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User:M Alan Kazlev

http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Geometria

I'm an autodidactic metaphysician, esotericist, vegan, sentientist, integral philosopher, writer, armchair palaeontologist, futurist, worldbuilder, geek/nerd, and all round eccentric. I joined Wikipedia in the old days when all knowledge was welcome, and have witnessed its sad fall from grace into a deletionism-based policy. (see "My view of Wikipedia - bouquets and brickbats"). As of the time of writing this, I am not actively contributing, as I am focusing on other projects. I am author of Kheper website. co-founder of and the main force behind setting up Orion's Arm; co-author of Palaeos, and author of the new science fiction series, work in progress, and blog Freehauler Alcione. Social networking Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, also Academia.edu, blog.

My view of Wikipedia - bouquets and brickbats
Bouquet: A multi-authored open source project

There is something very cool about the way that the Wikipedia system allows anyone to contribute, and is built up from the sum total of thousands of contributers. Actualy, even before Wikipedia, I had already come upon this same idea, which I used in the hard science fiction project Orion's Arm. Collaborative editing has been the strength of Orion's Arm, just as it has been of Wikipedia. In both cases, the result has been far far richer than any one person alone could have come up with.

In the case of Wikipedia, this is the largest collaborative project on the web, which has made it a brand name equal to Google.

Bouquet: a free and (for non-controversial topics) reasonably reliable source of information

Many people have said that the information in Wikipedia isn't reliable, that the system is open to abuse, etc. Sure it is open to abuse, such as politican's staff editing entries to make their politician more electable, removing anything that reflects negatively on them. But these things are always fixed, just as vandalism is. Similarily, although a badly written but accurate statement on a scientific page may be replaced by a well-written but inaccurate statement, the net effect is to tend towards greater accuracy (and ideally, well written and accurate).

Ok, I wanted to say the above too things because there is stilla lot that I like and respect about Wikipedia, despite the following brickbats.

Brickbat: Deletionism and the end of the Wikipedia dream:

I joined Wikipedia in the old days (early 2005), during it's time of glory, attracted by the concept of a limitless internet encyclopadia. Maybe that concept was real, maybe it was nothing but a figment of my imagination. Since then I have witnessed its sorry decline into a vehicle of deletionists. So Wikipedia no longer has the spark it once held for me, although I acknowledge there is still a lot of cool stuff on wikipedia, science, history etc. In terms of all these conservative subjects, it is excellent. But it is no longer the cutting edge experiment it once seemed, perhaps it never was.

Imho the rot set in with Wikipedia's more conservative and deletionist based "notability" policy, which is biased against biographies, although curiously it hasn't touched the geekish "impersonal" subjects (I suppose were the Wikipedia policy makers to do that that would really be the end of the project). I have made my views known here and here.

Sure I am not alone in my Wikipedia editorial philosophy; there are other Inclusionists and Eventualist, and even an Association of Inclusionist Wikipedians. But the policy as a whole definitely seems to go the other way.

update 25 September 2009: I noticed an interesting essay in TIME magazine on the decline of Wikipedia: Is Wikipedia a Victim of Its Own Success?. The essay looks at various possible reasons for this, and they mention bureaucracy and Wikilawering. But for me the tipping point was the day the deletionists took over. From that time on, Wikipedia which had previously been an exciting and creative ecology of ideas and essay writing became subject to deletionists.

For me there are two ways to interpret deletionists, both equally valid but also partial perspectives. From the positive side, deletionists fulfill an important role in making Wikipedia more academically respectable. This is because they consider that Wikipedia should only include notable, well written articles. In the negative sense, deletionists do not contribute anything new, they take but do not give, like a parasite. I am sorry to use this term, and I don't mean it in a personal, ad hominem sense, but rather as a biological metaphor: it is I believe a very close ecological analogy and we are talking about Wikipedia as an ecology of ideas. A parasite is an organism that feeds on another without contributing anything itself, a deletionist is a wikipedian who contributes no new pages to Wikipedia but instead deletes pages others have written, often at great time and effort themselves.

And that is when - as the Time essays says - the joy went out of Wikipedia. Certainly it was for me. I don't think Wikipedia management is really aware of how pernicious and disheartening on other contributers the effect of deletionism is. The good thing (for me) and bad thing (for Wikipedia) is that it turned me back to my own websites, which I had neglected during my manic and enthusiastic Wikipedia phase.

But I will admit that deletionism (like anything) isn't totally bad. It has forced editors like myself to adopt a more rigorous and academic tone then we had previously used, and this is surely a good thing for an Encyclopaedia.

Of course, it isn't anywhere as much fun to write a tedious academic entry with footnotes and print references and what not. It's the very opposite of creativity. So the result is a decline in number of editors, and those that remain tend to be more insular, forming their own academic-geek subculture.

Brickbat: Blogs not recognised as viable reference sources:

Another sign of conservativism is the fact that current Wikipedia policy doesn't acknowledge blogs as a viable source of reference citation. The world is changing, and part of that change involves the developing noosphere, in which blogs, like webpages, have become as authoritative as the printed word. Once again, the world moves on, but Wikipedia remains at a lecvel perhaps a bit more radical than a print encyclopeadia, but not radical enough to keep pace with the expanding noosphere.

Bouquet: Transparency:

The superb transparency that is built right into the Wikipedia system is something to be applauded. Every edit is recorded and saved, and it is very easy to track the activities of any user through their contributions page. This makes it very hard for anyone to abuse the system. This was shown to me when a disgruntled Wilberian (who in no way should be considered representative of the Wilberian movement as a whole) who seemed to have taken offense to some of my material on Frank Visser's Integral World website, began targetting biographies I had written and Wikipedia external links references to any of my webpages and essays (not to anyone else's material mind you, only to my work). Tracking this user's footprints through his Wikipedia activities, I was able to openly challenge him, and force him to cease his activities and apologise. See my talk pages and blog comment. That I as an ordinary editor, not an administrator or moderator, can do this, is a wonderful example of "people power".

Bouquet: Blocking malcontents.

Another thing I really like about Wikipedia is that malcontents who try to hijack Wikipedia for their own pov agendas will eventually be banned by the Wikipedia admistration through arbitration. One example of this is an extreme Sai Baba supporter who after a long period of harrasment of several editors who are critical of Sai Baba, was banned from contributing.

Brickbat: still thinking too much like a paper encyclopaedia:

Wikipedia is electronic, right? It isn't limited the way that a paper encyclopaedia is. Sio why should it be structured like one? Why have deletionism at all, when there is a whole world out there, waiting to be described?

Summing up:

All in all, Wikipedia, like everything else created of human mind and hands, has both strengths and weaknesses. While my own radical inclusivist philosophy means that I am not interested in being involved to the degree that I previously was in 2005 and early 2006, Ive decided to remain a part of the Wikipedian community, albeit in a more low-key manner.

My contributions
Apart from dabbling about two years earlier, I first contributed on 2 February 2005, and signed in under my name a few weeks later (13 February, which also happens to be my birthday). I have been an enthusiastic wikipedian ever since. Indeed, Wikipedia is so adictive that it means often I am doing stuff here when I should be writing my book!

More recently (since late 2006) I have toned down on my Wikipedia activities, to devote more time to other projects. Since Februrary 2007 I have been concentrating more on writing my books.

Deleted entries
The peruser of this user page will notice that a number of these entries, mostly biographies, have been considered non-notable under current policy guidelines and so deleted. I have included them but without any links. It is hoped (although perhaps not very likely) that in future some or all of these biographies on them re-written or restored.

Wikipages - Esotericism and Integral Paradigm
This material goes beyond the consensus western secular paradigm. While I still occaisonally make comments and corrections, I no longer am involved in adding to this area of wikipedia, due to the overenthusiasm of deletionists. It is nevertheless encouraging that many of these pages still survived, and a few, like Esoteric cosmology, have become very vibrant with a lot of edits. This indicates a decent number of editors have esoteric interests or sympathies, which is encouraging.

Esoterica, New Age, Alternative, Meditation, Paranormal, etc
Esotericism is a vast and fascinating topic that is rather under-represented on the Wikipedia. In 2005 I started adding some pages, and expanding and correcting others. Also some New Age entries would go here as well. Particularly surprising is the fact that the page on David Wilcock was deleted; were he a conventional, as opposed to a New Age, author and speaker, the material would surely have been retained. Pages I've Created:

General: Causal body - Causal plane - Divinization - Esoteric cosmology - Etheric body - Etheric plane - Gross realm (deleted) - Kama (Theosophy) - Mental plane - Neo-Theosophy - Non-physical entity (stub) - Physical body (Theosophy) - Physical plane - Round (Theosophy) - Septenary (Theosophy) - Spiritual philosophy (stub) - Subtle realm (deleted) - Universal mind (stub)

Biographies: Hilary Evans  (stub) - Antoine Faivre - Wouter Hanegraaff - Walter Kilner (stub) - Ainslie Meares - Vladimir Megre - David Spangler (stub) - Diane Stein - David Wilcock (deleted)

Pages I've Contributed Substantially To:

Astral body - Astral plane - Barry Long - Involution (philosophy) - Plane (cosmology) - Spiritual evolution - Subtle body

Eastern Philosophy
Pages I've Created:

Anandamaya kosha - Divine Mother - Linga sarira - Loka - Sukshma sarira (merged) - Shuddhashuddha tattvas - Category:Vedanta - Category:Gurus

The Theon Tradition
A little known esoteric tradition that had a formative influence in late 19th and early 20th century European occultism. Many of these ideas were adopted by The Mother (Mirra Alfassa).

