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Talk:List of airports in Japan

Untitled
Is the terminology "First Class" (etc.) an official Japanese government wording, or can we rename these "Class 1" (etc.)?

The official terminology is dai I shu, dai II shu and dai III shu (第一種、第二種、第三種 lit. the first kind, the second kind and the third kind). The post-war Japanese beaureaucrats are trained to avoid offence.

However, current wording First Class, etc. suggesting hierarchy is less confusing. Usually First Class airports are the busier. I feel this wording should be kept.

it was commonplace to find a note in the listing for Tokyo airports that haneda did handle international flights to finesse between the two Chinas. It would be nice to see that detail set out here by someone who knew it accurately!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.194.19.80 (talk) 08:37, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

number of flights / passenger data
This list would be much more handy if it would include passenger data and or number of flights. Does anybody have a good source for this? --Mkill (talk) 07:50, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Runways and longest length at each airport
Would help in sorting the airport size by listing # of runways and length of longest. Typically anything less then 3499 ft is for GA, while longer is commercial and corporate. Flightsoffancy (talk) 17:58, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of airports in Japan


text:
Stanisław Odrowąż

Stanisław Odrowąż (1509-1545) was a Polish noble (szlachcic).

He married Katarzyna Górka in 1530 and Anna of Masovia from the Piast dynasty in February 1536. He had one child with Anna, Zofia Odrowąż.

He was castellan of Lwów since 1533, starost of Lwów since 1534, voivode of Podole Voivodship since 1535, voivode of Ruthenian Voivodship since 1542 and starost of Sambor.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stanisław Odrowąż


text:
Media Control Interface

The Media Control Interface — MCI for short — is a high-level API developed by Microsoft and IBM for controlling multimedia peripherals connected to a Microsoft Windows or OS/2 computer, such as CD-ROM players and audio controllers.

MCI makes it very simple to write a program which can play a wide variety of media files and even to record sound by just passing commands as strings. It uses relations described in Windows registries or in the [MCI] section of the file system.ini. One advantage of this API is that MCI commands can be transmitted both from the programming language and from the scripting language (open script, lingo aso). Example of such commands are mciSendCommand or mciSendString.

, the MCI interface has been phased out in favor of the DirectX APIs first released in 1995.

MCI Devices
The Media Control Interface consists of 7 parts:
 * cdaudio
 * digitalvideo
 * overlay
 * sequencer
 * vcr
 * videodisc
 * waveaudio

Each of these so-called MCI devices (e.g. CD-ROM or VCD player) can play a certain type of files, e.g. AVIVideo plays .avi files, CDAudio plays CD-DA tracks among others. Other MCI devices have also been made available over time.

Playing media through the MCI interface
To play a type of media, it needs to be initialized correctly using MCI commands. These commands are subdivided into categories:
 * System Commands
 * Required Commands
 * Basic Commands
 * Extended Commands

A full list of MCI commands can be found at Microsoft's MSDN Library.

title: Media Control Interface


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Avjowar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:14, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

avjowar
It's a bad sign when a neologism fails the Google Web test because its FAQ, one of the few hits for it, has been taken down; and an even worse sign when it fails the Google Groups test utterly. Uncle G 00:45, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete -- Not enough notable references. Zzyzx11 01:49, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Top Google hit taken down, and not a lot beyond that. --Idont Havaname 02:15, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 10:36, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ellsworth 23:24, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 06:42, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Tkessler 01:41, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Avjowar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carl Meinhof

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 07:18, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Carl Meinhof
A German linguist and professor at the School of Oriental Studies in Berlin. 533 google hits. What distinguishes this person from other linguists and professors to make him notable? If notability is not a prerequisite for inclusion on Wikipedia for this individual, then what is? GRider\talk 00:46, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If he's good enough for a puny encyclopedia like Britannica, he's good enough for us. iMeowbot~Mw 03:32, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, there have been other professors with far more hits and publications losing VfDs, undistinguished linguist. Megan1967 06:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The britannica entry speaks for itself. Xezbeth  06:39, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If he's good for Britannica, then let him remain in Wikipedia. Zzyzx11 06:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep obviously. He is notable. There is an article about him in the Neue Deutsche Biographie as well (index here). / u p p l a n d 07:05, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable linguist. I'll have a go at this myself.Capitalistroadster 07:57, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Now added several paragraphs mainly based on What Links Here. Meinhof has several entries on what links here confirming his importance as a scholar. Capitalistroadster 09:12, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete as the article doesn't establish notability. It is hinted at that he is notable, however, in which case the article should be expanded, but currently he fails the professor test. Radiant! 09:55, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Trilobite (Talk) 10:39, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. EggplantWizard 17:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. One of the first linguists to study African languages. How exactly do people fail to find that notable, given that we'll accept just about any actor ever to appear in a film these days? Average Earthman 22:24, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Very notable scholar.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:37, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable enough for inclusion. Carrp | Talk 06:45, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, being one of the first to do something is notable in my book. -- Riffsyphon1024 06:48, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — ''unsigned vote by Tezeti at 13:57, 21 Feb 2005
 * Keep I wholeheartedly agree with iMeowbot, Xezbeth, and Zzyzx11 - anything to be found in tiny, self-important Britannica should fit into our much larger universe of knowledge.  Frankly, I think someone should sit down with the Britannica (and the other major books) and make sure that we have at least something for every entry that they have (which is completely legal, so long as we do not copy their exact text)... or we could get 30 volunteers to each sit down with one volume... — unsigned vote by BD2412 at 18:35, 22 Feb 2005
 * Delete, spurious notability. JamesBurns 09:56, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Category:Theft

Articles relating to theft, the taking of another person's property or services or scrap money without that person's permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The word theft is also used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting, library theft or fraud.

title: Category:Theft


text:
Norihiro Yagi

Norihiro Yagi (八木 教広) is a Japanese manga writer and artist from Okinawa Prefecture. He started making manga in 1990.

Norihiro Yagi is a successful manga artist, having won the 32nd Akatsuka Award for his first work, Undeadman. Undeadman appeared in Monthly Shōnen Jump and has had two sequels. Yagi's first serialized manga was his comedy-genre Angel Densetsu, which appeared in Monthly Shōnen Jump from 1992 to 2000. His next serialized manga, Claymore, ran in the magazine between 2001 and 2014, completing at 155 chapters. Viz Media localized the manga for the North American market, and have released all 27 volumes in English as of October, 2015. His most recent series, Ariadne in the Blue Sky, was serialized in Shogakukan's Weekly Shōnen Sunday between 2017 and 2023.

Yagi's favorite things to do in his spare time are to listen to hard rock music, play video games, drive, and perform martial arts. Yagi's favorite Japanese comedic duo is Downtown.

Publications

 * Undeadman – one-shot, 1990
 * Angel Densetsu – 15 volumes, 1993–2000
 * Claymore – 27 volumes, 2001–2014
 * Arcadia of the Moonlight – one-shot, 2017
 * Ariadne in the Blue Sky (蒼穹のアリアドネ) – 22 volumes, 2017–2023

title: Norihiro Yagi


text:
Comparison of command shells

A command shell is a command-line interface to interact with and manipulate a computer's operating system.

Background execution
Background execution allows a shell to run a command without user interaction in the terminal, freeing the command line for additional work with the shell. POSIX shells and other Unix shells allow background execution by using the & character at the end of command. In PowerShell, the or  cmdlets can be used.

Completions
Completion features assist the user in typing commands at the command line, by looking for and suggesting matching words for incomplete ones. Completion is generally requested by pressing the completion key (often the key).

Command name completion is the completion of the name of a command. In most shells, a command can be a program in the command path (usually ), a builtin command, a function or alias.

Path completion is the completion of the path to a file, relative or absolute.

Wildcard completion is a generalization of path completion, where an expression matches any number of files, using any supported syntax for file matching.

Variable completion is the completion of the name of a variable name (environment variable or shell variable). Bash, zsh, and fish have completion for all variable names. PowerShell has completions for environment variable names, shell variable names and — from within user-defined functions — parameter names.

Command argument completion is the completion of a specific command's arguments. There are two types of arguments, named and positional: Named arguments, often called options, are identified by their name or letter preceding a value, whereas positional arguments consist only of the value. Some shells allow completion of argument names, but few support completing values.

Bash, zsh and fish offer parameter name completion through a definition external to the command, distributed in a separate completion definition file. For command parameter name/value completions, these shells assume path/filename completion if no completion is defined for the command. Completion can be set up to suggest completions by calling a shell function. The fish shell additionally supports parsing of man pages to extract parameter information that can be used to improve completions/suggestions. In PowerShell, all types of commands (cmdlets, functions, script files) inherently expose data about the names, types and valid value ranges/lists for each argument. This metadata is used by PowerShell to automatically support argument name and value completion for built-in commands/functions, user-defined commands/functions as well as for script files. Individual cmdlets can also define dynamic completion of argument values where the completion values are computed dynamically on the running system.

Command history
Users of a shell may find themselves typing something similar to what they have typed before. Support for command history means that a user can recall a previous command into the command-line editor and edit it before issuing the potentially modified command.

Shells that support completion may also be able to directly complete the command from the command history given a partial/initial part of the previous command.

Most modern shells support command history. Shells which support command history in general also support completion from history rather than just recalling commands from the history. In addition to the plain command text, PowerShell also records execution start- and end time and execution status in the command history.

