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Zoey 101

Zoey 101 is an American comedy drama television series created by Dan Schneider for Nickelodeon. It aired from January 9, 2005, to May 2, 2008, spanning a total of 61 episodes across four seasons.

It focuses on the lives of Zoey Brooks (Jamie Lynn Spears), her brother Dustin (Paul Butcher), and her friends as they attend Pacific Coast Academy, a fictional boarding school in Southern California.

It was initially filmed at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, then at stages in Valencia beginning in the third season. It was nominated for an "Outstanding Children's Program" Emmy in 2005. Zoey 101 was the most expensive production ever for a Nickelodeon standard, as it was shot completely on location in Malibu.

The series won three Young Artist Awards, two Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards and a Neox Fan Award.

A soundtrack and several video games based on the series have also been released. In July 2023, a film, Zoey 102, was released on Paramount+.

Premise
The series centers around Zoey Brooks as she enrolls in Pacific Coast Academy, a prestigious Southern California boarding school that previously only allowed boys to attend. Throughout the series, Zoey and her new friends navigate life as teenagers. As the series progresses, the group of friends grow closer together; some are platonic, while others not so much.

Cast

 * Jamie Lynn Spears as Zoey Brooks
 * Paul Butcher as Dustin Brooks
 * Sean Flynn as Chase Matthews (seasons 1–3; guest in season 4)
 * Kristin Herrera as Dana Cruz (season 1)
 * Christopher Massey as Michael Barret
 * Alexa Nikolas as Nicole Bristow (seasons 1–2)
 * Erin Sanders as Quinn Pensky
 * Matthew Underwood as Logan Reese

 * Victoria Justice as Lola Martinez (seasons 2–4)
 * Austin Butler as James Garrett (season 4)

Development
In 2002, Dan Schneider first had Jamie Lynn Spears audition for him at the age of 11 years old, after an executive at Nickelodeon asked if he would like to meet with Britney Spears' sister. At this time, All That had just revamped its cast, and he knew that casting Britney's younger sister "would bring a lot of attention to 'All That,' and it would be a good thing. [He] was just hoping she'd be good." On September 21, 2002, Jamie Spears, as she was originally credited, made her debut on Nickelodeon in the premiere of Season 8 of All That. Midway through Season 9, in late 2003, Schneider had a meeting with another executive at the network who wanted to know if Schneider had any ideas for a spin-off series that could be built around Spears, like how Kenan & Kel, The Amanda Show, and The Nick Cannon Show were built around their stars. According to Schneider, the show was completely "custom made" for Jamie Lynn, and her mother Lynne "had a lot of input." In August 2003, Spears officially signed a development deal with Nickelodeon in which she would star as the protagonist in her own scripted television series that would air on the network. Spears stated that she can still vividly recall her first meeting to talk about this show, if only for the setting: Houston's in Santa Monica, her favorite at the time. "We had dinner, and we talked about what Zoey should be like," she says. "I just remember it being really important to me that Zoey had a tomboy side to her because that's who I was. I was 11 or 12 years old, so I didn't really have much opinion [on the business side] but I definitely wanted her to be very strong and confident. I do remember that."

Casting
As the show began casting, Paul Butcher was hired to play opposite Zoey as her younger brother Dustin Brooks. Actress Erin Sanders had auditioned for Nicole, the part of Zoey's best-friend and roommate, but the role was eventually offered to Alexa Nikolas. Keeping Sanders in mind, Schneider created the character of Quinn Pensky just for her. Sean Flynn was hired to play Zoey's will-they-won't-they love interest Chase Matthews. Rounding out the cast were Kristin Herrera as Dana Cruz, Christopher Massey as Michael Barret, and Matthew Underwood as Logan Reese.

Filming
Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, was used for the first and second seasons, causing the series to be Nickelodeon's most expensive show to ever produce.

The series began filming in the summer of 2004. According to Sally McIlwain, who oversaw filming and reservations in the Special Programs office of Pepperdine, the school made $350,000 to let the production film there. Two student lounges in the Rockwell Towers Building at Pepperdine were converted into the show's dormitories, a room larger than the average dorm room had to be used in order to fit all the production equipment. Joslyn Plaza, and the exterior of Elkins Auditorium, were both heavily utilized; additionally, the Howard A. White Center (HAWC) was also used for filming. Beyond the outside locations, some of the Lovernich apartments at the University were turned into makeshift production offices for Schneider's Bakery.

Once the summer semester began, production was limited to where they could film, only being permitted to use one lounge in Tower 6 of Rockwell, in addition to Alumni Park and the Hahn Fireside Room. The usage of the campus by production did draw some minor complaints from some students and staff of the University. Specifically, they were upset about the number of parking spaces being taken up by production, and the occasional reroute around campus they had to take to avoid filming. McIlwain revealed steps had been taken to ensure filming would be scheduled around the needs of the real students. Filming was limited around residential areas, and had to begin at 10 a.m., as opposed to the normal 7 a.m., to accommodate any sleeping students. Each day they had to finish filming by 10 p.m. To address the parking issue, production vehicles were moved away to other locations on campus so the students indisposed to the filming. Filming at Pepperdine for season one ended on September 17, with production moving off campus September 21.

The second season began filming at Pepperdine in early May 2005. During the summer, production had a harder time because Battle of the Network Reality Stars began filming there. Pepperdine was integral for Zoey 101, so they had to put up with sharing the space with Battle of the Network Reality Stars, which returned to the University because the original series, Battle of the Network Stars, had been filmed there in the 1970s and 1980s. The competition show filmed on campus from June 4 through June 9, causing a relatively short disruption. McIlwain estimated the University was paid $500,000 for the second season. The second season also included more involvement from Pepperdine students; some were able to join production as interns and receive college credit, while others were hired as background actors and extras. The success of the show's first season meant paparazzi would sneak onto campus trying to photograph Britney Spears when she visited set. Filming on campus for the second season finished on August 17, 2005.

Following the network renewing the series for a 26-episode third season, production had to look for a new filming location since it was not feasible to film at Pepperdine outside of the summer months, and it wasn't possible to film twenty-six episodes in the time they had. After searching up and down the coast, and not finding anything that could work as a stand-in for Pacific Coast Academy, the production team began to look inland. When Karen Fisher, the senior director of production for Nickelodeon, couldn't find anything that would work, she called on David Diamond, who pointed her towards the Mann Biomedical Park in the Santa Clarita Valley, which was built by Lockheed to resemble a college campus. "When we drove onto the property it was beautiful. We were surrounded by tall trees and because the structure was built around the same time as Pepperdine, there were enough similarities to make it work,” said Fisher. The Mann Biomedical Park also featured the same type of exterior walkway lighting as Pepperdine, which meant less work for production. The location had extensive warehouses which could be converted into makeshift soundstages, giving production ample space to recreate the interiors of Pepperdine with sets. The last obstacle came when it was time to recreate the beach, but the business park featured a parking lot on top of a hill. “It's really a beautiful space and what's interesting is that the parking lot is on an elevated spot looking into the skyline,” said Fisher. “You buy that there is ocean out there.” Mann Biomedical Park also featured a basketball court, and several tree lined walkways for production to use.

Departures
Kristin Herrera exited after the first season and was replaced by Victoria Justice for the rest of the series. Alexa Nikolas exited after the second season, following numerous fights and incidents with Jamie Lynn Spears, and her character Nicole was written out of the series. In August 2005, it was reported that Britney Spears confronted Nikolas about the feud. Sean Flynn exited after the third season and was replaced by Austin Butler for the rest of the series. Flynn stated in an interview that the reason for his departure was to focus on his education at the time.