M. J. Benharoche-Baralia - Cosmic Movement - Cosmic philosophy - Cosmic Review - Cosmic Tradition - Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor - Pascal Themanlys - Alma Theon (stub) - Max Theon

Category:Max Theon

Sri Aurobindo and the Mother
If I choose as personal preference one spiritual teaching and system of yoga over others, it is that of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. The current project here is not just to elucidate various elements of their teaching, but also mention a few individuals associated with them. In addition I have completely rewritten the previous wiki biography of the Mother

Pages I've Created:

Many of these topic pages have suffered through the depredations of deletionists (confirming the materialistic/geek bias of wikipedia); I saved some of the material through merging, sometimes the material has been deleted anyway. In hindsight I now consider this is a good thing in some instances as the pages were over split for a general encyclopaedia (as opposed to a specialised esoteric one); e.g. the various faculties in Sri Aurobindo's integral psychology (physical, vital, mental, etc) have been merged, and I now agree with this. In other cases, such as refusing to give a major philosophical opus like The Life Divine and other equivalent works their own pages, the situation reflects a clear secular westocentric materialistic bias. Which is fine, only Wikipedia should not then be considered a universal encyclopaedia of knowledge (which is how I originally approached it) but simply a vast but still limited Western encyclopaedia. Perhaps in the future things will change. Topics (various): The Advent (journal) - Arya (journal) (merged) - Auroconf (merged/some deleted) - Central being (rather stubby) (merged) - Chit-Tapas (stubby) (merged) - Delight (Sri Aurobindo) (merged) - Gnostic being (merged) - Inner being (merged) - Integral education (deleted) - Integral psychology (Sri Aurobindo) - Integral yoga - Intermediate zone - Letters on Yoga (merged) - The Life Divine (merged) - Mental (Sri Aurobindo) (merged) - The Mother (book) (stub) (merged) - Mother's Agenda - Mother India (journal) - Outer being (merged) - Physical (Sri Aurobindo) (merged) - Psychic being (merged) - Psychicisation (merged) - Record of Yoga (merged) - Spiritualisation (merged) - Sri Aurobindo Ashram - Sri Aurobindo Association (deleted) - Sri Aurobindo Circle - Sri Aurobindo Mandir Annual - Subtle physical (merged) - Supermind - Supramentalisation (merged) - Vital (Sri Aurobindo) (merged)

Biographies: Amal Kiran - Champaklal - Rod Hemsell (stub) - Nirodbaran - Nolini Kanta Gupta - Sisir Kumar Maitra - Ram Shankar Misra - Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet (deleted) - M.P. Pandit - Pavitra - Sujata Nahar (stub) - Satprem - Indra Sen - Luc Venet (brief stub, deleted) - Georges van Vrekhem (stub)

Templates: Template:Sri Aurobindo - Template:Triple transformation

Pages I've Contributed Substantially To:

Biographies: Sri Aurobindo - Mirra Alfassa - The Mother

Integral Thought, Academia, Business, etc
Integral Thought: Some overlap with the preceding, but then all these things overlap anyway (e.g. includes Peer-to-Peer) Once again, the deletionists have had a field day. Some material has been merged, other stuff deleted outright. The fact that Integral Psychology was simply redirected to Ken Wilber shows a total ignorance of the subject; what happened to Indra Sen's and Haridas Chaudhuri's contributions to the field? I managed to save some of this material by transferring it to Integral movement; later I was able to restore the page, this time with references/citations added.

Pages I've Created:

Topics (various): Integral art - Integral psychology (restored) - Integral psychotherapy (merged or deleted) - Integral World (merged) - Integralwiki (stub) (deleted) - Now & Zen - Peer-to-Peer (meme) - Unified Science (stub) - What Is Enlightenment? (magazine) (stub)

Biographies: Michel Bauwens - Roland Benedikter - Elliot Benjamin (deleted) - Brant Cortright (deleted) - Matthew Dallman (deleted) - Geoffrey D. Falk (deleted) - Edward Haskell - Robert A. McDermott - Thomas J. McFarlane (deleted) - Steve McIntosh - Rolf Sattler - Bahman Shirazi - Frank Visser (stub) - Joseph Vrinte (deleted) - Johannes Wallmann - Timothy Wilken (very stubby) (deleted) - Michael Zimmerman (stub)

Books and websites: Full Circle (book) (merged) - The Self-Organizing Universe - Peer to Peer and Human Evolution (stub) (merged)

Categories: Category:Integral art - Category:Integral theory (Ken Wilber)

Templates: Template:Integral thought /Template:Integral /Template:Integral2

Pages I've Contributed Substantially To:

Integral education - Integral psychology (merged/some deleted, later restored page) - Integral theory (merged) - Integral movement - Ken Wilber (critique section) (mostly deleted)

The Phylogeny of Life
It is impossible for any one (or two or ten or a hundred) people to write up the "family tree" of life, with its millions of clades and species. The following entries concentrate on a few branches, nodes, and twigs of the great Tree of Life. These include both extinct and recent taxa (so far I've been covering only the molluscs and the vertebrates). I have had fun and a great deal of satisfaction, from doing write-ups on various prehistoric organisms; so far mostly Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic amphibians and reptiles (also a few insects from this time), as this represents my favourite time in the history of the Earth. Yeah yeah I know, I still use those old Linnaean terms a lot, as I like them and theya re easy and convenient. But nowadays instead of "reptile" you should technically say sauropsid or synapsid ("mammal-like reptile"); while early primtive amphibians are now referred to as basal tetrapods.

Pages I've Created:

Vertebrates : Adelospondyli - Aetosauria - Aïstopoda - Anomodont (stub) - Anteosauria- Anteosauridae - Archosauriformes - Archosauromorph - Anthracosauria - Biarmosuchia - Batrachomorpha - Batrachosauria (stub) - Bradysaurus - Brithopodidae - Cacops (stub) - Carboniferous tetrapods - Caseidae - Chilgatherium - Cistecephalus - Crocodylomorpha - Crurotarsi - Diadectes - Diadectidae - Diadectomorpha - Deinotheriidae - Dicraeosauridae - Dicynodon - Dicynodon trautscholdi - Dinocephalia - Dissorophidae (stubby) - Dissorophoidea (stubby) - Dvinosauria (stubby) - Edaphosauridae - Eothyrididae - Eryopidae (stubby) - Eryopoidea (stubby) - Erythrosuchidae - Estemmenosuchidae - Estemmenosuchus - Eupelycosauria - Eureptilia - Gorgonops - Ichthyopterygia - Indricotheriinae - Jonkeria - Kannemeyeria - Kannemeyeriidae (stub) - Lepospondyli - Lethiscus - Lissamphibia - Lysorophia - Neodiapsida - Nigersaurus - Paraceratherium - Parareptilia - Pareiasaur - Permian tetrapods - Phytosauria - Plesiosauria (originally redirect page) - Plesiosaurus (originally redirect page) - Poposauridae - Prestosuchidae - Procolophonia - Procolophonomorpha - Prodeinotherium - Proterosuchia - Proterosuchidae - Pseudosuchia - Rauisuchia -  Rauisuchidae - Rebbachisauridae - Reptiliomorpha - Rhynchosaur - Robertia - Sauria - Sphenacodontia - Sphenacodontidae - Sphenacodontoidea -  Syodontidae - Tapinocephalus - Temnospondyli - Trematosauria (stubby) - Trematosauroidea (stubby) - Trilophosaur - Zatrachydidae (stubby)

Technical terms (Vertebrates) (all these are stubs): Fourth trochanter - Postcrania - Triradiate pelvic girdle

Insects : So far all pretty stubby: Diaphanopterodea - Palaeodictyoptera - Palaeodictyopteroidea - Protodonata - Protorthoptera -

Molluscs : Bellerophon (mollusc) - Bellerophontida - Bellerophontidae - Chippewaella (stub) - Orthocerida - Orthoceratidae - Muricidae - Muricoidea - Nautilida - Strepsodiscus (stub) - Thais (gastropod)

Technical terms (Molluscs): Body chamber - Body whorl - Camerae - Orthocone - Phragmocone - Sculpture (mollusc) - Septa - Spire (mollusc) - Varix (mollusc) - Whorl (mollusc)

Systematics: Autapomorphy (stub)

Books, Journals, Websites, etc: Evolution of the Vertebrates - Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (stub) - Mikko's Phylogeny Archive - Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology - Tree of Life Web Project (stubby) -Vertebrate Palaeontology (Benton) - Vertebrate Paleontology (Romer) - Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

Templates: Template:Paleo-stub

Categories: Category:Anomodonts - Category:Canadian paleontologists - Category:Carboniferous animals - Category:Mesozoic life - Category:Paleontology books - Category:Paleontology stubs - Category:Paleontology websites - Category:Paleozoic animals - Category:Paleozoic_life - Category:Parareptiles - Category:Pareiasaurs - Category:Pelycosaurs - Category:Permian animals - Category:Permian life - Category:Temnospondyls - Category:Sauropterygians - Category:Science websites

Pages I've Contributed Substantially To:

Genera and Clades: Archosaur - Baluchitherium - Caseasauria - Deinotherium - Dicynodont - Edaphosaurus - Ichthyosaur - Jobaria - Nautiloid - Nemegtosauridae - Orthoceras - Pelycosauria - Prosauropoda - Rhopalodon - Sauropsid - Synapsid - Thecodont - Thecodontosaurus - Therapsida

Projects: The following are WikiProjects I am (sporadically) involved in:

WikiProject Tree of Life - WikiProject Cephalopods - WikiProject Amphibians and Reptiles

Naturalists and Palaeontologists
The great task of the classification and tracing the evolutionary relationships of life on Earth is the result of the combined and tireless efforts of tens of thousands of naturalists, paleontologists, biologists, and others. I have decided to write stubs on any not listed in wikipedia, as pertinant. e.g. the author of the scientific name of an organism or group or clade, or the author of a book or monograph or article. Many of these pages are stubs, and some are extremely stubby.

Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii (stub) - Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra (very stubby) - Frank M. Carpenter - Kenneth Carpenter - Robert L. Carroll - Edwin H. Colbert - Emanuel Mendez da Costa - Kristina Curry Rogers - Michael S. Engel - Susan E. Evans - Mikael Fortelius - Eugene S. Gaffney - Peter Galton - Jacques Gauthier - David Grimaldi - John Kappelman - Gillian King - Oskar Kuhn - Spencer G. Lucas - Andreas V. Martynov - Pierre Denys de Montfort - A. Morley Davies (very stubby) - Paul E. Olsen - Boris Borisovitsch Rohdendorf - Otto Schindewolf - William J. Sanders - Ernst Friedrich von Schlotheim - Edward Oscar Ulrich - Peter J. Wagner - Wilhelm August Wenz - Jeffrey A. Wilson

Institutions (stubs)
Likewise the museums and institutes that house the specimens

Paleontological Institute

Earth History and Geological Timescale
Pages I've Created:

Aalenian (stub) - Beaufort Group - Chitarwata Formation (stub) - Early Cretaceous (stub) - Karoo Supergroup - Middle Jurassic(stub) - Early Ordovician (stub) - Guadalupian (brief stub) - Late Cretaceous (stub) - Late Ordovician (stub) - Middle Ordovician (stub)

Pages I've Contributed Substantially To:

Early Jurassic (needs more work) - Geologic timescale

Wikipages - Other
Wikipedian categories I created: Category:Wikipedians interested in transhumanism - Category:Wikipedians interested in paleontology

Geography
Pages I've Created: Bugti Hills (very brief stub)

Futurism, Transhumanism and Sci Fi
From the past and present to the future...

