text:
Mizil

Mizil is a town in Prahova County, Muntenia, Romania. Located in the southeastern part of the county, it lies along the road between the cities of Ploiești and Buzău, and to the northeast of the national capital, Bucharest. Its position led it to become a thriving market town beginning in the 18th century, before a long period of economic decline began in the early 20th century. Agriculture gave way to industry as the chief employment under the Communist regime, but the town has continued to face difficulties in the wake of a late-1990s deindustrialisation.

Geography
The town is situated in southeastern Prahova County, on the border with Buzău County; the four rural localities that surround it are Gura Vadului (north), Baba Ana (south), Săhăteni (east) and Fântânele (west). The Tohani, Pietroasa and Istrița vineyards are all nearby. It is 35 km distant from both Ploiești and Buzău, with Bucharest 92 km to the southwest. Mizil is the only city or town in Romania to lie on the 45th parallel north. Located on a series of fields with altitudes of 80–95 m, it is on the Mizil Plain, a subdivision of the Bucureștilor Plain, in turn part of the Wallachian Plain, and has been called the "gate to the Bărăgan", a reference to the plain extending to its east. It is also on the edge of the plain region and the southern reaches of foothills leading up to the Southern Carpathians, being bounded by the Sărata Plain to the south and by Istrița Hill to the northeast. The area's rocks are Neogene molasse; there is also gravel and sand. Near the surface, there are loess layers of different thickness.

Mizil covers 1931 ha, of which 77.7% are agricultural land, water, forests and green spaces, and 22.3% are developed. The Istău stream runs through it. The town administers one village, Fefelei, although this is essentially a neighbourhood today.

Climate
Mizil has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification).

Demographics
At the 2021 census, the town had a population of 12,962. Of Mizil's 14,312 residents at the 2011 census, 83.7% were ethnic Romanians and 16.3% were Roma. One 2008 estimate put the number of Roma at 5,000 or 30.5% of the population estimated at the time. At the same census, according to religion, 93.9% were Romanian Orthodox, 5.4% Pentecostal, 0.7% other or none. (Census figures refer to inhabitants for whom data were available; there were no ethnic or religious statistics for 6.9% of residents.)

Between 2002 and 2021, Mizil's population fell from 17,075 to 12,962, a drop of 24.1%. Reasons for this trend include lower birth rate, emigration and poor economic conditions.

History
Mizil was mentioned in 1529, in an official document at Brașov. It was first mentioned as Eșteu in 1585, and as Istau in 1591, after its stream. Around the turn of the 18th century, Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu owned the village, building houses at the nearby Corbeanca Dealul Dumbăvii vineyard and establishing an annual fair in Mizil that would become renowned. It was during the 18th century that a mail coach station for changing horses opened in the village. Merchants began to set up shop, their business augmented by the location between two larger towns; coachmen, wheelwrights, woodcutters and watchmen also found work. In the Ottoman Turkish language of Wallachia's rulers, the station was known as a menzil. The n dropped out through syncope and the i became an e; given that activity and transactions that took place around it, the resulting name came to be used for the village as a whole and to replace its old name. The first church was built in 1790, and Mizil was declared a town in 1830.

Mizil reached its peak of activity during the 19th century, rapidly outpacing Urlați, which had possessed the advantage of having the closest market to most of the towns in that part of Wallachia. Moreover, in 1847 the Ploiești-Buzău road began to be built along the foothills, shortening and modernising the link between the capitals of the Danubian Principalities, Bucharest and Iași. It was from the latter to the former city that Alexandru Ioan Cuza passed through Mizil in 1859, on his way to become head of the United Principalities. In this period, inhabitants worked in agriculture, viniculture, animal husbandry and various trades. The first school was built in 1857, by the boyar Ion Căciunescu, although teaching had begun around 1838. Following the efforts of mayor Leonida Condeescu, an elementary trade school was established about 1902, with a high school opening later.

