text:
Computer Animation Production System

The Computer Animation Production System (CAPS) was a proprietary collection of software, scanning camera systems, servers, networked computer workstations, and custom desks developed by The Walt Disney Company and Pixar in the late 1980s. Although outmoded by the mid-2000s, it succeeded in reducing labor costs for ink and paint and post-production processes of traditionally animated feature films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios (WDAS) (then formerly known as Walt Disney Feature Animation (WDFA) division until 2007). It also provided an entirely new palette of digital tools to the animation filmmakers.

History and evolution
The Computer Graphics Lab at the New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) developed a "scan and paint" system for cel animation in the late 1970s. It was used to produce a 22-minute computer-animated television show called Measure for Measure. Industry developments with computer systems led Marc Levoy of Cornell University and Hanna-Barbera Productions to develop a video animation system for cartoons in the early 1980s.

The first usage of the CAPS process was Mickey standing on Epcot's Spaceship Earth for "The Magical World of Disney" titles. The system's first feature film test was in the production of The Little Mermaid in 1989 where it was used in a single shot of the rainbow sequence at the end of the film. After Mermaid, films were made completely using CAPS; the first of these, The Rescuers Down Under, was the first 100% digital feature film ever produced. Later films, including Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Lion King, and The Hunchback of Notre Dame took more advantage of CAPS' 2D and 3D integration.

In the early days of CAPS, Disney did not discuss the system in public, being afraid that the magic would go away if people found out that computers were involved. Computer Graphics World magazine, in 1994, was the first to have a look at the process.

Awards
In 1992, the team that developed CAPS won an Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Scientific and Engineering Award. They were:
 * Randy Cartwright (Disney)
 * David B. Coons (Disney)
 * Lemuel Davis (Disney)
 * Thomas Hahn (Pixar)
 * James Houston (Disney)
 * Mark Kimball (Disney)
 * Dylan W. Kohler (Disney)
 * Peter Nye (Pixar)
 * Michael Shantzis (Pixar)
 * David F. Wolf (Disney)
 * Walt Disney Feature Animation Department

Technical capabilities
CAPS was a digital ink and paint system used in animated feature films, the first at a major studio. Using CAPS, enclosed areas and lines could be easily colored in a computer environment using an unlimited palette. This replaced the expensive process of transferring animated drawings to cels using India ink or xerographic technology, and painting the reverse sides of the cels with gouache paint. It also allowed for sophisticated new techniques such as transparent shading and blended colors.

The completed digital cels were composited over scanned background paintings, and camera or pan movements were programmed into a computer exposure sheet simulating the actions of old style animation cameras. Additionally, complex multiplane shots giving a sense of depth were possible. Unlike the analog multiplane camera, the CAPS multiplane cameras were not limited by artwork size. Extensive camera movements never before seen were incorporated into the films. The final version of the sequence was composited and recorded onto film. Since the animation elements existed digitally, it was easy to integrate other types of film and video elements, including three-dimensional computer animation.

CAPS was capable of a high level of image quality using significantly slower computer systems than are available today. The final frames were rendered at a 2K digital film resolution (2048 x 1234 pixels at a 1.66 aspect ratio), and the artwork was scanned so that it always held 100% resolution in the final output, no matter how complex the camera motion in the shot. Using the Pixar Image Computer, images were stored at 48-bits per pixel. The compositing system allowed complex multi-layered shots that was used almost immediately in The Rescuers Down Under to create a 400-layer opening dolly shot. The DALS system made use of one of the first large-scale, custom RAID systems in the film industry.

Decline and eventual replacement
Treasure Planet (2002) and Home on the Range (2004) under-performed financially in their theatrical runs. This, combined with the success of CGI-animated feature films from Pixar Animation Studios and competitor DreamWorks Animation, eventually prompted Walt Disney Feature Animation's management team to close down their traditional 2D animation department in 2004. The CAPS desks were removed and the custom automated scanning cameras were dismantled and officially scrapped. By 2005, only one desk system remained, and that was only for reading the data for the films that had been made with CAPS.

In 2007, John Lasseter became the studio's new head of management team and called for the 2D animation unit's reopening. Rather than return to CAPS, however, Disney's subsequent traditionally animated feature and short film production projects How to Hook Up Your Home Theater (2007), The Princess and the Frog (2009), The Ballad of Nessie (2011), and Winnie the Pooh (2011) were produced using Toon Boom Animation's Toon Boom Harmony commercial animation computer software, which offered a more up-to-date modern contemporary digital animation system.

Feature films

 * The Little Mermaid (1989) (ending scene)
 * The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
 * Beauty and the Beast (1991)
 * Aladdin (1992)
 * Hocus Pocus (1993)
 * The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
 * The Lion King (1994)
 * Pocahontas (1995)
 * The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
 * Hercules (1997)
 * Mulan (1998)
 * Tarzan (1999)
 * Fantasia 2000 (1999)
 * The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
 * Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
 * Lilo & Stitch (2002)
 * Treasure Planet (2002)
 * Brother Bear (2003)
 * Home on the Range (2004)

Short films

 * Off His Rockers (1992)
 * Trail Mix-Up (1993)
 * Runaway Brain (1995)
 * John Henry (2000)
 * Destino (2003)
 * Lorenzo (2004)
 * The Little Matchgirl (2006)

title: Computer Animation Production System


text:
Talk:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg

Untitled
I may have moved this while someone was puting the copyvio page in - sorry for any confusion --Henrygb 00:34, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

His name is Ungern von Sternberg
STOP moving this page to Ungern-Sternberg. That was NOT his name, even if it seems more proper. --Gene s 18:32, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Funny then that the article claims this form of the name to be "incorrect"... --Latebird 09:35, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you asking a question or making a statement? --Gene s 15:03, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry for being cryptic. The question is about the rationale that makes the current article name more appropriate than his actual birth name. My motivation for asking is that I'm considering to work on the german language article. All other languages currently seem to use "von Ungern-Sternberg", for whichever reasons. --Latebird 17:52, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * He used "Ungern von Sternberg" throughout his adulthood and he became known under this name. The assumed name is commonly used by the wiki if it's the name one is known under. For example, see Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jeane Mortenson), Kirk Douglas (Issur Demsky), Vladimir Lenin (Ulyanov). I guess the other languages use "von Ungern-Sternberg" because it's more correct grammatically. --Gene s 10:37, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

place of birth
User:3_L%C3%B6wi: Could you please produce source for born in in Graz, Austria ..., and raised in Tallinn (Reval), Estonia. All sources that I can find point to Dago, Estonia. --Gene s 18:45, 17 November 2005 (UTC) Any information about White Army money and treasures of Urga and Gandaan???Still not found!
 * 'Eesti Entsüklopoeedia' kd X gives Graz. Constanz - Talk 11:04, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Copyright of Images
Can it be shown that the two images were published in the USSR before 1973? If so, then it would be a good idea to move them to the Commons using the respective public domain tag, so that all language versions can use them without the need to store an extra copy. --Latebird 14:29, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Popular Culture
Should we add a reference to Pelevin's Chapaev and Pustota (in Englihs, The Clay Machine-Gun)? Cema 03:22, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The nickname "Bloody Baron" will also make people wonder about the ghost of the same name in JKR. There does not appear to be any other connection. 12.144.50.221 16:09, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Also, why is there not a movie about him, starring Johnny Depp?Zemlod (talk) 16:09, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Because his life is altogether not Tim Burton stuff, but rather Tarantino? 178.203.235.177 (talk) 19:36, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Um?
Is the material here accurate? DS 21:29, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It's called a "fictional essay" right there... --Latebird 22:15, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * ... in a context that implies that it is not fiction. The other "fictional essays" are about real people and real events, so... DS 03:19, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Key players and events are indeed taken from actual history. Most of the details seem to be fictional, though, some possibly taken from popular legends. Quite interesting to read but clearly not a useful source for Wikipedia. --Latebird 10:15, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you; that's what I was concerned about. DS 15:29, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Story of his capture
I read a story about how he was captured. It was written by Byambyn Rinchen (or Rinchen Byambayev) in 1967.08.04, N32 of the Mongolian newspaper "Utga zohiol urlag" (Literature and art). In the article, he remembers that when he was a young secretary to the minister of border affairs, in July 1921, he and his minister went to visit a (mongolian) prisoner in a red army prison, who was an old friend of the minister, to inform him that he will be soon transferred to the Mongolian side. The prisoner's name was "Bishrelt gun Sundui" and he was confined in the same room that the Baron was staying. Baron knew some Mongolian language, and under the Baron's presence few feet away, Sundui talked about how he was a leader of the mongolian soldiers in the Baron's army, and after throwing the Chinese gomindan army how Baron took them deep into Russian territory and how it was meaningless to them to fight there. He said that they were so frustrated and homesick that they were waiting for the first convenient moment to capture the Baron and bring him to the Red Army. One night a mongolian soldier shot the Baron from outside of his tent, but missed and the Baron immediately turned off his candle. Then the Baron bacame extra cautious that he never took his right hand off of his gun in his pocket. Once the Baron took Sundui and a few soldiers to go to Mongolia. During a short picnic two soldiers grabbed the Baron's two arms and captured him the moment his right hand was away from his gun to light up his cigaret. The Barons' Russian soldiers were observing this but nobody did anything probably because they were defeated by the Red Army many times and already kind of have given up.

Ricnhen described the Baron as tall, with broad shoulders but flat chest, a bit small head and very "evil" kind of eyes.

