text:
Talk:Stucco

Siding
While I added a little bit about stucco used as in place of 'siding', I think that this whole article needs to be redone, and stucco as an art material, and stucco as a siding need to be discussed in separate paragraphs. I am not an expert, and am reluctant to do more than add a few comments. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.183.196.66 (talk • contribs) 10 February 2005

Cleanup
I certainly agree with the comment above; in general, the article rambles on and repeats itself about plasters and cements without getting to the point in a timely manner. The different types should really be sectioned off and made clear. Radagast 12:27, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Started an external links section Eybear 21:07, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Stucco or Plaster; an art form
Philadelphia (in my opinion) is the best well thought out city when it comes to estitics and stone architecture. Lime is the primary element to stone buildings and considering what rock the stone is in the climate acts as the stones doctor if crasked or split. It actually is a self healing non-living entity. Questions and comments please to Cychobiker@hotmail.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.106.109.102 (talk • contribs) 11 February 2006

Maintenance
I am looking for information on how to maintain my stucco house. Some say to paint it and some say not to. All seem to aggree that once painted it will continue to need painting. The other thing seems to be mending cracks. While a contractor mentioned some silicate, most seem to mention using a more stucco like substance. Another topic might be how to address "wounds" in the stucco from furnature movers and high power sprayers. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.198.120.221 (talk) 20:43, 4 March 2007 (UTC).

If the cracks are hairline, don't worry about them. If they're bigger, there is material made especially for repairing stucco cracks. Do not use silicone caulk. Some small cracking is normal for stucco and doesnt detract from its utility or value. If you paint it, I would suggest using an elastomer made especially for stucco.Copperminer 00:47, 29 May 2007 (UTC)CopperMiner

Painting stucco (or "white washing" it with cement) makes about as much sense as painting a sidewalk. Paint is cheap, but will deteriorate and peel within a couple years, meaning you'd have to paint every year or so to keep it looking decent. To add insult to injury, it is necessary to sandblast (a pressure washer is not be powerful enough) painted or white-washed stucco to fully remove the paint before applying a new layer of stucco (e.g. if you wanted to change the color or touch up the stucco). Paint also prevents moisture from escaping from the home, which can create conditions favorable to mold growth. AzzAz (talk) 21:31, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Boring . ..
How dull is this article. No, don't remove anything! Just add some information about stucco being used in "modern" (1920s and 1920s) American architecture — also its use in Spanish colonial buildings, etc. Sorry, I can't do it myself — I just like to boss people around. Cheers. GeorgeLouis (talk) 18:34, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

True?
Portland cement can last indefinitely without requiring maintenance. There are major issues with this sentence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.198.236.17 (talk) 21:53, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Stucco, render or plaster?
To me the term "stucco" refers to the plastic moulding of all kinds of mortars. I looked it up in and there it says that the term 'stucco' is simply the italian word for 'plaster' (which it is, as I can say as a italian speaking person). Also the cited book says that the meaning nowadays is imprecise and the term should be avoided in preference for 'plaster' and 'render'. My idea now would be the following: --Greenadia06 (talk) 14:32, 9 February 2016 (UTC)
 * create an aricle about render, which describes external applications
 * keep the article stucco, saying that the term has been used and is used [page 114] to describe a wide range of decorative plasterwork or render.
 * I think of "render" as a builder's term. The usage of the terms is certainly variable and complicated, and has changed over time. The articles try to explain this. Personally "stucco" does not refer "to the plastic moulding of all kinds of mortars" to me (do you mean plaster-like compounds? Mortars are very different). I think of it mainly as being external not internal. To me internal moulded plaster is "plasterwork", but it has been called stucco in English, mainly I think in the past. Johnbod (talk) 17:21, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, probably I mean plaster-like compounds by "mortars". I mean a mixture of binders, aggregates, water and - sometimes - filler, additives and admixtures and I think that I had a translation problem there, since I'm not a native speaker of English. Anyway I think that merging "plaster", "stucco" and "plasterwprk" would be a good idea! --Greenadia06 (talk) 10:49, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

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Meaningless paragraph?
The second paragraph reads "In English, stucco usually refers to a coating for the outside of a building and plaster one for interiors; as described below, the material itself is often little different. However, other European languages, notably including Italian, do not have the same distinction; stucco means plaster in Italian and serves for both.[1] This has led to English often using "stucco" for interior decorative plasterwork in relief. "

Does this make sense to a native english speaker? It certainly doesn't to me. It starts out with a sentence that I am not sure how to parse; trying to paraphrase: (stucco in english) refers to [1](a [what kind? concrete?] coating for the outside of a building) or [2](a plaster [coating?] one[?] for interiors)

Or is it trying to say that "stucco" is used for outside, whereas "plaster" is used for inside?

But then that is completely contradicted by the last sentence?

I will now check the history for whether this paragraph has been mangled in an edit, but somehow I doubt I'll find any. Could a competent english speaker, with knowledge of the correct usage of "stucco", please fix this paragraph?

--Lasse Hillerøe Petersen (talk) 06:06, 5 February 2019 (UTC)
 * It's fine! Maybe it's your English. Try again. Re the last sentence, yes the English usages are somewhat contradictory. Johnbod (talk) 15:11, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

Revert of my edit concerning this paragraph
I had problems with the same paragraph.

I don't really see why the fact that "Stucco in Italian means plaster" has "led to English often using "stucco" for interior decorative plasterwork in relief." The latter statement seems too specific for what was said in the preceding sentence.

I had therefore added a passage to the paragraph, explaining that the related term Stuck in German means exactly that: interior decorative plasterwork in relief

And since German and English actually have quite a close relationship it is entirely possible that the second meaning for stucco was adapted from the German Stuck instead of the Italian original.

@Johnbod: I don't see where my edit claimed that "Stuck" would be a term that is used in the English language. Please explain ...

thanks, KaiKemmann (talk) 23:28, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * English has normally taken its artistic vocabulary from French and Italian rather than German. "Entirely possible" doesn't really cut it. The Italian stucci also means "decorative plasterwork in relief". Johnbod (talk) 01:45, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you for this explanation, Johnbod, which makes sense to me.
 * If you have this information about the Italian usage, though, I wonder why you would not enter it into the article and thus correct the apparent logical shortcoming.
 * As I, Lasse Hillerøe Petersen and Greenadia06 have explained above, some aspects of the current state of the wording of the article do not seem conclusive.
 * thanks again for your efforts,
 * KaiKemmann (talk) 15:05, 22 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stucco


text:
William Norris (locomotive builder)

William Norris (July 2, 1802 – January 5, 1867) was an American steam locomotive builder. He founded the Norris Locomotive Works and through this company pioneered the use of the 4-2-0 (the Norris type) locomotive type in America during the 1840s.

In 1837, William Norris was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: William Norris (locomotive builder)


text:
Alfredo Foni

Alfredo Foni (20 January 1911 – 28 January 1985) was an Italian footballer in the 1930s and later on a coach, who played as a defender. He is one of only four players to have won both an Olympic gold medal and the FIFA World Cup with the Italy national football team.

Club career
Foni was born in Udine, and he made his professional debut with local club Udinese at the age of 16, in 1927, in the Prima Divisione (the predecessor to the Italian Serie A); he later moved to Lazio in 1929. He later moved to Padova for a brief stint after a few seasons in Roma.

Foni later transferred to Juventus in 1934, replacing Virginio Rosetta. Along with teammate Pietro Rava at the Turin club, he formed one of the best defensive partnerships in Italy, and in the world, as they went on to win the 1936 Summer Olympics and 1938 FIFA World Cup with Italy, as well as the 1935 League title with Juventus, as well as two Coppa Italia titles in 1938 and 1942. He remained with the club until 1947, and between 1934 and 1947, he never missed a single match for seven consecutive seasons.

In total, he made 266 League appearances with Juventus, and 370 total appearances in Serie A, after making his debut in the competition on 2 February 1930, with Lazio, against Pro Vercelli. He moved to play with Chiasso during the 1948–49 season, making only three appearances in the league, before retiring.

International career
Foni made his international debut with Italy on 3 August 1936, at the Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, in a 1–0 win over the United States, helping Italy to win a gold medal in the competition.

He became a permanent member of the starting line-up at the 1938 FIFA World Cup, replacing Roma full-back Eraldo Monzeglio, starting alongside his Juventus team-mate Rava, and helping Italy to defend their World Cup title. He ended his international career in 1942, with 23 appearances; along with Pietro Rava, Sergio Bertoni, and Ugo Locatelli, Foni is one of only four Italian players ever to win both the Olympic tournament and the World Cup.

Coaching career
Following his retirement, he coached in Italy and Switzerland, although Italy failed to qualify for the 1958 World Cup. He won two consecutive scudetti with FC Internazionale in 1953 and 1954, and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup with Roma in 1961. He later coached Switzerland in the 1966 FIFA World Cup.

Style of management
Foni is known for having used the catenaccio tactic successfully during his time as Inter's manager in the 1950s; unlike Nereo Rocco's version of the system, however, Foni's teams's strong defensive play off the ball did not limit the offensive manner in which his team played while in possession of the ball. In his system, his team's right winger, Gino Armano, would drop back to mark the opposing the team's left winger (essentially acting as a tornante), allowing Ivano Blason, the right-back, to shift across and act as a sweeper and clear balls away.

Death
Foni died in Lugano, Switzerland.

Club

 * Juventus
 * Serie A: 1934–35
 * Coppa Italia: 1937–38, 1941–42

International

 * Italy
 * Olympic Gold Medal: 1936
 * FIFA World Cup: 1938

Club

 * Inter
 * Serie A: 1952–53, 1953–54

 * Roma
 * Inter-Cities Fairs Cup: 1960–61

title: Alfredo Foni


text:
Bureau of Consular Affairs

The Bureau of Consular Affairs (CA) is a bureau of the United States Department of State reporting to the under secretary of state for management. The mission of the Bureau is to administer laws, formulate regulations and implement policies relating to the broad range of consular services and immigration. , the bureau is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs, Rena Bitter.