Finale
The series officially ended production in August 2007 after the shooting of its final season, which began airing five months later in January 2008. Spears' pregnancy made this season controversial. However, the show was not cancelled due to her pregnancy. It was not until October 2007 — two months after the final season wrapped production — that the Zoey 101 staff learned about her pregnancy.

10th anniversary short
On September 18, 2015, the 10th anniversary of the airing of the season 2 episode "Time Capsule", TeenNick aired a short clip featuring Chase and Michael. In the clip, it becomes apparent that Zoey and Chase have broken up and he is now seeing someone else. When Chase proposes to his current girlfriend Alyssa (Jamie Snow), Michael storms in and informs him of what Zoey said on her DVD from "Time Capsule". The DVD reveals that Zoey suspected Chase's crush on her at the time, even before she went to England, and at some point even thought about getting together with him as she considered him her soulmate, but didn't act on it until after she went to England. This causes Chase, who is still in love with Zoey, to abandon Alyssa to find Zoey, with the clip ending on a cliffhanger.

Possible revival
After reuniting with many of her former cast mates on All That in late 2019, with the sketch later aired on July 11, 2020, Spears revealed during a podcast in May 2020, that she was interested in developing a possible revival and that discussions had already been underway, but nothing was official at the time as many details of the potential project had yet to be confirmed. In October 2020, the cast made a reunion on TikTok.

Sequel film
On January 12, 2023, Jamie Lynn Spears announced that production had begun on a sequel film entitled Zoey 102, set to premiere in 2023 on Paramount+, with original series cast members Spears, Sean Flynn, Christopher Massey, Erin Sanders, Matthew Underwood, Jack Salvatore Jr., and Abby Wilde reprising their roles. Production began in January 2023 in Wilmington, North Carolina. Nancy Hower is attached to direct, with Spears attached as executive producer. Principal photography wrapped in February 2023. In May 2023, actors Thomas Lennon, Owen Thiele, and Dean Geyer were cast in the film.

The film was released on July 27, 2023, on Paramount+.

Home media
Paramount Home Entertainment (under the Nickelodeon label) has released all 4 seasons on DVD in Region 1 (United States only). Seasons 2, 3, and 4 are manufacture-on-demand (MOD) releases and are available only through Amazon.com. Alliance Home Entertainment has released the first three seasons on DVD in Canada only. Season 3 was released on March 8, 2011. In Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released the first two seasons on DVD in Australia.

Critical response
The series received positive reviews from its target demographic, scoring high with younger audiences. The series premiere was Nickelodeon's best performance for a series premiere (live action or animation) in almost eight years. The series finale "Chasing Zoey" became the highest-rated live-action show ever on Nickelodeon, with over 7.3 million viewers; additionally, it also beat out American Idol as the highest-rated show in the teens 12–17 demographic. Common Sense Media gave the show a 3/5 rating. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an 80% rating based on reviews from 5 critics.

Criticisms of the show have come from older audiences, including claims that the show is unrealistic.

On-set conflicts
Speculation about on-set conflicts began in August 2005, when reports surfaced that Britney Spears confronted Alexa Nikolas and proceeded to scream at her, calling her an "evil little girl" and telling her to "...watch herself or she will never work in this town again!" A representative from the Spears family later confirmed the confrontation, and said that Britney "...felt she was sticking up for her sister." Following the confrontation with Spears, Nikolas was brought into a meeting at Nickelodeon on Sunset with Dan Schneider and executives from both Nickelodeon and Viacom, where Nikolas claims she was gaslighted for the duration, prompting her to depart from Nickelodeon after the show's second season.

In January 2022, Jamie Lynn Spears released her autobiography Things I Should Have Said. Spears claimed that Nikolas was a bully, and said that she had no memory of "...ever bullying anyone." On January 28, Britney Spears denounced various claims in her sister's book on Instagram, saying "[you're] lying, just like you lied about Alexa Nikolas!" Shortly after, Nikolas confirmed that Britney had reached out to apologize for the August 2005 confrontation. Christopher Massey contradicted both women, saying "Bullying was not a thing... [there was] definitely no bullying on the set."

Jamie Lynn Spears's pregnancy
In December 2007, Jamie Lynn Spears revealed to OK! magazine that she was three months pregnant, with the father being her boyfriend Casey Aldridge. Some parents of viewers were furious, and shortly after they began demanding Nickelodeon not air the fourth season, as they saw it as a bad influence on their children. Many parents were upset, unsure of how to discuss the topic with their children. In response to the criticism, an episode of Nick News was going to be made surrounding the topic of teen pregnancy, which would have given the network a chance to address the issue with children in a non-fiction setting. The television special never came to fruition.

Nickelodeon initially declined to reveal whether Spears would be returning to the network, but publicly supported her. New York Daily News television critic David Hinckley labeled Spears' pregnancy a "sordid moment" for Nickelodeon, and added "if [they keep] Jamie Lynn Spears because her product sells, it runs the risk that a valuable message it has spent years crafting could shift from 'trust us' to 'whatever'."

On January 3, 2008, the night before the third-season finale, the executive vice president of corporate communications for Nickelodeon, Dan Martinsen, revealed the network had no intention of shelving the fourth and final season – which had finished production before Spears announced her pregnancy – and it would premiere later that month as scheduled; Martinsen would not comment on if the network had been receiving any complaints. The season finale "Goodbye Zoey?", the first episode to air after Spears revealed her pregnancy, received a record-breaking 7.27 million viewers tuning into watch. The season-four premiere later that month also continued high ratings, becoming the second- and third-most-watched show on cable for the week of January 21 through January 27.

Specials

 * Zoey 101: Spring Break-Up (2006). One-hour television special, where the students visit the mansion of classmate, where a boys vs. girls reality show is being shot.
 * What Did Zoey Say? (2015), 5-minute short film/video aired on September 18, 2015, the 10th anniversary of the season two episode "Time Capsule."

Soundtrack
Zoey 101: Music Mix is the soundtrack album for the series. It was released on March 7, 2006. The album features music of the pop and rock genres. By June 2016, only tracks 2, 4, 9, and 10 were available on iTunes.

Video games
A video game titled Zoey 101 was released in March 2007 for Game Boy Advance. Another game called Zoey 101: Field Trip Fiasco was released on September 11, 2007 for Nintendo DS. Both video games were published by THQ and developed by Barking Lizards and received poor reception and negative reviews from sites such as IGN and Common Sense Media.

Zoey 101 is a mini-game collection. Players must successfully complete each mini-game, then a dare, and then a final challenge. Dares and challenges are randomly chosen from three games in the level. Players can choose to play mini-games freely in the main menu. GameZone awarded the game 4 out of 10, stating that the game was either "boring, frustrating, just plain unfun, or some combination of all three." Nintendo World Report rated the game 2 out of 10, while X-Play rated it one star out of five, with both reviews criticizing the mini-games, graphics and music.

Field Trip Fiasco is about Zoey and her friends taking a field trip to a park. The player controls Zoey by using the D-pad or touch screen to walk or run. The player runs around Pacific Coast Academy completing fetch quests. They involve delivering things to people or collecting objects scattered around the school before time runs out. After finishing a fetch quest, the player plays a mini-game involving hosing off cars or picking up Frisbees. Zoey walks around the national park, talks to the camping club about Native Americans, goes to the library to learn about the park and takes a quiz about a national park.