Temur 18:47, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Black Baron?
The this-day-in-history box for March 13 refers to him as “The Black Baron,” which has no support on this page. Which is wrong? —crism 00:17, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * the Black Baron was Wrangel. Thanks. Will be fixed. `'mikka 01:48, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * that's likely because of viktor pelevin who called his character jungren that's based on ungern 'the black baron' in his 'chapayev and void' book, that book greatly popularized ungern in the post-soviet countries 2A00:1370:817C:29C3:B3CC:C3E2:700A:EE41 (talk) 17:24, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

About the picture
On the main picture the Baron wears a deel, Mongolian national costume. Normally a deel has the opening in the right hand side, which appears on this picture in his left side. so I suspect the picture is a mirror image. Also the medal appears in the right side, which I think people usually put on their left side. If you see the picture before execution, the deel opening is in the right side.

Temur 19:00, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Unsourced antisemitism
Could anyone add sources for the baron's alleged antisemitism? There is a section describing it in this article, but with no references. On the other hand, in Ossendowski's Beasts, Men and Gods, the baron mentioned his Jewish spies and a Jewish commander of his right flank. Of course, that might be just Ossendowski's propaganda. It would be nice to have reliable sources supporting one or the other side. Tankred 02:52, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * No idea if it is what you had in mind, but secondary sources that explicitely say that he killed all of Urga's Jews he could lay hand on include C.R. Bawden's Modern History of Mongolia, London 1968, p.232, and IIRC Owen Lattimore's Nomaden und Komissare (transl. of Nomads and Comissioners), ca. 1962, don't remember the page but at least the German version had an index. Primary sources could be Frans August Larson, Duke of Mongolia, Boston 1930, p.133, or Ladislaus Forbath, The New Mongolia, London 1936 (I think), p.164 ff. Yaan (talk) 19:44, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Palmer's recent book The Bloody White Baron (2008) has a lot about Ungern-Sternberg's anti-Semitism. Colin4C (talk) 10:47, 7 November 2008 (UTC) But problem with Palmer's book is that he lacks many credible sources, he makes Ungern to be some kind of Vlad Dracula, and especially he has not read Kamil Gizycki's fist hand account of the wild years 1920-21, a memoir published in 1929 in Poland and assessed by the Polish historians as much more trustworthy then Ossendowski's story on Ungern.

Full German name
His full name in German was "Robert Nickolaus Maximillian von Ungern-Sternberg", not "Roman Friederich Nickolaus". 81.222.127.2 (talk) 21:25, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Please putting this page back to say that von Sternberg did not fight in the Russo-Japanese war. I have a reliable source ( the work "Monsters: History's most evil men & women" by noted historian Simon Sebag Montfoire) that will verify this. Anyway, if you look at the dates, this war began in 1904 and von Sternberg was 18 at the time, it is obvious that he served in this war. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Theeditizingeditor (talk • contribs) 15:37, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

買賣城
Can we please agree that the name of this Chinese settlement is Chinese and means, as stated in a number of sources, literally 'trade town' (買 = 'buy', 賣='sell', 買賣='trade', 城='town')? Yaan (talk) 03:16, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

I agree. But you can also include the Mongolian form indicating it as probable derivative from Chinese.---SK91.76.18.196 (talk)

 * If you can show that there is the Mongolian name - this, this or this (on page x) source all do not use 'Наймаачин'. Yaan (talk) 13:34, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Маймачен is not a Mongolian but Russified name, something like Урга. Mongols use 'наймаачин' as Mongolian word for Russian 'маймаачин': see Монгол орос дэлгэрэнгуй их толь, II боть, Москва, 2001, p.313.---SK91.76.18.196 (talk) 14:06, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

mad monster or just leader?
There is an unconsistancy in this article. While the baron ruled over Duria, it describes "extreme cruelty" as part of his rule, but as leader of Mongolia, it describes him as a great leader and liberator. Did this tyranny in his personality just vanish? Everything else I've read on the man (this includes works by Simon Sebag Montefoire and other noted historians) describes his Mongolia as a place of torture, mass murder, pillaging and other attrocities. I even read a quote from a refugee fleeing Mongolia, saying "even death is better that the Baron". This person wasn't fleeing from sanitation and tolerance. I understand that the article has to be unbiased, but that's seeing it all through rose coloured glasses. He wasn't called the "mad baron" for nothing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.44.21.210 (talk) 17:53, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Completely agree. Those roughly contemporary reports that I have read (Haslund, Andrews) write about, more or less, blood flowing in the streets. While in both of those cases it's just hearsay, both authors definitely do not fall into the Soviet sympathizer camps. And neither of the two seems to have been as thoroughly debunked as Ossendowski. Yaan (talk) 17:58, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

There are many conflicting accounts on the matter, it is agreed he was famously ruthless in his punishments for transgressing his rules, though there certainly was not blood flowing in the streets in Mongolia apart from when he was capturing said streets from the Chinese, for he needed the Mongolians on side. I do recall accounts of him hanging looters, but at the same time shooting people who would not give him needed supplies. I Cannot speak for Siberia, it is indeed quite possible there, the punishments for communism and communist sympathies or just disobedience became very severe as the war developed and he had more free reign. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cerdic1096 (talk • contribs) 00:50, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Roman as Mahākāla avatar?
I thought I recalled in some earlier edit here seeing mention that Roman was declared a Mahākāla avatar ("protector of the dharma") by one of the Dalai Lamas. However, I'm not finding anything about that on GoogleBooks except a wiki-mirror publication. Was this data removed for a reason, was it shown to be incorrect? Even setting aside wikimirrors, there seems to be some outside references to this online, though not WP:RS. If true, it's a really interesting fact that should be there. If not, it'd be nice to have the debunk here on the Talk page for folks like me who recall that earlier bit, or see it in the many wikimirrors. MatthewVanitas (talk) 18:23, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

This discussed in detail in the Russian book by Kuzmin (2011). Only few White Russian officers mentioned him as Mahakala in their memoirs, no more. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.76.32.149 (talk) 18:43, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Losses in Mongolia
Palmer's book is not science but a non-fiction. However, Palmer (2009) wrote only on killing Jews in Urga and stated that "A few Jews were saved" (page 157). Kuzmin's book is scholarly academic source with exact quotations of primary and secondary sources and it is prioritized. Palmer quoted his earlier books. It contains following statistical data: "during the whole revolution of 1921, Mongolia lost 2,000 persons, which included the losses of Mongols from the both sides of the conflict (fifty-fifty). Human losses in Mongolia for the periods of the Chinese occupation in 1919–1920 made 17,000 persons (up to 2,000 killed, others died of famine); revolts against the Reds in 1932 – ca. 3,000; communist repressions in 1928–1952 – 50,000 (by other data, up to 100,000), among whom 20,000 killed, 30,000 died in prisons and camps" (Erlikhman, V. 2004. Poteri Narodonaseleniya v XX veke: Spravochnik [Losses of Populations in the 20th Century: Reference Book]. Moscow: Russkaya Panorama, quoted on page 356). In Urga Ungern's men killed from 38 to 40 Jews (Kuzmin, 2010, pages 415 and 417, see lists on pages 410-413).94.29.12.39 (talk) 18:28, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Please, don't use irrelevant or faked information. It will be always removed.
 * That is one OPINION, potentially revisionist. We cannot give weight to only this one, that would be against the rules here.--Galassi (talk) 03:08, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Wrong. This is scholarly monograph generalizing more than 700 sources and not revisionist. Opinion is inserted by you. John Major's popular guides as 'Land & people of Mongolia', 'Land & people of China', '...of Brunei & Malaysia' are not reliable sources in history. Don't insert also faked phrase 'from Palmer' andt POV. Don't violate rules. First discuss here.94.29.12.39 (talk) 06:18, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree. "History of Baron Ungern" is a scholarly book recognized by researchers. KMK is academic publisher well-known in Russia. Relevance of guides and popular books is certainly lower. Galassi seems to be ignorant in Mongolian history.83.149.228.70 (talk) 09:36, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * It is against the rules to claim anything as fact. You may mention that "Kuzmin claims that etc."--Galassi (talk) 12:50, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * It is against the rules to insert irrelevant sources. Your phrase is not correct because Kuzmin quotes other sources. Probably, description of these sources may be also included. It may be formulated here by you or by 94.29.12.39, depending on who has that book in hands.83.149.228.70 (talk) 13:50, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, I have. Kuzmin quoted Erlikhman for total losses in Mongolia. Erlikhman's special reference book on human losses by countries and times. Number of Jews murdered by Ungern's men in Urga totaled 38 by the list (quoted earlier) compiled by his enemy B.N. Volkov (Hoower Archive is quoted) - page 417. K.P. Albertsen, eyewitness, indicated 40 killed Jews (quoted from Zlatkin I.Ya. Accounts of new and newest history of Mongolia. Moscow, Nauka publisher house, 1957, page 167) - page 415.94.29.12.39 (talk) 17:46, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Comment: I believe it should not be that hard to find academic sources stating that Baron Ungern killed nearly all Jews in Urga. The numbers cited by the IPs above don't really contradict that. I also believe this is relevant for the article.

On the other hand, the claim that 80000 Mongolians were killed during that era (even if we extend it to, say, 1919-1924 and allow a large error margin) looks really exceptional. My only explanation is that it either is a printing error or derived from inconsistent population estimates. Mongolia at the time had roughly 600000 inhabitants. 80000 people killed would be around 13% of the population, about the same share of population that the Soviet Union lost in WWII!

