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Cultural capital

In the field of sociology, cultural capital comprises the social assets of a person (education, intellect, style of speech, style of dress, social capital, etc.) that promote social mobility in a stratified society. Cultural capital functions as a social relation within an economy of practices (i.e. system of exchange), and includes the accumulated cultural knowledge that confers social status and power; thus cultural capital comprises the material and symbolic goods, without distinction, that society considers rare and worth seeking. There are three types of cultural capital: (i) embodied capital, (ii) objectified capital, and (iii) institutionalised capital.

Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron coined and defined the term cultural capital in the essay "Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction" (1977). Bourdieu then developed the concept in the essay "The Forms of Capital" (1985) and in the book The State Nobility: Élite Schools in the Field of Power (1996) to explain that the education (knowledge and intellectual skills) of a person provides social mobility in achieving a higher social status in society.

Origin
In "Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction" (1977), Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron presented cultural capital to conceptually explain the differences among the levels of performance and academic achievement of children within the educational system of France in the 1960s.

Bourdieu further developed the concept in his essay "The Forms of Capital" (1985) and in his book The State Nobility: Élite Schools in the Field of Power (1996). In the essay, Bourdieu lists cultural capital among two other categories of capital: economic capital, which refers to the command of economic resources (money, assets, property); and social capital, which is the actual and potential resources linked to the possession of a durable network of institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition.

Types
There are three types of cultural capital: embodied capital; objectified capital; and institutionalised capital.

Embodied cultural capital
Embodied cultural capital comprises the knowledge that is consciously acquired and passively inherited, by socialization to culture and tradition. Unlike property, cultural capital is not transmissible, but is acquired over time, as it is impressed upon the person's habitus (i.e., character and way of thinking), which, in turn, becomes more receptive to similar cultural influences. Linguistic cultural capital is the mastery of language and its relations. The embodied cultural capital, which is a person's means of communication and self-presentation, is acquired from the national culture.

Habitus and field
The cultural capital of an individual is linked to his or her habitus (i.e., embodied disposition and tendencies) and field (i.e., social positions), which are configured as a social-relation structure.

The habitus of a person is composed of the intellectual dispositions inculcated to him or her by family and the familial environment, and are manifested according to the nature of the person. As such, the social formation of a person's habitus is influenced by family, by objective changes in social class, and by social interactions with other people in daily life; moreover, the habitus of a person also changes when he or she changes social positions within the field.

The field is the place of social position that is constituted by the conflicts that occur when social groups endeavour to establish and define what is cultural capital, within a given social space; therefore, depending upon the social field, one type of cultural capital can simultaneously be legitimate and illegitimate. In that way, the legitimization (societal recognition) of a type of cultural capital can be arbitrary and derived from symbolic capital.

Objectified cultural capital
Objectified cultural capital comprises the person's property (e.g. a work of art, scientific instruments, etc.) that can be transmitted for economic profit (buying-and-selling) and for symbolically conveying the possession of cultural capital facilitated by owning such things. Yet, whilst possessing a work of art (objectified cultural-capital) the person can consume the art (understand its cultural meaning) only with the proper conceptual and historical foundations of prior cultural-capital. As such, cultural capital is not transmitted in the sale of the work of art, except by coincidental and independent causation, when the seller explains the artwork's significance to the buyer.

Institutionalized cultural capital
Institutionalized cultural capital comprises an institution's formal recognition of a person's cultural capital, usually academic credentials or professional qualifications. The greatest social role of institutionalized cultural-capital is in the labor market (a job), wherein it allows the expression of the person's array of cultural capital as qualitative and quantitative measurements (which are compared against the measures of cultural capital of other people). The institutional recognition facilitates the conversion of cultural capital into economic capital, by serving as a heuristic (practical solution) with which the seller can describe his or her cultural capital to the buyer.

Theoretical research
The concept of cultural capital has received widespread attention all around the world, from theorists and researchers alike. It is mostly employed in relation to the education system, but on the odd occasion has been used or developed in other discourses. Use of Bourdieu's cultural capital can be broken up into a number of basic categories. First, are those who explore the theory as a possible means of explanation or employ it as the framework for their research. Second, are those who build on or expand Bourdieu's theory. Finally, there are those who attempt to disprove Bourdieu's findings or to discount them in favour of an alternative theory. The majority of these works deal with Bourdieu's theory in relation to education, only a small number apply his theory to other instances of inequality in society.

Expansion
A number of works expand Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital in a beneficial manner, without deviating from Bourdieu's framework of the different forms of capital. In fact, these authors can be seen to explore unarticulated areas of Bourdieu's theory as opposed to constructing a new theory.

One creative modification of Bourdieu's work is that of Emirbayer & Williams (2005), who use Bourdieu's notion of fields and capital to examine the power relations in the field of social services, particularly homeless shelters. The authors talk of the two separate fields that operate in the same geographic location (the shelter) and the types of capital that are legitimate and valued in each. Specifically they show how homeless people can possess "staff-sanctioned capital" or "client-sanctioned capital" and show how in the shelter, they are both at the same time, desirable and undesirable, valued and disparaged, depending on which of the two fields they are operating in. Although the authors do not clearly define staff-sanctioned and client-sanctioned capital as cultural capital, and state that usually the resources that form these two capitals are gathered from a person's life as opposed to their family, it can be seen how Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital can be a valuable theory in analysing inequality in any social setting.

On the other hand, some have introduced new variables into Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital. The work of Emmison & Frow (1998) centers on an exploration of the ability of Information Technology to be considered a form of cultural capital. The authors state that "a familiarity with, and a positive disposition towards the use of bourgeoisie technologies of the information age can be seen as an additional form of cultural capital bestowing advantage on those families that possess them." Specifically computers are "machines" that form a type of objectified cultural capital, and the ability to use them is an embodied type of cultural capital. This work is useful because it shows the ways in which Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital can be expanded and updated to include cultural goods and practices which are progressively more important in determining achievement both in the school and without.

Dolby (2000) cites the work of Hage, who uses Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital to explore multiculturalism and racism in Australia. Hage's discussion around race is distinct from Bourdieu's treatment of migrants and their amount of linguistic capital and habitus. Hage actually conceives of "whiteness" as being a form of cultural capital. 'White' is not a stable, biologically determined trait, but a "shifting set of social practices." He conceptualizes the nation as a circular field, with the hierarchy moving from the powerful center (composed of 'white' Australians) to the less powerful periphery (composed of the 'others'). The 'others' however are not simply dominated, but are forced to compete with each other for a place closer to the centre. This use of Bourdieu's notion of capital and fields is extremely illuminating to understand how people of non-Anglo ethnicities may try and exchange the cultural capital of their ethnic background with that of 'whiteness' to gain a higher position in the hierarchy. It is especially useful to see it in these terms as it exposes the arbitrary nature of what is "Australian", and how it is determined by those in the dominant position (mainly 'white' Australians). In a path-breaking study, Bauder (2006) uses the notions of habitus and cultural capital to explain the situation of migrants in the labor market and society.

Bourdieu's theory has been expanded to reflect modern forms of cultural capital. For instance, studies conducted by Asaf Nissenbaum and Limor Shifman (2017) on the topic of internet memes, utilising the website 4chan to analyse how these memes can be seen as forms of cultural capital. Discourse demonstrates the different forums and mediums that memes can be expressed through, such as different 'boards' on 4chan. Additionally, scholars have extended Bourdieu's theory to the field of religion where embodied cultural capital allows middle classes for developing distinctive religious styles and tastes. Through these styles and tastes, they draw symbolic class boundaries in opposition to co-believers from lower-class backgrounds.

Education
Sociologist Paul DiMaggio expands on Bourdieu's view on cultural capital and its influence on education: "Following Bourdieu, I measure high school students' cultural capital using self-reports of involvement in art, music, and literature."

Retired teacher John Taylor Gatto, in his article "Against School" (2003), addresses education in modern schooling. The relation of cultural capital can be linked to Alexander Inglis' Principles of Secondary Education (1918), which indicates how American schooling is similar to Prussian schooling in the 1820s. The objective was to divide children into sections, by distributing them by subject, by age, and by test score. Inglis introduces six basic functions for modern schooling; the third, fourth, and fifth basic functions listed by Inglis are related to cultural capital, and describe the manner in which schooling enforces the cultural capital of each child, from a young age:

 * Diagnosis and direction (function #3):↵School is meant to determine the proper social role of each student, by logging mathematic and anecdotal evidence into cumulative records.
 * Differentiation (function #4): Once the social role of a student is determined, the children are sorted by role and trained only as merited for his or her social destination.
 * Selection (function #5): This refers to Darwin's theory of natural selection applied to "the favoured races".

The idea is to help American society by consciously attempting to improve the breeding stock. Schools are meant to tag the socially unfit with poor grades, remedial-schooling placement, and other notable social punishments that their peers will then view and accept them as intellectually inferior, and effectively bar them from the reproductive (sexual, economic, and cultural) sweepstakes of life. That was the purpose of petty humiliation in school: "It was the dirt down the drain." The three functions are directly related to cultural capital, because through schooling children are discriminated by social class and cognitively placed into the destination that will make them fit to sustain that social role. That is the path leading to their determined social class; and, during the fifth function, they will be socially undesirable to the privileged children, and so kept in a low social stratum.