Jack DeVries of IGN gave the game a 3.5 out of 10 and criticized the game's boring gameplay, bland music and sound, and awkward controls. Mike David reviewed the game for GameZone and gave it a 2.8. It was criticized for its graphics and controls.

title: Zoey 101


text: Category:Japanese clans

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Japanese clans


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title: User talk:198.189.58.254


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IIT Madras Gajendra Circle

title: File:Iitm.gc.jpg


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Lobster trap

A lobster trap or lobster pot is a portable trap that traps lobsters or crayfish and is used in lobster fishing. In Scotland (chiefly in the north), the word creel was used to refer to a device used to catch lobsters and other crustaceans. A lobster trap can hold several lobsters. Lobster traps can be constructed of wire and wood, metal and netting, or rigid plastic. An opening permits the lobster to enter a tunnel of netting or other one-way device. Pots are sometimes constructed in two parts, called the "chamber" or "kitchen", where there is bait, and exits into the "parlor", which prevents escape. Lobster pots are usually dropped to the sea floor, one or more at a time, sometimes up to 40 or more, and are marked by a buoy so they can be picked up later.

Description
The trap can consist of a wood frame surrounded by mesh. The majority of the newer traps found in the Northeast of the US and the Canadian Maritimes consist of a plastic-coated metal frame. A piece of bait, often fish or chum, is placed inside the trap, and the traps are dropped onto the sea floor. A long rope is attached to each trap, at the end of which is a plastic or styrofoam buoy that bears the owner's license number. The entrances to the traps are designed to be one-way entrances only. The traps are checked every other day by the fisherman and rebaited if necessary. One study indicated that lobster traps are very inefficient and allow almost all lobsters to escape. Automatic rebaiting improves efficiency.

History
The lobster trap was invented in 1808 by Ebenezer Thorndike of Swampscott, Massachusetts. By 1810, the wooden lath trap is said to have originated in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. New England fishermen in the United States used it for years before American companies introduced it to the Canadian fishery through their Atlantic coast canneries.

An 1899 report by the United States Fish Commission on the Lobster Fishery Of Maine, described the local "lath pots" used by Maine lobster fishers:

"The framework of the bottom consists of three strips of wood, either hemlock, spruce, or pine (the first mentioned being the most durable), a little longer than the width of the pot, about 2¾ inches wide, and 1 inch thick. In the ends of each of the outer strips, a hole is bored to receive the ends of a small branch of pliable wood, which is bent into a regular semicircular curve. These hoops are made of branches of spruce or hemlock, or of hardwood saplings, such as maple, birch, or ash, generally retaining the bark. Three of these similar frames, straight below and curved above, constitute the framework of each pot, one to stand at each end and one in the center. The narrow strips of wood, in general, ordinary house laths of spruce or pine, which form the covering, are nailed lengthwise to them, with interspaces between about equal to the width of the lathe. On the bottom, the laths are sometimes nailed on the outside and sometimes on the inside of the cross pieces. The door is formed by three or four of the laths running the entire length near the top. The door is hinged on using small leather strips and is fastened by a single wooden button in the center, or by two buttons, one at each end. The openings into the pot ... are two in number, one at each end, are generally knit of coarse twine, and have a mesh between three-fourths of an inch and 1-inch square. They are funnel-shaped, with one side shorter than the other, and at the larger end have the same diameter as the framework. The smaller inner end measures about 6 inches in diameter and is held open using a wire ring or wooden hoop. The funnels are fastened by the larger ends to the end frames of the pot, with the shorter side uppermost, so that when they are in place they lead obliquely upward into the pot instead of horizontally. The inner ends are secured in position by one or two cords extending to the center frame. The funnels are about 11 or 12 inches deep and therefore extend about halfway to the center of the pot. They taper rapidly and form a strongly inclined plane, up which the lobsters must climb in their search for the bait. A two-strand manila twine is most commonly used for the funnels. Cotton is also used, but is more expensive and less durable."

- John N. Cobb

Safety
Lobster fishermen who become entangled in the trap line are at risk of drowning if they are pulled overboard. Best practices have been developed to prevent and reduce entanglement and to facilitate getting fishermen who have fallen overboard back onto their vessels.

Rope-less lobster traps
As whales can get entangled in ropes, there is currently research going on into the development of rope-less lobster traps. Some designs have already been developed.

title: Lobster trap


text:
Talk:J. D. Frazer

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/J.D. Frazer -- AllyUnion (talk) 00:48, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Merger result
The discussion on merging this article with User Friendly can be found on at Talk:User Friendly. HenryCrun15 (talk) 01:03, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:J. D. Frazer


text:
Pocket computer

A pocket computer is a class of handheld computer characterized by very short displays (typically accommodating only one or a handful of lines of text) and calculator-style alphanumeric keypads. Pocket computers occupy a small footprint, allowing the unit to be comfortably stashed in one's pocket when on the go, and usually weigh less than 1 lb. Many feature a port for an expansion chassis, allowing the computers to be used with external peripherals.

Pocket computers had their peak of popularity in the early 1980s, but sales quickly plateaued and declined in Western markets as consumers became aware of their limitations. In Japan, where they were invented, pocket computers maintained their popularity and continued to be used as teaching aids into the 21st century.

History
The first pocket computer was the Sharp PC-1211, introduced in March 1980 by Sharp Corporation and sold exclusively in Japan. Later in 1980, the PC-1211 was resold and rebranded by Tandy Corporation in the United States as the TRS-80 Pocket Computer (PC-1). The invention of the pocket computer was prefigured by pocketable programmable calculators, such as Hewlett-Packard's HP-65 in 1974. Within a couple of years, many other manufacturers, including Hewlett-Packard, Panasonic, and Casio, announced their own pocket computers.

Many pocket computers feature ports for an expansion chassis, allowing the computers to be used with external peripherals. Such peripherals include data cassettes, printers, plotters, and modems. Sharp's PC-1401, released in 1983, merged the scientific calculator and pocket computer for the first time through the addition of scientific calculation function buttons to the side. This served as the foundation for competing clone models by Casio and HP. Toward the end of the 1980s, a number of pocket computers were developed with larger screens capable of displaying both graphics and text.

Pocket computers had a surge of popularity on their market introduction in the early 1980s. In 1983, however, sales of pocket computers dropped considerably; Radio Shack reported that they had shipped 40,000 units of their pocket computers in 1983, compared to 70,000 in 1982. According to InfoWorld, this drop was due to both ambiguous marketing and consumers becoming become aware of the limitations of pocket computers. Owing to their limited random-access memory (RAM), the extent of the built-in software of most early pocket computers was limited to a simple interpreter, usually for the BASIC and Fortran programing languages. The few aftermarket commercial software titles that were available for these pocket computers were very limited in scope and capability, due to the lack of RAM and limited screen real estate. This reduced their mass-market appeal, and by the mid-1980s the user-base of pocket computers comprised largely scientific engineers, surveyors, and technicians. Additionally, the diminutive keypads rendered touch typing impossible for almost all pocket computer users.

Sales of pocket computers in the West had all but stalled by the late 1980s with the transition away from home computers to the IBM PC paradigm. In these Western markets they were succeeded by so-called handheld PCs, like the Poqet PC and the Atari Portfolio, which were both software-compatible and featured more RAM. For those who did not need advanced programming capability, electronic organizers such as the Sharp Wizard proliferated in the 1990s among casual users and businesspeople. In Japan, however, pocket computers managed to stay popular into the early 21st century, finding use as a teaching aid in education. The last pocket computers manufactured by Sharp, the PC-G850 series, were released in 2001 and featured 24-column, 6-line dot-matrix LCDs while being powered by CMOS-based Z80-compatible processors.

title: Pocket computer


text:
Talk:Fire Garden

Untitled
Does anyone know of an easy way to break up a track listing into 2 (or more) parts, while retaining the overall order? I mean like this:

Phase 1 1. "There's a Fire..." 2. "The..." 3. "Dyin'..." ... ... Phase 2 10. "Deepness" 11. "All..." etc.

When I try to do it using the "#" notation, it starts numbering Phase 2 with 1. again.

