text:
Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar

Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar (19 May 1890 – 23 January 1967 ), popularly known as Ariyakudi, was a Carnatic music vocalist, born in Ariyakudi, a town in the present-day Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu. Ariyakudi developed a unique style of singing which came to be known as The Ariyakudi Tradition and is followed by his students. He is credited with establishing the modern katcheri (concert) traditions in Carnatic music.

In 1954, he was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama. This was followed by Padma Bhushan by Government of India in 1958.

Early life and background
Ariyakudi was born in Ariyakudi, a village in the southern Karaikudi town in present-day Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu, South India, on 19 May 1890. He studied under Pudukottai Malayappa Iyer and Namakkal Narasimha Iyengar in his early years. Later he studied for several years under Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar, the senior most disciple of Patnam Subramania Iyer.

He married Ponnammal (in 1909) and the couple had two daughters. Later he set up another house with Kanjanur Sundarambal Dhanammal, who was a devadasi and became his student after which there was a romantic association. With two women in his life, his later years witnessed domestic acrimony.

Career and legacy
He made his debut at Tyagaraja Aradhana in 1918.

The doyen of Carnatic music, Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, is known to have remarked, "I was greatly influenced by Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar. I do not want another life. But if there is one, I want to be able to sing like Ramanuja Iyengar". And another maestro, G N Balasubramaniam, a contemporary of Ariyakudi, is known to have prostrated in front of him out of respect. Ariyakudi formed a formidable partnership on the concert platform with mridangam maestro Palghat Mani Iyer and two had a strong friendship born out of mutual respect. Palghat Mani Iyer is reported to have said, "Annaa (Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar) and Iyengarval (Ariyakudi) are like my two eyes".

Disciples
Ariyakudi's famous disciples include [V V Sadagopan]K V Narayanaswamy, B. Rajam Iyer, Alepey Venkatesan, Madurai N. Krishnan, and Ambi Bhagavathar. He also had regular interactions with M.S. Subbulakshmi and shaped her musical interests.

Awards

 * Sangeetha Kalanidhi award (1938)
 * Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1952)
 * Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (1954)
 * Isai Perarignar (1950) by Tamil Isai Sangam, Chennai
 * Gayaka Shikhamani by Mysore darbar
 * Sangita Ratnakara by Vellore Sangeetha Sabha
 * Sangita Kala Shikhamani by Indian Fine Arts Society, Chennai
 * Padma Bhushan award by Government of India in 1958

title: Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar


text:
Talk:Carpetbagger

embittered
The first part seems a little embittered and anti-Northerner

As a rejoinder: The term "carpetbagger" is anti-Northerner by its very existence. It was created by Southerners to disparage Northerners who did move south to take advantage (in the neutral sense) of the Reconstruction-era political situation.

The article makes use of the external point of view ("perceived by Southerners") and certainly doesn't seem "bitter" to me. The actual diction itself might leave a little to be desired - it reads a bit like an 8th-grader's book report on the term - but I don't see the un-neutral aspect of term.

Seems pretty neutral to me Rrreese 10:39, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I have noticed biased terms and phrases throughout this article. Regardless of one's point of view, the article does not fit the neutrality standards of the encyclopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.21.21.149 (talk) 07:35, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

should be two articles
This should be two articles: one on the history of the term; the other on Republicans in the South, 1865-1876. The implication that carpetbagger is a fair description of Tourgée or Morgan (in the same sense it was used of Alan Keyes, for example) is unavoidably POV Septentrionalis 22:45, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

the term was first used...
Undoubtedly the term was first used as an insult, but many carpetbaggers, including Tourgee, embraced it (Tourgee once said that Jesus Christ was a carpetbagger), and we are now stuck with it. What else does one call "Northern Republicans living in the South during Reconstruction"? An analogy might be to the members of the Industrial Workers of the World. "Wobbly" was a term someone else gave them; it is now accepted by virtually everyone. I believe "Mormon" has a similar history.

 * Thanks, I think you have found a fix. Septentrionalis 22:47, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

As a substantive matter, this article largely fails to address carpetbaggers in popular culture. Villainous-looking carpetbaggers make an appearance in the film version of GONE WITH THE WIND, for example.

 * Please sign with 4 ~'s, even if you don't have an account; it makes discussion easier to follow. Septentrionalis 22:47, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I seem to remember the origin of carpetbaggers from my high school history class. A carpetbagger was a travelling con artist who bought land deeds from Southern blacks. The carpetbagger kept the deeds in his bag made of carpet. When the Civil War ended, freed blacks (black soldiers?) were given land each (often plantation land) as payment for their service in the army, possibly, or as reparations (along with a donkey/mule?). These free blacks became poor because they couldn't find much work. So the blacks sold their land deeds to the carpet baggers, who travelled from place to place buying deeds, most often below what the land was worth. The money that the blacks received was soon spent (often on liquor), and the landless blacks fell into poverty. The blacks could have supported themselves by growing food on their land, if they had not sold the land. The carpet baggers resold the land to white land owners at a huge profit. This is why the carpet baggers had such a bad reputation. They became the stereotype for the grinning saleman/conman, who dissappears when his game is discovered. I don't remember any mention that the carpetbaggers were Northern Republicans nor Southern Democrats. Oddly, the fictional British nanny Mary Poppins had a carpet bag. The carpet bag may reperesent any traveller, as Mary Poppins was. 76.81.194.199 (talk) 02:49, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

done
I'm done with this article, though the article itself is a bit short, I think. The "Carpetbaggers in Fiction" section should probably be "Carpetbaggers in Popular Culture." Such a heading could include information about how carpetbaggers have been portrayed in school history textbooks, as well as the fact that the OSS used the codename "Carpetbagger" for secret missions using modified B-24's (which were also called "carpetbaggers") to aid local resistance groups. I know relatively little about this, and may have a few of the facts wrong, but the codename itself suggests, perhaps, that at least a few people living in the mid-twentieth century had a favorable impression of carpetbaggers.--dogcanteen

Citations needed
The basic issue with this article is that it violates central tenets of verifiability and No original research.

Not one alleged fact in this article is sourced. Historiography is crucial for the credibility of this article. A brief bibliography does not substitute for sourcing within the article.

Wikipedia has standards. They are not being enforced here. This is not a whim. It is policy. This page will be flagged for the absence of specific citations. Citing sources will be a service to readers, especially student readers who will know that we enforce policy against sloppy research techniques. Skywriter 02:28, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Foner
After 1960 the neoabolitionist school emphasized their moral courage.

Foner et al. does a lot more than emphasize moral courage, and so I am taking it out until a more complete explanation is available. Skywriter 16:13, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

10,000-15,000 Confderate disenfranchised
To claim that all of these were replaced by Yanks is misleading.

Usage of this figure should be cited, and should be qualified that accurate figure is not known. Further, northerners did not fill all of the jobs in southern government. Many if not most were filled by other Southerners including blacks and whites native to the region. Skywriter 16:39, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Furbush?
Why is Furbush being called a carpetbagger(definition: Yankee). This article says Furbush was born in Kentucky. Is there a citation for this material? Thanks. Skywriter 06:30, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Historian Wintory calls Furbrush (in the title): "African-American Carpetbagger" .. Note that Wintory himself helped edit this section. Rjensen 07:02, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Is this an argument in favor of independent research on Wikipedia? Your response fails to address the point that was raised. Furbush is a native of the South. Why is he being called a carpetbagger? Either the book title is in error or the definition of carpetbagger on this page is inaccurate.

