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Wikipedia:WikiProject Visual arts

WikiProject Visual arts, a sub-project of WikiProject Arts, is a place for Wikipedians to discuss issues and organize information about the visual arts. Like any page on Wikipedia, all are welcome to edit and contribute to this WikiProject.

Rather than try to force information to appear in a uniform way, this WikiProject presents guidelines to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. These recommendations for creating visual arts content are based on various Wikipedia style guides and common practices for writing good articles. Use your own judgment in applying these guidelines, along with other Wikipedia guidelines, to compose articles and be bold.

If you would like to help, see the How to help section below and ask questions on the talk page.

Feel free to add your name to the participants list and/or add the project userbox User WikiProject Visual arts to your user page.

Scope
The project seeks to improve the quality of articles related to the visual arts. The main category that represents articles that fall within the scope of this project is Category:Visual arts (Category:Art has merged into this).

A proposed schema for the various subcategories that would also fall within the scope of this project can be found at WikiProject_Visual_arts/Art_categories.

Sub-projects

 * Performing Wikipedia – Live and performance art

Goals

 * 1) To provide a place to discuss common issues on visual arts related pages.
 * 2) To thoroughly explore the visual arts globally and historically.
 * 3) To ensure all pages meet the standards of Cite sources. See also WikiProject Fact and Reference Check.
 * 4) To manage editing of the Visual Arts portal.
 * 5) To discuss and categorize project pages.

How to help
How you can help depends on your time, resources, and interest. Here are a variety of ideas for contributions ranging from simple to complex. Take a look at the Open Tasks section of this page for more article-specific tasks.

If you'd like to help with any of the below and want assistance, post a query on the talk page. Project members will be glad to help.

Writing and editing

 * Create new articles: A good starting point might be requested visual arts articles.
 * List articles that are needed, but you aren't creating yourself, at requested visual arts articles.
 * If creating pages about artists, see Manual of Style (biographies) and WikiProject Biography.
 * Expand stubs:
 * Choose an article from a visual arts stub subcategory and develop it. (See Article development.)
 * Choose an article from an artist stub subcategory and develop it. (See Article development.)
 * Check references on visual arts pages.
 * Copy-edit pages. Fix up grammar, spelling, links and the like.
 * Advice for the cultural sector is a special page dealing with the concerns of editors who are museum curators, librarians or archivists.

Biographies
Work in tandem with WikiProject Biography/Arts and entertainment

Cleanup
An automatically updated list of articles that have been tagged for cleanup is linked here.

Visual arts portal

 * Maintain and update the visual arts portal. There are no parameters for how frequently things can be updated on the portal. Be bold.
 * Update the selected article.
 * Update the selected picture.
 * Update the did you know section.
 * Complete tasks listed in the Things you can do section. Add new open tasks as relevant. Try to maintain a consistent number of items in each section.

Maintain articles

 * Sort stubs:
 * Move articles from Category:Visual arts stubs to more specific stub categories.
 * Move articles from Category:Artist stubs to more specific stub categories.
 * Manage infoboxes (Please use these judiciously and be conscientious of page layout.)
 * Add artist infoboxes Infobox Artist
 * Add painting infoboxes Infobox Painting
 * Check categorization of existing articles and help organize. (See Categorization and Category:Visual arts)
 * Revert vandalism on this portal and on articles to do with visual arts.
 * Contribute to articles for deletion discussions.
 * Contribute to conversations on articles listed here: Requests for comment/Media, art and literature.

Articles for deletion
It is important to have an input into Articles for deletion. There is now a special page for visual art articles, which needs to be maintained, updated and monitored. It can be found here: WikiProject Deletion sorting/Visual arts. Articles need to be added manually: please add any AfD you want to draw attention to, and also put it on your watchlist.

Images

 * Upload and add images to visual arts pages.
 * Public domain image resources is a great place to start looking for images to add.
 * External links to online galleries/images can also be helpful, especially when free images are not available for upload and copyright violations might be an issue.

Larger tasks

 * Move art images to Wikicommons. Suggestion only. Move eligible (world-wide public domain) art images to Wikicommons
 * Categories.See Portal:Visual_arts/Categories. Categorization ideas Art categories
 * Increasing the representation of visual art outside the Western canon: a task force page lists target articles for improvement or creation, as well as related resources
 * Development. Can we try and get Arts and Crafts Movement at least up to B-Class? The article on this important and influential movement, which dominated the decorative arts in Britain from 1890–1915, should be a lot better than it is. I have added to it but I'd appreciate some collaborators.

Visual arts project

 * Add the project template Visual arts to the talk pages of relevant articles that don't already have one.
 * Join the discussions on the project talk page.
 * Publicize – Inform editors who have displayed interest in visual arts about the project via their talk page.
 * Take a look at the project to-do list and help with listed project-related tasks.

Other

 * Answer requests for comments

Online resources: artworks/art books

 * Guggenheim modern art books for free
 * Paris Musees released digital artworks
 * Art Institute of Chicago released digital images
 * Metropolitan Museum of Art: art works in public domain, 600+ art books to download or view online for free
 * Getty Museum artworks: virtual library to download
 * New York Public Library: released artworks, images, books.
 * Smithsonian Open Access: Artworks, images and data from across the Smithsonian’s 19 museums, nine research centers, libraries, archives, and the National Zoo. 3 million images and resources available for open source use as of late 2020

Other

 * WikiProject Visual arts/Art Manual of Style tips on writing articles, and further information
 * Freedom of panorama – copyright on public sculptures etc.
 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Licensing Too much information about licensing images on Commons
 * WP:GLAM for Museum etc. professionals. See talk Archive 1 for further discussion on notability of artworks
 * WP:CREATIVE governs notability for artists

Most popular pages

 * Most visited pages: WikiProject Visual arts/Popular pages

Similar WikiProjects

 * Parent: Arts (largely inactive)
 * Aesthetics task force
 * Architecture
 * Animation
 * Color
 * Comics
 * Anime and manga
 * Comic strips
 * Graffiti
 * History of photography
 * Public art
 * Symbolism and Art Nouveau
 * Women artists

 * See also
 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Hotlist of Art & Architecture

Participants
New names at top. It's not necessary to list your name here to edit this page or edit related articles. Feel free to display the project userbox on your userpage: User WikiProject Visual arts.
 * User:Steelyphilly - Visual arts and theological training. Also a painter.
 * User:Air on White
 * User:Robbandstra
 * User:MorrisStuff - art historian, Victorian art and design
 * GranCavallo (talk)
 * User:Cinematic Poetry University Professor - NY
 * User:Slacker13
 * User:Laflaneuse
 * User:Zbybasel - Art history, comtemporary art
 * User:DrMedRenArtHistory - University Professor, PhD in medieval and Renaissance art history + teach medieval Islamic art
 * User:Homerethegreat - Art History, School Of Paris, Architecture
 * User:Professor Penguino - Interested in art and art history, amateur artist
 * User:JBeens - Visual artist
 * User:Reykcultura7193 - art researcher, interested in visual arts, art history, and architecture
 * User:KateKabob - art student, interested mostly in contemporary art
 * User:MgSane - interesting to write about art
 * User:Melissa040106 - art history, student
 * User:Wil540_art - photography (1820-today), stone sculpture, and contemporary art
 * User: Ppt91 - Western modern art (19th-20th c.), Eastern European modern art, Socialist Realisms, history of photography
 * User:TheWiki93 - Teenage cartoonist who goes to high school every day. Interest in cartoons and comical strips.
 * User:CobaltSteel
 * User:Lunagrouh Art student, will try to help.
 * User:Audie Scribener Digital artist and professional, with wide-ranging interests and education in the history of visual arts.
 * User:ReffPixels Digital artist and professional Pixel artist, will focus mostly on anything related to computer graphics.
 * User:Bellakine Love Impressionism, studying arts intersection with religion
 * User:Abdul_Muhsy
 * Orson12345 - Love portrait paintings, my favorite artist is Lucas Cranach

