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Adrian Dickson

Adrian Dickson (born 1977) is a South-African born British television and radio host.

He began his career after graduating from a university degree course in broadcast journalism. His first television appearances were for CBBC on BBC Television. He presented CBBC Presentation In Studio 9 he also become the sole presenter for BBC Choice children's strand CBBC on Choice in November 2000  and Sub Zero as well as host non-children's programmes Top of the Pops and its sister show Top of the Pops @ Play. In 2002 he went on to front and co-produce the UK Top 40 for the CBBC Channel, a weekly rundown of the music charts. For radio, he presented shows for BBC Radio 3 and BBC 7 as well as independent local radio. Late in 2004 he became an international showbusiness reporter and producer for E! Entertainment Television.

Adrian hosted shows for Rapture TV, was a continuity announcer for UKTV and reported on London West End Theatre news for the Heathrow Express Train Service.

In 2005 he created a media production company which produces entertainment news shows for Britain's Channel 4 and websites worldwide. The company is also the market leader in creating presenter showreels.

Adrian is now the UK bureau chief for US channel ReelzChannel and also reports for Fox Television stations.

title: Adrian Dickson


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Julia M. Riley

Julia M. Riley (née Hill, born 1947) is a British astrophysicist who developed the Fanaroff–Riley classification.

Personal and professional background
She is the daughter of Philippa (born Pass) and British marine geophysicist Maurice Hill and granddaughter of Nobel Prize–winning physiologist Archibald Vivian Hill. Riley is a Fellow of Girton College associated with the Cavendish Astrophysics Group at University of Cambridge. Her primary field of research is in the area of radio astronomy. Riley lectures and supervises physics within the Natural Sciences Tripos at the University of Cambridge.

Fanaroff–Riley type I and II
In 1974, along with Bernard Fanaroff, she wrote a paper classifying radio galaxies into two types based on their morphology (shape). Fanaroff and Riley's classification became known as Fanaroff–Riley type I and II of radio galaxies (FRI and FRII). In FRI sources the major part of the radio emission comes from closer to the centre of the source, whereas in FRII sources the major part of the emission comes from hotspots set away from the centre (see active galaxies).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Julia M. Riley


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Talk:Aurvandill

Untitled
cut explanation of latin iubar, should maybe go to a iubar article (or to Venus)

 * 'beaming light, radiance'. Varro in Lingua Latina Book VII explains specifically: juba dicitur stella Lucifer, that is jubar is called the star Lucifer and Lucifer is the planet Venus.

dab (ᛏ) 09:45, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"Auriwandalo is attested as a historical Lombardic prince!"

Only a little question. Do anybody know some more informations, about this langobardic shape of the name, or the historical source!?

I'm from Finland and I would like to make a point: this word "auriwandalo" reminds me of a Finnish compound word auringonvalo which means sun's light (more specific meanings: luminent, light, essence of light). I was struck by the similarity and find this so much exciting. 85.23.55.252 (talk) 12:21, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * "Auringonvalo" is from Finnish "aurinko" (sun) and "valo" (light) as far as I can find out. "Valo" is from Proto-Finno-Ugric *walk(e)- (light, whiteness) but "aurinko" is a mystery. The connection between "valo" and "*wandilaz" doesn't seem likely, but I guess there is some possibility "aurinko" is somehow related to *"auziz", although a form with aus- seems to be more probable for older borrowings. As far as I could find out, the etymology of "aurinko" is a mystery with no certain cognates found in other Finno-Ugric languages. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 14:53, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

aurvandil
say what you want. conect it to as many "Germanic" stuff. i connect vandals and aurvandals with vedas and ayurvedas. vedas and ayurvedas were the sanskrit knowledges that were brought by arayans in india 1500 bc. those people were the venethi or wends, that come from vincha culture 4000 bc. their sign was the eight point star that symbolises venus(without the latin "us" is just ven). in india, that original home world of the sanskrit language was called mukh duniya or macedonia. over 79.126.194.121 (talk) 20:31, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

Cabell
Besides Tolkien, James Branch Cabell used the name Horvendile in the Biography of the Life of Manuel. —Tamfang (talk) 08:07, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

Crist I
The interpretation here, of Earendel as John the Baptist is probably incorrect. For a start the reference to Blickling Homilies is irrelevant.

Also if one looks at the Kenndedy translation http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/Christ_Kennedy.pdf (Top of Page 4) that same section is given as:

"Hail Day-Star! Brightest angel sent to man throughout the earth, and Thou steadfast splendour of the sun, bright above stars! Ever Thou dost illumine with Thy light the time of every season. As Thou, begotten God of God, Son of the True Father,...."

This is clearly reference to Revelation 22-16 "I, Jesus, have sent my angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, and the bright Morning Star." http://biblehub.com/revelation/22-16.htm

I thus contend that the reference here is to Christ himself and not to John the Baptist. I will change this, in a week or so if there are no objections.

GramlerGrindstone (talk) 15:51, 2 October 2014 (UTC)  I have been reading that bit over and over for a while now, and looking at all the comments I wonder. Is it not BOTH?

Venus/John the Babtist: "Hail Day-Star! Brightest angel sent to man throughout the earth,

The Sun/Christ: and Thou steadfast splendour of the sun, bright above stars!  Ever Thou dost illumine with Thy light the time of every season.  As Thou, begotten God of God, Son of the True Father,...."

That would also make sense in the context of narrative in John1:1-7.  Also, this again fits with The lines 107b–8 (þu tida gehwaneof sylfum þe symle inlihtes), translated as "all spans of time you, of yourself, enlighten always" AND it fits with the Homeley's

<BR> GramlerGrindstone (talk) 10:18, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

Which star is "Aurvandil's Toe?"
This is an interesting question. The Prose Edda passage refers to Aurvandil being "borne out from the North"- surely it cannot then be Sirius which is only visible low in the south from Scandinavia. Orion seems to have been seen as Odin (as in the Wild Hunt) rather than Thor who is the central figure in the Aurvandil legend. The fact that Aurvandil's name means "wanderer" would seem to rule out Polaris, which hardly seems to move in the sky (admittedly it would have done a bit more 1000 years ago than today, but not much).

My suggestion is Arcturus. The Edda passage hints that Aurvandil had somehow become "lost" in the far north, and Thor had gone to bring him back. Arcturus, interestingly, had been a circumpolar star in N Europe from Mesolithic times but started to precess southwards in the last few millennia BCE: it ceased to be circumpolar around 600BCE at 56N (Denmark), 300CE at 61N (central Sweden), 700CE at 64N (Trondheim or Reykjavik). So in Viking times there would be a recent memory of this star having been "lost" in the north. And brought back, as it would only set for a couple of hours. Thor can then be identified as Hercules (paralleling interpretatio romana) and the basket as Corona Borealis. Hercules seems to carry Corona Borealis on his back, with Arcturus dangling below. As Hercules and Corona passed due north circumpolar, and began to climb again, Arcturus would appear out of the horizon "brought back" by them. Seeing Aurvandil's (obviously some kind of king or warrior) toe as Arcturus even opens up the possibility of a parallel with King Arthur legends, as he also may be named after Arcturus and "disappeared". Walshie79 (talk) 01:20, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:37, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Name

 * "The second part comes from *wanđilaz, a derivative of *wanđaz (cf. Old Norse vandr ‘difficult’, Old Saxon wand ‘fluctuating, variable’, English wander), from *wenđanan which gave in English wend."

*wendaną, which regularly became *windaną, gave English to wind. *wandilaz is an agent noun derived from *wandijaną, the causative-iterative derived from *windaną, which is what gave English to wend. Cf. English bend from *bandijaną against bind from *bindaną. Anglom (talk) 00:45, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

PGmc. form
Was wondering about your edit to the lede. I don't currently have a secondary source ready showing a Proto-Germanic reconstruction of this term with -z-, but the discovery of auzandil in Gothic a few years ago more or less proves an original form with -z- (as opposed to -r- in Beechy's *auriwandilaz) in Proto-Germanic, as Gothic does not show the effects of rhotacism of s and z that are apparent in Northwest-Germanic (e.g. compare Gothic huzd with hoard, and auso with ear). I am wondering how we could still show the reconstruction with -z- in the lede, as it is simply more likely (especially since the discovery of the Gothic Bologna fragment). Scholarly sources rarely indulge in reconstructing proto-forms of relatively obscure mythological figures (Beechy is an exception), so finding a source is difficult. — Mnemosientje (t · c) 12:10, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Short note: I have added an (older, admittedly) source reconstructing a form without rhotacism. Doesn't look perfect to me either (why -oz?), but at least it shows the -z-. — Mnemosientje (t · c) 12:36, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I just have added the first source I could find on GBooks. The best sources are obviously the linguists, and the reconstructed forms are mentioned by other scholars without being explained. I'll find a better source among linguistic publications. Alcaios (talk) 13:34, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you! — Mnemosientje (t · c) 16:08, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Echoes with h₂éwsōs
Aurvandill's abduction by the jǫtnar seems to echo myths where *h₂éwsōs is saved from a peril in the eastern sea by the Divine Twins (a widespread fear among traditional societies that the Sun will not rise up one day led to various myths of the sort across the world). Ēarendel's depiction as the rising light also reminds h₂éwsōs' portrayal as the opener of the doors of Heaven (the redly rising dawn heralds the eternal return of the bright sun crossing the daylight sky). I'm surprised none of the sources I read mentioned it. Alcaios (talk) 21:07, 23 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Have you checked Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature for motif numbers? There might be some discussion in there—this important resource is currently underutilized throughout Wikipedia's coverage of these topics. :bloodofox: (talk) 21:18, 23 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the tip, I will check it out. I don't think Aurvandill's motifs are referenced by Thompson however, since he focused on oral folk tales rather than written mythology, but I'm not familiar enough with his work to be sure. Alcaios (talk) 21:42, 23 December 2020 (UTC)
 * There's a lot of stuff in there about Norse myth and ancient Germanic stuff in general, but I think what you'll have most luck with will be individual motifs surrounding a particular concept (like Sun-associated motifs, for example) and any accompanying comparative discussion. I'll take a look within the next few days to see what I can find. :bloodofox: (talk) 21:54, 23 December 2020 (UTC)
 * So, A270 is "god of dawn' and A270.1 is "goddess of dawn" (p. 103). For A270, Thompson lists Vedic and Greek Indo-European dawn goddess reflexes as examples. (The source Thompson provides for A270 looks to be irrelevant here, but I haven't gotten hold of it.) Some philologists may have somewhere proposed additions to this motif. Twins as cultural heroes is A515.1.1 and you might checkout A710-A739, which contains examples (like A1052.1 "devoured by monster at the end of the world", etc). A lot of these should be better utilized on the site, certainly. :bloodofox: (talk) 11:41, 2 January 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Earendel (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 21:58, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aurvandill


