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Commercial broadcasting

Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship, for example. It was the United States' first model of radio (and later television) during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil, until the 1980s.

Advertising
Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show. During pledge drives, some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations.

In the United States, non-commercial educational (NCE) television and radio exists in the form of community radio; however, premium cable services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two major satellite radio systems that are produced in-house (mainly music programming).

Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however, advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to control commercial broadcasting.

Paid programming
Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as cable television, radio and satellite television. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access. Other programming (particularly on cable television) is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they (and often the local cable provider) sell commercial time in a similar manner.

The FCC's interest in program control began with the chain-broadcasting investigation of the late 1930s, culminating in the "Blue Book" of 1946, Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast Licensees. The Blue Book differentiated between mass-appeal sponsored programs and unsponsored "sustaining" programs offered by the radio networks. This sustained programming, according to the Blue Book, had five features serving the public interest:
 * Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule, supplementing the soap operas and popular-music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors
 * They allowed for the broadcast of programs which, by their controversial or sensitive nature, were unsuitable for sponsorship
 * They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences
 * They provided limited broadcast access for non-profit and civic organizations
 * They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation, shielded from the pressures of short-run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor.

Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows. For example, ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds.

Ratings
Programming on commercial stations is more ratings-driven—particularly during periods such as sweeps in the US and some Latin American countries.

Americas
Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of Latin America. "The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor by national corporations and federal regulators."

The best-known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC television networks, based in the United States. Major cable television in the United States operators include Comcast, Charter Communications and Cox Communications. Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) services include DirecTV and Dish Network.

In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to advertising. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network. This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than public broadcasting, a disadvantage of commercial radio and television.

Europe
In Europe, commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting (where programming is largely funded by broadcast receiver licenses, public donations or government grants).

In the UK, Sky UK is available and WorldSpace Satellite Radio was available.

Asia
The best and most known commercial broadcasters in Asia are the South Korean radio and television networks SBS, Hong Kong television networks TVB, Taiwanese television networks FTV and Philippine radio and television networks ABS-CBN.

List of major commercial broadcasters
Contemporary hit radio in bold.

Argentina

 * América
 * Arg TV
 * Paramount Networks Americas
 * Telefe
 * El Nueve
 * El Trece
 * Net TV
 * Bravo TV

Bolivia

 * ATB
 * Canal 11
 * Bolivisión
 * Red UNO

Brazil

 * Band
 * Globo
 * Record
 * RedeTV!
 * SBT
 * CNT

English language

 * CTV
 * Citytv
 * Global Television Network

French language

 * TVA
 * Noovo

Chile

 * UCV Televisión
 * Canal 13
 * Paramount Networks Americas
 * Chilevisión
 * Mega
 * La Red
 * Telecanal

Colombia

 * RCN Televisión
 * Caracol Televisión
 * Channel 1
 * Canal A

Costa Rica

 * Teletica
 * Repretel

Ecuador

 * Ecuavisa
 * Gamavisión
 * Teleamazonas
 * TC Televisión
 * Canal Uno

El Salvador

 * Telecorporación Salvadoreña
 * Canal 12
 * Megavisión

Guatemala

 * Canal 3

Honduras

 * Televicentro

Mexico

 * Televisa
 * TV Azteca
 * Imagen Televisión
 * Grupo Multimedios
 * MVS Comunicaciones
 * Quiero TV

Panama

 * Telemetro
 * TVN

Paraguay

 * Paravisión
 * SNT
 * Trece
 * Unicanal

Peru

 * América Televisión
 * Global Televisión
 * ATV
 * Latina Televisión
 * Panamericana Televisión
 * La Tele

English language

 * ABC
 * CBS
 * NBC
 * Fox
 * MyNetworkTV
 * The CW
 * The CW Plus

Spanish language

 * Estrella TV
 * Telemundo
 * Univision
 * UniMás

Uruguay

 * Canal 4
 * Canal 10
 * Teledoce

Venezuela

 * Venevisión
 * Televen
 * Globovisión
 * Meridiano Televisión
 * Vale TV

Hong Kong

 * Fantastic Television Limited (奇妙電視|FTV) — Hong Kong, China
 * 76HD - HOY International Business Channel (香港國際財經台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong English
 * 77HD - HOY TV - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
 * 78HD - HOY Infotainment (HOY資訊台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
 * HK Television Entertainment Ltd (香港電視娛樂有限公司|HKTVE) — Hong Kong, China
 * 96HD - ViuTVsix - Hong Kong/Hong Kong English
 * 97HD - ViuTV - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
 * Television Broadcasts Limited (電視廣播有限公司 "無綫電視"|TVB) — Hong Kong, China
 * 81HD - TVB Jade (無線電視翡翠台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
 * 82HD - TVB J2 - Hong Kong/Contemporary Teenager Youth Teen Channel
 * 83HD - TVB News Channel (無線新聞台) - Hong Kong/24-hour clock News Channel
 * 84HD - TVB Pearl (無線電視明珠台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong English
 * 85HD - TVB Finance, Sports & Information Channel (無綫財經·體育·資訊台) - Hong Kong/24-hour clock Finance, Sport and Information Channel
 * Commercial Radio Hong Kong (香港商業電台)
 * Supercharged 881 (雷霆881) (88.1 - 89.5 FM)
 * Ultimate 903 (叱咤903) (90.3 - 92.1 FM)
 * AM864 (豁達864) (864 AM)
 * Metro Broadcast Corporation (新城電台)
 * Metro Info (新城知訊台) (99.7 - 102.1 FM)
 * Metro Finance (新城財經台) (102.4 - 106.3 FM)
 * Metro Plus (新城采訊台) (1044 AM)

India

 * Paramount Networks EMEAA
 * Colors TV
 * Zee Entertainment Enterprises
 * Zee TV
 * The Walt Disney Company India
 * Star Plus
 * Culver Max Entertainment
 * Sony Entertainment Television

Indonesia

 * PT Global Mediacom Tbk (MNC Media & Entertainment)
 * PT Media Nusantara Citra Tbk (MNC Media)
 * PT Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI)
 * PT MNC Televisi Indonesia (MNCTV)
 * PT Global Informasi Bermutu (GTV)
 * PT Media Nusantara Informasi (iNews Media Group)
 * PT MNC Televisi Network (iNews)
 * PT Radio Trijaya Shakti (MNC Trijaya FM)
 * PT Radio Arief Rahman Hakim (Okezone Radio)
 * PT Radio Suara Monalisa (RDI)
 * PT Radio Sabda Sosok Sohor (Celebrities Radio)
 * PT MNC Vision Networks Tbk
 * PT MNC Sky Vision Tbk (MNC Vision)
 * PT MNC Kabel Mediacom (MNC Play)
 * PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk (Emtek)
 * PT Omni Intivision (Moji)
 * PT Surya Citra Media Tbk (SCM)
 * PT Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV)
 * PT Indosiar Visual Mandiri (Indosiar)
 * PT Mediatama Televisi (Nex Parabola)
 * PT Indonesia Entertainment Grup (IEG)
 * PT Surya Media Citaprima (Mentari TV)
 * PT Media Group
 * PT Media Televisi Indonesia (MetroTV)
 * PT Mitra Media Digital (Magna Channel)
 * PT Mitra Siaran Digital (BN Channel)
 * PT Radio Agustina Junior (MG Radio Network)
 * PT Citra Media Nusa Purnama (Media Indonesia)
 * PT Masa Kini Mandiri (Lampung Post)
 * PT Citra Multimedia Indonesia (Medcom)
 * Dadali.id
 * Clicks.id
 * Suma.id
 * Apakareba.id
 * RuangJurnalistik.id
 * Gaya.id
 * Oase.id
 * Autogear.id
 * PT Inibaru Media (Inibaru.id)
 * Media Indonesia
 * PT Citra Multimedia Indonesia Lampung (Lampung Post)
 * MetroXtend
 * Podme.id
 * Mego.id
 * PT Media Nuwo Kreatif Nusantara (Toko108.com)
 * PT Citra Media Kreatifindo (iD.M)
 * PT Trans Media Corpora (Trans Media)
 * PT Televisi Transformasi Indonesia (Trans TV)
 * PT Duta Visual Nusantara Tivi Tujuh (Trans7)
 * PT Trans News Corpora (CNN Indonesia) (license from Warner Bros. Discovery)
 * PT Trans Berita Bisnis (CNBC Indonesia) (license from NBCUniversal)
 * PT Trans Digital Media (detik Network)
 * Detik
 * CNN Indonesia (lisensi nama dari Warner Bros. Discovery)
 * CNBC Indonesia (lisensi nama dari NBCUniversal)
 * HaiBunda
 * InsertLive
 * Beautynesia
 * Female Daily
 * Mommies Daily
 * Girls Beyond
 * CXO Media
 * Trans Media Sosial
 * PT Indonusa Telemedia (Transvision)
 * Jendela
 * T-Music
 * Musik Indonesia
 * Nusantara
 * Dunia Anak
 * Lingua Channel
 * Bioskop Indonesia
 * Seru! Channel
 * Insert
 * Dunia Lain
 * Eat & Go
 * Khazanah
 * Golf+
 * Historical Sports
 * ID.Cyclist
 * BALAP
 * PT Radio Transuara Indonesia (Vision Radio1)
 * CubMu
 * PT Visi Media Asia Tbk (VIVA)
 * PT Intermedia Capital Tbk (IMDA)
 * PT Cakrawala Andalas Televisi (ANTV)
 * PT Lativi Media Karya (tvOne)
 * PT Viva Televisi Olahraga Indonesia (VTV)
 * PT Vidi Vici Inovasi (VDVC)
 * PT Merah Putih Berkibar (One Pride)
 * PT Oneprix Motorsport Manajemen (Oneprix)
 * Yayasan Satu Untuk Negeri tvOne (Satu Untuk Negeri)
 * PT Viva Media Baru (VIVA Networks)
 * VIVA.co.id
 * IntipSeleb.com
 * tvOnenews.com
 * antvklik.com
 * JagoDangdut
 * Sahijab
 * 100KPJ.com
 * VLIX
 * OnePride.net
 * Oneprix.id
 * PT Indika Inti Mandiri (Indika Group)
 * PT Net Visi Media Tbk (NET.)
 * PT Net Mediatama Televisi (NET.)
 * PT Net Media Berita
 * PT Net Media Digital (Netverse)
 * PT Kreatif Inti Korpora (Creative Inc.)
 * PT Indika Multimedia
 * PT Radio Indika Millenia (Indika FM)
 * PT KG Media
 * PT Cipta Megaswara Televisi (Kompas TV)
 * PT Kompas Media Nusantara (Harian Kompas)
 * PT Grahanusa Mediatama (Kontan)
 * Tribun Network
 * Grid Network
 * Otomotif
 * Intisari
 * National Geographic Indonesia
 * Bobo
 * m&c!
 * Elex Media Komputindo
 * Gramedia Pustaka Utama
 * Grid.id
 * BeautyDate
 * Bobo.id
 * CewekBanget.id
 * Nextren
 * SajianSedap
 * GridKids
 * Hai-Online
 * GridPop.id
 * GridGames.id
 * GridHot.id
 * GridHype.id
 * GridVideo
 * XY-Kids! Online
 * GridKids.id
 * GridStar
 * Parapuan.id
 * Foto Kita
 * GridHealth.id
 * GridGames.id
 * OtoSeken.id
 * OtoFemale.id
 * Suar.id
 * Nakita.id
 * Idea
 * Sosok.id
 * Stylo.id
 * Wiken.id
 * Kitchenesia
 * BolaSport.com
 * Bolanas.com
 * BolaStylo.com
 * Juara.net
 * SuperBall.id
 * GridOto.com
 * Otomotifnet.com
 * Otomania.com
 * Otobursa.com
 * Otomania.com
 * Otomontir
 * OtoRace.id
 * Motor Plus
 * Gridmotor.id
 * Grid Story Factory
 * PT Magentic Network Indonesia (KG Radio Network)
 * PT Radio Sonora (Sonora FM)
 * PT Radio Safari Bina Budaya (Motion Radio)
 * PT Radio Smart Media Utama (Smart FM)
 * PT Rajawali Corpora
 * PT Metropolitan Televisindo (RTV)
 * PT NT Corp
 * PT Nusantara Media Mandiri (Nusantara TV)
 * PT Harum Terang Sehati (Harum TV)
 * PT Gold Media Mandiri (Gold TV)
 * PT Reeuters Mandiri Global (Reeuters TV)
 * PT Bhinneka Berjuang Sejahtera (Bhineka TV)
 * PT Nusantara Digital Mandiri (Sahabat.com)
 * NusantaraTV.com
 * Celebtale
 * Healthpedia
 * Virtupop
 * Kamutau
 * Okedeh
 * NNIN
 * Arah
 * Fesionista
 * Teknospace
 * Jurnalmu
 * Otomu
 * Neonews
 * Sahabat.com
 * PT Digdaya Media Nusantara
 * Garuda TV
 * PT Bersatu Universe Digital Indonesia (B Universe)
 * PT First Media News (BTV)
 * PT Investor Televisi Indonesia (IDTV)
 * PT Koran Media Investor Indonesia (Investor Daily)
 * PT Media Investor Indonesia (Investor)
 * PT Beritasatu Media (BeritaSatu.com)
 * PT Jakarta Globe Media (JakartaGlobe.id)
 * PT Digital Media Investor Indonesia (Investor.id)
 * Jawa Pos Group
 * PT Jawa Pos Multimedia (JPM)
 * PT Tempo Inti Media Tbk
 * Tempo.co
 * Cantika
 * GoOto
 * Foodizz
 * Teras.id
 * Suaraindo.id
 * Indonesiana
 * Rombak Media
 * Ziliun
 * Kok Bisa?
 * TelusuRI
 * Koran Tempo
 * Tempo
 * Tempo English
 * PT MRA Media
 * PT Media Network Wahana (MNI)
 * PT Radio Antarnusa Djaja (Hard Rock FM)
 * PT Radio Tiara Victoria (Trax FM)
 * PT Radio Mustika Abadi (I-Radio)
 * PT Radio Muara Abdinusa (Cosmopolitan FM)
 * PT Pesona Gita Anindita (Brava Radio)
 * PT Mahaka Media (MahakaX)
 * Mahaka Radio Integra
 * PT Radio Attahiriyah (Gen FM)
 * PT Radio Suara Irama Indah (Jak FM)
 * PT Radio Merpati Darmawangsa (Hot FM)
 * PT Radio Ramako Jaya Raya (Most FM)
 * PT Radio Mustang Utama (Mustang FM)
 * PT Radio Kirana Insan Suara (Kis FM)
 * Noice
 * Rayya Channel
 * PT Masima Radio Network
 * Prambors FM
 * Prambors Radio Jakarta 102.2 FM (officially open took place on )
 * Prambors Radio Bandung 98.4 FM (officially open took place on )
 * Prambors Radio Semarang 102.0 FM (officially open took place on )
 * Prambors Radio Yogyakarta 95.8 FM (officially open took place on )
 * Prambors Radio Solo 99.2 FM (officially open took place on )
 * Prambors Radio Surabaya 89.3 FM (officially open took place on )
 * Prambors Radio Medan 97.5 FM (officially open took place on )
 * Prambors Radio Manado 103.6 FM (officially open took place on )
 * Prambors Radio Makassar 105.1 FM (officially open took place on )
 * PT Radio Kayu Manis (FeMale Radio)
 * PT Radio Delta Insani (Delta FM)
 * PT Radio Terik Matahari Bahana Pembangunan (Bahana FM)
 * PT Elshinta Media Group
 * PT Radio Elshinta (Elshinta Radio Network)
 * Fit Radio
 * Kiss Network
 * PT Radio Kidung Indah Selaras Suara (Kiss FM Medan)