 * PenangLion - Chinese art lover.
 * Voltaireloving -Art Librarian
 * Toslash (talk) 19:55, 9 September 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Liam2520 - Art history enthusiast, primarily 19th Century and Victorian art
 * User:ArtistWatch MuseumSurvey
 * User:Tjess20
 * User:Otherart
 * User:Bello Na'im
 * User: InsufficientVespeneGas - Art History Studen - Melbourne Australia
 * User:CohuttaBlue - Artist. North Georgia.
 * User: Noahby
 * User: ArtistAmyKarle1
 * User: ThatLaurelGirl - Art lover
 * User: Witnearionberg - Painter: Realism & Impressionism / Digital Artist
 * User: JordanTimothyJames - Archivist. Primary interest stained glass and architectural/monumental art and related subjects; biographies.
 * User:Thellomerca
 * User:Mysteriumen
 * User:GinnyTonic Modern and Contemporary art, 20th-21st c. primarily in the Americas.
 * User:dorkinglad
 * User:El cid, el campeador
 * User:Isaksenk - focused on 16th-17th C Western European art, particularly female artists and subjects
 * User:Triethylborane - Self-taught photographer/videographer
 * User:Hochithecreator
 * User:BoriquaZurdo - Focus on art and artists from Puerto Rico, Latin America and USA
 * User:Badabara
 * User:Eruditess - art history fan, I volunteer for teaching children about influential artists.
 * User:Sicklemoon - mid to late 20th c. art in America
 * User: Solangelo19 - actor, dancer.
 * User:Interesting009
 * User:Coffeycp - art historian, Latin American art
 * User:Aza24
 * User:Cpfffr
 * User:Orlando the Cat
 * User:GeneralPoxter
 * User:Aroundthewayboy
 * User:MauraWen
 * User:JeBonSer
 * Barbara Page - gallery owner; mixed media artist
 * User:Uberlibris - Australian arts librarian
 * User:Foxtreetop - medical and scientific illustration; comics and sequential art
 * User: Edwardjones76 -esp. Los Angeles contemporary art and
 * User:FencingQueen
 * User:KolArt
 * User:Mduvekot
 * User:Steveow
 * User:Robertgombos - esp. photography related articles and contemporary art.
 * User:Vivsss
 * User:OhioOakTree
 * User:Artchivist1
 * User:Jamesmcardle biographies
 * User:JordiNN
 * User:Webmeister1
 * User:Dharampal Singh
 * User:HarrisonSteam
 * Gkuriger (talk) 18:28, 11 August 2016 (UTC) - interested in writing about exhibitions, biographies, art museums
 * Andy Mabbett, Pigsonthewing - esp. biographies. Also good with templates and Wikidata
 * Seazzy
 * User:Daniel kenneth
 * User:Phantrix: Art student, so interested in(and studying) all forms of visual artworks
 * User:Jscarboro: Interested in contemporary art and artists, painting, feminist artists and African-American artists
 * User:Netherzone
 *  DGG ( talk ) 08:42, 4 March 2016 (UTC) primary interest is in rescuing inadequate or threatened artist  biographies
 * User:Greenadia06: Conservator for wall paintings, interested in painting techniques, art history and art in general.
 * User:Artevida: Greetings from Spain. Interested in Art in general.
 * User:Jamesmcardle:Australian and international photography, women artists, modernism.
 * User:Vivek.bekhabar: Recently I have developed an interest in Visual arts, so reading a lot these days. Happy to contribute here.
 * User:Kwork2
 * User:Jocelyndurrey
 * User:Massimiliano79: Aerospace Engineer and working in the field of screen printing technique and screen printing machines.
 * User:Max roosevelt
 * User:Pelarmian
 * User:STSC
 * User:Xenxax
 * User:Mashkawat.ahsan: Interested in Bangladeshi art. Also art in general & art history.
 * User:Hza a 9
 * User:VickiAnderson: Contemporary visual arts, performance, music and film.
 * User:AminaDiriqsay
 * User:AJK2014: Interest in contemporary art, curating, performance, Southeast Asian and feminist art practice.
 * User:Arthistorygrrl: Primary interests are contemporary art, women artists, and performance
 * User:Cm8587a: Interested in Central American Art
 * User:Rssyng: interested in contemporary practices as well as minimalism and conceptual art, particularly familiar with Donald Judd
 * User:Artchick27
 * User:14GTR
 * User:Hafspajen
 * User:Byrappa
 * User:Scribbleink – interested in the visual arts of France (Impressionism and Post-Impressionism), Japan (wood-block) and India (art history)
 * User:Chrome15
 * User:Artethical
 * User:GreyWinterOwl ask me help if needed
 * User:Amandajm, all visual art, but particularly Renaissance
 * User:iopensa, focus on visual art in Africa (institutions, artists, art scene) and related to Africa (exhibitions, publications, scholars) – contemporary African art.
 * User:Yakikaki
 * User:Turn685
 * User:Philafrenzy
 * User:Xcia0069 – Interested in early modern European art, particularly Italian artist Gianlorenzo Bernini
 * User:Hillbillyholiday
 * User:Global Microscope
 * User:Pcatanese
 * User:Pgboultbee
 * User:WriterArtistDC – Nude (art), Art Modeling, Figure Drawing, Figure Painting
 * User:RussellM
 * User:Reneduchamp Contemporary artists active in France
 * User:Francoisalex2
 * User:Artventure22 • American Art Historian living in Paris researching Modern Art
 * User:Franciselliott • Modern art, conceptual art, artists' books.
 * User:psubhashish
 * User:Karithina
 * User:Gobonobo
 * User:Amadscientist
 * User:Sad_Lil_Artsy_Guy
 * User:Jobrjobr
 * Euartcurator Wide ranging art interests,from Latin to European,Modern,Post Modern,Neo-expressionism etc.
 * Gothicfilm
 * User:Khidekel
 * User:Jamesmcgrey Contemporary artists in America.
 * User:Sionk Particular interest in modern (western) visual art and street art.
 * User:Whiteghost.ink Australian Art and European art of the fin-de-siècle
 * User:LoriLee, Working with the Indianapolis Museum of Art on a model for Wikipedians in Residence and increasing content creation around art history.
 * User:Rorchester European Curator, contemporary art
 * User:Gmcbjames American Ceramists, ceramic art
 * User:SunRiddled Art writers and bloggers, mostly US and UK.
 * User:Babajobu, Asian-American painters
 * User:CaroleHenson
 * User:Chimino – Post-Impressionism & Street Art
 * User:GuzonjinSin
 * User:Korruski
 * User:Rob Myers
 * User:Samil20
 * User:Deltabaryon
 * User:Artiquities
 * User:warrenking interested in contemporary art in San Francisco and New York, especially artist-run initiatives, biographies, and recent history (90s-Present).
 * User:ArtnHistory
 * Sargentprivate (talk) 05:06, 6 June 2010 (UTC) interested in figurative painting, vorticism and contemporary and modern movements.
 * Scriberius (talk) 15:08, 2 June 2010 (UTC) esp. work old masters
 * User:LaNaranja
 * User:JuneGloom07
 * User:Artiquities, working on contemporary art in Britain, Europe and USA.
 * User: Art&concepts contemporary and conceptual art.
 * User:Emiraly Attempting to overhaul several pages and focus on elements and principles of two-dimensional and three-dimensional design.
 * User:Ocarrollcian Focusing on French/European C19 art, European Architecture 1800–1955, Japanese Art and Yoshitaka Amano.
 * User:Vaishal. Interests : minimalism and greenpeace
 * User:Pamela Gardiner Focusing on all forms of visual art and biography.
 * User:Paloma747 Focusing on Abstract Expressionism, and Classical Realism, technique.
 * User:Grhabyt Focusing on Contemporary Art, New media art, and Visual Culture.
 * User:Tshelford Focusing on the art movement Classical Realism.
 * User:RayNorris Concentrating on Indigenous Australian art of all types (e.g. Bark painting)
 * User:ChristianGL Focusing on the old masters and all kinds of classical figurativity.
 * User:Salmon1 Focusing on American abstract and figurative expressionism.
 * User:Bobf All, especially Visual Theatre
 * User:Riwo Printmaking,Painting,Visionary Art,Mandala.
 * User:Sketchee
 * User:Slaviclands Focusing on Slavic arts and artist.
 * User:sparkit Focused on the time since the beginning of the industrial revolution.
 * User:Solipsist
 * Maria_N Focused on Installation art, New media art and British contemporary artists.
 * User:Ham
 * User:DENAMAX
 * Richard T. Focused on Paris 1848–1914, Art Theory/Dada/etcaa and ink on paper.
 * User:Philthecow
 * User:MarcMyWords (kinda new to this, could use some guidance)
 * User:PiCo focused on Art of Australia at the moment
 * Dsmdgold interested in Medieval art especially illuminated manuscripts
 * User:Tyrenius Doing work on contemporary UK art – artists, shows, critics, institutions
 * User:Clubmarx
 * User:Renice
 * User:Annlanding Art History, primarily 20th Century-current, expanding and clean up of existing articles.
 * User:R.P.D. 19 & 20 European art
 * User:camitava Art in general, Art History, Painting materials and techniques
 * User:Johnbod: Old master prints and printmaking generally, with a historical pov
 * User:TonyTheTiger
 * User:Carptrash Mostly American sculpture – but I want to talk about art stubs – or .  .  . ... To stub or not to stub? That is the question.
 * User:Freshacconci Contemporary art in general, and Canadian art and media and film art in particular, with an interest in Modern Art history (1850–1970) as well.
 * User:Cosmopolitancats Practising artist with particular interest in drawing and sketching and associated media – and the overall organisation of information.
 * User:Planetneutral I'd like to focus on better organization of this project; also lesser known Florentine painters
 * User:Jdcollins13
 * User:Joedogthe1st Focusing on tasks in general and American art, Folk Art, Pop Art, Pollock etc.
 * User:Kimon
 * User:Printguy 19th/20th Century American and European original prints/works on paper, also Japanese woodcuts and ancient Chinese ceramics
 * User:LordAmeth – Art of Japan
 * User:Bus stop
 * User:Modernist
 * User:Lighthead Minor help since I'm mostly involved with related Spirituality projects. "Hee-hee.."
 * User:MChew – Japanese arts
 * User:Fanturmandos – Art in general, specifically paintings
 * User:Fenbaud – Art in general; Fauve; Post-war, Modern
 * User:OnlineWall – Art Online, Images, Online Art Retailers and Framers
 * User:Olpl
 * User:Ceoil – My taste is mainly figurative; I particularly like Bacon, Giacometti, Ingres and Caravaggio. On wiki, I enjoy copy editing articles.
 * User:Pádraig Coogan
 * User:Miguelemejia
 * User:Grandpafootsoldier
 * User:Gordonofcartoon general cleanup/sourcing, but particularly working (unsystematically) through Category:United Kingdom painter stubs where I can expand them through ODNB and Times sourcing.
 * User:Platinumbuddha contemporary Australian, medieval, art theory, art historian biographies. Grammar/syntax corrections, bibliographies.
 * User:Ernst Stavro Blofeld I'll be trying to add every Hungarian painter and sculptor to wkipedia. I'll also be adding a few stubs on articles on European paintings – notably the works of Corot
 * user:Attilios
 * User:Underbelly02
 * User:Ethicoaestheticist Contemporary and late twentieth century art.
 * Infiniteawe &emdash; Contemporary art, especially American Modernism and postmodern art.
 * Ramírez72 – Mainly focuses on 19th to 20th Contemporary art of Mexico, Latin America and the United States.
 * User:georgequizbowl08
 * User:Susanlesch – mostly inactive
 * User:Silentaria
 * User:Aminz
 * User:Thaliapap
 * User:William P. Coleman Ancient Greek, Renaissance Italian, Dutch, Impressionism and Post Impressionism, 20th Century
 * user:TicketMan Have somehow found myself creating and expanding artist stubs.
 * user:Pamela Gardiner Sculpture, drawing and contemporary art galleries.
 * User:RiverHockey
 * User:Justizin Plan to cover accuracy, disputes, and improve sources for ancient to modern art history during four semesters, and to continue contributing.
 * user:ShamanDhia
 * user:SuperNeek 20th Century Art and general clear ups.
 * User:Artethical
 * User:Paula clare Ancient art, letter forms and signs; and abstract art from 1900 onwards.
 * User:Sara_USA All forms of visual, especially invention and innovation in visual art, and fine art
 * User:Jpbowen Art galleries/museums and their collections; individual artworks.
 * User:Kafka Liz Diverse interests, currently focusing on mediaeval manuscripts but also including Ancient, Early Christian, and Byzantine periods. Very interested in iconography and funerary art.
 * User:I_live_on_Planet_Art Notable Contemporary Artists and Outsider/Self Taught Aritsts
 * User:Sean.fletcher and User:IsabelReichert Intangible media and the intersection of life and art
 * User:AntonioArch Canadian Art, contemporary art, contemporary Canadian art, art theft, art crime
 * User:Cuprum17 Copper wall sculpture, silversmithing
 * User:Ladyson
 * User:Research Method An Oak Tree. Seeking to improve the academic quality of articles, and challenge unsupported statements.
 * User:ScarTissueBloodBlister
 * User:jlg4104 Early and middle 20th c. modernism. Sourcing. Editing for clarity.
 * User:TravisNygard Working on general improvements of, modern Western art—especially American, pre-Columbian art, the academic discipline, and methodology.
 * User:Chickeninapram
 * User:PoizonMyst
 * User:HansEworth Working on Tudor portraiture and, more broadly, Italian Renaissance Art.
 * User:Littleolive Oil
 * User:Txmod Working on modern and contemporary American art.
 * Harrypotter Situationism
 * User:Junius49, working on graffiti art, street art, illegal art
 * User:Ackees, working on general art, African art, art of the African diaspora
 * User:Mandarax
 * User:Kurtcool2 Working on Renaissance Art, Modern Art, and Classical Art.
 * User:Neon Sky Graphic Design, Computer Art, Printmaking
 * User:Tsbshb American Art
 * User:Uyvsdi, focus on Native American art
 * User:Ender78, focus on Graphic Design, Computer, and New Media Art
 * User:Vejvančický, Czech art
 * User: Simonewharton intern at the Art Gallery of Ontario, working on putting up pages for individual works of art from the permanent collection.
 * User:TakuyaMurata a.k.a. Taku
 * User:Rocco718 Contemporary art
 * User:OR drohowa contemporary artists
 * User:Kwameghana I love the visual arts and the creative arts
 * User:NoJin, ArtLib.cz
 * User:NoJin, ArtLib.cz