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Hawalli Governorate

Hawalli Governorate (محافظة حولي ) is one of the six governorates of Kuwait, consisting of the following areas: Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah became governor in 1962. A more recent governor of the Hawalli governorate is Ahmad Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, who later became prime minister.
 * Hawalli
 * Bayan
 * Mishref
 * Maidan Hawalli
 * Jabriya
 * Rumaithiya
 * Salmiya
 * Salwa
 * Shaab
 * Al-Salam
 * Hattin
 * Al-Zahra
 * Mubarak Al-Abdullah
 * Al-Jaber
 * Al-Shuhada
 * Al-Badae
 * Al-Siddiq

A 2005 estimate reported the population of Hawalli to be 393,861.

A 31 December 2007 estimate reported Hawalli's population to be 714,876.

As of June 2014, the population of Hawalli is estimated to be 890,533.

Sports
Qadsia SC and Al-Salmiya SC are situated in Hawalli governorate.

title: Hawalli Governorate


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Huge spatula

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE. —Korath (Talk) 04:39, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Huge spatula
Not notable enough. Thue | talk 09:50, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No evidence of notability, not even close. Despite the sensational language in which this is told, there are countless similar stories. Andrewa 10:30, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * "He became the first homosexual to gain channel operator status". Channel operators are server- and channel-specific and not organised or controlled by any specific authority. IRC technology makes channel operatorship an entirely peer-controlled process: the first person to join a new channel, or a channel that is empty at the time, automatically becomes an operator, and any operator can appoint anyone else as an operator. Some channels employ "bots" to moderate this. Therefore, if no specific server or channel can be mentioned in the sentence from the article, it is meaningless. 193.167.132.66 11:08, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, by 1997 IRC was a decade old, so the assertion that someone in 1997 was the first gay channel operator is highly suspect. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:33, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Unverifiable/non-notable at best, hoax/attack at worst. I have reason to believe this to be a Something Awful-related hoax, but even if every word was true it wouldn't even be remotely close to anyone's reasonable concept of encyclopedic notability.  (Nearly everyone who's ever used IRC has been a channel op at some point.)  Plus it's 100% unverifiable. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:28, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Unverifiable, likely prank - David Gerard 14:43, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, The vfd tag was removed by an anon. I restored it. Inter 15:53, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. GRider\talk 17:39, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to speedy this one -- it *really* looks like abuse. CJCurrie 02:38, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Tor Andræ

Tor Julius Efraim Andræ (9 July 1885 – 24 February 1947) was a Swedish clergyman, professor and scholar of comparative religion who served as Bishop of the Diocese of Linköping.

Biography
Andræ was born at Vena parish in Hultsfred Municipality in Kalmar County, Sweden. He came from a clerical family. He was the son of pastor Anders Johan Andræ and Ida Nilsson. He studied theology at Uppsala University, where he completed his Ph.D. in 1917. As a historian of religion, his particular interest lay in the early history of Islam, particularly its Jewish and Christian origins, and in the psychology of religion, but he also combined these interests in the study of early Islamic mysticism.

He became church pastor at Gamla Uppsala in 1924. Between 1927 and 1929, he served as professor of religious history at Stockholm University and then became professor of theological encyclopedia at Uppsala University. Andræ was a student of Nathan Söderblom, whom he succeeded as member of the Swedish Academy in 1932. He was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Linköping in 1936 and was the same year briefly minister of education and ecclesiastical affairs in the short-lived cabinet of Prime Minister Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp. He died during 1947 in Linköping and was buried at Uppsala gamla kyrkogård.

In 1985, Annemarie Schimmel remarked that until then only one study had "tried specifically to depict Muhammad's role in Islamic piety. Even today Tor Andrae's Die person Muhammeds in lehre und glaube seiner Gemeinde (1918) remains the standard work in this area, unsuperseded by any other major study, though complemented by random remarks in numerous modern work on Sufism. It is, however, unfortunately too little known even among Islamicists."
 * His study of Muhammad

title: Tor Andræ


text:
Talk:Ramsden surveying instruments

Is the instrument now at the Science Museum, as I first read in Wainwright's book, or at Greenwich?

Upgrade
I intend to add a substantial amount of information to this page over the next few weeks. The title of the page will also have to be changed. I suggest "Ramsden surveying instruments" or something similar. Peter Mercator (talk) 16:19, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ramsden surveying instruments


text:
Talk:Teesta

It would be justified to bring up someone under her first name here if she sometimes used only one name (as some Indians do). But she always calls herself Teesta Setalvad. Prater 09:57, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Teesta


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Rain (entertainer)

Jung Ji-hoon (born June 25, 1982), known professionally as Rain and Bi Rain (Korean: 비; IPA: ['piː]), is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, actor, and record producer. Rain's musical career includes seven albums (six Korean, one Japanese), 28 singles and numerous concert tours around the world. He achieved breakthrough success with his third Korean album, It's Raining (2004), which spawned the number one single of the same name. The album sold over 200,000 copies in South Korea and one million copies throughout Asia, and established Rain as an international star.

Rain made his acting debut in the 2003 drama Sang Doo! Let's Go To School. His lead role in the pan-Asia hit drama Full House (2004) established his status as a Hallyu star. In 2008, Rain made his Hollywood debut in the film Speed Racer and starred in Ninja Assassin (2009), the latter of which made him the first Korean to win a MTV Movie Award. Rain has set up his own company twice, the first being J. Tune Entertainment in 2007, and R.A.I.N. Company in 2015.

Rain has received numerous accolades for his work in both music and acting, including six Mnet Asian Music Awards, three Golden Disc Awards, nine KBS Drama Awards and two Baeksang Arts Awards. In 2008, he was ranked third among 100 leaders of the Korean entertainment industry by Sports Dong-a, and was named one of Time 's 100 most influential people in the world in 2006 and 2011.

Early life
Rain was born as Jung Ji-hoon on June 25, 1982, in Seosan, South Korea. His mother died in December 2000 as she struggled with diabetes. In the same year, Rain was recruited as a trainee for JYP Entertainment, led by recording artist and producer Park Jin-young. In a CNN interview and also in a Discovery Channel documentary called Discovering Hip Korea, he recalled being repeatedly rejected because of his looks: "In fact, I was told after one audition that my singing and dancing was great but I did not make it because I did not have double eyelids." He was eventually recruited into JYP Entertainment, as Park Jin-young saw his drive and persistence. During his early years of training, Rain was a backup dancer.

1998–2006: Debut, Bad Guy, How to Avoid the Sun and Pan-Asia success

Rain, aged 16, debuted as a member of a boy band named Fanclub (팬클럽). Despite releasing two albums, the group failed to be commercially successful. On May 13, 2002, Jung debuted as a solo singer with his first solo album titled Bad Guy where he was introduced to the media through his stage name, Rain. Two singles were released from the album—the eponymous title track "Bad Guy" and "Handshake". Following the success of his debut, Rain released his second album, How to Avoid the Sun on October 16, 2003, with the lead single "How to Avoid the Sun", again to commercial success. From 2002 to 2003, he became a host for KBS's Music Bank.

Rain then released his third album, It's Raining on October 8, 2004, which further consolidated his popularity throughout East and Southeast Asia. To promote the release, Rain embarked on his first tour, Rainy Day Tour, which spanned a total of 14 concerts in 8 countries. The album went on to sell over a million copies in Asia, cementing Rain's position as one of the region's top musical acts. According to JYP Entertainment, Rain earned US$35 million in revenue from promotional activities and endorsements throughout 2005.

2006–2007: Expansion outside Korea, Eternal Rain and Rain's Coming
As part of his Rainy Day Tour, Rain held a two-day concert at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City in February 2006. It was the largest concert by a Korean artist in the city at the time, attracting over 10,000 people, and was sold out within a matter of days. The concert featured appearances from Park Ji-yoon, as well as JoJo, P. Diddy and Omarion and was promoted by the Asian concert production company Rainstone Live. In April 2006, Rain was included in Time magazine's list of "100 Most Influential People in the World". Rain released his debut Japanese album, Eternal Rain on September 13, 2006, which peaked at number 14 on the Oricon Albums Chart.

After his Japanese promotions, Rain followed up with the release of his fourth album, Rain's World on October 14, 2006. It was the 9th best-selling album of the year in South Korea, and a repackage of the album was released 2 months later. In support of the record, Rain held a free promotional concert at the Seoul World Cup Stadium one day prior to the album's release in front of 40,000 fans. He subsequently held his second concert tour titled the Rain's Coming World Tour, which began on December 15, 2006, at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena in Seoul. It continued through 2007 to various parts of Asia, Australia, United States, and Canada and was well received. Rain performed two concert dates in Las Vegas, Nevada, on December 23–24, 2006, held at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace for a total of 7,600 fans.

