text:
Talk:Nell Gwyn

Peer Review
Great work on this article so far. It's stable, well referenced, and should definately go through a peer review to help identify those details that will upgrade the article to "A". Nightngle 17:46, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Biography
Nell Gwyn is most commonly said to have been born in Hereford (and sometimes Covent Garden). Emphasis in the article incorrectly implies Covent Garden as the most likely. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.67.37.104 (talk • contribs).
 * Hopefully it's pretty equivocal now about her place of birth. —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 02:12, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

All Mistaken, or The Mad Couple
Most sources say James Howard's All Mistaken, or The Mad Couple premiered in 1667. This is unfortunately important to the chronology of "gay couple" roles I have in the article now. Howe says (without any hints that the information may be suspect) that it premiered in 1665 and was the first of Gwyn and Hart's gay couple roles. I note this issue has apparently been raised as early as 1964, in an Oxford journal Notes and Queries (see ) but I don't have access to that text. I also note that Wagonheim's Annals of English Drama, 975-1700 says "1665?" and cryptically (to me) "mistakenly given title of The Widow and attributed to Roger Boyle". Anybody have any good info? —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 02:12, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry I took so long. Unfortunately I can't access N&Q that far back either, but the Fount of All Knowledge, The London Stage, 1660—1700, says in its first edition, 1965, that September 1667 was the first recorded performance (known because Pepys went to it). Scrupulous as always, though, the LS points out that there's no indication that that performance was the première. Both Sutherland in your N&Q reference, and Robert D. Hume in a Philological Quarterly article in 1972, have argued that the première was actually in May 1665, and obviously Howe is taking that as proven. I would, too, even without reading these articles, and even though your "most sources" say 1667. You're probably ahead of me by now, but I'll lay it out:

 * 1) The LS is purveying the best info they had at the time. They're not arguing new info might not come to light.
 * 2) Both Sutherland and Hume are big, big authorities.
 * 3) Howe seems to be taking the 1665 date as proven, as you say, and she's a careful scholar also.

 * The only intriguing bit is that the LS didn't in 1965 utilize N&Q info from 1964. Hang on. No it isn't. Ha. The preface to the LS has this narrative about how long the volumes were in the press, how all the original editors complicated matters by dropping dead, etc. And the preface is dated 1963. No, there's nothing intriguing, you can safely use the May 1665 date. Bishonen | talk 19:15, 23 May 2006 (UTC).

 * Great! I really appreciate you having a look and weighing in. Stylistically, do you think I'd be being too scrupulous if I noted the issue in a footnote? —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 20:11, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I got my info from Hume, The Development of English Drama (1976), which probably appears in all my Restoration reference sections, being a book of most excellent usefulness. He does talk as if it's arguable, rather than certain: "Secret Love (February 1667), a very popular play, is the first great example of the split plot mode. I have argued elsewhere, however, that James Howard's All Mistaken; or The Mad Couple was perrformed in the late spriing of 1665, in which case it would be the prototype and have an important influence on the form of Dryden's play" (p. 253). So perhaps the date being somewhat uncertain does deserve a brief mention. As you say, the chronology there is rather important for Nell. Howe may not be the best source to cite at that juncture, since I expect she merely read it in Hume's book.
 * The phrase "the gay couple" was invented by John Harrington Smith, and is the title of his book on the subject, in case you want to add some more footnote pedantry. Btw, I think Howe is being a little feminist there. It's hardly fair to credit the success of the gay couple entirely to Nell! Compare the more even-handed treatment in, ahem, The Country Wife: "Many critics credit the personalities and skills of Hart and Nell Gwyn with creating, as much as any playwright did, the famous flirting/bantering Restoration comedy couple." Bishonen | talk 20:57, 23 May 2006 (UTC).
 * I added a caveat to the footnote. I also added a "goes so far as" qualifier to the Howe quote on Nell and the gay couple; I'd hate to lose the quote altogether or spend much more space there on dithering, though. —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 22:55, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Two Names, or The Dumb Question
So all the plays back then have these XXX, or The YYY names. Just curious: is there any deeper answer to the question "why did they?" than "they just did"? —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 21:30, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Different productions sometimes gave the same (basic) play different titles. When they were published, both titles were used. (Same idea is still around today: a movie is often released under different titles in different countries). After a while, it became a tradition to have the "or" titles, the second of which is, you'll note, generally more descriptive of the action (e.g. Kyd's A Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronymo's Mad Again)... Titles as printed often differed from those used at the time of production: no one ever said "Hey, you want to go down to the Globe tonight to catch The most excellent Historie of the Merchant o Venice with the extreame crueltie of Shylocke the Iewef towards the sayd Merchant, in cutting a iust pound of his flesh: and the obtaying of Portia by the choyse of three chests As it hath beene diuers times acted by the Lord Chamberlaine his Seruants." (I wonder how many such play's titles would have to be listed as spoilers if given in Wikipedia! - Nunh-huh 14:27, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Birthplace
Following this piece of text I removed from the article

Madam Gwyn was born within the parish of St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, and is thought to have lived most of her life in the city. She is believed by most Gwyn biographers to have been low-born; Beauclerk calls this conjecture, based solely on what is known of her later life.

This simply cannot be proven, as 3 cities have claimed to be her birth place, as said 2 sentences on. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.23.92.58 (talk) 13:43, 14 February 2009 (UTC)
 * This is a misunderstanding, which I have reverted. If you read the sentence before the statement you removed, you'll see that "Madam Gwyn" refers to Nell Gwyn's mother, not to Nell Gwyn herself. Bishonen | talk 00:13, 15 February 2009 (UTC).

I also was unsure to whom this that statement referred, Nell or her mother. I think that the first statement belies the fact that the entire paragraph which follows concerns her mother. Made a clarification, please verify if you wish. (talk) 17:08, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

Oranges sold for sixpence each?
Did Nell Gwyn really sell her oranges for sixpence each? We need a citation for this. Remember at at the time, tickets for a play at the Globe Theatre cost from 1d for standing, rising to 2d for a bench, or 3d for a bench with a cushion. 6d (sixpence) could get you a seat in a Lord's Room. 1d would buy you a loaf of bread, and 4d would buy your food for the day. So 6d for an orange is expensive. Maybe it was the price that was paid for an orange at the time, allowing for difficult growing in the UK or importing from Spain. But I think that if we are going to say she sold oranges for the equivalent of a day's wages for a skilled rural worker, we should give a citation for that surprising detail. (I got my typical Elizabethan prices from here.)

Legacy
"Nell is also famous for another remark made to her coachman, who was fighting with another man who had called her a whore. She broke up the fight, saying, "I am a whore. Find something else to fight about."[citation needed]

Thomas C. Smith "Japan's Aristocratic Revolution" in Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization 1750-1920 (U of Cal Press 1988 145-146

"...in Fielding's story of Nell Gwyenn. Stepping on day from a house where she had made a short visit, the famous actress saw a great mob assemnled and her footman all bloody and dirty. The fellow, being asked by his mistress what had happened, answered, "I have been fighting, madam, with an impudent rascal who called your ladyship a whore." "You blockhead," replied Mrs. Gwyenn, at this rate you must fight every day of your life; why, you fool, all the world knows it." "Do they?" the fellow said in a muttering voice; "They shan't call me a whore's footman for all that." I believe this is from The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding. 137.81.40.148 (talk) 03:09, 16 February 2009 (UTC)Louis Fallert lfallert@uwsuper.edu

Early Life section
This entire section needs streamlining and excision of phrases such as 'that is highly unlikely to be true', which do not bear sources. References made in vague terms (also unsourced) to 'a manuscript of [X year]', etc, which seems less than strictly encyclopaedic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.2.113.171 (talk) 20:26, 14 June 2018 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:02, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Edit request
Please add a hatnote for the incoming redirect :

The moniker "protestant whore" is also used for the main character of the 1724 novel, Roxana

NOTE: The is a restricted edit, because of a filter keyword, requiring a person with a user account of sufficient validation to enact.

-- 70.52.11.217 (talk) 03:45, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

 * ✅- thanks for the suggestion, especially the Defoe section, which avoids people ending in a cul-de-sac - Arjayay (talk) 13:06, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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"prolific"!?
Why is she described as a "prolific celebrity" in the introduction? She only had two boys when many (particularly married) women mothered larger families than this - look eg at King Charles' niece the future Queen Anne. Nor was she a writer, painter or sculptress, so would not be prolific in the creative department (unless you count acting as creative).Cloptonson (talk) 05:47, 17 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Having just come to the article, I also immediately questioned the use of this term. Since nobody has come forward to justify its use, I've deleted it. --Blurryman (talk) 17:57, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

"Protestant whore" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Protestant whore and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 01:48, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia is inconsistent on Duchy/Dukedom
Other places in Wikipedia state that the United Kingdom has only two duchies: Lancaster and Cornwall. ALL OTHER DUKES (according to Wikipedia's other articles) are holders of Dukedoms, NOT Duchies. At the time I'm typing this, this article contains the text "... Murray de Vere Beauclerk, 14th Duke of St. Albans is her descendant, and the current holder of the duchy". I'm not going to take the time to chase down and verify the frequent assertion that only Lancaster and Cornwall are duchies. I can end up spending all day trying to fix your mistakes. I just know that elsewhere in Wikipedia the designation of "Dukedom" is stated to apply to everything except Cornwall and Lancaster, and it's far more likely that the person who thinks St. Albans is a "duchy" is in error than I am, and if I bother to provide citations OF YOUR OWN PAGES it's time I need for something else. Even the Duke of Norfolk has a Dukedom, not a Duchy. GET YOUR ACT TOGETHER!!!2600:1700:6759:B000:E894:BFCC:705D:880 (talk) 03:54, 9 April 2024 (UTC)Christopher Lawrence Simpson
 * If you even click the WORD "duchy" in that sentence, you'll eventually get to
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchies_in_England
 * WHICH SAYS THAT THERE ARE ONLY TWO OF THEM!!! So either correct THIS article (Nell Gwyn) or fix THAT. It shouldn't be MY job to tell YOU which one of them is wrong!03:58, 9 April 2024 (UTC)Christopher Lawrence Simpson  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:6759:B000:E894:BFCC:705D:880 (talk)

title: Talk:Nell Gwyn


text:
Dudley Ward Way

Dudley Ward Way is a road tunnel through the south-eastern part of the Rock of Gibraltar. It is named after Sir Alfred Dudley Ward, Governor of Gibraltar from 8 June 1962 to 5 August 1965. The road running through the tunnel links the eastern side of The Rock (including Catalan Bay and Sandy Bay) via Sir Herbert Miles Road, with Europa Point, at the southern tip of Gibraltar via Europa Advance Road.