Japan (key stations)

 * Tokyo TV Asahi (東京テレビ朝日) (EX)
 * Tokyo Fuji TV (東京フジテレビ) (CX)
 * Tokyo InterFM (東京InterFM) (DW)
 * Tokyo J-Wave (東京J-WAVE) (AV)
 * Tokyo Nippon Broadcasting System (東京ニッポン放送) (LF)
 * Tokyo Nippon Cultural Broadcasting (東京文化放送) (QR)
 * Tokyo Nippon Television Network (東京日本テレビ放送網) (AX)
 * Tokyo Broadcasting System Radio (東京TBSラジオ) (KR)
 * Tokyo Broadcasting System Television (東京TBSテレビ) (RX)
 * Tokyo FM (東京エフエム) (AU)
 * TV Tokyo (テレビ東京) (TX)

Malaysia

 * Commercial Radio Malaysia
 * Hitz
 * Hitz Urban
 * Hitz Dance
 * Hitz Tik-Tok
 * Hitz Throwback
 * Hitz Chillest
 * Hitz Stage
 * Hitz Top 40
 * Hitz Local
 * Hitz K-Pop
 * Lite
 * Lite Your 70 Favourite
 * Lite 80 Sing Along
 * Lite Acoustic
 * Mix
 * Mix Dance
 * Mix 90
 * Mix Tape
 * Mix Lovesongs
 * Era
 * Era Sabah (Sabah only)
 * Era Sarawak (Sarawak only)
 * Era Flow
 * Era Cintan
 * Era K-Hit
 * Era Nusantera
 * Era Throwbaek
 * Era Erathon
 * Era Nurock
 * Era Indie
 * Synchrosound Studio Sdn Bhd (Hot FM)
 * Sinar
 * Sinar Rock
 * Sinar Jiwang
 * Sinar Irama 70
 * Sinar Irama 80
 * Sinar Iramalaysia
 * Sinar Popyehyeh
 * Sinar Sinema
 * Sinar i-Musik
 * Suria
 * Melody
 * Melody Chinese Classics 70s
 * Melody Chinese Classics 80s
 * Melody Chinese Classics Love
 * Melody Chinese Classics 90s
 * Melody Chinese Classics OST
 * My
 * My Sabah (Sabah only)
 * My Sarawak (Sarawak only)
 * My Chinese Drop The Beat
 * My Chinese Pop
 * My Chinese Rock
 * My Chinese Kara
 * My Chinese Love Uu
 * My Chinese Positive
 * One FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Eight FM)
 * BFM 89.9
 * Max-Airplay Sdn Bhd (Fly FM)
 * KK12FM
 * Best FM
 * Gegar
 * Gegar Hoh Btabuh
 * Gegar Tradisi
 * Gegar Hindi
 * Gegar Maghi Gelek
 * Kool 101 Radio Sdn Bhd (Kool 101)
 * Molek FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Molek FM)
 * Manis FM
 * Zayan
 * Zayan Almusika
 * Zayan Nasyeed
 * Zayan Surah
 * Zayan Adam
 * Zayan Hawa
 * 988 FM
 * City Plus FM
 * goXuan
 * goXuan Chinese Trending
 * goXuan K-Pop
 * goXuan Chinese OST
 * goXuan Chinese Tik-Tok
 * TEA FM
 * Raaga
 * Raaga Isaimazhai
 * Raaga Bolly 4U
 * Raaga 80s Evergreen
 * Raaga 90S Hits
 * Raaga Nambe Area
 * Bapakku.FM
 * RADIOROSAK
 * Cats FM
 * IM4U FM 107.9
 * Kupi-Kupi FM
 * VOKFM
 * Media Prima
 * Media Prima Television Networks
 * Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad (TV3)
 * Natseven TV Sdn Bhd (NTV7)
 * Metropolitan TV Sdn Bhd (8TV)
 * Ch-9 Media Sdn Bhd (TV9)
 * Wow Shop
 * Drama Sangat
 * Media Prima Audio
 * Synchrosound Studio Sdn Bhd (Hot FM)
 * Max-Airplay Sdn Bhd (Fly FM)
 * One FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Eight FM)
 * Kool 101 Radio Sdn Bhd (Kool 101)
 * Molek FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Molek FM)
 * Audio+
 * SuperDeals
 * Primeworks Studios
 * Primeworks Distribution
 * Monkey Bone
 * 8unit
 * New Straits Times Press
 * New Straits Times
 * Berita Harian
 * Harian Metro
 * Hijab & Heels
 * FullAMark
 * Mind Campus
 * Big Tree
 * Kurnia Outdoor
 * UPD
 * The Right Channel
 * Gotcha
 * Big Tree Seni Jaya
 * Astro Malaysia Holdings
 * Astro Malaysia (Measat Broadcast Network Systems Sdn Bhd)
 * Astro B.yond
 * Astro IPTV
 * Astro NJOI
 * Fetch TV
 * Astro Channels
 * Astro AEC
 * Astro AOD
 * Astro Arena
 * Astro Arena 2
 * Astro Arena Bola
 * Astro Arena Bola 2
 * Astro Aura
 * Astro Awani
 * Astro Best (VOD)
 * Astro Box Office
 * Astro Box Office Thangathirai
 * Astro Ceria
 * Astro Citra
 * Astro Cricket
 * Astro First (VOD)
 * Astro Hua Hee Dai
 * Astro Oasis
 * Astro Premier
 * Astro Prima
 * Astro QJ HD
 * Astro Rania
 * Astro Ria
 * Astro SuperSport
 * Astro SuperSport 2
 * Astro SuperSport 3
 * Astro SuperSport 4
 * Astro Tutor TV
 * Astro UHD
 * Astro Vaanavil
 * Astro Vellithirai
 * Astro Vinmeen HD
 * Astro Wah Lai Toi On Demand
 * Astro Warna
 * Astro Xiao Tai Yang On Demand
 * BOO
 * Go Shop
 * GO Shop Chinese
 * GO Shop Baaru
 * GO Shop Ruuma
 * Showcase
 * Astro Shaw
 * Astro Radio
 * Era
 * Era Sabah (Sabah only)
 * Era Sarawak (Sarawak only)
 * Era Flow
 * Era Cintan
 * Era K-Hit
 * Era Nusantera
 * Era Throwbaek
 * Era Erathon
 * Era Nurock
 * Era Indie
 * Gegar
 * Gegar Hoh Btabuh
 * Gegar Tradisi
 * Gegar Hindi
 * Gegar Maghi Gelek
 * goXuan
 * goXuan Chinese Trending
 * goXuan K-Pop
 * goXuan Chinese OST
 * goXuan Chinese Tik-Tok
 * Hitz
 * Hitz Sabah (Sabah only)
 * Hitz Sarawak (Sarawak only)
 * Hitz Urban
 * Hitz Dance
 * Hitz Tik-Tok
 * Hitz Throwback
 * Hitz Chillest
 * Hitz Workout
 * Hitz Top 40
 * Hitz Local
 * Hitz K-Pop
 * Lite
 * Lite Your 70 Favourite
 * Lite 80 Sing Along
 * Lite Acoustic
 * Melody
 * Melody Chinese Classics 70s
 * Melody Chinese Classics 80s
 * Melody Chinese Classics Love
 * Melody Chinese Classics 90s
 * Melody Chinese Classics OST
 * Mix
 * Mix Dance
 * Mix 90
 * Mix Tape
 * Mix Lovesongs
 * My
 * My Sabah (Sabah only)
 * My Sarawak (Sarawak only)
 * My Chinese Drop The Beat
 * My Chinese Pop
 * My Chinese Rock
 * My Chinese Kara
 * My Chinese Love Uu
 * My Chinese Positive
 * Raaga
 * Raaga Isaimazhai
 * Raaga Bolly 4U
 * Raaga 80s Evergreen
 * Raaga 90S Hits
 * Raaga Nambe Area
 * Sinar
 * Sinar Rock
 * Sinar Jiwang
 * Sinar Irama 70
 * Sinar Irama 80
 * Sinar Iramalaysia
 * Sinar Popyehyeh
 * Sinar Sinema
 * Sinar i-Musik
 * Zayan
 * Zayan Almusika
 * Zayan Nasyeed
 * Zayan Surah
 * Zayan Adam
 * Zayan Hawa
 * Syok
 * Syok Bayu
 * Syok Gold
 * Syok India Beat
 * Syok Jazz
 * Syok Kenyalang
 * Syok Opus
 * Syok Osai
 * Syok Classic Rock
 * Tayangan Unggul
 * Go Shop
 * Star Media Group Berhad
 * The Star
 * Star Media Radio Group
 * Suria
 * 988 FM
 * Awesome Media Network Berhad
 * Awesome TV

ABS-CBN Corporation

 * A2Z
 * TeleRadyo Serbisyo
 * ANC
 * ANC HD
 * Cinema One
 * Cine Mo!
 * Jeepney TV
 * Kapamilya Channel
 * Kapamilya Channel HD
 * Knowledge Channel
 * Metro Channel
 * Myx
 * PIE Channel
 * DWPM Rayo 630 Manila (Joint venture between Prime Media Holdings, Inc. through subsidiary Philippine Collective Media Corporation and ABS-CBN Corporation)
 * ZOE Broadcasting Network (Partnership deal with ABS-CBN Corporation)
 * ZOE TV Manila
 * ZOE TV Baguio
 * ZOE TV Ilo-ilo
 * ZOE TV Cebu
 * ZOE TV Cagayan de Oro
 * ZOE TV Davao
 * ZOE TV Tacloban
 * Light TV Palawan

GMA Network Inc.

