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A Message to Garcia

A Message to Garcia is a widely distributed essay written by Elbert Hubbard in 1899, expressing the value of individual initiative and conscientiousness in work. The essay's primary example is a dramatized version of a daring escapade performed by an American soldier, First Lieutenant Andrew S. Rowan, just before the Spanish–American War. The essay describes Rowan carrying a message from President William McKinley to "Gen. Calixto García, a leader of the Cuban insurgents somewhere in the mountain fastnesses of Cuba—no one knew where". The essay contrasts Rowan's self-driven effort against "the imbecility of the average man—the inability or unwillingness to concentrate on a thing and do it".

"The point I wish to make is this: McKinley gave Rowan a letter to be delivered to Garcia; Rowan took the letter and did not ask, 'Where is he at?' By the Eternal! there is a man whose form should be cast in deathless bronze and the statue placed in every college of the land. It is not book-learning young men need, nor instruction about this and that, but a stiffening of the vertebrae which will cause them to be loyal to a trust, to act promptly, concentrate their energies: do the thing—'Carry a message to Garcia!'"

Publication history

A Message to Garcia was originally published as filler without a title in the March 1899 issue of The Philistine, a periodical which, at that time, was written entirely by Hubbard. His complaints about lazy and incompetent workers struck a chord with many corporate executives. One of these was George H. Daniels, a promotion-minded executive with the New York Central Railroad. Daniels reprinted the essay hundreds of thousands of times as part of the railroad's Four-Track Series of pamphlets. Hubbard's Roycroft Press, the publishing arm of an arts and crafts community he founded in East Aurora, New York, reprinted and sold the essay in a variety of bindings—suede, embossed, paperback, and so on—and as paid promotional literature for organizations as disparate as Wanamaker's department store, the Boy Scouts of America, and the United States Navy. It was also reprinted in many anthologies of inspirational literature. Modern editions are readily available today on the Internet.

Historical accuracy
In Hubbard's version of Rowan's journey, President McKinley needed to communicate with Gen. Calixto Garcia, a leader of the Cuban insurgents.

"[S]omeone said to the president there was 'a fellow by the name of Rowan will find Garcia for you if anybody can.' Rowan was sent for and given a letter to be delivered to Garcia. How the 'fellow by the name of Rowan' took the letter, sealed it up in an oilskin pouch, strapped it over his heart, in four days landed by night off the coast of Cuba from an open boat, disappeared into the jungle, and in three weeks came out on the other side of the Island, having traversed a hostile country on foot, and delivered his letter to Garcia – are things I have no special desire now to tell in detail." In fact, the only true statement Hubbard wrote was that Rowan "landed...off the coast of Cuba from an open boat". All the rest, including McKinley's need to communicate with Garcia and Rowan's delivery of a letter to the general, was false.

It was Maj. Arthur L. Wagner, head of the Military Information Division, who successfully petitioned Adj. Gen. Henry Clark Corbin for permission to send spies to Cuba and Puerto Rico to gather military information. Wagner selected 40-year-old 1st Lt. Andrew S. Rowan to join García, who led the rebel forces in eastern Cuba. On April 9, Rowan, posing as a civilian, boarded a steamer in New York bound for Kingston, Jamaica. With the help of the U.S. consul in Kingston, he connected with the Cuban Revolutionary Junta, some of whose members transported him by open boat during one of their trips to the southeastern coast of Cuba. They went ashore the morning of April 25.

Following an eight-day horseback journey with rebels through the Sierra Maestra Mountains, Rowan met with García in the city of Bayamo on May 1. Rowan's assignment was to keep the War Department informed as to "the strength, efficiency, movements and general military situation". His orders were to stay in Cuba, to "accompany the Insurgent Forces, and to send back dispatches". Disregarding his orders, Rowan said he was there to learn what García needed to cooperate with the U.S. armed forces during a possible invasion. He added that he was eager to return to the U.S. García, seeing an opportunity, sent him back to the U.S. within hours of his arrival. Traveling with him were members of García's staff to confer with U.S. officials. After a five-day horseback journey to Manatí Bay on Cuba's north coast, they "drew a little cockle-shell of a boat from under a mangrove bush" and set sail for Florida. A passing sponging steamer carried them to Nassau, and from there they eventually sailed to Tampa, arriving on May 13.

Rowan had no sooner landed in Cuba on April 25 than details of his secret mission were splashed across the pages of America's newspapers. It was learned that, while in Jamaica, Rowan had revealed this information to an Associated Press correspondent named Elmer Roberts. This was not what Adj. Gen. Corbin anticipated. Had the news reports not made Rowan a popular hero, however falsely, Corbin might have had him court-martialed. Instead he was deemed as popular as Buffalo Bill, lauded by Maj. Gen Nelson A. Miles, commanding general of the army, and temporarily promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the 6th Regiment Volunteer Infantry.

Exaggerated circulation claims
In 1914, Hubbard claimed the essay had been reprinted over 40 million times. His son Bert later reported 80 million times, and in a 1926 bill to promote Andrew Summers Rowan to major general, retired, it was stated there were 225 million copies printed. In their 1977 survey of best sellers, Alice Hackett and James H. Burke estimated a circulation of four million. Since then there has been an uncounted—and uncountable—number of copies, particularly if every digital copy is included, but no one has yet been able to prove a circulation of 40 million. In an oft-repeated story, Hubbard wrote that when "Mr. Daniels [of the NY Central] was distributing the Message to Garcia, Prince Hilakoff (Mikhail Khilkov), Director of Russian Railways, was in this country...and made a tour of the country under the personal direction of Mr. Daniels....When he got home he had the Message to Garcia translated into Russian, and a copy of the booklet given to every railroad employee in Russia," apparently unaware that at that time a large percentage of Russian railroad workers were illiterate. Hubbard further claimed that "[D]uring the Russo-Japanese War, every soldier who went to the front was given a copy." The Japanese found the pamphlet on Russian prisoners of war, had it translated, and the "Mikado" ordered a copy given "to every man in the employ of the Japanese government, soldier or civilian". The narrative is false: Khilkov was in the U.S. in October 1896, long before the essay was written, and only occasionally was he in the company of Daniels. Not a single copy of the purported Russian or Japanese government-issued pamphlets has been found. When Hubbard was writing about the Russian and Japanese translations, he also declared that the pamphlet traveled from Russia to "Germany, France, Spain, Turkey, Hindustan, and China", and claimed that the essay had been translated into "all written languages". That has yet to be demonstrated; however, it can today be found in many recent translations: Czech, German, Romanian, Chinese, Korean, and other languages.

In popular culture
The phrase "to carry a message to Garcia" was in common use for years to indicate taking initiative when carrying out a difficult assignment. Richard Nixon can be heard using it on the Watergate tapes during conversations with Henry Kissinger and John Ehrlichman. It has also been used as the title of children's games and dramatized on radio shows, and it was tailor-made for the Boy Scouts of America. A passage in the 1917 Boy Scouts Yearbook emphasizes the connection: "If you give [a Boy Scout] a 'Message to Garcia' you know that message will be delivered, although the mountains, the wilderness, the desert, the torrents, the broad lagoons or the sea itself, separate him from 'Garcia'."

There have been two movies based on the essay, both titled A Message to Garcia. The first, a silent movie made in 1916 by Thomas A. Edison, Inc., was directed by Richard Ridgely and featured Robert Conness, Mabel Trunnelle, and Charles Sutton. As noted on the Turner Classic Movie site, "accuracy was not really a concern". The second film was produced in 1936 by Twentieth Century Fox and directed by George Marshall. It featured John Boles as Andrew Rowan, Wallace Beery, Barbara Stanwyck, Alan Hale, Herbert Mundin, Mona Barrie, and Enrique Acosta as Garcia—an "agreeable embroidery" according to Leslie Halliwell.

Up the Down Staircase, the 1965 book by Bel Kaufman, has a chapter titled "A Message to Garcia".

title: A Message to Garcia


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Linoleum (disambiguation)

Linoleum is a material used for floor covering and also by artists for linocut prints.

Linoleum may also refer to:

 * Linoleum (band), a London-based musical group
 * Linoleum (EP), an EP by progressive metal band Pain Of Salvation
 * Linoleum (film), a 2022 film starring Jim Gaffigan
 * "Linoléum", a song by Dumas
 * "Linoleum", a track on the album Punk in Drublic by the Californian punk rock band NOFX

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Linoleum (disambiguation)


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Indian Ocean kestrels

Isolated on various islands around the Indian Ocean, kestrel populations evolved into different species, like Darwin's finches. Behaviour remains similar to other small species of Falco (such as the common kestrel, Falco tinnunculus) except on (originally) forested Mauritius where kestrels hunt arboreally more like hawks. Due to the scarcity of mammals on oceanic islands, several species have adopted a diet containing many Phelsuma and other geckos. The species can be distinguished by coloration, but all except the banded kestrel share rich brown wings with black spotting. Sexes are alike in color except in the spotted kestrel, where differences are minor. As usual in birds of prey, females are larger than males; considerably so in some of these species as this assists resource partitioning.

Species
Two subspecies of Malagasy kestrel, F. newtoni, are recognised, one on the main island of Madagascar and one on neighbouring Anjouan and Aldabra. It has adapted to human encroachment better than much of Madagascar's wildlife. Its diet is mainly lizards and insects. Confusingly it is sometimes referred to as the spotted kestrel, a name usually used for the Moluccan/Indonesian kestrel, while the Mauritius kestrel's scientific name literally means "spotted falcon/kestrel".

Its closest relative is the Seychelles kestrel, F. araea. Their ancestors diverged probably less than one million years ago (roughly around the early Ionian) It is the smallest of all kestrels, otherwise similar to the Madagascar kestrel (and originally considered the same species). Its range is reduced to Mahé, with a few pairs on Silhouette Island, North Island and Praslin. Its diet is mainly lizards. The species' status, as the following one's, is Vulnerable according to the IUCN.

The Mauritius kestrel, F. punctatus, is more distantly related to the preceding two, having diverged from ancestral Madagascar region kestrels some time in the Gelasian (Groombridge et al. 2002). It is found only on Mauritius. It usually snatches arboreal prey, typically geckos or small birds. Habitat loss and DDT poisoning pushed this species to the brink of extinction, down to possibly as few as six individuals (and an even smaller effective population size) in the mid 1970s. The conservation effort was initially unsuccessful but results improved when new approaches were tried by Carl Jones in 1979. Chicks hatched at a sanctuary run by Gerald Durrell were released to new areas, and the population has now almost reached the carrying capacity of the island; intensive conservation activity has ceased for some time, with the last captive bred birds released in 1994.

