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Dennis Banks

Dennis Banks (April 12, 1937, in Ojibwe – October 29, 2017) was a Native American activist, teacher, and author. He was a longtime leader of the American Indian Movement, which he co-founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1968 to represent urban Indians. He was a pre-eminent spokesman for Native Americans. His protests won government concessions and created national attention and sympathy for the oppression and deplorable endemic social and economic conditions for Native Americans.

Early life
Born on Leech Lake Indian Reservation in northern Minnesota in 1937, Dennis Banks was also known as Nowa Cumig (Naawakamig in the Ojibwe Double Vowel System).

Banks's mother abandoned him to be raised by grandparents. But, he was separated from that family, too, when he was taken at the age of 5 to live at a federal Indian boarding school, run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (now the Bureau of Indian Education). Its goals were to "civilize" and educate Native American children in English and mainstream culture, in effect, to assimilate them. Children were prohibited to speak their native languages or practice their traditions. Vocational training was emphasized. Banks ran away often, returning to live with family at Leech Lake. He attended Pipestone Indian Boarding School in Minnesota, which closed in 1953. It had been founded in 1892 according to the federal model established at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School.

When he was 17, Banks joined the US Air Force and was stationed in Japan. He was fascinated to be in a place where Europeans were the minority. During this period, in 1956 he was ordered to shoot to kill anti-base protesters during the Sunagawa Struggle. The events had a profound influence on him. After he went AWOL, he was dishonorably discharged from the military. He returned to Minnesota, where he participated in a burglary, for which he was convicted, serving two and a half years in prison.

"'What I saw at Sunagawa really changed direction in my life.'"

Work with AIM
Banks was a champion of Native pride, who defied authority and spoke for the Nation's oldest minority. In 1968, Banks co-founded the American Indian Movement (AIM) in Minneapolis. AIM sought to ensure and to protect the civil rights of Native Americans living in urban areas and to protest the treatment of Native Americans and the nation's history of injustices against its indigenous peoples. Banks felt that a point had been reached in history, where Native Americans could not tolerate any longer the abuse and Native American mothers could not tolerate any longer the mistreatment that goes on on reservations.

Banks participated in the 1969–1971 Occupation of Alcatraz, initiated by Indian students from San Francisco of the Red Power movement. It was intended to highlight Native American issues and promote Indian sovereignty on their own lands. Banks and Oglala Lakota Russel Means were by the mid-1970s the best known Native Americans since Lakota war leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, who led the attack that defeated the forces of General Custer at The Battle of Little Big Horn, also known as The Battle of the Greasy Grass.

Banks also traveled to Germany, where he, together with AIM co-founder Vernon Bellecourt, set up an AIM office in West Berlin and also traveled behind the Iron Curtain to meet with East German AIM supporters.

Trail of Broken Treaties
In 1972, he assisted in the organization of AIM's "Trail of Broken Treaties", a caravan of numerous activist groups across the United States to Washington, D.C., to call attention to the plight of Native Americans. The caravan members anticipated meeting with United States Congress leaders about related issues, but government officials, most notably Harrison Loesch, the Interior Department Assistant Secretary responsible for the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), refused to meet with delegates. Banks helped lead a takeover of the BIA offices. Activists seized and occupied the headquarters of the Department of Interior.; in the process some vandalized the offices of the BIA. Many valuable Indian land deeds were destroyed or lost during the occupation. Over 9000 tons of documents were removed by AIM members and hidden by the Hatteras Tuscarora and Lumbee in Robeson County, N.C.  The FBI would find the documents and many were returned to the BIA.

Some thirty years later, Banks returned to Robeson County, North Carolina. where he reconnected with Hatteras Tuscarora/Lumbee Attorney and Activist JoJo Brooks Shifflett. Banks and Shifflett remained in a committed relationship during the last years of his life.

Wounded Knee incident
Wounded Knee was the scene of the last major conflict of the so-called American Indian Wars, in which 350 Lakota men, women, and children were massacred by United States Army in 1890. It was the deadliest mass-shooting in US history. In 1973, Banks returned to Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, when the local Lakota civil rights organization asked for help in dealing with law enforcement authorities in nearby border towns. Residents of Pine Ridge believed the police had failed to prosecute the murder of a young Lakota man. Under Banks' leadership, AIM led a protest in Custer, South Dakota in 1973 against judicial proceedings that had resulted in the reduction of charges of a white man to a second degree offense for murdering a Native American.

AIM became involved in the political faction wanting to oust Richard Wilson, the elected chairman of the Oglala Sioux Tribe. Opponents believed that he was acting autocratically, including recruiting a private police force. A failure of an impeachment proceeding against him led to a large protest. Banks and other AIM activists occupied Wounded Knee. After a siege of 71 days by federal armed law enforcement, which received national attention, the occupation was ended. A U.S. marshal was shot and paralyzed in March. A Cherokee and an Oglala Lakota were fatally shot in April 1973 by federal agents. Civil rights activist Ray Robinson, who had joined the protesters, disappeared during the occupation and is believed to have been murdered.

Thirty resident families returned to the village to find that their homes and businesses had been destroyed by the federal agents. The town was never rebuilt. Banks was the principal negotiator and leader of the Wounded Knee occupation. Subsequent investigation of Wilson found questionable accounting practices, and Wilson had sold off tens of thousands of acres of the reservation to mining companies. As a result of involvement in Custer and Wounded Knee, Banks and 300 others were arrested by the federal government and faced trial. He was acquitted of the Wounded Knee charges, but was convicted of incitement to riot and assault stemming from the earlier confrontation at Custer.

Aquash murder and trial
Refusing the prison term, Banks jumped bail and worked with Anna Mae Pictou Aquash in the American Indian Movement. After the Wounded Knee Occupation—where COINTELPRO FBI agents sieged the occupation, cut off electricity, water and food supplies to Wounded Knee, when it was still winter in South Dakota, and prohibited the entry of the media; and the US government tried starving out the occupants, AIM activists smuggled food and medical supplies in past roadblocks "set up by Dick Wilson and tacitly supported by the US government"— there were many suspicious events surrounding murders of AIM activists and their subsequent investigations or lack thereof. Deaths of AIM activists went uninvestigated, even though there was an abundance of FBI agents on Pine Ridge Indian Reservation at the time. For instance, Annie Mae Aquash was an activist who had been present at Wounded Knee and was framed by the FBI as a spy for the government. It was later revealed that most of this campaign to discredit her can be traced to Douglass Durham, an FBI informant. Aquash was found dead near Highway 73 on February 24, 1976. FBI ruled her cause of death was exposure, suggesting alcohol had been involved, even though there was none in her bloodstream. Dissatisfied with this finding, an exhumation was requested by OSCRO, which found that Aquash had been shot in the back of her head at close range, after being beaten severely in the face with many of her teeth missing from the beating. After disappearing from Denver in late 1975, Aquash was found murdered in February 1976 by a rancher near the Pine Ridge Reservation. She had been shot in the back of the head execution style, and her murder was unsolved for decades.