Yaan (talk) 20:05, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Details of military ranks

 * Ungern received the rank of Major General in the beginning of Civil War in Transbaikalia, so almost whole that time he was Major General but not Yesaul. He received the rank of Lieutenant General for capture of Urga, i.e. soon after his appearance in Mongolia. The start of Mongolian Revolution of 1921 officially considered from the capture of Maimacheng by Suukhbaatar in March 1921. The war in Mongolia with Chinese troops and then with Russian and Mongol Red troops was longer, from October 1921 to 1922. Ungern participated in this war and not in Mongolian Revolution.NikStg (talk) 06:37, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

Name inconsistency
It's listed as Roman Nikolai Maximilian von Ungern-Sternberg and Roman Fyodorovich von Ungern-Sternberg. Which is correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.10.226.163 (talk) 12:45, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Problem of validity of Palmer's book as a source
Palmer's book "The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia" has been heavily used as a source material in writing this article.

The mentioned book, is provocative, sensationalist piece of pop literature that has nothing to do with verifiable, accurate historical sources. The title of the book alone should be counter-indication for it's inclusion in references.

From this book are sourced numerous claims in the article which vary from simply incorrect, to completely outrageous. Among them are supposed Baron's allegiance to a "volkisch" idea which is completely false and deduced simply from Baron's rants and statements which have nothing to do with any such idea. Baron Ungern in particular didn't devote much time to moving withing German-Baltic circles.

Then follow claims that Baron "ardently" hated Slavs and considered them inferior which is completely outrageous, false claim. Baron's closest friends and associates were Slavic, and during his dictatorship in Mongolia he employed many Slavs in his posts.

Then follow his overblown depiction of Baron's anti-semitism which author of the book portrayed as his chief ideological motor, which is another completely outrageous construction. The book litterally portrayed Baron Ungern as "foreshadow" of the Nazis.

I strongly urge not only these references bee triple checked, but i suggest that it should be completely removed as a source material, and all claims drawn from the book deleted or altered, unless verified by another, reliable source.

This is author's description of his book, supposed neutral source

"In the history of the modern world, there have been few characters more sinister, sadistic, and deeply demented than Baron Ungern-Sternberg. An anti-Semitic fanatic whose penchant for Eastern mysticism and hatred of communists foreshadowed the Nazi scourge that would soon overtake Europe, Ungern- Sternberg conquered Mongolia in 1919 with a ragtag force of White Russians, Siberians, Japanese, and native Mongolians. In The Bloody White Baron, historian and travel writer James Palmer vividly re-creates Ungern-Sternberg's spiral into ever-darker obsessions, while also providing a rare look at the religion and culture of the unfortunate Mongolians he briefly ruled." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.155.41.191 (talk) 19:11, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

Agreed. Will do more research into primary resources in order to come to a better satisfactory page. The Makioka Brother (talk) 05:59, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

With 34th Cossacks against "East Prussia" ?
ru, which one might trust in this details quite a bit more, states: С началом Первой мировой войны поступил в 34-й Донской казачий полк, действовавший на Австрийском фронте в Галиции., saying, that this unit operated on Galician Front (rather). - So, what about "East Prussia" ? --213.172.123.242 (talk) 20:35, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

Addressing the "page needed" and other things related to the Asiatic Cavalry Division
While reading this article, I noticed that there were frequent insertions of "page needed" regarding the Asiatic Cavalry Division and its various battles. Should all details about the division be transferred from this article to the article dedicated to the division? Seems the most reasonable to me. --Itzhak Rosenberg (talk) 22:15, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

Swedish sources
I found some contemporary Swedish sources when searching for "Ungern-Sternberg" or "Baron Ungern" that have information which seems to contrast with this page. In Nordisk familjebok from 1926, there is an article about an "Aleksandr Vasiljevitj" (Alexander Vasilyevich) Ungern-Sternberg who is described as a Freiherr, Major-General and monarchist fanatic, given command of Dauria in 1918 by the "White" general Semenow and later becoming Regent of Mongolia before being executed by the Bolsheviks. Did Roman have a relative with this name and a similar career or is this simply a case of mistaken names?

I also looked in the digital archived of Dagens Nyheter and found some articles from the year 1910 about Baron Ungern-Sternberg, a "newspaper correpondent" as well as a "Russian subject and former officer" being accused of treason for delivering classified Russian documents to Austria. On 11 November 1910 he was sentenced to four years of penal labour. This would at the very least mean that his military career had a break around 1909-1914. -KnightofFaerië (talk) 15:58, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

Expatriate from the Russian Empire
It appears he was born to a family who were subjects of the Russian Empire living abroad, which would make him an expatriate at birth.John Pack Lambert (talk) 15:52, 10 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Please don't invent things like "expatriate at birth", it is an unknown concept and doesn't match the definitions of expatriates in our article or in dictionaries. Fram (talk) 16:07, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg


text:
3D Lemmings

3D Lemmings (Lemmings 3D in North America) is a 1995 puzzle video game developed by Clockwork Games and published by Psygnosis. The gameplay, like the original Lemmings game, requires the player to lead all the lemmings to their exit by giving them the appropriate "skills". It was the first Lemmings game to be rendered in 3D. It was released for DOS, PlayStation, and Sega Saturn.

Gameplay
3D Lemmings is played by using four different, movable cameras to fly around and get an overview of the level. While some levels have fixed cameras, most of the time they can be freely moved at any time, although without the ability to tilt up or down. Another viewing option is the "virtual lemming" (VL) which allows the player to see through the eyes of a selected lemming.

All skills from the original game are available, with one new one: the turner. A turner is similar to a blocker, in that they stand in one place and can only be removed by being blown up or dug out from underneath. However, instead of making other lemmings turn back, they direct them 90 degrees either left or right, as chosen by the player. Diagonally positioned blocks in levels will also make lemmings move left or right (basically reflecting them).

One of the by-products of being 3D was the importance of the camera-handling. Even though most of the levels did not need complex camera setups, some levels could only be solved if the player was skilled enough to move the camera in the correct way - or by using the Virtual Lemming mode. For example, one level featured a massive indestructible block of wall with the lemmings arriving on top; the only way the player was able to deliver the lemmings to the bottom floor was by digging through a certain part of the block which was left destructible, and the only way to handle that was to use the VL mode, because the player was unable to fit the camera through the hole. Some levels include rooms or halls where the camera can not go into (or come out from) and the player has to peek in through windows or use VL mode.

The release rate buttons, i.e. to increase or decrease rate of lemmings; instant replay mode; and fast forward button all return from previous games. Levels are once again divided into four difficulty settings: Fun, Tricky, Taxing and Mayhem. There are 20 levels of each setting, with 20 more practice levels to learn about different game elements. Each level has a set amount of lemmings again, and can be returned to through the use of passwords.

Cutscenes are shown at the end of certain level milestones, which feature lemmings from the various 3D Lemmings themes (army, computer, etc.).

3D Lemmings Winterland
An additional level pack/playable demo named 3D Lemmings Winterland was released for 3D Lemmings on the PC, which included six new levels featuring a winter theme. The gameplay was identical to the standard game.

Reception
The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly scored the PlayStation version an 8 out of 10, citing the "outstanding" 3D graphics and innovative, complex gameplay. Mark Lefebvre commented that "Multiple camera angles, a Training Mode for new players and an incredible interface to a very complex game are just a few reasons Lemmings 3D is a winner". GamePro panned the game, contending that the 3D view is confusing, and exacerbated by poor controls and excessive menus to navigate through.

Rob Allsetter of Sega Saturn Magazine commented that the 3D concept made the gameplay cumbersome and difficult to master: "Once you've familiarised yourself with the method it's a lot less hassle, but there are still those moments when, with only a split second left, you find yourself changing a camera angle to actually see what's going on rather than choosing lemming roles to save them." He also complained that the puzzles are highly frustrating, but acknowledged, "For the more even tempered among you with craniums the size of the superdome this might just fit the bill".

PC Gamer US named 3D Lemmings the "Best Puzzle Game" of 1995. The editors wrote, "If you love puzzle games, 3D Lemmings should be in your collection."

title: 3D Lemmings


text:
Comté cheese

Comté is a French cheese made from unpasteurized cow's milk in the Franche-Comté region of eastern France bordering Switzerland and sharing much of its cuisine. Comté has the highest production of all French Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) cheeses, at around 66,500 tons annually. It is classified as an Alpine cheese.

The cheese is made in discs, each between 40 cm and 70 cm in diameter, and around 10 cm in height. Each disc weighs up to 50 kg with a fat in dry matter (FDM) around 45%. The rind is usually a dusty-brown colour, and the internal paste, pâte, is a pale creamy yellow. The texture is relatively hard and flexible, and the taste is mild and slightly sweet.

Production
Fresh from the farm, milk is poured into large copper vats where it is gently warmed. Each cheese requires up to 600 L of milk. Rennet is added, causing the milk to coagulate (curdle). The curds are then cut into tiny white grains that are the size of rice or wheat which are then stirred before being heated again for around 30 minutes. The contents are then placed into moulds and the whey is pressed out. After several hours the mould is opened and left to mature in cellars, first for a few weeks at the dairy, and then over several months elsewhere.