The Réunion kestrel, F. duboisi, is probably the latter species' closest known relative. It only inhabited the island of Réunion, but became extinct for reasons not entirely clear around 1700. It is only known from subfossil bones and one brief eyewitness report.

The banded kestrel, F. zoniventris, is also restricted to Madagascar and is less common than F. newtoni. It is found in more arid habitats. It appears to be closer to the mainland African "gray kestrels" Falco ardosiaceus and Falco dickinsoni.

The spotted kestrel, F. moluccensis, is endemic to Indonesia. The Nankeen kestrel, F. cenchroides, inhabits Australia and New Guinea. These seem to belong to a lineage much closer to the common kestrel (Groombridge et al. 2002).

Other species of Falco - for example, sooty falcon, Eleonora's falcon, and the peregrine falcon - occur as occasional visitors in the region during migration. These are generally larger and/or entirely differently colored birds.

title: Indian Ocean kestrels


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Relm Arrowny

Relm Arrowny (リルム・アローニィ) is a character in the 1994 video game Final Fantasy VI. She is one of the last characters recruited into the main party, and is often accompanied by her grandfather, Strago Magus. Her mother died when she was young, and her father later left her. Despite her father, Shadow, eventually reuniting with her, she never learns his true identity. She was designed by various people; Yoshitaka Amano, Tetsuya Nomura, and Kazuko Shibuya all do art for her, while Akiyoshi Ota and other writers devised her backstory.

Concept and creation
Final Fantasy VI was developed with the mindset that none of the playable cast was the protagonist, and that each of them were equally the "main character". The cast of characters were selected from submissions from across the development team. Once the characters were selected, each individual would write their character's story, with Yoshinori Kitase balancing the plot as things developed. Relm's backstory was created by writer Akiyoshi Ota, with contributions from other writers. Her friendship with the character Edgar was conceived by Soraya Saga.

Yoshitaka Amano was commissioned to design the cast of Final Fantasy VI from the brief outlines provided. Given full creative freedom, Amano wanted to make "real" and "alive" characters, though with consideration for their representation in-game as small computer sprites. Said graphics were designed by Tetsuya Nomura, who drew the chibi artwork of the characters, and Kazuko Shibuya, who designed the in-game sprites. The composer of Relm's theme, Nobuo Uematsu, identified her as his favorite character in Final Fantasy VI. Relm is a young girl, the granddaughter of Strago Magus and daughter of Clyde, who works as an assassin named Shadow. She, like her grandfather, is naturally capable of using magic, Her primary spell is Sketch, which, when used to draw a monster in battle, allows her to use its move against it.

Appearances
Relm first appeared in Final Fantasy VI as one of its 14 playable characters. She is one of the last characters to join the party. She first appears while the party visits her grandfather, Strago Magus, who tells her to go upstairs. The group go with Strago, and later come back to find the house on fire. It was at this point that Strago reveals that he, along with Relm and the rest of the village, have magic powers, attempting and failing to use their magic to put out the fire. The party enters the home to rescue Relm with assistance from the assassin Shadow. She later appears when the party is fighting the octopus Ultros, showing up and defeating him by offering to draw his portrait, using her Sketch ability to defeat him with his own attack. Recognizing her power, the party allows her to join. She later appears after the world is destroyed, being an optional character that Celes Chere can recruit. If recruited, she is able to help Strago get out of a cult, who joined it after believing Relm died during the end of the world. Shadow's parentage to Relm may not come up explicitly during the game, only implicitly, such as through his normally standoffish dog liking her. If Shadow dies during the end of the world, Relm will have a nightmare about her father leaving her at a young age. Relm never learns that he is her father.

In Final Fantasy XIV, Relm makes a cameo through a minion based on her, an item that allows players to have a small animated toy to follow them. Later, a class called Pictomancer was added in the expansion Final Fantasy XIV: Dawntrail. This class is based on Relm and her Sketch ability, with the character in the reveal trailer being designed to resemble Relm.

Reception
Relm has received generally positive reception. In the book Queerness in Play, Relm's role as a child character was analyzed, with the authors noting how children characters like Relm are not as limited to healer roles as "maiden characters" such as Rosa Farrell from Final Fantasy IV and Terra Branford. They discussed how Relm and other child characters emphasize potential instead of limitation like older teenage characters in Final Fantasy tend to do. She became a significant topic among fans and critics following the reveal of the Pictomancer job in Final Fantasy XIV, which is based on her ability in Final Fantasy VI. Writer Patrick Holleman felt that Relm, along with Strago, suffered from "late-arrival syndrome," feeling that she suffers from being behind other characters mechanically and receiving less development. He felt that being young made her unlikely to be featured prominently in the story, and while he enjoyed her "juvenile petulance," he would not have 20 years ago.

Relm's personality has been discussed by critics. Writer Sebastian Deken discussed how, despite her precocious behavior, the way she is introduced - with a title card he compares to a translation of the poem "Deer Park" by Wang Wei - conveyed a depth to her character. He commented that her actions and beliefs told how much she cared about Strago, and how motivated she is to do things for him. When discussing her music theme, he noted how it was "sweet but immature," talking about how it may cause listeners to wonder where it's going. He felt that the song went in a downward motion to convey sadness, speculating that it may suggest that Relm reflects on her sadness often. The stillness of the theme also caused him to speculate what it could mean, suggesting "time stretching out in front of her, as it does when you’re a child; maybe it’s daylight; or maybe she’s stepping back from her canvas, thumb to her chin." He found her theme "childlike without being childish." Writer Pierre Maugein discussed how, despite Relm seeming like a "sweet, naive" girl, she's strong-willed and able to criticize adults, discussing how her ability to convey a "particular truth" to people reflected the concept of a child being more able to "convey the image of raw life force." He also discussed how she contrasts with what Strago represents, namely the social paradigm of old people being the center of the family. He also commented that "Relm's acerbity symbolizes the shift among younger Japanese generations that have become estranged from this social paradigm."

The relationship between Relm and Shadow, her father, was discussed, receiving praise from critics. Destructoid writer Chad Concelmo felt that the story behind it was beautiful due to its subtlety. He believed that stories like this were a rarity in video games, arguing that most games are explicit about what is happening. Pierre Maugein argued that being abandoned by her father made her create a "hard outer shell" for relationships, considering her a heartbreaking character, especially since her father is in the same group, and she never learns his identity. He felt it was done subtly, and considered the relationship among the most powerful in Final Fantasy. Author Sebastian Deken suggested that her introduction, where she bounds downstairs, may be her hoping that her father came back for her.

title: Relm Arrowny


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Steve Rushin

Steve Rushin (born September 22, 1966) is an American journalist, sportswriter and novelist. He was named the 2005 National Sportswriter of the Year by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association, and is a four-time finalist for the National Magazine Award.

Early life
Rushin grew up in Bloomington, Minnesota, the third in a family of five kids. In 1954 Steve's father, Don, was a blocking back for Johnny Majors at the University of Tennessee. Steve's older brother, Jim, was a forward on the Providence hockey team that reached the Frozen Four in 1983.

In Bloomington, Rushin watched baseball and football games at Metropolitan Stadium, where he sold hot dogs and soda to Twins and Vikings fans.

He is a graduate of John F. Kennedy Senior High School in Bloomington, and Marquette University in Milwaukee.

Career
After reading a story by Sports Illustrated writer Alexander Wolff on the annual Gus Macker three-on-three tournament in Michigan, Rushin struck up a correspondence with Wolff. He ended up writing an anthology of sports nicknames. From A-Train to Yogi, with Wolff and Chuck Wielgus. He joined the staff of S.I. in 1988, two weeks after graduating from Marquette. Within three years, at age 25, he became the youngest Senior Writer on the SI staff. In 1991, he was shuffled back to the Twin Cities to cover hometown reaction to the North Stars' first appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals in 10 years.

Three years later, Rushin spent four months writing an epic feature for S.I.'s 40th Anniversary issue. The story of his journey was divided into five parts, each exploring an essential aspect of sports in America. One section was a lament for recently razed Metropolitan Stadium whose site became the Mall of America and housed more than 800 stores, making it the largest shopping center in the United States. Rushin's essay – How We Got Here – spanned 24 pages and remains the longest-ever article published in a single issue of S.I. At the magazine, he filed stories from Java, Greenland, the India-Pakistan border and other far- and near-flung locales. Rushin covered events like the World Series, the World Cup and Wimbledon. He ate his way around America's ballparks and once rode a dozen rollercoasters in a day. His weekly column, Air & Space, ran from 1998 to 2007, and was often about sports. He left S.I. in February, 2007, returning in a contributing role in July 2010. He resumed his column - renamed "Rushin Lit" - on an occasional basis in October 2011.

During his time away from S.I., Rushin became a contributor to Golf Digest and Time magazine, for which he wrote back-page essays.

Rushin is the author of the billiards guide Pool Cool (1990), the travelogue Road Swing: One Fan's Journey Into the Soul of America's Sports (1998), the collection The Caddie Was a Reindeer (2004), the novel The Pint Man (2010). and the baseball historical The 34-Ton Bat: The Story of Baseball as Told Through Bobbleheads, Cracker Jacks, Jockstraps, Eye Black, and 375 Other Strange and Unforgettable Objects (2013).

Rushin has written numerous essays for The New York Times with memoirist and former Sports Illustrated colleague Franz Lidz. Three of them appear under the title Piscopo Agonistes in the 2000 collection Mirth of a Nation: The Best Contemporary Humor.

Personal
Rushin is married to college basketball analyst and former basketball player Rebecca Lobo. Rushin and Lobo live with their four children in Connecticut.

In May, 2007, Rushin was the Commencement Day speaker at Marquette, where he was awarded a Doctor of Humane Letters.

His grandfather was baseball player Jimmy Boyle.

Ball & Chain Podcast
Rushin and Lobo host a weekly podcast called the Ball & Chain Podcast. They discuss current events, sports, and family life. They published the first episode on October 23, 2017.

title: Steve Rushin


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Talk:Komi language

Cyrillic character codes instead of Latin ones
JM, you replaced Unicode character values U+0456, U+04E6, U+04E7 with Latin i and Ö. That doesn't seem right. Shouldn't these be characters in the Cyrillic range?

Does anyone know about the Komi letters in the Cyrillic Supplementary range U+0500–U+050F? Do those belong to Abur?