Banks was given amnesty in California by then-Governor Jerry Brown, who refused to extradite him to South Dakota to face the charges related to activities in the 1973 Custer protests. He also received financial support from actor and AIM sympathizer Marlon Brando.

In January 2003, a federal grand jury indicted Arlo Looking Cloud and John Graham in the murder of Aquash. Since 2004, they have been convicted by federal and state juries; each is serving a life sentence.

In 2008, Vine Richard "Dick" Marshall was indicted by a federal grand jury for aiding and abetting the murder of Aquash; he was alleged to have provided John Graham with a gun. He was acquitted of the charge. In 1975, he had been serving as one of Banks' bodyguards. Aquash was brought to Marshall's house on the Pine Ridge Reservation in December 1975 before being taken to the site of her murder. Authorities continue to investigate the Aquash murder. In 2014, The New York Times Magazine spoke to Banks for an in-depth feature about the murders of Aquash and Ray Robinson.

Education and career
During his time in California from 1976 to 1983, Banks earned an associate's degree from the University of California, Davis. He taught at the recently opened Native American Studies department at Contra Costa College and at Deganawidah Quetzalcoatl University (DQU), a Native American-controlled institute of alternative higher learning, where he became the first American Indian chancellor. In 1978, he established the first spiritual run from Davis to Los Angeles, which is now an annual event. In the spring of 1979, he taught at Stanford University.

After Governor Brown left office, in 1984 Banks received sanctuary from the Onondaga Nation in upstate New York. While on their reservation in New York, Banks organized the Great Jim Thorpe Longest Run from New York to Los Angeles; the goal was to gain restoration of the gold medals which Thorpe had won at the 1912 Olympics for the Thorpe family.

In 1985, Banks left Onondaga to surrender to federal law enforcement officials in South Dakota. He served 18 months in prison related to the 1973 charges for the Custer riot. After his release, he worked as a drug and alcohol counselor on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. During 1987, grave robbers in Uniontown, Kentucky were halted in their digging for artifacts in American Indian grave sites. Banks organized the reburial ceremonies. His activities resulted in the states of Kentucky and Indiana passing strict legislation against grave desecration.

In 2006, Banks led Sacred Run 2006, a spiritual run from San Francisco's Alcatraz Island to Washington, D.C. The runners followed the ancient Native American tradition of bringing a message of "Land, Life and Peace" from village to village. They traveled around 100 miles every day and entered Washington, D.C., on Earth Day, April 22, 2006. Along the way, they took a southern route in solidarity with those who were rebuilding after hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Major events were held in Albuquerque, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Mississippi, a civil rights site; Knoxville, and Washington, D.C.

Since "The Longest Walk" in 1978, Sacred Runs have developed as an international movement. Sacred Run 2006 had runners from Japan, Australia, Ireland, and Canada, as well as many from the United States. In 2008, the International "The Longest Walk 2" followed the Sacred Run 2006 route, as well as the original route of 1978 walk. Dennis Banks delivered a "Manifesto for Change" to Representative John Conyers (D-MI).

Banks was a member of the board of trustees for Leech Lake Tribal College, a public, two-year college located just outside Cass Lake, Minnesota.

Politics
In August 2016, Banks received the vice presidential nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party, a party with ballot access in California, which identified itself as socialist and feminist. He appeared on the California ballot with presidential nominee Gloria La Riva.

Marriage and family
While deployed in Japan, Banks married a woman named Machiko. After they had been together for two years, Machiko had a daughter, Michiko. Banks left Japan after being court martialed by the Air Force for being AWOL (Absent Without Official Leave). He never saw Machiko or Michiko again. He returned to Japan several times, but Machiko had remarried and Michiko was at university in Northern Japan.

According to birth records from Minnesota, Banks had one child with wife Elladean (Ellie) Banks: Red Elk (born June 7, 1970), and seven children with wife Jeanette Banks: Janice (born March 2, 1962), Darla (born February 18, 1963), fraternal twins Deanna Jane and Dennis James (born April 20, 1964), Tatanka Wanbli (born September 7, 1971).

At Pine Ridge Reservation, Banks met Darlene Kamook Nichols, who was 17 and still in high school. He was 32. After she graduated, they started seeing each other and married. They had three daughters and a son together: Tokala, Tiopa, Tasina and son Tacanunpa Banks. They later divorced. (Kamook Nichols remarried and is now known as Darlene Ecoffey.)

In Salt Lake City he had a daughter, named Arrow, with Angie Begay (Navajo).

In 1989, Banks met a photographer named Alice Lambert. She gave birth to Minoh Biqwad on October 10, 1992.

Banks has several stepchildren: Roland (Kawliga) Blanchard, Beverly Baribeau, Glenda Roberts, Denise Banks, Pearl Blanchard, and Danielle Louise Dickey. (Dickey was murdered in 2007 on the Turtle Mountain Reservation in North Dakota). He has a granddaughter named Migizi from Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Banks had 20 children and more than 100 grandchildren. Mr. Banks was in a committed relationship with Lumbee Attorney and Native Rights Activist, JoJo Brooks Shifflett in the later years of his life and at the time of his death.

Death
Banks died at the age of 80 of complications from pneumonia following heart surgery on October 29, 2017, in Rochester, Minnesota.

Filmography

 * War Party (1988) - Ben Crowkiller / Dead Crow Chief
 * The Last of the Mohicans (1992) - Ongewasgone
 * Thunderheart (1992) - Himself
 * Older Than America (2008) - Pete Goodfeather (final film role)
 * American Experience (2009, TV Series documentary - We Shall Remain: "Part V - Wounded Knee") - Himself
 * A Good Day to Die (2010, Documentary) - Himself
 * Nowa Cumig: The Drum Will Never Stop (2011, Documentary) - Himself
 * California Indian (2011) - Himself

Discography
The musical release Still Strong (1993) features Banks' original songs, as well as traditional Native American songs. He also participated as a musician on such albums as Peter Gabriel's Les Musiques du Monde and Peter Matthiessen's No Boundaries.

In 2012, Banks joined forces with Golden Globe and Grammy Award-winning artist Kitarō in celebration of the Earth on the CD Let Mother Earth Speak. The project contains a message of international peace, intertwined with stories and life lessons from Banks, and featuring the music of Kitaro. The album was released on September 11, 2012, on Domo Records.