The manufacture of Comté has been controlled by AOC regulations since it became one of the first cheeses to receive AOC recognition in 1958, with full regulations introduced in 1976. The AOC regulations for Comté prescribe:
 * Only milk from Montbéliarde or French Simmental cows (or cross breeds of the two) is permitted.
 * There must be no more than 1.3 cows per hectare of pasture.
 * Fertilization of pasture is limited, and cows may only be fed fresh, natural feed, with no silage.
 * The milk must be transported to the site of production immediately after milking.
 * Renneting must be carried out within a stipulated time after milking, according to the storage temperature of the milk.
 * The milk must be used raw. Only one heating of the milk may occur, and that must be during renneting. The milk may be heated up to 56C / 133F.
 * Salt may only be applied directly to the surface of the cheese.
 * A casein label containing the date of production must be attached to the side of the cheese, and maturing must continue for at least four months.
 * No grated cheese could be sold under the Comté name between 1979 and 2007.

In 2005, the French Government registered 175 producers and 188 affineurs (agers) in France.

Grading
Each cheese is awarded a score out of 20 by inspectors: the highest possible scores are 1 point for overall appearance, 1.5 for quality of rind, 3.5 for internal appearance, 5 for texture, and 9 for taste. Those cheeses scoring higher than 14 points are given a green casein label with the recognizable logo of a green bell, and are called Comté Extra. Those cheeses scoring from 12 to 14 points are given a brown label and are called simply Comté. Any cheese scoring only 1 or 2 points for taste (out of the possible 9), or scoring below 12 overall, is prohibited from using the Comté name and is sold for other purposes.

Jury terroir
Comté is well known for its distinct terroir: it is made in 160 village-based fruitières (cheese-making facilities) in the region, owned by farmers who bring their own milk from their cows; strict production rules linking place and product; and the seasonal environmental effects. Comté cheeses go through the process of "jury terroir", where panels of trained volunteer tasters from Comté supply chain and from the region discuss and publish bi-monthly in the newsletter Les Nouvelles de Comté about the taste and their results. This jury terroir was created by Florence Bérodier, a food scientist, to elaborate in response to a set of formidable challenges that Comté cheese underwent in the beginning for its unfamiliar taste and smell. "The jury terroir is there to speak of all the richness in the tastes of a Comté…" – the original member confirmed. For Comté cheese to be world-renowned, the quality improved, but the challenge stand still to create a uniform taste, which was impossible to achieve since there were 160 different fruitières specializing. But through the process of jury terroir, people came to focus on communication among the tasters, which improved their ability to perceive and gained in value. They acquired a general culture that enabled them to describe and exchange the taste of Comtés.

title: Comté cheese


text:
New York, New York (Ryan Adams song)

"New York, New York" is the debut solo single by American singer-songwriter Ryan Adams. It was the lead single to his second studio album Gold (2001).

The song was supposed to be released on September 11, 2001, but following the terrorist attacks, it was postponed to November 26. The single reached No. 53 in the UK in December 2001 and No. 18 on the Adult Top 40 chart in the US. The song earned Adams a Grammy Award nomination for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance.

Following the attacks, the song was seen by many as an inspirational anthem of healing for New York City. Two months after the attack, Adams performed the song on Saturday Night Live.

In 2009, the song was included in The Guardian newspaper's "1000 Songs Everyone Must Hear". It features a closing saxophone solo by a young Kamasi Washington.

Background
Adams wrote the song about an ex-lover from his brief time in New York during his early 20s. A native of North Carolina, he lived in New York two years before the release of the song. The song was written about Amy Lombardi, who also inspired the breakup songs on his debut album Heartbreaker. Adams moved to New York in order to be in a relationship with her. The single, and Adams' second album Gold, were originally scheduled for release on September 11, 2001, but the release date was postponed to November following the terrorist attacks.

The song's lyrics mention several lower Manhattan geographic references, including the intersection of Avenue A and 10th Street (where Adams and Lombardi's apartment was), the Second Avenue subway station, Houston Street, Avenue B, and an Upper West Side church.

After the attacks, Adams decided not to play the song live and requested that the song would not be licensed for media, because he did not want people to feel as if he was exploiting the tragedy for his own personal gain. He made exceptions for the New York Yankees, who played the song during games in the old Yankee Stadium, as well as the NYPD and the New York City Fire Department.

The song was nominated for the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance, losing to "Dig In" by Lenny Kravitz.

The closing saxophone solo was played by 20-year-old Kamasi Washington in one of his first studio session appearances. It features two takes being played at the same time, which originated as a playback accident before the producers enjoyed it enough to keep it.

Music video
The video was filmed on September 7, 2001, four days before the September 11 attacks. It was the second video shot for the song. The first one was shot in a taxi cab and was scrapped because Adams felt that it came out badly. As Adams is a self-professed obsessive of the television series Friends, the video's shots of the New York skyline featured the same angles as the series' opening sequence. The video was mostly filmed under the Brooklyn Bridge, and the Twin Towers feature heavily in the background. The closing shot sees Adams stare across the Hudson River, looking directly at the towers. Following the attack, the video was dedicated to all those who died in the terrorist strikes of September 11 and to the rescue workers of the city.

Personnel

 * Ryan Adams - vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Richard Causon - piano
 * Chris Stills - bass
 * Kamasi Washington - saxophone
 * Ethan Johns - electric guitars, Hammond B-3, congas, drums

Track listing

 * 1) "New York, New York"
 * 2) "Mara Lisa"
 * 3) "From Me to You"

Chart performance
The song peaked at #18 on the U.S. Billboard Adult Top 40 for the week ending February 2, 2002.

title: New York, New York (Ryan Adams song)


text:
Theme from New York, New York

"Theme from New York, New York", often abbreviated to just "New York, New York", is the theme song from the Martin Scorsese musical film New York, New York (1977), composed by John Kander, with lyrics by Fred Ebb. Liza Minnelli performs the song in the climax of the film. It was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.

Two years later, Frank Sinatra covered the song, and it became closely identified with both him and New York City.

History
Composer John Kander and lyricist Fred Ebb attributed the song's success to Robert De Niro, who rejected their original theme for the film because it was "too weak". They had been asked to write a handful of songs for New York, New York. When they were ready, Kander & Ebb played the songs for Martin Scorsese, Liza Minnelli and De Niro. After the recital, De Niro pulled Scorsese aside and convinced him the title song needed to be stronger.

The original lyrics begin, "They always say it's a nice place to visit, but I wouldn't want to live here." The melody of the discarded song is also completely different. Kander & Ebb banged out a replacement in "a very short time...and in great anger". The new song, "Theme from New York, New York", begins with one of Kander's famous vamps, this one derived from the ragtime practice of putting the melody underneath a repeated note. Liza Minnelli's performance was released as a single from the soundtrack album and peaked at #104 on the Billboard chart.

Frank Sinatra
Frank Military, a longtime associate and former employee of Frank Sinatra's publishing company, was adept at choosing songs for the singer. Military sent Sinatra a record of "New York, New York" and kept checking in with his secretary to see if he listened to it. Sinatra eventually gave the sheet music to his pianist, Vinnie Falcone, and in October 1978, he began performing it in a medley with "New York, New York" from On the Town.

He hired Don Costa to create a medley of "Autumn in New York", "The Sidewalks of New York", and "Theme from New York, New York" as an overture for his act, entering to Kander's vamp. Audiences loved "New York, New York" so much that he kept moving it later into the set, which he was still closing with "My Way". It was through those performances that Sinatra developed the massive rallentando that defines his interpretation of the song and is immortalized on record. By 1980, "New York, New York" had become the closer for his performances.

Sinatra recorded the song for his triple album Trilogy: Past Present Future (1980), and it eventually became his signature song. Don Costa received a Grammy nomination for the energetic orchestration. Sinatra occasionally performed the song live with Minnelli as a duet. Having known him all her life, she referred to him as "Uncle Frank", and Minnelli teased him that his signature song was written for her.

Sinatra's recording peaked at #32 on June 14, 1980, becoming his final Top 40 hit. It was also an Adult Contemporary hit, reaching #10 in the US and #2 in Canada. In Mexico, it reached #1 on Notitas Musicales' Hit Parade chart in December 1981, remaining in that position for three fortnights. The song made a minor showing in the UK (#59); however, it recharted several years later and reached #4 in 1986. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male.

Sinatra made two more studio recordings of the song in 1981 (for his NBC TV special The Man and His Music) and 1993 (for Capitol Records). The latter recording was edited into a duet with Tony Bennett for Sinatra's Duets album.

Lyrics
The first line of the song is: "Start spreadin' the news, I'm leavin' today I want to be a part of it: New York, New York."

The song concludes with the line: "If I can make it there, I'm gonna make it anywhere, It's up to you, New York, New York."

Minnelli's original recording of the song (also used in the Tony Bennett version in Duets) uses the following closing line: "If I can make it there, I'll make it anywhere, Come on, come through, New York, New York."

Frank Sinatra altered some of Ebb's lyrics during the recording process, likely as a mistake. During the climax, Ebb's original list of superlative titles runs, "king of the hill, head of the list, cream of the crop, and the top of the heap", which rhymes with "the city that doesn't sleep". Sinatra rendered the titles as "A-number-one, top of the list, king of the hill, A-number-one". Ebb was not fond of the revision but was deeply grateful to Sinatra for giving them an "enormous hit".

Charts

 * Liza Minnelli version
 * Frank Sinatra version

Legacy
The song has been embraced as a celebration of New York City, and is often heard at New York City social events, such as weddings and bar mitzvahs. Many sports teams in New York City have played this song in their arenas/stadiums, but the New York Yankees are the most prominent example. It has been played over the loudspeakers at both the original and current Yankee Stadiums at the end of every Yankee home game since July 1980. Originally, Sinatra's version was played after a Yankees win, and the Minnelli version after a loss. However, due to a complaint from Minnelli, the Sinatra version is now heard regardless of the game's outcome.