Templates
Please add them as you find them, using caution, especially with the larger ones, which may disrupt carefully designed pages.

Artists

 * Infobox artist

Art works

 * Infobox artwork

Image pages

 * Image information art

Navigation aids
See also Category:Arts and culture templates

Cultural periods
Not specific to art
 * Middle Ages sidebar
 * Modernism
 * Renaissance
 * Culture of the United States

Art periods

 * Art history
 * Ancient art history
 * Westernart
 * European art history

Art nationality

 * French art history
 * Japanese art history
 * Russian art movements

Art groups

 * Arte Povera
 * Cubism
 * Dada
 * Federation of British Artists
 * Futurism
 * Group of Seven
 * Grosvenor School
 * Impressionists
 * Stuckism
 * Young British Artists
 * Vorticism

Artists

 * Edward Burne-Jones
 * Henri Matisse
 * Vincent van Gogh
 * El Greco
 * Dante Gabriel Rossetti
 * Andy Warhol

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Visual arts


text:
User talk:Guy Montag/2

Hello,

Regarding the back-and-forth whether journalism is valid or not, the quote that you have applied and I have removed from the entry Robert_Fisk, I added a discussion to the Talk:Robert_Fisk page to that entry that describes why I think that your comment is inappropriate: it uses weasel terms.

In addition to that, the article is no longer NPOV.

Also, from the #wikipedia channel some folks believe that your addition is in fact incorrect:

you're right that what he's trying to add shouldn't be in the article

Thanks for your attention.

MiguelDeIcaza

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Guy Montag/2


text:
Newport station (PATH)

The Newport station (at different times known as the Erie, the Pavonia Avenue station, or the Pavonia-Newport station) is a station on the PATH system. Located on Town Square Place (formerly Pavonia Avenue) at the corner of Washington Boulevard in the Newport neighborhood of Jersey City, New Jersey, it is served by the Hoboken–World Trade Center and Journal Square–33rd Street lines on weekdays, and by the Journal Square–33rd Street (via Hoboken) line on weekends. , its estimated weekday use was nearly 20,000 passengers, up from 17,000 to 18,000 average weekday passengers in 2010.

History
The station was opened on August 2, 1909, as part of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M), originally constructed to connect to the Erie Railroad's Pavonia Terminal. The capitals of the station's columns are adorned with the "E", and recall its original name, Erie. After the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 1960s takeover of the system, the station was renamed Pavonia, or Pavonia Avenue, itself named for the 17th New Netherland settlement of Pavonia. In 1988, the station became known as Pavonia/Newport to reflect the redevelopment of the former railyards along the banks of the Hudson River to residential, retail, and recreational uses as Newport. In 2010, the name became Newport.

The station has undergone a number of transformations. During the Erie period, the station was so busy that a second platform was added to manage the flow of passengers from the over 30 passenger trains that ran in and out of the station hourly. The desire to reuse old caissons (from previous tunneling attempts) when building the H&M system meant that the tubes at this location were far inland. As a result, the actual station was not closely integrated into the Erie Railroad Terminal above, and the Erie never built a new terminal on top of the underground platforms. Therefore, a lengthy walk through inclined pedestrian tunnels was necessary in order to connect from the H&M to the passenger trains. In response to this, in 1954, the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad installed a 277 ft long moving sidewalk known as "the Speedwalk". It was the first such moving walkway built in the United States; built by Goodyear, it moved up a 10 percent grade at a speed of 1.5 mph (2.4 km/h).

