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Perturbation (astronomy)

In astronomy, perturbation is the complex motion of a massive body subjected to forces other than the gravitational attraction of a single other massive body. The other forces can include a third (fourth, fifth, etc.) body, resistance, as from an atmosphere, and the off-center attraction of an oblate or otherwise misshapen body.

Introduction
The study of perturbations began with the first attempts to predict planetary motions in the sky. In ancient times the causes were unknown. Isaac Newton, at the time he formulated his laws of motion and of gravitation, applied them to the first analysis of perturbations, recognizing the complex difficulties of their calculation. Many of the great mathematicians since then have given attention to the various problems involved; throughout the 18th and 19th centuries there was demand for accurate tables of the position of the Moon and planets for marine navigation.

The complex motions of gravitational perturbations can be broken down. The hypothetical motion that the body follows under the gravitational effect of one other body only is a conic section, and can be described in geometrical terms. This is called a two-body problem, or an unperturbed Keplerian orbit. The differences between that and the actual motion of the body are perturbations due to the additional gravitational effects of the remaining body or bodies. If there is only one other significant body then the perturbed motion is a three-body problem; if there are multiple other bodies it is an n-body problem. A general analytical solution (a mathematical expression to predict the positions and motions at any future time) exists for the two-body problem; when more than two bodies are considered analytic solutions exist only for special cases. Even the two-body problem becomes insoluble if one of the bodies is irregular in shape.

Most systems that involve multiple gravitational attractions present one primary body which is dominant in its effects (for example, a star, in the case of the star and its planet, or a planet, in the case of the planet and its satellite). The gravitational effects of the other bodies can be treated as perturbations of the hypothetical unperturbed motion of the planet or satellite around its primary body.

General perturbations
In methods of general perturbations, general differential equations, either of motion or of change in the orbital elements, are solved analytically, usually by series expansions. The result is usually expressed in terms of algebraic and trigonometric functions of the orbital elements of the body in question and the perturbing bodies. This can be applied generally to many different sets of conditions, and is not specific to any particular set of gravitating objects. Historically, general perturbations were investigated first. The classical methods are known as variation of the elements, variation of parameters or variation of the constants of integration. In these methods, it is considered that the body is always moving in a conic section, however the conic section is constantly changing due to the perturbations. If all perturbations were to cease at any particular instant, the body would continue in this (now unchanging) conic section indefinitely; this conic is known as the osculating orbit and its orbital elements at any particular time are what are sought by the methods of general perturbations.

General perturbations takes advantage of the fact that in many problems of celestial mechanics, the two-body orbit changes rather slowly due to the perturbations; the two-body orbit is a good first approximation. General perturbations is applicable only if the perturbing forces are about one order of magnitude smaller, or less, than the gravitational force of the primary body. In the Solar System, this is usually the case; Jupiter, the second largest body, has a mass of about $1⁄1000$ that of the Sun.

General perturbation methods are preferred for some types of problems, as the source of certain observed motions are readily found. This is not necessarily so for special perturbations; the motions would be predicted with similar accuracy, but no information on the configurations of the perturbing bodies (for instance, an orbital resonance) which caused them would be available.

Special perturbations
In methods of special perturbations, numerical datasets, representing values for the positions, velocities and accelerative forces on the bodies of interest, are made the basis of numerical integration of the differential equations of motion. In effect, the positions and velocities are perturbed directly, and no attempt is made to calculate the curves of the orbits or the orbital elements.

Special perturbations can be applied to any problem in celestial mechanics, as it is not limited to cases where the perturbing forces are small. Once applied only to comets and minor planets, special perturbation methods are now the basis of the most accurate machine-generated planetary ephemerides of the great astronomical almanacs. Special perturbations are also used for modeling an orbit with computers.

Cowell's formulation

Cowell's formulation (so named for Philip H. Cowell, who, with A.C.D. Cromellin, used a similar method to predict the return of Halley's comet) is perhaps the simplest of the special perturbation methods. In a system of $$\ n\ $$ mutually interacting bodies, this method mathematically solves for the Newtonian forces on body $$\ i\ $$ by summing the individual interactions from the other $$j$$ bodies:
 * $$\mathbf{\ddot{r}}_i = \sum_{\underset{j \ne i}{j=1}}^n \ G\ m_j \frac{\ (\mathbf{r}_j-\mathbf{r}_i)\ }{\ \| \mathbf{r}_j-\mathbf{r}_i \|^3 }$$

where $$\ \mathbf{\ddot{r}}_i\ $$ is the acceleration vector of body $$i$$, $$G$$ is the gravitational constant, $$\ m_j\ $$ is the mass of body $$j$$, $$\ \mathbf{r}_i\ $$ and $$\ \mathbf{r}_j\ $$ are the position vectors of objects $$\ i\ $$ and $$\ j\ $$ respectively, and $$\ r_{ij} \equiv \| \mathbf{r}_j-\mathbf{r}_i \|\ $$ is the distance from object $$i$$ to object $$\ j\ $$, all vectors being referred to the barycenter of the system. This equation is resolved into components in $$\ x\ ,$$ $$\ y\ ,$$ and $$\ z\ ,$$ and these are integrated numerically to form the new velocity and position vectors. This process is repeated as many times as necessary. The advantage of Cowell's method is ease of application and programming. A disadvantage is that when perturbations become large in magnitude (as when an object makes a close approach to another) the errors of the method also become large. However, for many problems in celestial mechanics, this is never the case. Another disadvantage is that in systems with a dominant central body, such as the Sun, it is necessary to carry many significant digits in the arithmetic because of the large difference in the forces of the central body and the perturbing bodies, although with high precision numbers built into modern computers this is not as much of a limitation as it once was.

Encke's method

Encke's method begins with the osculating orbit as a reference and integrates numerically to solve for the variation from the reference as a function of time. Its advantages are that perturbations are generally small in magnitude, so the integration can proceed in larger steps (with resulting lesser errors), and the method is much less affected by extreme perturbations. Its disadvantage is complexity; it cannot be used indefinitely without occasionally updating the osculating orbit and continuing from there, a process known as rectification. Encke's method is similar to the general perturbation method of variation of the elements, except the rectification is performed at discrete intervals rather than continuously.

Letting $$\boldsymbol{\rho}$$ be the radius vector of the osculating orbit, $$\mathbf{r}$$ the radius vector of the perturbed orbit, and $$\delta \mathbf{r}$$ the variation from the osculating orbit,

$$\mathbf{\ddot{r}}$$ and $$\boldsymbol{\ddot{\rho}}$$ are just the equations of motion of $$\mathbf{r}$$ and $$\boldsymbol{\rho},$$

where $$\mu = G(M+m)$$ is the gravitational parameter with $$M$$ and $$m$$ the masses of the central body and the perturbed body, $$\mathbf{a}_{\text{per}}$$ is the perturbing acceleration, and $$r$$ and $$\rho$$ are the magnitudes of $$\mathbf{r}$$ and $$\boldsymbol{\rho}$$.

Substituting from equations ($$) and ($$) into equation ($$),

which, in theory, could be integrated twice to find $$\delta \mathbf{r}$$. Since the osculating orbit is easily calculated by two-body methods, $$\boldsymbol{\rho}$$ and $$\delta \mathbf{r}$$ are accounted for and $$\mathbf{r}$$ can be solved. In practice, the quantity in the brackets, $$ {\boldsymbol{\rho} \over \rho^3} - {\mathbf{r} \over r^3} $$, is the difference of two nearly equal vectors, and further manipulation is necessary to avoid the need for extra significant digits. Encke's method was more widely used before the advent of modern computers, when much orbit computation was performed on mechanical calculating machines.

Periodic nature

In the Solar System, many of the disturbances of one planet by another are periodic, consisting of small impulses each time a planet passes another in its orbit. This causes the bodies to follow motions that are periodic or quasi-periodic – such as the Moon in its strongly perturbed orbit, which is the subject of lunar theory. This periodic nature led to the discovery of Neptune in 1846 as a result of its perturbations of the orbit of Uranus.

On-going mutual perturbations of the planets cause long-term quasi-periodic variations in their orbital elements, most apparent when two planets' orbital periods are nearly in sync. For instance, five orbits of Jupiter (59.31 years) is nearly equal to two of Saturn (58.91 years). This causes large perturbations of both, with a period of 918 years, the time required for the small difference in their positions at conjunction to make one complete circle, first discovered by Laplace. Venus currently has the orbit with the least eccentricity, i.e. it is the closest to circular, of all the planetary orbits. In 25,000 years' time, Earth will have a more circular (less eccentric) orbit than Venus. It has been shown that long-term periodic disturbances within the Solar System can become chaotic over very long time scales; under some circumstances one or more planets can cross the orbit of another, leading to collisions.