That some people were falsely labeled by careless historians who were POV-pushing is precisely the point of John Hope Franklin and other historiographers. Skywriter 17:04, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Furbrush was from Ohio, and that makes him a carpetbagger (Kentucky where he was a small child of course was a Union state too). The fact he had been to Liberia shows he had travelled widely. The section is based on a major article in a scholarly journal, which very explictly says he was a Carpetbagger. But there is an interesting point: what about someone who moves from South Carolina to Texas. I supposethat person was called a scalawag. Rjensen 17:30, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Furbush was born in Kentucky, but several sources say he received his education in Ohio (see my Ark. Historical Quarterly article). I haven't found any other connections to Kentucky except that he was born there. It appears that by the time he was an adult he was living in Ohio and working as a photographer--and taking pics of Union soldiers and local women. I concluded that he had strong Northern connections--he established a family there...has children buried there.  How do you classify a former slave from a non-Confederate state, who was educated in the North and travels from there to a Confederate state to establish a business and fill political offices?  --Bwintor 18:56, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Arkansas additions
I added links to an entry I wrote for the Encyc. of Ark. History & Culture on Arkansas carpetbagger D. P. Upham, as well as a link to Ark's carpetbagger Gov., Powell Clayton.--Bwintor 16:40, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Figures if they ovoted for tahat communist who married a yankee!(Lihaas (talk) 06:53, 9 January 2011 (UTC)).

incorrect Reconstruction dats
Our first sentence here claims that Reconstruction started in 1865. As any serious historian notes, Reconstruction started at least in 1863 with Lincoln's 10% plan and 1864's subsequent Wade-Davis bill. These two examples clearly demonstrate that major Civil War era politicians were considering plans for Reconstruction during the war. One could even argue that Reconstruction started in 1861 with the Sea Isles experiments off South Carolina. At any rate, to mark the start of Reconstruction from the end of the Civil War is largely off base. I'm not going to change the date until we at least have some discussion about it, but this needs to be corrected. 66.10.167.1 05:07, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Barak Obama Bin Laden ?? Who the hell is that?

I'm not very sure if the current first sentence "In United States history, carpetbaggers were fat lesbian Northerners..." is absolutely accurate. Later in the article, at least some of them are mentioned as businessmen, which seems to outrule the lesbism. Cut the f.l. part out. --Oop 00:10, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Never in my life have I seen Reconstruction's beginnings as being dated earlier than 1865. Given the nature of war and the meaning of the term "Reconstruction" itself, it is fairly obvious why Reconstruction is not dated earlier than 1865. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.141.154.101 (talk) 15:53, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Vandalization
Hello, If you know anything of this topic please write it down. This page had been vandalized and if you can be of service that would be much obliged. Thank you, MR.X —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.96.76.227 (talk) 03:55, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

To say that this article reads like an 8th grade book report is to insult 8th graders. This article implies that most of the "carpetbaggers" were simply going south for selfless reasons. That's like saying the Iraq occupation is for nothing but "noble" causes. Like most of what's on Wikipedia, its Pop Culture, Revisionist History. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.31.203.160 (talk) 04:57, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * And perhaps you could enlighten us to the "real" reasons of the Iraqi occupation. In order to be more ridiculously cliched, you should have written this: That's like saying the Iraq Occupation is for something else other than oil.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.141.154.101 (talk) 15:43, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

The Human Interest Library
On page 290 of the chapter "Reconstruction and Expansion" of "The Human Interest Library, vol 3, "Our Country in Romance," it says that carpet-baggers were the ku klux klan. Or were called as such by the Southerners. It describes the KKK as a secret society to "protect" whites from Negroes who fight against whites back then; it does not say this in support of the KKK, as it originally describes them disparagingly.
 * This is totally wrong. The carpetbaggers and the KKK were on opposite sides and struggled against each other. I'm not saying the carpetbaggers were perfect but they were working for equal rights for the blacks while the KKK was trying to suppress the black people. Jaque Hammer (talk) 19:05, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Question
The article says this term was given to "opportunistic" northerners who moved to the South. But was it given only to people who were opportunistic or to all "invading" northerners? Were there not northerners who moved south with good intentions to help in the rebuilding? I'm concerned the article gives the impression that everyone who moved south was a carpetbagger and that all carpetbaggers were sleazy opportunists. Is that fair and accurate? Freakshownerd (talk) 18:06, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

POV problems
The article has had longstanding, numerous POV problems - from tone, lack of adequate citations, choice of quotes and facts, from the lede and throughout. Yes, carpetbagger was a derogatory term used by Southerners bitter about Northerners taking positions of power and finding ways to make money after the war, but the article gives only a partial account of some of the problems and the context. It starts with a definition, but most of the content appears to argue that allegations of corruption (and carpetbagger as a negative term) were justified. Even then, most of the citations are inadequate, as they do not provide page numbers so that reader can check the original text. Facts and quotes have been selected from one side of the controversy, and the article relies too much on anecdotal quotes, rather than factual material. Was there corruption? No doubt, but that is not unusual in a postwar environment (or during war, as some of the scandals in Iraq under Bush made clear.)Parkwells (talk) 20:40, 19 June 2010 (UTC)
 * WP:Bold change waht you think, on reverts we can discuss the specifics.(Lihaas (talk) 06:38, 9 January 2011 (UTC)).
 * The section on the modern usage of carpetbaggers is a biased joke. More obvious examples, such as Hillary Clinton, who was being called a carpetbagger from the very first day she announced for her Senate candidacy, are not included, yet two members of the Bush family are mentioned(without even a whiff of a source) even though they had lived in their respective states for years.  Seriously, do the people who write these supposedly encyclopedic entries ever realize how biased they are?  A whole hell of a lot of the articles concerning politics on Wikipedia are so biased it almost rises to the level of parody.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.141.154.101 (talk) 15:39, 9 June 2011 (UTC)
 * If you google "Hillary Clinton Carpetbagger" you get an enormous number of sites listed. The first page has about a half-dozen from the NY Times alone.  Until she is placed in this entry as a modern day example of a carpetbagger, I am removing the Bushes.

Jay Rockefeller
I have again [removed an extensive section on Rockefeller. This time, there was a source (Dr. Allen H. Loughry II, Don't Buy Another Vote, I Won't Pay for a Landslide, McClain Printing Company. 2006, pg 160). However, the only use of the term "carpetbagger" in that source occurs on page 77 (not page 160). In context, the usage is not referring to Rockefeller as a carpetbagger, rather it is a quote from Justice Warren McGraw referring to "preventing the abuses and self-dealing of the 'carpetbaggers' of the Reconstruction period" in reference to WV's 1872 constitution. Rockefeller was born in 1937. The quote has nothing to do with him. This issue falls under our [[WP:BLP|policy on biographies of living persons]]. To refer to Rockefeller as a "carpetbagger" here, we would need {WP:RS|reliable sources]] referring to him as such. As an alternative, if we had a reliable source quoting someone quite significant or notable calling him a "carpetbagger", we might find a place for the claim in Jay Rockefeller. - SummerPhD (talk) 03:51, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

Australian Usage?
Seems a bit strage to me, as an Australian i have never heard the term used in this context. I dont think it should be inlcuded simply because one person happened to use it in an article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.69.48.80 (talk) 02:26, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

"Parachute candidate"
Greetings, everyone.

Parachute candidate has been redirected to Carpetbagger since 3 January 2011. There are also roughly 20 other articles that currently use the term. The explanation for the term, however, was removed from the "Modern use" section of the Carpetbagger article with this edit on 16 June 2011. Please understand that I'm just providing context; I'm not in any way implying that anyone has done anything wrong, intentionally or otherwise. I'm unfamiliar with the term so, for all I know, the redirect and removal were probably legitimate actions.

Here's the text that used to be in the Parachute candidate article:

And here's the text that used to be in the Carpetbagger article:

Googling news articles, I find uses of the term across the English-speaking world, with the exception of America, from Canada and Borneo to Ireland and India. Here are just a few examples:
 * Use in a 2008 CBC.ca article
 * Use in a 2011 Borneo Post article
 * Use in a 2011 Herald.ie article
 * Use in a 2012 Times of India article

Should we:
 * 1) leave everything just as it is?
 * 2) add some form of the term back into the Carpetbagger article?
 * 3) remove the redirect and restore Parachute candidate as its own article?
 * 4) regard this term as one that's specific to certain varieties of English, and gloss the 20-odd references occurrences?
 * 5) treat it as slang and, per WP:TONE, eradicate it completely from Wikipedia?
 * 6) do something else?

My personal inclination is towards the option of adding it back into the Carpetbagger article but, again, since the term is unfamiliar to me, I'd like to get some other editors' opinions, please.

Cheers! ➢ Bgpaulus (WORDS & DEEDS)  18:38, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing this out. I think that since parachute candidate redirects to this article, there should be more mention of that term in this article (that would be option 2).  Alternatively, option 3, restoring the parachute candidate article may be worth exploring, but I'm not sure how complete that article was before it was redirected.