Mandatory argument prompt
Mandatory arguments/parameters are arguments/parameters which must be assigned a value upon invocation of the command, function or script file. A shell that can determine ahead of invocation that there are missing mandatory values, can assist the interactive user by prompting for those values instead of letting the command fail. Having the shell prompt for missing values will allow the author of a script, command or function to mark a parameter as mandatory instead of creating script code to either prompt for the missing values (after determining that it is being run interactively) or fail with a message.

PowerShell allows commands, functions and scripts to define arguments/parameters as mandatory. The shell determines prior to invocation if there is any mandatory arguments/parameters which have not been bound, and will then prompt the user for the value(s) before actual invocation.

Automatic suggestions
Shells featuring automatic suggestions display optional command-line completions as the user types. The PowerShell and fish shells natively support this feature; pressing the key inserts the completion.

Implementations of this feature can differ between shells; for example, PowerShell and zsh use an external module to provide completions, and fish derives its completions from the user's command history.

Directory history, stack or similar features
Shells may record a history of directories the user has been in and allow for fast switching to any recorded location. This is referred to as a "directory stack". The concept had been realized as early as 1978 in the release of the C shell (csh).

PowerShell allows multiple named stacks to be used. Locations (directories) can be pushed onto/popped from the current stack or a named stack. Any stack can become the current (default) stack. Unlike most other shells, PowerShell's location concept allow location stacks to hold file system locations as well as other location types like e.g. Active Directory organizational units/groups, SQL Server databases/tables/objects, Internet Information Server applications/sites/virtual directories.

Command line interpreters 4DOS and its graphical successor Take Command Console also feature a directory stack.

Implicit directory change
A directory name can be used directly as a command which implicitly changes the current location to the directory.

This must be distinguished from an unrelated load drive feature supported by Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager and REAL/32, where the drive letter L: will be implicitly updated to point to the load path of a loaded application, thereby allowing applications to refer to files residing in their load directory under a standardized drive letter instead of under an absolute path.

Autocorrection
When a command line does not match a command or arguments directly, spell checking can automatically correct common typing mistakes (such as case sensitivity, missing letters). There are two approaches to this; the shell can either suggest probable corrections upon command invocation, or this can happen earlier as part of a completion or autosuggestion.

The tcsh and zsh shells feature optional spell checking/correction, upon command invocation.

Fish does the autocorrection upon completion and autosuggestion. The feature is therefore not in the way when typing out the whole command and pressing enter, whereas extensive use of the tab and right-arrow keys makes the shell mostly case insensitive.

The PSReadLine PowerShell module (which is shipped with version 5.0) provides the option to specify a CommandValidationHandler ScriptBlock which runs before submitting the command. This allows for custom correcting of commonly mistyped commands, and verification before actually running the command.

Progress indicator
A shell script (or job) can report progress of long running tasks to the interactive user.

Unix/Linux systems may offer other tools support using progress indicators from scripts or as standalone-commands, such as the program "pv". These are not integrated features of the shells, however.

PowerShell has a built-in command and API functions (to be used when authoring commands) for writing/updating a progress bar. Progress bar messages are sent separates from regular command output and the progress bar is always displayed at the ultimate interactive users console regardless of whether the progress messages originates from an interactive script, from a background job or from a remote session.

Colored directory listings
JP Software command-line processors provide user-configurable colorization of file and directory names in directory listings based on their file extension and/or attributes through an optionally defined %COLORDIR% environment variable.

For the Unix/Linux shells, this is a feature of the ls command and the terminal.

Text highlighting
The command line processors in DOS Plus, Multiuser DOS, REAL/32 and in all versions of DR-DOS support a number of optional environment variables to define escape sequences allowing to control text highlighting, reversion or colorization for display or print purposes in commands like TYPE. All mentioned command line processors support  and. If defined, these sequences will be emitted before and after filenames. A typical sequence for %$ON% would be \033[1m in conjunction with ANSI.SYS, \033p for an ASCII terminal or \016 for an IBM or ESC/P printer. Likewise, typical sequences for %$OFF% would be \033[0m, \033q, \024, respectively. The variables  and   are only supported by COMMAND.COM in DR-DOS 7.02 and higher to define sequences emitted before and after text blocks in order to control text highlighting, pagination or other formatting options.

For the Unix/Linux shells, this is a feature of the terminal.

Syntax highlighting
A defining feature of the fish shell is built-in syntax highlighting, As the user types, text is colored to represent whether the input is a valid command or not (the executable exists and the user has permissions to run it), and valid file paths are underlined.

An independent project offers syntax highlighting as an add-on to the Z Shell (zsh). This is not part of the shell, however.

PowerShell provides customizable syntax highlighting on the command line through the PSReadLine module. This module can be used with PowerShell v3.0+, and is bundled with v5.0 onwards. It is loaded by default in the command line host "powershell.exe" since v5.0.

Take Command Console (TCC) offers syntax highlighting in the integrated environment.

Context sensitive help
4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT / Take Command Console and PowerShell (in PowerShell ISE) looks up context-sensitive help information when is pressed.

Zsh provides various forms of configurable context-sensitive help as part of its run-help widget, _complete_help command, or in the completion of options for some commands.

The fish shell provides brief descriptions of a command's flags during tab completion.

Keystroke stacking
In anticipation of what a given running application may accept as keyboard input, the user of the shell instructs the shell to generate a sequence of simulated keystrokes, which the application will interpret as a keyboard input from an interactive user. By sending keystroke sequences the user may be able to direct the application to perform actions that would be impossible to achieve through input redirection or would otherwise require an interactive user. For example, if an application acts on keystrokes, which cannot be redirected, distinguishes between normal and extended keys, flushes the queue before accepting new input on startup or under certain conditions, or because it does not read through standard input at all. Keystroke stacking typically also provides means to control the timing of simulated keys being sent or to delay new keys until the queue was flushed etc. It also allows to simulate keys which are not present on a keyboard (because the corresponding keys do not physically exist or because a different keyboard layout is being used) and therefore would be impossible to type by a user.

Secure prompt
Some shell scripts need to query the user for sensitive information such as passwords, private digital keys, PIN codes or other confidential information. Sensitive input should not be echoed back to the screen/input device where it could be gleaned by unauthorized persons. Plaintext memory representation of sensitive information should also be avoided as it could allow the information to be compromised, e.g., through swap files, core dumps etc.

The shells bash, zsh and PowerShell offer this as a specific feature. Shells which do not offer this as a specific feature may still be able to turn off echoing through some other means. Shells executing on a Unix/Linux operating system can use the stty external command to switch off/on echoing of input characters. In addition to not echoing back the characters, PowerShell's -AsSecureString option also encrypts the input character-by-character during the input process, ensuring that the string is never represented unencrypted in memory where it could be compromised through memory dumps, scanning, transcription etc.

Execute permission
Some operating systems define an execute permission which can be granted to users/groups for a file when the file system itself supports it.

On Unix systems, the execute permission controls access to invoking the file as a program, and applies both to executables and scripts. As the permission is enforced in the program loader, no obligation is needed from the invoking program, nor the invoked program, in enforcing the execute permission – this also goes for shells and other interpreter programs. The behaviour is mandated by the POSIX C library that is used for interfacing with the kernel. POSIX specifies that the  family of functions shall fail with EACCESS (permission denied) if the file denies execution permission (see ).

The execute permission only applies when the script is run directly. If a script is invoked as an argument to the interpreting shell, it will be executed regardless of whether the user holds the execute permission for that script.

Although Windows also specifies an execute permission, none of the Windows-specific shells block script execution if the permission has not been granted.

Restricted shell subset
Several shells can be started or be configured to start in a mode where only a limited set of commands and actions is available to the user. While not a security boundary (the command accessing a resource is blocked rather than the resource) this is nevertheless typically used to restrict users' actions before logging in.

A restricted mode is part of the POSIX specification for shells, and most of the Linux/Unix shells support such a mode where several of the built-in commands are disabled and only external commands from a certain directory can be invoked.

PowerShell supports restricted modes through session configuration files or session configurations. A session configuration file can define visible (available) cmdlets, aliases, functions, path providers and more.

Safe data subset
Scripts that invoke other scripts can be a security risk as they can potentially execute foreign code in the context of the user who launched the initial script. Scripts will usually be designed to exclusively include scripts from known safe locations; but in some instances, e.g. when offering the user a way to configure the environment or loading localized messages, the script may need to include other scripts/files. One way to address this risk is for the shell to offer a safe subset of commands which can be executed by an included script.

PowerShell data sections can contain constants and expressions using a restricted subset of operators and commands. PowerShell data sections are used when e.g. localized strings needs to be read from an external source while protecting against unwanted side effects.

title: Comparison of command shells


text:
Desipramine

Desipramine, sold under the brand name Norpramin among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in the treatment of depression. It acts as a relatively selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, though it does also have other activities such as weak serotonin reuptake inhibitory, α1-blocking, antihistamine, and anticholinergic effects. The drug is not considered a first-line treatment for depression since the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, which have fewer side effects and are safer in overdose.

Medical uses
Desipramine is primarily used for the treatment of depression. It may also be useful to treat symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evidence of benefit is only in the short term, and with concerns of side effects its overall usefulness is not clear. Desipramine at very low doses is also used to help reduce the pain associated with functional dyspepsia. It has also been tried, albeit with little evidence of effectiveness, in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Evidence for usefulness in neuropathic pain is also poor.

Side effects
Desipramine tends to be less sedating than other TCAs and tends to produce fewer anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, and cognitive or memory impairments.