In 1956, the Erie Railroad consolidated its operations with the Lackawanna Railroad and moved to Hoboken Terminal. A few years later, the small New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway ceased operations at the Erie Terminal, which was torn down soon afterwards.

Beginning in the late 1980s, the once-vacant railyards surrounding the station were turned into residential, office, and retail towers, and the neighborhood became known as Newport. As part of the redevelopment, Pavonia Station itself was renamed and underwent extensive renovations, including improved lighting, floors, walls, ceilings, artwork, and the installation of a new headhouse with escalators and elevators.

The station underwent further renovations in 2001–2003 with the installation of an additional elevator in order to re-open the side platform to regular use after four decades of inactivity.

In 2023, a proposal for a 420-foot, 40-story mixed-used high rise on top of the station was announced. The tower will house 423 residential units, including 71 studios, 211 one bedrooms, and 141 two bedrooms. It will feature 3,450 square feet of retail space on the lower floors, and 45,000 square feet of commercial office space. Additionally, the building will include 6,400 square feet of amenity space on the fourth floor, 14,150 square feet of common outdoor space, including a covered patio and roof terrace. The building will include 218 bicycle parking space. The development will also spruce up the area around the station, including new sidewalks, 16 new trees, new landscaping, and seatwalls.

Station layout
The station has two tracks. There is one island platform serving southbound trains and one side platform serving northbound trains.

Vicinity

 * Hudson River Waterfront Walkway
 * Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Powerhouse
 * Newport Centre
 * Newport Tower

title: Newport station (PATH)


text:
Ruby Dome

Ruby Dome is the highest mountain in both the Ruby Mountains and Elko County, in Nevada, United States. It is the twenty-seventh-highest mountain in the state, and also ranks as the thirteenth-most topographically prominent peak in the state. The peak is located about 21 mi southeast of the city of Elko within the Ruby Mountains Ranger District of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. The mountain rises from a base elevation of about 6000 ft to a height of 11387 ft. It is the highest mountain for over 90 miles in all directions.

title: Ruby Dome


text: User:JohnOwens/Gallery

title: User:JohnOwens/Gallery


text:
Sanguisorba

Sanguisorba is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The common name is burnet.

Description
The plants are herbaceous perennials or small shrubs. The stems grow to 50–200 cm tall and have a cluster of basal leaves, with further leaves arranged alternately up the stem. The leaves are pinnate, 5–30 cm long, with 7-25 leaflets, the leaflets with a serrated margin. Young leaves grow from the crown in the center of the plant. The flowers are small, produced in dense clusters 5–20 mm long; each flower has four very small petals, white to red in colour.

Species
The following species are accepted:
 * Sanguisorba albanica András. & Jáv.
 * Sanguisorba albiflora (Makino) Makino
 * Sanguisorba alpina Bunge
 * Sanguisorba ancistroides (Desf.) Ces.
 * Sanguisorba annua (Nutt. ex Hook.) Torr. & A.Gray – annual burnet, prairie burnet, western burnet
 * Sanguisorba applanata T.T.Yu & C.L.Li
 * Sanguisorba armena Boiss.
 * Sanguisorba azovtsevii Krasnob. & Pshenich.
 * Sanguisorba canadensis L. – Canadian burnet, white burnet
 * Sanguisorba cretica Hayek
 * Sanguisorba diandra (Hook.f.) Nordborg
 * Sanguisorba dodecandra Moretti – Italian burnet
 * Sanguisorba durui Yild.
 * Sanguisorba filiformis (Hook.f.) Hand.-Mazz.
 * Sanguisorba hakusanensis Makino
 * Sanguisorba hybrida (L.) Font Quer
 * Sanguisorba indica (Gardner) Tirveng.
 * Sanguisorba japonensis (Makino) Kudô
 * Sanguisorba × kishinamii Honda
 * Sanguisorba lateriflora (Coss.) A.Braun & C.D.Bouché
 * Sanguisorba longifolia Bertol.
 * Sanguisorba magnifica I.Schischk. & Kom.
 * Sanguisorba mauritanica Desf.
 * Sanguisorba megacarpa (Lowe) Muñoz Garm. & C.Navarro
 * Sanguisorba menendezii (Svent.) Nordborg – Canary Islands burnet
 * Sanguisorba minor Scop. – salad burnet, garden burnet, little burnet
 * Sanguisorba obtusa Maxim. – Japanese burnet
 * Sanguisorba occidentalis Nutt.
 * Sanguisorba officinalis L. – great burnet, burnet bloodwort
 * Sanguisorba × poroshirensis S.Watan.
 * Sanguisorba × pseudo-officinalis Naruh.
 * Sanguisorba riparia Juz.
 * Sanguisorba rupicola (Boiss. & Reut.) A.Braun & C.D.Bouché
 * Sanguisorba sirnakia Yild.
 * Sanguisorba stipulata Raf.
 * Sanguisorba × takahashihideoi Naruh.
 * Sanguisorba tenuifolia Fisch. ex Link

Ecology
Sanguisorba minor is a food plant for the larvae of the grizzled skipper (Pyrgus malvae) and the mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis).

Cultivation and uses
Burnets are cultivated as garden plants. Many cultivars have been bred, especially from S. officinalis. S. canadensis is grown for its white flowers on stems that well exceed a meter tall. The plants hybridize easily, producing new mixes. S. obtusa is valued for its foliage of pink-edged, gray-green leaves.

Sanguisorba officinalis is used in traditional Chinese medicinal to treat gastrointestinal conditions and bleeding.

Sanguisorba minor, salad burnet, has similarly been used medicinally in Europe to control bleeding. The leaves have a cucumber flavour and can be eaten in salads, or used fresh or dried and made into a tea.

Etymology
The Latin genus name Sanguisorba means ‘blood stauncher’. ‘Sanguis’ is a cognate with ‘sanguine’, meaning 'blood'. ‘Sorbeo’ means 'to staunch’. The plant is known to have styptic properties.

title: Sanguisorba


text:
Yan Zhenqing

Yan Zhenqing (709 – 23 August 784 ) was a Chinese calligrapher, military general, and politician. He was a leading Chinese calligrapher and a loyal governor of the Tang dynasty. His artistic accomplishment in Chinese calligraphy is equal to that of the greatest master calligraphers of history, and his regular script style, Yan, has often been imitated.

Early life
Yan Zhenqing was born in Wannian (萬年), near the Tang capital Chang'an, to a highly reputed academic family (Langya Yan Clan, 琅邪颜氏) which served the court for many generations. One of his ancestors was Yan Zhitui, a scholar-official during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. His great-great-grandfather Yan Shigu was a famous linguist while his father Yan Weizhen (顏惟貞) was private tutor to the Tang princes' and a great calligrapher himself. Under the influence of family tradition and the strict instruction of his mother, Lady Yin (殷氏), Yan Zhenqing worked hard from childhood and was well-read in literature and Confucianism.

In 734, at the age of 22, Yan Zhenqing qualified at the national wide imperial examination and was granted the title of Jinshi (a rough equivalent of the modern day doctorate). He then gained the rare opportunity of taking a special imperial examination that was set for candidates with extraordinary talents, again excelling in it. With his outstanding academic background, Yan Zhengqing rose rapidly through the bureaucratic ladder: he was appointed vice-magistrate of Liquan District (醴泉尉), then later Investigating Censor (監察御史) and Palace Censor (殿中侍御史). His uprightness and outspoken style were hailed by the common people, but angered Grand Councilor Yang Guozhong; as a result, in 753, he was sent out of the capital as the governor of Pingyuan Commandery.

Civil war
By the time Yan Zhenqing took up the post of governor of Pingyuan, the An Shi Rebellion was imminent. With his political sensitivity, Yan Zhenqing immediately started preparing for war by fortifying the city wall and stocking up provisions. He also sent emergency memorial to Emperor Xuanzong, but was ignored.

In December 755, An Lushan and Shi Siming rebelled under the name of removing Yang Guozhong. The ill-prepared Tang government troops retreated with little resistance from all the prefectures in Heshuo (河朔) area (which includes the present day provinces of Shandong, Hebei and Henan); only Yan Zhenqing's Pingyuan sustained through. He then combined force with his cousin, Yan Gaoqing (顏杲卿), who was the governor of Changshan (常山太守) (present day Quyang, Hebei), fighting the rebels at their rear. The government in its desperation, promoted Yan Zhenqing to Deputy Minister of Finance (户部侍郎), and conferred him great military power to assist General Li Guangbi (李光弼) in the suppression of the rebellion.

