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M-Net

M-Net (an abbreviation of Electronic Media Network) is a South African pay television channel established by Naspers in 1986. The channel broadcasts both local and international programming, including general entertainment, children's series, sport and movies. While the TV signal is generally encrypted, M-Net showed some programmes 'free to air' in its "Open Time" slot between 5 p.m. and 7 pm, until the slot closed on 1 April 2007.

In the early 1990s, M-Net added a second analogue channel called Community Services Network (CSN), and began digital broadcasting via satellite to the rest of Africa, via its sister company MultiChoice. With the introduction of MultiChoice's multi-channel digital satellite TV service, DStv, in 1995, several different channels have been created to complement the original M-Net channel, including the now-defunct M-Net Series and several film/movie channels based on genre and preference.

1980s
The idea of a pay-TV network in South Africa came to life as early as 1982, when Nasionale Pers (Naspers) – headed by executive Koos Bekker — started to promote the idea to the country's other three largest media corporations: Times Media Ltd (now Avusa/BDFM), Argus (now the Independent Group) and Perskor (which is now defunct).

The initial project by Ton Vosloo in 1982 suggested that the new channel would restore the revenue of its newspapers.

The newspapers and magazines published by Naspers had lost a lot of advertising revenue to the SABC after the arrival of television and for this reason, according to some sources, the National Party government wanted Naspers to run its own television network.

Initially, the plan was for M-Net to be jointly owned by the four media corporations, with the Natal Witness also having a small share in the station. However, as time went on, the project became that of Naspers only.

On 27 November 1984, Foreign Affairs minister Pik Botha suggested the creation of a feasibility study for the subscription network, assisted by a working group. On 25 April 1985, the press consortium won the bid, over 39 other applicants. Naspers would hold 26%, the three other groups 23% each and the two independent newspapers 5% each. The new service would have a set of guidelines: no news or political coverage, no exclusive sports screenings, no more than nine hours on air per day and no advertising. The format would emulate that of SABC's TV4, which ran on its black networks (TV2 and TV3) from 9pm to closedown.

In October 1986, they started broadcasting for 12 hours a day, to about 500 households who had bought decoders. (Their aim at that stage was to sell 9,000 decoders per month.) The service used the Oak Orion scrambling system, and the decoders were manufactured in South Africa by the local affiliate of Matsushita Electric. That small start finally broke the TV monopoly by SABC.

Although it was subscription-based, the Broadcasting Authority granted them a one-hour time slot each day, in which the channel could broadcast unencrypted, free-to-air content, in order to promote itself and attract potential subscribers. In 1987, the Cabinet also approved an arrangement under which the SABC was required to make its TV4 channel available to M-Net between 6 and 7pm. This time slot became known as Open Time, but was only meant to be temporary — M-Net was supposed to close Open Time immediately when it had 150,000 subscribers. Ot was a stunning success, through.

At the end of its first year, they recorded a loss of R37 million. However, it pushed forward and eventually, the public started taking notice. After two years, the loss was turned into a R20 million profit. In 1988, the channel launched Carte Blanche, a multi-award-winning actuality program hosted by Derek Watts and Ruda Landman. In only a few years, Carte Blanche became famous for its investigative journalism. In the process, the show also uncovered many of South Africa's most famous scandals of human rights abuse, corruption and consumer affairs.

1989 saw the launch of M-Net SuperSport, which went on to become South Africa's (and Sub-Saharan Africa's) first dedicated sports channel which spawned into sports-specific channels from 2003 onward. It was the year they adopted a new slogan – We Won't Stop the Magic, backed by a massive ad campaign.

1990s
1990 was the first year that they made a profit and also the year that saw a few major changes for the channel. It launched K-TV, a daily time slot specialising in kids' entertainment, and Open Time was expanded from the initial one hour per day, to two. They applied for a licence to broadcast news and the application was granted in December 1990. (Former State President P.W. Botha once claimed that "M-Net would not broadcast news as long as he was State President." ) but during June 1991, they announced that they were putting their plans for news broadcasts aside and that, instead, more money would be invested in local productions, including South Africa's first local soap opera Egoli, which started in May 1992 and ended in April 2010. However, they began re-broadcasting BBC World Service Television (now BBC World News) that same year. In addition to news, the channel started airing sporting events, per a January 1991 amendment.

In early 1994, M-Net started broadcasting to Nigeria in Lagos. By 1995, the channel was also being carried in Uganda over VHF, Namibia over VHF and Lesotho using Lesotho Television's network.

M-Net SuperSport changed its name in 1994 to SuperSport only, to create a more recognizable brand. During that year it broadcast live coverage of South Africa's test cricket series in Australia for the first time. At the same time, Hugh Bladen and Naas Botha – two of the channel's most colourful rugby commentators — joined SuperSport. By that time, its sports coverage became very impressive, including the US Masters, the FA Cup Finals, the Indy 500, the US PGA Championship, Wimbledon, the Tour de France, MotoGP and an ever-expanding rugby package. In 1995, SuperSport started broadcasting 24 hours per day on M-Net's spare channel, the Community Service Network, which paved the way for a 24-hour multi-channel sports network. When rugby became a full professional sport in 1995, most of the broadcasting rights in the Southern Hemisphere were sold to Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. In response, they started negotiating with NewsCorp in August 1995 and in February the following year, SuperSport was granted sole broadcasting rights to both the Super 12 and Tri Nations rugby tournaments. It was a major breakthrough for the channel as well as SuperSport, which had by then expanded to sports-and-leagues-specific TV channels on DStv and GOtv, MultiChoice's satellite TV services.

As of 1999, M-Net was one of the three television networks in the world to have agreements with every major American film studio, having signed a contract with Warner Bros., in an exclusive deal that was snatched from upstart terrestrial broadcaster e.tv. Its content would appear on its channels effective 1 April 1999. On 1 November that year, M-Net expanded its Open Time slot to other African countries where the channel was relayed on terrestrial television.

2000s
The channel rebranded again on 11 February 2001 with the new tagline "We Call it Magic". The new logo incorporated the iconic M symbol inside a square, representing the values of M-Net as a "brave, colourful and exciting channel", while also accommodating it with its sub-brands, and strengthening its ties with the wider network of M-Net sister channels. In addition, M-Net had secured the rights to the American reality show Temptation Island, shot in Belize. The network also secured the rights to the smash hit reality format Big Brother, with the aim of producing a localised version for South Africa. The first season alone was set to be the biggest production to date, with a record-breaking number of 120 jobs, the equivalent of three separate productions, created in its making. M-Net had plans to continue its growth strategy in 2002. Following on from the success of Big Brother, the channel secured the rights to another groundbreaking international format, Idols, which premiered on 10 March 2002.

High definition
Delivery of high-definition content started with the launch of DStv's first high definition decoder the HD PVR, XtraView and the first HD channel, M-Net HD. M-Net began broadcasting a 720p high definition channel in 2010, which is available for HD-PVR subscribers; the standard definition channel for non-HD-PVR subscribers is merely downscaled at the provider from the HD feed rather than having a devoted analog channel. In 2012, the original film/movie channels were expanded to 6 channels which grouped films according to genre/preference.

M-Net
The original M-Net channel broadcasts general entertainment, as well as premiere movies, documentaries, music specials and first-run TV series. The channel has a timeshift service, a terrestrial service and a CSN in South Africa. In other African countries the channel broadcasts exclusively on the DStv Service with two different feeds, M-Net East for East Africa and M-Net West for West Africa. These feeds broadcasts nearly the same content, though the West African feed is 2 hours ahead of the East African feed as programmes are scheduled based on the local time zones of the regions (EAT and WAT respectively) except for some live programmes. Advertising on the East feed is targeted at Kenyan viewers while the West feed is targeted at Nigerian Viewers. Over the course of several years, M-Net has launched numerous sister channels. In DStv, the channel is only available to the high tier package Premium as it contains expensive content.