 * I make these comments as a Canadian who follows politics quite closely. From my personal observations (which I know is unscientific), parachute candidate is used more widely in Canadian media to describe political candidates who run in areas they don't live in to increase their chances of getting elected.  Here's a recent article where a candidate was referred to as a parachute candidate. Robthepiper (talk) 23:55, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Jews
There was opposition to the Jews who came over. TYhat needs mention here. Heres some prelim refs (Lihaas (talk) 11:44, 22 January 2014 (UTC)).

 * Do not add anything from rense.com as it is certainly not a reliable source in any sense. In addition to failing our guidelines, it's a conspiracy theory site: the government controls weather patterns, Obama is secretly dying, unemployment in the U.S. is secretly at 37%, etc. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 16:13, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

Copy edit request: Need access to source
In the "Economic motives" section there is the following: "Foner notes that "joined with the quest for profit, however, was a reforming spirit, a vision of themselves as agents of sectional reconciliation and the South's "economic regeneration." Accustomed to viewing Southerners—black and white—as devoid of economic initiative and self-discipline, they believed that only "Northern capital and energy" could bring "the blessings of a free labor system to the region.""

There is a quotation mark missing here. Probably some of them should be single because they're nested. Unfortunately, without access to the source (Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988), p. 137. Harper & Row) I don't know how to resolve the problem. The relevant page isn't available on Google Books. Hairy Dude (talk) 12:53, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

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When ("Sixty men from the North")
After an inexhaustive search through Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic by Davidson et al., I could not find clarifying information about the "[s]ixty men" who were elected to Congress, as mentioned in the lead. In hopes that someone might have better luck than me, I've added a when? tag instead of deleting the passage. Jodapop (talk) 23:07, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Carpetbagger


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Missing leg syndrome

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:57, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Missing leg syndrome
This is nonsense. RickK 06:40, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. This article does have an element of truth. If it weren't for deletion, there could be a lot more than the humongous 746,146 articles on Wikipedia - possibly one and a half million. Scott Gall 06:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You really believe cats have magical powers? RickK 06:49, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * ... and that's exactly why we have deletion. Delete this silly piece. Radiant! 09:27, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verification is provided. Gazpacho 07:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are no notable references. The phrase "Many theorize that cats possess magical powers unknown to the rest of the world" lowers its credibility. Zzyzx11 07:48, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism, speculation. Strange the way their legs do that though. Kappa 09:30, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Remove that catastrophe. Megan1967 09:39, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Suggest merge at Talk:Cat. While the name and the magic bit are obviously hoaxy, I heard about such a thing too. Let the people at the cat article sort it out and add it if it's verified and notable. No need for a seperate article. Mgm|(talk) 10:13, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Zero hits at Google for "missing leg syndrome" cats, and there are a godzillion cat lover pages out there. If one hasn't picked this one up yet, it's a neologism. HyperZonktalk 16:57, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. – flamurai (t) 17:29, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello, this should be speedily deleted as patent nonsense / disruption of Wikipedia. Even listing it on VfD is a colossal waste of time. DreamGuy 02:55, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, blatant nonsense. And, yes, this deserves a BJAODN mention. Meow. vlad_mv 04:45, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rossami (talk) 05:35, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect to phantom limb. --Carnildo 06:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No verification -- Longhair 14:08, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or maybe redirect to phantom limb. -Sean Curtin 17:23, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Patent nonsense, a BJAODN candidate. Delete. - 195.113.20.20 17:13, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This shouldn't redirect to phantom limb because it's not related to phantom limb . —Brim 05:01, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat 08:32, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Musala

Former name Stalin
Here are some references: I can add a reference to a Czech book about Balkan Mountains but I am not sure if it is desired to have such references in English Wikipedia. --pabouk 16:16, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Musala Peak, or Stalin Peak (mountain, Bulgaria) — articles in Encyclopædia Britannica. Unfortunately the complete text is not freely accessible.
 * Přejmenování ve východní Evropě — (List of Renamed Places in Eastern Europe)

Peak renaming
The quote from the article you have cited as the reason to include this paragraph (""the president will present the suggestion in the parliament after two weeks"") is erroneous. In fact, it refers to some political consultations between all parliamentary-represented parties and the president. The passage regarding Musala is further down and it is explained that this will be discussed first and "Saint John of Rila" is only Ataka's suggestion. The president explained that renaming decisions are taken by a commission and only after that can they be directed to the president.

In summary:
 * no voting in parliament is referenced in the article
 * no "official renaming" is about to take place; the name is only the idea of one opposition political party which seeks to provoke a discussion
 * the president has explained to the party leader that a certain process for renaming exists and has to be followed

In my opinion, these three points make the passage you have added to the article misleading and non-notable. In the future, please peruse the source carefully and try not to alter its meaning, intentionally or not. I will be expecting your response here or the revert of your edit; else, I will remove the passage in 24 hours. Best,  — Toдor Boжinov — 10:39, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

 * It is indeed erroneous, but the sentence should be rewritten not deleted. The suggestion for the renaming will be given to comission and if it comply with the comission's rules, the president will decide to rename the peak or not. Before you answer, I will remove at first time "voting in parliament" and "official renaming". Best. --Ceco31 (talk) 14:24, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree with Todor. This passing initiative has had no follow up so far, there is no proposal by the presidential commission on place naming, and the text should be removed I believe. Apcbg (talk) 18:33, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The passage is now a correct representation of the source. However, per WP:NOT and with Apcbg's support, I am going to remove it as non-notable.  — Toдor Boжinov — 07:47, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Name origin
If indeed Musala means "place for pray" and comes from Arabic, it is likely that it related to مصلی (Musalla, place of prayer) from the root صلاة (Sala, prayer) and it would not have anything to do with "Allah". I have added a fact tag for now, until someone with more knowledge of Ottoman Turkish clarifies. --Farzaneh (talk) 15:10, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Musala


text:
Darrell Green Youth Life Foundation

The Darrell Green Youth Life Foundation (DGYLF) is a faith-based 501(c)(3) organization started by former Washington Redskins cornerback Darrell Green. The Foundation's stated mission is to "help children develop into leaders who positively influence their families and communities". Specifically, the Foundation runs after-school and summer programs for elementary school age children that focus academics, friendship, and values. The DGYLF has no formal relationship with the local public school system, but focuses on teaching children age 5 to 11 in reading, writing, math, and English. Funding for their activities comes from other foundations, corporations, individuals, churches, the government, and special events.

title: Darrell Green Youth Life Foundation


text:
Talk:Hekla

How big is Hekla?
It´s said that Hekla is 1491 meters in the article itself but in the right side of the page it is says that Hekla is 1488 meters. Which is right? 18:52, 27 november 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.144.210.42 (talk)

 * It's gradually melting, so both were probably correct at the time written. MrGulli (talk) 15:14, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Hekla is a stratovolcano
Hekla is a stratovolcano, not a tuya (as this page was changed to read). See this page |Global Volcanism Program: Hekla Summary for confirmation, which is a reliable volcanological source published by the Smithsonian.

The cone of Hekla is built up of overlapping lava flows and pyroclastic deposits, which pretty much fits the exact definition of stratovolcano. It did not erupt subglacially, as a tuya must. There do not appear to be any reliable reference sources which state that it is a tuya. Thanks. Seattle Skier 08:01, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Stamp IS 1948 25a-400px.jpg
Image:Stamp IS 1948 25a-400px.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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— Save_Us   †  09:56, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Bronze Age eruption
I have a source stating unequivocally that Hekla's eruption in 1159 BC had a catastrophic effect on Bronze Age Britain - (see Timeline of prehistoric Scotland) - causing 18 years of bad weather. This is: Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. I presume this is the same eruption that the Smithsonian reference has as "950 BC(?)". From the reference section Moffat is probably quoting Steven Mithen's (2003) After the Ice, but I don't want to use an historian to correct a geological site without access to a primary source. Ben MacDuiTalk /  Walk  15:30, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I have a major rewrte of this article on a subpage of mine (that I could really do with getting round to finishing). The agreement between sources on Hekla's ancient eruptions doesn't seem great, I currently have 3 dates for this eruption in the same paragraph, 2 of which are pretty much the same. Anyway if you have a look at User:JMiall/Hekla you can see there's a reference givng 1120±50 BC. I'd be tempted to go with this one just because it gives an uncertainty.  JMiall  ₰  00:52, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * OK - I'll leave you to update the article - just so long as I am not out badly of line on the Timeline of prehistoric Scotland. Thanks. Ben MacDuiTalk /  Walk  13:10, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * There's some discussion of the uncertainty surrounding the date of this eruption in "Excavating words: a geological tool; human histories unravel geological mysteries" by Stefi Weisburd, Science News, 9 Feb 1985. This article quotes two Californian researchers (Pang and Chou) as settling on a eruption date of 1100 B.C., with an uncertainty of +80 years and -60 years, after considering ice-core, radiocarbon and historical dates. This is quite similar to the 1120±50 BC range, and the source cited in User:JMiall/Hekla does seem to refer to Pang's work. (I can't seem to download the full document, so I'm not entirely sure.) -- Avenue (talk) 12:54, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