In April 2007, Rain topped Time Magazine's online user poll, defeating Stephen Colbert by 100,000 votes; Colbert jokingly retaliated by producing a parody of Rain's music video for "How to Avoid the Sun" called "He's Singin' In Korean", and challenged Rain to a dance-off or a "cuddle-off", or a "spoon-off". He also made it into People's 2007 list of the "Most Beautiful People" in the world. In a press release, Rain stated that he was honored to be on the list, and also noted that it will be a great boost to his efforts to raise his public awareness in the United States. On May 25, 2007, Rain became the first Korean artist to hold a concert at the Tokyo Dome, which attracted nearly 40,000 attendees. Later that year, Rain left JYP Entertainment to start his own company, J. Tune Entertainment, but still retains his collaborative relationship with Park Jin-young. On May 5, 2008, Rain appeared in a surprise guest segment at the end of The Colbert Report, and proceeded to engage Colbert in a dance-off on a Dance Dance Revolution machine.

2008–2012: Olympics, Rainism, Back to the Basic and continued popularity
In January 2008, Rain was tapped to sing the theme song of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, "Hand in Hand". He also performed at the Beijing Olympic closing ceremony in August, singing the closing theme song “Beijing, Beijing, I Love Beijing”. On October 15, 2008, Rain released his fifth Korean album, Rainism, which spawned the number one hit single "Love Story". The music video for "Love Story" featured Korean actress Ha Ji-won. A second single, titled "Rainism", was subsequently released. Rain held a comeback showcase for the album, and appeared in a two-day special program where exclusive footage and interviews of the singer was shown. On November 24, 2008, the Commission of Youth Protection deemed the album inappropriate for people under 19 years old because the lyrics in the song "Rainism" were considered problematic due to their phallic and sexual references. Rain re-released a "clean version" of "Rainism" shortly after, but instead of changing the original album's contents, a sticker was placed on the album that prohibited its sale to those under 19 years old.

In October 2009, in support of his fifth album Rainism, Rain kicked off his third concert tour, The Legend of Rainism Tour with two shows at Olympic Gymnastics Arena in Seoul on October 9 and 10. It continued with concerts in various parts of Asia and at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada, on December 24–25, 2009. On April 6, 2010, Rain released a special mini-album titled Back to the Basic, including the singles "Love Song" starring Han Ye-seul in the music video as well as "Hip Song". Once again, Rain topped the Time 100 reader's poll. In October, Rain represented Korea and performed at the 7th Asia Song Festival, organised by Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, at the Seoul Olympic Stadium.

In 2011, Rain made his third appearance at the top of the Time 100 poll and the second time as a finalist. Time describes his win as "The South Korean pop star turned actor Rain, 28, took the top spot in the Time 100 reader poll for the third year, trouncing competitors from Barack Obama to Lady Gaga. That's pretty impressive online power for a guy whose main claim to Western fame is a role in the 2009 film Ninja Assassin." Along with the Time honor, Rain went on a farewell tour, The Best Show Tour, before his 21-month compulsory military service. The tour spanned Southeast Asia including his first tour dates throughout South Korea. His last concert, Rain: Last of The Best was deemed as the best event in Gangnam District for 2011.

2013–2019: Cube Entertainment, Rain Effect, The Squall tour and My Life
On September 17, 2013, it was officially announced that Rain signed with Cube DC, a sub-label of Cube Entertainment After signing with Cube DC, it was announced Rain would be going on his first tour since his discharge. The 2013 Zepp Tour: Story of Rain saw Rain perform 10 dates in four cities in Japan over a few dates in November. In October, Rain held his first fan meeting since his discharge in Seoul.

As a precursor to his new album, Rain starred in a reality show Rain Effect, which premiered on December 19, 2013. The new album, titled Rain Effect, was released on January 2, 2014, with music videos for double title tracks, "30 Sexy" and "La Song". A few months later, Rain released a repackaged version of the album, featuring the ballad single "I Love You". On September 7, 2015, Rain announced through his Facebook page that he and the CEO had come to a mutual decision to not renew his contract with Cube Entertainment. On October 11, he announced through his official website that he had created his own one-man agency with the aid of his longtime manager and other entertainment figures.

From late 2015 to 2016, Rain embarked on his second world tour, titled The Squall World Tour. On December 12, 2016, R.A.I.N. Company announced that Rain would release a new album in 2017 with a series of promotional activities to accompany his musical comeback. He released the single "The Best Present", produced by Psy on January 14, 2017. In October 2017, Rain appeared as a mentor on KBS' survival audition program, The Unit. On November 7, it was announced that Rain would come back with a new mini album in December with a comeback special titled 2017 Rain is Back airing December 3 on KBS. The comeback special was followed by a series of variety and music show promotional activities. Rain's album, My Life was released on December 1, 2017.

2020–present: Career resurgence and SSAK3
In mid-May 2020, Rain's 2017 music video and song "Gang" from his second EP My Life went viral on YouTube in South Korea for its overly bombastic production, choreography and mannerisms, and self-absorbed lyrics after a parody dance video "1 Gang a Day" by a high school student released in late 2019 became a sensation online. Rain embraced his newfound fame with grace and self-deprecation, inviting more interest towards the song and invoking more parody videos. The phenomenon ― consuming, leaving comments, producing parodies ― blew up further after Rain's appearance on MBC's television program Hangout with Yoo. An official remix version of "Gang" by Sik-K, PH-1, Jay Park, and Haon was released on June 4, 2020, and topped all real-time charts upon its release.

Rain joined Mnet's survival reality show I-Land, which premiered on June 26, 2020, as a judge and mentor. Rain also featured in Zico's song "Summer Hate" from his third EP Random Box, which was released on July 1, 2020. In the summer of 2020, through Hangout with Yoo, Rain, under the stage name B.Ryong, collaborated with Yoo Jae-suk and Lee Hyori to form a summer project co-ed trio SSAK3. The group's song "Beach Again", released on July 18, 2020, topped various music charts upon release and topped the Gaon Digital Chart for five consecutive weeks. SSAK3 also released "Play That Summer" as well as solo songs, including Rain's "Exciting" featuring Mamamoo, on July 25 as part of the group's project. In December 2020, Rain was recognized as one of the ten "2020 Visionary" figures, selected by CJ E&M, who inspired the global public with their pioneering work in Korean pop culture in 2020.

Rain is set to release a new album after three years. He reunited with his mentor Park Jin-young to release the collaboration song "Switch To Me" on December 31, 2020. Rain also featured Chungha and released the song "Why Don't We", which is the title track for his third EP Pieces by Rain. On March 3, 2021, Rain released his new EP, which includes five songs, including "Switch To Me" and "Why Don't We".

2003–2006: Acting debut and Hallyu fame
Rain made his television debut in the KBS drama, Sang Doo! Let's Go To School (2003). The drama achieved good ratings and he won the Most Popular TV Actor award at the 2004 Baeksang Arts Awards. In 2004, Rain's popularity continued to climb when starred alongside Song Hye-kyo in the hit romantic comedy series Full House, which drew solid viewership ratings nationwide throughout its run with a peak viewer rating of 42.7 percent. The series was broadcast in various parts of Asia as well as the United States, garnering much popularity and establishing Rain as a Hallyu star. His performance in the drama won him the Best Actor award at the KBS Drama Awards. Rain next starred in action romance drama A Love to Kill opposite Shin Min-ah. In 2006, Rain made his big-screen debut in romantic comedy film I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK, directed by Park Chan-wook. The film won the Alfred Bauer Award at the 57th Berlin International Film Festival, and was selected as the opening film for the Hong Kong International Film Festival. Rain was nominated for and won the Best New Actor award at the 43rd Baeksang Arts Awards.

2008–2013: Hollywood ventures
In 2008, he starred in his first English-language film, playing Racer Taejo Togokahn in Speed Racer, directed by the Wachowskis. He then made his starring role debut in Ninja Assassin (2009), as the main character Raizo. Ninja Assassin was directed by James McTeigue, and produced by Joel Silver and the Wachowskis. The project was inspired by the ninja scenes featured from Speed Racer, in which Rain had impressed the Wachowskis with his portrayal as a fighter. For his first Hollywood lead role in Ninja Assassin, Rain trained alongside stuntmen for six hours a day, over six months. He won the Biggest Badass award at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards for his performance.

In 2010, Rain returned to the small screen after five years with KBS action drama The Fugitive: Plan B, in which he plays a young, rich and cunning Korean private investigator. This was followed by a leading role in the aviation film R2B: Return to Base, which was released in August 2012. In 2013, it was announced that Rain would appear alongside Bruce Willis, Jason Patric, and John Cusack in the film The Prince. Filming took place in the United States, including in New Orleans. The film premiered in select theaters in 2014, and was also released as video on demand.

2014–present: Success in China and Korean comeback
Rain made his small-screen comeback after four years in SBS's musical drama My Lovely Girl (2014), opposite Krystal of f(x). He also starred in a Chinese romance film, For Love or Money alongside Liu Yifei. The film, which is Rain's Chinese film debut, premiered in November 2014. In December 2014, Rain started filming for his first Chinese drama Diamond Lover, co-starring Tiffany Tang. The drama premiered in July 2015 and achieved huge success, earning high ratings throughout its 24-episode run and reaching 3.3 billion views online. Rain next starred in the SBS drama Come Back Mister, which began airing in February 2016. In May 2016, Rain was cast alongside Victoria Song in the Chinese drama Endless August.

