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Alexander McDowell McCook

Alexander McDowell McCook (April 22, 1831 – June 12, 1903) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War.

Early life
McCook was born in Columbiana County, Ohio. A Scottish family, the McCooks were prominent in army service — his father Daniel McCook and seven of Alexander's brothers, plus five of his first cousins, fought in the war. They were known as "The Fighting McCooks", for whom McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio, was named. His brothers Daniel McCook, Jr., Edwin Stanton McCook, and Robert Latimer McCook were all Union generals, as were his cousins Anson G. McCook and Edward M. McCook. Their grandfather George McCook had participated in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and escaped to the United States after it was defeated.

McCook graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1852, served against the Apaches and Utes in New Mexico in 1853–57, and was assistant instructor of infantry tactics at the military academy in 1858–61. He held the rank of 1st lieutenant in the regular army when war broke out in 1861.

Civil War
At the start of the Civil War, McCook received a commission as colonel of the 1st Ohio Infantry in April 1861. He served in the Washington defenses and saw action at the First Battle of Bull Run. McCook was promoted to captain in the regular army in May.

On September 3, 1861, he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers, commanded a brigade in Kentucky that fall, and led a division by February 1862. He earned the brevet of lieutenant colonel in the regular army for his part in the capture of Nashville, Tennessee. McCook then commanded the 2nd Division in the Army of the Ohio at the Battle of Shiloh on the second day of fighting, and then in the subsequent campaign against Corinth. He was promoted to major general of volunteers on July 17, 1862.

McCook was given command of the I Corps in the Army of the Ohio. His corps suffered heavy casualties and driven back a mile at the Battle of Perryville in October 1862. Command of the Army of the Ohio was reorganized and his command designated the Right Wing of the XIV Corps in the new Army of the Cumberland. His command again suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Stones River. Once again the command structure was reorganized and his corps named the XX Corps. For the third and final time, at Chickamauga, McCook's troops suffered heavily and were driven from the field. He was court-martialed and partially blamed for the Union disaster at Chickamauga. He was not convicted but relieved of duty in the Army of the Cumberland. McCook's demotion from command was in large part political, as he was a pro-slavery Democrat and had earned the ire of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton.

He waited almost a year before receiving another command assignment of any kind. It came thanks in part to Confederate General Jubal Early and his threat against Washington, D.C. McCook was placed in command of the "Defenses of the Potomac River and Washington" and was in charge of all forces defending the capital at the Battle of Fort Stevens. The day the battle ended, so did McCook's command of the city's defenses and he was again without command. At the close of the war he was given command of the District of Eastern Arkansas. He received brevet promotions to brigadier general and major general in the regular army for service throughout the war.

Postbellum career
McCook resigned from the volunteer service in October 1865 and reverted to the regular army rank of captain. In 1867, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the 25th US Infantry. He served in Texas, mostly in garrison duty, until 1874. From 1875 to 1880, he served as the aide-de-camp to the general-in-chief of the U.S. Army, Gen. William T. Sherman. In 1880, he was promoted to full colonel. From 1886 to 1890 (except for brief terms of absence), he commanded Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and the infantry and cavalry school there. He then commanded the Department of Arizona from 1890 to 1893 and the Department of Colorado from 1893 to 1895.

McCook became a full brigadier general in 1890, a major general in 1894, and retired in 1895. One of his final actions before retirement was helping send Army troops to break up the 1894 Chicago railroad strike. In 1898–99, he served on a commission to investigate the United States Department of War as administered during the Spanish–American War.

McCook died at his daughter's home in Dayton, Ohio, on June 12, 1903, after suffering a stroke and was buried in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.

The town of McCook, Nebraska, was named in his honor.

title: Alexander McDowell McCook


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Arroyo Hondo (Santa Clara County)

Arroyo Hondo is a northwestward-flowing 13.0 mi river in Santa Clara County, California, United States, that lies east of Milpitas. The area is privately owned by the San Francisco Water Department and is closed to public access because of its usage as drinking water. Bounded to the east by Oak Ridge and to the west by Poverty Ridge, Arroyo Hondo empties into the Calaveras Reservoir where it joins Calaveras Creek. It is formed by the confluence of Smith Creek and Isabel Creek which drain the west and east slopes of Mount Hamilton, respectively.

History
Arroyo Hondo means "deep creek" in Spanish. Its Isabel Creek tributary is significant in that the Spanish name for Mt. Hamilton was the Sierra de Santa Isabel, and the highest point was then referred to as Mount Isabel instead of Mount Hamilton. When William Henry Brewer and Charles Hoffman of the Whitney Survey climbed the peak on August 26, 1861, they did not know it had a name, and christened it Mt. Hamilton, although they did correctly place Isabel Valley on their map to the east. When in 1895, the USGS realized that the peak two miles southeast of Mt. Hamilton was as tall (4193 ft, they correctly named it Mt. Isabel.

Watershed
The Arroyo Hondo mainstem is formed by the confluence of Isabel Creek and Smith Creek at the northern tip of Joseph D. Grant County Park at an elevation of 1585 ft above sea level. It flows northerly to its confluence with Calaveras Reservoir at an elevation of 765 feet. Isabel Creek begins at about 2600 ft about one mile south of Mt. Helen, then flows north through the Isabel Valley, then east and north of Mt. Isabel and Mt. Hamilton until it is joined by Smith Creek. Arroyo Hondo joins Calaveras Creek in Calaveras Reservoir. Calaveras Creek is, in turn, tributary to Alameda Creek in Alameda County, California and ultimately flows into San Francisco Bay.

Ecology
Arroyo Hondo still has remnants of native coastal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus), which several conservation organizations have attempted to protect. Impassable falls are now present on upper Arroyo Hondo, but the rainbow trout in its Smith and Isabel creek tributaries are assumed to be native, as California roach (Hesperoleucus symmetricus) and Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis occidentalis) are also present above and below the falls. The California Academy of Sciences collected a steelhead trout specimen in 1898 on Isabel Creek. Also, both Smith Creek and Arroyo Hondo were recorded in 1905 by John Otterbein Snyder as anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) streams. Speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) were collected by John Otterbein Snyder in 1898 in Arroyo Hondo and Isabel creeks, but not by Scoppettone and Smith in 1978, nor by Leidy and Bronwen in 2013, and their status in the creek remains uncertain as is true of most of their former sites in the central coast.

Foothill yellow-legged frogs (Rana boylei) and California red-legged frogs (Rana draytoni) are present in Upper Alameda, Arroyo Hondo, Smith, and Isabel creeks.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arroyo Hondo (Santa Clara County)


text:
User talk:PeterJohnson

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Blanking
If a user blanks a page and doesn't leave an edit comment, the "blanking" comment helpfully appears. So, the user wasn't being helpful, the software was. JRP 16:25, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I figured that was the more likely scenario. :) But thanks for letting me know--I hadn't seen WP do that before. Peter 20:32, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Cookies
Hello! I just wanted to give you a plate of cookies for being a Wikipedian. I hope your Wikistress gets better! :) Peace and Wikilove, Neranei 23:29, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Crowded House
-- linca linca  06:39, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

You're welcome
You're very welcome. Actually people interpret them either way. You could put "Real-life stress" or something like that in the caption, though, so people don't misinterpret. Regardless, happy editing! Cheers,  Neranei  T / C  19:33, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Delisting
. I see this image for the first time. I can see this and this, though. --Ghirla-трёп- 20:33, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Sure enough. How weird. --Peter 20:48, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Featured Picture Candidates
Although you opposed the image I put forward for nomination as a Featured Picture (Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Image:Selcuk woman.JPG), you were very encouraging in the way you did it - thank you. I took some of the advice you gave me, and nominated another photo - Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Headscarfed woman. Would you support its nomination? If so, could you please put that on its nomination page. Thank you for your support (and opposition!).

Also, I see you are interested in photography. I am only fourteen years old and of course an amateur, but I discovered a photographer about 6 months ago who truly inspired me to continue this hobby - the photographer Andrew Moore. Once you have looked through the hundreds of photos displayed on his website, I am sure you will feel likewise.

Kitkatcrazy 17:59, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

The color of the Sun
Hi, Peter, I just was reminded about my Mercury transit nomination and I reread your comment about the color of the sun. I've told you then that the color of the sun at an image deppends on filter, which was used, but I've never explained it. Maybe you'll be interested to take a look here. Thank you.--Mbz1 (talk) 19:33, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Peter. Yes, I restored my talk page and I'd like to thank you for this. You were absolutely right to post this message at my talk page. I'm really sorry about many things I've said and done at Wikipedia. Best regards.--Mbz1 (talk) 01:46, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Select Survey Invite
I'm working on a study of political motivations and how they affect editing. I'd like to ask you to take a survey. The survey should take no more than 1-2 minutes. Your survey responses will be kept private. Our project is documented at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_%2B_Politics.

Your survey Link: http://uchicago.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9S3JByWf57fXEkR?Q_DL=56np5HpEZWkMlr7_9S3JByWf57fXEkR_MLRP_0qeXRJKg9RT1fmd&Q_CHL=gl

I am asking you to participate in this study because you are a frequent editor of pages on Wikipedia that are of political interest. We would like to learn about your experiences in dealing with editors of different political orientations.