M-Net Edge

On 31 March 2017, M-Net Edge programs were moved to M-Net as part of a merge and various other channels from M-Net. On 29 January 2018, Vuzu AMP/Vuzu Amp was rebranded as 1Magic.

M-Net +1

The time shift channel, M-Net +1 was launched also for DStv Premium customers since 1 June 2016 on DStv channel 901. However, the time-shifted channel was discontinued on 16 May 2021 due to increase of content preference by DStv Premium Subscribers on the DStv app.

M-Net Movies
The original two movie channels, Movie Magic 1 and Movie Magic 2, launched in 1995 to coincide with the launch of DStv, were renamed M-Net Movies 1 and M-Net Movies 2, respectively, in 2005. Two additional movie channels, M-Net Movies Stars (previously M-Net Stars which launched in 2009) and actionX (which was renamed M-Net Action in 2008), were later launched. In October 2012, the channels were expanded to six which grouped films according to genre and preference. The 7 film/movie channels were later reconsolidated into 4 numeric channels:channels by forster child...

1Magic and Me
Most of the programmes broadcast are unique to M-Net Series but some are rebroadcasts of episodes previously shown on M-Net.

A single series channel known as The Series Channel (renamed as M-Net Series in 2005) was introduced in April 1998 as a sister channel to the original M-Net channel. On 9 July 2013, this channel was split into three, namely:

 * M-Net Series Showcase, which was broadcast in high definition, previously served as the primary series channel on which most new content unique to Series was broadcast.
 * M-Net Series Reality broadcast talk shows and other reality media.
 * M-Net Series Zone which served as a catch-up channel, and featured previous seasons of shows. Several TV shows also ran back-to-back in marathon blocks.

On 11 September 2014, it was announced that Showcase and Reality would be discontinued and replaced with two new channels, Vuzu Amp and M-Net Edge, on 20 and 13 October, respectively. Only one channel of the original three, M-Net Series Zone, remained. The standalone channel is reminiscent of the initial channel, in that it airs shows that previously aired on the main M-Net channel. It was rebranded M-Net City in 2015.

M-Net City, along with Vuzu, was closed on 29 October 2021 to be replaced by ME on its EPG slot. Both channels went dark on the platform by 2 February 2024.

KykNet
KykNET, which broadcasts solely in Afrikaans, was launched in October 1999. The channel features general entertainment, series, informative programs and music. KykNET also has two sister channels, KykNet & Kie and KykNet Musiek. DStv announced on 16 July 2014 that kykNet would be broadcast in high definition as of 12 August 2014.

It was launched in the UK on TalkTalk's IPTV service, TalkTalk Plus TV, in October 2013. However, it was dropped by TalkTalk in December 2015. A kykNet International service is now available online to subscribers in selected countries in North America, Europe and Australasia via the Showmax platform.

Vuzu
Vuzu, originally launched as Go in 2003, had a strong focus on Southern African youth, specifically preteens, teens and the 20–49 demographics, similar to some popular American TV Channels such as Bravo, FX, BET, The CW, NBC, TNT and many others. A sister channel, Vuzu Amp, was launched in October 2014, which was later relaunched as 1Magic.

The channel was shut down, along with M-Net City, on 29 October 2021 to be replaced by Me

Mzansi Magic
Mzansi Magic features original South African series, movies, music, documentaries and reality shows. It has two sister channels, Mzansi Magic Music, Mzansi Wethu and Mzansi Biskop.

Africa Magic
Africa Magic, which started off as a single channel of the same name, is a brand owned by M-Net and MultiChoice and now comprises 7 channels. The first Africa Magic channel was launched in July 2003 as a movie channel and over the next decade, the brand expanded to include 6 more channels comprising movies, television shows and general entertainment. Africa Magic currently broadcasts in more than 50 African countries. The channels include Africa Magic Family, Africa Magic Showcase, Africa Magic Yoruba, Africa Magic Igbo, Africa Magic Hausa. Africa Magic Epic and Africa Magic Urban. Africa Magic is also responsible for the annual Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCAs), the biggest celebration of film and television talent in Africa.

Maisha Magic
Maisha Magic comprises four channels, Maisha Magic East & Maisha Magic Plus for Kenyan audiences and Maisha Magic Bongo & Maisha Magic Poa for Tanzanian audiences. They focus on East African movies, series and music. It was initially launched as Africa Magic Swahili but was later rebranded as Maisha Magic before it became Maisha Magic Swahili then rebranded again as Maisha Magic East. Maisha Magic Bongo have been working with many producers from Tanzania like Mtitu Game 1st Quality, Steps Entertainment, Halisi Film, Joh Films, Severini Film Entertainment, 360 Production etc.

In 2021, the brand introduced Maisha Magic Movies showcasing the best Ugandan, Kenyan and Tanzanian movies.

Channel O
Channel O is a present music channel with a strong focus on urban music genres. It also holds the annual Channel O Music Video Awards ceremony where artists are awarded for their outstanding contribution to music.

SuperSport
SuperSport is a group of sport television channels carried on DStv and GOtv. It provides sports content in South Africa and many other African countries.

Magic Showcase and CineMagic
In November 2020, Novela Magic was launched which celebrates unique African Storytelling and showcases local content and African stories made by African talent by bringing together a rage of content from across the region on one platform.

Two years later, it was announced that the channel would be replaced by Magic Showcase and CineMagic both tailor made for low tiered bouquets.

All HD channels are aired in 1080i but are downscaled to SD if the subscriber isn't in possession of an HD or Explora decoder.

Game shows

 * Kerwhizz
 * Survivor South Africa

General entertainment

 * Love Island: South Africa
 * MasterChef South Africa
 * My Kitchen Rules: South Africa
 * The Bachelor SA
 * The Bachelorette SA
 * Big Brother South Africa

News and current affairs

 * Carte Blanche

Dramas

 * Desert Rose
 * Gomora
 * Is'Thunzi
 * Legacy
 * Lioness
 * Recipes for Love and Murder
 * Reyka
 * Strangers You Know
 * Tracers

Music

 * Idols South Africa

Comedy

 * And Just Like That...
 * Shameless
 * Why Women Kill

Sitcoms

 * Avenue 5
 * B Positive
 * Broke
 * Call Me Kat
 * Ghosts
 * Man with a Plan
 * Mom
 * The Conners
 * The Goldbergs
 * The Unicorn
 * United States of Al
 * United We Fall
 * Young Sheldon

Dramas

 * 9-1-1
 * 9-1-1: Lone Star
 * A Million Little Things
 * Babylon Berlin
 * Billions
 * Blue Bloods
 * Chicago Fire
 * Chicago Med
 * Chicago P.D.
 * Clarice
 * CSI: Vegas
 * Dexter: New Blood
 * FBI
 * FBI: International
 * FBI: Most Wanted
 * House of the Dragon
 * In the Dark
 * In Treatment
 * La Brea
 * Law & Order
 * Law & Order: Organized Crime
 * Mare of Easttown
 * Nancy Drew
 * NCIS
 * NCIS: Hawai'i
 * NCIS: Los Angeles
 * NCIS: New Orleans
 * New Amsterdam
 * Ordinary Joe
 * Prodigal Son
 * Ragdoll
 * Riverdale
 * SEAL Team
 * The Flight Attendant
 * The Good Doctor
 * The Good Fight
 * The Gilded Age
 * The Offer
 * The Republic of Sarah
 * The Time Traveler's Wife
 * The Twilight Zone
 * This Is Us
 * Walker
 * Westworld
 * Yellowjackets

Reality/unscripted

 * Celebrity Family Feud
 * Ellen's Game of Games
 * Last Week Tonight with John Oliver
 * Mental Samurai
 * The Kelly Clarkson Show
 * The Late Late Show with James Corden
 * The Masked Singer
 * Whose Line Is It Anyway?

