text:
Northwest Passage (film)

Northwest Passage, also billed as Northwest Passage (Book 1: Roger's Rangers), is a 1940 American Western film in Technicolor, directed by King Vidor. It stars Spencer Tracy, Robert Young, Walter Brennan and Ruth Hussey. The film is set in 1759, and tells a partly fictionalized version of the real-life St. Francis Raid by Rogers' Rangers, led by Robert Rogers (played by Tracy) on the primarily Abenaki village of St. Francis, in modern-day Canada. The screenplay, by Laurence Stallings and Talbot Jennings, is based on the 1937 historical novel Northwest Passage by Kenneth Roberts.

Roberts's novel is split into two parts, referred to as "Book 1" and "Book 2", and the film is based entirely on Book 1. There was originally discussion about filming a sequel that would cover Book 2, but this did not happen. Ironically, Rogers' quest to find a Northwest Passage through North America, which gave both the novel and the film their title, takes place in Book 2, and is only briefly mentioned in the film.

Plot
In 1759, Langdon Towne, son of a ropemaker and ship rigger, returns to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after his expulsion from Harvard University. Although disappointed, his family greets him with love, as does Elizabeth Browne. Elizabeth's father, a noted clergyman, is less welcoming and denigrates Langdon's aspirations to become a painter.

At the local tavern with friend Sam Livermore, Langdon disparages Wiseman Clagett, the king's attorney and the Native American agent Sir William Johnson, unaware that Clagett is in the next room with another official. Facing arrest, Langdon fights the two men with the help of "Hunk" Marriner, a local woodsman and both escape into the countryside.

Fleeing westward, Langdon and Marriner stop in a backwoods tavern, where they help a man in a green uniform. After a night of drinking "Flip" (similar to hot buttered rum), the two men wake up at Fort Crown Point, where they learn the man they met is Major Robert Rogers, commander of Rogers' Rangers. In need of Langdon's map-making skills, Rogers recruits the two men for his latest expedition to destroy the hostile Abenakis tribe and their town of St. Francis, far to the north.

Rogers's force rows north in whale boats on Lake Champlain by night, evading French patrols, but several soldiers are injured in a confrontation with Mohawk scouts. Rogers sends not only the wounded back to Crown Point, but also the disloyal Mohawks provided by Sir William Johnson and a number of men who disobeyed orders. Concealing their boats, the depleted force marches through swampland to conceal their movements. Informed by Stockbridge Indian scouts that the French have captured their boats and extra supplies, Rogers revises his plan and sends an injured officer back to Fort Crown Point requesting the British send supplies to old Fort Wentworth, to be met by the returning rangers.

Making a human chain to cross a river, the rangers reach St. Francis. Their attack succeeds, and they set fire to the dwellings and cut the Abenakis off from retreat. After the battle, the rangers find only a few baskets of parched corn to replenish their provisions. Marriner finds Langdon shot in his abdomen. The rangers set out for Wentworth, pursued by hostile French and Indian forces. Their initial objective is Lake Memphremagog, with the injured Langdon bringing up the rear.

Ten days later, Rogers's men reach the hills above Lake Memphremagog. Encountering signs of French activity, Rogers prefers to press on a hundred miles to Fort Wentworth, but the men vote to split up into four parties to hunt for food. Game proves scarce and two of the detachments are ambushed by the French, leaving most of the men dead. Persevering through harsh conditions, Rogers and the remaining fifty men finally reach the fort, only to find it unoccupied and in disrepair, and the British relief column has not arrived. Though personally despairing, Rogers attempts to perk up their flagging spirits with a prayer. They then hear the fifes and drums of approaching British boats with the supplies. Reporting that the Abenakis have been destroyed, the British honour Rogers’ men by presenting their firearms and shouting "Hip, hip, hooray".

Returning to Portsmouth, Langdon reunites with Elizabeth while the Rangers are given a new mission: to find the Northwest Passage. Rogers fires them up with a speech about the wonders they will see on the march to the first point of embarkation, a little fort called "Detroit". He passes by Langdon and Elizabeth to say goodbye; Elizabeth informs him that she and Langdon are headed for London, where she is hopeful Langdon will become a great painter. Rogers bids them farewell, and marches down the road, into the sunset.

Cast

 * Spencer Tracy as Major Rogers
 * Robert Young as Langdon Towne
 * Walter Brennan as "Hunk" Marriner
 * Ruth Hussey as Elizabeth Browne
 * Nat Pendleton as "Cap" Huff
 * Louis Hector as Reverend Browne
 * Robert Barrat as Humphrey Towne
 * Lumsden Hare as Lord Amherst
 * Donald MacBride as Sergeant McNott
 * Isabel Jewell as Jennie Coit
 * Douglas Walton as Lieutenant Avery
 * Addison Richards as Lieutenant Crofton
 * Hugh Sothern as Jesse Beacham
 * Regis Toomey as Webster
 * Montagu Love as Wiseman Clagett
 * Lester Matthews as Sam Livermore
 * Truman Bradley as Captain Ogden

Development
The film is set in the mid-18th century during the French and Indian War (as the Seven Years' War in North America is usually known in the US). It is a partly fictionalized account of the St. Francis Raid, an attack by Rogers' Rangers on Saint Francis (the current Odanak, Quebec), a settlement of the Abenakis, an American Indian tribe. The purpose of the raid was to avenge the many attacks on British settlers and deter any further ones.

The title is something of a misnomer, since this film is a truncated version of the original story, and only at the end do we find that Rogers and his men are about to go on a search for the Northwest Passage.

Filming
The film was shot in central Idaho, near Payette Lake and the city of McCall.

The film wound up as MGM's most expensive film since Ben Hur (1926). The picture was originally slated for an even more lavish budget in an earlier incarnation and was to star Wallace Beery and Tracy but management difficulties between Irving Thalberg and Louis B. Mayer interceded at that time.

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $2,169,000 in the US and Canada and $981,000 elsewhere but because of its high cost incurred a loss of $885,000.

Awards and honors
The film was nominated for an Oscar for Best Cinematography (Color) in 1941, but lost out to The Thief of Bagdad.

Sequels and related projects
According to one source, the script was revised by as many as 12 other writers, in addition to the two credited. Author Kenneth Roberts served as a co-writer on a second draft of a proposed script for the movie, one that covered the entire novel, not just the first book of it. However, executives at MGM scuttled the revision and instead used the first draft of the script, which covered only the first book, as the basis for the finished film. This is why the film Northwest Passage was subtitled Book One: Rogers' Rangers.

Director King Vidor then attempted to make a sequel to the film in which Rogers' Rangers find the Northwest Passage, although Roberts refused to cooperate with the project. But filming never began, because MGM ultimately refused to green-light it.

MGM produced a 1958-1959 American television series Northwest Passage starring Keith Larsen as Robert Rogers, with Buddy Ebsen costarring as "Hunk" Marriner, replacing Walter Brennan, who had his own TV series, The Real McCoys, in production at the time. The show aired on NBC.

Depiction of American Indians
The film's depiction of American Indians came to be criticized as racist, even by the standards of Hollywood at the time. This appraisal mirrors that of the section of the novel set during the French and Indian War, which has become equally regarded as racist.

Clive Denton, in his 1976 book The Hollywood Professionals: Volume 5, made these observations on the subject:

"Vidor’s Northwest Passage “sits more than a trifle uneasily that [Spencer] Tracy and his submissive band attack and burn a sleeping Indian village. The tribe has massacred and outraged [innocent whites], we are told, but we have not seen them do anything wrong, and they are certainly not belligerent in their sleep. Perhaps I should not berate Vidor for the conventions of good guys and bad guys in adventure movies. But I am still somewhat bothered by Major Rogers, who, beneath Tracy’s charm, is something of a bastard...” (emphasis in original)"

Later screenings
The film was shown at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2020, as part of a retrospective dedicated to King Vidor's career.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Northwest Passage (film)


text:
Foy, Belgium

Foy is a village of Wallonia in the municipality of Bastogne, district of Noville, located in the province of Luxembourg in the Ardennes, Belgium.

Background
Foy is in the Ardennes Forest region, an area of more than 11,000 square kilometers. It is largely in what today is Wallonia, the French-speaking area of southern Belgium, but it extends into France, Germany, and Luxembourg.

Battle of the Bulge
In World War II, most of Foy was occupied by German forces during the Battle of the Bulge. The U.S. 101st Airborne Division held the Bois Jacques just outside town. After being relieved by General George S. Patton's U.S. Third Army, the 101st retook the town.

On January 2, 1945, the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was assigned to patrolling duties and to aid defense. It took part in the general advance passing the towns of Aye, Marche, Foy and Bande, with its participation ended after the Allies captured Bande. During the operation, the unit sustained a few casualties in active combat. This was the only Canadian unit to take part in the Ardennes offensive. The role of the Canadians was small compared to that of the Americans, acting as more of a substitute for the 101st when that unit was called elsewhere.

A monument to the American paratroopers was built in 2004 at the edge of the Bois Jacques, south of Foy.

title: Foy, Belgium


text:
Bloomery

A bloomery is a type of metallurgical furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron. Bloomeries produce a porous mass of iron and slag called a bloom. The mix of slag and iron in the bloom, termed sponge iron, is usually consolidated and further forged into wrought iron. Blast furnaces, which produce pig iron, have largely superseded bloomeries.

Process
A bloomery consists of a pit or chimney with heat-resistant walls made of earth, clay, or stone. Near the bottom, one or more pipes (made of clay or metal) enter through the side walls. These pipes, called tuyeres, allow air to enter the furnace, either by natural draught or forced with bellows or a trompe. An opening at the bottom of the bloomery may be used to remove the bloom, or the bloomery can be tipped over and the bloom removed from the top.

The first step taken before the bloomery can be used is the preparation of the charcoal and the iron ore. Charcoal is nearly pure carbon, which, when burned, both produces the high temperature needed for the smelting process and provides the carbon monoxide needed for reduction of the metal.

The ore is broken into small pieces and usually roasted in a fire, to make rock-based ores easier to break up, bake out some impurities, and (to a lesser extent) to remove any moisture in the ore. Any large impurities (as silica) in the ore can be removed as it is crushed. The desired particle size depends primarily on which of several ore types may be available, which will also have a relationship to the layout and operation of the furnace, of which a number of regional, historic/traditional forms exist. Natural iron ores can vary considerably in oxide form ( / / ), and importantly in relative iron content. Since slag from previous blooms may have a high iron content, it can also be broken up and may be recycled into the bloomery with the new ore.