Sincere thanks for your help! Porteclefs (talk) 01:15, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:PeterJohnson


text:
User talk:Xenomachina

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Orphaned non-free image File:Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 2 Limited Edition Music Sampler cover.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 2 Limited Edition Music Sampler cover.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. J Milburn (talk) 19:21, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xenomachina


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/February 28

Typo
The text "The final episode of the television series M*A*S*H was broadcast in the USA, and become the most-watched television program in history." should read 'became' instead. -- Matiasp 06:25, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Palme murder
Suggestion: As it is the 20 year anniversary. --Apoc2400 10:04, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 1986 - Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden, is assassinated in Stockholm.

 * Thank you for the suggestion. I like it. 20th anniversary, eh ? Good call, Apoc2400. I've posted it on the template. -- PFHLai 09:11, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

John Wesley & Methodism
May be better to feature these wikipages on May 24, Aldersgate Day. -- 199.71.174.100 07:47, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:14, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Bulgarian Exarchate (moved to March 12, Gregorian date)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Dord (too short), Peace Memorial Day in the Republic of China (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Great Heck Rail Crash
 * Omitted: USS Indiana (BB-1), Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, Asama-Sansō incident, North Hollywood shootout, GRB 970228
 * Included: Ranavalona III (first appearance), Wallace Carothers (2nd appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible), 1972 Nixon visit to China (4th appearance, last in 2009), 1985 Newry mortar attack (first appearance), 1997 military memorandum (Turkey) (first appearance)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:29, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Added then deleted: Republican Party (United States) (wrong date)
 * Omitted: Ranavalona III; Wallace Carothers (ineligible—maintenance); 1972 Nixon visit to China; 1985 Newry mortar attack; 1997 military memorandum (Turkey)
 * Included: Tichborne case (first appearance); USS Indiana (BB-1) (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Asama-Sansō incident (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Moorgate tube crash (first appearance); Naroda Patiya massacre/Gulbarg Society massacre (both: first appearance)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:01, 27 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: 1997 military memorandum (Turkey) (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Qin Dynasty; Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI
 * Omitted: USS Indiana (BB-1); Asama-Sansō incident; Moorgate tube crash; Naroda Patiya massacre/Gulbarg Society massacre
 * Included: Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (3rd appearance, last in 2011; 100th anniversary); C. V. Raman (first appearance); 1972 Nixon visit to China (5th appearance, last in 2012); Great Heck rail crash (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Tichborne case (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:50, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Olof Palme (blurb previously featured Assassination of Olof Palme, which remains ineligible); 1997 military memorandum
 * Omitted: Tichborne case; Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus; 1972 Nixon visit to China; Great Heck rail crash
 * Included: Qin dynasty (first appearance); Ranavalona III (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Moorgate tube crash (2nd appearance, last in 2013; 40th anniversary); 1985 Newry mortar attack (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 30th anniversary)
 * Repeats: C. V. Raman (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:14, 26 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Qin dynasty; Ranavalona III; C. V. Raman; Moorgate tube crash; 1985 Newry mortar attack
 * Included: Tichborne case (3rd appearance, last in 2014); USS Indiana (BB-1) (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (4th appearance, last in 2014); Olof Palme (2nd appearance, last in 2006; 30th anniversary); Naroda Patiya massacre/Gulbarg Society massacre (both: 2nd appearance, last in 2013)

Olof Palme
I have added the Olof Palme article ahead of time, it is 30 years ago on February 28, 2016 that Palme was assassinated. Perhaps an image of him could be used. Just a suggestion.BabbaQ (talk) 21:08, 23 February 2016 (UTC)

Died this day - edit
I've just put Jane Russell into the "died this day" spot as I've noticed that the new b/d slot has been very male-heavy in recent days. The article is B-class. Thanks. MurielMary (talk) 11:12, 24 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Note for - could you clarify here the background to your edit comment? Regarding the edit I made creating imbalance? Thanks. MurielMary (talk) 01:48, 25 February 2017 (UTC)
 * You're now adding white women to every date, and therefore creating an alternate imbalance. Stephen 01:51, 25 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Not every date. And they're not all white women. While we're here, your undoing of my edits on the March 10 page seem rather unnecessary. One keystroke was required to remove an extra space in my edit however you chose to remove my edit completely and write me a comment regarding this. I'm surprised that an admin would create work for other editors like this rather than just hitting "backspace" and removing the extra space. MurielMary (talk) 02:00, 25 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm on mobile so those edits are fiddly, and if I'd corrected it you wouldn't have learned anything and would have continued to make the same error. I'm surprised that you didn't refer to prior examples rather than create errors that other editors had to fix. Stephen 02:19, 25 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Actually, if you'd corrected it and told me why, I would have learnt something and also felt welcomed and supported as a newbie to the section. Instead, I learnt something and felt my initial efforts here were being knocked back on pedantry. The affective aspects of teaching and learning have a huge impact on a person when acquiring new skills. Anyway, I appreciate the responses here to my queries Stephen. Thanks. MurielMary (talk) 09:28, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

Please note that articles that are already listed on another day for a regular blurb are not eligible to appear in the births/deaths section. I just replaced Susan B. Anthony, for example. Please check the talk page of the article to see if it's been listed on another date. Thanks. — howcheng  {chat} 08:48, 25 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I see, thanks for pointing that out. MurielMary (talk) 09:28, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:54, 28 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: C. V. Raman (maintenance); 1972 Nixon visit to China (maintenance); 1997 Turkish military memorandum (maintenance); Great Heck rail crash (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Tichborne case; USS Indiana (BB-1); Olof Palme; Naroda Patiya massacre/Gulbarg Society massacre
 * Included: USS Princeton disaster of 1844 (first appearance); Ranavalona III (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Asama-Sansō incident (3rd appearance, last in 2013); GRB 970228 (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 20th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:17, 1 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Vincent Massey (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Great Heck rail crash
 * Omitted: USS Princeton disaster of 1844; Ranavalona III (ineligible—maintenance); Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus; Asama-Sansō incident; GRB 970228; Michel de Montaigne; Koesbini
 * Included: Qin dynasty (2nd appearance, last in 2015); USS Indiana (BB-1) (4th appearance, last in 2016); Moorgate tube crash (3rd appearance, last in 2015); North Hollywood shootout (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI (first appearance); Guillaume Delisle (first appearance); Hortense Allart (first appearance); Henry James (first appearance)

2019 notes
Apparently this year I had to abandon the update halfway through and never got around to finishing it. The only other change is that Henry James was omitted (ineligible—maintenance) and replaced by Martin Bucer (first appearance). — howcheng  {chat} 17:12, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: USS Princeton (1843) (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Ranavalona III; C. V. Raman

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:44, 2 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Methodism (moved to May 24)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Dord
 * Omitted: Qin dynasty; USS Indiana (BB-1); Moorgate tube crash; North Hollywood shootout; Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI; Martin Bucer; Guillaume Delisle; Hortense Allart
 * Included: Tichborne case (4th appearance, last in 2016); Ranavalona III (4th appearance, last in 2017); S.L. Benfica (first appearance); Benjamin F. Lewis (first appearance); 1985 Newry mortar attack (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway (first appearance); Alfred von Schlieffen (first appearance); Charles Bassett/Elliot See (both: first appearance)

2021 request
- 20th anniversary of the Selby rail crash (Great Heck). Mjroots (talk) 12:32, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:38, 2 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Olof Palme (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): National Covenant (was on DYK 2020-10-12)
 * New articles (ineligible): Marah Halim Harahap (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Ranavalona III; S.L. Benfica; Benjamin F. Lewis; 1985 Newry mortar attack; Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway; Alfred von Schlieffen; Charles Bassett/Elliot See
 * Included: USS Princeton (1843) (2nd appearance, last in 2017; rescued from Ineligible); C. V. Raman (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Selby rail crash (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Thomas Cushing (first appearance); William Zorach (first appearance); Koesbini (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 30th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Tichborne case (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2022 request
1972 - U.S. president Richard Nixon finished his unprecedented visit to China and jointly issued the Shanghai Communiqué, ending 25 years of diplomatic isolation of the People's Republic of China.

February 2022 will be the 50th anniversary of the event and no other February OTD mentions Nixon's visit to China. Though another notable event in Chinese history is listed as an OTD for Feb. 28, I think this other OTD is geographically neutral to include since détente between the USA and the PRC is internationally relevant. Mewnst (talk) 01:18, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * This event has been issued before as an OTD five times; in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, and 2014. The 2014 language was thus:
 * 1972 – U.S. President Richard Nixon's visit to the People's Republic of China concluded with the two countries issuing the Shanghai Communiqué, pledging to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic relations.
 * It was listed as ineligible due to "refimprove" and the communique page's stubbiness, but it's a half-century anniversary. It's special. I will make some improvements to the communique page in the meantime. Mewnst (talk) 01:33, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * You've got a month, so happy editing! — howcheng  {chat} 07:56, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The article on the Shanghai Communiqué should now be satisfactory for listing in an OTD, as it is no longer stubby. Are there specific issues with the Nixon visit to China article that must be resolved before qualifying for the OTD listing? It was tagged with "refimprove" though I don't know if that was related to the visit page or the communiqué page. Mewnst (talk) 02:26, 7 February 2022 (UTC)
 * The Shanghai Communiqué page should now be acceptable, and the primary page on Nixon's visit to China no longer has the glaring undue Winston Lord commentary. Is it all good to go now, or would you like a little extra to be put into the China visit page? Mewnst (talk) 04:04, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I added a CN tag to the Communiqué article, but otherwise everything looks great. Nice work! — howcheng  {chat} 08:21, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the CN tag, I dug deeper on the exact time of the signing of the communiqué and found that it was actually issued on February 27 (as Nixon left China in the morning of Feb. 28). I propose rewording the OTD to be less misleading about this fact:
 * 1972 – U.S. President Richard Nixon's visit to the People's Republic of China concluded after the two countries issued the Shanghai Communiqué in the prior evening.
 * Is that good? "on the day before" could also be plugged in at the end, I don't know what is the least awkward way to put it. Mewnst (talk) 08:17, 23 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Works for me! — howcheng  {chat} 08:25, 24 February 2022 (UTC)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 04:38, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: USS Princeton (1843); Tichborne case; Selby rail crash; Thomas Cushing; William Zorach; Koesbini
 * Included: National Covenant (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Ranavalona III (5th appearance, last in 2020; 125th anniversary); February 28 incident (7th appearance, last in 2010; 75th anniversary; rescued from Ineligible); Moorgate tube crash (5th appearance, last in 2019); Cornelius Gemma (first appearance); Pierre Fatou (first appearance); Yaşar Kemal (first appearance)
 * Repeats: C. V. Raman (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)


text:
Talk:Szczerbiec

Pronunciation Help!!
For anyone who even knows what language this fiendishly-named object was named in, please tell the English-speaking world how in hell to pronounce it! @_@ -Kasreyn