By the mid-80s, the song was ubiquitous as the theme in commercials for Kraft's Philadelphia Cream Cheese.

While collaborating with Queen on the soundtrack to Highlander, director Russell Mulcahy begged Freddie Mercury to record "New York, New York". The singer obliged and his 30-second performance appears in the film just before the climax.

Liza Minnelli performed the song live during the July 4, 1986 ceremony marking the rededication of the Statue of Liberty after extensive renovations.

Minnelli also performed it on September 21, 2001 at Shea Stadium during the seventh-inning stretch. It was the first game in New York after the attacks on the World Trade Center. The Mets beat the Braves with a dramatic home run by Mike Piazza. It is known as the "9/11 game".

In 2004, "New York, New York" ranked #31 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

In the 2005 Arrested Development episode "Queen for a Day" Tobias Fünke starts singing the song in presence of Minnelli's character Lucille Austero, causing her to roll her eyes and complain that "everyone thinks they're Frank Sinatra."

From the 2005 season until 2020, at the Richmond County Bank Ballpark following Staten Island Yankees games, the Sinatra version was heard regardless of the game's outcome, and was formerly done at Shea Stadium at the end of New York Mets games after the September 11, 2001 attack. Previously, Mets fans felt it was a "Yankee song", and began booing it when it was played. It actually first had snippets of the song played after World Series home runs by Ray Knight and Darryl Strawberry during Game 7 of the 1986 World Series. The song is also sometimes played at New York Knicks games. The Sinatra version is played at the end of every New York Rangers game at Madison Square Garden. It was played at the opening faceoff of Game 7 of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals at the Garden. The song has also been the post parade song for the Belmont Stakes from 1997 to 2009, and since 2011. Sinatra's version of the song has been played at the end of all four Super Bowls that the New York Giants have won to date, as well as before kickoff of Super Bowl XLVIII, while Minnelli's version was heard after the Giants' Super Bowl XXXV loss.

In 2013, the 1979 recording by Frank Sinatra was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

The song was the musical basis for Jimmy Picker's 1983 three-minute animated short, Sundae in New York, which won the Oscar for Best Short Film (Animated) that year, with a likeness of then-mayor Ed Koch somewhat stumbling through the song, with clay caricatures of New York-based celebrities (including Alfred E. Neuman) and finishing the song with "Basically, I think New York is very therapeutic. Hey, an apple a day is... uh... great for one's constitution!" and burying his face in a big banana split with "THE END" written on his bald head. (Koch used the same rallentando climax Sinatra used, albeit with one big difference: "A-number one, top of the list, king of the hill..." followed by his impression of Groucho Marx completing, "...and incidentally a heckuva nice guy!")

Parodies

 * Swedish comedy group Galenskaparna och After Shave made a version of the song in 1985, "Borås, Borås", about Borås (the mail order center of Sweden).
 * Martin Short sang a parody, "North Pole, North Pole", in the 2006 film The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause.
 * In an season 1 episode of Desperate Housewives, Susan (Teri Hatcher) sings a part of the song while she confronts her cheating ex-husband.
 * Stephen Colbert sang a parody of the song on the 10 June 2014 episode of The Colbert Report. His version mocked New York Governor Andrew Cuomo's and California Governor Jerry Brown's wager on the result of the Stanley Cup Finals between the New York Rangers and the Los Angeles Kings.
 * Professional wrestling team The New Day sang a parody on an episode of WWE Raw the night after they won the Tag Team Championships at SummerSlam in 2015 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn.
 * Michael Feinstein often sings parody lyrics regarding his hatred of this song in concert.
 * The YouTube puppet web comedy series Glove and Boots recorded a parody of the song, "New York, New York ft Johnny T", in 2015. Sung by the character Johnny T (a New Yorker frog), the parody is a more cynical take about the modern New York City, with lyrics about gentrification and rising cost of living forcing residents to move out.
 * A parody of the song, "Capital City", is featured in The Simpsons episode "Dancin' Homer", sung by Tony Bennett (who performed the original song as well). The music and lyrics were written by Jeff Martin.
 * A parody of the song, "First Grade, First Grade", is sung at kindergarten graduations.
 * Jewish song parody group Rechnitzer Rejects recorded a version of the song in Yiddish called Boro Park.

title: Theme from New York, New York


text:
New York, New York (On the Town)

"New York, New York" is a song from the 1944 musical On the Town and the 1949 MGM musical film of the same name. The music was written by Leonard Bernstein and the lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green. A well known line of this song is:

"New York, New York, a helluva town. The Bronx is up but The Battery's down."

For the film version, the word "helluva" was changed to "wonderful" to appease the Production Code offices. In the film, the song was performed by Gene Kelly, Jules Munshin, and Frank Sinatra. In 2004, the film version finished at No. 41 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

It is not to be confused with the "Theme from New York, New York", originally performed by Liza Minnelli and later popularized by Sinatra ("Start spreadin' the news, I'm leaving today"). However, in his Concert for the Americas performance, Sinatra sang this song as the verse for his more famous "Theme from New York, New York".

In popular culture
"New York, New York" was referenced by John Williams for his celebratory For New York, composed in 1988 for Bernstein's 70th birthday gala.

The song was parodied as "Springfield, Springfield" in the 1993 episode "Boy-Scoutz 'n the Hood" of The Simpsons. A sailor even appears as another homage to the song, until he realizes he isn’t in New York (which Bart points out).

A pastiche of the song entitled "Twenty-four Hours In Tunbridge Wells" was written and performed by Eric Idle and Neil Innes, with Gillian Gregory, for an episode of the same name in the second season of the UK comedy series Rutland Weekend Television in 1976.

It was covered in a mash-up with "I Love New York" on the Glee episode "New York".

In the Tim Burton film Sleepy Hollow, Johnny Depp's Ichabod Crane utters "The Bronx is up and the Battery's down" to his traveling party in the final scene.

Alex, Marty, Gloria, and Melman sing the chorus of the song in Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted.

The song was parodied in an episode of The Critic ("New York, New York, a terrible town/The sky is brown and the water is brown").

Leonard Bernstein himself conducts the song in a New York Medley during the Night of 100 Stars in 1985.

During Wheel of Fortune's first road trip to New York in 1988, the song was played over an image montage of the city, and the lyrics were altered from "It's a helluva town" to "It's a wonderful town".

The first issue of Sam and Max: Freelance Police opens with Sam singing a parody of the song's chorus. ("The mimes are food for the bums underground.")

In a sketch performed in the second season of the Australian comedy series The Late Show, Tony Martin, Mick Molloy, and Jason Stephens claim to have holidayed in New York City over the season break, leading to a musical sequence featuring the trio dressed in sailor costumes, miming to "New York, New York," despite the fact the city they are cavorting in is obviously Melbourne (where The Late Show was filmed).

title: New York, New York (On the Town)


text:
Vacherin Mont d'Or

Vacherin Mont d'Or, or simply Vacherin, is a cow's milk (French vache, "cow") cheese. Two main types of French or Swiss Vacherin cheeses exist.

One type of Vacherin cheese is called mont d'Or, or Vacherin du Haut-Doubs, from France, or Vacherin Mont-d'Or from Switzerland (though it tends to just be called Vacherin in the local shops). It is a soft, rich, seasonal cheese made from cow's milk in Switzerland and France, usually in villages of the Jura region (an origin that has been officially controlled since 1981), and has a grayish-yellow washed rind. The cheese is wrapped in a "sangle" made from the cambium of a Norway spruce tree (French: Épicéa commun) for about two weeks at least, which gives the cheese a unique flavour. It typically contains 45 to 50 percent milk fat (in dry matter), and is produced between August 15 and March 15, and sold between September 10 and May 10. The Swiss Vacherin Mont d'Or is generally made with thermized milk (pasteurization is not allowed), while the French Vacherin du Haut-Doubs is unpasteurized. It is traditionally made in the winter months when the cows come down from Alpage (mountain pastures) and there is not enough milk to make Comté cheese. It is marketed in round boxes of various diameters made of spruce. The strips of spruce are harvested by specialists called "sanglier". It is often served warmed in its original packaging and eaten like fondue.

Officially, the French AOC/PDO allows Artisanal and Coopérative production of Mont d'Or. There are 11 producers of Vacherin in France (2009).

Swiss Vacherin Mont d'Or is protected since 2003, by an AOC, and since 2013, by an AOP.

title: Vacherin Mont d'Or


text:
Bolt cutter

A bolt cutter, sometimes called bolt cropper, is a tool used for cutting bolts, chains, padlocks, rebar and wire mesh. It typically has long handles and short blades, with compound hinges to maximize leverage and cutting force. A typical bolt cutter yields 20 kN of cutting force for a 250 N force on the handles.

There are different types of cutting blades for bolt cutters, including angle cut, center cut, shear cut, and clipper cut blades. Bolt cutters are usually available in 12, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36 and 42 inches (30.5, 35.6, 46, 61, 76, 91.4 and 107 cm) in length. The length is measured from the tip of the jaw to the end of the handle.

 * Angle cut has the cutter head angled for easier insertion. Typical angling is 25 to 35 degrees.
 * Center cut has the blades equidistant from the two faces of the blade.
 * Shear cut has the blades inverted to each other (such as normal paper scissor blades).
 * Clipper cut has the blades flush against one face (for cutting against flat surfaces).