Opening
Dudley Ward Way was built during the 1956–1968 period by the British Army. After the end of military tunnelling and the departure of the Royal Engineer tunnellers the maintenance of the tunnel was transferred to the civilian authorities.

Closure
Following a rockfall on 18 February 2002 at the approach road to the tunnel from the North, which killed Gibraltarian Brian Navarro while he was travelling by car and exiting the tunnel, the Government of Gibraltar concluded that the risk of further such incidents was too great, and the tunnel was closed indefinitely.

Reopening
In 2007, its reopening was suggested by the Government in order to ease traffic flow in the area of the new Rosia residential developments. Works on the stabilisation of The Rock's cliff began in summer 2009 and the tunnel reopened to traffic on 2 November 2010. To commemorate Brian Navarro, who was killed following a rockfall at the approach road to the tunnel, a plaque was placed at the site and the section of road, from the Admiralty Tunnel entrance in Sandy Bay to Dudley Ward Way's northern entrance, renamed Brian Navarro Way.

The total cost to the Government of the works to reopen the tunnel was £10.6 million.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dudley Ward Way


text:
Mutemath

Mutemath (sometimes styled as MuteMath or MUTEMATH) is an American alternative rock project founded by American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer Paul Meany. Originally co-founded as a band with Darren King in 2002, Meany decided to continue Mutemath as a solo project following King's departure in 2017. Mutemath draws heavily from influences in 1960s and 1970s soul, psychedelic rock, and jam band styles, utilizing vintage guitars and amplifiers as well as Rhodes keyboards, synthesizers, and other electronic instruments such as the keytar.

Formation
Mutemath started in 2002 as a long-distance collaboration between Paul Meany in New Orleans, Louisiana and Darren King in Springfield, Missouri. The two had known each other from their work together in Meany's previous band Earthsuit. Occasionally Paul would receive instrumental demo CDs from Darren. Fairly impressed with his efforts, Paul contacted Darren and asked if he could mess with the demos a bit, adding some ideas of his own. Darren obliged and the two would set in motion a sort of songwriting ping-pong match that would carry on for several months.

In February 2002, Darren moved to New Orleans to work closer with Paul in hopes to at least turn their efforts into some kind of side-project. Calling it "Math", the two explored many of their shared influences ranging from DJ Shadow to Björk, yielding a lot of their earlier works to be more sample based electronica. After Meany's band officially broke up by that summer, Darren and Paul moved in together into a house they found in Mandeville, Louisiana where they spent all their time writing new songs and considering how to turn their side-project into a full band.

By 2003, they had recruited guitarist Greg Hill, another Springfield, MO native and longtime friend of Darren's. All now living in Southern Louisiana, the three worked on expanding their collection of songs while broadening the sound to a more rock infused hybrid. With the addition of more of their collective band influences like The Police and U2 the music began to find a sound of its own. Paul took the early demos to friend and producer Tedd T, who fell in love at first listen. The trio continued to work on demos with Tedd for a possible EP while playing shows on the side with different bass players experimenting with the idea of eventually becoming a four-piece.

After months of considering different options for their new venture, the group decided to do things on their own and officially changed their name to "Mutemath". Joining up with Tedd and lawyer/manager Kevin Kookogey, they started an independent label Teleprompt Records. Within a couple months Teleprompt was able to put together a developmental-deal with Warner Music, and Mutemath's debut Reset EP would be released that Fall on Warner's CCM label Word Records in an attempt to capitalize on the group's fan base from Earthsuit. By December 2004, the band finally recruited bass player Roy Mitchell-Cárdenas to become the official fourth member. They began touring to promote the release while using popular social networking sites like MySpace to spread word of the group. As their fan base grew, the band began to see an increasing number of shows sell out by early 2005. By the end of that year, they joined The Music is Much Too Loud Tour opening for Mae and Circa Survive where they began to chronicle their shows and updated their video blogs on a nightly basis gradually attracting more and more people to the Mutemath ground-swell. The band sold over 30,000 copies of Reset EP before the album went out of print in 2006.

2006–2011
In January 2006, the band set out on a tour in support of their self-titled debut album. It was initially independently released in response to Warner Music Group's indecision on what to do with Mutemath's debut LP. So by late 2005, Teleprompt filed suit against Warner Music requesting Mutemath to be released from their contract while Teleprompt would proceed to promote and sell Mutemath's self-titled debut on its own. (see Teleprompt Controversy for more details).

The special edition of the album was only available as a "tour-only" release until it hit the Internet on Teleprompt's online store, selling more than 10,000 copies in its first month. Mutemath landed on the covers of Billboard and Pollstar being featured in Alternative Press, Paste, and Spin as well as on the MTV News program 'You Hear It First'. The group continued to tour vigorously, playing shows to crowds of thousands at festivals such as Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza, Van's Warped Tour, V Festival, CMJ Music Marathon in New York City, and Voodoo Music Experience in their hometown of New Orleans.

After months of legal wrangling with parent label Warner Bros. Records, Teleprompt settled litigation out of court in August 2006 with a re-negotiated contract with Warner.

WBR re-released the band's debut album Mutemath on September 26, 2006. The fully remastered album features reworked tracks from their Reset EP and a bonus limited-edition live EP. The album debuted at No. 17 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart.

The band returned to the road in early 2007 with opening dates for The Fray and Wolfmother in various cities and a brief headlining tour in Europe. Flesh And Bones Electric Fun, an exclusive live DVD was released on March 20, 2007 with an accompanying 43-city North American tour that ran through the first of May.

The band also received some unexpected publicity on American Idol when contestant Chris Sligh sang "Typical" on the show's Top 24 episode.

Mutemath's first music video, for "Typical", premiered on YouTube on March 21, 2007. The video features the band performing the song backwards. The video made it on the New York Post Hot List and registered more than 100,000 views in less than four days, going on to be viewed 4.3 million times as of May 2021. It took three weeks for Mutemath to learn their parts backwards. When asked whether singing backwards or drumming backwards was more difficult, Paul Meany answered, "Darren (the drummer) had it the hardest."

"Typical" was also released as Mutemath's first radio single on April 10, 2007. As of late June, the single started receiving major airplay in Modern Rock quickly rising up the Mediabase Alternative chart jumping from No. 115 to No. 65 and was also the second most added song on Alternative stations the week of June 13, 2007. The single then jumped to No. 36 the first week of August 2007, a position it held for six weeks before it moved to a peak position of 35.

"Typical" was featured on a television commercial for the Discovery Channel, featuring clips from shows like Man vs. Wild, Deadliest Catch and Dirty Jobs.

The group made limited appearances at various summer festivals in mid-2007 in order to work on writing and recording material for their forthcoming sophomore record. The band's debut performance at the Bonnaroo Music Festival coincided with their second appearance on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson.

The group appeared on Transformers: The Album, released on July 3, 2007, performing the "Transformers Theme" in conjunction with the live-action film directed by Michael Bay (although the song did not appear in the film) and made a television appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman on July 17. The group was in the running for MTV2 and Virgin Mobile's Book The Band vote to open for the US Virgin Festival in Baltimore, Maryland in August (Aiden won the Book The Band contest).

Mutemath's debut album reappeared on Billboard's Top Heatseekers Chart on August 4, 2007, at No. 28, while the single "Typical" debuted at No. 39 on Billboard's US Modern Rock Chart the same week.

The band hit the road in support of the single in September 2007 with support from Eisley, which included two television appearances. The first was September 19, their second appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. The show aired a taped performance of the band recreating the video the single "Typical" that was taped in front of the studio audience and then played back in reverse for the broadcast. Their second television appearance was their debut on NBC's Late Night with Conan O'Brien performing "Break the Same" for the first time on television on October 17.

On November 12, 2007, Atlantic Records announced that the band would join Alanis Morissette on Matchbox Twenty's Exile in America Tour, which kicked off in Hollywood, Florida, on January 25, 2008, and ran through mid-March. On December 6, 2007, the group was nominated for a Grammy Award for their short form music video for "Typical". "Control", the second and final radio single from Mutemath was released January 15, 2008. The music video for the single was filmed in Nashville in January, but its distribution was halted due to copyright issues in regards to a previously released clip from a European group; nevertheless, the video can be found on their Armistice Live DVD. The band also released the companion album to their 2007 live DVD, Flesh And Bones Electric Fun: Mutemath Live, via iTunes on January 29, 2008. "Typical" was added as a downloadable song for the Rock Band series in early 2009.

In November 2008, the group released "Spotlight" on the Twilight film soundtrack album, to favorable reviews. The song was the first single from Armistice and was released digitally February 10, 2009, on the Spotlight EP, which included B side tracks and a remix of the song by Son Lux. The group performed "Spotlight" for the first time on The Tonight Show on January 15, 2009, featuring guest appearances from LaClave and Allen from Club of the Sons and Jeremy Larson, all of whom have worked on the upcoming album. The EP was also released on limited edition vinyl on March 24, 2009.

The group went to work writing and recording their second full-length record in their home studio in New Orleans. The album, Armistice, was released in the United States on Teleprompt Records/Warner Bros. Records on August 18, 2009.

