text:
Etilmon J. Stark

Etilmon Justus Stark (May, 1867 – January 1, 1962) was an American ragtime composer and arranger, the eldest son of ragtime publisher John Stark. His best-known works include the pieces "Trombone Johnsen" (1902), "Billiken Rag" (1913), and "Gum Shoe" (1917), and the arrangements for the collection "Fifteen Standard High Class Rags" (1912), popularly known as "The Red Back Book".

Life and family
Stark was born in Gosport, Indiana, and he was known as "Till". While his birth date has been traditionally cited as 1868, he was actually born in May 1867. E.J. Stark moved to Missouri with his family in his youth. In 1885, his father, who previously had been a farmer and ice cream store proprietor, took the family to Sedalia, Missouri, and opened a music store, John Stark and Son. John Stark later became a music publisher and made his fortune by publishing Scott Joplin's The Maple Leaf Rag. All of the Stark children, including sister Eleanor and brother William were talented musically, but E.J. was the one who achieved greatest success. He died in Maplewood, Missouri.

Career
E.J. Stark became a music instructor, first at the Marmaduke Military Academy in Sweet Springs, Missouri. When Marmaduke burned in 1896, Stark moved to Wentworth Military Academy in Lexington, Missouri. Stark organized Wentworth's first band, and stayed as bandmaster from 1896 to 1905, composing The W.M.A. Cadets' March and some of his first rags, including Kyrene and Trombone Johnsen, during his tenure there. He later wrote several other notable ragtime piano compositions, all published by his father, including a few under the alias "Bud Manchester". He was also the arranger of a collection of ragtime pieces scored for band which became popularly known as the Red Back Book for its red cover.

Compositions

 * Bryan and Sewell - Free Silver (1896)
 * The W.M.A. Cadets' March (1898)
 * Trombone Johnsen (1902)
 * Kyrene (1903)
 * The Black Cat Rag (1905)
 * Brainstorm Rag (as Bud Manchester) (1907)
 * Twilight (1907)
 * Clover Blossoms Rag (1912)
 * Elaine (1913)
 * Billiken Rag (1913)
 * La Mode (1913)
 * Valse Pensive (1913)
 * Chicken Tango (1914)
 * Gum Shoe Fox Trot (1917)
 * We Are Coming, Uncle Sammy (1917)
 * Clover Blossoms Rag (as Bud Manchester)

title: Etilmon J. Stark


text:
Taʻa ʻOa

Taa Oa is the South Marquesan name of a wide bay on the southern coast of Hiva Oa in French Polynesia. The bay is widely known in English as the Bay of Traitors, and in French as Baie des Traitres.

The highest point on Hiva Oa, Temetiu, rises majestically above the western end of the bay.

Atuona, the administrative center of the southern Marquesas, is located on a small inlet, Atuona Bay (called Vevau in Marquesan), on the north shore of Ta‘a ‘Oa. The western extensions of Ta'a Oa are separated from Atuona Bay by a small rock called Hanakee. One of the best harbors in the Marquesas Islands, Taha Uku, is also located on the northern shore, near the eastern end of the bay, separated from Atuona Bay by a headland called Feki.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Taʻa ʻOa


text:
GAF

GAF may refer to:

Military

 * General of the Air Force, US
 * Ghana Armed Forces
 * Guardia alla Frontiera, Italy

Other uses

 * Gaf, a Perso-Arabic letter
 * Gaf (Mandaeism), a demon of the Mandaean underworld
 * GAF Materials Corporation, an American manufacturer
 * General Aniline & Film, its predecessor
 * Gafsa – Ksar International Airport, in Tunisia
 * Gende language
 * Global Assessment of Functioning
 * Government Aircraft Factories, in Australia
 * NeoGAF, formerly Gaming-Age Forums, online video-game forum
 * Great American Family, a television network
 * Great American Faith & Living, its sister network

title: GAF


text:
Phantom energy

Phantom energy is a hypothetical form of dark energy satisfying the equation of state $$ P = w \rho c^2$$ with $$ w < -1$$. It possesses negative kinetic energy, and predicts expansion of the universe in excess of that predicted by a cosmological constant, which leads to a Big Rip. The idea of phantom energy is often dismissed, as it would suggest that the vacuum is unstable with negative mass particles bursting into existence. The concept is hence tied to emerging theories of a continuously created negative mass dark fluid, in which the cosmological constant can vary as a function of time.

Big Rip mechanism
The existence of phantom energy could cause the expansion of the universe to accelerate so quickly that a scenario known as the Big Rip, a possible end to the universe, occurs. The expansion of the universe reaches an infinite degree in finite time, causing expansion to accelerate without bounds. This acceleration necessarily passes the speed of light (since it involves expansion of the universe itself, not particles moving within it), causing more and more objects to leave our observable universe faster than its expansion, as light and information emitted from distant stars and other cosmic sources cannot "catch up" with the expansion. As the observable universe expands, objects will be unable to interact with each other via fundamental forces, and eventually, the expansion will prevent any action of forces between any particles, even within atoms, "ripping apart" the universe, making distances between individual particles infinite.

One application of phantom energy in 2007 was to a cyclic model of the universe, which reverses its expansion extremely shortly before the would-be Big Rip.

title: Phantom energy


text:
Talk:Plain old telephone service

On POTS and PANS
A note, since I don't feel confident enough to edit the article to add this directly. While researching "POTS" in Google and Google Books I discovered something rather interesting. People referred to both POTS and PANS ;-)

That said, the modern day uses of PANS cite it as "Pretty Amazing New Stuff" or "Positively Amazing New Stuff". What's funny is that back in Australian/Commonwealth records, they say "Peculiar and Novel Services". That, in my mind, shows the genesis of POTS and PANS. It was always a retronym, but it first conveyed how POTS was more understandable than PANS. Thirty years later, PANS are cool and POTS went from "plain old" reliable to "plain old" boring. ;-) I wonder if there are other less formal mentions of POTS and PANS that predate 1975-6 or so.

Power Available to a POTS Circuit
What kind of watts and amps move over these lines?

I don't know about watts and amps, but typical phone wires operate with -40vdc on them when idle (negative voltage impedes oxidation/corrosion), and in the area of -22vdc when 'off-hook.'

Ring voltage is about 110vac in bursts. This was originally meant to actually power the classic telephone ringer bell, but today's phones look for that AC signal to turn on thier solid state ringers. On a side note, Caller ID is transmitted between the first and second ring signals.

DSL, T1 and other data circuits typically operate at a higher voltage, from 90-220vdc.

On a dry day, you can handle bare telephone wires and the -40vdc does not pull enough amperage for you to feel it, though you will get a good tingle if you are in contact with a good ground. Even ungrounded, ring voltage will get your attention quite well.

Hope that helps some.

I'm not sure where the above mentioned -40vdc comes from but I can tell you that virtually all telephone company equipment is powered by -48vdc (forty-EIGHT) power plants located at the telephone company central offices. It is possible that the line voltage FROM the equipment is different than the -48 INPUT voltage. It is also very possible that the voltage MEASURED on the line in a home is much less than the voltage PUT on the line in the central office because of the loss in the circuit. Bellhead 00:24, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Nominal values as sent from the CO: DC/battery -48vdc, and Ring 90vac. These values can be lower at the jacks in you house due to volt drop in the possible miles long wire from the CO to your house.  DC/battery is 6-8 vdc when off hook.  My DSL line certainly has standard -48vdc CO voltage.  In alot of cities and burbs POTS lines are likely not going all the way back to the CO.  There will be digital Pair Gain going on where the POTS lines will originate from the Pair Gain equipment much closer to the customers being served.  66.114.93.6 (talk) 05:13, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Added a section heading. Anyone who can improve it is welcome,  Regards, PeterEasthope (talk) 01:48, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Merge with PSTN?
POTS stands for Plain Old Telephone Service and has been used for many decades. It is a plain old analog phone line to connect to a plain old telephone and the technical parameters that made that happen.