The town's rapid growth slowed down in the first half of the 20th century, eventually stagnating. In the 1950s and '60s, under the Communist regime, it was the centre of Mizil raion in Regiunea Ploiești. During this time, industry—textiles, wood and mechanics—came to be a chief source of employment for inhabitants.

Government, economy and infrastructure
Mizil is governed by a mayor and 17-member local council. Since the 2016 local election, six councillors belong to the Social Democratic Party, five each to the National Liberal Party and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats, and one to the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party.

Running water comes from Bălțești and is supplied by a private company on a network built in 1968. Since 2005, garbage collection is done by a private firm contracted by town hall. In 2002, the town switched from heating oil to natural gas, supplied by a public utility. There is also an electricity network, and the street lights were modernised in 2006. Mizil has 35 km of roads, 36% of which are asphalted. The most significant of these is the Ploiești-Buzău European route E577 that links Bucharest with Moldavia. There is no public transportation, but there are private buses running to Ploiești, Buzău and surrounding communes, as well as taxis. There is also a Căile Ferate Române train station, lying between Ploiești and Buzău. Companies active in Mizil offer fixed and mobile telephone services, cable television, Internet, postal services, banking and gasoline.

As of 2002, Mizil had 8 ha of green space, including roadsides and parks. Agriculture was a primary occupation for the town's inhabitants in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but is much reduced in importance as of the early 21st. Still, as of 2005, 1448 of the total 1931 ha are agricultural land, of which 89% is cultivated arable land, 7% pastures and 6% vineyards. Since 1990, the small tracts of land used for producing hay and growing fruit trees have been converted to other uses.

During the Communist era, Mizil depended for employment on three large factories employing almost the entire workforce. The largest, established in 1951, produced armaments; the next turned out spun textiles and the smallest made mattresses. The town reached an economic nadir in 1998-1999, when these laid off thousands of workers. One factory, formerly employing 8,500, fired all but around 400, while another dismissed almost all its 2,000 employees. Unemployment rose to 17.5% (against a national average of 8.7%); including those who had stopped looking for work, unemployment reached 80% of the working-age population (18 to 62). Poverty had reached alarming levels, with tension and crime also rising, particularly among the generally jobless, under-educated Roma. As of 2005, 39% of Mizil firms are involved in commerce, 15% in services, 12% in industry, 11% in construction, 5% in agriculture, 3% in transport, and 15% in other domains. That year, the working-age population was 65% of the total, of whom 30% had jobs. Roma represented a significant portion of the 70% who did not. Due to the factory closings, there was a dramatic fall in employment between 1994 and 2001; even with a slight rise in subsequent years, the workforce only reached half the 1994 level.

There is one hospital in Mizil, serving the town and surrounding communes.

Culture
The town houses two high schools, three primary schools and five kindergartens. One high school is focused on physics, chemistry, biology and computer science, while the other prepares students to become technicians.

Mizil has three historic Orthodox churches. The oldest, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, dates to the late 18th century and is in Fefelei. Another one, dedicated to John the Baptist, is in the town centre and was built in 1857. The building is cross-in-square in form and Byzantine and Gothic in style, with Renaissance touches. Its original painting was lost; a restoration took place in 1916. The iconostasis is sculpted out of linden wood and covered with gold leaf in folk art fashion. A third church, consecrated to the Dormition of the Theotokos and located in the town square, is from 1865. Among its sacred objects is a wooden blessing cross featuring silver filigree work and twenty-four red gems; this is from the end of the 19th century and appears to be the work of an anonymous artist from the Russian school. Additionally, there are four 19th-century roadside crosses, two of which are considered historic monuments by the Culture Ministry.

A monument dedicated to the troops of the 72nd Mizil Infantry Regiment, who fought during the Romanian Campaign of World War I (1916-1917), stands in the town. Built in 1921, the pedestal is 1.8 m high and the sculptures reach 2.7 m. They depict a woman in folk costume embodying the Fatherland, with her right hand raised in salute and her left holding the standard; a soldier and a woman sitting before her, the latter with an open book on her knees and representing History. There is a bronze plaque showing a battle scene, another featuring an inscription, and others naming the 1190 officers and enlisted men who died in battle.