Pages I've Created:

Topics: Archailect - Transapient

Biographies: Anders Sandberg - John Smart (futurist) (stub)

Pages I've Contributed substantially to:

Topics: Dyson tree

Other
Miscellaneous stuff that doesn't fit under the other categories

Pages I've Created:

Topics: AK Comics, Theory of everything (philosophy)

More on comics (well, if you can't beat 'em, join em! :-)  Cyberpunx (stub) - Brave Old World (comic) (stub) - The Brotherhood (comic) (stub, redirected)

Biographies: Jonathan Huebner - Michael L. Benton (disambiguation stub) - Theodore Modis

Style of writing for Wikipedia
(notes and references to self)

in the preferred order:
 * Quotations
 * See also
 * References
 * External links

Useful pages:
 * Five pillars
 * Notability
 * Manual of Style
 * External links
 * Cite sources

CC License
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:M Alan Kazlev


text: Template:Non-free video game screenshot

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Non-free video game screenshot


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Muma Pădurii

In Romanian folklore, Muma Pădurii is an ugly and mischievous or mad old woman living in the forest (in the heart of virgin forests, in a hut/cabin, or an old tree). She is the opposite of fairies such as Zână. She is also the protector of the animals and plants, brewing potions and helping injured animals. She cures the forest if it is dying and she keeps unwanted trespassers away by driving them mad and scaring them.

She can be associated with witches (like the witch from the story of "Hansel and Gretel"), but she is a neutral "creature", harming only those who harm the forest.

Etymology
Muma Pădurii literally means "mother of the forest", though "mumă" is an archaic version of "mamă" (mother), which has a fairy tale overtone for the Romanian reader (somewhat analogous to using the archaic pronouns like "thou" and "thy" in English). A few other words, typically protagonists of folktales, have this effect.

Characteristics
Muma Pădurii is a spirit of the forest in a very ugly and old woman's body. Sometimes she has the ability to change her shape. She lives in a dark, dreadful, hidden little house.

She is thought to attack children and because of this a large variety of spells (descântece in Romanian) are used against her.

This (step-) mother of the forest kidnaps little children and enslaves them. In one popular story, at some point, she tries to boil a little girl alive in a soup. However the little girl's brother outsmarts Muma Pădurii and pushes the woman-monster in the oven instead, similar to the story of Hansel and Gretel. The story ends on a happy note when all kids are free to go back to their parents.

In modern culture
Instead of saying "She's ugly", Romanians sometimes say "She looks like Muma Pădurii".

title: Muma Pădurii


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Mahone Bay

Mahone Bay is a bay on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada along the eastern end of Lunenburg County. The bay has many islands (potentially 365), and is a popular sailing area. Since 2003 the Mahone Islands Conservation Association has been working to protect the natural environment of the bay. The bay and its islands contain a variety of habitats including forests, rocky shores, beaches, wetlands, and mudflats. Wildlife in the area include black guillemots, eagles, osprey, leach's storm petrels, puffins, razorbills, and great blue herons.

History

The area was first inhabited by the indigenous Mi'kmaq. The first Europeans in the area were the French, the early maps of whom labelled the bay as La Baye de Toutes Iles (The Bay of Many Islands). The current name derives from the French mahonne, a type of barge. In 1754 the British brought German speakers from Europe to colonize the area, starting in Lunenburg. German was the main language spoken in the area for many years, and today in the Bayview Cemetery, there are several gravestones dating from the late 1700s marked in German. Early settlers' names commemorated there include Zwicker, Eisenhauer, Heyson, and Kedy.

The site was the scene of hostilities during the French and Indian War and the War of 1812.

Economic activity in the mid-1800s, which included forestry, shipbuilding, shipping, and farming, led to the construction of churches and schools. In 1903 a rail link was established to Halifax. In 1919 the town was incorporated.

Today the principal economic driver is tourism.

Geography
Opening south directly onto the Atlantic, its eastern shore is formed by the Aspotogan Peninsula and its western shore is formed by the First Peninsula (of Lunenburg). The Chester Peninsula juts several kilometres into Mahone Bay at roughly its midpoint.

The bay's geological history differs from its eastern neighbour, St. Margarets Bay, in that Mahone Bay shows a greater variety of soils and bedrock. Numerous glacial drumlins on the western shore near the towns of Mahone Bay and Lunenburg have produced soil conditions suitable for small-scale farming operations.

Mahone Bay also differs from St. Margarets Bay in that it is dotted with innumerable small and medium-sized islands throughout its waters. The shelter provided by these islands, along with the summer southwesterly flow, led to the scenery around Mahone Bay becoming a tourist attraction in itself. Today the towns of Chester and Mahone Bay have become a destination for cruising in pleasure yachts. A scenic provincial park at Graves Island just east of Chester is a popular camping destination.

Mahone Bay is home to numerous picturesque working fishing communities, one of the most famous being the communities of Big Tancook and Little Tancook, on Big Tancook Island and Little Tancook Island respectively. Other important fishing ports include Blandford.

In popular culture
Frank Parker Day's novel Rockbound takes place on the fictional island of the same name, which was based on the nearby island of East Ironbound and includes references to many other Mahone Bay islands and towns. Day visited the area and created Rockbound as a fictionalized, exaggerated account of life on the islands.

Mahone Bay contains Oak Island, well known in connection with tales of buried treasure.

The 2006 independent movie 'A Stone's Throw' was filmed primarily in and around Mahone Bay.

title: Mahone Bay


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Black Day (South Korea)

Black Day is an unofficial holiday observed on April 14 each year. It is mostly observed in South Korea by singles. The day is intentionally contrasted to Valentine's Day and White Day, which are both on the 14th day of their respective months (February and March). People who did not receive gifts on either of those holidays gather on Black Day to eat jajangmyeon, noodles with black bean sauce.

Origins
In South Korea, Valentine's Day and White Day are both celebrated as occasions to give gifts to significant others. Valentine's Day is celebrated on February 14, when women buy men gifts (usually chocolate). Black Day originally did not exist until after Valentines Day and White Day became popular. Uniquely, Japan and South Korea are the only countries that celebrate Valentine's Day twice. Because of all the love holidays (14 to be exact) that occur in Korea, many felt that single people also deserved recognition. White Day is celebrated on March 14, when men reciprocate the gifts with their own, also present in the form of chocolate. As both occasions fall on the 14th, other holidays were created by the government of South Korea for all other months to continue this trend. The creation has also been attributed to marketers.

Meaning
Black Day builds on the romantic aspect of Valentine's Day and White Day. As the chocolates received on Valentine's Day are interpreted to symbolize a man's popularity and the chocolates given on White Day are used solely for romantic purposes, Black Day focuses on the people, especially singles, who did not receive any gifts on either of the holidays.

On the day, singles who have not received presents on both days gather wearing black to 'commiserate' over black-colored food, especially jajangmyeon. During the meal, they complain about their lack of intimate relationships and chocolate gifts.

Celebration
Many people take Black Day as an opportunity to celebrate with friends and family. The term celebrating is used loosely. Some people celebrate Black Day with their friends to embrace the fact that they are single, since there is less societal pressure to be in a relationship in Korea today. Other people who celebrate Black Day indulge in comfort food.

The most commonly eaten food on Black Day is jajangmyeon, a popular black bean noodle dish in Korea. People eat jajangmyeon on Black Day because it is a simple, yet delicious dish that one can get at a cheap price. The dish is available at Chinese-style restaurants.

People who use this as an opportunity to promote music, food, clothes, competitions, and matchmaking services. Many restaurants and companies use Black Day to promote discounts on their items. Restaurants expect their sales to be double, or even triple, the amount they usually make. Black coffee and jjajangmyeon are two popular food options that sell out very quick on this day.

Impact
This day is targeted by businesses, who hold various events and advertise their products, a strategy known as 'day marketing. The events are highly popular, and include matchmaking events such as speed dating, jajangmyeon-eating contests, and discounts on items.

Other countries
Like Korea, other countries have their own version of Black Day. They use this as an opportunity to celebrate the joys of being single. The United States of America celebrates Single Awareness Day on 15 February, the day after Valentine's Day. Unlike Korea, the United States does not promote Single Awareness Day.

China celebrates Singles Day unofficially on November 11. It is celebrated on 11 November because the ones of the date represent 'single sticks', a slang term for single people. Like Korea, China promotes many discounts for singles. Single's Day in China continues to be China's biggest e-commerce sale. Alibaba registered $38.4 billion worth of sales on Single's Day alone.

title: Black Day (South Korea)


text: User talk:70.48.118.236

title: User talk:70.48.118.236


text:
User:Dalkaen

-- D a l k a e n T / C

title: User:Dalkaen


text:
Talk:Grease 2

citation Needed
A citation is needed for the quote "The film's one notable contribution was in shoring up what had been a flagging bowling interest in the US. Prior to the film's release, the past-time had been in considerable decline from it's noted "golden age" of 1840-1960 with hundreds of allies closing across the country. The number "Score Tonight" has been credited as almost singlehandedly reviving interest in the sport, leading, in part, to the second "golden age" of bowling of the late 1980's-present. It is largely unknown, even by bowling enthusiasts, that the the film is largely responsible for this renaissance the sport has enjoyed."

How can this be proven? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.56.13.113 (talk) 20:04, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

I cleaned this part up a bit, making the history clearer without being as heavy-handed as it was. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.148.252.143 (talk) 07:14, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

The clean-up makes it sound like original research. This is not a legitimate claim. DFS (talk) 07:15, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

Golden Raspberry Awards
What was criticized about this movie must be featured in the 1982 Golden Raspberry Awards.

I don't see GREASE 2 even nominated for a Raspberry Award. WHAT are you talking about?

Are You Kidding Me?
'“ Grease 2 is still considered by a small following as better than the original. ”' um who are these people? Do they not have eyes, ears or a central nervous system? Unless this can be substantiated somehow (which is highly doubtful) then this whole Cult Status section should be removed. Grave architecture 18:25, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

It is correct, as I am one of those people that feels the sequel is much more entertaining than the original.It HAS attained cult status! Where have you been? What do you care if it has developed a following over the years? If it doesn't interest you, why are you here? Check out GREASE2.NET for proof that there are loyal fans out there.