PSTN stands for Public Switched Telephone Network and has been used for a shorted period of time. It primarily describes, as the name suggests, the really big picture of calls being connected (switched) throughout the country and the world. It is not a specific technology but thousands of technologies that work together to get a call from one place to another — Preceding unsigned comment added by Foggieday (talk • contribs) 18:06, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

Isn't POTS just a popular synonym for PSTN? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by AZuliani (talk • contribs) 18:57, 1 February 2007 (UTC).
 * PSTN decribes the overall networking, while POTS describes the specific voice grade service provided to customers. I see no reason for a merger.--Donovan Ravenhull 20:54, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

POTS describes a form of telephone service which includes physical standards and features and is an artifact of maintaining compatibility in the modern communications network. PTSN is an all-encompassing term and not very descriptive. POTS is specific and detailed and can stand on its own. Snafflekid 22:14, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

If you have a POTS jack, and you do not know what phone number is associated with it, you can plug in a phone to it and dial your cell phone, so you can identify the phone number. You can also use a special number that your local phone company uses, to get an automated response that repeats the phone number that your calling from. The local phone company does not normally give out this number - does anyone know what number that is for local Verizon, in New York ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.198.119.131 (talk) 16:21, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Identifying an unused POTS jack with its phone number:

The term "POTS" has never been used by any telephone company I am familiar with, and I worked for Bell Canada for 4 years, who shared terminology and technology with AT&T until its breakup. The first time I heard "POTS" I asked the speaker to explain. He said first read it in a Time magazine article. There you go! Because Time magazine used it, it's legit! Nonetheless, "POTS" a coloquialism for PSTN. That said, it should be merged. Stephen M Brown (talk) 17:39, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I strongly disagree. I've been in the industry for 25 years and use the term "POTS" all the time. My colleagues are very familiar with it too. For example, the term "POTS line" is frequently used to specify a type of phone line (and its associated services) and to differentiate it from an "ISDN line", a "CENTREX line", a "PBX line", etc. Granted, it is not a marketing term and is probably not commonly understood outside the industry. Snafflekid summed it up well (see above). Bellhead (talk) 15:27, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Is there a chance that the term "POTS" arose in AT&T Bell culture after the 1959 Bell Canada/AT&T split and Canadians didn't encounter it so much? It's pretty much the one and only term used between telecom people for a traditional phone line in the U.S.  I've had to deal with SBC/AT&T (local RBOC), GTE, and CLECs since the mid-1990s, and they all refer to traditional telephone signals as POTS and "POTS lines", to distinguish those lines from proprietary PBX signalling, ISDN, PRI, and channelized T1, all of which were running on nearby pairs also, and the last three of which were all considered PSTN here also, at least by the terminology we used: they all went right back to the telephone central office, all had phone numbers, and all could take calls.  POTS was the kind of PSTN service that you could hook a normal telephone to.  For Stephen Brown: Are ISDN or PRI talked about as being "PSTN" in Canada? --Closeapple (talk) 15:42, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

please don't merge PSTN with POTS. instead, PSTN should include POTS as a type of connection; that being purely analog; but PSTN also inclues, for example, fiber optic connections, which are digital.

oh, and for the record, since nobody seems to know this anymore except some of us old Phreaks:

POTS has 3 main components: 1. dc loop. originally not to exceed 10 ma at 48 volts. when active (circuit closed, off-hook) from a FXS, FXO provides dialtone. 2. duplex Audio. what you say and what you hear. superimposed upon the DC loop 3. Ringing voltage. low frequency AC (20-25 hertz in the US, originally 96 Volts, or twice dc loop voltage). Originates at the FXO. can only happen when the DC loop is open on the FXS.

Also, the wiki here links to pages that define FXO and FXS. Those pages define FXO and FXS incorrectly, as each other; but FXS is mis-labelled as a "foreign exchange station". None such exists. It's "foreign exchange subscriber".

reference this page: http://www.dceexpress.com/FXS_FXO_Discussion.htm or ask Steve Wosniak. Speaking of the Wos, the wiki page on blue boxes has so much better, well-sourced information about the telephone; if you ask me, this page, and PSTN should be merged into it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.150.46.254 (talk) 17:51, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Combining the old with the new telephonic technology
As and adendum, I can testify first hand that my 1915 Western Telephone candle stick phone still works even after I switched to FIOS fiber optics services via the POTS 4 wire telephone copper lines. To put it another way, I can call my wife from my 100 year old candle stick phone from my home over FIOS to her mobile phone with reasonable quality. It does sound like an antique phone, but its good enough. Alexander Graham Bell would be proud Im sure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by TmasAv8r (talk • contribs) 20:52, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

 * How do you dial? Bouncing the hook-switch at the right rate? Or, does your wife just call you? — Dgtsyb (talk) 22:21, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

 * That image is of a 1920's phone. The 1915 models did not have a dial. — Dgtsyb (talk) 01:05, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Some telephone companies were dial by 1915, but these were mostly independents as the Bell System only began deploying dial exchanges in 1919. I presume then this Western Telephone was not Western Electric, Bell's manufacturing arm. K7L (talk) 01:53, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

Implications of Technology Development

Speaking of combining old with new telecom technologies, Internet and data center firms have gone on record, according to overseas media sources such as "The Guardian", to point out that our Internet backbone is insufficient for the increasing emphasis placed on multimedia usage. Internet users in the UK and elsewhere have been encouraged to scale back on YouTube and other bandwidth-heavy uses to ward off network outages. With phone and business systems increasingly Internet based (VoIP, cloud computing, etc.), how do these trends bode for long-term reliability? Moreover, it has been known since the 1800s that a solar flare or CME (coronal mass ejection) can knock out such services --- the so-called Carrington Effect --- with serious consequences. Telecom and electric infrastructure in the US is aging and vulnerable to man-made and natural threats and, less commonly appreciated, so too are the data centers that power the Internet. What, if any, actions are being taken to safeguard our communications networks given how heavily dependent our economy, national security and personal lives have become on this technology? For example, is it wise to concentrate and consolidate operations to rely on a particular technology or are are we better off making an intentional effort to "layer" a level of redundancy --- i.e. discrete components and systems, both analog and digital, old and new, networked and non-networked? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.41.118.199 (talk) 21:41, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

48vdc battery back up
I am increasingly becoming aware that generators are run at modern COs when the power fails these days. 66.114.93.6 (talk) 08:44, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

 * The battery is still there. It takes time to start a generator and all calls would drop in those few seconds. The generator recharges the battery. K7L (talk) 01:56, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

Carrier list
This is very US centric

July 2013 SimonMWatts (talk) 13:35, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I've removed it. Wikipedia is not a directory listing and it adds nothing of value to the article. K7L (talk) 23:51, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

The article implies ISDN was developed in the 1960s, which is incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.30.145.84 (talk) 02:02, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

== Lead issue with statement "POTS was the standard service offering from telephone companies from 1876 until 1988 when the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Basic Rate Interface (BRI) was introduced..." ==

The second sentence in the lead needs to be clarified for the average reader. POTS remained the "standard service offering" for most customers, especially most residential customers, long past 1988. While cell/mobile phone service started to take off in the 1990's and really gained traction in the 2000's, POTS was still the standard for residential phone service till sometime in the 2000's/2010's. VOIP technologies did not really gain any traction until 2000's. So unless "standard service offering" has some specialized meaning in Tel-co jargon, in which case that needs to explained, I would rephrase the sentence to clarify that we are not suggesting ISDN, VOIP, and Cell service suddenly leapfrogged POTS immediately upon their introduction. If by "standard service offering" we mean only service offering (for landline voice calls from the Tel-Co) then state so more clearly. --Notcharliechaplin (talk) 15:07, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

Doesn't it stand for Publicly Offered Telephone Service?
Looking at the first reference in the article, it describes POTS as "Publicly Offered Telephone Service (Plain Old Telephone Service)" (page 19). Doesn't that mean that the more correct meaning is Publicly Offered Telephone Service? My wild guess(!) is that this was the original meaning, and it changed into Plain Old Telephone Service because this is easier to remember and triggers more emotions? Shouldn't at least Publicly Offered Telephone Services be mentioned in the article? Justalittlebitmore (talk) 08:44, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plain old telephone service


text:
Talk:2005 Canadian federal budget

Untitled
Shouldn't the budget articles be named "Canadian federal budget, 2005" to follow the format used for elections? This is also semi-endorsed by the Wikipedia style manual. Kevintoronto 17:48, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Would anyone object to me making this change? Kevintoronto 22:01, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Relevance
I'm actually wondering why this article exists. I tried searching a couple of other budgets and found nothing and I doubt it's common practice to include items like this. If there something that made it particularly unusual or interesting, maybe (i.e., the budget in 78 which brought down the gov't) but as it stands I think this should be eliminated. --Marskell 18:29, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I see this as more of an argument for getting to work on covering all of the budgets. - SimonP 18:40, Mar 18, 2005 (UTC)

Bill C-48 & 43
Bill C-48 and Bill C-43 redirect here, but neither is mentioned in the article. --Menchi 07:16, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Chuck Cadman, 2005 budget vote.jpg
The image Image:Chuck Cadman, 2005 budget vote.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --23:23, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:2005 Canadian federal budget


text:
Temetiu

Temetiu is the South Marquesan name for the highest peak of the mountain ridge that rises above the western end of Ta'a Oa (the Bay of Traitors) in southwestern Hiva Oa.