Award Shows

 * Emmy Awards
 * Grammy Awards
 * Golden Globe Awards

Kids Shows

 * Kerwhizz
 * Big & Small
 * Maya the Bee
 * Heidi
 * The Adventures of Blinky Bill
 * Zigby

Soap operas

 * Binnelanders
 * Egoli: Place of Gold

Dramas

 * Inconceivable

Game shows

 * Deal or No Deal
 * Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
 * You Bet Your Life

Soap operas

 * Loving

Comedy

 * Boston Legal
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * Chuck
 * Desperate Housewives
 * Diagnosis: Murder
 * Gilmore Girls
 * Glee
 * iZombie
 * Jane the Virgin
 * Rescue Me
 * Sex and the City
 * Sweet Valley High
 * Terriers
 * The Wonder Years
 * Ugly Betty
 * V.I.P.

Dramas

 * 24
 * Alcatraz
 * American Gods
 * American Horror Story
 * Angel
 * Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel
 * Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?
 * Bad Girls
 * Baywatch
 * Beauty & the Beast
 * Beauty and the Beast (1987)
 * Believe
 * Beverly Hills 90210
 * Body of Proof
 * Brand New Life
 * Charmed
 * China Beach
 * City of Angels
 * Cracker
 * Crime Story
 * Cross of Fire
 * CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 * CSI: Cyber
 * CSI: Miami
 * CSI: NY
 * Damages
 * Darlings of the Gods
 * Dirt
 * ER
 * Everwood
 * Firefly
 * First Wave
 * Foyle's War
 * Game of Thrones
 * Grey's Anatomy
 * Hart to Hart
 * High Mountain Rangers
 * Homefront
 * Inspector Rex
 * Justified
 * Katy Keene
 * Land's End
 * Lie to Me
 * Lights Out (2011)
 * Madam Secretary
 * Midnight Caller
 * Moonlighting
 * Nip/Tuck
 * NYPD Blue
 * Ohara
 * Over There
 * P.S. I Luv U
 * Pensacola: Wings of Gold
 * Prison Break
 * Private Practice
 * Reign
 * Roots: The Next Generations
 * Rush
 * Silent Witness
 * Sons of Anarchy
 * Spearfield's Daughter
 * Station 19
 * Stingers
 * Sweet Justice
 * Teen Wolf
 * The 100
 * The Adventurer
 * The Bill
 * The Campbells
 * The Cloning of Joanna May
 * The Commish
 * The Darling Buds of May
 * The Hardy Boys
 * The Hitchhiker
 * The Littlest Victims
 * The Messengers
 * The Net
 * The New Adventures of Robin Hood
 * The Nightmare Years
 * The Originals
 * The Riches
 * The River Kings
 * The Secret Life of Us
 * The Shield
 * The Swiss Family Robinson (1975)
 * The Thanksgiving Promise
 * The Vampire Diaries
 * The Wire
 * Thief
 * True Blood
 * War of the Worlds
 * Water Rats
 * WIOU
 * You and Me and Uncle Bob

Sitcoms

 * 3rd Rock from the Sun
 * 'Allo 'Allo!
 * Almost Home
 * Amen
 * Anything but Love
 * Arrested Development
 * Bagdad Cafe
 * Blossom
 * Boy Meets World
 * Charles in Charge
 * Clueless
 * Coach
 * Cosby
 * Cybill
 * Dave's World
 * Dear John (USA)
 * Dharma & Greg
 * Designing Women
 * Dinosaurs
 * Dream On
 * Drexell's Class
 * Duet
 * Empty Nest
 * Father Ted
 * Friends
 * Full House (1987)
 * Gimme Gimme Gimme
 * Good Advice
 * Grace Under Fire
 * Grounded for Life
 * Hangin' with Mr. Cooper
 * Hearts Afire
 * Herman's Head
 * Home Improvement
 * Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show
 * It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
 * Kristin
 * Legit
 * Life with Bonnie
 * Lucky
 * Major Dad
 * Malcolm in the Middle
 * Malibu, CA
 * Married... with Children
 * My Name Is Earl
 * Mr. Bean
 * Newhart
 * Nurses
 * Oh Baby
 * Only Fools and Horses
 * Open House
 * Parks and Recreation
 * Perfect Strangers
 * Phenom
 * Raising Hope
 * Son of the Beach
 * Starved
 * Spin City
 * Still Standing
 * Step by Step
 * Suddenly Susan
 * Testees
 * That '70s Show
 * The Bernie Mac Show
 * The Brittas Empire
 * The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
 * The Good Life (1994)
 * The Hogan Family
 * The Jeffersons
 * The League
 * The Millers
 * The Mommies
 * The Torkelsons
 * The Upper Hand
 * Three's Company
 * Titus
 * Too Close for Comfort
 * Two of a Kind
 * United States of Tara
 * Veronica's Closet
 * Where I Live
 * Wilfred
 * Wings
 * Woops!
 * Yes, Dear
 * Yes Minister
 * Zoe, Duncan, Jack and Jane

Cooking

 * Floyd on Fish

Television films

 * Clarence
 * Fatal Deception: Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald
 * In the Arms of a Killer
 * In the Gloaming
 * In the Line of Duty: The F.B.I. Murders
 * Stop at Nothing
 * Stormy Weathers
 * Sudie and Simpson
 * To Catch a Killer
 * Tonya and Nancy: The Inside Story

Documentaries

 * 48 Hours
 * Big Cat Diary
 * Night Walk
 * Supersense
 * The Civil War
 * Wildlife on One

Sci-fi

 * Amazing Stories
 * First Wave
 * Roswell

Anthology

 * Carol & Company
 * Ghost Story
 * The Twilight Zone

Reality

 * America's Funniest People
 * America's Next Top Model
 * Boy Band
 * Cedric's Barber Battle
 * Extreme Makeover
 * Fame, Fortune and Romance
 * Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous
 * Little Big Shots
 * The Jamie Kennedy Experiment

Animation

 * 2DTV
 * Futurama
 * God, the Devil and Bob
 * Meet the Raisins!
 * South Park
 * The Simpsons
 * Wallace and Gromit