During the recording of the album, short videos were posted to the band's YouTube profile. These videos documented the work going on in the studio, including street interviews where New Orleans locals were shown samples of the album (which couldn't be heard in the video), recording their reactions. Any clips of actual music from the new album was presented in such a way that it only hinted at what the album would eventually sound like.

On April 4, 2008, Goodwin Films announced they were working on a documentary film about the making of Mutemath's new record.

According to the biography, the group had almost called it quits during the writing of the album. The band had written about 16 songs in the three years spent on the road touring and had expected to cut the list to 10 after settling down to record in their New Orleans home studio. Weeks of working with old ideas and bickering between the bandmates led the group to begin searching for an outside producer to help focus the group and stabilize the tension. During this search, the group met producer Dennis Herring and after hearing his input, decided to scrap all the previously written material and start from scratch, bringing Herring on board as producer of the album. The band worked over the next three months writing almost 20 new songs that would shape Armistice. The band then spent time at Herring's studio in Oxford, Mississippi, recording the final touches of the album.

On January 14, 2009, King said in an interview that after a break for the holidays, they would "get back to recording in hopes of having everything done in March so that the album can come out in August. It has taken way longer than we would have ever imagined but we're just not done with it yet." Additionally, he mentioned that the album was Mutemath's first album which involved collaboration among all four members of the band.

The title for the sophomore record was confirmed as Armistice on May 27, 2009 in an interview on InsideBayArea.com and then confirmed on the same day on the Mutemath forums Teleprompt Records and Warner Bros. Records made a joint press release on June 9, 2009, announcing the details of the album release, including the name Armistice the album cover, and track listing, as well as the official US release date of August 18.

Armistice debuted at No. 18 on the Billboard 200, with over 18,000 units sold in the first week. The album also charted at No. 4 on Billboard Rock charts and No. 3 on the Billboard Digital Albums and Billboard Alternative Albums charts the same week.

Upon finishing the 2010 summer tour, the band announced that they would release a DVD/CD combo entitled Armistice Live on October 12, 2010. Pre-orders included bonus live rarities "Electrify" and "Goodbye", recorded in Japan during the "Armistice" tour.

The band began writing and recording material for their third album in the middle of 2010, shortly after completing their spring tour in support of 30 Seconds to Mars. On April 4, 2011, it was announced that the album had been completed. It was also announced that guitarist Greg Hill had left the band in October 2010. Snippets of "Cavalries", "One More", "Equals", "Prytania", "Walking Paranoia" and "Odd Soul" were released on one of the band's YouTube channels. On June 28, 2011, it was announced that the album would be titled Odd Soul and would be released on October 4, 2011. On July 18, 2011 the full music video and interactive website for "Odd Soul" were released to the public. On July 29, MuteMath released their VIP tour package for presale on their official site, giving away the name of their first single, "Blood Pressure", available August 8. On August 10, 2011, Todd Gummerman announced on his blog that he was officially replacing Greg Hill as the band's guitar player. The band supported Linkin Park and Incubus on the Honda Civic Tour.

2011–present
In an interview with NOLA.com in November 2013, Roy Mitchell-Cárdenas said, "We have a lot of songs, and we're trying to whittle down what those main songs are going to be that seem to have a common thread between them all to make for this album." He goes on to explain that the production of Odd Soul was a unique process since Todd Gummerman was not yet a part of the band and that all guitar parts were written by all members of the band, who are all multi-instrumentalists. It is worth noting that the band has not yet released material written by Todd Gummerman, and the band has not discussed any writing processes including him, although certain posts in Darren King's Vine account show Todd present and active during the writing process.

When asked about what kind of influences and sounds the band has in mind for the future potential album release, Roy stated, "Anything is fair play for us, as long as we can pull it off convincingly." Paul Meany also responded to a fan question via Twitter in January 2014 asking about the amount of music the band had written saying, "I can tell [you] we've written more songs for this record than for the past 3 combined."

On September 25, 2013, Darren King posted a vine of a sample of a new song the band was working on. This was followed on November 9 when Darren posted a short clip of Todd and what appears to be Roy at work in the process of writing new material. In 2014 Mutemath begin playing new material live. Songs included "Monument", "Stratosphere", "Light Up" and "Used To".

MuteMath officially announced the title of their new album as Vitals on May 21, 2015, via their official Facebook page.

Vitals was released on November 13, 2015. The band toured in the US and Europe during the spring of 2016 on the Vitals World Tour in support of the album with special guests Nothing But Thieves and Paper Route. A planned Australian leg of the tour was cancelled so the band could join Twenty One Pilots on their Emotional Roadshow World Tour, which took place in Summer 2016.

After completing the tour with Twenty One Pilots, the band announced their first remix album Changes. The album consists of new versions of tracks from Vitals with contributions from Yachtclub, JT Daly, and Flint Eastwood and features the new title track as the single from the release. The album was released on September 23, 2016.

On May 3, 2017, Roy Mitchell-Cárdenas announced his departure from MuteMath and the group announced that Jonathan Allen would be joining the group on tour starting May 6, 2017.

Mutemath began posting snippets of a new song on their official website on June 4, 2017 counting down to the release of the single "Hit Parade" on June 6, 2017. The press release for the song revealed that it is the first single from the group's upcoming fifth studio album, Play Dead, to be released September 8, 2017. Meany stated that the record took five years to record and work on it began before their 2015 release Vitals. The album release will be accompanied by a fall headlining tour. The tour was announced on June 12, 2017, and will include dates in the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States.

On August 8, 2017, Paul Meany announced that Darren King left the band and would not be accompanying Mutemath on the Play Dead Live Tour. Paul Meany later stated he would be continuing to make music under the name Mutemath as a solo project.

On November 19, 2018, Paul Meany released a video for a new song "Voice In the Silence", and a new four song EP of the same name was released on December 5, 2018. This EP was the first Mutemath release as a solo project of Paul Meany. The limited-pressing vinyl version of the Voice in the Silence EP contained four bonus tracks that were not included on the streaming version of the EP. "Love Light a Way" was released in December 2021.

Religion
Mutemath has resisted being classified as a Christian band, even suing their record label Warner Brothers over being marketed as such. Paul Meany stated in an interview in 2006 that if his previous band Earthsuit (a Christian act) "inspired anything, it was what not to do." Drummer Darren King has also stated that he does not consider the band to be Christian. While Armistice explored themes of doubt and pessimism that the band has gone so far as to call "atheistic", Meany stated that the idea for the album Odd Soul was "loosely based on our upbringing in what I guess you could call eccentric Christianity," and King further explained that they wanted to celebrate their "weird religious roots." Rolling Stone has also noted this connection, calling them "kinda sorta a Christian rock band."

Band members
Current
 * Paul Meany – lead vocals, keyboards, piano, synthesizer, guitar (2002–present); bass (2002–2004; 2018–present); drums, percussion (2017–present)

Former
 * Darren King – drums, percussion (2002–2017)
 * Greg Hill – guitar, vocals (2003-2010)
 * Jonathan Allen – bass, keyboard, drums, guitar (2004, 2017–2018)
 * Roy Mitchell-Cárdenas – bass, guitar, keyboards, vocals (2004–2017)
 * Todd Gummerman – guitar, keyboards, synthesizer, percussion, violin, programming, vocals (2011–2018)
 * David Hutchison – drums (2017; touring)

Collaborative contributors
 * Adam LaClave (2002–2018)
 * Roy Mitchell-Cárdenas (2017–2018)

Timeline

Compilations and other media

 * "TOPxMM" – with Twenty One Pilots (2016)
 * "Allies" – Need For Speed: Most Wanted (2012 video game)
 * "Blood Pressure" – Asphalt 8: Airborne
 * "Chaos" – Aware 11
 * "Transformers Theme" – Transformers: The Album
 * "You Are Mine" appeared in the 2008 movies Never Back Down and The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2
 * "Spotlight (Twilight Mix)"
 * "Typical" appeared in The Stepfather (2009), and was also used in a Discovery Channel commercial
 * "Valium" – Soundtrack 90210 (2009)
 * "J Train (Math Remix)" is a remix of tobyMac's "J Train", on his remix album called Re:Mix Momentum

Awards

 * Dove Award 2005 Best Modern Rock Song - "Control".

Nominations

 * Grammy Award 2008 Best Short Form Music Video - "Typical".

Filmography

 * Flesh and Bones Electric Fun (Teleprompt/WBR, 2007) — DVD Release Date: March 20, 2007
 * Armistice Live (Teleprompt/WBR/Goodwin Films, 2010) — DVD Release Date: October 12, 2010

Tours

 * Early 2005 – The Reset Tour with Mat Kearney
 * Late 2005 – The Music Is Much Too Loud Tour with Mae and Circa Survive
 * Early 2006 – The Album Release Tour with Vedera, The Working Title, Under the Influence of Giants and Lovedrug
 * Late 2006 – Tour with Shiny Toy Guns, The Whigs, Jonezetta, and Club of the Sons
 * Early 2007 – SXSW & Flesh And Bones Electric Fun Tour with The Cinematics, Someone Still Loves You Boris Yeltsin, Club of the Sons, and one show with Wolfmother
 * Late 2007 – Tour with Eisley
 * Late 2009 – Armistice Tour
 * Late 2011 – Odd Soul Introduction Tour
 * Early 2012 – Odd Soul Tour
 * Early 2016 – Vitals World Tour with Nothing But Thieves
 * 2016 – Emotional Roadshow World Tour with Twenty One Pilots
 * Late 2017 – Play Dead Tour with Colony House and ROMES

title: Mutemath


text: User talk:66.0.239.178

title: User talk:66.0.239.178


text:
Reep Daggle

Chameleon Boy (Reep Daggle), also known as Chameleon, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, primarily as a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes in the 30th and 31st centuries.

Publication history
Chameleon Boy first appeared in Action Comics #267 (August 1960) and was created by Jerry Siegel and Jim Mooney.