Stanton-Salazar & Dornbusch (1995) examine how those people with the desired types of cultural (and linguistic) capital in a school transform this capital into "instrumental relations" or social capital with institutional agents who can transmit valuable resources to the person, furthering their success in the school. They state that this is simply an elaboration of Bourdieu's theory. Similarly, Dumais (2002) introduces the variable of gender to determine the ability of cultural capital to increase educational achievement. The author shows how gender and social class interact to produce different benefits from cultural capital. In fact in Distinction, Bourdieu states "sexual properties are as inseparable from class properties as the yellowness of lemons is inseparable from its acidity." He simply did not articulate the differences attributable to gender in his general theory of reproduction in the education system.

Cultural omnivores
Extending the theory of cultural capital, Richard A. Peterson and A. Simkus (1992) distinguish the (secondary) analysis of survey data on Americans exclusively.  They use the term cultural omnivores as a particular higher status section in the US that has broader cultural engagements and tastes spanning an eclectic range from highbrow arts to popular culture.

Originally, it was Peterson (1992) who coined the term to address an anomaly observed in the evidence revealed by his work with Simkus (1992), which showed that people of higher social status, contrary to elite-mass models of cultural taste developed by French scholars with French data, were not averse to participation in activities associated with popular culture. The work rejected the universal adaptation of the cultural capital theory, especially in the 20th century in advanced post-industrialist societies like the United States.

Science capital
In the UK, Louise Archer and colleagues (2015) developed the concept of science capital. The concept of science capital draws from the work of Bourdieu, particularly his studies focusing on the reproduction of social inequalities in society. Science capital is made up of science-related cultural capital and social capital as well as habitus. It encapsulates the various influences that a young person's life experiences can have on their science identity and participation in science-related activities. The empirical work on science capital builds from a growing body of data into students' aspirations and attitudes to science, including University College London's ASPIRES Research and King's College London's Enterprising Science.

The concept of science capital was developed as a way to understand why these science-related resources, attitudes and aspirations led some children to pursue science, while others did not. The concept provides policy makers and practitioners with a useful framework to help understand what shapes young people's engagement with (and potential resistance to) science.

Criticism
Criticisms of Bourdieu's concept have been made on many grounds, including a lack of conceptual clarity. Perhaps due to this lack of clarity, researchers have operationalised the concept in diverse ways, and have varied in their conclusions. While some researchers may be criticised for using measures of cultural capital which focus only on certain aspects of 'highbrow' culture, this is a criticism which could also be leveled at Bourdieu's own work. Several studies have attempted to refine the measurement of cultural capital in order to examine which aspects of middle-class culture actually have value in the education system.

It has been claimed that Bourdieu's theory, and in particular his notion of habitus, is entirely deterministic, leaving no place for individual agency or even individual consciousness. However, Bourdieu never claimed to have done so entirely, but defined a new approach; that is, Bourdieu's work attempts to reconcile the paradoxical dichotomy of structure and agency.

Some scholars such as John Goldthorpe dismiss Bourdieu's approach:

"Bourdieu's view of the transmission of cultural capital as a key process in social reproduction is simply wrong. And the more detailed findings of the research, as noted above, could then have been taken as helping to explain just why it is wrong. That is, because differing class conditions do not give rise to such distinctive and abiding forms of habitus as Bourdieu would suppose; because even within more disadvantaged classes, with little access to high culture, values favouring education may still prevail and perhaps some relevant cultural resources exist; and because, therefore, schools and other educational institutions can function as important agencies of re-socialisation – that is, can not only underwrite but also in various respects complement, compensate for or indeed counter family influences in the creation and transmission of "cultural capital", and not just in the case of Wunderkinder but in fact on a mass scale."

Bourdieu has also been criticised for his lack of consideration of gender. Kanter (in Robinson & Garnier 1986) points out the lack of interest in gender inequalities in the labour market in Bourdieu's work. However, Bourdieu addressed the topic of gender head-on in his 2001 book Masculine Domination, in which he states on the first page of the prelude that he considers masculine domination to be a prime example of symbolic violence.

title: Cultural capital


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2005 Nineveh governorate election

Governorate Council elections in the Nineveh Governorate of Iraq were held on January 30, 2005, simultaneously with the national legislative election.

Results
The province is largely a mix of Sunnis and Kurds, but there is also a significant Shi'ite presence. Despite making the vast majority, almost all Sunni Arabs boycotted the election, leading to the Kurdish party winning almost all of the seats.

The council voted for the independent Sunni Arab, Duraid Mohammed Kashmula, to continue as governor. His brother, Usama Yousif Kashmula, had been appointed as governor of Nineveh Governorate in 2003 by the Coalition Provisional Authority, and Duraid succeeded Usama after he was assassinated in July 2004.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2005 Nineveh governorate election


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Bacon's cipher

Bacon's cipher or the Baconian cipher is a method of steganographic message encoding devised by Francis Bacon in 1605. A message is concealed in the presentation of text, rather than its content. Baconian ciphers are categorized as both a substitution cipher (in plain code) and a concealment cipher (using the two typefaces).

Cipher details
To encode a message, each letter of the plaintext is replaced by a group of five of the letters 'A' or 'B'. This replacement is a 5-bit binary encoding and is done according to the alphabet of the Baconian cipher (from the Latin Alphabet), shown below:

A second version of Bacon's cipher uses a unique code for each letter. In other words, I, J, U and V each have their own pattern in this variant:

The writer must make use of two different typefaces for this cipher. After preparing a false message with the same number of letters as all of the As and Bs in the real, secret message, two typefaces are chosen, one to represent As and the other Bs. Then each letter of the false message must be presented in the appropriate typeface, according to whether it stands for an A or a B.

To decode the message, the reverse method is applied. Each "typeface 1" letter in the false message is replaced with an A and each "typeface 2" letter is replaced with a B. The Baconian alphabet is then used to recover the original message.

Any method of writing the message that allows two distinct representations for each character can be used for the Bacon Cipher. Bacon himself prepared a Biliteral Alphabet for handwritten capital and small letters with each having two alternative forms, one to be used as A and the other as B. This was published as an illustrated plate in his De Augmentis Scientiarum (The Advancement of Learning).

Because any message of the right length can be used to carry the encoding, the secret message is effectively hidden in plain sight. The false message can be on any topic and thus can distract a person seeking to find the real message.

Baconian cipher example
The word 'steganography', encoded with quotation marks, where standard text represents "typeface 1" and text in boldface represents "typeface 2":

"To encode a message each letter of the plaintext is replaced by a group of five of the letters 'A' or 'B'."

The pattern of standard and boldface letters is:

"ba aabbaa b aaabaaa abba aaaaaa bb aaa bbabaabba ba aaaaaaaa ab b baaab bb babb ab baa abbaabb 'b' bb 'b'."

This decodes in groups of five as

"baaab(S) baaba(T) aabaa(E) aabba(G) aaaaa(A) abbaa(N) abbab(O) aabba(G) baaaa(R) aaaaa(A) abbba(P) aabbb(H) babba(Y) bbaaa bbaab bbbbb"

where the last three groups, being unintelligible, are assumed not to form part of the message.

Bacon and Shakespeare
Some proponents of the Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship, such as Elizabeth Wells Gallup, have claimed that Bacon used the cipher to encode messages revealing his authorship in the First Folio. However, American cryptologists William and Elizebeth Friedman refuted the claims that the works of Shakespeare contain hidden ciphers that disclose Bacon's or any other candidate's secret authorship in their The Shakespeare Ciphers Examined (1957). Typographical analysis of the First Folio shows that a large number of typefaces were used, instead of the two required for the cipher, and that printing practices of the time would have made it impossible to transmit a message accurately.

The Friedmans' tombstone included a message in Bacon's cypher not spotted for many years.

title: Bacon's cipher


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York South—Weston (federal electoral district)

York South—Weston (York-Sud—Weston) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979.

In 2015, York South—Weston elected Canada's first MP of Somali descent, Ahmed Hussen.

Under the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution the riding will be renamed York South—Weston—Etobicoke.

Electoral district
Located in the west-end of Toronto, the riding is made up largely of the old City of York, a southwestern portion of the old city of North York, and parts of the old city of Toronto north of High Park. A sizeable portion of the land in the western part of the riding which was previously part of the old City of York was the old village of Weston until that village was absorbed into the City of York in 1968. The riding has a largely working class and immigrant population.

Its geographic boundaries are the part of the City of Toronto bounded by a line drawn from Humber River east along Highway 401, south along the Canadian National Railway situated west of Caledonia Road, west along Rogers Road, southeast along Old Weston Road, west along Lavender Road, south along Keele Street, southeast along the Canadian National/Canadian Pacific Railway, west along the Canadian Pacific Railway, and north along the Humber River to Highway 401.

Former boundaries
York South—Weston was created in 1976 from parts of York South, York West, Davenport, High Park—Humber Valley, and Etobicoke ridings.

Its new boundaries were originally of the part of Metropolitan Toronto bounded by a line drawn from Eglinton Avenue West north along Keele Street, west along Lawrence Avenue West, south along the Humber River, east and north along the north limit of the City of Toronto, south along Runnymede Road, east along Annette Street, south along Keele Street, east along Humberside Avenue, northwest along the Canadian National Railway, east along the north limit of the City of Toronto, north along the east side of Prospect Cemetery, and west along Eglinton Avenue West to Keele Street.