The orbits of many of the minor bodies of the Solar System, such as comets, are often heavily perturbed, particularly by the gravitational fields of the gas giants. While many of these perturbations are periodic, others are not, and these in particular may represent aspects of chaotic motion. For example, in April 1996, Jupiter's gravitational influence caused the period of Comet Hale–Bopp's orbit to decrease from 4,206 to 2,380 years, a change that will not revert on any periodic basis.

title: Perturbation (astronomy)


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Price level

The general price level is a hypothetical measure of overall prices for some set of goods and services (the consumer basket), in an economy or monetary union during a given interval (generally one day), normalized relative to some base set. Typically, the general price level is approximated with a daily price index, normally the Daily CPI. The general price level can change more than once per day during hyperinflation.

Theoretical foundation
The classical dichotomy is the assumption that there is a relatively clean distinction between overall increases or decreases in prices and underlying, “nominal” economic variables. Thus, if prices overall increase or decrease, it is assumed that this change can be decomposed as follows:

Given a set $$C$$ of goods and services, the total value of transactions in $$C$$ at time $$t$$ is
 * $$\sum_{c\,\in\, C} (p_{c,t}\cdot q_{c,t})=\sum_{c\,\in\, C} [(P_t\cdot p'_{c,t})\cdot q_{c,t}]=P_t\cdot \sum_{c\,\in\, C} (p'_{c,t}\cdot q_{c,t})$$

where
 * $$q_{c,t}\, $$ represents the quantity of $$c$$ at time $$t$$
 * $$p_{c,t}\,$$ represents the prevailing price of $$c$$ at time $$t$$
 * $$p'_{c,t}$$ represents the “real” price of $$c$$ at time $$t$$
 * $$P_t$$ is the price level at time $$t$$

The general price level is distinguished from a price index in that the existence of the former depends upon the classical dichotomy, while the latter is simply a computation, and many such will be possible regardless of whether they are meaningful.

Significance
If, indeed, a general price level component could be distinguished, then it would be possible to measure the difference in overall prices between two regions or intervals. For example, the inflation rate could be measured as

 * $$\frac{(P_{t_1}-P_{t_0})/P_{t_0}}{t_1 -t_0}$$

and “real” economic growth or contraction could be distinguished from mere price changes by deflating GDP or some other measure.
 * $$\frac{(GDP)_{t_1}}{P_{t_1}}-\frac{(GDP)_{t_0}}{P_{t_0}}$$

Measuring price level
Applicable indices are the consumer price index (CPI), Default Price Deflator, and the Producer Price Index.

Price indices not only affect the rate of inflation, but are also part of real output and productivity.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Price level


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Dermatopathology

Dermatopathology (from Greek δέρμα, derma 'skin' + πάθος, pathos 'fate, harm' + -λογία, -logia 'study of') is a joint subspecialty of dermatology and pathology or surgical pathology that focuses on the study of cutaneous diseases at a microscopic and molecular level. It also encompasses analyses of the potential causes of skin diseases at a basic level. Dermatopathologists work in close association with clinical dermatologists, with many possessing further clinical training in dermatology. The field was founded by German dermatologist and physician Gustav Simon, who published the first textbook on dermatopathology, 'Skin Diseases Illustrated by Anatomical Investigations' (Die Hautkrankheiten durch anatomische Untersuchungen erläutert), in 1848.

Dermatologists are able to recognize most skin diseases based on their appearances, anatomic distributions, and behavior. Sometimes, however, those criteria do not allow a conclusive diagnosis to be made, and a skin biopsy is taken to be examined under the microscope or are subject to other molecular tests. That process reveals the histology of the disease and results in a specific diagnostic interpretation. In some cases, additional specialized testing needs to be performed on biopsies, including immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and molecular-pathologic analysis.

One of the greatest challenges of dermatopathology is its scope. More than 1500 different disorders of the skin exist, including cutaneous eruptions ("rashes") and neoplasms (dermatological oncology deals with pre-cancers, such as an actinic keratosis; and cancers, including both benign masses, and malignant cancers- such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and most dangerously, malignant melanoma). Non-cancerous conditions include vitiligo, impetigo, purpura, pruritus, spider veins, warts, moles, oral or genital herpes, chancre sores of syphilis, exposure to poison ivy and similar plants or other venom sources, rashes, cysts, abscesses, corns, and dermabrasions or cases dealing with wrinkles, peeling skin, or autoimmune attacks on the skin. Therefore, dermatopathologists must maintain a broad base of knowledge in clinical dermatology, and be familiar with several other specialty areas in Medicine.

Certification in dermatopathology in the United States and several other countries requires the completion of a medical degree, followed by residency training of 3 years in dermatology or 3 years in anatomic pathology (often completed as part of a 4-year combined residency in anatomic pathology and clinical pathology). Thereafter, an additional 1 or 2 years of post-residency education in dermatopathology is undertaken. For trainees with a primary background in pathology, the fellowship experience includes the equivalent of 6 months of clinical dermatology, and for those whose training is primarily in dermatology, 6 months of the fellowship are devoted to anatomic pathology. In the United States, dermatopathologists are first certified by the American Boards of Pathology or Dermatology, or the American Osteopathic Boards of Pathology or Dermatology, in the United Kingdom dermatopathologist are certified by the Royal College of Pathologist, and in the rest of the world by the International Board of Dermatopathology. Trainees then obtain subspecialty certification (termed "special competence") or Diploma in dermatopathology by written examination. Since 2003, the International Board of Dermatopathology (IBDP)—headquartered in Graz, Austria—also has certified candidates from countries around the world. This is done by IBDP review of applicants' professional qualifications, and a written and practical examination that is given in Europe each year.

In the United States, dermatopathology is practiced in a variety of settings. Some biopsies are interpreted by the dermatologists who obtained them, some are sent to pathology laboratories and interpreted either by general pathologists or dermatopathologists, while others are interpreted at specialized dermatopathology laboratories. Only a few of the latter exist outside of the United States.

title: Dermatopathology


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Talk:List of islands of Ontario

Wolfe Island should be listed under both St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario, since parts of its coastline lie on both water bodies. BlairRMartin 15:40, 2005 Feb 10 (UTC)

The Aulneau Peninsula - Lake of the Woods
The largest land feature in Lake of the Woods is the Aulneau Peninsula. It is connected to the mainland with a tiny neck of land at its southeast corner, but a canal (Turtle Portage) was cut through at this point, effectively making the Aulneau an island. Maps refer to it as a peninsula. It's big anyway. :-) Stormbay 22:22, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

List of islands of Ontario
Are all these islands actually in the Saint Lawrence River?? Peter Horn 01:20, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * They don't call it The Thousand Islands for nothing. -- Earl Andrew - talk 05:13, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

List of islands of Ontario
Severn Sound (Ontario) Peter Horn 23:47, 2 November 2007 (UTC) Can anyone tell me where this lake or sound is? I assume it is not Severn Lake which I found in northeren Ontario. Peter Horn 02:32, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It's part of Georgian Bay, and therefore part of Lake Huron. Merenta 01:58, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Whitefish lake (Ontario)
Really in Ontario? Do you mean Whitefish River? Peter Horn 01:36, 2 November 2007 (UTC) Peter Horn 23:44, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

 * There's one in Northwest Ontario, southwest of Thunder Bay and Northwest of Grand Portage, Minnesota. With a name like that, there may well be others. Merenta 02:00, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of islands of Ontario


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File:Russian campaign box cover.jpg

Fair use rationale

 * Description: This is a flatbed scan of a slightly worn box cover for The Russian Campaign wargame. It was reduced in size 90% and a drop shadow was added using Paint Shop Pro.
 * Size: 221px × 177px.

title: File:Russian campaign box cover.jpg


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Frank Perry

Frank Joseph Perry Jr. (August 21, 1930 – August 29, 1995) was an American stage director and filmmaker. His 1962 independent film David and Lisa earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay (written by his then-wife Eleanor Perry). The couple collaborated on five more films, including The Swimmer, Diary of a Mad Housewife, and the Emmy Award–nominated A Christmas Memory, based on a short story by Truman Capote. Perry went on to form Corsair Pictures, privately financed by United Artists Theatres, which produced Miss Firecracker and A Shock to the System, then folded. His later films include Mommie Dearest and the documentary On the Bridge, about his battle with prostate cancer.

