text:
Tari Signor

Tari Signor is an American actress.

Biography
Born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Signor has appeared off-Broadway as Juliet in Death Defying Acts (1995), as Rose in Mr. Peters' Connections (1998), as Hippolyte in Moliere's The Bungler, Troilus and Cressida (2001), and as Alison Regan in Scattergood (2003).

Signor portrayed Margaret Cochran on the daytime soap opera One Life to Live in 2004 and 2005, and made extended appearances in 2006. Signor made two appearances on the show in 2008, on January 17 and December 18.

Signor's other television credits include Law & Order: Criminal Intent and Third Watch. She also has been featured in commercials for products such as 7Up and Midol.

Signor's feature film credits include Rudy Blue and The Doghouse.

Television

 * A Deadly Vision (1997)
 * Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2004), 1 episode
 * Third Watch (2004), 1 episode
 * Law & Order (2007), 1 episode
 * One Life to Live (2005-2008)

Film

 * Thanksgiving (1990)
 * Rudy Blue (1999)
 * The Doghouse (2000)

Theater

 * Richard II (1993)
 * Death Defying Acts (1995)
 * Search for Meaning (1998)
 * A Woman of No Importance (1998)
 * Twelfth Night (1999)
 * The Bungler (2000)
 * Troilus and Cressida (2001)
 * Scattergood (2003)

title: Tari Signor


text:
Sam Perkins

Samuel Bruce Perkins (born June 14, 1961) is an American former professional basketball player and executive. Perkins was a three-time college All-American, was a member of the 1982 national champion North Carolina Tar Heels, and won a gold medal with the 1984 United States men's Olympic basketball team. Perkins played professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for 17 seasons.

High school career
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Perkins attended Samuel J. Tilden High School. He later attended and graduated from Shaker High School in Latham, New York. He was named large-school player of the year (high school) by the New York State Sportswriters Association in 1980 and was also named to the 35 Greatest Boys McDonald's All Americans team.

College career
Perkins attended college at the University of North Carolina and played basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels from 1980 to 1984. He was named ACC Rookie of the Year in 1981 and starred alongside future NBA Hall of Famers James Worthy and Michael Jordan on the Tar Heels' 1982 NCAA championship team. A three-time All-American, Perkins was the 1984 USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year. Perkins finished his collegiate basketball career as the Tar Heels' all-time leader in rebounds and blocked shots and as the second-highest scorer in team history. He graduated from UNC in 1984. Perkins was a co-captain of the gold medal-winning 1984 United States men's Olympic basketball team. He was named first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference three times in his Tar Heel career.

Professional career
Chosen by the Dallas Mavericks as the fourth overall pick in the 1984 NBA draft, Perkins went on to play as a power forward and center in the NBA from 1984 to 2001. He was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team in 1985. Perkins played for the Dallas Mavericks, Los Angeles Lakers, Seattle SuperSonics, and Indiana Pacers. He scored a career-high 45 points on April 12, 1990. Perkins tied an NBA record on January 15, 1997, by making eight three-pointers without a miss. He appeared in three NBA Finals: The 1991 NBA Finals (with the Lakers), the 1996 NBA Finals (with the SuperSonics), and the 2000 NBA Finals (with the Pacers). In game one of the 1991 NBA Finals, Perkins made a game-winning three-point shot to defeat the Chicago Bulls. He was known by the nicknames "Sleepy Sam", "Big Smooth", and "The Big Easy".

Post-retirement activities
In 2002, Perkins was named to the ACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball team as one of the fifty greatest players in Atlantic Coast Conference history.

In 2008, Perkins was named vice president of player relations for the Indiana Pacers. That September, he was inducted into the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame. Perkins held his position with the Pacers until 2010.

In 2011, Perkins traveled to South Sudan as a SportsUnited Sports Envoy for the U.S. Department of State. In this capacity, he worked with Dikembe Mutombo to lead a series of basketball clinics and team-building exercises with 50 youth and 36 coaches. This helped contribute to the State Department's mission to remove barriers and create a world in which individuals with disabilities enjoy dignity and full inclusion in society.

Perkins was named to the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2018. Perkins runs a summer camp for Chapel Hill, North Carolina youth that focuses on developing the basic skills of basketball.

Personal life
Perkins was raised a Jehovah's Witness. During his professional career, he stood away from his line of teammates for the national anthem due to his faith.

Playoffs
Perkins has the distinction of having the third-most playoff games appeared in without having been on a team that won the NBA Championship. The only players with more playoff appearances and zero rings, as of the 2020 season, are Hall of Famers and longtime Utah Jazz players Karl Malone and John Stockton.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sam Perkins


text:
Talk:Dorothy Stang

Untitled
I've removed copyvio material cut and paste from http://www.sndohio.org/dotstang.htm, though other editors may wish to use this article as a source of facts. Gamaliel 20:45, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Timeline
I find the section about the trials of the killers confusing, so I pulled it apart and organized it the way I thought it should be done. If someone wants to use my timeline, it's here: http://pergelator.blogspot.com/2015/04/sister-dorothy-stang.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.53.244.141 (talk) 17:43, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Valle de Banderas

 Valle de Banderas is a town in the state of Nayarit, Mexico. It is the administrative seat of the surrounding municipality of Bahía de Banderas.

Geography
Valle de Banderas, locally known as El Valle, is a small town is located at the foot of the Vallejo Mountains. It is located around 20 mi inland from the Pacific Coast at Bucerías and had a population of 5,528 in 2000.

Historical crops still being cultivated in the valley include tobacco, corn, beans and chiles. An abundance of mangoes, chirimoyos, capomos, and date palms grow in the area.

History
At the foot of the Vallejo Mountains in the Pre-Columbian period, "Tintoque" (Valley of the Warriors) was the village center of a small chieftainship of Cuyuteco Indians, within the larger Xalisco homeland of the Cuyuteco. They cultivated the fertile fields of the valley, rather than going to the sea, for their main food sources.

The village was renamed "Valle de Banderas" (Valley of the Flags) by Francisco Cortés de Buenaventura, the nephew of Hernán Cortés, when he conquered the Pacific coast region in 1525.

The town of Valle de Banderas, with a 140-year-old church, is the oldest and most important town in the municipality.

title: Valle de Banderas


text: Category:Airlines of Jamaica

title: Category:Airlines of Jamaica


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Immaculate conception academy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:12, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Immaculate conception academy
This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Non notable. Google comes back with a couple hundred hits for "Immaculate conception academy" most of them not in China. Dismas 20:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the article says the school is in the Phillipines, are the China-related (and badly mangled) categories right? RickK 20:54, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Got China and Phillipines mixed up in my head. Either way, IMO, I still say it's non notable. Dismas 20:57, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. School vanity. Does not establish notability. – flamurai (t) 21:42, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * You know, that name makes me wonder what they're intending to DO on such a school. Delete Radiant! 22:15, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, non-encyclopedic. Gamaliel 22:19, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, school vanity. Megan1967 23:44, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Zzyzx11 23:59, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Hognose

Hognose snake is a common name for several unrelated species of snakes with upturned snouts, classified in two colubrid snake families and one pseudoxyrhophiid snake family.

They include the following genera:
 * Heterodon, which occur mainly in the United States and northern Mexico
 * Leioheterodon, the hognose snakes native to Madagascar
 * Lystrophis, the South American hognose snakes.

The North American Heterodon species are known for their habit of thanatosis: playing dead when threatened.

Species
Genus Heterodon:
 * Mexican hognose snake, Heterodon kennerlyi Kennicott, 1860
 * Western/Plains hognose snake, Heterodon nasicus Baird & Girard, 1852
 * Gloyd's hognose snake, Heterodon nasicus gloydi Edgren, 1952
 * Eastern hognose snake, Heterodon platirhinos Latreille, 1801
 * Southern hognose snake, Heterodon simus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Genus Leioheterodon:
 * Speckled hognose snake, Leioheterodon geayi (Mocquard, 1905)
 * Malagasy giant hognose snake, Leioheterodon madagascariensis (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854)
 * Blonde hognose snake, Leioheterodon modestus (Günther, 1863)

Genus Lystrophis:
 * South American hognose snake, Lystrophis dorbignyi (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A Duméril, 1854)
 * Jan's hognose snake, Lystrophis histricus (Jan, 1863)
 * Lystrophis matogrossensis Scrocchi & Cruz, 1993
 * Lystrophis nattereri (Steindachner, 1867)
 * Tricolor hognose snake, Lystrophis pulcher (Jan, 1863)
 * Ringed hognose snake, Lystrophis semicinctus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854)

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a different genus.

Description
The hognose snakes' most distinguishing characteristic is their upturned snout/rostral scale, which aids in digging in sandy soils by using a sweeping, side to side motion. They also like to burrow in masses of humus. Lieoheterodon species are known to dig up the eggs of lizards.

Hognose snakes are extremely variable in color and pattern. Heterodon nasicus and H. kennerlyi tend to be sandy colored with black and white markings, while H. platirhinos varies from reds, greens, oranges, browns, to melanistic (i.e. black) depending on locality. They are sometimes blotched and sometimes solid-colored. Leiohetereodon geayi is a brown or tan colored snake with dark speckling on it. There are also many different morphs when bred in captivity.

Behavior
When threatened, hognose snakes will hiss, flatten their necks and raise their heads off the ground like cobras. They sometimes feign strikes, but actual Heterodon bites are very rare. This behaviour has earned them local common names such as "puff adder", "blowing adder", "flathead", "spreadhead", "spreading adder" or "hissing adder". Note: For Heterodon, "puff adder" is a common name inconsistent with established usage. "Puff adder" is the accepted common name of Bitis arietans, an unrelated, dangerously venomous African species of viper, which incidentally does not flatten its neck in any threat display.

If this threat display fails to deter a would-be predator, Heterodon species often roll onto their backs and play dead, going so far as to emit a foul musk and fecal matter from their cloaca (in liquid form) and let their tongues hang out of their mouth, sometimes accompanied by small droplets of blood. If they are rolled upright while in this state, they will often roll back as if insisting they really are dead. It has been observed that the snake, while appearing to be dead, will still watch the threat that caused the death pose. The snake will 'resurrect' sooner if the threat is looking away from it than if the threat is looking at the snake.