In March 2017, Rain was cast in the movie Uhm Bok-dong based on a true story that took place during the Japanese colonial rule. He starred as the real-life cyclist hero Uhm Bok-dong alongside Kang So-ra. In 2018, Rain was cast in JTBC's action drama Sketch as a detective. In 2019, Rain was cast in MBC drama Welcome 2 Life. In 2022, Rain starred in TVN drama Ghost Doctor, alongside Kim Bum.

Music
In terms of singing and dancing, Rain has been influenced by Michael Jackson, Usher and Justin Timberlake.

Image
Rain is considered a "world star" due to his popularity, not only in South Korea and Japan, but throughout Asia, Europe and North America with fans in countries like China, Singapore, Thailand, Canada and United States. Much of his popularity is attributed to his various acting roles (varying from television like Full House to indie films like I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK to blockbusters like Ninja Assassin). Before landing his role in Speed Racer, he had expressed the desire to expand beyond the Asian market when he stated in an interview, "The reason I am active in Japan, Hong Kong, China and around Asia is that I want to succeed here and then go even more international...I would really like to see, is a top Asian artist emerge strongly from the Asian market, and then go on to succeed in the U.S. market." Due to his extreme popularity internationally in the 2000s, he is often credited as the pioneer of the hallyu wave. Rain's appeal to all demographics has made him one of Korea's highest-paid celebrities by endorsers with an asking price of $1 – US$1.5 million per endorsement. Over the years, he endorsed brands such as Hyundai, Lotte, KB Card, Pizza Hut, Thailand dairy company Dutch Mill, Chinese pastry Fu Mu Cakes, Pantech, LG Electronics, SK Telecom and Pepsi. Rain has even done songs to tie-in with endorsement deals. "Still Believe" was used as both an ad and a music video for BMW Korea's "Meet the Truth" campaign with appearances by Rain as well as JYP. "Memory in My Hand" and "Any Dream" were used in campaigns for Pantech and Samsung, respectively, in China. With his booming popularity throughout the world, he has been deemed a "cultural ambassador" as he has represented South Korea in inter-Asian musical events and has appeared in a Thai published textbook.

Six to Five
Six to Five was Rain's first clothing line, since it also was his dream to become a fashion designer. It was launched on December 23, 2008, and was followed by a "fashion show–launch party–mini-concert" to introduce "Six to Five". He designed and modeled for the clothing. The label "Six To Five" is described by Rain as the idea of having an extra sense (i.e. from five senses to six), and is also said to represent his birth date, 6/25. The line was discontinued and the online mall closed by the end of 2010.

J. Tune Entertainment
In November 2007, Rain told the Korean media that he had left JYP Entertainment and started his own entertainment company, J. Tune Entertainment (formerly known as Rainy Entertainment). He was scheduled to be CEO of the company, but told the media that he still kept in touch with his mentor and long-time trainer Park Jin Young. J. Tune Entertainment's subsidiary, J. Tune Camp debuted MBLAQ, an all-boy group, in October 2009. Rain actively participates in MBLAQ's music, either composing, writing, producing or choreographing dance routines.

In December 2010, Park Jin-Young announced that J. Tune Entertainment would be merged with JYP Entertainment. It has become the largest shareholder in J. Tune Entertainment, and it is viewed as a strategic alliance between the two companies.

R.A.I.N. Company
On September 7, 2015, Rain announced through his Facebook page that he had decided to not renew his contract with Cube Entertainment. After much speculation due to his departure from Cube, Rain's official website announced he had created his own one-man agency. In setting up the agency on a U.S.-based system, his Chinese activities will be managed by H Entertainment and Jason Jang while his American agency will still be WME. His music activities will be handled by longtime manager Kim Yong Bae while his acting venture will be handled by Park Jong Sun.

On December 12, 2020, Rain announced that he will debuting a boygroup known as Ciipher in 2021. The group consists of 7 handpicked trainees by Rain himself, most of whom had been previously on survival shows such as YG Treasure Box, No.Mercy, Produce X 101 and Under Nineteen.

Humanitarian work
From 2005 to 2007, Rain donated money to have 50 drinking water wells and playgrounds built in Cambodia. He began taking up causes related to children by participating in the Love Photography Exhibition to help find adoptive parents for children in government care, donating a percent of his 2006 and 2007 World Tour concert proceeds to children orphaned by AIDS and participating in the Green Ribbon Hope Walking Campaign to raise funds for prevention and to help find missing children. Due to his work, he was appointed World Vision HIV/AIDS Ambassador. In recent years, Rain has been an advocate for environmental protection going as far as to volunteer in the Taean oil spill cleanup and donate 300 million won for clean water and clothing for the residents in 2008. In 2009, Rain was involved with MTV EXIT, a campaign against human trafficking in Asia. Over the years, he has performed at concerts for various charitable causes.

Legal issues
On his World 2007 tour, his scheduled concerts in Shanghai, Toronto, San Francisco, and Hawaii were canceled, followed by the last concert in Los Angeles. The last event at the Staples Center was canceled only two hours prior to opening: Rain's producer blamed the situation on financial problems of the local promoter, while the local promoter blamed Wellmade STAR M calling them too "incompetent to handle the situation".

On March 19, 2009, a federal jury in Honolulu found that Rain, his former management agency JYP Entertainment, and two other promotion companies were guilty of breaching a contract and defrauding Honolulu promoter Click Entertainment for $2 million (originally just over $1 million) after the Hawaii concert was canceled and the promoters were not refunded the $500,000 licensing fee. Rain and JYP were ordered to pay $2.4 million each in punitive damages, $1 million for damages related to the fraud, and $2.3 million for breach of contract.

A separate lawsuit filed by promoters Wellmade STAR M was dismissed by a South Korean court on January 28, 2010. Judge Bae Kwang-Kuk ruled in favor of Rain and blamed the plaintiff for poor preparations surrounding the canceled U.S. tour.

In April 2010, Rain and other J. Tune Creative shareholders were accused of embezzling money from the company by a fabric manufacturing company. The company claimed they suffered financial losses. Rain and the shareholders were acquitted of the charges in December of that year. He was reinvestigated in September 2011 after a discrepancy was found, but was later acquitted again in June 2013.

Military service
Rain fulfilled his mandatory military service from October 2011 until July 2013. He was named the top marksman of the 5th Infantry Division boot camp, and was chosen as the assistant instructor. He was appointed promotional ambassador by the Military Manpower Administration, and appeared in a documentary about the defense industry entitled "Defense Report 2012".

Marriage and children
In January 2013, Rain confirmed that he was dating actress Kim Tae-hee, which then caused an investigation into whether his dating had broken military rules during his mandatory military service. In 2014, he was baptised with the name Micheal as a Catholic, the same religion as his wife. The couple married on January 19, 2017, after five years of dating. On October 25, 2017, Kim gave birth to their first child. She gave birth to their second child on September 19, 2019.

Philanthropy
On May 5, 2022, Rain donated 100 million won to the G-Foundation Foundation of the International Organization for Development (International Development Cooperation NGO G-Foundation) on the occasion of Children's Day.

Discography

 * Bad Guy (2002)
 * How to Avoid the Sun (2003)
 * It's Raining (2004)
 * Eternal Rain (2006)
 * Rain's World (2006)
 * Rainism (2008)
 * Rain Effect (2014)

Concerts and tours
World tours Asia tours
 * Rainy Day Tour (2005–2006)
 * Rain's Coming World Tour (2006–2007)
 * Legend of Rainism Tour (2009–2010)

 * Rain Loves Japan Zepp Tour (2010)
 * The Best Show Tour (2011)
 * Story of Rain: 2013 Rain Zepp Tour (2013)
 * Rain Effect China Concert Series (2014)
 * The Squall World Tour (2015–2016)

title: Rain (entertainer)


text:
Teletraffic engineering

Teletraffic engineering, telecommunications traffic engineering, or just traffic engineering when in context, is the application of transportation traffic engineering theory to telecommunications. Teletraffic engineers use their knowledge of statistics including queuing theory, the nature of traffic, their practical models, their measurements and simulations to make predictions and to plan telecommunication networks such as a telephone network or the Internet. These tools and knowledge help provide reliable service at lower cost.

The field was created by the work of A. K. Erlang for circuit-switched networks but is applicable to packet-switched networks, as they both exhibit Markovian properties, and can hence be modeled by e.g. a Poisson arrival process.

The crucial observation in traffic engineering is that in large systems the law of large numbers can be used to make the aggregate properties of a system over a long period of time much more predictable than the behaviour of individual parts of the system.

In PSTN architectures
The measurement of traffic in a public switched telephone network (PSTN) allows network operators to determine and maintain the quality of service (QoS) and in particular the grade of service (GoS) that they promise their subscribers. The performance of a network depends on whether all origin-destination pairs are receiving a satisfactory service.

Networks are handled as:
 * loss systems, where calls that cannot be handled are given equipment busy tone, or
 * queuing systems, where calls that cannot be handled immediately are queued.

Congestion is defined as the situation when exchanges or circuit groups are inundated with calls and are unable to serve all the subscribers. Special attention must be given to ensure that such high loss situations do not arise. To help determine the probability of congestion occurring, operators should use the Erlang formulas or the Engset calculation.

Exchanges in the PSTN make use of trunking concepts to help minimize the cost of the equipment to the operator. Modern switches generally have full availability and do not make use of grading concepts.

Overflow systems make use of alternative routing circuit groups or paths to transfer excess traffic and thereby reduce the possibility of congestion.

A very important component in PSTNs is the SS7 network used to route signalling traffic. As a supporting network, it carries all the signalling messages necessary to set up, break down or provide extra services. The signalling enables the PSTN to control the manner in which traffic is routed from one location to another.

Transmission and switching of calls is performed using the principle of time-division multiplexing (TDM). TDM allows multiple calls to be transmitted along the same physical path, reducing the cost of infrastructure.