In operation, after the bloomery is heated typically with a wood fire, shifting to burning sized charcoal, iron ore and additional charcoal are introduced through the top. Again, traditional methods vary, but normally smaller charges of ore are added at the start of the main smelting sequence, increasing to larger amounts as the smelt progresses. Overall, a typical ratio of total charcoal to ore added is in a roughly one-to-one ratio. Inside the furnace, carbon monoxide from the incomplete combustion of the charcoal reduces the iron oxides in the ore to metallic iron without melting the ore; this allows the bloomery to operate at lower temperatures than the melting temperature of the ore. As the desired product of a bloomery is iron that is easily forgeable, it requires a low carbon content. The temperature and ratio of charcoal to iron ore must be carefully controlled to keep the iron from absorbing too much carbon and thus becoming unforgeable. Cast iron occurs when the iron absorbs 2% to 4% carbon. Because the bloomery is self-fluxing, the addition of limestone is not required to form a slag.

The small particles of iron produced in this way fall to the bottom of the furnace, where they combine with molten slag, often consisting of fayalite, a compound of silicon, oxygen, and iron mixed with other impurities from the ore. The hot liquid slag, running to the bottom of the furnace, cools against the base and lower side walls of the furnace, effectively forming a bowl still containing fluid slag. As the individual iron particles form, they fall into this bowl and sinter together under their own weight, forming a spongy mass referred to as the bloom. Because the bloom is typically porous, and its open spaces can be full of slag, the extracted mass must be beaten with heavy hammers to both compress voids and drive out any molten slag remaining. This process may require several additional heating and compaction cycles, working at high 'welding' temperatures. Iron treated this way is said to be wrought (worked), and the resulting iron, with reduced amounts of slag, is called wrought iron or bar iron. Because of the creation process, individual blooms can often have differing carbon contents between the original top and bottom surfaces, differences that will also be somewhat blended together through the flattening, folding, and hammer-welding sequences. Intentionally producing blooms that are coated in steel (i.e. iron with a higher carbon content) by manipulating the charge of and air flow to the bloomery is also possible.

As the era of modern commercial steelmaking began, the word "bloom" was extended to another sense referring to an intermediate-stage piece of steel, of a size comparable to many traditional iron blooms, that was ready to be further worked into billet.

History
The onset of the Iron Age in most parts of the world coincides with the first widespread use of the bloomery. While earlier examples of iron are found, their high nickel content indicates that this is meteoric iron. Other early samples of iron may have been produced by accidental introduction of iron ore in copper-smelting operations. Iron appears to have been smelted in the Middle East as early as 3000 BC, but coppersmiths, not being familiar with iron, did not put it to use until much later. In the West, iron began to be used around 1200 BC.

East Asia
China has long been considered the exception to the general use of bloomeries. The Chinese are thought to have skipped the bloomery process completely, starting with the blast furnace and the finery forge to produce wrought iron; by the fifth century BC, metalworkers in the southern state of Wu had invented the blast furnace and the means to both cast iron and to decarburize the carbon-rich pig iron produced in a blast furnace to a low-carbon, wrought iron-like material. Recent evidence, however, shows that bloomeries were used earlier in ancient China, migrating in from the west as early as 800 BC, before being supplanted by the locally developed blast furnace. Supporting this theory was the discovery of "more than ten" iron-digging implements found in the tomb of Duke Jing of Qin (d. 537 BCE), whose tomb is located in Fengxiang County, Shaanxi (a museum exists on the site today).

Sub-Saharan Africa
The earliest records of bloomery-type furnaces in East Africa are discoveries of smelted iron and carbon in Nubia in ancient Sudan dated at least to the seventh to the sixth century BC. The ancient bloomeries that produced metal tools for the Nubians and Kushites produced a surplus for sale. All traditional sub-Saharan African iron-smelting processes are variants of the bloomery process. There is considerable discussion about the origins of iron metallurgy in Africa. Smelting in bloomery type furnaces in West Africa and forging of tools appeared in the Nok culture of central Nigeria by at least 550 BC and possibly several centuries earlier. Also, evidence indicates iron smelting with bloomery-style furnaces dated to 750 BC in Opi (Augustin Holl 2009) and Lejja dated to 2,000 BC (Pamela Eze-Uzomaka 2009), both sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria in what is now Igboland. The site of Gbabiri, in the Central African Republic, has also yielded evidence of iron metallurgy, from a reduction furnace and blacksmith workshop, with earliest dates of 896–773 and 907–796 BC, respectively.

South Asia
During a hydroelectric plant project, in the southern foothills of the Central Highlands, Samanalawewa, in Sri Lanka, a wind-driven furnace was found in an excavation site. Such furnaces were powered by the monsoon winds and have been dated to 300 BC using radiocarbon-dating techniques. These ancient Lankan furnaces might have produced the best-quality steel for legendary Damascus swords as referred in earlier Syrian records. Field trials using replica furnaces confirmed that this furnace type uses a wind-based air-supply principle that is distinct from either forced or natural draught, and show also that they are capable of producing high-carbon steel.

Wrought iron was used in the construction of monuments such as the iron pillar of Delhi, built in the third century AD during the Gupta Empire. The latter was built using a towering series of disc-shaped iron blooms. Similar to China, high-carbon steel was eventually used in India, although cast iron was not used for architecture until modern times.

Early to Medieval Europe
Early European bloomeries were relatively small, primarily due to the mechanical limits of human-powered bellows and the amount of force possible to apply with hand-driven sledge hammers. Those known archaeologically from the pre-Roman Iron Age tend to be in the 2 kg range, produced in low shaft furnaces. Roman-era production often used furnaces tall enough to create a natural draft effect (into the range of 200 cm tall), and increasing bloom sizes into the range of 10–15 kg. Contemporary experimenters had routinely made blooms using Northern European-derived "short-shaft" furnaces with blown air supplies in the 5–10 kg range The use of waterwheels, spreading around the turn of the first millennium and used to power more massive bellows, allowed the bloomery to become larger and hotter, with associated trip hammers allowing the consolidation forging of the larger blooms created. Progressively larger bloomeries were constructed in the late 14th century, with a capacity of about 15 kg on average, though exceptions did exist. European average bloom sizes quickly rose to 300 kg, where they levelled off until the demise of the bloomery.

As a bloomery's size is increased, the iron ore is exposed to burning charcoal for a longer time. When combined with the strong air blast required to penetrate the large ore and charcoal stack, this may cause part of the iron to melt and become saturated with carbon in the process, producing unforgeable pig iron, which requires oxidation to be reduced into cast iron, steel, and iron. This pig iron was considered a waste product detracting from the largest bloomeries' yield, and early blast furnaces, identical in construction, but dedicated to the production of molten iron, were not built until the 14th century.

Bloomery type furnaces typically produced a range of iron products from very low-carbon iron to steel containing around 0.2–1.5% carbon. The master smith had to select pieces of low-carbon iron, carburize them, and pattern-weld them together to make steel sheets. Even when applied to a noncarburized bloom, this pound, fold, and weld process resulted in a more homogeneous product and removed much of the slag. The process had to be repeated up to 15 times when high-quality steel was needed, as for a sword. The alternative was to carburize the surface of a finished product. Each welding's heat oxidises some carbon, so the master smith had to make sure enough carbon was in the starting mixture.

In England and Wales, despite the arrival of the blast furnace in the Weald in about 1491, bloomery forges, probably using waterpower for the hammer and the bellows, were operating in the West Midlands region beyond 1580. In Furness and Cumberland, they operated into the early 17th century and the last one in England (near Garstang) did not close until about 1770.

One of the oldest-known blast furnaces in Europe has been found in Lapphyttan in Sweden, carbon-14 dated to be from the 12th century. The oldest bloomery in Sweden, also found in the same area, has been carbon-14 dated to 700 BCE.

Bloomeries survived in Spain and southern France as Catalan forges into the mid-19th century, and in Austria as the to 1775.

The Americas
Iron smelting was unknown in pre-Columbian America.

Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, have found considerable evidence for the processing of bog iron and the production of iron in a bloomery by the Norse. The cluster of Viking Age (c. 1000–1022 AD) at L'Anse aux Meadows are situated on a raised marine terrace, between a sedge peat bog and the ocean. Estimates from the smaller amount of slag recovered archaeologically suggest 15 kg of slag was produced during what appears to have been a single smelting attempt. By comparing the iron content of the primary bog iron ore found in the purpose built 'furnace hut' with the iron remaining in that slag, an estimated 3 kg iron bloom was produced. At a yield of at best 20% from what is a good iron rich ore, this suggests the workers processing the ore had not been particularly skilled. This supports the idea that iron processing knowledge was widespread and not restricted to major centers of trade and commerce. Archaeologists also found 98 nail, and importantly, ship rivet fragments, at the site as well as considerable evidence for woodworking – which points to boat or possibly ship repairs being undertaken at the site. (An important consideration remains that a potential 3 kg raw bloom most certainly does not make enough refined bar to manufacture the 3 kg of recovered nails and rivets.)

In the Spanish colonization of the Americas, bloomeries or "Catalan forges" were part of "self-sufficiency" at some of the missions, encomiendas, and pueblos. As part of the Franciscan Spanish missions in Alta California, the "Catalan forges" at Mission San Juan Capistrano from the 1790s are the oldest existing facilities of their kind in the present day state of California. The bloomeries' sign proclaims the site as being "part of Orange County's first industrial complex".

The archaeology at Jamestown Virginia (circa 1610–1615) had recovered the remains of a simple short-shaft bloomery furnace, likely intended as yet another "resource test" like the one in Vinland much earlier. The English settlers of the Thirteen Colonies were prevented by law from manufacture; for a time, the British sought to situate most of the skilled artisanry at domestic locations. In fact, this was one of the problems that led to the revolution. The Falling Creek Ironworks was the first in the United States. The Neabsco Iron Works is an example of the early Virginian effort to form a workable American industry.