In 1987, York South—Weston was redefined to consist of the parts of the cities of North York, Toronto and York bounded by a line drawn from the western limit of the City of North York east along Highway 401, south along Keele Street, west along Eglinton Avenue West, south along Keele Street, west along the southern limit of the City of York, southeast along the Canadian National Railway line, west along Dupont Street, northwest along Dundas Street West, west along Annette Street, north along Runnymede Road, west along the Canadian Pacific Railway line, and north along the western limits of the Cities of York and North York to Highway 401.

In 1996, it was redefined to consist of the parts of the cities of North York, Toronto and York bounded by a line drawn from the western limit of the City of North York east along Highway 401, southeast along the Canadian National Railway situated immediately west of Caledonia Road, west along Rogers Road, south along Old Weston Road, west along the northern limit of the City of Toronto, southeast along the Canadian National Railway, west along the Canadian Pacific Railway, and north along the western limit of the cities of York and North York to Highway 401.

In 2003, it was given its current boundaries as described above. This riding was unchanged during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Demographics

 * ''According to the 2021 Canadian census; 2013 representation

Languages: 49% English, 9.8% Portuguese, 7.2% Spanish, 4.8% Italian, 3.2% Tagalog, 3.1% Vietnamese, 2.1% Somali, 1% Yue

Religions: 65.9% Christian (41.2% Catholic, 2.8% Pentecostal, 2.3% Christian Orthodox, 1.7% Anglican, 1% Baptist), 18.5% No religion, 8.7% Muslim, 3% Buddhist, 2.6% Hindu

Median income (2020): $34,400

Average income (2020): $43,360

Ethnicity groups: White: 41.2%, Black: 24%, Latin American: 9.1%, Filipino: 6.8%, South Asian: 5.7%, Southeast Asian 4.6%, Chinese: 1.9%

Ethnic origins: Portuguese 12.2%, Italian 11%, Filipino: 6.2%, Canadian 6%, Jamaican 5.1%, English 4.4%, African 4.2%, Vietnamese 4.2%, Irish 4%, Scottish 3.6%

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of the House of Commons of Canada:

Election results
Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.

Toronto Council Wards 11 and 12
Etobicoke North is also the name for two wards on Toronto City Council each represented by a city councillor:

 * (Ward 11) York South - Weston - current councillor Frances Nunziata
 * (Ward 12) York South - Weston - current councillor Frank Di Giorgio

The combined ward boundaries roughly corresponds to the federal electoral district.


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1st Vermont Brigade

The First Vermont Brigade, or "Old Brigade" was an infantry brigade in the Union Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. It suffered the highest casualty count of any brigade in the history of the United States Army, with some 1,172 killed in action.

Organization and early battles
The "Old Brigade" served from 1861 to 1865 and was one of two brigades from Vermont, both famous in their own right.

The First Vermont Brigade was organized in October 1861, primarily through the efforts of Maj. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith. It was composed of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Vermont regiments, which had been individually mustered into service between June and September, for a time, it also included the 26th New Jersey Infantry. Its first commander was Brig. Gen. William T. H. Brooks. In April 1862, the brigade was incorporated into the Army of the Potomac as the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, and first saw action during Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in the battles of Williamsburg and Savage's Station. It later was present at Antietam and Fredericksburg. Under the command of Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Grant, the Vermonters fought in the campaign culminating in the Battle of Chancellorsville. The Vermonters participated in VI Corps' capture of Marye's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg and then were prominent in the fighting at Salem Church. They were held in reserve during the Battle of Gettysburg, holding a flank guard position behind Big Round Top, losing only one man wounded. After the Gettysburg Campaign, elements of the Vermont Brigade were sent to help quell the draft riots in New York City.

The Overland Campaign
The depleted brigade received reinforcements in May 1864 when the 11th Vermont Infantry was assigned to the organization. That same month, the Army of the Potomac, under the overall supervision of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, began its spring offensive (the Overland Campaign) towards Richmond. The Vermont Brigade mustered approximately 2,850 soldiers at the start of the campaign.

On the morning of May 5, the Union army attacked Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at the Battle of the Wilderness. While the initial Union attack was successful, rough terrain and stubborn resistance ground down the attack. By midday, Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill's Confederate corps had been brought up and was attacking the weak Union center along the Orange Plank Road. Maj. Gen. George W. Getty's brigades were ordered by Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, who was still bringing up most of his corps, to hold the road and counterattack. The Vermont Brigade took the southern flank and charged the advancing Confederates. Ordered to retreat, the 5th Vermont regiment instead launched a bayonet charge, buying time for Union troops and the rest of the Vermont Brigade to fall back to their hasty works. The Confederates continued to attack until the Union line was stabilized. Losses by the brigade totaled 1,269 killed, wounded, and missing in less than 12 hours of fighting.

After the Wilderness, the Union Army moved south to Spotsylvania Court House, where Lee's army had entrenched. The 11th Vermont Infantry joined the brigade at this point. Early in the battle, elements of the Vermont brigade, defending barricades forward of the rest of the Union Army, were ordered to retreat and spike their supporting artillery field pieces before the Confederates overran them. Disobeying orders, the commander of the brigade ordered the guns to be "spiked with canister," and the brigade was able to defend the guns and works successfully until reinforcements arrived to stabilize the position. The Vermonters suffered heavily during the ensuing assault on the Confederate defenses as The Vermont Brigade led the assault on the "Mule Shoe Salient", a protruding network of trenches in the center of the Confederate lines.

The final battle of the Overland Campaign was the Battle of Cold Harbor. The Vermont Brigade was one of the units selected to charge Confederate earthworks on June 1, 1864. Grant's attack failed and he suffered heavy losses. In less than 10 minutes, hundreds of soldiers from the Vermont Brigade were killed or wounded. The brigade, in less than one month of fighting, had been reduced from 2,850 men to less than 1,200.

Petersburg and the Valley
While the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia dug in at Petersburg, Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early was sent on a mission through the Shenandoah Valley to the outskirts of Washington, D.C. The Vermont Brigade fought in the Valley Campaign against Early, under the overall command of Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan. At the Battle of Cedar Creek, Early launched a surprise attack against Sheridan's army and the First Vermont Brigade covered the Union army's temporary retreat, prior to Sheridan's counterattack and decisive victory. Lewis Grant commanded the 2nd Division, VI Corps, during the later stages of this action, when Getty became acting corps commander. Col. George P. Foster led the brigade while Grant was in command of the division. Foster's brigade held the center of the division's line until the entire formation retreated in good order. When Brig. Gen. Daniel D. Bidwell fell and his brigade, of the Vermonters' left, was in danger of losing heart, Lt. Col. Winsor B. French, who took command, is reported to have told his men not to fall back until the Vermonters did so. Six Medals of Honor were awarded to Vermonters at Cedar Creek, and the brigade captured three regimental colors and much of the 12th North Carolina regiment.

Returning to Petersburg, where it was engaged until the end of the war, the First Vermont Brigade led the attack on the earthworks defending the city, successfully breaking through the Confederate lines on the morning of April 2, 1865. Lewis Grant was wounded in this action and briefly relinquished command. Six members of the brigade were awarded the Medal of Honor for valor for this action. After the surrender of Lee's army later that month, the brigade participated in the victory parade in Washington. It returned to Vermont and the men were mustered out. Many former members of the brigade joined fraternal veterans organizations such as the Grand Army of the Republic and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and held reunions to recount their days in the First Vermont Brigade.

title: 1st Vermont Brigade


text:
Flow diagram

Flow diagram is a diagram representing a flow or set of dynamic relationships in a system. The term flow diagram is also used as a synonym for flowchart, and sometimes as a counterpart of the flowchart.

Flow diagrams are used to structure and order a complex system, or to reveal the underlying structure of the elements and their interaction.

Overview
The term flow diagram is used in theory and practice in different meanings. Most commonly the flow chart and flow diagram are used in an interchangeable way in the meaning of a representation of a process. For example the Information Graphics: A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference by Harris (1999) gives two separate definitions:
 * Flow chart or flow diagram... is a diagram that visually displays interrelated information such as events, steps in a process, functions, etc., in an organized fashion, such as sequentially or chronologically.
 * Flow diagram [is] a graphic representation of the physical route or flow of people, materials, paperworks, vehicles, or communication associated with a process, procedure plan, or investigation.

In the second definition the meaning is limited to the representation of the physical route or flow. An example of such a diagram is the illustration of the flows in a nuclear submarine propulsion system, which shows different streams back and forth in the system. The representation of such a system can be supplemented by one or more flowcharts, which show the sequence of one of the flows in one direction, or any of the control flows to manage the system.

The physical movement of objects from one location to another can also be visualized in a mix of maps and flowchart or sankey diagram, which are called flow maps. Flow maps can indicate on a map, what flows, moves or migrates, in which direction, and in which quantities etc.