There is a public library. There is also a cultural house, built in 1965-1966. This has 384 seats and a stage of around 50m2; the building was modernised in the mid-2000s. Social and cultural activities take place there, with well-known theatrical troupes occasionally performing. There is a children's chess club in the house, and chess can also be played seasonally in the town park. The town's festival days take place during October.

The playwright Ion Luca Caragiale was a friend of mayor Condeescu, whom he parodied in his work; the latter's conversations with Caragiale and with Mihai Eminescu's brother Matei, a soldier assigned to Mizil and who became the mayor's brother-in-law, convinced him to build a theatre. It had 200 seats and opened in 1895; among the plays staged were Caragiale's. After falling into a state of degradation, it was demolished in 1968. A cinema used to operate in Mizil; this was sold to a company that promised to continue screening films but did not do so.

Aside from Caragiale, the journalist Geo Bogza, writing after the town's economic decline had begun, helped impress on the public Mizil's image as a place where nothing important ever happens, in a 1938 reportage titled 175 de minute la Mizil ("175 Minutes in Mizil") and summarised as "the adventure of the banal". Other literary portrayals have been undertaken by local writers, including the poets Mihai Negulescu and Petre Strihan; the journalist and poet George Ranetti (Romeo și Julieta la Mizil, "Romeo and Juliet in Mizil"); Joachim Botez (Însemnările unui Belfer, "Notes of an Idle Rich Man"; Minerva la Mizil, "Minerva at Mizil"; De la Piatra la Mizil, "From Piatra to Mizil"; Împușcat la Mizil, "Gunned Down in Mizil"); and the novels of Cosmin Manolache since 2000, including Ce față cumplită am ("What a Cruel Face I Have").

Sport
As of 1964, the football team Rapid Mizil was playing in Divizia C. By the 1985–1986 season, Mizil had a stadium, modernized by the town's mechanical plant, which owned and financed the Steaua Mizil team that played in Divizia B until it was disbanded in 2006. The abandoned stadium is now in an advanced state of degradation. There is a town-financed boxing club, as well as a modern gymnasium opened in 2007, allowing for sports such as volleyball, handball and tennis to be played.

Natives

 * Cătălin Avramescu (born 1967), philosopher, academic, and diplomat
 * Agatha Bacovia (1895–1981), poet
 * Ana Birchall (born 1973), lawyer and politician
 * Gheorghe Eminescu (1890–1988), historian, memoirist, and officer
 * Alexandru Ghiban (born 1986), water polo player
 * Octav Mayer (1895–1966), mathematician
 * Ion Panait (born 1981), Greco-Roman wrestler
 * George Ranetti (1875–1928), poet, journalist, and playwright
 * Gabriel Sandu (born 1963), economist and politician
 * Petre Strihan (1899–1990), poet
 * Iulian Tameș (born 1978), football player and coach
 * Grigore Tocilescu (1850–1909), historian and archaeologist, member of the Romanian Academy

Twin towns
Mizil is twinned with:
 * 🇲🇩 Iargara
 * 🇳🇱 Lingewaard

title: Mizil


text: Category:192 births

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:192 births


text: Category:232 deaths

title: Category:232 deaths


text:
Talk:Faust, Part Two

Comment
hi. i haven't read the book or seen the play, yet was interested enough to read this article. i thought i'd help by improving the grammar a little. i found that i couldn't make too many changes for fear of losing the intended meaning.

anyway, hope it helps.

.michael

 * Comment Restructured and cleaned-up. Could still do with some cross-referencing particularly to other works on/about Faust.  Marcus22 15:32, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

"Similarities between Faust and Goethe in the text are often obvious." This is nonsense, therefore I'll delete it. My judgement is based on "Faust-Dichtungen" by Ulrich Gaier as cited in the article for Part I. --Jean Winkler 16:45, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

I also don't think that metal band trivia has any relevance here. Especially in light of the very short content summary of the drama... --Jean Winkler 16:51, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Stub?