Rising to 1,213 m (3,980 ft.) above sea level, Temetiu is also the highest point on the island.

Related links

 * Atuona
 * Marquesas Islands
 * French Polynesia

title: Temetiu


text:
Talk:Waltari

Untitled
Neutrality of "one of the most influential groups" is questionable. Someone with knowledge and spare time ought to edit the opening sentences to fit better in Wikipedia... Not that it's all bad, but anyway. --Jonik 17:54, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waltari


text:
3 Live Kru

The 3 Live Kru (3LK) was a professional wrestling stable in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It debuted in July 2003, and was initially a trio consisting of Ron Killings, Konnan and B.G. James. Each member exemplified an ethnic stereotype, and rapped as they approached the ring in camouflage clothing.

The White Southerner James was dubbed "The Trailer Park Gangsta" or "B-Jizzle". The African American Killings, already known as "The Truth", was dubbed "The Suntan Superman". The Latino Konnan was dubbed "The Magic Stick", his New World Order (nWo) nickname "K-Dogg", or sometimes "K-Dizzle."

In November 2005, they aligned with Kip James, and began referring to themselves as the 4 Live Kru (4LK) before disbanding soon after.

Pre-TNA
In the World Wrestling Federation in late 2000, Degeneration X finally came to an end following a short feud between Road Dogg (B.G. James) and X-Pac. Afterwards, James was paired with the debuting K-Kwik (Ron Killings) in a short lived hip hop-themed tag team. This was the first instance of James & Killings teaming before the two reunited years later in TNA. James was released in December, and Killings shortly thereafter.

Debut
3LK began as an on-screen entity on June 18, 2003. In the preceding weeks, Konnan, James and Killings appeared together on the pay-per-views in varying combinations, but June 18 was the first time all three appeared together. At first, they did spots where the three of them were made fun of other Total Nonstop Action Wrestling wrestlers and, occasionally, each other. They also began wrestling together as a three-man tandem in dark matches and on TNA Xplosion. Starting on July 16 of that year, they began with a series of vignettes where they all went to the settings of their individual stereotypes. In the first one, the three went to the ghetto, where B.G. ended up dressed like a pimp. In the second one, they all went to a Mexican restaurant, where The Truth ordered orange juice and instead got tequila, proceeding to get drunk. In the third one, they all went to B.G.'s "home" in a trailer park, where The Truth was lusted over by a Deliverance-inspired redneck. It was during these vignettes that the term "3 Live Kru" was born.

Titles
3LK is one of the most recognized stables in TNA, and at some points has been its most powerful stable. Killings and James got a shot at the NWA World Tag Team Championship by winning a four-team/eight-man Gauntlet Match on November 12. On November 19 they faced Simon and Swinger, the team of Simon Diamond and Johnny Swinger. The match ended with the titles held up after Killings and Swinger double-pinned each other. On November 26, the entire 3LK faced Diamond, Swinger and Glenn Gilberti in a six-man tag team match for the titles. 3LK ultimately won the match thanks to revenge interference by America's Most Wanted, and became the first team to win the Tag Team titles in a six-man tag team match. 3LK defended the titles using the Freebird Rule, just as Triple X did earlier in the year. They beat AMW in their first title defense on December 10. They were ultimately defeated for the titles by Red Shirt Security, Kevin Northcutt and Joe Legend, on January 28, 2004.

As part of the rap persona, they recorded two songs together. On September 24, 2003, they performed 3 Live K on a TNA pay-per-view. They performed a new song, Beware (The Remix), on January 7, 2004. Both have since been used at different times as their entrance music.

3LK continue to make an impact in TNA throughout 2004, with The Truth eventually returning to singles action and going after the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. He won the title in a four-way match on May 19, 2004, over champion A.J. Styles, Chris Harris and Raven. He would lose the title two weeks later to Jeff Jarrett in the first King of the Mountain match on June 2. Over the next few months, 3LK would feud directly with Jeff Jarrett and his hired guns, the Elite Guard (Shawn Hernandez, Chad Collyer and Onyx, assembled by Jarrett specifically to foil the ethnic diversity of 3LK). Their first match in Orlando, Florida on TNA Impact! was a six-man tag match against David Young and The Naturals, Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens, on June 11.

3LK would finally come across the Tag Team titles once more at Victory Road on November 7, when B.G. James and Konnan defeated Bobby Roode and Eric Young of Team Canada. They would lose the titles back to Roode and Young at Turning Point on December 5.

The Kru would begin 2005 with a feud with Shazarian, Michael Shane and Frankie Kazarian, which embroiled TNA Impact! analyst Jeff Hammond. B.G. James and Jeff Hammond would beat Shazarian in a tag-team match at Against All Odds on February 13, a humiliation which would help precipitate Shazarian's ultimate breakup.

Kip James
The group suffered some turmoil during 2005. Soon after Billy Gunn signed with TNA initially as "The Outlaw", he started targeting B.G., his former tag-team partner in the WWF, and began a campaign of sabotage against the 3LK. This first led to The Outlaw and B.G. James being on opposite sides of the Lethal Lockdown at Lockdown on April 24, with The Outlaw on Jeff Jarrett's team, and B.G. on the team of Diamond Dallas Page as their "mystery partner" to replace an injured Kevin Nash. The two avoided confronting each other, but Page's team won the match ultimately.

The next month, B.G. James asked Diamond Dallas Page to tag with him against their respective foes, The Outlaw and Monty Brown at Hard Justice on May 15. B.G. however continued his unwillingness to come to blows with The Outlaw as "travel problems" led to him not arriving in time for the match. The Truth took his place, but he and Page lost the match when Page was Pounced by Brown.

By this time, Konnan was beginning to distrust B.G. to the point of not even recognizing him as a member of 3LK. Ron Killings, however, still trusted B.G. At Slammiversary on June 19, B.G. James promised his 3LK teammates that he would prove his loyalties. After The Truth's solo match with The Outlaw, which Killings won, The Outlaw tried to hit Truth with a steel chair. B.G. took the chair from The Outlaw, but refused to strike his former tag-team partner once more. Konnan ultimately ran The Outlaw off. Later, Konnan and B.G. James took on America's Most Wanted. They lost when Konnan was distracted by The Outlaw, causing B.G. James to not be able to tag out and get pinned after a Hart Attack. B.G. James was upset that Konnan had let The Outlaw get to him so badly, and left the Impact! Zone alone.

B.G. James stopped appearing alongside Konnan and The Truth for the next few months. However, he also refused The Outlaw's advances, despite Outlaw's changing his name to Kip James in brotherhood with B.G. at No Surrender 2005 on July 17. Kip James and Monty Brown beat Konnan and The Truth there, and B.G. finally appeared at the end of the match. Kip James gave B.G. an opportunity to join with him by hitting The Truth with a chair, but he refused to do it. The Truth saw that as hope that B.G. could be talked back into the Kru, but Konnan had long since given up, calling himself and Killings the "2Live Kru".

At Sacrifice on August 14, Truth and Konnan faced Kip James and The Alpha Male once more. On the July 29, 2005, episode of TNA Impact!, TNA Director of Authority Larry Zbyszko, citing fear from the referee team in the face of Kip and Monty's intentional targeting of them, named B.G. James the special guest referee for the match. B.G. proved his allegiance to 3LK after two months of silence, making his decision loud and clear when he stopped Kip from using a steel chair, then attacked Kip himself. Konnan got the pin, and 3 Live Kru reunited and celebrated together after the match.