History
The precursor to the Bureau of Consular Affairs, the Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs was created in 1952 upon passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act. The Bureau was charged with issuing visas and passports, and extending visas for non-immigrants in the United States. For a temporary period of time in 1954, the Bureau was known as the Bureau of Inspection, Security, and Consular Affairs. In 1979, the security functions were moved to an Office of Security, which later became the Bureau of Diplomatic Security, and the Bureau of Consular Affairs was formed.

Offices
The Bureau of Consular Affairs manages eight offices: the Offices of the Comptroller, Consular Systems & Technology, Executive Director, Fraud Prevention, Overseas Citizen Services, Policy Coordination & Public Affairs, Passport Services, and Visa Services.

Office of Comptroller
The principal strategic and resource management office for the Bureau of Consular Affairs.

Office of Consular Systems & Technology
Develops, installs, and provides training for the Bureau's automated information processing systems.

Office of Executive Director
Provides a full range of management support for the Bureau, including management of the Bureau's IT systems and infrastructure, human resources, and controlled consular supplies.

Office of Fraud Prevention
Dedicated to providing resources, tools, and information that enhances consular officers' ability to detect and deter passport and visa fraud.

Office of Overseas Citizen Services
Advises and supports U.S. citizens and U.S. embassies and consulates around the world in such matters as:

 * Deaths
 * Arrests
 * Robberies
 * Citizenship and nationality (including both acquisition of citizenship through naturalization and the Child Citizenship Act of 2000 and renunciation of citizenship)
 * Federal benefits (including Social Security)
 * Notarization of documents
 * International child abduction
 * International adoptions

To assist the traveling public, the bureau issues country specific information, travel warnings, and travel alerts concerning conditions in countries where Americans may be planning to visit or reside. The Bureau also maintains the volunteer Warden Program, designed to help protect and inform US citizens in host nations.

Office of Policy Coordination & Public Affairs
Articulates the Bureau's policy through media relations, public outreach, Congressional liaison, and strategic planning.

Office of Passport Services
Issues U.S. Passports to American citizens. Over 119 million valid U.S. passports are currently in circulation. 13.5 million passports and passport cards were issued in fiscal year 2013.

Since June 1, 2009, all American travelers entering the United States, including at land borders or air/sea ports of entry, are required to show proof of citizenship, which can include the passport book or passport card.

The Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Passport Services is Don Jacobson.

Passports may be issued domestically in the US as well as by US embassies or consulates abroad. In 2006, the Bureau began the widespread issuance of Electronic Passports or "e-passports."

Visas Services Office
Following regulations established by Congress in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), consular officers overseas under the guidance of the Bureau's Office of Visa Services are responsible for issuing all non-immigrant and immigrant visas. (Over 7.75 million non-immigrant visa and approximately 744,000 immigrant visa cases were processed in fiscal year 2006.)

The Bureau of Consular Affairs also administers the provisions of the INA as they relate to the Department of State in coordination with United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement within the United States Department of Homeland Security.

International child abduction and adoption
The Office of Children's Issues creates, develops and coordinates policies and programs on international child abduction and international adoption issues. In this respect, it is the US Central Authority under the terms of the Hague Abduction Convention and the Hague Adoption Convention.

title: Bureau of Consular Affairs


text:
Tim Bentinck

Timothy Charles Robert Noel Bentinck, 12th Earl of Portland, Count Bentinck of Waldeck Limpurg, (born 1 June 1953), commonly known as Tim Bentinck, is an English actor and writer, known for his long-running role as David Archer in the BBC Radio 4 series, The Archers.

As the Earl of Portland, Bentinck was a member of the House of Lords from 1997 to 1999. He is also Count Bentinck in the peerage of the Holy Roman Empire.

Early life
The son of the non-conformist intellectual Henry Bentinck, Portland was born on a sheep station in Barton, Tasmania, Australia, but moved with his family to Berkhamsted in England at the age of two. He was educated at a prep school, then Harrow School, and finally at the University of East Anglia, where he spent much of his time on productions of its drama society, before receiving a BA degree in the History of Art. After graduation, he trained in acting at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.

Career
Bentinck has been an actor since 1978 and is known for the roles of David Archer in the BBC Radio 4 series The Archers and Tom Lacey in the BBC TV drama series By the Sword Divided (1983–85). He is also a voice-over artist, having provided the voice of James Bond for the video-game The World Is Not Enough (Nintendo 64 and PlayStation version), and the voice of Roger Radcliffe in 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure. Between 1990 and 2006 he was also the voice of "Mind The Gap" on the London Underground Piccadilly line. Bentinck has a long list of theatre, television and film credits. He appeared in The Thick of It in 2005 and 2007 and starred with David Jason in The Royal Bodyguard in 2012.

As himself, Bentinck has appeared on Call My Bluff, won a round of University Challenge, Celebrity Mastermind, Pointless Celebrities and beaten Judith Keppel on science in Celebrity Eggheads.

Bentinck has revoiced Gérard Depardieu in the film Nouvelle France, and Chow Yun Fat in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. He has provided post-production voices for many major US and UK film and television productions since helping provide the voices of both Scottish and English armies alongside Mel Gibson in Braveheart.

His first film role was as 'Harris', Roger Moore's lieutenant in North Sea Hijack; other film roles include William Goldman's The Year of the Comet, the western, The Pride of Wade Ellison as well as the short film, Locked Up by Bugsy Riverbank Steel – winner of Best Foreign Short Film at the Lanzarote Film Festival in 2013. Also Fast Girls, The Redistributors, Rule Number Three with Nicholas Hoult, The Pirates of Penzance with Kevin Kline, Trevor Nunn's Twelfth Night, Vanity Fair, the U-boat commander in Enigma, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, and many short and student films. In 2018 he starred with Jack Roth as Conrad in the Netflix movie, Us And Them. He played the role of Frederick Forsyth in the BBC television film Reg (2016).

On stage, after many London fringe theatre appearances, Bentinck starred as the Pirate King in The Pirates of Penzance at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1982, as Captain Brice in Arcadia at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, and as Hubert Laurie in Night Must Fall, also at the Haymarket. Bentinck toured a one-man show, Love Your Chocolates, – a mixture of stories, comedy songs and multi-media, and played Frank in Educating Rita at the Watermill Theatre, Newbury, Berkshire, in 2009.

Bentinck regularly writes travel articles for The Mail on Sunday and his book, Avant Garde A Clue, co-written with Albert Welling, is published on Kindle. In March 2015, his children's book, Colin The Campervan, was published by FBS Publishing.

Bentinck's autobiography, Being David Archer - And Other Unusual Ways of Earning a Living was published by Constable in 2017.

Bentinck has made many guest appearances in Big Finish audio dramas, including versions of Doctor Who, Torchwood, Blake's 7 and Space 1999. He has also narrated over sixty audiobooks.

In the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to drama.

Bentinck is also an inventor with several patents to his name, as well as a programmer/web site designer, musician and writer.

Television
Bentinck's roles on television include:
 * The Nevers
 * Gentleman Jack
 * Flack
 * The Game
 * The Politician's Husband
 * The Royal Bodyguard
 * Tales of the Unexpected (The Stinker)
 * Twenty Twelve
 * The Thick of It
 * Doctors
 * Broken News
 * Shadow Play
 * Sharpe's Rifles
 * The Armando Iannucci Shows
 * A Prince Among Men
 * Grange Hill
 * Made in Heaven
 * Square Deal
 * By the Sword Divided
 * EastEnders
 * Silent Witness
 * The Crown

Video games
Bentinck has also done voicework for numerous videogame titles:
 * The Feeble Files
 * The World Is Not Enough
 * 007 Racing
 * Prisoner of War
 * Secret Weapons Over Normandy
 * James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing
 * Knights of Honor
 * Medieval II: Total War
 * Heavenly Sword
 * Hellgate: London
 * Viking: Battle for Asgard
 * Rhodan: Myth of the Illochim
 * Memento Mori
 * Divinity II
 * Venetica
 * Dragon Age II
 * Star Wars: The Old Republic
 * The Book of Unwritten Tales
 * Deponia
 * Risen 2: Dark Waters
 * The Secret World
 * The Night of the Rabbit
 * The Raven: Legacy of a Master Thief
 * Total War: Rome II
 * The Dark Eye: Demonicon
 * Broken Sword 5: The Serpent's Curse
 * Blackguards
 * Dark Souls II
 * Lego The Hobbit
 * Grid Autosport
 * Sacred 3
 * Risen 3: Titan Lords
 * Dreamfall Chapters
 * The Book of Unwritten Tales 2
 * Warhammer: End Times – Vermintide
 * Deponia Doomsday
 * Dark Souls III
 * Total War: Warhammer
 * Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2
 * Warhammer: Vermintide 2
 * Anno 1800
 * The Lord of the Rings: Gollum

Titles
On the death of the 9th Duke of Portland in 1990, Bentinck's father Henry, his sixth cousin, succeeded to the earldom of Portland. In 1997 Tim succeeded his father. He took a seat in certain sittings of the House of Lords but made no speeches (nor questions) before losing the right and not standing for selective internal election, under the House of Lords Act 1999.

On 29 December 1732, the Hon. William Bentinck, Baron Bentinck of the Duchy of Guelders (second surviving son of Hans Willem Bentinck), was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire as Count (Graf) Bentinck, by Imperial Letters Patent of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. This title also vests in him. Under the Royal Warrant of 27 April 1932 on Foreign Titles the dispensation granted by Queen Victoria to use the title and daughters' styles socially in Great Britain was rescinded beyond any living heirs, the last of which were Bentinck's late father and aunt.