GREASE 2 has a loyal fan base and those of you who dont get it NEVER WILL.

GREASE 2 is the word.
 * Um, no, the bird is the word.

RM: I agree. I am another HUGE Grease 2 fan. Have been since the movie was released 25 years ago. And yes, there are MANY of us, so the CULT FOLLOWING part to the article IS true. Just look at the Grease2.net website and you will see that. I work with 2 other Grease 2 fans who LOVE the 2nd one better than the original. Also, we should mention that some celebrities LOVE Grease 2 as well, such as Drew Barrymore (hell, there was a whole scene in DATE WITH DREW about Grease 2) and Noah Wyle. And let's not forget the BIGGEST compliment G2 can have was being featured on The Simpsons, of all shows.

To me, It's one of those so-bad-it's-actually-good movies! Conquistador2k6 5 June 2007 14:51 (UTC)

 * Any statement like this is going to be true, there are so many people on the earth. Jackaranga 17:39, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Im one of those people. Portillo (talk) 08:51, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Michael and Sandy
MICHAEL IS FROM AUSTRAILIA OK AS OF HE BEING SANDY'S COUSIN!! In Grease 2 here is a line with proof!! "..she's an exchange student from Sydney,Austrailia... ~Frenchy —Preceding unsigned comment added by Micsam77 (talk • contribs) 08:25, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Michael's from England! 71.111.238.7 (talk) 02:17, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

-Question: Why does it say he's Frenchy's cousin in the Cast header?

Frenchy calls him Sandy's cousin. Factchecker170 (talk) 23:16, 15 March 2015 (UTC)Factchecker170

A minor success?
No movie that makes back $15m on a $13m dollar budget is a minor success. It is, at best, a minor box office failure. The studio gets roughly have the ticket take...so they paid $13m to make the movie, and got $7.5m in revenue. In other words, they lost over $5m. And who knows whether that budget counts whatever it cost to market the film? If it didn't, then the studio is even further in the red. This must be corrected. --74.192.25.188 (talk) 05:29, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Agreed. Almost a year later, and no one's fixed this. I just edited out the "minor success" line, and didn't call it a box office failure, or anything similar. It probably should be (based on the reasoning in the above comments), but I think it would just irritate people. 170.145.0.100 (talk) 01:50, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

The length of the plot
Recently, Portillo has been trying to change the length of the plot to three lousy paragraphs and no mentions of the songs. Portillo, please stop. the plot is not too long. Remember what Dinah Manoff of the first Grease said in I Ought to Be in Pictures, the film, that is: No part is too big or too small. That goes for film plots too. The soundtrack is now in this artcile. I may as well make it an article itself myself. The plot now is too short, Portillo. I'm going to change it back again like it's supposed to be. And do me a favor, check out the article for I Ought to Be in Pictures (film) because that plot is too short. Remember: No plot is too big or too small. Let everybody at wikipedia know. Adios. --E2e3v6 (talk) 11:53, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

WP:FILMPLOT says "The plot summary is an overview of the film's main events, so avoid minutiae like dialogue, scene-by-scene breakdowns and technical detail." Portillo (talk) 00:12, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

 * WP:FILMPLOT recommends plot summaries be under 700 words. I chopped this down to under that, so I'm going to remove the tag.  DFS (talk) 06:16, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

1961
Grease 2 is set in 1961, not 1962. I'm getting a little tired of this. Oh and by the way I need help on the I Ought to Be in Pictures (film) article.--E2e3v6 (talk) 22:04, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Grease 2 is responsible for a bowling renaissance in US?
This claim is highly spurious. It is based upon one article with an anonymous author that claims Grease 2 was a "super hit" (it was not) and "changed the image of the sport which was regarded as an older person's or a gentleman's sport. The song, Score Tonight, in the movie spurred great interest in the sport among young people." This article was written in 2009 and sounds like revisionist history to me with nothing to back up the claim. Is there another claim, anywhere over the past 30 years, that Grease 2 was remotely responsible for making bowling popular in the 1980's? DFS (talk) 07:14, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

 * OK, I removed it. The source simply didn't pass the sniff test.  DFS (talk) 18:47, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

 * This was fairly common knowledge when I was growing up. I can't find a good reference on a quick net perusal, but maybe someone with more knowledge can. Certainly known in the bowling industry by insiders. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.148.252.143 (talk) 16:45, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * We cannot add the claim without reliable sources discussing the claim. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 12:33, 26 April 2018 (UTC)

I think Summer is the page's official editor. Didn't realize other fans had already put this in. Here's one source to assist. It's the official Grease wiki. http://grease.wikia.com/wiki/Grease_Wiki There's other sites that discuss it, but this should help. It's also cited on the Wikipedia page about bowling so that should back it up fairly well. Good luck! 162.219.202.54 (talk) 01:46, 1 May 2018 (UTC)

 * There is no "official editor" here or on any other page.

 * That said, we need a reliable source for this. Adding it to Bowling and mentioning that it's in this article (and vice-versa) doesn't help. Anyone can edit Wikipedia, so that just shows that someone added it to the other article (in this case, you). That leaves the Grease Wiki.

 * Blogs, sites with user submitted content and user edited sites are not reliable sources. We cannot use a wiki as a source for Wikipedia. I tried to find the claim on the Grease wiki, on the off-chance that it cites a reliable source there. I couldn't find it there -- they don't have an article for "Bowling" and their article for the song is nothing but the lyrics to the song (which is a copyright violation.

 * Maybe the scene in the movie did have an impact on bowling. It would be surprising, given the low ticket sales, but who knows. In any case, WP:IRS outlines what we're looking for in terms of sourcing.

 * Even with a reliable source, WP:WEIGHT is likely to be an issue. We obviously don't include everything that we can find about a subject. If we did, every article would be a tangled mess hundreds or thousands of pages long, packed full of trivia, from Richard Nixon's Social Security number to the specific frequency of a whistle included in Cap'n Crunch cereal. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 03:23, 1 May 2018 (UTC)

Actually, let's get this out in the open. The claim was first added December 10, 2009 by Dualrole. It was defended on this page by 98.148.252.143 on August 3, 2011. Now it's being defended by 162.219.202.54 who says they "Didn't realize other fans had already put this in."

No, Dualrole and both IPs are one editor. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 03:43, 1 May 2018 (UTC)

Caulfield Quote Twice
There's a quote from Caulfield that's in the article twice (about the film damaging his career, and it feeling like a bucket of water was thrown in his face): it appears once in the cast section, and once in the reception section. Based on the overall length of the article, it's a little repetitive to have it in there twice. I won't delete one of them: I'll leave that decision up to someone who's more dedicated to the article. It's just really a rough read having it twice. 170.145.0.100 (talk) 01:54, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

The reason of the $19.2 million Grease 2
I thought the budget of Grease 2 was $13 million. Why was it changed to $19 million? The movie made $15 milllion. It was a big failure, right? But John Travolta, Stockard Channing, and Dinah Manoff each had a bad year. Does anybody know the reason of the budget change or what?--E2e3v6 (talk) 10:54, 17 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The updated reference shows a Domestic Total Gross of $15,171,476 but no source for the budget. Do you have a source for the figure in the budget field of the infobox?  Sottolacqua  (talk) 11:21, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

No, I don't. I take back what I said earlier; Paramount Pictures had a bad year in 1982.--E2e3v6 (talk) 20:39, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Year
The original Grease is set from Summer 1958 to June 1959. Two years after the original Grease is June 1961. Yeah, this one starts in September so it is 2 years and three months, but close enough. September 1960, OTOH, is 1 year and three months, which is unlikely to be mistaken for "two years later". - Sum mer PhD v2.0 03:34, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

 * We've had several attempts to change it to three years, all from once-and-done IPs without explanation/sources. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 14:36, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

The original is set in the 1958 - 1959 school year (see Talk:Grease_(film)). September 1961 is 2 years, three months later. That is closer to two years than three and is clearly not one year. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 04:43, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Grease 2


text:
TPOK Jazz

OK Jazz, later renamed TPOK Jazz (short for Tout Puissant Orchestre Kinois de Jazz), was a Congolese rumba band from the Democratic Republic of the Congo established in 1956 and fronted by Franco. The group disbanded in 1993, but reformed in 1996.

Location
The OK Jazz band was formed in 1956 in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa), in what was at the time the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). At one time in the late 1970s and early 1980s the band grew to more than fifty members. During that period, it often split into two groups; one group stayed in Kinshasa, playing in nightclubs there, while the other group toured in Africa, Europe and North America.

1950–1959
The musicians who started OK Jazz included Vicky Longomba, Jean Serge Essous, François Luambo Makiadi, De La Lune, Augustin Moniania Roitelet, La Monta LiBerlin, Saturnin Pandi, Nicolas Bosuma Bakili Dessoin and vocalist Philippe Lando Rossignol. They used to play at Loningisa Studios in Kinshasa as individual artists, before they got together to form a band in June 1956. The name OK Jazz originated from the bar where they played, which was called the OK Bar, owned by Gaston Cassien (who later changed his name to Oscar Kashama, after Authenticité). The new band played regularly at a specific studio in the city during the week, and on some weekends they played at weddings. In 1957, the lead vocalist, Philippe Lando Rossignol, quit OK Jazz and was replaced by Edo Nganga, from Congo-Brazzaville. Later in the same year, Isaac Musekiwa, a saxophonist from Zimbabwe, joined the band. Up to that time the band's leadership was shared between Vicky Longomba, Essous and Franco.

1960–1969
In the early 1960s Vicky Longomba and Jean Essous left OK Jazz to join African Jazz. Franco then became the leader of the band. He recruited vocalists Kwamy Munsi and Mulamba Joseph Mujos. Simaro Masiya Lutumba joined OK Jazz in 1961. Essous was replaced by saxophonist Verckys Kiamuangana Mateta. In 1962 OK Jazz visited Nigeria on their first foreign tour. Later that year, Vicky Longomba rejoined the band. Lola Checain, a vocalist who had left earlier also came back.