If you know how to do it without just hardcoding the numbers in, please help out. :)

Durga2112

 * Can't be done automatically with "#". Put your numbers in explicitly. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:58, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. :)  Durga2112 00:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a hacky way to do it - see Provinces of Iran. Can't say I recommend it. -- John Fader 00:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, very interesting. Well, I went ahead and typed the numbers in for this article.  But that would be something to keep in mind if I ever need something like that again.  Thanks!  Durga2112 01:54, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lineup
Could someone add the complete lineup for this album?Zondran 22:47, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Firegarden.jpg
Image:Firegarden.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Firegarden.jpg
Image:Firegarden.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 05:03, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fire Garden


text:
Fire Garden

Fire Garden is the fourth studio album by guitarist Steve Vai, released on September 17, 1996, through Epic Records. The album reached No. 106 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and remained on that chart for two weeks, as well as reaching the top 100 in three other countries.

Overview
As described by Vai in the liner notes, Fire Garden is a concept album divided into two "phases": "Phase 1" comprises tracks 1–9 and is entirely instrumental (with the exception of Devin Townsend's backwards vocals on "Whookam" and some more vocals toward the end of "Fire Garden Suite"), while "Phase 2", the remainder of the album, features Vai on vocals on every song except the instrumental "Warm Regards". Fire Garden was intended to be a double album, but during mastering Vai heard about the new 80-minute CD format (instead of 74 for a standard CD), which meant that both sides were able to fit onto a single disc.

"Dyin' Day" was co-written by Ozzy Osbourne during the writing sessions for Osbourne's 1995 album Ozzmosis. Another song from those sessions, "My Little Man", made its way onto Ozzmosis and is credited on that album as being co-written by Vai.

Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic gave Fire Garden four stars out of five, calling it "An impressive effort from a musician who continues to grow and stretch himself with each new release" and "enjoyable for non-guitar freaks, as well." He said that Vai's vocals "still have a way to go before they are as expressive as his instrumental work, but this subtle and dense concept album is the closest he's ever gotten to integrating the two sides of his musical personality together."

Personnel

 * Steve Vai – lead vocals, guitar, all other instrumentation (except where noted), arrangement, engineering, production
 * Devin Townsend – lead vocals (tracks 4, 9)
 * Will Riley – keyboard (track 14)
 * John Avila – bass (track 2)
 * Stuart Hamm – bass (track 3)
 * Fabrizio Gossi – bass (track 14)
 * Chris Frazier – drums (track 1)
 * Greg Bissonette – drums (track 2)
 * Deen Castronovo – drums (tracks 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15)
 * Mike Mangini – drums (tracks 8, 9)
 * Robin DiMaggio – drums (track 14)
 * C.C. White – background vocals (tracks 12, 17)
 * Tracee Lewis – background vocals (tracks 12, 17)
 * Miroslava Mendoza Escriba – background vocals (tracks 12, 17)
 * Kimberly Evans – background vocals (tracks 12, 17)
 * John Sombrotto – background vocals (track 17)
 * Mark McCrite – background vocals (track 17)
 * Jim Altan – background vocals (track 17)
 * Julian Vai – spoken vocals (track 18)
 * Marcelo Gomes – engineering assistance
 * Sergio Buss – engineering assistance
 * T. J. Helmerich – engineering assistance (track 17)
 * Bernie Grundman – mastering

title: Fire Garden


text: User talk:66.215.219.32

title: User talk:66.215.219.32


text: Talk:Flex-Able

title: Talk:Flex-Able


text:
Jacques Gamblin

Jacques Gamblin is a French actor.

Life and career
Gamblin studied at the Centre dramatique de Caen (Caen Dramatic Arts Centre).

He was a professional technician in a theater company before he studied at the Comédie de Caen and acted on stage in Brittany at the Totem Theatre in Saint-Brieuc before joining the National Theatre, directed by Pierre de Rennes Debauche. H

He worked with theatre directors including Pierre Claude Yersin, Michel Dubois, Jeanne Champagne, Philippe Adrien, Alfredo Arias, Charles Tordjman, Jean-Louis Martinelli, Gildas Bourdet, and Anne Bourgeois.

He is also the author of plays including The Touch Hardware and hip (1997).

title: Jacques Gamblin


text: User talk:68.144.231.160

title: User talk:68.144.231.160


text:
Talk:Sex & Religion

Fair use rationale for Image:SteveVaiSexAndReligion.jpg
Image:SteveVaiSexAndReligion.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 11:42, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

=Label= Shouldn't this be on Relativity Records? I think Epic only re-released in later on (1997?). I don't own this, and I can't find a source, but just thought I would throw that out there in case is anyone more in the know.Ibanez Guy (talk) 16:11, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

=Touching Tongues= I've looked up Sakush KC who wasn't credited on my copy of the album, and all I've found is some kid who lists himself as a fan of Steve Vai on Facebook? Give it a look someone but I'm fairly sure that shouldn't be like that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.19.206.95 (talk) 14:06, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sex & Religion


text:
Decurion

Decurion may refer to:

 * Decurion (Roman cavalry officer), a Roman cavalry officer in command of a squadron
 * Decurion (administrative), a member of a city or town council in ancient Rome

Décurion

title: Decurion


text:
Category:Swimwear manufacturers

Manufacturers of swimsuits.

title: Category:Swimwear manufacturers


text:
You Can't Win (book)

You Can't Win is an autobiography by burglar and hobo Jack Black, written in the early to mid-1920s and first published in 1926. It describes Black's life on the road, in prison and his various criminal capers in the American and Canadian west from the late 1880s to early 20th century. The book was a major influence upon William S. Burroughs and other Beat writers.

Summary
The book tells of Black's experiences in the hobo underworld, freight-hopping around the western United States and Canada, with the majority of incidents taking place from the late 1880s to around 1910. He tells of becoming a thief, burglar, and member of the yegg (safe-cracking) subculture, exploring the topics of crime, criminal justice, vice, addictions, penology, and human folly from various viewpoints, from observer to consumer to supplier, and from victim to perpetrator.

Publication
You Can't Win originally appeared in serial format in the San Francisco Call-Bulletin under the editorship of Fremont Older. It was so popular that it was reissued in book format by MacMillan and became a best-seller. It has been translated into Russian, Swedish, French, and other languages.

After the book's publication, Black spent several years lecturing at women’s clubs and lived in New York. Black spent his summers in a cabin on Fremont Older's property in California, next to a pool. When MacMillan asked Black to write another book, he was too weak even to swim, according to Mrs. Fremont Older. He didn't write another book.

Themes and analysis
The main criminal activity of Black's life and of the book is thievery, which leads to discussions of various technical aspects of the thief's "trade", including casing of prospects (surveillance of targets), safe-cracking, fencing of stolen goods, the disposal of evidence, maintaining aliases and avoiding attention or traceability, the social networks of criminals, the experiences of being arrested, questioned, and tried, and the experience of doing time in jails and prisons.

The vices and addictions Black discusses include alcoholism, abuse of opium (hop), gambling, prostitution, and stealing. In his own telling, Black does not seem to have an especial weakness for addictions (for example, he did not become alcoholic himself), but he does describe the addictive allure that gambling and opium held for him in various stages of his life. He expresses an opinion that drug addiction is more psychological than physical; nevertheless, he also admits that breaking himself of a daily opium habit was the toughest battle of his life.