They are rather timid snakes and commonly hide from predators by burrowing down into leaves, sand, etc.

Diet
Heterodon are diurnal active foragers that typically consume their prey live without any constriction or body pinning, primarily relying on only their jaws to subdue their prey.

For most hognose snake species, the bulk of their diet is made up of rodents and lizards. Heterodon platirhinos is an exception, and specializes in feeding on toads, although other food items such as eggs and insects can make up as much as 50% of its diet.

In captivity
Hognose snakes are frequently found in herpetoculture. Heterodon nasicus is often considered to be the easiest to care for, and captive-bred stock is easily found. Heterodon platirhinos is also commonly found, but their dietary requirements can be a challenge for some keepers, and there is anecdotal evidence to suggest that feeding them a diet of exclusively rodents contributes to liver problems and a shortened life span. Leioheterodon species are imported regularly from Madagascar, but they are not often bred in captivity and get much larger, so they can pose a set of different challenges for care. Lystrophis species are fairly new to the commercial reptile trade, and are now commonly bred in captivity, but can be some of the more expensive hognose snakes available. Some states, such as the state of Colorado, have strict laws on keeping the western hognose snake. It is considered a native species to Colorado, so it is protected by law. The law states that an individual can keep no more than four native snakes, and forbids the shipping, selling, and breeding of them in the state of Colorado.

Toxicity
Hognose snakes have mildly toxic venomous saliva and are frequently mistaken for the slightly more dangerous rear fanged snakes which possess grooved teeth and saliva intended for dispatching prey. Hognose saliva fails to meet the definition of a venom because they have no injection system and do not have behaviours typically seen in venomous animals. Indeed, the teeth of the hognose are smooth and strong without grooves and the mildly toxic duvernoy's secretions are produced by the Duvernoy's gland, well away from the unique evisceration fangs for which the genus is named. Hognose have never been formally documented using their saliva to kill prey, rather they kill by sawing and impaling prey, biting prey from the side rather than at the head to facilitate this process. Although it is possible that some day one or more species may provide data that alter the current classification of mildly toxic saliva to actual venom, the absence of any injection mechanism and indeed adaptations counter to venom injection will most likely always leave them difficult to classify. Hognose are perhaps best described as a transitional species with toxic saliva that is only produced during feeding, failing to fall into either of the classic recognisable categories of venomous or non venomous. Although their saliva is not likely to cause serious injury to humans in small amounts, should the toxic feeding saliva make its way into a cut in large enough amounts over an extended period of time the resulting swelling and localized tissue damage can be problematic in at least one species, H. Nasicus. Such occurrences are rare however as they are uninclined to bite, instead striking with mouth closed or playing dead. For these reasons they have been popular pets for more than 100 years despite the irritation experienced should they mistake their keeper's hand for food.

title: Hognose


text: User talk:67.123.22.208

title: User talk:67.123.22.208


text:
Soil horizon

A soil horizon is a layer parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath. Horizons are defined in many cases by obvious physical features, mainly colour and texture. These may be described both in absolute terms (particle size distribution for texture, for instance) and in terms relative to the surrounding material, i.e. 'coarser' or 'sandier' than the horizons above and below.

The identified horizons are indicated with symbols, which are mostly used in a hierarchical way. Master horizons (main horizons) are indicated by capital letters. Suffixes, in form of lowercase letters and figures, further differentiate the master horizons. There are many different systems of horizon symbols in the world. No one system is more correct—as artificial constructs, their utility lies in their ability to accurately describe local conditions in a consistent manner. Due to the different definitions of the horizon symbols, the systems cannot be mixed.

In most soil classification systems, horizons are used to define soil types. The German system uses entire horizon sequences for definition. Other systems pick out certain horizons, the "diagnostic horizons", for the definition; examples are the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), the USDA soil taxonomy and the Australian Soil Classification. Diagnostic horizons are usually indicated with names, e.g. the "cambic horizon" or the "spodic horizon". The WRB lists 40 diagnostic horizons. In addition to these diagnostic horizons, some other soil characteristics may be needed to define a soil type. Some soils do not have a clear development of horizons.

A soil horizon is a result of soil-forming processes (pedogenesis). Layers that have not undergone such processes may be simply called "layers".

Horizon sequence
Many soils have an organic surface layer, which is denominated with a capital letter "O" (letters may differ depending on the system). The mineral soil usually starts with an A horizon. If a well-developed subsoil horizon as a result of soil formation exists, it is generally called a B horizon. An underlying loose, but poorly developed horizon is called a C horizon. Hard bedrock is mostly denominated R. Most individual systems defined more horizons and layers than just these five. In the following, the horizons and layers are listed more or less by their position from top to bottom within the soil profile. Not all of them are present in every soil.

Soils with a history of human interference, for instance through major earthworks or regular deep ploughing, may lack distinct horizons almost completely. When examining soils in the field, attention must be paid to the local geomorphology and the historical uses to which the land has been put, in order to ensure that the appropriate names are applied to the observed horizons.

Horizons and layers according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources
The designations are found in Chapter 10 of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources Manual, 4th edition (2022). The chapter starts with some general definitions:

The fine earth comprises the soil constituents ≤ 2 mm. The whole soil comprises fine earth, coarse fragments, artefacts, cemented parts, and dead plant residues of any size.

A litter layer is a loose layer that contains > 90% (by volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead plant residues) recognizable dead plant tissues (e.g. undecomposed leaves). Dead plant material still connected to living plants (e.g. dead parts of Sphagnum mosses) is not regarded to form part of a litter layer. The soil surface (0 cm) is by convention the surface of the soil after removing, if present, the litter layer and, if present, below a layer of living plants (e.g. living mosses). The mineral soil surface is the upper limit of the uppermost layer consisting of mineral material.

A soil layer is a zone in the soil, approximately parallel to the soil surface, with properties different from layers above and/or below it. If at least one of these properties is the result of soil-forming processes, the layer is called a soil horizon. In the following, the term layer is used to indicate the possibility that soil-forming processes did not occur.

The following layers are distinguished (see Chapter 3.3 of the WRB Manual):
 * Organic layers consist of organic material: Have ≥ 20% organic carbon, not consisting of artefacts (related to the fine earth plus the dead plant residues of any length and a diameter ≤ 5 mm) and do not form part of a litter layer.
 * Organotechnic layers consist of organotechnic material: Have ≥ 35% (by volume, related to the whole soil) artefacts containing ≥ 20% organic carbon; and < 20% organic carbon, not consisting of artefacts (related to the fine earth plus the dead plant residues of any length and a diameter ≤ 5 mm).
 * Mineral layers are all other layers.

The designation consists of a capital letter (master symbol), which in most cases is followed by one or more lowercase letters (suffixes).

Master symbols
H: Organic or organotechnic layer, not forming part of a litter layer; water saturation > 30 consecutive days in most years or drained; generally regarded as peat layer or organic limnic layer.

O: Organic horizon or organotechnic layer, not forming part of a litter layer; water saturation ≤ 30 consecutive days in most years and not drained; generally regarded as non-peat and non-limnic horizon.

A: Mineral horizon at the mineral soil surface or buried; contains organic matter that has at least partly been modified in-situ; soil structure and/or structural elements created by cultivation in ≥ 50% (by volume, related to the fine earth), i.e. rock structure, if present, in < 50% (by volume).

E: Mineral horizon; has lost by downward movement within the soil (vertically or laterally) one or more of the following: Fe, Al, and/or Mn species; clay minerals; organic matter.

B: Mineral horizon that has (at least originally) formed below an A or E horizon; rock structure, if present, in < 50% (by volume, related to the fine earth); one or more of the following processes of soil formation: Nota bene: B horizons may show other accumulations as well.
 * formation of soil aggregate structure
 * formation of clay minerals and/or oxides
 * accumulation by illuviation processes of one or more of the following: Fe, Al, and/or Mn species; clay minerals; organic matter; silica; carbonates; gypsum
 * removal of carbonates or gypsum.

C: Mineral layer; unconsolidated (can be cut with a spade when moist), or consolidated and more fractured than the R layer; no soil formation, or soil formation that does not meet the criteria of the A, E, and B horizon.

R: Consolidated rock; air-dry or drier specimens, when placed in water, will not slake within 24 hours; fractures, if present, occupy < 10% (by volume, related to the whole soil); not resulting from the cementation of a soil horizon.

I: ≥ 75% ice (by volume, related to the whole soil), permanent, below an H, O, A, E, B or C layer.

W: Permanent water above the soil surface or between layers, may be seasonally frozen.

Suffixes
This is the list of suffixes to the master symbols. In brackets is indicated to which master symbols the suffixes can be added. The suffixes e and i have different meanings for organic and mineral layers.