Specific types of flow diagrams
In theory and practice specific types of diagrams are also called a type of flow diagrams, such as:
 * Alluvial diagram, highlights and summarizes the significant structural changes in networks
 * Circular flow of income
 * Control flow diagram, a diagram to describe the control flow of a business process, process or program
 * Cumulative flow diagram, a tool used in queuing theory
 * Functional flow block diagram, in systems engineering
 * Data flow diagram, a graphical representation of the flow of data through an information system
 * Dynamic stock and flow diagram
 * Information flow diagram, an illustration of information flow throughout an organisation
 * Process flow diagram, in Operations, a graphical representation of a process
 * Product flow diagram (PFD), a graphical representation of the order by which a sequence of products is created according to Product based planning principles
 * A form of rap notation known as "flow diagram"
 * Sankey diagram, where line width represents magnitude
 * Signal-flow graph, in mathematics, a graphical means of showing the relations among the variables of a set of linear algebraic relations
 * State diagram, a representation of a finite state machine

title: Flow diagram


text: Template:Non-free software screenshot

title: Template:Non-free software screenshot


text:
User talk:Lupusmd

JFW | T@lk  00:08, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lupusmd


text:
Cap de la Nau

The Cap de la Nau or Cabo de la Nao, literally Cape of the Ship, is a headland located central-eastern coastal Spain on the Gulf of Valencia, Mediterranean Sea. In English, it is also known as Cape Nao.

Geography
Cap de la Nau is in the municipality of Xàbia, within the Mediterranean province of Alicante, in the comarca of Marina Alta, and is the easternmost point of the Valencian Community. It marks the southern limit of the Gulf of Valencia, and points towards the nearby island of Formentera in the Balearic Islands.

The cape is rocky, steep and mostly composed of limestone. Beneath the headland there is a large cave, known as Cova dels Orgues (or Cueva de los Órganos in Spanish) that can only be approached from the sea.

Atop the headland, at an elevation of 120 m, stands the Cap de la Nau lighthouse, providing an important aid to navigation.
 * Lighthouse

title: Cap de la Nau


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Embarcadero (San Francisco)

The Embarcadero (Spanish for "Embarkment") is the eastern waterfront of Port of San Francisco and a major roadway in San Francisco, California. It was constructed on reclaimed land along a three mile long engineered seawall, from which piers extend into the bay. It derives its name from the Spanish verb embarcar, meaning "to embark"; embarcadero itself means "the place to embark." The Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 2002.

The Embarcadero right-of-way begins at the intersection of Second and King Streets near Oracle Park, and travels north, passing under the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The Embarcadero continues north past the Ferry Building at Market Street, Pier 39, and Fisherman's Wharf, before ending at Pier 45. A section of The Embarcadero which ran between Folsom Street and Drumm Street was formerly known as East Street.

For three decades, until it was torn down in 1991, the Embarcadero Freeway dominated the area. The subsequent redevelopment and restoration efforts have, according to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, "contributed to a remarkable urban waterfront renaissance", with the Embarcadero Historic District serving as a "major economic engine for the Bay Area".

History
San Francisco's shoreline historically ran south and inland from Clark's Point below Telegraph Hill to present-day Montgomery Street and eastward toward Rincon Point, enclosing an inlet named Yerba Buena Cove. As the city grew, the cove was filled. Over fifty years a large offshore seawall was built and the mudflats filled, creating what today is San Francisco's Financial District. The San Francisco Belt Railroad, a short line railroad for freight, ran along The Embarcadero; its former enginehouse has been preserved. The roadway follows the seawall, a boundary first established in the 1860s and not completed until the 1920s.

During the early-20th century when the seaport was at its busiest and before the construction of the Bay Bridge, Pier 1, Pier 1½, Pier 3 and Pier 5 were dedicated chiefly to inland trade and transport. These connections facilitated the growth of communities in the Sacramento- and San Joaquin Valleys and fostered California's agricultural business. Today, these piers comprise the Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District. The Delta Queen docked at Pier 1½, ferrying people between San Francisco and Sacramento. There was once a pedestrian footbridge that connected Market Street directly with the Ferry building and a subterranean roadway to move cars below the plaza.

During World War II, San Francisco's waterfront became a military logistics center; troops, equipment and supplies left the Port in support of the Pacific theater. Almost every pier and wharf was involved in military activities, with troop ships and naval vessels tied up all along the Embarcadero.

However, after the completion of the Bay Bridge and the rapid decline of ferries and the Ferry Building, the neighborhood fell into decline. The transition to container shipping, which moved most shipping to Oakland, led to further decline. Automobile transit efforts led to the Embarcadero Freeway being built in the 1950s. This improved automobile access to the Bay Bridge, but detracted aesthetically from the city. For 30 years, the freeway divided the waterfront and the Ferry Building from downtown. It was torn down in 1991, after being severely damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.

After the freeway had been cleared, massive redevelopment began as a grand palm-lined boulevard was created, squares and plazas were created and/or restored, and Muni's N Judah and T Third Street and F Market & Wharves lines were extended to run along it, with the N and T lines going south from Market Street to Fourth and King Streets (at Oracle Park and the Caltrain station) and the F line going north from Market to Fisherman's Wharf. The Muni also relaunched the ‘E’ line which was historically a seasonal service connecting Fishermans' Wharf to the Caltrain Depot, the line now operates weekends between Jefferson and Jones adjacent Fisherman's Wharf and Fourth and King streets near the Caltrain terminus.

The sidewalk along the waterfront between China Basin and Fisherman's Wharf was named "Herb Caen Way..." after the death of celebrated local columnist Herb Caen in 1997. The three dots, or ellipsis, deliberately are included in honor of columnist Herb Caen's Pulitzer Prize winning writing style.

A large public sculpture, Cupid's Span, by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, was installed in 2002 along the Rincon Park area. Resembling Cupid's bow and arrow with the arrow implanted in the ground, the artists stated that the statue was inspired by San Francisco's reputation as the home port of Eros, hence the stereotypical bow and arrow of Cupid.

In 2016, the Embarcadero was named on the list of "11 Most Endangered Historic Places" in the US by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, citing "the dual natural threats of sea-level rise and seismic vulnerability" to the seawall.

Subway station
Embarcadero Station, a BART and Muni Metro subway station, is located at the foot of Market Street, one block from The Embarcadero. While not in the original transit system plans, it has become the most highly trafficked BART station. As it is an infill station, the design is unique among the Market Street subway.

Embarcadero Center
Embarcadero Center consists of four 30 to 45 story buildings and the Hyatt Regency San Francisco, located between the Ferry Building and the foot of Market Street. Until 2001, there was a viewing deck on top of the Embarcadero Center. During the winter holidays, the edges of all four buildings are illuminated, the effect resembling the outlines of four giant books on a shelf.

Embarcadero Plaza
At the eastern end of Market Street is Embarcadero Plaza, opened in 1972 and originally named Justin Herman Plaza, for M. Justin Herman, head of the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency from 1959 to 1971.

Education
Right along the Embarcadero Center is the Embarcadero YMCA, the city's flagship branch of a group of a dozen locales. The center features the unique Youth Chance High School, an alternative high school that is a magnet for troubled students from throughout the Bay Area.

Seawall upgrade and enhancements projects
The Embarcadero seawall is over a century old, originally constructed between 1878 and 1916, and is in need of upgrades in order to ensure its integrity in the event of a major earthquake. the Port of San Francisco, the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, and several other departments are partnering to deliver a project to upgrade the seawall and adjoining public spaces. The project is expected to cost at least $2 billion, and the city successfully passed a ballot measure to issue $425 million in bonds to finance part of the project in November 2016.

title: Embarcadero (San Francisco)


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Pruno/archive1

Pruno
This is a well-written article on a subject that is a bit off the beaten path and was nominated to demonstrate the range of Wikipedia.
 * People expect a featured article to be pretty comprehensive. This one is quite short compared to the usual featured article. Is there nothing more worth writing about pruno? Everyking 01:22, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What is the origin of the name? Also, a quick googlance shows there might be much more to be written.  Mikkalai 01:28, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Refer to Peer Review. Interesting and nicely written article, but it contains quite a few unsourced statements (see cite sources). Try listing this article at Peer Review first for creative comments and criticisms.  — mark ✎ 01:28, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. With expansion, this otherwise well-written article has some hope. As it stands, it is only a teaser. Denni ☯ 02:33, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Object. Far from a featured article, doesn't even meet basic criteria such as references or images. Please do not nominate articles that do not meet the criteria at What is a featured article. Jeronimo 07:36, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Category:Screenshots of software

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Screenshots of software


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Embarcadero (San Diego)

The Embarcadero in San Diego, California is the area along the San Diego harbor on the east side of San Diego Bay. "Embarcadero" is a Spanish word meaning "boarding place". The Embarcadero sits on property administered by the Port of San Diego, in the Columbia district of downtown San Diego.

The Embarcadero is home to the San Diego cruise ship terminal, the museum ships USS Midway (CV-41) at Navy Pier and Star of India, seven other historic vessels belonging to the San Diego Maritime Museum, and various restaurants and shops from the North Embarcadero down through Seaport Village. In 2010, the Port completed a redevelopment of the historic Broadway Pier to create the Port Pavilion, a second cruise-ship pier and terminal.