So, you guys are actually thinking about changing a 950 BC eruption date that has been established in the scientific literature based on 1) a 1985 news story where some guys are speculating about simply "moving" a radiocarbon date to match their own historical theories and 2) on unreferenced lecture notes put up by some unknown unaffiliated guy who runs a catastrophe website? Neither one is a reliable source in any possible universe. Stuff like this is why Wikipedia has no credibility. GVP Webmaster (talk) 20:18, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Personally I'm happy to put in whatever there is a good citation for. At present the article cites GVP which gives a date of '950 BC ?' with no other information about how well established this is. I have not looked into this in detail other than sticking both dates in my draft article for now but if you have easy access to good, preferably peer reviewed journal or book, references for 950 could add them to the article or post them here? JMiall  ₰  02:08, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The GVP website does give a long list of sources, but it's not obvious to me from their titles which would be a source for the 950 BC date. My comment above aimed to add to what we knew about the source of the 12th century BC eruption dates. I agree the two sources we have so far for this don't seem very strong. -- Avenue (talk) 02:46, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Expansion
I've copied a major expansion of this article from userspace so for full edit history see that page as well. As I've been working on this for a while I hope that I've managed to incorporate the edits to the article in the meantime, apologies if I have missed a few. JMiall ₰  21:40, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Automated Peer Review
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question.
 * Per Wikipedia:Context and Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates), months and days of the week generally should not be linked. Years, decades, and centuries can be linked if they provide context for the article.[?]
 * Commas removed for consistency

 * Per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (numbers), there should be a non-breaking space -  between a number and the unit of measurement. For example, instead of 4 km, use 4 km, which when you are editing the page, should look like: 4&nbsp;km.[?]
 * fixed several

 * Per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (numbers), please spell out source units of measurements in text; for example, the Moon is 380,000 kilometres (240,000 mi) from Earth.[?] Specifically, an example is 4 km.
 * 1st instance of each unit spelled out. Too many to spell out each one.

 * When writing standard abbreviations, the abbreviations should not have a 's' to demark plurality (for example, change kms to km and lbs to lb).
 * I think this referred to 'mins'. Now fixed

 * As per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates), dates shouldn't use th; for example, instead of (if such appeared in the article) using January 30th was a great day, use January 30 was a great day.[?]
 * I think all of these are either quotes or are refering to centuries

 * Per Manual of Style (headings), headings generally should not repeat the title of the article. For example, if the article was Ferdinand Magellan, instead of using the heading  ==Magellan's journey== , use  ==Journey== .[?]
 * Per Manual of Style (headings), avoid using special characters (ex: &+{}[]) in headings.
 * changed to H1

 * Per WP:WIAFA, this article's table of contents (ToC) may be too long – consider shrinking it down by merging short sections or using a proper system of daughter pages as per Summary style.[?]
 * Not fixed yet

 * There are a few occurrences of weasel words in this article- please observe WP:AWT. Certain phrases should specify exactly who supports, considers, believes, etc., such a view.
 * is considered
 * might be weasel words, and should be provided with proper citations (if they already do, or are not weasel terms, please strike this comment).[?]
 * 'is considered' in lead has ref later

 * Please make the spelling of English words consistent with either American or British spelling, depending upon the subject of the article. Examples include: neighbour (B) (American: neighbor), meter (A) (British: metre), metre (B) (American: meter), ization (A) (British: isation), travelled (B) (American: traveled).
 * words mentioned above set to British spellings

 * Watch for redundancies that make the article too wordy instead of being crisp and concise. (You may wish to try Tony1's redundancy exercises.)
 * Vague terms of size often are unnecessary and redundant - “some”, “a variety/number/majority of”, “several”, “a few”, “many”, “any”, and “all”. For example, “ All pigs are pink, so we thought of a number of ways to turn them green.”
 * 'some' fixed, 'a few' - some vagueness necessary here as these are basically quotes, 'several' - fixed, 'many' - I think most of these are OK, 'any','all' - look OK

 * As done in WP:FOOTNOTE, footnotes usually are located right after a punctuation mark (as recommended by the CMS, but not mandatory), such that there is no space in between. For example, the sun is larger than the moon [2]. is usually written as the sun is larger than the moon.[2][?]
 * I think I have fixed all these

 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.[?]
 * Not yet... JMiall  ₰  21:22, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Units
The peer review for this article has said 'Units need to be consistently in both metric and English units for all measurements / numbers given. undefined undefined may be useful here'

I'm unsure that this will make the article better, particularly the readability of the eruption sections which are currently quite dense with numbers and units. The 1st exception in MOS:CONVERSIONS may apply as this is a scientific article to some extent and I would have thought that converting the 1st instance of each unit should be sufficient. Does anyone else have any thoughts on this? JMiall ₰  22:08, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Eruption of 1991
I translated most of the (very good!) article over into German and thereby remarked some little mistakes.

- "The eruption, which was preceded by sulpherous smells and earthquakes, started as a Plinian eruption, producing an ash cloud reaching an altitude of 11.5 km within 10 minutes which had travelled over 200 km to the coast within 3 hours."

Which coast is meant here? The nearest coast to Hekla would be the south coast of Iceland which is not more than about 30-40 km away from the volcano.

- "By the second day the activity stopped in all but one fissure where the main crater formed. During these 2 days 800 m3s-1 of lava were produced, slowing to 800 m3s-1 for most of the eruption."

One of these chiffres can't be the exact one. Reykholt1 (talk) 12:01, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The ash cloud travelled NNE to the coast. I've also fixed the incorrect flow rate. -- Avenue (talk) 16:12, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Eruption of 2010
Here is a link for today's (April 19) eruption. Nå viser også vulkanen Hekla tegn til utbrudd —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pl77 (talk • contribs) 17:16, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * It is true, breaking news: --Chris.urs-o (talk) 17:19, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Apparently a false alarm. A Hekla webcam had been adjusted to point at Eyjafjallajökull but someone forgot to relabel the web page. --Insider201283 (talk) 17:28, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Activity
Doesn't Grimsvotn erupt more often than Hekla?71.171.137.64 (talk) 20:10, 5 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It is not so easy to answer, as nobody lives near Grímsvötn . There are more eruptions in the last 200 years, but Grímsvötn has some uncertain eruptions. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 20:26, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

HRC
This terrorist group should be added. I guess in popular culture. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.113.96.60 (talk) 07:29, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Eruption of 1782?
A cleric of the Ro(od)klooster monastery in a Brussels Joannes Franciscus Van der Auwera noted that in the summer of 1782 the sun looked awfully red and hazes obstructed the sunrays. He saw rockets shooting through the sun. First he thought these were miraculous signs, but later he read that the Hecla had erupted. As proof that it had a natural, volcanic cause he wrote he could smell sulphur and that the hazes weren't damp.

In het jaer 1782 waer der eenige teeken te zien in de zonne van eenen aenstanden onderganck. Van den 18 julii tot de 3 augustus was de zonne vervaerlyck [...] want savons van 6 uren zoo lang als hy zinbaer was, kwam er eenen droegen nevel, die de stralen belettende en toonde daerdoor een schrickelyck vuerachtig en bloedvervig gesicht. Onder tussen zag men vuerpylen door de zonne schieten [...] Ik hebbe dan in de historien den natuerlycken oorspronck gelesen, de welcke schreven : wy hebben in het yland Eysland in de Nord Zee ontrent 15 à 16 dagen beginnende het midden van julii tot augus. een tempest gehad in den berg Hecla van vuer en solfer, stof en asschen [...] Van dezen berg kwam zoodanig stof, dat den gheelen aertsbol door vloeg zoo dick dat de straelen van de zonne wirden door wederhouden. [...][etc]

Source: A. Maes (ed.), 'Simpele Waerheyd - Kroniek van Roklooster (1777-1809) van J.F. Van der Auwera, Pittem, 1972, pp. 13-14.