Overdose
Desipramine is particularly toxic in cases of overdose, compared to other antidepressants. Any overdose or suspected overdose of desipramine is considered to be a medical emergency and can result in death without prompt medical intervention.

Pharmacodynamics
Desipramine is a very potent and relatively selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI), which is thought to enhance noradrenergic neurotransmission. Based on one study, it has the highest affinity for the norepinephrine transporter (NET) of any other TCA, and is said to be the most noradrenergic and the most selective for the NET of the TCAs. The observed effectiveness of desipramine in the treatment of ADHD was the basis for the development of the selective NRI atomoxetine and its use in ADHD.

Desipramine has the weakest antihistamine and anticholinergic effects of the TCAs. It tends to be slightly activating/stimulating rather than sedating, unlike most others TCAs. Whereas other TCAs are useful for treating insomnia, desipramine can cause insomnia as a side effect due to its activating properties. The drug is also not associated with weight gain, in contrast to many other TCAs. Secondary amine TCAs like desipramine and nortriptyline have a lower risk of orthostatic hypotension than other TCAs, although desipramine can still cause moderate orthostatic hypotension.

Pharmacokinetics
Desipramine is the major metabolite of imipramine and lofepramine.

Chemistry
Desipramine is a tricyclic compound, specifically a dibenzazepine, and possesses three rings fused together with a side chain attached in its chemical structure. Other dibenzazepine TCAs include imipramine (N-methyldesipramine), clomipramine, trimipramine, and lofepramine (N-(4-chlorobenzoylmethyl)desipramine). Desipramine is a secondary amine TCA, with its N-methylated parent imipramine being a tertiary amine. Other secondary amine TCAs include nortriptyline and protriptyline. The chemical name of desipramine is 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-1-amine and its free base form has a chemical formula of C18H22N2 with a molecular weight of 266.381 g/mol. The drug is used commercially mostly as the hydrochloride salt; the dibudinate salt is or has been used for intramuscular injection in Argentina (brand name Nebril) and the free base form is not used. The CAS Registry Number of the free base is 50-47-5, of the hydrochloride is 58-28-6, and of the dibudinate is 62265-06-9.

History
Desipramine was developed by Geigy. It first appeared in the literature in 1959 and was patented in 1962. The drug was first introduced for the treatment of depression in 1963 or 1964.

Generic names
Desipramine is the generic name of the drug and its INN and BAN, while desipramine hydrochloride is its USAN, USP, BAN, and JAN. Its generic name in French and its DCF are désipramine, in Spanish and Italian and its DCIT are desipramina, in German is desipramin, and in Latin is desipraminum.

Brand names
Desipramine is or has been marketed throughout the world under a variety of brand names, including Irene, Nebril, Norpramin, Pertofran, Pertofrane, Pertrofran, and Petylyl among others.

title: Desipramine


text:
Talk:Athanasios Kafkalides

VfD
This article was listed for deletion on February 7 2005, the consensus was that it should be kept. Please see Votes for deletion/Athanasios Kafkalides, Rje 00:49, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC).

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:38, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Athanasios Kafkalides.jpg

title: Talk:Athanasios Kafkalides


text: User talk:222.124.39.153

title: User talk:222.124.39.153


text:
Edward D. Freis

Edward D. Freis (May 13, 1912 – February 1, 2005) was an American physician and researcher, who received the Albert Lasker Award for his studies of the treatment of hypertension.

Early life
Edward David Freis was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 3, 1912 to Lithuanian immigrants Roy and Rose Freis. He had his eyes set on becoming an actor, but after a few shows, he realized that acting was not for him, and he decided to become a doctor.

Freis obtained his BS from the University of Arizona in 1936, and his M.D. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. After graduation, an internship, and a one-year residency in Boston-area hospitals, he joined the United States Army Air Corps, serving as assistant chief, then chief, of the laboratory service at Lincoln Air Force Base from 1942-1944, and the laboratory service for the USAAF Rheumatic Fever Research Program at Gowen Field from 1944-1945. When the war ended, Freis returned to Boston, completing another residency and a research fellowship at Evans Memorial Hospital, where he worked under Robert Wilkins.

Career
Freis met Doctor Chester Keefer, who had done penicillin trials, and decided that he wanted to become a researcher. He went to work for the United States Veterans Affairs Administration in Washington, DC, specializing in the study of hypertension. In 1949, Freis was appointed Assistant Chief of the Medical Service, and also served as an adjunct Clinical Professor of Medicine at Georgetown University. He later served as director of the Cardiovascular Research Laboratory and chief of the Hypertension Clinic at Georgetown. In 1954, Freis was promoted to chief of the VA Medical Service, and in 1959, he was also named Senior Medical Investigator.

In the early 20th century, hypertension was not considered a disease, but a normal part of aging. In fact, it was felt by the medical community that high blood pressure was a good thing, because it improved circulation. Even so, there was no reliable way to lower high blood pressure until the 1940s. But Freis's studies, first published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1954 then later expanded in the 1960s, showed that hypertension actually increased the likelihood of stroke and heart attack. The 1960s study lasted five years (1964–1969), and was designed to determine whether treatment of hypertension would help prevent death and injury from complications due to stroke, kidney damage, congestive heart failure, and heart attack. The study found that treatment dramatically decreased the number of strokes, congestive heart failure, and kidney damage, but did not prevent heart attacks and sudden cardiac death. The study was one of the first randomized, double-blind, multi-institutional clinical trials ever done in the United States.

The study was published in 1970 with little excitement from the scientific and medical community. However, Freis was awarded the Lasker Award in 1971 for his studies, cited for "an exemplary demonstration of the potential of preventive medicine." After this study, Freis continued to manage cooperative studies on hypertension, and was recognized as a foremost authority on hypertension by his fellow researchers. His book with Gina Kolata, The High Blood Pressure Book, won the American Heart Association Howard Blakeslee award in 1980.

Publications

 * The High Blood Pressure Book, with Gina Kolata, 1979

title: Edward D. Freis


text:
User:Kazuomanaka

Marcos Kazuo Manaka nasceu em São Paulo capital, no Brasil, em 1975; mudou-se para Castro - Paraná onde estudou até o fim do primário no Colégio São José, hoje Serviço Educacional Professor Altair Mongruel. Iniciou o segundo grau no Colégio Marista em Ponta Grossa, realizando o segundo ano no Colégio Master novamente em Castro e terminando o terceiro colegial em Londrina, no Colégio Metropolitano.

title: User:Kazuomanaka


text:
Ulrica Messing

Ulrica Messing (born 31 January 1968 in Hällefors ) is a Swedish politician and civil servant who has served as Governor of Blekinge County since 2021. A member of the Social Democratic Party, she previously served as Minister for Infrastructure from 2000 to 2006.

Messing was Member of Parliament (MP) from 1991 to 2007, representing Gävleborg County. She was chairman of the parliamentary Committee for Defence from 2006 to 2007, when she resigned from Parliament and ended her political career.

Political career
Messing completed high school in 1987. She began her political career in the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League and was a member of the Municipal Council in Hofors Municipality from 1989. In 1991 she was elected to the Riksdag as a Member of Parliament. From 1993 she has been a member of the National Board of the Swedish Social Democratic Party.

In 1996 Prime Minister Göran Persson made her a minister. She first served in the Ministry of Labour, from 1998 in the Ministry of Culture, and from 2000 in the Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communications.

During her time as Minister for Communications, Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communications from 2000 to 2006 she was in charge of Swedish arms exports. During her tenure the volume of Sweden's arms exports grew to become the ninth largest in the world (2005). It increased from 4,4 billion SEK in 2000 to 8,6 billion SEK in 2006. One arms deal during this time that attracted particular criticism was when the Swedish company SAAB exported airplanes to the Pakistan military in a deal worth 8,3 billion SEK, about 1,2 billion USD.

Personal life
She is married to Swedish businessman and multimillionaire Torsten Jansson since 2009.

In 2008 Messing opened a design store called Porthouse Interior in Gothenburg.

title: Ulrica Messing


text:
Methyl butyrate

Methyl butyrate, also known under the systematic name methyl butanoate, is the methyl ester of butyric acid. Like most esters, it has a fruity odor, in this case resembling apples or pineapples. At room temperature, it is a colorless liquid with low solubility in water, upon which it floats to form an oily layer. Although it is flammable, it has a relatively low vapor pressure (40 mmHg at 30 C), so it can be safely handled at room temperature without special safety precautions.

Methyl butyrate is present in small amounts in several plant products, especially pineapple oil. It can be produced by distillation from essential oils of vegetable origin, but is also manufactured on a small scale for use in perfumes and as a food flavoring.

Methyl butyrate has been used in combustion studies as a surrogate fuel for the larger fatty acid methyl esters found in biodiesel. However, studies have shown that, due to its short-chain length, methyl butyrate does not reproduce well the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behaviour and early CO2 formation characteristics of real biodiesel fuels. Therefore, methyl butyrate is not a suitable surrogate fuel for biodiesel combustion studies.

title: Methyl butyrate


text:
Talk:Single-sex education

links
In the interest of impartiality, at least one site defending coeducation should be added to the links section. 63.152.13.57 07:58, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
This article does not give due coverage to supporters of coeducational facilities, so I've added the NPOV tag. -- Beland 22:32, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The problem was not fixed. Please do not remove the tag until it is. --Phoenix Hacker 18:15, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * If you've got ideas for fixing the POV problem, please feel free to edit the article appropriately. Even if you've just got a start or outline of what needs to be added, that will help other editors flesh it out. CSWarren 18:12, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * This is no more POV than the coeducation article.70.150.94.194 22:14, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * This article reads like it was written by an advocate for single-sex education. IMO, Beland is correct (any studies supporting the coeducational viewpoint? can we get references to them in here?) and also, the tone of the case for coeducation sounds dismissive, and why all this harping on the differences between the genders? Methychroma (talk) 03:29, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

I don't know when or how the NPOV tag got removed, nor do I know how to reinstate it, else I would. It still (over 5 years later) reads in favor of segregated learning environments. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.228.6.227 (talk) 21:09, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Take note that neutral meta-analysis of the US shows that: The quantitative data itself “finds positive results are three to four times more likely to be found for single sex schools than for coeducational schools in the same study for both academic achievement and socio-emotional development,” said Cornelius Riordan, one of the directors of the research.