Around this time, the band changed their name to TPOK Jazz. TP stood for "Tout Puissant" (all mighty). Band membership had increased to over twenty. The quality of their music had improved to where they could challenge African Jazz for the position of Congo's premier group. Franco's music had such popular appeal mainly because it discussed issues affecting ordinary people on a daily basis. Franco led other Congolese musicians in using new technology to produce sounds of much higher quality than in any other part of Africa. The new technology included electric guitars, amplifiers and basses. Congo had now assumed the premier position as Africa's leading music nation. During the late 1960s, Kwamy Munsi and Mulamba Joseph Mujos led nine other musicians in a mass defection from TPOK Jazz. A few months later, saxophonist Verckys Kiamuangana Mateta also left. Franco recruited Rondot Kassongo wa Kassongo to replace Verckys. He also brought in solo guitarist Mose Fan Fan. Fan Fan had a new style of guitar-playing called sebene, which was more danceable. This style came to be known as Sebene ya ba Yankees. Fan Fan also composed a number of extremely popular hits, including "Dje Melasi".

1970–1975
During the 1970s Franco and TPOK Jazz consolidated their position as one of the two giants of Congolese popular music, along with Grand Kalle & l'African Jazz. Many musical stars emerged from both of these bands. TPOK Jazz was staging concerts all over Africa, including places such as Chad and Sudan. The band's finances also improved tremendously.

Franco brought on board the composer/vocalist Sam Mangwana, who has a Zimbabwean father and an Angolan mother, but was born and raised in Kinshasa, DRC. He spoke English, Lingala, French and Portuguese, along with a number of other African languages. His recruitment energised the band and infuriated Afrisa, where he came from. In early 1970 Vicky Longomba, who was then acting as Co-president of the band left. Mose Fan Fan, the band's flamboyant solo guitarist also left. Then Youlou Mabiala quit and formed Orchestre Somo Somo with Fan Fan. Soon after that Tshongo Bavon Marie Marie, Franco's biological brother died in an automobile accident. The band fell upon hard times with low record sales and as sparsely attended concerts. Franco was grief-stricken and despondent and stopped playing music for some time. Upon his return, he recorded several songs in memory of his late brother.

He then began to rebuild the band. This coincided with the restructuring of Congo by President Mobutu Sese Seko under the program of "L'Authenticite". The name of the country was changed from Congo-Kinshasa to Zaire. Franco adopted the names "L'Okanga La Ndju Pene Luambo Luanzo Makiadi". During this time, vocalist Mayaula Mayoni came on board, along with guitarists Mpundi Decca, Gege Mangaya, Michelino Mavatiku Visi and Thierry Mantuika. Franco then appointed Simaro Lutumba, as the chef d'orchestre. Sam Mangwana composed his hit Luka Mobali Moko around this time.

In 1973 Josky Kiambukuta Londa, a seasoned composer and vocalist, joined the band. In 1974, Youlou Mabiala returned to TPOK Jazz. However, Sam Mangwana left and started a solo career in Côte d'Ivoire. Ndombe Opetum was recruited from Afrisa International to replace Mangwana. He came along with hornsman Empompo Loway. In 1975 Franco released yet another classic hit Bomba Bomba Mabe.

1976–1979
By the mid-1970s Franco was one of Zaire's wealthiest citizens. He invested heavily in real estate in Belgium, France and in Zaire. He owned Kinshasa's four largest and most popular nightclubs, the biggest of which was Un-deux-trois. TPOK Jazz played there every weekend to a packed house. In 1976, vocalist Zitani Dalienst Ya Ntesa and guitarist Gerry Dialungana were convinced to join TPOK Jazz. Mayaula Mayoni composed a song, Cheri Bondowe which was released in an album that also included Alimatou and Bisalela.

In 1977 Franco introduced a handicapped female singer known as Mpongo Love. Despite her handicap which was the result of childhood polio, she went on to become one of the continents most popular singers on the strength of her charming, vivacious voice and her songwriting. Papa Noel Nedule, an accomplished guitarist joined soon after that. Later that year the band represented Zaire in what was Africa's largest ever cultural event, Festac 77 which was staged in Lagos, Nigeria.

In 1978 Franco released two songs — "Helene" and "Jacky" — that were deemed "indecent" by the Attorney General of his native country. After a brief trial, he was convicted and sent to prison, along with other band members, including Simaro Lutumba. Franco was released two months later, following street protests. That same year, Mayaula Mayoni released the song "Nabali Misere" (I am married to misery). He quit the band soon afterwards, to pursue a solo career.

In 1979 Franco moved his recording base from Kinshasa to Brussels, Belgium, to take advantage of superior recording facilities. Franco embarked on a tour of eight West African countries. That same year Josky released Propretaire.

1980–1989
This period marked the pinnacle in the success of the band and that of its leader, Franco Luambo Makiadi. The band was releasing an average of four albums a year during this period. The rival Congolese bands, Afrisa International and Orchestre Veve could not keep up with the competition. Life was good. In 1982 Sam Mangwana returned briefly and released an album with Franco called Cooperation. Franco also released several albums with former nemesis Tabu Ley. In 1983 TPOK Jazz toured the United States of America for the first time. That year the song "Non", featuring Madilu System and Franco in alternating lead vocals, was released.

In the mid-1980s the band continued to churn out best sellers including Makambo Ezali Borreaux, 12,600 Letters to Franco, Pesa Position, Mario and Boma Ngai na Boma Yo. By this time, Madilu System had taken over as the lead vocalist. In 1986, Josky Kiambukuta and Zitani Dalienst Ya Ntesa, two vocalists who felt they were not getting enough prime time exposure led another mass exodus to form their own band. Around this time, Simaro Lutumba released an album outside the OK Jazz system, featuring the song "Maya". During the same timeframe, Malage de Lugendo, a vocalist, was recruited. Also Kiesse Diambu ya Ntessa from Afrisa and female vocalist Jolie Detta came on board.

At the beginning of 1987, Franco released a 15-minute song with the title "Attention Na Sida" (Beware of AIDS). Sung mainly in French amid heavy African drums and a kaleidoscope of thundering guitars, the song is moving even if one does not understand all the words. Also in 1987, TPOK Jazz were invited to perform at the 4th All-Africa Games in Nairobi, Kenya. On one of the eight albums that the band released in 1987, called Les On Dit, Franco introduced two new female vocalists Nana Akumu and Baniel Bambo. In 1988, Josky and Dalienst re-joined the band.

1989 was a challenging year for the band. Franco's health was in obvious decline. He had by now moved permanently to Brussels. He did not play much and when he did, could only manage about twenty minutes. The band started to fall apart with the defection of Malage de Lugendo and Dizzy and Decca, who returned to Kinshasa to pursue other opportunities. Later that year Sam Mangwana teamed with Franco to release the album Forever. The album sleeve carried a photograph of Franco in which he appeared emancipated and obviously in ill-health. It turned out to be Franco's last album.

On 12 October 1989, Francois Luambo Makiadi died in a hospital in Brussels, Belgium. His body was flown back to Zaire. After four days of mourning, he was given a state funeral on 17 October 1989, by Mobutu Sese Seko's government.

1990–1993
Following the death of Franco, the band members, led by Simaro Lutumba, Josky Kiambukuta, Ndombe Opetum and Madilu System approached the Franco family and agreed to split earnings; (70% musicians and 30% family). This arrangement worked from August 1989 until December 1993.

During that period, the band released an album entitled Hommage A Luambo Makiadi, made up of songs recorded before Franco died. Josky released an album featuring the song "Chandra". Simarro released an album that featured the hit "Eau Benite", sung by Madilu, and another album Somo, which included the songs "Marby", composed by Josky, and "Mort Viviant Somida", composed by Madilu System. The band continued to tour both in Africa and in Europe. More defections beset the band but the majority of the musicians hung in there.

Then in December 1993 it all came crashing down. The Franco family was not satisfied with the profit-sharing arrangement in place at the time. The family wanted more money. They could not reach an agreement with the musicians. The musicians returned the musical equipment to the family and went on to form a new band, Bana OK. Thus ended the life of one of Africa's most famous bands of the twentieth century, that lasted more than thirty-seven years; from June 1956 until December 1993.

Band members
TPOK Jazz had many members over the nearly 38 years of its existence. The list of band members reads like a "Congolese Music Hall of Fame Inductees". Many members came and went, with many of those who left coming back, some on more than one occasion. Here are some of the members of the band.

• # Franco Luambo

• # Aime Kiwakana

• # Empompo Loway

• # Gerry Dialungana

• # Henri Bowane

• # Isaac Musekiwa

• # Jean Serge Essous

• # Josky Kiambukuta Londa

• # Lola Checain

• # Madilu System

• # Carlito lassa

• # Malage de Lugendo

• # Mayaula Mayoni

• # Michelino Mavatiku Visi

• # Michel Boyibanda

• # Mose Fan Fan

• # Mpudi Decca

• # Ndombe Opetum

• # Papa Noel Nedule

• # Philippe Lando Rossignol

• # Rondot Kassongo

• # Sam Mangwana

• # Saturnin Pandi

• # Simaro Lutumba

• # Kiamuangana Mateta

• # Vicky Longomba

• # Wuta Mayi

• # Youlou Mabiala

• # Zitani Dalienst Ya Ntesa

• # Albino Kalombo

• # Moniania Roitelet

• # Camille Feruzi

• # Céli Bitshou

• # De La Lune

• # Diatho Lukoki

• # Dizzy Madjeku

• # Djo Mpoyi

• # Djo Djo Ikomo

• # Edouard Lutula

• # Gege Mangaya

• # Hubert Dihunga Djeskin

• # Jean Malapet

• # Jean Tashamala Piccolo

• # Djeskin

• # Jeef Mingiedi

• # Johnny Bokelo

• # Kwamy Munsi

• # La Monta LiBerlin

• # Leon Bolhen Bombolo

• # Lunuma Mbemba

• # Matalanza

• # Mulamba Joseph Mujos

• # Nestor Diangani

• # Ngiandu Kanza

• # Nyoya Fwala

• # Paul Ebengo Dewayon

• # Pedro Dele

• # Thierry Mantuika Kobi

• # Adamo Seye Kadimoke

• # Alphone Epayo

• # Antoine Armando Brazzos

• # Baniel Bambo

• # Barami Miranda

• # Celestin Kouka

• # Christophe Djali

• # Edo Nganga

• # Flavien Makabi Mingini

• # Celi Bitchoumanou:

• # Georges Kiamuangana

• # Guillaume Mbembe

• # Jean-Felix Pouela

• # Jolie Detta

• # Kapitena Kasongo

• # Kiesse Diambu Ya Ntessa

• # Kongi Aska

• # Lassa Carlito

• # Makonko Kindudi Makos

• # Milanda Barami

• # Monogi Mopia

• # Mpongo Love

• # Nana Akumu

• # Bosuma Bakili Dessoin

• # Simon Moke

• # Tchandala Kosuana

• # Vieux Kalloux

• # Dénis Bonyeme

• # Lokombe Ntal

• # Toma Lema

• # Lunama Bemba

• # Kasongo wa Kasonga

• # Mpuku Mununi

• # Balami wa Mayani

• # Mpukulu wamunongo

• # Milanda Barami

• # Miyokoni wa Bilwolo

• # Zinga ya Bayulu

• # Coco Zuba

• # Lopua

• # Lolima Mama Leki

• # Yondo Nyota

Discography
A small fraction of the hundreds of records and albums released by TPOK Jazz during the thirty-seven and a half years of the band's existence includes:

title: TPOK Jazz


text:
Wedell-Williams Model 45

The Wedell-Williams Model 45 was a racing aircraft built in the United States in 1933.