(I have no experience editing wikipedia, but sincerely I hope this might be helpfull, if more sources can confirm a 1782 eruption. Unfortunately Van der Auwera doesn't specify his source. Regards, Reinout 25/6/14) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.190.128.253 (talk) 08:37, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

 * this would fit well with the eruption of Laki in 1783-1784 which covered much of Europe with a cloud of gasses. Did the cleric write anything about this eruption the year after or is it likely that he got the year wrong? JMiall  ₰  11:18, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

 * You must be right, apparently this conventual wrote the chronicle in 1790-1791. The editor, Maes, notes that according to the Encyclopedia Italiana (!) XVIII the Hekla erupted in 1933. Probably this note is wrong too, as you state that the Laki erupted in 1783. Well, at least we have an eyewitness testimony from Brussels now.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.190.128.253 (talk) 07:14, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

Main picture is NOT Hekla
The current main picture ( https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hekla_II_(15642636575).jpg ) is NOT Hekla, it is of a mountain called Þríhyrningur (Translates as Triple-horn). (It's an honest mistace, the photographer pointed the camera in the correct direction but Þríhyrningur is in the way)

See this Google maps link, where Þríhyrningur is in the foreground and Hekla is in the background: https://goo.gl/maps/U4Zc2

193.4.113.34 (talk) 15:05, 16 June 2015 (UTC)gummih
 * Thank you for pointing this out, I've taken care of it by replacing the photo. Stefán Örvar Sigmundsson (talk) 16:59, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081219173906/http://www.theochem.org/Raunvisindathing06/abstracts/gsv-en.pdf to http://www.theochem.org/Raunvisindathing06/abstracts/gsv-en.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081219173903/http://www.theochem.org/Raunvisindathing06/abstracts/gul-en.pdf to http://www.theochem.org/Raunvisindathing06/abstracts/gul-en.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071001050322/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/i.p.hutchinson/iceland/Natturu1983-175.PDF to http://homepage.ntlworld.com/i.p.hutchinson/iceland/Natturu1983-175.PDF
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130328062737/http://www.newsoficeland.com/home/environment/item/943-hekla-volcano-in-south-iceland-shows-unusual-activity-warnings-issued to http://www.newsoficeland.com/home/environment/item/943-hekla-volcano-in-south-iceland-shows-unusual-activity-warnings-issued
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131229000443/http://www.katlageopark.is/hekla-seems-to-be-going-to-sleep-again/ to http://www.katlageopark.is/hekla-seems-to-be-going-to-sleep-again/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090207155745/http://hekluskogar.is/index_ensk.html to http://hekluskogar.is/index_ensk.html
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111004041201/http://www.leirubakki.is/Default.asp?Page=285 to http://www.leirubakki.is/Default.asp?Page=285

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pop culture
apart from that this section is extremely big in comparison to the rest and full of unimportant trivia, in the "organisation" part there are several inter-wiki-links that are not helpful and not according to wp rules. please review and repair! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.71.43.76 (talk) 21:17, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

 * https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044040279770&view=1up&seq=12&q1=orfa
 * Mount Hekla plays a role in the Ballet Orfa (1852). I'm a noob Wiki editor so somebody else please put this citation in and mention it in the culture section. 199.111.225.232 (talk) 19:22, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

Suggested improvement
Could the geology section be improved for the lay reader perhaps by a better explanation of modern geological understanding ?. This is a complex volcano in an almost unique tectonic intersection on land that has thrown up recent surprises to some such as its dangerous pyroclastic current potential, and of course economic risk outside Iceland.

I noted that correctly the volcano is described as transitional alkaline basalt, but this fails to convey the range of actual eruptives and their implications early in the article in a volcano that usually exhibits not only very short warning of significant eruptions but no warning of the type of eruption which ranges from effusive to explosive and no comment of factors such as potential gas content of eruptives which can be related in other volcanoes to time between eruptions. The article first mentions the historic rhyolite eruptives outside the geology section and does not comment on the modern compositional analysis of its historic eruptions or 2000 eruption that must exist in the academic literature.
 * i have only addressed these issues superficially with opensource academic references in the general attempt I made to improve article

Possibly the historic eruption section could be improved by a table or timeline but ideally these improvements should be made by someone who understands the volcano and literature better than me as I have never been to Iceland and suspect that some such data might be hidden behind pay walls or in languages I do not know.ChaseKiwi (talk) 13:55, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * change in eruptive style and details behind pay wall
 * proves ryolite component to early eruptions and details behind pay wall
 * 2000 eruption
 * ChaseKiwi (talk) 14:43, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hekla


text:
Penn State Berks-Lehigh Valley

Penn State Berks-Lehigh Valley may refer to:

 * Penn State Berks, a commonwealth campus of Pennsylvania State University located in Berks County, PA
 * Penn State Lehigh Valley, a commonwealth campus of Pennsylvania State University located in Fogelsville, PA

title: Penn State Berks-Lehigh Valley


text:
Albert Johnston

Albert Johnston may refer to:

 * Albert Sidney Johnston (1803–1862), US Army officer, Texas Army general, and Confederate States general
 * Albert Johnson (soccer) (1880–1941), Canadian amateur
 * Albert Johnston (rugby league) (1892–1961), Australian rugby league footballer and coach
 * Albert C. Johnston (died 1988), American doctor

title: Albert Johnston


text:
Cajon Pass

Cajon Pass (Spanish: Puerto del Cajón or Paso del Cajón) is a mountain pass between the San Bernardino Mountains to the east and the San Gabriel Mountains to the west in Southern California. Created by the movements of the San Andreas Fault, it has an elevation of 3,777 ft. Located in the Mojave Desert, the pass is an important link from the Greater San Bernardino Area to the Victor Valley, and northeast to Las Vegas. The Cajon Pass area is on the Pacific Crest Trail.

Cajon Pass is at the head of Horsethief Canyon, traversed by California State Route 138 (SR 138) and railroad tracks owned by BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad. Improvements in 1972 reduced the railroad's maximum elevation from about 3829 to 3777 ft while reducing curvature. Interstate 15 does not traverse Cajon Pass, but rather the nearby Cajon Summit, 34.34944°N, -117.44639°W, The entire area, Cajon Pass and Cajon Summit, is often referred to as Cajon Pass, but a distinction is made between Cajon Pass and Cajon Summit.

In 1851, a group of Mormon settlers led by Amasa M. Lyman and Charles C. Rich traveled through Cajon Pass in covered wagons on their way from Salt Lake City to southern California. A prominent rock formation in the pass, where the Mormon Road and the railway merge (at 34.3184°N, -117.492°W, near Sullivan's Curve), is known as Mormon Rocks.

Name
In Spanish, the word cajón refers to a box or drawer. The name of the pass is derived from the Spanish land grant encompassing the area; it was first referred to in English on an 1852 map. Early Latter-day Saint documents, which often referred to the pass as "Cahoon Pass", suggest an alternate explanation for the name, that it is named in honor of Mormon pioneer Andrew Cahoon (pronounced similarly to Cajon), who was an early settler in nearby San Bernardino and assisted in surveying and laying out the city of San Bernardino.

Aviation
Cajon Pass is known for high wind, turbulence and fog. The weather over the pass can vary from foggy days with poor visibility to clear afternoons where aircraft are bounced by gusting Santa Ana winds that top 80 mph. The wind is typically out of the west, although in Santa Ana and other weather conditions it may be out of the north or the southeast. Air spilling over the San Gabriels can cause violent up- and downdrafts. On a normal day, with the wind out of the west, turbulence usually starts a few miles west of Rialto and continues a few miles to the east, growing in strength above the altitude of the mountains and especially over the pass near the HITOP intersection. In Santa Ana conditions, up- and downdrafts can become violent northeast of Ontario Airport, and turbulence can be experienced east to the Banning Pass, well known for turbulence. The mass and wing loading of an aircraft determine its sensitivity to turbulence, so what may seem violent in a Cessna 172 may seem only mild to moderate in a Boeing 747. In the 2006 Mercy Air 2 accident, an air ambulance helicopter collided with mountainous terrain near the pass in foggy weather.