 * a: Organic material in an advanced state of decomposition [a like advanced] (H, O).
 * b: Buried horizon; first, the horizon has formed, and then, it was buried by mineral material [b like buried] (H, O, A, E, B).
 * c: Concretions and/or nodules [c like concretion]; only used if following another suffix (k, q, v, y) that indicates the accumulated substance.
 * d: Drained [d like drained] (H).
 * e: Organic material in an intermediate state of decomposition [e like intermediate] (H, O).
 * e: Saprolite [e like saprolite] (C).
 * f: Permafrost [f like frost] (H, O, A, E, B, C).
 * g: Accumulation of Fe and/or Mn oxides predominantly inside soil aggregates, if present, and loss of these oxides on aggregate surfaces (A, B, C), or loss of Fe and/or Mn by lateral subsurface flow and pale colours in ≥ 50% of the exposed area (E); transport in reduced form [g like stagnic].
 * h: Significant amount of organic matter; in A horizons at least partly modified in situ; in B horizons predominantly by illuviation; in C horizons forming part of the parent material [h like humus] (A, B, C).
 * i: Organic material in an initial state of decomposition; [i like initial] (H, O).
 * i: Slickensides and/or wedge-shaped aggregates [i like slickenside] (B).
 * j: Accumulation of jarosite and/or schwertmannite [j like jarosite] (H, O, A, E, B, C).
 * k: Accumulation of secondary carbonates [k like German Karbonat] (H, O, A, E, B, C).
 * l: Accumulation of Fe and/or Mn in reduced form by upward-moving capillary water with subsequent oxidation: accumulation predominantly at soil aggregate surfaces, if present, and reduction of these oxides inside the aggregates [l like capillary] (H, A, B, C).
 * m: Pedogenic cementation in ≥ 50% of the volume; cementation class: at least moderately cemented; only used if following another suffix (k, l, q, s, v, y, z) that indicates the cementing agent [m like cemented].
 * n: Exchangeable sodium percentage ≥ 6% [n like natrium] (E, B, C).
 * o: Residual accumulation of large amounts of pedogenic oxides in strongly weathered horizons [o like oxide] (B).
 * p: Modification by cultivation (e.g. ploughing); mineral layers are designated A, even if they belonged to another layer before cultivation [p like plough] (H, O, A).
 * q: Accumulation of secondary silica [q like quartz] (A, E, B, C).
 * r: Strong reduction [r like reduction] (A, E, B, C).
 * s: Accumulation of Fe oxides, Mn oxides and/or Al by vertical illuviation processes from above [s like sesquioxide]. (B, C).
 * t: Accumulation of clay minerals by illuviation processes [t like German Ton, clay]. (B, C).
 * u: Containing artefacts or consisting of artefacts [u like urban] (H, O, A, E, B, C, R).
 * v: Plinthite [the suffix v has no connotation] (B, C).
 * w: Formation of soil structure and/or oxides and/or clay minerals (layer silicates, allophanes and/or imogolites) [w like weathered] (B).
 * x: Fragic characteristics [the x refers to the impossibility of roots to enter the aggregates] (E, B, C).
 * y: Accumulation of secondary gypsum [y like gypsum or Spanish yeso] (A, E, B, C).
 * z: Presence of readily soluble salts [z like Dutch zout] (H, O, A, E, B, C).
 * @: cryogenic alteration (H, O, A, E, B, C).
 * α: Presence of primary carbonates (in R layers related to the rock, in all other layers related to the fine earth) [α like carbonate] (H, A, E, B, C, R).
 * β: Bulk density ≤ 0.9 kg dm-3 [β like bulk density] (B).
 * γ: Containing ≥ 5% (by grain count) volcanic glasses in the fraction between > 0.02 and ≤ 2 mm [γ like glass] (H, O, A, E, B, C).
 * δ: High bulk density (natural or anthropogenic), so that roots cannot enter, except along cracks [δ like dense] (A, E, B, C).
 * λ: Deposited in a body of water (limnic) [λ like limnic] (H, A. C).
 * ρ: Relict features (only used if following another suffix (g, k, l, p, r, @) that indicates the relict feature) [ρ like relict].
 * σ: Permanent water saturation and no redoximorphic features [σ like saturation] (A, D, B, C)
 * τ: Human-transported natural material (related to the whole soil) [τ like transported] ((H, O, A, B, C).
 * φ: Accumulation of Fe and/or Mn in reduced form by lateral subsurface flow with subsequent oxidation [φ like flow] (A, B, C).

I and W layers have no suffixes.

Combination of suffixes:

1.	The c follows the suffix that indicates the substance that forms the concretions or nodules; if this is true for more than one suffix, each one is followed by the c.

2.	The m follows the suffix that indicates the substance that is the cementing agent; if this is true for more than one suffix, each one is followed by the m.

3.	The ρ follows the suffix that indicates the relict features; if this is true for more than one suffix, each one is followed by the ρ.

4.	If two suffixes belong to the same soil-forming process, they follow each other immediately; in the combination of t and n, the t is written first; rules 1, 2 and 3 have to be followed, if applicable. Examples: Btn, Bhs, Bsh, Bhsm, Bsmh.

5.	If in a B horizon the characteristics of the suffixes g, h, k, l, o, q, s, t, v, or y are strongly expressed, the suffix w is not used, even if its characteristics are present; if the characteristics of the mentioned suffixes are weakly expressed and the characteristics of the suffix w are present as well, the suffixes are combined.

6.	In H and O layers, the i, e or a is written first.

7.	The @, f and b are written last, if b occurs together with @ or f (only if other suffixes are present as well): @b, fb.

8.	Besides that, combinations must be in the sequence of dominance, the dominant one first. Examples: Btng, Btgb, Bkcyc.

Transitional layers
If the characteristics of two or more master layers are superimposed to each other, the master symbols are combined without anything in between, the dominant one first, each one followed by its suffixes. Examples: AhBw, BwAh, AhE, EAh, EBg, BgE, BwC, CBw, BsC, CBs.

If the characteristics of two or more master layers occur in the same depth range, but occupy distinct parts clearly separated from each other, the master symbols are combined with the slash (/), the dominant one first, each one followed by its suffixes. Examples: Bt/E (interfingering of E material into a Bt horizon), C/Bt (Bt horizon forming lamellae within a C layer).

W cannot be combined with other master symbols. H, O, I, and R can only be combined using the slash.

Layer sequences
The sequence of the layers is from top to down with a hyphen in between.

If lithic discontinuities occur, the strata are indicated by preceding figures, starting with the second stratum. I and W layers are not considered as strata. All layers of the respective stratum are indicated by the figure: Example: Oi-Oe-Ah-E-2Bt-2C-3R.

If two or more layers with the same designation occur, the letters are followed by figures. The sequence of figures continues across different strata. Examples: Oi-Oe-Oa-Ah-Bw1-Bw2-2Bw3-3Ahb1-3Eb-3Btb-4Ahb2-4C, Oi-He-Ha-Cr1-2Heb-2Hab-2Cr2-3Crγ.

Horizons and layers according to the FAO Guidelines for Soil Description (2006)
Source:

Master horizons and layers
H horizons or layers: These are layers of organic material. Organic material is defined by having a certain minimum content of soil organic carbon. In the WRB, this is 20% (by weight). The H horizon is formed from organic residues that are not incorporated into the mineral soil. The residues may be partially altered by decomposition. Contrary to the O horizons, the H horizons are saturated with water for prolonged periods, or were once saturated but are now drained artificially. In many H horizons, the residues are predominantly mosses. Although these horizons form above the mineral soil surface, they may be buried by mineral soil and therefore be found at greater depth. H horizons may be overlain by O horizons that especially form after drainage.

O horizons or layers: These are layers of organic material. Organic material is defined by having a certain minimum content of soil organic carbon. In the WRB, this is 20% (by weight). The O horizon is formed from organic residues that are not incorporated into the mineral soil. The residues may be partially altered by decomposition. Contrary to the H horizons, the O horizons are not saturated with water for prolonged periods and not drained artificially. In many O horizons, the residues are leaves, needles, twigs, moss, and lichens. Although these horizons form above the mineral soil surface, they may be buried by mineral soil and therefore be found at greater depth.

A horizons: These are mineral horizons that formed at the surface or below an O horizon. All or much of the original rock structure has been obliterated. Additionally, they are characterized by one or more of the following: If a surface horizon has properties of both A and E horizons but the dominant feature is an accumulation of humified organic matter, it is designated an A horizon.
 * an accumulation of humified organic matter, intimately mixed with the mineral fraction, and not displaying properties characteristic of E or B horizons (see below);
 * properties resulting from cultivation, pasturing, or similar kinds of disturbance;
 * a morphology that is different from the underlying B or C horizon, resulting from processes related to the surface.

E horizons: These are mineral horizons in which the main feature is loss of clay minerals, iron, aluminium, organic matter or some combination of these, leaving a concentration of sand and silt particles. However, pedogenesis is advanced, because the lost substances first have been formed or accumulated there. All or much of the original rock structure is obliterated. An E horizon is usually, but not necessarily, lighter in colour than an underlying B horizon. In some soils, the colour is that of the sand and silt particles. An E horizon is most commonly differentiated from an underlying B horizon: by colour of higher value or lower chroma, or both; by coarser texture; or by a combination of these properties. An E horizon is commonly near to the surface, below an O or A horizon, and above a B horizon. However, the symbol E may be used without regard to the position in the profile for any horizon that meets the requirements and that has resulted from soil genesis.

B horizons: These are horizons that formed below an A, E, H, or O horizon, and in which the dominant features are the obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure, together with one or a combination of the following: All kinds of B horizons are or were originally subsurface horizons.
 * residual concentration of oxides (especially iron oxides) and/or clay minerals;
 * evidence of removal of carbonates or gypsum;
 * illuvial concentration, alone or in combination, of clay minerals, iron, aluminium, organic matter, carbonates, gypsum or silica;
 * coatings of oxides that make the horizon conspicuously lower in value, higher in chroma, or redder in hue than overlying and underlying horizons without apparent illuviation of iron;
 * alteration that forms clay minerals or liberates oxides or both and that forms a granular, blocky or prismatic structure if volume changes accompany changes in moisture content;
 * brittleness.

Examples of layers that are not B horizons are: layers in which clay films either coat rock fragments or are found on finely stratified unconsolidated sediments, whether the films were formed in place or by illuviation; layers into which carbonates have been illuviated but that are not contiguous to an overlying genetic horizon; and layers with gleying but no other pedogenic changes.

C horizons or layers: These are horizons or layers, excluding hard bedrock, that are little affected by pedogenic processes and lack properties of H, O, A, E or B horizons. Most are mineral layers, but some siliceous and calcareous layers, such as shells, coral, and diatomaceous earth, are included. The material of C layers may be either like or unlike that from which the overlying solum presumably formed. Plant roots can penetrate C horizons, which provide an important growing medium. Included as C layers are sediments, saprolite, non-indurated bedrock, and other geological materials that commonly slake within 24 hours when air-dry or drier chunks are placed in water, and that, when moist, can be dug with a spade. Some soils form in material that is already highly weathered, and if such material does not meet the requirements of A, E, or B horizons, it is designated C. Changes not considered pedogenic are those not related to overlying horizons. Layers having accumulations of silica, carbonates, or gypsum, even if indurated, may be included in C horizons, unless the layer is obviously affected by pedogenic processes; then it is a B horizon.

R layers: These consist of hard bedrock underlying the soil. Granite, basalt, quartzite, and indurated limestone or sandstone are examples of bedrock that are designated R. Air-dry or drier chunks of an R layer, when placed in water, will not slake within 24 hours. The R layer is sufficiently coherent when moist to make hand digging with a spade impractical. The bedrock may contain cracks, but these are so few and so small that few roots can penetrate. The cracks may be coated or filled with soil material.