Return
In the 2005 Chris Candido Memorial Tag Team Tournament where tag teams are formed by pairing a veteran wrestler with a rookie, a quarterfinal match pitted B.G. James with Cassidy Riley against Ron Killings and Sonjay Dutt on the August 19, 2005, episode of TNA Impact! Eventually B.G and The Truth ended up facing each other in the ring, but they refused to fight, drawing the ire of their respective partners. Ultimately B.G. hit Cassidy with the Pumphandle Drop after Cassidy, an admirer of Raven, used one of Raven's moves on The Truth. This allowed Sonjay to hit the Hindu Press and get the pin for the victory, advancing with The Truth to the semifinals. B.G. did not seem too upset to lose the match, and celebrated with Ron and Sonjay. Konnan also participated in the tournament, teamed with Lance Hoyt, but both remaining 3LK teams were eliminated in the semifinals. The full tandem won a match against The Diamonds in the Rough at Unbreakable on September 11.

In the weeks before Bound for Glory, Kip James again came to the rescue of B.G. James in situations with Team Canada, suffering the ire of Konnan in the process. He offered his protection (to neutralize D'Amore in particular, in his own words) to the group at BFG, but Konnan thought it was a bad idea. 3LK lost their match with Team Canada, but Kip James made the save when Team Canada beat down 3LK after the match. Team Canada held Konnan, expecting Kip to hit him with a steel chair. Instead, Kip proceeded to lay out members of Team Canada, saving Konnan instead. Later that night, after being eliminated from the 10-man Gauntlet Match to determine Jeff Jarrett's opponent for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, Kip would save The Truth from elimination twice before being restrained by the referees.

3LK came to the rescue of Rhino after he beat Jarrett for the title at the end of Bound for Glory. Kip James refereed a Hockey Stick Fight between 3LK and Team Canada at Genesis on November 13 and called the match fairly. 3LK won the match.

4 Live Kru
On the November 26 episode of Impact!, B.G. brought Kip and the 3LK to the ring, and asked the Truth and Konnan to give Kip James a yes/no vote to be accepted into the group. After B.G. got heated with Konnan, both gave Kip "yes" votes, and the "4 Live Kru" was born. That night, Kip James had a fight with NWA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Jarrett, and almost won before the usual interference tipped the match in Jarrett's favor.

On December 3, 4LK gave an interview to Terry Taylor along with BG's father, "Bullet" Bob Armstrong. Armstrong opined that 4LK were the chosen ones, and that if they stuck together they could rule TNA.

On December 11 at Turning Point 2005, Konnan hit Kip James with a steel chair at the end of their match with Team Canada. He also hit B.G. with the same chair. He offered his companionship to The Truth, but Killings was extremely upset, yelling at Konnan to hit him as well thus ending the team.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 * NWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Killings
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times)
 * Gauntlet for the Gold (2003 – Tag Team) – James and Killings

title: 3 Live Kru


text:
User talk:BlaiseFEgan

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --MarkSweep 17:53, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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lower-case
Hello. Please don't use gratuitous capitals in naming Wikipedia articles; write transferable belief model, not Transferable Belief Model. See Manual of Style. Michael Hardy 19:31, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks. I have now looked through the Manual of Style. Will try to remember it.

Blaise 21:40, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Proper bolding
Hello. Manual of Style calls for setting the title word or title phrase in bold at its first appearance. (I've taken care of this in Adrian Smith.) Michael Hardy 22:26, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Edit summary request
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Units of measure formatting tool
Hi,

You might be interested in saving yourself some time and effort by using my unit formatting tool. User:Bobblewik/monobook.js/unitformatter.js is a monobook tool allows units to be formatted with one click on a 'units' tab in edit mode.

You can accept or reject the changes offered and/or do more editing before pressing 'Save'. Simply copy the entire contents of User:Bobblewik/monobook.js to your own monobook. Follow the instructions in your monobook to clear the cache (i.e. press Ctrl-Shift-R in Firefox, or Ctrl-F5 in IE) before it will work.

Any questions, just ask. Regards and keep up the good work. bobblewik 20:18, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Help!
I am trying to put a picture on the article about the SPIW weapon. I have a photo that I personally took and that I have successfully uploaded and put into the public domain. My efforts to get it into the SPIW article don't look good. It's too big and dominates the page. What can I do?
 * I've fixed it for you (see what I did). Basically, images in articles can (and should) be 'floated' to one side of the article, and 'thumbnailed' to reduce their size. See Help:Image for information about syntax for including images in articles. Hope that helps! --ais523 09:19, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Many thanks! Blaise 09:26, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

We are looking into this bkerensa —Preceding comment was added at 09:22, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for your help
Thanks for fixing the decimal and reverting vandalism on Larrys Creek on October 19. I appreciate your help keeping the article presentable while it was Today's Featured Article very much, Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 19:05, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Error on front page
There's a typo on the front page. I can't see how to edit it. It refers to a cyclone having a speed expressed in 'kph'. The correct symbol is 'km/h'. Can someone fix it, please?
 * Hi Blaise, it has been fixed. Next time you notice any errors on the main page, please feel free to post them on Talk:Main_Page. Thanks! Ariel  ♥  Gold  09:39, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Active Resistance to Metrication
An article that you have been involved in editing, Active Resistance to Metrication, has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. Hoary (talk) 01:21, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

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Please do not add original research or novel syntheses of published material to articles as you apparently did to Doppelgänger (1969 film). Please cite a reliable source for all of your contributions. Thank you. SuperMarioMan (Talk) 19:41, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