Personal life
Bentinck married the milliner Judith "Judy" Ann Emerson (born Newcastle-under-Lyme, 10 October 1952) in London on 8 September 1979. They have two sons: Will Bentinck (born London, 19 May 1984) and The Hon. Jasper James Mellowes Bentinck (born London, 12 June 1988). They reside in London.

title: Tim Bentinck


text:
Talk:Buick

Buick Logo Image
The picture used for the Buick logo is very poor quality. Can someone upload a better one? GMexcellence (talk) 05:26, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I've tried to add the images but the stupid people keep deleting it on a false copyright violation claim. GM clearly say that the logo can be used for free use if for editorial comment. I'm tired of fighting stupid here. I'll give someone else a try. Brout8 (talk) 19:12, 28 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I added the logo to the article Flow234 (talk) 10:24, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

IPA character set
The IPA pronunciation of Buick is not displayed correctly in the first paragraph. I'd change it myself but when I try, I get little squares instead of the characters I'm trying to insert --Thanatosil 19:11, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

David Dunbar Buick
David Buick invented something considerably more important than the enamelled bathtub and much more relevant to this article. He invented the overhead valve engine on which Buick built its fortune and which all car companies now use. You don't see a lot of sidevalve engines any more. That is much more relevant to the article than the enamelled bathtub. Yet it's not even mentioned. The article also neglects to discuss the process by which he was manoeuvred out the car company by the money men, in itself a fascinating story. -- Derek Ross | Talk 21:51, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Good point. What I liked about the bathtub though was that its just one of those things that you never expected, but everybody uses.  Could we add it back in as an also, or do you feel its best to remove it totally. user: stude62 user talk:stude62 01:13, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Well, I don't want to seem prejudiced against bathtubs (or lawn sprinklers for that matter), so I don't think that the information should be removed totally and permanently! And I can see your point about a fact that deserves to be more widely known. I think that the best solution would be to create the David Dunbar Buick article, which is overdue anyway, and put the information about his important inventions there. -- Derek Ross | Talk 16:39, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. —Morven 20:37, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Derek- A good idea. I know very little about D.D. Buick, could you do an article or a quick stub? user: stude62 user talk:stude62 22:46, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Well that makes two of us, stude, but I will do what I can to put something together in honour of a fellow Arbroathian even if it will be a bit stubby. -- Derek Ross | Talk 00:44, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

How's it pronounced " BUICK" ?

I'm inclined to agree the engine design is more important to the industry, but without the $$ from the enamel process, the Buick car company wouldn't have been formed, which was, I think, the point. Trekphiler 02:14, 25 November 2005 (UTC) -

I disagree with the addition of "luxury" by 68.72.20.71. I'm a Buick fan, but realistically Cadillac is GM's luxury marque and Buick has never been more than a "near luxury" line (to use the phrase that seems to be current nowadays). Some Buicks have even been rather plain! I'll probably revert this unless a good counterargument appears. RivGuySC 03:23, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I thought so too.Gzuckier 16:32, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

- I amplified the last edit on the logo design somewhat. It is not always depicted in color, either in advertising or on the cars, although it may be. RivGuySC 19:24, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

- Can somebody identify who conceived the Ventiports? I've heard the name, but don't recall it. Also, I question the definition of "nailhead" as referring to the valvecovers; I always understood it referred to the vertical valvestems in the block. Can someone confirm? Also, it seems to me the article needs some work on the history of the company and its impact on the industry, not least a mention of the Buick/Olds aluminum 215 V8, used until recently by BLMC, and the Buick musclecars. Trekphiler 02:14, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

- Is it possible to extend the "model year" sidebar backward to include all past models? And can someone include information on how body styles were shared across GM? (For instance, the '50 Olds 88 matched the Chevy, more or less.) Trekphiler 04:07, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Rewrite
Should this article be considered for a rewrite? Having reread it for the first time in years, it seems to have become worse rather than better. It isn't the facts, its the writing style that is stilted and awkward. Sjkoblentz (talk) 19:43, 29 March 2015 (UTC)

Explaination of Edit
I edited the Buick in China section where it mentioned the GL8 because it said the GL8 was a modified version of the Terraza, while it is actually based on the last generation of GM minivans. Since Buick didn't have a version of that van, I used the Montana because Pontiac is the closest related to Buick corporately of Pontiac, Chevrolet, and Oldsmobile (who had a version of the van) and because the GL8 page says it is related to the Montana. Bok269 19:55, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

220.136.51.183 (talk) 15:34, 10 October 2010 (UTC)== Buick in China ==

I recall reading somewhere that GM was only allowed into China if they branded all their cars Buicks. Any truth to that? FunkyChicken! 23:17, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

I read something similar too. Apparently Buick was well-known in Asia before WWII, and the Chinese remembered it favorably. But I can't cite a reference--sorry. And I think GM is marketing other nameplates there now. RivGuySC 05:14, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, you can only sell products in China as long as the products are MADE in China. They won't import. That's why there are Buick plants over there.

The founding father of modern China, Republic of China (ROC, but now in Taiwan), Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the Premier of the first Premier of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Zhou Enlai’s official cars were Buick. In China, there are locally made Buick, as well as import, a Cadillac and most of the Chevrolet.

The modern day Buick all have the two character lines on the side of the vehicle called the “Double Sweep Spear”, a term invented by James Shyr, the then Director of Design at the GM’s China design studio, also know as "PATAC". It first appears on the Buick Riviera concept car (2007 Shanghai Auto Show), the break-through design of the modern day Buick from James Shyr’s GM China design studio, as well as the second generation Buick Lacrosse, also a collaborated design by the same studio. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.136.51.183 (talk) 14:46, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

Errata
Obbop says, it would be groovy if someone in the know could add information about the Grand National. It was an awesomely fast/quick car during a period when the typical American car was choking on smog equipment and struggling to get out of its own way.

Anuddah' thing, can anybody confirm sumpthin' I read many moons ago? Sumpthin' about Chevrolet considered by GM to be their entry-level line with Oldsmobile being a step up then Buick then Cadillac. That was a general guideline with a few obvious exceptions. I believe that in the 1970s that GMC started getting away from that "ladder of models" that generally correlated with socio-economic demographics. Or sumpthin' like that. Obbop told yah' this. 209.50.1.74 23:37, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

List of Updates
12.7.06 - Streamlined the rather cluttered and disorganized collection of External Links. Divided into two section (Official and Enthusiast) and related model-specific links to their respective pages. Flybrian 02:32, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

12.25.07 - Edited the opening passage to replace "Israel" with "Middle East." I know for a fact that Buicks are sold in the GCC countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE etc.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.111.136.42 (talk) 20:41, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

Speculation & Buick's future.
I removed some speculation on Buick's future that was based solely on lineup changes. The Rainier (2004) and Terraza (2005) and even Rendezvous (2002) were recent additions to the buick lineup, it's hardly fair to use that as a sign that the brand is on its way out. As time went on, these became overlapping models, and were replaced by a single model, the Enclave. The Lacrosse replaced BOTH the Regal and Century, another pair of overlapping models, and similarly, the Lucerne replaced both the Lesabre and Park Avenue. 1999 was the last model year for the Riviera, so claiming 'since 2000' is somewhat questionable. However, there isn't much of a market for large coupes anyways (production of the Monte Carlo and Grand Prix coupe has also ended) so again, it's hardly fair to use that to claim the brands future is questionable.

Now, if an actual source, maybe some quotes from upper gm management, was used regarding the brands future, that would make more sense than pure speculation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scottr76 (talk • contribs) 23:20, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

China market size?
The section on China first says: “Buick has stated that it expects China to become its second largest market.″ Then it says: “Making up nearly 35% of those sales, China is Buick's largest market.” So which is it? 128.223.6.140 (talk) 18:12, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

"Buick Pickup" I don't think so.
That so-called "Buick Pickup" is actually a 1951 or 1952 Ford F-Series. Perhaps somebody swapped a Buick engine in the thing, but that's no Buick. DanTD (talk) 12:13, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Oldest Brand
How is this the oldest brand? Cadillac was founded in 1902. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.144.32.165 (talk) 02:17, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Not oldest company, oldest marque. The first car called a Buick was a 1899 hand-made car made by Buick employee Walter Marr and sold to him by David Buick.DigbyDalton (talk) 04:17, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Great now please may we have a citation to support that. At least somewhere within the article. Eddaido (talk) 04:21, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I'll get you one prontoDigbyDalton (talk) 04:26, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Didn't have to, it's already there under the heading Early Years.-DigbyDalton (talk) 04:29, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

 * If you refer to the first paragraph under Early Years there is no citation. That is what we must have just as with your production OHV motor and referring to a table by "carnet" including T-head engines is a bit rough. Eddaido (talk) 04:38, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Who is stopping you?DigbyDalton (talk) 16:06, 2 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry DigbyD but I don't follow what you are trying to say. Please try me in different words. It is startling how little there is in the way of citations on this article. Wouldn't you agree? Eddaido (talk) 19:31, 2 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't understand what you mean by that. Citations added. DigbyDalton (talk) 22:41, 3 February 2018 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by "Who is stopping you?" a few lines up above? Eddaido (talk) 22:43, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

Man, I feel like a Buick
"Durant was a natural". Two problems. It's a bit POV, & it's far from clear "natural what?" I'm thinking "salesman" or "promoter", which fits with what I've read of him, but... TREKphiler  hit me ♠  03:38, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

A couple of corrections?
In the opening paragraph you identify Oldsmobile as an entry level luxury car. This is the first time that I have heard Olds described that way. It has usually been regarded as a mid-priced car.