I layers: These are ice lenses and wedges that contain at least 75 per cent ice (by volume) and that distinctly separate layers (organic or mineral) in the soil.

L layers: These are sediments deposited in a body of water. They may be organic or mineral. Limnic material is either: (i) deposited by precipitation or through action of aquatic organisms, such as algae, especially diatoms; or (ii) derived from underwater and floating aquatic plants and subsequently modified by aquatic animals. L layers include coprogenous earth or sedimentary peat (mostly organic), diatomaceous earth (mostly siliceous), and marl (mostly calcareous).

W layers: These are either water layers in soils or water layers submerging soils. The water is present either permanently or cyclic within the time frame of 24 hours. Some organic soils float on water. In other cases, shallow water (i.e. water not deeper than 1 m) may cover the soil permanently, as in the case of shallow lakes, or cyclic, as in tidal flats. The occurrence of tidal water can be indicated by the letter W in brackets: (W).

Transitional horizons and layers
A horizon that combines the characteristics of two master horizons is indicated with both capital letters, the dominant one written first. Example: AB and BA. If discrete, intermingled bodies of two master horizons occur together, the horizon symbols are combined using a slash (/). Example: A/B and B/A. The master horizon symbols may be followed by the lowercase letters indicating subordinate characteristics (see below). Example: AhBw. The I, L and W symbols are not used in transitional horizon designations.

Subordinate characteristics
This is the list of suffixes to the master horizons. After the hyphen, it is indicated to which master horizons the suffixes can be added.

 * a: Highly decomposed organic material—H and O horizons.
 * b: Buried genetic horizon—mineral horizons, not cryoturbated.
 * c: Concretions or nodules—mineral horizons.
 * c: Coprogenous earth—L horizon.
 * d: Dense layer (physically root restrictive)—mineral horizons, not with m.
 * d: Diatomaceous earth—L horizon.
 * e: Moderately decomposed organic material—H and O horizons.
 * f: Frozen soil—not in I and R horizons.
 * g: Stagnic conditions—no restriction.
 * h: Accumulation of organic matter—mineral horizons.
 * i: Slickensides—mineral horizons.
 * i: Slightly decomposed organic material—H and O horizons.
 * j: Jarosite accumulation—no restriction.
 * k: Accumulation of pedogenic carbonates—no restriction.
 * l: Mottling due to upmoving groundwater (gleying)—no restriction.
 * m: Strong cementation or induration (pedogenic, massive)—mineral horizons.
 * m: Marl—L horizon.
 * n: Pedogenic accumulation of exchangeable sodium—no restriction.
 * o: Residual accumulation of sesquioxides (pedogenic)—no restriction.
 * p: Ploughing or other human disturbance—no restriction; ploughed E, B, or C horizons are referred to as Ap.
 * q: Accumulation of pedogenic silica—no restriction.
 * r: Strong reduction—no restriction.
 * s: Illuvial accumulation of sesquioxides—B horizons.
 * t: Illuvial accumulation of clay minerals—B and C horizons.
 * u: Urban and other human-made materials (artefacts—H, O, A, E, B and C horizons.
 * v: Occurrence of plinthite—no restriction.
 * w: Development of colour or structure—B horizons.
 * x: Fragipan characteristics—no restriction.
 * y: Pedogenic accumulation of gypsum—no restriction.
 * z: Pedogenic accumulation of salts more soluble than gypsum—no restriction.
 * @: Evidence of cryoturbation—no restriction.

Discontinuities and vertical subdivisions
Numerical prefixes are used to denote lithic discontinuities. By convention, 1 is not shown. Numerical suffixes are used to denote subdivisions within a horizon. The horizons in a profile are combined using a hyphen (-). Example: Ah-E-Bt1-2Bt2-2BwC-3C1-3C2.

Horizons and layers according to the USDA Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils (2012)
Source:

Master horizons and layers
O: Organic soil materials (not limnic).

A: Mineral; organic matter (humus) accumulation.

E: Mineral; some loss of Fe, Al, clay, or organic matter.

B: Subsurface accumulation of clay, Fe, Al, Si, humus, CaCO3, CaSO4; or loss of CaCO3; or accumulation of sesquioxides; or subsurface soil structure.

C: Little or no pedogenic alteration, unconsolidated earthy material, soft bedrock.

L: Limnic soil materials.

W: A layer of liquid water (W) or permanently frozen water (Wf) within or beneath the soil (excludes water/ice above soil).

M: Root-limiting subsoil layers of human-manufactured materials.

R: Bedrock, strongly cemented to indurated.

Transitional horizons and layers
A horizon that combines the characteristics of two master horizons is indicated with both capital letters, the dominant one written first. Example: AB and BA. If discrete, intermingled bodies of two master horizons occur together, the horizon symbols are combined using a slash (/). Example: A/B and B/A.

Horizon suffixes

 * a: Highly decomposed organic matter (used only with O).
 * aa: (proposed) Accumulation of anhydrite (CaSO4).
 * b: Buried genetic horizon (not used with C horizons).
 * c: Concretions or nodules.
 * co: Coprogenous earth (used only with L).
 * d: Densic layer (physically root restrictive).
 * di: Diatomaceous earth (used only with L).
 * e: Moderately decomposed organic matter (used only with O).
 * f: Permanently frozen soil or ice (permafrost); continuous subsurface ice; not seasonal ice.
 * ff: Permanently frozen soil ("dry" permafrost); no continuous ice; not seasonal ice.
 * g: Strong gley.
 * h: Illuvial organic matter accumulation.
 * i: Slightly decomposed organic matter (used only with O).
 * j: Jarosite accumulation.
 * jj: Evidence of cryoturbation.
 * k: Pedogenic CaCO3 accumulation (<50% by vol.).
 * kk: Major pedogenic CaCO3 accumulation (≥50% by vol.).
 * m: Continuous cementation (pedogenic).
 * ma: Marl (used only with L).
 * n: Pedogenic, exchangeable sodium accumulation.
 * o: Residual sesquioxide accumulation (pedogenic).
 * p: Plow layer or other artificial disturbance.
 * q: Secondary (pedogenic) silica accumulation.
 * r: Weathered or soft bedrock.
 * s: Illuvial sesquioxide and organic matter accumulation.
 * se: Presence of sulfides (in mineral or organic horizons).
 * ss: Slickensides.
 * t: Illuvial accumulation of silicate clay.
 * u: Presence of human-manufactured materials (artifacts).
 * v: Plinthite.
 * w: Weak color or structure within B (used only with B).
 * x: Fragipan characteristics.
 * y: Accumulation of gypsum.
 * yy: Dominance of gypsum (≈≥50% by vol.).
 * z: Pedogenic accumulation of salt more soluble than gypsum.

Other horizon modifiers
Numerical prefixes are used to denote lithologic discontinuities. By convention, 1 is not shown. Numerical suffixes are used to denote subdivisions within a master horizon. Example: A, E, Bt1, 2Bt2, 2BC, 3C1, 3C2.

Horizons according to the Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook (2009)
Source:

Horizons
O horizon

The "O" stands for organic matter. It is a surface layer, dominated by the presence of large amounts of organic matter in varying stages of decomposition. In the Australian system, the O horizon should be considered distinct from the layer of leaf litter covering many heavily vegetated areas, which contains no weathered mineral particles and is not part of the soil itself. O horizons may be divided into O1 and O2 categories, whereby O1 horizons contain undecomposed matter whose origin can be spotted on sight (for instance, fragments of leaves), and O2 horizons contain organic debris in various stages of decomposition, the origin of which is not readily visible. O horizons contain ≥ 20% organic carbon.

P horizon

These horizons are also heavily organic but are distinct from O horizons in that they form under waterlogged conditions. The "P" designation comes from their common name, peats. They may be divided into P1 and P2 in the same way as O horizons. P horizons contain ≥ 12 to 18% organic carbon, depending on the clay content.

A horizon

The A horizon is the top layer of the mineral soil horizons, often referred to as 'topsoil'. This layer contains dark decomposed organic matter, which is called "humus". The technical definition of an A horizon may vary between the systems, but it is most commonly described in terms relative to deeper layers. "A" horizons may be darker in colour than deeper layers and contain more organic matter, or they may be lighter but contain less clay or pedogenic oxides. The A is a surface horizon, and as such is also known as the zone in which most biological activity occurs. Soil organisms such as earthworms, potworms (enchytraeids), arthropods, nematodes, fungi, and many species of bacteria and archaea are concentrated here, often in close association with plant roots. Thus, the A horizon may be referred to as the biomantle. However, since biological activity extends far deeper into the soil, it cannot be used as a chief distinguishing feature of an A horizon. The A horizon may be further subdivided into A1 (dark, maximum biologic activity), A2 (paler), and A3 (transitional to the B horizon).

E horizon (not used in the Australian system)

"E", being short for eluviated, is most commonly used to label a horizon that has been significantly leached of its mineral and/or organic content, leaving a pale layer largely composed of silicates or silica. These are present only in older, well-developed soils, and generally occur between the A and B horizons. In systems where (like in the Australian system) this designation is not employed, leached layers are classified firstly as an A or B according to other characteristics, and then appended with the designation "e" (see the section below on horizon suffixes). In soils that contain gravels, due to animal bioturbation, a stonelayer commonly forms near or at the base of the E horizon.

B horizon

The B horizon is commonly referred to as "subsoil" and consists of mineral layers which are significantly altered by pedogenesis, mostly with the formation of iron oxides and clay minerals. It is usually brownish or reddish due to the iron oxides, which increases the chroma of the subsoil to a degree that it can be distinguished from the other horizons. The weathering may be biologically mediated. In addition, the B horizon is defined as having a distinctly different structure or consistency than the horizon(s) above and the horizon(s) below.

The B horizon can also accumulate minerals and organic matter that are migrating downwards from the A and E horizons. If so, this layer is also known as the illuviated or illuvial horizon.

As with the A horizon, the B horizon may be divided into B1, B2, and B3 types under the Australian system. B1 is a transitional horizon of the opposite nature to an A3 – dominated by the properties of the B horizons below it, but containing some A-horizon characteristics. B2 horizons have a high concentration of clay minerals or oxides. B3 horizons are transitional between the overlying B layers and the material beneath it, whether C or D horizon.