Themes that Black explores through anecdotes from his life include:
 * Doing time in jails and prisons (and sometimes escaping from them)
 * The criminal justice system, including eluding arrest (and failing to elude it), fixing cases (which can be done from both sides, defense and prosecution). It also contains his opinions on the futility and self-defeat of penal systems that breed more criminality than they punish or prevent, which attracted much criticism.
 * The criminal community and their codes of conduct.
 * The "wall" that criminals often sense between a law-abiding lifestyle and a law-breaking one
 * Pity, pride, and contempt, including the professional pride that some criminals feel in their "work", and the contempt that law-breakers and law-abiders sometimes feel for each other
 * Carelessness and hypocrisy among both criminals and noncriminals
 * Self-discipline or the lack of it
 * Conscience, motivations, habit, and the vagaries of chance

Reception
William S. Burroughs first read the book as an adolescent and cited You Can't Win as influential in his life and writing, mentioning the autobiography in his 1953 book Junkie. He wrote a Foreword to the 1988 edition of You Can't Win which was reprinted in the 2000 edition.

Adaptations
The book has been adapted to a film titled You Can't Win (in post-production as of January 2020) starring Julia Garner, Jeremy Allen White and Michael Pitt, who co-produced and co-wrote the screenplay.

title: You Can't Win (book)


text:
Glienicke Bridge

The Glienicke Bridge (Glienicker Brücke, ) is a bridge across the Havel River in Germany, connecting the Wannsee district of Berlin with the Brandenburg capital Potsdam. It is named after nearby Glienicke Palace. The current bridge, the fourth on the site, was completed in 1907, although major reconstruction was necessary after it was damaged during World War II.

During the Cold War, as this portion of the Havel River formed the border between West Berlin and East Germany, the bridge was used several times for the exchange of captured spies and thus became known as the Bridge of Spies.

Location
The bridge spans the Havel narrows between the Jungfernsee (lake) to the north and the Glienicker Lake to the south. It carries the Bundesstraße 1 highway. The Glienicke Palace and Jagdschloss Glienicke are situated (across the highway from each other) near the east (Berlin) end of the bridge. Potsdam tram route 93 from Potsdam main station and Berlin bus route 316 from Wannsee station terminate and interconnect at a tram stop on the Potsdam end of the bridge. The respective Potsdam and Wannsee stations are served by the Berlin S-Bahn and by longer distance trains.

History
A first wooden bridge across the Havel River at this location was built about 1660, in order to reach the hunting grounds around Stolpe. By the early 1800s, a new, non-wooden bridge was needed to accommodate the massive increase in traffic on the chaussee between the Prussian capital Berlin and the Hohenzollern residence in Potsdam. The architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel designed a brick and wood bascule bridge, which was finished in 1834. By the early 20th century, Schinkel's bridge was no longer able to handle the increased volume in traffic, and operating the moveable sections of the bridge caused delays in steamer traffic on the Havel River.

In 1904, the Prussian government held a design competition to replace Schinkel's bridge with a modern, iron bridge. The Johann Caspar Harkort Company of Duisburg submitted the winning design, and the present-day bridge was inaugurated on 16 November 1907.

The German film studio UFA shot the film Unter den Brücken (Under the Bridges) at the Glienicke Bridge in 1944 and 1945. At the end of April 1945, an unexploded shell severely damaged the bridge. The reconstruction of the steel bridge was not completed until 1949, after the establishment of West Germany and East Germany. The East German government named it the “Bridge of Unity" as the border between East Germany and Western Allied-occupied West Berlin ran across the middle of the bridge.

Cold War
During the early years of the Cold War, the bridge was mainly used by the Allies as a link between their Berlin sections and the military liaison missions in Potsdam. German residents of the two cities more frequently used the S-Bahn suburban rail to travel between Berlin and Potsdam. On 27 May 1952, East German authorities closed the bridge to citizens of West Berlin and West Germany. The bridge was closed to East German citizens after the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961. Only Allied military personnel and foreign diplomats were allowed to access the bridge at any time.

Of all the checkpoints between West Berlin and East Berlin, as well as those between West Berlin and East Germany, the Glienicke Bridge had the uniqueness of being the only such checkpoint of not only having a Soviet presence, but also of being under full Soviet control; all other checkpoints were under East German control, and had no Soviet presence.

By the 1970s, the bridge had outlived its projected lifespan and needed significant repairs. The cost of these repairs became a focus of a dispute between the government of West Berlin and the government of East Germany. In 1980 the West Berlin government repaired its half of the bridge, and in 1985 the West Berlin government paid for repairs to the East German half of the bridge in exchange for formally renaming the bridge "Glienicke Bridge" from "Bridge of Unity."

On the evening of 10 November 1989, one day after the opening of the Berlin Wall, the Glienicke Bridge was reopened for pedestrians. Border fortifications and barricades were dismantled as a part of German reunification in 1990.

Bridge of Spies
Because the Glienicke Bridge was a restricted border crossing between the Eastern Bloc (namely Potsdam in East Germany) and territory affiliated with the Western powers (namely the American sector of West Berlin), the Americans and Soviets used it for the exchange of captured spies during the Cold War. Reporters began calling it the "Bridge of Spies." When this name was later used as the title for various works, it was often taken to be a pun on "bridge of sighs" a name applied first to the bridge in Venice and then to others.

The first prisoner exchange took place on 10 February 1962. The Americans released Rudolf Abel, convicted for spying for the Soviet Union in 1957, in exchange for Gary Powers, the pilot of a U-2 spy plane shot down in 1960.

When US military attache Arthur D. Nicholson was shot by a Soviet sentry in March 1985, his body was returned to the US Army at the Glienicke Bridge.

On 12 June 1985, there was a swap of 23 American agents held in Eastern Europe for Polish agent Marian Zacharski and another three Soviet agents arrested in the West. The exchange was the result of three years of negotiation.

The final exchange was also the most public. On 11 February 1986 the human rights campaigner (refusenik) and political prisoner Anatoly Shcharansky (now known as Natan Sharansky) and three Western agents were exchanged for Karl Koecher and four other Eastern agents.

In popular culture
The Glienicke Bridge as a venue for prisoner exchange has appeared frequently in fiction, for example in the 1966 Harry Palmer film, Funeral in Berlin, based on the novel of the same name by Len Deighton.

The popular nickname "Bridge of Spies" was used by the British band T'Pau as the name of the title track on their first album. The usage is metaphorical, referring to a "walk to freedom" but in the context of a long-dreamt-of relationship.

The bridge is referenced in the children's TV series Codename: Kids Next Door, specifically when a bridge in a local mall is used to exchange a spy from the KND in return for a spy from the Teenagers, a parody of real-life prisoner exchanges.

There is a brief reference to the bridge in the sixth episode of the first season of Archer, when Mallory Archer and her long-time lover (and head of the KGB) Major Nikolai Jakov mention meeting there "one moonlit night" when they both worked on covert operations in Berlin, presumably during the Cold War.

The 2015 film Bridge of Spies, directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Hanks, features the Powers–Abel prisoner exchange on the bridge as a major plot element.

Though the bridge is not named, it is spoofed in the 1971 film To Catch a Spy by replacing the bridge with a body of frozen water. Half way across, one of the persons being exchanged breaks through the ice and drowns.

title: Glienicke Bridge


text:
Talk:Jack Black

movies
You forgot he was in the 1997 movie of the jackal you need to put that in there 2601:201:8C03:19C0:9C51:B98A:4BB0:2780 (talk) 00:12, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

COI edit request

 * What I think should be changed: I am listed in Jack Black's Wikipedia page under Early Life and Education - "He has three older half-siblings through his mother: scientist Neil Siegel, Howard Siegel, and Rachel Siegel." Could you please add me (Rachel Siegel) to the list of his relatives in the right column? Thank you.
 * Why it should be changed:
 * References supporting the possible change (format using the "cite" button):

204.128.192.33 (talk) 19:30, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Only notable relatives are listed in the infobox (ones with their own article), any other are listed in the article body, as you are. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 19:43, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack Black


text:
Women's Western Volleyball League

The Women's Western Volleyball League was created by Ralph Christ in August 1992. The first game was the Ventura Slammers at the San Bernardino Jazz on February 17, 1993. It was around for two seasons in 1993–1994. Champions in 1993 were the San Diego Wave. In 1994 the champions were the San Diego Breakers. The Wave was the same team but it was sold and became the Breakers.