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title: User talk:BlaiseFEgan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Professor Felina Ivy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus, so keep. I count 16 keep (13 keep + 3 merge) and 11 delete. Deathphoenix 03:40, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Professor Felina Ivy
Pseudo-professor-cruft? With a mere 38 unique hits on google, how is this possibly encyclopedic information? Are fictitious characters in the pokémon universe immune to the Google test? GRider\talk 17:59, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, they're not. I suppose someone will want to merge this to a list of minor characters or something, but personally I'd prefer deletion. Radiant! 18:58, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, We have enough of this fancruft, and it's a minor character no less. Inter 21:37, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Er, I'm going to have to vote Keep, as it makes no sense to single this one out and delete it. Clearly it's part of a set. Xezbeth  21:48, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Would it be helpful then if additional articles within that set were listed? This reads as circular reasoning to me.  GRider\talk 23:05, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It does if it's a test case for a whole category. But then you knew that, because in Votes for deletion/Brian Doherty you wrote:
 * No vote, but please don't add every single one of these to VfD at once. Just do a few to begin with. -- Xezbeth 17:52, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Further reading for voters: Votes for deletion/Machinedramon and Votes for deletion/Kaseidramon. BM's argument in the former (which mentions Pokemon) will highlight some of the difficulties present here. Looking at Pokémon (anime) it appears that this article has been broken out of a section in a larger article in accordance with Guide to writing better articles, and that other, more minor, characters have been kept in the list in the main article.  This isn't the same as someone just recolouring the redlinks at List of Digimon. Weak Keep. Uncle G 22:55, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Would this then imply that if there were enough granular detail about any given subject, such that it would make a main topic article too large, it would then become worthy of inclusion on Wikipedia because the subtopic overshadows the parent article?  No matter if it is completely unencyclopedic?  GRider\talk 23:04, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well-written article on a subject of great interest to a substantial number of people. Another demonstration that the 'Google test' may be great at providing evidence for a keep vote, but it is absolutely useless as substantiation for a delete vote. The reason is simple: Many encyclopedic subjects are not well-represented on the web. And while it's easy to check when Google gives a false positive by providing unrelated hits, there is no easy way of checking these false negatives. Andrewa 23:47, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you trying to tell me that the google test is flawed here because Pokemon characters are not well represented on the web? A search for "pokemon" and "character" gets 533 thousand hits. If this was a significant character, surely she'd get more than 38. Delete, or failing that Merge. DaveTheRed 01:10, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Nope, I'm trying to tell you that this character may not be well represented, but that's not why I claim the Google test has limits, nor do I claim that the Google test is flawed. It's just misapplied. No change of vote. Andrewa 01:20, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the google test can be misused both ways, depending on the subject. The subject matter is key, and is often overlooked by those who think it's all in the numbers. It's easy for many unencyclopedic things to get a substantial number of google hits, through self promotion, having names in common, as well as various things that exist only on the internet, hence displaying all references to a subject, rather than what is generally thought to be a mere sample from which one can extrapolate. Likewise many subjects are not well represented on the internet, mostly things that predated the internet and have not seen widespread discussion since its advent. Holding, say, minor historic figues of antiquity to the same significant google results as, say, porn stars, is ridiculous. The google test has its limits. Severe ones. And one must keep in mind not only the number of hits, but what the hits actually are. I've come across many pages that had no apparent mention of the subject I was searching for, and this must be taken into account. I will say this, however: something that turns up 0 google hits is very unlikely to be notable enough for an encyclopedia, and, is somewhat unlikely to exist. Of course, they may be exceptions to this too. My point is false positives and false negatives are both common, and anyone who thinks any Pokemon character is underrepresented on the web is delusional. My vote is below. -R. fiend 04:58, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Agree with some of this and think it should be discussed but not here, see Wikipedia talk:Google test. But I'm afraid I think your assessment delusional borders on being a personal attack. Peace! No change of vote. Andrewa 20:54, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * My apologies. I didn't mean for it to be a personal attack. But I do maintain that one subject that is not underrepresented on the web in any form is Pokemon. -R. fiend 21:07, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: IMO that's a bit too sweeping. Agree Pokemon is very well represented, but this coverage is not necessarily balanced or complete. No change of vote. Andrewa 21:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, minor fictious character, pokemon fancruft. Megan1967 00:07, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, preferably, but I guess the more likely outcome will be merge/redirect to some goddamn Pokemon page, and I can live with that. I believe we have an entry or two for Pokemon, do we not? If this was broken out of a Pokearticle already because the article got too big, well, that's the old Everyking Ashlee Simpson argument all over again, and that one doesn't wash with me. Fix it. -R. fiend 00:29, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pokemon fancruft, and it's not as if Wikipedia is short of Pokemon material. --Calton 02:00, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wikipedia is the sum of all Pokemon knowledge.  —RaD Man (talk) 02:32, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ba-dum-bum.
 * Merge into an article on minor Pokemon characters, or failing that, keep. -Sean Curtin 03:44, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--lots of content, seems too big to merge .Meelar (talk) 04:21, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge: A whole lot of people online would refer to her only as Professor Ivy; if she's the only one in the Pokemon world, why would people spell out her full name? Still, "professor ivy" only gets 2,000-some google hits, most of which are false.  I say we create a page with all the other less notable Pokemon professors, which would probably be all but Professor Oak.  Of course, we'd have to trim down some of this information.  And by "we" I mean other people-LtNOWIS 05:14, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Elm and Birch are also very notable in their own right... kelvSYC 02:32, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: fancruft. Another one for the fan sites. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:52, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable information.  ComCat 08:59, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pokecruft. --Bucephalus 14:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I hate the Pokémon series, but this is a notable character in what is sadly a large universe. 129.177.61.124 15:08, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-noteable fancruft. Martg76 19:34, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Please! --Neigel von Teighen 21:10, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. In the Pokémon universe, Ivy is a very significant character (albeit unique to the anime), as her introduction pretty much starts the second season of Pokémon (and the premise of the GS Ball saga).  kelvSYC 02:32, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It hurts to say this, but keep. (Passes the Pokemon Comparative Notability Test!) - David Gerard 13:17, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to a page about all of the Pokémon researchers. While she might not deserve a page of her own, she still is important enough to merit reference of some kind. Ok, perhaps all that information on Ivy is not absolutely necessary, so one could trim her entry a bit while merging it, too. Sinistro 00:23, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't care for this stuff at all, but clearly there are people who care about this, and the article is reasonably well done. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:46, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Come on now, this is a good article!! -- unsigned vote by 64.172.25.87, whose first edit this vote was.
 * Keep The Recycling Troll 09:38, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete pokecruft. —Korath (Talk) 05:51, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable character in notable fictional universe. Gamaliel 16:17, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
WFCR

WFCR (88.5 FM) is a non-commercial radio station licensed to Amherst, Massachusetts. It serves as the National Public Radio (NPR) member station for Western Massachusetts, including Springfield. The station operates at 13,000 watts ERP from a transmitter on Mount Lincoln in Pelham, Massachusetts, 968 ft above average terrain. The University of Massachusetts Amherst holds the license. The station airs NPR news programs during the morning and afternoon drive times and in the early evening. Middays and overnights are devoted to classical music and jazz is heard during the later evening hours.

WFCR's broadcasting range extends to Western and Central Massachusetts, Northern Connecticut (including Hartford) as well as parts of Southern Vermont and Southern New Hampshire. WFCR's studios for most of its history were located at Hampshire House on the UMass campus. However, in 2013, the station moved most of its operations to the Fuller Building in downtown Springfield.

The station signed on May 6, 1961, as a simulcast of WGBH-FM in Boston. By 1962, it had severed the electronic umbilical cord with WGBH-FM, and by 1964 it had expanded its local programming to 17 hours per day. The call letters originally represented "Four College Radio", becoming "Five College Radio" in 1966. It is a charter member of NPR, and was one of the stations that carried the initial broadcast of NPR's All Things Considered.

While UMass has held the license since 1967, when it was acquired from the WGBH Educational Foundation, WFCR has always received funding from the Five Colleges (UMass Amherst, Smith College, Mount Holyoke College, Amherst College and Hampshire College) as well as from fund drives conducted periodically over the air. Since 2011, WFCR and sister station 640 AM WNNZ have called themselves New England Public Radio.

WFCR claims the distinction of being the first radio station in Western Massachusetts to transmit a signal using iBiquity's HD Radio system. It airs two digital streams. The first is a simulcast of the analog signal, the second is a 24-hour classical music station.

On April 11, 2019, WFCR announced that it would consolidate operations with WGBH-owned PBS station WGBY-TV (channel 57) under the New England Public Media banner, effective in July. UMass will retain the WFCR license, and the New England Public Radio Foundation will retain the licenses to WNNZ and its satellites; NEPM will operate the stations under program service operating agreements.

Translators
In addition to the main FM station, WFCR is relayed by five translators (FM), to increase its broadcast area.

NEPR News Network
WFCR provides a full-time NPR news and information service on the NEPR News Network, which consists of four radio stations in Western Massachusetts owned by its nonprofit fundraising arm, the New England Public Radio Foundation, along with two additional stations owned by area colleges. The network carries programming from NPR, Public Radio Exchange, the BBC and CBC Radio. Programs include Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Fresh Air, The Takeaway, Here and Now, Q and BBC World Service.

WNNZ
The flagship station of the NEPR News Network is WNNZ, 640 kHz AM, licensed to Westfield, Massachusetts, which was once owned by Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia). WNNZ's power output is 50,000 watts in the daytime, the maximum permitted for AM stations by the Federal Communications Commission. But because 640 kHz is a clear channel frequency for CBN in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, WNNZ must reduce power to 1,000 watts at night. The antenna is a three-tower array, using differing directional patterns day and night. During the day, it provides at least secondary coverage to all of western Massachusetts, as well as New York's Capital District and the Hartford area. At night, the signal is cut back to concentrate the signal northward around the Springfield and Hartford areas.

Until 2010, WFCR provided WNNZ's programming, while Clear Channel sold underwriting advertisements. However, in July 2010, WFCR purchased WNNZ from Clear Channel for $525,000. The sale does not include the transmission towers, but rather has a lease clause in the sale agreement in which Clear Channel will own them and lease them to WFCR. WFCR purchased the license from Clear Channel under the name of "WFCR Foundation Inc." The FCC approved the sale August 25, 2010. Prior to 2007, the programming heard on WNNZ was heard on WPNI, 1430 kHz, in Amherst, which was owned by Pamal Broadcasting.

WNNZ-FM (formerly WGAJ)
WFCR, again, under the licensee name of "WFCR Foundation Inc.", acquired the license of WGAJ 91.7 MHz in Deerfield, Massachusetts from Deerfield Academy. The license transfer was granted on August 19, 2010. WFCR paid Deerfield Academy $10,000 for the signal. The call letters of the station were changed to WNNZ-FM as of September 1, 2010.

WNNI
WFCR won the allocation of 98.9 in Adams, Massachusetts, in FCC Auction #91 (under the applicant name, WFCR Foundation Inc.). WFCR won it for $189,750. WFCR filed the application for a new station with the FCC, to transmit the new signal from the top of West Summit, in North Adams, Massachusetts, where the current WUPE-FM transmitter site is located. WFCR already has a translator, W266AW, located there.

WNNU
WNNU was launched in 2013; it broadcasts on 89.5 and serves the southern portion of Berkshire County and part of Columbia County in neighboring New York state.