When you mention some of the oldest marquees in automobiles you left out Ford. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.237.190.201 (talk) 22:09, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

"Entry-level luxury brand"
Can someone explain what "entry-level luxury" means? It's jargon I don't understand. (I'm a native English speaker.) To me, "entry-level" suggests inexpensive and basic, whereas "luxury" suggests expensive and with frills. I don't see how you can have both together. There's not too much point explaining it here: the article itself should make it clear, e.g. with links. 86.0.200.220 (talk) 01:57, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

List of Buick models or at leas link to such an article?
I can't find a list of Buick models or even a link to an article along the lines of "Buick car models". Shouldn't there perhaps be one in this article? Or is there one, but I simply missed it? - Tournesol (talk) 11:02, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

History
No history between 1939 (end of "Early years" section) and 1984 (start of "Recent years" section)? So weird. - 79.30.244.5 (talk) 14:37, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

ventiports
My father says back in the day people said "three-hole Buick" or " four-hole Buick" in casual conversation, as in "Joe in Accounting just got a new car: a four-hole Buick." 71.235.192.172 (talk) 12:41, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

The 1987 Buick Grand National GNX had 4 ventiports. Not sure if Buick was responsible for this or McLaren. It should be noted either way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.241.111.230 (talk) 04:07, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

Picture thumbnails
They looked far better inline, within the article text, than in some big ugly gray box. Please undo the change. Atarivideomusic (talk) 07:52, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Tailfins
Suggest a shot be found of the outrageous, chrome-laden '58 Buick tail "fins" (more like tailfats) be found to illustrate the excessive glitz of the era. Sca (talk) 14:03, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Buick radiator mascot, 1930s
This image of a statuette of Mercury welded to a Buick radiator cap is misleading. It suggests this statuette related specially to Buick. I don't think so and I plan to remove it from the article. Does anyone mind? Eddaido (talk) 11:21, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

Buick also has the distinction of being the first production automobile maker in the world to equip its cars with overhead valve engines, which it did starting in 1904.
This is a major claim but in the article it is not supported by any citation (that I can find). Can anyone provide support for the claim? Eddaido (talk) 04:18, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

This page needs to be split into sub articles
I'd been working on adding some more detail to the decade by decade history of Buick because the sections were very short, but almost 120 years is a lot to cover and the article would become ridiculously too huge that way. Perhaps it would make sense to create a separate series of articles on Buick history so they'd be more manageable. This could probably also apply to the pages for other automotive makes.

Maybe something like History of Buick 1903-20, 1921-30, 1931-59, 1960-75, 1975-99, 2000 to present would work rather than trying to shoehorn everything into one article. 70.44.223.30 (talk) 07:50, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

1960 aluminum V8
WHY IS THERE NO MENTION OF THE ALUMINUM V8 of 1960? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.123.20.28 (talk) 01:45, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

The history and much more is very inaccurate. Read the book titled Billy Durant, creator of General Motors by Lawrence Agustin. That is just history but so much after that is incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.21.155.167 (talk) 14:44, 3 November 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:37, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
 * BuickBengal.jpg

Too many photos
Hi Eothan, is there something special about the 1929 coupe? We are (less often now) told Wikipedia is Not a gallery. There are too many photos on here already but maybe those ones illustrate points made in the text? I don't know. Does this addition of yours relate somehow? You do know that there are many photos of 1929 Buicks here? Thanks, Eddaido (talk) 02:24, 4 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi Eddaido - I agree there are probably too many cars in the gallery and if it has been arranged chronologically to provide illustrations of new models as they were manufactured maybe its just built up over time and needs to be managed on a list/new page. I was initially thinking it would work best in the section on early history as I noticed there were a lot of recent photographs of renovated cars but not a lot from the time under discussion and this was a good profile clear picture from the period being discussed.Eothan (talk) 05:47, 4 April 2021 (UTC)

Auto-Vim?
What does "Auto-Vim" mean? George Rodney Maruri Game (talk) 02:58, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buick


text:
J. Morrison Harris

James Morrison Harris (November 20, 1817 – July 16, 1898) was a Representative from the third district of Maryland.

Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Harris was educated at private institutions in the city. He then entered Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania in 1833 where he studied law. Harris was admitted to the bar in 1843 and commenced practice in Baltimore.

Harris was elected as a candidate of the American Party to the Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, and Thirty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1861). He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1860 and resumed the practice of law. Harris also engaged in educational and religious work as well.

A trustee of Lafayette College from 1865 to 1872, he died in Baltimore in 1898 and is interred at the Westminster Presbyterian Burying Ground in Baltimore.

title: J. Morrison Harris


text:
Robert Jacobsen

Robert Julius Tommy Jacobsen (4 June 1912 – 26 January 1993) was a Danish sculptor and painter. The Danish Robert Award is named in his honor.

Biography
In this period he created massive granite and sandstone structures which he called "Mythical Creatures" (Danish: Fabeldyr ). In the late 1940s, he creates a group of sculptures which he called "Dolls" (Danish: Dukkerne).

He traveled to France with his colleague Richard Mortensen and lived there from 1947–69. During his time in France he began creating sculptures in cast iron. In France he received the nickname "Gros Robert" (Danish:Store Robert).

Awards
Jacobsen was awarded the Thorvaldsen Medal in 1967. He was made an honorary member of the Association of Craftsmen in Copenhagen in 1973. In 1974 he was awarded the Prince Eugen Medal by the King of Sweden. He became a Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1983.

The Robert Awards (Danish: Robert Prisen) have been awarded annually since 1984 by the Danish Film Academy. The awards are named after Robert Jacobsen who was the statuette's designer.

Since 1993, the Robert Jacobsen Prize of the Würth Foundation has been awarded to contemporary visual artists to commemorate the artist. The prize is endowed with EUR 50,000.

title: Robert Jacobsen


text:
Talk:Head shaving

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2018 and 4 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dalis116.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:10, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Section on Hygiene/Medical Purposes
The article does not explore the practical purposes of head shaving when done for medical purposes, and - aside from passing mention in the "Prison and punishment" section - does not (yet) adequately inform about head shaving as a common method of hygiene (in certain cultures and time periods) to deter lice and fleas.

 * https://worldhistory.us/ancient-history/ancient-egypt/ancient-egypt-beauty-makeup-and-hygiene.php
 * https://icyviolets.com/bathing-history/
 * https://factsandhistory.com/what-was-hygiene-like-in-colonial-america/ "As lice was common, shaving one's head also helped prevent bugs from infesting hair."
 * https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWlice.htm (10) Harriet Hyman Alonso, Robert E. Sherwood The Playwright in Peace and War (2007): "Robert Sherwood's main trench annoyance was lice, another constant among soldiers. Filthy, wet clothing welcomed these pests, where they lodged in seams and caused constant itching. Many men also had head lice, which drove them to shave their heads" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.32.111.69 (talk) 03:23, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

Headblade Commercial?
"One company, Headblade, makes a special type of razor that is specifically designed for shaving of the head (this company also manufactures accessories to assist in properly maintaining the look, including special shaving cream and two types of moisturizers, one of which is designed to give the shaved head a distinctly shiny or 'glossy' appearance)."

Why don't we just go all the way, tell users how much, and work out an affiliate program with them for referrals from this article? Come on. WCityMike 21:52, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it was pretty silly. I've made it less annoying now. --Joy [shallot]   01:01, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that the fact that they do make a razor specifically designed for head shaving is worth some mention, as long as the mention doesn't go overboard.
 * JesseG 05:05, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've removed the picture. While I think it might be okay to mention a commercial product (although I'm not sure that it is), I think that it is getting close to advertising to include an image of that product without including a more general picture associated with head shaving. -- Grummbles 12:58, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Nicks and Cuts
As someone who has reguarly shaved his head (since 2002), I've got the shaving part pretty well down now. But even after all this time I still nick myself from time to time, even though I'm being as careful as I can. All it takes is for the razor to slip even slightly. I found a lot of times that nicks and cuts occur right after I've replaced the blade - it has to be broken in a bit. JesseG 05:05, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Neutrality
This page contained generalisations and is written from a western (North American) perspective which is likely not to be the case in other parts of the world (particulrly in terms of popularity etc). It should not be assumed to be true everywhere. The article does not describe the popularity (or social conotations and stigmas) of the cut in non-western countries. It does not discuss ceremonial head shaving such as that associated with Buddhist monks, or Masai adolescents, or Haj pilgrims. The section relating to teachers and classmates (imo) is very culturally subjective. In some countries/cultures head shaving is frowned upon and this would not happen (presumably in Germany where head shaving is associated with nazi skinheads). -- Grummbles 12:54, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

I completely agree, and if I was more of an expert on the subject, I would happily write about it (I wish I was). But on another note about this, I find this to be an extraordinarily ridiculous, even demeaning, statement: "Often, females are afraid to shave their heads, but society is welcoming these newly shorn women into every aspect of society." For one thing, the word often should be removed for sure, as it unnecessarily generalises. Are there any statistics or sources to back this statement up? While I do not have an exact source to cite at the moment, I know for a fact that there are many men who are also afraid to shave their heads. Why is this not mentioned in the same statement? Based on the fact that the statement is overly patronizing and pure speculation, and is also not necessary to the flow of the article, I am going to go ahead and remove it. --Iya

 * Just to add my experience of what seems to be the German viewpoint:
 * In Germany, men who shave their heads used to be easily mistaken for right-wing extremists (although this may vary with the general looks, wear, etc), but this seems to have faded a bit in the past years, especially with tv celebrities and movie actors promoting it as trendy every now and then (it's still not considered the norm, but usually not particularily frowned upon). For women, it's a bit worse as they may easily be stereotyped as misandrist feminist lesbians or simply "freakish" (although this severely varies accross subcultures -- it's a non-issue among goths, for example). I guess non-geriatric baldness is generally somehow associated with masculinity, which would explain the different "norms" for men and women. I, for one, think that a shaved head can be sexy -- no matter the gender or sex.
 * Sidenote about the neo-nazi thing: "Skinhead" is used almost interchangably with "neo-nazi" by most Germans, courtesy of our mainstream news services which keep on propagating the idea that all skins are nazis and all nazis shave their heads. Obviously, this is a bit different among left-wingers (not SPD-left, real left). — Ashmodai (talk · contribs) 23:02, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Religious reasons?
Just wondering whether somebody could add some info on the religious reasons for head shaving? That was why I looked up the article - but there's nothing to be found here and I have no idea myself. All I know is that it is practised in some Asian religious communities and was (I think) required of ancient Egyptian priests. Thanks to anyone who can help.--62.158.106.124 19:50, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Ya, I'm afraid I know little on it. But, I think monks used to shave their heads as a submission to God. And I think most Egyptians shaved their heads because of the sand and heat. 171.66.155.224 20:58, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Second person
Please avoid using the second person (you, your) in an encyclopedia article. Can someone fix it? It's under the headline that says "Practice". I don't know how to reword it myself. Perhaps the paragraph in question should be removed altogether. —  Ed Gl  23:43, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Lesbians?
Is it relevant to add something about buch lesbians who have shaved heads?