Well as of January 13th, 2006 the IPA is there. A layman's english pronounciation is impossible since it contains 4 sounds that do not appear in english (or more precisely aren't distinguished in english). A *rough* approximation would be 'sh-ch-eh-rr-bee-ets'. I don't see how this could be included and have the article still look professional. -ATB ps: sz is a softer 'sh', cz a softer 'ch', the r is rolled like in Spanish, and the c is pronounced like the 'ts' in 'tsunami'.

 * Basically the word is pronounced as Cher-byets, however in the correct pronounciation ch- sound is being somewhat close to sh-. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 16:58, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Just to clear it up for those who can't read IPA, the best English approximation of the Polish pronunciation would be SHCHERR-byets; with shch as in fresh cheese, a rolled R, and ts as in pizza. It's two syllables, not three, with the stress on the first. An English word that sounds closest to Szczerbiec is probably sherbets. — Kpalion(talk) 06:41, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

Szczerba
Szczerba is not only Polish word, but rather part of the generally Slavic lexicon. Similar words can be traced in the Ukrainian, Belorussian, and other languages. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 16:51, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

References needed
There are several places in the article that need references, I have marked them as such. Those need to be added for the article to maintain the GA class. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 11:05, 14 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Cites have been added; GAR is no longer necessary. Good job! --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 16:24, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

"Latinized" spelling
Can I change all of it? It's not used in other articles and it makes sense to standardize with what the relevant articles are actually titled. Volunteer Marek 23:57, 20 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I disagree with the way some of the relevant articles are titled, but have given up on trying to fix them. I just try to be consistent within a given article; other articles may use other naming conventions and we've got redirects and piped links to handle that. There are several reasons why I think Latin names are better:
 * Many monarchs of Poland also reigned over other peoples; and discussing their national or ethnic identities is a moot point (e.g., why "Bolesław the Brave" and not "Boleslav the Brave", if his mother was Czech and he ruled Bohemia for some time?) Using their Polish names may be seen as pushing the Polish point of view.
 * As Latin was the chancery language of Poland for ages, it is the Latin regnal names, especially for Medieval monarchs, that are actually attested in historical sources.
 * Latin names are easier to read for English speakers than their Polish counterparts.
 * — Kpalion(talk) 00:31, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

Early historical souces
— Kpalion(talk) 14:00, 7 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Gallus Anonymus, Deeds of Polish Princes (early 12th cent.):
 * Boleslaus the Brave hitting the Golden Gate of Kiev in 1018 with a sword of unspecified name
 * Boleslaus the Bold doing the same in 1069
 * Chronicle of Greater Poland (late 13th – early 14th cent.):
 * Szczerbiec first mentioned by name
 * Sword given to Boleslaus the Brave by an angel
 * Boleslaus hitting the Golden Gate of Kiev with the sword in 1018
 * Sword stored in the Wawel Cathedral treasury as of the time of writing
 * Annals of Lesser Poland (late 13th – early 14th cent):
 * Boleslaus the Brave hitting the Golden Gate of Kiev in 1018 with a sword of unspecified name
 * Stanisław of Skarbimierz’s sermon (1413):
 * Szczerbiec, described as the weapon of King Boleslaus, mentioned together with the coronation crown
 * Jan Długosz, Annals or Chronicles of the Glorious Kingdom of Poland (mid-15th cent.):
 * Boleslaus the Brave hitting the Golden Gate of Kiev in 1018 with a sword of unspecified name
 * Boleslaus the Bold doing the same in 1069
 * No sword mentioned among the coronation insignia of Vladislaus the Short brought in 1320 from Gniezno to Kraków for the occasion
 * Coronation sword of unspecified name first mentioned at the coronation of Louis Angevin in 1370
 * Szczerbiec first mentioned by name under 1412
 * Szczerbiec first mentioned by name in a coronation context at the coronation of Casimir Jagiellon in 1447

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:52, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Szczerbiec Wawel crop.jpg
 * Szczerbiec obverse retouched.jpg
 * Szczerbiec reverse retouched.jpg

title: Talk:Szczerbiec


text:
Good to Great

Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap... and Others Don't is a management book by Jim C. Collins that describes how companies transition from being good companies to great companies, and how most companies fail to make the transition. The book was a bestseller, selling four million copies and going far beyond the traditional audience of business books. The book was published on October 16, 2001.

Great companies and their comparators
Collins finds eleven examples of "great companies" and comparators, similar in industry-type and opportunity, but which failed to achieve the good-to-great growth shown in the great companies:

Unsustained companies
Collins includes six examples of companies that did not sustain their change to greatness. These companies, "... are looked at separately as a clump":

Praise
The book was "cited by several members of The Wall Street Journal's CEO Council as the best management book they've read."

Publishers Weekly called it "worthwhile", although "many of Collins' perspectives on running a business are amazingly simple and commonsense".

It was described as "a deeply-researched analysis..." in the Time list of The 25 Most Influential Business Management Books.

Criticism
In his 2012 article, The Moral Fox, Peter C. DeMarco identifies the fatal error in Collins' book is placing the good in direct opposition to greatness and, thus, Collins' unintendedly created a proxy for greed. DeMarco goes back to Aesop's original fable to expose and correct the error.

Holt and Cameron state the book provides a "generic business recipe" that ignores "particular strategic opportunities and challenges."

Steven D. Levitt noted that some of the companies selected as "great" have since gotten into serious trouble, such as Circuit City and Fannie Mae, while only Nucor had "dramatically outperformed the stock market" and "Abbott Labs and Wells Fargo have done okay". He further states that investing in the portfolio of the 11 companies covered by the book, in the year of 2001, would actually result in underperforming the S&P 500. Levitt concludes that books like this are "mostly backward-looking" and can't offer a guide for the future."

John Greathouse alleges in a critical review that Collins once made a comment stating, "The books never promised that these companies would always be great, just that they were once great." Greathouse claims the statement was an attempt by Collins to defend the book, and other previous works. Greathouse also represents the view that Collins' book How the Mighty Fall: And Why Some Companies Never Give In blames some of the failed companies themselves for having drastically changed after Collins' books were printed.

Phil Rosenzweig describes errors in the fundamental research assumptions of Good to Great. First, heavy reliance on magazine articles as research introduce sources littered with halo effects. He also notes the Wrong End of the Stick delusion used in the hedgehog claims of the book in that successful companies have a luxury of focus which is not possible for less successful companies. Finally, he notes the presence of the Organizational Physics delusion in that Collins does not carefully avoid confusing correlation with causation.

Similar books

 * Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies by James C. Collins and Jerry I. Porras
 * Great by Choice: Uncertainty, Chaos and Luck - Why Some Thrive Despite Them All by James C. Collins
 * Great at Work: How Top Performers Do Less, Work Better, and Achieve More by Morten T. Hansen
 * The Halo Effect
 * In Search of Excellence by Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman

title: Good to Great


text:
Teri Weigel

Teri Weigel is an American former pornographic actress and Playboy Playmate.

Early life
Weigel was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and grew up in Deerfield Beach, Florida. She began modeling while in her teens, appearing in the Saks Fifth Avenue catalog among other venues.

Career
Weigel appeared on the cover of the November 1985 issue of Playboy, and was the Playboy Playmate for April 1986. She also appeared in a number of Playboy videos. She subsequently had several minor roles in mainstream film, including Predator 2 and Marked for Death, and made several appearances as "Jade" on Married... with Children. She was the second Playmate to also appear in Penthouse magazine, after Ursula Buchfellner, November 1985. She worked for a time at the Bunny Ranch Nevada brothel until September 1998.

Weigel was in a car accident in August 1990, in which she suffered severe neck and back injuries that required five operations. Unable to work for four months due to her injuries, she and her husband, Murrill Maglio, were forced to sell their home and move into an apartment. During production on a nude video that was one of Weigel's last projects for Playboy, a co-worker suggested doing adult movies to earn money. Initially dismissive of the idea, Weigel eventually reconsidered. Weigel and Maglio spoke to their neighbors, Fred and Patti Lincoln, who produced adult films.