 * GMA
 * GMA Manila
 * GMA Ilocos Norte
 * GMA Ilocos Sur
 * GMA Abra
 * GMA Mt. Province
 * GMA Batanes
 * GMA Tuguegarao
 * GMA Aparri
 * GMA Isabela
 * GMA Benguet/Dagupan
 * GMA Baler
 * GMA Olongapo
 * GMA Batangas
 * GMA Rizal
 * GMA Occidental Mindoro
 * GMA Puerto Princesa, Palawan
 * GMA Coron, Palawan
 * GMA Brooke's Point, Palawan
 * GMA Romblon
 * GMA Naga
 * GMA Legazpi
 * GMA Masbate
 * GMA Catanduanes
 * GMA Sorsogon
 * GMA Daet
 * GMA Kalibo
 * GMA Roxas
 * GMA Ilo-ilo
 * GMA Murcia
 * GMA Bacolod
 * GMA Negros Occidental
 * GMA Sipalay
 * GMA Cebu
 * GMA Bohol
 * GMA Dumaguete
 * GMA Calbayog
 * GMA Borongan
 * GMA Tacloban
 * GMA Ormoc
 * GMA Zamboanga
 * GMA Dipolog
 * GMA Pagadian
 * GMA Cagayan de Oro
 * GMA Bukidnon
 * GMA Ozamiz
 * GMA Iligan
 * GMA Davao
 * GMA General Santos
 * GMA Kidapawan
 * GMA Butuan
 * GMA Surigao
 * GMA Tandag
 * GMA Cotabato
 * GMA Jolo
 * GTV
 * Heart of Asia
 * Hallypop
 * I Heart Movies
 * Pinoy Hits
 * Super Radyo

TV5 Network, Inc.

 * TV5
 * TV5 HD
 * TV5 Manila
 * TV5 Ilocos Norte
 * TV5 Baguio
 * TV5 Bacolod
 * TV5 Cebu
 * TV5 Cagayan de Oro
 * TV5 Davao
 * TV5 General Santos
 * TV5 Tuguegarao
 * TV5 Olongapo
 * TV5 Tarlac
 * TV5 Batangas
 * TV5 Occidental Mindoro
 * TV5 Puerto Princesa
 * TV5 Naga
 * TV5 Kalibo
 * TV5 Roxas City
 * TV5 Ilo-ilo
 * TV5 Zamboanga
 * TV5 Leyte
 * RPTV
 * RPTV HD
 * One Sports
 * One Sports HD

Minor Broadcast Networks

 * Aliw 23
 * ALLTV
 * IBC
 * IBC Manila
 * IBC Laoag
 * IBC Ilo-ilo
 * IBC Cebu
 * IBC Palo
 * IBC Cagayan de Oro
 * IBC Davao
 * NET 25
 * Net 25 Manila
 * Net 25 Baguio
 * Net 25 Lucena
 * Net 25 Naga
 * Net 25 Davao
 * SMNI
 * SMNI TV-43 Davao
 * SMNI TV-35 Laoag
 * SMNI TV-38 Vigan
 * SMNI TV-37 Isabela
 * SMNI TV-39 Roxas
 * SMNI TV-39 Butuan
 * SMNI News Channel
 * TV Maria
 * UNTV
 * UNTV SD
 * UNTV HD
 * UNTV Manila
 * UNTV Vigan
 * UNTV Laoag
 * UNTV Tuguegarao
 * UNTV Angeles
 * UNTV San Carlos
 * UNTV Cebu

International

 * TFC
 * TFC HD
 * Myx
 * Myx America
 * GMA Pinoy TV
 * Kapatid International

Singapore

 * Astro Malaysia Holdings
 * Astro Sensasi
 * SPH Media Trust
 * 96.3 Hao FM
 * UFM100.3
 * Money FM 89.3
 * Kiss 92
 * One FM 91.3
 * So Drama! Entertainment
 * 883Jia
 * Power 98

South Korea

 * Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC)
 * MBC TV
 * MBC Drama
 * MBC Sports+
 * MBC every1
 * MBC M
 * MBC On
 * Channel M
 * MBC FM4U
 * MBC Standard FM
 * MBC C&I
 * MBC Plus
 * MBC Voice Acting Division
 * Vlending (joint venture with SBS)
 * Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS)
 * SBS TV
 * SBS Plus
 * SBS Sports
 * SBS Biz
 * SBS F!L
 * SBS funE
 * SBS Golf
 * SBS M
 * SBS Love FM
 * SBS Power FM
 * SBS V-Radio
 * Korea New Network (KNN)
 * Taegu Broadcasting Corporation (TBC)
 * Kwangju Broadcasting Corporation (KBC)
 * Taejon Broadcasting Corporation (TJB)
 * Ulsan Broadcasting Corporation (UBC)
 * Jeonju Television (JTV)
 * Cheongju Broadcasting (CJB)
 * Gangwon No.1 Broadcasting (G1)
 * Jeju Free International City Broadcasting System (JIBS)
 * Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company (JTBC)
 * JTBC
 * JTBC2
 * JTBC Golf&Sports
 * JTBC4
 * JTBC Golf
 * CJ E&M
 * Mnet
 * tvN
 * tvN Drama
 * tvN Show
 * tvN Story
 * tvN Sports
 * OCN
 * OCN Movies
 * OCN Thrills
 * Chunghwa TV
 * Tooniverse
 * OBS Gyeongin TV

Taiwan

 * TVBS Media Inc.
 * TVBS Main Channel
 * TVBS Entertainment Channel
 * TVBS-NEWS
 * Taiwan Television (臺灣電視公司 "台視"|TTV)
 * TTV Main Channel
 * TTV Finance
 * TTV Variety
 * TTV News Channel
 * China Television (中國電視公司 "中視"|CTV)
 * CTV Main Channel
 * CTV News Channel
 * CTV Classic
 * CTV Bravo
 * Chinese Television System (中華電視公司 "華視"|CTS)
 * CTS Main Channel
 * CTS News and Info
 * Formosa Television (民間全民電視公司 "民視"|FTV)
 * FTV Main Channel
 * FTV Taiwan
 * FTV News
 * FTV One

Thailand

 * Amarin Television
 * Amarin TV (34)
 * Bangkok Media Broadcasting
 * PPTV HD (36)
 * BEC Multimedia
 * Channel 3 HD (33)
 * GMM Grammy
 * GMM Channel (under GMM Grammy)
 * Bangkok GMM 25 (25)
 * The One Enterprise
 * ONE 31 (31)
 * Atime Media
 * Green Wave 106.5 FM
 * EFM 94
 * MONO Next
 * MONO29 (29)
 * RS Public Company Limited (RS Vision Company Limited)
 * Channel 8 (27)
 * Tero Entertainment Public Company Limited
 * Tero Radio
 * Hitz 955 (95.5 MHz)
 * Eazy FM 105.5 (105.5 MHz)
 * Thairath (under Triple V Broadcast Company Limited)
 * Thairath TV (32)
 * TrueVisions
 * True Korean More
 * True Select
 * True4U (24)
 * True Chinese More
 * True Asian More
 * True Film HD1
 * True Film HD2
 * True Film Asia
 * True Inside
 * True Plook Panya
 * True Reality
 * True Series
 * True Spark Play
 * True Spark Jump
 * True Sport 1
 * True Sport 2
 * True Sport 3
 * True Tennis HD
 * True Sport 5
 * True Sport 6
 * True Sport 7
 * True Sport HD1
 * True Sport HD2
 * True Sport HD3
 * True Sport HD4
 * True Thai Film
 * True X-Zyte
 * True Shopping
 * True Explore Wild
 * True Explore Life
 * True Explore Sci
 * True Movie Hits
 * True Music
 * TNN 16
 * TNN 2
 * Workpoint Entertainment
 * Workpoint TV (23)

Norway

 * TV 2 Group
 * TV 2 Direkte
 * TV 2 Zebra
 * TV 2 Nyheter
 * TV 2 Sport
 * TV 2 Sport Premium
 * TV 2 Livsstil
 * Viaplay Group
 * TV3 Norway
 * TV3+ Norway
 * TV6 Norway
 * Warner Bros. Discovery Norway
 * TVNorge
 * FEM
 * REX
 * VOX

Denmark

 * Viaplay Group
 * TV3 Denmark
 * TV3+
 * TV3 Puls
 * TV3 Max
 * TV3 Sport
 * See
 * Warner Bros. Discovery Denmark
 * Kanal 4
 * Kanal 5
 * 6'eren
 * Canal 9

Sweden

 * TV4 AB
 * TV4
 * Sjuan
 * TV12
 * TV4 Fakta
 * TV4 Film
 * TV4 Guld
 * TV4 Hits
 * TV4 Stars
 * SF-kanalen
 * TV4 Sportkanalen
 * TV4 Fotboll
 * TV4 Hockey
 * TV4 Motor
 * TV4 Tennis
 * TV4 Sport Live
 * Viaplay Group
 * TV3
 * TV6
 * TV8
 * TV10
 * Warner Bros. Discovery Sweden
 * Kanal 5
 * Kanal 9
 * Kanal 11

Finland

 * MTV Oy
 * MTV3
 * MTV Sub
 * MTV Ava
 * MTV Aitio
 * MTV Viihde
 * MTV Max
 * MTV Juniori
 * MTV Urheilu 1
 * MTV Urheilu 2
 * Nelonen Media
 * Nelonen
 * Jim
 * Liv
 * Hero
 * Warner Bros. Discovery Finland
 * TV5
 * Kutonen
 * Frii
 * TLC

Republic of Ireland

 * Virgin Media Television
 * Virgin Media One (SD, HD & +1)
 * Virgin Media Two (SD & HD)
 * Virgin Media Three (SD & HD)
 * Virgin Media Four (SD & HD)
 * Virgin Media More (SD & HD)
 * Bauer Media Audio Ireland
 * Newstalk
 * Today FM