Traffic

The California Southern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, was the first railroad through Cajon Pass. The line through the pass was built in the early 1880s to connect the present day cities of Barstow and San Diego. Today the Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railway (the successor to the Santa Fe) use the pass to reach Los Angeles and San Bernardino as part of the Southern Transcon. Due to the many trains, scenery and easy access, it is a popular location for railfans, and many photographs of trains on Cajon Pass appear in books and magazines.

The Union Pacific Railroad owns one track through the pass, on the previous Southern Pacific Railroad Palmdale cutoff, opened in 1967. The BNSF Railway owns two tracks and began to operate a third main track in the summer of 2008. The railroads share track rights through the pass ever since the Union Pacific gained track rights on the Santa Fe portion negotiated under the original Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. The original BNSF (ATSF) line was built in the 1880s and later roads, U.S. Route 66 and I-15, roughly followed this route. The 3.0% grade for a few miles on the south track is challenging for long trains, making the westbound descent dangerous, as a runaway can occur if the engineer is not careful in handling the brakes. The second track, built in 1913, is 2 mi longer to get a lower 2.2% grade. It ran through two short tunnels, but both were removed when the third main track was added next to the 1913 line. Trains may be seen traveling at speeds of 60 and 70 mph on the straighter track away from the pass, but typically ascend at 14 to 22 mph and descend at 20 to 30 mph. With the third track, the BNSF lines have a capacity of 150 trains per day.

Recent Incidents

 * The steep downhill grade south of the pass was a contributing factor in the May 12, 1989, San Bernardino train disaster.
 * Cajon Pass was the site of a major accident on December 14, 1994, when a westbound Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe intermodal train lost control and crashed into the rear of a westbound Union Pacific coal train just below California Highway 138, between Alray and Cajon. Thankfully, the Santa Fe crew warned the Union Pacific crew ahead of time, and the UP crew on the helper locomotives at the back of their train bailed out and were uninjured, while the Santa Fe crew received minor injuries after bailing out in turn before impact. All of the Santa Fe and UP helper locomotives involved in the collision suffered irreparable damage and were scrapped, while the lead UP locomotives were undamaged.
 * On February 1, 1996, a brakeman and a conductor were killed when a Santa Fe manifest train derailed and caught fire at Cajon Pass.
 * The August 16, 2016 Blue Cut Fire destroyed a trestle on the Union Pacific mainline.
 * On August 21, 2018, a train carrying hazardous materials derailed, causing a FedEx facility near the tracks to evacuate, along with one school that took shelter.

Passenger service
Amtrak's Desert Wind used the pass until it quit running in 1997. The Southwest Chief runs daily between Chicago and Los Angeles, through Cajon Pass on the BNSF line.

In 2020, Brightline initiated planning for a high-speed route between Victorville and Rancho Cucamonga as an extension of their forthcoming Brightline West service. The route was not initially considered by the project's preceding operators, as it was seen as prohibitively expensive.

Road transport
The Mojave Freeway (I-15) was built in 1969 over Cajon Summit west of Cajon Pass. It is a major route from Los Angeles and the Inland Empire to Las Vegas. The freeway runs above and parallel to an original stretch of historic Route 66 and U.S. Route 395. This stretch, now known as Cajon Boulevard, is a short, well-preserved fragment dating to a rerouting and widening of the highway in the early 1950s. Only the southbound/westbound lanes are in use; the northbound/eastbound lanes and corresponding bridges are closed to through traffic. It is along this stretch of road, accessible via either the Kenwood Avenue or Cleghorn Road exits that some of the best trainspotting areas are found. The Cajon Pass segment of I-15 was named the deadliest road in California.

The historic Summit Inn, off the Oak Hills exit at the summit of the pass, was a historic Route 66 diner and was in the same location from 1952 to 2016, when it was destroyed by the Blue Cut fire. Some maps may show the Cajon Pass as a feature on SR 138, which crosses I-15 south of the summit between West Cajon Valley and Summit Valley. The highest point on I-15 between Los Angeles and Victorville is thus sometimes identified as Cajon Summit. However, the entire area, including Cajon Summit, is often called Cajon Pass.

Pacific Crest Trail
The Pacific Crest Trail goes through the Cajon Pass area, and during the hiking season up to several thousand transient hikers will pass through this area after walking one of the hottest, driest, and most grueling sections of desert on the trail. A nearby McDonald's restaurant happens to be very close to the trail, and it is famous among hikers. Many hikers also spend the night in the one motel at Cajon Junction.

Utilities infrastructure
Three Southern California Edison 500 kV high voltage power lines cross the summit. These lines head to the Lugo substation northeast of Cajon Pass and connect to Path 26 and Path 46. Both Path 26 and 46 provide the Los Angeles metro area with electricity generated from fossil fuel power plants in the Four Corners region, and hydroelectric dams along the Colorado River.

Natural hazards
During October and November 2003, a number of wildfires devastated the hills and mountainsides near and around the pass, forcing the closure of Interstate 15. The following winter, rains in addition to burnt vegetation caused a number of landslides to further close the freeway pass.

On July 17, 2015, during severe drought conditions plaguing the whole state and creating extreme fire hazards, a fast, wind-whipped wildfire swept over Interstate 15 between California State Route 138 and the Oak Hill Road exits, sending drivers running for safety and setting 20 vehicles ablaze, officials said. The vegetation fire, which closed the I-15 southbound lanes and restricted the northbound side to one lane, overtook stalled cars.

The following year the Blue Cut Fire again forced the closure of the freeway for several days starting on August 16, 2016. The fire closed the I-15 north and southbound lanes due to the intensity of the fire. It destroyed a number of outbuildings and homes, and destroyed the Summit Inn Restaurant in Oak Hills. A McDonald's restaurant was also burned but the damage was minor. The fire threatened homes in Lytle Creek, Phelan, Oak Hills and Wrightwood and burned 37,000 acre

Cajon Pass is notorious for high winds, particularly during Santa Ana wind season, with gusts of wind up to 60 mph. It has been known to cause high-profile vehicles such as semi-trucks to lose control or tip over. During wind advisories, Caltrans will use its Changeable message signs to warn motorists of dangerous weather in the Cajon Pass.

Cajon Pass gets snow occasionally, usually not enough to cause closures. When any closure is total, California Highway Patrols often provide escorts through the pass as the Interstate 15 is a major artery for the High Desert region.

When there is high wind or snow in the Cajon Pass, it is fairly common for weather forecasters or reporters from Los Angeles television stations to do location reports from the Cajon Pass.

The San Andreas Fault passes through the Cajon Pass (crossing I-15 on the south side of the summit) and is responsible for the unique local geography. Instrumentation installed at Cajon Pass allows scientists to track earthquakes in the region.

title: Cajon Pass


text:
Lectionary

A lectionary (lectionarium) is a book or listing that contains a collection of scripture readings appointed for Christian or Jewish worship on a given day or occasion. There are sub-types such as a "gospel lectionary" or evangeliary, and an epistolary with the readings from the New Testament Epistles.

History
By the Medieval era the Jewish community had a standardized schedule of scripture readings from both the Torah and the prophets to be read in the synagogue. A sequential selection was read from the Torah, followed by the "haftarah" – a selection from the prophetic books or historical narratives (e.g. "Judges," "Kings," etc.) closely linked to the selection from the Torah. Jesus may have read a providentially "random" reading when he read from Isaiah 61:1-2, as recorded in, when he inaugurated his public ministry. The early Christians adopted the Jewish custom of reading extracts from the Old Testament on the Sabbath. They soon added extracts from the writings of the Apostles and Evangelists.

Both Hebrew and Christian lectionaries developed over the centuries. Typically, a lectionary will go through the scriptures in a logical pattern, and also include selections which were chosen by the religious community for their appropriateness to particular occasions. The one-year Jewish lectionary reads the entirety of the Torah within the space of a year and may have begun in the Babylonian Jewish community; the three-year Jewish lectionary seems to trace its origin to the Jewish community in and around the Holy Land.

Within Christianity, the use of pre-assigned, scheduled readings from the scriptures can be traced back to the early church, and seems to have developed out of the practices of the second temple period. The earliest documentary record of a special book of readings is a reference by Gennadius of Massilia to a work produced by Musaeus of Marseilles at the request of Bishop Venerius of Marseilles, who died in 452, though there are 3rd-century references to liturgical readers as a special role in the clergy.