Early life
Frank Joseph Perry Jr. was born in New York City to stockbroker Frank Joseph Perry Sr. (1905–1969) and Pauline E. Schwab (1908–1965), who worked at Alcoholics Anonymous. As a teenager, Frank Jr. began pursuing his interest in the theater with a job as a parking lot attendant for the Westport Country Playhouse in nearby Westport, Connecticut. He attended the University of Miami. Frank also studied under Lee Strasberg in New York. He produced several plays at Westport Country Playhouse and then turned for a time to producing television documentaries.

Career
A veteran of the Korean War, he returned to the entertainment industry after being discharged and made his directorial debut in 1962 with the low-budget drama film David and Lisa. Based on the novel by Theodore Isaac Rubin, the screenplay was written by his wife, Eleanor Rosenfeld, who received a nomination for an Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay. A character study of two emotionally disturbed teenagers, the film was successful at the box office and met with much critical acclaim, earning him a nomination for an Academy Award for Directing. Both Perrys would eventually join the select group of non-actors awarded membership in Actors Studio. Perry went on to direct and produce a number of films, many based on literary sources or with strong literary associations, including The Swimmer, (1968) based on a John Cheever story, Last Summer (1969), and Trilogy (1969), written by Truman Capote.

Perry is known for his character studies, such as Diary of a Mad Housewife (1970). That film earned a Best Actress Oscar nomination for Carrie Snodgress, and Play It as It Lays (1972), starring Tuesday Weld, brought her a Golden Globe Best Actress nomination. Both of these films Perry produced and directed, but he is probably best remembered for directing the biographical drama Mommie Dearest, an adaptation of a biography by actress Joan Crawford's adoptive daughter. The film became a cult classic despite mixed reviews from critics; it also won the Razzie Award for worst picture, and Frank Perry was nominated for worst director, while actress Faye Dunaway received the Razzie for her performance.

Some of Perry's film-related material and personal papers are held at the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives, a collection to which scholars and media experts from around the world today have full access.

Personal life and death
In 1958, Frank married his first wife Eleanor, who was 15 years his senior and had two children, William and Ann, from a previous marriage. Frank and Eleanor collaborated on many screen projects, including screenwriting the Academy Award-nominated 1962 David and Lisa (an adaptation of the novella of the same name) which came about due to Eleanor's daughter Ann bringing the novella to her mother's attention. They divorced in 1971 on grounds of incompatibility. In 1979, Eleanor Perry wrote the novel Blue Pages, based on their relationship. She died of cancer two years later, at age 66.

In 1977, Perry married Barbara Goldsmith, founding editor of New York magazine and book author (Little Gloria...Happy at Last), whom he divorced in 1992. Soon after, he married his Aspen ski instructor, 22-years-younger Virginia Brush Ford, on June 15, 1992.

His sister is pastor Mary Christine Perry, the wife of pastor Maurice Keith Hudson and mother of singers Katy Perry and David Hudson.

Perry died of prostate cancer on August 29, 1995, eight days after his 65th birthday, at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in Manhattan. His final film, On the Bridge (1992), is an autobiographical documentary about his illness. His ashes were scattered on the mountains of Aspen, Colorado, where he lived the last three years of his life.

title: Frank Perry


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Butter churn

A butter churn is a device used to convert cream into butter, a process known as churning. This is done through a mechanical process, frequently via a pole inserted through the lid of the churn, or via a crank used to turn a rotating device inside the churn.

Etymology
The word butter is believed by some to derive from the Greek word bou-tyron, the approximate meaning of which is 'cow cheese'. Others believe it came from the Scythian culture, as the ancient Greeks tended to herd sheep and goats, whose milk is not as good for butter making as cow milk, which the Scythians primarily herded.

The word churn is from the Old English ċyrin 'to churn'. This is probably derived from the Old English cyrnel 'kernel', due to the appearance of butter grains after milk has been churned.

The butter churn gave its name and rough form to the milk churn, which is used to transport milk, not churn it.

History

The use of butter is mentioned in biblical works and the earliest butter churn vessels belonging to Beersheba culture in Israel were found in Bir Abu Matar going back to Chalcolithic period between 6500–5500 BC.

The butter churn in Europe may have existed as early as the 6th century AD, as can be seen by what appears to be a churn lid found in Scotland dating from that era. In the European tradition, the butter churn was primarily a device used by women, and the churning of butter was an essential responsibility along with other household chores. In earlier traditions of butter making, nomadic cultures placed milk in skin bags and produced butter either by shaking the bag manually, or possibly by attaching the bag to a pack animal, and producing butter simply through the movement of the animal. Some theorists believe this is how the butter creation process was discovered. Some cultures still use a process similar to this, whereby a bag is filled with milk, tied to a stick, and vigorously shaken.

Plunge churn
The most historically prominent types of butter churns are the plunge churn, which is a container, usually made out of wood, where the butter-making action is created by moving in a vertical motion a staff that is inserted into the top. This type of churn is also known as an 'up and down' churn, churning tub, plunger churn, plumping churn, knocker churn, plump-kirn, or plowt-kirn (where "kirn" is a Scots/Northern English word for churn). The staff used in the churn is known as the dash, dasher-staff, churn-staff, churning-stick, plunger, plumper, or kirn-staff.

Paddle churn

Another prominent type of churn was the paddle churn, which was a container that contained a paddle, which was operated by a handle. The paddle churned the butter inside the container when the handle was turned.

Barrel churn (with crank)

The barrel churn was also used extensively. This type of churn was a barrel turned onto its side with a crank attached. The crank either turned a paddle device inside the churn, as in the paddle churn, or turned the whole barrel either horizontally or vertically, depending on its construction. Agitation of the cream in this manner converted the milk to butter. The barrel churn was one of the agricultural innovations of 18th century Europe.

Rocking chair churn
One particularly novel invention of note was the rocking chair butter churn. This device, invented by Alfred Clark, consisted of a barrel attached to a rocking chair. While the rocking chair moved, the barrel moved and churned the milk within into butter.

title: Butter churn


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Offset overhand bend

The offset overhand bend (OOB, ABoK No. 1410) is a knot used to join two ropes together end-to-end. It is formed by holding two rope ends next to each other and tying an overhand knot in them as if they were a single line. Due to its common use in several fields, this bend has become known by many names, such as thumb knot, openhand knot, one-sided overhand knot or flat overhand bend (FOB), though the terms "one-sided" and "flat" are considered incorrect.

Geometry
The term 'offset' refers to the knot core being displaced from the axis of tension. This geometry allows the knot to more easily translate around an edge - particularly a 90 degree edge.

Uses
Long used by weavers to join the ends of yarn, the offset water knot is very old. It was one of the knots likely identified among the possessions of Ötzi the Iceman, who dates from 3300 BC.

The knot is also tied in a slipped form by mechanical balers to bind straw and hay, but this bend is not practical to use as a binding knot when tied by hand.

In climbing and mountaineering
For mountaineers/climbers, there tends to be a strong preference for using knots that are perceived to be relatively easy to tie - even when fatigued or in a less than optimal frame of mind - and so #1410 (Offset overhand bend) is favored. Climbers/canyoners need to retrieve their ropes after an abseil/rappel descent. The ability to retrieve ropes after an abseil descent is crucial - and in many cases, two ropes need to be joined to increase the distance that can be descended in one 'pitch'. The resulting knot that unites the two ropes needs be secure and stable, have a small footprint, and be resistant to jamming.

There is controversy over its safety, as it can fail by capsizing under high loads,   and some American climbers refer to it as the European death knot, abbreviated to EDK, with some sources recommending against its use. Failure of this knot has been implicated in some accidents and near-misses - although post accident retrieval of ropes for examination are usually inconclusive because the ropes have separated (and hence there is no remnant knot to examine).

Many sources argue that the name 'EDK' is a misnomer, and the knot is safe for abseiling / rappelling, since this does not generate as high forces as a fall. The nominal load during abseiling/rappelling is one person - generally around 1.0kN (approximately 100kg). If the system is configured so the ropes are doubled through the anchor, the joining knot will only be subjected to 50% of the load (ie approximately 0.5kN) - which is well below the instability threshold. With due diligence given to dressing and setting the knot, the risk of capsizing is highly unlikely.