United Kingdom

 * Paramount Networks UK & Australia
 * Channel 5
 * 5Action
 * 5Select
 * 5Star
 * 5USA
 * ITV plc
 * ITV1
 * STV – Northern and Central Scotland
 * UTV – Northern Ireland
 * ITV2
 * ITV3
 * ITV4
 * ITVBe
 * Sky UK
 * Blaze
 * Challenge
 * Crime & Investigation
 * Sky Arts
 * Sky Atlantic
 * Sky Cinema
 * Sky Comedy
 * Sky Crime
 * Sky Documentaries
 * Sky History
 * Sky History 2
 * Sky Kids
 * Sky Max
 * Sky Mix
 * Sky Nature
 * Sky News
 * Sky Replay
 * Sky Sci-Fi
 * Sky Showcase
 * Sky Sports
 * Sky Sports Box Office
 * Sky Sports F1
 * Sky Sports News
 * Sky Sports Racing
 * Sky Witness
 * Global Media & Entertainment
 * Capital
 * Capital UK
 * Capital Dance
 * Capital Xtra
 * Capital Xtra Reloaded
 * Capital Cymru
 * Capital Liverpool
 * Capital London
 * Capital Manchester and Lancashire
 * Capital Mid-Counties
 * Capital Midlands
 * Capital North East
 * Capital North West and Wales
 * Capital Scotland
 * Capital South
 * Capital South Wales
 * Capital Yorkshire
 * Classic FM
 * Gold
 * Heart
 * Heart Dance
 * Heart UK
 * Heart 70s
 * Heart 80s
 * Heart 90s
 * Heart East
 * Heart Hertfordshire
 * Heart London
 * Heart North East
 * Heart North Wales
 * Heart North West
 * Heart Scotland
 * Heart South
 * Heart South Wales
 * Heart West
 * Heart West Midlands
 * Heart Yorkshire
 * LBC
 * LBC News
 * Radio X
 * Smooth Radio
 * Smooth Chill
 * Smooth Country
 * Smooth Extra
 * Smooth East Midlands
 * Smooth Lake District
 * Smooth London
 * Smooth North East
 * Smooth North West
 * Smooth Scotland
 * Smooth Wales
 * Smooth West Midlands
 * Bauer Media Audio UK
 * Absolute Radio Network
 * Absolute Radio
 * Absolute Radio 60s
 * Absolute Radio 70s
 * Absolute Radio 80s
 * Absolute Radio 90s
 * Absolute Radio 00s
 * Absolute Radio 10s
 * Absolute Radio 20s
 * Absolute Radio Classic Rock
 * Absolute Radio Country
 * Greatest Hits Radio
 * Hits Radio
 * Hits Radio UK
 * Hits Radio Pride
 * Hits Radio London
 * Hits Radio Manchester
 * Hits Radio South Coast
 * Jazz FM
 * Kerrang! Radio
 * Kerrang! Radio Unleashed
 * Klassic Kerrang! Radio
 * Kiss Network
 * Kiss
 * Kisstory
 * Kiss Fresh
 * Kiss Bliss
 * Kiss Dance
 * Kiss Garage
 * Magic
 * Magic Chilled
 * Magic Mellow
 * Magic Soul
 * Magic Workout
 * Magic at the Musicals
 * Magic 100% Christmas
 * Planet Rock
 * Scala Radio
 * News Broadcasting
 * Talksport
 * Talksport 2
 * Talkradio
 * Times Radio
 * Virgin Radio UK
 * Virgin Radio Anthems
 * Virgin Radio Chilled
 * Virgin Radio Groove

France

 * TF1 Group
 * TF1
 * TMC
 * TFX
 * TF1 Séries Films
 * LCI
 * M6 Group (48.6%)
 * M6
 * W9
 * 6ter
 * Gulli
 * Paris Première
 * Téva
 * M6 Music
 * TiJi
 * Canal J
 * Fun Radio
 * RTL
 * RTL 2
 * RTL Group
 * Fun Radio
 * RTL
 * RTL 2
 * Canal+ Group
 * Canal+
 * Canal+ Cinéma(s)
 * Canal+ Sport
 * Canal+ Kids
 * Canal+ Docs
 * Canal+ Grand Écran
 * Canal+ Séries
 * Canal+ Sport 360
 * Canal+ Foot
 * Canal+ Box Office
 * C8
 * CNews
 * CStar
 * CStar Hits France
 * Altice Média
 * BFM TV
 * BFM Business
 * RMC Story
 * RMC Découverte
 * RMC Sport
 * NRJ Group
 * NRJ 12
 * NRJ Hits
 * Chérie 25

Italy

 * Mediaset
 * Rete 4
 * Canale 5
 * Italia 1
 * 20
 * Iris
 * 27 Twentyseven
 * La5
 * Cine34
 * Focus
 * Top Crime
 * Boing
 * Cartoonito
 * Italia 2
 * TgCom24
 * Mediaset Extra
 * Warner Bros. Discovery Italia
 * Nove
 * DMAX
 * Food Network
 * Frisbee
 * Giallo
 * HGTV
 * K2
 * Motor Trend
 * Real Time
 * Warner TV
 * Sky Italia
 * Cielo
 * Sky Arte
 * Sky Atlantic
 * Sky Cinema
 * Sky Crime
 * Sky Documentaries
 * Sky Investigation
 * Sky Nature
 * Sky Serie
 * Sky Sport
 * Sky TG24
 * Sky Uno
 * TV8
 * Cairo Communication
 * La7
 * La7d
 * Paramount Global Italia
 * Super!

Germany

 * RTL Deutschland
 * RTL Television
 * VOX
 * RTL II
 * RTLup
 * Nitro
 * Super RTL
 * Toggo Plus
 * n-tv
 * VOXup
 * RTL Crime
 * RTL Living
 * RTL Passion
 * Geo Television
 * ProSiebenSat.1 Media
 * Sat.1
 * ProSieben
 * kabel eins
 * sixx
 * Sat.1 Gold
 * ProSieben Maxx
 * kabel eins Doku
 * Sat.1 Emotions
 * ProSieben Fun
 * kabel eins classics
 * Sky Deutschland
 * Sky Atlantic
 * Sky Cinema
 * Sky Comedy
 * Sky Crime
 * Sky Documentaries
 * Sky Krimi
 * Sky Nature
 * Sky One
 * Sky Replay
 * Sky Showcase
 * Sky Sport

Luxembourg

 * RTL Group
 * RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg
 * RTL Zwee
 * RTL Radio Lëtzebuerg

Netherlands

 * RTL Nederland
 * RTL 4
 * RTL 5
 * RTL 7
 * RTL 8
 * RTL Z
 * RTL Crime
 * RTL Lounge
 * RTL Telekids
 * Talpa Network
 * Talpa TV
 * Net5
 * SBS6
 * Veronica
 * Viaplay TV
 * TV 538
 * Talpa Radio
 * Radio 538
 * Radio 10
 * Sky Radio
 * Radio Veronica

Spain

 * Atresmedia
 * Antena 3
 * La Sexta
 * Neox
 * Nova
 * Mega
 * Atreseries
 * Mediaset España
 * Telecinco
 * Cuatro
 * FDF
 * Divinity
 * Energy
 * Boing
 * Be Mad TV HD

Portugal

 * SIC
 * SIC
 * SIC Notícias
 * SIC Mulher
 * SIC Radical
 * SIC K
 * SIC Caras
 * SIC Internacional
 * TVI
 * TVI
 * TVI Ficção
 * TVI Reality
 * CNN Portugal
 * TVI África
 * TVI Internacional

Poland

 * Telewizja Polsat
 * Polsat
 * Polsat 1
 * Polsat 2
 * Super Polsat
 * TV4
 * TV6
 * Polsat Comedy Central Extra
 * Polsat X
 * Polsat Rodzina
 * Polsat News
 * Polsat News 2
 * Polsat News Polityka
 * Wydarzenia 24
 * Polsat Sport
 * Polsat Sport 1
 * Polsat Sport 2
 * Polsat Sport 3
 * Polsat Sport Fight
 * Polsat Sport Premium
 * Polsat Sport Premium PPV
 * Polsat Games
 * Eleven Sports
 * Polsat Film
 * Polsat Film 2
 * Polsat Café
 * Polsat Play
 * Nowa TV
 * Polsat Reality
 * Polsat JimJam
 * Polsat Doku
 * Fokus TV
 * Polsat Viasat Nature
 * Polsat Viasat History
 * Polsat Viasat Explore
 * Crime+Investigation Polsat
 * 4FUN TV
 * 4FUN Dance
 * 4FUN Kids
 * Polsat Music
 * Disco Polo Music
 * Eska TV
 * Eska TV Extra
 * Eska Rock TV
 * Polo TV
 * Vox Music TV
 * TV Okazje
 * TVN Warner Bros. Discovery
 * TVN
 * TVN 7
 * TVN24
 * TVN24 BiS
 * TVN Fabuła
 * TVN Meteo
 * TVN Style
 * TVN Turbo
 * iTVN
 * iTVN Extra
 * Metro
 * TTV
 * Animal Planet
 * Cartoon Network
 * Cartoonito
 * Cinemax
 * Cinemax 2
 * Discovery Channel
 * Discovery Science
 * Discovery Historia
 * Discovery Life
 * DTX
 * Eurosport
 * Eurosport 1
 * Eurosport 2
 * Food Network
 * HBO
 * HBO 2
 * HBO 3
 * HGTV
 * Investigation Discovery
 * TLC
 * Travel Channel
 * WarnerTV

Australia

 * Seven West Media
 * Seven Network
 * ATN Sydney
 * HSV Melbourne
 * BTQ Brisbane
 * SAS Adelaide
 * TVW Perth
 * STQ Regional Queensland
 * CBN Southern NSW & ACT
 * 7two
 * 7mate
 * 7flix
 * 7Bravo
 * 7plus
 * Racing.com
 * Nine Entertainment
 * Nine Network
 * TCN Sydney
 * GTV Melbourne
 * QTQ Brisbane
 * NWS Adelaide
 * STW Perth
 * 9Gem
 * 9Go!
 * 9Life
 * 9Rush
 * 9Now
 * Nine Radio
 * 2GB 873 Sydney
 * 3AW 693 Melbourne
 * 4BC 882 Brisbane
 * 6PR 882 Perth
 * 2UE 954 Sydney
 * 4BH 1116 Brisbane
 * Magic 1278 Melbourne
 * Paramount Networks UK & Australia
 * Network 10
 * TEN Sydney
 * ATV Melbourne
 * TVQ Brisbane
 * ADS Adelaide
 * NEW Perth
 * 10 Peach
 * 10 Bold
 * Nickelodeon
 * 10 Play
 * Paramount+
 * Southern Cross Austereo
 * Southern Cross Seven
 * Southern Cross 10
 * CTC Southern NSW & ACT
 * Hit Network
 * SAFM Adelaide
 * Hit91.9 Bendigo
 * Hit104.9 The Border
 * B105 FM Brisbane
 * 90.9 Sea FM Gold Coast
 * Hit 100.9 Hobart
 * SAFM 96.1 Limestone Coast
 * Fox FM Melbourne
 * Hit106.9 Newcastle
 * Mix 94.5 Perth
 * Hit93.1 Riverina
 * South Queensland
 * 2Day FM Sydney
 * Hit103.1 Townsville
 * Hit Western Australia
 * Buddha Hits
 * RnB Fridays
 * Dance Hits
 * Easy 80s Hits
 * Kids Hits
 * Oldskool 90s Hits
 * Triple M
 * Triple M Adelaide
 * Triple M Bendigo
 * Triple M The Border
 * Triple M Brisbane
 * Triple M Central Coast
 * Triple M Central Queensland
 * Triple M Central West
 * Triple M Darling Downs
 * Triple M Dubbo
 * Triple M Gippsland
 * Triple M Gold Coast
 * Triple M Goulburn Valley
 * Triple M Hobart
 * Triple M Mackay & The Whitsundays
 * Triple M Melbourne
 * Triple M Newcastle
 * Triple M Perth
 * Triple M Riverina
 * Triple M Riverina MIA
 * Triple M Southwest
 * Triple M Sunraysia
 * Triple M Sydney
 * Triple M Townsville
 * Triple M 90s
 * Triple M Classic Rock
 * Triple M Country
 * Triple M Hard n Heavy
 * Triple M Soft Rock
 * Australian Radio Network
 * KIIS Network
 * KIIS 101.1 Melbourne
 * KIIS 106.5 Sydney
 * 96FM Perth
 * 97.3 FM Brisbane
 * Mix 102.3 Adelaide
 * 96FM 80s
 * 96FM 90s
 * KIIS 80s
 * KIIS 90s
 * Mix 80s
 * Mix 90s
 * Pure Gold Network
 * 4KQ Brisbane
 * Cruise 1323 Adelaide
 * Gold 104.3 Melbourne
 * WSFM 101.7 Sydney
 * Gold 80s
 * WSFM 80s
 * CADA