Design and development
The Model 45 was a development of designer James Wedell's earlier Model 44 and was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with tailwheel undercarriage, the main units of which were retractable.

Operational history
The Model 45 flew for the first time on June 28, 1933 and showed promising performance achieving an average speed of 264.703 mph on a 100 km closed course.

Wedell-Williams pilot, John Worthen flew the 45 to a second place in the 1934 Bendix Trophy race and if not for a navigation error would have demolished the 44's first place time by at least 50 minutes.

On June 24, 1934, Jimmy Wedell died in an accident while piloting a Gypsy Moth on a flying lesson. Development of the 45 was delayed following the loss of its creator. Even so, the 45 was entered in the 1934 Thompson Trophy Race. In a preliminary event, the Shell Speed Dash Unlimited, Worthen placed first with an average speed of 302.13 mph. He then qualified the 45 with a speed of 292.14 mph, third behind the 44 and Turner's racer in the main event. However the 45 was still suffering from development problems and was withdrawn due to instability.

During the Thompson race Doug Davis crashed the 44 and was killed instantly. Devastated, the Wedell-Williams team dismantled and trucked the 45 to Patterson. It never flew again.

In rapid succession, the remaining Wedell-Williams principals were killed in air crashes: Walter Wedell, Jimmy's brother, was killed in a crash on July 18, 1935. Company co-founder Harry Palmerston Williams and chief test pilot, John Worthen were both killed on May 19, 1936 in a crash.

After the death of Williams, the Model 45 was donated to Louisiana State University, where it eventually disappeared, its final fate unknown.

A full-scale replica Model 45, constructed by Jim B. Clevenger of Kissimmee, Florida, is on display at the Louisiana State Museum in Patterson, Louisiana.

title: Wedell-Williams Model 45


text:
Moyamoya disease

Moyamoya disease is a disease in which certain arteries in the brain are constricted. Blood flow is blocked by constriction and blood clots (thrombosis). A collateral circulation develops around the blocked vessels to compensate for the blockage, but the collateral vessels are small, weak, and prone to bleeding, aneurysm and thrombosis. On conventional angiography, these collateral vessels have the appearance of a "puff of smoke", described as moyamoya (もやもや) in Japanese.

When moyamoya is diagnosed by itself, with no underlying correlational conditions, it is diagnosed as moyamoya disease. This is also the case when the arterial constriction and collateral circulation are bilateral. Moyamoya syndrome is unilateral arterial constriction, or occurs when one of the several specified conditions is also present. This may also be considered as moyamoya being secondary to the primary condition. Mainly, occlusion of the distal internal carotid artery occurs. On angiography, a "puff of smoke" appearance is seen, and the treatment of choice is surgical bypass.

Presentation
Patients usually present with TIA, ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, or seizure. The age distribution is bimodal being either young adolescence or mid-forties.

Cause
About 10% of cases of moyamoya disease are familial, and some cases result from specific genetic mutations. Susceptibility to moyamoya disease-2 (MYMY2; 607151) is caused by variation in the RNF213 gene (613768) on the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q25). Moyamoya disease-5 (MYMY5; 614042) is caused by mutation in the ACTA2 gene (102620) on the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q23.3); and moyamoya disease-6 with achalasia (MYMY6; 615750) is caused by mutation in the GUCY1A3 gene (139396) on the long arm of chromosome 4 (4q32). Loci for the disorder have been mapped to the short arm of chromosome 3 (MYMY1) and the long arm of chromosome 8 (8q23) (MYMY3; 608796). See also MYMY4 (300845), an X-linked recessive syndromic disorder characterized by moyamoya disease, short stature, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and facial dysmorphism, and linked to q25.3, on chromosome 17.

In the United States moyamoya has an incidence rate of 0.086 per 100,000. In Japan the overall incidence is higher (0.35 per 100,000). In North America, women in the third or fourth decade of life are most often affected, but the condition may also occur during infancy or childhood. These women frequently experience transient ischaemic attacks (TIA), cerebral hemorrhage, or may not experience any symptoms at all. They have a higher risk of recurrent stroke and may be experiencing a distinct underlying pathophysiology compared to patients from Japan.

Moyamoya disease can be either congenital or acquired. Patients with Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia, neurofibromatosis type 1, congenital heart disease, fibromuscular dysplasia, activated protein C resistance, or head trauma can develop moyamoya malformations. It is more common in women than in men, although about a third of those affected are male.

Pathophysiology
The disease moyamoya, which is a Japanese mimetic word, gets its characteristic name due to the appearance of smoke on relevant angiographs resultant from the tangle of tiny vessels in response to stenosis. This makes the blood leak out of the arteries, causing pressure to the brain and subsequent headaches. Over the last six decades since the disease was first described, pathogenesis of moyamoya disease remained elusive, although the gene ring finger protein 213 (RNF213) has been implicated. In September 2021, a south Indian researcher has proposed a pathbreaking theory on moyamoya pathogenesis. Coined the "Mechano-biological theory", the disease has a multifactorial pathogenesis. The authors provide a tangible explanation of the occurrence of moyamoya phenomenon in the idiopathic and syndromic variants of the disease. In short, the authors report that moyamoya disease likely occurs due to a number of factors (e.g., differences in vascular anatomy) that ultimately contribute to broad cerebral blood vessel occlusion and consequent shifts in vessel connections to try to provide blood for the compromised brain.

Once it begins, the vascular occlusion tends to continue despite any known medical management. In some people this leads to transient ischemic attacks or repeated strokes with severe functional impairment or even death. In others, the blockage may not cause any symptoms.

The disease causes constrictions primarily in the internal carotid artery, and often extends to the middle and anterior cerebral arteries, branches of the internal carotid artery inside the skull. When the internal carotid artery becomes completely blocked, the fine collateral circulation that it supplies is obliterated. Patients often survive on the collateral circulation from the back (posterior) of the circle of Willis, arising from the basilar artery.

The arterial constrictions in moyamoya disease are unlike the constrictions in atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, the walls of arteries are damaged, leading to the deposition of fat and immune cells, and ultimately the accumulation of immune cells laden with fat. In moyamoya, the inner layer of the carotid artery proliferates within the arterial lumen. The artery also fills with blood clots, which may cause strokes.

Moyamoya disease tends to affect adults in the third to fourth decade of life. In children it tends to cause strokes or seizures. In adults it tends to cause strokes or bleeding. The clinical features are strokes, recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), sensorimotor paralysis (numbness and paralysis of the extremities), convulsions and/or migraine-like headaches. Moreover, following a stroke, secondary bleeding may occur. Such bleeding, called hemorrhagic strokes, may also stem from rupture of the weak neovascular vessel walls.

Diagnosis

Cerebral angiography is the gold standard of diagnosing moyamoya disease and its progression. According to Suzuki's system, it can be classified into six stages:
 * Stage 1 Narrowing of carotid fork
 * Stage 2 Initiation of the moyamoya and dilatation of intracranial main arteries
 * Stage 3 Intensification of the moyamoya and defects of the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery
 * Stage 4 Minimization of the moyamoya and defects of the posterior cerebral artery
 * Stage 5 Reduction of the moyamoya and development of external carotid artery collaterals
 * Stage 6 Disappearance of the moyamoya and circulation only via external carotid artery and vertebral artery

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is also useful in diagnosing the disease with good correlation with Suzuki's grading system.

Proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the walls of the moyamoya-affected arteries has been found to be representative of the disease. A study of six autopsies of six patients who died from moyamoya disease lead to the finding that there is evidence that supports the theory that there is a thickening, or proliferation, of the innermost layer of the vessels affected by moyamoya. These vessels are the ACA (anterior cerebral artery), MCA (middle cerebral artery), and ICA (internal carotid artery). The occlusion of the ICA results in concomitant diminution of the "puff-of-smoke" collaterals, as they are supplied by the ICA.

Often nuclear medicine studies such as SPECT (single photon emission computerized tomography) are used to demonstrate the decreased blood and oxygen supply to areas of the brain involved with moyamoya disease. Conventional angiography provides the conclusive diagnosis of moyamoya disease in most cases and should be performed before any surgical considerations.

Darren B. Orbach explains how the disease progresses as well as the role angiography plays in detecting the progression of moyamoya in a short video. In 2019, author and artist Sarah Lippett published a graphic novel about her decade-long struggle to get a diagnosis and treatment for moyamoya disease, called A Puff of Smoke (published with Jonathan Cape). The book was praised in the newspaper The Guardian as a "wonderfully drawn memoir of a serious childhood illness." It was one of the paper's "graphic novels of the year" in 2019 and The Observer newspaper's graphic novel of the month in November 2019.

Associated biomarkers
Smith (2015) conducted a study that looked into specific biological markers that correlate to moyamoya disease. Some of the categories of these biomarkers include phenotypes - conditions commonly related to moyamoya, radiographical markers for the diagnosis of moyamoya, and proteins as well as cellular changes that occur in cases of moyamoya.

Similar to moyamoya disease, there are conditions that are closely associated with moyamoya disease. Some of the more common medical conditions that are closely associated with moyamoya disease include trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome), sickle cell disease, and neurofibromatosis type 1. There is also evidence that identifies hyperthyroidism and congenital dwarfing syndromes as two of the more loosely associated syndromes that correlate with the possibility of being diagnosed with moyamoya disease later in life.