In call centers
A good example of the use of teletraffic theory in practice is in the design and management of a call center. Call centers use teletraffic theory to increase the efficiency of their services and overall profitability through calculating how many operators are really needed at each time of the day.

Queueing systems used in call centers have been studied as a science. For example, completed calls are put on hold and queued until they can be served by an operator. If callers are made to wait too long, they may lose patience and default from the queue (hang up), resulting in no service being provided.

In broadband networks
Teletraffic engineering is a well-understood discipline in the traditional voice network, where traffic patterns are established, growth rates can be predicted, and vast amounts of detailed historical data are available for analysis. However, in modern broadband networks, the teletraffic engineering methodologies used for voice networks are inappropriate.

Long-tail traffic
Of great importance is the possibility that extremely infrequent occurrences are more likely than anticipated. This situation is known as long-tail traffic. In some designs, the network might be required to withstand the unanticipated traffic.

Teletraffic economics and forecasting
As mentioned in the introduction, the purpose of teletraffic theory is to reduce cost in telecommunications networks. An important tool in achieving this goal is forecasting. Forecasting allows network operators to calculate the potential cost of a new network / service for a given QoS during the planning and design stage, thereby ensuring that costs are kept to a minimum.

An important method used in forecasting is simulation, which is described as the most common quantitative modelling technique in use today. An important reason for this is that computing power has become far more accessible, making simulation the preferred analytical method for problems that are not easily solved mathematically.

As in any business environment, network operators must charge tariffs for their services. These charges must be balanced with the supplied QoS. When operators supply services internationally, this is described as trade in services and is governed by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).

title: Teletraffic engineering


text:
Tauber

The Tauber is a river in Franconia (Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria), Germany. It is a left tributary of the Main and is 132 km in length. The name derives from the Celtic word for water (compare: Dover).

It flows through Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Creglingen, Weikersheim, Bad Mergentheim, Königshofen, Tauberbischofsheim, and flows into the river Main in Wertheim am Main. The Tauber Valley Cycleway is a bicycle path which runs about 101 km along the course of the river.

There is a medieval bridge over the river near Rothenburg ob der Tauber.

title: Tauber


text:
PA 103

PA 103 can refer to:
 * Pan Am Flight 103
 * Pennsylvania Route 103

title: PA 103


text:
Government of South Africa

The Government of South Africa, or South African Government, is the national government of the Republic of South Africa, a parliamentary republic with a three-tier system of government and an independent judiciary, operating in a parliamentary system. Legislative authority is held by the Parliament of South Africa. Executive authority is vested in the President of South Africa who is head of state and head of government, and his Cabinet. The President is elected by the Parliament to serve a fixed term.

South Africa's government differs from those of other Commonwealth nations. The national, provincial and local levels of government all have legislative and executive authority in their own spheres, and are defined in the South African Constitution as "distinctive, interdependent and interrelated".

Operating at both national and provincial levels ("domes") are advisory bodies drawn from South Africa's traditional leaders. It is a stated intention in the Constitution that the country be run on a system of cooperative governance.

The national government is composed of three inter-connected branches; the legislature (parliament, consisting of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces), the executive (the President, who is both Head of State and Head of Government), and the judiciary (the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of Appeal, and the High Court).

All bodies of the South African Government are subject to the rule of the Constitution, which is the supreme law in South Africa.

Executive

The President, Deputy President and the Ministers of the South African Government make up the executive branch of the national government. Ministers are Members of Parliament who are appointed by the President to head the various departments of the national government. The president is elected by parliament from its members.

Judicial
The third branch of the national government is an independent judiciary. The judicial branch interprets the laws, using as a basis the laws as enacted and explanatory statements made in the Legislature during the enactment. The legal system is based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law and accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations. The constitution's bill of rights provides for due process including the right to a fair, public trial within a reasonable time.

 * Magistrates' Courts – The court where civil cases involving less than R100 000, cases.

Local government
Local government in South Africa consists of municipalities of various types. The largest metropolitan areas are governed by metropolitan municipalities, while the rest of the country is divided into district municipalities, each of which consists of several local municipalities. After the municipal election of 18 May 2011 there were eight metropolitan municipalities, 44 district municipalities and 226 local municipalities.

Municipalities are governed by municipal councils which are elected every five years. The councils of metropolitan and local municipalities are elected by a system of mixed-member proportional representation, while the councils of district municipalities are partly elected by proportional representation and partly appointed by the councils of the constituent local municipalities.

Opposition
In each legislative body, the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats forms the government. The largest party not in the government is recognised as the official opposition.

title: Government of South Africa


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/JonGwynne/Response to JG

JG wrote a statement; I disagee with about everything he said. Rather than write over his copy, I've created this copy and will add my replies (William M. Connolley 10:07, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)). Note that this is *not* my evidence, just a commentary (and somewhat delayed by the wikicrash).

This is just the latest in a laundry list of complaints against me by WMC. If memory serves, they began in earnest when I co-signed a complaint against him on Requests for comment/William M. Connolley because of his inappropriate behavior regarding other used. It should be noted that the complaints against him have gone unresolved and unaddressed. I suspect the reason no one has escalated the matter further is that the rest of us are more interested in writing and editing articles than in wasting the admins' time with complaints that can be addressed between the users involved.

 * This misrepresents the situation. The trouble began when JG began editing the climate change pages, beginning with global warming (William M. Connolley 10:07, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)).

WMC's complaints here are, as per his usual, entirely without merit.

 * What he describes as "POV edits" are, in reality NPOV edits designed to bring balance to the articles on climate-change. He, and a few others, resist them.  Others do not.  These are issues that can and should be resolved in the ordinary matter of wikipedia.

 * JGs POV on climate change is so far off the scientific consensus that he perhaps doesn't realise how POV his edits are. Wiki policy on this is clear: the dominant view should be reported, and dissenting views according to their currency. I am happy with that, and have accepted views on the climate change pages with which I strongly disagree. But JG insists on pushing them to an imflated degree.

 * The "series of 3RR bans" are, with one exception (the one on Global Wariming, that was my mistake and I'll take responsibility for that one), entirely illegitimate and only the result of deliberate or negligent misstatements by WMC and one other user.

 * JG's bans have been thoroughly deserved. Although he claims to believe they are unjustified, he has made no attempt to challenge the admins actions in imposing them. His repeated violations of the 3RR have been accompanied by deceptive edit comments designed to deceive the unwary (William M. Connolley 10:07, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)).

 * What he describes as "personal attacks" are, in reality, admittedly brusque statements censuring his objectionable behavior as described in his RFC and attempting to discourage repetition of such behavior.

 * His personal attacks go far beyong "brusque statements" and are, effectively, designed to make editing wikipedia unpleasant for me.

 * His complaints about my edit summaries are subjective at best and ultimately irrelevant in light of the compare tool provided by wikipedia.

 * (William M. Connolley 10:07, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)) This "defence" appears to effectively admit the complaint: his edit summaries are deceptive.

 * The RFC he filed against me was not only entirely without merit - I systematically rebutted every single one of his complaints, but it was only endorsed by his group of idealogical supporters.

 * (William M. Connolley 10:07, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)) This is false in both parts. Firstly, he rebutted none of the charges (his response to point one is revealing of his general attitude). Secondly, a number of people who cannot possibly be described as my "idealogical supporters" endorsed the RFC [Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/JonGwynne#Users_certifying_the_basis_for_this_dispute]: Ed Poor, who is distinctly skeptical on climate change, and Silverback. I have had disagreements with both of them in the past over the contents of the climate pages. Only someone so far out on the skeptical wing that they have lost their bearings could possibly describe either of them as "idealogical supporters".

It should also be noted that he filed the RFC against me after he tried and failed to get an article of mine deleted.

 * This refers to the regrettable consensus science. When I listed it, it was a POV disaster and edit-war bait. It secured more votes for deletion than anything else, but wasn't deleted. JGs implication that the RFC was revenge is incorrect.

This whole thing is strongly suggestive of nothing more than a peevish, personal vendetta and a waste of the admins' time. My advice to the admins is: don't let yourselves get sucked into it.

In my opinion, William is a petty, vindictive, narrow-minded person who contributes little to wikipedia apart from extremist environmentalist POV.

 * This complaint is easy to rebut: I have edited wiki extensively outside the climate pages, although they are my first interest; see my contributions, or more simply User:William M. Connolley/My Images which includes two featured pictures. I also, naturally, do not his accept his claim w.r.t. the climate change pages. I have made great efforts to keep them honest and accurate, and a number of people have endorsed this Requests_for_comment/William_M._Connolley and Requests_for_comment/William_M._Connolley

Once again, I suggest you reject his complaint out of hand and not let yourselves get dragged into this mess.

 * (William M. Connolley 10:07, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)) I am glad that you have not taken his advice.


text:
Hermann Heinrich Gossen

Hermann Heinrich Gossen (7 September 1810 – 13 February 1858) was a German economist who is often regarded as the first to elaborate, in detail, a general theory of marginal utility.

Prior to Gossen, a number of economic theorists, including Gabriel Cramer, Daniel Bernoulli, William Forster Lloyd, Nassau William Senior, and Jules Dupuit had employed or asserted the significance of some notion of marginal utility. But Cramer, Bernoulli, and Dupuit had focussed upon specific problems, Lloyd had not presented any applications of theory, and if Senior provided a detailed elaboration of the general theory he had developed, he had done so in language that caused his applications of theory to be missed by most readers.

