSL).

Historically, the distance between two places has been determined at low precision by pacing or odometry. High precision land surveys can be used to determine the distance between two places at nearly the same longitude by measuring a baseline and a triangulation network linking fixed points. The meridian distance $$\mathit{\Delta}$$ from one end point to a fictitious point at the same latitude as the second end point is then calculated by trigonometry. The surface distance $$\mathit{\Delta}$$ is reduced to the corresponding distance at MSL, $$\mathit{\Delta}'$$ (see: Geographical distance).

Two arc measurements at different latitudinal bands serve to determine Earth's flattening.

title: Arc measurement