Lifestyle

 * Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous

Children's

 * 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd
 * A Bunch of Munsch
 * A Miss Mallard Mystery
 * A Pup Named Scooby-Doo
 * A.J.'s Time Travelers
 * Aaahh!!! Real Monsters
 * ABC Afterschool Special
 * ABC Weekend Special
 * Ace Lightning
 * Ace Ventura: Pet Detective
 * Action Man (1995)
 * Action Man (2000)
 * ALF: The Animated Series
 * AlfTales
 * Alien
 * All Grown Up!
 * All That
 * Alvin and the Chipmunks
 * Amazing Animals
 * Anatole
 * Angela Anaconda
 * Angelina Ballerina
 * Animal Mechanicals
 * Animaniacs
 * Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series
 * Aquila
 * Astro Boy (2003)
 * Avatar: The Last Airbender
 * Babar
 * Babar and the Adventures of Badou
 * Back at the Barnyard
 * Bad Dog
 * Bakugan Battle Brawlers
 * Bamboo Bears
 * Bananas in Pyjamas
 * The Barbie Movies
 * Barbie and the Rockers Specials
 * Barney & Friends
 * Batman Beyond
 * Batman: The Animated Series
 * Battletoads
 * Beakman's World
 * Beast Wars: Transformers
 * Beetle Bailey
 * Being Ian
 * Ben & Izzy
 * Betty's Bunch
 * Beverly Hills Teens
 * Beyblade
 * Big & Small
 * Big Bad Beetleborgs
 * Bill Nye, the Science Guy
 * Billy the Cat
 * Birdz
 * Blaster's Universe
 * Blazing Dragons
 * Bo on the Go
 * Bob the Builder
 * Bobby's World
 * Braceface
 * Breaker High
 * Budgie the Little Helicopter
 * Bugs Bunny
 * Bump in the Night
 * Bumpety Boo
 * Bushfire Moon
 * Caitlin's Way
 * Camp Candy
 * Captain N: The Game Master
 * The Adventures of Captain Pugwash
 * Captain Simian & the Space Monkeys
 * Captain Zed and the Zee Zone
 * Caribou Kitchen
 * Carl Squared
 * Casper and Friends
 * CatDog
 * CBS Schoolbreak Special
 * CBS Storybreak
 * Cédric
 * ChalkZone
 * Channel Umptee-3
 * Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers
 * Christopher Crocodile
 * Chuck Finn
 * Chuggington
 * City of Friends
 * Clang Invasion
 * Class of the Titans
 * Clifford the Big Red Dog
 * Conan the Adventurer
 * Connie the Cow
 * Count Duckula
 * Cousin Skeeter
 * Cow and Chicken
 * Crash Zone
 * Creepschool
 * Creepy Crawlers
 * Crocadoo
 * Cubeez
 * ''Cubix'
 * Danny Phantom
 * Darkwing Duck
 * Delilah and Julius
 * Dennis the Menace
 * Dex Hamilton: Alien Entomologist
 * Dexter's Laboratory
 * Diabolik
 * Digimon
 * Dinky Di's
 * Dino-Riders
 * Dinosaucers
 * DinoSquad
 * Dinozaurs
 * Diplodos
 * Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears
 * Doctor Snuggles
 * Dog City
 * Dog House
 * Donkey Kong Country
 * Don't Eat the Neighbours
 * Dot
 * Double Dragon
 * Doug
 * Dr Otter
 * Dragon Booster
 * DragonFlyz
 * Drake & Josh
 * Dream Street
 * Dreamkix
 * DuckTales (2017)
 * DuckTales
 * Dumb Bunnies
 * Dumbo's Circus
 * Dungeons & Dragons
 * Edgar and Ellen
 * Eekstravaganza
 * Eerie, Indiana: The Other Dimension
 * Emoji
 * Erky Perky
 * Escape of the Artful Dodger
 * Eugénie Sandler P.I.
 * Even Stevens
 * Extreme Dinosaurs
 * Extreme Ghostbusters
 * Fantastic Four
 * Fantastic Max
 * Fantomcat
 * Farmkids
 * Fetch the Vet
 * Fifi and the Flowertots
 * Figure It Out
 * Flight 29 Down
 * Flight Squad
 * Flipper and Lopaka
 * Flying Rhino Junior High
 * Fox's Peter Pan and the Pirates
 * Fraggle Rock
 * Frankenstein's Cat
 * Franklin
 * Franny's Feet
 * Freakazoid!
 * Funky Valley
 * F-Zero
 * G.I. Joe Extreme
 * G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero
 * G2G
 * Gadget Boy & Heather
 * Garfield and Friends
 * Garfield television specials
 * Gargoyles
 * Gaspard and Lisa
 * Genie in the House
 * George and Martha
 * George Shrinks
 * Goof Troop
 * Goosebumps
 * Gordon the Garden Gnome
 * Grossology
 * Groundling Marsh
 * Guess with Jess
 * Gullah Gullah Island
 * Gypsy Girl
 * Hairy Scary
 * Hallo Spencer
 * Hammerman
 * Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child
 * Happy Ness: Secret of the Loch
 * Harveytoons
 * Heathcliff and the Catillac Cats
 * Henry's Cat
 * Hey Arnold!
 * Hi-5
 * Hills End
 * Hilltop Hospital
 * Hollywood 7
 * Homestar Runner
 * Horrid Henry
 * Horseland
 * Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling
 * Huntik: Secrets & Seekers
 * My Best Friend is an Alien
 * Inspector Gadget
 * Inspector Gadget's Field Trip
 * In The Night Garden…
 * Inuk
 * Invader Zim
 * Iron Man
 * Jack Hanna's Animal Adventures
 * Jackie Chan Adventures
 * Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks
 * James Bond Jr.
 * Jane and the Dragon
 * Jay Jay the Jet Plane
 * Jim Henson's The Hoobs
 * Jimbo and the Jet Set
 * Johnny Bravo
 * Johnson and Friends
 * Jonny Quest
 * Journey to the Heart of the World
 * Journey to the West – Legends of the Monkey King
 * Jumanji
 * Just Jordan
 * KaBlam!
 * Katie and Orbie
 * Kenan and Kel
 * Kerching!
 * Kerwhizz
 * Ketchup: Cats Who Cook
 * Kid vs. Kat
 * Kidsongs
 * Kikoriki
 * King Arthur
 * Kipper
 * Kong: The Animated Series
 * L.A. 7
 * Lapitch the Little Shoemaker
 * LazyTown
 * Legend of the Dragon
 * Legends of the Hidden Temple
 * Liberty's Kids
 * Life with Louie
 * Lifeboat Luke
 * Looney Tunes Movies
 * Little Bear
 * Little Grey Rabbit
 * Little Monsters
 * Little Princess
 * Little Red Tractor
 * Little Rosey
 * Little Shop
 * Little Wizards
 * Lizzie McGuire
 * Looney Tunes
 * Lunar Jim
 * M.A.S.K.
 * Madeline
 * Maggie and the Ferocious Beast
 * Magilla Gorilla
 * Maisy
 * Make Way for Noddy
 * Marsupilami
 * Martha Speaks
 * Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse
 * Mary-Kate and Ashley in Action!
 * Maxie's World
 * Maya the Bee
 * McGee and Me!
 * Meg and Mog
 * Men in Black: The Series
 * Metajets
 * Mew Mew Power
 * Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
 * Mona the Vampire
 * Monchhichis
 * Monster Allergy
 * Monster by Mistake
 * Monster Farm
 * Monster Ranchers
 * Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm
 * Mother Goose and Grimm
 * Motorcity
 * Mousercise
 * Mr. Bogus
 * Mr. Meaty
 * Mummies Alive!
 * Mummy Nanny
 * Muppet Babies
 * My Friend Rabbit
 * My Goldfish is Evil
 * My Little Pony
 * My Little Pony Tales
 * Mythic Warriors: Guardians of the Legend
 * Nanook's Great Hunt
 * Naturally Sadie
 * Ned's Declassified School Survival Guidemi
 * Nelvana Specials
 * New Captain Scarlet
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title: M-Net


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Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song

The Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song is a Golden Globe Award that was awarded for the first time in 1962 and has been awarded annually since 1965 by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association. The award is presented to the songwriters of a song written specifically for a motion picture. The performers of the song are not credited, unless they also have a writing or co-writing credit.

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Talk:Defence of Iceland

The Military of Iceland does not exist
This whole article is a joke. It is not the opinion of a single Icelandic citizen (except maybe those who wrote this article) that there is a military in Iceland.

There isn't a article about the "Military of Iceland" on the Icelandic wikiproject. Do you think that is a coincidence?

To back this up: CIA - The World Factbook (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ic.html) ''Iceland has no standing military force; under a 1951 bilateral agreement - still valid - its defense was provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik; however, all US military forces in Iceland were withdrawn as of October 2006; although wartime defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment, in April 2007, Iceland and Norway signed a bilateral agreement providing for Norwegian aerial surveillance and defense of Icelandic airspace (2008) ''

CIA - The World Factbook (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ic.html) ''Military expenditures: 0% of GDP (2005 est.)''

Iceland.is (http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/nato/iceland-and-nato/) ''Iceland has been a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) since its foundation in 1949. Membership of the Alliance and the Defence Agreement with the United States of America has been the two main pillars of Iceland's security policy. With the changing security environment and the transformation of NATO, the contribution of Iceland to the Alliance has undergone major change. While having no standing army, Iceland contributes to NATO operations with both financial contributions and civil personnel.''