Life and family background
Hermann Heinrich Gossen was born in Düren, Roer (department) (Roerdépartement, or Département de la Roer), First French Empire. In the year Hermann was born (1810), and for a few years thereafter, the city of Düren was part of France. As early as 1794 the city of Düren was occupied by French Revolutionary troops, due to Prussia's involvement in the War of the First Coalition (1792-1797). By the terms of secret clauses of the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 17, 1797), the cities of Düren and Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) now came under the rulership of the First French Republic (Aachen previously had been a Free Imperial City in the Holy Roman Empire). The Treaty of Campo Formio terminated the War of the First Coalition. Finally, by the Treaty of Lunéville (February 9, 1801), Prussia officially and publicly (not secretly) ceded Düren, Aachen, and the entire west bank of the Rhine River to France. Under both the First French Republic (1792-1804) and the First French Empire (1804-1814), Aachen was the chief city in the French Département de la Roer (Roerdépartement). From 1798-1814 Düren was the main city in the canton Düren in the Aachen arrondissement of the Département de la Roer (Roerdépartement). As one of the provisions of the Congress of Vienna (June 9, 1815), the territory known as the Lower Rhine - which included the French départements Rhin-et-Moselle, Sarre, and Roer - was ceded back to Prussia by France via an agreement with Frederick William III of Prussia (King of Prussia from 1797-1840). On April 16, 1816, these former French départements, now part of the Kingdom of Prussia, were combined to form the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine (Grossherzogtum Niederrhein), aka the Lower Rhine Province (Provinz Niederrhein), which King Frederick William III ruled over under his title Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine. On June 22, 1822 a Kabinettsorder (Order of the Prussian Cabinet) united the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine (Lower Rhine Province) with the neighboring Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg - the province immediately to the south of the Lower Rhine Province - to form the Rhine Province. Today that area is known as North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Hermann died in Cologne (Köln), North Rhine-Westphalia, Prussia. His parents were Georg Joseph Gossen (December 15, 1780 - October 7, 1847) (aka Georg Josef Gossen) and Maria Anna Mechtilde (Mechthildis) Scholl (February 22, 1768 - June 29, 1833). Georg and Maria were married on October 25, 1804 in Aachen.

Hermann's paternal grandfather, Arnold Winand Gossen, married Anna Cordula Schmitz on September 3, 1774 in Selgersdorf, Jülich, Prussia. Arnold Winand Gossen - a Kurfürstlicher steuereintreiber (Electoral tax collector) and Wahlrentenmanager (Electoral pension manager) - was one of the most respected officials operating in the city of Düren, the duchy of Jülich, and other parts of the Lower Rhine region of Prussia. However, beginning in the mid-1790s, Arnold gradually lost his position and income, due to the acquisition by France of Prussian territories where Arnold had ongoing business operations. These acquisitions of Prussian territory by France were a consequence of Prussia's involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802).

Hermann studied at the University of Bonn, then worked in the Prussian administration until retiring in 1847, after which he sold insurance until his death.

Entwickelung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs (1854)
Gossen's book Entwickelung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs, und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln (Braunschweig: Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1854) (Development of the Laws of Human Intercourse and the Consequent Rules of Human Action) went through two printings in 1854. In this work, Gossen very explicitly develops general theoretical implications from a theory of marginal utility, to the extent that William Stanley Jevons (one of the preceptors of the Marginal Revolution) was later to remark that "[I]t is quite apparent that Gossen has completely anticipated me as regards the general principles and method of the theory of Economics. So far as I can gather, his treatment of the fundamental theory is even more general and thorough than what I was able to scheme out."

Entwickelung was poorly received, as economic thought in Germany at the time (1854) was dominated by the Historical School, and Gossen had written Entwickelung in a dense, heavily mathematical style, a manner of exposition which was quite unpopular with adherents of the Historical School. Although Gossen himself declared that his work was comparable in its significance to the innovations of Copernicus, few others agreed. Embittered by the work's poor reception, shortly before his death Gossen ordered the destruction of all copies of the book. All unsold copies were pulled from stores by the publisher, who did not destroy them however, but instead put them in storage. About 32 years later, these unsold copies of the book were purchased by Berlin publisher R. L. Prager, who recycled and re-issued them in 1889, under the imprint Verlag von R. L. Prager. Today, only a few copies of the 1854 and 1889 printings of the book still exist.

In the early 1870s, William Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger, and Léon Walras each reintroduced the theory of marginal utility. During discussions in 1878 as to which of those three had been the first to formulate the theory, Robert Adamson (1852-1902), who was a colleague of Jevons at Owens College (Manchester, England), finally discovered a copy of Entwickelung in the British Museum, after trying for several years to locate a copy of the book, which had become unobtainable (and had been ignored and forgotten as well) since being removed from sale in stores by its publisher in late 1857 or early 1858. However, this re-discovery of the book came several years after the three principals in the Marginal Revolution had published their own books, and significant differences with Gossen’s original contributions were overlooked. A century later (1983), Gossen’s book was translated into English. In his introduction to the book, Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, a prominent American economist (Distinguished Fellow of the American Economics Association), strongly supported Gossen’s vision, which stands in opposition to the neoclassical orthodoxy that utility (satisfaction) is properly identified with consumables in basic (utility) theory rather than consumption activity:

"Given that the only certain fact is the intensity of pleasure felt at an instant of time, the only epistemologically sound approach is to take intensity as the primary concept. ([1854] 1983, lxxxi [See 'Further reading' below.])"

Georgescu-Roegen also extended Gossen’s behavioral formulation by introducing leisure in addition to production and consumption activities.

Gossen was among the first economists to argue that a centrally planned economy was unworkable:

"Original: ' … nur durch Feststellung des Privateigenthums der Maßstab gefunden wird zur Bestimmung der Quantität, welche den Verhältnissen angemessen am Zweckmäßigsten von jeden Gegenstand zu produciren ist. Darum würde denn die von Communisten projectirte Centralbehörde zur Vertheilung der verschiedenen Arbeiten und ihrer Belohnung sehr bald die Erfahrung machen, daß sie sich eine Aufgabe gestellt habe, deren Lösung die Kräfte einzelner Menschen weit übersteigt.'"

"Translation: ' ... only through the establishment of private property is to be found the measure for determining the quantity of each commodity which it would be best to produce under given conditions. Therefore, the central authority [that's] proposed by the communists for the distribution of the various tasks and their reward, would very soon find that it had undertaken a task the solution of which far exceeds the abilities of individual men.'"

title: Hermann Heinrich Gossen


text:
Archicortex

The archicortex, or archipallium, is the phylogenetically oldest region of the brain's cerebral cortex (the second oldest is the paleocortex). It is often considered contiguous with the olfactory cortex, but its extent varies among species. In older species, such as fish, the archipallium makes up most of the cerebrum. Amphibians develop an archipallium and paleopallium.

In humans, the archicortex makes up the three cortical layers of the hippocampus. It has fewer cortical layers than both the neocortex, which has six, and the paleocortex, which has either four or five. The archicortex, along with the paleocortex and periallocortex, is a subtype of allocortex. Because the number of cortical layers that make up a type of cortical tissue seems to be directly proportional to both the information-processing capabilities of that tissue and its phylogenetic age, the archicortex is thought to be the oldest and most basic type of cortical tissue.

Location
The archicortex is most prevalent in the olfactory cortex and the hippocampus, which are responsible for processing smells and forming memories, respectively. Because olfaction is considered to be the phylogenetically oldest sensory modality, and the limbic system, of which the hippocampus is a part, is one of the oldest systems in the brain, it is likely that the archicortex was one of the first types of tissue to develop in primitive nervous systems.

Archicortical precursor cells are also present in the dentate gyrus of the developing mammalian embryo.

Structure
The archicortex is largely made up of memorizing cells with two types of afferent synapses: excitatory and unmodifiable inhibitory synapses. Memorizing cell inhibition serves two functions: one is controlling synaptic modification conditions in the memorizing cell dendrites during learning, and the other is controlling cell thresholds during recall. The archicortex may also contain codon cells. Unlike the neocortex, the archicortex lacks climbing fibers (fibers involved in the clustering part of neocortical classification). Consequently, the archicortex is not adapted for this type of classification.

Memory
Unlike the neocortex, current theories of the archicortex argue that it performs simple memorization without changing the input's format in any complex manner. The archicortex is unable to classify inputs. It has two main uses: free simple memory and directed simple memory.

title: Archicortex


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Nonconformist register

A Nonconformist register is broadly similar to a parish register, but deriving from a nonconformist church or chapel.

Nonconformist churches do not conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. In other words, these Protestant churches dissent from the established church. Examples include the Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Unitarian denominations, and the Quakers (formally, the Society of Friends).

Following Hardwick's Marriage Act of 1753, all English and Welsh marriages (except those of Quakers and Jews) had to take place in a Church of England parish church. However, any baptisms and burials (or equivalent ceremonies) from other denominations might take place within their own churches and chapels, and these were often recorded in their own nonconformist registers. Nevertheless, it is worth remembering that there was no legal obligation for them to record any such events. A significant number of early nonconformist chapels never maintained any such registers, or they maintained them only sporadically. In earlier centuries such omissions might sometimes be partly due to fear of persecution. Occasionally marriages in places of worship elsewhere might also be recorded (sometimes involving more than one ceremony), although such entries originally had no strict legal status.

Registers of baptisms, marriages and burials of many nonconformist churches were collected and validated by the British government in 1837. These may be viewed at the Public Record Office in series RG 4. This followed long pressure for such unofficial registers to be given a measure of legal recognition. It had already resulted in an earlier system of limited registration for dissenters being established at Dr Williams's Library in London. Some local chapels promptly abandoned keeping their own registers, at least for a while, after this date (which coincided with the start of civil registration in England & Wales). However a second tranche of nonconformist registers was transferred to London after 1857, following a further report by a government commission.