There is also research that has shown that certain radiographic biomarkers that lead to the diagnosis of moyamoya disease have been identified. The specific radiographic markers are now considered an acceptable key component to moyamoya disease and have been added to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). These biomarkers of moyamoya are "stenosis of the distal ICA's up to and including the bifurcation, along with segments of the proximal ACA and MCA...dilated basal collateral vessels must be present" Some other common findings that have not been added to the classification index of those with moyamoya disease which are found using radiography involve very distinct changes in the vessels of the brain. These changes include newly formed vessels made to compensate for another change noted, ischemia and cerebrovascular reserve, both found on MRI. Functional changes include evidence of ischemia in vessels of the brain (ICA, ACA, MCA, specifically). It is important to also note that the radiographic biomarkers, in order to be classified as moyamoya disease, all findings must be bilateral. If this is not the case and the findings are unilateral, it is diagnosed as moyamoya syndrome. This recently changed in 2021 as the Research Committee of Moyamoya Disease (RCMD) has "removed limitations of the previous definition that required bilateral involvement of the intracranial carotid artery. Now, proximal middle cerebral artery or anterior cerebral artery involvement suffices, and unilateral disease is acceptable to make the diagnosis, given the increasing evidence of progression to bilateral involvement in unilateral MMD."

There are also several protein biomarkers that have been linked to the moyamoya disease diagnosis. Although the sample size of the studies performed are small due to the rarity of the disease, the findings are indicative of a correlation between the disease and several specific protein biomarkers. Other studies have confirmed the correlation of moyamoya and adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) being increased as compared to normal vascular function counterparts. Furthermore, it has been concluded that the localization of inflammatory cells suggests that the inflammation stimulus itself may be responsible for the proliferation and occlusion in the ICA, ACA, and MCA found in those with moyamoya disease.

Treatment
Antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin) are usually given to prevent clots, but surgery is usually recommended. Because moyamoya tends to affect only the internal carotid artery and nearby sections of the adjacent anterior and middle cerebral arteries, surgeons can direct other arteries, such as the external carotid artery or the superficial temporal artery to replace its circulation. The arteries are either sewn directly into the brain circulation, or placed on the surface of the brain to reestablish new circulation after a few weeks.

There are many operations that have been developed for the condition, but currently the most favored are the in-direct procedures EDAS, EMS, and multiple burr holes and the direct procedure STA-MCA. Combined revascularisation procedure, which includes both the direct superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass (also known as ECIC bypass) performed with a combination of in-direct procedures is considered the treatment of choice. Although its efficacy, particularly for hemorrhagic disease, remains uncertain, the procedure is thought to reduce the hemodynamic burden on the engorged collateral blood vessels. Multiple burr holes have been used in frontal and parietal lobes with good neovascularisation achieved.

The EDAS (encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis) procedure is a synangiosis procedure that requires dissection of a scalp artery over a course of several centimeters and then making a small temporary opening in the skull directly beneath the artery. The artery is then sutured to a branch of the middle cerebral artery on the surface of the brain and the bone is replaced.

In the EMS (encephalomyosynangiosis) procedure, the temporalis muscle, which is in the temple region of the forehead, is dissected and through an opening in the skull placed onto the surface of the brain.

In the multiple burr holes procedure, multiple small holes (burr holes) are placed in the skull to allow for growth of new vessels into the brain from the scalp.

In the STA-MCA procedure, the scalp artery (superficial temporal artery or STA) is directly sutured to an artery on the surface of the brain (middle cerebral artery or MCA). This procedure is also commonly referred to as an EC-IC (External Carotid-Internal Carotid) bypass.

All of these operations have in common the concept of a blood and oxygen "starved" brain reaching out to grasp and develop new and more efficient means of bringing blood to the brain and bypassing the areas of blockage. The modified direct anastomosis and encephalo-myo-arterio-synangiosis play a role in this improvement by increasing cerebral blood flow (CBF) after the operation. A significant correlation is found between the postoperative effect and the stages of preoperative angiograms. It is crucial for surgery that the anesthesiologist have experience in managing children being treated for moyamoya, as the type of anesthesia they require is very different from the standard anesthetic children get for almost any other type of neurosurgical procedure.

Prognosis
The natural history of this disorder is not well known. The long term outlook for patients with treated moyamoya seems to be good when direct bypass is used. Although symptoms may seem to improve almost immediately after the in-direct EDAS, EMS, and multiple burr holes surgeries, it will take probably 6 to 12 months before new vessels can develop to give a sufficient blood supply. With the direct STA-MCA surgery, increased blood supply is immediate.

Once a major stroke or bleeding takes place, even with treatment, the patient may be left with permanent loss of function so it is very important to treat this condition promptly.

Research
Recent investigations have established that both moyamoya disease and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) of the lining of the brain, the dura, are associated with dural angiogenesis. These factors may represent a mechanism for ischemia contributing to the formation of dural AVFs. At least one case of simultaneous unilateral moyamoya syndrome and ipsilateral dural arteriovenous fistula has been reported at the Barrow Neurological Institute. In this case a 44-year-old man presented with headache, tinnitus, and an intraventricular hemorrhage, as seen on computed tomographic scans. Cerebral angiography showed a right moyamoya pattern and an ipsilateral dural AVF fed by branches of the external carotid artery and draining into the transverse sinus. This extremely rare coincidental presentation may have deeper pathogenic implications.

The research into the pathogenesis of moyamoya disease has found a breakthrough with the proposal of a "Mechano-biological theory" of pathogenesis of this disease. A research group in southern India have proposed this unifying theory based on computational fluid dynamics studies and longitudinal data. This proposal unifies the pathogenesis of moyamoya disease and moyamoya syndromes described in literature under a single mechanism.

title: Moyamoya disease


text: Category:Rumba musical groups

title: Category:Rumba musical groups


text:
Two-sided Laplace transform

In mathematics, the two-sided Laplace transform or bilateral Laplace transform is an integral transform equivalent to probability's moment-generating function. Two-sided Laplace transforms are closely related to the Fourier transform, the Mellin transform, the Z-transform and the ordinary or one-sided Laplace transform. If f(t) is a real- or complex-valued function of the real variable t defined for all real numbers, then the two-sided Laplace transform is defined by the integral
 * $$\mathcal{B}\{f\}(s) = F(s) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-st} f(t)\, dt.$$

The integral is most commonly understood as an improper integral, which converges if and only if both integrals
 * $$\int_0^\infty e^{-st} f(t) \, dt,\quad \int_{-\infty}^0 e^{-st} f(t)\, dt$$

exist. There seems to be no generally accepted notation for the two-sided transform; the $$\mathcal{B}$$ used here recalls "bilateral". The two-sided transform used by some authors is
 * $$\mathcal{T}\{f\}(s) = s\mathcal{B}\{f\}(s) = sF(s) = s \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-st} f(t)\, dt.$$

In pure mathematics the argument t can be any variable, and Laplace transforms are used to study how differential operators transform the function.

In science and engineering applications, the argument t often represents time (in seconds), and the function f(t) often represents a signal or waveform that varies with time. In these cases, the signals are transformed by filters, that work like a mathematical operator, but with a restriction. They have to be causal, which means that the output in a given time t cannot depend on an output which is a higher value of t. In population ecology, the argument t often represents spatial displacement in a dispersal kernel.

When working with functions of time, f(t) is called the time domain representation of the signal, while F(s) is called the s-domain (or Laplace domain) representation. The inverse transformation then represents a synthesis of the signal as the sum of its frequency components taken over all frequencies, whereas the forward transformation represents the analysis of the signal into its frequency components.

Relationship to the Fourier transform
The Fourier transform can be defined in terms of the two-sided Laplace transform:

 * $$\mathcal{F}\{f(t)\} = F(s = i\omega) = F(\omega).$$

Note that definitions of the Fourier transform differ, and in particular
 * $$\mathcal{F}\{f(t)\} = F(s = i\omega) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \mathcal{B}\{f(t)\}(s)$$

is often used instead. In terms of the Fourier transform, we may also obtain the two-sided Laplace transform, as
 * $$\mathcal{B}\{f(t)\}(s) = \mathcal{F}\{f(t)\}(-is).$$

The Fourier transform is normally defined so that it exists for real values; the above definition defines the image in a strip $$a < \Im(s) < b$$ which may not include the real axis where the Fourier transform is supposed to converge.

This is then why Laplace transforms retain their value in control theory and signal processing: the convergence of a Fourier transform integral within its domain only means that a linear, shift-invariant system described by it is stable or critical. The Laplace one on the other hand will somewhere converge for every impulse response which is at most exponentially growing, because it involves an extra term which can be taken as an exponential regulator. Since there are no superexponentially growing linear feedback networks, Laplace transform based analysis and solution of linear, shift-invariant systems, takes its most general form in the context of Laplace, not Fourier, transforms.

At the same time, nowadays Laplace transform theory falls within the ambit of more general integral transforms, or even general harmonic analysis. In that framework and nomenclature, Laplace transforms are simply another form of Fourier analysis, even if more general in hindsight.

Relationship to other integral transforms
If u is the Heaviside step function, equal to zero when its argument is less than zero, to one-half when its argument equals zero, and to one when its argument is greater than zero, then the Laplace transform $$\mathcal{L}$$ may be defined in terms of the two-sided Laplace transform by
 * $$\mathcal{L}\{f\} = \mathcal{B}\{f u\}.$$

On the other hand, we also have
 * $$\mathcal{B}\{f\} = \mathcal{L}\{f\} + \mathcal{L}\{f\circ m\}\circ m,$$

where $$m:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$$ is the function that multiplies by minus one ($$m(x) = -x$$), so either version of the Laplace transform can be defined in terms of the other.

The Mellin transform may be defined in terms of the two-sided Laplace transform by
 * $$\mathcal{M}\{f\} = \mathcal{B}\{f \circ {\exp} \circ m\},$$

with $$m$$ as above, and conversely we can get the two-sided transform from the Mellin transform by
 * $$\mathcal{B}\{f\} = \mathcal{M}\{f\circ m \circ \log \}.$$

The moment-generating function of a continuous probability density function ƒ(x) can be expressed as $$\mathcal{B}\{f\}(-s)$$.

Properties
The following properties can be found in and

Most properties of the bilateral Laplace transform are very similar to properties of the unilateral Laplace transform, but there are some important differences:

Parseval's theorem and Plancherel's theorem
Let $$f_1(t)$$ and $$f_2(t)$$ be functions with bilateral Laplace transforms $$F_1(s)$$ and $$F_2(s)$$ in the strips of convergence $$\alpha_{1,2}<\real s<\beta_{1,2}$$. Let $$c\in\mathbb{R}$$ with $$\max(-\beta_1,\alpha_2)<c<\min(-\alpha_1,\beta_2)$$. Then Parseval's theorem holds:

\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \overline{f_1(t)}\,f_2(t)\,dt = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty} \overline{F_1(-\overline{s})}\,F_2(s)\,ds $$ This theorem is proved by applying the inverse Laplace transform on the convolution theorem in form of the cross-correlation.