You should now have the sources to remove this article.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Þorkell Einarsson (talk • contribs) 01:53, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

 * It's a rather POV opinion of your behalf to insist on deleting this article which is quite old on basis of your sources. They do for example contradict a number of other sources such as Fjárlagafrumvarp 2011 Seinni hluti: Lagagreinar og athugasemdir regarding military defence expendidures which do exist but the CIA world factbook gets wrong unlike SIPRI for example. Additionally there is the legal framework regarding the defences of Iceland and how they operate as of now which can be seen in various sources many of which are available in the article. You might do well reading them. It seems however quite correct that Iceland doesn't maintain a standing army, which is indeed mentioned in this article good sir. As a matter of fact it may be the case that your selection of sources may be the joke in question. -130.208.165.5 (talk) 00:24, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Sæl/l. Ef þú tekur þig nú saman í andlitinu og lest í raun og veru fjárlagafrumvarpið þá sérðu að 0 krónum er eytt í varanarmál, rétt eins og á árinu 2010. Þar með hljóta allar forsendur fyrir því að tala um varnir íslenska ríkisins í þessari grein, óháð afskræmdum "heimildum" á síðu landhelgisgæslunnar, að vera brostnar. Þau lagaákvæði sem þú talar um eru einnig efni sem þú ættir að skoða gaumgæfilega áður en þú fullyrðir að þau séu tilvist greinarinnar til rökstuðnings. Í fyrsta lagi, er Varnarmálastofnun (ásamt löggjöf um hana) ekki lengur með í spilinu, þótt að greinin fullyrði um annað. Í öðru lagi er tæplegast hægt að nota Varnarmálalög nr. 34/2008, sem heimild fyrir "lagagrundvelli hernaðar íslendinga". Í frumvarpi, nefndarálitum (minnihluta og meirihluta), ásamt umræðum er dregin upp skýr munur á framtaki Íslendinga í að uppfylla skilyrði NATO sáttmálns og á framtaki Íslendinga í að starfrækja her.  Þessi grein gerir fátt annað en að taka hlutina úr samhengi og mála stofnanir eins og Landhelgisgæsluna, Sérsveit Ríkislögreglustjóra og Friðargæsluna sem eitthvað hernaðarlegt tæki til að stimpla á Her Íslendinga. Það er ekkert í þessari grein sem að færir raunverulegar sannanir fyrir því að starfræktur sé her á Íslandi.  Mikilvægasta heimildin fyrir því að ekki sé her á Íslandi (að fráskildum engum útlögðum kostnaði til málaflokksins) er svo almannaálit Íslendinga á málefninu. Þú veist það vel sjálf/ur að það er almennt viðurkennt af Íslendingum, hvort sem um ræðir ráðmenn þjóðarinnar eða almenning, að  ekki sé starfræktur her hér á landi.  Það má vel vera að þú hafir áhuga á að skrifa um byssur og víkingasveitina en vinsamlegast gættu þess að mála það ekki allt á "Her Íslendinga". --Þorkell Einarsson (talk) 03:17, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I am afraid that you are somewhat mistaken. For the first part there are 889 million ISK being spent on Defences this year according to the document which I hope you read. Also your view on the legal framework of Icelandic defences is somewhat skewed in the wrong direction as the lack of standing army doesn't mean that Iceland maintains no defences. The article indeed mentions that Iceland has no standing army and that the country's defences rest with civil or para-military organizations, not a fully fledged military organizations. The fact that Icelandic para-military organizations take on many roles that traditionally are carried out by standing armies in other countries should not be ignored.-130.208.165.5 (talk) 19:04, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I propose we rename the article "Paramilitary of Iceland" since that is literally what Iceland has. Unfortunately, English at least (if not other languages) contains little distinction between defensive/minimalist and offensive/defensively-superfluous uses of violence, but at least there is the word "paramilitary" that could be used.  Using that name would be more accurate, and less politically charged regarding the disconnect between the English-speaking world's general view of violence and military operations and the view of the people the article is about.  (But again, also more encyclopedically accurate)  --RProgrammer (talk) 13:05, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

Agnar Kofoed-Hansen was a Nazi and possible a German spy
Agnar Kofoed-Hansen the chief of police was a proponent of Nazism who recived training in policing in Germany in 1939 and is thought by some historians to have spied on the British occupation for the Germans. Strange that none of this is mentioned. He also founded the directorate of immigration to keep Iceland "aryan".

 * Which historians? You should give some sources because modern Icelandic historians such as Þór Whitehead have dismissed similar claims as slander originating from Icelandic communists employed by British military intelligence services after the invasion of the Soviet Union. These spies also implicated a number of conservative politicians, such as Bjarni Benediktsson who later were major proponents of establishing NATO. -130.208.165.5 (talk) 12:16, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

NPOV dispute
See discussion on Talk:Military of France. Anothername 14:32, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Is this really an NPOV dispute? From the Talk:Military of France dicussion, it isn't that bad.  It seems to be a matter of a minor dispute. --Mtnerd 02:55, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The nPOV tag has been dropped from Military of France without changing the data, so I'm going to drop it from here too. If anyone disagrees, let's discuss it here. Cheers, -Willmcw 03:12, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

IDF
FYI, IDF stands for "Iceland Defense Force", not "Icelandic Defense Force" as it's defined in this article. You can verify this by visiting their web page at http://www.nctskef.navy.mil/IDF/.

Title
Perhaps a more appropriate title for this article would be Defence of Iceland, for the obvious reason that Iceland has no military. --Bjarki 09:11, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Might be a waste of time if it will have a military by next autumn? -Kjallakr 15:27, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Are these photos jokes? Showing single-man islandic submarines, supposedly...
Are these photos jokes? Single-man islandic submarines, supposedly...

http://forum.index.hu/Article/viewArticle?a=60435343&t=9010902
 * If I remember correctly these pictures are from an art show of sorts that traveled between European cities recently. Iceland has no submarines. :) --Bjarki 15:36, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed but Iceland has a few submersibles. Including a remote controlled minehunting submarine designed by the University of Iceland and even bought by the US Navy. These look like normal torpedoes and nothing like these photos. --130.208.189.147 21:08, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Maybe re-word this bit?
''...withdrawn by the end of September 2006, drastically reducing U.S. presence at the Keflavík base. The last American troops left on September 30...''

If the last troops left at the end of September, then its quite obviously a drastic reduction in their presence, this makes the first statement totally pointless. JonEastham 01:06, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Wording
Did the UK "invade" Iceland? I thought it was more like "move in to protect" it. I'm not suggesting that the woding be changed, but I always thought that the UK sent troops in 1940 to protect Iceland from a German invasion since Denmark had fallen. In any case, US troops took up positions there to relieve the British, didn't they?

 * The UK did invade Iceland. The Icelandic government declined to invite the British to come to protect Iceland during the war as Iceland was neutral. So they invaded Iceland. The invasion was very friendly nonetheless and even before the invasion Icelandic members of parliament provided intelligence on german submarine movements around Iceland and the Icelandic coast guard was transporting British troops around already on the second day under an Icelandic flag. The British then asked Iceland to get the Americans to come protect Iceland, as the US weren't in the war as of that time and Britain needed its troops elsewhere. --130.208.165.78 00:58, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Military History of Iceland
I'm not completely sure, but since this article is related to the "Military of Iceland", it should probably only have a brief one to two paragraph summary of what it currently has. What is on the page right now should be moved to a more relevant and convenient location, such as "Military History of Iceland". I'm asking people's opinion on this one before I or anyone else makes a major edit on this page.

Thanks. Weatherguy1033 04:41, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Take a look at Military of Hungary. They have a extensive section on military history there. -130.208.189.147 21:39, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Defence cooperation with Norway
A quite wide reaching defence agreement between Iceland and Norway will be signed in Oslo on Thursday. Perhaps one of the regular contributors here could work this into the article? -- Nidator 12:03, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I see that this has now been added to the article. I think it should also mention that Norwegian fighters will be in Icelandic airspace and on Keflavik from time to time though. To quote from the Norwegian-Icelandic MoU :

 * "On the basis of common needs, the Parties will promote opportunities for visits, exercises and other defence activities, including with the participation of special forces, naval and coast guard vessels and Norwegian fighter and reconnaissance planes in Iceland and in Icelandic airspace."