Her first film was Inferno in 1991, in which she costarred with Marc Wallice. According to Weigel and Maglio, they did not see Weigel's sexual intercourse with other men as a problem because of the sense of security they felt in their relationship. Maglio has had minor, non-sexual roles in some of her films. To enhance her career viability, Weigel underwent breast augmentation, enlarging her breasts to 36DD. After she became the first Playboy Playmate to cross over into porn, the publisher terminated its relationship with her, as Playmates who do porn are not allowed to represent the company. Weigel's new career also hurt her relationship with her family, as her parents stopped speaking to her by 1992.

In 2000, Playboy sued Weigel over her use of the Playboy logo on her website.

Personal life
Weigel married Murrill Maglio in December 1986. Maglio died on June 4, 2015, at the age of 63.

Awards

 * 1992 FOXE Award – Vixen
 * 2002 XRCO Hall of Fame
 * 2003 AVN Hall of Fame
 * 2003 NightMoves Award – Best Feature Dancer (Editor's Choice)

title: Teri Weigel


text:
User talk:Matiasp

Please note that I may not check my Wikipedia talk page very often; for quicker response please try my SeattleWiki talk page. Matiasp 20:02, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

MASH Typo
Thanks for the heads-up. All fixed. – ClockworkSoul 06:28, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Seattle FAC
Apparently there was some discussion at the meetup involving Seattle as a Featured Article Candidate. It was nominated, but there have been some objections raised. If you could, it would be great if you could review the other city FAs, What is a featured article, and Seattle, Washington, and leave an opnion at Featured article candidates/Seattle if you see fit. Thanks. Niteowlneils 23:03, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Meetup?
Meetup/Seattle3. Interested? -- Jmabel | Talk 23:30, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Time for another...
Looks like Meetup/Seattle4 will be happening September 9, 2006. - Jmabel | Talk 01:56, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Seattle meetup 5
Hi Matias, I see that you've attended some of the previous Seattle meetups. I hope that you can make it to the next one on June 19! Bestchai (talk) 22:12, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matiasp


text:
Merf

Merf or MERF can refer to:

 * Merchant Freighter
 * Middle East Reformed Fellowship

title: Merf


text:
Homestead exemption

The homestead exemption is a legal regime to protect the value of the homes of residents from property taxes, creditors, and circumstances that arise from the death of the homeowner's spouse.

Such laws are found in the statutes or the constitution of many of the states in the United States. The homestead exemption in some states of the South has its legal origins in the exemption laws of the Spanish Empire. In other states, they were enacted in response to the effects of 19th-century economy.

Description
Homestead exemption laws typically have four primary features:
 * 1) Preventing the forced sale of a home to meet the demands of creditors, usually except mortgages, mechanic's liens, or sales to pay property taxes
 * 2) Providing the surviving spouse with shelter
 * 3) Providing an exemption from property taxes on a home
 * 4) Allowing a tax-exempt homeowner to vote on property tax increases to homeowners over the threshold, by bond or millage requests

For the purposes of statutes, a homestead is the one primary residence of a person, and no other exemption can be claimed on any other property anywhere, even outside the boundaries of the jurisdiction in which the exemption is claimed.

In some states, homestead protection is automatic. In many states, however, homeowners receive the protections of the law only if they file a claim for homestead exemption with the state. Furthermore, the protection can be lost if the homeowner abandons the protected property by taking up primary residence elsewhere.

Immunity from forced sale
Different jurisdictions provide different degrees of protection under homestead exemption laws. Some protect only property up to a certain value, and others have acreage limitations. If a homestead exceeds the limits, creditors may still force the sale, but the homesteader may keep a certain amount of the proceeds of the sale.

California provides a homestead exemption of between $300,000 and $600,000, no greater than the amount of the prior year countywide median sale price of a single-family home, both values adjusted annually for inflation, as a result of legislation enacted in 2023.

Texas, Florida, Iowa, South Dakota, Kansas, and Oklahoma have some of the broadest homestead protections in the United States in terms of the value of property that can be protected.

Texas's homestead exemption has no dollar value limit and has a 10 acre exemption limit for homesteads inside of a municipality (urban homestead) and 100 acre for those outside of a municipality (rural homestead). The rural acre allotment is doubled for a family: 200 acre can be shielded from creditors in Texas for a rural homestead.

In Kansas and Oklahoma, exemptions protect 160 acre of land of any value outside of a municipality's corporate limits and 1 acre of land of any value within a municipality's corporate limits. Most homestead exemptions cover the land including fixtures and improvements to it, such as buildings, timber, and landscaping.

Nevada exempts $605,000 in equity from sale on execution, but for homesteads for which allodial title has been established and not relinquished, the exemption extends to all equity in the homestead.

New Mexico has a $60,000 exemption. Alaska has a $54,000 exemption.

Colorado has a $200,000 exemption, or $250,000 for people who are over 60 or disabled.

In most states, the real dollar value of "protection" provided by the laws has diminished, as exemption dollar amounts are seldom adjusted for inflation. The protective intent of such laws, with some notable exceptions like those stated above, has been eroded in most states.

Property tax exemption
A homestead exemption is most often on only a fixed monetary amount, such as the first $50,000 of the assessed value. The remainder is taxed at the normal rate. A home valued at $150,000 would then be taxed on only $100,000 and a home valued at $75,000 would then be taxed on only $25,000.

The exemption is generally intended to turn the property tax into a progressive tax. In some places, the exemption is paid for with a local or state (or equivalent unit) sales tax.

Examples

 * Arkansas provides a $500 annual homestead property credit toward the amount of property taxes due. Seniors can have their homestead assessed value "frozen" at the next assessment date after reaching age 65.
 * California exempts the first $7,000 of residential homestead from property taxes.
 * Colorado allows a 50% deduction for up to the first $200,000 (equivalent to a $100,000 exemption if the property is valued at $200,000 or above) for seniors (over age 65) who have lived in their property for ten consecutive years.
 * Georgia allows a 1% HEST only in a few counties.
 * Florida's homestead exemption allows an exemption of 160 acres outside of a municipality and one-half an acre inside a municipality.
 * Kentucky, for 2019 and 2020, the exemption has been set at $39,300. Once it is approved, homeowners who are 65 or older do not need to reapply for the homestead exemption each year.
 * Louisiana exempts the first $7,500 of residential homestead from local property taxes.
 * Maine exempts the first $25,000 of a primary residential homestead from property taxes. This is paid to the municipality and refunded when state taxes are filed.
 * Michigan exempts the homeowner from paying the operating millage of local school districts.
 * Mississippi exemption from all ad valorem taxes assessed to property; this is limited to the first $7,500 of the assessed value or $300 of the actual exempted tax dollars.
 * New York's School Tax Relief (STAR) program exempts the first $30,000 of a primary home's assessed value from school district taxes; the exemption is limited to owners with incomes under $500,000. Additional exemptions are available for people over 65 with a limited income. The STAR program applies only to school taxes; no homestead exemption exists for taxes levied by other municipal entities. New York prevents a New York resident claiming this exemption if the New York resident owns property in another state and claims a similar exemption in that other state.
 * Oklahoma allows a $1000 deduction of the assessed valuation, about $75 to $125 of savings per year, if owners file for homestead exemption with the local county clerk.
 * Rhode Island allows exemptions that vary by town or city among those towns that offer exemptions.
 * Texas allows a deduction, with additional exemptions available for county taxes, people over 65 and people who are disabled. It also requires school districts to offer a $25,000 exemption (but not other taxing districts, such as cities and counties).  Texas further limits the assessment increase on a homestead to 10% of the prior year's value.

title: Homestead exemption


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scropt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 18:10, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Scropt
Appears to be a neologism. May be, uh, original research. Or hoax. Google search is complicated by many occurrences of "scropt" as a typo for "script". However, the same author created a redir for scroptaru (now deleted) — this gets zero google hits. -- Curps 06:40, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Neologism at best. BTW, "scroptaru" might indicate that the original poster was Japanese, as it looks like a Japanese-language based gerundification of a foreign verb ("scropt" would not be a Japanese coinage, though "sukuraputeru" might be ;). HyperZonktalk 18:17, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I wrote it as a joke in an attempt to get trillian to look it up. It's a fake word I made up some time ago, originally made up to mock someone who misspelled script. It has no place on Wikipedia or anywhere else and should be deleted. Though if you look up "scropted" on google you will find a result on a message board of someone using it in context. Though one hit from a message board does not warrent an article. Speedy Delete it if you want. -Ryowolf

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scropt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lion vs Tiger