It stands to reason that there are more data (3-4x more) showing it has more advantages than coed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.69.91.203 (talk) 03:04, 4 October 2013 (UTC)

Merger
I suggest these three articles (Single-sex education Single-sex school and Coeducation) are merged into one, providing (properly supported) arguments for both sides. Now, there are two articles with a very similar topic, and each article has neutrality and/or citation issues.

I am currently creating a presentation on this topic, and I might be able to write this new page, or help contributing to a group effort with somebody with more background on this topic in the lead.

Please leave your thoughts, —Nay, April 1st, '08 —Preceding comment was added at 14:59, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Agree ClemMcGann (talk) 14:42, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Agree These topics go together, but I am at a loss for what the name of the merged article would be named. None of the existing article titles are objective or comprehensive enough to respect the other side of the issue. --MUW Fan (talk) 20:40, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Agree & Disagree: Single-sex education and Single-sex school should be merged, since they both convey the same meaning. However, suggesting that Coeducation should be merged with the other two is not a good idea, since it conveys the opposite meaning to the other two terms. Hamletpride (talk) 17:09, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Conclusion: I merged the entire contents of Single-sex school into this article. However, Coeducation has been left, due to the differences in meaning, with one being the entire opposite of the other. One should note that there is in fact a thread over there on the discussion page at the moment to rename the article to "Mixed-sex education", for reasons explained there. Hamletpride (talk) 20:20, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Single sex?
Shouldn't it be Single-gender? Surely there is enough sex on the Internet, and in reference to education of children sex hardly matters --Meieimatai?  06:24, 24 September 2009 (UTC) Although I tend to agree with your thinking, the term "single sex education and/or classrooms" tends to be the language used in    educational discussions on this topic. 2Bdea (talk) 00:21, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, this article name sounds like sex education, which it probably isn't. 85.217.15.109 (talk) 10:49, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

The words Sex and Gender have evolved over time, especially in the past few decades. The word "Sex" traditionally has referred both to the action and to a classification of people. Personally, I would favor a remain to something like "Gender-based segregation in schools" which is what this article is actually about. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.228.6.227 (talk) 21:12, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

 * "Sex" means biological sex. It means what one's chromosomes and genitals are. "Gender" is completely redundant and only used because people find the word "sex" awkward to use. The proper term is sex.99.6.157.136 (talk) 23:31, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

How about recent research on single sex education?
This article should include the latest research on this topic. 4672mtem (talk) 02:50, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

Higher agression single-sex education school
On an single-sex education school there must be more aggression, boys can get a higher testosterone level --213.46.155.253 (talk) 18:46, 17 March 2013 (UTC)
 * From my experience in a single-sex male school, violence, name calling and filthy language, bullying/teasing/taunting, racial discrimination, ethnic, social class discrimination, colour discrimination, gender stereotyping and homosexual behavior (I have seen it first hand and am totally disgusted by it), trashy/filthy toilets and rooms, overemphasis on sports, arrogance, exclusivism, are very prevalent in many single sex schools (similar to the movie in Lord of the Flies). When those students enter university and the real world, such unnatural and inappropriate tendencies are carried with them and this negatively impacts on society as a whole. I am glad I am no longer at a single sex school. It was like living in hell. --BrianJ34 (talk) 06:14, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

At the technical school where I was in the Netherlands, boys did not dare to assume that they had homosexual feelings, there were a lot of jokes about them and they tried to fool each, the behavior was very childish other2A02:A400:6148:1:71AA:F3BB:FBB1:43F8 (talk) 09:21, 21 November 2018 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/5008712/Girls-do-better-in-single-sex-schools.html. Comparison of the material can be found at:. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. —አቤል ዳዊት?(Janweh64) (talk) 21:29, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

Single-sex technical education
There is nothing about the history of Single-sex technical educations 2A02:A400:6148:1:71AA:F3BB:FBB1:43F8 (talk) 08:56, 21 November 2018 (UTC)

Bi-education
"is the practice of conducting education with male and female students attending separate classes, perhaps in separate buildings or schools"That is plain wrong.There is mono-education, where only students of one sex are in that school, then there is bi-education, where only students of one sex are in one class, but there are classes for females and for males (I do not know of a single bi-education school which even acknowledges the existence of other sexes, less accepts students with it), and then there is co-education, where all students regardless of their sex are in one class. 2A01:C23:7505:2B00:B8BC:C615:A3A2:638E (talk) 08:51, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Poorly Organized
The image next to the section for Ireland is a school in Scotland, the section for Iraq is about the middle east in general and mentions the United Arab Emirates rather than Iraq, the tone and formatting of every single section is wildly different, many sections cite zero sources for information, among other issues. This article needs to be looked over and rewritten in a lot of areas. ArchangelGabriel0723 (talk) 16:57, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology of Gender
— Assignment last updated by Zisha68 (talk) 02:33, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Single-sex education


text:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483

United Nations Security Council resolution 1483, adopted on 22 May 2003, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation between Iraq and Kuwait, the Council lifted trade sanctions against Iraq (excluding an arms embargo) and terminated the Oil-for-Food Programme.

The resolution was drafted by the United States and co-sponsored by Spain and the United Kingdom; it was approved by 14 of 15 Security Council members as Syria did not participate in the voting.

Observations
The Security Council reaffirmed the importance of the disarmament of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction and the right of the Iraqi people to determine their own political future and control of their natural resources. It encouraged efforts to form a representative government to afford equal rights and justice to all Iraqi citizens, and recalled Resolution 1325 (2000) on women to that effect.

Furthermore, the Council determined that the United Nations should play a vital role in humanitarian relief and reconstruction efforts and the development of institutions in Iraq. It welcomed the resumption of humanitarian efforts and the appointment of a Special Adviser by the Secretary-General Kofi Annan. Meanwhile, the preamble of the resolution affirmed the need for accountability for the crimes committed by the previous Iraqi regime under Saddam Hussein and respect for Iraqi heritage.

The Council recognised the responsibilities and obligations of the United Kingdom and United States as occupying powers and of other states that were not occupying powers as working under their command. It welcomed the commitment of Member States towards the stability of Iraq, remained concerned about the fate of Kuwaiti and third-state nationals unaccounted for since 2 August 1990 (the day Iraq invaded Kuwait) and determined that the situation in Iraq remained a threat to international peace and security.

Acts
The resolution, adopted under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, resolved many of the legal and governmental ambiguities that resulted from the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and U.K.-led "coalition of the willing". Its three most important features are that it recognized the US-UK coalition's responsibilities under applicable international law as occupying powers; recognised the creation of a transitional governing council of Iraqis; and removed all sanctions against Iraq that were placed upon the former regime of Saddam Hussein under resolutions 661 (1991), 778 (1992) and others. Additionally, it terminated the Oil-for-Food Programme.

The resolution transferred the authority to authorize expenditures from Iraq's oil revenue from the United Nations to a Development Fund for Iraq, controlled by the Coalition Provisional Authority, on 23 May 2003. It also created an international body to monitor the Coalition's expenditures from Iraq's oil revenue, the International Advisory and Monitoring Board (IAMB). The Coalition's authority to expend Iraq's oil revenue was conditional. The Coalition was only authorized to expend those funds for the benefit of the Iraqi people. Those expenditures were only authorized if they were made in an open and transparent manner. The Coalition was only authorized to expend funds so long as they cooperated in the IAMB's oversight of those expenditures, and the Coalition was charged with the obligation to make those expenditures with meaningful Iraqi input.

The Oil-for-Food Program's remaining funds of $10 billion were transferred over a 6-month winding-up period to the Development Fund for Iraq, representing 14% of the program's total income over 5 years.

The Coalition was widely criticized for failing to implement adequate financial controls; with failing to make expenditures from the Development Fund for Iraq in an open and transparent manner.


text:
Gilles Loiselle

Gilles Loiselle (20 May 1929 – 29 September 2022) was a Canadian politician.

Loiselle was born in Ville-Marie, Quebec on 20 May 1929. He worked as the correspondent for CBC News in Paris for a decade before being appointed the government of Quebec's agent-general in the United Kingdom in 1977. He represented Quebec to the British government when the federal government of Canada was negotiating the Patriation of the Constitution of Canada from Britain in the 1980s.

After being elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1988 federal election, Loiselle joined the cabinet of Brian Mulroney. In 1990, he was elevated to the post of President of the Treasury Board and, in 1993, he served as Minister of Finance in the short-lived government of Kim Campbell.

Loiselle, a Progressive Conservative, was defeated in the 1993 election. The Tories were cut down to two seats, and Loiselle himself fell to third place in the vote count in his constituency.

He was named to the National Order of Quebec in 2011.