Several sources recommend adding a second overhand as close as possible to the first (a stacked overhand or double overhand) for most situations, which maintains most of the benefits, while preventing it from capsizing. This doubles the overall footprint of the knot, which might increase its likelihood of getting stuck in cracks, but does not harm its ability to pass over edges. There are several different choices of offset knots - all offering varying levels of advantages/disadvantages. Another option is wrapping the strands a second time before passing the tail through (a two-rope version of ABoK #516, also called a double overhand  or flat doubled overhand bend ) but again, it increases the overall footprint.

Easily formed in most lines, the offset overhand bend is jam resistant at nominal loads of one person (approximately 100kg). In EN892 climbing ropes, the jamming threshold is thought to be in the vicinity of 3.0kN (300kg). The instability threshold is thought to be above 4.0kN (400kg) – that is, a capsizing event becomes increasingly probable as loads exceed 400kg. It is critically important to pay close attention to dressing and cinching of the knot before attempting to abseil. That is, climbers must exercise due diligence when tying this knot – by pulling firmly on each of the four rope segments – which is necessary to achieve a properly compacted and cinched dressing state.

Despite questions about this knot's security, it does present some advantages for use in rappels. Because the knot is offset from the axis of tension, it can translate more easily over uneven surfaces and 90 degree edges than other knots; and it is quickly tied and readily untied. Since a stuck rope on a multi-pitch descent can be catastrophic for climbers, these advantages, along with ease of tying, have led to its popularity. As with all knots used in life critical applications, the tails must be of sufficient minimum length (never less than 200mm in offset knots), and be diligently dressed and fully tightened by pulling individually on all four rope segments.

An interesting yet overlooked fact is that #1410 (offset overhand bend), can be rotated to induce a choking effect to trap and crush the tails. Virtually all testers appear to only examine this knot in its mid-rotation state. It is theorized that this mid-rotation state is in fact the orientation where the structure is most vulnerable to capsizing. In addition, when tying the offset overhand bend using different rope diameters, the thinner diameter rope must be positioned underneath the larger diameter rope. This tactic further inhibits any likelihood of capsizing.

The offset figure-eight bend, a similar knot using the figure-eight knot, has been used in the belief that its greater size and complexity brings more security. But testing and more than one fatal failure indicate the figure-eight variant to be less secure, more prone to capsize at lower loads, and in capsizing uses more of the ends than does a capsizing overhand bend. Moreover, while there is one proper dressing of the overhand bend, there are a couple of dressings for the offset figure eight bend.

title: Offset overhand bend


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User talk:Gxojo

Deleting Talk page
User:Gxojo, I noticed you deleted the contents of your user Talk page. This is usually frowned upon, since other users can't see issues that other users had with you. It also makes it impossible to continue discussions that may have started on your Talk page. If your Talk page is getting too long and you want to clean it up, a better option is to put the contents in an archive (like I've done on my Talk page. Peace. :-)   — Frecklefoot | Talk 19:34, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * well, i don't like to store old stuff. --Gxojo 15:24, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Article Up for Speedy deletion
A tag has been placed on Tom Hanks (scientist), requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

non-notable, too short for an article

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet very basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Ho rn et ma n16 (talk) 22:06, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gxojo


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User talk:Fcelikler~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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By the way, it is good if you put an edit summary when you change a page. For example, when you modified Derivative, you could have written "+tr" in the Edit summary: box (right above the "Save page" button). Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov 15:51, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

PS: Merhaba! Oleg Alexandrov

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title: User talk:Fcelikler~enwiki


text:
J. G. Parry-Thomas

John Godfrey Parry-Thomas (6 April 1884 – 3 March 1927) was a Welsh engineer and motor-racing driver who at one time held the land speed record. He was the first driver to be killed in pursuit of the land speed record.

Early life and education
Parry-Thomas was born in Wrexham, Wales, the son of the curate of Rhosddu. The family moved to nearby Oswestry when he was five years old, and he was educated at Oswestry School. He went on to study engineering at The City and Guilds College in London.

Leyland Motors
Parry-Thomas became chief engineer at Leyland Motors, a company whose main products were commercial vehicles. He filed for and received a number of patents, in the fields of electrical and automotive engineering. After the First World War he and his assistant Reid Railton designed the Leyland Eight luxury motor car, which was intended to compete with Rolls-Royce. His experience of driving this car around Brooklands in 1920 persuaded him to give up his career with Leyland to become a full-time motor-racing driver and engineer.

Brooklands
In partnership with another engineer, Major Ken Thomson from New Zealand, he started Thomas Inventions Development Co., based inside the Brooklands circuit itself. After his death, this company became Thomson & Taylor and went on to build such cars as Malcolm Campbell's Blue Bird. From 1923 he lived in the "flying village" there, in a bungalow converted from a First World War hut named The Hermitage. It was an ascetic life, shared only with two Alsatian dogs and his cars, in stark contrast to the hedonism of the Bentley Boys. Parry-Thomas achieved some success on the circuit, winning 38 races in five seasons and setting numerous records.

Land speed record
By 1925 Parry-Thomas realised that commercial success required a higher profile than Brooklands could offer, and switched his attention to the land speed record. He acquired the Higham Special from the estate of the deceased Louis Zborowski and rebuilt the car with new bodywork for improved aerodynamics. The car was powered by a huge 27-litre Liberty V-12 aero-engine. Without Campbell's money and prestige, or Henry Segrave's factory connections, Parry-Thomas was unable to obtain a brand-new Napier Lion, as the other record contenders were planning. The car was running in 1925 but did not perform as expected.

In April 1926 the car, now named Babs, emerged with another new body. He celebrated by driving the lanes around Brooklands that same evening, despite his lack of headlamps.

A few days later, despite the poor conditions and soft, wet sand, Parry-Thomas took the record at Pendine Sands, Wales, the same six-mile beach that Campbell had used in 1924 and 1925. The following day, 28 April 1926, he raised it to over 170 mph, a record that stood for almost a year.

Death
During the winter of 1926/7 Babs was fitted with yet another new body, partially enclosing the drive and rear wheels by fairings. Parry-Thomas was killed at Pendine Sands on 3 March 1927 while trying to regain his own world land speed record that had been broken just weeks earlier by Malcolm Campbell on the same beach. At the time of the accident, it was thought that the right-hand chain had broken and had hit Thomas, causing a fatal head injury as the car was rolling.

During the subsequent restoration of the car, it was found that this could not have been the case and that it was more likely that Thomas had been killed as a result of the injuries he sustained while the car rolled and slid along the beach at more than 100 mph.

Parry-Thomas was buried in St Mary's Churchyard in Byfleet, Surrey, close to the Brooklands Circuit. Following the inquest, Babs was buried in the dunes at Pendine Sands. Some 42 years later in 1969 it was controversially recovered, and over the next 15 years was restored by Owen Wyn Owen, at the time a member of Bangor University. For part of every summer, Babs remained on display at the Pendine Museum of Speed, Carmarthenshire until the museum's demolition in February 2021. The new museum building was completed in early 2023 and opened on March 31.

title: J. G. Parry-Thomas


text:
VUP

VUP may refer to:
 * Alfonso López Pumarejo Airport, also known as Valledupar Airport, IATA code VUP
 * Instructions per second, as "VAX Unit of Performance"
 * The viewer/user/player role in transmedia storytelling, a communication technique

title: VUP


text:
Category talk:English constitutionalists

Untitled
Does this need to be changed over to "British constitutionalists" or is it okay for "English consitutionalists"? I know nothing of Queen's english and terminology or how this is labelled in the academic world, would someone please let me know!

Names that need to be added:
 * Sir John Fortescue
 * Henry Bracton
 * Arthur Hall
 * William Lambarde
 * Walter Travers
 * John Whitgift
 * Cartwright
 * Martin Marprelate & Job Throckmorton, both psuedonyms, probably same person
 * William Covell
 * Richard Bancroft
 * Burghley
 * College of Antiquaries
 * WHEELER 15:55, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Akane~enwiki

Please do not put self-promoting links on Wikipedia. This is against this web site's policy, and your links will be removed. Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov 15:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Akane. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Akane~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Akane~enwiki


text: Template:Umbria

title: Template:Umbria


text:
Princess consort

Princess consort is an official title or an informal designation that is normally accorded to the wife of a sovereign prince. The title may be used for the wife of a king if the more usual designation of queen consort is not used.