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 16:57, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Lion vs Tiger
Original research. RickK 06:41, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't belong here. utcursch | talk 06:58, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Just my POV, but Tigers always win ;) <3 Delete. Tygar 08:39, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. —Brim 17:37, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — Plenty of web hits and there was a show about this on the Discovery channel. Besides I could actually see some interest in this issue among younger readers. It does need to be cross-linked. — RJH 17:47, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless good verifiable sources (who are those "zoologists who think the lion would win") are provided prior to expiration of VfD. Too speculative. Not encyclopedic. Personally I think that it is just as likely that if "a group of wild lions and tigers" were placed in a pit, that the outcome would a bunch of little ligers and tigons in about 105 days... Dpbsmith (talk) 18:22, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That's assuming if both cats are fed. Megan1967 05:48, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Lion vs Tiger is one of the biggest animal debates on the web." ...not until Microsoft give their next OS the codename "Lion"...Doesn't belong on Wikipedia, not encyclopedic. Nick04 19:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever. Tiger Hand always beats paper. --iMb~Mw 01:49, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no useful information here--nixie 02:10, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Is this supposed to be a parody of Star Trek versus Star Wars? Gamaliel 02:13, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and wikify. —RaD Man (talk) 04:02, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, almost every "X vs. Y" or "differences between X and Y" article is unencyclopedic. Radiant! 08:25, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 10:14, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that the above user's sole raison d'etre is to follow me around and make tiny edits to articles I have just edited, and to vote the opposite of the way I vote on VfD pages. RickK 23:41, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that the above user's personal attack is completely untrue. I think this article is worth keeping, I was interested to read it even if Rick was not. The Recycling Troll 14:51, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, Rick's statement seems entirely factual. Jayjg (talk) 07:18, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * This gives the notion to many that lion vs tiger is entirely 50/50 however this has not been widely accepted. Very informative. Delete. Fredrik | talk 10:52, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you believe many students are taught to write in this style? Anyway, delete this article for being speculative original research on an encyclopedic topic. -R. fiend 17:45, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research, at least. Could be a deletionist trap set to embarass any inclusionists who might vote to keep it.  --BM 20:48, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent.... Gamaliel 21:07, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Comparison articles are pointless. --Woohookitty 01:32, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - possibly add info to each page for the "younger readers" but not necessary Selphie 12:56, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC) *talk*
 * Delete X vs. Y articles usually not encyclopedic. --Holdek 22:13, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep This should be kept, it does not break any rules and shows no bias toward neither animals.
 * Great Article Why should we delete it? It has some great info in it.
 * Keep I've always wanted to know who wins between these two animals, so I think it should be kept.
 * Keep Maybe wikify instead.
 * Above four unsigned remarks added all within a period of of a few minutes of each other by 24.6.241.70 Dpbsmith (talk) 01:43, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Neither original research nor dubious claims are allowed on Wikipedia.
 * Above remark by User:Andrew pmk Dpbsmith (talk) 01:49, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Nice topic and shows no bias in it.
 * Keep. Not a bad way of writing it but needs to be wikified. Keep it.
 * Keep Good read on a very close match up.
 * Okay It isn't the greatest but it is okay to keep.
 * Keep. Not bad, wikify it though.
 * Keep As long it does not contain any bias which I don't see, I think it is fine.
 * ALL of the six unsigned remarks above were added in a single edit by 24.6.241.70. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:49, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep While it is true that X vs Y articles are usually not worth keeping, (of course Supreme Court cases are worth keeping), this is an exception. A pretty good and decent article. Sjakkalle 12:44, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * User first signed up with this name on the same day he/she made this vote. RickK 00:08, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Silly speculation. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:26, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Tiger, of course. Also, delete.  -Sean Curtin 03:16, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Lest we be swamped with Portugese Man-of-War Vs Gila Monster or Arboreal Salamander Vs African Palm Swifts. Although I wouldn't mind seeing Kodiak Bear Vs Anne Coulter ;P Sabine's Sunbird 03:48, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Boxer vs. Wrestler! Karate vs. Judo! Roger Maris vs. Mark Maguire! And, of course, List of hypothetical contests!
 * Delete. Original research. Un-encyclopedic. Sock puppets. DaveTheRed 06:53, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Very interesting topic, could use more authoritative sources, though. - Marcika 07:10, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as not encyclopedic, original research. Jonathunder 00:47, 2005 Mar 5 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonencyclopedic, speculative and just plain pointless. DreamGuy 00:49, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Completely silly. BTfromLA 09:17, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Very Interesting article.
 * Note: The above line is yet another edit by 24.6.241.70, who has a number of votes here in the double digits. The unregistered user should know that he/she is wasting his/her time, as multiple votes do not count. DreamGuy 03:09, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Original research, non-encyclopedic speculation, sockpuppet supported. Jayjg (talk)  07:18, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
John McCullough (actor)

John Edward McCullough (November 2, 1832 – November 8, 1885) was an Irish-born American actor.

Biography
John Edward McCullough was born in Coleraine, Ireland. He went to America at the age of 16, and made his first appearance on the stage at the Arch Street Theatre, Philadelphia, in 1857. In support of Edwin Forrest and Edwin Booth he played second roles in Shakespearean and other tragedies, and Forrest left him by will all his prompt books. Virginius was his greatest success, although even in this part and as Othello he was coldly received in England (1881). On the night of September 29, 1884, he broke down on stage at McVicker's Theater in Chicago and was unable to recite his lines. The audience, thinking he was drunk, hissed and booed.

In fact, McCullough was suffering from the early stages of general paresis. He was later committed to the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum but continued to decline and finally died on November 8, 1885, in an asylum in Philadelphia. His "insane ravings" became popular and were imitated in one of the first audio recordings.

He is interred at Mount Moriah Cemetery.

Career and legacy
On March 18, 1865, less than a month before he assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, John Wilkes Booth appeared at Ford's Theatre, Washington, in the play The Apostate which was performed as a benefit for John McCullough.

McCullough came West in 1866 with his mentor Edwin Forrest where he grew as an actor through practice before audiences in Sacramento and Virginia City. The most celebrated roles of McCullough's career, King Lear, Virginius, and Richelieu were first performed before Virginia City audiences.

In 1869, in partnership with Lawrence Barrett, McCullough built the California Theatre on Bush Street in San Francisco. It boomed during economic prosperity becoming one of the best regarded theaters West of the Rocky Mountains. Selling out his interest in 1877, McCullough created a combination company that toured America. He was known for an intelligent, but not intellectual Hamlet and had an average Joe quality in performance which tied him to the West's working classes.

McCullough died in 1885, six days after his 53rd birthday. Edwin Booth reportedly declined to contribute to the fund for McCullough's elaborate granite gravesite monument in Philadelphia, stating that greater actors than him, such as his own father and Edwin Forrest, had no similar monuments upon their graves.

Haunting
An apocryphal version of his death which arose as theatre lore is reported by the National Theatre in Washington, D.C., where he appeared a number of times in various roles between 1875 and 1889 [incorrect date—he died in 1885]. According to this version of events, McCullough was murdered backstage by a fellow actor, was buried by members of the acting company in a cellar beneath the stage, and is a resident ghost.

title: John McCullough (actor)


text:
Talk:Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Nice article, Jdorney. Congratulations! -- Derek Ross | Talk 06:43, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Cheers! If anyone has anything more or corrections to add, please go ahead Jdorney

Scottish Civil War-Corrections and Amendments
I've edited this article to eliminate a number of errors, both of fact and interpretation. These are as follows:

1. The Scottish Civil War officially came to an end with the surrender of the King in 1646, not 1647.

2. Charles never attempted to impose Episcopacy (it is terminologically incorrect to describe this as 'Anglicanism' in relation to Scotland) on 'Presbyterian' Scotland for the simple reason that the Church of Scotland already had an Episcopal structure. Bishops were only outlawed, and Presbyterianism established, after the Glasgow General Assembly in November, 1638. The National Covenant was specifically directed against innovations that had not been examined and tested by free parliaments and assemblies of the church. Unfortunately, I've come across this annoying error in a number of Wikipedia pieces dealing with this whole period.

3. In reference to the Bishops' Wars 'impose his will' has been substituted for 're-conquer', for the obvious reason that the country had never been conquered in the first place. Besides Charles' strategy during the First Bishops' War was essentially based on a massive bluff.

4. The Solemn League and Covenant was signed in 1643, but the Scottish army did not enter England until January, 1644.

5. 'The Scots promptly handed him over to the English Parliament in return for a large cash payment.' Another major error! Charles was taken to the Scots' base at Newcastle, where he remained for the best part of a year. During this time repeated attempts were made to persuade him to sign the Covenant, with no sucess. Unable to take him north into a politically volatile Scotland, he was then handed over to the commissioners of Parliament in 1647. The Scots then received part payment for the service of their army (the full sum was never paid.)

6. Montrose left for Norway in 1646, not 1647.

7. Cromwell did not cross from Ireland to Scotland. He returned to England in May 1650 to take full command of the New Model Army, before proceeding north.

8. Cromwell did not lay siege to Edinburgh. Rather he and Leslie manoeuvred and counter-manoeuvred around the city. Finally, his army weakened by sickness, he ordered a withdrawal to his base at Dunbar, not a retreat to England.

9. The suggestion that Leslie was ordered into battle at Dunbar by the General Assembly is a myth. He himself decided that the English had been sufficiently weakened to allow him to risk a full-scale engagement. It was a serious miscalculation.

10. It was General John Lambert who won the battle of Inverkeithing. Cromwell remained south of the Forth, ready to advance towards Stirling. The intention was to force Charles out of his defensive positions in central Scotland. Charles was left with a stark choice: retreat north pursued by Cromwell, or risk an invasion of England.

11. The Glorious Revolution took place in 1688, not 1689.

Rcpaterson 01:34, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Hi RC. Those look like good changes. re the Episcoplian question, if you see this error, you should change it, remember that errors appear on wikipedia due to gaps in user's knowledge (in this case mine) and should be cleaned up by users with more info. That's how this thing works.

Two very minor quibbles with your edits. First, while the King surrendered in 1646, MacColla held out in Kintyre until the following year, when he left for Ireland. Montrose subsequently mounted a royalist expedition in 1649. So can we really say that the struggle between Scottish Royalists and Covenanters ended in 1646?