North Embarcadero Visionary Plan

In 1997, a major redevelopment of the Embarcadero was proposed, to be carried out through a Joint Powers Authority (JPA), composed of the City of San Diego, the Centre City Development Corporation (CCDC), and the Port of San Diego. The proposed redevelopment was called the North Embarcadero Visionary Plan, a multi-phased redevelopment of the waterfront in downtown San Diego. This redevelopment project proposed to move Harbor Drive 40 ft to the east and build an esplanade from the B Street Pier to the former Navy Pier along Harbor Drive. It also included public art displays, tree groves and open spaces, while continuing San Diego's tradition of having a working waterfront, according to Port plans. The proposed redevelopment area was bordered by Market Street to the south (Marina District), Laurel Street to the north (Little Italy), and the railroad tracks to the east.

However, the proposed redevelopment project was sent back to the drawing boards in April 2010 when the California Coastal Commission rejected it. A major issue was the disappearance from the plan of an originally proposed 79000 sqft grassy park. In the plan rejected by the Coastal Commission, the park had been replaced by a smaller, hardscape plaza. The Port amended its plans and the first phase of the plan was completed in November 2014.

Central Embarcadero Redevelopment
The Port of San Diego is currently pursuing potential redevelopment of the Central Embarcadero. The site in consideration is approximately 70 acres of land and water that includes Seaport Village, Santa Monica Seafood (formerly Chesapeake Fish), and surrounding areas between the Manchester Grand Hyatt and the USS Midway Museum. Embarcadero Marina Park North, Ruocco Park, and Tuna Harbor are also included. The Headquarters and The Fish Market Restaurant are within the boundary but excluded from the proposed redevelopment project.

A mixed-use development is proposed that includes public realm space with parks, open spaces and plazas, piers, walkways, beaches, nature trails, shared streets, and public rooftop; hotels; an event center; an aquarium, office space, commercial fishing facilities; and retail/restaurants. The landmark structure would be a 500-foot observation tower designed by Bjarke Ingels Group. An environmental review process began in November 2022.

title: Embarcadero (San Diego)


text:
User talk:Lake Mahalinos

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. 00:13, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lake Mahalinos


text:
Suikoden II

Suikoden II (幻想水滸伝II) is a role-playing video game developed and published by Konami for the PlayStation video game console and the second installment of the Suikoden video game series. It was released in late 1998 in Japan, 1999 in North America, and in 2000 in Europe. The game features a vast array of characters, with over 100 recruitable characters, of which over 40 are usable in combat.

Suikoden II takes place 3 years after the events of the original Suikoden and centers on an invasion of the City-States of Jowston by the Kingdom of Highland. The player controls a silent protagonist who is the adopted son of Genkaku, a hero who saved the City-States of Jowston in a war against Highland years ago. The protagonist and his best friend, Jowy Atreides, each gain one half of the Rune of the Beginning, one of the 27 True Runes of the Suikoden setting, and become caught up in the intrigues of the invasion and the dark fate of those who bear the halves of that Rune. As with other Suikoden titles, the game also centers on the recruitment of the 108 Stars of Destiny, who together have the power to alter fate.

The game was initially released to lackluster sales and somewhat tepid critical reception, with some criticism (and lack of widespread appeal) being directed at the game's simpler and more retro 16-bit sprite visuals at a time when 3D graphics were heavily emphasized across the industry. Since, the game has become a cult classic, in retrospect being cited as a classic of the role-playing genre and one of the greatest video games of all time.

A compilation of the first two Suikoden games, Suikoden I & II, was released for PlayStation Portable in Japan on February 23, 2006. A high-definition English localization version of the compilation, under the title Suikoden I & II HD Remaster: Gate Rune and Dunan Unification Wars was originally scheduled for a worldwide release in 2023 for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows and Xbox One  but on August 30, 2023, it was announced that it was delayed to an unknown date.

Gameplay
Suikoden II is a role-playing video game with strategic elements, with multiple gameplay formats ranging from one-on-one combat to large scale confrontations between two armies. The player controls a silent protagonist, advancing the plot by completing tasks and talking with other characters. The player can also recruit over 100 new characters to his cause, often involving a short sidequest to do so. In towns, the player can gather information, sharpen characters' weaponry, and buy equipment and runes; wilderness areas generally feature random encounters with monsters.

Like other games of the series, Suikoden II employs a unique character leveling system from most RPGs. There is a fixed amount of experience points needed to gain each level, and experience gained after battles is determined by the difference in levels between the party members and enemies. This allows for low-level characters to catch up to the levels of enemies at later points in the game quickly, reducing the need for level grinding.

Runes, the source of all magic in the world of Suikoden II, are handled the same as the original Suikoden. Characters have a certain number of spell usages per "spell level"; for instance, a character with four level 1 spell slots and a Fire Rune could cast "Flaming Arrows" (the level 1 Fire Rune spell) four times. Some specialized runes or skill-based runes have different rules, such as unlimited use or a single use per battle.

Updates from the original Suikoden include a grid and unit based tactical battle system, the addition of a three rune slot system which allows for three different runes to be equipped at once, a party inventory system, a "dash" button that allowed the player to move around the screen quicker, and vast graphical improvement. Also notable is the inclusion of a variety of mini-games including one quite reminiscent of Iron Chef. A transfer of data from the prior game in the series enables returning characters to enter the fray with higher levels and improved weapons. References to the original Suikoden are also adapted accordingly for a greater feel in continuity.

Following the original Suikoden, Suikoden II contains three different types of combat:

 * Regular battles: Where the majority of combat takes place in the game, the turn-based battle system in Suikoden II is considered typical of JRPGs at the time, containing options for attack, magic (runes), items etc. The player can enter battles through random encounters on the world map and dungeons, or at specific points of the plot. The player may have a party of up to 6 characters in this battle type, against up to 6 enemies. If all six characters lose all their hit points and are thus incapacitated, it is game over and the player must restart (exceptions exist for certain plot battles in which winning is optional). This is the only type of combat where the player can gain experience, items or Potch (the currency of Suikoden II). Emphasis is placed on "unite attacks," unique combination attacks between specific characters in the party. These special attacks exhibit a wide variety of abilities and usually highlight the personality traits and relationships of the characters.
 * Duels: The main character is pitted against another character in single combat. This style of fighting only has three moves: Attack, Wild Attack, and Defend. This duel is played in a Rock, Paper, Scissors style where "Attack" beats "Defend", "Wild Attack" beats "Attack", and "Defend" beats "Wild Attack". The player must attempt to guess what kind of attack the enemy is going to perform by the dialogue displayed on-screen before each round.
 * Massive battles: More interactivity was added to this element of the gameplay over that of its predecessor. While some of the shades of the old "Rock, Paper, Scissors" style battle of the original (where cavalry beats archers, archers beat magic and magic beats cavalry) remain, Suikoden II introduces a grid style battle system reminiscent to that of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms or Fire Emblem games. As the main character recruits characters for his castle, this opens up more options for more units. Certain characters are 'unit leaders' while others are 'supports'. Every character adds a certain amount of defense or attack to a unit. In addition, certain characters also add special abilities to the unit to which they have been attached. The numbers affect the chances of win or loss as much as the type of units being pitted against each other. Every unit may take up to a total of two 'losses' which are counted when a unit suffers a severe number of casualties. Each skirmish they take part in might result in no loss, loss on one side, or even loss on both sides. As mentioned before, certain characters add special abilities to the units. Examples of these abilities include being able to take more losses than usual, magic or archery to allow attacks from a distance, healing of itself or others, etc. When a unit suffers its maximum losses it will retreat from battle and, when this happens there is a possibility of the characters in the unit being wounded or even killed. Should a character be killed in a massive battle, they are considered permanently dead.

Characters
The story of Suikoden II centers around the protagonist, Riou (any name can be chosen by the player), his childhood best friend Jowy Atreides, and his adopted sister Nanami. The story revolves around Riou and Jowy each acquiring one half of the Rune of the Beginning, one of the 27 True Runes that each govern an aspect of the Suikoden universe and are the source of all magical powers. The Rune, whose name references the creation myth of the Suikoden universe, governs conflict and war, and steers the destinies of Riou and Jowy so they must fight each other until one is defeated and the two halves are reunited. Their fated conflict causes much pain for Nanami, who wishes for the three friends to run away and live a quiet and happy life together.

The main conflict of the story centers on a war between the nations of Highland and the City-States of Jowston. The antagonist for the majority of the game is Luca Blight, heir to the throne of Highland. Luca is a brutal and bloodthirsty madman who developed a strong hatred for Jowston at a young age after witnessing his mother's rape by City-State soldiers during an earlier war.

As with all Suikoden games, the principal cast of the game is the 108 Stars of Destiny, who play important or minor roles in the plot of the game. Some prominent Stars of Destiny from the original Suikoden appear in Suikoden II and play key roles in the game, including Viktor and Flik. If the player loads save data from the original Suikoden at the beginning of the game, the protagonist of the previous game can be recruited.

Plot
The game begins with Riou and Jowy as members of the youth brigade of the Highland army. The bloodthirsty, maniacal Prince Luca Blight orchestrates the slaughter of the youth brigade under the false flag of the neighboring City-States of Jowston, giving the prince an excuse to justify an invasion. After promising to return to that spot if they are separated, Riou and Jowy escape the slaughter by jumping from a cliff into a river.