Thereafter Yan's force won several major battles over the rebels, including successfully cutting the rebel supply lines and regaining control over seventeen commanderies in Heshuo area. In 756, Emperor Suzong ascended the throne from Emperor Xuanzong and promoted Yan Zhenqing to Minister of Works (工部尚書). Due to poor military deployment by the Tang government, An Lushan managed to attack Hebei by surprise, and Yan Zhenqing reluctantly abandoned his command, returning to the court in 757. He was then appointed Minister of Law (刑部尚書), but his outspokenness against corrupt higher-ranking officials resulted in himself being constantly demoted and re-promoted.

Late life
In 764, Emperor Daizong conferred the title of Duke of Lu (魯公) on Yan Zhenqing in recognition of his firm loyalty to the government and bravery during the An Lushan Rebellion. However, his unbending character was resented by the incumbent Grand Councilor, Lu Qi, and cost him his life.

In 773, Yan Zhenqing and a group of friends began work on compiling the (c. 780) Yunhai Jingyuan, which was a 360-volume rime dictionary of literary words that unfortunately became a lost work.

In 784, Li Xilie, the military governor of Huaixi (淮西節度使), rebelled. Lu Qi had held a grudge against Yan Zhenqing for a long time, so he sent Yan Zhenqing to negotiate with Li Xilie in the hope that Yan Zhenqing would be killed. As expected, Li Xilie tried all means to coax or threaten Yan Zhenqing to surrender, but Yan Zhenqing never wavered. According to legend, Li Xilie set up a fire in the courtyard and told Yan Zhengqing he would be burnt to death if he did not surrender. Yet, Yan Zhenqing did not show the slightest fear and walked towards the fire determinedly. Li Xilie could not help but to show respect to him, and on 23 August, Yan Zhenqing was secretly strangled at the Longxing Temple (龍興寺) in Caizhou, Henan.

Upon hearing of his death, Emperor Daizong closed the assembly for five days and conferred the posthumous title Wenzhong (文忠) on Yan Zhenqing on 2 March 785, along with the posthumous position of situ. He was also widely mourned by the army and the people, and a temple was constructed to commemorate him. In the Song dynasty, the temple was moved to modern Shandong and from then on became a key tourist attraction.

Calligraphic achievement
Yan Zhenqing is popularly held as the only calligrapher who paralleled Wang Xizhi, the "calligraphy sage" (書聖). He specialized in the regular (kaishu 楷書) and cursive (caoshu 草書) scripts, though he also mastered other styles. His style of regular script, often called Yan script (Yanti 顏體), brought Chinese calligraphy to a new realm, emphasizing strength, boldness, and grandness. Like most of the master calligraphers, Yan Zhenqing learned his skill from various calligraphers, and the development of his personal style can be basically divided into three stages.

Early period
Most calligraphers agree Yan Zhenqing's early stage lasted until his fifties. During these years, Yan Zhenqing tried out different techniques and started to develop his personal genre. When he was young, he studied calligraphy under the famous calligraphers Zhang Xu and Chu Suiliang. Zhang Xu was skilled in Cao Script, which emphasizes the overall composition and flow; Chu Suiliang, on the other hand, was renowned for his graceful and refined Kai Script. Yan Zhenqing also drew inspiration from the Wei Bei (魏碑) Style, which originated from Northern nomad minorities and focused on strength and simplicity.

In 752, he wrote one of his best-known pieces,   (多寶塔碑). The stele has 34 lines, each containing 66 characters, and it was written for Emperor Xuanzong who at the time was an extremely pious Buddhis t. The style of the calligraphy was close to that of the early Tang calligraphers, who emphasized elegance and "fancifulness"; yet it also pursued composure and firmness in its brush strokes, structuring characters on powerful frames with tender management on brushline. In 758, he also wrote the influential calligraphy piece Draft of a Requiem to My Nephew (祭姪文稿).

Consolidating period
This period ranges from Yan Zhenqing's fifties to sixty-five. During these years, he wrote some famous pieces like Guojia Miao Stele (郭傢廟碑) and Magu Shan Xiantan Ji (痲姑山仙墰記). Having experienced the An Lushan Rebellion and frequent vicissitudes in his civil career, Yan Zhenqing's style was maturing. He increased waist force while wielding the brush, and blended techniques from the zhuan (篆) and li (隷) Scripts into his own style, making the start and ending of his brushline gentler. For individual strokes, he adopted the rule of “thin horizontal and thick vertical strokes”; strokes’ widths were varied to show the curvature and flow, and the dots and oblique strokes were finished with sharp edges. For character structure, Yan style displays squared shape and modest arrangement, with spacious center portion and tight outer strokes; this structure resembles more the more dated Zhuan and Li Scripts. From the point of view of spacing, his characters are compact vertically, leaving relatively more space in between lines. Hence, the emerging Yan style had abandoned the sumptuous trend of early Tang calligraphers: it is rather upright, muscular, fitting, rich and controlled; compared to the style of the early Tang which was sloped, feminine, pretty, slim and capricious.

Consummating period
In the ten years before his death, Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy accomplishment peaked. His style was now established and he continuously improved on each of his works, and completed his magnum opus, the Yan Qinli Stele (顏勤禮碑). At this stage, he was able to fully exhibit his style at will even through a single stroke, and liveliness and passion bubbles under his modest and stately style. He also wrote A Poem to General Pei (裴將軍詩), which was revolutionary for his time, as multiple script styles were presented within the same work.

Influence
Yan Zhenqing's style assimilated the essence of the previous five hundred years, and almost all the calligraphers after him were more or less influenced by him. In his contemporary period, another great master calligrapher, Liu Gongquan, studied under him, and the much-respected Five-Dynasty Period calligrapher, Yang Ningshi (楊凝式) thoroughly inherited Yan Zhenqing's style and made it even bolder.

The trend of imitating Yan Zhenqing peaked during the Song dynasty. The "Four Grand Masters of the Song" – Su Shi, Huang Tingjian (黃庭堅), Mi Fu (米芾), Cai Xiang – all studied the Yan Style; Su Shi even claimed Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy to be "peerless" throughout history.

After the Song, the popularity of Yan Zhenqing declined slightly, as calligraphers tended towards more abstract ways of expression. However, he still held important status, and many renowned calligraphers, such as Zhao Mengfu (趙孟頫) and Dong Qichang (董其昌) are said to have been inspired by Yan Zhenqing.

In contemporary China, the leading calligraphers like Sha Menghai (沙孟海) and Shen Yinmo conducted extended research on the Yan style, which then regained its popularity. Nowadays almost every Chinese calligraphy learner imitates the Yan style when they first pick up the brush, and Yan Zhenqing's influence has also spread to Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia.

Relevant books
The Upright Brush: Yan Zhenqing's Calligraphy and Song Literati Politics

title: Yan Zhenqing


text:
User talk:MechanicallySeparatedChicken

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title: User talk:MechanicallySeparatedChicken


text:
American butterfish

The American butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus), also known as the Atlantic butterfish, is a butterfish of the family Stromateidae.

Description
Fish of this species are usually deep-bodied, flattened sideways, and somewhat circular or rounded, with blunt noses and small mouths with weak teeth. Some other characteristics of this fish are the absence of ventral fins, one long, continuous dorsal fin, long pectoral fins, and tiny, cycloid scales. The tail fin is nearly as long as the dorsal fin and deeply forked. The American butterfish is similar in appearance to its close relative, the harvestfish (Peprilus alepidotus), but can be distinguished by its much lower dorsal and tail fin.

This fish is a lead-blue color above with pale sides and a silvery belly. It often has dark, irregular spots.

It is generally 6 - 9 in, though some individuals reach 12 in. They can weigh from 1.75 - 20 oz.

Distribution and habitat
The American butterfish ranges from the Atlantic coast of North America, from the offing of South Carolina and from coastal North Carolina waters to the outer coast of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton; northward as a stray to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, to the south and east coasts of Newfoundland; and southward to Florida in deep water. Relatively little is known about the American butterfish considering it is an important food source and a common species. It travels in small bands or loosely organized schools, preferring sandy-bottomed areas to muddy ones, and often coming close to shore. During summer months, it does not swim deeper than 10 to 15 fathoms (20 to 30 m), but in the winter and early spring, it may be found 100 to 115 fathoms (200 to 230 m) below the surface.

Feeding
It feeds on small fish, crustaceans, and annelids.