—Michael Z. 2005-02-5 18:08 Z

 * Me thinks Wikipedia is badly served by letters that show up as "ӧ", but my fanatism about the Komi language is limited, why I think enough is enough after one attempt to fix this. ;-) No hard feelings. --Johan Magnus 15:29, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't understand. That shows up as a little "o" with two dots over it; isn't that correct?  Please don't beat around the bush, but explain the problem.  Your edit comment "IPA is for phonetic transcriptions" didn't give us any hints that there was a problem.

 * Is it a little square or question mark in your browser? Are you using MSIE/Windows?  Did it look wrong before you removed Template:IPA from the page?  —Michael Z. 2005-02-6 16:16 Z

 * The letter comes up correctly in my browser. Johan Magnus' problem is that he does not have enough glyphs in his font, so that The Komi Ӧ and ӧ will look like the latin Ö and ö for all with a good Cyrillic font, and like squares or whatever for the rest of you.
 * Another issue: The article should be merged with Komi Zyrian, and Komi language is the best name for the article. Trondtr.

announcement in the Komi wikipedia
Yes, I've just brought this issue to the attention of the Komi wikipedia (which suffers from the use of wrong codes): Cyrillic ӧ and і!. Everyone is welcome to help with it there.--Imz (talk) 00:43, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Komi language templates
If you are a native speaker of Komi then you can help translate these templates into your own language:

 * Edit
 * Edit

--Amazonien (talk) 03:56, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Writing systems
Does the section on writing systems apply specifically to Komi-Zyrian, or does it apply equally to Komi-Permyak (which is hardly mentioned in the article)? --Amble (talk) 06:38, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:55, 29 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Название города на коми языке.jpg

title: Talk:Komi language


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Stephen Eaton

Stephen Robert Eaton, OAM (born 15 September 1975) is an Australian athlete with cerebral palsy from Toowoomba, Queensland who competes at the national and international level in discus throwing and shot put at events such as the Paralympic Games and IPC Athletics World Championships.

Eaton first began to participate in track and field events at the age of eight, under the guidance of coach Anne Marsh. He represented Australia at a Paralympic level for the first time in 1993, and won two gold medals at the 1994 FESPIC Games. He won a bronze medal in the Men's Discus F32–33 event at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympics. He won a silver medal in the men's discus at the 1998 IPC Athletics World Championships. He had an Australian Institute of Sport Athletics with a Disability scholarship from 1997 to 2000. He was also supported by the Queensland Academy of Sport.

He won a gold medal at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in the men's discus F34 event, for which he received a Medal of the Order of Australia. In 2000, he received an Australian Sports Medal.

Eaton has highlighted the therapeutic value of sport for anyone with a disability. He commented "If I didn't play sport I don't know what I would do. I get to meet people and to travel."

title: Stephen Eaton


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Fredrik von Otter

Fredrik Wilhelm von Otter (11 April 1833 – 9 March 1910) was a Swedish friherre, naval officer and politician, most notably serving as Prime Minister of Sweden from 1900 to 1902.

Life and work
Otter was born on the Fimmersta estate (Töreboda Municipality) in Västergötland and belonged to the wealthy and aristocratic von Otter family. He entered the Royal Swedish Navy as second lieutenant at the age of 17, but remained without promotion for a long time. Meanwhile, he served in the British Royal Navy from 1857 to 1861, participating in campaigns against pirates in the South China Sea, and took part in one of Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's North Pole expeditions in 1868, as commander of the expedition ship Sofia. He was promoted to commander and made aide-de-camp of Crown Prince Oscar, the Duke of Östergötland, in 1872 and remained so after the prince's accession to the throne as Oscar II in 1873.

In 1874 he was promoted to captain and appointed Ministry for Naval Affairs in the cabinet, succeeding Major General Baron Abraham Leijonhufvud. He remained in this position until the resignation of the De Geer cabinet in 1880, after which he was appointed director of the naval shipyard in Karlskrona. He was made a Commodore in 1884, a vice admiral in 1892 and admiral in 1900.

He also represented Blekinge County in the parliamentary First Chamber 1891–1899, and Karlskrona in the Second Chamber 1900–1902.

After the resignation of Erik Gustaf Boström in 1900, Otter was offered the premiership by the king and formed a cabinet which would remain in office for two years. As Prime Minister he was responsible for carrying through the remodelling of the military system and the final abolition of the allotment system introduced by Charles XI more than 200 years earlier. In connection with the new military organization, a progressive taxation system was introduced. After the end of that parliamentary session in July 1902, Otter resigned and was succeeded by his predecessor Boström. The main reason for his resignation was the failure in the Riksdag of a proposed bill on voting rights. He spent his remaining years managing his estate at Trantorp outside Karlskrona.

Personal life
On 7 October 1863 in Stockholm, von Otter married Mathilda Dahlström (23 January 1841 – 24 June 1926), the daughter of county governor Jacob Axel Dahlström and Christina Hagerman.

Dates of rank

 * 21 December 1850 – Sekundlöjtnant
 * 15 June 1858 – Premiärlöjtnant
 * 1 October 1866 – Lieutenant
 * 5 April 1872 – Lieutenant commander
 * ? – Commander
 * 23 December 1874 – Captain
 * 12 September 1884 – Rear admiral
 * 16 December 1892 – Vice admiral
 * 8 September 1900 – Admiral

Honours

 * Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences (1874)
 * Member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences (1865)
 * Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences (1875)

title: Fredrik von Otter


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James Bateman (horticulturist)

James Bateman (18 July 1811 – 27 November 1897) was a British landowner and accomplished horticulturist. He developed Biddulph Grange after moving there around 1840, from nearby Knypersley Hall in Staffordshire, England. He created the famous gardens at Biddulph with the aid of his wife Maria and his friend and painter of seascapes Edward William Cooke. From 1865–70 he was the founding president of the North Staffordshire Field Club, the large local organisation which researched local natural history and folklore.

Biography
He was born at Redvales near Bury in Lancashire, he matriculated with Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1829, graduating from Magdalen College with a BA in 1834 and an MA in 1845. Over the twenty years he made a great deal of money in iron, engineering and banking. In 1871, Bateman and his notable sons (who included the painter Robert Bateman) gave up the house and gardens at Biddulph, and he moved to Kensington in London. He later moved to Worthing in Sussex, where he died on 27 November 1897.

Collector of plants
"MA Magdalen College, Oxford, 1845, took great interest in collecting and cultivating tropical plants; FLS, 1833; FRS, 1838; fellow of Royal Horticultural Society; published writings on orchids and other horticultural subjects."

He was a collector of and scholar on orchids, President of the North Staffordshire Field Society, and served on the Royal Horticultural Society's Plant Exploration Committee. He especially loved rhododendrons and azaleas. He had a number of notable sons who grew up at Biddulph Grange, including the painter Robert Bateman.

Bateman was "a collector and scholar on orchids," and "was one of the early developers of orchid culture. He sponsored expeditions to Mexico and South America enabling collectors to gather rare specimens. He published three lavish books about orchids. He pioneered "cool orchid cultivation" which enabled the Odontoglossum to be cultivated in England, replicating the cool arid climate of the cloud forests in Central America where these exotic flowers are found. Walter Hood Fitch, (1817–1892)...was employed by Bateman to create the paintings for his magnificent orchid books...exceedingly rare, A Monograph of Odontoglossum, is composed of thirty large scale hand-coloured lithographs." The naturalist, Charles Darwin "received a box of orchids from Bateman on 25 January 1862 (and) a letter from him dated 28 January 1862."

Garden designer
He created the famous gardens at Biddulph with the aid of his botanist wife Maria and his friend and painter of seascapes Edward William Cooke. His gardens at Biddulph are a rare survival of the interim period between Capability Brown landscape garden and the High Victorian style. The gardens are compartmentalised and divided into themes.

Bateman "was also responsible for laying out the Arboretum at Derby, the first public park in England."

The children's book by Priscilla Masters, Mr Bateman's Garden (1987), is a fantasy set in the gardens.

Family
On 24 April 1838, he married Maria Sybilla, third daughter of Rowland Egerton Warburton and sister of Peter Egerton Warburton; they had three sons, John, Rowland, and Robert (a notable painter), and a daughter, Katherine, who married Ulrick Ralph Burke.

Publications

 * The Orchidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala by James Bateman, c.1845 "Only 125 copies of this book were published. It is physically one of the largest botanical books ever published."
 * A Second Century of Orchidaceous Plants, by James Bateman, London: L. Reeve & Co., 1867. "Large-4to (315 x 245 mm). pp. viii, with 100 beautifully handcoloured lithographed plates and descriptive text."
 * A monograph of Odontoglossum by James Bateman, London: L. Reeve & Co., 1874. Facsimile of the title page

title: James Bateman (horticulturist)


text:
Fargo Trucks

Fargo was a brand of trucks originally produced in the United States in 1913 by the Fargo Motor Car Company. Dropped in 1922, the name was reintroduced for a line of trucks manufactured by the Chrysler Corporation after purchasing Fargo Motors in 1928. Later, Chrysler absorbed Dodge and started producing its truck line, so over time, Fargo trucks became rebadged Dodges, similar to the parallel sale by General Motors of its GMC and Chevrolet truck lines, as well as the Mercury truck brand used by Ford in Canada.

The modern-day descendant of Chrysler's truck division is now known as Ram Trucks.

History
The first Fargo trucks were built in Pilsen, Chicago, by the Fargo Motor Car Company from 1913 until 1922. In 1928, Chrysler bought the business and created their own line of Fargo trucks. Shortly after its creation, Chrysler also bought the Dodge Brothers Company, adding Dodge- and Graham Brothers-badged trucks to its product line. From then on, Fargo trucks were almost identical to Dodge models, save for trim and name, and were sold by Chrysler-Plymouth dealers.

U.S. sales of Fargo trucks were discontinued in the 1930s and replaced in the US by Plymouth-badged trucks in 1937, In Canada, the name Fargo was used until 1972 for marketing reasons to differentiate the trucks as Chrysler-Plymouth dealer offerings apart from the Dodge trucks sold at Dodge dealers.

Chrysler's badge engineering
The Fargo brand lived longer in a variety of countries under the Chrysler Corporation's badge engineering marketing approach.

Manufactured in Detroit at the Lynch Road facility, Dodge trucks were also offered under the Fargo (or DeSoto) names in most of Latin America, while in Europe and Asia, they were mainly built in Chrysler's Kew (UK) plant and sold under either the Fargo or DeSoto badge names.

In Argentina, the make Fargo was used for the pick up D-100 and the D-400, and DP-400 diesel truck from 1960 to 1967.