Riou is rescued from the river by a group of mercenaries working for Jowston, led by Viktor and Flik from the first Suikoden game, but is detained as an enemy soldier of Highland. Jowy is rescued by keepers of a mysterious shrine in a nearby town and is nursed back to health. Learning of Riou's imprisonment, Jowy rescues Riou and they escape back to their hometown in Highland. After reuniting with Nanami, the two are captured, accused of espionage, and sentenced to death by the Highland army to cover up the truth of the youth brigade massacre. They are saved by Viktor and Flik, and the three return to Jowston to fight against the invading Highland army. No match for Blight and the Highland army, they are forced to flee, and the Highland army razes the towns and villages in the region. Fleeing from the advancing Highland army, Riou and Jowy return to the now-destroyed town where Jowy was rescued, and are drawn to the mysterious shrine that is the resting place of the Rune of the Beginning. Entering the shrine, they each receive half of the Rune—the Bright Shield Rune and the Black Sword Rune—and continue to flee to the capital city of Jowston, Muse.

After arriving in Muse, Riou and Jowy are asked to participate in a spy mission to the Highland army camp, and while returning Jowy is captured by the enemy. Jowy is able to escape back to Muse but begins to act strangely after returning. Meanwhile, while trying to rally into battle against Highland, the individual leaders of the City-States collapse into petty bickering and infighting. As the Highland army approaches to attack Muse, however, Jowy murders the leader of Muse, Anabelle, and opens the city gates to let the Highland army in. Riou and Nanami, distraught over Jowy's betrayal, flee with the surviving members of Viktor's mercenary group south across Lake Dunan to regroup.

After liberating a ruined castle on the lake shore from the vampire Neclord, the group uses the castle as a new base to build their forces against Highland. Leknaat, the magician and True Rune bearer from the original Suikoden who oversees fate, appears and tells Riou that he has been chosen to gather the 108 Stars of Destiny to alter the fate the True Runes impose on the world. Riou and the recruited Stars of Destiny work to rally the remaining City-States under the banner of the New State Army.

During this time, it is learned that Jowy had made a deal with Luca Blight while captured to be allowed to assist Highland in defeating the City-States, in exchange for helping Luca achieve his personal ambitions. Jowy rises through the ranks of the Highland army after capturing Greenhill without even a battle, marries Luca's sister Princess Jillia, and plots with Luca to murder the King of Highland. However, Jowy reveals to some trusted lieutenants within the Highland army that his support for Luca is a ruse, that he believes Luca's insanity and cruelty are a threat to both Highland and Jowston, and he intends to betray Luca after building his own base of support. After becoming King of Highland, Luca launches an attack against the New State Army. Jowy uses the pending attack to betray Luca by warning the New State Army and giving Riou information on Luca's whereabouts. Riou and the New State Army ambush Luca, killing him after a lengthy struggle. Jowy then becomes king of Highland through his marriage to Jillia.

However, after the fall of Luca Blight, Jowy is still not willing to make peace with Jowston, as he is convinced that a new nation controlling both Highland and Jowston is needed to prevent the horror of war. He urges Riou to surrender, but Riou also can't betray the trust of his followers, and the two are destined to continue fighting. After successfully freeing the occupied City-States from Highland control, the New State Army defeats the Highland army and invades the capital city, causing Jowy to flee. After entering the Highland royal castle, Riou learns that Jowy had been using his Black Sword Rune to suppress the power of the Beast Rune, another of the 27 True Runes kept in the castle that governs animalistic rage, passion, and blood sacrifice. Luca's bloodthirsty ruthlessness was thought to be aided by the Rune, and Luca had been sacrificing the lives of citizens of Jowston to awaken the Rune's power. After defeating the activated Beast Rune, Riou returns to the cliff from the beginning of the game, where Jowy is waiting for him. The two duel one final time, with Jowy, Nanami, and Riou's ultimate fate depending on the player's choices and whether the player had recruited all 108 Stars of Destiny.

Development and release
In the winter of 1993/1994, Konami newcomers Yoshitaka Murayama and Junko Kawano were tasked with creating an RPG for an internally developed video games console. This game was scrapped in the early stages of development and despite the popular belief was not the basis for the script of Suikoden. Murayama, Kawano and ten other employees were instead assigned with developing Konami's first games for Sony's upcoming console, the PlayStation. With the pick of making a baseball game, a racing game or an RPG, Murayama and Kawano decided to reopen their RPG project, although Murayama has stated that given the opportunity, he would have preferred to make a shoot 'em up, citing his preference for arcade action titles such as Taito's Metal Black. Committed from the start to make a franchise to rival series such as Enix's Dragon Quest and Square's Final Fantasy, Murayama wrote the scenario of the first Suikoden. With the success of the first game a sequel gained a green-light. After reading fan letters Murayama decided that the selling point of the first game was its story, and thus it became the main focus of the second title. The story for Suikoden 2 was conceived after Suikoden 1 and was mostly written by Murayama himself. Suikoden II was made available for download on the PlayStation Network on December 9, 2014.

Reception
Suikoden II was commercially successful in Japan. In the West, the game saw a limited print run, and the lackluster initial response prevented a reprinting of the game. Despite this, the game received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Francesca Reyes of Next Generation called it "One of the best RPGs to hit PlayStation this year."

Since the 2010s, reanalysis of the game is often met with critical praise, and many video game critics and players alike consider it to be one of the best Konami games    as well as one of the best console RPGs from outside of the Square-Enix canon, and the best of all Suikoden games.

title: Suikoden II


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Tsar Tank

The Tsar Tank (Russian: Царь-танк, transcription: Tsar'-tank), also known as the Netopyr' (Russian: Нетопырь, which stands for Pipistrellus, a genus of bat) or Lebedenko Tank (Russian: танк Лебеденко), was a Russian armoured vehicle developed by Nikolai Lebedenko, Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Boris Stechkin, and Alexander Mikulin from 1914 onwards. The project was cancelled in 1915 after initial tests deemed the vehicle to be underpowered and vulnerable to artillery fire.

History
The Tsar Tank differed from modern tanks in that it did not use caterpillar tracks—rather, it used a tricycle design. The two front spoked wheels were nearly 9 m in diameter, and the rear-mounted third wheel was only 1.5 m high. According to the memoirs of Lebedenko, the idea of this machine was prompted by Turkic carts, which, thanks to large diameter wheels, were able to easily traverse bumps and ditches. The upper cannon turret reached a height of nearly 8 m. The hull was 12 m wide with two more cannon in sponsons. Additional weapons were also planned under the belly. Each wheel was powered by a 240 hp Maybach engine. Each engine drove a car wheel which transferred power to a matching giant wheel by being pressed against its rim. The design had a top speed of 10 mph.

Lebedenko had a private laboratory in Moscow (Sadovo-Kudrinskaya, 23) where he carried out orders from the military. The decisive audience for the project took place in January 1915 during which Lebedenko presented Nicholas II with a clockwork wooden model of his car with an engine based on a gramophone spring. According to the recollections of the courtiers, the Tsar and the engineer played with a model of the machine which briskly ran along the carpet, easily overcoming stacks of two or three volumes of the "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire". The audience ended with the fact that Nicholas II, impressed by the vehicle, ordered 210 thousand rubles to be allocated from his own funds for the project. Nicholas II kept the wooden model of the tank that Lebedenko made for the demonstration. The fate of the model is unknown.

Details of the tank were manufactured at a plant in Khamovniki. The huge wheels were intended to cross significant obstacles. However, the rear steerable roller, due to its small size and the incorrect weight distribution of the machine as a whole, got stuck in soft ground almost immediately after the start of the test. The large wheels were unable to pull it out, despite the use of the most powerful propulsion system at that time, consisting of two captured Maybach engines. These were much more powerful than those used on other tanks of the First World War, having been taken from a damaged German airship. This led to a number of failed tests before the High Commission in August 1915, and in September the project was cancelled. Despite this, Stechkin and Mikulin began to develop a new engine (AMBES) for the vehicle. However, this attempt was unsuccessful, as were attempts to move the Tsar Tank from its place and pull it out of the test area. Until 1917, the tank was guarded at the test site, but then, due to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, the vehicle was abandoned. Design work on it was no longer carried out and the huge structure of the vehicle rusted for another 6 years in the forest some 60 km from Moscow until 1923, when the tank was finally dismantled for scrap.

title: Tsar Tank


text:
Talk:Jim Hodges

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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title: Talk:Jim Hodges


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Talk:X chromosome

Interesting
Interesting things about the x chromosome: --nixie 00:17, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * X-linked disorders, dosage compensation, genes on X associated with genetic disorders
 * X-inactivation in human females and the gene XIST, Barr body
 * X chromosome sequencing

Nice article. Dhiraj Haloi (talk) 01:36, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Expansion
Added information about the structure and sequence of X from a 2005 nature article --Smelissali 03:23, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

I added the expansion template tag to the article. I think it needs more information about the genes in the chromosome, about its function in other animals, etc... The article about the Y chromosome, which is smaller than this, has more content --Mindeye 08:14, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Variance in IQ between the sexes and the role of the X chromosome
Is there somebody knowledgeable about the following? Different sources (e.g. Prof. Hameister in Ulm) state that a larger part of the inherited intelligence is carried by genes on the X chromosome and add that this was the reason for different variances in IQ between the sexes - there are more men who have very high and very low IQs compared to women. Christian Storm 16:48, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

I think you will find that the differences are in the spread of the distribution curves with the female curve having more area closer to the average IQ. This makes sense from an evolutionary point of view as males are disposable (A single successful male human can father hundreds of children, but a female can produce an order of magnitude fewer.) therefore a species can take risks with their DNA configuration whereas females, due to their different reproductive role, need to be more consistently capable. i.e. X-linked mental retardation is the price we pay for males also being capable of genius. This is not intended to sound sexist, or to imply that females cannot have a genius level IQ, it just suggests that the ones that do are more exceptional than their male genius peers.