Fictional character biography
Reep Daggle is from the planet Durla, whose inhabitants are shapeshifters to adapt to an environment destroyed by a thermonuclear war. He has orange skin, pointed ears and antennae, and has no hair in his usual humanoid form. In pre-Zero Hour continuity, he was the son of Legion financer R. J. Brande, a Durlan who was trapped in human form after contracting a disease, and a female Durlan named Zhay. Reep did not learn that Brande was his father for many years; he and his twin sibling Liggt were raised by their maternal aunt Ji. As humans generally viewed Durlans with suspicion, Reep applied for membership in the Legion to set a positive example to counter that prejudice and found that the Legion agreed with his aims on top of his talents to induct him. Thanks in part to his exceptional deductive skills, he became the leader of the Legion's Espionage Squad.

Chameleon Boy was sentenced to incarceration on the prison world Takron-Galtos for his espionage activities against the Khunds, and was released after his heroics in the Great Darkness Saga.

Zero Hour reboot
Post-Zero Hour, Reep was known simply as 'Chameleon' and was not related to R. J. Brande. This time, he was the son of Durla's spiritual leader and heir to that title, though he long refused to accept it, believing he served his people better as part of the Legion.

2005 "Threeboot"
In the 2005 reboot of the Legion, the character was still referred to as Chameleon, but is now an androgynous humanoid. Chameleon can still shapeshift and is still a master detective. A minor difference to prior versions of the character is that his default form does not usually have visible antennae, although he produces them to analyze unfamiliar objects.

Post-Infinite Crisis
In the Infinite Crisis Chameleon Boy is included in the Legion, but is considered "missing"; Superman #696 shows that Chameleon Boy has been posing as Control, a young woman who assists in running the Science Police in the 21st Century. As revealed in Adventure Comics vol. 2 #8, Chameleon Boy is part of a secret team sent to the 21st century by the late RJ Brande to save the future in the Last Stand of New Krypton storyline.

In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Chameleon Boy is among the Legion of Super-Heroes members that appear in the present after Doctor Manhattan undid the experiment that erased the Legion of Super-Heroes and the Justice Society of America.

Powers and abilities
Chameleon Boy has the same shape-shifting ability that is innate among all his people. They can take the form of any object or organism their body can 'scan' with their antennae and morph into it within seconds. Reep is able to shift into forms both larger and smaller than he is, creating or disregarding mass at whim. He can also elongate parts of his body with this excess mass creation, as well as rearrange his internal organs and tissue. He is a skilled voice imitator to go along with his disguises.

Equipment
As a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, Chameleon Boy is provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows him to fly and protects him from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments.

Television

 * Reep Daggle as Chameleon Boy appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "New Kids in Town", voiced by Jason Priestley. He, Saturn Girl, and Cosmic Boy travel back in time to stop Brainiac from killing Clark Kent before he can become Superman.
 * Reep Daggle as Chameleon Boy makes a non-speaking appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Far From Home".
 * Reep Daggle as Chameleon Boy appears in Legion of Super Heroes (2006), voiced by Alexander Polinsky. This version is younger, primarily turns into animals, and is generally humorous and wise-cracking, though he can be serious if necessary and is prepared to break Legion rules if he thinks they are unjust.
 * Reep Daggle as Chameleon Boy appears in Young Justice, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. This version sports a reptilian appearance. He joins Phantom Girl and Saturn Girl in traveling back in time to prevent Lor-Zod from killing Superboy and ensure the Legion's existence.

Film

 * Reep Daggle as Chameleon Boy makes a non-speaking appearance in Justice League vs. the Fatal Five.
 * Reep Daggle as Chameleon Boy makes a non-speaking appearance in Legion of Super-Heroes (2023).
 * The Legion of Super Heroes (2006) incarnation of Chameleon Boy makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the crossover film Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!.

Miscellaneous

 * Reep Daggle as Chameleon Boy appears in Smallville Season 11.
 * Reep Daggle as Chameleon Boy appears in Adventures in the DC Universe #10.
 * Reep Daggle as Chameleon Boy appears in the one-shot comic Batman '66 Meets the Legion of Super-Heroes.

Cultural impact
As a boy, comic writer Peter Hogan liked the design aesthetic of Chameleon Boy. When he and artist Steve Parkhouse were creating Resident Alien, Hogan specifically requested Parkhouse base the main character's appearance on the DC hero.

title: Reep Daggle


text:
President of the German Bundesrat

In Germany, the President of the Bundesrat or President of the Federal Council (German: Bundesratspräsident) is the chairperson (speaker) of the Bundesrat (Federal Council). The president is elected by the Bundesrat for a term of one year (usually from November 1 to October 31 in the next year). Traditionally, the presidency of the Bundesrat rotates among the leaders of the sixteen state governments. This is however only an established practice; theoretically the Bundesrat is free to elect any member it chooses, and a president could also be re-elected (which has happened once, in 1957). As well as acting as a chairperson, the president of the Bundesrat is ex officio deputy of the Federal President. The President of the German Federal Council is 4th in the German order of precedence. In addition, the main celebration of German Unity Day is traditionally held in the state that holds the presidency.

The president of the Bundesrat convenes and chairs plenary sessions of the body and is formally responsible for representing the Federal Republic in the Bundesrat. The president is aided by two vice presidents who play an advisory role and deputise in the president's absence. The three together constitute the presidium of the Bundesrat.

The current president of the Bundesrat is Manuela Schwesig, the Minister-President of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, whose one-year term started on 1 November 2023.

Election
The Basic Law provides that "the Bundesrat elects its President for one year" (Art. 52.1). In order to be elected, a nominee needs a majority of votes in the Bundesrat (currently 35 of 69).

In practice the position rotates among the states equally, following a constitutional convention known as the “Königstein agreement” (Königsteiner Vereinbarung). The position rotates from one state to another in an order determined by population, the presidency descending from the most populous state to the least. The order is updated based on the newest census-data everytime a rotation has been completed.

The Königsstein agreement also states that, if the sitting President of the Bundesrat exits his office as Minister-President, by losing a state election, resignation, or death, the new Minister-President of that state is elected President of the Bundesrat subsequently, but only to complete their predecessors term. The last time this occurred was in April 1999, when Hans Eichel, President of the Bundesrat and Minister-President of Hesse, had lost the 1999 Hesse state election and his successor Roland Koch served the end of his term until October 1999. The current order of rotation of the presidency of the Bundesrat is as follows:

 * 1) North Rhine-Westphalia
 * 2) Bavaria
 * 3) Baden-Württemberg
 * 4) Lower Saxony
 * 5) Hesse
 * 6) Saxony
 * 7) Rhineland-Palatinate
 * 8) Berlin
 * 9) Schleswig-Holstein
 * 10) Brandenburg
 * 11) Saxony-Anhalt
 * 12) Thuringia
 * 13) Hamburg
 * 14) Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 * 15) Saarland
 * 16) Bremen

Deputy to the Federal President
Article 57 of the Basic Law provides that:

 * If the Federal President is unable to perform his duties, or if his office falls prematurely vacant, the President of the Bundesrat shall exercise his powers.

If the office of the Federal President falls vacant, the President of the Bundesrat fills in as acting President. While doing so, they do not continue to exercise the role of chair of the Bundesrat. If the president resigns, dies, or is removed from office, a successor is elected within thirty days.

Three Presidents of the Bundesrat have served as acting Presidents: If the Federal President is abroad on a state visit the President of the Bundesrat does not assume all of the Federal President's responsibilities but may "deputise" for him or her, performing on the Federal President's behalf merely those tasks that require his or her physical presence, such as the signing of documents.
 * 1) Karl Arnold (from 7 September 1949 to 12 September 1949 after he was elected as President of the Bundesrat and before Theodor Heuss was elected as the first President of Germany. With a tenure of only six days he is yet the shortest serving head of state in German history)
 * 2) Jens Böhrnsen (from 31 May 2010 to 30 June 2010 after the resignation of Horst Köhler and before the election of Christian Wulff)
 * 3) Horst Seehofer (from 17 February 2012 to 18 March 2012 after the resignation of Christian Wulff and before the election of Joachim Gauck)

List of presidents

 * Political Party:

 * style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan= 8| The office was vacant from 20 October to 3 December 1976.
 * style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan= 8| The office was vacant from 20 October to 3 December 1976.

 * style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan= 8| The office was vacant from 24 April to 15 May 1987.
 * style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan= 8| The office was vacant from 24 April to 15 May 1987.

 * style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan= 8| The office was vacant from 19 March to 15 May 1992.
 * style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan= 8| The office was vacant from 19 March to 15 May 1992.

 * style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan= 8| The office was vacant from 27 October to 1 November 1998.
 * style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan= 8| The office was vacant from 27 October to 1 November 1998.

 * style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan= 8| The office was vacant from 7 April to 30 April 1999.
 * style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan= 8| The office was vacant from 7 April to 30 April 1999.

title: President of the German Bundesrat


text:
Talk:Conspiracism

Untitled

 * All discussion content moved to Talk:Conspiracy theory following article merger. __meco 11:47, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Change
I would like redirect and move a revised version of the content from the page "Conspiracy_theory" here. This is the revision http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Conspiracism&oldid=363478212 The purpose of this is to foster dialog regarding Conspiracism as a worldview. Please take a look to see that all points of interest are included and that it is a superior edit. Zzzmidnight (talk) 02:52, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I think I'm not alone when I say that I would be opposed to such a redirect since the term "conspiracy theory" itself deserves its own article. Several books have been written about conspiracy theories from a critical point of view that never use the term "conspiracism". --Loremaster (talk) 03:00, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Lets discus this on the conspiracy theory article discussion page, now point in redundancy.Zzzmidnight (talk) 03:57, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. --Loremaster (talk) 17:17, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Proposed Article
I am proposing the creation of an article here. The article will address conspiracism as a world view that centrally places conspiracy theories in the unfolding of history. Roughly, it will address conspiracism's emergence as a cultural phenomenon, types of conspiracism, its study, its psychological origins, its place in media, its impact on history, its criticism, terminology needed to understand it, and its incorporation into fiction. Zzzmidnight (talk) 23:23, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Go ahead. P.S. Please create new sections for a discussion under old sections (and put new comments under old comments). --Loremaster (talk) 00:35, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conspiracism


text:
User talk:Relarity

Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Finally, here are some open tasks:

Hope to see you around the Wiki! And if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! I find that activating the preference "Add pages you edit to your watchlist" makes for a more dynamic Wikipedia experience. Ground 23:52, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Midsummer Night's Dream
Hi,

Can you please lead me to the source that supports the possibility the play was first staged at Sir Thomas Berkeley's wedding?