Autobiography

 * Banks, Dennis and Richard Erdoes (2004). Ojibwa Warrior: Dennis Banks and the Rise of the American Indian Movement, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3580-8

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dennis Banks


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Dr. G: Medical Examiner

Dr. G: Medical Examiner is a reality television series that originally aired on Discovery Health Channel and Discovery Fit & Health. Dr. G, or Dr. Jan Garavaglia, was the Chief Medical Examiner with Florida's District Nine Medical Examiner's office in Orlando, Florida.

This series features Dr. G working on unexplained deaths in Orange and Osceola counties in Florida, as well as similar deaths from her previous employment as an Associate Medical Examiner in Bexar County, Texas. The show features dramatic re-enactments of the events leading up to the person's death as well as the autopsies. Interviews with Dr. G, family members, and other people connected to the deaths are also shown.

Dr. G also hosted a five-episode spinoff series titled Dr. G: America's Most Shocking Cases, in which she takes viewers out of her own morgue and profiles some of history's most baffling forensic mysteries. The spinoff aired from October 2009 to April 2010 on Discovery Health Channel and was narrated by Jon Prevatt.

After a high-profile career, Dr. G went into retirement in 2015.

Dr. G: Medical Examiner and its spinoff were produced by NY-based Atlas Media Corporation, with Executive Producer Bruce David Klein.

Synopsis
The unexplained deaths that Dr. G investigates can be attributed to various causes, such as undiagnosed medical conditions, accidents, or foul play. In one instance, a woman who attempted suicide died a few days after her attempt. Dr. G found that her death was actually due to another condition and was not by her own hand. Another instance dealt with human bones that had been found alongside railroad tracks. Through an autopsy and investigative work it was discovered that the remains were those of a missing girl who had been killed by her mother.

Episodes
Dr. G: Medical Examiner premiered on July 23, 2004, and its final episode aired on February 10, 2012, for a total of 88 episodes and 2 specials.

Syndication
Following the replacement of the Discovery Health Channel with OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network in 2011, new episodes began airing on Discovery Fit & Health. The last episode aired in February 2012. Reruns currently air on the Justice Network.

, all episodes of the series, Dr. G: America's Most Shocking Cases and its specials are made available for streaming online on The Roku Channel, Pluto TV, Tubi, Crackle (three seasons only), Peacock, Vudu, Amazon Freevee and YouTube, via FilmRise.

Home media releases
On October 27, 2009, Echo Bridge Home Entertainment released the first season of Dr. G: Medical Examiner on DVD in Region 1.

Publications
On October 14, 2008, Dr. G released her first book, How Not to Die: Surprising Lessons on Living Longer, Safer and Healthier from America's Favorite Medical Examiner. Using cases from her 20 years of experience as a medical examiner, Dr. G identifies some of the key lifestyle and behavioral choices that can result in early death. She also offers advice on how to be smart and proactive about one's health. A television special titled "How Not to Die: A Dr. G Special" aired on Discovery Health Channel on the same day the book was released.

title: Dr. G: Medical Examiner


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File:PeruBolivia CoatofArms test.PNG

An example of south Peruvian Coat of arms

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Autism Is a World

Autism Is a World is an American short subject documentary film by Academy Award Producer and Director Gerardine Wurzburg and allegedly written by Sue Rubin, an autistic woman who is said to have learned to communicate via the discredited technique of facilitated communication. It was nominated in the 77th annual Academy Awards for Best Documentary Short Subject.

Synopsis
Rubin is an autistic woman who was diagnosed as intellectually disabled in early childhood. The film alleges that at the age of thirteen, she learned to express herself through typing of a computer keyboard, revealing that she was in fact highly intelligent. Rubin's dialogue is narrated by actress Julianna Margulies.

Production
The film was produced and directed by Gerardine Wurzburg and co-produced by the CNN cable network. It aired as part of the series CNN Presents. Douglas Biklen, the director of the Facilitated Communication Institute, was a co-producer.

Criticism
Autism researchers such as Gina Green of San Diego State University have criticized the film for its positive portrayal of facilitated communication. Green stated that making a film without "even a hint, much less a disclosure" of the evidence against facilitated communication "is appalling". Autism Is a World is described as a propaganda film for the pseudoscience facilitated communication in a report of the magazine Slate. The Behavior Analysis Association of Michigan (BAAM) pointed out that although Sue Rubin has 2q37 deletion syndrome, which causes handicaps like skeleton malformations and severe developmental disabilities, this issue is not mentioned in the film. In addition, there is skepticism that Rubin has an IQ of 133, as she cannot perform simple tasks independently, needs 24-hour care and only has the articulation skills of a two to three-year-old child. The Nancy Lurie Marks Foundation, which is a supporter of the Facilitated Communication Institute, gave away 16,000 free copies of the film to public libraries in the United States to promote facilitated communication. CNN supported the campaign for the pseudoscience of supported communication through ad-free broadcasting of the documentary in schools.

Literature

 * Behinderungsmodelle in: Franziska Felder: Inklusion und Gerechtigkeit: Das Recht behinderter Menschen auf Teilhabe, Campus Verlag, 2012, p. 61 & 62

Publishing

 * The film was released on DVD in June 2005.