In Australia, both American and British Dodge models, along with locally assembled units, were marketed by Chrysler Australia with Dodge, Fargo, or De Soto badges.

Additionally, heavy trucks made in Spain by Barreiros, Chrysler's Spanish subsidiary, including a 38-tonne tractor and rigid four-, six- and eight-wheelers, which were sold in the UK as the Dodge 300 Series, were exported to several countries as Fargo vehicles.

The use of the Fargo trademark came to an end in the US when Dodge pulled out of the American heavy truck business in 1976, and finally in 1978, when Chrysler Europe was sold to PSA Peugeot Citroën.

In Turkey
The Fargo brand existed in Turkey for years, and well into the 21st century, because Fargo and De Soto light and heavy trucks were made by Turkish manufacturer Askam, with no technical or business connection with Chrysler in its final years. However, Askam was the descendant of Chrysler Kamyon Montaj Fabrikası, founded in Istanbul in 1964. Askam went out of business in 2015, meaning that the LDV Maxus van was the last Fargo-badged (as the "Fargo Fora") vehicle offered in the world.

title: Fargo Trucks


text:
Aguinaldo (music)

Aguinaldo It is a genre of Puerto Rican and Venezuelan traditional and cultural music, popular in several Latin American countries., based on Spanish Christmas carols or villancicos which is traditionally sung on Christmas itself or during the holiday season. Aguinaldo music is often performed by parrandas - a casual group of people, often family or friends, who merrily go from house to house taking along their singing. The instruments used are four, maracas and drums. Some popular aguinaldos are Burrito Sabanero (Venezuela), El Asalto (Puerto Rico), Feliz Navidad (Puerto Rico), and De la Montaña Venimos (Puerto Rico).

Venezuelan aguinaldo
In Venezuela, aguinaldo is a genre of Christmas music and generally have six verses. Played by "parranderos" or "aguinalderos" that announce their arrival in song and seek to gain entry to the community houses to relate the story of the birth of Christ, and to share in the joy of the message of Peace on Earth and to all People of Good Will. Aguinaldos are played with typical instruments such as the cuatro (a small, four-string guitar), furruco, and maracas. Other instruments often used are violin, guitar, tambourine, mandolin, bandol, caja (a percussive box instrument), and marímbula (an Afro-Venezuelan instrument). In exchange for the entertainment, "parranderos" are traditionally given food and drink: hallacas, panettone, rum and "Ponche Crema" (a form of alcoholic eggnog). Aguinaldos are also played at Christmas church celebrations.

Puerto Rican aguinaldo
In Puerto Rico, the aguinaldo is a musical gift offered during the Christmas season and is a tradition inherited from the island's Spanish colonizers. As a musical gift, aguinaldos are mostly played by "parranderos" or "trullas" during the Christmas holidays. While parrandas, showing up at a residence late at night, with a group of Christmas carolers, is a practice that is slowly being lost in Puerto Rico, a Puerto Rican aguinaldos album debuted in the top 10 Billboard Tropical Albums in December 2019.

Originally, aguinaldos were "villancicos" with strong religious connotations but soon evolved to "coplas" (quartets) and "decimas" (ten-verses compositions) about all kinds of everyday topics. Aguinaldos were played with typical instruments such as the bordonúa, a tiple, a cuatro, a carracho or güiro, a cowbell, barriles de bomba, an accordion, and maracas. With bordonua players becoming more difficult to find, the guitar became a staple accompanying the cuatro. Today, panderos (also known as "pleneras"), brass instruments and whatever makes noise, are used.

As a genre, the aguinaldo is played mostly on the radio on key Christmas holidays in Puerto Rico; the day before Christmas, Christmas Day, New Year's Eve, New Year's Day, the day before Three Kings Day, and on Three King's Day (January 6). Aguinaldos are also played at Christmas church celebrations.

In 1918, Puerto Rican Aguinaldo's and Décimas and other notes, as compiled by American linguist, John Alden Mason, and Aurelio M. Espinosa were published in the Journal of American Folklore.

Philippine aguinaldo
In the Philippines, the word aguinaldo has come to refer instead to the gift—usually cash or coins—collected by small groups of children that go carolling. A traditional instrument used is a makeshift tambourine made of several tansan (aluminium bottle caps) strung on some wire. Carollers solicit homeowners with the chant "Namamasko po!" (approx. "wassailing!"), and after singing wait to be rewarded with aguinaldo.

Trinidadian aguinaldo
Aguinaldo or Serenal is a music genre used in Parang (Parranda) a type of Christmas music that came to Trinidad and Tobago from Venezuela. Singers and instrumentalists (collectively known as "parranderos") travel from house to house in the community, often joined by friends and neighbours family, using whatever instruments are to hand. Popular parang instruments include the cuatro and maracas (locally known as chac-chacs).

title: Aguinaldo (music)


text:
Berkel (disambiguation)

Berkel may refer to:

 * The river Berkel in the east of the Netherlands
 * Berkel Westpolder RandstadRail station
 * The former village of Berkel (South Holland), now part of Berkel en Rodenrijs
 * The former village of Berkel (North Brabant), now part of Berkel-Enschot
 * Avery Berkel, a major manufacturer of weighing systems
 * The Berkel meat slicer
 * Berkel (crater), a crater on Mercury
 * Berkel-Enschot railway station
 * Berkel railway station

People with the surname

 * Ben van Berkel (born 1957), Dutch architect
 * Christian Berkel (born 1957), German actor
 * Gary J. Van Berkel, research scientist who leads the Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
 * Rosemary Berkel and Harry L. Crisp II Museum
 * Tim Berkel (Timothy Peter Van Berkel) (born 1984), Australian triathlete

title: Berkel (disambiguation)


text:
List of Rosa species

There is significant disagreement over the number of true rose species. Some species are so similar that they could easily be considered variations of a single species, while other species show enough variation that they could easily be considered to be different species. Lists of rose species usually show more than 320. The numbers 320 to 350 are the figures accepted by most botanists, but as Bailey has pointed out, the extreme lumpers Bentham and Hooker only allowed for 30 species, while the extreme splitter Michel Gandoger allowed 4,266 species just in Europe and West Asia.

Subgenera and sections
There are currently four subgenera in Rosa, although there has been some disputes over the years. The four subgenera are:
 * Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing one or two species from Southwest Asia, R. persica and R. berberifolia (syn. R. persica var. berberifolia) which are the only species without compound leaves or stipules.
 * Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose") with two species, both from southwestern North America, R. minutifolia and R. stellata.
 * Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to its flaky bark) with one species from East Asia, R. roxburghii.
 * Rosa (the type subgenus) containing all the other species. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
 * Banksianae – white and yellow species from China
 * Bracteatae – three species, two from China and one from India
 * Caninae – pink and white species from Europe, Asia and North Africa
 * Carolinae – white, pink and bright pink species, all from North America
 * Chinensis – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-color species from China and Burma
 * Gallicanae – pink to crimson and striped species from Europe and West Asia
 * Gymnocarpae – a small group distinguished by a deciduous receptacle on the hip; one species in western North America (R. gymnocarpa), the rest in East Asia
 * Laevigatae – a single white species from China
 * Pimpinellifoliae – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped species from Europe and Asia
 * Rosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae) – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red species from all areas except North Africa
 * Synstylae – white, pink, and crimson species from all areas