Other stations
In addition to WNNZ-AM-FM, WNNI, and WNNU, the NEPR News Network is heard on 89.3 WAMH Amherst, serving Hampshire County, and 91.9 WAIC Springfield, serving Hampden County. WAIC joined the network on July 1, 2016, after switching its programming source from Connecticut Public Radio. It is owned by American International College in Springfield, but programmed by WFCR. WAMH simulcasts WNNZ from 2 a.m. to 4 p.m. with student free form programming the other hours of the day (when Amherst College is in session).

title: WFCR


text:
Pierre Falardeau

Pierre Falardeau (December 28, 1946 – September 25, 2009) was a Québécois film and documentary director, pamphleteer and noted activist for Quebec independence.

Falardeau wrote at least one book, Rien n'est plus précieux que la liberté et l'indépendance. He died on September 25, 2009, following a long battle with cancer. He was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

Following his death, he was the subject of the 2010 documentary film Falardeau.

Political views
With regard to minorities, Falardeau stated he did not care whether someone was white, black, yellow or green with orange polka dots; those who supported independence he considered brothers and sisters, and those who did not were "the enemy".

Falardeau created some controversy during his career. For example, in 2006, a photograph surfaced of him at an August 2006 Montreal pro-Palestinian rally about the Israel-Lebanon conflict. The picture shows Falardeau with some young men and his friend and filmmaking partner Julien Poulin holding a Hezbollah flag. When asked to comment, Falardeau responded that he approached the men to understand why they supported Hezbollah, and that the flag belonged to the young men.

Filmography

 * Continuons le combat - 1971
 * À mort - 1972
 * Les canadiens sont là - 1973
 * Le magra - 1975
 * À force de courage - 1977
 * Pea Soup - 1979
 * Speak White - 1980
 * Elvis Gratton - 1981
 * Les vacances d'Elvis Gratton - 1983
 * Pas encore Elvis Gratton! - 1985
 * Elvis Gratton: Le king des kings - 1985
 * The Party (Le Party) - 1990
 * The Steak (Le Steak) - 1992
 * Le temps des bouffons - 1993
 * Octobre - 1994
 * Elvis Gratton II: Miracle à Memphis - 1999
 * February 15, 1839 (15 février 1839) - 2001
 * Elvis Gratton 3: Le retour d'Elvis Wong - 2004
 * Bob Gratton : Ma Vie, My Life - 2007-2009

Awards

 * Luc Perreault Award

title: Pierre Falardeau


text:
Talk:Islam in Algeria

Untitled
christians 1%? never seen an Algerian christian in my life, But if they number 1% then Areligious people would number 10%.--Agurzil 18:01, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Islamists loot and burn protestant church in Algeria
This Israeli site: [JP] writes:"Islamists loot and burn protestant church in Algeria"Agre22 (talk) 23:01, 11 January 2010 (UTC)agre22

radical?
does the source not make it clear that there are Ahmadi, Shia and Wahabbi minorities in Algeria? How exactly is the article not sticking to that? I think you need to be careful about describing 100s of millions of people as radical just because one source says so. There are plenty of sources that do not consider them to be radical. --Peace world  17:56, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * The word minority does not appear anywhere in the source which mentions a list of radical religious movements (including Ahmadism). I did not describe them as radicals, the source that you added did. As for your edit summary, you have to bear in mind that Wikipedia cannot be used as a source. M.Bitton (talk) 18:13, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes I'm aware that Wikipedia cannot and should not be used as a source. That is exactly why I said in my edit summary that there many "sources in their respective articles" that clearly indicate that these are not radical groups, rather established religious faiths, world over. Yes the source described them as radical, but it was you who added it to the article. It was omitted from being mentioned here, for the obvious reason that it contradicts many established sources. The source need not mention the exact word "minority" for that word to be included on Wikipedia. --Peace world  18:25, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Whether they are radicals or not is left to the source cited in this article. I added it because that's what the source (that you've chosen) is all about (extremism) and not doing so is called Cherrypicking. The source needs to mention the exact word minority as it does for the Ibadis, otherwise it will be considered original research and removed as per WP:BURDEN. Keep in mind that verifiability does not guarantee inclusion (see WP:UNDUE for more information). M.Bitton (talk) 18:51, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * No. If sources begin to use exact words everywhere, then that'd fall under copyright infringement. It suffices to use words that give the implied meaning, that these religious groups are a minority. The fact that they exist, with which you agree with, means logically that either they are a minority, or they are a majority. Which do you prefer? that is not original research, nor is it cherrypicking. As I have said, which you keep ignoring, these are not radical groups per dozens of reliable sources in their respective articles. Do you want me to go through a list of sources with you? Would that be clearer for you? Perhaps you should blank 95% of the entire article first per WP:BURDEN which is actually OR? --Peace world  19:20, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Here's what the source (a press article about extremism in Algeria) says:
 * How would you summarize it in your own words while taking the context into account ? M.Bitton (talk) 17:18, 5 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Why don't you answer the most basic questions first per this source? Do the Ahmadi Muslims exist? If so, are they a minority? If so, why is the original version of the article incorrect? --Peace world  20:33, 5 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Why don't you answer the most basic questions first per this source? Do the Ahmadi Muslims exist? If so, are they a minority? If so, why is the original version of the article incorrect? --Peace world  20:33, 5 December 2016 (UTC)

June 2017
Why are you introducing original research in the middle of a sourced sentence ? Your source which states (There are also Amerites (Sunnis of Turkish origin), Ibadists (neither Sunni nor Shia) in the M' Zab, and brotherhoods mostly in the south) is clearly a fringe nonsense, what makes you think your POV misrepresentation of it deserves to be in the lead ? M.Bitton (talk) 20:37, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

 * , I am more than happy to work together in order to improve all these articles. The question is, are you willing to? The part saying "most of whom live in the M'zab Valley region" was not written by me. Please do check the history section before accusing me. O.celebi (talk) 20:43, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm open to suggestions on everything. It's a shame you have only been deleting sourced information. The majority of this article has no sources at all, yet, it seems, you have no problem with it.O.celebi (talk) 20:45, 12 June 2017 (UTC)
 * No every sourced information deserves mentioning. Even though every Madhab is represented in Algeria, the only ones that are associated with it are the Maliki and the Ibadi (a fact backed by secondary and tertiary sources). I see no reason to give UNDUE weight to a rite that is barely mentioned in reliable sources. I reverted to the previous neutral version and added the Hanafi source where it belongs: in the practice section. I also removed the mosques images along with their wp:or captions and irrelevant foreign language (see MOS:FORLANG for more info). M.Bitton (talk) 22:04, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

Islam
Why is the establishment of Sharia law in Algeria hard 154.230.141.79 (talk) 11:19, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: North African History, AFH 4302
— Assignment last updated by IslandersIslanders (talk) 19:58, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Islam in Algeria


text:
Paul Beeston

Paul McGill Beeston, (born June 20, 1945) is a Canadian former professional baseball executive. He was the president and chief operating officer of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1997 to 2002, and the president of the Toronto Blue Jays from 1989 to 1997, and again from 2008 to 2015. He also worked as the president of the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1994.

Beeston retired on October 31, 2015, and was replaced by Mark Shapiro as president and CEO of the Blue Jays. On September 20, 2016, he was named the President Emeritus of the Toronto Blue Jays.

Career
Beeston earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and political science from Huron University College at the University of Western Ontario in 1967. He obtained his Chartered Accountant designation in 1971 and worked for Coopers & Lybrand until 1976.

Beeston was the first employee of the Toronto Blue Jays, joining in 1976. He became vice president of business operations in 1977, executive vice president in 1984, president and chief operating officer in 1989, then was named president and chief executive officer in 1991. In 1994, he served as president of the CFL's Toronto Argonauts. From 1997 until 2002, he was president and chief operating officer of Major League Baseball.

In 1988, Beeston was named a Member of the Order of Canada. In 1998, he was elected to the board of directors of the Baseball Hall of Fame and in 2002 was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.

He is a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario, and was awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of Western Ontario in 1994 and an honorary doctor of social sciences from Niagara University in 2001.

He was placed in the Blue Jays' Level of Excellence at Rogers Centre on April 4, 2008 prior to the Jays' home opener versus the Boston Red Sox.

After Paul Godfrey resigned as team president and CEO on September 29, 2008, it was announced that Beeston would return to the Blue Jays as interim president and CEO on October 14, 2008 where his primary responsibility was to identify and hire his own successor.