On a related note, if we can have X-linked disorders than it does stand to reason that we also have X-linked extraordinary abilities, but what are they? I guess an examination of the roles of the specific genes on the X chromosome will indicate what areas these (theoretical) positive mutations can influence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.187.99.149 (talk) 23:27, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

Dead Ref. links in this part of Article
Triple X syndrome (also called 47,XXX or trisomy X):

This syndrome results from an extra copy of the X chromosome in each of a female's cells. Females with trisomy X have three X chromosomes, for a total of 47 chromosomes per cell. The average IQ of females with this syndrome is 90, while the average IQ of their normal siblings is 100 [1]. Their stature on average is taller than normal females. They are fertile and their children do not inherit the condition. [2]
 * This part of the article has to be looked at, as there are no Ref's now that the outsite Links are dead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.135.140.111 (talk) 23:32, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Any system as to which genes go there?
Is there any tendency or systematic about the kinds of genes that tend to end up on X (rather than one of the autosomes) in mammals? Please add. -- 92.231.117.237 (talk) 17:48, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

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Genes listed on this page
I was curious about how the genes listed on this page were chosen and what the purpose of the list is. Given that zygotes without an X chromosome are nonviable and X-linked disorders are common, I would have expected to see a list that highlights some genes that are essential for life and help explain why the X chromosome is essential, or some genes that have known relevance to X-linked disease. The list instead appears to be comprised chiefly of genes that are not well-characterized. I'm not trying to argue that the genes listed are not important, but given the state of things now I would argue that the list is not particularly helpful to someone trying to learn about the X chromosome. 18.111.124.163 (talk) 16:57, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:X chromosome


text: User talk:69.196.232.254

title: User talk:69.196.232.254


text: User talk:69.111.165.178

title: User talk:69.111.165.178


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Talk:Bernhard Knipperdolling

Untitled
I believe the following statement is in error - "His daughter Clara was married to Jan Bockelson after the introduction of polygamy." The proper sequence of events seems to be that Bockelson married Knipperdolling's daughter after his arrival in Munster, and was separated from her long before he became king or instituted the law of polygamy. He was already married, and had a family, before he went to Munster, but no one there probably knew it. I realize that many of the facts of that time are controversial, and am leaving the statement as is for now, hoping for time to research it and/or find confirmation from others. Thanks. - Rlvaughn 00:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jan Mattijs was "the baker of Haarlem", it was Jan van Leiden who was the tailor's apprentice. I'd also like to see a revision of the "beliefs" section, if only to allow for some citations. Also, Easter 1534 was on April 5th. -AD, Heidelberg

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title: Talk:Bernhard Knipperdolling


text: Category:The Farm songs

title: Category:The Farm songs


text:
Little Houghton

Little Houghton may refer to the following places in England:

 * Little Houghton, Northamptonshire
 * Little Houghton, South Yorkshire
 * Little Houghton House, in Little Houghton, Northamptonshire
 * Littlehoughton, a a location in Northumberland, UK

title: Little Houghton


text:
Oakland Motor Car Company

The Oakland Motor Car Company of Pontiac, Michigan, was an American automobile manufacturer and division of General Motors. Purchased by General Motors in 1909, the company continued to produce modestly priced automobiles until 1931 when the brand was dropped in favor of the division's Pontiac make.

Beginning
The company was created by Edward Murphy who owned the Pontiac Buggy Company and Alanson Brush who was working as a consultant in Detroit after leaving the Cadillac Motor Company. Oakland Motor Company was named for Oakland County, Michigan, in which it was based. As originally conceived and introduced, the first Oakland used a design created by Brush and presented to Murphy who liked the idea and decided to go into business. The vertical two-cylinder engine that rotated counterclockwise was originally presented to Cadillac but was rejected. This design by Alanson Partridge Brush, inventor of the single-cylinder Cadillac and Brush Runabout, also featured a planetary transmission. The 1908 Oakland came in five body styles, designated Model A–E, varing from a runabout to a landaulet. The first year of Oakland production, 1908, had 278 vehicles roll off the line.

GM Division
After one year of production, Oakland's principal founder, Edward Murphy, sold half of the company to William C. Durant's General Motors Corporation in early 1909. When Murphy died in the summer of 1909, GM acquired the remaining rights to Oakland. Within General Motors, Oakland was later slotted as their entry-level brand below the more expensive Oldsmobile, Buick, and Cadillac cars. Conventional four-cylinder engined models were introduced shortly after the GM takeover, and GM didn't acquire the volume-priced Chevrolet until 1917, and Oakland found itself competing with the Ford Model T introduced in October 1908. Once GM assumed operations of Oakland, production was moved to the factory that manufactured Cartercar in Pontiac, Michigan, another Durant acquisition that was cancelled while the resources were newly utilized, and the Oakland Model 40 was introduced. Starting with 1910 Oakland was exclusively offering 4-cylinder flathead engines with five different wheelbases and their advertising slogan was "The Car with a Conscience". By early 1920, however, production and quality control problems began to plague the division. In 1921, under new general manager Fred Hannum, a consistent production schedule was underway and the quality of the cars improved, and Oakland vehicles shared the GM A platform used by Chevrolet. One marketing tactic was the employment of a quick-drying bright blue automotive lacquer by Duco (a DuPont brand product), leading to the slogan "True Blue Oakland Six". The Oakland was built only in Pontiac, Michigan, which is the county seat of Oakland County. The name antedates any GM association with an automobile manufacturing facility in Oakland, California, that built Chevrolet vehicles before Chevrolet joined GM called Oakland Assembly.

Oakland Six and V8
In 1913 the Oakland Six was introduced followed in 1916 by the Model 50 365 cuin flathead V8 engine sourced from Northway Motor and Manufacturing company, and production soared to 35,000 in 1917. The Series 50 V8 used a flathead design shared with the Oldsmobile Light Eight and the Cadillac Type 51. The Model 50 was only available from 1915 to 1917 as a seven-passenger touring sedan on a 127" wheelbase and was listed at US$1,600 ($0 in dollars ).

In 1930, Oakland reintroduced the Model 101 V8, again using a flathead architecture, on a 117" wheelbase and offered it as a roadster, phaeton, coupe, closed body sedan and sport coupe. Prices were listed at US$895 ($0 in dollars ) for the roadster or phaeton to US$1,045 ($0 in  dollars ) for the Custom Sedan. The Oakland V8 was shared with the Viking V8 which was a companion of Oldsmobile and was the only product sold.  1931 was the last year for the Oakland Model 301 V8 and the only vehicle available was the V8 with very few changes, and was renamed the 1932 Pontiac Series 302 V8. The 1932 V8 had an oversquare bore and stroke of 3.4375 in x 3.375 in displacing 251 cuin with a compression ratio of 5.2:1. Horsepower was rated at 85 @3200 RPM using three main bearings, solid valve lifters and a Marvel one barrel carburetor. Unusually, Pontiac switched to the straight-eight for 1933 until it was replaced in 1954.

Pontiac joins Oakland then replaces Oakland
As General Motors entered the 1920s, the product ladder started with the price-leading Chevrolet marque, and then progressed upward in price, power, and luxury to Oakland, Oldsmobile, Buick, and ultimately Cadillac. By the mid-1920s, a sizable price gap existed between Chevrolet and Oakland, as well as a wide gap between Oldsmobile and Buick. Also, a product gap existed between Buick and Cadillac. General Motors pioneered the idea that consumers would aspire to buy up an automotive product ladder if a company met certain price points-called the Companion Make Program. To address this, General Motors authorized the introduction of four brands priced and designed to fill the gaps. Cadillac would introduce the LaSalle to fill the gap between Cadillac and Buick. Buick would introduce the Marquette to handle the upper end of the gap between Buick and Oldsmobile. Oldsmobile would introduce the Viking, which took care of the lower end of the same gap.

Oakland's part in this plan was the 1926 Pontiac, a shorter-wheelbase "light six" priced to sell at a four-cylinder car's price point, but still above Chevrolet. Pontiac was the first of the companion marques introduced, and in its first year sold 49,875 units. By 1929, GM sold 163,000 more Pontiacs than Oaklands. The discontinuation of Oakland was announced with the onset of the Great Depression in 1931. Pontiac was the only companion make to survive beyond 1940, or to survive its "parent" make.

title: Oakland Motor Car Company


text:
Wedell-Williams Model 44

The Wedell-Williams Model 44 is a racing aircraft, four examples of which were built in the United States in the early 1930s by the Wedell-Williams Air Service Corporation. It began as a rebuilding of the partnership's successful We-Will 1929 racer, but soon turned into a completely new racing monoplane aircraft, powered by a large radial engine. Model 44s became the dominant racers of the 1930s, setting innumerable records including setting a new world speed record in 1933.