After 1837 marriages could take place in many other licensed nonconformist chapels, provided that the local Superintendent Registrar was in attendance. Eventually the Marriage Act of 1898 enabled some of these chapels to dispense with this requirement, provided that they designated an Appointed Person (usually the minister or priest), who would be responsible for maintaining an official marriage register.

Many nonconformist registers have now been deposited in approved repositories, such as the local county record office. However different churches operate different policies, and it will often be found that rates of creation and survival for such records are less good than for other types of parish register. A number of such registers have also started to appear online.

title: Nonconformist register


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Liberate Te Ex Inferis

Liberate Te Ex Inferis is the fourth studio album by American metalcore band Zao. It is considered by many to be their most experimental and darkest album. It was released on Solid State/Tooth & Nail. With the album came the addition of bassist Rob Horner. Liberate is the first Zao album to feature Scott Mellinger, who replaced Brett Detar after his decision to pursue The Juliana Theory full-time.

Drummer Jesse Smith has stated that Liberate is his favorite Zao album. The staff of Ferret Music also favor this record.

Both drummer Jesse Smith and vocalist Daniel Weyandt have stated during interviews that the music of post-metal band Neurosis had a heavy influence on this album's overall sound.

The album received the vinyl treatment in May 2011 from Broken Circles Records. The album features new cover art, designed by Brent Lakes. It was re-issued on vinyl again in 2022 by Solid State, featuring all new artwork by Dave Rankin, who had previously done the artwork for Where Blood and Fire Bring Rest.

Content
The theme of the album art is based on Dante's inferno, as the songs are grouped in pairs named after the rings in hell. Because of this arrangement, the album is often mistakenly labeled as a concept album. The band members themselves, however, had nothing to do with the idea and very little input on the artwork and layout.

The album contains several samples from the science fiction horror movie Event Horizon. The title of the album is also a quote from Event Horizon.

Personnel
Zao Production
 * Daniel Weyandt – vocals
 * Scott Mellinger – guitar
 * Russ Cogdell – guitar
 * Jesse Smith – drums
 * Rob Horner – bass
 * Brandon Ebel - Executive Producer
 * Bernie Grundman - Mastering
 * David Johnson - Photography
 * Jason Parker - Artwork, Graphic Conception, Graphic Design
 * Barry Poynter - Producer

title: Liberate Te Ex Inferis


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Seaxnēat

In Germanic mythology, Seaxnēat (pronounced ) or Saxnôt was the national god of the Saxons. He is sometimes identified with either Tīwaz or Fraujaz (Old Norse Týr and Freyr).

Attestations
The Old English form Seaxnēat is recorded in the genealogies of the kings of Essex (as Seaxnēt, Saxnēat, Saxnat). Originally he was the first ancestor listed, with the first king of Essex, Æscwine, seven generations later. A later version of the genealogy, preserved in the 12th-century Chronicon ex chronicis, makes Seaxnēat a son of Wōden (Odin).

The Old Saxon form Saxnôt is attested in the renunciation portion of the Old Saxon Baptismal Vow along with the gods Uuôden (Odin) and Thunaer (Thor).

Etymology
The name is usually derived from seax, the eponymous long knife or short sword of the Saxons, and (ge)-not, (ge)-nēat as "companion" (cognate with German Genosse "comrade"), resulting in a translation of either "sword-companion" (gladii consors, ensifer) or "companion of the Saxons", which Jan de Vries further argued was the original name of the Saxons as a people. The suggestion that the second element means "need", cognate with the Anglo-Saxon verb nēotan, is less widely accepted.

Analysis
Wōden is the divine progenitor in the other surviving Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies, so presumably the earlier form of the Essex genealogy preserves a specifically Saxon tradition of a national god. Wōden may have displaced national or regional deities in the other genealogies as part of his rising influence, or use of his name by churchmen.

Since the Old Saxon Baptismal Vow lists three gods, usually interpreted as a Germanic divine triad, Jacob Grimm argued that Saxnôt must have been a major deity, comparable in stature to UUoden and Thunaer. In 1828, he proposed that Saxnôt was another name for Freyr (Old Saxon Froho), whose sword is prominently mentioned in the Eddic poem Skírnismál. In Deutsche Mythologie, he later made the same argument in favour of identifying Saxnôt with Týr ("who else but Zio or Eor or the Greek Ares?"), who in Norse mythology has the sword as his characteristic weapon until he loses his right hand as a pledge in the binding of Fenrir. Seaxnēat/Saxnôt was also identified with Týr by Ernst Alfred Philippson and de Vries. As pointed out by Gabriel Turville-Petre, Georges Dumézil's trifunctional hypothesis would suggest he is Freyr (as a representative of the third "function" alongside Odin, representing the first, and Thor, representing the second); for this reason Rudolf Simek identified him with Freyr.

Through the alternative etymology of the second element of his name, deriving it from a root meaning 'to get, make use of', Seaxnēat/Saxnôt has also been related to the British deity Nodens and the Irish deity Nuada, by Rudolf Much and more recently by Swiss linguist Heinrich Wagner (linguist), who sees parallels in Nuada's role in Irish mythology as progenitor, and his possession of a flashing sword.

title: Seaxnēat


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Llandegfan

Llandegfan (meaning The Church of St Tegfan) is a village on the east of island of Anglesey in Wales. It is part of the community of Cwm Cadnant. Population is around 1,580.

History and description
The original village, Hen Llandegfan or Hen Landegfan, was on the ancient way from the crossing of the Menai Strait at Menai Bridge via Pentraeth to Beaumaris. St Tegfan's Church, the mother church of Beaumaris, has been greatly restored.

Llandegfan has expanded greatly in recent decades and is continuing to expand in the 21st century, notably in the extension to the Mill Lodge estate and along Lon Ganol. Almost all of this expansion is centred on the modern village centre to the south and east of the old windmill. The village is expanding for various reasons, including its proximity to Bangor, where many of the residents of Llandegfan work, and to the A55, and the views from the village over to the mountains of Snowdonia.

In the outskirts of the village is Bryn Mel Manor, built in 1899 as a summer house for the owners of the White Star Line and standing in about 10 acre of wood and parkland. After the death of the last family owner, the building was derelict for many years, before being converted into a nursing home. Financial constraints meant much of the original land was sold, and in the latter years the home struggled to stay open. In July 2011 it was announced that the home was to close and the building redeveloped into luxury flats and apartments. Despite its modern history, the external features of the building have changed little but many of the internal features have been lost.

Llandegfan had a senior football team playing in the Anglesey League called Llandegfan Antelope FC, who played their home matches at Cae Llandegfan. As of 2021 Llandegfan F.C. represent the village and are in the North Wales Coast West Football League Division One.

A rare European White Elm Ulmus laevis grows near the village.

The village is in two parts: the original village, now called Hen Llandegfan, around the chapel (Capel Barachia). The other, much larger, part grew to the south of the old village and next to the A545. In 2003 a new estate, Gwel y Llan, was built in the village; this is the most recent development there. There is a primary school with over 120 children. The population of the village in 2010 was 927.

The parish hall in the village is used for meetings, charity events, and the youth club. Outside is a play park.

The Pen y Cefn pub is near the old mill.

Notable people

 * Robert ap Huw (ca.1580 – 1665), a Welsh harpist, music copyist and became a gentleman farmer here
 * Louise Elliott (born 1969), broadcaster and journalist, brought up in Llandegfan
 * Aled Jones (born 1970), singer and radio and TV presenter; lived in Llandegfan as a child
 * Rhun ap Iorwerth (born 1972), journalist and politician; lived in Llandegfan as a child

title: Llandegfan


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Artistic director

An artistic director is the executive of an arts organization, particularly in a theatre company or dance company, who handles the organization's artistic direction. They are generally a producer and director, but not in the sense of a mogul, since the organization is generally a non-profit organization. The artistic director of a theatre company is the individual with the overarching artistic control of the theatre's production choices, directorial choices, and overall artistic vision. In smaller theatres, the artistic director may be the founder of the theatre and the primary director of its plays. In larger non-profit theatres (often known in Canada and the United States as regional theatres), the artistic director may be appointed by the board of directors.

Overview
The artistic director of a performing dance company is similar to the musical director of an orchestra, the primary person responsible for planning a company's season. The artistic director's responsibilities can include (but are not limited to) choosing the material staged in a season, hiring creative/production personnel (such as directors), and other theatre management tasks. He or she may also direct productions for the company. Artistic directors work closely with the general manager of the theatre, and contribute to the artistic evaluation of projects and productions to be included in promotional, funding, and press materials. An artistic director also functions as a resource for the directors who are working to mount productions at the theatre and can provide support, counsel, and/or artistic input where requested. The artistic director is usually prepared to assume the production should the director become unable to complete his/her duties. Artistic directors are frequently regarded as the artistic representatives of theatre companies and are often required to speak about their theatre to the press. In the United States, artistic directors often have fundraising responsibilities as well.

In some ensemble companies, the artistic director is responsible for recruiting performers to act as a talent pool for the company's productions. This ensemble may include actors and artists of various disciplines. The artistic director functions as leader of this group, with the aim to create and/or realize various new and established works.

In ballet, the artistic director is the head of a ballet company. They have overall responsibility for training the dancers, as well as selecting and mounting productions. They are almost always a retired dancer. Often they also choreograph some of the company's productions.

In some companies, the artistic director may also manage the day-to-day operations of the company, but in many (particularly larger) companies, the artistic director is often exempt from routine administrative duties, freeing him or her to concentrate on the art. In those cases, decisions about administration, business issues, finances, fundraising, board relations, donor relations, publicity, and marketing devolve to the responsibility of the general manager, chief operating officer, managing director, etc. or are discussed collaboratively.

title: Artistic director


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Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori

Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori is a line from the Odes (III.2.13) by the Roman lyric poet Horace. The line translates: "It is sweet and proper to die for one's country." The Latin word patria (homeland), literally meaning the country of one's fathers (in Latin, patres) or ancestors, is the source of the French word for a country, patrie, and of the English word "patriot" (one who loves their country).