 * No, it isn't. And it's spelled B-U-T-C-H. Gotham23 15:18, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

WWII reference
Who were these women who got their heads shaved after world war two, and why?

 * French women who had had relationships with occupying German soldiers. --84.152.225.215 23:48, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Phrase "shaved to the bone"
This article mentions an archaic phrase "en hro" meaning shaved to the bone. Is this a real phrase and if so what "archaic" tongue is it written in? Thank you!

Izkatel (talk) 03:53, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

The context suggests Greek.

Blue Man Group
It says on the article on Blue Man Group that they wear latex bald caps. That is why I am removing them from the article —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alien joe (talk • contribs) 15:44, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Cancer Supporters
Is "Cancer supporters" really the correct terminology to use? The people mentioned, that shave their heads to raise money for cancer patients, do not "support" cancer, they oppose it strongly. I know.Rather then supporting cancer they support cancer patients,a major difference.Immunize (talk) 16:32, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Actors section
I see no encyclopaedic value in the "Actors who have shaved their heads for roles" section. If there are no objections, I shall remove it. Puchiko (Talk-email) 20:25, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Maybe a "famous" section, with the names of permanently head shaved persons would be more relevant and informing. One to start with: Pim Fortuyn.--VKing (talk) 22:33, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Another one: Andre Agassi.--VKing (talk) 18:17, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with Puchiko. Bold removal called for.  Kenilworth Terrace (talk) 20:50, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

Famous?
I remember Sinead O'Connor getting interviews and press because she 'dared' to shave her head. Just like Britney. Who was the first famous person to do this for a publicity stunt? It seems to re-occur every so often. ~ender 2009-08-10 17:51:PM MST —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.167.219.101 (talk)

Sinead O'Connor
Why Sinead O'Connor keeps shaving her head is common? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.100.126.226 (talk) 07:42, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

I have no idea why this article has three fucking pictures of women with shaved heads when it's extremely uncommon for a woman to shave her head. Why would someone use wikipedia when it misrepresents reality? There are 100,0000 men with shaved heads for each woman, yet this ridiculous article represents that it's 50/50.

Editing the Religious Section of Head Shaving
This article could use some additional information under the religious section of the Head Shaving page. I will reference the source "'Grace is Deceitful and Beauty if Vain': How Hassidic Women Cope with the Requirement of Shaving One's Head and Wearing a Black Kerchief" by sociologist Dr. Sima Zalcberg of Ben-Gurion University. I plan on adding information about the Hassidic sect Toldot Aharon, one of the only Hassidic groups that continues the custom of head shaving for women. I will also add information about the significance behind head shaving in this Hassidic group and how it relates to modesty ideals. If anyone wants to comment on these changes, please let me know on this Talk Page or my Talk Page. Dalis116 (talk) 19:49, 14 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Looks promising. But, seeing as there are only 1-2 sentences on each religion in this section, writing such a long blurb about one Hassidic group will be disproportional. Can you add 1-2 sentences about these Hassidic women in this article, and add several more to the Wiki article Toldos Aharon, which surprisingly has nothing about shaving.Chapmansh (talk) 20:35, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

Spotty coverage
No pun intended. Apart from a lack of references to cultures other than Western, already noted, there seemed to me several lacunae.

Military: I know that in the eras when armour was worn, from Caesar to Henry V (at least), very short hair was the norm, for practical reasons. Surely some soldiers shaved completely?

Wigs & pests: There is mention of shaving as a measure against head lice etc. but no real discussion of its commonplace use in 16th-18th century Europe. Elizabeth I shaved her head & wore wigs I believe; in the 17th-18th century it was de rigueur for men in society.

Tonsure: (As practised by many orders of Christian religious)  Although a tonsure is generally partial, it definitely involves shaving the head. S/b covered here or at least mentioned & xreferenced.

In modern culture: i.e. 21st century. I came to this article wondering why so.many of my contemporaries are shaving their heads. Not at all a low mantenance option as far as I can tell. I was not enlightened.

Please, some culture historian, enlighten us! --D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 09:39, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

File:David Perron.png
This picture has been on article since 2020, please gain consensus for its removal here. I for one do not agree with its removal. Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 22:21, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
 * This edit, over a month old had this photo. Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 22:23, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
 * It was removed eighteen days ago with this edit https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_shaving&type=revision&diff=1082043200&oldid=1080219148. It looked to me as if your restoration was a new addition, when it turns out you were restoring a pic deleted eighteen days ago... if you would have said so in your edit summary, that would have saved me from some confusion.  So the pic is consensus, however, it being in the lead the way it was, and gigantically sized, needed to be changed, and where you put the pic with your last edit is fine by me. Le Marteau (talk) 23:23, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Head shaving


text:
McCall's

McCall's was a monthly American women's magazine, published by the McCall Corporation, that enjoyed great popularity through much of the 20th century, peaking at a readership of 8.4 million in the early 1960s. The publication was established as a small-format magazine called The Queen in 1873. In 1897 it was renamed McCall's Magazine—The Queen of Fashion (later shortened to McCall's) and subsequently grew in size to become a large-format glossy. It was one of the "Seven Sisters" group of women's service magazines.

McCall's published fiction by such well-known authors as Alice Adams, Lester Atwell, Ray Bradbury, Gelett Burgess, Willa Cather, Jack Finney, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Barbara Garson, John Steinbeck, Tim O'Brien, Tony J. Caridi, Anne Tyler and Kurt Vonnegut.

Features
From June 1949 until her death in November 1962, Eleanor Roosevelt wrote a McCall's column, "If You Ask Me". The former First Lady gave brief answers to questions sent into the magazine.

Starting in May 1951, and lasting until at least 1995, Betsy McCall paper dolls were printed in most issues. Children could cut out the printed dolls and clothing, or for a small fee (10¢ in 1957, 25¢ in 1967) paper dolls printed on cardboard could be ordered. Betsy McCall became so popular that various sized vinyl dolls were produced by Ideal and American Character Dolls.

Another popular feature which ran for many years was the cartoon panel It's All in the Family by Stan and Jan Berenstain.

A pair of pioneering female illustrators, Jessie Willcox Smith and Neysa McMein, drew dozens of McCall's cover portraits.

Film critic Pauline Kael worked at McCall's from 1965 to 1966, and was reportedly fired after writing a highly unfavorable review of The Sound of Music.

Sewing patterns and The Queen of Fashion
In 1870, Scottish immigrant James McCall began designing and printing his own line of sewing patterns. As a means of advertising his patterns, McCall founded a four-page fashion journal entitled The Queen: Illustrating McCall's Bazaar Glove-Fitting Patterns.

When McCall died in 1884, his widow became president of McCall Company, and hired Mrs. George Bladsworth as magazine editor. Mrs. Bladsworth held the position until 1891. Though still mainly a vehicle to sell McCall's sewing patterns, The Queen began to publish homemaking and handiwork information, and by 1890 had expanded to 12 pages.

In 1891, the magazine's name became The Queen of Fashion, and the cost for a year's subscription was 30 cents. In 1893, James Henry Ottley took over the McCall Company. He increased the subscription price to 50 cents a year, increased the number of pages to between 16 and 30 per issue, and began to publish articles on children's issues, health, beauty, and foreign travel. In order to reflect the magazine's expanded range of topics, the name was changed to McCall's Magazine—The Queen of Fashion in 1897. In time, the name would be shortened to McCall's.

Despite the name changes, for many years information on McCall's patterns filled an average of 20 percent of the magazine's pages.

McCall's Magazine
In 1913, the magazine was purchased by the banking firm of White Weld & Co., which organized the McCall Corporation under the direction of president Edward Alfred Simmons. In 1917, the price was raised to 10 cents per issue. In 1922, Harry Payne Burton became editor, and for the first time such well-known fiction writers as Kathleen Norris, Harold Bell Wright, Zane Grey and Booth Tarkington had stories published in McCall's.

In 1928, the 23-year-old associate editor, Otis Wiese, was promoted to editor. He believed "women were ready for more significant fiction than Gene Stratton-Porter" and suggested that McCall's sell Burton's acquisitions of popular fiction to Ladies Home Journal and Woman's Home Companion. Such radical ideas caused Wiese to be fired at least six times within his first year as editor, but he was always rehired because, as he put it, "there was no one else around the place with ideas."

In 1932, Wiese changed the format to what he called Three Magazines in One. Three sections—News and Fiction, Homemaking, Style and Beauty—had their own cover, and each contained ads tailored to its contents. A survey was conducted that showed fiction was a major attraction for female magazine readers, and in 1937 McCall's became the first women's magazine to print a complete novel in one issue.

Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941, and Otis Wiese immediately revamped the February 1942 issue then in preparation. A frilly valentine cover was replaced with a woman wearing an "I've Enlisted" consumer pledge button. Readers were asked to sign a pledge that stated "As a consumer, in the total defense of democracy, I will do my part to make my country ready, efficient and strong. I will buy carefully. I will take good care of the things I have. I will waste nothing." Within three weeks, 150,000 readers signed the pledge and sent in a coupon printed in the magazine. During World War II, all women's magazines took on a patriotic slant, but McCall's received much positive press coverage for being the first magazine to do so. McCall's began a "Washington Newsletter" section, which provided information on rationing and conservation.

During the post-war era, fiction was no longer such an important draw for readers; they wanted more articles and picture spreads. To provide lively nonfiction Wiese hired two former Look magazine editors. Daniel Danforth Mich became editorial director, and Henry Ehrlich was named managing editor.

McCall's Three Magazines in One format was discontinued in 1950. In 1954 Wiese began to reformat McCall's with a "Togetherness" slogan; it was announced that the magazine would no longer be just for women, but aimed at the entire family. During this time period paid circulation was 4.5 million per issue.

In 1953, financier Norton Simon began purchasing shares of McCall Corporation, and in 1956, Simon's group of investors was in control of the corporation.

In 1958, Simon named Arthur B. Langlie as president of the company. Otis Wiese, who had been vice president, as well as editor and publisher of McCall's, had expected to be named president. When Langlie was named to the position, Wiese and a number of staffers resigned in protest. A Business Week article stated "The house of togetherness had come apart at the seams." Simon replaced Wiese with Herbert Mayes, who had been editor of Good Housekeeping.

Mayes did away with the "Togetherness" slant, and came up with a new slogan, "First Magazine For Women." He introduced additional color pages, and used more fiction. In 1962 Mayes became president and CEO of McCall Corporation.

From 1962 to 1965, John Mack Carter was editor of McCall's. Under his leadership, circulation rose to 8.4 million, making it the third most popular magazine in the United States after Reader's Digest and TV Guide. In 1965, Carter left to become editor of Ladies' Home Journal. A rapid succession of editors followed Carter, including Robert Stein and James Fixx.

In 1969, Life magazine columnist Shana Alexander was named editor. Alexander had no editing experience, and at the time of her appointment stated "I have to educate myself about women's magazines, but I think I know something about women." Alexander left in 1971.

Robert Stein was editor from 1972 to 1986. During Stein's tenure, McCalls gained the slogan / subtitle "The Magazine for Suburban Women." After Stein left, the quick turnover of editors returned.

Change in ownership
Ownership of McCall's began to change nearly as fast as editors came and went. Norton Simon sold McCall's to the Pritzker family in 1973. Norton Simon kept the McCall pattern business, which continues under different ownership. In 1986, McCall's Publishing Company was bought by Time Inc. and Lang Communications. In 1989, McCall's was sold to The New York Times Company, and in 1994, German-based Gruner + Jahr announced plans to purchase their magazine business. Gruner + Jahr rebranded the magazine as Rosie before selling it to Meredith Corporation in 2003. Throughout these transitions, the McCall pattern business remained separate and continued under different ownership.

Renaming to Rosie and cancellation
In 2000, entertainer Rosie O'Donnell became editorial director of McCall's. In 2001 McCall's was renamed Rosie. O'Donnell stated, "I wanted a magazine that celebrates real women, that understands that they care about more than waistlines or the latest makeup styles or fashions, that they want to be relevant and help each other and care about the world."

Rosie ceased publication at the end of 2002. O'Donnell said in a statement, "I decided I could not participate in a magazine that bears my name when I could not be assured it would reflect my vision, values and editorial direction." After publication of the long-running magazine ended, a highly publicized legal battle between O'Donnell and the publisher, Gruner + Jahr, began in 2003. Ultimately, the judge ruled against both sides and dismissed the case. Gruner + Jahr exited the U.S. magazine business in 2005, selling its women's magazine portfolio to the Meredith Corporation and its business magazine portfolio to Mansueto Ventures.

Golden Mike Awards
From 1951 to 1967, McCall's, in partnership with American Women in Radio and Television (AWRT), presented the Golden Mike Award for Women in Radio and Television, making it the first "magazine with a national circulation which has ever paid tribute to the public service record of any group in radio and television," with the Golden Mikes being "the only awards given exclusively to women Broadcasters and Executives for public service accomplishments in the communications field." Award criteria were based "exclusively on civic engagement, community service, charity, health and safety.... Judges were commissioners of education, presidents of women's clubs, and senators." The 1964 awards ceremony was held in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Notable Golden Mike Award-winners included:
 * 1951 Helen Reichert for FYI: The Helen Faith Keane Show
 * 1953 Agnes Moorehead, for her one-woman show Sorry, Wrong Number and its several subsequent re-recordings for Suspense
 * 1954 Judith C. Waller for Ding Dong School
 * 1956 Pauline Frederick
 * 1957:
 * Helen Duhamel of KOTA-TV
 * Alma Vessells John — the first Black woman to receive the award
 * 1959 Marge Miner of KQTV for her series of programs on cerebral palsy
 * 1960:
 * Lillian Brown
 * Pauline Frederick — 2× winner
 * 1964:
 * Lucy Jarvis of the NBC network
 * Ruth Lyons
 * Marlene Sanders of WNEW-TV
 * 1965:
 * Genie Chance for her coverage of the 9.2-magnitude 1964 Alaska earthquake
 * Betty Lou Varnum for her series Status 6, which focused on the struggles of the handicapped in Iowa
 * 1967 Lucy Jarvis of the NBC network — 2× winner

title: McCall's


text:
Talk:Central Africa

Error: Rwanda classification
I think that there is an error into including Rwanda here, at least using the first reference provided: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49 I believe it should be explicit that Rwanda is sometimes in and sometimes out, and seems mostly out in international classifications (UN, African Union). See e.g. the French wikipedia page. I think the case is similar for Burundi. Sorry I don't have enough time to fully edit the page myself. 213.245.184.163 (talk) 10:04, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Central Africa


text:
Duchy of Reggio

The Duchy of Reggio was one of the states that belonged to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, ruled by the House of Este, in the north of Italy, in a territory now belonging to the Province of Reggio Emilia. The capital was Reggio.

The perimeter of the duchy was from the Apennines to the river Po. The ancient borders were with the County of Novellara and Bagnolo (ruled by a branch of the House of Gonzaga), and the County of Guastalla, the Principality of Correggio, the Duchy of Modena and Garfagnana, all ruled by the dukes of Este. Other neighbour states were those of Lucca, Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, and the Marquisate of Mantua.

title: Duchy of Reggio


text:
Talk:The Blank Slate

Why is the summary of the book only one sentence long, while the feminist critique gets a whole paragraph?

Good point I think. This article as it stands is but evidence that Pinker may be right when he claims the questions addressed in his book are rarely discussed openly, without feminist bias. (Unfortunately, I'm not in a position to add more details about his book but perhaps someone else can...) -Abaris

The book has problems, you can read the reviews on amazon.com and the Skeptic magazine's critique and then add to this article based on what you read there. What one editor has already removed that I wrote here is that people with free will can choose not to do the things the statistics for their group suggest they are likely to do. The feminist's critique is gone now -- I personally know intellectual women and left it alone after it was added as it was an inoffensive personal appraisal of the position stated in the book, and also to see how the article would grow without further input from me (I started this article not so long ago.) You might consider looking at the history of the article to see how it "evolved"...  However, I don't think wikipedia should link to blogs either, I didn't want to be the one to remove a dissenting opinion. I enjoyed reading the book, mind you. Jok2000 02:13, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * No! You can't put a summary of Amazon or Skeptic Magazine's user comments into an encyclopedia!  That's essentially hearsay.  The integrity of the word encyclopedia demands more than that.

 * Further, the book itself makes it very clear that statistical correlations describing social groups are rough predictions, and that there are many exceptions to any model that can be drawn based on the stats.

I removed the feminist criticism because unattributed opinion is even worse than opinion from an unworthy source. If the opinion of that one feminist weblogger is to be included in this article, the reader should be made aware where it comes from. If someone wants to reinsert the feminist criticism with proper attribution to the specific source, I have no objections. I personally feel the article is better without it for now, but I have no strong opinion on whether blog entries should be cited in Wikipedia and won't bother reverting over it. -- Schaefer 02:23, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Confused by the word "conservative"
I'm confused by the word "conservative" in this sentence:

Reviews of the book have been mixed. Steven Johnson praised the book in a review in The Nation, arguing that Pinker's Darwinian theory of the mind is not intrinsically conservative.

Does this mean "not intrinsically politically conservative"? Considering the quote is from The Nation, I think this must be so. But The Blank Slate is not really a political theory at all. Of all the possible reviews one could cite, it seems to me strange to site a politically-based review. If one is going to have several sections of the article, one entitled "Political Consequences" or something, it would make sense. But in a stub like this it seems like one should provide a review based upon the scientific basis of Pinker's argument.

In response to Jok2000's comment: "What one editor has already removed that I wrote here is that people with free will can choose not to do the things the statistics for their group suggest they are likely to do" - I can see why it was removed. "People with free will" is a loaded term. And as for that people can behave different from the "statistics for their group", I'm not too sure what that means either. What is "my group" or anyone's group? Assuming a group is defined and agreed upon (sex is a pretty clear grouping), the comment doesn't reveal anything. Statistics, by definition, are summary numbers that are not meant to stand in for individual values in a distribution. And if this was a criticism of Pinker, Pinker acknowledges this clearly in the book.

SJS1971 23:45, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The book is politically conservative, at least in some ways. It's ostensibly scientific (only), but makes assertions about human nature and behavior that lend much weight to conservative political theory and policy.  It's impossible to divorce the content of the book from at least some of its political implications.  For example:  if decision-making in humans is a computational process of evaluating data, assessing what society will think and other consequences, then taking action, swift and sure punishment for wrong-doing is a necessary tool of society's to influence peoples' decisions.  There are many claims that pull leftward instead of right, but much of the book is filled with descriptions of the human mind interacting with society, and with policy implications.

Book reviews
The book reviews used in writing the "Reception" section with a few exceptions are taken from the selection of quotes on Stephen Pinker's web page. That is inappropriate. Many reviews of this book have appeared in the academic literature; there are also reviews by academics in the popular press. Here is a preliminary partial list of book reviews that I found, which indicates a mixed reception, from positive to scathing.

 * Schlinger (Behavior and Social Issues)
 * Ludvig (Behavior)
 * Schlinger (Skeptic)
 * Richards (NYT)
 * John Dupré (American Scientist)
 * Hocutt (Consciousness and Emotion)
 * Stenmark (Zygon)
 * Fernyhough (Scotsman on Sunday)
 * Weidman (Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences)
 * Rauschecker (Nature Medicine)
 * Pikotti (Metapsychology)

Mathsci (talk) 04:28, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for those, although I don't see two out of six as being "many" or "with few exceptions". More baffled by your templating that the quotes were "previously collated by an advocacy or lobbying group" - any evidence for that?  A.B.C.Hawkes (talk) 06:40, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree. Also added some critical views. A very large number of views could be added from both sides regarding a notable book but a sampling is enough.Miradre (talk) 12:45, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Miradre copy-pasted more than two quotes form Pinker's page bt, where she could locate the original review, she substituted that. The advocacy or lobbying group refers to the web page of Stephen Pinker containing a list of accolades from which Miradre has copy-pasted the comments. Pinker's page was written to advertise and sell the book, with selective quotes. When a book review is five or more pages in length, it is inappropriate to summarise it be pickng out one sentence. Miradre's copy-pasted material did precisely that. Sourcing "reception" to a web page of Pinker was unhelpful and silly. Mathsci (talk) 05:13, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Miradre's attempts to summarise long review articles has been hopelessly inadequate as was the categorisation of critics. Mathsci (talk) 05:23, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I understand the reasoning but doubt that it makes sense to call Pinker's personal web page "an advocacy or lobbying group". By the way, probably best to comment on content, not on the contributor here.  A.B.C.Hawkes (talk) 06:23, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The page is advocacy for the book (it's like the back cover of the Penguin book, which is for publicity purposes). This is a minor problem with the "cherry picking" template. The cherry picking is the main problem. It is Miradre's edits that are hopelessly inadequate, in case there was any doubt. How can long review be summarised in one sentence or one cherry picked quote? Mathsci (talk) 07:28, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Comment I accessed the review by Hocutt which can be found here. I was unaware of this beforehand, but that review and Pinker's book discuss at some length the controversy over race and intelligence and sociobiology, in particular mentioning Arthur Jensen, Richard Herrnstein, Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould. This material is far too close to the three month topic ban imposed under WP:ARBR&I on Miradre, who should not be either writing about the reception of this book or using the book elsewhere to write wikipedia articles. Miradre was warned specifically by arbitrators to steer well clear of the subject. Editing an article about a book which discusses the topic at length, in particular editing a section on reception, which would normally discuss that coverage in reviews, is a clear violation of the topic ban. Miradre has access to the book: most recently she has used material from the book to add a long paragraph to the article War. None of this is good. Mathsci (talk) 07:28, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * That is incorrect. The book certainly does not discuss "at length" that debate except some brief mentions as examples of controversies. Neither have I any edits taken up the topic. It is like arguing that I could not cite an encyclopedia in, say, an architecture article because the encyclopedia may somewhere else have an article on race.Miradre (talk) 07:58, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * No it's discussed on at least three pages (I have full access to the book at the moment). In the review by Hocutt there is some emphasis on this particular subject. Whether it's an example or not is irrelevant. This article is covered by the topic ban, because the book mentions that subject. If in doubt, now that you have been told, please stop editing this article or using the book for adding material to other articles. Your analogy is incorrect: it looks like evasive wikilawyering.  This is an article about the book, about its contents and about reviews of its contents. This book is evidently not comparable in any way to not an encyclopedia. Mathsci (talk) 08:07, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * That is incorrect, there is just some brief sentences and a paragraph where Pinker states that he thinks as a personal opinion that there are no genetic differences. Again, it is like arguing that I could not cite an encyclopedia in, say, an architecture article because the encyclopedia may somewhere else have an article on race.Miradre (talk) 08:15, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

There are five references to Jensen in the bibliography:

Lewontin, Kamin and Rose are discussed extensively. So is Gould. Writing about this book is clearly covered by your topic ban. Mathsci (talk) 08:39, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I can reproduce long passages of text about the topic if you like. Mathsci (talk) 08:40, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Jensen is mentioned very briefly only twice in connection with other controversies. His arguments is not described. The other authors you mention above are only mentioned briefly and usually in regards to other issues regarding evolutionary psychology (they have done research on a number of very different topics). Pinker dismisses, as his personal opinion, genetic differences in one paragraph. You will find much on the R and I in an encyclopedia or an introductory psychology textbook. I have not added any material regarding the issue to any Wikipedia article. It is like arguing that I could not cite an encyclopedia in, say, an architecture article because it may somewhere else have an article on race.Miradre (talk) 20:03, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Race is discussed in a significant portion of this book, in the precise context of race and intelligence and the history of the race and intelligence controversy. It was ill-advised to edit this article or to edit other articles to create links here, Mathsci (talk) 20:40, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

The theories have evolvability paradoxes.
Specific mechanisms theory predicts that at least three specific modules are necessary to get anything done at all: one for perceptual cognition, one for emotional motivation and one executive. None of them is of any use unless the other two are already there. This raises a severe evolvability paradox for psychological nativism/evolutionary psychology/computational theory of mind. There are also specific evolvability paradoxes, such as redundant phonemes (no reason why a vast range of innate phonetic potential should have evolved when far fewer phonemes are evidently enough for a complex language, as shown by Polynesian languages), the first moral evolvability paradox (that a single moral individual would not survive in a group where everyone else was amoral) and first individual evolvability paradoxes in regards to many sexual behaviors (especially species recognition and sexual characteristic recognition). Then there is evidence, especially from domestication research, that evolution can go very fast. This means that nativist theory predicts that different human groups should have evolved big racial differences in psychology by natural selection working on individual hereditary psychiatry. That prediction is falsified by studies showing that supposed racial differences disappear when social factors are taken into account. These evolvability paradoxes are described in greater detail on the pages "Brain" and "Self-organization" on Pure science Wiki, a wiki for the scientific method unaffected by academic pursuit of prestige. 79.138.146.232 (talk) 16:39, 8 January 2013 (UTC)Martin J Sallberg
 * First off "Specific mechanisms theory" may be wrong, second there is no proof "None of them is of any use" alone or partially evolved, all that you state is supposition and not "science". First you must apply citations to your claims. Open statements like "Then there is evidence, especially from domestication research, that evolution can go very fast." though likely true is not citing actually data and much of the soft sciences are polluted with ambiguous/ open statements, without any proof of directly linked data. Now I'm going to state my opinion, and make it clear it is opinion unlike so many others in the 'soft sciences': There is much evidence for both physiological and environmental causes for our behavior and that our psyches are likely the products of complex interaction of both that varies even on the individual level and it's not likely a complete universally applicable theory of the mind will every be developed. Are we born with animalistic impulses? Most likely. Should we also try to override our impulses when they get in the way of altruism and utilitarian good? Yes, sounds great to me... but that just my opinion, and my opinion is open to change pragmatically when evidence requires it. Avoid Dogma, and avoid advertising for websites on the talk page -BerserkerBen (talk)

 * So-called "Evolvability paradoxes", as found in arguments for "Intelligent Design", are ignorant dreck that has been oft refuted by actual evolution science. Notably, evolution is not efficient, but rather unintelligent, blind and opportunistic, reusing existing structures for different functions, so whether "far fewer phonemes are evidently enough for a complex language" is completely irrelevant to the evolution of "a vast range of innate phonetic potential". Human speech evolved through a series of individually accidental mutational modifications of primate anatomy, not through some top down design process. Language came after (though in part in feedback with) the ability to speak, so the latter could not have anticipated the minimal needs of the former. And the signaling needs of Polynesians, who live in an unusually undemanding environment, are not indicative of the needs of other environments, where mimicry, stealth, and other forms of deception may pay off. And it's always a huge mistake (which the ID folks so often engage in) to look only at the end products of evolution, ignoring all the messy scaffolding, now since long gone, that played a role in their construction. Thus, "None of them is of any use unless the other two are already there" is, like all claims of "irreducible complexity", complete hogwash. -- 184.189.216.159 (talk) 00:01, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

 * "on Pure science Wiki" -- what I found there is "I no longer believe in what I wrote on this wiki"; sounds like progress. -- 184.189.216.159 (talk) 00:08, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

Improving article quality
I've just revised the article quality to C-class per the WikiProject Psychology quality scale. Well done to everyone that's worked on this! To improve the article further, I suggest you start with WikiProject Books' preferred article structure. From reading the article, I think the current reception section already partially covers the suggested analysis section. The references on some of the reviews need to be improved to meet WP:RS - the main problem is that some cite the author's website (or similar), which doesn't meet the requirement for independent. Even though the website is referring to an independent review, we can't be certain that they haven't cut out important context, edited the statement, or even fabricated it, so it needs to directly reference the independent source. Ping me here or on my talk page if you have any questions, or you could ask for help on the WikiProject Books talk page or the WikiProject Psychology talk page(depending on whether your question relates to how to write about books or about how to write about psychology).--Xurizuri (talk) 23:54, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Blank Slate


text:
User:Menphrad

Personal data
de:Benutzer:Menphrad

title: User:Menphrad


text:
User talk:Outerwave

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Outerwave


text: Portal:United States/Selected picture

title: Portal:United States/Selected picture


text:
Delays

Delays are an English indie band formed in Southampton, which consisted of brothers Greg Gilbert and Aaron Gilbert, Colin Fox and Rowly until Greg Gilbert's death in 2021. The band's sound combines guitar and synths and featured Greg Gilbert's distinctive falsetto lead vocals. They have released four albums to date, the first three of which made the Top 30 in the UK Albums Chart.

History
The band were originally formed under the name Corky, citing amongst their influences British bands, Manic Street Preachers and The La's. The original line-up consisted of Greg Gilbert, drummer Rowly, bassist Colin Fox and guitarist Dan Hall, who left before Greg's brother Aaron Gilbert was invited to join.