He died in Montreal on 29 September 2022, aged 93.

title: Gilles Loiselle


text: User talk:69.180.7.75

title: User talk:69.180.7.75


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cathie Jung

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. Perhaps I'll merge it. dbenbenn | talk 14:28, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cathie Jung
"Cathie Jung (born 1937) [...] currently holds the Guiness World Record for the smallest waist on a living person." Does this article belong on Wikipedia? Although an initial search pulled up about 1000 hits, most of them are completely unrelated and pertain almost exclusively to x-rated material. After filtering out "xxx" and "sex" you get a more accurate picture of around 200. GRider\talk 01:00, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not the Guiness Book of World Records. Zzyzx11 01:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I beg to differ. While Wikipedia is not the Guiness Book of World Records, nor is it likely the place for obscure records that belong in the same, Cathie Jung is notable enough, at least in North America, due to her unusual Victorian-like waist in modern times. "You ain't gonna be no eighteen and a half inches again!" --Deathphoenix 06:24, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand (not her waistline), just passes notability for me. Megan1967 06:31, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a book of records.  RickK 06:54, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, if there is nothing more to say than this. Otherwise, we should have every Guiness World Record holder in here, and I really do not think that is what Wikipedia is for.  HowardB 07:11, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable and relevent to modern day corset wearers. Seems like bad idea though. Kappa 08:47, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, concur with Rick and Howard. Radiant! 09:53, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not the Guiness Book of Records and this contains very little beyond what would be in there. Trilobite (Talk) 10:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete There are thousands of recordholders named in current and past Guiness Books. They don't all deserve entries. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:34, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Her waist is notable; she isn't. I renew my appeal that some sort of precendent be put down for dealing with minor Guiness records. --InShaneee 21:14, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete But Agree that the data belongs somewhere on wikipedia, just not in its own article. Consider keeping as a redirect, perhaps -- but I have no strong feelings about that. Some sort of a policy on Guiness record type of information is needed here.
 * Note: The above vote was made by User:EggplantWizard on 05:29, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC) --Andylkl 18:56, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * merge with corset.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 21:30, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to corset. Agree that the content should be kept but does not necessarily warrant its own article.  —RaD Man (talk) 21:52, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and stuff her name and the little bite of content that's in this into the corset article. It's not notable in an of itself, but corset folks might think it's really interesting. BenSamples 05:37, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to corset. / Uppland 17:45, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to corset. Notable enough to be included in Wikipedia, just not in her own article yet. --Andylkl 18:51, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. She was notable enough to make local tv some years back over here in Australia. -- Longhair 18:46, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to tightlacing or corset--nixie 23:49, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 04:04, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 23:16, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. World's smallest waist -- so what? Wile E. Heresiarch 03:19, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This isn't Guiness. Carrp | Talk 06:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gamaliel 06:51, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Merge' — Linnwood 07:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. Although, as many have pointed out, this is not intended to be the Guiness Book, that publication is a copyrighted collection of facts (i.e., only the arrangement can be copyrighted, not the facts themselves, see Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)); facts that are notable and in the public domain should be available in a venue where they are readily usable by the people. Isn't that fundamental to this project?  --BD2412 02:20, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The Guiness Book, while it can be fascinating, is a collection of trivial, not notable, material in general (obviously there are exceptions).  This would seem to lean more towards trivial than notable. Indrian 04:40, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Although the fact of Cathie's Guiness-certified narrow waist fact may be notable, how is anyone going to find it? The Guiness Book of Records would have this person in a section about human physical limits, sub-section smallest, sub-sub-section waist, where people could easily find this fact. Short of Wikipedia having an article entitled 'Guiness World Record holder for the narrowest waist on a living person' - and we can't call the article Adult human being with narrowest waist because we don't know that for sure - how is an article on Cathie Jung going to be useful? -Ashley Pomeroy 22:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable enough. JamesBurns 09:59, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. She can get a brief mention in Tightlacing or somewhere, but does not need an article. The Guinness Book of World Records is not an encyclopedia (its purpose is to settle bar bets), and Guinness "record" holders are not automatically encyclopedic. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:06, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * merge into Corset. Notable enough for a mention, not notable enough for her own article imho. Thryduulf 22:50, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:The Tale of the Heike

First section; unsigned
I would like to know who started this book

Author?
As far as I am aware, it is an anonymous work, an epic and classical piece not unlike Beowulf, the Bible, or the Odyssey & Iliad (many believe that Homer was a pseudonym, or even a group of people, not a single individual). Much like, to take an example, the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm, the Tale of the Heike was passed down orally through many generations before it was set down into a permanent written/painted form. So, even if we did know who wrote it the first time - and this may or may not be known, I'm not sure - it barely even matters. Whoever it was simply wrote down what he heard or knew, the story that had been passed down for hundreds of years.

LordAmeth 03:34, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Well, I can apport some knowledge about this: the final version of this compilation ( "monogatari"= stories) made by a lot of "biwas" dates of 1371. It is believed ( a budist monk called Yoshida Kenkoo wrote this in his book [ sorry, I don't know the translation in English, I'm spanish and I do all I can]) that Yukinaga did this last version, fixing all the other works, and he showed it to the musician Shobutsu, the "biwa". If you want some more information, you can ask me in this e-mail: brisk_90@hotmail.com (I was registered a long time ago in es.wikipedia.org, not in the english page) I'm doing this because I really enjoyed this book in my youth, ( now, I'm 18, lol) and I'm proud of keeping in my room a great edition of this book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.27.16.94 (talk) 22:29, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Hello, I continued my work with the auctory, just because I saw questions about it and I consider it can be an interesting point in this article. Please, if there is some one who can check all of this: - References: I can apport the edition of the book I've used to do this, but it'll be a problem to identify since I'm spanish. "Heike Monogatari" - Gredos Editorial ( www.editorialgredos.com) CODE: M. 7543-20006 / ISBN 84-249-2787-7 [ I would put it, but I don't know how XD] - The title of Yoshida Kenkou's work... I'm not really sure what's the real title, I can assure that's the japanese name, but I can't assure that the translation I did is the adapted for that book in USA/ UK..., I leave the spanish title, it may be helpfull: "Ocurrencias de un ocioso". - I could have comitted some grammar or ortographic mistakes, I encourage everybody to correct them. - The beginning of summary section contains a paragraph about the most famous edition that could be perfectly included in the authorship section I did.

Greetings, remember if you need to contact me for any reason, I leave my mail here: Brisk_90@hotmail.com

 * Thanks for your hard work. I have cleaned up your language a bit; I hope I have not changed the meaning too much. Keep up the good work! LordAmeth (talk) 00:24, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Really thanks for checking it! Yes, it's ok now :-) ( as you can see, I've registered myself.) If you want me to keep improving this, just say it, I have plenty material about this :-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brisk 90 (talk • contribs) 14:12, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Hey, I'm in the process of writing a scholarly article on this piece; I wanted to share my findings with you. If you want any clarifications, feel free to email me at ande4168@umn.edu —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.166.90.48 (talk) 00:27, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The title of the Yoshida Kenkou work you are looking for is Tsurezure Gusa. It has been widely agreed upon in the scholarly community that the statements in Kenkou's works are correct, but they don't specify whether Yukinaga wrote the first or last version;  the piece says "In the time of the Retired Emperor Go-Toba, Shinano-no-Zenji Yukinaga was renowned for his knowledge of musical matters...It was this lay priest Yukinaga who wrote the Heike Monogatari."  Kenkou died in 1350, and the oldest known manuscript dates from about 1310, so Yukinaga couldn't have made the *final* manuscript, assuming Kenkou is correct.  The Japanese Society for Investigation of National Literature concluded in the early 1900s that the Heike Monogatari's first revision was completed by 1220, but that no clear author can be found.
 * The first translation of this piece was actually written by Arthur Lindsay Sadler in a journal called "Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan," Vol XLVI (46) part II, which was published in 1918.

== Comparisons ==

The section "Comparisons" was contributed by someone who obviously never even bothered to open an English translation of the Heike. I propose to get rid of it. Comments? Contact Basemetal here 04:49, 24 May 2014 (UTC) Basemetal  18:14, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

Tyler Translation
I've noticed that there is a recent translation by Royall Tyler which is not cited in the article but which I thought might deserve mention. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chriscr30 (talk • contribs) 23:21, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

Chapter8(barbarian-subduing commander)
征夷大将軍は"barbarian-subduing commander"ではないと思います. 奈良時代に異民族（蝦夷）を討伐する将軍につけられましたが、平家物語の時代には、征夷大将軍は東の敵を倒す将軍といってよい意味になっています.

（本来、源頼朝は征東大将軍になるはずだったが、征東大将軍木曽義仲が処刑されたばかりだったので凶（運が悪い）と思われ、征夷大将軍になった. ） 狐月狼陽 (talk) 03:20, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Tale of the Heike


text:
Luce

Luce may refer to:

People

 * Luce (name), as a given name and a surname
 * Luce (singer)

Places

 * Luče, a town in Slovenia
 * Luce, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 * Luce Bay, a large Bay in Wigtownshire in southern Scotland
 * Luce County, Michigan, a county in the U.S. state of Michigan
 * Luce Township, Spencer County, Indiana
 * New Luce, village in the Scottish unitary council area of Dumfries and Galloway
 * Sainte-Luce, Martinique, a commune in the French overseas département of Martinique
 * Sainte-Luce, Isère, a commune in the Isère department in south-eastern France
 * Santa Luce, a commune in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany
 * Water of Luce, a river in Dumfries and Galloway, in south west Scotland

Other

 * Luce (band), a rock band from San Francisco
 * Luce (film), a 2019 film
 * "Luce (tramonti a nord est)", Italian singer Elisa's most famous song
 * Istituto Luce, historic Italian film institute
 * Esox lucius, a fish of the northern hemisphere, also known as Pike or Luce
 * Luce's choice axiom, an axiom in probability theory
 * Luce Hall, the first, purpose-built building for the U.S. Naval War College, in Newport, Rhode Island
 * USS Luce, various United States Navy ships
 * Luce–Celler Act of 1946
 * Mazda Luce, a Japanese luxury vehicle

title: Luce


text:
Edward Francis Searles

Edward Francis Searles (July 4, 1841 – August 6, 1920) was an interior and architectural designer.