 * I will change the paragraph, but this subject should perhaps get a separate section in the article where the cooperation with Norway and to a lesser degree Denmark can be treated separately for greater clarity. Any opinions? -- Nidator 12:38, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Icelanders serving in the Norwegian military
As this article shows there is an arrangement between Iceland and Norway so that Icelanders can, and do, serve in the Norwegian Defence Forces. Is that relevant and should it be included in the article? -- Nidator 18:10, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

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Service branches
The template gives the following as service branches of the "Military of Iceland": Iceland Crisis Response Unit, Icelandic National Police, Icelandic Coast Guard, Iceland Air Defence System, Vikingasveitin.

OK, so first, nowhere in the world are national police forces considered military forces. Or to put it another way, countries where military forces are police forces are usually always dictatorships. The fact is that (a) Iceland has no military: No army, no navy, and no air force. (b) Its police forces are civilian institutions and are not "branches" of a military. And that includes Vikingasveitin, which is a non-military special police force under the command of a civilian police. (c) The Coast Guard is also a non-military institution, whose task it is (according to its website) to police Icelandic waters and serve as a search and rescue force in Icelandic waters. (d) the Iceland Crisis Response Unit is a peace keeping unit. And (e) Iceland Air Defence System is a surveilance agency only. --Cessator (talk) 00:20, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, then we'd better remove the whole infobox. Listing Össur Skarphéðinsson as Minister of Defense also doesn't make much sense. Haukur (talk) 00:26, 14 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Indeed, there is no such ministry. --Cessator (talk) 00:38, 14 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Incorrect guys. The Ministry for Foreign affairs handles defence. Össur is the minister of defence.-130.208.183.161 (talk) 22:20, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
 * And the Minister of Justice decides how many officiants Ásatrúarfélagið can have but that doesn't mean we can refer to Ragna Árnadóttir as High Priestess. Haukur (talk) 23:06, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Are you trying to be amusing? Ragna Árnadóttir's official title is the minister of justice and human rights currently, yet she also remains the minister of ecclesiastical affairs and police. If we were to ask who is the minister of police, then its Ragna Árnadóttir. According to the most recently made regulation about the stjórnarráð, its the ministry for foreign affairs that is in charge of the military.-01:30, 5 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The point is that we can't just make up titles. We can't style Össur "Minister of Defence" because no-one ever calls him that. Sure, he may be the minister who has the most to do with defence but that's not the same thing. If you can cite a couple of reliable sources calling Össur varnarmálaráðherra then we can talk. Haukur (talk) 08:37, 5 February 2010 (UTC)
 * This is not a "made up" title, just email the ministry for foreign affairs and ask them whether defence is part of the minstry's portfolio. -130.208.183.161 (talk) 20:37, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * That's not the same question. If reliable sources talk about an Icelandic MoD then that's great and we can use that terminology too. But Wikipedia is heavily depended on secondary sources and avoids innovation in terminology and other areas WP:NOR etc.) Haukur (talk) 21:07, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The United States do not have a "Minister of Defence" for example. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs is the ministry which is in charge of defence since the 1951 defence treaty. It is quoted a few times in Laws from the parliament and so forth.-Kjallakr (talk) 22:03, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * A few excerps from laws, "Utanríkisráðherra fer með yfirstjórn varnarmála " from the laws "2008 nr. 34 29. apríl" 12. gr. Utanríkisráðuneyti fer með mál, er varða: 10. Varnarmál, aðild að Atlantshafsbandalaginu (NATO), varnarsamning Íslands og Bandaríkjanna, samskipti og samstarf við erlend ríki, hermálayfirvöld og alþjóðastofnanir á sviði öryggis- og varnarmála, varnarsvæði, öryggissvæðið á Keflavíkurflugvelli og önnur öryggissvæði, rekstur mannvirkja og eigna Atlantshafsbandalagsins á Íslandi, þ.m.t. íslenska ratsjár- og loftvarnakerfið (IADS).from regulation 2007 nr. 177 31. desember. -Kjallakr (talk) 22:05, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The United States has a "Secretary of Defense". No-one here doubts that the Icelandic foreign minister has defence affairs on his table, I'm only saying that we shouldn't style Össur Skarphéðinsson MoD because no-one else does that. And, by the way, I don't think any recent edits to this article have been "vandalism" to be reverted with some automatic tool. Haukur (talk) 22:14, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with Haukur on this. And even if I were wrong in my edit - which I am not admitting - I am certainly not a vandal and I find it a bit annoying to have my edit reverted qua vandalism. By the way, Kjallakr and 130.208.183.161 (in case that's not the same person) are now committed to saying that Ragna Árnadóttir is Minister of Coast Guard Affairs (or "landhelgisgæslumálaráðherra") in Iceland, since she is the minister responsible for the Icelandic Coast Guard. To me this observation of their committment amounts to a reductio ad absurdum of their contention. --Cessator (talk) 20:21, 9 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not certain what you are implying Cessator and quite frankly I have yet to see an insightful prose from you on this topic. Apparently you incorrectly believed that there is no such minister in Iceland and decided to remove the information at the time. Incidentally I can qoute NATO "Össur Skarphédinsson, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Defence of Iceland". It appears that I am more correct than both of you believed.-Kjallakr (talk) 02:19, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

The Military of Iceland does not exist!
This whole article is a joke. It is not the opinion of a single Icelandic citizen (except maybe those who wrote this article) that there is a military in Iceland.

There isn't a article about the "Military of Iceland" on the Icelandic wikiproject. Do you think that is a coincidence?

This article should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Þorkell Einarsson (talk • contribs) 01:50, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Iceland had a defence force until 2007. It still has military elements, though they are somewhat fragmented and even disguised.Royalcourtier (talk) 05:41, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

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Requested move 6 December 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus - No !votes in favour, but plenty of comments in different directions regarding the renaming. No sense in a relist given the lack of any movement since the last one. (non-admin closure) FOARP (talk) 15:58, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

Military of Iceland → Defence forces of Iceland – Per the discussion in the short-lived AfD, Iceland officially has no "military", but it clearly has a defensive structure in place. BD2412 T 07:51, 6 December 2021 (UTC) — Relisting. —usernamekiran • sign the guestbook • (talk) 05:40, 15 December 2021 (UTC)  — Relisting.  BD2412  T 00:05, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

Nathanielcwm (talk) 12:59, 6 December 2021 (UTC):
 * Question What's the term most commonly used in reliable sources? Nick-D (talk) 08:00, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment as Nick-D, the first step in article moves is "What do the sources say". GraemeLeggett (talk) 11:15, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * ref 1 (deadlink): "The Icelandic Defence Agency (IDA) was abolished as of 1 January 2011...allocating the defence-related functions previously carried out by the IDA to the National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police and the Icelandic Coast Guard."
 * ref5: "The Radar Agency is under the auspices of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs."
 * ref 7: "iceland has no military... coast guard fulfills most military missions"
 * ref8: "2018 defence legislation...signed into law by president trump...$214 million to construct military installations in iceland"
 * ref9: "The purpose of this MOU is to confirm the political determination to broaden existing peacetime cooperation between the Icelandic and the Norwegian authorities on matters concerning security, defence, preparedness and rescue operations in the North Atlantic area."
 * ref 17: "as part of a plan that sees NATO members take it in turns to defend Iceland's airspace. The tiny island nation has no military force of its own."
 * ref 19: "Iceland has no army and does not plan to establish one. However, the nation has participated in military rehearsals in Iceland where militaries from various NATO countries have engaged in maneuvers with Icelandic civil forces."
 * ref 20: "Iceland has no army, so why are we trying to contribute to a military effort?"