Franchises:
 * Las Vegas Vipers (Second year)
 * Orange County Diggers (Second year) (Were Ventura Slammers)
 * Sacramento Stars (Played in both seasons)
 * Salinas Aces (Never played)
 * San Jose Storm (Played in both seasons)
 * San Bernardino Jazz (Played in both seasons)
 * Santa Monica Sharks (First year only)
 * San Diego Wave (Played first year)
 * San Diego Breakers (Played in season two) (Same team as Wave, but Wave were sold and became Breakers.)
 * Utah Predators (Played second season)
 * Ventura Slammers (Played first year) (Became Orange County Diggers)

title: Women's Western Volleyball League


text: Category:Thuringii

title: Category:Thuringii


text:
Talk:Zira (The Lion King)

Removed This Part
As far as her relationship with Scar goes, she was merely an adoring fan, not his mate. This is almost given fact, considering that towards the end of The Lion King musical, Scar laments not having a queen and proceeds to court Nala (who turns him down).

It's not a verifiable fact. The Lion King musical can't be considered canon, for one Rafiki is female in the musical. 24.14.120.92 02:54, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/Zira -- AllyUnion (talk) 00:59, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zira (The Lion King)


text: User talk:64.9.205.95

title: User talk:64.9.205.95


text:
Talk:Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum

Untitled
There has been an attempt recently to merge the Nixon Library and the NARA Nixon Project. If I can find it, i'll add it. Hoshie 01:00, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nixon foundation website when I click on the webpage provided for the Foundation web page I am redirect to something called www.accrisoft.com Smith03 21:10, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Well the problem may be with your computer and/or browser...when I click on the Foundation web site link from the article, and when I type it in manually, I get the Nixon Foundation web site with no problems - and it's current. Info999 01:02, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Coordinates
Someone (anonymous) posted on Template talk:GeoTemplate: the map coordinates for the library and birthplace are wrong. I don't know how to get the correct gps coordinates but this link (in satellite mode) will zoom in on the building. http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&q=33.889167,-117.775833&ie=UTF8&ll=33.889406,-117.818461&spn=0.00208,0.004828&z=18 by 190.10.0.69 (Talk) at 2008-08-07T22:43:03.

A little bit of "detective" work from the above coordinates (turn on Wikipedia markers from Google map) seemed to indicate that they were referring to this and the Richard Nixon Birthplace articles?

I updated the Birthplace coordinates - they were about 3 mi too far east, and this article's coordinates to be for the location's "entrance gallery" (where one would enter or leave the buildings).

Changes, comments? LeheckaG (talk) 12:10, 8 August 2008 (UTC)


text:
Zion (Latter Day Saints)

Within the Latter Day Saint movement, Zion is often used to connote an association of the righteous. This association would practice a form of communitarian economics, called the United Order, which were meant to ensure that all members maintained an acceptable quality of life, class distinctions were minimized, and group unity achieved.

While Zion has often been linked with theocracy, the concept of Zion did not theoretically require such a governmental system. In this way, Zion must be distinguished from the ideal political system called theodemocracy, which Latter Day Saints believed would be adopted upon Christ's Second Coming. However, "Zion" maintains several possible meanings within the Latter Day Saint lexicon.

Latter Day Saints also believe in the construction of a New Jerusalem on the American continent, which is also referred to as Zion. Latter Day Saints believe the New Jerusalem will be built in Jackson County, Missouri by a remnant of the house of Joseph, assisted by repentant Gentiles.

Latter Day Saint usage of "Zion"
Depending on context, "Zion" can have multiple meanings in the Latter Day Saint movement. Examples include:

 * 1) Zion retains its Biblical meaning and refers to Jerusalem. (See Zion)
 * 2) Zion is the name of a physical city founded by the prophet Enoch, also known as the City of Enoch.
 * 3) Zion refers to the New Jerusalem, a physical, Millennial city expected to be located in Independence, Jackson County, Missouri.
 * 4) Zion metaphorically refers to any group of people that are unified and "pure in heart". The City of Enoch is one example of "a Zion people", and the people described in Fourth Nephi is another. For Zion to be fully realized, the society must be willing to live the law of consecration based on mutual feelings of charity, which is the pure love of Christ.
 * 5) Zion is the central physical location to which Latter Day Saints have gathered. The term has been applied to: Kirtland, Ohio; Jackson County, Missouri; Nauvoo, Illinois;  and the Salt Lake Valley.
 * 6) Zion is also, according to Joseph Smith, the entirety of the Americas. Smith stated that "the whole of America is Zion itself from north to south".
 * 7) Zion is a metaphor for a unified society of Latter Day Saints, metaphorically gathered as members of the Church of Christ. In this sense any stake of the church may be referred to as a "stake of Zion."

Discussion
In one interpretation, Zion refers to a specific location to which members of the millennial church are to be gathered together to live. Stipulated by what is believed by the Latter-day Saints to be the revelation of Joseph Smith (D&C 57:1–5, LDS Church ed.), this is said to be located in Jackson County, Missouri, and its county seat, Independence. The Latter Day Saints were expelled from Jackson County in 1833. The region of Kansas City Metropolitan Area remains important today in the doctrine of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and Community of Christ, as well as many smaller branches and offshoots of the Latter Day Saint movement, who view it as having a crucial role to play in their Christian Millennialist theology.

In its broadest sense, Zion is regarded by Latter Day Saints as an association of the "pure in heart." Central to Zion's philosophical underpinnings was a sense of community cohesiveness and unity, a concept which seemed to be unraveling in the world of Jacksonian Democracy. Smith taught that the people of Zion would have all things in common (see United Order), and would not allow others in their community to suffer because of the principles of love, unselfishness, and work for the common good which would be imbued in the individuals capable of maintaining such a society. Zion therefore stands in contrast to proverbial Babylon, where wickedness, disunity, and poverty prevail.

The word "Zion" appears 53 times in the Book of Mormon, a key part of the Latter Day Saint canon, and 268 times in the LDS Church's version of the Doctrine and Covenants, a part of its canon consisting of what members believe to be modern-day revelation and written down by Smith mostly in the 19th century. Following the disappointments and strife which took place in Missouri during initial attempts to establish a "City of the Saints" in the region, the concept of Zion evolved to encompass a less geographically specific idea similar to the orthodox Christian concept of the "ekklesia" (See Ecclesia (Church)) or community of believers regardless of location. This concept is hinted at in such scriptural passages as the following: "Therefore, verily, thus saith the Lord, let Zion rejoice, for this is Zion— THE PURE IN HEART ; therefore, let Zion rejoice, while all the wicked shall mourn."

Esoterically considered, "Zion" as used in this context is a dualistic term connoting a sanctified group of people living according to the commandments and ordinances as revealed to them. Latter Day Saints use the name to signify a group of God's followers, or any location pertaining to where they live. As well as signifying a group and place it is also applied to more than one situation and may be fulfilled at more than one time. Thus, "Zion" has several related but not necessarily synonymous applications. These applications make reference to the following: 1) The Jerusalem of Judah; 2) The New Jerusalem in America; and 3) The Lord's people and their gathering places around the world.

Exoterically (mundanely) considered, a gathering place in the modern Latter Day Saint organizational context refers to wards (basic congregational units), stakes (groups of several wards), and homes or communities where believers are striving to live what is referred to as "the fulness of the gospel" in righteousness. It is a worldwide movement in which the faithful work towards becoming a pure people, willing to serve God. The community of such faithful church members are referred to metonymically as "the pure in heart" in their scriptures.