After a "very honest, straightforward and exhaustive search" the Blue Jays and Beeston decided on removing the interim tag, naming Beeston president and CEO on October 27, 2009.

On January 26, 2015, Beeston announced he would retire as president and CEO of the Blue Jays on October 31, 2015. On August 31, Cleveland Indians president Mark Shapiro was announced as Beeston's successor. Beeston retired on October 31, 2015, and Shapiro officially assumed the role of president of the organization. On September 20, 2016, he was named the President Emeritus of the Toronto Blue Jays.

Personal life
Beeston is married to Kaye, and has a daughter, Aimee, and son, David, the executive vice president and chief strategy officer of MLB's Boston Red Sox.

title: Paul Beeston


text:
Polypterus senegalus

Polypterus senegalus, commonly known as the Senegal bichir, gray bichir or Cuvier's bichir, is an African species of ray-finned fish in the bichir family, Polypteridae. It is a typical example of polypterid fishes, as most of its defining physical features are common across the genus, such as its ancient, lungfish- or arowana-like appearance, the ability to breathe atmospheric oxygen, and its armor-like scales. These factors have influenced the species' popularity in captivity, and it is commonly kept by aquarists and other hobbyists.

P. senegalus is sometimes, confusingly, called the "dinosaur eel" or "dragon fish", among other misnomers; however, the bichir is not an eel, nor is it a reptile or dinosaur.

Appearance
Polypterus senegalus is an elongated fish, usually grey or beige in color, though sometimes displaying shades of white, pink or blueish; albino individuals also occur. Its body is covered in rhomboid-shaped, multilayered scales, with very subtle patterns and occasional darker blotches or dots. At the nose, the face is smooth and rounded, with larger scales than the rest of the fish. External nostrils protrude from the front. Eyes are on either side of the head, and they are usually pale yellow with a black pupil. P. senegalus has poor eyesight, and relies largely on sense of smell and subtle movements when detecting prey. The mouth is large and appears to grin when closed. The dentary, premaxilla, and maxilla each carry one row of large, slightly recurved teeth. There are multiple rows of smaller teeth between these rows of large teeth, on the prearticular and coronoids of the lower jaw, and on the bones forming the roof of the mouth.

The body is long and vaguely cylindrical; a serrated dorsal fin runs along most of the body until it meets the caudal fin, which is pointed and flat. There are 8-11 dorsal spines and 14-17 anal spines. The large, paddle-like pectoral fins attach just behind and below the gill openings, and are their primary means of locomotion, providing a slow, graceful appearance. P. senegalus is smaller than other bichirs, reaching about 35.5 cm (14 in). This fish exhibits sexual dimorphism, where the males are generally smaller than the females and have a thicker anal fin.

The fish has a pair of primitive lungs instead of a swim bladder, allowing it to periodically breathe atmospheric oxygen from the surface of the water. In the home aquarium, bichirs can be observed dashing to the surface for this purpose. Juvenile P. senegalus have external gills that disappear as they age.

This bichir's skin serves as a particularly effective armor, and has been studied as a model for personal armor for better combinations of protection and mobility.

Reproduction
Polypterus senegalus breed during the rainy season in nature. During courtship, the male chases and nudges the female. The females lays 100-300 eggs within a few days. The male receives the eggs from the female by cupping his anal and caudal fins around her genitals. The male then fertilizes the eggs and scatters them in the vegetation. Egg hatching can take 3-4 days.

Feeding
Polypterus senegalus feed on small vertebrates, insects, and crustaceans. They use suction feeding to ingest prey from the bottom of freshwater lakes and rivers. P. senegalus is said to consume anything it can swallow, which is why it is recommended that their tankmates be at least half of their size. They are opportunistic ambush predators, moving slowly and cautiously, and occasionally hiding, to capture their prey.

Behavior
During active hours, Polypterus senegalus swim about their environment, performing activities such as exploring, feeding, hunting, investigating changes, and scavenging. Social behavior is also observed, as P. senegalus sometimes follow each other moving about. Most individuals are inactive at night and rest low above the ground until sunrise.

Subspecies
Three subspecies of P. senegalus are recognized: P. s. senegalus, P. s. meridionalis, and a further unnamed subspecies.

 * P. s. senegalus grows to about 70 cm (28 in) in the wild, and 48 cm (19 in) in captivity.  It is a uniform brownish-grey to olive color on the dorsal surface, and the ventral surface is whitish. No banding occurs on adults, but very young juveniles show three horizontal bands. The upper jaw is slightly longer than lower jaw. It has eight to 11 dorsal finlets.
 * P. s. meridionalis grows to about 110 cm (44 in) in the wild, and 81 cm (32 in) in captivity.  It is a uniform olive-grey color on the dorsal surface. The upper and lower jaws are about the same length. It has 9 or 10 dorsal spines. P. s. meridionalis may be a regional variant of P. s. senegalus.

Distribution and habitat
This species of bichir is found in lakes, river margins, swamps, and floodplains of tropical Africa and the Nile river system, it occurs in at least twenty-six African countries which include Senegal, Egypt, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Sudan, Nigeria, Gambia, Uganda, and others. Its distribution is widespread, detailed to include the Nile basin and West Africa (Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Volta, and Lake Chad basins, and Congo River Basin.

Provided the skin remains moist, P. senegalus can remain out of the water indefinitely – it can even be raised on land, where it uses its large pectoral fins to walk.

Captivity
Bichirs are predatory fish; in captivity they will take any live or dead animal that can be swallowed or broken apart and then swallowed. Only its lack of speed prevents a bichir from emptying an aquarium of smaller fish. The pectoral fins only allow for slow cruising, and while it can achieve amazing bursts of speed, it cannot catch fish of average speed. Given enough time, any fish that can fit in the bichir's mouth will be eaten. This fish should not be kept with any other fish smaller than three inches. It will also bite fins of other fishes if it can. P. senagalus can reach 10-15 years of age in captivity.

title: Polypterus senegalus


text:
Voyage of the Scarlet Queen

Voyage of the Scarlet Queen was a radio drama portraying the adventures of the 78-foot ketch Scarlet Queen in the South Pacific. It was broadcast on Mutual from 3 July 1947 to 14 February 1948.

Personnel
James Burton produced the scripts by Gil Doud and Robert Tallman. Elliott Lewis starred as Philip Karney, master of the Scarlet Queen, with Ed Max as first mate Red Gallagher.

Other voice actors include: Gloria Blondell, Lillian Buyeff, William Conrad, John Dehner, Verna Felton, Paul Frees, Frank Gerstle, Virginia Gregg, Ira Grossel, William Johnstone, Berry Kroeger, Jack Kruschen, Mary Lansing, Cathy Lewis, Roddy McDowall, Alan Reed, Rolfe Sedan, Charles Seel, Eric Snowden, Ben Wright, and Barton Yarborough.

Sound effects were provided by Ray Kemper, Tom Hanley, Bill James, considered among the best in the business.

Music was composed and conducted by Richard Aurandt.

Scenario
Each episode opens with an entry from the ship's log, such as: "Log entry, the ketch Scarlet Queen, Philip Karney, master. Position – three degrees, seven minutes north, 104 degrees, two minutes east. Wind, fresh to moderate; sky, fair..." with a similar closing: "Ship secured for the night. Signed, Philip Karney, master." Arriving at an exotic port of call, the captain and first mate would go ashore and immediately run into trouble with local authorities, agents of rival merchants, or desperate women in need of rescue. After some investigation and at least one good fight they would solve the problem, get back on the ship and sail away, Karney and Gallagher sharing a laugh and a drink at the wheel before the captain's closing log entry.