title: Autism Is a World


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Steve Dalkowski/archive1

Steve Dalkowski
Resubmitting this article. It was previously nominated but failed and has since gone through an extensive peer review which hopefully addressed all issues! Zerbey 05:05, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support All the issues have been resolved, the trivia section is gone, properly referenced, very informative article! - Ta bu shi da yu 05:22, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support looks good now that we've got a halfway decent photo. Way to go Zerbey ;)  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 05:24, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, looks much better now. JYolkowski 18:50, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I would be surprised to find that he was born in Connecticut in 1938 and yet his actual date of birth was not recorded. Is this the case, or is it just omission by neglect? Everyking 21:48, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Working on that. Zerbey 22:26, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, neutral for now, support once it's added. Everyking 22:28, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's added. Zerbey 03:41, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Fun article, and perhaps the best first paragraph I've read in Wikipedia.  One thing that should maybe be addressed: the article says that his manager discovered he had an IQ of 60 by administering a test and that this result made him realize that Dalkowski needed simpler instructions.  I think an IQ of 60 means he's really retarded; wouldn't that have been obvious without a test?  Actually, a lot of the article sounds like folklore, and could be improved with more solid refs, but there's enough refs to convince me that it's at least mostly true.  Zashaw 00:32, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Re: IQ, the figure comes from multiple sources. An IQ of 60 is moderate retardation, see Mental retardation for more. Zerbey 00:24, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Wait: the picture says it's not to be distributed to 3rd parties. Doesn't this conflict with the GFDL, which should allow anything in Wikipedia to be copied?  Sorry in advance if I'm being ignorant...  Zashaw 00:38, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * We have permission, see the talk page. Zerbey 00:43, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sadly however he's right, this image does go against the GFDL, and Wikipedias policy of allowing distribution. Although its a great image, this will eventually be deleted. To Quote from [Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags]:
 * General non-free licenses
 * Do not upload images for which one of the tags in this section applies.
 * - permission is given for use on Wikipedia only, and does not include third parties.
 * You can claim fair use on this, since its related to him. Which does allow it to be kept, however Fair Use images are on shaky ground longterm also. Your best bet is to get them to release this to GFDL or CC-by-SA. Likely they will listen as this requires attribution of original source for reproduction. However a noncommercial restriction goes against Wiki's idea and written rule.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 00:10, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sadly, I don't see the BHOFL releasing it to the GFDL (not for free), I am still on the search for a free picture however. Zerbey 17:29, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if this helps, but it might be relevant to them that the GFDL seems pretty restrictive; it seems like it'd be difficult for someone to use Wikipedia content for a commerical purpose (like an ad related to baseball, or an exhibit in a competing museum or whatever), given the requirements that it be editable, and that other people can use the content. I'm no lawyer, though.  Zashaw 22:18, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * They've made it clear that they will not release the picture, already had an e-mail conversation about this. Our hope lies in finding some other person with a free picture. Zerbey 22:35, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support Giano 07:11, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Well done. Object. The lead section should be a better summary of the article. Currently it only mentions the speed and lack of control and a film about him. Something about his life and life after baseball would be important. Also, isn't calling Randy Johnson a future hall of famer a little POV? I think it is unless that is absolutely unamimous opinion. If it is, so be it. Otherwise article seems fine, though avoiding the three one or two sentence paragraphs it now has would help the article flow. - Taxman 15:41, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * All fixed, Randy Johnson will almost definitely be a hall of famer one day (especially if he helps us win the series this year!) but he isn't yet.
 * Well he is considered a great in the game, so if you can find a simple source supporting that claim, the reference to him would be better if it kept at least something directly explaining he is considered a great player for those that don't already know. But, yes I think it is better without saying he is something he is not for sure. - Taxman 16:08, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. This has much improved since the previous nomination, nice work. Jeronimo 21:22, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hm. Reluctant objection.   Gee, there is a lot of prevarication here with regards to pitching speed.  In various places we have "experts estimate", "may have", "likely to be exaggeration", "observers agree" etc. etc. but the only real data presented supports none of the estimated numbers given, and none of the "experts" are named or their relationship to the guy explained.  I'd really like to see this tightened up some more, and some attention given to the difference between what is known and what is folkloric.  Also shouldn't the US variants on words be used in an article on baseball?  Jgm 00:38, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is pointed out in the article ("How fast did Dalkowski throw") that there is no direct evidence of him being able to pitch 100mph+ beyond the anecdotal, some quotes are given. Continuing research is going on to find out more anecodotal evidence, so it is in progress :)
 * I wrote a lot of this article, I'm British (yep, a British baseball fan) and received a British education so please forgive me if there's some British-English stuff in there. User:Michael Snow did a good job of converting the article to US standards but that was a while ago so more may have crept in.  Please provide specific concerns and they will be addressed.  Is this really that big of a deal, though??? Zerbey 01:32, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:People in alternative medicine

title: Category:People in alternative medicine


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First Battle of Adobe Walls

The First Battle of Adobe Walls took place between the United States Army and Native Americans. The Kiowa, Comanche and Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache) tribes drove from the battlefield a United States Expeditionary Force that was reacting to attacks on white settlers moving into the Southwest. The battle on November 25, 1864, resulted in light casualties on both sides but was one of the largest engagements fought on the Great Plains.

Background
The Battle of Adobe Walls occurred on November 25, 1864, in the vicinity of Adobe Walls, the ruins of William Bent's abandoned adobe trading post and saloon, located on the northern side of the Canadian River 17 miles (27 km) northeast of present-day Stinnett in Hutchinson County. The battle came about when General James Henry Carleton, commander of the military District of New Mexico, decided to punish severely the plains tribes of the Kiowa and Comanche, whom he deemed responsible for attacks on wagon trains on the Santa Fe Trail. The Indians saw the wagon trains as trespassers who killed buffalo and other game the Indians needed to survive. As the American Civil War drained available troops, attacks on the Great Plains worsened, leading in the later part of 1863 to cries from settlers for protection.

Carleton wanted to put an end to the raids, or at least to send a sharp signal to the Indians that the Civil War had not left the United States unable to protect its people. He selected Colonel Kit Carson to lead the expeditionary force as the most seasoned veteran Indian fighter at his disposal. Carson took command of the 1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry, with orders to proceed against the winter campgrounds of the Comanches and Kiowas, which were reported to be somewhere in the Palo Duro Canyon of the southern Panhandle area, on the south side of the Canadian River. The Carson expedition was the second invasion of the heart of the Comancheria, after the Antelope Hills expedition.

Prelude
On November 10, 1864, Carson started from Fort Bascom with 260 cavalry, 75 infantry and 72 Ute and Jicarilla Apache scouts that he had recruited from Lucien Maxwell's ranch near Cimarron, New Mexico. On November 12 Carson's force, accompanied by two mountain howitzers under the command of Lieutenant George H. Pettis, 27 wagons, an ambulance and with 45 days rations, proceeded down the Canadian River into the Texas Panhandle. Carson had decided to march first to Adobe Walls, which he was familiar with from his employment there by Bent more than 20 years earlier. Carson, long familiar with the Utes and Jicarillas, had confidence in his Indian scouts. They covered his flanks and each morning two of them rode far ahead of the slow-moving column to search for Comanche and Kiowa encampments.

Inclement weather, including an early snowstorm, slowed progress. On November 24 the 1st Cavalry reached Mule Springs in Moore County, approximately 30 mi west of Adobe Walls. That same afternoon the Indian scouts reported they had found the trail of a large Indian village. Carson left his infantry behind to guard his supply train and ordered a night march of cavalry and artillery. He rode in the van with the Utes and Jicarillas. Next morning he ordered the two howitzers forward to join him in the van. Coming to the easily fordable Canadian River, he deployed one company of cavalry on the north side of the river and continued with the remainder on the south side.