Bolt cutters with fiberglass handles can be used for cutting live electrical wires and are useful during rescue operations. The fiberglass handles have another advantage of being lighter in weight than the conventional drop forged or solid pipe handles, making it easier to carry to the place of operation.

Cultural significance
The tools became iconic at the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, where protestors used bolt cutters to remove fencing around the RAF airbase. A Greenham banner displaying bolt cutters, together with a hanging of Greenham fence wire, was displayed at the Pine Gap Women's Peace Camp in Australia.

title: Bolt cutter


text:
Talk:Food and Agriculture Organization

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 January 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wombatsaregreat. Peer reviewers: Jeslyndv, Taylor.daws.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:35, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

List of publications
Seems hard to believe, but maybe I'm missing something - where's the list of FAO's publications? Seems like at least some of their bigger reports should get a mention. http://www.fao.org/publications/en/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 1.44.189.15 (talk) 04:23, 29 December 2014 (UTC)

Page move
It was requested (and voted against) for Food and Agriculture Organization to be moved to FAO - this is the discussion:

The organization is probably better known by its acronym. Most wikilinks point to FAO, which is a redirect. I propose moving the article there. Jonathunder 00:35, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)
 * Oppose as a colossal waste of time. Acronyms redirect to the full name of the organization.  After the RM, SS → Schutzstaffel, currently however... CIA → Central Intelligence Agency, WTO → World Trade Organization, USOC → United States Olympic Committee, EU to European Union et cetera ad infinitum.  As the FAO is a UN organization, it should be noted that articles regarding United Nations organizations are usually in full name with acronyms established as redirects: UN → United Nations, UNESCO → United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNICEF → United Nations Children's Fund, WHO → World Health Organization, etc.  It would probably be a disambiguation mess if every organization were listed at their acronyms.  Why then would it be logical—in the face of every other alphabet soup organization redirecting to the corresponding full name—to make the FAO any different? —ExplorerCDT 01:06, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. If you deign to think it important enough to warrant wasting our time with such nonsense, I would advise that your time would be better spent finding all the wikilinks that point to FAO and change them appropriately. —ExplorerCDT 01:06, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Neutralitytalk 01:39, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It seems to be a general and good policy that abbreviations are not the titles of articles, particularly when I'm always suprised by what different things three letters can mean to different people with different backgrounds. Gareth Hughes 17:20, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. -- Necrothesp 18:09, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Not moved. violet/riga (t) 23:14, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

coins
I have seen a few of these FAO coins from different countries. What is their purpose?? --Astrokey 44 15:11, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Here's a page with some quickie info on the coins, . We really should mention them in the article. It's sort of a quirky sideline, but it has taken off...Lisamh 01:29, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

merge applications into Food and Agriculture Organization article
I suggest we merge World Agricultural Trade Matrix, World Agricultural Trade Flow, and FAOSTAT into the Food and Agriculture Organization article. There's really not much to say about them individually for an encyclopedia entry. (Although the FAO statistics office and its products are fabulous resources for users of that sort of data.) This would give us one nice strong article, rather than several sparse interlinked ones. Lisamh 01:17, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I would agree with a compromise as follows: merge World Agricultural Trade Matrix and World Agricultural Trade Flow into FAOSTAT, but keep Food and Agriculture Organization as a seperate article. Why?  because WATM and WATF are services under the FAO Stats Division, but do not justify more than a passing mention in the FAO article.  Sure, the FAO article needs expanding, and I might give it a try (I used to work for them), but it should be expanded by providing a comprehensive summary of the work of all Divisions rather than a lot of attention to FAOSTAT. APB-CMX 11:35, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The above suggestion has been carried out. There are now two articles: 1. Food and Agriculture Organization which consists of a general description of the organisation, greatly expanded in recent weeks, and 2. FAOSTAT, that includes info about FAOSTAT, WATM and WATF. What was missing until today was a link between the FAO and FAOSTAT articles. This has now been added and - as a result - I have removed the merge tag from the article. APB-CMX 05:55, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

POV Section
There are large chunks of unreferenced text in this article. It sounds like it came straight out of the FAO Press Room. On 13th Nov, the article was tagged in three places with citation needed. On 14th Nov, the tags were removed and the unreferenced material was put under the heading What FAO says about itself. It is my opinion that this latest edit does NOT solve the problem of making unreferenced claims about the value of the organisation's work. If this is really what FAO says about itself, then the sources should be mentioned. It can't be too difficult - surely - to create some links to relevant documents kept on the FAO website? Until sources are cited (as they are in the Criticism section) the POV tag should be used for the Programmes and Achievements section. APB-CMX 15:55, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, the article as a whole is FAO's point of view about itself. Yes, each part should be specifically referenced and should be balanced with non-FAO viewpoints. A seperate section with non-FAO POV is a beginning, but much more should be added and then merged with FAO's point of view to create balanced article. But that's a lot of work and we'll probably only get there slowly. WAS 4.250 22:37, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

FAO report on Agricultural Biotechnology. It seems that the FAO Press Room is not content with writing most of the article, they also want to edit the section of 'criticism'. I would like to defend the reversion WAS 4.250 and note that the subsequent 're-insertion' by User:ANFO left the section in a mess, with duplicate sentences and a meaningless subtitle. I have now reverted same as WAS 4.250. The current description of the report on biotechnology consists of: a) a link to the document, b) a single reference for the criticism, and b) a single reference for the FAO response. I believe this is fair and balanced, unlike the text inserted by User:ANFO which adds another 4 references to defend the report. I can easily find another 4 references condeming the report, but I don't believe that would be a constructive way to proceed with this article. If User:ANFO insists on adding more information about this report, I suggest we create a seperate article for this purpose rather than take up more space in the FAO article. In a similar manner I have already created an article on Farmer Field Schools rather than take up space in the FAO article with this topic.APB-CMX 04:55, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

FAO report on Agricultural Biotechnology. I have re-inserted two points into this section. The first is the director general's insistence that people read his introductory speech and indeed the whole of the report, in gaining an overall context, as he regarded this a key point when this issue was raised. The second is to mention the letter of praise for this report by a large grouping of respected, independent scientists, which is fair after highlighting the letter of criticism. In this way, I aim only to redress directly the points raised in criticism (rather than pursuing a PR drive) and achieve fair balance by ensuring all the main facts are present. I hope this matter can be resolved amicably and constructively. ANFO 07:59, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Naming again,sorry
According to the official website, It is named now "FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS". do you think the name should be changed to that? Do you even think that the new name is correct? I'd appreciate a response as I'm translating this version now. --Alnokta 08:28, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

The official name of "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations" should not be used as the name of this article. We use whatever article names are most common. For example, an article on a person will use whatever name he is most commonly known as, and not necessarily his full name. To distinguish beteen articles that would otherwise have identical names, additional terms are often included like a middle name or something in parenthesis. If we had two articles on two organizations, both known as "Food and Agriculture Organization", then to distinguish between them it would be sensible to rename this one "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". But not otherwise. In any case, I think of it as the FAO or UNFAO. WAS 4.250 17:17, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:FAO logo.gif
Image:FAO logo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:21, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Farsi
Is there any particular reason why the FAO's Farsi name should be included in the article? The UN only has six official languages: English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese and Russian. Whiel the FAO's Russian name is missing from this article, it's name in Farsi is mentioned. Has there been a glitch somewhere? If the Farsi name is mentioned, that would mean that its name in any language would be acceptable. V85 (talk) 20:07, 24 September 2008 (UTC) I think this was already corrected. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.76.37.142 (talk) 22:40, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

insertion of new listing of Assistant Director-Generals with only one entry
At any one time FAO has around ten Assistant D-Gs. There is absolutely no reason to list them and certainly no need to list all the ADGs since FAO was founded. It does not make much sense to list even the DDGs. The beginning of a new listing with just one ADG and a very unimportant one at that is pointless. The article should not consist of long lists of names. Mr Reddy is not at all notable and does not merit his own article. He certainly does not merit a listing here. I will continue to delete the insertion. Roundtheworld (talk) 21:01, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Constitution of the FAO
I submitted the text of the Constitution of the FAO to wikisource. Please include a reference here.--Gulpen (talk) 14:19, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Gaps in article
As presently written, this article says virtually nothing about the FAO's important work in forestry and fisheries. Thanks, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 09:49, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Blank section stubs added for future additions re: FAO's forestry and fisheries programs and accomplishments. DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 01:36, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

World Food Summit
This article touches briefly, but currently not very systematically (or evenly) on the World Food Summits. At the same time, there is a separate, short article on that topic. Would it make sense to merge the latter into this article? Perhaps best left separate so World Food Summit can best be developed on its own right. But still I think it would improve this article to strengthen coverage of that subtopic. Suggestions? Thanks, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 10:20, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

Hunger campaign & alliance (merge sections?)
What is the relationship between the "Online campaign against hunger" and the "Alliance Against Hunger and Malnutrition"? Is there some way that these two sections might be merged? Does the latter fit better under "Food" rather than "Agriculture" programs of the FAO? Thanks, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 21:42, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

'United Nations' is a name
'United Nations' is a name, not a description. 'International Business Machines' is another example of a name (as opposed to a description). The expression 'the United Nations' is therefore confused language, like it also would be mistaken to refer to IBM as 'the International Business Machines'.