Principal characters

 * Ship's Master Captain Philip Karney is a principled man of action who places mission above personal gain.
 * First Officer Red Gallagher is a skilled bo'sun and a loyal sidekick to Karney, although the loyalty is suspect for the first few episodes.
 * Ku Chei Kang, Karney's employer and the financier of the voyage of the Scarlet Queen, appears in only one episode, but figures prominently in episodes 1–21. Kang is the owner of the sprawling international "China Traders, Kang and Sons", offices of which are visited numerous times by Karney in those episodes.
 * Constantino, a Portuguese crime lord or similar stature villain, is Kang's antagonist and the source of many (but by no means all) of the troubles that befall Karney and the Scarlet Queen. Constantino's many agents appear in the first 20 episodes, but Constantino himself does not appear until episode 21.
 * Ah Sin is a remarkably obese, delicate, vain, educated and ruthless Chinese trader who speaks "like Charles Laughton" and surrounds himself with clouds of jasmine perfume. He appears in three episodes. Ah Sin has a sidekick, a Texan named Mangan who carried a pearl-handled frontier pistol. (Ah Sin was the name of an unrelated character in a Bret Harte poem and later a play by Harte and Mark Twain that attempted to expose American racist attitudes toward immigrant Chinese laborers in California. See The Heathen Chinee.)
 * Henrietta "Hank" Ainley is a love interest of Karney who appears in two episodes. She is acted by Cathy Lewis, real-life wife of Captain Karney actor Elliott Lewis.
 * Neilson is the crew member who is mentioned most by name and the only one with any speaking lines. He is voiced by Frank Driscoll in Episode 4 and by William Conrad in episode 20. Other crew members mentioned in the action include Cronin, Gordon, and Kohler.

Changes from the pilot to the series
The pilot starred Howard Duff as Captain Phil Karney, and Elliott Lewis as First Officer Red Gallagher. For the series, Lewis took the role of Karney and Ed Max was brought on to play Gallagher. The pilot show mentions the ultimate villain as Van Gort; this becomes Constantino in the series. Other than a few edits to tighten up the script, The Death of David Malone (the pilot) is as effective as The Shanghai Secret (the first episode of the series) as an introduction to the drama.

Dramatic basis and story arc
Episodes 1–20 chronicle the voyage from San Francisco through many meticulously detailed ports of call until they reach episode 20, "Kang's Treasure and the Ghost of Tangolan Bay". During this time Karney and Gallagher visit ports of call for resupply and further instructions from Kang, provided through local agents of Kang's sprawling Pacific trading operation. At nearly every step they are opposed by agents of Constantino. The "$10 million" prize is a set of ancient Chinese artifacts from every major period of Chinese history. Kang feels the artifacts will restore much needed pride to the people of devastated postwar China, while Constantino is simply greedy and knows that Kang will pay dearly for the artifacts. This climaxes at episode 21.

After Episode 21, Karney, Gallagher, and the Scarlet Queen have another dozen or so adventures, but the series seems to run out of steam without the Kang–Constantino rivalry and the continuity of the original story.

The Scarlet Queen and the Starship Enterprise
The structure of the adventures, opening with a quote from the Ship's Log that introduces a sense of mystery of what is to come, and finishing with a final "captain's log" entry, with adventure in between, has been suggested as a forerunner to the much later Star Trek. The opportunities for inspiration are myriad, but they do not prove causation.

Spelling of the captain's name
Many old-time radio websites exist with reviews of the show and downloads of episodes. Captain Phil Karney's name is spelled variously as Carney, Karney, and Kearney. An image of a Billboard magazine review of the show from August 1947 uses Kearney. However, the original scripts for "The Barefoot Nymph in the Mother Hubbard Jacket" and "The Ninth Niece in the Street of Weeping Women" use Karney. These scripts are in the UCLA library special collections Mort Fine collection boxes 51 and 52.

Individual episodes
Voyage of the Scarlet Queen – Complete Log Fictitious locations are in quotes. Modern Google Maps place names are in parentheses.

Assessment
Technically the show was among the better radio productions of the time, employing realistic sound effects and sailing terminology, well paced stories and colorfully detailed settings. Most places visited by the Queen are real. Even the map coordinates given by the captain are mostly accurate, following a zigzag course around the South Pacific.

Follow-ups
After the show was cancelled, an attempt was made to revive it under a different name. Only the audition show was produced which was not picked up. The new show's title was to be The Log Of The Black Parrot. The cast included Ed Max, Ted Osborne, Lillian Buyeff, Harold Hughes, Jack Kruschen, and Ben Wright. Music was directed by Walter Schumann and composed by Nathan Scott. The audition was produced by the star of Scarlet Queen, Elliot Lewis and directed by Gil Doud. The announcer was Bob Stevenson. It was recorded on May 6, 1950.

A TV pilot was made in 1975 loosely based on the same concept, titled The Log of the Black Pearl, which likewise included Jack Kruschen in the cast, co-starring with Ralph Bellamy and Kiel Martin, with Jack Webb as executive producer.

title: Voyage of the Scarlet Queen


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Wankel engine/archive1

Wankel engine
I beefed it up quite a bit today, mostly history, mostly racing, but other stuff as well. Gzuckier 22:58, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

A well-written engine on an interesting engineering topic. This article has been stable, is not in dispute, and includes two decent pictures and some references. --SFoskett 18:09, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object - insufficient lead, insufficient references (external links are not reference). The structure of the article also seems a bit wrong:   shouldn't the last section ("Rotary combustion engines versus rotary engines") be incorporated into the first, "How it works" or the second / third ("Advantages" and "Disadvantages")?   The two uses one use of the exclamation mark seem a bit unencyclopaedic (!) -- ALoan (Talk) 20:10, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Much much better, but still object - the last section ("History") still contains eight short paragraphs that don't flow very well. It may be useful to get the page peer reviewed. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:41, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, agree with the above. Lead section is too short and this article has no references. External links alone are not references, but websites (external links) can be formatted as references as at Cite sources if they are properly used as references to cite facts in the article or to fact check what is there, and they are from reliable sources. In any case, even if all three of the external links listed were used properly, that is still pretty minimal. - Taxman 21:35, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I'm not sure what else the lead would need, and what more would be required for reference or how that relates to external links (but I'm kind of new here). I moved that last section into its own article, though. Gzuckier 22:12, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I reformatted the References appropriately. Thanks for the suggestions!  --SFoskett 00:28, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you confirm that those resources were properly used to fact check the article or add material to it? If you did not personally use them, it is innapropriate to characterize them as references. - Taxman 14:38, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I personally own the two books listed and personally did consult them and the web site listed when making my own edits. They are excellent resources, by the way.  --SFoskett 16:42, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Works for me. But the lead section still needs expanding. - Taxman 18:43, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have expanded the lead section. This discussion has been very helpful - I went back and added references to many of the automobile articles I have written.  --SFoskett 21:57, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object: it is in dispute, but the dispute isn't active. nobody calls this a wankel engine in the real world and it's an incorrect name to begin with. the article is stable because the edit wars over the naming convention happened quite a while ago but  the article is incomplete because of them.  the real world name of "rotary engine" is used on wikipedia by some obsolete, centuries old, and rare even then airplane engine.  the current production engines were designed by wankel, but the concept existed two hundred years earlier with steam.
 * ? The old airplane engine is a 'rotary engine', has been for about 100 years now; as for 'rare even then': "That the rotary engine dominated the early years of aviation is evident". The same site lists productions figures in the thousands for several rotary aircraft engines. Yes, many just call the Wankel engine a rotary engine, but 'nobody calls this a wankel engine'? Google comes up with > 40,000 sites for Wankel engine. Gzuckier 16:53, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Please include your name with posts. Regarding the Wankel vs. rotary debate, I believe that even Mazda would attribute the basic design to Wankel, even though they use the rotary name consistently.  This is noted in the article. --SFoskett 16:42, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, in the UK it's commonly called a Wankel Rotary Engine, a name which is is cited by John Cleese as a sure-fire way of making British people grin. -Ashley Pomeroy 20:17, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Atuona Bay

Atuona Bay (French Baie d'Atuona or Baie Tahauku) is a small inlet on the north shore of Ta‘a ‘Oa (the Bay of Traitors), on the southern coast of Hiva ‘Oa. The bay is traditionally called Vevau in Marquesan.

At the head of the bay lies Atuona, chief town of the southern Marquesas Islands.

Atuona Bay is separated from the excellent harbor of Taha Uku to its east, by a headland called Feki, and from westernmore extensions of Ta'a Oa by a small rock called Hanakee.

Related article

 * French Polynesia

title: Atuona Bay


text:
Calvary Cemetery (Atuona)

Calvary Cemetery (Cimetière Calvaire) is the main cemetery in Atuona, Hiva ‘Oa, French Polynesia. It is located on a hillside on the eastern edge of town, overlooking the anchorage on Atuona Bay.

The cemetery is the final resting place of French Post-Impressionist painter Paul Gauguin, as well as of Belgian singer Jacques Brel.

title: Calvary Cemetery (Atuona)