Battle
Approximately two hours after daybreak on November 25, Carson's cavalry found and attacked a Kiowa village of 176 lodges. The chief Dohäsan and his people fled, passing the alarm to allied Comanche villages nearby; Guipago led the warriors to protect the fleeing women and children. Marching forward to Adobe Walls, four miles from the Kiowa village, Carson dug in there about 10:00 am, using one corner of the ruins for a hospital. He discovered to his dismay that there were numerous villages in the area, including a large Comanche village. Carson saw large numbers of Indians pouring forward to engage him in battle, a much greater force than he had expected. Pettis, who wrote the most complete report of the battle, estimated that 1,200–1,400 Comanche and Kiowa attacked the soldiers and Indian scouts who numbered 330 (75 men had been left behind to guard the supply train).

Carson dismounted his cavalry and deployed them around the two howitzers. His Indian scouts skirmished with about 200 Comanche and Kiowa warriors "mounted and covered with paint and feathers . . . charging backwards and forwards . . . their bodies thrown over the sides of their horses, at a full run, and shooting occasionally under their horses." Dohäsan, assisted by Satank, Guipago and Satanta, led the Kiowas in the first attack. Fierce fighting developed as the Kiowa, Plains Apache and Comanche warriors repeatedly attacked Carson's position. Satanta replied to Carson's bugler with his own bugle calls to confuse the soldiers. Carson succeeded in repelling the attacks only through his clever use of supporting fire from the twin howitzers. The first shells from the howitzers caused the Comanche and Kiowa to retire from the battlefield, but they soon returned in even greater numbers and renewed the attack.

By afternoon Pettis estimated Carson's army faced more than 3,000 Indians. After six to eight hours of fairly continuous fighting, Carson realized he was running low on howitzer shells and ammunition in general, and he ordered his forces to retreat to the Kiowa village in his rear. Carson was also concerned about the fate of the 75 men guarding his much-needed supply train. The Indians tried to block his retreat by setting fire to the grass and brush down near the river. The wily Carson, however, set backfires and retreated to higher ground, where the twin howitzers continued to hold off the Indians. When twilight came, Carson ordered about half his command and his Indian scouts to burn the lodges of the village, which also resulted in the death of the Kiowa Apache chief Iron Shirt, who refused to leave his tipi. The soldiers confiscated many "finely finished buffalo robes" and burned the rest, and the Indian scouts killed and mutilated four Kiowas too decrepit to flee. The weary soldiers continued their retreat and found their supply train intact that night.

Carson and his soldiers rested in camp on November 26, their Indian opponents visible on a hilltop about two miles away. Carson's Indian scouts skirmished with the Comanche and Kiowa, but no serious attack was mounted on the soldiers. The next day Carson gave the order to return to New Mexico. Some of his officers wished to renew the battle, but Carson, consulting only with his Utes and Jicarillas, ordered the retreat to New Mexico.

Declaration of victory
The United States Army declared the First Battle of Adobe Walls a victory. The Kiowa, to the contrary, recorded in their annual record, painted on buffalo skin, that the period was "muddy travel winter, the time when the Kiowas repelled Kit Carson." Carson was well known by all the Indians of the Southern Plains. The battle left the Comanche and Kiowa unchallenged in their control of the Texas Panhandle until the Battle of the North Fork of the Red River eight years later.

Most authorities believe that Carson's decision to retreat was wise and that he deserves credit for a good defense. He was outnumbered, and only his clever use of backfires and the howitzers prevented his force from being overrun and killed as Custer was 9 years later at the Little Bighorn. The number of Indians engaged against Carson in this battle has been estimated as high as 3,000, but that is likely an exaggeration. As the Kiowa village consisted of 176 lodges and the Comanche village of about 500 lodges, it is unlikely that the total Indian force numbered more than two fighting men per lodge or 1,300.

As it was, Carson left six dead and 25 wounded, including one Indian scout killed and four wounded, while he estimated that the Comanche and Kiowa suffered approximately 50–60 deaths and as many as 100 wounded. The official U.S. Army report on the battle, however, estimated an Indian loss of a total of 60 killed and wounded. Given the long-distance nature of the fighting estimates of Indian casualties cannot be verified. Only one Comanche scalp was reported taken by Carson's soldiers.

Epilogue
The First Battle at Adobe Walls would be the last time the Comanche and Kiowa forced American troops to retreat from a battlefield, and it marked the beginning of the end of the plains tribes and their way of life. A decade later the Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27, 1874, between 250–700 Comanche and a group of 28 hunters defending the settlement of Adobe Walls. After a four-day siege, the Indians withdrew. The Second Battle is historically significant because it led to the Red River War of 1874–75, resulting in the final relocation of the Southern Plains Indians to reservations in what is now Oklahoma.

Historical marker
In 1964 the Texas State Historical Survey Committee erected Historical Marker 1690 to preserve the memory of the First Battle of Adobe Walls. The marker is not located at the actual battle site but rather 15 mi to the west. The marker states that "though Carson made a brilliant defense, the Indians won."

title: First Battle of Adobe Walls


text:
Taleb el-Sana

Taleb el-Sana (طلب الصانع, טלב אלצאנע, born 25 December 1960), sometimes spelled Talab al-Sana or variations thereof, is an Israeli Arab Bedouin politician and lawyer. He was the longest serving Arab Member of the Knesset until he lost his seat in 2013.

Biography
Born in Tel Arad in the Negev, he is an Arab citizen of Israel of Bedouin origin. el-Sana studied law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a lawyer by profession. He is also active in many charitable organizations in the Negev.

El-Sana is married and the father of five children. He lives in the Bedouin town of Lakiya in the Negev.

Political career
El-Sana was first elected to the 13th Knesset in 1992 on behalf of the Arab Democratic Party. Prior to the 1996 elections, the party ran on a joint list with the United Arab List, with el-Sana retaining his seat. The ADP was merged into the United Arab List soon after. In the 15th Knesset, he served as chair of the Committee on Drug Abuse.

After the 2003 elections, he became head of the United Arab List's parliamentary faction. When the party ran for the 2006 elections in a joint list with Ahmad Tibi's Ta'al, el-Sana remained head of the overall party. He retained his seat again in the 2009 elections.

Shortly before the 2013 elections, el-Sana left the United Arab List faction in the Knesset to re-establish the Arab Democratic Party. However, he ultimately ran with the United Arab List in the elections, placed fifth on its list. However, the party won only four seats, resulting in el-Sana leaving the Knesset.

El-Sana is known for his outspoken criticism of the Israeli government, prompting one Jerusalem Post commentator to suggest in 2010 that el-Sana be deported to Palestinian Authority-controlled territory.

title: Taleb el-Sana


text: Category:Argentine football managers

title: Category:Argentine football managers


text:
Tausonite

Tausonite is the rare naturally occurring mineral form of strontium titanate: chemical formula: SrTiO3. It occurs as red to orange brown cubic crystals and crystal masses.