More informally, it may even be used to describe the family position of any woman who marries royalty non-morganatically, if the rank she derives from that marriage is at least that of a princess (e.g., Grace Kelly was Princess Consort during marriage, whereas Liliane Baels and Countess Juliana von Hauke are not usually so described).

The "consort" part is often dropped when speaking or writing of a princess consort, and the term is only capitalized when the title is borne officially. Currently, there are three princesses consort, one of whom is the wife of a reigning sovereign prince, with the other two being wives of reigning sovereign kings.

United Kingdom
In 2005, ahead of the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles, Clarence House announced that on her husband's accession to the throne of the United Kingdom, Camilla would not use the legal style of queen consort. She intended to use the style of "princess consort", even though her husband would not be a sovereign prince but a sovereign king. Such a title has no historical precedent; under English common law, wives of kings automatically become queens. This was the case with all other women married to British kings—with the exception of queens co-reigning with their husbands. In 2018, Clarence House removed the statement from its website, suggesting that Camilla would be styled as queen consort upon her husband's accession. In 2020, however, Clarence House released another statement announcing that, as established at the time of the marriage, upon the accession of the Prince of Wales, Camilla would assume the title of "princess consort" with the style HRH. In her 2022 Accession Day message, published to mark the 70th anniversary of her reign, Elizabeth II stated that it was her "sincere wish" for Camilla to be known as queen consort upon Charles's accession to the throne. Upon Charles's accession to the throne in September 2022, Camilla assumed the title of Queen Consort.

Belgium
Mary Lilian Baels was the consort of the King of Belgium, but used the title of princess instead of queen.

title: Princess consort


text:
Offer curve

In economics and particularly in international trade, an offer curve shows the quantity of one type of product that an agent will export ("offer") for each quantity of another type of product that it imports. The offer curve was first derived by English economists Edgeworth and Marshall to help explain international trade.

The offer curve is derived from the country's PPF. We describe a Country named K which enjoys both goods Y and X. It is slightly better at producing good X, but wants to consume both goods. It wants to consume at point C or higher (above the PPF). Country K starts in Autarky at point C. At point C, country K can produce (and consume) 3 Y for 5 X. As trade begins with another country, and country K begins to specialize in producing good X. When it produces at point B, it can trade with the other country and consume at point S. We now look at our Offer curve and draw a ray at the level 5 Y for 7 X. When full specialization occurs, K then produces at point A, trades and then consumes at point T. The price has reduced to 1 Y for 1 X, and the economy is now at equilibrium. The trade is balanced at the equilibrium.

title: Offer curve


text:
Talk:Social Credit Party of Ontario

Conservative - populist?
What do we know about this party beyond that it promoted social credit? Just because the conservative - populist label fits some of the other Socred parties, that doesn't mean that it fits this one. Social crediters are are pretty varied bunch -- see John Turmel, for example. He does not fit the "conservative" label at all. At one point, he was claiming to be in control of the party. Many other Canadian social crediters came from the left wing of the political spectrum, at least in the early days. The New Zealand Social Credit Party remains on the centre-left of the spectrum to this day in its new incarnation as the Democrats. Kevintoronto 16:00, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Social Credit Party of Ontario


text:
Talk:Offer curve

I don't know how to put images in the article but I have drawn images of how to derive an offer curve? he is a brajkishor chachondiya — Preceding unsigned comment added by 223.230.173.166 (talk) 13:57, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Offer curve


text: Category:Sun tanning

title: Category:Sun tanning


text:
Talk:Organ (biology)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 21 January 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Samiha980. Peer reviewers: Stephnic103.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:49, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

7 Vital Organs of Antiquity
Some alchemists (e.g. Paracelsus) adopted the Hermetic Qabalah assignment between the 7 vital organs and the 7 Classical planets as follows:

- Benjamin Franklin 75.74.130.115 (talk) 16:31, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * This may very well be relevant to the article, but I would need a proper source to add anything like this. Do you have a link to a secondary source? -- CFCF  🍌 (email) 18:10, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

Should this page be moved to Organ
Currently a redirect to this page. See view stats: |Organ_(music)|Organ_(anatomy) Best, Carl Fredrik   💌 📧 19:51, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

 * The current arrangement makes sense to me. An article entitled "Organ" would be fine, except that the Organ (musical instrument) is fairly popular, and it shows respect for other uses of "Organ" to call this article "Organ (anatomy)." — Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)
 * However it is far less popular (fixed link to page view count |Organ_(music)|Organ_(anatomy)) Carl Fredrik   💌 📧 05:18, 19 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Support as states organ (anatomy) receives more views, which implies more readers would be searching for it. I also think the organ is the primary term rather than the instrument. That said before this is moved this may require wider participation via requested moves (Note - I mainly edit anatomy articles so may have a skewed view). --Tom (LT) (talk) 01:23, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 15 October 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Andrewa (talk) 01:26, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

Organ (anatomy) → Organ – Primary topic as suggested by CFCF and and supported by Tom (LT). Link to pageviews in previous section. Iztwoz (talk) 16:57, 15 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose, based on the "long-term significance" aspect of WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, where Organ (music) also has a comparable long-term significance to Organ (anatomy). There is also probably a good reason reason why Organ (music) is currently listed first on Organ. Several dictionaries also list the musical instrument definition first. Furthermore, the page view counts could be heavily skewed due to recent news spikes, especially during disasters when there are pleas for organ donors, among other recent news. Or because more recent college students want to study anatomy/biology instead of music. But just like Apple (the example cited in WP:PRIMARYTOPIC), recent traffic due to recent trends may not neccarily override long-term significance. Zzyzx11 (talk) 17:49, 15 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per User:Zzyzx11.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 01:10, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment: as a frequent disambiguator of this term, a substantial majority of instances linked in Wikipedia are for the musical instrument. bd2412  T 02:02, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: A much stronger case could be made to move Cell (biology) to Cell; virtually all disambiguation fixes for "cell" are to the biological term. bd2412  T 17:41, 22 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose – page views are not a compelling reason to determine a primary topic. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 02:13, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose – both uses go back to the Ancient Greek "that with which one works", as in a tool. The two chief uses were musical and surgical instruments, from the latter arose the anatomical meaning.  See the OED second edition.  Music therefore has a slight historical edge.  In current usage I am certain that it depends upon an inquirer's background and recent experiences.  There is no primary topic, keep the disambiguation page "Organ".  What would be an improvement is adding the etymology on the "Organ" page given its use for two superficially unrelated meanings. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 11:50, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * @ makes a good point. I support retaining the disambiguation page.--Tom (LT) (talk) 10:52, 18 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I would also like to point out that although the word for the musical instrument may (??) have preceded our English word for the structural unit, the concept of a localised functional unit (named, eaten, used for divination, etc.) far precedes our invention of the instrument. --Tom (LT) (talk) 10:52, 18 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Certainly the instrument in its modern form, but the ancient Greeks used ὄργανον for a musical instrument. See organ. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 11:13, 18 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose - per Zzyzx11 and bd2412. I'm unconvinced that this is the primary topic. Guettarda (talk) 12:28, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The instrument is just as primary. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:17, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Vestigial organs
Maybe it would be nice to devote a paragraph or two on the topic of vestigial organs. Kalimi (talk) 02:55, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Organ (biology)


text:
Bruno Gollnisch

Bruno Gollnisch (born 28 January 1950) is a French academic and politician of the far-right National Rally (RN), formerly known as National Front. He was a member of the European Parliament and was chairman of the European Parliamentary group 'Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty' in 2007, which was dissolved in November 2007 following the defection of the Greater Romania Party. He was thereafter a Non-Inscrit (independent). Gollnisch has also been the executive vice-president of the FN from 2007 to 2011. He was also a councillor of the Rhône-Alpes région of France. Because of his public comments, and his position in the National Front, he is a controversial political figure in France.

Education
Gollnisch was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine. He studied law, political science and far-eastern languages with the view to becoming a diplomat. He met Jean-Marie Le Pen while studying at Nanterre university. He also became a reserve officer in the French Navy.

In 1971–1973 he was granted degrees in Japanese and Malaysian-Indonesian by the INALCO. In 1973, he was awarded a degree in political sciences at Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). He did a masters (DEA) in public law in 1973. In 1974, he began doctoral studies in Law at Kyoto University (Japan). In 1978, he obtained a doctorate in law at Panthéon-Assas University. Since 1980, he has been an attorney at the bar of Paris.

Academic career
After his return to France, he began a career as juridical advisor, then lawyer. He is a specialist in the law of Eastern Asian countries.