The A3, B1, and B3 horizons are not tightly defined, and their use is generally at the discretion of the individual worker. Plant roots penetrate throughout this layer, but it has very little humus. The A/E/B horizons are referred to collectively as the "solum", the surface depth of the soil where biologically activity and climate effects drives pedogenesis. The layers below the solum have no collective name but are distinct in that they are noticeably less affected by surface soil-forming processes.

C horizon

The C horizon is below the solum horizons. This layer is little affected by pedogenesis. Clay illuviation, if present, is not significant. The absence of solum-type development (pedogenesis) is one of the defining attributes. The C horizon forms either in deposits (e.g., loess, flood deposits, landslides) or it formed from weathering of residual bedrock. The C horizon may be enriched with carbonates carried below the solum by leaching. If there is no lithologic discontinuity between the solum and the C horizon and no underlying bedrock present, the C horizon resembles the parent material of the solum.

D horizon

D horizons are not universally distinguished, but in the Australian system refer to "any soil material below the solum that is unlike the solum in its general character, is not C horizon, and cannot be given reliable horizon designation… [it] may be recognized by the contrast in pedologic organization between it and the overlying horizons" (National Committee on Soil and Terrain, 2009, p. 151).

R horizon

R horizons denote the layer of partially weathered or unweathered bedrock at the base of the soil profile. Unlike the above layers, R horizons largely comprise continuous masses (as opposed to boulders) of hard rock that cannot be excavated by hand. If there is no lithologic discontinuity between the solum and the R horizon, the R horizon resembles the parent material of the solum.

L horizon (not used in the Australian system)

L (Limnic) horizons or layers indicate mineral or organic material that has been deposited in water by precipitation or through the actions of aquatic organisms. Included are coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat), diatomaceous earth, and marl; and is usually found as a remnant of past bodies of standing water.

Transitional horizons
A horizon that combines the characteristics of two horizons is indicated with both capital letters, the dominant one written first. Example: AB and BA. If distinct parts have properties of two kinds of horizons, the horizon symbols are combined using a slash (/). Example: A/B and B/A.

Horizon suffixes
In addition to the main descriptors above, several modifiers exist to add necessary detail to each horizon. Firstly, each major horizon may be divided into sub-horizons by the addition of a numerical subscript, based on minor shifts in colour or texture with increasing depth (e.g., B21, B22, B23 etc.). While this can add necessary depth to a field description, workers should bear in mind that excessive division of a soil profile into narrow sub-horizons should be avoided. Walking as little as ten metres in any direction and digging another hole can often reveal a very different profile in regards to the depth and thickness of each horizon. Over-precise description can be a waste of time. In the Australian system, as a rule of thumb, layers thinner than 5 cm (2 inches) or so are best described as pans or segregations within a horizon rather than as a distinct layer. Suffixes describing particular features of a horizon may also be added. The Australian system provides the following suffixes:

 * b: buried horizon.
 * c: presence of mineral concretions or nodules, perhaps of iron, aluminium, or manganese.
 * d: root restricting layer.
 * e: conspicuously bleached.
 * f: faunal accumulations in A horizons.
 * g: gleyed horizon.
 * h: accumulation of organic matter.
 * j: sporadically bleached.
 * k: accumulation of carbonates, commonly calcium carbonate.
 * m: strong cementation or induration.
 * p: disturbed by ploughing or other tillage practices (A horizons only).
 * q: accumulation of secondary silica.
 * r: weathered, digable rock.
 * s: sesquioxide accumulation.
 * t: accumulation of clay minerals.
 * w: weak development.
 * x: fragipan.
 * y: accumulation of calcium sulfate (gypsum).
 * z: accumulation of salts more soluble than calcium sulfate.

Buried soils
Soil formation is often described as occurring in situ: Rock breaks down, weathers and is mixed with other materials, or loose sediments are transformed by weathering. But the process is often far more complicated. For instance, a fully formed profile may have developed in an area only to be buried by wind- or water-deposited sediments which later formed into another soil profile. This sort of occurrence is most common in coastal areas, and descriptions are modified by numerical prefixes. Thus, a profile containing a buried sequence could be structured O, A1, A2, B2, 2A2, 2B21, 2B22, 2C with the buried profile commencing at 2A2.

Diagnostic soil horizons
Many soil classification systems have diagnostic horizons. A diagnostic horizon is a horizon used to define soil taxonomic units (e.g. to define soil types). The presence or absence of one or more diagnostic horizons in a required depth is used for the definition of a taxonomic unit. In addition, most classification systems use some other soil characteristics for the definition of taxonomic units. The diagnostic horizons need to be thoroughly defined by a set of criteria. When allocating a soil (a pedon, a soil profile) to a taxonomic unit, one has to check every horizon of this soil and decide, whether or not the horizon fulfils the criteria of a diagnostic horizon. Based on the identified diagnostic horizons, one can proceed with the allocation of the soil to a taxonomic unit. In the following, the diagnostic horizons of two soil classification systems are listed.

Diagnostic horizons in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB)
Source:

 * Albic horizon
 * Anthraquic horizon
 * Argic horizon
 * Calcic horizon
 * Cambic horizon
 * Chernic horizon
 * Cohesic horizon
 * Cryic horizon
 * Duric horizon
 * Ferralic horizon
 * Ferric horizon
 * Folic horizon
 * Fragic horizon
 * Gypsic horizon
 * Histic horizon
 * Hortic horizon
 * Hydragric horizon
 * Irragric horizon
 * Limonic horizon
 * Mollic horizon
 * Natric horizon
 * Nitic horizon
 * Panpaic horizon
 * Petrocalcic horizon
 * Petroduric horizon
 * Petrogypsic horizon
 * Petroplinthic horizon
 * Pisoplinthic horizon
 * Plaggic horizon
 * Plinthic horizon
 * Pretic horizon
 * Protovertic horizon
 * Salic horizon
 * Sombric horizon
 * Spodic horizon
 * Terric horizon
 * Thionic horizon
 * Tsitelic horizon
 * Umbric horizon
 * Vertic horizon

Diagnostic horizons in the USDA soil taxonomy (ST)
Source:

 * Diagnostic surface horizons

 * Anthropic epipedon
 * Folistic epipedon
 * Histic epipedon
 * Melanic epipedon
 * Mollic epipedon (see Mollisols)
 * Ochric epipedon
 * Plaggen epipedon
 * Umbric epidpedon

 * Diagnostic subsurface horizons

 * Agric horizon
 * Albic horizon
 * Anhydric horizon
 * Argillic horizon
 * Calcic horizon
 * Cambic horizon
 * Duripan layer
 * Fragipan layer
 * Glossic horizon
 * Gypsic horizon
 * Kandic horizon
 * Natric horizon
 * Nitic horizon
 * Ortstein layer
 * Oxic horizon
 * Petrocalcic Horizon
 * Petrogypsic horizon
 * Petroplinthic horizon
 * Placic horizon
 * Salic horizon
 * Sombric horizon
 * Spodic horizon

General sources

 * Soil-Net section on soil horizons.
 * Current version: Soil Survey Manual (March 2017)
 * Current version: Soil Survey Manual (March 2017)
 * Current version: Soil Survey Manual (March 2017)

title: Soil horizon


text:
Gamma Velorum

Gamma Velorum is a quadruple star system in the constellation Vela. This name is the Bayer designation for the star, which is Latinised from γ Velorum and abbreviated γ Vel. At a combined magnitude of +1.72, it is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and contains by far the closest and brightest Wolf–Rayet star. It has the traditional name Suhail al Muhlif and the modern name Regor, but neither is approved by the International Astronomical Union, making it the brightest star by apparent magnitude without an IAU approved name.

The γ Velorum system includes a pair of stars separated by 41″, each of which is also a spectroscopic binary system. γ2 Velorum, the brighter of the visible pair, contains the Wolf–Rayet star and a blue supergiant, while γ1 Velorum contains a blue giant and an unseen companion.

Distance
Gamma Velorum is close enough to have accurate parallax measurements as well as distance estimates by more indirect means. The Hipparcos parallax for γ2 implies a distance of 342 parsecs (pc). A dynamical parallax derived from calculations of the orbital parameters gives a value of 336 pc, similar to spectrophotometric derivations. A VLTI-based interferometry measurement of the distance gives a slightly larger value of 368 ± 51 pc. All these distances are somewhat less than the commonly assumed distance of 450 pc for the Vela OB2 association which is the closest grouping of young massive stars.

Stellar system
The Gamma Velorum system is composed of at least four stars. The brightest member, γ2 Velorum or γ Velorum A, is a spectroscopic binary composed of a blue supergiant of spectral class O7.5, and a massive Wolf–Rayet star (, originally ). The binary has an orbital period of 78.5 days and separation varying from 0.8 to 1.6 astronomical units. The Wolf–Rayet star is likely to end its life in a Type Ib supernova explosion; it is one of the nearest supernova candidates to the Sun. The Wolf–Rayet star has traditionally been regarded as the primary since its emission lines dominate the spectrum, but the O star is visually brighter and also more luminous. For clarity, the components are now often referred to as WR and O.

The bright (apparent magnitude +4.2) γ1 Velorum or γ Velorum B, is a spectroscopic binary with a period of 1.48 days. Only the primary is detected and it is a blue-white giant. It is separated from the Wolf–Rayet binary by 41.2″, easily resolved with binoculars. The pair are too close to be separated without optical assistance, and they appear to the naked eye as a single star of apparent magnitude 1.72 (at the average brightness of γ2 of 1.83).

Gamma Velorum has several fainter companions that share a common motion and are likely to be members of the Vela OB2 association. The magnitude +7.3 CD-46 3848 is a white F0 star at is 62.3 arcseconds from the A component. At 93.5 arcseconds is another binary star, an F0 star of magnitude +9.2.

Gamma Velorum is associated with several hundred pre-main-sequence stars within less than a degree. The ages of these stars would be at least 5 million years.

Etymology
The Arabic name is al Suhail al Muḥlīf. al Muhlif refers to the oath-taker, and al Suhail is originally derived from a word meaning the plain. Suhail is used for at least three other stars: Canopus, λ Velorum (al Suhail al Wazn) and ζ Puppis (Suhail Hadar). Suhail is also a common Arabic male first name.