It is a member of the perovskite group.

It was first described in 1982 for an occurrence in a syenite intrusive in Tausonite Hill, Murun Massif, Olyokma-Chara Plateau, Sakha Republic, Yakutia, geologically part of the Aldan Shield, Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia. It was named for Russian geochemist Lev Vladimirovich Tauson (1917–1989). It has also been reported from a fenite dike associated with a carbonatite complex in Sarambi, Concepción Department, Paraguay. and in high pressure metamorphic rocks along the Kotaki River area of Honshu Island, Japan.

title: Tausonite


text:
Talk:Stavies

This article has been edited heavily by an anonymous editor who has a very mixed contribution history - some excellent and constructive edits and some clearly vandalizing edits. Because of the way many ISPs assign IP addresses, it is likely that these are separate users who happen to have received the same address. Nevertheless, the information in this article should be viewed with some suspicion until it has been independently sourced. Would anyone who can verify the information in the article please take a minute to cite their sources on this Talk page? Thanks. Rossami (talk) 05:12, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I believe that you can find information about this village at the [Municipiality of Kofinas] web page. It provides a small part of historical data and information about the municipiality itself. I believe that no other verification is needed for the correctnes of the information provided in the article. I will include the above link as an external link to the body of the article.

title: Talk:Stavies


text:
Antimetabole

In rhetoric, antimetabole is the repetition of words in successive clauses, but in transposed order; for example, "I know what I like, and I like what I know". It is related to, and sometimes considered a special case of, chiasmus.

An antimetabole can be predictive, because it is easy to reverse the terms. It may trigger deeper reflection than merely stating one half of the line.

Examples

 * "Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno" ("One for all, all for one")
 * "Eat to live, do not live to eat." —attributed to Socrates
 * "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." —John F. Kennedy, 1961 inaugural address
 * "There is no 'way to peace'. Peace is the way." —A. J. Muste
 * "The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath." —Mark 2:27
 * "When the going gets tough, the tough get going."
 * "With my mind on my money and my money on my mind." —Snoop Dogg in the song "Gin and Juice"
 * "In America, you can always find a party. In Soviet Russia, Party always finds you!" —Yakov Smirnoff
 * "The great object of [Hamlet's] life is defeated by continually resolving to do, yet doing nothing but resolve." —Samuel Taylor Coleridge on William Shakespeare's Hamlet
 * "We didn't land on Plymouth Rock. The rock was landed on us." —Malcolm X
 * "He was just the man for such a place, and it was just the place for such a man." —Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
 * "Are you the strongest because you're Satoru Gojo? Or are you Satoru Gojo because you're the strongest?"—Suguru Geto, Jujutsu Kaisen
 * "Fair is foul, and foul is fair" —William Shakespeare, Macbeth
 * "And we'll lead, not merely by the example of our power, but by the power of our example." —Joe Biden, 2021 inaugural address
 * "All crime is vulgar, just as all vulgarity is crime" —Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray
 * "I'm hoping that somebody pray for me, I'm praying that somebody hope for me." —JID in the song "Enemy"
 * “If you fail to plan, you plan to fail.” – Taylor Swift, “Mastermind"
 * ""Son, I am able," she said. "Though you scare me." "Watch" said I. "Beloved," I said, "Watch me scare you, though." Said she, "Able am I, son."" —They Might Be Giants, "I Palindrome I"
 * "Putin...wanted to see the Finlandization of NATO. I told [the President of Finland], he's...gonna get the Natoization of Finland." —Joe Biden, in interview with Time Magazine

Etymology
It is derived from the Greek ἀντιμεταβολή (antimetabolḗ), from ἀντί (antí, 'against, opposite') and (metabolḗ, 'turning about, change').

title: Antimetabole


text:
Baron Astley

Baron Astley may refer to:
 * Baron Astley (1295)
 * Baron Astley of Reading

title: Baron Astley


text:
Talk:Mesopotamia

Mesopotamian Government: Akkad fell to Gutians?
I could be wrong, but wasn't it the Gutians, not the Babylonians who conquered the Akkadian empire? There should be some mention of Lugal-zage-si too, as he was the one who fell to Sargon. To imply that Eannatum and his descendants were the last Sumerian rulers before the Akkadians is false. Lugal-zage-si was even from Umma, Lagash's main rival.

Sumer is the proper term for the region, not Sumeria, correct?

Factual error in section 9.1: Kings
The section states that "The Mesopotamians believed their kings and queens were descended from the City of Gods, but, unlike the ancient Egyptians, they never believed their kings were real gods."

This is a significant misquoting of the source, which actually says, "The Mesopotamian people believed that their kings and queens were descendants from the city gods [emphasis added], but the people never believed–as did the Egyptians–that their rulers were divine gods." The full text of the cited source can be found here.

There was no "City of Gods" in Mesopotamian mythology. Rather, the ancient Mesopotamians generally believed that a king was descended from his city's patron god. For example, a Babylonian king would have been regarded as a descendant of that city's patron god, Marduk, while the king of Ur would have been seen as Nanna's descendant, and so on.

I have no expertise with Wikipedia editing, so I hope that someone in a position to do so will correct this factual error. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:a601:a38f:3300:9d36:118c:30f7:6b99 (talk) 10:59, September 9, 2021 (UTC)

Sumerian King List has an RFC
Sumerian King List has an RFC for possible consensus. A discussion is taking place. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments on the discussion page. Thank you.

Which accent Mesopotamia civilization covered modern day Turkey, Syria, Iran, and Iraq? Iraq.
mesopotamia 67.177.247.74 (talk) 23:20, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Gyu 2604:3D08:607E:3800:1C86:F200:6D08:D203 (talk) 00:05, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 November 2023
edit request 12.189.68.50 (talk) 14:13, 8 November 2023 (UTC) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaakadians long ago conquired sumer took controll sargon and his
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. NotAGenious (talk) 17:53, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia, when you'll all say BC; which stands for before Christ, you believe in Biblical values! Wikpedia is known for their liberal values. Then why are you stating "BC" if you don't believe in Jesus Christ? Oh, I know why, if it doesn't fit the liberal Marxist Left progressive narrative, it has to be neglected. This only PROVES the HYPOCRISY of the Democrat Marxist agenda! VOTE RED, or our world is OVER! Bwalker64 (talk) 05:18, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ??? See WP:ERA, Johnbod (talk) 02:54, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Verbatim copy of text from source material
I was reading the source material from a reference and I discovered that the article text is a verbatim copy of the source material. The following text is at the end of the History section:

"Scientists analysed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today's Turkey and Iraq." Source (2nd and 3rd paragraphs). -- Ubh [ talk... contribs... ] 12:27, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 May 2024
In the Trade section, after the first sentence add " Cylinder seals found throughout ANE is evidence of trade between Mesopotamian cities" and in section under Medicine, add "Some treatments used were likely based off the known characteristics of the ingredients used. The others were based on the symbolic qualities" Sdotgoo (talk) 03:11, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ ABG (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 14:49, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

History cls 11
Project on Mesopotamia 103.230.20.174 (talk) 10:37, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mesopotamia


text:
Jacob Astley

Jacob Astley may refer to:

 * Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading (1579–1652), English soldier and royalist
 * Sir Jacob Astley, 1st Baronet (c. 1639–1729), English MP for Norfolk
 * Sir Jacob Astley, 5th Baronet (1756–1817), English landowner and Member of Parliament
 * Jacob Astley, 3rd Baron Astley of Reading (c. 1654–1688), English peer
 * Jacob Astley, 16th Baron Hastings (1797–1859), British MP for West Norfolk

title: Jacob Astley


text: Category:Supernatural healing

title: Category:Supernatural healing


text:
Wellcome

Wellcome is a supermarket chain owned by British conglomerate Jardine Matheson Holdings via its DFI Retail Group subsidiary. The Wellcome supermarket chain is one of the two largest supermarket chains in Hong Kong, the other being ParknShop.

DFI also operated supermarkets in the Philippines and Taiwan under the Wellcome name, and has various other supermarkets around Asia including Market Place, Cold Storage, Hero and Giant.

History
Founded in 1945, Wellcome is Hong Kong's longest-established supermarket chain. Since 1964, the company has been wholly owned by Dairy Farm International Holdings following the merger with rival supermarket Dairy Lane. Wellcome has an overall staff of 5,000 in more than 240 stores and serves more than 14 million customers every month.

Wellcome was established in 1945 by Mr. Wu Chung-Wai, Mr. Lau Lim and Mr. Ko Yin-Yu. Wellcome established its first store on Ice House Street in Central. The shop specialised in imported products including wines, biscuits, canned food and beverages. Wellcome was the first supermarket to establish a Home Delivery Service division, and an average of 600 customers enjoyed this one-of-a-kind service through orders in person daily. Wellcome was acquired by Dairy Farm(Now DFI Retail Group) in 1964. The company was the first to introduce a "self-service" retailing concept. Customers no longer require the assistance of service staff to get products; they have to select products from the shelf. Wellcome was the first to offer pre-packaged rice products in 1973. In the 1980s, Wellcome launched its first corporate brand "No Frills", offering customers over 300 products at the lowest prices as compared to other products in the same category. Later, Wellcome became the first supermarket to employ Electronic data interchange (EDI) technology to improve the efficiency of operation. Wellcome expanded to Taiwan and acquired Ding Hao supermarket. Wellcome opened its first 24-hour store in Great George Street, Causeway Bay on 23 October 1998. Wellcome established its second corporate brand, First Choice, with a product range of over 1,000 items. With prices at 20–30% less than competitive international brands, it is a well-known brand in Hong Kong. A HK$400 million investment, "Wellcome Fresh Food Centre" was opened in 1998, occupying an area of 161,000 sq. ft. In the 1990s, Wellcome Hong Kong to become the first to use the UPC system in Hong Kong supermarkets, offers a more efficient and more convenient payment services. According to the report of 2004–2008, Wellcome supermarkets and thus increase the number of branches. Wellcome introduced the "Vote For Your Favourite Brand" campaign in 2000 and soon opened a superstore at Tuen Mun Town Plaza. The Wellcome superstore introduced a new "one-stop" shopping service, embracing the concepts of both wet market and grocery shop under one roof. Wellcome also began its double refund offer with lowest price guarantee by doubling the difference back to customers. Wellcome unveiled its Stanley store in January 2003. It is the first supermarket located inside a 100-year-old historical building – the old Stanley Police Station. In 2014, Wellcome Taiwan was found to have used contaminated ingredients in its mushroom and minced pork seasonings, drawing it into the 2014 Taiwan food scandal. Wellcome Taiwan was acquired by Carrefour in 2020.

Private labels
Wellcome supermarkets sell products from DFI's Meadows and Yu Pin King private labels.

Wellcome Superstore
The first Wellcome Superstore was opened in 2000 and currently it has 31 superstores, spread across Hong Kong. They stock a greater variety of products, tailored to local demand.

Wellcome Fresh
The Wellcome Superstore in The Belcher's became Wellcome Fresh in 2021.

Market Place
DFI also operates supermarkets under the Market Place (formerly Marketplace by Jasons and Jason's Food & Living), 3hreeSixty, Jasons ichiba and Oliver's The Delicatessen brands in Hong Kong.

title: Wellcome


text: Category:Regions of Mauritania

title: Category:Regions of Mauritania


text:
Top (character)

The Top (Roscoe Dillon) is a supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics.

The character has made limited appearances across DC-related media while a female version appeared in the live-action television series The Flash, portrayed by Ashley Rickards.

Publication history
Top first appeared in The Flash #122 (August 1961) and was created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino.

Fictional character biography
Roscoe Dillon is a small-time crook who turns his childhood obsession with tops into a criminal persona. Roscoe taught himself how to spin around fast enough to deflect bullets and produce other semi-useful effects. Top soon discovers that the spinning increased his intelligence as well (because his body and thus his mind are spinning at super human speeds), allowing him to create a variety of trick tops. He tried to blackmail the world with an atomic top that would destroy half the world when it slowed down and imprisoned the Flash inside it, but the Flash vibrated out of it and sent it into space. His unique gimmick and moderate success in crime soon makes him a respected member of the Flash's Rogues Gallery. He dates Golden Glider, Captain Cold's sister, while coaching her on ice skating. Eventually, Top develops immense psionic powers, as years of spinning moves dormant brain cells to the outer areas of his brain, endowing him with mental powers.

However, the newly activated brain cells are destroyed by close proximity to the Flash's superspeed vibrations. Top dies within days from the injuries sustained by his brain, but not before he plants a series of powerful bombs to destroy Central City as a final revenge. In addition, he prepared a recording explaining his terminal condition and scheme to spitefully challenge his comrades to attempt to find and defuse the explosives which must be done by gathering them all and stacking them on top of each other, knowing that the Flash would surely stop at least one of the attempts and doom the city. Certain that neither the superhero nor the police would believe them if they tried to warn either of the crisis, the Rogues desperately attempt to find the bombs despite the Flash's unwitting opposition. Fortunately, the Flash eventually realizes the situation and aids in stopping the scheme in time.