He became associate professor of Law at Metz university. In 1981, he became professor of Japanese language and civilisation at the University of Lyon III – a position which he holds to this day. The humanities division of University Lyon 3 is notorious for the profusion of FN supporters and Holocaust deniers among its faculty—most notably, Robert Faurisson. Gollnisch has collaborated with the white nationalist American Renaissance magazine.

Political career
Gollnisch, who is part of the Catholic faction within the National Front, along with Bernard Antony, joined the "TSM" faction inside the FN (Tout sauf Mégret, Anybody But Mégret) during the 1990s crisis, along with Marine Le Pen, Roger Holeindre, Jean-Claude Martinez, Samuel Maréchal and Martine Lehideux.

Gollnisch served as the President of the Alliance of European National Movements (AENM) from 2010 until 2013, when his party left the AENM to join the more moderate European Alliance for Freedom (EAF) and so unify the National Front under the EAF banner.

Gollnisch was an unsuccessful candidate for the leadership of the National Front in 2011 when the party's founding leader Jean Marie Le Pen retired. Gollnisch was defeated by Marine Le Pen, Jean Marie's daughter.

Controversy
Gollnisch was condemned in January 2007 to a three-month prison sentence on probation and ordered to pay costs of 55,000 Euros (with interest) by the Lyon tribunal correctionnel on a charge of "an offence of verbal contestation of the existence of crimes against humanity, " which is punished in France by virtue of the 1990 Gayssot Act. Gollnisch had committed the verbal contestation on 11 October 2004, by declaring:

 * I do not question the existence of concentration camps but historians could discuss the number of deaths. As to the existence of gas chambers, it is up to historians to speak their minds ("de se déterminer").

In reaction to a report denouncing the complacent attitude of the University Lyon III with respect to the far right, Gollnisch reiterated his declarations shortly after its publication. Gollnisch's declarations, with their implication of holocaust denial, provoked a scandal, especially in the run-up to the ceremonies commemorating the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz extermination camp. The chancellor of the university asked the Minister of National Education to suspend Professor Gollnisch, and announced the opening of a disciplinary procedure against him.

On 26 December, the chancellor suspended Professor Gollnisch's classes for 30 days. Furthermore, on 2 December, the chancellor excluded him from the university, alleging a possible breach of the peace; however, this decision was overturned by the Conseil d'État on 14 January 2005.

On 2 February, Gollnisch started teaching again at Lyon III. Students were prevented from entering his lecture room by groups of students from left-wing and Jewish associations. A group of National Front students enabled his students to enter and blocked the protesters. A brawl ensued; police officers arrived on the scene and a National Front student was arrested. Other trouble ensued.

On 7 November 2006, at the opening of the trial, Gollnisch was asked whether "the organised extermination of European Jews by the Nazi regime (...) constitutes an undeniable crime against humanity, and that it was carried out notably by using gas chambers in extermination camps". He replied "absolutely". Gollnisch was finally found not guilty by the Cour de cassation on 24 June 2009.

On 23 October 2012, Gollnisch visited Hungary to deliver a speech in honour of Jobbik, a party described as "anti-Semitic" by the New York Times and as "extremist" by Marine Le Pen. In the speech, Gollnisch declared that the Treaty of Trianon was "unjust and shameful." Condemnation of the Treaty of Trianon is seen by Romania as the endorsement of irredentist claims on Romanian territory and of the redrawing of the map of Europe.

Criticism of the Vatican
In August 2010, Gollnisch – who supports the French Government's move to deport Roma from French territory – publicly criticised the Vatican for opposing the deportation. He suggested that the evicted Roma should be accommodated in St Peter's Square, Rome, and that the Vatican should then re-state its position.

Personal life
He married Setsuko Takeuchi, from Japan, in 1981 and they have three children.

Electoral mandates

 * Member of European Parliament: Since 1989
 * Member of the National Assembly of France for Rhône (departement): 1986–1988
 * Regional councillor of Rhône-Alpes: Since 1986
 * Municipal councillor of Lyon: 1995–2014

title: Bruno Gollnisch


text:
Template:CurrentMathCOTM

 The current Mathematics Collaboration of the Month is .

Please help to improve this article towards featured article standard.

Last month's collaboration was

This template is a self-reference and so is part of the Wikipedia project rather than the encyclopaedic content.

title: Template:CurrentMathCOTM


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Computer Smashing

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:17, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Computer Smashing
Hardly a notable activity. Mentions some sort of championship, though I'm not sure if even that's notable, and even if it is, it doesn't belong under this heading. --InShaneee 16:07, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, prolly a joke/hoax, which is why I'll resist any one-liners. Wyss 19:11, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and maybe move the championship thing to a seperate page. Shoecream 05:43, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Jayash

Jay Ashley R. Icayan is a Business of Business Administration and Accountancy undergraduate of the University of the Philippines.

title: User:Jayash


text:
Montes Cordillera

Montes Cordillera is a mountain range on the Moon. This feature forms the outer wall of peaks that surround the Mare Orientale impact basin, the inner ring being formed by the Montes Rook. The center of the range is located at selenographic coordinates 17.5° S, 81.6° W, and the diameter is 574 km.

This range of peaks lies across the southwestern limb of the Moon, so that they are observed from the side from Earth. The western extreme is approximately 116° W, on the far side of the Moon. The northern part of the range lies just to the south of the lunar equator, while the southern extent reaches about 38° S. The inner face of the range is distinguished by an uneven, ring-shaped plain surrounding the Montes Rook, while the outer extent apparently consists of a wide blanket of ejecta features deposited during the formation of the Mare Orientale. These have formed various ridges and valleys radial to the mare, and have heavily modified nearby pre-existing crater formations. The Moon's highest mountain (but not its tallest) is located in the south-west segment of Montes Cordillera. Its summit elevation is 9.46 km, and it rises about 3.5 km above its base.

Along the inner side of the range to the northeast is a small lunar mare feature named the Lacus Autumni, or Autumn Lake. To the northeast of the range here is the crater pair of Schlüter and Hartwig. The latter crater has been significantly modified by ejecta from Mare Orientale, while the former is a younger feature formed after this supposed impact.

The southeastern portion of the range contains the craters Krasnov and Shaler. To the southeast of the latter formation is a radial valley formation named the Vallis Bouvard. Further to the south and east are another pair of radial valleys named the Vallis Baade and Vallis Inghirami. A similar radial valley, Vallis Bohr, lies to the north of the Montes Cordillera, to the west of the crater Bohr.

The name Cordillera means a chain of mountains in the Spanish language.

title: Montes Cordillera


text:
Carlton & United Breweries

Carlton & United Breweries (CUB) is an Australian brewing company based in Melbourne and owned by Japanese conglomerate Asahi Breweries. Its notable brands include Victoria Bitter, Carlton Draught, Foster's Lager, Great Northern, Resch's, Pure Blonde and Melbourne Bitter.

CUB was established in 1904 as a merger of six existing breweries with Carl Pinschof as chairman and became a public company in 1913. It first expanded outside Victoria in 1931 and acquired a number of other brewing companies over the following decades. In 1983 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Elders IXL and CUB was delisted from the stock exchange. In 1990, Elders IXL was renamed Foster's Group, and in July 2004, Fosters Group changed its name to Carlton & United Beverages. In February 2009, CUB announced the decision to separate the Australian Wine division from the Australian Beer, Cider & Spirits (BCS) division, and rename BCS to Carlton & United Breweries.

In December 2011, American multinational SABMiller acquired Foster's Group, and took over ownership of Carlton & United Breweries as part of the acquisition. Subsequently, in October 2016, CUB was included in the purchase of SABMiller by Anheuser-Busch InBev. SABMiller ceased trading on global stock markets and as a result, Carlton & United was then owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev.

In July 2019, Asahi Breweries agreed to purchase CUB, with the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission and Foreign Investment Review Board approving the deal in May 2020.

History

Carlton and United Breweries was formed in 1904 with the merger of six major Australian breweries: Carlton Brewery, Castlemaine Brewery Company (Melbourne), Foster Brewing Company, McCracken's City Brewery, Shamrock Brewing and Malting Company and Victoria Brewery. The six breweries - along with another two (Melbourne Brewery and Distillery Pty Ltd and Coghlan and Tulloch's Ballarat Brewing Co Ltd) - had formed a cartel known as the Society of Melbourne Brewers in 1903. Emil Resch played a significant role in enabling the amalgamation. Resch also went on to become the first general manager of CUB. The company became public in 1913 with the issue of 100,000 shares.

Over time it has bought out many other brewers, such as Abbotsford Co-operative Brewery in 1924 (a company set up by independent hoteliers to combat the anti-competitive nature of the Society of Melbourne Brewers.) Their first interstate acquisition was Northern Australian Breweries and the Cairns Brewery in 1931. Further acquisitions were the Ballarat Brewing Company, Queensland Brewery Ltd, Thos McLauchlin & Co Pty Ltd, Richmond Brewery and Tooth & Co.

In 1983, CUB was wholly bought by Elders IXL, a giant Australian diversified conglomerate with pastoral, financial, materials, and food interests. Elders Brewing Group (as it then became known as) continued to acquire brewing companies in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. In 1990 Elders Brewing Group changed its name to Foster's Group, to reflect the name of their most internationally recognised product.

In 1985, CUB purchased the Tooth and Co. site on Broadway in Sydney. The company demolished all of the existing Kent Brewery buildings on this site, except for one. CUB Management decided to close the Broadway site in 2003, with one of the reasons given being that it was a "large island of industry stranded in Sydney's central residential revival" that was happening in nearby Chippendale. In 2007, the site was sold and redeveloped into a commercial complex containing office blocks, shopping centre, and a boutique hotel known as The Old Clare Hotel.

In July 2004, Carlton & United Breweries changed its name to Carlton & United Beverages (retaining CUB acronym), citing the company's diversification into pre-mixed drinks, juices, ciders and non-alcoholic drinks.

In February 2009, Foster's announced the outcomes of a review of its global wine business, including the decision to separate the Australian Wine division from the Australian Beer, Cider & Spirits (BCS) division, and rename BCS to Carlton & United Breweries.

In mid-June 2016 CUB made the controversial decision to lay off 55 workers (mostly electricians and fitters) before inviting those same workers to reapply for their old jobs on individual contracts involving stripped conditions, clauses and significant pay cuts (the workers are suggesting a 65 per cent wage cut once penalty rates and other entitlements are factored in).

SABMiller, CUB's global owner, responded to criticisms from the union movement that its action was not illegal as it has no direct contractual relationship with the maintenance crews that were laid off. Rather, it has a contractual relationship with one subcontractor and the action constitutes the "passing" of a contract to another, which has the prerogative to set pay and conditions of workers at its own discretion. SABMiller have made no comment regarding the lower pay and poorer conditions offered to workers. The decision generated considerable poor publicity for CUB, with a widespread social media campaign as well as union efforts to highlight the workers' plight, who argue the brewer has conducted a "transmission of business" manoeuvre. Several pubs in Victoria have stopped selling CUB products in support of the sacked workers.

In July 2019, Asahi Breweries agreed terms to purchase Carlton & United Breweries with the transaction completed in May 2020 after being cleared by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission and Foreign Investment Review Board.

Carlton Premium Beverages
In 2020 Asahi Beverages has announced that it will combine its two alcohol businesses Carlton & United Breweries (CUB) and Asahi Premium Beverages to form Carlton Premium Beverages.

Products
After the takeovers by SABMiller and then Anheuser-Busch InBev, CUB distributed their international brands such as Aguila, Corona Extra, Stella Artois, Beck's, Budweiser, Hoegaarden, Leffe and Leffe Radieuse.

title: Carlton & United Breweries


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics/Collaboration of the Month

Welcome to the Mathematics Collaboration of the Month!
This page is designed to help choose a Mathematics Collaboration of the Month. This is a specific mathematics-related topic which either has no article, a basic stub page, or needs major revision. The aim is to have a featured-standard article by the end of the month, from widespread cooperative editing.

The project aims to fill gaps in Wikipedia, to give users a focus and to give us all something to be proud of. Any registered user can nominate an article and can vote for the nominated articles. Every month, the article with the highest number of votes will promoted, as long as it has at least four votes.

Algebraic number theory
One of only three top-priority stub-class math articles (it currently consists of one paragraph). Algebraic number theory has a rich and important history that is not discussed, and which many users could contribute to.

 * 1) Nominate. RobHar 20:11, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * 2) Jakob.scholbach 10:10, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 3) Nominate. Damien Karras (talk) 14:00, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) I support Indeed123 (talk) 21:21, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Participants

 * Please put your username here if you wish to participate and be contacted when the Math CotM changes.
 * You do not need to be a participant to nominate articles or vote. Any registered user can vote.
 * 1) Meekohi
 * 2) Sr13 (T|C)
 * 3) Hippasus the Younger
 * 4) Hirak 99
 * 5) James S.
 * 6) User:Cronholm144
 * 7) Leland McInnes
 * 8) Messagetolove
 * 9) JaimeLesMaths (talk!edits)
 * 10) Simxp
 * 11) User:DonkeyKong64 (Not very active, but would like to help on occasion)
 * 12) Eric Herboso
 * 13) User:Geometry guy
 * 14) Tom pw (talk) (review)
 * 15) Iotha
 * 16) Ultimablah (New to this, inexperienced, willing to learn from this)
 * 17) SpeedOfDarkness(Recent Math graduate and love groups and algebra)
 * 18) User:Petman3000
 * 19) Timothy Rias
 * 20) Ajk91
 * 21) Akvilas Bachelor, heading towards PhD. Primary interest: Numerics.
 * 22)  Im per a t § r (Talk) 00:35, 25 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 23) Cricket_boy27 Maths is my best Subject
 * 24) $$\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} $$Warren Leywon $$d$$(feel free to talk)$$\approx$$ This user has developed a side interest in mathematics.

Userboxes
Participants may wish to add a userbox to their user page using User MathematicsCOTM.

Templates involved in MATHCOTM

 * MathCOTM: to be put onto the talk page of articles up for nomination.
 * Current-Math-COTM: to be put onto the currently collaborating article's talk page.
 * CurrentMathCOTM: displays the current collaboration.
 * CurrentMathCOTM/Title: holds the name of the current collaboration of this month.
 * CurrentMathCOTM/Previous: holds the name of the previous collaboration of this month.

Nominations

 * How to nominate an article
 * New nominations may be added by any registered user at any time at the end of this page. Please use the template at the bottom of this page.
 * If the page you are nominating already exists, please add to the top of its talk page.
 * Considerations for nominations
 * Please only nominate articles which fit one or more of the following guidelines:
 * The article does not currently exist.
 * The article is 2 paragraphs or less.
 * The article is 1000 characters or less.
 * The article is in poor condition, and likely needs to be rewritten or extensively revised.
 * For non-stubs, submitting the article to pages needing attention, cleanup, or peer review may be more appropriate.
 * Consider whether the wider community easily contribute to the article or only a small number of people will know about.
 * Giving reasons as to why an article should become the COTM may assist others in casting their vote. If you have a to-do list feel free to include it.

Voting

 * Only registered users should vote.
 * Please vote for as many of the following candidates as you like.
 * To enter your votes, simply edit the appropriate sections and insert a new line with "# ~" . This will add your username and a time stamp in a new numbered list item.
 * Feel free to make any additional comments with your vote.
 * Please add only support votes. Opposing votes will not affect the result, as the winner is simply the one with the most support votes (see approval voting).
 * Voting for an article should express a willingness to contribute to improving the article if it is selected.
 * It is helpful if nominators initiate the voting by adding their vote to the nominated article.

Candidates

 * Add new nominations to the bottom of the page.
 * Candidates are not usually promoted until they have received more than three votes.
 * If the current collaboration is no longer active, or has been running longer than a month, then the first candidate to receive more than three votes will generally be promoted.

Plate trick
See rough stub at User:C S/todo/draft9. This should be a really cool article to work on. There's a lot of potential for fun, including photos of famous mathematicians we can get to do the plate trick for us. ^_^ --C S (Talk) 00:43, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) C S (Talk) 00:43, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Recommend inclusion into extant article orientation entanglement. Although I must say that I never found the plate trick to be an especially convincing illustration.  Silly rabbit 13:50, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Shape
This article is in poor shape! There are generally two mathematical uses of the term, a geometric shape: triangle, square, ... and a a discription of the shape of an object. Its a vital article, however I think that status refers to the former meaning whilst the article describes the latter.

 * 1) Salix alba (talk) 10:25, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * 2) -- p b r ok s 1 3 talk? 02:09, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Duality (mathematics)
This is more of a disambiguation list at the moment, but I think that the topic holds out a promise for one of the core encyclopaedic articles.

 * 1) Nominate. Arcfrk 04:38, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * 2) Yes, this is one of the most beautiful concepts in mathematics.  It deserves a real article.—PaulTanenbaum 01:06, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Link (knot theory)
Although Links are central to knot theory, they are hardly discussed in the knot theory article and there's hardly any content on its own page.

 * 1) Nominate.  J  kasd  00:29, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) I'll second it; usually, the link's pretty interesting, and there's a lot of potential help available.  Im per a t § r (Talk) 00:41, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Topological space
Or maybe even Topology. The improvements made to the Group Theory and related articles were of great help to me and I would like to see the same made to this important area of mathematics. Damien Karras (talk) 14:00, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Nominate --Point-set topologist (talk) 19:37, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Field (mathematics)
Like group (mathematics) (a previous COTM), a core article in abstract algebra and mathematics throughout. (Top importance, currrently at Start-level). Massive improvement is sorely needed. Collaboration of the Month seems like a good institution for this.

 * 1) Nominate Jakob.scholbach (talk) 13:23, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Pythagoras' Theorem
I'm new and fairly young. I know this page does not meet any of the guidelines, but as a young user, i am constantly being disappointed by the lack of Material that can be easily understood. So i wish for their to be a Sub-heading added to this topic That will allow Young-users to fully undertand this theorem as it is very crucial to their learning. If I am successful then i will continue to make Wikipedia a place that can be Used by both Young and Old alike. So please make Wikipedia a better place for all and vote Pythagoras' Theorem
 * While I wholeheartedly agree with your wish that material should be understandable, I think this article is one of the better examples of what WP can do. Also, WP can not be a textbook that explains every bit. Jakob.scholbach (talk) 12:35, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Thank You so Much. I agree with you that it can't explain everything, but as least make it so it gives young readers a chance to understand. So i ask that another part be added to this Article which explains the Theorem in a way that you don't have to be Einstein to Understand cricket_boy27 6th November 2008

 * I don't know how old you are, but you will not be able to learn maths without a book and/or a teacher. WP is not, and cannot be, a replacement for either. (BTW, I'm not Einstein either, and I think the article is understandable).Jakob.scholbach (talk) 20:46, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It can't be a replacement for either, but it can certainly meet the standards of accessibility set by other encyclopedias. Kevin Baastalk 18:58, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

 * How about "The pythagorean theorem is a relation between the three sides of a right triangle. The relation is: The square of the hypotenuse (the longest side) is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. Or, put in mathematical notation, c2 = a2 + b2, where "c" is the length of the hypotenuse, and "a" and "b" are the lengths of the other two sides."  That's the pythagorean theorem in three simple plain english sentences that require no special knowledge.  I.e. that is layman's terms.  The theorem can not be stated any more plainly.  To understand what is written, you just need to have a basic third grade reading level and know how to add and square numbers.   And you certainly don't have to be einstien to do that.  If you don't know what a right triangle is, you can click on the link to find out.  I don't see how that can be made any more clear.

 * Compare the sentence structure of the above with the following for Newton's second law of motion: "Newton's second law of motion is a relation, between force, mass, and acceleration. The relation is: The net force applied on an object is equal to the mass of the object times the net acceleration of the object. Or, put in mathematical notation, F = ma, where "F" is force, "m" is mass, and "a" is acceleration."  Notice the syntax is exactly the same as above.  And the definition consists of exactly three things:
 * a simple equation relating some variables.
 * a connection of the variables in the equation to real-world things.
 * a name for the relationship defined by 1. and 2.
 * If you remove any one of those three things you no longer have (formal) "physics". (the 3rd, naming, is essential for communication.)  Thus, if you can't read and comprehend a few simple sentences that are nothing less and nothing more than those three things, then you can't understand physics, at all.  I.e. you can't reason about the world around you.  Formally, that is.  And that's what mathematics is: formal operational reasoning.

 * So while I understand (and share) your concern that mathematics articles often lack accessibility, I am quite surprised that you picked this one, which is about as accessible as you can get. The part that you don't have to be einstein to understand is the introduction. Followed by the "In formulae" which just restates the introduction formally. (puts it in mathematical notation.) The rest (with the except of the proof section, which is always an advanced topic) is not even math.  It's just history and other stuff.  Like reading a story.  While I applaud your goal (and share your criticism in general), I think you could have picked something more representative of the shortcomings of wikipedia math articles. Kevin Baastalk 18:53, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Discrete mathematics
Like Algebraic number theory, one of the only three top-priority stub-class math articles. If we deem the discrete mathematics so important as to give it its own portal, then does it make sense that the article should remain a stub? Discrete mathematics is listed as one of the 8 major topics of mathematics on the mathematics portal. The article, unfortunately, currently only serves as an introduction and a list.

'Discrete mathematics' is a broad term - it shouldn't be difficult to expand on the article. Its subjects are fascinating and give an entirely new perspective of mathematics for those (and this category seems to include many) who have only been acquainted with mathematics as algebra and geometry. Leon math (talk) 04:08, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

 * 1) Nominate 209.173.75.72 (talk) 20:55, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Nominate - with a little skepticism: it is rather discursive so it would seem kind of odd to me to be a very in-depth article. If it were just set theory or combinatorics, then yeah, one could write a cogent body.  But the only way i can picture this article being longer is by being a disparate collection of summaries of the major subtopics. Which would make it more of a portal or an elaborate table of contents than anything else. Kevin Baastalk 19:39, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Fibre bundle
Although article has lots of content, it is not of good quality. In particular, it contains many incorrect statements quite frequently (lots of criticizm on talk by several editors). I think that some improvement there is desperately needed. PST (Point-set topologist)


text:
Crosby system

The Crosby system was an FM stereophonic broadcasting standard developed by Murray G. Crosby. In the United States, it competed with, and ultimately lost to, the Zenith/GE system, which the FCC chose as the standard in 1961.

While both systems used multiplexing to transmit the L-R stereo signal, the Crosby system used a frequency-modulated 50 kHz subcarrier, whereas the competing Zenith/GE system used an amplitude-modulated 38 kHz subcarrier. As FM is less susceptible to interference and noise than AM, the Crosby system had better frequency response and less noise of the two systems especially under weak signal conditions. However, the Crosby system was incompatible with existing subsidiary communications authorization (SCA) services which used subcarrier frequencies including 41 and 67 kHz. These SCA services were used by many FM stations since the mid-1950s for subscription-based "storecasting" to raise revenue and for other non-broadcast purposes. They consequently lobbied the FCC to adopt the Zenith/GE system. FCC tests in 1960 confirmed that the Zenith/GE stereo system was compatible with 67 kHz SCA operation, although not 41 kHz.

According to Jack Hannold: Crosby used a wideband FM subcarrier, providing a better signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in stereo from all but the weakest RF signals. FM is not entirely free of noise. While AM has a rectangular noise spectrum, with the amplitude of random noise in the demodulated signal constant across the audio spectrum, FM has a triangular noise spectrum, with the amplitude of noise increasing with frequency, i.e., it rises at a rate of 6 dB per octave, or 20 dB per decade. Thus at 4 kHz, the noise level is 20 dB higher than at 400 Hz, and at 40 kHz it is 40 dB higher. So the L-R subcarrier, whether DSB or FM, is accompanied by a high level of noise. FM uses pre-emphasis to overcome high frequency noise. Sounds above 2 kHz are boosted 6 dB per octave at the transmitter by a pre-emphasis circuit. A complementary de-emphasis in receivers rolls off treble response at the same rate, restoring highs to their proper level and simultaneously reducing high-frequency noise. But it only works in mono, because the DSB subcarrier is not boosted by pre-emphasis, and is thus subject to AM noise when the main carrier signal is weak. But an FM subcarrier, like the main carrier, benefits from limiting (the elimination of AM noise imposed by interference), as long as its amplitude - which remains constant in FM - is slightly above the peak amplitude of the noise within the subcarrier channel, yielding a much better stereo S/N than Zenith on all but the weakest of weak signals.

On April 19, 1961, the FCC released its Final Order selecting the Zenith/GE system as the FM stereophonic broadcasting standard. At 9:59 AM that day, Crosby-Teletronics stock was worth $15 a share; by 2:00 P.M. it was down to less than $2.50. Another (albeit relatively minor) factor in the FCC choosing the Zenith/GE system was the widespread use of vacuum tubes in radios at the time; the additional tubes for an all-FM system would have increased the size, weight, cost of and heat generated by each tuner or receiver.

title: Crosby system