The earliest iron forge in colonial Pennsylvania was Thomas Rutter's bloomery near Pottstown, founded in 1716. In the Adirondacks, New York, new bloomeries using the hot blast technique were built in the 19th century.

title: Bloomery


text: User talk:66.31.228.97

title: User talk:66.31.228.97


text:
Alpine skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics

Alpine skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics consisted of six events, held 9–17 February at Chamrousse, southeast of Grenoble, France. Jean-Claude Killy of France won all three men's events, repeating Toni Sailer's triple-gold of 1956. Since Killy's feat, no male alpine ski racer has won three gold medals in a single Olympics. (Janica Kostelic later won three gold medals in the 2002 Winter Olympics).

This was the first Olympics with a two-run men's giant slalom, with one run per day. The women's giant slalom was one run until 1980.

For the only time, the results from Olympic races were included in the World Cup standings, then in its second season. Following the 1970 season, Olympic and World Championship results were not included in the World Cup points standings.

Medal summary
Four nations won medals in alpine skiing and the host country led the medal table with eight. France won four gold, three silver and a bronze, as Jean-Claude Killy swept the three men's events. The top women's medalist was Canada's Nancy Greene, with one gold and one silver.

Medal table
Source:

Men's events
Source:

Women's events
Source:

Course information
Source:

Participating nations
Thirty-three nations sent alpine skiers to compete in the events in Innsbruck. West and East Germany competed separately for the first time and Morocco made its Olympic alpine skiing debut. Below is a list of the competing nations; in parentheses are the number of national competitors.

World championships
From 1948 through 1980, the alpine skiing events at the Winter Olympics also served as the World Championships, held every two years. With the addition of the giant slalom, the combined event was dropped for 1950 and 1952, but returned as a World Championship event in 1954 as a "paper race" which used the results from the three events. During the Olympics from 1956 through 1980, World Championship medals were awarded by the FIS for the combined event. The combined returned as a separate event at the World Championships in 1982 and at the Olympics in 1988.

Combined
Men's Combined
 * Downhill: 9 February, Giant slalom: 11–12 February, Slalom: 17 February

Women's Combined
 * Downhill: 10 February, Giant slalom: 15 February, Slalom: 13 February


text:
List of autistic fictional characters

This is a list of fictional characters that have been explicitly described within the work in which they appear, or otherwise by the author, as being on the autism spectrum. It is not intended to include speculation. Autistic people involved in the work may be mentioned in footnotes.

title: List of autistic fictional characters


text:
Engels, Saratov Oblast

Engels (Э́нгельс) is a city in Saratov Oblast, Russia. An important port located on the Volga River across from Saratov, Engels is the administrative center of the oblast, and is connected to it with a bridge. It is the second-largest city in Saratov Oblast with a population of

Historically a major center for Volga Germans, the city was known jointly as Pokrovsk (Pokrovskaya sloboda (until 1914), Pokrovsk (until 1931)) in Russian and as Kosakenstadt in German, until it was renamed after German Marxist theoretician Friedrich Engels in 1931. Engels served as the capital of the Volga German ASSR from 1918 until its abolition in 1941.

History
What would become the city was founded as a sloboda named Pokrovskaya Sloboda by Ukrainian Chumak settlers in 1747. During the reign of Catherine the Great, ethnic Germans were encouraged to settle in the Volga region and many moved into the town, making it a major center of the Volga German culture. It was granted official town status and renamed Pokrovsk (Покровск) in 1914. At that time, the town was commonly known as Kosakenstadt ("Cossacks' Town") in German, alongside its official Russian name. During the Russian Civil War, the region came under control of the Bolshevik Russian SFSR, and in 1918 it became the capital of the newly established Volga German ASSR within the Russian SFSR. Pokrovsk/Kosakenstadt was renamed Engels in 1931, after German communist philosopher Friedrich Engels. The Volga German ASSR was abolished in 1941 with the German invasion of Russia serving as a pretext, and the city became part of Saratov Oblast. Its German inhabitants suffered persecution as Soviet authorities accused them of being spies for Nazi Germany. All Germans were deported from Engels, with most being sent to far away in Siberia and the Kazakh SSR. On August 26, 2011, a monument in honor of the Russian-German victims of repression within the Soviet Union was unveiled in the city.

Engels-2, a Russian Air Force base is nearby.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Engels serves as the administrative center of Engelssky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with four rural localities, incorporated separately as Engels City Under Oblast Jurisdiction —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Engels City Under Oblast Jurisdiction, together with the work settlement of Privolzhsky and one rural locality (the settlement of Geofizik) in Engelssky District, are incorporated within Engelssky Municipal District as Engels Urban Settlement.

Economy
Engels is an industrial city. The Trolza factory manufactures trolleybuses for Russia's public transportation networks. The Engelssky factory of transport mechanical engineering produces rolling stock for railways. The Bosch-Saratov plant, previously Autotractor Spark Plugs, produces spark plugs, and the German Henkel company operates a factory producing domestic laundry detergent and chemical products for the auto-industry. The Engelssky pipe factory makes steel electro-welded pipes, steel water pipeline, and profile pipes.

In August 2015, a prototype 1520 mm gauge Bombardier Traxx F120MS locomotive was unveiled at a ceremony to mark the inauguration of First Locomotive Company's factory at Engels.

Sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Edmond, Oklahoma, United States

Notable people

 * Lev Kassil (1905–1970), writer
 * Alfred Schnittke (1934–1998), composer

title: Engels, Saratov Oblast


text:
Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics

Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of six events, held near Innsbruck, Austria, from January 30 to February 8, 1964.

The men's downhill was held on Patscherkofel (above Igls), the other five events at Axamer Lizum.

This was the first Olympics in which the finishing times were recorded in hundredths of a second, rather than tenths. It was the third and final Winter Olympics in which East and West Germany competed as the United Team of Germany. Mild weather led to a lack of snow, which was trucked in and packed down by the Austrian army.

During a training run for the men's downhill at Patscherkofel on January 25, Ross Milne of Australia lost control and left the course; he hit a tree and later died of a head injury.

The Winter Olympics returned to Innsbruck just 12 years later in 1976, after Denver returned its winning bid in November 1972 (Innsbruck was awarded the 1976 games in February 1973).

Medal summary
Four nations won medals in alpine skiing, with Austria leading the total medals with seven (three gold, two silver, and two bronze). France also had three gold, with three silver medals. France's Marielle and Christine Goitschel led the individual medal table, each with one gold and one silver. The top men's medalist was Austria's Pepi Stiegler, who won gold and bronze.

Medal table
Source:

Men's events
Source:

Women's events
Source:

Participating nations
Thirty-one nations sent alpine skiers to compete in the events in Innsbruck. India made its Olympic alpine skiing debut. Below is a list of the competing nations; in parentheses are the number of national competitors.

World championships
From 1948 through 1980, the alpine skiing events at the Winter Olympics also served as the World Championships, held every two years. With the addition of the giant slalom, the combined event was dropped for 1950 and 1952, but returned as a World Championship event in 1954 as a "paper race" which used the results from the three events. During the Olympics from 1956 through 1980, World Championship medals were awarded by the FIS for the combined event. The combined returned as a separate event at the World Championships in 1982 and at the Olympics in 1988.

Combined
Men's Combined
 * Downhill: 30 January, Giant slalom: 2 February, Slalom: 8 February

Women's Combined
 * Downhill: 6 February, Giant slalom: 3 February, and Slalom: 1 February
 * Heidi Biebl of West Germany finished fourth in downhill and slalom but DQ'd in GS.


text:
Pokrovsk

Pokrovsk (Покро́вск) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Modern localities

 * Urban localities
 * Pokrovsk, Sakha Republic, a town under republic jurisdiction in Khangalassky District of the Sakha Republic

 * Rural localities
 * Pokrovsk, Kaluga Oblast, a selo in Kozelsky District of Kaluga Oblast
 * Pokrovsk, Mari El Republic, a village in Mikhaylovsky Rural Okrug of Sovetsky District of the Mari El Republic
 * Pokrovsk, Republic of Mordovia, a selo in Pokrovsky Selsoviet of Kovylkinsky District of the Republic of Mordovia

Historical names

 * Pokrovsk, name of the city of Engels in Saratov Oblast between 1914 and 1931

title: Pokrovsk


text: Category:Columbia, Maryland

title: Category:Columbia, Maryland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/B0g.org

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 17:07, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

B0g.org
Advert, POV. 65,000 google hits. Luigi30 14:26, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * DELETE--ZayZayEM 15:03, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Forums are miniscule, and if you actually go to the end of the google result, you find only 465 results, the remainder of the references are all repeats from the same 465 sites.  CryptoDerk 23:53, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I see links to b0g.org all the time on IRC etc. By reading this article i learned things i didn't know about the place before. Wiki is not paper so this article doesn't do any harm being there. Clean up if it's too POViewy. bbx 03:02, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not what harm it does. It's what good it does.  In this case, it doesn't do any good at all to Wikipedia, whilst doing a lot of good for the visibility of a heretofore largely unknown website.  Whilst Wiki is not paper Wikipedia is not a website directory nor an advertising billboard.  Notability not established. Delete. Uncle G 16:22, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * KeepI like the layout of your objection, and the relevant links so we can have a discussion given the facts/details of what was decided that Wikipedia. Of course Wikipedia not, as you state, a  a website directory, however I think that B0G.org is notible enough to deserve its own entry.  Is there a method we can agree upon so we know if a site deserves its own article (Amazon.com, Slashdot.org, etc) based on web traffic? --ShaunMacPherson 17:39, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. --fvw *  03:04, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)
 * Keep. I see nothing wrong with the article. fmsmoothie 04:20, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * user's only contribution to Wikipedia so far is this vote
 * Delete, not notable - filter Google results and you get less than 500 hits. Megan1967 05:12, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as this is a website, the Alexa test is much more applicable than the google test in this case, and it has a site rank of over 3.5 million . In the past, anything over 100,000 has been perceived as relatively non-notable. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:34, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Umm dropdeadgorgias, before you start thinking your so smart its www.b0g.org not.com and it is ranked 22,004. So it is notable by your standards. (Posted by User:Fmsmoothie)
 * Oh, I'm a moron. I vote to keep in that case . --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 18:13, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: website promo. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:47, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Curps 23:51, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. B0g.org has over 20000 user accounts - surely that has some note. The forums are not the main section of the site - the articles are where all the commenting takes place. Although wiki is not a place for advertising websites, b0g.org is one of the predominant user run (rather than administrator run) humor forums on the net.
 * Keep. This is a well known site and deserves a place here.
 * Delete, spamvertisement. GRider\talk 18:55, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If goatse.cx deserves an article of its own, there is no reason to erase this one. ShrimpEr 20:34, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Note: as of 20:48, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC), disregarding anon votes and those who just signed up to vote here, the voting is 9-3 in favor of deletion. CryptoDerk 20:48, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/B0g.org


text:
Manuel de Faria e Sousa

Manuel de Faria e Sousa (Faria y Sousa; 18 March 1590 – 3 June 1649) was a Portuguese historian and poet who frequently wrote in Spanish. He was born into a Portuguese noble family and studied in Braga for some years before entering into the service of the Bishop of Porto. Except for about four years, from 1631 to 1634, during which he was a member of the Portuguese embassy in Rome, the greater part of his later life was spent in Madrid, where he died in June 1649.