Life
Searles was born on July 4, 1841, in Methuen, Massachusetts, US to Jesse Gould Searles (1805–1844) and Sarah (Littlefield) Searles. His father worked in a local cotton mill and operated a small farm.

On November 7, 1887, Searles married Mary Frances Hopkins ( Sherwood), a wealthy widow 22 years his senior. The widow of Mark Hopkins, her assets included 25% ownership of the Central Pacific Railroad. Searles was the designer of Mary's new home in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, which is now referred to as the Searles Castle, from the 1885 groundbreaking, to its completion in 1888.

After Mary's death in 1891, Searles was left with his wife's vast real estate holdings in San Francisco, New York, Great Barrington, and Methuen, and $21 million.

During the remainder of his life, he satisfied his love of architecture by building a number of grand structures, frequently in collaboration with architect Henry Vaughan.

Collaborations with Vaughan include:
 * Serlo Organ Hall (completed 1909) and Pine Lodge Mansion in Methuen, MA
 * Stillwater Manor, a 24-room 3-story mansion in Salem, New Hampshire
 * Stanton Harcourt Castle, now known as Searles Castle, Windham, NH. 20 room castle completed in 1915 at a cost of approximately $1,250,000, modeled on the Stanton Harcourt Castle in Oxfordshire, England.
 * Edward F. Searles Estate in Methuen, Massachusetts
 * Dream House, now known as Searles Mansion, Block Island, Rhode Island Constructed 1886–1888 as a home for Searles and his wife, it had a "twin house" design with each of the Searles' having a separate identical side of the mansion.
 * Mary Francis Searles Science Building, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
 * Various schools and churches

He was also an environmentalist and would alter the construction course of a major stone wall so as to preserve a tree that he deemed important.

Death
Searles spent his final years as a recluse. He died on August 6, 1920. He left the bulk of his estate to his business manager, Arthur T. Walker. He left his estate in Methuen to his cousin Mary Allen Rowland and her two sons on the condition that they change their last name to Searles. The will was contested by Searles' nephew closest living relative, Albert Victor Searles. The parties reached an agreement and the Searles dropped his contest of the will. The terms of the agreement were not disclosed, but Searles was believed to have received a substantial part of the estate.

In 1921, Essex County District Attorney S. Howard Donnell ordered the exhumation of Searles's body after he received an anonymous letter alleging Searles had been poisoned. Searles' doctor told Donnell that although Searles had suffered from symptoms that could be attributed to arsenic poisoning in the days preceding his death, he believed Searles had died of natural causes. Although Donnell believed that there wasn't enough evidence to believe that Searles had been poisoned, "there can be on real objection to an autopsy that will set at rest all rumors". On February 10, 1922, Donnell announced that the investigation had found that Searles had died from natural causes.

Legacy
His surname (as well as that of fellow "Methuen city fathers" Charles H. Tenney and David C. Nevins, Jr.) appears in the name of the "Searles Tenney Nevins Historic District" established by the City of Methuen in 1992 to preserve the "distinctive architecture and rich character of one of Massachusetts’ most unique neighborhoods". According to the City of Methuen:"'Today, the trio’s collective vision can be seen in mills, housing, schools, mansions, churches, monuments, playgrounds, the library, and the architectural fantasies that resulted from their artistic rivalry. The historic district boundaries were established to include properties and buildings constructed or used by the Searles, Tenney and Nevins families and the people who worked for them.'"

title: Edward Francis Searles


text:
Talk:Procida

Language edits
Hi. Great article. I thought I'd edit the English usage - it was full of errors and flaws in usage. Plus far too many Americanisms. Best, Iamlondon 21:29, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Source is needed for the claim that this island had anything to do with Mycenae (you've mispelled it) but loose trade. It's a far-fetched idea and there is likely no solid evidence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.4.80.198 (talk) 03:30, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Family connections
My great, great grandfather, Daniel Lubrano, was raised on this tiny island in Italy and came to America in 1905 on a ship called La Campana, which arrived in Ellis Island, New York. He moved to Tampa, Florida, shortly thereafter. I have heard from my late grandfather, Dr. Daniel Lubrano II that there where many Lubrano families that lived in Procida. If you read this and have any other information about Procida, I would love to hear it. Not too many people know about this island and it is not located on a map (at least the ones that I have seen)

Tommy Morrill thomas.morrill@sdhc.k12.fl.us
 * I'm from Procida!!! Yes, you're right, in Procida there are lots of Lubrano... If you want to ask me anything about my (and your) island, I'm in it.wiki and my name's Cryptex

I'm Cryptex from it.wiki, I started translating the Italian article.

Hi, I added a couple pictures of mine to the page(Procida1 and Procida2)

New post: My dad just passed away last week at 82 years old. He came over to the states when he was 10. My wife and I visited Procida 18 years ago for our honeymoon. We plan to bring our kids next year. The island, so beautiful, is a well kept secret. My dad was Salvatore Angeloni, son of Loius. I can't wait to return. Paul —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Procida. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20150317151019/http://www.ravino.it/ to http://www.ravino.it/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:29, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Italian Capital of Culture 2022
Since Procida was nominated Italian Capital of Culture for 2022 on 18 January 2021, I felt it was important to include a paragraph on the title attributed to it, also reporting the reasons that led the Italian Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism to this choice. User:Eliss96

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:55, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Stemma Città Metropolitana di Napoli.png

title: Talk:Procida


text:
Talk:Career college

Merger of articles
This article should be eliminted by merger into vocational school. - —Preceding unsigned comment added by Optikos (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Career college


text:
Belgian football league system

The Belgian football league system is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in Belgium.

Men's system
The league system underwent restructuring which was approved by the Royal Belgian Football Association. One important step was the introduction of a national fifth level for the first time. Its implementation took effect as of the 2016–17 season. Changes since 2016:
 * From the 2020–21 season on:
 * the third, fourth and fifth level were renamed due to the negative connotation of the word Amateur. The First Amateur Division, Second Amateur Division and Third Amateur Division were rebranded respectively as National Division 1, Division 2 and Division 3.
 * the First Division B no longer involved all eight teams playing two separate round-robin competitions with the two winners playing off for the title, but rather involved all teams playing each other four times.
 * Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Belgian First Division A was expanded temporarily from 16 to 18 teams.
 * From the 2022–23 season, the two highest leagues were renamed, from First Division A and First Division B to Pro League and Challenger Pro League respectively. Furthermore, the Challenger Pro League expanded to 12 teams and now included as well four U23-teams. Also in the National Division 1 and Division 2 U23 teams were added.
 * The Pro League again reverted to 16 teams from the 2023–24 season, with a new playoff system similar to the pre-COVID period, but most importantly now with two teams directly relegating and a third one playing a play-off to avoid it. The Challenger Pro League expands to 16 teams.
 * From the 2024–25 season, the highest non-professional level (Belgian National Division 1) was split into two separate divisions, one for VV and ACFF each, with the number of clubs expanding from 18 to 28 (16 VV + 12 ACFF).

Pre-2016 structure
Until the end of the 2015–16 season, the structure was as follows. For each division, its official name, sponsorship name (which often differs radically from its official name) and number of clubs is given. The winner(s) of each division promoted to the division(s) directly above them and relegated to the division(s) that lie directly below them.

Men's league historical timeline
The timeline below lists the evolution of the men's tiers and leagues related to the Belgian FA since 1895. The provincial leagues often span multiple tiers.

Women's system
From 2012/13 to 2014/15 the top teams played in the BeNe League, a joint league with clubs from the Netherlands. The Super League was created in 2015.

title: Belgian football league system


text: User:Rjamorim

title: User:Rjamorim


text:
Stokes parameters

The Stokes parameters are a set of values that describe the polarization state of electromagnetic radiation. They were defined by George Gabriel Stokes in 1852, as a mathematically convenient alternative to the more common description of incoherent or partially polarized radiation in terms of its total intensity (I), (fractional) degree of polarization (p), and the shape parameters of the polarization ellipse. The effect of an optical system on the polarization of light can be determined by constructing the Stokes vector for the input light and applying Mueller calculus, to obtain the Stokes vector of the light leaving the system. They can be determined from directly observable phenomena. The original Stokes paper was discovered independently by Francis Perrin in 1942 and by Subrahamanyan Chandrasekhar in 1947, who named it as the Stokes parameters.