The ancient people of Enoch sum it up by saying "the Lord called his people Zion, because they were of one heart and one mind, and dwelt in righteousness; and there was no poor among them".

In the Mormon fundamentalism movement, a more literal interpretation of Zion as a specific geographical location is held to more strongly and a more stringent emphasis is placed upon individual and community lifestyle requirements that are considered, to be necessary prerequisites to establishing such a community. These requirements are often referred to as "the fulness of the gospel" and as "ordinances," specific commandments which have long set this movement apart from mainstream Christianity. The two most frequently noted requirements are the United Order (a form of agrarian communalism) and plural marriage, both of which are de-emphasized in the mainstream LDS Church and, in the case of plural marriage, expressly prohibited and denounced.

A modern-day proponent of the Mormon fundamentalist movement, Ogden Kraut, summarized the fundamentalist/dissident position on "Zion" as follows:

"The Saints failed to live the higher laws in the center stake of Zion in Missouri so they were expelled. During the four years at Nauvoo, there was not even an attempt to live the United Order, for example, so they were again driven out. They became like the children of Israel in the desert with only the hope of keeping Zion's laws. But here in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains we have done worse than in Missouri and Illinois. For a few years after the pioneers arrived, an attempt was made to live the United Order and plural marriage, but both leaders and members failed to continue those important laws. Thus, the Church has gone astray from keeping all the laws of Zion, and the redemption of Zion is seldom even mentioned."

History
Joseph Smith wrote of Zion even before the organization of the Latter Day Saint church. In April 1829, he dictated a revelation which urged him and his scribe, Oliver Cowdery, to "seek to bring forth and establish the cause of Zion." The attempt to reach that goal became a driving force in early Latter Day Saint history, and remains a powerful influence among Latter Day Saints today.

In March 1830, the Book of Mormon was published. The Book of Mormon prophet Ether taught that a remnant of the house of Joseph would build a holy city in the Americas. Afterwards, there would be a New Jerusalem that would come down from heaven where the remnant would live. Latter Day Saints believe that this refers to the City of Enoch, and that it will return to the earth from heaven at the Second Coming. Later in the Book of Mormon timeline, Jesus visited the Nephites in the Americas and taught that they were a remnant of the house of Joseph. After they were brought to the knowledge of the Lord, they would be given the Americas as their inheritance. Repentant Gentiles will assist them in building the New Jerusalem. Early Latter Day Saints interpreted these scriptures to mean that there would be a sudden and dramatic conversion of the American Indians to Mormonism. They viewed themselves as repentant Gentiles that would assist the American Indians in building the New Jerusalem, They warned Americans who did not repent would be destroyed by the American Indians to make way for the New Jerusalem, based on a scripture in the Book of Mormon that warns the Gentiles to repent, "lest a remnant of the seed of Jacob shall go forth among you as a lion, and tear you in pieces, and there is none to deliver."

In January 1831, Parley P. Pratt took these teachings to the Lenape, a mission which many Mormons expected to be very successful and dominated Latter Day Saint thought in Kirtland. Pratt taught the Delaware Indians that they were descendants of the Book of Mormon people, and that according to the Book of Mormon, they would recover their ancestral lands. However, by February 1831, the mission was cut short when the missionaries didn't have the correct permits.

Also around this time, the Book of Moses started being published in the church newspapers Evening and Morning Star and Times and Seasons, which would later be canonized in the Pearl of Great Price. According to the narrative, Enoch, the son of Jared, founds a city for the righteous descendants of Adam, except for the descendants of Cain, who were black and had no place among them. This city became so righteous and pure that it was translated (taken) from the presence of the earth and brought into the presence of God, leaving behind on earth only Methuselah and his family (including Noah) to repopulate the earth with righteous people. It was described as populated by an organization of people who are common owners of the property and none being richer or poorer.

After Pratt's unsuccessful mission, the concept of the New Jerusalem started being reinterpreted and integrated with the teaching of Zion. Instead of being built by the Native Americans, the New Jerusalem was to be built by white Latter Day Saints. Instead of seeing themselves as repentant Gentiles, they began seeing themselves as also being a remnant of the house of Joseph, through Ephraim. Instead of building New Jerusalem together with the Native Americans, they began seeing it as two different places, with Zion being built upon the hills and the Lamanites in the wilderness.

On July 20, 1831, Smith stated that he had received a revelation that designated a physical location for the Saints to start to build Zion, which he taught would be the future New Jerusalem. The revelation designated Missouri as the "land which I have appointed and consecrated for the gathering of the saints." The revelation further stated, "Behold, the place which is now called Independence is the center place; and the spot for the temple is lying westward..." Smith later envisioned the temple as being the starting point for the creation of a New Jerusalem: "Verily this is the word of the Lord, that the city New Jerusalem shall be built by the gathering of the saints, beginning at this place, even the place of the temple, which temple shall be reared in this generation." While Latter Day Saints were anxious to gather to Missouri, Smith said he received another revelation to stay in Kirtland for five years, during which time the wicked would not be destroyed.

Teachings about Zion, the New Jerusalem and the accompanying destruction of unrepentant Gentiles to build the New Jerusalem added to the existing conflict between Latter Day Saints and their non-Latter Day Saint neighbors. This made it difficult for the Latter Day Saints to build Zion. By July 1833, Smith said he received an additional revelation stating that Zion was the pure in heart. The Latter Day Saints no longer viewed the building of Zion as imminent. A revelation in December 1833 through Smith states the belief that the Latter Day Saints were unable to establish Zion in "consequence of their transgressions." The revelation says that among the Saints there were "jarrings, and contentions, and envyings, and strifes, and lustful and covetous desires among them; therefore by these things they polluted their inheritances." Instead, Joseph Smith began teaching that "The whole of North and South America is Zion, the mountain of the Lord's house is in the center of North and South America.". The Latter Day Saints were finally driven from Missouri in 1838 as a consequence of the Mormon War and Governor Lilburn Boggs' Extermination Order.

On March 1, 1842, Smith wrote 13 statements of belief which would later be adopted as the faith's articles of faith. He wrote that "Zion will be built on the American continent." For the rest of the century, Latter Day Saints were encouraged to gather to Zion by gathering to the centers of the church population in different places in America, such as Nauvoo, Illinois and Utah. However, in the twentieth century, Zion began to be reinterpreted as a spiritual gathering where one changed their heart rather than their home. After this time, the concept of Zion as a specific piece of geography (Jackson County, Missouri) began to lose its importance. Zion also became a euphemism for wherever the Saints were gathered. "In Missouri and Illinois, Zion had been a city; in Utah, it was a landscape of villages; in the urban diaspora, it was the ward with its extensive programs."

However, Latter Day Saints still held on to the idea of building a Zion in Jackson County, Missouri, particularly a temple for the New Jerusalem. President Lorenzo Snow taught that "there are many here now under the sound of my voice, probably a majority who will have to go back to Jackson county and assist in building the temple.". The responsibility of building the New Jerusalem temple continued to belong to Ephraim, and not the Lamanites. Bruce R. McConkie taught: "An occasional whiff of nonsense goes around the Church acclaiming that the Lamanites will build the temple in the New Jerusalem and that Ephraim and others will come to their assistance. This illusion is born of an inordinate love for Father Lehi's children and of a desire to see them all become now as Samuel the Lamanite once was. The Book of Mormon passages upon which it is thought to rest have reference not to the Lamanites but to the whole house of Israel. The temple in Jackson County will be built by Ephraim, meaning the Church as it is now constituted."

In the 1970s, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints modified the 10th Article of Faith to read "Zion (the New Jerusalem) will be built on the American continent," a clarification that was now needed with multiple understandings of the term Zion.