He was married to Catarina Machado, the "Albania" of his poems, which enabled him to lead a studious domestic life, dividing his cares and affections between his children and his books. His first big work, an Epitome de las historias Portuguezas (Madrid, 1628), was favorably received; but some passages in his enormous commentary upon the Portuguese epic Os Lusíadas, the poem of Luís de Camões, excited the suspicion of the inquisitors, caused his temporary incarceration, and led to the permanent loss of his official salary. Despite the enthusiasm that is said to have prescribed to him the daily task of twelve folio pages, death overtook him before he had completed his hugest enterprise, a history of the Portuguese in all parts of the world.

Several portions of the work appeared at Lisbon after his death, under the editorship of Captain Faria e Sousa : Europa Portugueza (1667, 3 vols.); Ásia Portugueza (1666–1675, 3 vols.); África Portugueza (1681). As a poet, Faria e Sousa was nearly as prolific; but his poems are vitiated by the prevailing Gongorism of his time. They were for the most part collected in the Noches claras (Madrid, 1624–1626), and the Fuente de Aganipe, of which four volumes were published in Madrid in 1644–1646. He also wrote, from information supplied by P. A. Semmedo, Imperio de China i cultura evangelica en l (Madrid, 1642), and translated and completed the Nobiliário of the Count of Barcelos.

There are English translations by J. Stevens of the History of Portugal (London, 1698), and of Portuguese Asia (London, 1695).

Works

 * Muerte de Jesus y llanto de Maria. Madrid, 1623
 * Fabula de Narciso e Echo. Lisboa, 1623. In Portuguese
 * Divinas e humanas flores. Madrid, por Diego Flameco 1624
 * Noches claras. Madrid, por Diego Flameco 1624
 * Fuente de Aganipe y Rimas varias. Madrid, por Sanchez 1644, 1646. In Portuguese and Spanish. In seven parts:

1a : 600 sonetos

2a : 12 "poemas em outava rythma, silvas e sextinas[1]"

3a : canções, odes, 200 madrigals ("madrigales"), sextinas e tercetos

4a : 20 eclogas

5a : redondilhas, glosas, cantilenas, decimas, romances e epigramas

6a : "Musa nueva" com sonetos, oitavas, tercetos, canções, etc. reduzidos a versos octosilabos

7a : "Engenho" de acrostichos, esdrúxulos, ecos, etc.

Is the same work amplified later with the title of Europa portuguesa. Say Faria, That begins this work in 1614, using 25 years, examining more than thousand authors, and between this ones 300 Italians. 1° Lisboa, Henrique Valente de Oliveira, 1666 : History of Índia, since it discovery until 1538.
 * Epithalamio de los casamientos de los señores Marqueses de Molina. Saragoça, 1624
 * Epitome de las historias portuguesas. Madrid, por Francisco martinez 1628
 * Escuriale por Jacobum Gibbes Anglum. Madrid, 1658. tradução em castelhano duma descrição do Escurial em latim.
 * Lusiadas de Luis de Camoens, principe de los poetas de España. Comentadas. Madrid, por Juan Sanches, 1639.
 * Informacion a favor de Manuel de faria y sousa etc., 1640
 * Peregrino instruido
 * Imperio de la China e cultura evangelica en el, etc.
 * Nenia : poema acrostico a la reyna de España D. Isabel de Bourbon. Madrid, 1644
 * Nobiliario del Conde de Barcellos D. Pedro, hijo delrey D. Dionis de Portugal, traducido etc. Madrid, 1646
 * El gran justicia de Aragon Don Martin Baptista de Lanuza. Madrid, 1650
 * Asia Portuguesa. 3 tomos :

2° Lisboa, Antonio Craesbeeck de Mello, 1674 : History of Índia, from 1538 to 1581

3° Lisboa, ibidem, 1675 : History of Índia, during the Spanish dominion (1581 - 1640). 1° Lisboa, Antonio Craesbeeck de Mello, 1678 : From universal diluvio to Portugal with king.
 * Europa Portuguesa. 3 tomos :

2° Lisboa, Ibid, 1679 : From Government of Count D. Henrique to D. João III.

3° Lisboa, Ibid, 1680 : From king D. Sebastião to Filipe III of Portugal.
 * África Portuguesa. Lisboa, Antonio Craesbeeck de Mello, 1681 : History of conquest from D. João I to year 1562.
 * Rimas varias de Luis de Camoens, etc. comentadas. Lisboa, Theotonio Damaso de Mello, 1685.

title: Manuel de Faria e Sousa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smyslovye Galucinacii

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 21:58, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Smyslovye Galucinacii
A stub article on a Russian rock band (it doesn't say so, though). The band kind of sucks too. So, I propose to delete it. Grue 14:26, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep after Mikkalai's edits. And move to Smyslovye Gallucinacii, there is a typo in the title. Grue 12:48, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. No reference in AMG, 23 Google hits. JoaoRicardo 19:41, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note however that if you search for Russian spelling, "Смысловые Галлюцинации" you'll get a whopping 45800 Google hits. Still the article as is is worse than substub. Grue 20:11, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Thanks for the tip, Grue. I'll be keeping my vote based on the lack of AMG entry, but it would also be nice if you or someone else could say what this means in Russian. If it's a common term, then the many Google hits may be ruled out. JoaoRicardo 02:43, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Babelfish translates it as "Semantic Hallucinations" Kappa 03:15, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. After this I went to give a closer look to those Google hits and saw that they all are from music-related domain names. I now believe this band is notable in Russia, but this article is currently useless. I don't know how to rewrite it (I will not write just "Smyslovye Galucinacii is a Russian band") and seems no one else is inclined to do it. So I will keep my vote to delete. However, if someone wants to create a decent article or a decent stub later, I believe they should be able to in spite of this deletion. JoaoRicardo 03:36, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 01:32, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy candidate as "short, no context". Even less useful than London Calling was. Delete unless expanded (but keep if expanded). keep, ty Mikkalai Kappa 02:32, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please hold off voting for this page for 8 hours. I will salvage the article tonight. I am not a fan of modern Russian popular music, but it is indeed underrepresented. Even Mashina Vremeni (Time Machine, whatever) is missing. Mikkalai 19:13, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good work Mikkalai. 220.244.224.72 16:22, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I did bare minimum, to establish notability. The rest of the job is for others. Mikkalai 17:01, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The above congratulations were from me. We now have a good stub for building on. Capitalistroadster 17:29, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Alpine skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics

Alpine skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics at Squaw Valley, California, United States, consisted of six events. Competitions took place at Squaw Peak (Men's downhill), KT-22 (Women's downhill, Men's slalom and giant slalom), and Papoose Peak (Women's slalom and giant slalom).

The 1960 Winter Games marked the last where race result times were recorded in tenths of a second; at the 1964 Winter Games, the race result times would be recorded in hundredths.

Medal summary
Seven nations won medals in alpine skiing, with Switzerland leading the medal table, winning two golds. Austria won the most total medals with five, one gold, two silver, and two bronze. Austria's Ernst Hinterseer led the individual medal table, with one gold and one bronze. The top women's medalist was the United States' Penny Pitou with two silver medals, having lost giant slalom by a tenth of a second.

Medal table
Source:

Men's events
Source:

Women's events
Source:

Participating nations
Twenty-two nations sent alpine skiers to compete in the events in Squaw Valley, and South Korea made its Olympic alpine skiing debut. Below is a list of the competing nations; in parentheses are the number of competitors.

World championships
From 1948 through 1980, the alpine skiing events at the Winter Olympics also served as the World Championships, held every two years. With the addition of the giant slalom, the combined event was dropped for 1950 and 1952, but returned as a World Championship event in 1954 as a "paper race" which used the results from the three events. During the Olympics from 1956 through 1980, World Championship medals were awarded by the FIS for the combined event. The combined returned as a separate event at the World Championships in 1982 and at the Olympics in 1988.

Combined
Men's Combined
 * Downhill: February 22, Giant slalom: February 21, Slalom: February 24

Women's Combined
 * Downhill: February 20, Giant slalom: February 23, Slalom: February 26


text:
Knightian uncertainty

In economics, Knightian uncertainty is a lack of any quantifiable knowledge about some possible occurrence, as opposed to the presence of quantifiable risk (e.g., that in statistical noise or a parameter's confidence interval). The concept acknowledges some fundamental degree of ignorance, a limit to knowledge, and an essential unpredictability of future events.

Knightian uncertainty is named after University of Chicago economist Frank Knight (1885–1972), who distinguished risk and uncertainty in his 1921 work Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit:

 * "Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct from the familiar notion of Risk, from which it has never been properly separated.... The essential fact is that 'risk' means in some cases a quantity susceptible of measurement, while at other times it is something distinctly not of this character; and there are far-reaching and crucial differences in the bearings of the phenomena depending on which of the two is really present and operating.... It will appear that a measurable uncertainty, or 'risk' proper, as we shall use the term, is so far different from an unmeasurable one that it is not in effect an uncertainty at all."

In this matter Knight's own views were widely shared by key economists in the 1920s and 1930s who played a key role distinguishing the effects of risk from uncertainty. They were particularly concerned with the different impact on human behavior as economic agents. Entrepreneurs invest for quantifiable risk and return; savers may mistrust potential future inflation.