Species
The following species are accepted:
 * Rosa abietina Gren. ex Christ
 * Rosa abrica Khat. & Koobaz
 * Rosa abutalybovii Gadzh.
 * Rosa abyssinica R.Br. ex Lindl. – Abyssinian rose, Ethiopian rose, wild Ethiopian rose, African rose
 * Rosa achburensis Chrshan.
 * Rosa acicularis Lindl. – wild rose, prickly rose, prickly wild rose, bristly rose, Arctic rose (Rosa)
 * Rosa adenophylla Galushko
 * Rosa agrestis Savi – small-leaved sweet briar, field briar, fieldbriar (Caninae)
 * Rosa alabukensis Tkatsch.
 * Rosa alberti Regel
 * Rosa alexeenkoi Crép. ex Juz.
 * Rosa × alpestris Rapin
 * Rosa altidaghestanica Husseinov
 * Rosa amblyophylla Kult.
 * Rosa × andegavensis Bastard
 * Rosa arabica (Crép. ex Boiss.) Déségl.
 * Rosa × andegavensis Tchubar
 * Rosa arensii Juz. & Galushko
 * Rosa arkansana Porter – prairie rose, wild prairie rose (Rosa)
 * Rosa arvensis Huds. – field rose, white-flowered trailing rose, Shakespeare's musk (Synstylae)
 * Rosa × atlantica W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa × avrayensis Rouy & E.G.Camus
 * Rosa awarica Husseinov
 * Rosa baiyushanensis Q.L.Wang
 * Rosa balcarica Galushko
 * Rosa balsamica Willd.
 * Rosa banksiae R.Br. – Lady Banks' rose, Banks' rose
 * Rosa banksiopsis Baker
 * Rosa × baxanensis Galushko
 * Rosa beauvaisii Cardot
 * Rosa beggeriana Schrenk – (Gymnocarpae)
 * Rosa bella Rehder & E.H.Wilson
 * Rosa bellicosa Nevski
 * Rosa × belnensis Ozanon
 * Rosa × bengyana Rouy & L.C.Lamb.
 * Rosa biebersteiniana Tratt.
 * Rosa × bigeneris Duffort ex Rouy
 * Rosa × binaloudensis Vaezi, Arjmandi & Sharghi
 * Rosa × bishopii Wolley-Dod
 * Rosa × biturigensis Boreau
 * Rosa blanda Aiton – smooth rose, meadow/wild rose, prairie rose
 * Rosa boissieri Crép.
 * Rosa × bolanderi Greene
 * Rosa bracteata J.C.Wendl. – Macartney rose (Bracteatae)
 * Rosa bridgesii Crép. ex Rydb. – pygmy rose, Sierran dwarf rose
 * Rosa brotherorum Chrshan.
 * Rosa brunonii Lindl. – Himalayan musk rose (Synstylae)
 * Rosa bugensis Chrshan.
 * Rosa buschiana Chrshan.
 * Rosa caesia Sm.
 * Rosa calantha Tkatsch.
 * Rosa calcarea Lipsch. & Sumnev.
 * Rosa californica Cham. & Schltdl. – California rose, California wild rose (Rosa)
 * Rosa calyptopoda Cardot
 * Rosa × bolanderi
 * Rosa × canadensis W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa canina L. – dog rose (Caninae)
 * Rosa carolina L. – Carolina rose, pasture rose, prairie rose (Carolinae)
 * Rosa caryophyllacea Besser
 * Rosa caudata Baker
 * Rosa × caviniacensis Ozanon
 * Rosa × centifolia L. – Provence rose, cabbage rose, Rose de Mai
 * Rosa chavinii Rapin ex Reut.
 * Rosa chengkouensis T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku
 * Rosa chinensis Jacq. – Chinese rose, China rose, Bengal rose
 * Rosa chionistrae H.Lindb.
 * Rosa × churchillii W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa cinnamomea L. - Typ. cons.
 * Rosa × clinophylla Thory – (Bracteatae)
 * Rosa × consanguinea Gren.
 * Rosa corymbifera Borkh. – (Caninae)
 * Rosa corymbulosa Rolfe
 * Rosa × cottetii Lagger & Puget ex Cottet
 * Rosa coziae Nyár.
 * Rosa cymosa Tratt. - elderflower rose
 * Rosa cziragensis Husseinov
 * Rosa daishanensis T.C.Ku
 * Rosa × damascena Mill. – Damask rose, Bulgarian rose, Turkish rose, Taif rose, Arab rose, Ispahan rose, Castile rose
 * Rosa darginica Husseinov
 * Rosa davidii Crép. – Father David's rose (Rosa)
 * Rosa davurica Pall.
 * Rosa deqenensis T.C.Ku
 * Rosa derongensis T.C.Ku
 * Rosa deseglisei Boreau
 * Rosa diplodonta Dubovik
 * Rosa dolichocarpa Galushko
 * Rosa doluchanovii Manden.
 * Rosa donetzica Dubovik
 * Rosa ×  dryadea Ripart ex Déségl.
 * Rosa dsharkenti Chrshan.
 * Rosa dubovikiae Mironova
 * Rosa ×  dulcissima Lunell
 * Rosa ×  dumalis Bechst. – glaucous dog rose
 * Rosa ×  dumetorum Thuill.
 * Rosa duplicata T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku
 * Rosa ecae Aitch. – (Pimpinellifoliae)
 * Rosa elymaitica Boiss. & Hausskn.
 * Rosa ×  engelmannii S.Watson
 * Rosa ermanica Manden.
 * Rosa facsarii Ker.-Nagy
 * Rosa fargesiana Boulenger
 * Rosa farreri Stapf ex Cox – Farrer's threepenny-bit rose
 * Rosa ×  fernaldiorum W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa filipes Rehder & E.H.Wilson
 * Rosa foetida Herrm. – Austrian briar, Austrian copper rose, Persian yellow rose (Pimpinellifoliae)
 * Rosa foliolosa Nutt.
 * Rosa forrestiana Boulenger
 * Rosa freitagii Ziel.
 * Rosa fujisanensis (Makino) Makino
 * Rosa gadzhievii Chrshan. & Iskend.
 * Rosa gallica L. – Gallic rose, French rose, rose of Provins (Gallicanae)
 * Rosa galushkoi Demurova
 * Rosa gigantea Collett ex Crép.
 * Rosa ×  gilmaniana W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa giraldii Crép.
 * Rosa glabrifolia C.A.Mey. ex Rupr.
 * Rosa glandulososetosa Gadzh.
 * Rosa glauca Pourr. – red-leaved rose, redleaf rose
 * Rosa ×  glaucoides Wolley-Dod
 * Rosa glomerata Rehder & E.H.Wilson
 * Rosa gorenkensis Besser
 * Rosa graciliflora Rehder & E.H.Wilson
 * Rosa gracilipes Chrshan.
 * Rosa ×  grovesii (Baker) Maskew
 * Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. – dwarf rose, wood rose, bald-hip rose (Gymnocarpae)
 * Rosa ×  hainesii W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa ×  harmsiana W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa heckeliana Tratt.
 * Rosa helenae Rehder & E.H.Wilson – (Synstylae)
 * Rosa hemisphaerica Herrm. – sulphur rose (Pimpinellifoliae)
 * Rosa ×  henryana W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa henryi Boulenger
 * Rosa hezhangensis T.L.Xu
 * Rosa ×  hibernica Templeton
 * Rosa hirtissima Lonacz.
 * Rosa hirtula (Regel) Nakai – Hakone rose, sanshou-bara
 * Rosa ×  hodgdonii W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa ×  housei Erlanson
 * Rosa ×  hyogoensis H.Ohba & S.Akiyama
 * Rosa iberica Steven ex M.Bieb.
 * Rosa iliensis Chrshan.
 * Rosa iljinii Chrshan. ex Gadzh.
 * Rosa inodora Fr.
 * Rosa ×  involuta Sm.
 * Rosa irinae Demurova
 * Rosa irysthonica Manden.
 * Rosa isaevii Gadzh. & Iskand.
 * Rosa ×  iwara Siebold ex Regel
 * Rosa jaroschenkoi Gadzh. & Iskand.
 * Rosa juzepczukiana Vassilcz.
 * Rosa kamelinii Husseinov
 * Rosa karaalmensis Tkatsch.
 * Rosa kazarjanii Sosn.
 * Rosa khasautensis Galushko
 * Rosa kokanica (Regel) Regel ex Juz. – (Pimpinellifoliae)
 * Rosa kokijrimensis Tkatsch.
 * Rosa koreana Kom.
 * Rosa ×  kotschyana Boiss.
 * Rosa kuhitangi Nevski
 * Rosa kujmanica Golitsin
 * Rosa kunmingensis T.C.Ku
 * Rosa kwangtungensis T.T.Yu & H.T.Tsai
 * Rosa kweichowensis T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku
 * Rosa laevigata Michx. – Cherokee rose (Laevigatae)
 * Rosa langyashanica D.C.Zhang & J.Z.Shao
 * Rosa lasiosepala F.P.Metcalf
 * Rosa laxa Retz. – (Rosa)
 * Rosa leschenaultiana (Thory) Wight & Arn.
 * Rosa lichiangensis T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku
 * Rosa livescens Besser
 * Rosa ×  longicolla Ravaud ex Rouy
 * Rosa longicuspis Bertol.
 * Rosa longshoushanica L.Q.Zhao & Y.Z.Zhao
 * Rosa lucidissima H.Lév.
 * Rosa lucieae Franch. & Rochebr. ex Crép. – memorial rose
 * Rosa ludingensis T.C.Ku
 * Rosa macrophylla Lindl. – big-hip rose (Rosa)
 * Rosa mairei H.Lév.
 * Rosa majalis Herrm. – cinnamon rose, double cinnamon rose (Rosa)
 * Rosa ×  makinoana H.Ohba
 * Rosa mandenovae Gadzh.
 * Rosa mandonii Déségl.
 * Rosa ×  margerisonii F.Lees
 * Rosa marginata Wallr.
 * Rosa ×  massiana W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa maximowicziana Regel
 * Rosa ×  medioccidentis W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa memoryae W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa mesatlantica H.Lindb.
 * Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Sm. – small-flowered sweet briar
 * Rosa ×  mikawamontana Mikanagi & H.Ohba
 * Rosa minutifolia Engelm. – small-leaved rose, Baja rose, Baja littleleaf rose (Hesperrhodos)
 * Rosa ×  misimensis Nakai
 * Rosa miyiensis T.C.Ku
 * Rosa ×  molletorum Hesl.-Harr.
 * Rosa ×  molliformis Wolley-Dod
 * Rosa mollis Sm. – small downy-rose
 * Rosa ×  momiyamae H.Ohba
 * Rosa montana Chaix
 * Rosa morrisonensis Hayata
 * Rosa moschata Herrm. – musk rose
 * Rosa moyesii Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson – (Rosa)
 * Rosa multibracteata Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson – (Rosa)
 * Rosa multiflora Thunb. – multiflora rose, many-flowered rose, seven-sisters rose, Japanese rose, Eijitsu rose, baby rose, rambler rose (Synstylae)
 * Rosa murielae Rehder & E.H.Wilson
 * Rosa nipponensis Crép.
 * Rosa nitida Willd. – shining rose (Carolinae)
 * Rosa ×  nitidula Besser
 * Rosa ×  novae-angliae W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa nutkana C.Presl – Nootka rose, bristly rose, wild rose
 * Rosa obtegens Galushko
 * Rosa ×  odorata (Andrews) Sweet
 * Rosa ×  oldhamii W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa ×  oligocarpa Rydb.
 * Rosa omeiensis Rolfe
 * Rosa onoei Makino
 * Rosa orientalis A.Dupont ex Ser.
 * Rosa osmastonii Rawat & Pangtey
 * Rosa ossethica Manden.
 * Rosa oxyacantha M.Bieb.
 * Rosa oxyodon Boiss.
 * Rosa ×  oxyodontoides Galushko
 * Rosa ×  ozcelikii Korkmaz & Kandemir
 * Rosa ×  palustriformis Rydb.
 * Rosa palustris Marshall – swamp rose (Carolinae)
 * Rosa paniculigera (Makino ex Koidz.) Momiy.
 * Rosa ×  paulii Rehder
 * Rosa pedunculata Kult.
 * Rosa pendulina L. – Alpine rose, mountain rose
 * Rosa persetosa Rolfe
 * Rosa persica Michx ex Juss.
 * Rosa ×  pervirens Gren. ex Crép.
 * Rosa phoenicia Boiss.
 * Rosa pimpinellifolia L. – burnet rose
 * Rosa pinetorum A.Heller – pine rose
 * Rosa pinnatisepala T.C.Ku
 * Rosa ×  piptocalyx Juz.
 * Rosa pisocarpa A.Gray – cluster rose, swamp rose
 * Rosa platyacantha Schrenk
 * Rosa ×  polliniana Spreng.
 * Rosa popovii Chrshan.
 * Rosa pouzinii Tratt.
 * Rosa ×  praegeri Wolley-Dod
 * Rosa praelucens Bijh.
 * Rosa praetermissa Galushko
 * Rosa prattii Hemsl.
 * Rosa pricei Hayata
 * Rosa primula Boulenger – incense rose (Pimpinellifoliae)
 * Rosa prokhanovii Galushko
 * Rosa pseudobanksiae T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku
 * Rosa ×  pseudorusticana Crép. ex W.M.Rogers
 * Rosa pseudoscabriuscula (R.Keller) Henker & G.Schulze
 * Rosa pubicaulis Galushko
 * Rosa ×  pulcherrima Koidz.
 * Rosa pulverulenta M.Bieb.
 * Rosa ×  reversa Waldst. & Kit.
 * Rosa rhaetica Gremli
 * Rosa roopiae Lonacz.
 * Rosa ×  rothschildii Druce
 * Rosa ×  rouyana Duffort ex Rouy
 * Rosa roxburghii Tratt. – chestnut rose, burr rose (Platyrhodon)
 * Rosa rubiginosa L. – sweetbriar rose, sweet briar, sweet brier, eglantine (Caninae)
 * Rosa rubus H.Lév. & Vaniot
 * Rosa rugosa Thunb. – rugosa rose, beach rose, Japanese rose, Ramanas rose, letchberry (Rosa)
 * Rosa russanovii Tkatsch.
 * Rosa ×  sabinii J.Woods
 * Rosa ×  salaevensis Rapin
 * Rosa sambucina Koidz.
 * Rosa saturata Baker
 * Rosa saundersiae Rolfe
 * Rosa ×  scabriuscula Winch ex Sm.
 * Rosa schergiana Boiss.
 * Rosa schrenkiana Crép.
 * Rosa sempervirens L. – evergreen rose (Synstylae)
 * Rosa serafinii Viv.
 * Rosa sericea Lindl. – silky rose (Pimpinellifoliae)
 * Rosa sertata Rolfe
 * Rosa setigera Michx. – climbing rose, climbing wild rose, prairie rose (Synstylae)
 * Rosa setipoda Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson
 * Rosa shangchengensis T.C.Ku
 * Rosa sherardii Davies
 * Rosa sikangensis T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku
 * Rosa sinobiflora T.C.Ku
 * Rosa sogdiana Tkatsch.
 * Rosa soulieana Crép. – (Synstylae)
 * Rosa ×  spinulifolia Dematra
 * Rosa spithamea S.Watson
 * Rosa squarrosa (A.Rau) Boreau
 * Rosa stellata Wooton – star rose, desert rose, gooseberry rose (Hesperrhodos)
 * Rosa stylosa Desv.
 * Rosa subbuschiana Husseinov
 * Rosa ×  suberecta (Woods) Ley
 * Rosa ×  suberectiformis Wolley-Dod
 * Rosa ×  subpomifera Chrshan.
 * Rosa taiwanensis Nakai
 * Rosa taronensis T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku
 * Rosa teberdensis Chrshan.
 * Rosa terscolensis Galushko
 * Rosa tianschanica Juz.
 * Rosa tibetica T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku
 * Rosa tlaratensis Husseinov
 * Rosa ×  toddiae Wolley-Dod
 * Rosa tomentosa Sm. – harsh downy-rose
 * Rosa transcaucasica Manden.
 * Rosa transmorrisonensis Hayata
 * Rosa tschimganica Raikova ex Sumnev.
 * Rosa tsinlingensis Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Rosa tunquinensis Crép.
 * Rosa turcica Rouy
 * Rosa turkestanica Regel
 * Rosa uniflora Galushko
 * Rosa uniflorella Buzunova
 * Rosa usischensis Husseinov
 * Rosa vassilczenkoi Tkatsch.
 * Rosa ×  verticillacantha Mérat
 * Rosa ×  victoriana W.H.Lewis
 * Rosa villosa L. – apple rose
 * Rosa virginiana Mill. – Virginia rose, common wild rose, prairie rose
 * Rosa ×  vituperabilis Duffort ex Rouy
 * Rosa ×  waitziana Waitz ex Tratt.
 * Rosa ×  warleyensis E.Willm.
 * Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle – Webb's rose, thorny rose, prairie rose
 * Rosa weisiensis T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku
 * Rosa willmottiae Hemsl. – Miss Willmott's rose, Willmott's rose (Gymnocarpae)
 * Rosa woodsii Lindl. – Woods' rose, interior rose, mountain rose, pear-hip rose, common wild rose, prairie rose
 * Rosa xanthina Lindl. – yellow rose, Manchu rose
 * Rosa zalana Wiesb.
 * Rosa zaramagensis Demurova
 * Rosa zhongdianensis T.C.Ku
 * Rosa zuvandica Gadzh.