Horace's line was quoted in the title of a poem by Wilfred Owen, "Dulce et Decorum est", published in 1921, describing soldiers' horrific experiences in World War I. Owen's poem, which calls Horace's line "the old Lie", essentially ended the line's straightforward uncritical use.

Context
The poem from which the line comes, exhorts Roman citizens to develop martial prowess such that the enemies of Rome, in particular the Parthians, will be too terrified to resist the Romans. In John Conington's translation, the relevant passage reads:

A humorous elaboration of the original line was used as a toast in the 19th century: "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, sed dulcius pro patria vivere, et dulcissimum pro patria bibere. Ergo, bibamus pro salute patriae." A reasonable English translation would be: "It is sweet and fitting to die for the homeland, but sweeter still to live for the homeland, and sweetest yet to drink for the homeland. So, let us drink to the health of the homeland."

Uses in art and literature

 * Perhaps the most famous modern use of the phrase is as the title of a poem, "Dulce et Decorum est", by British poet Wilfred Owen during World War I. Owen's poem describes a gas attack during World War I and is one of his many anti-war poems that were not published until after the war ended. In the final lines of the poem, the Horatian phrase is described as "the old lie". It is believed, and illustrated by the original copy of the poem, that Owen intended to dedicate the poem ironically to Jessie Pope, a popular writer who glorified the war and recruited "laddies" who "longed to charge and shoot" in simplistically patriotic poems like "The Call".
 * "Died some, pro patria, non 'dulce' non 'et decor'..." from part IV of Ezra Pound's "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley", a damning indictment of World War I; "Daring as never before, wastage as never before."
 * In a 1915 school essay, German playwright Bertolt Brecht referred to the phrase as Zweckpropaganda (cheap propaganda for a specific cause) and pointed out that "It is sweeter and more fitting to live for one's country", an essay for which he was nearly expelled.
 * The title of Damon Knight's 1955 short story "Dulcie and Decorum" is an ironic play on the first three words of the phrase; the story is about computers that induce humans to kill themselves.
 * The 1971 film Johnny Got His Gun ends with this saying, along with casualty statistics since World War I.
 * In the film All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), a teacher quotes this early on while talking to his class.
 * In his book And No Birds Sang, chronicling his service in Italy with the Canadian army during World War II, Farley Mowat quotes Wilfred Owen's poem on the opening pages and addresses "the Old Lie" in the final section of the book.
 * Tim O'Brien quotes the line in the book If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home.
 * In Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind (1936), the Tarleton brothers are buried under a tombstone which bears the phrase.
 * The last words attributed to the Israeli national hero Yosef Trumpeldor – "It is good to die for our country" (טוב למות בעד ארצנו) – are considered to be derived from Horace's, and were a frequently used Zionist slogan in the early 20th century.
 * In William Makepeace Thackeray's novel Vanity Fair, the quote appears on George Osborne's tombstone after he dies at Waterloo.
 * In Thomas Wolfe's Look Homeward, Angel: A Story of the Buried Life, after the outbreak of World War I, adolescent Eugene, encouraged by his teacher, Margaret Leonard, devours stories of wartime courage (Rupert Brooke's "If I Should die..." and R. Hankey's A Student in Arms), and fueled by these stories, composes his own, to the ever-present literary-referenced commentary by Wolfe.
 * Karl Marlantes' 2009 novel Matterhorn: A Novel of the Vietnam War features a mock-mass between Mellas and others, in which the line is satirically quoted.
 * The British rock band Kasabian includes the phrase at the end of the music video for their song "Empire".
 * The British rock band The Damned released a single named "In Dulce Decorum" in 1987.
 * The song The Latin One by 10,000 Maniacs sets the poem by Owen to music and includes the phrase.
 * American band Kamelot quotes the line in the song "Memento Mori", from their seventh album, The Black Halo.
 * Scottish rock band The Skids include a song named "Dulce Et Decorum Est (Pro Patria Mori)" on the album Days in Europa in 1979.
 * British folk-metal band Skyclad uses the quote in the song "Jeopardy", in their album The Silent Whales of Lunar Sea.
 * American band Globus included the phrase in the lyrics of "In Memoriam", from their album Break From This World, released in 2011.
 * The British dark cabaret act The Tiger Lillies included a song called "Dulce et Decorum Est" on the album A Dream Turns Sour from 2014. This is a reading of the Wilfred Owen poem with music written by Martyn Jacques.
 * In Kenneth Branagh's film version of Mozart's The Magic Flute, Sarastro's palace has the quote engraved across its entrance.
 * The line is quoted in the 1966 movie Modesty Blaise, after a plane is apparently shot down.
 * The line appears as a Morse coded message as part of a puzzle in the 2016 videogame Battlefield 1.
 * In "A Drinking Song" from The Divine Comedy's album Promenade, the subject declares "Heaven be thanked we live in an age where no man need bother except on the stage with 'Dolce et decorum est pro patria mori'".
 * In the 2021 movie The King's Man, the verse is cited twice: first during a mass for soldiers going to war (although not many of them understand what the priest says), and again during Conrad's funeral.

Use as a motto and inscription

 * Australia
 * The phrase appears prominently on a plaque at AMA House, Sydney commemorating fallen members of the New South Wales branch of the British Medical Association.
 * The phrase can be found at the Graceville War Memorial, Graceville, Queensland.

 * Brazil
 * The phrase can be found at the Monument to the Expeditionary (Monumento ao Expedicionário) in Alegrete city, state of Rio Grande do Sul.

 * Canada
 * Queen's Park in Toronto includes a monument to the militia members who died putting down the North-West Rebellion with the phrase.
 * The phrase appears on a bronze plaque bearing the names of Canadian soldiers lost from the city of Calgary during World War I and World War II at Central Memorial High School's front entrance.
 * The phrase is found on the Great War cenotaph in Phoenix, British Columbia

 * Cuba
 * The phrase was prominently inscribed in a large bronze tablet commemorating Cuban patriot Calixto García, Major-General of the Spanish–American War. The tablet was erected by the Freemasons where he died at the Raleigh Hotel in Washington, D.C. Today, this tablet resides at the private residence of one of García's direct descendants.

 * Dominican Republic
 * The phrase is inscribed in bronze letters above the arch of the Puerta del Conde in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

 * India
 * Found on the inscription on the French Monument in Shillong, Meghalaya for the soldiers of the 26th Khasi Labour Corps who died during World War I (1917–1918).
 * The inscription is also seen on the rear-quarter of the Memorial Tablet in the front garden of St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore in memory of the Old Boys of the school who died in the Great War (1914–1918). A statue of St Joseph with Infant Jesus now stands upon the tablet.

 * Italy
 * The verse is engraved in each medallion in the center of the crosses of Aquileia's Cemetery of the Heroes, dedicated to every soldier who died during the First World War. This is the place from which, in October 1921, the Unknown Soldier departed in the direction of the Altare della Patria in Rome.

 * Nepal
 * The phrase was the national motto of Nepal from 1932 to 1962 along with Janani Janmabhumishcha Swargadapi Gariyasi, before being removed, and completely replaced by the latter.

 * New Zealand
 * The phrase is found on the memorial archway at the entrance of Otago Boys' High School in Dunedin.

 * Pakistan
 * The phrase is written on a plaque on the left wall of main entrance of the Patiala Block, King Edward Medical University, Lahore. It commemorates the students and graduates of the institution who died in the First World War.

 * Spain
 * The phrase is scribed on the tomb of Major William Martin, a fictional Royal Marine officer whose death was concocted as part of Operation Mincemeat, in the cemetery of Nuestra Señora in Huelva.

 * Sweden
 * The phrase can be found inscribed on the outer wall of an old war fort within the Friseboda nature reserve in Sweden.

 * United Kingdom
 * The phrase was inscribed on the wall of the chapel of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1913.
 * It is inscribed on the Parish Roll of Honour for Devoran in Cornwall, hanging in the Village Hall.
 * It is also inscribed on Second Boer War memorial tablets in three London churches: St George the Martyr, Holborn; St John the Evangelist, Upper Holloway; and St Leonard's, Shoreditch.

 * United States
 * The phrase can be found at the front entrance to the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater at the Arlington National Cemetery, which was constructed from 1915 to 1920 – just before Owen's poem was published.
 * The phrase is carved in the monument commemorating the Battle of Wyoming (Pennsylvania), also known as the Wyoming Massacre, 3 July 1778, erected 3 July 1878.
 * The phrase is located on the second monument of the Point Lookout Confederate Cemetery in Point Lookout, Maryland, and at the Confederate Cemetery in the Manassas National Battlefield Park.
 * The phrase can be found inscribed on the Civil War Monument at Millersville University in Millersville, Pennsylvania, erected in 1872.

Organizations
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori is the motto of the following organizations:
 * The Portuguese Military Academy (Academia Militar)
 * The Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne (former motto)
 * The 103rd Ground Reconnaissance Squadron of the Royal Netherlands Army
 * The 10/27 Royal South Australian Regiment of the Royal Australian Infantry Corps adopted Pro Patria derived from the above line meaning "For One's Country" as their unit motto.

The shorter phrase Pro Patria ("for the homeland") may or may be not related to the Horace quote:

 * Pro Patria is the motto of the Higgins or O'Huigan clan.
 * It is the motto of the Sri Lanka Army as well as being inscribed on the collar insignia of the Royal Canadian Regiment.
 * Pro Patria is the name of a neighborhood in Caracas, Venezuela.

title: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori