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Memoirs of a Spacewoman

Memoirs of a Spacewoman is a science fiction novel by Scottish novelist and poet Naomi Mitchison published in 1962 by Victor Gollancz Ltd.

Plot summary
The novel presents as the memoir of Mary, a communication specialist who travels through space and time as part of an exploration team. It delves into themes such as communication with alien beings and the complexities of interstellar travel, along with concepts of sexuality, reproduction, parenthood and child-rearing, diverse perceptions of time, and the psychological impacts of space exploration.

In this narrative, Mary, the protagonist, is a scientist and explorer at a time when humans have reached many worlds across various galaxies. Her society is one in which leadership is not defined by gender and one which does not engage in the norms of sexuality and motherhood of contemporary 1960s human society. The overarching mission of her team is the pursuit of knowledge and providing assistance to beings they encounter, adhering to strict guidelines against certain forms of interference. Mary's expertise lies in telepathic communication with non-human forms of life.

Major themes
The novel features a number of different, expansive worlds with different forms of life, which allows for discussion of various ethical issues, such as the ethical treatment of non-human animals, forward-thinking approaches to social and ethical issues, and sexual liberation, and it presents situations such as non-human animals being treated as “intellectual equals, or, in certain subjects, superiors”. The sympathetic and empathetic views expressed in the novel on the treatment non-human animals may stem from Mitchison’s views on the rights of non-human animals and the treatment of colonised people of the time. During her life, Mitchinson had seen the birth of the independence of a number of different colonies, including India (1947) and South Africa (1961) which both featured very popular independence movements.

Publication history

 * 1962, Great Britain, Victor Gollancz Ltd, hardcover
 * January 1964, Great Britain, Four Square Books, paperback
 * June 1973, United States, Berkley Medallion, ISBN 0-425-02345-1, paperback
 * 1976, Great Britain, New English Library, ISBN 0-450-02977-8, hardcover
 * April 1977, Great Britain, New English Library Master SF series, ISBN 0-450-03000-8, paperback, with introduction by Hilary Rubinstein
 * July 1985, Great Britain, The Women's Press, ISBN 0-7043-3970-6, paperback
 * February 2011, Great Britain, Kennedy & Boyd, ISBN 978-1-84921-035-5, paperback

title: Memoirs of a Spacewoman


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Ali-Ollie Woodson

Ali-Ollie Woodson (born Ollie Creggett; September 12, 1951 – May 30, 2010) was an American R&B singer, musician, songwriter, keyboardist, drummer, and occasional actor best known for his twelve years with the Temptations alongside Otis Williams. He also worked with Aretha Franklin, Jean Carn, and Bill Pinkney.

Early life and career
Woodson was born on September 12, 1951, in Detroit, Michigan, and was raised in Town Creek, Alabama.

Woodson was best known as the lead singer of Motown act the Temptations from 1984 to 1986, and from 1988 to 1996. He had first recorded with the Temptations in 1983 on their Back to Basics album, when he was invited to perform lead vocals on the album track, "Stop the World Right Here (I Wanna Get Off)", filling in for Dennis Edwards.

Illness and death
According to his testimony at a televised religious service, Woodson was first diagnosed with throat cancer during one of his tenures with The Temptations. Woodson would again need to undergo surgery when the cancer returned two years later and another two years following that surgery. In late 2008, Woodson was diagnosed with leukemia and hospitalized for several weeks. He died in Los Angeles, California on May 30, 2010, after having leukemia for nearly eighteen months.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ali-Ollie Woodson


text:
Music of Shaanxi

Shaanxi is a province of China that has a long history of folk music. The Shaanxi Music and Dance Troupe has toured across the world; there is also a Shaanxi Provincial Song and Dance Ensemble that performs historical music from the Tang dynasty.

Qinqiang is the most well-known opera style from Shaanxi, said to date back to the Qin emperor during the Tang dynasty. Folk dances from Shaanxi include the tichangzi, Ansai waist drum dance and the grand yangko.

Shaanxi's folk songs include "Lan Huahua" (Blue Flower), and come in more than twenty styles, including most commonly xiaodiao and xintianyou (short, improvised pastoral songs). A folk singer from the province, He Yutang, was discovered Li Yarong, also a singer and sculptor and journalist; Yarong made a music video around one of Yutang's songs, and the result won second place in the Music Video Awards. Wang Xiangrong is the most widely known singer of Shaanxi folk music.

More recently, modern Chinese rock emerged from the Northwest Wind style folk song of Shaanxi.

title: Music of Shaanxi


text: Template:BirthyrBC

title: Template:BirthyrBC


text: Talk:Music of Shaanxi

title: Talk:Music of Shaanxi


text: File:Oxygene 7-13 album cover.jpg

title: File:Oxygene 7-13 album cover.jpg


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User talk:HughMor

Hugh is great.

Dude, you took out my Dr. Evil quote! Just for the record, it wasnt' spam, I wrote almost all the second half of that list. Czolgolz 22:17, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Age category
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 * Using an age group category, such as Category:Wikipedians in their 30s
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Notability of CPW (Australian company)
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on CPW (Australian company), by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because CPW (Australian company) seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting CPW (Australian company), please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. --Android Mouse Bot 2 22:40, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:HughMor


text:
Jamdani

Jamdani (জামদানি) is a fine muslin textile (figured with different patterns) produced for centuries in South Rupshi of Narayanganj district in Bangladesh on the bank of Shitalakhwa river.

The historic production of jamdani was patronized by imperial warrants of the Mughal emperors. During the period of British rule in India, Bengal's jamdani and muslin industries rapidly declined due to being unable to compete with imported textiles manufactured in Great Britain. In more recent years, the production of jamdani has witnessed a revival in Bangladesh. Jamdani is typically woven using a mixture of cotton and gold thread.

In 2013, the traditional art of weaving jamdani was declared a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

In 2016, Bangladesh received geographical indication (GI) status for Jamdani Sari.

Etymology
Jamdani was originally known as Dhakai (Daccai) named after the city of Dhaka (Dacca), one of many ancient textile weaving centers in Bengal region. Under the Mughal Empire the Persian term Jamdani came to be in popular use, since it was the court language of the Mughals. Jamdanis are popularly known as Dhakai Jamdani or simply Dhakai. The earliest mention of jamdani and its development as an industry is found into Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Origin
An early reference to Indian origins of muslin is found in the book of Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and in the accounts of Arab, Chinese and Italian travelers and traders.

Jamdani is a hand loom woven fabric made of cotton, which was historically referred to as muslin. The Jamdani weaving tradition is of Bengali origin. It is one of the most time and labor-intensive forms of hand loom weaving, and is considered one of the finest varieties of muslin, and the most artistic textile of Bangladeshi weavers. Traditionally woven around Dhaka and created on the loom brocade, jamdani is rich in motifs. In the late 19th century, T. N. Mukharji referred to this fabric as jamdani muslin.

Weave
Whether figured or flowered, jamdani is a woven fabric in cotton. This is a supplementary weft technique of weaving, where the artistic motifs are produced by a non-structural weft, in addition to the standard weft that holds the warp threads together. The standard weft creates a fine, sheer fabric while the supplementary weft with thicker threads adds the intricate patterns to it. Each supplementary weft motif is added separately by hand by interlacing the weft threads into the warp with fine bamboo sticks using individual spools of thread. The result is a complex mix of different patterns that appear to float on a shimmering surface. The pattern is not sketched or outlined on the fabric, but is drawn on a graph paper and placed underneath the warp. Jamdani is a fine muslin cloth on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white. Often a mixture of cotton and gold thread was used.

Varieties of jamdani work
Though mostly used for saris, Jamdani is also used for scarves and handkerchiefs. Jamdani is believed to be a fusion of the ancient cloth-making techniques of Bengal (possibly 2,000 years old) with the muslins produced by Bengali Muslims since the 14th century. Jamdani is the most expensive product of Dhaka looms since it requires the most lengthy and dedicated work.

Jamdani patterns are mostly of geometric, plant, and floral designs and are said to have originated thousands of years ago. Due to the exquisite painstaking methodology required, only aristocrats and royal families were able to afford such luxuries.

Changes with time
We do not know exactly when jamdani came to be adorned with floral patterns of the loom. It is, however, certain that in the Mughal period, most likely during the reign of either Emperor Akbar (1556–1605) or Emperor Jahangir (1605–1627), the figured or flowered muslin came to be known as the jamdani. John Forbes Watson in his work titled Textile Manufactures and Costumes of the people of India holds that the figured muslin because of their complicated designs, were always considered the most expensive productions of the Dhaka looms. The price for a piece was recorded as 56 Livre in 1776.

Decline and fall
From the middle of the 19th century, there was a gradual decline in the jamdani industry. A number of factors contributed to this decline. The subsequent import of lower quality, but cheaper yarn from Europe, started the decline. Most importantly, the decline of Mughal power in India, deprived the producers of jamdani of their most influential patrons. Villages like Madhurapur and Jangalbari, (both in the Kishoreganj district), once famous for the jamdani industry went into gradual oblivion.

Current problems
According to a national daily, a senior taanti or "ostad" earns about Tk 2,500 to Tk 3,000 per month. Junior weavers get much less, around Tk 1,600. As a result, many weavers do not want their children to come to the profession, preferring the more lucrative garments industry.

The government and other organizations are trying to revive the old glory of Dhakai Jamdani. In a bid to avoid the middlemen, they are trying to establish direct contact with the weavers. A Jamdani Palli has been established near Dhaka. Jamdani, one of the oldest forms of cottage industry in Bangladesh, was once a dying trade. Organizations like Radiant Institute of Design, Shanto Mariam University of creative technology, National Institute of Design, and others are helping designers create new Jamdani designs.

Jamdani is a symbol of aristocracy. The demand for quality Jamdani Sarees has increased greatly over the years.

Geographical indication
In 2016, Bangladesh received geographical indication (GI) status for Jamdani Sari. It was the first GI status given to any Bangladeshi product.

Recent attempts at revival
Whilst the art of jamdani is on the decline due to current problems such as competition with cheaper and more lucrative clothing as well as lack of suitable remuneration for weavers. However, there have been a few encouraging signs in recent times.

For instance, the Indian government awarded master weaver of Jamdani saris, Biren Kumar Basak from West Bengal with the Padma Shri award, which is the fourth highest civilian award in the country. Biren Kumar Basak also hailed the award and recognition of his work by Prime Minister Modi as a good sign for the future of the Jamdani community in Bengal.

Exhibitions such as the Jamdani Festival of Wearable Art curated by Chandra Shekhar Shaha was held in July 2023 in Bangladesh in collaboration with the National Crafts Council of Bangladesh to illustrate sustainably produced and hand-woven jamdani saris.

Moreover, brands such as TARINA by designer Tarina Sen are attempting to preserve the traditional crafts of jamdani by creating contemporary clothes. Labels such as TARINA are striving to help jamdani weavers in West Bengal and Odisha by reaching new markets, consisting of the younger generation, by creating attractive clothes that presents a harmony of modern and traditional designs.

title: Jamdani


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gamyar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 19:13, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Gamyar
Hoax, or not notable. Fredrik | talk 19:15, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Original research. non-notable. Apparently someone is trying to invent a language (a conlang) see langmaker. Until people to start speaking it (and it will need a lot more vocabulary first) it is non-notable. RJFJR 21:49, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete #3, vandalism. Wyss 01:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gamyar


text: Category:356 BC births

title: Category:356 BC births


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Great Harwood

Great Harwood is a town in the Hyndburn district of Lancashire, England, located 5 mi north east of Blackburn and adjacent to the Ribble Valley. Great Harwood is part of the "Three Towns" conurbation along with the towns of Clayton-le-Moors and Rishton. In 2001, the town had a population of 11,220, which decreased to 10,800 at the census of 2011.

History
Great Harwood is a town with an industrial heritage. The Mercer Hall Leisure Centre in Queen Street, and the town clock, pay tribute to John Mercer (1791–1866), the 'father' of Great Harwood, who revolutionised the cotton dyeing process with his invention of mercerisation. The cotton industry became the main source of employment in the town, and by 1920, the Great Harwood Weavers' Association had more than 5,000 members.

The town was once on the railway line from Blackburn to Burnley via Padiham – The North Lancs or Great Harwood Loop of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. The last passenger train ran in November 1957 and goods traffic in 1964. The Martholme Viaduct on the line remains about one mile north east.

Public transport links were further curtailed in 2016, when the direct bus link to Manchester was axed by Harrogate based Transdev.

Great Harwood used to have a lively and bustling market around the town clock in the main square.

Great Harwood has three supermarkets: Aldi, which opened in November 2010, Tesco, which opened in December 2011, and Morrisons, which was previously Co-Op, which originally opened in June 2001, which also opened in 2010. There are two petrol stations, run by Texaco, as well as Morrisons.

In July 2016, Domino's Pizza announced plans to open in Great Harwood, as well as Accrington.

A retained fire station is also located in the town, having opened in 1972.

Sports
"On Wednesday the 23d Instant; a moft obstinate and hard Match at football was played near Great Harwood in this County, between 7 men of the Village of Ranfe (sic), and the like Number of Great Harwood; which last had challenged the whole Kingdom to match them. The Contest was so great between them, that one of the Harwood's Champions dropp'd down dead on the Spot, whose brother being engaged on the same side, would not leave off till the Decision of the Game, which ended in favour of their antagonists the Ranfe Men."

The town football team, Great Harwood Town, closed in July 2006. Great Harwood Cricket Club, was a member of the Ribblesdale Cricket League, winning the senior division in 2008, and has seven teams, ranging from under-9s through to senior level. In 2016, the club accepted an invitation from the Lancashire League, and played in that league from the season of 2017.

In 1954, and again in 1957, the Great Harwood team won the Roller Hockey National Cup.

Events
Great Harwood is also home to Great Harwood Agricultural Show, an annual show, established in 1857 and held on Spring Bank Holiday Monday. It moved to its present site at the junction of Harwood Lane and Whalley Road in 2009.

Notable people

 * Thomas Birtwistle (1833–1912), trade unionist and factory inspector, born at Great Harwood.
 * Matthew Derbyshire, professional footballer with Blackburn Rovers, Olympiacos, Nottingham Forest and Rotherham United.
 * David Dunn, footballer, was born and brought up in Great Harwood. He initially played for Blackburn Rovers, but moved to Birmingham City in August 2003. In January 2007, he moved back to Blackburn Rovers.
 * Leslie Duxbury (1926–2005), Coronation Street scriptwriter, was a resident.
 * Nicholas Freeston (1907–1978), award winning Lancashire poet, who worked at Birtwistle and Fielding's, Delph Road Mill, Great Harwood.
 * Michael Gibson, television presenter director, was brought up in Great Harwood.
 * Mortimer Grimshaw (1824/5–1869), strike leader and political activist
 * Ethel Carnie Holdsworth (1886–1962), writer, also published as Ethel Carnie and Ethel Holdsworth, lived in Great Harwood until her marriage in 1915, and some of her poems and novels were written in the town.
 * Netherwood Hughes (1900–2009), World War I veteran, was born in Lord Street.
 * Mick Jackson, writer, best known for his novel of 1997 The Underground Man, was born in the town in 1960.
 * John Mercer, scientist who developed a process for treating cotton, was born in the town in 1791.
 * Brett Ormerod, footballer, Great Harwood born and bred. Grew up on Duke Street.

title: Great Harwood


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Gesner

Gesner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Abraham Pineo Gesner (1797–1864), Canadian physician and geologist
 * Alonzo Gesner (1842–1912), American politician and surveyor in Oregon
 * Conrad Gesner (1516–1565), Swiss naturalist, and botanical reference for Gesner
 * Johann Matthias Gesner (1691–1761), German classical scholar

title: Gesner


text:
G.D. Searle, LLC

G.D. Searle, LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer. It is currently a trademark company and subsidiary of Pfizer, operating in more than 43 countries. It also operates as a distribution trademark for various pharmaceuticals that were developed by G. D. Searle & Company (often referred to as Searle). Searle is most notable for having developed the first female birth control pill, and the artificial sweetener NutraSweet. Searle also developed the drug Lomotil, an antidiarrheal medication. One notable alumnus of Searle is Donald Rumsfeld, the Secretary of Defense for George W. Bush in the 2000s. Prior to its 1985 merger with Monsanto, Searle was a company mainly focusing on life sciences, specifically pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and animal health.

History
In 1888, Gideon Daniel Searle founded Searle in Omaha, Nebraska. The company incorporated in 1908 and established headquarters in Skokie, Illinois in 1941.

Between 1977 and 1985, Donald Rumsfeld was CEO, and then president, of Searle. In 1985, he negotiated the acquisition of Searle by Monsanto Corporation.

Starting in 1979, Robert B. Shapiro acted as general counsel for the firm, where developing Searle's aspartame product under the brand name NutraSweet.

In 1993, a team of researchers at Searle Research and Development filed a patent application for celecoxib, which Searle developed and which became the first selective COX-2 inhibitor to be approved by the FDA on December 31, 1998. Control of this blockbuster drug was often mentioned as a key reason for Pfizer's acquisition of Pharmacia.

In April 2000, Pharmacia Corporation was created by merging Pharmacia & Upjohn (which had come about as the result of an earlier merger of the companies Pharmacia and Upjohn) with Monsanto and its Searle unit. The merged company was based in Peapack, New Jersey.

In 2003, Pfizer acquired Pharmacia and retired the Searle name, while still in many Asian and European countries Searle persists under the same name, in various variants.

Products
The company manufactures prescription drugs and nuclear medicine imaging equipment. Searle is known for its release of Enovid, the first commercial oral contraceptive, in 1960. It is also known for its release of the first bulk laxative, Metamucil, in 1934; Dramamine, for motion sickness; the COX-2 inhibitors Celebrex and Bextra; Ambien for insomnia; and NutraSweet (also known as aspartame), an artificial sweetener, in 1965. It was released in 1981 by FDA.

In 1996, the FDA removed all restrictions on the use of aspartame, which enabled its use in heated and baked goods. G. D. Searle's patent on aspartame was extended in 1981 and ultimately expired in December 1992.

title: G.D. Searle, LLC


text:
Gessner

Gessner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Conrad Gessner (1516–1565), Swiss naturalist, bibliographer, botanist, physician and classical linguist
 * David Gessner (born 1961), American essayist, memoirist, nature writer, editor, and cartoonist
 * Johannes Gessner (1709–1790), Swiss mathematician, physicist, botanist, mineralogist and physician
 * Nicolas Gessner (born 1931), Hungarian-born film director
 * Salomon Gessner (1730–1788), poet and painter

title: Gessner


text: User:Weft

title: User:Weft


text:
Talk:Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs

Six day war?
Where does this connection between Sam the Sham and the Six Day War come from? It seems a tad peculiar. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 19:20, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Six Day War took place in the Middle East. It makes sense some would be scared of being associated of a group who wore Egyptian costumes. Theaterfreak64 03:30, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Yah, but, even if it seems to make sense, is there any actual connection other than temporal? I.e., did Domingo Samuido say "well, the six day war spelled the end of it for us" or something like that? Or is this just speculation? Wooly bully? Wooly bully. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 05:29, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

(Also, already by 1965 they'd stopped wearing the Egyptian drag.) --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 05:34, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It's spelled Samudio
If you don't trust my page (http://www.nostradamus.net/samhome.htm) then check Sam's own page: http://www.samthesham.com/indes.htm

 * Thank you for your suggestion! When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make whatever changes you feel are needed.  Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit any article by simply following the  link at the top. You don't even need to log in!  (Although there are some reasons why you might like to...) The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold.  Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly.  If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use out the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 19:12, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I already tried that but someone undid my edit. So I leave it up to you experts to take it from here. Thanks, Nos (http://www.nostradamus.net/samhome.htm)
 * Oh. Well, that was me, and I apologize. I've fixed it. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 19:52, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * And a tip of the turban to ya. Nos

Pharaohs / Pharoahs
Most copies of Wooly Bully that I've seen, and some reference books and sites, spell the name of the group as "Pharoahs". I know that's not the "correct" spelling, but was it the original one used ? Perhaps some clarification is necessary. Ghmyrtle 15:22, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs


text:
File:DecliningBalanceDepreciation.png

Created by User:Rhobite in the One True Spreadsheet software.

title: File:DecliningBalanceDepreciation.png


text:
The World Well Lost

"The World Well Lost" is a science fiction short story by American writer Theodore Sturgeon, first published in the June 1953 issue of Universe. It has been reprinted several times, for instance in Sturgeon's collections E Pluribus Unicorn, Starshine, and A Saucer of Loneliness. The story takes its title from the subtitle of John Dryden's verse drama All for Love.

Reception
The tagline for the Universe cover was "[His] most daring story". Its sensitive treatment of homosexuality was unusual for science fiction published at that time, and it is now regarded as a milestone in science fiction's portrayal of homosexuality. According to an anecdote related by Samuel R. Delany, when Sturgeon first submitted the story, his editor not only rejected it but phoned every other editor he knew and urged them to reject it as well.

In a postscript to his 1960 novel Venus Plus X, Sturgeon complained that following the publication of "The World Well Lost" he received a great volume of "cards drenched with scent and letters written in purple ink with green capitals." He urged readers of Venus Plus X to "keep [their] troubles to [themselves]", noting that he did not personally identify with the bisexual beings depicted in that novel.

Plot summary
In the future, two members of an alien race called the Dirbanu come to Earth. They win humanity's heart by their grace and love for each other. Earth's media has dubbed them the "Loverbirds", and almost everyone on Earth is touched by the Loverbirds' tender displays of wonder and affection.

Dirbanu heretofore had almost no contact with Earth, except for one short investigative trip in which the ambassador of Dirbanu made clear that he found Earth disgusting. However, the Dirbanu government breaks the silence with Earth in order to demand the return of the Loverbirds. Allegedly, the Loverbirds are fugitive criminals and must be extradited. Earth's government, hoping to profit by cooperation with this powerful planet, dispatches spacers Rootes and Grunty to return the Loverbirds.

Rootes, the Captain of the team, is an arrogant, loquacious womanizer. Grunty serves under the Captain. He is a hulking, taciturn poet, so-named because he grunts rather than speaks. Despite their radically different personalities, the two friends are famed in space travel circles for their teamwork and efficiency. They refuse to travel with any other spacers.

The faster than light propulsion employed by Earthmen has the side-effect of stunning the human nervous system to a variable degree. Rootes is deeply affected, while Grunty is almost unaffected, resulting in an extensive period of time after each "jump" in which Grunty is the only aware entity on the ship, a situation that to him is priceless.

While Rootes sleeps off the first jump, Grunty realizes that the Loverbirds are telepathic and have sensed a deep personal secret of his. Grunty prepares to kill them to protect his secret. To dissuade him from committing murder, the Loverbirds sketch for him a series of four drawings. The first is of Rootes, Grunty, and a beautiful human woman, all clothed. The second depicts all three humans nude. The third sketch depicts the Loverbirds themselves and a short, round extraterrestrial, all clothed. The fourth sketch depicts the three aliens nude.

When viewed in sequence, it becomes clear that the short, round alien is a Dirbanu female; Dirbanu males and females vary vastly from each other in appearance. The two Loverbirds, whom humanity had presumed to be male and female because of their physical similarity to Earth males and females, were actually both male. When Grunty realizes the significance of the sketches, he sets them free in an escape pod. The escape pod heads away from the planet, towards the outer reaches of the universe.

Upon awakening, Rootes is furious that Grunty has seemingly sabotaged the mission. Grunty justifies his actions by showing Rootes the four sketches. Realizing that the Loverbirds were a pair of male lovers, the outraged Rootes declares that he would have killed them if he had known. Grunty, having known this, allows Rootes to think this is why he set the Loverbirds free, avoiding the potential consequences if it were to be discovered that an Earth operative had killed Dirbanu citizens. His anger abated, Rootes is impressed by what he perceives as Grunty's cleverness.

Pondering aloud, Rootes realizes that the Dirbanu government's reluctance to interact with Earth must be based on homophobia: since human males and females both resemble Dirbanu males, the Dirbanu were presumably disgusted by the impression that Earth is a "planet full of queers". Although the Dirbanu intellectually know that this is not the case, their visceral reaction to the concept nonetheless repels them. Rootes also hypothesizes that the Dirbanu government wanted to bring the Loverbirds home, as they were ashamed to have the Loverbirds viewed as representatives of the Dirbanu planet.

Upon arriving at the Dirbanu homeworld, Rootes reports that the Loverbirds died of natural causes in transit, and the Earth ship is abruptly dismissed, leaving future interactions between the two worlds questionable. On the return trip, with Rootes again fallen unconscious, Grunty ponders him lovingly. The reader realizes that Grunty is gay and secretly in love with Rootes. Earlier in the story, the omniscient narrator had noted that the only way to destroy the pair's working bond would be to attempt "to explain it to Rootes". The story's conclusion clarifies the full meaning of this statement.

title: The World Well Lost


text:
Elena Kuschnerova

Elena Kuschnerova (Еле́на Ефи́мовна Кушнеро́ва; born 6 January 1959 in Moscow) is a Russian-born classical pianist.

Biography
Elena Kuschnerova was born into a musical family in Moscow. She began her piano education at the age of five with her mother. At seven, she became a student of Tatyana Kestner at the Moscow Central Music School. At the age of nine, Kuschnerova made her first appearance with orchestra conducted by Aram Khachaturian playing Bach's Keyboard Concerto No. 5 in F minor, which was recorded by Radio Moscow. Upon graduation she studied at the Moscow Conservatory with Sergei Dorensky. After receiving her diploma (with honors) in 1982, she went on tour in the Soviet Union for the next eight years. Foreign appearances and participation in international competitions were not allowed by Soviet authorities.

In 1992 Kuschnerova emigrated to Germany and started a new career there. In the following years, she earned international acclaim giving concerts in Western Europe, USA and Japan. As a piano professor she taught master classes in Germany, Japan, South Korea, Sweden, and the USA. Since 2006 she has been guest professor at the Elisabeth University of Music in Hiroshima. Kuschnerova lives nowadays in Baden-Baden and in New York.

Music
Several composers have written piano works for Kuschnerova, who also premiered most of them.
 * During her time as a student in Moscow, Kuschnerova was influenced by the composer Alexander Lokshin. In 1982 he dedicated a piano cycle "Prelude and Theme with Variations" to her. She premiered it the same year;
 * Siegfried Matthus, "Die Sehnsucht nach der verlorenen Melodie" ("Longing for the lost tune"), piano concerto. First performance by Elena Kuschnerova 2002 in Dresden with Dresden Philharmonic orchestra, conductor Marek Janowski;
 * Mikhail Kollontay, piano concerto op. 45. First performance by Elena Kuschnerova 2011 in the Grand Hall of the Moscow Conservatory, conductor Freddy Cadena;
 * Mikhail Kollontay, Seven Romantic Ballads, op. 2bis.

Harold Schonberg, the former chief music critic for The New York Times, wrote about Kuschnerova's "Scriabin - 12 Études, Op. 8, 24 Preludes, Op. 11, 2 Poèmes, Op. 32" CD in the American Record Guide: "These are the best recorded performances I am familiar with".

Jürgen Otten names Kuschnerova in Die großen Pianisten der Gegenwart (The Great Pianists of Modern Times) together with Elisabeth Leonskaja and Lilya Zilberstein as the three most notable Russian female pianists. He acknowledges her "flawless technique" and "enormous tonal wisardry" and calls her "pianist par excellence".

Kuschnerova is a Steinway Artist since 2001.

Selected recordings

 * Peter Tschaikowsky, Robert Schumann, Frédéric Chopin, Gounod–Liszt, Claude Debussy, Sergei Prokofiev. Bella Musica, 1996
 * Sergei Prokofiev - Romeo & Juliet, Ten Pieces for Piano, Op. 75, Piano Sonata No. 2 in D Minor, Op. 14, March from the Opera The Love for Three Oranges, Op. 33. Ars Musici (GER), 1997
 * Alexander Scriabin - 12 Études, Op. 8, 24 Preludes, Op. 11, 2 Poèmes, Op. 32. Ars Musici, 2000
 * Johann Sebastian Bach - Italian concerto, BWV 971, French Suite No. 2 in C minor, BWV 813, Toccata in E minor, BWV 914, Partita No. 6, BWV 830, Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 871, from The Well-Tempered Clavier. Orfeo, 2001
 * Modest Mussorgsky - Pictures at an Exhibition, Piano pieces. Orfeo, 2002
 * Live in Tokyo (Domenico Scarlatti, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Sergei Prokofiev, Bach–Siloti). Steinway Japan, 2002
 * Igor Stravinsky - Piano works. Ars Produktion, 2005
 * Johannes Brahms - Piano pieces, Op. 116–119. Ars Produktion, 2005
 * Johannes Brahms - Four Ballads, Op. 10. Mikhail Kollontay - Romantic Ballads, Op. 2bis. Ars Produktion, 2008
 * Frédéric Chopin - Piano concertos Nos. 1 & 2 (arr. chamber ensemble). Major, 2010
 * Frédéric Chopin - Piano concertos Nos. 1 & 2. Major, 2010.
 * Robert Schumann - Faschingsschwank aus Wien, Op. 26, Beethoven Études, WoO 31, Variations on the name "Abegg", Op. 1, Fantasiestücke, Op. 12. Glor, 2011
 * Robert Schumann - Carnaval, Op.9, Symphonic Études, Op. 13. Glor, 2012
 * Mikhail Kollontay - Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 45. Sergei Prokofiev - Piano Concerto No. 4, Op. 53. Moscow Radio, 2015
 * Johann Sebastian Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I. Major, 2015

title: Elena Kuschnerova


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jewish ethnocentrism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. It's currently protected with the message that it doesn't exist. dbenbenn | talk 23:55, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jewish ethnocentrism
The previous article and title were deleted according to Votes for deletion/Jewish ethnocentrism/previous, appended below, for easy reference.

New content:

Jewish etnhocentrism is a particular case of ethnocentrism. Some authors, notably Kevin B. MacDonald in his Culture of critique, claim that Jewish ethnocentrism played a significant role in survival of Jews as distinct people.

--- See also ---

 * Afrocentrism
 * Americentrism
 * Eurocentrism
 * Sinocentrism

I am posting the new version here, because a number of guys are speedily deleting the new version ignoring the policies and not responding to my concerns in this respect. I am not at all for this version. I am simply baffled with twisting my arms. See Talk:Jewish ethnocentrism Mikkalai 19:24, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain. Mikkalai 22:03, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Aww! This page is HUGE. Anyway, keep the new content. Grue 17:43, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Do we really need to vote again to delete Trödel| talk 00:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It has no content that isn't part of other articles, and the existence of this as a separate article is in itself (unpleasantly) PoV.  Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:56, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * VfD succeeded, VfU failed, all this month. There is no new vote. Jayjg (talk)  18:53, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comments

 * The previous VfD resulted in a clear vote for deletion (explicitly discussed and rejected was the suggestion that the page be kept and turned into a redirect). A motion for undeletion was almost unanimously rejected.  Mikkalai has twice recreated the page, making it a redirect, and most recently gave it its own content, with links to other pages.  What he refers to as speedy deletion is in fact the deletion of his redirect code, and later of his content, and the placing of a message explaining the situation.  All of this has been explained to him at length at Talk:Jewish ethnocentrism. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:31, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * False. I did not recreate the page. Please vote against the new article, rather than twist the policy towards your wants. Mikkalai 19:46, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Mikkalai is simply trying to engineer a third vote here. The title and contents were deleted according to the vote at VfD, where only two users voted to redirect, and the decision was upheld at VfU. Mikkalai is making a mockery of that entire process. SlimVirgin 19:40, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * There cannot be such a thing as deletion of article title Or can? If yes, please quote the policy. Mikkalai 19:46, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC).
 * I am trying to engineer following the policy. If you don't like my article, please vote against it. I swear, I will not attempt to "rectreate" my version (or any other). Mikkalai 19:49, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know whether there's a policy. I know only that the vote was clear. People were at liberty to vote to redirect, as this was presented as an option, but only two voted in favor. You should quote the policy that allows you to distinguish between votes regarding content and votes regarding the title. Perhaps you'd do better explaining why you feel strongly about retaining it, because it seems to me that you're engaging in sophistry and acting like a vandal. SlimVirgin 19:52, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Ignorance is not argument. What baffles me, is a series of violations of multiple policies in fighting me, see Talk:Jewish ethnocentrism. At the very beginning I stated that I was against the original artice. So I am not defending my POV. I am against doublespeak, in particular, against pretending that some words do not exist. Mikkalai 19:57, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * When people vote for deletion on VfD, they are voting on whether an article of that title should exist. In most cases, they are not voting about the current content of the article. If the content of the article is the issue, then they will typically vote Keep and Cleanup.  (I admit sometimes when Cleanup would make the article a stub or sub-stub, people will vote to Delete without prejudice to the title because they believe a redlink is preferable to a sub-stub; however that was not the case in these votes.). If people want the title to exist, but think the title does not merit independent content, they will call for a Redirect, or a Merge/Redirect.  Delete means "there should be no article of this title".  That the article should be deleted was the overwhelming consensus of the VfD vote: that the article should be not be undeleted was the overwhelming consensus of the VfU vote  The recreation of VfD-deleted article is one of the grounds for speedy deletion, by that policy.  . Reinstating the article as a redirect flies in the face of this consensus and renders the votes meaningless, and those reinstatements are properly speedily-deleted.  --BM 20:07, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete means "there should be no article of this title": This is your interpretation. If you believe it is correct, please suggest the policy update. "No article with this title" is way too strong, like capital punishment. Forbidding any words smacks really bad. Sorry for yuor democracy, guys. I am abandoning the issue; no more pissing against the wind. Good bye. Mikkalai 20:16, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you've misunderstood the VfD process. It's not simply a question of 50 for, 10 against. The admin reads the comments and tries to determine from those what the community consensus is. For example, there's a vote going on regarding Conscious Evolution, which was a pile of garbage. Most people have voted to delete, but many made the comment that
 * Conscious Evolution was a pile of garbage, and I voted against as well. But it does not preclude writing an article that in a NPOV way explains this kind of stuff. We have plenty of articles about various kinds of snake oil and kookery. Mikkalai 20:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * there's nothing wrong with having an article with that title, just not this article. Therefore, an editor decided to rewrite it to make the content acceptable. But with Jewish ethnocentrism, people did not comment that rewriting or redirecting was appropriate. They voted, with no hesitation or ambiguity, to delete the whole thing. Can't you see the difference? You are splitting hairs by demanding that there be an explicit policy (i.e. instruction creep) for every single decision the community makes and that's why I'm calling you a sophist. Also, I have a question for you.  Did you use your admin powers to unprotect the article even though you're involved in editing it?  SlimVirgin 20:23, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Deleting the "whole thing" which exists in cicrulation is Nineteen Eighty Four.
 * Yes, I did. The article was protected with violation: by an article's editor. All my actions are explained at the talk page. You will say that I am splitting hairs again, b ut the protection policy speaks about protection, not unprotection. Why is it always allowable to split hairs only in one direction? Mikkalai 20:32, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You're not allowed to protect articles you're involved in editing. Also, is this a real VfD.  Mel has said it isn't and that you just pasted the notice onto the page, whch is no longer there. Could you explain please?  SlimVirgin 20:54, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Shortly after I pointed that out, he put the VfD through properly. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:31, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * "When people vote for deletion on VfD, they are voting on whether an article of that title should exist." Absolutely false.  Votes are made for the article as it exists at the time.  To claim otherwise is to allow for articles to be deleted according the results of VfDs for completely unrelated articles.  The only votes for deletion that should be counted against articles of that name are votes that specifically vote for deletion based on the name and only on the name.  (FTR, if there's actually going to be a vote for the new version, my vote is still delete.)  -Sean Curtin 02:25, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

STOP deleting my comments! Have you done absolutely mad today? I am no longer going to debate this with you, as you are behaving like a vandal, wilfully refusing to understand what anyone says to you, deleting my comments, pasting pretend delete notices on articles, abusing your admin powers to unprotect articles, and creating material that's on the list not to be recreated. Enough already. Goodbye. SlimVirgin 21:01, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Cool down. I am NOT deleting your comments. I was never put on record as vandal. If this happens, then this is a problem of wikipedia software. Mikkalai 21:45, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This is, and was, already resolved. Although racist ideas and racist individuals are freely discussed in an open society, neither this idea nor this crackpot are worthy of anything close to an encyclopedia article - and certainly not one with this title. Delete Again. -- RyanFreisling @ 02:07, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * After compiling together the logs, it appears that there has been some disagreement over Mikkalai's decision to make the article a redirect, his decision to create new content, and administrators deleting said redirects and new content without a VFD process or a RFD process. -- AllyUnion (talk) 21:04, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Jewish ethnocentrism/Logs Votes for deletion/Jewish ethnocentrism/Feb 2005

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
National Heroes Square

National Heroes Square, formerly Trafalgar Square, is located in Bridgetown, the capital and principal commercial centre of the island-nation of Barbados. The square lies along Upper Broad Street and is on the northern shore of the Careenage ("Constitution River"), found directly in the centre of Bridgetown.

Name
The current name of National Heroes Square was adopted on 22 April 1999 and officially took effect on 28 April 1999. The name refers to the Barbadian National Heroes.

In 2009, the government of David Thompson opened up a proposal to rename the square as Parliament Square, and to completely redevelop and reconfigure the Square's layout.

Statue of Lord Nelson
Until 2020, a bronze statue of British naval hero Vice Admiral Horatio, Lord Nelson was a fixture of the Square on the west end. The statue in Bridgetown had been unveiled on 22 March 1813 to commemorate the anniversary of the British Royal Navy's victory in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and was erected approximately 27 years before the more famous Nelson's Column in London, which serves as the centrepiece of Trafalgar Square.

As a point of reference, the statue of Nelson served as the geographic centre of Bridgetown. Since the colonial period many distances on the island from Bridgetown have historically been measured from the base of Nelson's statue, so that the statue functioned as Barbados' mile zero. The use of the Bajan Nelson statue as a centring point is similar to the London statue in the British capital; however, Trafalgar Square is adjacent to the actual historic and geographic centre of London, which is actually located, immediately to the east, in Charing Cross. The monument which serves as London's exact centre is therefore not of Nelson, but the equestrian statue of Charles I, at Charing Cross, facing down Whitehall, standing where the Queen Eleanor Memorial Cross had previously stood before being moved to the Charing Cross railway station forecourt.

Since 2020, the statue has been relocated to the Barbados Museum.

title: National Heroes Square


text:
Beauty salon

A beauty salon or beauty parlor is an establishment that provides cosmetic treatments for people. Other variations of this type of business include hair salons, spas, day spas, and medical spas.

Beauty treatments
Hair cut is generally offered in beauty salons. Massage for the body is a beauty treatment, with various techniques offering benefits to the skin (including the application of beauty products) and increasing mental well-being. Hair removal is offered at some beauty salons through treatments such as waxing and threading. Some beauty salons also style hair instead of requiring clients to go to a separate hair salon. Some also offer sun tanning via tanning beds.

Another popular beauty treatment specific to the face is known as a facial. The perceived effects of a facial mask treatment include revitalization, healing, or refreshment of the skin. They may yield temporary benefits depending on environmental, dietary, and other skincare factors. Although customers seek out these services for anti-aging or anti-inflammatory results, there is little to no objective evidence that there are any long-term benefits to the various available facial treatments.

Specialized beauty salons known as nail salons offer treatments such as manicures and pedicures for the nails. A manicure is a treatment for the hands that involves trimming and filing of the fingernails and softening the cuticles in preparation for the application of nail polish. A pedicure is a treatment for the feet that involves trimming and filing of the toenails in preparation for the application of nail polish, as well as the softening or removal of calluses.

Afghanistan
There were thousands of beauty salons in Afghanistan before the Taliban outlawed them in July 2023, mandating their closure within a month.

India
Beauty parlors employed 3.4 million people across India in 2013. The industry was expected to employ 12.1 million workers by 2022. Services typically include facials, skin-lightening bleaches, waxing, hair coloring, and hair straightening.

United States
Beauty salons have been a recession-resistant industry across the United States. Although sales had declined from 2008 highs due to the Great Recession, they remain robust with a long-term positive forecast. Despite the tendency for consumers to be more price-conscious during recessions, spending continued to increase. With rising per capita incomes across the United States since 2015, beauty salons boomed, generating $56.2 billion in the United States. Hair care was the largest segment, with 86,000 locations. Skincare was expected to generate $21.09 billion in revenue by 2023, growing annually by 3.91%. This growth was driven in part by increasing awareness of the importance of skin care among American women, but also specifically due to an increase in the market for men. In 2020, the market was distributed widely across America, with a concentration in the Northeast and Midwest. There was also a growing trend in boutique salons popping up and leveraging online marketing to gain customers and compete with the franchise chains. In 2014, the US Labor Department estimated employment in the United States increased 20% between 2008 and 2014, with the greatest employment growth from skincare specialists. Beauty salons employ cosmetologists specializing in general beautification techniques. Cosmetology licensing requirements vary from state to state and depend on which specific license type is desired: general cosmetologist, hair stylist, esthetician, manicurist, barber, electrologist, or other.

Vietnam
According to the Ministry of Health, as of December 2023, Vietnam has a total of 11,752 establishments providing aesthetic services. Of these, only 598 establishments are licensed to operate in accordance with Ministry of Health regulations. In Ho Chi Minh City, there are 7,087 establishments providing aesthetic services, of which only 598 are licensed to operate. In Hanoi, there are 2,044 establishments providing aesthetic services, of which only 200 are licensed to operate.

title: Beauty salon


text:
Music of Anhui

Anhui is a province of China, known musically for a wide array of folk and classical styles. The Huangmei opera, though originally from Hubei, has a long history in Anhui, especially Anqing City, from which it spread to Beijing, Shanghai and elsewhere. A notable Huangmei opera figure was Yan Fengying. Huangmei opera has become internationally renowned, especially following the 1986 performance of an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing by the Anhui Provincial Huangmei Opera Troupe. There is also a less common form of Hui opera.

Anhui's folk styles have been brought to new audiences by the singer Baoluo, who was also a major figure in the 1980s Beijing punk rock scene (and a member of Self-Education).

title: Music of Anhui


text: Talk:Music of Anhui

title: Talk:Music of Anhui


text:
David Miscavige

David Miscavige (born April 30, 1960) is the second and current leader of the Church of Scientology. His official title within the organization is Chairman of the Board of the Religious Technology Center (COB RTC). RTC is a corporation that controls the trademarks and copyrights of Dianetics and Scientology. He is also referred to within the Scientology organization as "DM," "COB" and "Captain of the Sea Org."

Miscavige was a deputy to Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard as a teenager. He joined the Sea Org, a management group for the Scientology organization, then later joined the Commodore's Messenger Organization, a group within the Sea Org that carried Hubbard's orders to subordinates. He rose to a leadership role by the early 1980s and was named "Chairman of the Board" of RTC in 1987, the year after Hubbard's death. Official Church of Scientology biographies describe Miscavige as "the ecclesiastical leader of the Scientology religion."

Since he assumed his leadership position, there have been a number of allegations made against Miscavige. These include claims of human trafficking, child abuse, slavery, forced separation of family members, coercive fundraising practices, harassment of journalists and Scientology critics, and emotional and physical abuse of subordinates by Miscavige. Miscavige and spokespersons for the Scientology organization deny the majority of such statements, often making derogatory comments about and attacking the character of those who make them.

Miscavige has been investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation due to allegations of criminal activities within the Scientology organization. He is named as a defendant in numerous lawsuits involving his role in the organization. One such recent lawsuit, filed in April 2022, refers to repeated sexual assault of children by senior Scientology executives in the Sea Org during Miscavige's leadership. The case also involves allegations of human trafficking, forced labor, and other forms of child abuse.

Early life
David Miscavige was born in Bristol Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, on April 30, 1960. His parents, Ronald Thomas “Ron” Miscavige Sr. and Loretta Gidaro, were Catholics of Polish-Italian heritage. Miscavige and his twin sister, Denise, were raised primarily in Willingboro Township, New Jersey. As a child, Miscavige played baseball and football, but he suffered from asthma and severe allergies. His father, a trumpet player, became interested in Scientology and sent the younger Miscavige to see a Scientologist. According to both father and son, a 45-minute Dianetics session cured Miscavige's ailments.

Miscavige's family joined the Church of Scientology in 1971 and eventually moved to the organization's world headquarters at Saint Hill Manor in West Sussex, England. Saint Hill served as Miscavige's training ground as an auditor, and he is remembered by the Scientology organization as a "12-year-old prodigy" who became its youngest professional auditor. The family returned to Philadelphia within a few years, where Miscavige attended Marple Newtown High School.

Early career in Scientology
In 1976, with his father's permission, Miscavige left high school on his sixteenth birthday and moved to Clearwater, Florida, to join the Sea Org, a Scientologist organization established in 1968 by founder L. Ron Hubbard. Some of his earliest jobs in the Sea Org included delivering telexes, groundskeeping, food service and taking photographs for Scientology brochures.

Miscavige was appointed to an elite group of young Scientologists within the Sea Org called the Commodore's Messenger Organization (CMO), which Hubbard had established to carry out his personal errands and deliver executive directives to Scientology management. As they grew into adolescence, the Messengers' power and influence within the Sea Org increased. By 1977, Miscavige was living in La Quinta, California, working directly under Hubbard as a cameraman for Scientology training films at CMO Cine Org.

Rise to leadership position
In the late 1970s, after the public relations disaster of the criminal convictions of eleven leaders of the Guardian's Office, including Hubbard's wife Mary Sue, Hubbard had to maintain his distance from Church management since he had formally resigned in 1966. Hubbard further distanced himself from the Guardian's Office, his wife, and CMO—which stood for Commodore Messengers Org where "Commodore" had been Hubbard's title as leader of the Sea Org.

In April 1979, the Watchdog Committee was formed, consisting of the senior executives of CMO Int, with Miscavige assuming a prominent role. When Hubbard went into hiding with Pat and Annie Broeker in 1980, Miscavige became the sole link between Hubbard and church leaders, secretly relaying Hubbard's orders from the Broekers. In early 1981, Miscavige set up the All Clear Unit "which was allegedly designed to work towards a situation when Hubbard could come back on lines"; to be "All Clear" for Hubbard to emerge from hiding.

By the end of 1981, Miscavige was in charge of the Watchdog Committee and the All Clear Unit, as well as Author Services Inc., a for-profit entity established in 1981 to manage Hubbard's literary and financial affairs. As head of the CMO, Miscavige sent out teams to investigate problem areas within Scientology.

Next, setting his sights on dismantling the larger and more powerful Guardian's Office, Miscavige strong-armed Hubbard's wife Mary Sue to resign from her post as Guardians' controller, removed several other GO officials, and purged several more through Comm Evs including David Gaiman, Duke Snider, Mo Budlong and Henning Heldt. The St. Petersburg Times later reported: "During two heated encounters, Miscavige persuaded Mary Sue Hubbard to resign. Together they composed a letter to Scientologists confirming her decision – all without ever talking to L. Ron Hubbard." She subsequently changed her mind, believing that she had been tricked. Despite this, Miscavige claims he and Mary Sue remained friends thereafter.

Corporate restructuring
In 1982, Miscavige set up a new organizational structure to insulate Hubbard from personal liability and to handle his personal wealth through a corporate entity outside of the Scientology network. He established the Religious Technology Center (RTC), an entity responsible for licensing Scientology's intellectual property, and Author Services Inc. to manage the proceeds. Miscavige has held the title of Chairman of the Board of the RTC since the organization's founding. The Church of Spiritual Technology (CST) was created at the same time with an option to repurchase all of RTC's intellectual property rights. In a 1982 probate case, Ronald DeWolf, Hubbard's estranged son, accused Miscavige of embezzling from and manipulating his father. Hubbard denied this in a written statement, saying that his business affairs were being well managed by Author Services Inc., of which Miscavige was also chairman of the board. In the same document, Hubbard called Miscavige a "trusted associate" and "good friend" who had kept his affairs in good order. A judge ruled the statement was authentic. The case was dismissed on June 27, 1983.

In October 1982, Miscavige required Scientology Missions to enter new trademark usage contracts which established stricter policies on the use of Scientology materials. Over the two years following the formation of the RTC, Miscavige and his team replaced most of Scientology's upper and middle management. A number of those ousted attempted to establish breakaway organizations including the Advanced Ability Center led by David Mayo, a former RTC board member who had also been Hubbard's personal auditor. The Advanced Ability Center closed in 1984, two years after opening.

1986–2009: leadership of Scientology organization
When Hubbard died in 1986, Miscavige announced his death to Scientologists at the Hollywood Palladium. Shortly before his death, an apparent order from Hubbard circulated in the Sea Org that promoted Scientologist Pat Broeker and his wife to the new rank of Loyal Officer, making them the highest-ranking members; Miscavige asserted this order had been forged. After Hubbard's death, Miscavige assumed the position of head of the Church of Scientology and, according to the organization, "ecclesiastical leader of the Scientology religion." Within the Sea Org, Miscavige holds the title of "Captain of the Sea Organization" and is its highest-ranking member.

Since Miscavige assumed his leadership role in Scientology, there have been numerous accounts of illegal and unethical practices by the Church and by Miscavige himself. A 1991 Time magazine cover story, "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power," described Miscavige as "ringleader" of a "hugely profitable global racket that survives by intimidating members and critics in a Mafia-like manner." Miscavige stated in a 1992 interview on Nightline—his only live televised interview to date—that the publication of the article resulted from a request by Eli Lilly, because of "the damage we had caused to their killer drug Prozac." Scientology filed a suit against Eli Lilly, J. Walter Thompson, Hill & Knowlton and the WPP Group. Scientology agreed to settle the case shortly before it went to trial.

The Scientology organization also brought a libel lawsuit against the piece's publisher Time Warner and its author Richard Behar, seeking damages of $416 million. All counts of the suit were dismissed by the court, and the dismissal upheld when Scientology appealed. Similar lawsuits in Switzerland, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany were dismissed as groundless.

In 1987, the BBC Panorama program Scientology: The Road to Total Freedom? featured an interview with former member Don Larson, who served as the church’s $25-per-week “finance ethics officer” and who described Miscavige's physical violence towards a staff member: "It was about 15 of us. We went out and rented three limos, drove up to an organization in San Francisco and did a practice beat-‘em-up kind of meeting, you know. We took the CDB Org–the commanding officer of that org, organization. He got thrown into the filing cabinets, he was sec-checked on the meter and, um, you–that’s where you, what, you have to tell the truth. And there’s a whole row of people around the guy, right? And he’s sitting there hanging onto the cans and–this is nothing to do with religion any more, right? This is, 'Where’s the money, Jack? I want the money! Where did you put the money?' And he said, 'I, you–I don’t know! I don’t have the money.' David Miscavige comes up, grabs him by the tie and starts bashing him into the filing cabinet. And he’s thrown out in the street; his tie is ripped off. Um, this is just a warm-up kind of bash."

In a 1995 interview for ITV, Stacy Young, Miscavige's former secretary and the ex-wife of Hubbard's former spokesman, Robert Vaughn Young, asserted that Miscavige emotionally tormented staff members on a regular basis. "His viciousness and his cruelty to staff was unlike anything that I had ever experienced in my life," she said. "He just loved to degrade the staff." Though Miscavige and Scientology have been the subject of much press attention, he has rarely spoken directly to the press. Exceptions include the 1992 interview on Nightline, a 1998 newspaper interview with the St. Petersburg Times and a 1998 appearance in an A&E Investigative Reports installment called "Inside Scientology."

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, David Miscavige published a message to all Scientologists entitled "Wake Up Call," urging them to redouble their efforts to use Scientology. Miscavige asserted that World War II, Hitler, Pearl Harbor, the Cold War, the 9/11 attacks, and "endless world conflicts can be traced to a lack of real technology of the mind and reliance on false mental therapies of psychiatry and psychology." Miscavige declared that Scientology "work[s] to reform the field of mental health" and "we have the technology and organization to overcome any obstacle facing this planet today" and "we have the technology to pull it off."

Relationship with the IRS
In 1991, Miscavige, together with Marty Rathbun, visited the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) headquarters in Washington, D.C. to arrange a meeting with Commissioner Fred T. Goldberg, Jr. For more than two decades, the IRS had refused to recognize Scientology as a nonprofit charitable organization. Before this meeting, Scientology had filed more than fifty lawsuits against the IRS and, according to The New York Times:

"Scientology's lawyers hired private investigators to dig into the private lives of IRS officials and to conduct surveillance operations to uncover potential vulnerabilities... [and] taken documents from an I.R.S. conference and sent them to church officials and created a phony news bureau in Washington to gather information on church critics. The church also financed an organization of I.R.S. whistle-blowers that attacked the agency publicly."

At the meeting with Goldberg, Miscavige offered to cease Scientology's suits against the IRS in exchange for tax exemptions. This led to a two-year negotiating process, in which IRS tax analysts were ordered to ignore the substantive issues because they had been resolved prior to review. In 1992 Scientology was granted recognition as a nonprofit organization in the U.S., which creates a tax exemption for the Church of Scientology International and its subsidiaries, and tax deductions for those who contribute to their programs.

Scientology officials and the IRS later issued a statement that the ruling was based on a two-year inquiry and voluminous documents that, they said, showed the organization was qualified for the exemptions. To announce the settlement with the IRS, Miscavige gathered a reported 10,000 members of Scientology in the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena, where he delivered a two-and-a-half-hour address and proclaimed, "The war is over!" The crowd gave Miscavige an ovation that lasted more than ten minutes.

Church of Scientology initiatives
According to Scientology, Miscavige initiated a long-term project of issuing unreleased and corrected editions of Hubbard's books and restoring Hubbard's lectures, including translating many works into other languages. Another initiative by Miscavige, launched in 2003, is to build new or remodeled Scientology locations, called "Ideal Orgs," in every major city worldwide. Since then, over seventy new or remodeled locations have been opened, including facilities in Washington, D.C., Madrid, New York City, London, Berlin, Mexico City, Rome, Tel Aviv, Atlanta, Miami, and San Diego. Until the late 2010s, Miscavige worked primarily from Scientology's Gold Base near Hemet, California. Scientologists often refer to him as "DM," or "C.O.B.," for chairman of the board.

Flag Building
One of the largest projects of Miscavige's career is the Flag Building, originally called the "Super Power Building," which is described as the spiritual headquarters of Scientology. The largest of Scientology's properties in Clearwater, Florida, the 377,000 sqft structure is reportedly outfitted with custom-built equipment designed to administer the supposedly perception-enhancing "Super Power Rundown" to high-level Scientologists. The building was scheduled for completion in 2003, but underwent ten years of delays and re-designs as Scientology completed two other major construction and restoration projects in the same area ahead of it, the Fort Harrison Hotel and the Oak Cove Hotel. Miscavige inaugurated the Flag Building on November 17, 2013. He reportedly took up permanent residence at the Flag Building in the late-2010s.

2009–present: criminal investigation and lawsuits
In 2009, the St. Petersburg Times published a series titled "The Truth Rundown," which featured allegations by former Scientology executives that Miscavige had repeatedly humiliated and physically beaten his staff, and had confined Scientologists in degrading conditions in a building at Gold Base known as "The Hole." The series included interviews with Mike Rinder, former spokesperson for Scientology and director of the organization's Office of Special Affairs, and Mark Rathbun, the former Inspector General of the RTC. Rinder has said that he was physically assaulted by Miscavige on about fifty occasions. These allegations have been supported by other former Scientologists. Lawrence Wright, author of Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the Prison of Belief, interviewed twelve individuals who reported having been personally attacked by Miscavige and twenty-one people who say they witnessed such attacks. Scientology denies all of these reports.

"The Truth Rundown" was recognized with journalistic honors, including the 2010 Gold Medal for Public Service award from the Florida Society of News Editors. The series was cited as a basis for subsequent journalistic investigations, including a weeklong series hosted on CNN by Anderson Cooper. Jeff Hawkins, a former marketing guru for Scientology, reported attending a meeting where Miscavige "jumped up on the conference room table, like with his feet right on the conference room table, launched himself across the table at me – I was standing – battered my face, and then shoved me down on the floor." Amy Scobee, another ex-Scientologist, corroborated Hawkins' account.

Scientology representatives have consistently denied abuse by Miscavige, insisting that the allegations come from apostates motivated by bitterness or attempting to extort money from the organization. Hawkins' claims were responded to by Scientology when he reiterated them in a documentary, saying they were "fabricated" and referring to him as "a discredited anti-Scientology media source." Scientology executive David Bloomberg said that it was Hawkins who attacked Miscavige. Miscavige sent an open letter to the newspaper challenging the integrity of the reporters and labeling their sources as "lying," after the persons in question had been removed from the Scientology organization for what Miscavige described as "fundamental crimes against the Scientology religion." Scientology also commissioned an independent review of the Times' reporting, but has not, to date, released those findings.

Miscavige is portrayed within Scientology as "a servant of Hubbard's message, not an agent in his own right." Official Scientology websites describe him as Hubbard's "trusted friend." Miscavige uses Scientology publications as well as professionally produced videos of gala events, at which he acts as master of ceremonies, to communicate with Scientologists worldwide. According to the organization, as the RTC's chairman of the board his primary task is to "preserve, maintain and protect" the Scientology organization. In 2012, Miscavige opened Scientology's "National Affairs Office" in Washington, D.C., which he declared to be, "an office designed to give back to a United States government that steadfastly guaranteed our religious rights, the very freedom that allows us to do what we are doing today." Scientology says the National Affairs Office was built "to oversee programs around the country and the world dealing with human rights, drug addiction, literacy and disaster response."

FBI investigation
In his role as the leader of Scientology, Miscavige has been the subject of law enforcement investigations, including by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), into suspected human trafficking and slavery. He is also the subject of ongoing lawsuits involving child abuse, human trafficking and forced labor. Miscavige was investigated as part of wide-ranging investigation into Scientology by the FBI in 2009 and 2010, which focused particularly on criminal activities at Gold Base, against which the FBI had planned a raid before the investigation was discontinued.

Scientology Network
Scientology launched the Scientology Network, a DIRECTV broadcast and OTT streaming service, on March 12, 2018, with Miscavige introducing its inaugural broadcast in a rare on-camera appearance. The network is produced by Scientology Media Productions in Los Angeles, a facility opened by the organization in May 2016. Addressing the crowd at the SMP opening, Miscavige called the channel "our uncorrupted communication line to the billions. Because as the saying goes, if you don't write your own story, someone else will."

Abuse lawsuits
In 2019, a then-unnamed female individual, who was raised as a Scientologist and joined the Sea Org as Miscavige's steward at age 15, filed suit against Miscavige and Scientology. The lawsuit also alleged kidnapping, stalking, libel, slander, constructive invasion of privacy and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Lawyers for Scientology convinced a judge to move the case to internal church arbitration in January 2020. Miscavige is named in a lawsuit involving a series of rapes by Scientologist Danny Masterson, and subsequent efforts by the Scientology organization to harass Masterson's victims. Scientology's lawyers had tried to force the case into internal church arbitration, similar to the case in 2020, but this failed following a three-judge ruling in January 2022.

Three former Scientology workers filed a lawsuit for human trafficking, and peonage of children as young as six years old, against Miscavige and Scientology in April 2022. The lawsuit also alleges repeated sexual assault of children by senior members of the Sea Org, of which Miscavige was leader at the time and remains so to the present. The court overseeing the case was told by counsel for the plaintiffs that Miscavige was evading service in the case over a period of months, with at least fourteen attempts being made to serve the summons. The evasion included Miscavige ordering the security team at his house to prevent the summons from being delivered. The court found the allegations sufficiently credible that it ordered that Miscavige be served through the office of the Secretary of State of Florida.

Marriage
Miscavige is married to fellow Sea Org member Michele Diane "Shelly" Miscavige, who has not been seen in public since August 2007 when she was spotted being escorted to her father's funeral. Multiple sources have alleged she disappeared from Gold Base shortly after she "filled several job vacancies without her husband's permission." In July 2012, responding to press speculation on Shelly's whereabouts, lawyers who said they represented her informed two UK newspapers that "she is not missing and devotes her time to the work of the Church of Scientology."

In 2013, the Los Angeles Times reported that the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) had closed their investigation following a missing persons report filed by former Scientologist and actress Leah Remini, having "located and spoke[n]" to Shelly Miscavige. The LAPD declined to answer questions about the details of the report. Author Lawrence Wright reports that "former Sea Org members" claim that they believe Shelly Miscavige is being held against her will at the compound of the Scientologist's Church of Spiritual Technology corporation near the mountain town of Running Springs in San Bernardino County.

Family and relatives
In 2012, after gaining access to the full Internet via Kindle, Ron Miscavige discovered new information about the church and subsequently left the Church of Scientology. The Los Angeles Times reported that he was put under surveillance by the Church, which was said to have paid two private investigators to watch him around the clock for 18 months for $10,000 a week. The surveillance was said to have been "all because [David] Miscavige feared that his father would divulge too much about the organisation's activities." At one point, the investigators were said to have phoned David Miscavige when they thought his father was having a heart attack and were allegedly told not to intervene: "If it was Ron's time to die, to let him die and not intervene in any way." David Miscavige denied having ordered the surveillance or speaking to one of the investigators. Subsequently, Ron published a book in 2016, titled Ruthless: Scientology, My Son David Miscavige, and Me.

Thomas Tobin of the Tampa Bay Times reviewed the book, writing that the author "describ[es] his son as a tyrant who has turned the organization into a destructive influence." Tobin wrote that Ron Miscavige said the church had "morphed into an immoral organization that hides a long list of abuses behind First Amendment protections, spends millions to investigate and harass its critics, and has destroyed families — including his own — through its practice of disconnection."

Ronald "Ronnie" Miscavige Jr., David Miscavige's older brother by seven years, served in CMO in the Sea Org for a time, but left Scientology in 2000. Jenna Miscavige Hill, Ronnie Miscavige's daughter and David Miscavige's niece, remained in the Sea Org until 2005; she subsequently became an outspoken critic of Scientology and published a book in 2013 titled Beyond Belief: My Secret Life Inside Scientology And My Harrowing Escape. Denise Licciardi, Miscavige's twin sister, was hired by major Scientology donor Bryan Zwan as a top executive for the Clearwater-based company Digital Lightwave, where she was linked to an accounting scandal.

Shelly Miscavige's mother, Mary Florence "Flo" Fike Barnett, was a long-time Scientologist who later resigned, taking with her copies of "confidential upper-level materials." She joined David Mayo's Advanced Ability Center, an independent Scientology organization considered heterodox by the Church of Scientology. According to testimony by former high-ranking church executive Vicki Aznaran: "The fact that David Miscavige was linked to [Barnett] by familial ties was extremely repugnant to him and to his wife...” On September 8, 1985, Barnett was found dead at age 52 from a shot to the head from a Ruger 10/22 rifle.

The body also had three rifle shot wounds to the chest (one surface wound, one through a breast implant, and one that passed through the left lung and fractured a rib), and there were superficial slash marks on her wrists that were identified in the autopsy report as possibly having been several days old. Despite the admittedly "very, very, very unusual" circumstances of multiple gunshot wounds and the unwieldy nature of the weapon, her death was ruled as consistent with suicide. David Miscavige strongly denied any part in his mother-in-law's death in an affidavit on the case, calling it a "personal tragedy in my family’s life." However, in the presence of other witnesses he was reported to exclaim: "That bitch got what she deserved."

Friendship with Tom Cruise
Miscavige is a close friend of actor Tom Cruise and served as best man at Cruise's wedding to Katie Holmes. Cruise was converted to Scientology by his first wife Mimi Rogers in 1986, becoming an outspoken advocate for the Church of Scientology in the 2000s. Around the same time Cruise was beginning his relationship with Rogers, Miscavige made an announcement at a Church of Scientology rally, "The most important recruit ever is in the process of being secured. His arrival will change the face of Scientology forever."

His involvement in the organization was leaked by the tabloid Star in 1990, and he publicly admitted to following Scientology in a 1992 interview with Barbara Walters. According to the book Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion by Janet Reitman, seven years after Cruise started studying Scientology, the organization's leaders promised to share Scientology secrets, such as the prophet Xenu. According to Reitman's book, Cruise "freaked out" and took a step back. He removed himself from the Church and worked on the film Eyes Wide Shut until 1999 when Miscavige sent Marty Rathbun to successfully "retrieve" Cruise and convince him to continue training.

Lawrence Wright's 2013 book Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief and Alex Gibney's 2015 television documentary adaptation of the same name cast a spotlight on Cruise's role in Scientology. The book and the film both allege that the Scientology organization groomed romantic partners for Cruise and that Cruise used Sea Org and Rehabilitation Project Force workers as a source of free labor. In the film, Cruise's former auditor Marty Rathbun claims that second wife Nicole Kidman was wiretapped on Cruise's suggestion, which Cruise's lawyer denies. Cruise's ex-girlfriend Nazanin Boniadi later compared the Scientology organization's auditioning of women to date Cruise and experiences with him to "white slavery."

title: David Miscavige


text:
Talk:Sodium phosphates

This article is about the same chemical as Trisodium phosphate; I don't know which should be the primary article and which should be a redirect. It seems like the two names are used in different fields. Anyone who knows may wish to merge the two. -- Creidieki 19:25, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I merged this article into Trisodium phosphate, because that was the longer article and it had more links pointing to it. If anyone disagrees with this, then they can move that article here, but it would be polite to fix all the links as well. --Spudtater 7 July 2005 22:42 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sodium phosphates


text:
Talk:Trisodium phosphate

TSP in Breakfast Cereals
Does anyone know why this stuff (Trisodium Phosphate) is in many cereals? (Lucky Charms to start) What is it's purpose and is it harming us? (Since main page says it corrodes metal.. I'm nervous as what it is doing to my body..) Would like anyone to add some more info about it's place in our foods. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.243.4.230 (talk) 15:31, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

 * It is also in Pocky sticks... Kosburrat (talk) 02:14, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

I don't know why it is in cereals, but I added mention of this in the "Uses" section with links to pages for those cereals that contain TSP. --Bill.albing (talk) 20:32, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Trisodium phosphate adds, well, phosphates, which are essential nutrients. Many sources say aids the addition of calcium, (1, 2). That it corrodes metal is of little importance on its own--table salt will corrode metal as well. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is used as a cleaning agent and a pesticide. Vinegar is also a very popular cleaning agent.

 * Not to mention that the hydrochloric acid in your stomach will dissolve iron nails quite handily. Norm Reitzel (talk) 15:22, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Other
This article is about the same chemical as Sodium phosphate; I don't know which should be the primary article and which should be a redirect. It seems like the two names are used in different fields. Anyone who knows may wish to merge the two. -- Creidieki 19:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I merged that article into this one, because this one was longer and had more links pointing to it. If anybody disagrees, they can move the article across to sodium phosphate, but it would be polite to fix all the links as well. --Spudtater 7 July 2005 22:53 (UTC)

Anyone who wants to give monosodium phosphate its own page, feel free. For now it's freeloading here. --Spudtater 7 July 2005 23:12 (UTC)
 * Sodium dihydrogen phosphate would be a better title (with a redirect from monosodium phosphate, of course). Physchim62 19:46, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

My opinion is that we should have one page that covers all three compounds: monobasic, dibasic, and tribasic, as well as variations like sodium metaphosphate. Karlhahn 21:11, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

"GO SILVERBACKS!" - something tells me this has nothing to do with sodium phosphate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.228.187.115 (talk) 13:18, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 17:52, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

oops?
By the end of the 20th century, many products that formerly contained TSP are now manufactured with TSP'

doesn't make sense, I think it's intended to say "without TSP" but I'm not sure enough to want to edit it to that effect.

Alkhowarizmi (talk) 15:56, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

TSP in dishwashing detergent or laundry detergent
Up until the 2010 ban on phosphates in the U.S. for consumer dishwashing detergent, I don't think TSP was even an ingredient. Anyone editing the article to say TSP was in automatic dishwasher detergent, I want to see good references. I am not too sure about laundry detergents, but since they have been free of phosphates for a long time now, I don't know if it would be easy to find an historical source about them. Maybe they had TSP in them... I think they might have, or at least some of them might have.

As for dishwashing detergent, I believe the phosphates responsible for the water softening were things like STTP, which is Sodium tripolyphosphate. I changed the article to note the fact that these compounds are easy to get confused.

There was a long NY Times article on dishwashing, but since it never mentioned TSP, I removed the source, mainly because this source made no mention of any specific compounds responsible for either the softening or algae growth effects. I think people falsely attribute TSP to the phosphate chemicals formerly used to soften dishwashing water. I like to saw logs! (talk) 04:07, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

substitutes aren't as effective?
I followed the "^ Hotton, Peter (26 August 2010). "Handyman on Call". The Boston Globe." link and it makes no reference to any other materials relative to TSP at all, you can hardly call it a reference supporting the statement that substitute cleaning agents aren't as effective.

I'm sure there is literature out there that has information on this. Surely sodium carbonate and sodium silicates are the most comparable in terms of applications. In my opinion silicates are better cleaners anyway, you just have to look out for corrosion issues. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.138.11.111 (talk) 09:48, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

the "Food Additive" section says "emulsifier", but the E number listed is for "antioxidant"
On Jun 24, 2014, the article includes:

Food additive[edit] Sodium phosphates (monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, and trisodium phosphate) are approved as a food additive in the EU; used as emulsifying agents, E339.[12]

If you click the E339 link, however, the table has:

E339	Sodium phosphates (i) Monosodium phosphate (ii) Disodium phosphate (iii) Trisodium phosphate	antioxidant	Approved in the EU.[17]

where the "antioxidant" value is in a column headed "Purpose". So instead of saying "used as emulsifying agents", IMHO it seems like it ought to be "used as antioxidant".

Jfehribach (talk) 21:23, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

There have been no talk page comments for over a week, so I changed the article: Change "emulsifier" to "antioxidant" in ===Food additive=== section

Jfehribach (talk) 01:40, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

You are referencing anther Wikipedia page that is in error. If you actually go to the primary source here: http://www.food.gov.uk/science/additives/enumberlist#anchor_7 you can verify that it is not in the antioxidant section. --67.168.8.24 (talk) 19:44, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

GHS Classification
The article classifies trisodium phosphate as H318, yet the ECHA website which gives the currently accepted classification for thousands of chemicals gives the material a classification of H319.

Here it is:

http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-9ead4380-d8c1-340c-e044-00144f67d031/AGGR-3d0b0fea-d8c6-47e8-a65a-5d406495428e_DISS-9ead4380-d8c1-340c-e044-00144f67d031.html#L-610e3d7e-5910-45b3-ae6d-26ea59aa1291

 * Note - may have to resubmit EC/CAS Number on the previous page or you may get a form-resubmit type error — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.249.75.66 (talk) 08:57, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:16, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Na3PO4·12 H2O as Sodium Phosphate Tribasic Hydrate
I've seen the formula Na3PO4·12 H2O referred to as sodium phosphate tribasic 12-hydrate (for example, by chemical.net https://www.chemical.net/sodium-phosphate-tribasic-12-hydrate-crystal-3). What exactly does the tribasic in this name mean? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Secretkeeper12 (talk • contribs) 04:26, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Tribasic refers to the number of basic molecules (NaOH) that reacted with each molecule of H3PO4 to form the product. Orthophosphoric acid is a triprotic acid, and therefore there are three positions where it can react with a molecule of a base. 71.248.161.176 (talk) 03:37, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

Why does the page say TSP is NOT toxic?
"While TSP is not toxic per se,"

The MSDS also say the following:

Ingestion

ACUTE HAZARDS / SYMPTOMS Cough. Sore throat. Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Shock or collapse.

PREVENTION Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

FIRST AID / FIRE-FIGHTING Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Anytime I see something that says "Do NOT induce vomiting" or "Refer immediately for medical attention" puts up red flags for me.

If it isn't toxic, why the need for immediate medical attention?

2602:306:CE4E:2DC0:941B:E045:74AD:B08D (talk) 07:19, 14 June 2017 (UTC)

Perhaps you should stop reading MSDS sheets if you cannot interpret them reasonably. Most substances in their pure form will be harmful. Please keep in mind that it is generally the amount that does harm not the substance in itself. Mike — Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.133.209.117 (talk • contribs) November 11, 2020 (UTC)

TSP can be seriously toxic. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
See: Trisodium phosphate poisoning information. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

I removed this completely unsourced material from the Wikipedia article: "While TSP is not toxic per se, it is severely irritating to gastric mucosa unless used as part of a buffered solution."

From the linked article above: ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH AND INTESTINES

Blood in the stool Burns of the esophagus (food pipe) and stomach Diarrhea Severe abdominal pain Vomiting, possibly bloody

And: Severe damage to the mouth, throat, eyes, lungs, esophagus, nose, and stomach are possible. The long-term outcome depends on the extent of this damage. Damage to the esophagus and stomach continues to occur for several weeks after the poison was swallowed. Death may occur as long as a month later.

As far as what is safe in food there is this: It was decided, therefore, to assign a ‘maximum tolerable daily intake’ (MTDI) rather than an ADI. The MTDI allocated was 70 mg/kg bw [body weight] per day (expressed as phosphorus) for the sum of phosphates and polyphosphates, both naturally present in food and ingested as food additives.

From here: Re‐evaluation of phosphoric acid–phosphates – di‐, tri‐ and polyphosphates (E 338–341, E 343, E 450–452) as food additives and the safety of proposed extension of use. Published online 2019 Jun 12. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5674 - EFSA Journal. See: European Food Safety Authority.

This is a good article with many quality references: Medically reviewed by Amy Richter, RD, Nutrition — Written by Jillian Kubala, MS, RD — Updated on June 13, 2023. According to the article consuming too many phosphates can cause many health problems. It is the references that count. Wikipedia does not usually use summary articles like this as a reference. --Timeshifter (talk) 10:51, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * "Is Trisodium Phosphate in Food Bad for You? Facts vs. Myths." Link is:
 * healthline dot com/nutrition/trisodium-phosphate

title: Talk:Trisodium phosphate


text:
File:Mcmansionconstruction.jpg

New large house under construction in Texas.

title: File:Mcmansionconstruction.jpg


text:
Biker culture

Biker culture may refer to various aspects of motorcycling and relevant subculture, specifically that of:

 * Motorcycle clubs, groups of individuals whose primary interest and activities involve motorcycles
 * Outlaw motorcycle clubs, also called one percenter clubs or motorcycle gangs

title: Biker culture


text: User talk:68.72.45.102

title: User talk:68.72.45.102