title: List of Rosa species


text:
Berkel-Enschot

Berkel-Enschot is a Dutch village, located in the municipality of Tilburg in the North Brabant province which borders Belgium.

Geography
Berkel-Enschot is located between Tilburg and Oisterwijk. Surrounding towns and hamlets are Brem, Heikant, Heuveltje, 't Hoekske, Hoog-Heukelom, Hoogeind, de Kraan, Laag-Heukelom, Loonse Hoek, Oisterwijkse Hoeve and Udenhout.

History
The village was formed when two agricultural villages, Berkel and Enschot, eventually merged. From 1811 until 1996, together with neighboring hamlet Heukelom, the village formed an individual municipality which was split up in 1997. From that point, Berkel-Enschot became part of the municipality of Tilburg and Heukelom joined the municipality of Oisterwijk.

Although mainly an agrarian community, field ovens near the local clay pits were used to produce bricks from 1897 until 1931. One of these clay pits was eventually turned into a recreational pool, the Rauwbraken, which is still in use today. Another notable contribution to the village, facilitated by the growing brick industry, was its first rail line which ran from Tilburg to 's-Hertogenbosch. Although originally constructed to transport bricks, it allowed the village to easily transport feed for livestock as well as coal. After the Second World War, the village prospered due to the booming textile industry of Tilburg. When in 1960, the Jurgens Textile company opened a production location in the village, the number of residents again grew quickly.

Toponymy
The town derives its name from the old Dutch words 'Berkeloo' and 'Ende Skied', which mean 'Birch forest' and 'Final border'.

Main sights

 * Koningshoeven Abbey, founded in 1881, is a Trappist abbey and one of two Dutch breweries of trappist beer.

title: Berkel-Enschot


text:
Talk:Tegetthoff-class battleship

Naming
Is it certain that the name of this class was Viribus Unitis? Some reliably-looking sources I found (1 or 2) call it Tegetthoff instead. -- Sandius 18:14, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The german wikipedia says that the "SMS Viribus Unitis" was the first of the ships what was finished, so the class was named after it...213.47.166.181 (talk) 15:53, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

 * It's pretty standard to name a ship after the first of the class, and if the dates here are correct, Viribus Unitis is the first. Stan 21:58, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It may be a standard, but there always are exceptions. For example this page, which is dedicated to Tegetthoff class, says: "SMS Viribus Unitis, the first ship of the Tegetthoff class, was launched on June 24th 1911."

 * I doubt all these pages are wrong. Given the fact, that it is common to name the class after its first ship, I'd rather expect them to follow this rule, unless they had some facts that are opposing it. And it seems to me they really have them. -- Sandius 23:25, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * They can very well be wrong; in the process of our research we often find material, especially on the net, that is well informed on some things and poorly on others. In this case I find it curious that the departure from custom is not remarked upon, which means it's possible that these websites are copying somebody else's mistake - or not. I would recommend chasing down a more authoritative source, preferably in print and with an explanation, before fooling around with this name; although everything is fixable, it takes time to undo a hasty move turns out to be mistaken (I should know, I've made hundreds of that sort of mistake! :-) ). Stan 01:24, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It's Tegethoff. I'll quote a book about the A-H navy: "The name of the class is Tegethoff, because the first unit was meant to be named like that, but Franz Joseph I wanted to name the first ship after his motto (lat. Viribus Unitis). Anyway, the class name remained as Tegethoff.

check: and

--TheFEARgod 14:44, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That seems to resolve the naming issue. I don't see a reason why the page shouldn't be renamed now. But perhaps you should also give us the title of the book you've quoted. -- Sandius 18:57, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Dario Petrović: The history of the K.u.k. kriegsmarine--TheFEARgod 20:27, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I'll wait a week and then move the page, if there is no opposition. -- Sandius 14:08, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * OK by me. Be sure to mention the naming oddity in the article (I didn't see it on a cursory reading), and cite the book in the references too. Stan 15:03, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. -- Sandius 20:30, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Vırıbus Unıtıs Yugoslavıa
It ıs saıd that the shıp wıtch was gıven to the new foundet SHS state was allready gıven to the SHS state and was actualy allready renamed Yugoslavıa when ıt was hıt.

Design Flaws
The Article alludes to significant Design flaws in the class, but then does not elaborate upon them. Could anyone bulk this out a bit as I'd always understood the Tegetthoffs to be a good design, built much too slowly...

Also, perhaps some of the historical background could be shifted into the Individual ships entries... Getztashida 16:23, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Regarding the designer Siegfried Popper
Hello everyone, regarding Siegfried Popper: it's not really true that he designed the ship, because it has been done from an italian engeneer Giorgio Napoli. I know because was my grandma's father. *** DrSoul, 23 Sept 2009

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Tegetthoff-class battleship. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090805101618/http://www.hicon.pl:80/~pothkan/hhwn/AH-Maj.html to http://www.hicon.pl/~pothkan/hhwn/AH-Maj.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070624142613/http://www.marina.difesa.it:80/storia/movm/parte04/movm419.asp to http://www.marina.difesa.it/storia/movm/parte04/movm419.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070624142358/http://www.marina.difesa.it:80/storia/movm/parte04/movm416.asp to http://www.marina.difesa.it/storia/movm/parte04/movm416.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:50, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

?—Krone → krone—?
A recent edit did the above exchange. I am unsure whether this is correct, should be rather → Kr., or possibly even → Kronen. That is, I am unsure about "krone" being an official currency unit. The name of the currency is to my knowledge the "Krone" with plural "Kronen". I never saw in any historical document the use of "krone". The use of "Volts" and "Amperes" is quite common, if even when deprecated. Any specialists out there? correction 07:07, 20 June 2018 (UTC) Purgy (talk) 16:39, 18 June 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a good question. I thought krone was the appropriate use of the word in the context that is being used in this article but the points you brought up are good ones.— White Shadows New and improved!
 * Thanks for the appreciation! I found this, but would not bet on the clerical detail at stake here: there are abbreviations "K" and "kr", both without a ".", and only the first in caps, and the pics describe one coin as, e.g., "5 Kronen" (even when there are no 5 coins, each worth 1 K, cf. "Volts"). My predominant optical remembrance of old documents is the "Kr.". Sorry for not being a decisive support. Purgy (talk) 07:07, 20 June 2018 (UTC)
 * One point to remember is that German nouns are capitalized.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 10:07, 20 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I suppose that means whichever rout we take, the “K” will be capitalized.— White Shadows New and improved!