Second, re Leslie at Dunbar, it may be a myth that he was orderr into battle by the general assembly, but it is a very widely reported one. If the evidence suggests otherwise, that's ok, but I think the text should also expalin there there are allegations of political/religious interference in his decisions. Jdorney 15:01, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Good Evening! Thanks for your observations. I have, in point of fact, changed the misconception about the organization of the church in Scotland whenever I have come across it (a number of times!)

The period from 1642 to 1651/2 was, as you obviously know, a term of tremendous political instability throughout the British Isles, and you will probably find small bush fires at any point during this time, even in periods of 'peace.' However, one of the conditions of Charles' surrender to the Scots army at Newark in May 1646 was that he ordered all forces operating in his name to lay down arms. It was under these instructions that Montrose left Scotland. Maccolla is a slightly different case, because he fought first and foremost for his clan and family, but I have a feeling that he was driven out of Kintyre in 1646. (I can not check this because I do not have the references to hand at the moment!) Besides, by this time, his forces were largly reduced to a hard core of Irish troops.

Montrose did not land in Orkney until the spring of 1650 (not 1649). His abortive invasion of the mainland was a small-scale sideshow rather than a wholesale renewal of the civil war.

I have said elsewhere that once a myth is up and running it is almost impossible to knock it down. The story about the General Assembly and the battle of Dunbar has been repeated ad nauseam, but it is totally untrue. I carried out extensive research on the Dunbar campaign for a book I wrote on the Covenanter Wars, and found no evidence of any attempt to interfere with Leslie's field operations (offical purges of the army prior to the campaign were quite a different thing.) I  have no wish to set this story up again myself, but I would have no objection to you making some reference to it if you want. Best wishes. Rcpaterson 23:37, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Hi. Yes, on closer inspection you're right about those Montrose MacColla dates, mea culpa!

I'm going to add a small reference to the general assembly interference thing, see what you think.

Jdorney 09:23, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Yes, that's fine.

Incidentally, I left a response you your question on David Leslie on the Battle of Philiphaugh talk page (having just remembered that I came across your signature elsewhere!). Rcpaterson 22:47, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

page title?
Is this page title appropriate? I've never heard the Scottish struggle named as simply "the Scottish Civil War". The contemporary struggle in England was obviously the "English Civil War," and the conflict as a whole seems now to be called the "War of the Three Kingdoms." I believe the Irish conflict of the same time period is the "Irish Rebellion." Seems to me that this should be at Scottish Civil War (1642-1646), or some such - google search on "Scottish Civil War" -wikipedia brings up a book about the Bruces and the Balliols in the 14th century. The Conflict following the deposition of Mary Stuart was also a Scottish Civil War, I should think, and quite a notable one. Is there any evidence that the primary referent for "Scottish Civil War" is this conflict, or is this merely a result of trying to parallel this struggle with the English one? john k 01:52, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

In writings on the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, it is always called the Scottish Civil War. Whether it should have the sole claim to this in Scottish history, I couldn't say for certain. Another problem is that part of this article, dealing with 1650 onwards, is actually referring to a war between England and Scotland. However it seems messy to separate them. We could call it Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, but this seems very cumbersome to me.

The Irish Rebellion of 1641, deals only with the early months of the war in Ireland. The remaining years 1642-53, are referred to on wikipedia as the Irish Confederate Wars, although they have also been called the "Wars of Religion", the "Eleven Years War", the "Irish Civil War" (though this name is now almost always used to refer to the 1922-1923 war) by historians and several other names. The only consensus on naming this war is for its final stage, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, 1649-53.

Jdorney 15:09, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * None of the sources I have consulted use the title "Scottish Civil War", instead they simply treat the fighting in Scotland as an extension of the English civil war. This term appears to be a WP:Fringe theory. FOARP (talk) 13:07, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

Campaign Box
Is it possable to update the campaign box to include the Battle of Carbisdale (1650) and the Battle of Stirling (1648). Both are historically important. After the battle of Stirling in 1648 the two opposing sides made peace bringing together the forces of Campbell the Marquess of Argyll and the Earl of Lanericks forces. Both sides were covenantors. The battle of Carbisdale in 1650 was even more important as it was the final defeat of James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose.

The campign box currently looks like this and I was hoping to add these two battles

mjgm84 12:15, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If you follow this link Campaignbox Scottish Civil War to the template you can then edit the template source to include those battles. Should be straight forward, but give me a shout if you need any help. Thanks/wangi 12:32, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Scottish Civil War?
Is the title of this article not misleading? When this become the Scottish Civil War? The only book to have the title "Scottish Civil War" refers to the Wars of Scottish Independence. This seems like a wiki neologism ... anglicizing the terminology of Scottish history. There are loads of Scottish civil wars ... no reason for this one to get that title. The page should be moved to a established historical term. Calgacus (ΚΑΛΓΑΚΟΣ) 01:47, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Most of the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century were against the English the only Civil War at that time was a brief conflict between Robert the Bruce and John Comyn, rival to the thrown. As for Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, in the 17th century it is actuall more often reffered to as the Scottish Civil War although it was part of the same war as the English Civil War. Which technically went on in Scotland until 1654. "Wars of the Three Kingdoms" could be incorrect because the Kingdom of Scotland, England and Ireland were all under the same Crown which is why the term "Civil War" is used. Psycotics1454 18:22, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * However, War of the Three Kingdoms does at least have modern usage behind it and is, compared to the other terms, less misleading. No name is going to be perfect. "Scottish Civil War" does not appear to be the common name for the fighting in Scotland during the English civil wars, which is treated as an extension of the civil wars into Scotland.FOARP (talk) 13:10, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Should we consider clarifying these wars' respective relationships to the English Civil War clearly in the introduction? CessnaMan1989 (talk) 17:50, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Battle of Culloden pic
The Battle of Culloden pic is inappropriate here becase it is from a different war. The wars of the three kingdoms was in the mid 17th century. Culloden was 100 years later in the mid 18th century. Furthermore the Highland charge was not pioneerd in the 17th century, it had been long in use centuries before. 193.195.194.165 (talk) 12:15, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Battle pages
I just made a few improvements to the Battle of Kilsyth page, and was wondering if some people could make a push to improve the pages concerning the Scottish aspect of the war. The Kilsyth page needs a decent photo, plus some more references, and a little more information on the commanders and order of battle. I'm sure some of the other battle pages need similar work. The pages on the units and commanders of the campaign could also do with some work. So this is basically a request for people to do some work on this area - it badly needs updating to bring it up to the same standard as pages on the Civil War in England and Ireland. Mathewannis (talk) 03:26, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Proposed change in Result box
"Covenanters defeat Royalists but are themselves defeated by an English Parliamentarian conquest of Scotland in 1650-51."

Shouldn't that read "...of Lowland Scotland in 1650-51." as the highlands were not conquered.86.171.240.101 (talk) 19:20, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Interregnum
I am setting up a new Military history task force at WikiProject Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Interregnum all welcome to join. -- PBS (talk) 10:19, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Timeline
I just added a timeline. I freely confess that I am not a scholar of this time period or location. I was having trouble making sense of all the disparate articles, and thought others might have similar problems. I would be perfectly content for someone more knowledgeable to take over. – Smallus Editus (talk) 21:09, 17 May 2020 (UTC)


text:
Rhapsody (operating system)

Rhapsody is an operating system that was developed by Apple Computer after its purchase of NeXT in the late 1990s. It is the fifth major release of the Mach-based operating system that was developed at NeXT in the late 1980s, previously called OPENSTEP and NEXTSTEP. Rhapsody was targeted to developers for a transition period between the Classic Mac OS and Mac OS X. Rhapsody represented a new and exploratory strategy for Apple, more than an operating system, and runs on x86-based PCs and on Power Macintosh.

Rhapsody's OPENSTEP based Yellow Box API frameworks were ported to Windows NT for creating cross-platform applications. Eventually, the non-Apple platforms were discontinued, and later versions consist primarily of the OPENSTEP operating system ported to Power Macintosh, merging the Copland-originated GUI of Mac OS 8 with that of OPENSTEP. Several existing classic Mac OS frameworks were ported, including QuickTime and AppleSearch. Rhapsody can run Mac OS 8 and its applications in a paravirtualization layer called Blue Box for backward compatibility during migration to Mac OS X.

Naming
Rhapsody follows Apple's pattern through the 1990s of music-related codenames for operating system releases (see Rhapsody (music)). Apple had canceled its previous next-generation operating system strategy of Copland (named for American composer, Aaron Copland) and its pre-announced successor Gershwin (named for George Gershwin, composer of Rhapsody in Blue). Other musical code names include Harmony (Mac OS 7.6), Tempo (Mac OS 8), Allegro (Mac OS 8.5), and Sonata (Mac OS 9).

Previous attempts to develop a successor to the Classic Mac OS
In the mid-1990s, Mac OS was falling behind Windows. In 1993, Microsoft had introduced the next-generation Windows NT, which was a processor-independent, multiprocessing and multi-user operating system. At the time, Mac OS was still a single-user OS, and had gained a reputation for being unstable. Apple made several attempts to develop modern replacements for Mac OS, which all failed, harming public confidence in the company, while Macintosh sales continued to decline. Apple's most promising next-generation operating system, Copland, was mismanaged and had to be abandoned in 1996. In response, Apple CEO Gil Amelio decided to acquire or license an already-built operating system from another company. Apple's executive team considered BeOS, NeXT's NeXTSTEP, Sun Microsystems' Solaris, and Windows NT, and eventually acquired NeXT in December 1996.