Plat of Zion
A comprehensive plat was devised by Smith in 1833, describing the planned city as an organized grid system of blocks and streets, with blocks house lots that alternated in direction by columns of blocks between north-south streets. Designed around Latter Day Saint principles of agrarianism order and community, the plan called for 24 temples at the city's center, reflecting the central role played by the church in the community. The temples were to be used for education, administration, cultural events and worship. The plan called for a city of 15,000 to 20,000 people living in a 1 sqmi city with agricultural land to be reserved on all sides of the city, enough to supply the city "without going too great of a distance". The plan did not allow a city to become too large; once a city had reached the 20,000 limit it was envisaged that other cities would be built: "When this square is thus laid off and supplied, lay off another in the same way, and so fill up the world." While never utilized, the plat ultimately served as a blueprint for subsequent Mormon settlements in the Mormon Corridor.

Modern Application
Today, Latter Day Saints are counseled by their leaders to build up the cause of Zion, and prepare themselves to be worthy of such a society. They look to the City of Enoch as an ideal to follow. Enoch's exclusion of teaching black people was used to justify the racial exclusion policy before 1978. Once this system is applied to the modern day Zion, it will be referred to as the United Order or the Order of Enoch. The modern-day Zion comes after the Zion of Enoch and the Zion at Jerusalem.

Latter Day Saints believe that, at the Second Coming, Zion the City of Enoch will return to the earth from heaven, a belief based on the part of the Scripture that stated this return and that "its inhabitants shall join with the New Jerusalem, which shall then be established." It is taught that the Zion of America will be reunited with the Zion of Enoch but, that first, it must equal to the stature of Enoch's Zion in order to be worthy to join with it.

title: Zion (Latter Day Saints)


text: Category:Pocket computers

title: Category:Pocket computers


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British Rail Class 444

The British Rail Class 444 Desiro is an electric multiple-unit passenger train built by Siemens Transportation Systems in Austria between 2002 and 2004. The Class 444 currently operate on express passenger services for South Western Railway.

The class first entered service with South West Trains in 2004.

Description
At the start of the 21st century, as part of its franchise agreement, South West Trains was required to replace the slam-door rolling stock of Classes 411, 412, 421 and 423, which did not meet modern health and safety standards, with new trains by 2005. In April 2001 an order was placed with Siemens for 785 vehicles. This was originally to be split as 100 four-car Class 450/0 outer-suburban units, 32 five-car Class 450/2 inner-suburban units, and 45 five-car Class 444 express units.

The Class 444 fleet was built at Siemens' Vienna plant. Before being shipped to Britain via the Channel Tunnel, the trains were extensively tested at Siemens' Wegberg-Wildenrath Test and Validation Centre in Germany. This was an attempt to reduce the time taken for new trains to enter service, by ironing out any problems beforehand. Many other designs of new train, such as the Alstom-built Class 458 units, had been plagued by problems and poor reliability. The Desiro fleet entered service faster than its competitors, but still suffered teething problems.

Each unit is formed of five cars; a driving motor car at each end and three intermediate trailers. One trailer in each unit is provided with two wheelchair spaces and a universally-accessible toilet. The units have end-gangways, allowing passengers to move between units when used in multiple. Trains are limited to a ten-car length (i.e. two units), as longer trains cannot be accommodated in stations. At some stations with particularly short platforms (for example Shawford, in Hampshire), even a single unit of five cars is too long for the platform. Passengers used to have to board and alight via a single door opened by the guard, however, since the introduction of automatic selective door operation (ASDO) in early 2015, the computer system works out how many cars to release the doors on.

The fleet was originally painted in a mixture of SWT's express livery of white, with a blue window band, and red/orange swishes at the cab ends (although they replaced the South West Trains logo with a South Western Railway one, following their inheritance of the franchise), although all units have since received the new South Western Railway livery, which is predominantly light grey with darker grey sections towards the cabs, and doors painted in the opposing shade of grey to the bodywork in that area.

Each five-car unit has a first-class section taking up just over half of one car at one end. All seats have BS 1363 230V mains sockets providing AC power for laptops or mobile phone chargers.

Like all new-build third-rail rolling stock in the UK, one car in each unit is fitted with a recess for a pantograph that allows for a future conversion to AC overhead power.

Both the Class 444 and 450 fleets are maintained at the purpose-built Northam Traincare Facility in Southampton, which is equipped to perform both preventative and corrective maintenance, deep-cleaning, and overhauls on up to eight units simultaneously.

In March 2012, the Class 444, 450 and 458 fleets were fitted with regenerative braking.

A new variable-stiffness hydraulic bush has been fitted to the whole Class 444 fleet so as to reduce track damage and thus infrastructure maintenance costs. This work was completed by the end of 2013.

Awards
Class 444 trains have been awarded the "Golden Spanner 2010" as Britain's most reliable trains by Modern Railways. During twelve months, SWT's fleet has set a new reliability record of almost 89,000 kilometres per technical delay.

Operations
The first Class 444 units entered service with SWT in early 2004. As part of the launch, unit no. 444018 was named The Fab 444 at a ceremony at London Waterloo.

The units were introduced on services from London Waterloo to Portsmouth Harbour via the Portsmouth Direct Line. They were also used on some services on the South West Main Line to Southampton Central, Bournemouth, Weymouth and on limited outer suburban services to Alton and Basingstoke. This allowed the withdrawal of the final 411 units by mid-2004, and inroads were made to the 421 and 423 fleets.

It was originally hoped that the final slam-door trains would be withdrawn by the end of 2004. In the event, some were allowed to remain operational until May 2005, as the last replacement Desiros came into service. Initially, the Class 444s were used mainly on Portsmouth direct services, allowing the Class 442 units to be used on the Weymouth line. The Class 444 units were also used regularly on Sunday-only Bournemouth stopping services, Waterloo to Southampton services and the Brockenhurst to Wareham shuttle service. Previous power limitations meant that the trains were not permitted to run west of ; these restrictions have since been lifted.

During 2007, the Class 444 units replaced the Class 442 on the Weymouth line. Some Class 442 workings were taken over by Class 444 units as early as November 2006; the final Class 442 was withdrawn in February 2007. Class 444 units transferred to the Weymouth line were replaced on Portsmouth services by Class 450 Desiros which became available after the reintroduction of the Class 458 units on the Waterloo to Reading line. The decision to transfer many Class 444 units to the Weymouth line was not popular. Portsmouth line passengers protested over the use of Class 450 on some services, while there were complaints that the Class 444 were inferior to the units they replaced on the Weymouth line.

Class 444s are currently used on the following services:

 * Waterloo to Basingstoke (peak services)
 * Waterloo to Portsmouth Harbour via Guildford (shared with )
 * Waterloo to Portsmouth Harbour via Basingstoke and Fareham (shared with )
 * Waterloo to Weymouth / Poole

Refresh
South Western Railway has conducted a refurbishment programme under its contract from 2017 onwards. As part of this work, every unit has been deep cleaned, and the carpets and seat covers in standard class replaced. In addition, plug sockets have been provided at every pair of seats, and the buffet unit has been removed to provide extra seats. First class has been reduced from 35 seats to 32, and the 2+1 seating has been replaced with 2+2 seating, with leather seats and new tables providing facilities for wireless charging.

Named units
The following units have received names:
 * 444001: Naomi House (de-named)
 * 444023: The Alex Wardle Foundation
 * 444040: The D-Day Story Portsmouth 80 Anniversary

Special Liveries
In 2019, 444019 was painted in a Pride livery to celebrate diversity in the company and its customers. It has rainbow flags at both cab ends, on both sides.

title: British Rail Class 444