Whilst Frank Knight's seminal book elaborated the problem, his focus was on how uncertainty generates imperfect market structures and explains actual profits. Work on estimating and mitigating uncertainty was continued by G. L. S. Shackle who later followed up with Potential Surprise Theory. However, the concept is largely informal and there is no single best formal system of probability and belief to represent Knightian uncertainty. Economists and management scientists continue to look at practical methodologies for decision under different types of uncertainty.

Common cause and special cause
The difference between predictable variation and unpredictable variation is one of the fundamental issues in the philosophy of probability, and different probability interpretations treat predictable and unpredictable variation differently. The debate about the distinction has a long history.

Ellsberg paradox
The Ellsberg paradox is based on the difference between these two types of imperfect knowledge, and the problems it poses for utility theory – one is faced with an urn that contains 30 red balls and 60 balls that are either all yellow or all black, and one then draws a ball from the urn. This poses both uncertainty – whether the non-red balls are all yellow or all black – and probability – whether the ball is red or non-red, which is 1⁄3 vs. 2⁄3. Expressed preferences in choices faced with this situation reveal that people do not treat these types of imperfect knowledge the same. This difference in treatment is also termed "ambiguity aversion".

Black swan events
A black swan event, as analyzed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb, is an important and inherently unpredictable event that, once occurred, is rationalized with the benefit of hindsight. Another position of the black swan theory is that appropriate preparation for these events is frequently hindered by the pretense of knowledge of all the risks; in other words, Knightian uncertainty is presumed to not exist in day-to-day affairs, often with disastrous consequences. Taleb asserts that Knightian risk does not exist in the real world, and instead finds gradations of computable risk.

title: Knightian uncertainty


text: User talk:82.32.12.72

title: User talk:82.32.12.72


text:
Patxaran

Patxaran (Pacharán) is a sloe-flavoured liqueur  commonly drunk in Navarre, as well as in the Basque Country. It is usually served as a digestif either chilled or on ice.

Etymology
The word patxaran is the Upper Navarrese form of basaran, from Basque basa 'wild' and aran 'sloe'. It also occurs in the various Basque dialects as baxaran, basarhan, baixaran and various other forms.

Process
Patxaran is made by soaking sloe fruits, collected from the blackthorn shrub, along with a few coffee beans and a cinnamon stick in anisette, for one to eight months. The process produces a light sweet reddish-brown liquid around 25-30% in alcohol content by volume. In addition to dictating the amount of sloes to be used, the regulating body for Pacharán Navarro insists that no artificial colourings or flavourings be added and that the maceration last between one and eight months.

History
Known to have existed in Navarre as early as the Middle Ages, Patxaran was initially a home-made liqueur of rural Navarre and became popular during the late 19th century. It was commercialised in the 1950s and then became very popular outside Navarre. One theory for this rise holds that young Navarrese took bottles with them while on the National service, thereby popularising Patxaran throughout Spain. It now holds a PGI (protected geographical indication) status that protects the spirit's identity, including traditions and processes to make it, and also indicates that it can only be made and bottled in specific areas.

Commercial brands and production
Common Pacharán brands include Zoco, Etxeko, Basarana, Berezko, Usua, La Navarra, Las Endrinas and Baines.

Seven million litres a year are commercially produced.

title: Patxaran


text:
7th Sea

7th Sea may refer to:

 * 7th Sea (role-playing game), a 1999 swashbuckler game
 * 7th Sea (collectible card game), a 1999 game based on the RPG

title: 7th Sea


text:
John William Mackail

John William Mackail (26 August 1859 – 13 December 1945) was a Scottish academic of Oxford University and reformer of the British education system.

He is most often remembered as a scholar of Virgil and as the official biographer of the socialist artist William Morris, of whom he was a friend.

Mackail was Oxford Professor of Poetry from 1906 to 1911, and president of the British Academy from 1932 to 1936.

Life
Mackail was born in Ascog on Bute, the second child and only son of the Rev. John Mackail, of the Free Church, and Louisa Irving, who was the youngest daughter of Aglionby Ross Carson FRSE, who was the rector of Edinburgh High School.

Academic career
He was educated at Ayr Academy; at Edinburgh University, from 1874 to 1877; and at Balliol College, Oxford, as Warner Exhibitioner, from 1877. At Oxford, he took first classes in classical moderations (1879) and literae humaniores ('Greats') in 1881, and he also obtained the Hertford (1880), Ireland (1880), Newdigate (1881), Craven (1882) and Derby (1884) Prizes. He was elected to a Balliol fellowship in 1882.

At Oxford, Mackail contributed, alongside Cecil Spring Rice, to the composition of a famous sardonic doggerel about George Nathaniel Curzon, later Lord Curzon, their contemporary at Balliol, that was published in The Masque of Balliol.

In 1884, Mackail accepted a post in the Education Department of the Privy Council (later the Board of Education), of which he became Assistant Secretary in 1903. In this position, made an important contribution to the system of secondary education established by the 1902 Education Act, and to the organisation of a system of voluntary inspection for the public schools. He retired from office in 1919.

He was the official biographer of the socialist artist William Morris, of whom he was a close friend. He also published works on Virgil; the Latin poets; the Icelandic sagas; Shakespeare; and Jesus.

He was Oxford Professor of Poetry (1906–11), president of the British Academy (1932–36), and president of the Classical Association (1923–24). He was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1935.

Private life
He married Margaret Burne-Jones (1866–1953), who was the only daughter of artist and designer Edward Burne-Jones. They lived in Kensington, and later in Holland Park. He died in London and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 17 December 1945.

The couple's elder daughter, Angela Margaret, and their son, Denis George, are better known as the novelists Angela Thirkell and Denis Mackail. The couple also had a younger daughter, Clare Mackail, who was the subject of a 2020 biography Barely Clare: the Little-Known Life of Clare Mackail by Tim McGee.

Works

 * Love in Idleness: A Volume of Poems (1883) anonymous, with H. C. Beeching and J. B. B. Nichols
 * The Aeneid of Virgil (1885) translator
 * Virgil Eclogues and Georgics (1889)
 * Select Epigrams From The Greek Anthology (1890)
 * Love's Looking Glass (1892) with H. C. Beeching and J. B. B. Nichols
 * Biblia Innocentium: Being the Story of God's Chosen People Before the Coming of Our Lord Jesus Christ Upon Earth, Written Anew for Children (Kelmscott Press, 1892)
 * Latin Literature (1895); at least 40 editions
 * The Georgics of Virgil (1899)
 * The Life of William Morris, two volumes (1899); Vol. I Vol. II
 * The Little Bible (1900)
 * William Morris: An Address Delivered at Kelmscott House Hammersmith Socialist Society (1902)
 * Addresses, four volumes (1902/5)
 * The Parting of the Ways: An Address (1903) given in the William Morris Labour Church at Leek, 5 October 1902
 * Socialism and Politics: An Address and a Programme (1903)
 * Homer: An Address Delivered on Behalf of the Independent Labour Party (1905)
 * The Sayings of the Lord Jesus Christ (1905)
 * William Morris and His Circle (1907)
 * The Hundred Best Poems in the Latin Language (1908)
 * The Springs of Helicon: A Study of the Progress of English Poetry from Chaucer to Milton (1909)
 * Swinburne (1909) University of Oxford lecture 30 April 1909.
 * Lectures on Greek Poetry (1910)
 * Pervigilium Veneris (1911) editor and translator
 * Lectures on Poetry (1914)
 * Russia's Gift to the World (1915)
 * The Study of Poetry (1915) inauguration of the Rice Institute
 * Annual Shakespeare Lecture of the British Academy (1916)
 * Penelope in the Odyssey (1916)
 * Pope (1919) Leslie Stephen Lecture, University of Cambridge 10 May 1919
 * The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical)'' (1920)
 * Virgil and His Meaning to the World of To-day (1922)
 * Shakespeare (1923) Inaugural Address to the Australian English Association
 * Bentley's Milton (1924) British Academy Warton Lecture
 * The Pilgrim's Progress (1924) Royal Institution Lecture 14 March 1924
 * Life and Letters of George Wyndham (2 vols.) (1924) with Guy Wyndham
 * Classical Studies (1925)
 * James Leigh Strachan-Davidson, Master of Balliol. A Memoir (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925)
 * Studies of English Poets (1926)
 * Largeness in Literature (1930)
 * The Approach to Shakespeare (1930)
 * Coleridge's Literary Criticism (1931)
 * Virgil (1931) Henriette Hertz Trust Lecture of the British Academy.
 * The Odyssey (1932)
 * Virgil's Work: The Aeneid, Eclogues, Georgics (1934)
 * Studies in Humanism (1938)
 * Poems by Bowyer Nichols (1943)
 * An Introduction to Virgil's Aeneid (1946)
 * Selections from the Georgics of Virgil (1948)
 * Latin Literature (1962) Harry C. Schnur editor
 * The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments (1897)

title: John William Mackail


text:
User:Yuje/drafts

 * User:Yuje/drafts/Taishanese
 * User:Yuje/drafts/Equal Fields system
 * User:Yuje/drafts/Written Cantonese
 * User:Yuje/drafts/Cantonese grammar -- incorporate information from Dislocation (syntax)
 * User:Yuje/drafts/Han Chinese
 * User:Yuje/drafts/Wu-Yue Chinese
 * User:Yuje/drafts/Internet censorship in Singapore
 * User:Yuje/drafts/Chinese wedding tea ceremony
 * Paper son/Paper daughter

Sandbox
To do list:
 * Arable land
 * List of countries by arable land
 * List of countries by arable land per capita
 * radiation pattern

To be categorized:
 * Essays on Chinese Characters
 * The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
 * Gujin tushu jicheng
 * Manwen Laodang
 * Jiu Manzhou Dang

Qing Dynasty

 * Tribes in northern Manchuria and Sakhalin

 * Ryūkyū Kingdom (? - 1879) - The kingdom continued its tributory trading relationship in a much similar manner as it had previously enjoyed with the Ming. As before, it was a dual tributory to both China and Japan, the Japanese lords allowing the kingdom autonomy in order to benefit from the lucrative China trade. This relationship ended in 1879, as the kingdom was formally annexed into Japan.

 * Gurkhas (1793-?) - Between 1791 and 1793, the Gurkha kingdom launched a series of invasions into Tibet, looting several important monastaries, and reaching as far as Lhasa. Emperor Qianlong dispatched a large army that entered Tibet and defeated the Gurkhas, and then launched a retaliatory invasion into Nepal. This threat of invasion forced the Gurkhas to surrender, and pay regular tributes in reparation.