Additional RSes not used as refs in article:
 * World Factbook places the defence forces under it's "Military" section, however it also states that Iceland has "no regular military" & "no standing military" in the body.
 * government.is simply states: "Iceland is a country without a military"
 * state.gov repeats what world factbook states unsurprisingly, but it also adds an additional paragraph stating that "U.S. military forces are no longer permanently stationed in Iceland."
 * worldbank states that military expenditure is unknown but that there were 0 armed forces in 2017
 * Comment In most countries, there is some kind of cabinet minister/secretary that is the top point person for the military on behalf of the head of state/government (i.e. - "Minister of War," "Secretary of Defense," etc.) Not seeing anything like that in the Icelandic articles here on Wikipedia. Royal Autumn Crest (talk) 13:04, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Pinging remaining participants in the deletion discussion. BD2412  T 17:28, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Comment Defense of Iceland or Defense structure of Iceland would be just as sufficient and wouldn't lead to confusion with the now defunct Iceland Defense Force. --Killuminator (talk) 06:39, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment Thanks for the ping! I think either of Killuminator's suggestions makes sense. There is already a Military History of Iceland article so that content really belongs there instead of here as well in my opinion. FiddleheadLady (talk) 15:03, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment. Note that if moved to anything with the word "defence" it should use the British spelling per WP:RETAIN and per the Icelandic government's own preference. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:53, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Additional comment I feel that except in very unique circumstances, people and organizations should be referred to by the names they have selected for themselves. Here, "defence" is more apt than "military" by that standard. Royal Autumn Crest (talk) 14:42, 9 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Iceland has been notified of this discussion. — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 17:34, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Defence of Iceland


text:
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama

The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama is a Golden Globe Award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA). The award honors the best performance by an actress in a drama television series.

It was first awarded at the 19th Golden Globe Awards on March 5, 1962 under the title Best TV Star – Female, encompassing performances in comedy and drama television series, to Pauline Frederick. The nominees for the award announced annually starting in 1963. In 1969, the award was split into the drama and comedy categories, presented under the new title Best TV Actress – Drama and in 1980 under its current title.

Since its inception, the award has been given to 50 actresses. Angela Lansbury has won the most awards in this category, winning four times, and received ten nominations for the awards, the most in the category; all of her wins were for the series Murder, She Wrote, which therefore holds the record for series with the most wins in the category. The record for series with the most different actresses winning the award is held by The Crown, for which three actors each won the award once: Claire Foy, Olivia Colman, and Emma Corrin.

Winners and nominees
Listed below are the winners of the award for each year, as well as the other nominees.

1970s

Firsts

 * Diahann Carroll became the first actress of African descent to win, when she won at the 26th Golden Globe Awards in 1969.
 * Linda Cristal became the first actress of Latin American descent to win, when she won at the 27th Golden Globe Awards in 1970.
 * Yoko Shimada became the first actress of Asian descent to win, when she won at the 38th Golden Globe Awards in 1981.
 * Michaela Jaé Rodriguez became the first transgender actress to win, when she won at the 79th Golden Globe Awards in 2022.


text:
Talk:Biodegradation

Work on this article
Sorry to say it but this article was previously badly written and requires clarification. I am in the process of updating it and making it make sense! --Alex 08:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

It seems like this article is confused.

"Indicative lengths of degradation" seems to lend confusion to Biodegradation.
 * The plastic section states, "There are plastic materials that claim biodegradability, but are more often (and possibly more accurately) described as 'degradable' or oxy-degradable;" However the "Indicative lengths of degradation" list 450 years. (Note that I cleaned up the plastic section because it already contradicted the article by saying that plastic will "stay around forever". 450 years is a twinkle of time.
 * Degradation should be split out (and possibly referenced) if it's not the same as "biodegradation".

The "Indicative lengths of degradation" link redirects to an online vendor: worldwise.stores.yahoo.net. Therefore, unless someone can resolve this, I suggest that this part of the article be removed. --Bkengland (talk) 22:24, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

What no one seems to be taking into account are that different types of plastic take varying lengths of time to degrade. I'm going to edit the article under biodegration though, because I will tell you right now there is no plastic on the face of the planet that takes a million years to biodegrade, the longest time I've found from anything reliable is 450 years. The highly degradable plastics tend to take about 20 years. Not that it's worth mentioning really, they're making plastics that only take about 20 days to biodegrade now. EDIT: I also changed some other obvious incorrect times. This has to have been about the most blatantly obviously wrong wikipedia page I've seen. I also re-arranged them by degradation time, as they were out of order. 12.206.59.238 (talk) 00:33, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Links must be
Biodegradation is not composting according to the FTC and UCC, also according to ASTM 5511 and ASTM 5338, composting environment can only consist that of, industrial composting facilities that use 140 degrees and 10 rotations of heap mixtures in a 15 day period, which consist of the ASTM 6400. PSM and PLA do not fit in the composting measures or biodegradation methods according to: Smithsonian and American Science of 2000 "how green are green resins". Thank you

Please also reference the dictionary on Biodegradation, because according to the FTC and UCC you will notice that to claim biodegradable at all times the material will have to be eaten and digested by microbes, Bio-Batch as you can see does this, PSM and PLA starch based resins do not, they are broken down by moisture and heat which allow the microbes to internally digest this substance. It is a thermoplastic resin, I also encourage you to read on the internet what a thermoplastic resin is before coming to a "opinion" rather then an educated non biased opinion.

Biodegradation
Please explain your "opinions" on the Bio-Batch work, as well as your "opinion" on biodegradation.

According to ASTM 5511 ASTM 5338 as well as the ISO 14001.

Thank you, ASTM 6400 is a unique test made only for industrial composting facilities that do not exist in numbers in the US. Also Composting is much different then Biodegradation, you can look this up in any dictionary, and if rightfully so, then PLA and PSM do not fit in this category of composting and should be labelled as Industrial Composting Only.

 * Biodegradation is The breakdown of organic materials into simpler components by microorganisms, composting is also the breakdown of organic materials into simpler components by microorganisms and hence composting is a form of biodegradation. The Bio-Batch article reads like an advert for the Bio-Batch technology and the links you have inserted into articles such as biodegradation read very much like spam. I suggest you tweak your article to be NPOV and place links to the Bio-Batch website where it is relevant- i.e. bioplastics and on the Bio-Batch article. A link to the Bio-Batch website is not appropriate on the biodegradation article. --Alex 13:50, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Chemically not possible
'...is biomineralisation, in which organic matter (carbon componds)is converted to into minerals (non carbon - trace elements). Walter Hartmann 03:48, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

I think it is a horrible idea to merge
I am coming from the perspective of a chemist who has to deal with the aspect of biodegradation of chemicals. Makes no sense to me to merge, I am taking it off. -Shootbamboo (talk) 16:27, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Is water biodegradable ?
Is water biodegradable ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.43.224.137 (talk) 22:49, 17 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Technically, no, because pure H2O is a highly stable chemical which is not significantly degraded by natural processes on earth. However, most enviornments found on the planet will accept pure H2O in reasonable quantities without damage. DavidLeighEllis (talk) 22:55, 17 September 2013 (UTC)
 * But water molecules are split apart in the process of photosynthesis, which is a natural process. How does that not fit a definition of biodegradable, such as "capable of decaying through the action of living organisms"? 108.173.113.54 (talk) 17:28, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

"carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass"
""carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass" encompasses every substance in the known universe"

This sentence is wrong. "carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass" means that there are no organic compounds left that are not "biomass", thus no plastics. The difference is that biomass substances decompose easily by organisms such as bacteria, or are used by other organisms.

132.76.10.41 (talk) 22:16, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biodegradation


text:
User talk:204.8.198.2

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title: User talk:204.8.198.2


text:
Talk:Lorena Hickok

Relationship with Eleanor Roosevelt
An unnamed contributor changed my description from

"...anAmerican journalist and confidant of Eleanor Roosevelt with whom she had a romantic relationship starting in 1928"

"...an American journalist and confidant of Eleanor Roosevelt with whom she probably had a romantic relationship starting in 1928" (emphasis added)

I have reverted it. This is as well established a historic fact as any, and the only reason anyone would put it in question is the unreasonably high standard with which we judge homosexual relationships as opposed to heterosexual relationships.

Roosevelt's relationship with Lorena Hickok is testified to in countless documentation, including over 2000 letters written by Roosevelt to "Hick" that include such sentiments as "I wish I could lie down beside you and take you in my arms. I can't kiss you so I kiss your picture good night and good morning," as well as letters from Hickok to Roosevelt, including "I love the feeling of that soft spot just northeast of the corner of your mouth against my lips."