Announcement
Rhapsody was announced by Gil Amelio at the January 7, 1997 Macworld Expo SF, and first demonstrated at the May 1997 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC).

Pitch to developers
At Macworld SF 1997, Steve Jobs said that Mac OS and its Macintosh Toolbox placed developers on the "fifth floor", Windows NT on the "seventh floor", while Rhapsody's OpenStep libraries would let developers start on the "twentieth floor". Jobs argued that this would make it faster to implement existing apps, and would allow even small developer teams to create innovative apps. At the time, fewer than 25% of Americans used computers, and many thought the computing industry was "just waiting to take off"; most existing applications were office tools, and "the software for the vast majority of people [had] yet to be written". Jobs gave the examples of Lighthouse Design, which had created an entire office suite for NeXTSTEP with only 18 employees, Tim Berners-Lee, who had created WorldWideWeb, the first web browser, on NeXTSTEP, and Dell, which created its first eCommerce website using NeXT's WebObjects.

Since Yellow Box was also available on Windows as a dynamic-link library (DLL), Yellow Box apps would be able to run on both Rhapsody and Windows through a recompile. Microsoft provided no equivalent that would enable Win32 apps to run on other platforms. Additionally, Rhapsody itself could be installed on either PowerPC Macintoshes or Intel x86 PCs, enlarging developers' potential customer base.

Pitch to users
Apple pitched Rhapsody to users by emphasizing its improved stability and responsiveness. For example, on classic Mac OS, incoming faxes could leave the machine frozen until the fax completes; and if an app crashed, it could take down the whole system and require a reboot, potentially leading to data loss. Additionally, Rhapsody would inherit NeXTSTEP's local network sharing functionality, and make it easy to share data across apps. At Macworld SF 1997, Steve Jobs vaunted NeXTSTEP's maturity by pointing out that it had been adopted by many large organizations, including Wall Street banks and the CIA. BYTE magazine described NeXTSTEP as "field-tested, time-proven code" in January 1998, ten years after the operating system's introduction.

Planned transition from Mac OS
Apple's plan was to maintain compatibility with "most" existing Mac OS applications through Blue Box but require apps to be rewritten for Yellow Box to take advantage of Rhapsody's new features. Blue Box would run in a window, and support System 7 apps (Motorola 68k and PowerPC), but would only be able to support apps that did not need to communicate with the hardware. Throughout Rhapsody's development, Apple would continue to release major upgrades to the classic Mac OS, which would remain supported for several years after Rhapsody's public release.

Architecture
Rhapsody runs on a modified Mach 2.5 kernel and 4.4BSD Unix environment. Atop that were the threaded, object-oriented Yellow Box libraries, the Blue Box compatibility layer for Mac OS applications, and a Java virtual machine. Rhapsody combines NeXT's OpenStep object-oriented framework, NeXT's other frameworks (WebObjects, Enterprise Objects Framework), and Apple's Mac OS technologies (including AppleScript, QuickTime Media Layer, ColorSync, Apple events). Rhapsody uses the Unix File System (UFS) for hard disks, and Network File System on network drives.

Pixels are drawn onscreen using Display PostScript instead of Mac OS's QuickDraw. Since Display PostScript relies on the same PostScript language that is used to communicate with printers, no conversion process is required when printing, and printed documents are more faithful to how they look onscreen.

Rhapsody supports app development in three programming languages: Objective-C, Java, and C++.

Kernel
Rhapsody uses Carnegie Mellon University's Mach 2.5 kernel, which was modified to add support for the Network File System, SCSI disks, and removable devices like CD-ROMs and Jaz drives. This kernel lacks symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support, which was planned to be added in a later release of Rhapsody that would use a Mach 3.0 kernel. Mach had been created at CMU by Avie Tevanian, who was in charge of Rhapsody's development as Apple's senior vice president of software engineering, a role he previously held at NeXT.

In a WWDC 1997 presentation, Jeff Robbin said Rhapsody was based on Mach 2.6.

Blue Box
Blue Box is a non-reentrant virtualization layer that allows Rhapsody to run classic Mac OS apps. It was released after Rhapsody DR1, in the form of an application called MacOS.app that loaded a Macintosh ROM file stored on disk. Blue Box did not support Mac OS applications that needed hardware access or that relied on non-public Mac OS APIs.

Blue Box beta 1.0 only worked in full screen, requiring users to press cmd to exit the environment, and it implements networking through Open Transport, instead of Rhapsody's BSD sockets. Later versions of Blue Box could run Mac OS in a window.

Rhapsody's Blue Box environment, available only on PowerPC due to paravirtualization, provides runtime compatibility with Mac OS 8 applications. All virtualized applications and their associated windows are encapsulated within a single Blue Box desktop window instead of being interspersed with native Yellow Box applications.

Blue Box later became the Classic environment, which remained in Mac OS X until Mac OS X Tiger, with support for Classic dropped in Mac OS X Leopard.

Yellow Box
Yellow Box is Rhapsody's development platform. It consists of much of the OpenStep framework, combined with a runtime, and a development environment. Since Yellow Box also had a Windows NT implementation, apps made for it could also run natively on Microsoft Windows, and would look like normal Windows applications. Yellow Box includes three major frameworks: Foundation, Application Kit, and Display PostScript. It also includes NeXTSTEP's Project Builder and Interface Builder development tools.

Yellow Box has full support for preemptive multitasking, multithreading, and protected memory (which would have only been partially supported under the previous Copland project). Third-party apps would need to be rewritten for Yellow Box to take advantage of Rhapsody's new features.

In May 1997, Amelio announced that Yellow Box would be renamed Concert.

Yellow Box was later used as the foundation for Mac OS X's Cocoa framework.

Java virtual machine
Rhapsody's Java virtual machine is derived from Sun's JDK 1.1.3, which was modified so that Java apps could call Yellow Box APIs. Rhapsody DR1 included Sun's Java compiler and libraries.

Developer releases
Apple issued two developer releases of Rhapsody for both the PowerPC and Intel x86 architectures.

Developer Release 1
The first developer release of Rhapsody was released on October 13, 1997 (for Power Macintosh) to 10,000 developers, who were given two CDs: the bootable Rhapsody installer, and another CD with sample source code (including a version of TextEdit in Java that calls Yellow Box APIs). Apple modified its implementation of Open Firmware to allow users to dual boot Rhapsody and Mac OS by holding down caps lock. DR1 did not have Blue Box, and was missing many promised Mac OS technologies like QuickTime, AppleScript, and AppleTalk; its main purpose was to give developers a shipping version of Yellow Box so they could start rewriting their apps for it. DR1 has OPENSTEP's Workspace Manager instead of the Mac OS Finder. Within the following weeks, Apple also released the Windows version of the Yellow Box runtime, as well as DR1 of Rhapsody for PC Compatibles (Intel), and the first release of Blue Box.

The overall developer reaction to DR1 was positive. BYTE magazine 's Tom Thompson described DR1 as a "Jekyll-and-Hyde mixture" of an "amazingly Mac-like" user interface and hard-to-use NeXTSTEP components, some of which could only be configured properly through the command line, but said it "did not crash once" during his testing.

User interface
Rhapsody's user interface was considered preliminary, with the developer previews focusing on the system's underlying architecture. Its user interface was a blend of the OPENSTEP UI and Mac OS 8's Platinum UI, with the latter originating with the cancelled Copland prototype. Developer Release 1 (DR1) does not have Mac OS's Finder, and has OPENSTEP's Workspace Manager, Shelf, and column view. The Shelf was eliminated in favor of OPENSTEP's Dock; and Finder was added, inheriting column view.

Reception
Developers were "impressed" and "enthusiastic" about Apple's plans, but, with Copland in mind, many were skeptical of Apple's ability to deliver on these plans, and the Macintosh's declining sales raised doubts about Apple's odds of survival. As a result, "many" developers were unwilling to commit to rewriting their apps for Rhapsody, which posed a chicken-and-egg problem, since Rhapsody would not be commercially successful without apps rewritten to take advantage of its new features.

Technology columnist Walt Mossberg observed that many third-party developers were already abandoning the Mac due to its shrinking market share, and that NeXTSTEP's lack of consumer applications, combined with the need to rewrite apps for Rhapsody, "[made] buying a Mac a relatively risky investment" compared to buying a Windows 95 or Windows NT computer.

To assuage developers' concerns, Apple announced in May 1997 that it would add support for Yellow Box apps to Mac OS, to make the transition from Mac OS smoother. However, the same month, Apple announced in an SEC filing that contrary to its previous earnings guidance, it would fail to return to profitability by the fourth quarter of fiscal year 1997 (ending in September), and that it expected Macintosh net sales to continue to decline. In Q4 FY1997, quarterly Macintosh sales declined from 932,000 to 625,000 year-over-year, and Apple had an operating loss of $24 million (though it still had $1.45 billion in cash). Shortly before the August 6, 1997 Macworld Expo Boston, Amelio tried to obtain a commitment from Microsoft to release Office for Rhapsody, but Bill Gates refused. Some small developers announced Rhapsody ports of their apps, including Stone Design's Create, Anderson Financial systems' PasteUp, Onyshuk & Associates' Glyphix, OpenBase, and Dantz Development's Retrospect.