Thanks,

Thanks and BTW your name and date stamp is signed if you leave ~ in place of your edits.

Regards,

Image Tagging Image:HolyCrossFenwick.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:HolyCrossFenwick.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged imaged will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Evil Monkey∴Hello 00:32, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Relarity


text:
Nick Girdler

Nick Girdler is a freelance radio broadcaster who worked for BBC Radio Solent from 1972 until 2006 and again from 2009 until 2019.

Following a short-lived retirement from 2006, on 3 June 2009, Radio Solent announced that he would be returning to the station on 14 June 2009, to host a Sunday morning (9am to noon) programme.

Girdler presented his last programme on 24 February 2019 having purportedly been given just 10 days’ notice of termination of employment, as a result of changes to the Sunday morning line-up.

Competitions
The BBC doesn't favour competitions any more, so "The Top Ten" is not a competition but a BBQ. It lasts for the duration of the three hour show, ie: The answers are often "off the planet" and a Top Ten has never been completed. Girdler always gives the answers at the end of the show with Number 10 being the most difficult and rarely guessed. "The Top Tens" are either made up by listeners, Girdler, his Producer Rebecca Parker or a combination of all three.
 * The Top Ten Runs
 * Easy answer: Dexy's Midnight Runners
 * More difficult answer: The National Union Of Railworkers or NUR...which is RUN backwards!

Former competitions include:
 * Sod-u-ko - based on the popular new numbers game. If the listeners guess the correct number in the correct place, they are asked a general knowledge question.  If they can't give the correct answer, it goes out for any listener to answer.
 * Crossbar (or Son-of-Crossbar) - Nick gives clues to 5 words or phrases which intersect like a crossword, one word crossing the other four.
 * Famous Five - clues are given for 5 words, one in each of 5 'drawers'; Julian, Dick, George, Ann and Timmy. Answers will either start or end with one of the letters in the name of its 'drawer'.
 * Top 10 - this began when listeners completed a competition very quickly, so Nick invited them to guess his top 10 James Bond films. The top 10s have moved from being simply a factual list, to one involving wordplay and obscure information.
 * The Hard One - a very hard question for which very little information is given initially. Further clues are given as time passes. 'The Hard One' originally ran until it was solved - often several weeks. Recently the 'Well-Hard One' has lasted only a week before the answer is revealed.

Catchphrases
Over the years Girdler developed a set of stock phrases which he used regularly:
 * Gordon Bennett - in place of any expletive
 * Love this job - usually after a song he likes
 * A bit whizzy - to describe anything remotely modern or impressive
 * You're not listening fast enough - when a listener guesses an answer already given
 * A bit "Balsamic" - infers a bit posh
 * The beautiful Bevois Vallee - Reference to an area of Southampton, close to the studio, which is anything but beautiful, spelled Bevois Valley (pronounced Beavis Valley)

Past Features

 * The Girdler Line - listeners phone-in with requests for help after 10.30. Often Girdler will provide an answer, or if not a listener will usually provide one swiftly.
 * The Newsdog - interviews a local person (usually with something to promote) at 10.00 every day, the second half of the interview is devoted to a review of the daily newspapers.
 * The Bloke - Girdler's reference to the Sports bulletin whilst on the late shift.
 * The Antidote to The Bloke -Girdler's apparent disinterest for sport meant that a soothing piece of classical music was always played after the Sports News.

Interests
Girdler is a keen sailor (his boat is called Seasaw) and sails in the Solent most weeks. Whenever Nick embarked on a DIY project, listeners were usually informed. Girdler had demonstrated an interest in underwater broadcasting for decades, and so on 4 November 2005 attempted a World record for sub-aqua radio broadcasting. Despite the attempt after 90 minutes, he broke the UK record.

title: Nick Girdler


text:
Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned

The Cathedral of Saint Mary the Crowned (Catedral de Santa María la Coronada) is a Latin Catholic cathedral in Gibraltar. It is the primary centre of Catholic worship in the Diocese of Gibraltar.

15th century
The original building of the current cathedral was built during the Spanish period. Just after the reconquest of the city to the Moors, the main mosque was decreed to be stripped of its Islamic past and consecrated as the parish church (named Santa Maria la Coronada y San Bernardo ). However, under the rule of the Catholic Monarchs, the old building was demolished and a new church was erected, in Gothic style. The cathedral's small courtyard is the remnant of the larger Moorish court of the mosque. The Catholic Monarchs' coat of arms was placed in the courtyard where it can still be seen today. The cathedral extended to the opposite side of what is now Main Street.

18th to 20th centuries
The church of St. Mary the Crowned was the only Catholic church or institution that was not ransacked by the troops that took over the city in 1704. It was successfully protected by its staunch pastor, Juan Romero, his curate, and his bell-ringer. Thus, it is the only place where Catholic worship has taken place uninterruptedly from the definite Christian re-conquest of the town.

Due to the building being severely damaged during the 1779–1783 Great Siege, in 1790 the then governor of Gibraltar, Sir Robert Boyd, offered to rebuild the cathedral in return for part of the land on which the building originally stood in order to re-route Main Street. The route was re-modelled in 1801 so that Main Street could be straighter. (This drastic change has also been credited to the governor Charles O'Hara. ) The reconstruction took place in 1810 and the opportunity was also taken to widen Main Street. The clock tower was added in 1820 and in 1931 restoration work was carried out on the cathedral and the current west façade erected to replace the poorer one built in 1810.

In 1881 the Church of St Mary's was the site of nearly fifty arrests as the governor of Gibraltar sent police and reassigned soldiers to support Bishop Canilla as he attempted to enter his own church. A self-appointed "Committee of Elders" had said that they intended to take possession of the church and install their own "chief priest" against the will of the governor and the Catholic church. Canilla was sent to his church on 2 March 1881 with police protection to install him in his church. When the new force came to the church they found it was occupied by 200 men and the police had to make four dozen arrests to establish order.

Not only did Canilla now have possession of his church but he was also the owner as the governor arranged for the title deeds to be given to the new titular Bishop.

Until the 19th century, anyone who died in Gibraltar had the right to be buried under the cathedral floor. Bishops are buried in a crypt beneath the statue of Our Lady of Europe.

In 1943, Władysław Sikorski's coffin lay in state here, after his plane crashed into the sea just off Gibraltar.

title: Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned


text:
Knot garden

A knot garden is a garden style that was popularized in 16th century England and is now considered an element of the formal English garden. A knot garden consists of a variety of aromatic and culinary herbs, or low hedges such as box, planted in lines to create an intertwining pattern that is set within a square frame and laid on a level substrate. The spaces between these lines are often filled with stone, gravel, sand or flowering plants. Traditional plants used in knot gardens include germander, marjoram, thyme, southernwood, lemon balm, hyssop, costmary, acanthus, mallow, chamomile, rosemary, calendula, viola and santolina.

Most knot gardens now have edges made from box (Buxus sempervirens), which is easily cut into dense miniature hedges, and stays green during winters when not all of the "filling" plants are visible or attractive. However, the original designs of knot gardens did not use low box hedges until the late 17th century

Historically, knot gardens were located close to English manor houses so that the inhabitants and guests would have a bird's eye view of the intricate designs from the upper story windows. Most gardens were composed of square compartments set within frames. A small garden might consist of one compartment, while large gardens might contain six or eight compartments. The interior knot pattern could be composed of bands of plants in contrasting colours which are hedged to look like they weave over and under each other. In which case, the knot is referred to as "closed". When knots have bands of plants that do not appear to be interlacing, they are referred to as "open".

The term knot garden is closely tied to the term parterre. During the 17th century, these terms were used interchangeably as they often are today. A knot garden, however, technically refers to a garden designed with an interweaving pattern whereas "parterre" is a later French term that refers to all formal arrangement of beds.

Early Influences
The first occurrence of the term knot garden appears in the Italian text Hypnerotomachia Poliphili which was printed by Aldus Manutius in 1499. This reference and the general trend towards incorporating Italian styles into English gardens of the period suggests that knot gardens developed from the concept of the hedge maze, a popular Italian garden feature of the renaissance period.

The incorporation of the knot motif likely arose from a variety of influences. Knots were a key theme in the art of medieval England and can be seen in a range of media prior to their incorporation into the garden, such as on embroidery, carpets, metalwork, Celtic crosses, leatherwork, and paintings. This knot motif likely also had Italian origins before its use in gardens. Many early English knots have designs similar to those developed in Italy during the Byzantine period and are closely associated to the introduction of Christianity in England. The close association to knot gardens and Christian symbology may also explain the use of a square frame as a representation of the heavenly plane on earth.

The Early Tudor Period (1485–1558)
This time period marks the introduction and popularization of the knot garden in England. There is little information on the development of these gardens however, as there is currently no surviving archaeological remains of knot gardens from this period nor in-depth written descriptions of them until the mid 1500s. The numerous quotations that mention knot gardens in the early 1500s within later gardening history books however, indicate their early introduction into fashionable English gardens.