My thoughts on overlinking
Triggered by the last edits, and not really always sure about boon or burden of specific WP-rules, I want to ask, whether an article of this here length can be overlinked at all. I think that some word being marked up is not a remarkable barrier in reading, and imagining the "mouse-over"-effects, being available also to users not logged in in future versions, is to me a promising vision of enhanced reading experience, especially when skimming over a small section. As longs as there are no annoying PR-pop-ups, links are fine with me. Just my 2cents. Purgy (talk) 06:32, 8 September 2018 (UTC)
 * This is actually a very good question. I personally think things like the Armistice in November 1918 should absolutely be linked at the end of the article in the section that talks about it, regardless of where else it may be linked or not. But WP:MOS still takes precedence over personal preference.--White Shadows Let’s Talk 19:28, 9 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your personal thought and for taking mine into consideration. I keep hoping for WP:IAR to outweigh the burdens of WP:MOS, at least sometimes. Cheers, Purgy (talk) 09:19, 10 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tegetthoff-class battleship


text: Talk:Chaldean

title: Talk:Chaldean


text:
Fog Bowl (American football)

In American football, the Fog Bowl was the December 31, 1988 National Football League (NFL) playoff game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Chicago Bears. A dense fog rolled over Chicago's Soldier Field during the 2nd quarter, cutting visibility to about 15–20 yards for the rest of the game. The Eagles moved the ball effectively all game and their quarterback Randall Cunningham recorded 407 passing yards despite the low visibility; but they could not advance the ball into the end zone. Many players complained that they could not see the sidelines or first-down markers. The Bears ended up winning the game by a score of 20–12. The game eventually was named #3 on NFL Top 10's Weather Games.

The game was also notable in that it involved head coaches who had previously worked on the same staff of a Super Bowl winning team. Eagles coach Buddy Ryan had been the defensive coordinator for Mike Ditka on the Bears when the team won Super Bowl XX. An NFL Network special on the game highlighted how unusual the conditions were: the fog was caused by a very rare late-December mix of cold and hot air in the atmosphere, and the fog itself covered a very small part of Chicago (less than 15 city blocks) for a very short amount of time (less than three hours). If the game had been played in the late afternoon or at night, there would have been no fog during the game at all.

Game summary
Chicago scored first with quarterback Mike Tomczak's 64-yard touchdown pass to Dennis McKinnon. The Eagles responded by driving to the Chicago 26-yard line, but kicker Luis Zendejas missed a 43-yard field goal attempt. Philadelphia quickly got the ball back after linebacker Seth Joyner intercepted a pass from Tomczak on the next play and returned it 8 yards to the Bears 31-yard line. This time they managed to score with Zendejas' 42-yard field goal, but only after committing two costly mistakes: twice on the drive Philadelphia had touchdowns nullified by penalties, both on running back Anthony Toney. The Bears then drove to the Eagles 33-yard line on their ensuing drive, but it stalled there and kicker Kevin Butler missed a 51-yard field goal attempt, giving the ball back to Philadelphia with great field position. Quarterback Randall Cunningham then led the Eagles down the field with two completions to fullback Keith Byars for gains of 13 and 24 yards. A few plays later, faced with 3rd and 32, Cunningham completed a 31-yard pass to Ron Johnson, bringing up 4th and 1 on the Bears 4-yard line. Cunningham tried to convert the 4th down with a QB sneak, but after a chain measurement which took several minutes, officials ruled the ball short of a first down. The Eagles soon got another chance to score when Andre Waters forced a fumble from Cap Boso that was recovered by defensive back Wes Hopkins on the Chicago 15. Following another missed chance at a touchdown when rookie tight end Keith Jackson dropped a wide open pass in the end zone, Zendejas' 29-yard field goal to cut the deficit to 7–6.

Philadelphia tackled Chicago returner Dennis Gentry on the 22 on the ensuing kickoff, but the kick had to be redone due to an offsides penalty on the Eagles. This proved to be hugely beneficial for Chicago, as on the second kick, Glen Kozlowski returned the ball 23 yards to the Philadelphia 44-yard line. A few plays later, Tomczak's 30-yard completion to Ron Morris gave Chicago a first down on the Eagles 4-yard line, and Neal Anderson ran for a touchdown on the next play to give them a 14–6 lead. Then after forcing a punt, Thomas Sanders' 58-yard run set up a 46-yard field goal by Butler, increasing Chicago's lead to 17-6 with less than 2:03 left before halftime. At this point, a thick fog rolled on to field, obscuring vision so much that a CBS helicopter providing aerial coverage for the game was forced to land. Meanwhile, Philadelphia struck back with a 65-yard completion from Cunningham to Jackson that set up Zendejas' 30-yard field goal, and the teams went into their locker rooms with Chicago leading 17–9.

In the third quarter, the fog was so thick that both teams were forced to use their running game because receivers could not see the long passes thrown to them. TV and radio announcers, and the fans in the stadium had trouble seeing what was happening on the field. CBS color commentator Terry Bradshaw, who was working the game, later said he was more frustrated than at any time when he was a player (this was several years before networks regularly employed sideline reporters). Referee Jim Tunney ended up announcing the down and distance for each play on his wireless microphone. The NFL was monitoring the conditions but never considered postponing or delaying the game, because the fog posed no danger to fans or players, unlike situations that involved lightning or high winds (conditions were analogous to heavy rain or snow accumulations in that regard).

Philadelphia took the second half kickoff and drove to the Bears 12-yard line, only to lose the ball again when Cunningham threw a pass that went off the hands of Toney and was intercepted by Vestee Jackson, who returned the ball 51 yards to the Eagles 41-yard line. Chicago then drove to the 15, but also came up empty when Butler's field goal attempt went off the goal post. Following a punt, Tomczak was knocked out of the game by a massive hit from Eagles lineman Reggie White, while defensive back Terry Hoage intercepted his pass and returned it 12 yards to the Chicago 18-yard line. Three plays later, Zendejas kicked a 35-yard field goal, making the score 17-12 with less than two minutes left in the third quarter.

Chicago, now led by Jim McMahon, responded with their next drive, converting a 23-yard run by Anderson into a 27-yard Butler field goal to go back up by 8 points, 20-12 with 12:34 left in the game. Philadelphia responded with a drive to the Bears 22, but on third down, a long sack by Sean Smith pushed them out of field goal range. The next time they got the ball, Maurice Douglass intercepted a pass from Cunningham, enabling Chicago to run out the rest of the clock.

Cunningham finished the game with 407 passing yards, but was unable to lead his team to a single touchdown and was intercepted 3 times. Fullback Keith Byars rushed for 34 yards and caught 9 passes for 103 yards. Tight end Keith Jackson caught 7 passes for 142 yards. Other than his 64-yard touchdown pass, Tomczak was dominated the rest of the game by the Eagles defense, completing only 10 of 20 passes for 174 yards with 1 touchdown and 3 interceptions. McKinnon finished the game with 4 receptions for 108 yards and a touchdown.

Individual statistics
*Completions/Attempts aCarries bLongest play cReceptions dTackles eForced Fumbles fLongest field goal

Officials

 * Referee: Jim Tunney (#32)
 * Umpire: Ron Botchan (#110)
 * Head Linesman: Tom Johnson (#114)
 * Line Judge: Bama Glass (#15)
 * Back Judge: Tom Sifferman (#118)
 * Side Judge: Dave Parry (#64)
 * Field Judge: Jack Vaughan (#93)

Other notable fog-related games
On January 5, 1997, the New England Patriots hosted the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Divisional Round. The game, which New England won 28–3 en route to making Super Bowl XXXI, also featured foggy conditions at Foxboro Stadium, though not as severe as the 1988 Fog Bowl. This game also involved Mike Tomczak, who started at quarterback for the Steelers.

On October 22, 2017, the Patriots hosted the Atlanta Falcons in a rematch of Super Bowl LI the previous season. The game, which took place at a foggy Gillette Stadium, became notable for the extensive use of Skycam by NBC due to visibility issues surrounding the press box cameras. The Patriots won the game 23–7.

title: Fog Bowl (American football)


text:
Cisnădie

Cisnădie (Heltau; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: De Hielt; Nagydisznód) is a town in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania, approximately 10 km south of Sibiu (Hermannstadt). It comprises the main town of Cisnădie and one village, Cisnădioara (Michelsberg; Kisdisznód).

Located along Argintului and Ursului streams, at the foothills of the Cindrel Mountains, the town is known for its Transylvanian Saxon heritage, as well as for the communist-era carpet factories.

History
Cisnădie was mentioned for the first time in a document from the year 1204 under the name "Rivetel". In the 12th century Saxon colonists settled here and in 1323 the German name Heltau is mentioned. The town flourished, particularly the guilds of blacksmiths and wool weavers (weaving remained the traditional occupation of the town population until the 20th century, when large textile factories were built).

Cisnădie shared most of Transylvania's eventful history. The town suffered several raids, starting with the 1241 raid of the Mongols and continuing with Ottoman attacks. The plague did not spare the town, neither did the fire nor various political agitations throughout the passing of time.

In 1806, under Emperor Franz of Austria, Cisnădie/Heltau renewed its market rights, thus enabling it to prosper.

In 1945, large parts of the German population were deported to the Soviet Union.

In 1948, all factories were nationalized by the communist regime. After its downfall in 1989, most of the factories collapsed. Since the 2000s onwards, the economic situation has been ameliorating.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, there was a total population of 13,410 people living in the town. Of these, 97.1% were ethnic Romanians, 1.5% ethnic Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons), 0.7% Hungarians, and 0.3% Romani.

Town council
The town's current local council has the following multi-party political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 2020 Romanian local elections:

Natives

 * Teodora Albon, football referee
 * Lazăr Baroga, Olympic weightlifter
 * Gáspár Heltai, writer and printer

Economy
In Cisnădie, there are the SC Pralin SRL, the chocolate factory of Florin Bălan.

Sights
The most important architectural sight of Cisnădie is the fortified complex located in the town centre. Originally built in the 12th century as a Romanesque basilica, the church was fortified during the 15th century, after the 1493 Turkish invasion, to protect the local population of Saxons against repeated Ottoman raids. The fortification process included the construction of fortified towers over the two side entrances and the choir, the building of a double structure of defence walls, a moat and several defensive towers along the walls. Simultaneously to the fortification work the church itself suffered a gothicization process. The altar inside the Lutheran church, which forms the centre of this complex, is a wing altar/triptych from 1520, realised by the school of Veit Stoss Jr.