In Chinese, 天社 (Tiān Shè), meaning Celestial Earth God's Temple, refers to an asterism consisting of γ2 Velorum, δ Velorum, κ Velorum and b Velorum. Consequently, γ2 Velorum itself is known as 天社一 (Tiān Shè yī), "the First Star of Celestial Earth God's Temple".

The name Regor ("Roger" spelled in reverse) was invented as a practical joke by the Apollo 1 astronaut Gus Grissom for his fellow astronaut Roger Chaffee.

Due to the exotic nature of its spectrum (bright emission lines in lieu of dark absorption lines) it is also dubbed the Spectral Gem of Southern Skies.

title: Gamma Velorum


text:
Utah State Route 201

State Route 201 (SR-201) is an east–west expressway and freeway located in Salt Lake County in the U.S. state of Utah. Colloquially known by some as the 21st South Freeway, the route serves as an alternative to Interstate 80 (I-80) through Salt Lake City. From the western terminus of the route west of Magna, the highway heads east through Kennecott Copper property as an expressway before running through the western suburbs of Salt Lake City as a freeway. Shortly after the route returns on a surface route, SR-201 terminates on its eastern end at State Street (U.S. Route 89).

The history of the route predates the invention of the automobile; the Donner Party, California Trail and Pony Express all followed the present-day path of the highway. During the 1910s, the route was designated a state highway and, in 1939, State Route 201 was officially written into law, running from Magna east to the mouth of Parley's Canyon. At one point, the highway carried US-50 Alternate west of State Street and both US-40 and US-40 Alternate east of that road, though all were truncated from Salt Lake City by the late 1970s. Construction of the freeway portion of SR-201 west of I-15 commenced in the mid-1960s and was fully completed by 1986.

Route description
At its western terminus, SR-201 begins at a partial interchange at I-80. Heading generally east with two lanes in each direction, the expressway passes by the Kennecott Smokestack, the tallest structure in Utah. Past its intersection at SR-202, the route takes a turn to the southeast, bypassing the Kennecott tailings pond. Now exiting Kennecott property, the route exits unpopulated terrain and enters the urban Wasatch Front, beginning with the Salt Lake City suburb of Magna. Past junctions at 9200 West, 8400 West, 8000 West and 7200 West, the route veers northerly three blocks and becomes a limited-access freeway. East of 7200 West, SR-201 is routed at approximately 2100 South in Salt Lake County's grid system, giving the freeway its nickname of "21st South Freeway".

Now with three lanes in each direction, the highway straddles the boundary between Salt Lake City and West Valley City, another suburb of the former. The road continues due east with diamond interchanges at 5600 West (SR-172) and Bangerter Highway (SR-154). Immediately following a single-point urban interchange (SPUI) at 3200 West, the freeway intersects I-215 in the form of a cloverleaf interchange. The road dips to the south slightly and, following two SPUIs at Redwood Road (SR-68) and 900 West, the freeway terminates at the Spaghetti Bowl interchange, giving eastbound motorists on SR-201 the option of continuing to I-15, I-80, 1300 South and 900 South. However, an eastbound traveler wanting to continue on the surface portion of SR-201 to State Street must exit on 900 West, head north briefly and then turn eastbound on 2100 South; a westbound traveler on 2100 South wishing to connect to the freeway must take an on-ramp from the surface street just before 900 West. Prior to 1997, this connection was direct. Now on the four-lane 2100 South, a secondary surface street, the route runs along the Salt Lake City-South Salt Lake border. State maintenance of 2100 South ends at the intersection of State Street (US-89).

History

State Route 201 is one of the original highways through the Salt Lake Valley. Signs along the route claim the path of the highway to be the historical route of the California Trail, Pony Express and Lincoln Highway. While signed as the route of the California Trail, modern 2100 South is a less common branch called Hastings Cutoff that became infamous because of the Donner Party. The Lincoln Highway, generally derived from the route of the Pony Express across Utah, was routed on 2100 South. However, no modern highway exactly follows the route of the Pony Express west of Salt Lake City. SR-201 is one of a few auto-tour routes that approximates the Pony Express trail, which actually ran south of the road.

In the 1910s, 2100 South in Salt Lake County became an unnumbered state highway. In 1919, when the state legislature redefined the state road system to include only a short list given in the law and any federal aid projects, 2100 South east of State Street remained as a portion of the Lincoln Highway. In 1926, 2100 South became part of US-40, following the creation of the United States Numbered Highway system. By 1937, 2100 South west of 9180 West was assigned to US-50, US-40 now turning northward toward Downtown Salt Lake City. This created two signed highways over 2100 South: US-40 east of US-91 and US-50 east of 9200 West (US-50 traveled west on 3500 South through Salt Lake City from US-91 to 2100 South in Magna, whereas US-40 turned from eastbound 2100 South to northbound State Street to connect to North Temple).

In 1939, the state legislature designated State Route 201, running west on 2100 South from State Street (US-40/US-91) to US-50 (9180 West) in Magna. By 1954, US-50 was moved south to an alignment through central Utah, the old routing mostly replaced by US-50 Alternate (US-50A). However, US-50A was placed in Salt Lake City on 2100 South west of State Street, replacing the SR-201 designation. By 1965, US-40 was realigned along Foothill Drive (then US-40A), the Utah Highway Department believing the Foothill route was more direct in connecting with North Temple toward the airport. US-40A was now aligned along the entirety of 2100 South from US-40/future I-215 at the mouth of Parley's Canyon west to State Street and beyond with US-50A to US-40 west of Magna. Both mainline and Alternate US-40, along with US-50A, were truncated to east of the city by 1979.

Constructing a freeway
By 1958, SR-201 between US-40 west of Magna and SR-68 (Redwood Road) was a two-lane highway through rural Salt Lake County. The rural landscape changed by the time SR-201 intersected 300 West and entered urban Salt Lake County, the highway becoming a four-lane road. The route remained this way until the intersection of 1300 East (SR-181), where the route reverted to a two-lane configuration. By 1965, a time when most U.S. Routes in the city were being replaced by Interstate Highways, all two-lane portions of the road east of 1300 East were widened to at least four lanes; an interchange between US-40, US-40A and future I-215 was being built at the mouth of Parley's Canyon. From under-construction I-15 west to Redwood Road, the old route of SR-201 was being superseded by a six-lane freeway directly to the south. All construction was complete by 1970 with interchanges at 900 West and Redwood Road; the new freeway extended west to 2700 West.

By 1977, an interchange directly west of Redwood Road at I-215 was being built and the rest of the highway to Magna was given a median in preparation for freeway construction to 5600 West (SR-172). This construction concluded by 1986, with interchanges at 3200 West, Bangerter Highway (SR-154, then solely 4000 West) and 5600 West as a result. Beginning in April 1997 and concluding in July 2001, as part of a larger reconstruction project for I-15, SR-201 was rebuilt from 900 West to I-15/I-80, including the colloquial "Spaghetti Bowl" interchange. As a result, SR-201 was left in two discontinuous pieces; to connect from the surface portion of SR-201 to the freeway, one must now take an on-ramp. From 2004 to 2006, the freeway from 900 West to I-215 was widened and repaved, the Redwood Road interchange being redone as well. In 2009, the freeway from Bangerter Highway to 5600 West was widened to three lanes in each direction and the road between SR-202 and I-80 was widened to four lanes—the latter project eliminated the final two-lane section of SR-201.

title: Utah State Route 201


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Martha Bulloch Roosevelt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:03, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Martha Bulloch Roosevelt
Another "mother of a famous person who is not famous in her own right." RickK 20:49, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Being the mother of a famous person merits a note in that person's article, not an article of its own. (Actually, now that I think of it, it doesn't even merit that in most cases.) – flamurai (t) 21:41, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur. Delete. Radiant! 22:47, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable in her own right. Megan1967 23:45, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or keep. Parents have a strong genetic and/or environmental influence on their children's development. Kappa 22:26, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that she is already mentioned in Theodore's article. Radiant! 11:12, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Joolz 19:36, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If she is already mentioned in Theodore's article, there is no reason for this information to appear here separately ... at this time. Courtland 00:28, 2005 Feb 26 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Chansons pour les pieds

Chansons pour les pieds is the seventh and final solo album by Jean-Jacques Goldman, released on 20 November 2001 and sung in French. The album was recorded at the Théâtre du Cratère d'Alès by Eric Van de Hel and Gildas Lointier, assisted by Renaud Van Welden. All songs were written by the singer himself. Released by JRG, the album met smash success on the charts : it topped the French and Belgian Albums Charts and remained charted for almost two years, and was #2 in Switzerland. As the title ("Songs for the Feet") suggests, all the tracks are devoted to dance and represent music styles (canon chorale, gigue, technoriental, slow, tarentelle, R&B, ballad, disco, rock, slow zouk, fanfare swing, pop).

There was a sole single from this album : "Et l'on y peut rien", which peaked at #7 in France, 37 in Belgium (Wallonia) and #61 in Switzerland.

Track listing

 * 1) "Ensemble" – 3:59
 * 2) "Et l'on n'y peut rien" – 3:38
 * 3) "Une poussière" – 5:33
 * 4) "La Pluie" – 8:25
 * 5) "Tournent les violons" – 4:38
 * 6) "Un goût sur tes lèvres" – 4:29
 * 7) "Si je t'avais pas" – 4:50
 * 8) "C'est pas vrai" – 4:56
 * 9) "The Quo's in Town Tonite" – 5:14
 * 10) "Je voudrais vous revoir" – 5:12
 * 11) "Les P'tits Chapeaux" – 3:54
 * 12) "Les Choses" – 8:38
 * 13) "La vie c'est mieux quand on est amoureux" 1

1 Hidden track

Source : Allmusic.

Personnel
Adapted from AllMusic.