In February 1998, Macworld columnist David Pogue wrote:

"The intriguing thing about Apple's upcoming Rhapsody OS is that it'll be available for Mac and Intel computers. What if it's a huge hit? What if it's cheaper and less troublesome than Windows and NT? What if it dawns on software companies that they can write one Rhapsody program and sell it on both 'Mac' and 'Windows' machines? The experience of using a computer is determined mostly by its system software. In other words, Rhapsody will put Apple elegance on any personal computer, no matter who made it. Every PC in the world will become, in effect, a Mac. On the other hand, a Rhapsody triumph would mean nobody'd have to buy computers from Apple anymore. Has Apple thought this thing through?"

Strategy
In a meeting with Michael Dell, owner of PC maker Dell, Steve Jobs demonstrated Rhapsody on Intel x86, and offered to license the operating system to Dell for distribution on its PCs. The deal failed, however, when Jobs insisted that all of its computers ship with both Mac OS and Windows so that consumers could choose the platform they prefer (which would have resulted in Dell having to pay royalties to Apple for every computer it sells), as opposed to Dell's preference that the choice of OS be a factory option.

In mid-1997, after Amelio was ousted as Apple's CEO and Jobs informally replaced him, the company grew quieter on Rhapsody, leading to speculation over its fate. At the October 1997 Seybold publishing conference, Jobs announced that the transition would be more "gradual" than previously announced by Amelio, and would follow a "dual-OS" strategy, with Rhapsody oriented towards servers, followed by a consumer released several years later, imitating Microsoft's Windows NT strategy.

At WWDC 1998 held in May, Apple stated that "not a single" major third-party developer had committed to rewriting their apps for Rhapsody. Apple instead unveiled their Mac OS X strategy: classic Mac OS applications would not need a complete rewrite to run well on the system, which Jobs said could have taken as long as two years; instead, applications could run on Mac OS X with only "minor adjustments". Apple also ported existing classic Mac OS frameworks into Mac OS X and developed the cross-platform Carbon API for Mac OS 9 and X as the transition layer. Widely used Mac OS libraries like QuickTime and AppleScript were ported and published to developers. Carbon allows full compatibility and native functionality for both platforms, while enabling new features. Apple also announced that Adobe, Microsoft and Macromedia were on board with the new strategy, and had committed to releasing their applications for Mac OS X. Programmer Dave Winer celebrated the new strategy.

As part of the landmark Microsoft antitrust trial, Avie Tevanian argued that Rhapsody's failure was partly caused by Windows's dominance, which made new operating system platforms inherently uncompetitive; however, The Register 's John Lettice argued that "those [Yellow Box] APIs Apple couldn't get developers to support [...] are of course APIs that NeXT couldn't get developers to support". Lettice described Rhapsody as inherently flawed, stating that: "The theory of this school of OS development [that] says you allow users to run their existing apps while making it possible for a whole new generation of compelling apps to take over in the long run" is a strategy that "has not so far worked in practice".

Though developers were expecting Rhapsody DP3, Steve Jobs announced at the July 1998 MacWorld Expo NY that an improved version of Rhapsody would be publicly released as Mac OS X Server 1.0, which would bundle WebObjects, the QuickTime Streaming Server, and an Apache web server.

Legacy
Apple forked Rhapsody into Darwin, an open source operating system that is the foundation for Apple's current commercial operating systems.

Since Rhapsody could run on both PowerPC and Intel x86, some commentators speculated that Apple could be planning to switch the Macintosh from PowerPC to Intel processors. This switch occurred in 2005, with Apple revealing that it had internally tested Intel builds of Mac OS X since the year 2000.

In 2016, historian Hanson Hsu called Steve Jobs's vision for developers "prescient" (Jobs's vision is described in the §Pitch to developers section). Many NeXTSTEP innovations were foundational to Mac OS X, including the Cocoa framework, Interface Builder (which became part of Xcode), and the Objective-C programming language. These technologies attracted many indie developers to the Mac, and are still in use today on the Mac; they were later used on the iPhone, the iPad, the Apple Watch, and the Apple TV.

System requirements
The PowerPC version of Rhapsody DR1 required 32MB of RAM (64MB recommended), and 1GB of disk space, and only officially supported the Power Macintosh 9500, 9600, 8500 and 8600.

Release history
Apple initially planned to release a developer preview of Rhapsody in the third quarter of 1997. It would be followed in January 1998 by a consumer release codenamed Rhapsody Premier, containing a preliminary version of Blue Box, the compatibility environment that would allow Rhapsody to run Mac OS apps. The full Blue Box would come in Rhapsody Unified, planned for mid-1998.

Rhapsody's version numbers start at version 5.0, since was a rename of NeXT's operating system, whose last version was OPENSTEP for Mach 4.2. Though Apple never released Rhapsody 5.2, some speculated that it was meant to be Rhapsody Premier.

title: Rhapsody (operating system)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Where the Magic Begins

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CSTAR 07:36, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Where the Magic Begins
Proposed, possible, future video. RickK 06:45, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, someone will rewrite it if it comes out, reirect Disney if necessary --nixie 08:29, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons above. —tregoweth 16:24, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable yet. Megan1967 05:38, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)


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The Moodists

The Moodists were an Australian post-punk band. They were formed in late 1980 by Dave Graney on lead vocals, Clare Moore on drums and Steve Miller on guitar, all from punk group the Sputniks. They added bass guitarist Chris Walsh in early 1981, and in April 1983 added guitarist Mick Turner (ex-Sick Things, Fungus Brains). They issued their sole studio album, Thirsty's Calling, in April 1984. Turner left in January 1985 and the group disbanded in 1987.

History
The Moodists were formed as a rock group in Melbourne late in 1980 after three members of Adelaide-based punk band, the Sputniks, had relocated there: Dave Graney on lead vocals, Clare Moore on drums, and Steve Miller on guitar; they were joined by Steven Carmen on bass guitar. The band were signed by Bruce Milne and Greta Moon to their Au Go Go label in 1981, and Carmen was replaced on bass guitar by Chris Walsh (ex-the Negatives).

The Moodists' debut single, "Where the Trees Walk Downhill", was issued in October 1981. It was followed by a second single, "Gone Dead", in June 1982, which was produced by Victor Van Vugt. A six-track EP, Engine Shudder, appeared in January 1983, co-produced by Van Vugt with Tony Cohen and Chris Thompson. It had been recorded at Richmond Recorders in Melbourne in the previous October; session saxophonists Nick Danyi and David Paliser each provided work on a track. In April of that year, Mick Turner on lead guitar (ex-Sick Things, Fungus Brains) joined. Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane felt Turner provided "his squalling guitar work to the band's unnerving, avant-garage rock noise."

In October 1983, the Moodists relocated to London at the behest of the Red Flame label, which had released an extended version of Engine Shudder with "Gone Dead" added. They recorded their only full album, Thirsty's Calling, with Van Vugt co-producing with the group. It was recorded and mixed at Livingstone Studios, London. Van Vugt had travelled from Melbourne with the band as their live sound mixer. The Moodists performed a John Peel session as the album came out.

Thirsty's Calling was issued in Australia on Virgin Records, and on Red Flame in the United Kingdom. McFarlane declared "[it] drew favourable reviews, although the fickle UK music press tended to harp on about The Birthday Party comparisons. Even such ludicrous descriptions as 'garage jazz-punk' only hinted at the band's powerful sound." They toured Europe and the United States before returning to Australia in November of that year. There they supported Public Image Limited on their 1984 tour of Australia, along with local punk band Box of Fish. Turner left the group to reform Fungus Brains. He would later become a founding mainstay of Dirty Three.

The Moodists' second EP, Double Life (1985), "contained tracks like the rumbling 'Six Dead Birds'." They returned to Australia for six months and then back to the UK. Another John Peel session was undertaken in that year; they then toured northern Europe and had a short US tour. They released a single through Creation Records, "Justice and Money Too", in August 1985. Session musicians included Mick Harvey on piano and Adam Peters on viola. McFarlane noticed that it "featured light, bluesy pop augmented with strings and piano."

The group released more music on the TIM label in 1986; these were co-produced by the band with Van Vugt. McFarlane opined that they "had toned down somewhat, the band had lost none of its ability to craft unique and compelling songs." By that time, Walsh had returned to Australia, and been replaced by David McClymont, previously a member of Scottish band Orange Juice. The Moodists' final gig was in London, with the line-up of Graney, Miller, Moore and McClymont, joined by Malcolm Ross, like McClymont also formerly of Orange Juice, on guitar.

After the Moodists disbanded in 1987, Graney, Moore and Ross formed the first of Graney's solo groups: Dave Graney with the Coral Snakes. This band also included Gordy Blair on bass guitar and Louis Vause on piano. They recorded an EP for Fire Records, which was produced by Barry Adamson.

In 2003, a compilation double CD, Two Fisted Art, was released on the W.Minc label – run by Miller with Graham Lee – and the band reformed for a limited number of live performances in Melbourne. Two Fisted Art featured one disc which collected most of the band's studio recordings; the second disc was live and unreleased material from 1982 in Melbourne and 1984 in London. In 2004, a DVD, The Moodists Live in London, of a performance recorded for British TV in 1984 was released by Umbrella Entertainment. The band were asked for new contributions, and reconvened for a filmed interview for the disc, as well as providing film of another, more raw performance at The Haçienda in Manchester.

title: The Moodists