From the surviving evidence, scholars have surmised the general features of knot gardens in this period. They were planted exclusively in low growing herbs and flowering herbaceous perennials that were clipped to maintain the shape of the frame and knot. The designs for complex garden knots were likely employed from books of embroidery patterns. Knot gardens seem to be highly fashionable during this period, with records suggesting that they were used in the finest gardens of England including at Hampton Court during the reign of King Henry VIII.

Late Tudor and Early Stuart Period (1558–1625)
This period saw the widespread use of knot gardens throughout England which established the knot garden as an element of formal English gardening. The garden book, A Most Briefe and Pleasaunt Treatyse, written by Thomas Hill in about 1558, preserves the first depiction of a Tudor garden. The garden features a knot pattern as the center-piece to a larger, symmetrical square garden that is enclosed on all sides by a trellis fence. This indicates that knot gardens were being used as garden features within a larger design as well being the sole feature of the garden as seen on other contemporary images. This is the first reference to singular knot patterns acting as compartments alongside other garden compartments. Hill's later book, The Gardener's Labyrinth , provides twelve knot designs for copying in gardens and its frequent republishing over the course of the century indicates the popularity of establishing knot gardens during this period. The knot patterns surviving in text and archaeological records from this period could be highly complex and they were always symmetrical and set within a square frame.

Numerous written accounts specifically advised against using boxwood for knot gardens in preference for more highly scented herbs. Thus it is known that boxwood was not present in English knot gardens until the early seventeenth century. In 1613, the garden writer, Gervase Markham, indicates that knot gardens were beginning to be replaced with more French styles which included a more widespread use of boxwood, the replacement of intertwining knots with embroidery patterns, and a simplification of compartments, but he states that these gardens were considered novelties.

Middle to Late Stuart Period (1625–1714)
The Middle to Late Stuart Period saw a gradual loss in the popularity of the English knot garden of the Tutor and Early Stuart Periods. This occurred in conjunction with the growing popularity of French styled embroidery designs, the most famous of which can be seen in the parterres of Versailles. There were a number of stylistic adaptations to knot gardens in England during the seventeenth century that marked a change from the Elizabethan era.

First, there was a growing interest among the English in botanical exploration which saw the incorporation of more plant varieties in knot gardens and a greater range of bloom colours. Open knots were considered the best for showcasing these blooms, as they could be planted in mass in the interior spaces as described in a garden book from 1629. Thus, there is a gradual decline in the use of closed knots and interweaving patterns.

Second, there is shift towards boxwood as the preferred plant for creating knot patterns. The book, Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestis, also provides the first English recommendation for boxwood as the preferred plant for knot and parterre designs and from this point it is seen throughout gardens of England.

Third, there are some deviances from the previously strict square shape of the garden frame. Change from traditional knot gardens to French parterres gradually occurred throughout this period with parterres and knot gardens both being published in gardening books and established in estates throughout England. The traditional design features of knot gardens were slowly blended with the newer French styles until they fall completely out of use at the end of the seventeenth century.

A similar pattern is also seen in the terminology used for both garden styles. At the beginning of the century, the terms knot garden and parterre were used interchangeably with parterres considered to be equivalent to knot gardens. The term parterre then became popularized throughout Europe with the publication of Le Thrésor des Parterres de L’Univers by D. Loris which was published in Geneva in 1629 and the term came to distinguish the two distinct styles. Then as the styles began to blend in the late 17th century, the terms knot and parterre were use interchangeably until the term knot garden fell completely out of popular use.

Examples
Some early knot gardens have been covered over by lawn or other landscaping, but the original traces are still visible as undulations in the present day landscape. An example of this phenomenon is the early 17th-century garden of Muchalls Castle in Scotland.

Modern representations and restorations of knot gardens have become established in many temperate formal gardens throughout the world, including:
 * Alexandra Hicks Herb Knot Garden, University of Michigan, US
 * Antony House, Cornwall, England
 * Anzac Square, Dunedin, New Zealand
 * Astley Castle, Warwickshire, England
 * Barnsley House, Gloucestershire, England
 * Bourton House Garden, Gloucestershire, England
 * Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York City, US
 * Cleveland Botanical Garden, US
 * Compton Castle, Devon, England
 * Garden Museum, London
 * Hatfield House, Hertfordshire, England
 * Helmingham Hall, Suffolk, England
 * Knowle, Solihull, England
 * Little Moreton Hall, Cheshire, England
 * Red Lodge Museum, Bristol, England
 * St Fagans, South Wales
 * Stoneleigh Abbey, Warwickshire, England
 * Sudeley Castle, Cotswolds, England

A knot garden is featured in Shakespeare's play Love's Labour's Lost.

title: Knot garden


text:
Talk:Carnival Paradise

largest Casino
I can't find the reference for this, but I'm sure that I read somewhere that when the Paradise was constructed it had the world's largest casino afloat. It might not be the largest anymore. Paradiso 23:43, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

what a mess.

 * I did a half-assed wikify. It still needs more. A lot of this article could be trimmed down, it's very wordy. Mostly well-written and evocative, but it's not exactly an encyclopedia article. Rhobite 05:24, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

I agree
This article needs a little cleaning up. A lot of that info could be condensed down and some deleted. It focuses more on the fact that it was temporarily a completely non-smoking ship - yes that is significant, but not enough for eight paragraphs. There is little on the ship itself. I'm going to try and condense that and add in facts about the ship. Splamo 17:33, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Questions
I want to know the names of the comedians and singers aboard the Paradise.

I have some really great shots of this ship along with more information. How do I go about adding it (especially the images) to the page?

TIA!

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a license compatible with GFDL. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 15:04, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Style
I agree there are problems with this page. Doesn't it read a bit like an advertisement? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tessaroithmost (talk • contribs) 15:53, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Carnival Paradise. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20121104051031/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38992175 to http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38992175

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:02, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:24, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Carnival Celebration in La Coruna.jpg

title: Talk:Carnival Paradise


text:
Honey flow

Honey flow is a term used by beekeepers indicating that one or more major nectar sources are in bloom and the weather is favorable for bees to fly and collect the nectar in abundance.

The higher northern and southern latitudes with their longer summer day time hours can be of considerable benefit for honey production. Flowers bloom for longer hours and the time per day that bees can fly is extended, so the number of trips per day is higher. In addition, the higher latitudes do not have hot and dry periods in the summer where virtually all of the excess nectar flow dries up.

Where there are a succession of nectar sources throughout the summer season, a honeyflow may last for many weeks. In other areas significant honeyflows may only last two or three weeks per year from one or a limited number of nectar sources. The rest of the year is spent in just maintenance – a situation where the incoming nectar and pollen nearly match the needed food for the hive, or where sufficient reserve stores must be present for the hive to survive a winter season.

Speed of work
Honeybees visit up to about 40 flowers per minute depending on floral type, nectar availability and weather conditions. Floral visitation rate by honeybees of some important crops:

The longer the time period, the greater the nectar availability. It takes twice as much time to collect a load of nectar compared with a load of pollen. A bee will visit 100–1000 flowers per trip from the hive.

There is general agreement that a single bee will do an average of 10 trips per day (range 7–13). Large single loads of nectar may weigh 70 mg for Italian bees. Sometimes a hive may gain 4–10 kg in a single day. For a 5 kg gain this means:

$$ 7000 \text{ forager bees} \times \frac{10 \text{ trips in good flying weather}}{\text{ per day}}  \times  \frac{70 \text{ mg of nectar during honey flow}}{\text{per trip and bee}} \times  \frac{1\text{ kg}}{1,000,000\text{ mg}} \approx 5 \text{ kg/day} $$

In two days a strong hive with more than 20,000 foragers may fill a honey super. This is for nectar, ripe honey has its water fraction reduced significantly.

title: Honey flow


text:
Casting Crowns

Casting Crowns is a contemporary Christian and Christian rock band which began in Daytona Beach, Florida. The band was formed in 1999 by lead vocalist Mark Hall. They moved to Stockbridge, Georgia, and more members joined. Some members of the band are currently ministers for Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough, Georgia. The band has won a Grammy and a Dove Award.

Early years, initial success, and early history
Casting Crowns was formed in 1999 at First Baptist Church in Daytona Beach. Led by Mark Hall, singer-songwriter and youth pastor, the group initially included guitarists Juan DeVevo and Hector Cervantes, violinist Melodee DeVevo, and drummer Rob Cervantes. They relocated to McDonough in 2001, adding Chris Huffman on bass, Megan Garrett on keyboards and accordion, and drummer Andy Williams.

The augmented version of Casting Crowns released two independent albums on CD, both of which were well received in the Atlanta area. Both independent albums were efforts on the part of Hall and the rest of the group as outreach projects for youth in the area. The group won the GMA regional songwriters competition at Palm Beach Atlantic University in West Palm Beach, Florida in both the "Best Song" and the "Best Artist" categories in 2004.

Although the group was not looking for a record label, one of the group's albums found its way into the hands of Mark Miller, the lead singer for country group Sawyer Brown, who was struck by Casting Crowns' driving pop/rock style and Hall's vocal delivery of hard-hitting but devout songs. Miller signed Casting Crowns to his fledgling Beach Street Records, a division of Reunion Records with distribution by the Provident Label Group, which made Casting Crowns the first artist signed to Beach Street Records.

Miller took the group to record with co-producer Steven Curtis Chapman, himself a popular artist on the CCM musical scene. Casting Crowns, that eponymous album was released in 2003 on the Beach Street imprint. The album quickly made them one of the fastest selling debut artists in Christian music history. The album's third single, "Voice of Truth", spent a record-breaking fourteen consecutive weeks at No. 1 beginning in 2003. "Voice of Truth" is also used in the trailer and the ending from the movie Facing the Giants. The album was certified platinum in 2005; in 2011, the group received their first gold certification for a single for the song "Who Am I" from their debut record.