The only surviving Model 44 is on display at the Crawford Auto-Aviation Museum, Cleveland, Ohio. Three replica Model 44s are on display at the Louisiana State Museum, Patterson, Louisiana.

Design and development
Experienced air-racer Jimmy Wedell formed a business partnership in 1929 with millionaire Harry P. Williams after giving him flying lessons. Initial plans were to teach flying, provide an aerial photography service and win an airmail contract. Wedell's passion for air racing led him to convince Williams to build a racer for the January, 1930 Miami Air Races.

This first aircraft was named "We-Will" but as development and testing continued it became apparent it would not be ready for the 1930 Miami event. Wedell halted development of the "We-Will" design and began a new aircraft, the "We-Winc".

In parallel to the development of the We-Winc, Wedell began the construction of a third aircraft, the "We-Will Jr." This aircraft first appeared in the Cirrus Derby held in Detroit on July 21 but the design proved to be underpowered. Further development with improved aerodynamics, numerous technical innovations and a Hamilton Standard ground adjustable propeller radically changed the aircraft's appearance. Incorporated into the design were the wheel spats that would be an iconic feature of the future racers. It was a typical construction with a braced, low-wing monoplane utilizing fixed landing gear in large spats. This version was however also underpowered. In development and in competition this version, by now dubbed "Model 22" proved to be a disappointment and further development was abandoned.

Operational history
By 1931, Wedell had turned his attention back to the original We-Will and after a rebuild using the lessons learned in building the We-Winc and the We-Will Jr. attained an acceptable level of performance. This version was named the "Model 44". When mated with a Pratt & Whitney Wasp Jr. engine, the design's true potential began to be realized. That year, the "44" placed second at the National Air Races.

Soon after the '31 Nationals, Wedell began rebuilding the 44 and the We-Winc as well as taking a contract to build a Model 44 for the famous aviator Roscoe Turner. On the second test flight of Turner's Model 44, the left wing experienced a structural failure and was destroyed in the ensuing crash. Piloting the aircraft himself, Wedell parachuted to safety. After this incident, the assistance of Howard Barlow, an aeronautical engineer, was obtained in the redesign of the wings. The second Turner racer was built with the new wing design and proved to be an exceptional performer. The other two Model 44s were rebuilt according to the new wing specification as test pilots had noted wing vibrations in both aircraft previously.

These three aircraft went on to dominate air racing for the next several years. Model 44s were raced in 1932, 1933 and 1934 Bendix Trophy races, as well as the 1934 Thompson and Shell Trophy. In September 1933 at the International Air Race in Chicago, the 44 piloted by Wedell set the new world speed record for landplanes at 305.33 miles per hour. Flying a 44, Doug Davis won the 1934 Bendix Trophy, but crashed and was killed while leading the Thompson Trophy Race on September 3, 1934. Roscoe Turner won the Thompson Trophy in a 44 with a different engine, while J. A. Worthen placed third, also in a 44.

Survivors and replicas
Roscoe Turner's Model 44, NR61Y, is on display at the Crawford Auto-Aviation Museum in Cleveland, Ohio. Replicas of all three Model 44s are now displayed at the Wedell-Williams Aviation & Cypress Sawmill Museum - Patterson, a branch of the Louisiana State Museum.

Media appearances

 * Tail Spin, Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 1939

title: Wedell-Williams Model 44


text:
Category:Defunct television stations in Canada

This category lists television stations in Canada which are no longer in operation.

With some exceptions, many of the stations listed here were converted from originating stations to rebroadcasters of stations originating in other markets.


text:
Talk:Tuileries Palace

Destruction during the 1871 Commune
Supporters of the Paris Commune destroyed most of the palace in 1871.

They didn't "destroy" it, large part of Paris was destroyed when the army attacked Paris, the fighters of the commune fought against the army house to house. According to Lissagaray the palace burnt down because of shelling:

 * With nightfall the shooting slackened, but the shelling still went on. A red light glared in the Tuileries; the Ministry of Finance was burning. It had during the whole day received part of the Versaillese shells, destined for the terrace of the Tuileries, and the papers piled up in its upper storeys had taken fire. The firemen of the Commune had at first extinguished this conflagration, interfering with the defence of the St. Florentin redoubt, but it had soon lit up again, and become unquenchable.

I will try to find suitable wording and change the article accordingly.--130.161.31.140 1 July 2005 14:10 (UTC)

Rebuilding the palace
Regarding rebuilding the palace - the claim that "since 2003, the idea has gained momentum in French media", is simply incorrect, to my knowledge there is no genuine debate of anything besides a small group of people who appear to try to push their point across wikipedia ... Ajani (talk) 13:45, 6 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Modified the paragraph and added a ref. --Robert.Allen (talk) 18:12, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

There is a genuine debate of a plan to rebuild the palace, which has nothing to do with "a small group of people who appear to try to push their point across wikipedia..." Please read the following,
 * http://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2008/qSEQ080604809.html
 * published in the Journal Officiel du Sénat on 12 June 2008 - a more recent date than the 2006 one given in article:

 * Projet de reconstruction du palais des Tuileries 13 ème législature

 * Question écrite n° 04809 de Mme Catherine Dumas  (Paris - UMP)
 * Journal Officiel du Sénat, 12 June 2008, p. 1146

 * Mme Catherine Dumas attire l'attention de Mme la ministre de la culture et de la communication sur le projet de reconstruction du Palais des Tuileries.

 * Réponse du Ministère de la culture et de la communication
 * Journal Officiel du Sénat, 28 August 2009, p. 1729

--Frania W. (talk) 01:47, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * A genuine debate between some people that are passionate about it, maybe, but certainly not a public debate among the French or Parisians in general (I'm French and was Parisian until recently). I had never heard of this. The answer from the culture ministry shows that the project is not gonna happen anytime soon considering the number of issues it poses. Aesma (talk) 21:27, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

 * The Wikipedia article on rebuilding the Tuileries Palace is written from a strong POV in favor of rebuilding, and no reference to controversial debate is shared. Violations of NPOV: several reasons for rebuilding section, the "famous" perspective, "the Musée du Louvre needs to expand its ground", "if the Tuileries Palace were rebuilt...", "It is argued that recreating the state apartments of the Tuileries would allow the display of these treasures". These sentences should be rewritten to yield a NPOV, AND the opposing debate side should be included here. Public surveys should also be shared if available: what is the actual public support of rebuilding? This does sound like it's written from the perspective of somebody eager to rebuild, and their editing Wikipedia to push that perspective as if it's the default, "correct" view. -- 22 May 2020 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.193.233.121 (talk) 14:41, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

Map of the current Louvre
This map includes I.M. Pei's Pyramid, so it shows the Louvre as it has been since 1988. The current caption, as shown here, does not make clear that this is a map of the contemporary Louvre and shows the location of the former Tuileries Palace. Also, it seems odd to me that it should be placed at the top of the History section on the Tuileries Palace and (on my computer at least) is displayed next to the paragraph discussing the Tuileries Palace during the reign of Louis XIV. Many of the structures shown here were not added until the 19th century. --Robert.Allen (talk) 03:06, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * The appearance of the Louvre now is essentially the same as it was when the Tuileries Palace was destroyed. All the structures shown in the plan, except for the Pei Pyramid, were in place as of 1871. That map works as a map for all the years since, so not labeling it as modern shouldn't be confusing. The absence of the Tuileries should tell someone that it's a post-1883 map. But it couldn't hurt to say that it's a 2004 map in the caption. As far as its placement, I think that sometimes images explain the adjoining text and sometimes they can be read separately from the text but together as images. Although I wasn't the one who placed them, I think that as currently placed the two maps better show the historical orientation of the palace site to the Louvre and the rest of the city than if separated. Dhtwiki (talk) 04:48, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 April 2022
It’s missing a architectural style. AJ DA SUN GOD (talk) 00:52, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

Please make it public AJ DA SUN GOD (talk) 00:52, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 01:41, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
 * There is a list of supposedly applicable architectural styles in the infobox and one listed among the categories. However, there isn't any sourced material to support that in the article, that I could see. Dhtwiki (talk) 06:17, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

King of Rome
This link is not to anything about Napoleon Ii] II] but rather to the classical office prior to the establishment of the [[Roman Republic Someone who can badly needs to edit this.  2600:1004:B1C5:25D7:0:22:9B12:3701 (talk) 19:26, 18 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Good catch. Fixed it with a pipe to Napoleon II. --Robert.Allen (talk) 21:10, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Photo
Hello. I ask in Talk page because the article is locked. Could you change this picture File:Jardins du Trocadéro vestige.jpg ? There was a confusion on French Wikipedia and on Commons. More explanations on fr:Jardins du Trocadéro. In the Trocadero gardens, there are two ruins, one from the Tuileries Palace (File:Vestiges Tuileries jardins du Trocadéro 12-1.jpg or File:Vestiges Tuileries jardins du Trocadéro 11.jpg) and one from the old Hôtel de ville de Paris, which was destroyed in 1871, during the Commune too. The English Wikipedia article shows the ruin Hôtel de ville de Paris and not from the Tuileries. Sorry for my level in English. Regards, Polymagou (talk) 17:45, 4 January 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ – I've changed the image at the article. Dhtwiki (talk) 07:19, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tuileries Palace


text: User:Mirv/blink

title: User:Mirv/blink