Nombres oficiales de la URSS Официјални имиња на СССР Officiële namen van de Sovjet-Unie Denumiri oficiale ale URSS Званични називи СССР-а Noms officiels de l'URSS

title: User:Yuje/drafts


text:
User talk:Captainx

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

14:37, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Captainx


text:
User:Yuje/drafts/Equal Fields system

The Equal-field system (均田) land system was a historical system of land ownership and distribution in China used from the Six Dynasties to Mid-Tang dynasty.

By the time of the Han dynasty, the Well-field system of land distribution had fallen out of use in China, though reformers like Wang Mang tried to restore it. The Equal-field system was introduced into practice by Emperor Xiaowen the Northern Wei dynasty, a non-Chinese kingdom in North China, during the Northern and Southern Dynasties period. The system was eventually adopted by other kingdoms and its use continued through the Sui and Tang dynasties.

The system worked on the basis that all land was owned by the government, which would then be assigned to individual families. Every individual, including slaves, was entitled to a certain amount of land, the amount depending on their ability to supply labor. For example, able-bodied men recieved 40 mu of land, while women recieved less, and more land was granted per ox owned by the family. After death, the land would revert to the state to be reassigned, though provisions were allowed for inheritance of land that required long-term development, such as farms for mulberry trees (for silkworms).

The system was intended to foster the development of land and ensure no agricultural land lie neglected, to prevent the aristocratic and powerful families from developing large power bases by monopolizing the fields, and to allow the common people to get a share of land to ensure their livelihood. From these, the government could develop a tax base and slow down the process of land accumulating into vast, untaxable estates of the powerful elites.

The system eventually began falling out of use after the An Lushan rebellion as the government began to lose centralized control over its territories. Though all land theoretically belonged to the government, the artistocratic families were able to legally acquire land, and were able to build up their holdings. Buddhist monastaries too, came to control vast estates of agricultural lands. Peasants often entered into the households of landlords and became tenant farmers or servants during times of natural disasters and conflict in order to ensure their own security. The gradual loss of taxable lands is a reason for the decline of the Tang dynasty. The pattern of landlords holding lands worked by tenant farmers would continue throughout the rest of Chinese history until the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,

The equal-field system was adopted by Japan during the Nara Period, though it is debatable to what degree it was actually implemented. Provinces close to the capital were mroe strictly regulated and taxed, prompting farmers to flee to outlying provinces. In Japan, too, the system fell out of use as land reverted to private ownership and by the year 800 the land redistribution scheme was practically abandoned as census and distribution became infrequent and irregular.

title: User:Yuje/drafts/Equal Fields system


text:
Kronenbourg Brewery

Kronenbourg Brewery (Brasseries Kronenbourg, German: Kronenbourg Brauerei, ) is a brewery founded in 1664 by Geronimus Hatt in the Free Imperial City of Straßburg, Holy Roman Empire (today Strasbourg, France). The name comes from the area where the brewery relocated in 1850. The company is owned by the Danish multinational Carlsberg. The premium brand (and the one sold in the greatest volumes outside France) is Kronenbourg 1664, a 5% abv pale lager.

History
Geronimus Hatt, who obtained his Master Brewer's certificate in 1649, started up the Canon Brewery in the Place du Corbeau in Strasbourg. His son Claude (born November 1665), succeeded his father in the trade in 1683. However, the frequent flooding of the River Ill compelled in 1850 a move to the higher terrain of Cronenbourg, an area of Strasbourg.

In 1922, the Hatt Brewery changed its name to Tigre Bock, the most well-known brand of the Tiger Brewery it had acquired to become the leading brewer in Alsace. Following the Second World War, Kronenbourg became the name of the company, and began international expansion. In 1970, it was acquired by industrial group BSN (now Groupe Danone), along with the Société Européenne de Brasseries (Kanterbräu). In 1986, Kronenbourg merged with Kanterbräu.

In 1953, Kronenbourg was sold in the UK for the first time in honour of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. British company Scottish and Newcastle (S&N) plc acquired it in 2000 for £1.7 billion. In April 2008, S&N's operations were sold to Heineken and Carlsberg, the latter acquiring Kronenbourg.

In 1970, the brewer was acquired by Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel (BSN), a glass-making conglomerate, which added Evian to its list of mergers in the same year. In 1973 BSN itself would merge and form BSN-Gervais Danone.

In 2000, Kronenbourg was acquired from Danone by Scottish & Newcastle for a couple of million. In 2008, Scottish & Newcastle was acquired, along with Kronenbourg, by Heineken and Carlsberg, the latter of whom kept the French brewer.

Its main breweries are in Obernai and in Champigneulles, although the Champigneulles site is now up for sale.

On 2 April 2015, Brasseries Kronenbourg launched a new corporate identity which it will use in corporate communications. It was designed by Carré Noir, which has been the brewery's design agency for several years. According to a press release, the new logo reaffirms Kronenbourg's identity as a French brewer with 350 years of history.

Kanterbräu
Kanterbräu is a 4.2% pale lager.

1664
Kronenbourg 1664 is a 5.5% pale lager first brewed in 1952. A small amount of the Strisselspalt hop, a French aroma hop from Alsace, is used. The main Kronenbourg 1664 brewery (where Kronenbourg also produces almost 300 other beer brands) is in Obernai (France), but the brand is also brewed in the UK by Heineken at its Manchester brewery, in Australia by Coopers, as well as in Ukraine by Carlsberg.

Other beers
Other brands include: 1664 Brune; Single Malt (French name Malt d'Exception), 6.1% abv; Kronenbourg Blanc, a fruity wheat beer with citrus notes; Kronenbourg Premier Cru 6.0% abv; Kronenbourg Cold Premier 5.0%, a super chilled variant on 1664, draught only, UK; and Kronenbourg Red 4.2% abv.

title: Kronenbourg Brewery


text: User talk:83.112.128.171

title: User talk:83.112.128.171


text:
Talk:Alexander Witt

Untitled
He was born in Chile, not the US, should he still be included in the US directors category? His entry in IMDB Pilaf 14:39, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexander Witt


text:
Talk:Trial of Michael Jackson

The use of the Joe Vogel Forbes op-ed article as a source
Several citations within this article use a January 2019 Forbes article entitled, "What You Should Know About the New Michael Jackson Documentary" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/joevogel/2019/01/29/what-you-should-know-about-the-new-michael-jackson-documentary/). It is treated as though it's a valid source, however it is an op-ed piece which has many unsourced claims (Eg. "Safechuck claimed that he only realized he was abused after seeing Robson on TV."). And the few sources within the document are fan-made blogs (Eg. https://themichaeljacksonallegationsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/the-wade-robson-allegations-ebook-format-v2-0.pdf). I suggest this Forbes article is removed as a source. Johnny "ThunderPeel2001" Walker (talk) 17:22, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Breaking News source
Partytemple, you need to use a better source than the Breaking News you used here. Also, keep in mind that being neutral on Wikipedia doesn't mean what being neutral means in common discourse. No need to WP:Ping me if you reply since this page is on my watchlist. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 04:15, 21 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Fixed. —Partytemple (talk) 19:58, 21 June 2019 (UTC)

mentioning of 1993 settlement
The 1993 settlement was falsely portrayed in the article. It is important to note here that the settlement was for a civil claim of negligence. This settlement did not affect the ongoing criminal investigation. The evidence of the criminal investigation was presented to two grand juries, both of them decided there was not enough evidence to indict. The former formulation catered to a poplular believe Jackson bought silence which is misleading and also illegal. It biases the reader towards the new allegations.--ProblemBesucher (talk) 16:40, 21 June 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by ProblemBesucher (talk • contribs) 16:15, 21 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, I see the error. It's a gross misrepresentation of the facts. I will edit this. Thanks for pointing this out. —Partytemple (talk) 20:00, 21 June 2019 (UTC)
 * It looks better now but the prosecution also didn't stop investigating after the boy declined to testify, Sneddon seemed rather determined. The evidence was presented to a grand jury, they said, not enough to indict, there was the testimony from other people heard. Prosecution continued, presented new evidence to another jury, again not enough to indict. so the prosecution did not stop after Chandler stopped speaking, other people spoke and evidence was presented, it just wasn't credible.according to this article from 1994 --ProblemBesucher (talk) 01:01, 22 June 2019 (UTC)--ProblemBesucher (talk) 01:01, 22 June 2019 (UTC)

'said he had slept in bed with many children'
Jackson has said nothing of this sort. In the Bashir doc he says cleary that he does NOT sleep in the same bed but would leave his bed to others and sleep somewhere else. The 'if you love me' part that is always quoted is misquoted, in context he clearly says: If you love me, you will let me give you my bed while I sleep somewhere else. This was misrepresented in the press back then and is now, but it is not correct as one can verify watching the documentary. I tried to change it but it got reversed. This should be changed though, it's clearly not true.--ProblemBesucher (talk) 19:25, 24 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi ProblemBesucher, I think your edits are fine, but we cannot forget this quotation from Michael Jackson in this source:

"I have slept in the bed with many children. I sleep in the bed with all of them. When Macaulay Culkin was little, Keiran Culkin would sleep on this side, and Macaulay Culkin is on this side, his sister’s in there, we’d all just jam in the bed."