Lifesong followed in 2005, debuting at No. 9 on the Billboard 200 chart. The album had three singles: "Lifesong", "Praise You in this Storm", and "Does Anybody Hear Her?". "Lifesong" spent nine weeks in the top spot, with "Praise You in This Storm" remaining at No. 1 for seven weeks. Apart from being successful in the charts, Lifesong earned Casting Crowns their first Grammy Award for their work on the album in 2006.

In 2006, the group released Lifesong Live, which included live performances of songs from their studio album Lifesong.

The band's third studio album The Altar and the Door debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 albums chart and No. 1 on the Hot Christian Albums chart upon its release in August 2007. Ten weeks after the album's release date, it was certified gold by the RIAA. On September 27, 2007, the band embarked on the Altar and the Door tour with Leeland and John Waller. The tour was very successful grossing $4.4 million in ticket sales. Casting Crowns broke their own record in 2007 when the single "East to West" from The Altar and the Door hit sixteen consecutive weeks at No. 1. The song ended up having the top spot for a total of nineteen weeks, now their most successful single to date. "Slow Fade" was also released as a single, and was included in the soundtrack of the Kirk Cameron film Fireproof. In 2008, they scored their eighth number one hit with "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day", a track from their newly released Christmas album titled Peace on Earth.

Recent history
Casting Crowns is one of the rare American bands to ever have been invited to visit North Korea. They attended the 2009 Spring Friendship Arts Festival in Pyongyang performing with the Annie Moses Band. It was Casting Crowns' second invitation to the festival sponsored by Global Resource Services, the first time being in 2007. On August 30, 2009, they performed on Huckabee, Mike Huckabee's political show.

Casting Crowns' fourth major studio album, Until the Whole World Hears, was released on November 17, 2009, debuting at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 and selling over 167,000 copies in its first week alone, setting a new record for the highest Christian album debut in history. It was certified gold within four weeks. The title track and first single from the album became the group's ninth No. 1 single in January 2010. In April 2010, they won the Dove Award for Artist of the Year, their first ever win in that category. A music video for the title track of Until the Whole World Hears was posted on the band's YouTube page on August 23, 2010.

The track "Glorious Day" was released as a single in 2011 and reached No. 1 on Billboard Christian Songs during the week of April 23, 2011.

"Courageous" was released as a single on July 19, 2011. The music video for the song was released on June 13, 2011, and promotes the film Courageous. The song was featured on, Come to the Well, which was released on October 18, 2011. "Jesus, Friend of Sinners", the album's second single, was released in 2012. In 2012, Josh Mix joined the band, replacing guitar player Hector Cervantes.

The Acoustic Sessions: Volume One, was released on January 22, 2013. In early 2013, the band recorded their own version of the hymn "I Surrender All" for the album Jesus, Firm Foundation. Also, lead singer Mark Hall recorded the title song with Mike Donehey of Tenth Avenue North, Steven Curtis Chapman, and Mandisa. Ending the year, the band joined Chapman, Natalie Grant, Matthew West, and other artists on "The Story Tour 2013" performing songs from The Story.

In September 2013, the band released "All You've Ever Wanted", the first single from Thrive which was released on January 28, 2014. and charted No. 6 in Billboard's Top 200 in its first week. In early 2015, Casting Crowns released the hymns-album, Glorious Day - Hymns of Faith, exclusively through Cracker Barrel Old Country Stores. The album includes their Until the Whole World Hears singles "Glorious Day" and "Blessed Redeemer", and acoustic versions of "If We Are the Body" and "Praise You in This Storm" as well as eight hymns, mostly covers. In November 2015, the band released A Live Worship Experience. The album was recorded live at the band's home church, Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church, and features 12 songs, including worship songs "Great Are You Lord," and "Good Good Father," and their songs "Just Be Held" and "Thrive."

On September 16, 2016, the band released their seventh studio album, The Very Next Thing, which was preceded by the single "One Step Away". It was followed by a second single from the album, "Oh My Soul". On October 20, 2017, they released a new EP, It's Finally Christmas, and embarked on "A Glorious Christmas" tour with for KING & COUNTRY shortly after its release.

On October 11, 2018, the band announced Only Jesus, scheduled for release on November 16, 2018, with a video introduction by Mark Hall and made the title track available to those on their fans list. On October 12, 2018, they also released to their fans a second track, "Nobody", featuring Matthew West. On October 19, they released a third track, "In the Hands of the Potter", to those on their fans list. On September 25, the band released the deluxe edition. On June 16, 2021, they released "Scars in Heaven". Andy Williams, the band's former drummer, died on July 9, 2021, at age 49 from injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident on June 27.

In 2023, the band announced The Healer Tour, which included artists Ben Fuller and We Are Messengers.

Ministry
In keeping with The Great Commission, Mark Hall said their music is a "ministry of discipleship". Hall is the youth minister at Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough, Georgia, while the other members are active in their respective churches. They are in the band part-time while leading their families and church service. They often tour from Thursday to Saturday so they can be home for church on Sunday morning and Wednesday night.

Current

 * Mark Hall – lead vocals and songwriter (1999–present)
 * Juan DeVevo – guitar and background vocals (1999–present)
 * John Michael Hall – bass (2021–present)
 * Megan Garrett – piano, keyboards, backing vocals (2001–present)
 * Melodee DeVevo – violin, backing vocals, cello (1999–present)
 * Jack Williams – drums (2021–present)
 * Josh Mix – lead guitar and background vocals (2013–present)

Former

 * Andy Williams – drums (2001–2009)
 * Hector Cervantes – lead guitar and background vocals (1999–2013)
 * Chris Huffman – bass and background vocals (2001–2021)
 * Brian Scoggin – drums (2009–2021)

Books

 * Lifestories by Mark Hall
 * Your Own Jesus by Mark Hall
 * The Well by Mark Hall
 * Thrive by Mark Hall
 * The Very Next Thing by Mark Hall
 * Only Jesus by Mark Hall

Discography

 * Casting Crowns (2003)
 * Lifesong (2005)
 * The Altar and the Door (2007)
 * Peace on Earth (2008)
 * Until the Whole World Hears (2009)
 * Come to the Well (2011)
 * Thrive (2014)
 * The Very Next Thing (2016)
 * Only Jesus (2018)
 * Healer (2022)

Achievements

 * Career sales have exceeded 10 million records.
 * Voted CCM Readers' Choice Awards "Favorite Band", "Favorite New Artist" and "Favorite Album" in 2005.
 * "Lifesong" voted "Inspirational Single of the Year" by online music fans in the 2005 CCMSingles.Net Awards.
 * "Praise You in this Storm" was the fifth most played song of 2006 according to R&R magazine.
 * "East to West" voted "AC Single of the Year" and "Inspirational Single of the Year" by online music fans in the 2007 CCMSingles.Net Awards.
 * Casting Crowns was the most played artist on Christian Radio in 2007, according to Radio & Records Weekly charts (12/10).
 * Casting Crowns is the second-fastest Christian band in history to have their first two albums certified platinum, the fastest being Jars of Clay.

title: Casting Crowns


text:
User talk:Faethon2

What's going to keep other people from making the Faethonx accounts ahead of you and keeping them password protected so you can't?

Just stop posting your password. RickK 00:03, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 04:10, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your contributions on Votes for Deletion
Hi Faethon2, please stop suggesting that articles be placed in categories that don't exist. If you feel an article belongs in a certain category, you can go ahead and edit the article yourself. Or, if you are uncertain, you can bring up the issue on the article's talk page. The Votes for Deletion is intended to discuss whether articles should be deleted or kept; see the top of that page for the five possible outcomes. And feel free to ask me if you have any questions. Oh, and to second RickK's suggestion: if people are robbing your account, don't post the password on your user page. Why would you want to, anyway? — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 04:10, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Is it possible to propose new categories, or categories are fixed? Faethon2 17:54, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Don't vandalize other people's User pages
Unless, of course, you're really Iasson ... RickK 06:10, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * thanks for your help RickK. I add [rule 6], and I think this is the most important rule. Faethon2 09:29, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

''Whenever I want to vandalize or do an illegal action against policy, I always sign it with my key. You are allowed to talk using my account, but if you want to use my account to vandalise or do any action against policy, have in mind that this can be proved as long as your IP is logged by administrators.'' - why are you encouraging people to commit vandalism? RickK 09:30, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am not encouraging at all! I am discouraging them, and I warn them that their IP is logged. Faethon2 09:32, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I read Iasson's case. What a zealot he/she is! Do you think he used my account to vandalize his own page? Faethon2 17:52, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wikinfo
G'day and welcome.

Following your comments on Votes for deletion/Second cold war, I thought you might like to check out Wikinfo. It's a Wiki-based encyclopedia based on Wikipedia, and they've modified the software so that it's really easy to transwiki articles from Wikipedia provided you act before they are deleted here. They (I suppose I should say we as I'm an occasional contributor and editor) promote a sympathetic point of view rather than NPOV, and even allow signed articles.

It's not for everything, but your ideas might be far better received there, and this article might be too. Andrewa 20:25, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

ok...thanks ,this wikinfo seems nice to me, I am going to check it. Faethon2 17:56, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Faethon2


text:
Eastern Beach, Gibraltar

Eastern Beach is a sandy beach and settlement on the northeastern coast of the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located on the isthmus which joins the Rock of Gibraltar to Spain. The beach extends from the north of Catalan Bay to the runway of Gibraltar International Airport near the Gibraltar-Spain border. Although only several hundred metres long it is the largest beach on The Rock.

The surrounding urban area is both residential and industrial. Unlike most of Gibraltar's other beaches, which are at times deprived of sunshine by the shadow of The Rock, Eastern Beach enjoys sunshine all day through until sunset.

One of the few hazards that can call for red flags to be flown is to warn bathers of jellyfish. Occasionally jellyfish such as the Mauve Stinger can arrive in significant numbers.

title: Eastern Beach, Gibraltar


text:
Everyday Sunday

Everyday Sunday was an American Christian rock band from Columbus, Ohio with the founding member Trey Pearson as lead singer. The band released two albums on Flicker Records including Stand Up and Anthems for the Imperfect. Wake Up! Wake Up! was their first album on Inpop released May 22, 2007, on Inpop Records, followed by Best Night of Our Lives. The band released an EP independently in 2013 titled A New Beginning EP.