 * Why has this article gone from a regular article to a stub? --YankeeDoodle14 21:11, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Question
Part I is based on the legend of Faust, a legend that goes back at least to Marlowe's play. But what about this Part II? Is it more freely created by Goethe in its plot? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Leonardo Teixeira de Oliveira (talk • contribs) 20:57, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

Only part of Faust I is directly related to the legend, which goes back at least to the beginning of 16th century (thus is older than Marlowe's play). The "Gretchen"-plot is, to my knowledge, a complete invention of Goethe. As for Faust II, the legend (at least in a version of the 18th century, which came to Goethe's attention) already contained Faust's marriage with Helen and an encounter with the German Kaiser. But certainly Goethe deals with the legendary material very freely in both parts. See also the article "Johann Faust" in the German Wikipedia. Emil Wiedemann (talk) 12:16, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

German Kaiser
The article says that Faust encounters the "German Kaiser", but that is utterly wrong. Such a title did not exist when Goethe published Faust II, instead it is the Holy Roman Emperor. A title like "German Emperor" (Deutscher Kaiser), often referred to as  "German Kaiser", only exists since 1871 with Wilhelm I. as the first who used it. Could someone please correct it in the article, because it leads to confusion.91.2.106.19 (talk) 23:21, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Faust, Part Two


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TDA Article 3

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:52, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

TDA Article 3
Single line from a lawbook, not notable. Radiant! 11:06, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Comment: Seems to be about funding program. Could use another title. Mgm|(talk) 12:42, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unhelpful title and content. Wyss 20:46, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If I understand correctly, this is about some money fund established by the Transportation Development Act of California. If it is so, this certainly isn't the article to explain it. JoaoRicardo 04:35, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even if this fund has notable, encyclopedic effects, then recreating this substub's current contents in a proper article will be trivial. —Korath (Talk) 06:16, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tatamulin

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:27, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Tatamulin
Pseudonym of a writer that isn't in wikipedia. Should rename to the writer if notable, delete if not. Radiant! 11:07, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Rename if notable, otherwise, delete. Mgm|(talk) 12:41, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad with no evidence of encyclopedic content. Wyss 20:48, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 02:26, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Spirit Island (Alberta)

Spirit Island is a tiny tied island in Maligne Lake in Jasper National Park. This landmark is the destination of boat trips across Maligne Lake, a view many people associate with the Canadian Rockies. Spirit Island enjoys worldwide reputation, and is one of the most famous and photographed views of the Canadian Rockies. Maligne Lake boat cruises offer close views of the island.

title: Spirit Island (Alberta)


text: Category:704 births

title: Category:704 births


text:
Talk:Butterfly Bomb

Untitled
"explosive thick-walled 2 kg" is not a correct translation. thick walled would be "dickwändig" in german.

but Dickenwald is a part of the city of Saarwellingen and would translate into "fat forest"

(if the part of Saarwellingen is meant, i do not know, perhaps someone would look after it) Elvis 11:08, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thats not correct. "dickwändig" is not a valid german word. "dickwandig" = "thick-walled" was ok. The second thing ist, that a cluster bomb is not a "splitterbombe". The common german word for cluster bomb is "streubombe". (User:84.185.161.164)
 * you are correct, "dickwandig" would be better german.
 * it was used as a cluster bomb, but the bomblet itself was a splitterbombe. the clusterbomb itself is not talked about here, only the bomblet itself. Elvis 12:00, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

To my surpise I found that the term 'fuze' seems to be correct although the dictionary suggests the spelling 'fuse'. I suggest either an indication to the correctness of the spelling or another linked wikipedia entry for the first occurence of 'fuze' in this text. Also one might argue that the proper term for 'removing a fuze' was 'defuze' rather than 'defuse'. But maybe all that's just due to a lack of intelligence (pun intended) in the military?