In the Latin liturgical rites before the Second Vatican Council
Before the liturgical reforms of Vatican II, the Latin liturgical rite used a one-year lectionary consisting of a limited selection of sacred readings from the Scriptures. The reason to these limited selections is to maintain consistency, as is a true feature in the Roman Rite. There is one reading to be proclaimed before the Gospel, either taken from the Old Testament (referred to as Lesson) or from the letters of Saint Paul, Saint John, or Saint Peter (referred to as Epistle).

The Lesson (or Epistle) is contained in a book called the Epistolarium, a liturgical book containing the epistles that were to be said or sung by a subdeacon at a solemn High Mass. The Gospels are contained in a book called Evangeliarium, or more recently called as "Book of the Gospels", that were to be said or sung by a deacon at a solemn High Mass.

However, the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite has two Readings to be proclaimed, called Prophetia and Epistola.

Catholic Mass Lectionary and the Revised Common Lectionary
After the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965, the Holy See, even before producing an actual lectionary (in Latin), promulgated the Ordo Lectionum Missae (Order of the Readings for Mass), giving indications of the revised structure and the references to the passages chosen for inclusion in the new official lectionary of the Roman Rite of Mass. It introduced an arrangement by which the readings on Sundays and on some principal feasts recur in a three-year cycle, with four passages from Scripture (including one from the Psalms) being used in each celebration, while on weekdays only three passages (again including one from the Psalms) are used, with the first reading and the psalm recurring in a two-year cycle, while the Gospel reading recurs after a single year. This revised Mass Lectionary, covering much more of the Bible than the readings in the Tridentine Roman Missal, which recurred after a single year, has been translated into the many languages in which the Roman Rite Mass is now celebrated, incorporating existing or specially prepared translations of the Bible and with readings for national celebrations added either as an appendix or, in some cases, incorporated into the main part of the lectionary.

The Roman Catholic Mass Lectionary as revised after Vatican II is the basis for many Protestant lectionaries, most notably the Revised Common Lectionary (RCL) and its derivatives, as organized by the Consultation on Common Texts (CCT) organization located in Nashville, Tennessee. Like the Mass lectionary, they generally organize the readings for worship services on Sundays in a three-year cycle, with four elements on each Sunday, and three elements during daily Mass:
 * First reading (Prima lectio) from the Old Testament or, in Eastertide from certain books of the New Testament;
 * Responsorial psalm (Psalmus responsorium) (ideally, to be sung, as contained in the Simple Gradual) or Gradual (as contained in the Roman Gradual);
 * Second reading (Secunda lectio) from one of the New Testament Letters (only on Sundays and Solemnities); and a
 * Gospel reading (Evangelium).

Three-year cycle
The lectionaries (both Catholic and RCL versions) are organized into three-year cycles of readings. The years are designated A, B, or C. Each yearly cycle begins on the first Sunday of Advent (the Sunday between 27 November and 3 December inclusive). Year B follows year A, year C follows year B, then back again to A.

 * Year A: Gospel of Matthew (Advent 2025 through 2026)
 * Year B: Gospel of Mark (Advent 2023 through 2024 – current year)
 * Year C: Gospel of Luke (Advent 2024 through 2025)

The Gospel of John is read throughout Easter, and is used for other liturgical seasons including Advent, Christmas, and Lent where appropriate.

Daily lectionaries
The Roman Catholic lectionary includes a two-year cycle for the weekday mass readings (called Cycle I and Cycle II). Odd-numbered years are Cycle I; even-numbered ones are Cycle II. The weekday lectionary includes a reading from the Old Testament, Acts, Revelation, or the Epistles; a responsorial Psalm; and a reading from one of the Gospels. These readings are generally shorter than those appointed for use on Sundays. The pericopes for the first reading along with the psalms are arranged in a two-year cycle. The Gospels are arranged so that portions of all four are read every year. This weekday lectionary has also been adapted by some denominations with congregations that celebrate daily Eucharistic services. It has been published in the Episcopal Church's Lesser Feasts and Fasts and in the Anglican Church of Canada's Book of Alternative Services (among others).

This eucharistic lectionary should not be confused with the various Daily Office lectionaries in use in various denominations. The Consultation on Common Texts has produced a three-year Daily Lectionary which is thematically tied into the Revised Common Lectionary, but the RCL does not provide a daily Eucharistic lectionary as such. Various Anglican and Lutheran churches have their own daily lectionaries. Many of the Anglican daily lectionaries are adapted from the one provided in the 1979 Book of Common Prayer.

Other lectionary information
In some churches, the lectionary is carried in the entrance procession by a lector. In the Catholic Church, the Book of the Gospels is carried in by a deacon (when there is no deacon, a lector might process in with the Book of the Gospels). When the Book of the Gospels is used, the first two readings are read from the lectionary, while the Book of the Gospels is used for the final reading.

The lectionary is not to be confused with a missal, gradual or sacramentary. While the lectionary contains scripture readings, the missal or sacramentary contains the appropriate prayers for the service, and the gradual contains chants for use on any particular day. In particular, the gradual contains a responsory which may be used in place of the responsorial psalm.

Eastern lectionaries
In the Eastern Churches (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Catholic, the Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East, and those bodies not in communion with any of them but still practicing eastern liturgical customs) tend to retain the use of a one-year lectionary in their liturgy. Different churches follow different liturgical calendars (to an extent). Most Eastern lectionaries provide for an epistle and a Gospel to be read on each day. Other known witnesses of the Christian Jerusalem-Rite Lectionary are those preserved in Georgian, Caucasian Albanian language, and Armenian translations (6th to 8th centuries CE).

Byzantine lectionary
Those churches (Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic) which follow the Rite of Constantinople, provide an epistle and Gospel reading for most days of the year, to be read at the Divine Liturgy; however, during Great Lent there is no celebration of the liturgy on weekdays (Monday through Friday), so no epistle and Gospel are appointed for those days. As a historical note, the Greek lectionaries are a primary source for the Byzantine text-type used in the scholarly field of textual criticism.

Epistle and Gospel
The Gospel readings are found in what Orthodoxy usually calls a Gospel Book (Evangélion), although in strict English terms the Greek ones are in the form of an Evangeliary, and an Epistle Book (Apostól). There are differences in the precise arrangement of these books between the various national churches. In the Byzantine practice, the readings are in the form of pericopes (selections from scripture containing only the portion actually chanted during the service), and are arranged according to the order in which they occur in the church year, beginning with the Sunday of Pascha (Easter), and continuing throughout the entire year, concluding with Holy Week. Then follows a section of readings for the commemorations of saints and readings for special occasions (baptism, funeral, etc.). In the Slavic practice, the biblical books are reproduced in their entirety and arranged in the canonical order in which they appear in the Bible.

The annual cycle of the Gospels is composed of four series:

 * 1) The Gospel of St. John
 * read from Pascha until Pentecost Sunday
 * 1) The Gospel of St. Matthew
 * divided over seventeen weeks beginning with the Monday of the Holy Spirit (the day after Pentecost). From the twelfth week, it is read on Saturdays and Sundays while the Gospel of St. Mark is read on the remaining weekdays
 * 1) The Gospel of St. Luke
 * divided over nineteen weeks beginning on the Monday after the Sunday after the Elevation of the Holy Cross. From the thirteenth week, it is only read on Saturdays and Sundays, while St. Mark's Gospel is read on the remaining weekdays
 * 1) The Gospel of St. Mark
 * read during the Lenten period on Saturdays and Sundays — with the exception of the Sunday of Orthodoxy.

The interruption of the reading of the Gospel of Matthew after the Elevation of the Holy Cross is known as the "Lukan Jump". The jump occurs only in the Gospel readings, there is no corresponding jump in the epistles. From this point on the epistle and Gospel readings do not exactly correspond, the epistles continuing to be determined according to the moveable Paschal cycle and the Gospels being influenced by the fixed cycle.

The Lukan Jump is related to the chronological proximity of the Elevation of the Cross to the Conception of the Forerunner (St. John the Baptist), celebrated on 23 September. In late Antiquity, this feast marked the beginning of the ecclesiastical New Year. Thus, beginning the reading of the Lukan Gospel toward the middle of September can be understood. The reasoning is theological and is based on a vision of Salvation History: the Conception of the Forerunner constitutes the first step of the New Economy, as mentioned in the stikhera of the matins of this feast. The Evangelist Luke is the only one to mention this Conception.