Under the name Idoru, they were signed to Blanco y Negro and released one EP with the label, Safety in Numbers EP, in November 2001.

Faded Seaside Glamour (2004)
They changed to their present name before signing to Rough Trade Records, and released their debut single "Nearer Than Heaven" in 2003. The band's debut album Faded Seaside Glamour was released in April 2004, and immediately broke into the Top 20 in the UK Albums Chart. On the back of support slots with bands such as Franz Ferdinand and the Manic Street Preachers, as well as their own worldwide tours, most of the band's singles have reached the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart since their second single "Hey Girl" in July 2003.

You See Colours (2006)
Their second album, You See Colours, was released in March 2006, and saw a breakthrough when their songs began being used as backing music on the BBC Television football highlights show Match of the Day, and also commercially; "Long Time Coming" featured in national advertisement campaigns both in the UK and the US and on the premiere episode of the second season of Veronica Mars. The band played most of the major British festivals in the summer of 2006. In May of that year, Delays parted company with Rough Trade by mutual consent and signed to Fiction / Polydor in December. The music video for "Valentine" received regular play on MTV, and also gave them their first appearance on the Top of the Pops programme on the BBC.

Everything's the Rush (2008)
Their debut release on Fiction, Everything's the Rush was released in May 2008, and was recorded over a twenty-day period in Spain. The first single to be released from the album was "Hooray". This was preceded by an EP, Love Made Visible, released in November 2007. "Keep It Simple" was the next single released from Everything's the Rush. The video for the single starred Ewen Macintosh, who played Keith in The Office (the original UK programme).

In July 2008, Delays won the Writers' Choice award at The Mag Awards, presented by The Mag. Also in July 2008 Delays' song, "Are You Ready", was selected as the theme music for the online game Football Superstars.

In October 2008, Delays released Lost Tunes, an EP of assorted cover versions, for digital download sale.

Star Tiger Star Ariel (2010)
In March 2010, it was announced on the Delays official website that Star Tiger Star Ariel would be released on Lookout Mountain Records in June that year, with the opening single, "Unsung", released on 14 June. Unfortunately, despite becoming an instant fan-favourite as well as being very popular throughout the band, no chart success was to follow. The album takes its name from two British South American Airways airliners named 'Star Tiger' and 'Star Ariel' which disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle in the 1940s.

Fifth studio album
On 6 November 2012 the band went into the Rockfield Studios, Monmouth to begin recording their fifth studio album, which was scheduled for release in 2013. However, due to outside projects, including lead singer Greg Gilbert's interest in art, as well as three of the band members becoming fathers, the album has not yet been released. On 9 May 2014, Eddy Temple-Morris premiered a demo named "Wondrous Heavy" on Xfm.

Greg Gilbert died on 30 September 2021 at the age of 44 from bowel cancer.

Band members

 * Aaron Gilbert — keyboards, vocals
 * Colin Fox — bass guitar, vocals
 * Rowly — drums and percussion

Past members
 * Greg Gilbert — lead vocals, guitar

EPs
As Idoru:
 * Safety in Numbers EP (24 November 2001) – UK #182, Limited edition, 1500 copies released.

As Delays:
 * Love Made Visible EP (5 November 2007)
 * Lost Tunes (EP) October 2008

title: Delays


text:
Sir John Osborn, 5th Baronet

Sir John Osborn, 5th Baronet (3 December 1772 – 28 August 1848), of Chicksands Priory in Bedfordshire, was an English politician.

He was the only son of Sir George Osborn, 4th Baronet who he succeeded in 1818. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford.

Osborn was Member of Parliament for Bedfordshire, 1794–1807; for Cockermouth, 1807–1808; for Queenborough, 1812–1818; again for Bedfordshire, 1818–1820 and for the Wigtown Burghs 1821–1824. He served as a Lord of the Admiralty from 1812 to 1824 and as one of the Commissioners of Audit from 1824 until his death.

In 1797 he served as a Captain in the Bedfordshire Yeomanry and in 1803–05 in the Bedford Volunteers. On 12 January 1805 the Earl of Upper Ossory as Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire appointed him as Colonel of the Bedfordshire Militia after his predecessor was removed following a court of enquiry. As a young man Osborn's father had been an officer in the regiment when it was reformed in 1759, before joining the regular army and rising to the rank of General. In March 1805 Col Osborn joined the regiment and marched it to barracks at Berry Head near Brixham for its summer training, but thereafter direct command was usually exercised by the lieutenant-colonel. Osborn retained the command of the regiment until his death.

He died in 1848. He had married Frederica Louisa, the illegitimate daughter of Sir Charles Davers, 6th Baronet, with whom he had 5 sons and 3 daughters. He was succeeded in the baronetcy and family estates by his eldest son George Robert, the 6th baronet.

title: Sir John Osborn, 5th Baronet


text:
Aisin

Aisin Corporation (株式会社アイシン) is a Japanese corporation that develops and produces components and systems for the automotive industry. Aisin is a Fortune Global 500 company, ranked 359 rankings. Aisin is a member of the Toyota Group of companies.

Aisin was founded in 1965 and supplies engine, drivetrain, body and chassis, aftermarket, and other automotive parts for the Toyota Motor Corporation and other various major OEMs.

In addition to automotive products, Aisin also offers life and amenity products (such as sewing machines and, from 1966 to 2020, mattresses ), cogeneration and heat exchange systems, and welfare products, among others.

History
The company traces its origins to 1943, when Tokai Aviation Industries (東海航空工業) was founded as a joint venture between the Toyota Motor Corporation and Kawasaki Aircraft Industries to produce aircraft engines for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service. The company was quickly renamed Tokai Airplane Industries (東海飛行機工業) after it was discovered that there was a pre-existing company with the same name.

After the war, Tokai renamed itself Aichi Industries (愛知工業), and shifted production from aircraft parts to sewing machines and automobile parts. In 1965, Aichi Kogyo merged with auto parts manufacturer Shinkawa Kogyo 新川産業 to form Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd. (アイシン精機株式会社).

In October 2019, Aisin Seiki announced that it would merge with subsidiary Aisin AW, consolidating management and renaming the company. Effective April 1, 2021, the combined company was officially renamed Aisin Corporation.

Aisin AW
Aisin AW was Aisin Seiki's subsidiary building automatic transmissions. It was originally established in 1969 as Aisin-Warner, a joint venture with BorgWarner. In 1981, BorgWarner reduced its equity in Aisin-Warner to 10%, and by 1987 had divested themselves of the remainder. Aisin-Warner was renamed Aisin AW in 1988, and merged with parent company Aisin Seiki in 2021.

Aisin AW developed the Toyota Prius transmission and the world's first speaking navigation system. Additionally, its two-axis electric continuously variable transmission has been adapted to Prius models (except the Prius C) from 2016 onward, the 1st-generation (2005–2007) and 2nd-generation (2008–2012) Ford Escape Hybrid, and the Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid from 2017 onward. The two-axis design eliminates the second planetary gearset used in the 2010–2015 Prius and Prius c, which reduces the width and weight of the eCVT and improves its overall efficiency.

Aisin AW was based in Anjō, with another major division located in Okazaki. Two European divisions, AW Europe & AW Technical Center Europe, were located in Braine-l'Alleud (for research and development) and Baudour (for the remanufacturing of automatic transmissions and transaxles, and the production of electronic components).

Aisin AI
Aisin AI was an Aisin Seiki subsidiary spun off in July 1991 to produce manual transmissions and transfer cases, moving its headquarters to Nishio. Until 1996, Aisin AI only client was Toyota; then DaimlerChrysler and Isuzu began using its products. The company later began supplying products to other companies worldwide.

Aisin AI was consolidated into Aisin AW in 2019.

Aisin USA
Aisin constructed a factory in the United States in 1986, with production beginning in 1989. This factory in Seymour, Indiana has since been expanded and supplies components for Honda, General Motors, Mitsubishi, Nissan, and Toyota. Another factory was built in Marion, Illinois. On October 5, 2005, Aisin USA opened an 878 acre testing facility near Fowlerville, Michigan. The facility, which is Aisin's first in North America and third worldwide, is officially named FT Techno of America (FTTA), but is also known as the Fowlerville Proving Ground. FTTA is Aisin's fifth group company in Michigan.

In 2009, the North American division and its companies were placed under a newly created entity named Aisin World Corporation of America, which was structured so that Toyota, Mitsui, and the American branch of Hino have majority ownership of Aisin's North American operations.

BluE Nexus
BluE Nexus is a joint venture company established by Aisin and Denso in April 2019 to build powertrain systems for electric vehicles. Both Aisin and Denso are members of the Toyota Group and the Toyota Motor Corporation has a 10% stake in the company. The main product from BluE Nexus is the e-Axle, which integrates an electric motor, gears and inverter. BluE Nexus will also market the hybrid drive systems produced by Aisin AW.

IMRA
IMRA (Institut Minoru de Recherche Avancée) is a research organization founded in 1986 in Sophia Antipolis, France. It has three entities based in Europe, US, and Japan, which have become the key power of Aisin group to conduct R&D and offer technological consulting. The American division, IMRA America, was founded in 1990 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. IMRA mainly conducts research on biomedical, battery and produces femtosecond lasers.

Sponsorship
The company sponsors the SeaHorses Mikawa, the 5-time champions of the JBL Super League, and has sponsored Toyota Gazoo Racing Europe since 2012.

NASCAR
Aisin AW currently sponsors Austin Hill in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and Xfinity Series. Hill drives the #61 Toyota Supra and #16 Toyota Tundra for Hattori Racing Enterprises. HRE's first win came at Atlanta Motor Speedway with Brett Moffitt, whose truck was also sponsored by Aisin, in 2018. HRE and Moffitt also won the CWTS championship that same year. Aisin AW also sponsored the team in the ARCA Menards Series.

title: Aisin