There is also Brett Barnes' 1993 quotation from this source: "I was on one side of the bed and he was on the other. It was a big bed." There is also Brett Barnes' 2005 cross-examination in this source:

Q. Did you travel with [Michael Jackson] when he was performing?

A. Yes.

Q. Was that - in South America, was he performing then?

A. Yes.

Q. And every night after the performance, you would go with him to his room; is that correct?

A. Yes.

Q. And you stayed in his bed that night?

A. Yep.

There is also Macaulay Culkin's 2005 cross-examination in this source:

Q. Mr. Culkin, the question was, did you ever share a bed with Mr. Jackson -

A. Yes.

Q. - the two of you by yourself, prior to going to Bermuda?

A. If I remember correctly, probably, yes.

Q. On approximately how many occasions did you and Mr. Jackson share a bed the entire night prior to going to Bermuda?

A. A handful of times.

There are other quotations, that's all I want to say. Regards, Hammelsmith (talk) 00:10, 25 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I haven't read this witness statement before, thanks for that, it's interesting... The outrage sparking segment of the documentary that led to trial though is followed up by his clarification that he would sleep somewhere else. And when quoted the last part is often left out, which seems unfair. --ProblemBesucher (talk) 00:55, 25 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi ProblemBesucher, Your edits are fine and perfectly acceptable for the purposes of this article. I think there is a Wiki policy disallowing use of court transcripts as a source.  I encourage everyone's right to edit and give their input.  Of course, we can also have discussions on the Talk page, and I am happy to provide any additional sources I can find for further consideration.  Thank you for replying and for your contributions.  Regards & Best, Hammelsmith (talk) 01:21, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

"Civil case" vs "criminal case"
Maybe this wasn't clear enough originally, so I fixed it. There were two "cases" happening during 1993 allegations. One is the lawsuit, or "civil case" because it regards civil law. The second is the criminal investigation, or "criminal case." The two don't conflict each other and ran parallel. When the lawsuit ended, the criminal investigation continued. A previous user pointed this out and wanted it distinguished. It doesn't mean child abuse is "civil." —Partytemple (talk) 22:20, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

The Salas testimony
I was confused by the lines in the article describing the testimony from Jesús Salas, so I went over the court transcript from April 4th, 2005. I found that the current wording in this Wikipedia article based on the Salas testimony is very inaccurate in relation to the transcript in 4 ways (page references to the court transcript):

1. Salas couldn't tell if Jackson was drunk or if he was rather affected by prescription drugs (pp. 4676 & 4761-4765). (Generally, there are far more reports that Jackson had a prescription drug problem than an alcohol problem.)

2. Salas saw children emerging from the wine cellar once, not "sometimes" (p. 4686).

3. He testified that the children mentioned in the article sometimes used to drive by car to the ranch themselves, being about "15, 16", so to just refer to them as "children" seems misleading and at least gave me a different impression (p. 4773).

4. He said that Jackson was with the kids in the "late night, early morning" of that day, but not that Jackson emerged from the wine cellar with the kids at 8 AM, which is what the article is currently stating (p. 4687).

Current reading in the article: "Jesús Salas, a former Neverland house manager at the Neverland Ranch, testified that he often saw Jackson drunk, and sometimes saw children emerging drunk from the wine cellar with Jackson. When the prosecution attempted to confirm Jackson had served wine to minors, Salas added that although he brought a bottle of wine to Jackson's bedroom, sodas were also ordered for the children." The source is The Guardian, stating: "But he [Salas] did testify that he had seen other children emerging drunk from Mr Jackson's wine cellar at 8am accompanied by the singer." Here, "accompanied by the singer" is obviously incorrect, while the Wikipedia editor made a further mistake writing "sometimes". (The Wikipedia article also, apparently by mistake, repeats the work "Neverland".(

Suggested reading: "Jesús Salas, a former house manager at the Neverland Ranch, testified that he often saw Jackson drunk or affected by prescription drugs, and on one occasion saw three boys aged around 15 to 16 emerging drunk from the wine cellar after having spent time with Jackson. When the prosecution attempted to confirm Jackson had served wine to minors, Salas added that although he brought a bottle of wine to Jackson's bedroom, sodas were also ordered for the children." Source: People of the State of California v. Michael Joseph Jackson, court transcripts, April 4th, 2005, pp. 4676, 4682, 4686–4687, 4761-4765 & 4773.

I tried to edit this, but the edit was removed twice, apparently based on considering the source as "primary". I tried to search around for secondary sources giving an accurate report of this, but it's hard for me to find, 14 years after the event reported. However, I couldn't find any Wikipedia guidelines advising against the use of court transcripts (to do so would seem counterintuitive to me, as the transcripts would normally be the most reliable source). On the contrary, this essay seems to argue for the use of court transcripts, and this explanatory supplement (see especially "Reports on events") seems to say that the news-reporting media, in our case The Guardian, is actually a primary source and so, at least, no better than a court transcript.

Based on this, my suggestion is to change the Salas paragraph as per the suggestion and with the source quoted above.

Sarandili (talk) 22:18, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree with much of your assessment here. I have to admit, and I can only speak for myself, that I jumped the gun on that revert. I heedlessly read the edit and the source far too quickly. It is not what I assumed it was. I agree with your 4 points and I am not going to argue court testimony as it is a testimony. I too was able to cross-reference the accuracy and see where there was no bias added to the text. I am content with allowing your edit to stand. TruthGuardians (talk) 05:10, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for taking the time! I guess there was a reason based on past experience for the revert. As no one has objected, I'm trying to enter the edit again. Sarandili (talk) 22:33, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

Introduction of Robeson’s change in claims
Hello everyone! I recently added a short sentence under the Robson portion of “Witnesses for the Defense” introducing his allegations in “Finding Neverland.” My intention was to briefly convey an important fact that, when absent, might lead readers to improper conclusions about Robson’s support of Jackson. Some readers might not be aware of Robson’s recanted testimony unless they scroll several hundred words down the page. I believe this is a reasonable edit but I wanted to run this up the proverbial “talk page flagpole” for posterity.

To avoid redundancy I also introduced a quote from a People magazine article about the documentary. I know People is green lit as reliable source (WP:RSPSS) but if editors have other recommendations for citations, or concerns about reliability I’d appreciate discussing them here. Feel free to add any additional sources if you like. ⁂ (talk) 17:48, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

 * That would be misleading. Robson did not recant his testimony in that film but long before that while demanding money from the Jackson estate in 2013. And the excuse that he testified to protect him was just one of his multiple excuses so why single that particular one out especially when he contradicted himself about why he supposedly lied in 2005 and some of his excuses are contradicted by other witnesses like Scott Ross, Brett Barnes or Taj Jackson? That section is about what happened at the trial and what defense witnesses said there. Not what they did before or after. castorbailey (talk) 19:34, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trial of Michael Jackson


text:
Misako Konno

Misako Konno (紺野 美沙子 Konno Misako), born Misako Shinoda (篠田 美佐子 Shinoda Misako, born September 8, 1960) is a Japanese actress and essayist.

Her maiden name is Misako Satō (佐藤美佐子 Satō Misako).

In 2022, she became the third woman appointed in an organization linked to the Japan Sumo Association, by being appointed to the Yokozuna Deliberation Council.

title: Misako Konno


text:
User:Zephirum

Hi, welcome to my page. I am a microbiologist based in New Zealand. I think Wikipedia is a great tool, and it's time for me to do what I can to help become something even better.

title: User:Zephirum


text:
User talk:Ddye

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

14:41, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 13:11, 9 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ddye


text:
Faridkot, India

Faridkot is a city in the South-western part of state of Punjab, India. It serves as the headquarters for both, the Faridkot district. as well as the Faridkot Division. The division was established in 1995 at Faridkot which includes Faridkot, Bathinda, and Mansa districts.

Etymology
The city is named in the honor of Baba Farid, a revered 13th century Sufi saint whose shrine is located in Pakpattan, Pakistan. The town of Faridkot was founded during this century as Mokalhar by Raja Mokalsi, the grandson of Rai Munj, a Bhatti Chief of Bhatnair, Rajasthan. According to a popular folklore, the Raja renamed Mokalhar to Faridkot after Baba Farid paid a visit to the town. It remained the capital during the reign of Mokalsi's son Jairsi and Wairsi.

History
The historic fort of Quila Mubarak exists since the times of Baba Farid. However, the foundation of the modern city as a princely state was laid in 1763 by Hamir Singh.Beginning in 1807, the city was briefly under the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh till 1809. It was restored to the reigning Brar family through British intervention. The city continued as the capital of Faridkot State under British suzerainty till 1947. Later, it became a part of the Patiala & East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) in 1948. Faridkot was carved out as a separate district on 7 August 1972 out of the areas of erstwhile Bathinda District (Faridkot Tehsil) and Ferozepur District (Moga and Muktsar Tehsils). Further, in November 1995 the Faridkot District was trifurcated when two of its sub divisions viz. Muktsar and Moga were given the status of independent districts under the leadership of CM Harcharan Singh Brar of Muktsar

Government body
The Municipal Council Faridkot came into existence in the year 1948 and now has a Class -I status. Uma Grover is the current President of the council and Kushaldeep Singh Dhillon of Indian National Congress is the member of Legislative Assembly from the town elected in 2017.

Geography
The average elevation is 196 metres (643 ft). The town is located on the Punjab Plains, which in a macro regional context forms a part of greater Satluj Ganga plain. It is a low-lying flat area. The surface of the district is depositional plain which was formed by alleviation by the rivers flowing in these plains. Sirhind Feeder and Indira Gandhi Canal pass through the district. The topography of the district is plain, with only 1.4% of its area under forest cover.

Demographics
India census, Faridkot had a population of 618,008 which constitute about 2% of the total population of Punjab. Males constitute 327,121 of the population and females 290,887.The population density in this district is 424 persons per km2. Faridkot has an average literacy rate of 70.6%: male literacy is 75.9%, and female literacy is 64.8%.

Transport
Faridkot city is well connected by road through National Highway 54. Faridkot railway station, located in the city lies on Bhatinda - Firozpur line. Many trains connect Faridkot to other major cities in Punjab and other states. The nearest airport, Bathinda Airport is located near Bathinda.

Climate
The climate of Faridkot is mostly dry, characterized by a very hot summer, a short rainy season and a bracing winter. The cold season is from November to March. it is followed by the summer season which lasts up to the end of June. The period from July to the middle of September constitutes the southwest monsoon season. The later half of September and October is the post-monsoon or transition period. The temperature increases rapidly beginning with the end of March till June, which is the hottest month, with the mean daily minimum temperature about 41 °C and the mean daily minimum about 26.5 °C. The temperature is intensively hot during this period. The maximum temperature can go beyond 47 °C on some days. With the onset of the monsoon by the end of June or early July, there is an appreciable drop in the day temperature. After October, both the day and night temperatures decrease rapidly till January which is the coolest month. The mean daily maximum temperature in January is about 20 C and the mean daily minimum about 4.5 °C.

The average annual rainfall in the district is 433 mm ; about 71 percent of the annual rainfall in the district is received during the monsoon months July to September. Some rainfall occurs during the pre-monsoon months, mostly in the form of thundershowers. Weather is moderately cloudy during the monsoon season. During the rest of the year the skies are mostly clear. Wind speed is normally slow and flows in north to northwest, some times in southeast direction, throughout the year.