Breeding
The American butterfish spawns in the Gulf of Maine during the summer months, peaking in July. It appears to spawn a few miles out to sea and returns to the coast when finished. Incubation lasts less than 48 hours in water at 65 °F (18 °C). Fry are 2 mm long at hatching, and by autumn, have grown to a length of 3–4 in. They appear to reach maturity at about two years of age.

title: American butterfish


text:
User talk:T. Baphomet

Good day sir. You have removed some sections from the Samael Aun Weor article which by rights should be there. I have left some comments on the talk page which illuminate this further. Let us perform first a statistical analysis. Which words perhaps occur more than any other in the works of Samael Aun Weor? I would suggest the words 'black magic' may be found to be some of the most frequently occuring. Therefore it is neccessary to explain the Esoteric Antithesis. As for Elemental Magic, Occult Medicine and Practical Magic was Samael's last book, therefore this needs to be explained in a comprehensive manner. I have left on the discussion page for the article some quotes from a pamphlet written by Samael in the last year of his life, which explains in a clear manner the importance of the Social Christ, going as far as to suggest that Gnosis is in fact an organic aspect of the Social Christ, and cannot be regarded as existing apart from this. If you wish to dispute the words of Samael Aun Weor, do so, but you cannot ignore the facts on the very page which is devoted to explaining his doctrine. It would be very easy to create a page on the history of the Gnostic movement explaining in depth every edit made to Samael's books by Glorian publishing with complete referencing? It would be very easy to make such an article. A source which has been proven to lie cannot be regarded as a trustworthy source unless they concretely and publicly demonstrate their repentance for lying.

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Difficulties
I admit that editing on Wikipedia was harder than I thought, at least when it is attempted on "well-guarded" articles. The problem with Samael Aun Weor seems to be that he does not qualify as notable, and much of his material (e.g. that kundalini only can be awakened through white tantra) goes under the WP:FRINGE guideline. And now I see that someone has asked for third-party sources on the Samael Aun Weor article. The only one I know of that talks about his life is El Hombre Absoluto by Oscar Uzcátegui, but I doubt that it counts as a reliable source. So, what do you think? Should we leave the big articles and just focus on creating and editing smaller ones? Anton H 12:45, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

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Image:Samael_Aun_Weor_Meditation.jpg listed for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:T. Baphomet


text: User talk:66.42.151.145

title: User talk:66.42.151.145


text:
Talk:Udon Thani province

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:Udon Thani province


text:
Plastics engineering

Plastics engineering encompasses the processing, design, development, and manufacture of plastics products. A plastic is a polymeric material that is in a semi-liquid state, having the property of plasticity and exhibiting flow. Plastics engineering encompasses plastics material and plastic machinery. Plastic machinery is the general term for all types of machinery and devices used in the plastics processing industry. The nature of plastic materials poses unique challenges to an engineer. Mechanical properties of plastics are often difficult to quantify, and the plastics engineer has to design a product that meets certain specifications while keeping costs to a minimum. Other properties that the plastics engineer has to address include: outdoor weatherability, thermal properties such as upper use temperature, electrical properties, barrier properties, and resistance to chemical attack.

In plastics engineering, as in most engineering disciplines, the economics of a product plays an important role. The cost of plastic materials ranges from the cheapest commodity plastics used in mass-produced consumer products to very expensive, specialty plastics. The cost of a plastic product is measured in different ways, and the absolute cost of a plastic material is difficult to ascertain. Cost is often measured in price per pound of material, or price per unit volume of material. In many cases, however, it is important for a product to meet certain specifications, and cost could then be measured in price per unit of a property. Price with respect to processibility is often important, as some materials need to be processed at very high temperatures, increasing the amount of cooling time a part needs. In a large production run, cooling time is very expensive.

Some plastics are manufactured from recycled materials but their use in engineering tends to be limited because the consistency of formulation and their physical properties tend to be less consistent. Electrical, electronic equipment, and motor vehicle markets together accounted for 58 percent of engineered plastics demand in 2003. Engineered plastics demand in the US was estimated at $9,702 million in 2007.

A big challenge for plastics engineers is the reduction of the ecological footprints of their products. First attempts like the Vinyloop process can guarantee that a product's primary energy demand is 46 percent lower than conventionally produced PVC. The global warming potential is 39 percent lower.

Plastics engineering specialties

 * Consumer plastics
 * Medical plastics
 * Automotive plastics
 * Recycled or recyclable plastics
 * Biodegradable plastics
 * Elastomers/rubber
 * Epoxies
 * Plastics processing: injection moulding, plastics extrusion, stretch-blow molding, thermoforming, compression molding, calendering, transfer molding, laminating, fiberglass molding, pultrusion, filament winding, vacuum forming, rotational molding
 * Ultrasonic welding

title: Plastics engineering


text:
Kentucky County, Virginia

Kentucky County (aka Kentucke County), later the District of Kentucky, was formed by the Commonwealth of Virginia from the western portion (beyond the Big Sandy River and Cumberland Mountains) of Fincastle County effective 1777. The name of the county was taken from a Native American place name that came to be associated with a river in east central Kentucky, and gave the Kentucky River its name. During the almost four years of Kentucky County's existence, its seat of government was Harrodstown (then also known as Oldtown, later renamed Harrodsburg).

The entire existence of Kentucky County was in the context of the Western theater of the American Revolutionary War. Except for the old French settlements in Illinois country, Kentucky was the western theater, and several major battles of the War occurred during its existence including the siege of Boonesborough, siege of Logan's Fort, and Bird's invasion of Kentucky. Other events include the invalidation of Transylvania Colony and the survey of Walker's Line, Kentucky's southern boundary. The Cherokee-American Wars were initiated in Kentucky in 1776 by disgruntled Cherokee. General George Rogers Clark conducted his famous Illinois Campaign from his base at the Falls of the Ohio in 1778–79. During its 4 years, the population of Kentucky County rose from about 300 to a little less than 1000 in 1780.

In the Land Act of May 3, 1779, the Virginia General Assembly allocated the Military District in Kentucky County. What had been necessity became policy: Virginian Revolutionary War veterans as well as veterans from the French and Indian War and Lord Dunmore's War, would receive land grants in lieu of pay for their service in either the Virginia militia or the Continental Army. The District was defined to lie between the Green River and the Carolina line stretching from the Tennessee and Ohio Rivers in the west and tapering to a point near the Cumberland Gap in the southeast. Most of it except a wedge adjacent to the Cumberland Mountains, lies in the geographic region of the Pennyroyal, and occupied over 35% of the land area of Kentucky County. Legitimate claims held under the Transylvania colony were excluded from allocation, as well as the grant to Richard Henderson along the Green River. The District remained a separate area when Kentucky County was divided into subsidiary counties in 1780. Later, in 1784, Virginia allocated another district north of the Ohio River, because it was afraid that the Kentucky district was inadequate. Claims resulted in a warrant for a specified number of acres depending on the soldier's rank and length of service. A claim was validated by building a cabin and planting corn. A survey establishing the bounds would be made, and a patent thereafter issued. In December 1795, an act of the Kentucky Legislature required military claims to be presented before January 1796 or become void (although the Act was amended several times to grant extensions). Thereafter, unclaimed areas of the Military District were open to general settlement.

Kentucky County was abolished effective November 1, 1780, when it was divided into Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties. Afterward, these counties and those set off from them later in that decade were designated collectively as the District of Kentucky by the Virginia House of Delegates. March 7, 1789, the Virginia General Assembly officially changed the spelling of Kentucke to Kentucky. The counties of the district frequently petitioned both the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress seeking statehood. Finally successful, the Commonwealth of Kentucky was admitted to the United States as the 15th state in 1792. The capital was moved from Harrodsburg to Frankfort that same year.

Militia officers

The county militia was organized as follows:
 * John Bowman – Colonel – County Lieutenant of Kentucky County, Virginia 12/1776 & 11/1779
 * George Rogers Clark – Major
 * Anthony Bledsoe – Major
 * John Todd – Captain – Virginia
 * Benjamin Logan – Captain – Kentucky County, Virginia
 * Daniel Boone – Captain – Boonesborough, Kentucky
 * James Harrod – Captain – Harrodsburg, Kentucky

title: Kentucky County, Virginia


text:
Intizar Hussain

Intizar Hussain or Intezar Hussain (21 December 1925 – 2 February 2016) was a Pakistani writer of Urdu novels, short stories, poetry and nonfiction. He is widely recognised as a leading literary figure of Pakistan.

He was among the finalists of the Man Booker Prize in 2013.

Early life
Intizar Hussain was born on 21 December 1925 in Bulandshahr district, Uttar Pradesh, British India. He received a degree in Urdu literature in Meerut. As someone born in the Indian subcontinent who later migrated to Pakistan during 1947 Partition, a perennial theme in Hussain's works deals with the nostalgia linked with his life in pre-partition era. Intizar Husain was often described as possibly the greatest living Urdu writer.