When Barry Allen's parents were in a car accident, Dillon's spirit is somehow able to take possession of the vacant body of his father, Henry. Realizing who Barry Allen is, he, along with Golden Glider, plot to kill the Flash and take over his body. He fails when he tries to take over the Flash's body while Flash is alive, leaving Henry's spirit to repossess his body.

Brainwashing
About a week after, Roscoe Dillon takes possession of another comatose body and begins wreaking havoc on anyone Barry Allen knew. The final straw comes when he digs up the grave of Iris Allen (who was dead at the time). After knocking him out, Barry takes Dillon to the Justice League Watchtower and asks Zatanna to alter his mind to make him a hero. It works at first, but Dillon is soon driven insane with guilt for all the trouble he has caused. His villainous nature comes into conflict with the spell Zatanna put on him, driving him mad. During that time, he uses his mental powers to "fix" the other rogues by implementing mental programs to make them reform. Some of them are able to reject the programming altogether, such as Captain Cold, Weather Wizard, and Captain Boomerang, while others, including Pied Piper, Heat Wave, and the original Trickster, either seem to remain under the programming or truly reform, at least until Dillon reveals his reprogramming.

Dillon apparently returns to his villainous ways after inhabiting a new body, one of Senator Thomas O'Neill, a vice-presidential nominee. He plans to become president by setting Piper up to assassinate his running mate after they win, but is stopped by the new Flash, Wally West. Dillon is imprisoned after this, causing him to become more disoriented and insane than before. His "mind-over-matter" powers evolve to being able to induce vertigo in others.

During the events of Identity Crisis, Wally receives a note from Barry about what he did to Top's mind and asks Wally to restore Top's mind back to its original state. With Zatanna, he manages to find Top behind an old toy factory and repair his mind. Now sane, Top tells them about his "fixing" of the Rogues and swears to remove their mental programming and return them back to their villainous ways.

While Captain Cold and his Rogues are warring against Trickster and the reformed Rogues, Top appears with his set of Rogues consisting of Plunder, Murmur, Tar Pit, Girder, and Double Down, having altered their brains. He removes his programming from Piper and Trickster (although Wally is apparently able to return Piper to his better nature by reminding his friend of his secret identity). After removing Heat Wave's programming, he declares himself the new leader of the Rogues and has his group of reprogrammed Rogues attack Flash. Captain Cold flash-freezes Top and shatters his body in retaliation for manipulating the Rogues' minds and setting them against one another, grimly informing Top that his superior cultural and culinary knowledge did not make him better than the rest of the Rogues.

Blackest Night
In Blackest Night #1, Top's grave is approached by a black ring. Later, he joins his fellow Black Lantern Rogues in an attack on Iron Heights prison.

The New 52
In The New 52 (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), a version of Top exists under the name of Turbine. Roscoe Hynes was a Tuskegee Airman who led a squadron of prototype planes on its first combat mission during World War II. During the battle Hynes breaks formation to test the prototype plane's flight capabilities, and disappears into thin air. It is later revealed that Hynes was absorbed into the Speed Force dimension and trapped there for about seventy years. Driven insane due to isolation, he tried desperately to escape using his newfound ability to control the wind, but this only served to create massive wormholes that pulled people and objects (including an entire ship) into the Speed Force. The Flash, trying to save the ship's passengers, enters the Force. Turbine confronts him, and their battle ends with both being sent back to Earth An amnesic Hynes later reappears in Central City; he recovers his memories upon hearing The Flash being mentioned and promises to tell Patty Spivot (who believes Barry Allen is dead) where Barry is.

A separate character named Roscoe Dillon appears later in The New 52 as one of the "Acolytes of Zoom". This character does not use the codename of his Pre-New 52 counterpart. This version also has the ability to control centrifugal force, having created a tornado in his hometown prior to being found by Zoom.

In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Top and his fellow Rogues are among the villains that attend the underground meeting held by Riddler that talks about the Superman Theory.

Powers and abilities
Top is able to spin at incredible speeds. The spinning also gave him increased intelligence, as his brain was also moving at incredible speeds. The Top's spinning eventually gives him powerful telekinetic and telepathic powers due to the stimulation of his brain cells. Since his soul returned from Hell, he has developed a new mental ability that allows him to induce severe disorientation and vertigo in his victims. Top also uses spinning tops with gimmicks to them such as glue, explosives, oil and gases. He once built a massive "atomic grenade top" that could have destroyed half of the world.

Other versions

 * An unidentified, heroic, future incarnation of the Top from the 25th century appears in The Flash (vol. 3). This version is a police officer and member of the Renegades whose abilities are derived from a suit. Due to the organization refusing to admit members whose relatives have committed crimes, the Top works to prevent Barry Allen from indirectly sending his ancestor to jail and protect his place on the Renegades, only to be defeated by him and arrested by his former comrades.

Television

 * The Top makes a cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Flash and Substance" as a member of Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society.
 * The Top makes minor non-speaking appearances in Batman: The Brave and the Bold.
 * A female incarnation of the Top named Rosalind "Rosa" Dillon appears in The Flash, portrayed by Ashley Rickards. This version is in a romantic relationship with Sam Scudder, whom she aided in multiple heists until they were betrayed by their then other partner Leonard Snart three years prior. Shortly after, Scudder and Dillon were exposed to dark matter released by S.T.A.R. Labs' particle accelerator, with the resulting shockwave trapping Scudder inside a mirror and turning Dillon into a metahuman with the ability to induce vertigo via eye contact. After Scudder escapes in the present, he breaks Dillon out of Iron Heights Penitentiary, after which they go on to fight the Flash, Jesse Quick and a future version of the former as well as join Black Hole until Scudder is killed by Eva McCulloch and Dillon is eventually re-arrested.

Film
The Top appears in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. This version is a member of the Rogues.

Video games
The Top appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Robert S. Fisher.

Miscellaneous
The Top appears in The Flash: The Fastest Man Alive #3.

title: Top (character)


text:
Catholic Central High School

Catholic Central High School may refer to:
 * Burlington Catholic Central High School, Burlington, Wisconsin
 * Catholic Central High School (Grand Rapids, Michigan)
 * Catholic Central High School (Lethbridge, Alberta)
 * Catholic Central High School (London, Ontario)
 * Catholic Central High School (Marinette, Wisconsin)
 * Detroit Catholic Central High School, Novi, Michigan
 * Catholic Central School (Springfield, Ohio)
 * Steubenville Catholic Central High School, Ohio
 * Catholic Central High School (Troy, New York)
 * Catholic Central High School (Windsor, Ontario)
 * Catholic Central High School (Hammond, Indiana), now known as Bishop Noll Institute
 * Catholic Central High School (Manistee, Michigan)

title: Catholic Central High School