 * Gildas Arzel – guitar, mandocello, oud, primary artist, slide guitar
 * Eric Benzi – arranger, engineer, programming, realization
 * Francois Breugnot – violone
 * Yvan Cassar – musical direction
 * Gilles Chabenat – primary artist, vielle
 * Marc Chantereau – percussion, primary artist
 * Nicolas Duport – engineer
 * Claude Gassian – photography
 * Michel Gaucher – primary artist, trombone
 * Jean-Jacques Goldman – primary artist, realization
 * Alexis Grosbois – booklet design, coordination
 * Christophe Guiot – concert master
 * Didier Havet – euphonium, bass trombone
 * Michael Jones – choeurs, guitar
 * Raphaël Jonin – gravure
 * Denis Leloup – primary artist, trombone
 * Christian Lemaitre – violone
 * Bruno LeRouzic – cornemuse, primary artist
 * Gildas Lointier – advisor, engineer, sound recording
 * Christian Martinez – primary artist, trumpet
 * Eric Mula – primary artist
 * Christophe Negre – director, flute, alto saxophone, soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
 * Fréderic Paris – flute
 * Carlo Rizzo – primary artist, tambourine
 * Phillipe Slominski – bugle, trumpet
 * Jean-Pierre Solves – clarinet, piccolo, alto saxophone, baritone saxophone
 * Patrice Tison – guitar effects, performer, primary artist
 * Renaud Van Welden – assistant publisher

title: Chansons pour les pieds


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User talk:CARIEordonez

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
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Images
Thanks for uploading Image:Church otatitlan.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images (on my talk page) and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, BrokenSegue 20:50, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CARIEordonez


text:
Category:Rebellions in Asia

Rebellions in Asia.

title: Category:Rebellions in Asia


text:
Area code 320

Area code 320 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan for most of the central part of the U.S. state of Minnesota. The numbering plan area (NPA) excludes the Twin Cities metro region. The area code was created in 1996, by a split of NPA 612, which stretched border-to-border from Wisconsin through the Twin Cities to South Dakota. 320 was the fourth Minnesota area code, and the first new one in the state in 42 years.

The growth of the Twin Cities placed high demand on telecommunication services, and the proliferation of cell phones, pagers, fax machines and dial-up Internet access caused rapid exhaustion of available telephone numbers. In the split, The Twin Cities region retained 612, with St. Cloud, Alexandria, and Willmar switching to 320.

In 1998, area code 612 was restricted to include only Minneapolis and a few inner suburbs after area code 651 was created in 1998. The 651 area borders Wisconsin, while area codes 763 and 952 were split from 612 in 2000. Area code 218 borders 320 to the north, and area code 507 covers southern Minnesota. Ironically, 320 now borders every Minnesota area code except 612—the area code which it first was created from.

Service area

 * Albany
 * Alexandria
 * Annandale
 * Appleton
 * Askov
 * Atwater
 * Avon
 * Benson
 * Bird Island
 * Biscay
 * Boyd
 * Braham
 * Browns Valley
 * Browerville
 * Brownton
 * Buffalo Lake
 * Clara City
 * Clarissa
 * Clarkfield
 * Clear Lake
 * Clearwater
 * Cokato
 * Cold Spring
 * Collegeville
 * Danube
 * Dassel
 * Dawson
 * Eden Valley
 * Farwell
 * Foley
 * Garrison
 * Glencoe
 * Glenwood
 * Granite Falls
 * Hector
 * Hinckley
 * Holdingford
 * Howard Lake
 * Hutchinson
 * Isle
 * Kimball
 * Lester Prairie
 * Litchfield
 * Little Falls
 * Long Beach
 * Long Prairie
 * Lowry
 * Madison
 * Maple Lake
 * Melrose
 * Milaca
 * Montevideo
 * Mora
 * Morris
 * New London
 * Ogilvie
 * Olivia
 * Onamia
 * Ortonville
 * Osakis
 * Paynesville
 * Pierz
 * Pine City
 * Randall
 * Renville
 * Rice
 * Richmond
 * Rock Creek
 * Rockville
 * Royalton
 * Rush City
 * Sacred Heart
 * St. Augusta
 * St. Cloud
 * St. Joseph
 * Sandstone
 * Sartell
 * Sauk Centre
 * Sauk Rapids
 * Spicer
 * Starbuck
 * Stewart
 * Upsala
 * Waite Park
 * Watkins
 * Wheaton
 * Willmar
 * Winsted

title: Area code 320


text: User talk:4.247.16.66

title: User talk:4.247.16.66


text:
Delta Canis Majoris

Delta Canis Majoris (Latinised from δ Canis Majoris, abbreviated Delta CMa, δ CMa), officially named Wezen, is a star in the constellation of Canis Major. It is a yellow-white F-type supergiant with an apparent magnitude of +1.83. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.

Observation
Delta Canis Majoris is the third-brightest star in the constellation after Sirius and ε Canis Majoris (Adhara), with an apparent magnitude of +1.83, and is white or yellow-white in colour. Lying about 10 degrees south southeast of Sirius, it only rises to about 11 degrees above the horizon at the latitude of the United Kingdom. The open cluster NGC 2354 is located only 1.3 degrees east of Delta Canis Majoris. As with the rest of Canis Major, Delta Canis Majoris is most visible in winter skies in the northern hemisphere, and summer skies in the southern. In Bayer's Uranometria, it is in the Great Dog's hind quarter.

History and naming
δ Canis Majoris (Latinised to Delta Canis Majoris) is the star's Bayer designation.

The traditional name, Wezen (alternatively Wesen, or Wezea), is derived from the medieval Arabic وزن al-wazn, which means 'weight' in modern Arabic. The name was for one of a pair of stars, the other being Hadar, which has now come to refer to Beta Centauri. It is unclear whether the pair of stars was originally Alpha and Beta Centauri or Alpha and Beta Columbae. In any case, the name was somehow applied to both Delta Canis Majoris and Beta Columbae. Richard Hinckley Allen muses that the name alludes to the difficulty the star has rising above the horizon in the northern hemisphere. Astronomer Jim Kaler has noted the aptness of the traditional name given the star's massive nature.

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Wezen for this star.

In Chinese, 弧矢 (Hú Shǐ), meaning Bow and Arrow, refers to an asterism consisting of δ Canis Majoris, ε Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris, ο Puppis, π Puppis, χ Puppis, c Puppis and k Puppis. Consequently, δ Canis Majoris itself is known as 弧矢一 (Hú Shǐ yī, the First Star of Bow and Arrow.)

In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, this star was designated Thalath al Adzari (تالت ألعذاري - taalit al-aðārii), which was translated into Latin as Tertia Virginum, meaning the third virgin. This star, along with ε Canis Majoris (Adhara), η Canis Majoris (Aludra) and ο2 Canis Majoris (Thanih al Adzari), were Al ʽAdhārā (ألعذاري), the Virgins.

Physical properties
Delta Canis Majoris is a supergiant of class F8. Its surface temperature is around 5,818 K, and it is 14 times more massive than the Sun. Its absolute magnitude is −5.97, and it lies around 1,600 light-years away. It is rotating at a speed of around 28 km/s, and hence may take a year to rotate fully. Only around 10 million years old, Delta Canis Majoris has stopped fusing hydrogen in its core. Its outer envelope is beginning to expand and cool, and in the next 100,000 years it will become a red supergiant as its core fuses heavier and heavier elements. Once it has an iron core, it will collapse and explode as a supernova.

The angular diameter of Wezen has been measured using interferometry, giving a limb-darkened diameter of $13.4$. J Davis et al. (2007) used this angular diameter and calculated a physical radius of $3.633 milliarcseconds$ using a parallax of $215 solar radius$ measured by the Hipparcos specrcaft, which implies a distance of $1.82 milliarcseconds$. Since then, the 2007 Hipparcos reduction refined the parallax to $1,800 light-years$, corresponding a distance of about $2.03 mas$ (493 parsecs). This distance gives a smaller radius of using the angular diameter. A 2010 study gives a luminosity and temperature implying a radius of, while a 2017 study published a radius of.

If Delta Canis Majoris were as close to Earth as Sirius is, it would be as bright as a half-full moon.

Modern legacy
Delta Canis Majoris appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Roraima.

title: Delta Canis Majoris


text:
User:YourNickname

Yournickname is an American user of Wikipedia from New Mexico interested in Politics and History.

Since it is in fact the user of Yournickname writing this, he wont go into egotistical details, because to talk about your self in vain, and Yournickname is not vain...

Info-Data/Ego Rant
My actual name is Jonathan. I hail from the City Different in the Land of Enchantment (Santa Fe, New Mexico) and I am now officially in-between High School and college. I turned 18 in july 12 2005 (YAY!)! You can read all about me at my MySpace blog

Contributions/Self inflicted ego-boost
I am mostly interested in Politics and History, and particularly Political History... very specifically, Political History about New Mexico! I am, as far as I know, the #1 editor for New Mexico's political articles, and perhaps #1 for New Mexico in general. I have created 90% of the articles concerning New Mexico's politics and politicians.

Aside from the obsession with my home state, I also have studied the French Third Republic in too much detail, I have a good deal of knowledge about the French Navy, I am interested in Southeast Asian history, and know a lot of useless obscure facts about Colonial Africa.

Though, on those topics, I rarely contribute. My attention has been spent on New Mexico. And my star contributions are the former Senators of New Mexico. When I first looked them up, only three (THREE!) Senators of New Mexico had real biographies, two more had stubs. I was disgusted. Not just disgusted, horrified! Many of New Mexico's Senators have had a part in shaping policy during the 20th century. Carl Hatch (who I have yet to create a biography on) was one of the most improtant Civil Service reformers during the early half of the Century! Clinton P. Anderson was responsible for preventing a food crisis after World War II! Bronson M. Cutting and Dennis Chavez were instrumental in gaining equal opportunities for Hispanics! Holm O. Bursum was the epitomy of the early western Conservative that spawned Barry Goldwater! Albert Fall was one of the most corrupt individuals in the history of the United States... well, perhaps he isn't the best one to mention. But you get my point. New Mexico's Senators were an important part of history. Thanks to me, I have brought that history to Wikipedia.

But behold, beyond the Senators, I am a total Wikiholic:

Editing/My brag list
Key: Bolded are things I feel I cannot add anything more to. Italized are things I am still working on expanding. Neither bold nor italized are things I neglect, and will most likely add nothing to in the near future.