New Zealand

 * Warner Bros. Discovery New Zealand
 * Three
 * ThreePlus1
 * Bravo
 * Bravo Plus 1
 * Rush
 * Eden
 * HGTV
 * TLC
 * Living
 * Investigation Discovery
 * Discovery
 * Discovery Turbo
 * Animal Planet
 * Cartoon Network
 * CNN International
 * MediaWorks New Zealand
 * George FM
 * Mai FM
 * Magic
 * More FM
 * The Breeze
 * The Edge
 * The Rock
 * The Sound
 * Today FM
 * Wandr
 * New Zealand Media and Entertainment
 * New Zealand Herald
 * Weekend Herald
 * Herald on Sunday
 * The Northern Advocate
 * Rotorua Daily Post
 * Bay of Plenty Times
 * Hawke's Bay Today
 * Whanganui Chronicle
 * Wairarapa Times-Age
 * Hamilton News
 * Taupo and Turangi Weekender
 * Bay News
 * Whangamata Coastal News
 * Katikati Advertiser
 * Waihi Leader
 * Whakatane News
 * Central Hawke's Bay Mail
 * Havelock North Village Press
 * Horowhenua Chronicle
 * Kapiti News
 * Manawatu Guardian
 * Wairarapa Midweek
 * Coast
 * Flava
 * Hokonui
 * Mix
 * Radio Hauraki
 * The Hits
 * ZM
 * ZM Whangarei
 * ZM Auckland
 * ZM Waikato
 * ZM Wellington
 * ZM Christchurch
 * Newstalk ZB
 * Radio Sport
 * nzherald.co.nz
 * GrabOne
 * Driven
 * YUDU
 * Sky
 * Sky Open
 * Sky 5
 * Sky Box Sets
 * Sky Arts
 * Sky Movies Premiere
 * Sky Movies Comedy
 * Sky Movies Action
 * Sky Movies Greats
 * Sky Movies Classics
 * Sky Movies Collection
 * Sky Movies Family
 * Sky Sport Select
 * Sky Sport 1
 * Sky Sport 2
 * Sky Sport 3
 * Sky Sport 4
 * Sky Sport 5
 * Sky Sport 6
 * Sky Sport 7 beIN Sports
 * Sky Sport 8
 * Sky Sport 9
 * Sky Sport Pop-Up
 * Sky Box Office
 * Sky Arena
 * Sky Digital Music

title: Commercial broadcasting


text:
User talk:Vyruss

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 20:56, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Dimitrakos.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Dimitrakos.jpg, which you've attributed to Marilena Cassimatis. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. January ( talk ) 17:19, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Vyruss


text:
Talk:Chernihiv

Old talk
If anyone knows who the local ruler of Chernihiv was during Ilya Muromets's time, please note it there. -- Sy / (talk) 20:56, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Provided that you tell me when Ilya Muromets lived :) --Ghirla -трёп- 14:49, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Ancient Lithuanian city
the city Shernigone (Chernigov) was an ancient Lithuanian city like and Kuningardas (Kiev), and later was occupied by Rus people. Shernigone in Lithuanian language means the chase/hunt of boars. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.222.112.200 (talk) 21:58, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Not even Baltic, straight out Lithuanian? Cool, good to know. Was Rome an ancient Lithuanian city too? IDiO (talk) 05:56, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Old highlights
I started rewriting the city history. The old highlights (modified) moved to this page for now. --Irpen 01:50, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Founded as early as 9th century
 * One of major cities of Kievan Rus', an early East Slavic state
 * The reign of knyaz Mstislav Mstislavich, The Bold started the golden age of Chernihiv
 * Destroyed by Tartars in 1239 and later attacked until late 15th century
 * In Lithuanian hands during the 14th century
 * Part of The Russian Tsardom, 15th–16th centuries
 * Ceded to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1618
 * Ceded to Muscovy in 1648 following the Bohdan Khmelnytsky uprising
 * Soviet rule established in 1919; Chernihiv part of the Ukrainian SSR
 * During the Nazi occupation 1941–1943 the city was almost completely destroyed
 * 1986 Chornobyl catastrophe
 * In 1990 a "sausage revolution" breaks out in Chernihiv as people seize food from the car of a Communist Party official
 * 1300th anniversary of the foundation of the city celebrated in 1992

Chernihiv vs. Chernigov
Dear Ghirlandajo, could you please provide any reference confirming that the town is "Russophone"? At least the 2001 census states the opposite for the Chernihiv region. (see All-Ukrainian population census 2001) Is there any evidence that the ethnic composition of Chernihiv is so much different from the rest of region. Could you confirm this by a reliable source?

Please note, I did not change the historic names "Czernihów Voivodship" and "Chernigovskaya guberniya". The rest of the text should conform to the title.--AndriyK 11:17, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It is entirely irrelevant whether the city is Russophone now to resolve this issue. What is important is that currently the city is known in English by two names: Chernihiv and Chernigov. The Polish name is not used anywhere outside the Polish language. Hence, it is correct to use the Polish name in a history section (and I used it there) and not correct to introduce it in the first line since this is NOT how the city is called in English.

 * As for the rest, in its old history the city is known as Chernigov (it just happens to be called so in English L. history books) and I haven't seen the "Grand Principality of Chernihiv" ever written in English (of course it is written so in Ukrainian).

 * Andriy, I understand your desire to see more of CHernihiv. It is also my desire. If you want this to happen, write a section about more modern times of the city history and use Chernihiv as much as you want. Using Chernihiv for entire history is an anachronism. I suggest you follow Piotrus' example. A whole bunch of Polish editors were adding Kijow to the first line of Kiev article and were reverted. They didn't bother to help improve the article because all they cared was to see a Polish name there. It only took a dedicated and well-meaning Polish user (Piotrus) to do that. He wrote a couple of phrases for the History section and, you may see that Kijow Voivodship is still there. Nobody reverted him. This is the way to go. If all you care is not to see the alien name, you will fail. If you add info on the modern history, it will be with Chernihiv and no one will change that. --Irpen 00:17, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Chernigov is the original Old East Slavic name of the city. The ending at "hiv" is a later vernacular development. Moving the articles on Mikhail of Chernigov and Oleg of Chernigov to Mikhail of Chernihiv and Oleg of Chernihiv is a blatant anachronism. It took time and pains for me to write these articles, and now you come to destroy them. Now I regret having written those articles, and will never mention this town in a new article again. I think that's what you are striving for. I also recommend you to turn your zeal to the Polish spelling of Ukrainian towns, such as Lwow and Czernichow which still prolifirate. But it seems that polonization of Ukrainian names doesn;t bother you at all. You come to this project as a russophobe, and spreading of russophobic hysteria has been your only contribution so far. --Ghirlandajo 08:38, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You are not right. Chernigov cannot be Old East Slavic name. I've already explained this point.(see this Talk and the literature cited in the article Ukrainian language). So Chernihiv is not an anachronism.
 * Still, the point is English (not Old East Slavic, Russian and Ukrainian) spelling. The primyry English spelling is Chernihiv.--AndriyK 09:05, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

I would like to explaine once more to those who insert Russian names where they do not belong to. "Chernogov" is transliteration from Russian. It has nothing to do with the prononciation in Old Eas Slavic. The Easten Slaves (those who lived in Chernihiv) did not have the consonant "g" in their language. (See, for instance the book by Shevelov). One may doubt whether it was pronoced as "Chernihiv", "Chernihov", "Chernyhiv" or "Chernyhov", but it definitelly could not be "Chernigov". If you disagree, please start a normal discussion providing your arguments and referencies. Using "brutal force" of is conterproductive.--AndriyK 08:41, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Andriy, the issue here is not how the native people of CH. pronounced or pronounce it. The issue is what name is used in modern English L history books that describe Ch. of that time. Wording "Grand Principality of Chernigov" are used by Britannica, Oxford and other reference books. And, yes, they use Chernihiv for the name of the city article as well as in the text about the modern city. --Irpen 15:51, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Is this really true? It sounds suspicious, since that particular letter has always been translated as "G" or its equivalent, since the days of Old East Slavic. This section of the Ukrainian language article confirms this. "Chernihiv" was unknown as a name for the town until the modern era, and it is very recent that the name has ever been written that way. I don't see why you'd wan to abandon the traditional English name on the English Wikipedia, the Cold War has been over for twenty years!

Could you please tell the truth next time? It is silly to lie, if everyone can check.
 * Chernihiv
 * Encyclopædia Britannica Article
 * Russian Chernigov, or Cernigov,   city and administrative centre of Chernihiv oblast (province), north-central Ukraine, on the Desna River, northeast of Kiev. Archaeology suggests a 7th-century origin, although Chernihiv was first mentioned in 907. It was one of the chief towns of Kievan Rus and the centre of a princedom. Its Spassky Cathedral dates from 1024. Chernihiv lost importance after the Tatar invasion…

As seen, Chernihiv is called Chernihiv not only "in the text about the modern city", but also in the text about its ancient times. And Chernigov is only mentioned as the Russian name.--AndriyK 19:02, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

There is only one Ukrainian way of spelling Chernihiv! Everything else will be ignored! --141.153.150.122 (talk) 14:09, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The Polish name is Czernihów not Czernigów. 2A00:23C7:5882:8201:BC8C:88ED:FE0B:CCBE (talk) 15:43, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

It's a bit silly not to include the Romanised Russian spelling. We have German (and other language) spellings of Polish (and Czech etc) names included and German has much less relevance in those countries than Russian has in Ukraine. I understand that Wiki is run on emotions and propaganda rather than logic though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.205.216.177 (talk) 11:57, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

Britannica's use in historical context
Andriy, your demeanor is totally reprehencible but as to your point, let's look at EB's articles devoted to history. See for yourself:
 * Vladimir II Monomakh: He became active in the politics of Kievan Rus, helping his father and uncle Izyaslav I (ruled at Kiev intermittently 1054–78) defeat his cousins Oleg Svyatoslavich and Boris Vyacheslavich at Chernigov (1078; modern Chernihiv, Ukraine) and succeeding his father as prince of Chernigov when Vsevolod became grand prince of Kiev. Vladimir ruled Chernigov from 1078 to 1094...
 * John II Casimir Vasa: In January 1667 Poland signed the Truce of Andrusovo with Russia, whereby half of Belorussia (with Smolensk), Chernigov (modern Chernihiv, Ukraine), and all of Ukraine east of the Dnieper River, as well as Kiev, west of the river, were ceded to Russia.
 * Sergey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol: "...after which he was transferred to the regiment at Chernigov (now Chernihiv, Ukraine)."
 * Pavel Borisovich Akselrod: "born August 25, 1850?, Chernigov?, Ukraine, Russian Empire (now Chernihiv, Ukraine)"
 * History of Russia: ...the basic territory of Rus (the principalities of Kiev, Chernigov, and Pereyaslavl).
 * Igor Svyatoslavich: "prince of the Russian lands of Novgorod-Seversky (modern Novhorod-Siverskyy, Ukraine) after 1178 and of Chernigovsky (1198–1202; modern Chernihiv, Ukraine)..."

I am not suggesting anymore that you instead write something about the modern city to use Chernihiv, because mostly what you do is names Ukrainization. I will do that myself, when I find time for it. --Irpen 19:21, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

What I see, Britanica use either Chernihiv or both Chernigov and Chernihiv. There is no reason to consider Chernigov as a "common English name".--AndriyK 19:39, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope, it sometimes just uses Chernigov, I just didn't cite several of those articles. So, would you please calm down and write something useful for this article, same as your expansion of Origin of UA L. Well, anyway, I have little hope. --Irpen 19:49, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What you cited is sufficient to see that Chernigov is not a common English name of the city. Just convince your Russian friends to follow the WP guidelines about the city names, then I, you and your friends will have more time for productive work.--AndriyK 20:54, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, Naming conventions only speak to article titles; usage within an article should keep the conventions in mind, but is not governed by them and is a matter of writing style.
 * Please don't start labelling people in the heat of the moment, especially by their race or nationality. This doesn't belong here.  Just a friendly reminder; I'm sure you understand this already.  —Michael Z. 2005-10-21 21:02 Z

 * I ment here that they vandalized also titles of Ukraine-related articles. For instance, Putyvl.--AndriyK 08:17, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

I would like once more bring your attension that Cherlihiv has been never renamed. (It's not like Tsaritsyn->Staligrad->Volgograd). Chernigov is neither the acient name of the city nor the traditional English spelling. What is the correct spelling of the name one can check here. Please compare to [Kiev]. The traditional English spelling is used in the title of the article. Well, the Russian spelling Chernigov is also in use. We can mention this in the article. But this is not the reason to translate the whole Wikipedia into "Russian Enlish". The same is true for all other articles were the name Cherlihiv is used.--AndriyK 08:27, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * AndriyK, as shown to you above, in all historic articles in Britannica Chernihiv of that time is either called Chernigov, or Chernigov (modern Chernihiv). The city was not renamed, it is just called that way in literature. Similarly, WW2 literature, even modern one, uses Battle of Kharkov, while modern usage is Kharkiv in the media. Once you understand this, you will save yourself much time. You already have received several suggestions on how you can imrpove Ukrainian coverage on WP which you all chose to ignore. Just another thought for you, we still have no article for Petro Doroshenko. I have little hope, you will take the advise. --Irpen 16:49, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

As I have shown here (at the start of this section), Chernigov is broadly used for all of the city history up to the 19th century. In fact, in every Britannica article of every historical person it uses Chernigov (sometimes adding Chernihiv in parentheses for the ref purpose). Chernihiv by itself is used only in three times in other articles, and all devoted to modern times, two describing the location of Nizhyn and Pryluky (being in Chernihiv Oblast) and one for Kuchma that mentions that he was born in the village in Ch. Obl. Even the article on Kotsyubybsky (clearly a Ukrainian person) uses Chernigov as his place of death in 1913 (Feel free to make this red link blue if you have no better usage of your time than deleting from the articles). As such, my usage of Chernigov when I was writing an article was entirely justfied and I am asking to treat my choise with respect. I repeat that everyone is welcome to write a section about the modern city where the usage of Chernihiv is more than appropriate. --Irpen 02:48, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * What spelling is used in the article called "Chernihiv" in Britannica, E. of Coulumbia, Encarta? Why Wikipedia should use different version of English than other English language encyclopadias?--AndriyK 16:58, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

We do not have to copy other encyclpopedia but we use them as an important factor (among the other ones) to make a choice. We have our own guidelines on Wikipedia in whose revision you even were trying to participate. All version of these guidelines incorporate the assumption that the title choice is based on the current usage only and the historical context choice (for this reason) may be different form the modern one.