Members
The band saw a number of changes in their lineup.

The band's lead singer was Trey Pearson. In an interview given to Ohio-based (614) Magazine, in May 2016, he publicly announced that he is gay.

The band had the following members at various times. When they signed a major deal with Inpop Records, the band lineup was as follows.

 * Trey Pearson - lead vocals
 * Jesse Counts - guitar
 * Aaron Eikenberry - guitar
 * Brandon Eikenberry - bass
 * Kevin Cramblet - drums

Over time many other musicians were in the line-up like Dan Hunter (bass), Chris Hines (drums), Jason Siemer (guitar), and Andrew Martin (guitar). Other members included Wade James, Tyler Craft, Chris Saiben, Nick Spencer, Micah Kuiper, Jon-Paul Kauffman, Collin Wilbrandt.

Incidents
On March 13, 2009, the band was involved in an automobile accident in Valparaiso, Indiana. The vehicle and trailer went off the road and flipped three to four times, ejecting Craft and trapping the other three inside the vehicle. They were taken to a local hospital where they were treated and released.

In September 2016, multiple staff members at Joshua Fest, a major Christian music festival, threatened to walk out if Pearson remained on the festival lineup. He had previously announced his pleasure at being "the first openly gay artist to ever play a major Christian music festival". Pearson was removed from the lineup, but still sang with Five Iron Frenzy.

Albums

 * 1996: Stand Up (issued independently)
 * 2001: Sleeper
 * 2002: Stand Up (re-released by Flicker Records)
 * 2004: Anthems for the Imperfect (Flicker Records)
 * 2006: Wake Up! Wake Up! (Inpop Records)
 * 2009: Best Night of Our Lives (Inpop Records)

EPs

 * 2013: A New Beginning EP (released independently)

Singles

 * 2001: "Wait"
 * 2002: "Lose it Again"
 * 2004: "Comfort Zone"
 * 2004: "Gypsy Girl (What Love Is)"
 * 2006: "Apathy for Apologies" (Top 5 on Christian Rock)
 * 2006: "Let's Go Back" (Top 5 on Christian Rock and Top 10 Christian CHR)
 * 2006: "Find Me Tonight" (No. 1 on Christian CHR, 10th most played song on U.S. Christian Hit Radio stations in 2006)
 * 2007: "Wake Up! Wake Up!" (No. 1 played Christian Rock song of 2007)
 * 2008: "Mess With Your Mind" (former Top 5 song on ChristianRock.Net)
 * 2009: "Best Night of Our Lives" (No. 1 on Christian Rock 2009 for 5 consecutive weeks)
 * 2010: "Breathing for Me" (No. 1 on Christian Rock 2010 for four consecutive weeks)
 * 2010: "Lies and Fear Go Hand in Hand" (No. 6 on ChristianRock.Net)
 * 2012: "Calculate"
 * 2013: "Solar"

title: Everyday Sunday


text:
Ferro Lad

Ferro Lad (Andrew Nolan) is a superhero appearing in DC Comics, primarily as a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes in the 30th and 31st centuries. In post-Zero Hour continuity, he is simply known as Ferro.

Publication history
Ferro Lad first appeared in Adventure Comics #346 and was created by Jim Shooter. When Jim Shooter first created the character, he intended Ferro Lad to be black, but editor Mort Weisinger vetoed the idea, saying "we'll lose our distribution in the South".

In a 2003 interview, Shooter said that he killed Ferro Lad out of annoyance towards being unable to make him black. However, in a 2011 blog post, he had a different explanation: that Ferro Lad's powers made him one of the only Legionnaires able to survive going into the Sun-Eater.

Shooter made double-sure that Ferro Lad would stay dead by setting the next issue ten years in the future, in which a statue of him is on display in the Legion's hall of the honored dead.

The Life and Death of Ferro Lad (ISBN 978-1-4012-2193-5), a hardcover trade paperback collecting the Silver Age appearances of Ferro Lad, was released in 2009.

Silver Age
Andrew Nolan is a metahuman with the power to transform himself into living iron. He has a twin brother named Douglas who has the same power. Both twins have deformed faces as a side effect of the mutation that gave them their powers, so both wear iron masks. He first appears in Adventure Comics #346 (July 1966); he joined at the same time as Princess Projectra, Karate Kid and Nemesis Kid.

Ferro Lad was only a Legionnaire for a short time when he was killed destroying the Sun-Eater with a bomb in Adventure Comics #353. His self-sacrifice to save the galaxy made him legendary, despite his short tenure as a Legionnaire, with many later Silver Age stories featuring references to his death, both the event itself and a statue erected in his memory was often visible in the Legion's headquarters. He next appears in Adventure Comics #357 (June 1967), but as a ghost, seemingly saving a number of his former teammates from a Controller, representative of a race of superior beings.

Many years later—during the "Five Year Gap" following the Magic Wars—Earth fell under the covert control of the Dominators, and withdrew from the United Planets. Some time thereafter, the members of the Dominators' highly classified "Batch SW6" escaped captivity. Originally, Batch SW6 appeared to be a group of teenage Legionnaire clones, created from samples apparently taken just prior to Ferro Lad's death at the hands of the Sun-Eater. Later, they were revealed to be time-paradox duplicates, every bit as legitimate as their older counterparts. After Earth was destroyed in a disaster reminiscent of the destruction of Krypton over a millennium earlier, a few dozen surviving cities and their inhabitants reconstituted their world as New Earth. The SW6 Legionnaires remained, and their version of Ferro Lad shortened his code name to Ferro.

Post-Zero Hour
In post-Zero Hour continuity he is known as Ferro and comes from 20th century Earth.

Born in the 20th century, Andrew Nolan and his twin, Douglas, were the sons of a famous actress, Nancy Nolan, who abandoned them because of their grotesque facial deformities.

Left in the care of an unscrupulous scientist called "Doc 30", he escaped while Douglas remained behind. When the Earth was dying due to the extinguishing of the sun in the so-called Final Night, he first helps Perry White, who was determined the Daily Planet would not miss one day of delivery. Then he becomes involved with the Legion of Super-Heroes, who had become stranded in the present day. This team joins with dozens of other superheroes to help try to save the Earth. Ferro comes close to heroically sacrificing his life in an effort to stop the Sun-Eater. At the last instant, he is saved by Hal Jordan, who was maintaining the power and identity of Parallax. Jordan seemingly sacrifices his own life and the sun is restored. Ferro remains with the team, although it was some time before they informed him they were from the 31st century.

When the Legion were able to return to their home time, Ferro went with them and served with them for some time until several of the team were lost in a rift, and the remainder ordered to disband. After this he went with Karate Kid to a monastery on the planet Steeple, a planet only accessible for short periods every ten years before a black hole prevented access once more. While there, he finally learned to deal with his deformity, but he was savagely beaten by an escaped convict and, while the monks were able to save his life, he was trapped in iron form with the helmet he wore fused to his face. Moreover, he and Karate Kid, who had refused to leave his friend behind, were now trapped on the planet for ten years.

Brainiac 5 was able to use the Threshold technology he had learned of during his time lost to open a path to Steeple, but before anyone could use it, he, along with all of the Legion (bar Sensor and Shikari) and several whole planets were entranced by Universo. Sensor and Shikari were forced to use the unstable link to Steeple to escape, and the four of them were able to free Saturn Girl who, with aid from Apparition and Ultra Boy's child, Cub, was able to defeat Universo, while Ferro and Karate Kid rejoined the team.

The Lightning Saga
The events of the Infinite Crisis miniseries have apparently restored a close analogue of the pre-Crisis Legion to continuity, as seen in "The Lightning Saga" story arc in Justice League of America and Justice Society of America, and in the "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" story arc in Action Comics. Andrew is depicted as a member of this version of the team in Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #5 (June 2007), and Action Comics #858 (late December 2007). However, this incarnation of the Legion shares roughly the same history as the original Legion up to the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths. Therefore, this version of Andrew is presumably deceased.

Powers and abilities
Andrew Nolan has the ability to transform his body into a nearly indestructible isotope of iron. Unlike Stone Boy, Nolan maintains his full mobility, normal intellect, and capacity for speech. His iron-like form can resist considerable damage, including direct hits by laser blasts. He could use this power offensively by ramming into an opponent or obstacle. Ferro Lad's physical strength had been increased when in metal form, allowing him to bend and shape steel like clay.

Equipment
As a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, Ferro Lad is provided with his own Legion Flight Ring, which allows him to fly and protects him from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. He also has a built-in radio mask for communication in airless space.

Other versions
In Legion of Super-Heroes (vol. 2) #300, Douglas Nolan glimpses an alternate universe where he became the second Ferro Lad after Andrew's death.

In Amalgam Comics, Ferro Lad combines with Marvel's Colossus to create Ferro Man of the X-Patrol.

Television

 * A statue of Ferro Lad appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Far from Home".
 * Ferro Lad appears in Legion of Super Heroes (2006), voiced by Dave Wittenberg. In his most notable appearance in the two-part season one finale "Sundown", an adaptation of the Sun-Eater story arc, he sacrifices himself to destroy the Sun-Eater, with his body subsequently ending up in an asteroid. Additionally, according to series producer James Tucker, his long-lost twin brother would have appeared had the show been renewed for a third season.

Film

 * A statue of Ferro Lad appears in Justice League vs. the Fatal Five.
 * Ferro Lad makes a cameo appearance in Legion of Super-Heroes (2023).

Miscellaneous

 * Ferro Lad appears in Adventures in the DC Universe #10.
 * Ferro Lad appears in the one-shot comic Batman '66 Meets the Legion of Super-Heroes.

title: Ferro Lad