First use
The article says a unexploded butterfly bomb was recovered in 1940, but then says that they were first used in 1942 against Grimsby and Cleethorpes. An earlier version says they were first used in 1940 against Ipswich, from the tone of the original changes to 1942 (, and ) I think this may be some vandalism that was partially repaired and partially unrepaired. Are there any experts who know the definitive answer? Perhaps the raid on Grimsby and Cleethorps was the first time large numbers of them were used.--HarryHenryGebel 21:49, 3 March 2007 (UTC) Read all about it :--- http://civildefence-suffolk.webeden.co.uk/#/ipswich-raid-no-10/4579245618 81.86.125.95 (talk) 09:00, 20 May 2014 (UTC)Louis Musgrove

Anti-materiel use
I don't have time to dig out the book to find the exact details, but these were also used during the German invasion of the USSR against airfields. When I have more time, I may add this to the article. Plumbob78 23:05, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

british centrific
Use in retaliatory nuisance raids against UK towns was a side show and the Luftwaffe couldn't have cared less about lack of british reports. The main field of employment of SD-2s was the east Front, where it was used massively. SD-2s were first used by simply dropping them from normal bomb bays during the 1941 invasion of the soviet union. While they were devastating to troop concentrations and parked aircraft, serveral bombers were lost because of tumbling bombs colliding immidiately after drop. This led to severe restrictions on use until a clamshell cluster bomb could be developed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JCRitter (talk • contribs) 14:34, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Controversial Claims
This article claims that the SD2 was specifically aimed at farmers, but the only source for this I could find was the book UXB Malta, a fairly unreliable source. The author is a folklorist, more interested in telling an interesting story rather than finding out a thoroughly researched fact. The fact that she refers to the North Africa Campaign as the Middle East says a lot about her expertise.

These are my reasons for disbelieving this claim:
 * the SD2 with 70 fuze is a cluster bomb mine, mines are meant to be area denial weapons. Since the main German strategy in the siege of Malta was to starve the defenders out, mining their fields was the most effective manner to achieve this in concert with the attacks on Malta Convoys. The second link I provide below is an actual German instruction manual for the SD2 that outlines this.
 * The source says they were targeted at farmers, but whoever added it to the article misinterpreted this to mean they intended to kill farmers, and added it to the article as such. While it might seem semantic to say targeting does not equal killing, many mines are not meant to kill, but to injure.  This would have further increased the drain on the already terrible supply situation in Malta, especially medical supplies. As already stated, mines are area denial weapons, intending in this case to prevent them from harvesting the crop.

I am planning on rewriting a large part of this article, making it more in line with other weapon articles, with an infobox and more information from the following:

I also think it would be best to change the title of the article to SD 2 (German bomb), as I know of no other article using a nickname as its title.

--74.59.112.163 (talk) 19:01, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Butterfly Bomb


text:
Simeria

Simeria (Fischdorf; Piski) is a town in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania, and an important railway junction with a hump yard. Six villages are administered by the town: Bârcea Mare (Nagybarcsa), Cărpiniș (Gyertyános), Simeria Veche (Ópiski), Sântandrei (Szentandrás), Șăulești (Sárfalva), and Uroi (Arany).

The town lies on the banks of the Mureș River, near where the Strei River discharges into it. It is located in the central part of Hunedoara County, between the Apuseni Mountains to the north and the Retezat Mountains to the south.

Natives

 * Ilona Dajbukát (1892–1976), Hungarian actress
 * Rudolf Eisenmenger (1902–1994), Austrian artist
 * Ferenc Feketehalmy-Czeydner (1890–1946), Hungarian military officer
 * Sigismund Toduță (1908–1991), Romanian composer, musicologist, and academic

title: Simeria


text: Category:803 births

title: Category:803 births


text: Category:852 deaths

title: Category:852 deaths