Definitions
The relationship of the Stokes parameters S0, S1, S2, S3 to intensity and polarization ellipse parameters is shown in the equations below and the figure on the right.

\begin{align} S_0 &= I \\ S_1 &= I p \cos 2\psi \cos 2\chi \\ S_2 &= I p \sin 2\psi \cos 2\chi \\ S_3 &= I p \sin 2\chi \end{align} $$

Here $$I p$$, $$2\psi$$ and $$2\chi$$ are the spherical coordinates of the three-dimensional vector of cartesian coordinates $$(S_1, S_2, S_3)$$. $$I$$ is the total intensity of the beam, and $$p$$ is the degree of polarization, constrained by $$0 \le p \le 1$$. The factor of two before $$\psi$$ represents the fact that any polarization ellipse is indistinguishable from one rotated by 180°, while the factor of two before $$\chi$$ indicates that an ellipse is indistinguishable from one with the semi-axis lengths swapped accompanied by a 90° rotation. The phase information of the polarized light is not recorded in the Stokes parameters. The four Stokes parameters are sometimes denoted I, Q, U and V, respectively.

Given the Stokes parameters, one can solve for the spherical coordinates with the following equations:

 * $$ \begin{align}

I &= S_0 \\ p &= \frac{\sqrt{S_1^2 + S_2^2 + S_3^2}}{S_0} \\ 2\psi &= \mathrm{arctan} \frac{S_2}{S_1}\\ 2\chi &= \mathrm{arctan} \frac{S_3}{\sqrt{S_1^2+S_2^2}}\\ \end{align} $$

Stokes vectors
The Stokes parameters are often combined into a vector, known as the Stokes vector:

\vec S \ = \begin{pmatrix} S_0 \\ S_1 \\ S_2 \\ S_3\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} I \\ Q \\ U \\ V\end{pmatrix} $$

The Stokes vector spans the space of unpolarized, partially polarized, and fully polarized light. For comparison, the Jones vector only spans the space of fully polarized light, but is more useful for problems involving coherent light. The four Stokes parameters are not a preferred coordinate system of the space, but rather were chosen because they can be easily measured or calculated.

Note that there is an ambiguous sign for the $$V$$ component depending on the physical convention used. In practice, there are two separate conventions used, either defining the Stokes parameters when looking down the beam towards the source (opposite the direction of light propagation) or looking down the beam away from the source (coincident with the direction of light propagation). These two conventions result in different signs for $$V$$, and a convention must be chosen and adhered to.

Examples
Below are shown some Stokes vectors for common states of polarization of light.

|- | $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ 0\end{pmatrix}$$ || Linearly polarized (horizontal) |- | $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 0 \\ 0\end{pmatrix}$$ || Linearly polarized (vertical) |- | $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \\ 0\end{pmatrix} $$ || Linearly polarized (+45°) |- | $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ -1 \\ 0\end{pmatrix}$$ || Linearly polarized (−45°) |- | $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1\end{pmatrix} $$ || Right-hand circularly polarized |- | $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ -1\end{pmatrix}$$ || Left-hand circularly polarized |- | $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0\end{pmatrix}$$ || Unpolarized
 * }

Alternative explanation
A monochromatic plane wave is specified by its propagation vector, $$\vec{k}$$, and the complex amplitudes of the electric field, $$E_1$$ and $$E_2$$, in a basis $$(\hat{\epsilon}_1,\hat{\epsilon}_2)$$. The pair $$(E_1, E_2)$$ is called a Jones vector. Alternatively, one may specify the propagation vector, the phase, $$\phi$$, and the polarization state, $$\Psi$$, where $$\Psi$$ is the curve traced out by the electric field as a function of time in a fixed plane. The most familiar polarization states are linear and circular, which are degenerate cases of the most general state, an ellipse.

One way to describe polarization is by giving the semi-major and semi-minor axes of the polarization ellipse, its orientation, and the direction of rotation (See the above figure). The Stokes parameters $$I$$, $$Q$$, $$U$$, and $$V$$, provide an alternative description of the polarization state which is experimentally convenient because each parameter corresponds to a sum or difference of measurable intensities. The next figure shows examples of the Stokes parameters in degenerate states.

Definitions
The Stokes parameters are defined by

 * $$ \begin{align}

I & \equiv \langle E_x^{2} \rangle + \langle E_y^{2} \rangle \\ & = \langle E_a^{2} \rangle + \langle E_b^{2} \rangle \\ & = \langle E_r^{2} \rangle + \langle E_l^{2} \rangle, \\ Q & \equiv \langle E_x^{2} \rangle - \langle E_y^{2} \rangle, \\ U & \equiv \langle E_a^{2} \rangle - \langle E_b^{2} \rangle, \\ V & \equiv \langle E_r^{2} \rangle - \langle E_l^{2} \rangle. \end{align} $$

where the subscripts refer to three different bases of the space of Jones vectors: the standard Cartesian basis ($$\hat{x},\hat{y}$$), a Cartesian basis rotated by 45° ($$\hat{a},\hat{b}$$), and a circular basis ($$\hat{l},\hat{r}$$). The circular basis is defined so that $$\hat{l} = (\hat{x}+i\hat{y})/\sqrt{2}$$, $$\hat{r} = (\hat{x}-i\hat{y})/\sqrt{2}$$.

The symbols ⟨⋅⟩ represent expectation values. The light can be viewed as a random variable taking values in the space C2 of Jones vectors $$(E_1, E_2)$$. Any given measurement yields a specific wave (with a specific phase, polarization ellipse, and magnitude), but it keeps flickering and wobbling between different outcomes. The expectation values are various averages of these outcomes. Intense, but unpolarized light will have I > 0 but Q = U = V = 0, reflecting that no polarization type predominates. A convincing waveform is depicted at the article on coherence.

The opposite would be perfectly polarized light which, in addition, has a fixed, nonvarying amplitude—a pure sine curve. This is represented by a random variable with only a single possible value, say $$(E_1, E_2)$$. In this case one may replace the brackets by absolute value bars, obtaining a well-defined quadratic map

 * $$ \begin{matrix}

I \equiv |E_x|^{2} + |E_y|^{2} = |E_a|^{2} + |E_b|^{2} = |E_r|^{2} + |E_l|^{2} \\ Q \equiv |E_x|^{2} - |E_y|^{2}, \\ U \equiv |E_a|^{2} - |E_b|^{2}, \\ V \equiv |E_r|^{2} - |E_l|^{2}. \end{matrix} $$

from the Jones vectors to the corresponding Stokes vectors; more convenient forms are given below. The map takes its image in the cone defined by |I |2 = |Q |2 + |U |2 + |V |2, where the purity of the state satisfies p = 1 (see below).

The next figure shows how the signs of the Stokes parameters are determined by the helicity and the orientation of the semi-major axis of the polarization ellipse.

Representations in fixed bases
In a fixed ($$\hat{x},\hat{y}$$) basis, the Stokes parameters when using an increasing phase convention are

 * $$ \begin{align}

I&=|E_x|^2+|E_y|^2, \\ Q&=|E_x|^2-|E_y|^2, \\ U&=2\mathrm{Re}(E_xE_y^*), \\ V&=-2\mathrm{Im}(E_xE_y^*), \\ \end{align} $$

while for $$(\hat{a},\hat{b})$$, they are

 * $$ \begin{align}

I&=|E_a|^2+|E_b|^2, \\ Q&=-2\mathrm{Re}(E_a^{*}E_b), \\ U&=|E_a|^{2}-|E_b|^{2}, \\ V&=2\mathrm{Im}(E_a^{*}E_b). \\ \end{align} $$

and for $$(\hat{l},\hat{r})$$, they are

 * $$ \begin{align}

I &=|E_l|^2+|E_r|^2, \\ Q &=2\mathrm{Re}(E_l^*E_r), \\ U & = -2\mathrm{Im}(E_l^*E_r), \\ V & =|E_r|^2-|E_l|^2. \\ \end{align} $$

Properties
For purely monochromatic coherent radiation, it follows from the above equations that

Q^2+U^2+V^2 = I^2, $$

whereas for the whole (non-coherent) beam radiation, the Stokes parameters are defined as averaged quantities, and the previous equation becomes an inequality:

Q^2+U^2+V^2 \le I^2. $$

However, we can define a total polarization intensity $$I_p$$, so that

Q^{2} + U^2 +V^2 = I_p^2, $$

where $$I_p/I$$ is the total polarization fraction.

Let us define the complex intensity of linear polarization to be

\begin{align} L & \equiv |L|e^{i2\theta} \\ & \equiv Q +iU. \\ \end{align} $$

Under a rotation $$\theta \rightarrow \theta+\theta'$$ of the polarization ellipse, it can be shown that $$I$$ and $$V$$ are invariant, but

\begin{align} L & \rightarrow e^{i2\theta'}L, \\ Q & \rightarrow \mbox{Re}\left(e^{i2\theta'}L\right), \\ U & \rightarrow \mbox{Im}\left(e^{i2\theta'}L\right).\\ \end{align} $$

With these properties, the Stokes parameters may be thought of as constituting three generalized intensities:

\begin{align} I & \ge 0, \\ V & \in \mathbb{R}, \\ L & \in \mathbb{C}, \\ \end{align} $$

where $$I$$ is the total intensity, $$|V|$$ is the intensity of circular polarization, and $$|L|$$ is the intensity of linear polarization. The total intensity of polarization is $$I_p=\sqrt{|L|^2+|V|^2}$$, and the orientation and sense of rotation are given by

\begin{align} \theta &= \frac{1}{2}\arg(L), \\ h &= \sgn(V). \\ \end{align} $$

Since $$Q=\mbox{Re}(L)$$ and $$U=\mbox{Im}(L)$$, we have

\begin{align} \theta &= \frac{1}{2}\tan^{-1}(U/Q). \\ \end{align} $$
 * L| &= \sqrt{Q^2+U^2}, \\

Relation to the polarization ellipse
In terms of the parameters of the polarization ellipse, the Stokes parameters are

\begin{align} I_p & = A^2 + B^2, \\ Q & = (A^2-B^2)\cos(2\theta), \\ U & = (A^2-B^2)\sin(2\theta), \\ V & = 2ABh. \\ \end{align} $$

Inverting the previous equation gives

\begin{align} A & = \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}(I_p+|L|)} \\ B & = \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}(I_p-|L|)} \\ \theta & = \frac{1}{2}\arg(L)\\ h & = \sgn(V). \\ \end{align} $$

Measurement
The Stokes parameters (and thus the polarization of some electromagnetic radiation) can be directly determined from observation. Using a linear polarizer and a quarter-wave plate, the following system of equations relating the Stokes parameters to measured intensity can be obtained:

where I_l(\theta) is the irradiance of the radiation at a point when the linear polarizer is rotated at an angle of \theta, and similarly I_q(\theta) is the irradiance at a point when the quarter-wave plate is rotated at an angle of \theta. A system can be implemented using both plates at once at different angles to measure the parameters. This can give a more accurate measure of the relative magnitudes of the parameters (which is often the main result desired) due to all parameters being affected by the same losses.