As shown above, other encyclopedias use both versions and in the appropriate context they use Chernigov with substantial margin. And not only other encyclopedia. Look at this comparison in google (where "prince" is added to the city to restrict the usage to the Rus' time). The difference is 30000+ vs 1000-. As such, I have appropriately chosen the usage when I was writing an article and this conforms the style guidelines (any version of them). You, in turn, come to the article I wrote and keep introducing the anachronistic usage. I offered you repeatedly to write a chapter on the modern city instead but I guess you are not interested to actually do anything creative but impose your political views on my writing. If you want to check more ref books, let me know. I have full access to several online encyclopedias, atlases reference cites (not to encarta though). Let me know what test you would like to run and I will run it for you. Until then, I request that leave this alone. --Irpen 17:49, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Treaty of 860 AD by Askold
for instance, from here:

ASKOLD (Houml;skuld) (circa 800-882 AD), Old Varjager king or Scandinavian prince, another "founder" of Kiev. It was the Kyivan Prince Askold who, on 18 June 860 AD, arrived with his fleet of over 200 ships, into the Bay of the Golden Horn to threaten Constantinople. An honourable truce was soon concluded between Askold and the Emperor. Askold sent a delegation to Constantinople in October 860 AD to conclude further treaties, among which were articles about the Baptism of Kyivan Rus'. Cyril and Methodius, along with five disciples: Clement, Gorazd, Nahum, Angelar and Sava, were sent by Photios to Kyiv, as missionaries to the Slavs, where the two brothers met with Prince Askold in 861 AD. Askold was baptized, as were many of his subjects, and received the name "Nicholas." (Mykola Askold) Metropolitan Michael became the first Primate of Kyiv on the appointment of Patriarch Photios. Princes Askold and Dir (Dyre) were later hung as defenders of Orthodox Christianity, by Viking Rurik's son Oleg (Oleh) of Novgorod, at the capture of Kiev, in 882 AD. Kiev was then brought under the Holmgårds empire. Tomb of Askold, erected in 1810 at Askoldova Mohyls cemetery, Kiev Ukraine. Cemetery is now Ukrainian Civil War Student Memorial. Nestor the Chronicler also notes that it is from this time, 860 AD, that the name "Rus'" comes into vogue as the name for the Kyivan lands. (Nestor is mistaken ... the name is much, much older...) (Note similarity Houml to Humulus, from Latin meaning "hops.")
 * And what does it have to do to Chenigov? --Irpen 06:17, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, any note about "Houml;" being similar to "Humulus" is ludicrous; it's just a bad transcription of Höskuld, missing the & from the html code, an alternative spelling of Askold. Gene Nygaard 06:19, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Historic usage and desire of Chernihivans
Please do not mix different issues. The usage of Chernigov in historical context has nothing to do with the desire of today's Chernihivans to see one or the other version in modern English. Muscovites might want to see the Moskva used all over the city article.

 * This comparison is basically invalid. While Chernihiv or Chernigov is very rarely used in English, Moscow is used often.--Andrew Alexander 05:42, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

I don't care. What I do care, is that Chernigov is preferrable by a wide margin in all literature about the history of this ancient city as shown above.

 * Yet, only Russian literature is used in References. Is the article a simple translation from those books? Hope there is no copyright violation involved here. And, there is plenty of modern literature using Chernihiv, e.g. Encyclopedia Britannica. So, all in all, using the modern city name seems reasonable and well within acceptable encyclopedia usage.

Examples from Britannica and several others are given too. So, unless anti-Russian name crusaders have anything new to say,

 * This is a direct personal attack against other editors working on this page. Please apologize.--Andrew Alexander 05:42, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

the correct historical usage needs to be left alone. OTOH, there is no need to discuss what Chernihivans would like to see in English. We just don't know since there were no surveys and Andrew Alexander's attempt to derive it from how they voted on unrelated issues is laughable. In any case their preference matters less than what the accepted historic usage is.

 * Why, but the vote for Ukrainian independence isn't "laughable", is it?--Andrew Alexander 05:42, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

On the side note, just out of curiousity, I would like to know how Andrew Alexander came up with the mention of the city in Askold's treaty. There is no mention in the link he provided. Are there any off-line sources about that? I hope he didn't just invent this himself. --Irpen 05:46, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Of course there was a mention, only not in that link. Please read the links on the article main page.--Andrew Alexander 05:42, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Mezin?
Is Mezin/Mezyn located near here? It's a small village on the Desna River where extensive human settlements and mammoth bones dating about 20,000 years have been found. Badagnani 07:00, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Radar site?
While working on the Steel Yard article I came across several mentions of a OTH radar site being built in Chernihiv. There are "well known" Steel Yard systems in Gomel and Siberia, but there's a few mentions of one pointed east to cover China, although most of these say it's on the Coast near Odessa, not north at Chernihiv. It would also seem odd that they would put a second one so close to the one at Gomel, although I guess there could be reasons for that.

These would be easy to spot, they're about 50 meters tall and 100 to 150 wide, and they locate them in fields with a good view, so they should be easy to spot from a long distance. They would have been built between the mid 1970s and early 1980s, and operated into the late 1980s. It's possible they would have been torn down by now, but the one at Gomel is still standing so its hard to say.

Does anyone know of anything like this near Chernihiv? Any info would be great!

Maury 20:35, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Coat of arms
The coat of arms on this page is NOT the coat of arms of Chernihiv, but of Chernihiv Oblast, as it's also mentioned in the image name - Tschernihiw-oblast-COA.PNG. What the heck? Sharpbee 10:33, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

I don't understand why some Russians chage Ukrainian cities etc. from Ukrainian way of spelling to Russian way of spelling. Remember russians, Chernihiv is Ukrainian city and spells as Chernihiv, not Chernigov. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oleg Kikta (talk • contribs) 22:59, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Not only Russians change the anachronistic usage. No one denies that Chernihiv is a Ukrainian city and no one is attempting to use Chernigov in the modern context. As for historic context, I suggest that you look at the scholarly English literature about the medieval times and how the city's name is spelled there. Please let us know what you find out. --Irpen 23:28, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

English language spelling
Search on Google, pages from the UK only: Clearly Chernihiv is the most common spelling in English. But it is difficult to say that Chernigov is historical, the first hit on Google is for airport codes, and the second for apartment rental. Tschernigow is an older English rendition of Чернигов.--Toddy1 (talk) 06:37, 3 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Chernihiv 26,800
 * Chernigov 5,960
 * Tchernigov 947
 * Tschernigow 215
 * Tschernigov 85
 * Chernigow 19
 * Tchernigow 4

"Tschernigow" is the German spelling. As a history student, I have seen Chernigov much more often in historical literature, though I think that stems from the fact that Russian version of the name was the only one used in English before Ukrainian independence. As a historian, you'll tend to use the name you are familiar with from the literature you are citing. I guess it might change in future as more historians will start citing works of actual ukrainian historians.

Outside of nationalist fervour, you can really use either of them interchangeably when talking about the medieval town. It wasn't either Russian or Ukrainian back then, and it would be ignorant to claim that the usage with an "o" is wrong or uncommon in modern English history books or articles. Just go to jstor and make a search. Plenty of "Chernigov" abound. 79.216.168.65 (talk) 21:46, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

grammar
When using a source that was published in years past, if it uses the present tense, you must use the past tense in your article. The facts in that old material may have changed. You should also look for more current information if you want this article to be complete and accurate. So your footnote #3 is the Jewish Encyclopedia from 1906. That is a century ago. If you copied from that, you should at least change "is" to "was" and so on. Plus you should go to the city website to see what it says about the subject in 2013. 71.163.114.49 (talk) 13:36, 9 May 2013 (UTC)
 * What a pity those days are over :( Tense changed.--Toddy1 (talk) 07:10, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chernihiv


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Star Wars original trilogy

The original Star Wars trilogy, formerly marketed as the Star Wars Trilogy (and colloquially referred to as the ' original trilogy '), is the first set of three films produced in the Star Wars franchise, an American space opera created by George Lucas. It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by 20th Century Fox, and consists of Star Wars (1977), The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983). Beginning in medias res, the original trilogy serves as the second act of the nine-episode Skywalker Saga. It was followed by a prequel trilogy between 1999 and 2005, and a sequel trilogy between 2015 and 2019. Collectively, they are referred to as the "Skywalker Saga" to distinguish them from spin-off films set within the same universe.

The films center on the Galactic Civil War between the Rebel Alliance and the tyrannical Galactic Empire, as well as the archetypical hero's journey of Luke Skywalker in his quest to become a Jedi under the tutelage of exiled Jedi Masters Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda. Luke joins forces with Princess Leia, Han Solo, Chewbacca, C-3PO, R2-D2 and the Rebel Alliance in facing the Empire and the evil Sith lord Darth Vader.

The original Star Wars film received widespread acclaim from critics for its storytelling, characters, John Williams' musical score and its groundbreaking visual and sound effects. The film surpassed 1975's Jaws as the highest grossing film of all time, turning science fiction films into a blockbuster genre, until it was surpassed by E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial in 1982. Both Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back have been hailed as among the greatest and most important films of all time. With the trilogy's success, Star Wars became a pop culture phenomenon, spawning a multi-million dollar merchandising empire. All three films have been inducted by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Background
In 1971, Lucas wanted to film an adaptation of the Flash Gordon serial, but could not obtain the rights. He began developing his own story inspired by the work of Edgar Rice Burroughs. Immediately after directing American Graffiti (1973), Lucas wrote a two-page synopsis for his space opera, titled Journal of the Whills. After United Artists, Universal Studios and Disney rejected the film, 20th Century Fox decided to invest in it. Lucas felt his original story was too difficult to understand, so on April 17, 1973, he began writing a 13-page script titled The Star Wars, sharing strong similarities with Akira Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress (1958). By May 1974, he had expanded the script into the first draft of a screenplay, adding elements such as the Sith and the Death Star, but found that the script had grown too long for a single film. Subsequent drafts evolved into the script of the original film.

Lucas negotiated to retain the sequel rights. Tom Pollock, then Lucas's lawyer, writes: "We came to an agreement that George would retain the sequel rights. Not all the [merchandising rights] that came later, mind you; just the sequel rights. And Fox would get a first opportunity and last refusal right to make the movie." Lucas was offered $50,000 to write, another $50,000 to produce, and $50,000 to direct the film; his directing compensation was later increased to $100,000. He also negotiated the sequel rights and ownership of 40% of the merchandising profits. American Graffiti cast member Harrison Ford had given up on acting to try to become a carpenter, until Lucas hired him to play Han Solo.