Festival (Aagman Purab)
Every year, a festival is held to commemorate the arrival of Baba Farid in Faridkot. The festival is held for 3 days every year from 21–23 September. On 23 September, a grand parade departs from Tilla Baba Farid (Sikh Temple) and reaches Godari Sahib (Sikh Temple).

Education
The city houses Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, which is the premier medical university of Punjab. Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital was established in the year 1978.Dasmesh Institute of Research & Dental Sciences is another medical school in the city. Government Brajindra College was set-up in 1942 and Desh Bhagat Pandit Chetan Dev Government College of Education established in 1945 by the Faridkot Royalty. Dasmesh Public School ,Faridkot, Baba Farid Public School, St. Mary's Convent School, Mount Litera Zee School, Dashmesh Global School, Baba Farid Law College, Delhi International School, Balbir School and Dr. Mohinder Brar Sambhi Government Girls Sr. Sec. School are prominent schools in the town besides several other educational institutes. Kendriya Vidyalaya and New Model Sen. Sec School is also located in the town. Adesh institute of engineering and technology is also situated in the city.

There are 96 private English language schools in the city.

Hospitals

 * Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot
 * Sant Baba Karnail Dass Medical Charitable Hospital, Vivek Ashram
 * Dasmesh Institute of Research & Dental Sciences, Faridkot
 * Civil Hospital, Faridkot
 * Madhu Nursing Home,Faridkot
 * Balbir Hospital, Faridkot
 * Preet Hospital, Faridkot
 * Sukhmani hospital and heart care centre

Notable people

 * Giani Zail Singh, a former President of India
 * Sukhbir Singh Badal, a former Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab
 * Muhammad Sadiq, a Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha)
 * Sadhu Singh, a Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha)
 * Kushaldeep Singh Dhillon, a former MLA
 * Mantar Singh Brar, a former MLA
 * Rupinder Pal Singh, a hockey player
 * Ihana Dhillon, an actress

title: Faridkot, India


text:
Nopaltepec

Nopaltepec could refer to one of two locations in the Republic of Mexico:

 * Nopaltepec, State of Mexico
 * Nopaltepec, Veracruz

title: Nopaltepec


text:
Stargate SG-1 (roleplaying game)

Stargate: SG-1 Roleplaying Game is a role-playing game based on the TV series Stargate SG-1, released in 2003 by Alderac Entertainment Group. The game, based on AEG's Spycraft, uses the d20 System. Since Sony did not renew AEG's contract to publish the game, it is now out of print.

History
The Stargate SG:1 RPG (2003) by Alderac Entertainment Group followed their publication of the Spycraft d20 espionage game, and was designed to be fully compatible with the first edition of Spycraft. Season guides and additional supplements for Stargate SG:1 were published until MGM pulled their license from AEG; thus, the RPG only adapted material from the first two seasons of the series.

Core rulebook
The core Stargate SG-1 role-playing book is a hardbound and full-color 488 page volume. The content includes:
 * Summaries of episodes aired during the television show's first six seasons
 * Information on planet previously visited by SG-1
 * Information regarding Stargate Command and the Cheyenne Mountain Complex
 * Information regardingGoa'uld types, history, biology and psychology
 * Skills, feats, and gear
 * Advice for Game Masters on building worlds to visit, races to encounter, and adventure construction

Supplements

 * Fantastic Frontiers (2003) and Friends and Foes (2004), detailing the first two seasons of the series
 * Living Gods (2004), concerning Goa'uld System Lords
 * First Steps (2004), a collection of original worlds and adventures.

Reception
SciFi.com gave the Stargate SG-1 Roleplaying Game an A−.

Reviews

 * Pyramid

title: Stargate SG-1 (roleplaying game)


text:
User:DLJessup

I started work on Wikipedia as DLJessup on November 7, 2004. I am no longer an active contributor to Wikipedia, having shut down operations on November 12, 2006. On June 30, 2008, I came back to Wikipedia to make a single edit to the Mary Katharine Ham page and note my status as a non-contributor on this user page and my discussion page.

Subpages

 * /broken watchlist workaround
 * /diff engine
 * /navigation section
 * /President of the Continental Congress
 * /watchlist archive
 * /watchlist v2 archive
 * /watchlist v3 archive
 * /watchlist v4 archive
 * /workspace
 * /workspace2
 * /SC succession diagram

To-do list

 * Watchlist
 * Review and restore watchlist
 * Last totally caught up on archived v1 watchlist at 2005-12-11 02:15.
 * Last totally caught up on archived v2 watchlist at 2006-03-25 23:44.
 * Last totally caught up on active watchlist at 2006-05-10 09:40.

 * Jargon of The Rush Limbaugh Show
 * Finish converting external links to citations

 * United States Electoral College
 * add historical methods of selecting electors

 * United States district courts
 * Category:United States district courts

 * Presidential terms
 * Find reference Warren, Political Practice and the Constitution, 89 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1003 (1941)
 * Write United States constitutional calendar

 * Singleton pages
 * Theodore McMillian
 * create stub

 * Wikipedia:Section
 * Navigation appendix
 * Template:U.S. courts of appeals

 * U.S. presidential election, yyyy
 * Follow up on Template:Uspresidentialelections → Template:USPresidentialElections move.
 * Follow up on PV minima
 * Use to find double tickets in elections besides 1948 and 1996.
 * Create "Notes" section.
 * U.S. presidential election, 1844
 * follow up on Van Buren derailment
 * follow up on Talk:United States presidential election, 1844
 * Talk:U.S. presidential election, 1872
 * Post derivation of tickets
 * Respond to
 * U.S. presidential election, 1960
 * follow up on article merge
 * Talk:U.S. presidential election, 1972
 * follow up on Thomas J. Anderson's home state
 * U.S. presidential election, 1980
 * follow up on Reagan speech in Mississippi
 * U.S. presidential election, 2000 and U.S. presidential election, 2004 still need to be pushed into U.S. presidential election style.

Tier 2

 * Disambiguation pages
 * review Category:Lists of ambiguous human names for out-of-order articles

Tier 3

 * In progress
 * Federalist Party (United States)
 * review from 2005-11-10 00:41 onwards
 * Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 * review from 2005-12-22 21:34
 * Newt Gingrich
 * add complete book list from Library of Congress
 * Spanish-American War
 * review 2005-11-09 23:26 and 23:31

 * Whig Party (United States)
 * follow up on Rjensen changes
 * and more Rjensen changes

 * WikiProject U.S. Congress
 * Follow up on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. Congress

 * Succession boxes
 * add incumbent U.S. Senator box to incumbent U.S. senators
 * add U.S. Senator box to their immediate predecessors
 * standardize presidential candidacies in succession table

 * Single article ambitions
 * Newt Gingrich
 * add snub, budget impass to content
 * revise "Media strategy creation"
 * President of the United States
 * revise per recommendations in featured article attempt
 * William F. Buckley, Jr.
 * follow up on Talk:William F. Buckley, Jr.

 * Disambiguation pages
 * format per Manual of Style (disambiguation pages)
 * find via Category:Disambiguation

Cursors
(none)

Review table

 * Type “ ” into the “Reviewed” column when an article is reviewed.
 * Be sure to review the discussion pages before marking an article as reviewed.

Other projects

 * Follow up on Wikipedia talk:Guide to layout.
 * See if there's a general resolution on nomenclature for the Democratic-Republican Party and adjust the United States presidential election articles, if so.

Quick links

 * Template talk:Cite book
 * Template talk:Cite journal
 * Template talk:Cite news
 * Template talk:Cite press release
 * Template talk:Cite web
 * Naming conventions (people)

title: User:DLJessup


text:
User:Sp00n17/sig

-- sp 00n  17 :color="#555577">talk

title: User:Sp00n17/sig


text:
Saxon Palace

The Saxon Palace (pałac Saski w Warszawie) was one of the most distinctive buildings in Warsaw, Poland before World War II. It was destroyed by German armed forces after the fall of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944 as part of their planned destruction of Warsaw and not rebuilt since. Ground work commenced in August 2022, after the Polish Government announced a plan regarding reconstruction of the building. It is expected to be completed by 2030.

Up to World War I
The Saxon Palace had been preceded by a manor houses (dwór) belonging to Tobiasz Morsztyn. After 1661 his brother and heir Jan Andrzej Morsztyn had replaced the manor with a baroque palace with four towers, known as the Morsztyn Palace (Pałac Morsztynów).

In 1713 the Morsztyn Palace was purchased by the first of Poland's two Saxon kings, Augustus II (reigned in Poland 1697–1706 and 1709–33), who had it expanded and remodeled as part of his architectural concept of the Saxon Axis. Work on the palace was completed in 1748 by his son, King Augustus III.

In the early 19th century, the Saxon Palace housed the Warsaw Lyceum in which Frédéric Chopin's father Nicolas Chopin taught French, living with his family on the palace grounds.

The Palace was remodeled in 1842.

Interbellum
After World War I, the Saxon Palace was the seat of the Polish General Staff. In 1925, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was established within the colonnade-topped arcade that joined the Palace's two symmetric wings.

The Palace continued to be sandwiched between the Saxon Garden, to its rear, and the Saxon Square in front (which would be renamed Piłsudski Square after the Marshal's death in 1935).

In this building, the German Enigma machine cipher was first broken in December 1932 and then read for several years before the General Staff Cipher Bureau German section's 1937 move to new, specially designed quarters near Pyry in the Kabaty Woods south of Warsaw.

During World War II, two months after the German suppression of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the Saxon Palace was blown up by the Germans as part of their planned destruction of Warsaw. Only parts of the central arcade remained, housing the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, which escaped destruction.

Since World War II
There are plans to reconstruct the Saxon Palace. The palace cellars were excavated in 2006, uncovering some 20,000 objects. The palace's reconstruction was formerly scheduled for completion by 2010. The reconstructed building was planned to house Warsaw's city hall, but due to Warsaw's budget problems caused by the Great Recession (2000s), and subsequent cuts, the reconstruction has been on hold. On 11 November 2018, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of Poland's post-World War I independence, President Andrzej Duda reaffirmed the intent to rebuild the palace.

title: Saxon Palace