Let $$f(t)$$ be a function with bilateral Laplace transform $$F(s)$$ in the strip of convergence $$\alpha<\Re s<\beta$$. Let $$c\in\mathbb{R}$$ with $$ \alpha<c<\beta $$. Then the Plancherel theorem holds:

\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-2c\,t} \, |f(t)|^2 \,dt = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} |F(c+ir)|^2 \, dr $$

Uniqueness
For any two functions $ f,g $ for which the two-sided Laplace transforms $ \mathcal{T} \{f\}, \mathcal{T} \{g\} $  exist, if $ \mathcal{T}\{f\} = \mathcal{T} \{g\}, $  i.e. $ \mathcal{T}\{f\}(s) = \mathcal{T}\{g\}(s) $  for every value of $ s\in\mathbb R, $  then $ f=g $  almost everywhere.

Region of convergence
Bilateral transform requirements for convergence are more difficult than for unilateral transforms. The region of convergence will be normally smaller.

If f is a locally integrable function (or more generally a Borel measure locally of bounded variation), then the Laplace transform F(s) of f converges provided that the limit
 * $$\lim_{R\to\infty}\int_0^R f(t)e^{-st}\, dt$$

exists. The Laplace transform converges absolutely if the integral
 * $$\int_0^\infty \left|f(t)e^{-st}\right|\, dt$$

exists (as a proper Lebesgue integral). The Laplace transform is usually understood as conditionally convergent, meaning that it converges in the former instead of the latter sense.

The set of values for which F(s) converges absolutely is either of the form Re(s) > a or else Re(s) ≥ a, where a is an extended real constant, −∞ ≤ a ≤ ∞. (This follows from the dominated convergence theorem.) The constant a is known as the abscissa of absolute convergence, and depends on the growth behavior of f(t). Analogously, the two-sided transform converges absolutely in a strip of the form a < Re(s) < b, and possibly including the lines Re(s) = a or Re(s) = b. The subset of values of s for which the Laplace transform converges absolutely is called the region of absolute convergence or the domain of absolute convergence. In the two-sided case, it is sometimes called the strip of absolute convergence. The Laplace transform is analytic in the region of absolute convergence.

Similarly, the set of values for which F(s) converges (conditionally or absolutely) is known as the region of conditional convergence, or simply the region of convergence (ROC). If the Laplace transform converges (conditionally) at s = s0, then it automatically converges for all s with Re(s) > Re(s0). Therefore, the region of convergence is a half-plane of the form Re(s) > a, possibly including some points of the boundary line Re(s) = a. In the region of convergence Re(s) > Re(s0), the Laplace transform of f can be expressed by integrating by parts as the integral
 * $$F(s) = (s-s_0)\int_0^\infty e^{-(s-s_0)t}\beta(t)\, dt,\quad \beta(u) = \int_0^u e^{-s_0t}f(t)\, dt.$$

That is, in the region of convergence F(s) can effectively be expressed as the absolutely convergent Laplace transform of some other function. In particular, it is analytic.

There are several Paley–Wiener theorems concerning the relationship between the decay properties of f and the properties of the Laplace transform within the region of convergence.

In engineering applications, a function corresponding to a linear time-invariant (LTI) system is stable if every bounded input produces a bounded output.

Causality
Bilateral transforms do not respect causality. They make sense when applied over generic functions but when working with functions of time (signals) unilateral transforms are preferred.

Table of selected bilateral Laplace transforms
Following list of interesting examples for the bilateral Laplace transform can be deduced from the corresponding Fourier or unilateral Laplace transformations (see also ):

title: Two-sided Laplace transform


text:
Talk:Two Guys and a Girl

Nee Apologist
who worked as the spokesperson (née apologist) for Global Chemicals.

I never saw this show, but am I correct in assuming that this means her official position was spokesperson, but in reality, she was more of an apologist--and not that she was born an apologist, but later became a spokesperson?

If that's the case, "née" is incorrect. I would suggest replacing it with "qua," which I don't think gets used often enough, or completely rephrasing the sentence.

Squidd 15:44, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Misc
I tarted this up a bit, sitcom side bar and the like. I'm not so much of a pro to know exactly where to go from here, but it looks better now and easier to grab info from.

Fair use rationale for Image:2guysandagirl.jpg
Image:2guysandagirl.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:03, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Cat
Is this the show that featured a cat called Chairman Meow? HairyDan 07:49, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Looking for help writing an article about the spin-offs and crossovers of this series
I am writing an article about all of the series which are in the same shared reality as this one through spin-offs and crossovers. I could use a little help expanding the article since it is currently extremely dense and a bit jumbled with some sentence structures being extremely repetitive. I would like to be able to put this article into article space soon. Any and all help in writing the article would be appreciated, even a comment or two on the talk page would help. Please give it a read through, also please do not comment here since I do not have all of the series on my watch list. - LA @ 17:52, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Adam Rafkin
Adam Rafkin is a Character in the TV series Action! that claims to have written Two Guys, A Girl, and a Pizza Place. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:41C8:10:118F:0:0:0:5 (talk) 20:42, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Pirating
In the section about its DVD release, I removed the sentence, "As a result of this, it appears that many somewhat devoted and desperate fans are resorting to illegally produced copies to consume the episodes." Unless someone can provide a citation, I don't see any proof that this show is pirated any more than any other television show, regardless of whether or not the show was released on DVD.JSteele48 (talk) 07:08, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Two Guys and a Girl


text:
Talk:Tactical Law Enforcement Badge

Untitled
I am a TACLET member who has the TACLET badge, bravo to the initial entry person. Details on this badge are scarce, so I filled in the blanks and corrected some minor discreps.

 * You are the first person I've ever met who earned that badge. Very little info about it in official sources.  Thanks for filling us all in. -Husnock 13Feb05

Fair use rationale for Image:Coast guard flag.gif
Image:Coast guard flag.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:29, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tactical Law Enforcement Badge


text:
Free tekno

Free tekno, also known as tekno, freetekno and hardtek, is the music predominantly played at free parties in Europe. The spelling tekno is deliberately used to differentiate the musical style from techno. The music is fast and it can vary between 150 and 185 bpm and is characterised by a pounding repetitive kick drum. Nevertheless, bass drum distortion by clipping is used less often as in the related genre of mainstyle hardcore. Nowadays, some tekno producers also use drum sets that rather sound trancey, since many members of the tekno subculture as well as the psytrance subculture frequently attend the same raves and the two scenes are closely connected. Tekk/Tekke is mainly produced in Germany and often remixes quotes or audio clips. As dance music, tekkno was unusually rhythm-oriented for the time. Therefore, this term also became synonymous with particularly hard dance music. At times, the number of the letter "k" was used to advertise the supposed hardness of the sound at parties and compilations (Tekno, Tekkno, Tekkkno...). A similar variant appeared shortly afterwards with the emergence of the Freetekno[de] scene. The overall sound of Tekk can be descripted as "dumb" or "asozial/assi", due to its heavy and monotone kicks with repeating vocals. Famous artists are: Die Gebrüder Brett, TekkSchuster, OsTEKKe, MoshTekk, HIGHTKK and ViruzZ.

History
Tekno evolved in tandem with the teknival movement in the early 1990s since many of the teknival organisers and DJs were also making music. The music drew on influences such as hardcore, rave, jungle, early hardcore and techno, with the producers taking the sound in a darker direction. Spiral Tribe was the first to start making and widely disseminating this genre, taking it to France and Eastern Europe after the Criminal Justice act was implemented in the UK. An emphasis is placed on samples from TV shows, films and popular culture which are placed at strategic moments in the tracks. The music was produced with whatever was available: drum machines, synthesisers and keyboards as well as computer programs such as audio/MIDI sequencers and Trackers, sometimes even hitting a random table with a pen. Starting from year 2001 there has been a trend using laptop and laptops for live performances, because the capabilities of both the hardware and software were improving very quick.

With the evolution of the genre it has come to be known by a number of names, including spiral tekno, hardtek, tribetek, tribe and lately evolved in many other subgenres like pumping tek, hardfloor and Frenchcore which is a sort of mixture between mainstream hardcore and hardtekno, with funny and pumping samples taken from different media sources.

Artists within this genre usually follow a very different ideology when compared to more modern and mainstream producers: This is described as "returning to the roots".
 * Artists often use many pseudonyms, as they are not interested in mainstream success or recognition
 * Most are not interested in profit
 * They also support the free distribution of their works, as they do not see it as their own material, but as something that belongs to the fans and the community

Subgenres
Jungletek and raggatek are genres derived directly from hardtek. These genres are often mixed to create fast energetic 190 bpm dance floor music. Kicked off around 2008 in the UK, Mandidextrous & Vandal were among the first producers of these genres. It breathed new life into the underground rave scene not only in the UK but also picking up a strong following in Italy, Spain and Austria to mention a few. Influences for this music also came from the techno scene in Europe where some of the first underground music lovers increase the bpm and added variations in structure, thus becoming tekno. Techno in the UK in the early 1990s was based on a bpm of 130–140. By the 2000s, tekno had gained more speed and hardtek was starting to dominate UK raves, especially in the South and London. Trance also progressed from sweeping delicate melodies to what's now known as hard trance. Hard trance is a faster and bouncier music than its predecessor. In late 2010s, there was a progression of drum and bass (DnB) into neurofunk, which was grittier and had harsher bass and synth sounds.

Raggatek is predominantly influenced by reggae and ragga, incorporating also elements from jungle, DnB, dancehall and techno. Well-known MCs such as YT and Top Cat are a massive influence on the world of raggatek. Producers loving this type of sound wanted to bring it to the dance floors of the underground. Upping the bpm to between 180 – 200 and adding breaks. The big sounding ragga style vocals are often present in raggatek songs.

Jungletek works on exactly the same formula as raggatek, replacing the ragga elements with those from jungle and DnB. It is less known for the vocal arrangements and more for its the bass lines. Jungletek takes the basics of the bass line from well-known jungle and DnB tracks and recreates them in a hardtek format. Original productions also use the simple format of kick-bass with amen breaks. European raggatek and jungletek are often recognizable by their energetic eletro sounds in the bass lines and synth melodies.

title: Free tekno