During the development of the trilogy after the initial conception of the first film, Lucas took inspiration from Marvel Comics and the characters from the Marvel Universe who were popular in the 1970s to come up with many plot points and ideas for various designs.

Casting
Thousands of actors were assessed in the search for the trilogy's main cast. The selected actors are considered by many viewers to have onscreen chemistry even though some of them were inexperienced, with the notable exceptions of Alec Guinness and Peter Cushing. Some, like Ford, have called the dialogue in the scripts clunky, and several lines were unscripted; some of these are considered the most memorable moments in the films.

Films
Star Wars was released on May 25, 1977; unlikely hero Luke Skywalker is drawn into a galactic conflict between the Empire and Rebel Alliance by two droids and an old Jedi Knight; he helps make one of the Rebellion's most significant victories. The film's unanticipated success led Lucas to make it the basis of an elaborate serial. With the backstory he created for the sequel, Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy of trilogies, with the original film given the subtitle Episode IV – A New Hope to establish it as the first part of the second trilogy. The first sequel, Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back, was released on May 21, 1980, and sees Luke begin training as a Jedi under the last living Jedi master, Yoda. Luke confronts Sith Lord Darth Vader, who is revealed to be Luke's father. Vader attempts to convert Luke to the dark side of the Force. The third film, Episode VI – Return of the Jedi, was released on May 25, 1983, and follows Luke as a full-fledged Jedi. Luke succeeds in redeeming Vader, thereby saving the galaxy from the Empire. The sequels were self-financed by Lucasfilm, and generally advertised without the episodic number distinction present in their opening crawls.

A New Hope
A Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire above the desert planet of Tatooine. Aboard, the deadliest Imperial sith warlord Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa, a secret member of the Rebellion. Before her capture, Leia makes sure the droid R2-D2 will escape with stolen Imperial blueprints for an armored space station, the Death Star, and a holographic message for the Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi, who has been living in exile on Tatooine. Along with C-3PO, R2-D2 falls under the ownership of Luke Skywalker, a farmboy who has been raised by his aunt and uncle. Luke helps the droids locate Obi-Wan, now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi. He reveals himself as a friend of Luke's absent father, Anakin Skywalker, who was Obi-Wan's Jedi apprentice until being supposedly murdered by Vader. He tells Luke he must also become a Jedi. After discovering his family's homestead has been destroyed by the Empire, they go to the Mos Eisley Cantina and hire the smuggler Han Solo, his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca and their space freighter, the Millennium Falcon. They discover that Leia's homeworld of Alderaan has been destroyed, and are soon captured by the planet-destroying Death Star itself. While Obi-Wan disables its tractor beam, Luke and Han rescue the captive Princess Leia, passing through incredible dangers. Finally, they deliver the Death Star plans to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of exploiting a weakness, and launch an attack on the Death Star.

The first rough draft, titled The Star Wars, introduced "the Force" and the young hero Luke Starkiller. Annikin [sic] appeared as Luke's father, a wise Jedi knight. Between drafts, Lucas read Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces, and was surprised to find that his story "was following classical motifs." The third draft replaced (a deceased) Annikin with Ben Kenobi. Some months later, Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to two sequels. Lucas hired Alan Dean Foster, who was ghostwriting the novelization of the first film, to write them—with the main creative restriction that they could be filmed on a low budget. By 1976, a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography. The film was titled The Adventures of Luke Starkiller, as taken from the Journal of the Whills, Saga I: The Star Wars. During production, Lucas changed Luke's name to Skywalker and shortened the title to The Star Wars, and finally just Star Wars. At that point, Lucas was not expecting the film to warrant full-scale sequels. The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes to become a self-contained story ending with the destruction of the Empire in the Death Star. The intention was that if the film was successful, Lucas could adapt Foster's novels into low-budget sequels. By that point, Lucas had developed a tentative backstory to aid in developing the saga.

Star Wars exceeded all expectations. The success of the film and its merchandise sales led Lucas to make Star Wars the basis of an elaborate film serial, and use the profits to finance his filmmaking center, Skywalker Ranch. After the release of the first sequel, the original film was subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope in the screenplay released in the 1979 book The Art of Star Wars and for all subsequent rereleases beginning with a theatrical rerelease in 1981.

The Empire Strikes Back
Three years after the destruction of the Death Star, the Empire forces the Rebel Alliance to evacuate its secret base on Hoth. Instructed by Obi-Wan's spirit, Luke travels to the swamp world of Dagobah to find the Jedi Master Yoda in hiding. Luke's Jedi training is interrupted by Vader, who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City, governed by Han's old friend Lando. During a fierce duel, Vader reveals that he is Luke's father.

Owing to financial concerns, Alan Dean Foster's sequel novel, Splinter of the Mind's Eye (1978), restricted the story to Luke, Leia, and Darth Vader. After the success of the original film, Lucas knew a sequel would be granted a reasonable budget, and hired Leigh Brackett to write it from Lucas's story. She finished a draft by early 1978, but died of cancer before Lucas was able to discuss changes he wanted her to make. His disappointment with the first draft may have made him consider new directions. Lucas penned the next draft, the first screenplay to feature episodic numbering for a Star Wars story. Lucas found this draft enjoyable to write, as opposed to the yearlong struggle writing the first film, and quickly wrote two more in April 1978. The plot twist of Vader being Luke's father had drastic effects on the series. After writing these drafts, Lucas fleshed out the backstory between Anakin, Obi-Wan, and the Emperor.

With this new backstory in place, Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy of trilogies, designating the first sequel Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back in the next draft. Lawrence Kasdan, who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark, was hired to write the next drafts, and given additional input from director Irvin Kershner. Kasdan, Kershner, and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult story, and developed the sequel from the light adventure roots of the first film.

Return of the Jedi
About a year after Han's capture, Luke joins Leia and Lando in a rescue attempt to save him from the gangster Jabba the Hutt. Afterward, Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training, only to find Yoda on his deathbed. In his last words, Yoda confirms the truth about Luke's father, and that Luke must confront Vader again in order to complete his training. As the Rebels lead an attack on the second Death Star, Luke engages Vader in a lightsaber duel as the Emperor watches; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side and take him as their apprentice.

Ford had originally not signed on to appear in a second sequel, but was convinced to return under the condition that his character would die. Kurtz wanted a bittersweet and nuanced ending outlined with Lucas that not only saw Han dead, but also depicted the Rebel forces in pieces, Leia struggling as a queen, and Luke walking off alone (as in a Spaghetti Western)—while Lucas wanted a happier ending, partly to encourage toy sales. This led to tension between the two, resulting in Kurtz leaving the production.

Themes
The Star Wars trilogy, unlike science fiction that features sleek and futuristic settings, portrays the galaxy as dirty and grimy in Lucas's concept of a "used universe". This was in part inspired by the period films of Akira Kurosawa, which like the original Star Wars trilogy, often begin in medias res without explaining a complete backstory.

Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise launched in 1977, focusing on a struggle between democracy and dictatorship. Darth Vader's design, initially inspired by Samurai armor, also incorporated a German military helmet. Lucas originally conceived of the Sith as a group that served the Emperor in the same way that the Schutzstaffel (SS) served Adolf Hitler; this was condensed into one character in the form of Vader. Lucas has also drawn parallels between Palpatine and historical dictators such as Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, and politicians like Richard Nixon. Stormtroopers borrow the name of World War I "shock" troopers, Imperial officers wear uniforms resembling those of German forces during World War II, and political and security officers resemble the black-clad SS down to the stylized silver death's head on their caps. World War II terms were used for names in the films, e.g. the planets Kessel (a term that refers to a group of encircled forces) and Hoth (after Hermann Hoth, a German general who served on the snow-laden Eastern Front). Shots of the commanders looking through AT-AT walker viewscreens in The Empire Strikes Back resemble tank interiors, and space battles in the original film were based on dogfights from both world wars.

Re-releases
The original Star Wars film was re-released theatrically in 1978, 1979, 1981 and 1982. All three films were released on various home video formats, including LaserDisc and VHS, until 1996. The trilogy was theatrically re-released in a 1997 "Special Edition", featuring various additions and changes, some of which were met with negative reception. These versions were released on VHS, replacing the original versions of the films as part of Lucas's original vision, and were created in part to reinvigorate interest in the saga ahead of the prequel trilogy. The special edition of Star Wars made its broadcast premiere on February 5, 1998 on WB stations across the country (including New York and Los Angeles). Further changes to all three films were made for a DVD release in 2004, intended to bring the films into greater continuity with the prequels. The films were re-released again in 2006 with bonus discs of the original versions of the films (transferred from the 1993 LaserDiscs). In 2011, both together and separate prequel and original trilogy box sets were released on Blu-ray, all including another round of changes and additions.

In the early 2010s, 3D releases were planned for the then-six-film franchise. Disney ultimately decided in 2013, after acquiring Lucasfilm in 2012, to cancel the remaining releases to focus on Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens.

In 2019, Kathleen Kennedy, president of Lucasfilm since the 2012 acquisition, stated that she would not make alterations to Lucas's original trilogy, because "those will always remain his." While promoting The Rise of Skywalker, director J. J. Abrams expressed his hopes that the original versions of the trilogy would be officially released, but said that the powers that be had told him "that that's not necessarily possible". He further said that when making The Force Awakens, he had gotten into a disagreement about the dialogue between Vader and the Emperor in The Empire Strikes Back before realizing that different versions of the film were being referred to; he cited the fan-created "Despecialized Editions" of the films, while the other party had recalled the current official version.

It was initially unclear whether the first six films of the Star Wars franchise would be available on Disney+ upon the service's launch, as TBS held streaming rights through 2024 as part of its cable rights to the franchise. However, on April 11, 2019, it was announced that the films would be available at launch.

Critical response
The original Star Wars film was released in the summer of 1977 to critical acclaim and was a huge summer blockbuster, surpassing Jaws (1975), until 1982 when it was surpassed by E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. The following year, it won six out of its eleven nominations at the 50th Academy Awards. The success of the first film led to it becoming a pop cultural phenomenon spawning countless TV spin-offs, video games, films and a multi-merchandising empire. It was then proceeded by two installments, The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983), which were also both very successful, with the former's climax, where Vader is revealed as Luke's father, becoming one of the most iconic plot twists in motion picture history.

The original trilogy was praised for its groundbreaking visual and sound effects, John Williams' music, writing, characters and concept. Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back are considered by many to be among the greatest movies ever made, while Return of the Jedi was well-received but not considered to be on par with its predecessors.

Accolades
In 1989, the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry, as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." The Empire Strikes Back was selected in 2010, and Return of the Jedi was selected in 2021. 35 mm reels of the 1997 Special Editions were the versions initially presented for preservation because of the difficulty of transferring from the original prints, but it was later revealed that the Library possessed a copyright deposit print of the original theatrical releases. By 2015, Star Wars had been transferred to a 2K scan which can be viewed by appointment.

Popular culture
The popularity of the films have generated numerous references in popular culture works from TV series such as The Simpsons, Family Guy, South Park and Robot Chicken and films such as Clerks, Free Guy and Toy Story 2, and in the political lexicon, as in Ted Kennedy's nickname for Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. The trilogy's artistic and technological achievements have been influential on other filmmakers, including Ridley Scott, James Cameron, David Fincher, Joss Whedon, Peter Jackson and Christopher Nolan, as well as sequel trilogy director J. J. Abrams.

The trilogy's impact has led to future careers of its stars including Mark Hamill (Luke Skywalker), Carrie Fisher (Princess Leia), Harrison Ford (Han Solo), Anthony Daniels (C-3PO), Kenny Baker (R2-D2), Peter Mayhew (Chewbacca), James Earl Jones (Darth Vader), Billy Dee Williams (Lando Calrissian) and Warwick Davis (Wicket W. Warrick).

Prequel and sequel trilogies
The success and large impact of the original Star Wars trilogy led to two more trilogies, both financially successful, with individual installments receiving mixed to positive reviews.

The prequel trilogy consists of The Phantom Menace (1999), Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005), all directed by George Lucas. The prequels feature Baker, Daniels, Oz, Mayhew and McDiarmid reprising their roles, alongside Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Liam Neeson and Samuel L. Jackson. After completing his six-film saga, Lucas stated that there would be no further sequels.