He lived in the old Anarkali Bazaar of Lahore, where he associated and socialized with the likes of Nasir Kazmi, Muhammad Hasan Askari and together they frequented Lahore's teahouses – Pak Tea House, Nagina Bakery, Coffee House, Lords and Arab Hotel.

Lahore's literary scene was divided between two groups, Anjuman-e-Tarraqi-Pasand-Mussanafeen (Progressive Writers Movement) (a leftwing group) and the rightwing Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq in the 1950s. Intizar Hussain decided not to be closely associated with either group and managed to stay neutral and focus on his writing career.

Literary work
He wrote short stories, novels and poetry in Urdu, and also literary columns for newspapers such as Dawn and Daily Express. The Seventh Door, Leaves and Basti are among his books that have been translated into English.

Among the five novels he wrote – Chaand Gahan (1952), Din Aur Daastaan (1959), Basti (1980), Tazkira (1987), Aage Samandar Hai (1995) – Basti received global praise.

His other writings include Hindustan Se Aakhri Khat, Aagay Sumandar Hai, Shehr-e-Afsos, Jataka Tales, Janam Kahanian and Wo Jo Kho Gaye. Aagay Sumandar Hai (Sea is facing you in the front) contrasts the spiraling urban violence of contemporary Karachi with a vision of the lost Islamic realm of al-Andalus in modern Spain.

His novel Basti is based on Pakistani history.

Among his books, "Basti" and "Khali Pinjra" have been translated into Persian by Samira Gilani.

Death
On 2 February 2016, he died at National Hospital, Defence Housing Authority at Lahore after contracting pneumonia. The Indian Express newspaper termed him the "best-known Pakistani writer in the world" after Manto.

His wife, Aliya Begum, had died in 2004 and they had no children.

Influences
Hussain believed that two forces had risen in contemporary Pakistan: women and the mullahs. He also acknowledged his study and the influence of Buddhist texts and the Mahabharata.

Legacy
In 2016, Pakistan Academy of Letters (PAL) announced the ‘Intizar Hussain Award’ which would be given to a literary figure every year.

Awards and international recognition

 * Pride of Performance Award by the President of Pakistan in 1986.
 * Kamal-e-Fun (Lifetime Achievement) Award by the Pakistan Academy of Letters in 1998.
 * In 2007, Hussain received the Pakistani civil award Sitara-i-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) by the President of Pakistan.
 * Sahitya Akademi Fellowship (National Academy of Letters) of India awarded in 2007.
 * In 2013, he was shortlisted for the Man Booker International Prize after Frances W. Pritchett translated his Urdu novel Basti into English.
 * He received a lifetime achievement award at the Lahore Literary Festival. Newsweek Pakistan called him "Pakistan's most accomplished living author" in 2014.
 * Hussain was made an Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government in 2014

 * He was also the first ever winner of the prestigious Premchand Fellowship awarded by Sahitya Akademi of India in 2007.

title: Intizar Hussain


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User:Mayavada

Primarily watching PC-game related articles.

Pages I started
- Deathmatch Classic - Ricochet (Half-Life)

title: User:Mayavada


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Edward Meyrick

Edward Meyrick (25 November 1854 – 31 March 1938 ) was an English schoolmaster and amateur entomologist. He was an expert on microlepidoptera and some consider him one of the founders of modern microlepidoptera systematics.

Life and work
Edward Meyrick came from a clerical family and was born in Ramsbury on 25 November 1854 to the Rev. Edward Meyrick, until his marriage earlier that year a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and his wife Mary Batson of Ramsbury. He was educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He actively pursued his hobby during his schooling, and one colleague stated in 1872 that Meyrick "has not left a lamp, a paling, or a tree unexamined in which a moth could possibly, at any stage of its existence, lie hid." Meyrick began publishing notes on microlepidopterans in 1875, but when in December, 1877 he gained a post at The King's School, Parramatta, New South Wales, there were greater opportunities for indulging his interest. He stayed in Australia from 1877 until the end of 1886 working at Sydney Grammar School before returning to England to teach classics at Marlborough College and become a corresponding member of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. He was the author of the Handbook of British Lepidoptera (1895) and of Exotic Microlepidoptera (March 1912 – November 1937), the latter consisting of four complete volumes and part of a fifth. He also wrote a number of short papers.

Meyrick was a life-long member of the Conservative party, and spent twelve years as president of the East Wilts Unionist Association.

Meyrick was a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of London and a fellow of the Royal Society. During his lifetime, he may have described more than 20,000 species of Lepidoptera. His huge collection of specimens (over 100,000) is at the Natural History Museum, London. It is believed that he had collected more specimens than anyone else. He encouraged scientific studies by amateurs and in a 1898 article, "Scientific Work in Local Societies" he pointed out lines of research for members of Natural History Societies. His studies of Australian and New Zealand lepidoptera led him to suggest that the two were not formerly connected. He made use of ideas along the lines of Dollo's laws to postulate principles to use to examine the evolution of the lepidoptera. In his Handbook of British Lepidoptera (1895) he stated that (1) No new organ can be produced except as a modification of some previously existing structure; (2) A lost organ cannot be regained; and (3) A rudimentary organ is rarely re-developed.

Edward Meyrick died after a brief illness on 31 March 1938 in Marlborough, Wiltshire, and is buried in the churchyard at Ramsbury, Wiltshire.

title: Edward Meyrick


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Jehovah's Witnesses publications

The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society produces a significant amount of printed and electronic literature, primarily for use by Jehovah's Witnesses. Their best known publications are the magazines, The Watchtower and Awake!

Zion's Watch Tower was first published by Charles Taze Russell, founder of the Bible Student movement, in 1879, followed by the inception of the Watch Tower Society in 1881. Supporters adopted the name Jehovah's witnesses in 1931. Particularly since 2001, when referring to other Watch Tower Society publications their literature has typically stated that it is "published by Jehovah's Witnesses", though the edition notice identifies the publisher as the Watch Tower Society.

Along with books and brochures, other media were also produced, including CDs, MP3s and DVDs. Internet downloads and video streaming are still made available on the Watch Tower Society's official website. New publications are sometimes released at the Watch Tower Society's annual meetings.

Literature for preaching
Most literature produced by Jehovah's Witnesses is intended for use in their evangelizing work. Publications for preaching are also routinely studied by members, both privately and at their meetings for worship. Their most widely distributed publications are:
 * New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT), a translation of the Bible published in whole or part in over 130 languages. This is the Bible translation primarily used by Jehovah's Witnesses.
 * Awake!, published in over 100 languages once per year, a general-interest annual magazine covering many topics from a religious perspective.
 * The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom, published in 413 languages annually, focuses mainly on doctrine.

When interested individuals are encountered, Witnesses offer a home Bible study course, using a current publication, such as Enjoy Life Forever!—An Interactive Bible Course, which outlines their primary beliefs and interpretations of the Bible. The Witness then visits the student on a regular basis, generally considering a chapter on each visit. Students are requested to examine the material prior to the arrival of the Bible study conductor, using the questions at the bottom of each page, to "help prepare the student for the Bible study".

Jehovah's Witnesses customarily read each paragraph aloud together with the student, and then ask the question(s) provided for that paragraph. Students are encouraged to read the scriptures cited in the material. Bible students are expected to be making progress to become baptized as a Jehovah's Witness by the time the course is completed.

Jehovah's Witnesses previously offered their literature for a price determined by the branch office in each country, to cover printing costs. Since 2000, Jehovah's Witnesses have offered their publications free of charge globally. Printing is funded by voluntary donations from Witnesses and members of the public. Jehovah's Witnesses accept donations if offered by householders.

Literature for members
Some publications, such as the hymnal Sing to Jehovah, The Watchtower Study Edition, and the textbook Benefit From Theocratic Ministry School Education are for use by those who attend congregation meetings. Others, such as the organizational manual Organized to Do Jehovah's Will and Watchtower Library (containing the Watch Tower Publications Index from 1930, issues of The Watchtower since 1950, and most other Watch Tower Society literature published since 1970), are intended for members. Certain publications are limited to members in appointed positions, such as the manual for congregation elders, "Shepherd the Flock of God".

Some publications are typically distributed only to members, but may be supplied to other interested individuals on request or made available in public libraries. These include the Bible encyclopedia Insight on the Scriptures and Jehovah's Witnesses' official history book Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Many of these publications are also available from their website in the Watchtower Online Library.

Notable publications
In addition to Jehovah's Witnesses' widely distributed magazines, various publications have received attention from the media and other commentators.