Projects

 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santa Fe (Expanding, maintaining, working on bios for all Archbishops)
 * New Mexico House of Representatives (Created, wrote, maintaining, working on bio info for reps)
 * New Mexico Senate (Created, wrote, maintaining, working on bio info for senators)

Major Edits

 * New Mexico State Capitol (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * Crescit eundo (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * Asi Es Nuevo Méjico (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * A Nuevo México (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * Seal of New Mexico (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * Bizcochito (Created, wrote, maintaining)

Minor Edits

 * Flag of New Mexico (Added thing about unofficial first flag)

Projects

 * U.S. Congressional Delegations from New Mexico (Working on biographical information for ALL people listed there!)
 * United States House of Representatives, New Mexico District 1, United States House of Representatives, New Mexico District 2, United States House of Representatives, New Mexico District 3 (Created, wrote, maintaining all three, working on election info for all races!)
 * ''List of United States Senators from New Mexico (Redisigned, maintaining)
 * Governors of New Mexico, Governors of New Mexico Territory (Redisigning, working on all Governor Bios)
 * U.S. Congressional Delegations from New Hampshire, U.S. Congressional Delegations from Rhode Island, U.S. Congressional Delegations from Mississippi, U.S. Congressional Delegations from Iowa, U.S. Congressional Delegations from American Samoa, (Expanded, filled in gaps before 1933); United States congressional delegations from Puerto Rico, U.S. Congressional Delegations from U.S. Virgin Islands, U.S. Congressional Delegations from Guam (Created, wrote, maintaining)

Major Edits

 * Teapot Dome scandal (Significantly expanded)
 * Hatch Act of 1939 (Significantly expanded)

Minor Edits

 * List of people who died in aviation-related incidents (added more to politicians sub-category)
 * U.S. Senate election%2C 2006 (Added Bingaman's race)
 * List of U.S. Presidents by date of death (added causes of death)

Major Edits

 * Albert B. Fall, Senator (Significantly expanded from stub, maintaining)
 * Holm O. Bursum, Senator (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * Clinton P. Anderson, Senator (Significantly expanded from stub, maintaining)
 * Bronson M. Cutting, Senator (Created, wrote, trying to re-work it, maintaining)
 * Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo, Senator (Cleaned-up, significantly expanded from stub, maintaining)
 * Dennis Chavez, Senator (Expanded from stub)
 * Joseph Montoya, Senator (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * Thomas B. Catron, Senator (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * Benigno C. Hernández, Representative (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * '''Georgia Lee Lusk, Representative (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * E. S. Johnny Walker, Representatives (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * Samuel Beach Axtell, Governor (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * Toney Anaya, Governor (Expanded, wrote, maintaining)
 * Clyde Tingley, Governor (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * John E. Miles, Governor (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * Miguel Otero, Delegate (Created, wrote, maintaining)
 * William Henry Andrews, Delegate (Created Biography)

Minor Edits

 * Arthur T. Hannett, Governor (Created stub biography)
 * Andrew. W. Hockenhull, Governor (Created stub biography)
 * Charles Bent, Governor (Created stub biography)
 * Arthur Seligman, Governor (Created stub biography)
 * Edwin L. Mechem, Governor (In the process of expanding from stub)

Historical Articles

 * '''French battleship Paris (Expanded from stub, maintaining)
 * French battleship France (Created, wrote, maintaining)'''
 * Kapuzinergruft (Added some things)
 * Zhuang (Added a detailed history of the Zhuang people)
 * List of Foreign Ministers of Austria-Hungary (Added von Berchtold)

title: User:YourNickname


text:
User talk:Sonikita

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Images
Thanks for uploading Image:Erees.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images (on my talk page) and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, BrokenSegue 20:53, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sonikita


text:
Alkaid

Alkaid, also called Eta Ursae Majoris (Latinised from η Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Eta UMa, η UMa), is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the most eastern (leftmost) star in the Big Dipper (or Plough) asterism. However, unlike most stars of the Big Dipper, it is not a member of the Ursa Major moving group. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.86, it is the third-brightest star in the constellation and one of the brightest stars in the night sky.

Physical properties
Eta Ursae Majoris is a 10-million-year-old B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It has six times the mass; 3.4 times the radius, and is radiating around 594 times as much energy as the Sun. Its outer atmosphere has an effective temperature of about 15,540 K, giving it the blue-white hue of a B-type star. This star is an X-ray emitter with a luminosity of 9.3 × 1028 erg s−1.

Eta Ursae Majoris was listed as a standard star for the spectral type B3 V. It has broadened absorption lines due to its rapid rotation, which is common in stars of this type. However, the lines are very slightly distorted and variable, which may be caused by some emission from a weak disk of material produced by the rapid rotation.

Eta Ursae Majoris is a relatively nearby and bright star and has been examined closely, but no exoplanets or companion stars have been discovered.

Nomenclature
η Ursae Majoris (Latinised to Eta Ursae Majoris) is the star's Bayer designation. The International Astronomical Union has formally chosen the proper name Alkaid for this star.

It bore the traditional names Alkaid (or Elkeid from the Arabic القايد القائد) and Benetnasch. Alkaid derives from the Arabic phrase meaning "The leader of the daughters of the bier" (قائد بنات نعش qā'id bināt naʿsh). The daughters of the bier, i.e. the mourning maidens, are the three stars of the handle of the Big Dipper, Alkaid, Mizar, and Alioth; while the four stars of the bowl, Megrez, Phecda, Merak, and Dubhe, are the bier.

It is known as Běidǒuqī (北斗七 - the Seventh Star of the Northern Dipper) or Yáoguāng (瑤光 - the Star of Twinkling Brilliance) in Chinese.

The Hindus knew this star as Marīci, one of the Seven Rishis.

In Japan and Korea, Alkaid is known as Hagunsei and Mukokseong respectively ("the military breaking star" or "most corner star"). Both meanings come from ancient China's influence in both countries.

In culture
USS Alkaid (AK-114) was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the star.

Alkaid is one of the Behenian fixed stars, used in Alchemy.

title: Alkaid


text:
Talk:Abbie Hoffman

Anarchist?
Abbie has been categorized as a Jewish and American anarchist; I've certainly seen anarchists claim him as one of their own, but is there any quote in which he self-identifies as an anarchist, or even remotely expresses sympathy for anarchist thought? Are there any notable quotes of others attributing him the title of anarchist? If not, these two categories should be removed.--Cast (talk) 03:46, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * In his 1980 autobiography, Soon to Be a Major Motion Picture, he refers to himself as an anarchist. I'll get the source in the article. — Malik Shabazz (talk · contribs) 03:54, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Ive never heard Abbie refer to himself as an anarchist ever. I honestly dont think he considered himself one, this is not to say that a modern day anarchist would not have Abbie Hoffman books in his shelf. If Abbie were to be classified, which I think is a narrow way of aproaching him anyhow, I would say that he considered himself an American Patriot. I remember visiting him in Massachusettes, and he took me see a statue of Paul Revere, whom Abbie considered a great hero, he told me the story of revere many times. He was a huge fan of the America Revolution, and if there was any dogma or political group he felt in aligned with, it would have been our American revolutionary founding fathers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by AmericaH (talk • contribs) 21:32, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree 100% that Abbie considered himself a patriot above all. And that's how he portrayed himself in Soon to Be a Major Motion Picture. I'll try to edit the lede to convey that self-identification.

 * With respect to whether Abbie was an anarchist, the standard for Wikipedia is verifiability. That means that we include information that is available in published sources and not personal conversations. In his autobiography, Abbie described himself as an anarchist. If he said elsewhere, such as an interview, that he wasn't an anarchist, we would have to weigh the credibility of the two sources. But until such a source is found, Abbie's description of himself as an anarchist is credible. — Malik Shabazz (talk · contribs) 00:15, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

I haven't found this reference in Soon to Be a Major Motion Picture, nor is it still in the article (the editor mentioning proof above reverted its re-addition in 2015). If no one else has a citation, we should remove this category. (not watching, please )  czar  01:09, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Dwight Macdonald calls Hoffman an anarchist offhandedly in an oral history with Avrich (Anarchist Voices, p. 470) but not finding substantiation beyond that. czar  17:52, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

Forbidden
When I click on the reference now numbered 19, "Levitate the Pentagon", I get this reply: "Forbidden You don't have permission to access /orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/photos/Pentagon67.html on this server." I'll try to find an alternate source. Dgndenver (talk) 12:28, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

My Dinner With Abbie
1989 film.directed by Nancy Cohen-koan, starring Abbie Hoffman on eve.of his 5oth birthday.Wom best in Struggle.for.Peace and Justice Vermont Earth Peace festival. Lambstar (talk) 02:08, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abbie Hoffman


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Possible successors to Pope John Paul II

Category:Possible successors to Pope John Paul II
I think this was put together to drive up the hits to the betting site listed as the external link in the category verbage. However, I think the category has merrit, but a better category name would be Category:Papabili. That name would not limit those listed to those who may succeed the curent pontiff. I also don't think it should be in Category:Popes, but I'll have to look around for where it belongs. Gentgeen 09:58, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Christian leaders, perhaps, or Category:Roman Catholic Church? Although I think this may be a useful category, am I the only one who thinks it's in vaguely dubous taste, considering the Pontiff's health problems? Oh, and - having seen the couple of arguments below - I agree, this would be better as a list, so Delete. As someone recently said on TFD, starting a title with "Possible" or "Possibly" is indication enough that there are problems. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 22:52, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I question the value of such a ephemeral category. It's only going to be relevant for a limited period of time, and the word "possible" in the descriptive is a sure sign that there is no obvious criteria for inclusion...unless there is an official vatican list somewhere?  Postdlf 16:30, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete An article on the subject (without a link to a betting site) would be legitimate, but categories shouldn't be speculative. Philip 22:14, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maurreen 05:14, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Category:Papabili and delete betting sites. I disagree that the category is only relevent on a limited scale, as there will always be some degree of speculation as to who the next pope will be, whether the current Pope has been in office for 26 years or 26 days. There are certainly cardinals whose names have been mentioned more than others. The public in general are interested in knowing who the favorites are to become the next pope, even if the process through which the pope is elected often hinders those who are favorites. As for taste - it isn't as though the existence of such a list harbors ill will against Pope John Paul II, it's merely an information repository for those interested in who his successor might be, whenever that time may come where he would require one. -- RPIRED 05:31, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I disagree with having speculative categories, granted one is going to open the flood gates. What's going to stop people from creating speculative categories for next leaders of countries or figures of other religious denominations. RedWolf 05:56, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A list could work, since it would be possible to add notes explaining why various people are considered candidates. (Considering the advisability of using the word possible in a category title, see Mark 10:27.) -Aranel (" Sarah ") 02:47, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, convert to list. Neutralitytalk 02:54, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)