It would improve the language of this article if United Nations were properly referred to by using its name as just that, a name. That is to say one should refer to UN as simply 'United Nations', and avoid referring to it as 'the United Nations'. Of course this also applies to 'Food and Agriculture Organization' (a name, not a description). --62.16.186.44 (talk) 03:02, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120418195812/http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/treaties/TS1/1948/29 to http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/treaties/TS1/1948/29
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120226141557/http://www.viacampesina.org/main_en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=233&Itemid=27 to http://www.viacampesina.org/main_en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=233&Itemid=27
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120226141600/http://www.viacampesina.org/main_en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=556&Itemid=38 to http://www.viacampesina.org/main_en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=556&Itemid=38

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:53, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

FAO's response to climate disruption
Can we not update this article with research on FAO's response to climate disruption, since climate disruption profoundly impacts food production and 'food security' for populations in resource-poor (and other) areas. Consider the migrations of myriads of Syrians after their agriculture system failed. MaynardClark (talk) 02:57, 26 September 2015 (UTC)

Article title
This organisation has two common names in English, neither of which is the current title of the page (I see that there was some discussion of this in 2006). Officially, it's the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; in almost all contexts, including its own publications, it's called the FAO. I suggest moving the page to one title or the other; I favour the shorter one, by analogy with organisations such as NATO and the BBC. Thoughts? Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 08:39, 7 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree that the title as it stands is not really correct. Without doing the research (because i only just saw this comment), i would imagine that of the three potential titles FAO is the best/most common, the current title used next most commonly, and the official title almost never used ~ and for many things "official" titles are not used here.  I quibble with "it's called the FAO"; i don't recall ever seeing it with the definite article.  I am content for the title to stay as it is, however, as FAO redirects to this article, so there's not ever going to be an issue with readers being able to find it. Happy days, LindsayHello 09:02, 7 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Revisiting this a couple of years later: nothing's changed, we still have a page title that is neither the name of the organisation nor its WP:COMMONNAME, which are "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations" and "FAO" respectively. Does anyone have any objection, however minimal, to the page being moved to "FAO"? If so I'll probably start a full move discussion; but if not, I'll probably go ahead and move it in a week or two – if I remember, that is! Ping, the only editor who had any comment before. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 18:18, 23 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the ping, i'd forgotten about this and had intended to come back to it shortly after our previous comments. I think that moving it to FAO is the right choice; if you don't remember, i'll try and come back and check myself in a week or two.  Happy days, LindsayHello 18:48, 23 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I support the move to FAO - that title already redirects here, and as discussed in the past, is the most commonly used name.Dialectric (talk) 12:33, 24 June 2019 (UTC)
 * The current title of Food and Agriculture Organization seems fine. It's what the FAO initialism ultimately represents, and it's better to be descriptive in the first place rather than moving the title to the initialism. Initialisms generally shouldn't be used unless they are already well known by readers (e.g., NASA), but this organization isn't really that well known outside of agricultural circles. Kingofaces43 (talk) 22:26, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Food and Agriculture Organization. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130515054032/http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/ambassadors/ambassadors/ambassadors-ronankeating/en/ to http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/ambassadors/ambassadors/ambassadors-ronankeating/en/
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/61m1XJgRL?url=http://www.fao.org/Legal/member-e.htm to http://www.fao.org/Legal/member-e.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:56, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:21, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
 * FAO DG Qu Dongyu.jpg

FAO in full?
To be accurate, this page really should be headed Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations —GRM (talk) 15:14, 8 May 2020 (UTC)
 * This doesn't seem like a bad idea at first glance since it would be similar to what we do for EPA. Kingofaces43 (talk) 15:18, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

UN emblem in infobox
I propose removing the UN emblem from the infobox because it makes the actual logo take up the map spot in the infobox? -User talk:KING1116 19:28, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

Row in FAO
Pls answer me 103.180.112.95 (talk) 01:37, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

hand in hand initiative
One criticised point about the FAO is the "Hand In Hand Initiative". This should be mentioned in the article about FAO. 2003:C1:744:EEB5:49F7:E2B9:8685:B9FB (talk) 17:32, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Food and Agriculture Organization


text:
Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência

Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência (Portuguese for Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science) is a Brazilian scientific society created in 1948 by several prominent scientists, with the aim of promoting science, culture and education in the country by means of publications, conferences and political actions on behalf of science's advancement and progress. It was formed in the same spirit of two venerable institutions in the English-speaking world, the British Association for the Advancement of Science (founded 1831) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, founded 1848).

The first president was Prof. Jorge Americano, and among the founders there were important scientific personalities of the country, such as Paulo Sawaya, José Reis, Maurício Rocha e Silva, Gastão Rosenfeld and José Ribeiro do Vale, Otto Guilherme Bier, Henrique da Rocha Lima, Alberto Carvalho da Silva, Helena Nader and others.

The Society has individual members as well as other Brazilian scientific societies and associations which can become affiliate to SBPC. The current president is Dr. Ennio Candotti, a physicist. Honour presidents are Aziz Ab'Sáber, Crodowaldo Pavan, José Goldemberg, José Leite Lopes, Oscar Sala, Ricardo de Carvalho Ferreira, Sérgio Henrique Ferreira and Warwick Estevam Kerr.

SBPC's first flagship publication was Ciência e Cultura (Science and Culture), started in 1951 under the editorship of Dr. José Reis, a respected biomedical scientist and the dean of popularization of science in Brazil (there is a National Award conceded by the National Council for Research and Technological Development to the best science writers and projects on public understanding of science named after him). The journal's ambition was to be like Science, AAAS' scientific publication.

The greatest endeavour of SBPC has been the organization of yearly scientific conferences at national and regional level, since its year of birth, and without interruption. In the 1970s, during the oppression of civil liberties by the military regime, these conferences became an important public forum for discussion of issues on political freedom, since they were more or less left alone by the military repression apparatus, which acted hugely and mercilessly against mass media communication, student, workers and political organizations. The first conference was held in Campinas, São Paulo, in 1949 and had 104 participants. In the next meetings, in Curitiba (1950) and Belo Horizonte (1951), increasing participation and enthusiasm followed, with the Brazilian Academy of Sciences first involvement, as well as of other scientific societies.

Another significant publications are Jornal da Ciência (Science Newspaper), a daily news email service, site and printed publication; and ComCiência, an on-line scientific journalism review, edited by the Laboratory of Advanced Studies of Journalism (Labjor) of the State University of Campinas.

SBPC has spawned a number of initiatives with the objective of popularizing science and serving science education. One of them is the Instituto Ciência Hoje (Science Today Institute), a not-for-profit non-governmental organization of public interest. ICH publishes Ciência Hoje magazine since 1982, Ciência Hoje das Crianças (Children's Science Today) since 1986, and a series of complementary didactic books for schools titled Ciência Hoje na Escola (Science Today at the School) since 1996. Since 1997, the Institute also maintains an Internet site, "Ciência Hoje On-line".


text: User talk:213.166.17.2

title: User talk:213.166.17.2


text:
User talk:GBoehm

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --JYolkowski 00:44, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:GBoehm


text: Category:1946 songs

title: Category:1946 songs


text:
Operation Roast

Operation Roast was a military operation undertaken by British Commandos, at Comacchio lagoon in north-east Italy, during the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, part of the Italian Campaign, during the final stages of Second World War.

Background
This was the first major action in the Allied 15th Army Group's big spring offensive to push the German Army back to and across the River Po and out of Italy. The breakthrough on the British Eighth Army's front was to be made through the Argenta Gap, crossing the Rivers Senio and Santerno towards the Po at Ferrara and releasing armour to swing left and race across country to meet the advancing U.S. Fifth Army completing the encirclement of the German divisions defending Bologna.

On 1 April 1945 the whole of 2nd Commando Brigade was engaged in the operation. The brigade comprised No. 2, No. 9, No. 40 Royal Marine Commando and No. 43 (RM) Commando under the command of Brigadier Ronnie Tod.

The Comacchio lagoon is a vast area of shallow brackish water stretching from the River Reno, in the south, to over the town of Comacchio, in the north, and past Argenta in the west. This lagoon (much smaller today due to land reclamation in the 1980s) is separated from the Adriatic Sea, to the east, by a narrow strip of land called a spit no more than 2 ½ kilometres wide with three canals linking the two bodies of water.

The Germans had approximately 1,200 men entrenched there. The Commandos were to clear the spit, securing the flank of the Eighth Army, and thus foster the idea the main offensive would be along the coast and not though the Argenta Gap.

No. 40 Commando (RM) conducted a feint attack to the south, crossing the River Reno and clearing and holding its north bank. No. 40 (RM) was supported by the 28th Garibaldi Brigade (Partisans), Royal Artillery, and the armour of the North Irish Horse. No. 43 Commando (RM) was to attack up a tongue of land to the extreme east, which forms the south bank of the Reno estuary, and when secured, cross the mouth of the Reno and turn back south west and clear the Reno’s north bank moving towards one flank of No. 40 (RM). No. 2 and No. 9 Commando were to cross the lagoon from the southwest, to points around the middle of the spit. No.2 was to land above the Bellocchio Canal and thereafter head south and capture the two bridges across it and prevent German reinforcements crossing. No. 9 Commando were to land south of the canal then head south along the lagoon’s shore and down the centre of the Spit to clear all positions towards the new line held by No. 40 (RM).