Aid to Bible Understanding
Aid to Bible Understanding was the first doctrinal and biblical encyclopedia of Jehovah's Witnesses, published in full in 1971. Raymond Franz, a former member of the Governing Body who left the organization claimed to have been one of the researchers. Research for the book led to new interpretations of some concepts, providing a catalyst for changes in doctrine. It was replaced in 1988 by Insight on the Scriptures, which contains much of the original content from Aid to Bible Understanding.

Life—How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation?
''Life—How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation?'', first published in 1985, presents the Old Earth (Gap and Day-Age) creationism of Jehovah's Witnesses, and their criticism of evolution. Biologist Richard Dawkins criticized the book for repeatedly presenting a choice between intelligent design and chance, rather than natural selection. The book was supplemented by the 1998 book, Is There a Creator Who Cares About You?, and the 2010 brochures The Origin of Life—5 Questions Worth Asking and Was Life Created?

The Truth That Leads to Eternal Life
The Truth That Leads to Eternal Life was a Bible study textbook published in 1968 and revised in 1981 (now out of print). The 1975 Guinness Book of Records included this book in its list of highest printings. According to the Watch Tower Society, by 1992, publication had reached 107,553,888 copies in 117 languages.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses publications


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The Del-Vikings

The Del-Vikings (also known as The Dell-Vikings) were an American doo-wop musical group that recorded several hit singles in the 1950s and continued to record and tour with various lineups in later decades. The group is notable for the hit songs "Come Go with Me" and "Whispering Bells", and for having been a successful racially mixed musical group during a period of time when such groups were rare.

Formation and early fame
The Del-Vikings were formed in 1955 by members of the United States Air Force stationed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with Clarence Quick, Kripp Johnson, Don Jackson, Samuel Paterson, Bernard Robertson and guitarist Joe Lopes. Because all of the members were in the armed forces, the group constantly ran the risk of being disrupted by members being stationed in other places. This happened soon after the group's forming when Paterson and Robertson were sent to Germany. They were replaced by baritone David Lerchey, the group's first white member, and tenor Norman Wright. Wright had started a group with Lawrence "Prince" Lloyd called The Valverteens from Amarillo Air Force Base, Texas, before joining The Del-Vikings. Shortly after, Don Jackson left the band and was replaced by Gus Backus, the group's second white member.

The band's name was created by Clarence Quick. Some sources say that band members had read about Vikings  with the prefix "Del" being "added to give the group name an air of mystery." Another suggestion is that Clarence Quick had known of a basketball team in Brooklyn, New York, called the Vikings and had suggested the name. The name may also have originated from the popular Viking Press, publisher of paperbacks that group members liked to read.

Their first hit came in 1957 with "Come Go with Me", a Clarence Quick-penned song, released on Fee Bee Records as catalog number FB-205. In late January 1957, Dot Records re-released "Come Go With Me" as Dot 45–15538. The song was written by Clarence Quick. The song became a hit, peaking at #5 on the US Billboard Top 100 Pop Charts (a predecessor of the 1958 established Billboard Hot 100 chart.) It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. The song was later featured in the films American Graffiti (1973), Diner (1982), Stand by Me (1986), Joe Versus the Volcano (1990), and Set It Up (2018). Rolling Stone listed "Come Go With Me" as no. 449 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

The Dell-Vikings also released "Whispering Bells" in May 1957, another Clarence Quick song, with Kripp Johnson singing lead vocals. (The Dot label referred to Johnson as "Krips Johnson". ) "Whispering Bells" reached No. 5 on the U.S. R&B chart and #9 on the U.S. pop chart in 1957. "Whispering Bells" was featured in the 1986 film Stand by Me and was included in the film's soundtrack. Johnson also sang lead vocals on the B-side "Don't Be A Fool".

Split
All of the group members, other than Kripp Johnson, were under 21 when they signed their recording contract with Fee Bee (a tiny Pittsburgh label, which was later distributed by Dot Records). Having signed the contract as minors, they had the right to be released from it. In 1957, under the direction of their manager, Alan Strauss, they left to record at Mercury Records. Johnson, who was still bound to Fee Bee/Dot, stayed, thus creating two Del-Vikings groups. The original group replaced Johnson with Quick's friend William Blakely and recorded the Backus-led song "Cool Shake". Kripp Johnson constructed a new group with the returning Don Jackson, Chuck Jackson, Arthur Budd, and Ed Everette. This group recorded the Kripp Johnson-led "I'm Spinning", billing themselves as the Dell-Vikings.

Around this time, some old demo tracks had been sold to an up-and-coming record company, Luniverse, who overdubbed a backing track on these a capella songs, which included an early version of "Come Go with Me". The eight-song album subsequently released by Luniverse was titled "Come Go With The Del Vikings". Also one single was released from these Luniverse overdubs—"Somewhere Over The Rainbow"/ "Hey Senorita". For legal reasons the LP was pulled off the market shortly after its release in July 1957.

Johnson's Dot group had an extra advantage—he had been discharged from the USAF and his group could tour freely, while the original group needed to seek military leave in order to tour. Mercury sued, claiming it had sole rights to any spelling of the group's name, and the Dell-Vikings briefly became The Versatiles, with singles being billed to "Kripp Johnson and the Versatiles" or "Chuck Jackson and the Versatiles". The group broke up, with Chuck Jackson going on to a successful solo career. Meanwhile, the original group had begun to fall apart. Gus Backus was re-stationed, and was replaced by the groups guitarrist "Joe Lopes". The Mercury Del Vikings recorded their last record in October 1958.

By the end of 1959, Quick restructured the group with new talent from the Pittsburgh area—lead tenor, Billy G. Woodruff, Willie Green, Horace Douglas "Doug" White, and Ritzy Lee. Kripp Johnson returned to the original group, making them a sextet. 1960 they signed to ABC Records (ABC-Paramount). While the nucleus of the group was back, they weren't able to chart any more hits, and the group split up in 1965.

Reunion and split
The Del-Vikings were back in 1970 with a near-original line-up of Clarence Quick, Kripp Johnson, Norman Wright, David Lerchey, and William Blakely. The group re-recorded their old hit for Scepter Records; a new version of "Come Go With Me" made the Bubbling Under The Hot 100 chart in 1973 (it also wound up on the Easy Listening chart, where it peaked that year at #32).

They performed "Come Go with Me" on the April 27, 1973, episode of The Midnight Special. The line-up was Billy G. Woodruff, Roalf "Ritzy" Lee, Kripp Johnson, Clarence Quick, and Terry Young.

Norman Wright, David Lerchey, and Wright's two sons, Norman Wright, Jr. and Anthony Wright performed as The Del Vikings for PBS show "Doo Wop 50" in 2000, and Wright toured and performed with his sons for the remainder of his life.

Clarence E. Quick died on November 3, 1985, at the age of 48

David Lerchey (born in New Albany, Indiana) died of cancer on January 29, 2005, in Hallandale, Florida, at age 67.

Norman Wright died after a long illness on April 23, 2010, at age 72.

Donald Edgar "Gus" Backus died on February 21, 2019, in Germering, Germany, at age 81.

Corinthian "Kripp" Johnson died of cancer on June 22, 1990, in Detroit, Michigan, at age 57.

Billy G. Woodruff died on January 26, 2019

Roalf E. "Ritzy" Lee died on June 27, 2020.

Current (2023-The Del-Vikings) U.S. Trademark ownership
On June 3, 2022, Kenneth Boulden, Jr United States Individual of Delaware filed an application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for the exclusive rights to perform as "The Del-Vikings" (The previous trademark expired in 2020). On August 22, 2023, Boulden's exclusive rights were approved without any objection or of being contested. (U.S. Trademark Reg. No. 7,147,212). Boulden now performs as the front man for "The Del-Vikings Doo-Wop Revue" which is named such, as being based on "The Truth in Music Act" - Int. CT. 41 - Class 41: Entertainment services in the nature of live performances by a vocal group Principal Register - The mark consists of standard characters without claim to any particular font style, size or color - Ser. No. 97-442,100. Filed 06-03-2022

title: The Del-Vikings


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Rhode Island Route 12

Route 12 is a numbered state highway in Rhode Island, United States. It runs approximately 17 mi from Route 14 in Foster to Broad Street in Cranston.

Route description
Route 12 starts at Route 14 and Route 102 in Foster. It roughly follows the shore of the Scituate Reservoir before passing over its dam. It passes over I-295 without an interchange and heads towards downtown Cranston. After passing the city center as a main east–west corridor, Route 2 passes Route 10's southern terminus. It passes US 1A and ends at Broad Street, an old alignment of US 1A, 0.3 mi later.

title: Rhode Island Route 12


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User talk:GynoWizz

Any trouble with your relationship?

title: User talk:GynoWizz