In 2012, Disney purchased Lucasfilm and produced a sequel trilogy. This consists of The Force Awakens (2015), The Last Jedi (2017), and The Rise of Skywalker (2019). Lucas had little direct involvement in the creation of these films. The new cast features Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Issac, Adam Driver, Domhnall Gleeson and Andy Serkis, with the main original cast reprising their roles.

Other media
Star Wars has also been spun off into films outside of the Skywalker Saga, numerous TV spin-offs like Star Wars: The Clone Wars, The Mandalorian and other upcoming live-action series for Disney+, as well as hundreds of video games, books, comics and theme park attractions at Disneyland and Walt Disney World.

title: Star Wars original trilogy


text:
Yaquinto Publications

Yaquinto Publications was the wargame publishing arm of the Robert Yaquinto Printing Company of Dallas, Texas.

History
Yaquinto Publications was started by Robert Yaquinto Printing early in the year 1979. In March 1979 Robert Yaquinto hired Steve Peek and Craig Taylor, both experienced wargame designers with several famous titles in their resumes. Peek and Taylor had been previously employed by Battleline Publications, which had been merged into Heritage USA, but when that failed to rush the growth of the company, Peek and Taylor instead helped to form Yaquinto to publish wargames.

Yaquinto brought several innovations to the industry, largely because they operated within a well-established printing company, with its attending expertise. Yaquinto was notable for its use of extra thick cardboard for the counters in its games, making them easier to handle. The most unusual innovation by Yaquinto was their series of Album Games. These games were packaged using the jackets for double vinyl record albums. The jacket often opened to reveal the mapboard printed within, the components contained in the two pockets of the jacket where, in normal use, one would find the vinyl record. Zip closing bags were provided to hold the components of the game. The concept of the album packaging was designed for Yaquinto by Larry Brom, designer of The Sword and The Flame.

While concentrating on wargames for most of its history, the company also branched to the more mainstream areas of board games. For instance, Neck and Neck (a horse-racing game), Market Madness (a stock market game) and a game based on the Dallas television show, were all published by Yaquinto.

Possibly the most successful of Yaquinto's games was The Ironclads, a simulation of combat between the first armored ships (ironclads) in the American Civil War that won the Charles S. Roberts Award for "Best Initial Release of 1979". This game was well regarded in its time.

One of the more distinctive offerings by Yaquinto was Swashbuckler. This game simulated individual combat in the context of either a bar room brawl or a hostile boarding attack on a sailing vessel. A lighter treatment than the typical wargame, it might best be thought of as role-playing in a film as opposed to actually simulating swordplay, as it included player actions such as throwing mugs of beer, swinging on chandeliers, and whiffing a feathered hat in an opponent's face to distract them.

Yaquinto were the first publishers of the highly successful The Sword and The Flame wargame rules.

Yaquinto Publications was also the publisher of early works by game designer James M. Day, specifically titles Panzer, 88, and Armor. Panzer, as well as the rest of these games (that were based on the same game system) both as boardgames and as wargame titles were groundbreaking for their time and led at least in part to the detailed derivatives that produced later computer-based simulations.

In the early 1980s, the company attempted to expand into the then-lucrative role-playing games market, releasing three products: Man, Myth & Magic (1982), a Roman-themed fantasy RPG, Pirates & Plunder (1982), a pirate RPG, and Timeship (1983), a Time travel RPG.

In 1979, the impact of personal computers on simulation gaming was too far over the horizon for the founders to see how quickly the market would shift against this style of gaming. Along with several other companies started at that time, Yaquinto only survived a handful of years. By 1983 it had closed its doors, though the printing company continued, being acquired by Cartamundi in 2006.

In 2018, Precis Intermedia acquired the rights to Man, Myth & Magic and Timeship.

1979

 * Battle
 * C.V.
 * The Great Redoubt
 * Marine: 2002
 * Murfreesboro
 * Panzer
 * Starfall
 * Sword and the Flame
 * The Beastlord
 * The Ironclads
 * The Thin Red Line
 * Time War
 * Ultimatum

1980

 * 88
 * Armor
 * Attack of the Mutants!
 * Beachhead
 * Fast Attack Boats
 * Hero
 * Mythology
 * Pickett's Charge
 * Shooting Stars
 * Swashbuckler

1981

 * Adventurer
 * Apache
 * Asteroid Pirates
 * Battles & Leaders
 * Demon's Run
 * The Fall of South Vietnam
 * Market Madness
 * Neck and Neck
 * Raider!
 * Roaring 20's
 * Superiority
 *  The Barbarians
 * Wings

1982

 * Bomber
 * French Foreign Legion
 * United Nations

1983

 * Close Assault
 * Commando Actions
 * Red Storm

Role-playing games

 * Man, Myth & Magic (1982)
 * Pirates and Plunder (1982)
 * Timeship (1983)

title: Yaquinto Publications


text:
Tilford

Tilford is a village and civil parish centred at the point where the two branches of the River Wey merge in Surrey, England, 3 mi south-east of Farnham. It has half of Charleshill, Elstead in its east, a steep northern outcrop of the Greensand Ridge at Crooksbury Hill on Crooksbury Common in the north and Farnham Common (woodland) Nature Reserve in the west, which has the Rural Life Living Museum. As the Greensand Ridge in its western section is in two parts, the Greensand Way has a connecting spur here to its main route running east–west to the south.

History

The name "Tilford" appears to identify the Old English name Tila, as Tila's ford" or "Tilla's ford". The two medieval bridges spanning the River Wey are Scheduled Ancient Monuments. Several substantial farm houses date from the 16th century. Tilford House was built in 1727 and its chapel in 1776.

In the mid eighteenth century the village was owned by Elizabeth Abney, daughter of Lady Mary Abney; and her detailed local survey map has survived to this day in the British Library.

During the second world war, Cdr D J L 'Tim' Foster (RN Rtd), who later lived in the village, brought back from northern Russia a reindeer (named Minsk) in his submarine HMS Tigris.

Geography
The land reaches 163m OD on the boundary with Seale, with a marked 180° south-facing panorama on OS maps and other guides, taking in much of Alice Holt Forest and the Greensand Ridge. This has contributed to the inclusion wholesale of Tilford into the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty The centre of the parish on the River Wey is at 49-50m OD.

Landmarks
The village centres on a triangular green used for cricket in the summer.
 * The two branches of River Wey, Wey North and Wey South have their confluence in the village centre.
 * The Barley Mow pub was built in about 1763.
 * The Tilford Institute was built in 1894 to Sir Edwin Lutyens' design and is a focus for sport.
 * South Bank Cottage (formerly Gorse Cottage) was home for 8 years from 1885 to Henry Shakspear Stephens Salt the writer and campaigner for social reform in the fields of prisons, schools, economic institutions, and the treatment of animals. It was Salt who first introduced Mahatma Gandhi to the influential works of Henry David Thoreau.
 * The Rural Life Living Museum is a collection of prehistoric, Roman and medieval artefacts and reconstructed rural buildings. The annual Weyfest music festival takes place here.
 * Crooksbury House, now divided, was built in Queen Anne style in 1890, enlarged in 1898-9 and mostly changed to Arts and Crafts movement 'vernacular' architecture in 1914 as Sir Edwin Lutyens's first Country House, for W. A. Chapman. Its garden with a pergola is by Gertrude Jekyll, planted and landscaped in 1892 and 1902.
 * Mubarak Mosque was inaugurated on 17 May 2019 and serves as the headquarters of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.

Tilford Oak or King's Oak or Novel's Oak
Beside the green is a well-known tree, the Tilford Oak. In the early 21st century the tree was estimated to be at least 800 years old. In 1908 Eric Parker wrote about the Tilford Oak in Highways and Byways in Surrey:

 * William Cobbett made a curious mistake about the Tilford Oak. He and his son were riding through Tilford to Farnham on an autumn day in 1822:—

 * "We veered a little to the left after we came to Tilford, at which place on the Green we stopped to look at an oak tree, which, when I was a little boy, was but a very little tree, comparatively, and which is now, take it altogether, by far the finest tree that I ever saw in my life. The stem or shaft is short; that is to say, it is short before you come to the first limbs; but it is full thirty feet round, at about eight or ten feet from the ground. Out of the stem there come not less than fifteen or sixteen limbs, many of which are from five to ten feet round, and each of which would, in fact, be considered a decent stick of timber. I am not judge enough of timber to say anything about the quantity in the whole tree, but my son stepped the ground, and, as nearly as we could judge, the diameter of the extent of the branches was upwards of ninety feet, which would make a circumference of about three hundred feet. The tree is in full growth at this moment. There is a little hole in one of the limbs; but with that exception, there appears not the smallest sign of decay."

 * Visitors to Tilford can amuse themselves with trying over Cobbett's measurements. I could not reach to measure it ten feet from the ground; but at five feet I made its girth, in July 1907, twenty-four feet nine inches. Probably it was not much less when Cobbett was a little boy. That independent, combative mind would not accept another's measurements, and if he remembered the tree as a little tree, then a little tree he was right in remembering. Since his day the signs of decay have set in; the oak is still superb, but a Jubilee sapling has been planted as a neighbour. Centuries hence the sapling, perhaps, will be the King's Oak again.

Parker measured the girth again in 1934 and found it to be 1 foot more. The tree's branches have been lopped in recent years and the trunk is patched with iron sheets.

There are three other "British Oaks" nearby, planted at each corner of the triangular green, to commemorate:
 * 60 years of Queen Victoria's reign (1897)
 * the coronation of King Edward VII (1902)
 * the accession of King George V (1910) – this oak was uprooted in the Great Storm of 1987 and has been replaced.

Religious institutions

 * All Saints Church was built in 1867 in medieval style. It is grade II listed. The Tilford Bach Festival is based at the church.
 * Islamabad, a piece of land that was bought and used for the Annual Conventions of the Ahmadiyya Community from 1985 up until 2004, when the conventions moved to Hadeeqatul Mahdi near Alton, Hampshire. In 2015 it was announced that the existing pre-fab huts on the land were intended to be replaced with a new mosque built with minarets generating energy, and wind-turbines. The site is currently the international headquarters of the community and the primary residence of Mirza Masroor Ahmad, leader of the Ahmadiyya Community.

Amenities
All Saints Church of England Infant School occupies an attractive site overlooking the green.

Waverley Abbey Church of England school is in the village. The name is derived from Waverley Abbey.

Tilford, hosts a team in the sport of cricket, which in 2014 won a local village league.

The Tilford Bach Festival founded by Denys Darlow has been held in the village since 1952.

Demography and housing
The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, the average that was apartments was 22.6%.

The proportion of households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining percentage is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible percentage of households living rent-free).

Nearby places

 * Moor Park, Farnham
 * Mother Ludlam's Cave, Moor Park, Farnham
 * River Wey
 * Elstead
 * Waverley Abbey

title: Tilford


text:
Texas Medication Algorithm Project

The Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP) is a decision-tree medical algorithm, the design of which was based on the expert opinions of mental health specialists. It has provided and rolled out a set of psychiatric management guidelines for doctors treating certain mental disorders within Texas' publicly funded mental health care system, along with manuals relating to each of them. The algorithms commence after diagnosis and cover pharmacological treatment (hence "Medication Algorithm").

History
TMAP was initiated in the fall of 1997 and the initial research covered around 500 patients.

TMAP arose from a collaboration that began in 1995 between the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation (TDMHMR), pharmaceutical companies, and the University of Texas Southwestern. The research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Meadows Foundation, the Lightner-Sams Foundation, the Nanny Hogan Boyd Charitable Trust, TDMHMR, the Center for Mental Health Services, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Health Services Research and Development Research Career Scientist Award, the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention Inc. and Mental Health Connections.

Numerous companies that invent and develop antipsychotic medications provided use of their medications and furnished funding for the project. Companies did not participate in the production of the guidelines.

In 2004 TMAP was mentioned as an example of a successful project in a paper regarding implementing mental health screening programs throughout the United States, by the President George W. Bush's   New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, which looks to expand the program federally. The President had previously been Governor of Texas, in the period when TMAP was implemented. Similar programs have been implemented in about a dozen States, according to a 2004 report in the British Medical Journal.

Similar algorithms with similar prescribing advice have been produced elsewhere, for instance at the Maudsley Hospital, London.

title: Texas Medication Algorithm Project