Operation
The operation started on the evening of 1 April with engagement to start shortly after midnight. The lagoon crossing (marked in advance though not too successfully by Combined Operations Pilotage Party 2 and M Squadron, Special Boat Service), took far longer than planned due to the exceptionally low water level and exceptionally muddy lagoon bottom, which was as deep as chest high. The Commandos struggled through the muddy waste all night, manhandling their boats, and eventually reached the Spit at first light, over 4 hours behind schedule. Exhausted and covered in glutinous slime they pressed home their attacks. Nos. 2, 40 and 43 Commandos all made their objectives relatively as expected although the Germans succeeded in blowing-up one bridge before it was captured by No.2 Commando. No. 9 Commando initially made good progress until No. 5 and No. 6 Troops (especially 5 Troop), became seriously pinned down across a killing ground while attempting to capture the enemy position 'Leviticus', (all physical references were given biblical names in this operation). 1 and 2 Troops made good progress down the centre of the Spit and when advised of the situation of 5 and 6 Troops, bypassed Leviticus in order to turn about. They laid smoke, and conducted a bayonet charge, from the southeast. The German position was overrun despite the smoke clearing too quickly exposing the Commandos during the last 150 metres. Routed German defenders who had fled north, fell into the waiting Bren guns of 6 Troop. The bayonet charge was accompanied by 1 Troop’s piper playing ’The Road to the Isles’.

No. 2 Commando captured 115 German prisoners and No. 9 Commando captured 232. No. 9 Commando lost 9 men killed and a further 39 wounded, of which 8 dead and 27 wounded came from No. 5 Troop, over half their number. The operation carried the frontline forward seven miles.

That evening No. 9 and No. 43 Commandos moved up to the bridges on the Bellocchio Canal, held by No.2 Commando. The following day, 3 April, Royal Engineers made serviceable the blown bridge and the Commandos moved over the canal, supported by tanks of the North Irish Horse. No. 2 Commando advanced north on the lagoon side, the western flank, while No.43 Commando moved along the eastern flank, the Adriatic side. No. 9 Commando was placed in reserve, with the intention the commando would execute an attack on Port Garibaldi after the next canal, the Valetta Canal, had been captured.

The north bank of the Valetta was found to be very heavily defended, requiring a full-scale attack, which was later conducted by the 24th Guards Brigade. The respective Commandos cleared all positions up to the Valetta Canal. During this, on the eastern flank, Corporal Thomas Hunter, of No. 43 Commando (RM), earned a posthumous Victoria Cross for conspicuous Gallantry. Hunter single-handedly cleared a farmstead housing three German MG 42s, after charging across 200 metres of open ground firing his Bren gun from the hip. Hunter then moved to an exposed position to draw fire away from his comrades, by engaging more MG 42 positions that were entrenched on the far side of the canal. Anders Lassen, a Danish soldier of the SBS, was also awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross for his actions during Operation Roast on 8 April 1945 at Lake Comacchio.

Aftermath
The 2nd Commando Brigade had succeeded in taking and clearing the entire spit, securing the eastern flank of Eighth Army. 946 Prisoners were taken during the course of the operation. It was later discovered that German losses were so heavy, that they equated to the complete loss of three infantry battalions, two troops of artillery, and a company of machine gunners. 20 field guns, and a number of mortars and rocket launchers were also captured. Lieutenant-General Sir Richard McCreery, commanding the British Eighth Army, sent a message to Brigadier Tod proclaiming “you have captured or destroyed the whole enemy garrison south of Port Garibaldi."

title: Operation Roast


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sam Derry

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 18:27, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sam Derry
A very sweet tribute, but there is no context or indication that this is an encyclopedic person. Joyous 00:48, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Forgot to say delete. Joyous 00:49, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah seems like a great guy, but not a particularly famous or influential. Delete, sorry. BTW, nominators don't usually need to say "delete". Kappa 01:02, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * There is at least one closer who doesn't always count a nomination as an automatic "delete" vote. I just like to be clear.  Joyous 01:10, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * For the record, I also usually don't vote on my own nominations, unless the ensuing discussion moves me to do that (and then, I don't always vote for deletion). Radiant! 13:53, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, Wikipedia is not a memorial. Megan1967 04:43, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, delete. Radiant! 13:53, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * We really should have a "Wikipedia is not a memorial" page that we can link to in cases like this - I miss my grandfather too; he was a wonderful person and I know lots of stories about him and he loved to paint so my parents' house is full of his paintings, but he never became famous for it. I'm sure that Grampa Derry was a wonderful person, but delete. DS 14:06, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * We do have such a page, although you have to scroll down a bit to get to it. It's on the What Wikipedia is not list.  (Under Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base, section 4 is Memorials: "It's always sad when people die, but Wikipedia is not the place to honour them....".)  The shortcut link is WP:WIN.  Oh, and delete, because Wikipedia is not a memorial. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 14:32, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Longhair 15:59, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete even though it brought a tear to my eye. Jayjg (talk) 05:37, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.171.180.116

title: User talk:68.171.180.116


text:
User talk:Shannonkringen

User:Shannonkringen
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:Shannonkringen), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as personal homepage or used as a general webhosting service, but as way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 05:57, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Image:Framedselfportal.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Framedselfportal.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Calton | Talk 00:28, 12 March 2007 (UTC) — Calton | Talk 00:28, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shannonkringen


text: User talk:24.188.26.180

title: User talk:24.188.26.180


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Campus organizations

Category:Campus organisations

 * Listed for deletion on February 18, 2005. Consensus was to merge into Category:Student societies.

I'd say that any campus organisation is either 1) only notable on that campus itself, or 2) part of a larger program. Either way, this category is pointless. Also, only one member. Radiant! 12:08, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmm... I'm not sure about this. Certainly in the UK and Ireland there are very established (100+ years) groups/societies at Universities. The "campus organisations" name is perhaps a bit crude - but some such a category would be useful. zoney ♣ talk 12:02, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; merge contents into Category:Student societies. zoney ♣ talk 13:41, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There are plenty of student groups which are 100-150 years old (or more) and have played important roles as recruitment and training grounds for future public figures (I could name several Swedish ones). And don't ignore the important role students and student groups played in practically every European revolution or political movement in the 19th century. But "campus organizations" sounds very American. Category:Student societies already exists. / Uppland 12:25, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ironic that it was (assumedly) created by an Australian, then, isn't it? – flamurai (t) 12:28, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The word "campus" is actually an independent American contribution to academic terminology (the original "campus" was in Princeton), and even though it is in use elsewhere and has been borrowed into other languages, most European universities are not concentrated in one single place the way US universities tend to be, so using "campus" as synonym for "university" seems strange. Maybe Australian English uses it the same way American English does, or maybe this particular creator was influenced by American terminology. / Uppland 12:48, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; merge contents into Category:Student societies. – flamurai (t) 12:27, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merging into Student Societies sounds like a good idea. I agree with the notability of that... the idea behind 'Campus Organizations', otoh (judging by its contents), seems to be the Film Clubs, Weekly Readers, and stuff like that. Radiant! 21:02, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per above. Dylan 02:30, 31 July 2006 (UTC)


text:
Category talk:Hong Kong stubs

Untitled
What's the difference between Hong Kong stubs and Hong Kong-related stubs? -- KittySaturn 00:52, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Hong Kong stubs


text:
Atomic Skis

Atomic Austria GmbH is an Austrian sports equipment company headquartered in Salzburg, Austria. It manufactures and sells skis and other skiing equipment, such as boots, bindings, helmets, ski poles, goggles, bags, apparel and protective equipment. Atomic is a subsidiary of Finnish retail conglomerate Amer Sports, which in turn, oversees Arc'teryx, Precor, Salomon, Suunto, Sports Tracker, and Wilson.

History
Alois Rohrmoser founded Atomic in 1955. In 1971, the company increased its production capacity by building a second factory in Altenmarkt im Pongau, where the majority of their ski production still takes place. In 1981, Atomic started production in the Bulgarian city of Chepelare, becoming the first west-block company to open a plant in the eastern-bloc countries. Atomic continued to expand its range, and in 1989, it became the first one-stop supplier for skis, bindings, boots and poles. Ski production peaked at 831,000 pairs in 1991 and 1992.

Atomic faced financial difficulties due to high products rejection when transitioning to the "Schalenski" technology (cap ski), and to failures in the booming snowboard market. In 1994, the BAWAG requested Atomic to be put in insolvency.

In November 1994, the Amer Sports Group (which also includes Arc´teryx, Peak Performance, Armada, Enve, DeMarini, Wilson, Suunto, Precor, Volant and Salomon) acquired Atomic for 918.7 million schillings (66.8 million euros), and in March 2006 the insolvency procedures were lifted.

Today Atomic manufactures around 600,000 pairs of skis per year.

Technology
In 2008 Atomic brought Doubledeck to market, the first technology to automatically adapt the radius and flex to the style of the skier and skiing conditions. Atomic developed the LiveFit (2009), a ski boot which automatically adapts to the shape of the foot. Since 2009, Atomic's skis have also been available with various Rocker technologies. Atomic has recently developed Memory Fit, a heat fitting technology that adapts the boot to the users foot, which can be found on two of the market's top selling boots.

Atomic is also committed to the development of more environmentally-friendly production methods: the factory in Altenmarkt uses a wood pellet heating system during the manufacturing process. The "Renu" line comprises skis and boots largely made of recyclable and renewable materials.

Sponsorship
Atomic currently sponsors male and female athletes in alpine skiing, freestyle skiing, touring skiing, Nordic combined, cross-country skiing, and biathlon.

title: Atomic Skis