In these letters the two women discuss a future in which they would share a home and blend their lives into one.

Blanche Wiesen Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt's biographer, said in an interview with PBS "Well, the fact is, we can never know what people do in the privacy of their own rooms. The door is closed. The blinds are drawn. We don't know. I leave it up to the reader. But there's no doubt in my mind that they loved each other, and this was an ardent, loving relationship between two adult women" Jliberty 13:12, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * It is very strange to me that these two women were lesbians. Maybe not Ms. Hickock but Mrs.

Roosevelt due to the simple fact that this was not suggested during the time of their intense relationship. Mrs. Roosevelt also would not put her career plans on hold for the woman she "loved." If Eleanor Roosevelt truly loved this woman, she would have done everything in her powers to make this lady happy and to be with her. That's how a relationship works, I know for a fact a heterosexual relationship does, and probably so does a homosexualrelationship. Love is a game of give and take and many, many compromises. 04:38, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Your queasiness and assumptions about "how relationships work" are not criteria for editing articles. The relationship is well documented, and you may want to read a bit about the measures taken by queer lovers in that era to avoid discovery and persecution. Jliberty 10:36, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

External sources
Hickok & Roosevelt A Love Story

Interview with Blanche Wiessen Cook

Blanche Weisen Cook: A Tribute to Lorena Hickok (audio)

Empty without You: The Intimate Letters of Eleanor Roosevelt and Lorena Hickok

It doesn't surprise me that they were in a romantic relationship. Eleanor was a free woman to herself and needed someone and more than a friendship, a lover. I have read all the books written about both woman. Being a lesbian myself in the early 1990's, in my area I had to keep it to myself. Often woman get married before they realize their true feelings. It must have been so hard trying to work around your emotions with the entire world watching. For Lorena to stand behind her and push her own feelings aside... is more than any man would have done for her. Janet Smith

Flow
The biography jumps all over the place. Hopefully someone can clean it up with a smooth chronologic flow or some other useful presentation. As it is, it appears confused. Wjhonson (talk) 22:40, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Focus of the article
I think this page may concentrate too much on the nature of the relationship between Lorena Hickok and Eleanor Roosevelt, and not enough on Hickok's wider role in the New Deal. There is lengthy detail about her in David M. Kennedy's 'Freedom from Fear' [see chapters 6 and 7], which are perhaps more relevant than the nature of her relationship with Roosevelt. Sophie fm (talk) 15:27, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll try to get my hands on that soon and expand further. Sorry it took four years for another editor to answer you. =) -- Khazar2 (talk) 20:35, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

Affair with Roosevelt
An editor just moved the reported lesbian relationship between Roosevelt and Hickok out of the lead section. Before I revert again, I thought I'd ask here why this happened. This relationship is the subject of exhaustive commentary and study, and the lead to this article is currently only two sentences long and in obvious need of expansion. Why should this not be included? Hick's relationship with ER is by far and away the most notable thing about her. (Her biography, for example, is subtitled "E.R.'s friend".) It seems quite reasonable to mention the debated nature of that relationship in the lead section, no? -- Khazar2 (talk) 21:24, 27 November 2012 (UTC)
 * To give a better idea of where I'm coming from, a quick search "Lorena Hickok" into Google, Google Scholar, and Google News. A cursory glance suggests that a large number of the sources on Hickok prominently discuss the question of whether or not the two were intimate. I don't think it's undue weight to mention it in the lead section as one of the most noted issues about her life, though I'd also like to see this lead section generally expanded beyond its sad two-sentence state. Perhaps the best way to do this would be to flesh out a full paragraph about her reporting, another about her relationship with ER, etc. I'm currently working on sourcing and improving the ER article, so I can use some of those sources to work on this one a bit, too. Let me know what you think! Cheers, -- Khazar2 (talk) 21:35, 27 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay, having gotten no response for a couple of days, I've restored this material to the lead. As discussed above, I've added a fuller version of the lead generally. I'm still hoping to expand (and perhaps reorganize) more of the article in the coming days. Enjoy the weekend, everybody, -- Khazar2 (talk) 04:03, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Good Article?
I've done a major expansion and rewrite of this article in the past 24 hours with an eye toward trying to make this a Good Article. Input from other editors on these changes would be great, particularly if you own the Faber biography, to which I don't have access. Thanks everybody, -- Khazar2 (talk) 20:27, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

New section
Pegmoody (talk) 16:08, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

 * What edit are you requesting? 32.218.37.89 (talk) 16:21, 15 March 2016 (UTC)
 * ❌ No edit request included., when you have added an actual request please replace  with request edit to reopen the request. —  crh 23    (Talk) 20:22, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

Elucidate, please
She enrolled at the University of Minnesota, leaving upon being forced to live in a women's dormitory.
 * Curious, unexplained remark. Valetude (talk) 16:40, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

Devoted Friend and Mentor?
The leading section describes her as a "devoted Friend and Mentor" to Eleanor Roosevelt, which seems a bit like burying the lede 138.88.143.26 (talk) 08:10, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lorena Hickok


text:
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama

The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA). This Golden Globe Award honors the best performance by an actor in a drama television series. It was first awarded at the 19th Golden Globe Awards on March 5, 1962 to John Charles Daly and Bob Newhart under the title "Best TV Star – Male". In 1969, the award was presented under the new title "Best TV Actor – Drama"; its current title has been used since 1980. The nominees for the award have been announced annually since 1963.

Kieran Culkin is the current recipient of the award for his portrayal of Roman Roy in Succession. Ed Asner, John Forsythe, Jon Hamm, Hugh Laurie and Telly Savalas have won the most awards in this category, each winning twice. Peter Falk and Tom Selleck have both been nominated seven times each, for their respective roles on Columbo and Magnum, P.I..

Winners and nominees
Listed below are the winners of the award for each year, as well as the other nominees.


text:
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title: User talk:N3ptun0x


text:
Yutaka Akita

Yutaka Akita (秋田 豊) is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for Japan national team He is the current chairman of Iwate Grulla Morioka.

Club career
Akita is a strong and physical centre-back, who is also arguably one of the best headers of the ball within the J1 League. One of the best defenders of his generation and a 10-year stalwart for the Kashima Antlers since 1993, Akita left Kashima in early 2004 to move back to his native Nagoya, signing for hometown team Nagoya Grampus Eight. He moved to J2 League side Kyoto Sanga FC at the beginning of the 2007 season. In November 2007, he announced his retirement from the game. Akita won the champions J1 League 4 times, J.League Cup 3 times and Emperor's Cup 2 times at Kashima Antlers. He was selected Best Eleven 4 times.

International career
On 24 October 1995, Akita debuted for Japan national team against Saudi Arabia. He played at 1996 Asian Cup. He became a regular from the middle of 1997 and at 1998 World Cup qualification in 1997, Japan won the qualify for 1998 World Cup first time Japan's history. He played at 1998 World Cup and 1999 Copa América. He played full-time in all matches at both competitions. In 2002, he was selected Japan for the first time in 3 years. He was also selected Japan for 2002 World Cup, but he did not play in the match. After 2002 World Cup, he became a regular player again under new manager Zico. On 8 June 2003, the match against Argentina is his last game for Japan. Although he was a member of Japan for 2003 Confederations Cup in June, he did not play in the match. He played 44 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 2003.

Coaching career
After retirement, Akita started coaching career at Kyoto Sanga FC in 2008. In July 2010, he became a manager as Hisashi Kato successor. However the club was relegated to J2 League and he resigned end of the season. He signed with Tokyo Verdy in 2012. In November, he resigned and became a manager for FC Machida Zelvia. He was sacked in June 2013.

International

 * Scores and results list Japan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Akita goal.

Honors

 * J1 League: 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002
 * J.League Cup: 1997, 2000, 2002
 * Emperor's Cup: 1997, 2000

Individual
 * J1 League Best Eleven: 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001
 * Selected to AFC All Star Team: 1998

title: Yutaka Akita