Relationship to Hermitian operators and quantum mixed states
From a geometric and algebraic point of view, the Stokes parameters stand in one-to-one correspondence with the closed, convex, 4-real-dimensional cone of nonnegative Hermitian operators on the Hilbert space C2. The parameter I serves as the trace of the operator, whereas the entries of the matrix of the operator are simple linear functions of the four parameters I, Q, U, V, serving as coefficients in a linear combination of the Stokes operators. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the operator can be calculated from the polarization ellipse parameters I, p, ψ, χ.

The Stokes parameters with I set equal to 1 (i.e. the trace 1 operators) are in one-to-one correspondence with the closed unit 3-dimensional ball of mixed states (or density operators) of the quantum space C2, whose boundary is the Bloch sphere. The Jones vectors correspond to the underlying space C2, that is, the (unnormalized) pure states of the same system. Note that the overall phase (i.e. the common phase factor between the two component waves on the two perpendicular polarization axes) is lost when passing from a pure state |φ⟩ to the corresponding mixed state |φ⟩⟨φ|, just as it is lost when passing from a Jones vector to the corresponding Stokes vector.

In the basis of horizontal polarization state $$|H\rangle$$ and vertical polarization state $$|V\rangle$$, the +45° linear polarization state is $$|+\rangle =\frac{1}{\sqrt2}(|H\rangle+|V\rangle) $$, the -45° linear polarization state is $$|-\rangle =\frac{1}{\sqrt2}(|H\rangle-|V\rangle) $$, the left hand circular polarization state is $$|L\rangle =\frac{1}{\sqrt2}(|H\rangle+i|V\rangle) $$, and the right hand circular polarization state is $$|R\rangle =\frac{1}{\sqrt2}(|H\rangle-i|V\rangle) $$. It's easy to see that these states are the eigenvectors of Pauli matrices, and that the normalized Stokes parameters (U/I, V/I, Q/I) correspond to the coordinates of the Bloch vector ($$a_x$$, $$a_y$$, $$a_z$$). Equivalently, we have $$U/I=tr\left(\rho \sigma_x \right)$$, $$V/I=tr\left(\rho \sigma_y \right)$$, $$Q/I=tr\left(\rho \sigma_z \right)$$, where $$\rho$$ is the density matrix of the mixed state.

Generally, a linear polarization at angle θ has a pure quantum state $$|\theta\rangle =\cos{\theta}|H\rangle+\sin{\theta}|V\rangle $$; therefore, the transmittance of a linear polarizer/analyzer at angle θ for a mixed state light source with density matrix $$\rho = \frac{1}{2}\left(I + a_x \sigma_x + a_y \sigma_y + a_z \sigma_z\right)$$ is $$tr(\rho|\theta\rangle\langle\theta|) = \frac{1}{2}\left(1 + a_x \sin{2\theta} + a_z \cos{2\theta}\right)   $$, with a maximum transmittance of $$ \frac{1}{2} (1+ \sqrt{ a_x^2 + a_z^2 }) $$ at $$\theta_0 = \frac{1}{2}\arctan{ (a_x/a_z) }    $$ if $$a_z > 0$$, or at $$\theta_0 = \frac{1}{2}\arctan{ (a_x/a_z) }+\frac{\pi}{2}    $$ if $$ a_z < 0$$; the minimum transmittance of $$ \frac{1}{2} ( 1- \sqrt{ a_x^2 + a_z^2 }) $$ is reached at the perpendicular to the maximum transmittance direction. Here, the ratio of maximum transmittance to minimum transmittance is defined as the extinction ratio $$ER = (1 + DOLP) / (1 - DOLP)   $$, where the degree of linear polarization is $$DOLP = \sqrt{ a_x^2 + a_z^2 } $$. Equivalently, the formula for the transmittance can be rewritten as $$A\cos^2{(\theta- \theta_0)} + B   $$, which is an extended form of Malus's law; here, $$ A, B    $$ are both non-negative, and is related to the extinction ratio by $$ER = (A+B)/B $$. Two of the normalized Stokes parameters can also be calculated by $$a_x=DOLP\sin{2\theta_0}, \, a_z=DOLP\cos{ 2\theta_0}, \, DOLP=(ER-1)/(ER+1)  $$.

It's also worth noting that a rotation of polarization axis by angle θ corresponds to the Bloch sphere rotation operator $$R_y (2\theta)  = \begin{bmatrix} \cos \theta & -\sin \theta \\ \sin \theta & \cos \theta \end{bmatrix}$$. For example, the horizontal polarization state $$|H\rangle$$ would rotate to $$|\theta\rangle =\cos{\theta}|H\rangle+\sin{\theta}|V\rangle $$. The effect of a quarter-wave plate aligned to the horizontal axis is described by $$R_z (\pi /2)= \begin{bmatrix} e^{ -i\pi/4 } & 0 \\ 0 & e^{ +i\pi/4 } \end{bmatrix}$$, or equivalently the Phase gate S, and the resulting Bloch vector becomes $$(-a_y,a_x,a_z)$$. With this configuration, if we perform the rotating analyzer method to measure the extinction ratio, we will be able to calculate $$a_y$$ and also verify $$a_z$$. For this method to work, the fast axis and the slow axis of the waveplate must be aligned with the reference directions for the basis states.

The effect of a quarter-wave plate rotated by angle θ can be determined by Rodrigues' rotation formula as $$R_n (\pi/2)=\frac{1}{\sqrt2}I-i\frac{1}{\sqrt2} (\hat{n} \cdot \vec{\sigma} ) $$, with $$\hat{n}=\hat{z}\cos{2\theta}+\hat{x} \sin{2\theta}$$. The transmittance of the resulting light through a linear polarizer (analyzer plate) along the horizontal axis can be calculated using the same Rodrigues' rotation formula and focusing on its components on $$I$$ and $$\sigma_z$$:

 * $$\begin{align}

T&= tr[R_n(\pi/2) \rho R_n (- \pi/2)|H\rangle\langle H|] \\

&= \frac{1}{2}\left[ 1 + a_y \sin{2\theta} + (\hat{n}\cdot \vec{a}) \cos{2\theta}\right] \\ &= \frac{1}{2}\left[ 1 + a_y \sin{2\theta} + (a_x \sin{2\theta} + a_z \cos{2\theta}) \cos{2\theta}\right] \\ &= \frac{1}{2}\left( 1 + a_y \sin{2\theta} +DOLP\times \frac{\cos{(4\theta-2\theta_0) }+\cos{(2\theta_0) }}{2 }\right) \end{align}  $$

The above expression is the theory basis of many polarimeters. For unpolarized light, T=1/2 is a constant. For purely circularly polarized light, T has a sinusoidal dependence on angle θ with a period of 180 degrees, and can reach absolute extinction where T=0. For purely linearly polarized light, T has a sinusoidal dependence on angle θ with a period of 90 degrees, and absolute extinction is only reachable when the original light's polarization is at 90 degrees from the polarizer (i.e. $$a_z =-1$$). In this configuration, $$\theta_0=\frac{\pi}{2}$$ and $$T=\frac{1- \cos{(4\theta)}}{4} $$, with a maximum of 1/2 at θ=45°, and an extinction point at θ=0°. This result can be used to precisely determine the fast or slow axis of a quarter-wave plate, for example, by using a polarizing beam splitter to obtain a linearly polarized light aligned to the analyzer plate and rotating the quarter-wave plate in between.

Similarly, the effect of a half-wave plate rotated by angle θ is described by $$R_n (\pi)=-i(\hat{n} \cdot \vec{\sigma} ) $$, which transforms the density matrix to:

 * $$\begin{align}

R_n(\pi) \rho R_n (-\pi) &= \frac{1}{2}\left(I+\vec{a}\cdot[-\vec{\sigma}+2\hat{n} (\hat{n}\cdot\vec{\sigma} )]\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{2}\left[I- \vec{a} \cdot \vec{\sigma}+2(\hat{n}\cdot\vec{a} ) (\hat{n}\cdot\vec{\sigma} )\right] \end{align}  $$

The above expression demonstrates that if the original light is of pure linear polarization (i.e. $$a_y= 0 $$), the resulting light after the half-wave plate is still of pure linear polariztion (i.e. without $$\sigma_y $$ component) with a rotated major axis. Such rotation of the linear polarization has a sinusoidal dependence on angle θ with a period of 90 degrees.

title: Stokes parameters