In Russia, the use of the Lukan Jump vanished; however, in recent decades, the Russian Church has begun the process of returning to the use of the Lukan Jump.

Similarly to the Gospel Cycle, Epistle readings follow this plan although some exceptions vary:

 * 1) Book of the Acts of the Apostles
 * read from Pascha until Pentecost Sunday
 * 1) Letter to the Romans, 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians
 * From Pentecost to Elevation of the Holy Cross
 * 1) Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Hebrews
 * From Elevation of the Holy Cross to the Circumcision of Christ, 1st of January
 * 1) James, Hebrews, 1 Peter and 2 Peter
 * read from the Circumcision of Christ to the Clean Monday, first weekday of Great Lent.

Old Testament readings
Other services have scriptural readings also. There is a Gospel lesson at Matins on Sundays and feast days. These are found in the Evangelion. There are also readings from the Old Testament, called "parables" (paroemia), which are read at vespers on feast days. These parables are found in the Menaion, Triodion or Pentecostarion. During Great Lent, parables are read every day at vespers and at the Sixth Hour. These parables are found in the Triodion.

Syriac and Malankara churches: Catholic, Orthodox
In the Jacobite Syriac Churches, the lectionary begins with the liturgical calendar year on Qudosh `Idto (the Sanctification of the Church), which falls on the eighth Sunday before Christmas. Both the Old and the New Testament books are read except the books of Revelation, Song of Solomon, and I and II Maccabees. Scripture readings are assigned for Sundays and feast days, for each day of Lent and Holy Week, for raising people to various offices of the Church, for the blessing of Holy Oil and various services such as baptisms and funerals.

Generally, three Old Testament lections, a selection from the prophets, and three readings from the New Testament are prescribed for each Sunday and Feast day. The New Testament readings include a reading from Acts, another from the Catholic Epistles or the Pauline Epistles, and a third reading from one of the Gospels. During Christmas and Easter a fourth lesson is added for the evening service. The readings reach a climax with the approach of the week of the Crucifixion. Through Lent lessons are recited twice a day except Saturdays. During the Passion Week readings are assigned for each of the major canonical hours.

If there is a weekday Liturgy celebrated on a non-feast day, the custom is to read the Pauline epistle only, followed by the Gospel.

title: Lectionary


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boris Babenko

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:59, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Boris Babenko
simple vanity Noit 06:50, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The phrase "gets drunk off of one beer. He is a loser" makes me think that either he wrote this vanity-filled entry himself, or that someone he knows did this as a prank. Zzyzx11 07:58, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Potential personal attack/libel page. Unencyclopedic for sure. jni 08:00, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. – flamurai (t) 17:34, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rhobite 04:00, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

This was apparently deleted and recreated. Its current contents don't look like it's the same article as above, but it's still egregious vanity. 35 hits for "Boris Babenko", none for "blue through red" (boris OR babenko), and none for "let go phobia". The book mentioned is published by iuniverse, a vanity press. —Korath (Talk) 03:13, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete as re-creation of a deleted article. --Carnildo 06:28, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Panzergrenadier

Untitled
The correcht abbreviation is PzGren
 * Is "Pzg." the correct abbreviation?

Verify/extend the list of divisions

Mark them somehow on the Heer Order of Battle page, and link to it.

Add mention of a few of the more famous divisions and the FG brigade.

It's NOT aromored grenadier - this would imply, that the person itself is armored. This is not the case. The word Panzer in Panzergrenadier describes the target. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.187.226.44 (talk) 20:52, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Plural use in English
Whenever you see the term "Panzergrenadier" used in articles, it's plural is always "Panzergrenadiers". I was wondering if anyone feels that the original plural "Panzergrenadiere" should be used, or if the word is so far integerated into English that English grammar applies here?

The same argument could be applied to the Fallschirmjägere. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 207.112.67.3 (talk) 01:22, 29 December 2006 (UTC).

The plural of Fallschirmjäger is Fallschirmjäger. Words ending on -er in German have the same spelling in plural and singular. As for Panzergrenadiere, in my opinion the only valid option. The word isn't integrated into English in any way - you don't see the US Army calling its Mechanized Infantry Panzergrenadiers, do you?

Kato2k6 00:32, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

I have found it sensible to amend the picture subtitles to the correct German plural "Panzergrenadiere", as well as to remove the perfectly inappropriate geographical subsumation of "Aachen" to the country designation of "The Netherlands" - the city of Aachen is not and has never been a part of the Netherlands.

Ylorcron 00:00, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Bundeswehr
This article is very WWII focussed. logically it should also cover post WWII up to modern times. 145.253.108.22 08:23, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Austria and Switzerland
Please add information about the development/current situation in these countries. De728631 21:09, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Chile
I can not find any source backing the claim that the term Panzergrenadier is used in the Chilean Army. I know the Chilean Army had strong historical Prussian and German influence, but the use of this term in a Spanish speaking army seems odd. Best regards, Hansi.

Expansion
Has been over 6 months. Has been Moved To Talk Page. Please Expand Soon. Vinh1000 (talk) 11:51, 5 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Panzergrenadier: Post WW2 development in Austria, Germany. General information about Swiss units.--De728631 21:08, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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title: Talk:Panzergrenadier


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flavor berry

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:58, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Flavor berry
Hoax. Rhobite 06:49, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless there are notable, credible references. Zzyzx11 07:52, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a hoax-alicious delete berry. HyperZonktalk 16:59, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems hoaxy to me. – flamurai (t) 17:31, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This may seem hoaxy, but this fruit actually does exist. I saw it on a visit to Chile 2 years ago. There are plenty of strange fruits out there (dragon fruit comes to mind), so I don't think we should delete it.
 * This vote was posted by 141.150.221.216 (talk • contribs); Nimrod (talk • contribs) hasn't edited an article since 2003. – flamurai (t) 19:31, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Reads like a hoax, and the bogus signature (grounds for banning, by the way) only makes me think more so. Delete, barring credible citation. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:51, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ringwood East, Victoria

Ringwood East is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 26 km east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Maroondah local government area. Ringwood East recorded a population of 10,764 at the 2021 census.

It is located in the "Green Belt" of Melbourne, with much of the native vegetation and wildlife preserved in areas such as Wombalono Park and its surrounding suburban streets.

The access to high performing public schools, such as Ringwood Secondary College, as well as renowned private schools Tintern Grammar and Aquinas College, is leading to high demand for housing in Ringwood East. The area is now being seen as a real life-style option by people who may have previously looked to areas, such as Balwyn and Camberwell, for quality schools.

Ringwood East has its own railway station which is within the Myki Zone 2 fare zone on the Lilydale railway line. Maroondah Hospital is also located in Ringwood East, a large public hospital and emergency department serving the surrounding eastern suburbs.

Ringwood East Post Office opened around 1902, in what was then a rural area, before the railway station opened in 1925.

Burnt Bridge
Burnt Bridge is a locality within the suburb of Ringwood East. It is named after the Burnt Bridge Hotel, which was operated by Elizabeth Moore and Lucy Dawson as early as the 1840s and was located along the Lilydale Trail, near the present-day junction of Maroondah Highway, Old Lilydale Road and Beaufort Roads. At the time of the hotel's existence, the area was grazing land. Hotels in these times usually began as shanties, selling coffee to passing coaches, before gaining their liquor licences.

Although some historians have speculated that the name is derived from the Scottish word 'burn', meaning 'stream', it is more popularly believed to be derived from a canvas toll bridge in the area, which was burnt down. The hotel was also known to locals as 'The Blazing Stump'.

The shopping precinct serves residents from both sides of Maroondah Highway and from as far as Mount Dandenong Road. Burnt Bridge has a post office, pharmacy, supermarket, bakeries, cafe and takeaways.

Sporting clubs
The suburb has an Australian Rules football team, the East Ringwood Roos, competing in the Eastern Football League.

They are based at the reserve located on the corner of Mount Dandenong Road and Dublin Road but used to play on a field which is now the site of Maroondah Hospital. The East Ringwood Cricket Club and Tennis Club are also based at the reserve.

Primary schools

 * Eastwood Primary School & Deaf Facility
 * Tinternvale Primary School

Combined schools

 * Tintern Grammar

title: Ringwood East, Victoria


text: User talk:212.213.178.11

title: User talk:212.213.178.11