The complex is very well preserved and besides being a medieval architectural place of interest, it offers a variety of theme exhibitions:

 * the "Cisnădie/Heltau throughout 12 centuries" Museum located over the old ossarium;
 * the Museum of Medieval Defensive Structures located in the northern side tower;
 * the Museum of the History of the Communist Era;
 * some alternating art expositions.

Cisnădioara village

Cisnădioara (Michelsberg; Kisdisznód; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: Mächelsbärch) is a village located 2 km west of Cisnădie. Initially, it was listed as one of the ten possessions of the Cistercian abbey at Cârța. The fortified church, dedicated to Saint Michael and built entirely of stone, was first referred to in a document dated 20 November 1223, which mentioned its donation to the abbey. The oldest Romanesque style church in Romania, it stands atop a 100-metre high hill, surrounded by circular fortifications, with a defensive turret above the entrance.

Some of the original walls have been preserved to this day. The layout of the church, composed of a small basilica with three naves, as well as the decoration of the carved western entrance portal, dating from 1260, attest to the strong influence of Rhineland architecture. Another church in the valley, dedicated to Saint Mary, was first mentioned in 1428 as a Gothic style church, but it was rebuilt in the 18th century in the Baroque style.

title: Cisnădie


text:
Talk:List of Rosa species

Untitled
I've put some work into a more complete list of Rose species. This list shows (where I know) the subgenus and section for the species. It also lists synonyms and common names where I know them. Although this list is more complete than the one on the main Rose page, it's still not as complete as it might be - I'm still working on it. Additions are welcome (of course, that's the whole point of wikipedia). Since it's such a big change, I thought I'd put it on a separate page for now with a link from the Rose page. Question: Should it stay on a separate page (with the existing list removed) since it's gotten long or should I replace the existing list with this text? Henryhartley 18:25, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

I'll see what I can add, tho' I don't always have access to info on their subgeneric and sectional allocation. When all the species are allocated, perhaps the whole list could be listed taxonomically rather than alphabetically. A few points: (1) "Rosa banksiae normalis" - in botany, an indication of the rank of the infraspecific taxon must be given; I'm assuming variety, but if it is a subspecies, please change it; (2) I'm separating hybrids off to a discrete paragraph at the end. A lot of hybrids are inter-sectional and can't be allocated to a particular section. (3) the subgeneric and sectional names should be italicised (all ranks below genus are) - MPF 21:32, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) As regards R. banksiae normalis, quoting from The Rose, An Illustrated History by Peter Harkness, Copyright 2003, "Contention of a different kind has surrounded R. banksiae normalis [Banksiae], in both its naming and the story of its origin. In the usual course of events it should have been called just R. banksiae because it appears to be a true Chinese species.  In fact, another rose derived from it, with more petals, had been discovered several years earlier and named R. banksiae.  The name of that rose was then altered to R. banksiae banksiae (though it is generally known as R. banksiae alba-plena), and its ancestor became R. banksiae normalis, the word normalis indicating it is a prototype."  While most roses are named "correctly" following standard practice, there are a few, like this, widely considered to be species whose specific names are not single words.  Based on this, I've added the normalis back to the name.
 * Harkness is in breach of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) here. The prototype is by definition R. banksiae var. banksiae; names like "normalis", "spontanea", etc., are illegitimate under the code if used in this manner. That a species was originally described from a cultivar of the species does not affect the name; a cultivar has no botanical status and is botanically a synonym of the species, and therefore it is incorrect to give a separate botanical name to the wild plant from which the cultivar was developed. Harkness may be an expert on roses, but this doesn't make him an expert on plant nomenclature. He further demonstrates his severe ignorance of botanical norms by failing to indicate the rank of the taxa (subspecies, varietas, forma, etc.). Sadly, a fault all too common among horticulturalists who have had no botanical training. - MPF 22:56, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * 2) One advantage in a single alphabetical list that includes important hybrids (the old ones that were once considered species) is that it's much easier to find a particular rose this way. Grouping them by subgenus and section makes finding a rose harder since relatively few people know about these groupings.  I'd "vote" for a single list of species, synonyms, and R. x .  If someone wanted to start a list of all rose varieties I'd agree that should be a separate list on a separate page.  In terms of this page, I think the two existing sections (Subgenera and sections and species) are adequate.  I would think, however, it is appropriate to add a sentence or paragraph about each species on this page.  These would describe form, flower color, place of origin, importance to rose breednig and history, etc.
 * I can see your point here, though it should also be made clear what is what. Options would be to use bold italic for accepted species, indent the synonyms or use a different text colour or something.

 * 3) On your point (3), Peter Harkness does not italicize the subgenera names in his book so I'm not sure how universally followed that practice is. I got my list of four subgenera and the ten sections under Eurosa from that book.  Is the use of Rosa instead of Eurosa a more recent practice (and Harkness is out of date) or an older practice still sometimes used?  Henryhartley 19:41, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Again, Harkness is wrong and showing his ignorance of botanical standards. And yes, he is (badly!) out of date; the ICBN stipulates that the name of any section of a genus which includes the type species of the genus must take the same name as the genus (called an autonym, 'automatic name'). Prefixes like 'Eu-' are expressly repudiated by the code (and have been for 20-30 years at least!). - MPF 22:56, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Then I assume anywhere Cinnamomeae shows up in the list it should be changed to Rosa (e.g. for Rosa acicularis)? And the subgenera and sections should be italicized in the species list?  I'm happy to do it, just don't want to do something that someone else will have to fix.  In any case, I think this list is already significantly better than the list on the main Rose page.  Should that list be trimmed to just the most important (for some definition of important)?  Also, the link to this page probably doesn't need to say that the list is "under construction" since it is no more under construction than the rest of Wikipedia - which is to say it is.  Henryhartley 21:08, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, to all points; my suggestion for 'important' would be those rose species that already have wiki pages of their own, plus maybe a couple more American species (the eight that currently have pages have a fairly good geographic spread except a bit short on American species; maybe R. virginiana as a typical eastern species, and R. stellata as a western species and for its botanical interest) (and then start pages for these!). Perhaps also R. persica and R. roxburghii. I'll have a go at starting some of these off if you like. - MPF 11:29, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I took the liberty of moving to standard name and putting in category with the other lists of this type. (The cat makes a useful resource to see what other people have done.) In general I think the main Rose article is most useful when it includes 5-10 of the "most important" species, the ones that people are most likely to be looking up, and then people can bounce to here to find the most comprehensive list online. At some point I'm going to succumb and make a parallel mega-list of cultivars, the online resources elsewhere are just terrible. But now I have to go transplant a Raphiolepis (hmm, need to create that I guess) to make room for bare roots that will be arriving any day now... Stan 22:23, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

BTW, it's usual for list entries to only get about one line of descriptive material, basically enough for a couple key words/phrases. Otherwise it slows down scanning for a particular entry, because you can't see as much of the list at once, especially for people with small screens (and I have seen someone read WP on a PDA!). If you have as much as a paragraph on a species, it's time to give it its own article. Articles are also the better place to go into nomenclature disputes between growers and botanists :-), you have room for citations, etc. Stan 01:20, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Rosa wichuraiana
Has this not now changed to R. wichurana? I haven't seen any botanical text stating this to be so, but in his 2006 - 2007 catalogue, UK rose grower Peter Beales (who holds the UK National Collection of Rosa species), states: "Irritatingly, after 160 or more years, to conform to the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature, the spelling of Rosa wichuraiana has been changed to wichurana. This makes every rose book written since 1834 inaccurate. What is wrong with precedent? This is pedantry gone mad!" I include the quote in its entirety as it is rather amusing - but I'm assuming that he isn't mistaken in the fact that R. wichuraiana is now R. wichurana? — Preceding unsigned comment added by PaleCloudedWhite (talk • contribs) 22:24, 15 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Nope, wichuraiana it is. IPNI is usually reliable about matters of orthography. IPNI entry. The ICBN is decided on by votes at the botanical congress, and the aim is always to find a compromise between stability and fairness to all authors. I went to one meeting and was very impressed, it was the best demonstration of what scholarly democracy ought to be that I've ever seen. Nadiatalent (talk) 11:40, 16 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Is it possible that the info from IPNI is incorrect? I'm querying it because I've just had a look in all my books, and the newer ones list it as R. wichurana. Interestingly, in Martyn Rix and Roger Phillips' 1994 book "Roses", it's R. wichuraiana, but in their "The Ultimate Guide to Roses", published 2004, it's become R. wichurana, with "also called R. wichuraiana" in parentheses. I'm thinking some kind of change must have been proposed for all these sources (including the Royal Horticultural Society in their 2004 "Encyclopedia of Roses") to list wichurana as the correct form? (Also, I remember a discussion on this matter taking place a few years back at a meeting of the UK Historic Roses Group - people were mentioning that wichuraiana had become wichurana). Any possible explanantion for these discrepancies with the IPNI? PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 13:25, 16 March 2011 (UTC)
 * That is a good question, which takes a bit of tracking down. The original publication is in our library here, it is François Crépin, 1886. Rosa Synstylae: études sur les roses de la section Synstyleés. Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 25(part 2):163–217 (I think the last page was 217, but have mislaid a note about that). Part 2 of the journal is also called Comptes-redus des séances de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique, which is how it is listed in IPNI. The author definitely uses the spelling Rosa Wichuraiana, and doesn't discuss why that name. The old-fashioned capitalization indicates that it is named either after a place or a person, but I can only guess that the intention was to name it after Max Ernst Wichura, the botanist. If that was the case, we get into one of the hairiest parts of the code of nomenclature, article 60.11. I think that the relevant point is part (c) of Recommendation 60C (which is made mandatory by article 60.11), which produces "wichurana". I'll ask for help from the IPNI editors! Nadiatalent (talk) 18:00, 18 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for looking into this - it sounds like you've been doing a bit of legwork around the library floors! I wait to hear what the IPNI people have to say ..... PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 18:47, 18 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Update: a very fast response from the IPNI editors is as follows: that since Crépin did not make clear who he was naming this species after, they are reluctant to change the name from the original spelling. I think we could explain that on a page about R. wichurana/wichuraiana, i.e. that there currently two different opinions in circulation. Are you considering making up a species page? Nadiatalent (talk) 18:55, 18 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I could have a bash - I had started making species pages recently, and was starting with ones I've actually grown (R. willmottiae, R. fedtschenkoana). I was going to do R. nitida next, but yes, why not make it R. wichuraiana (or R, wichurana!) instead? (Actually I personally prefer wichurana, but only because I don't have to think how to spell it!) Incidentally, while on the subject of creating articles, do you know if it makes any difference to an article's google ranking if it's created using the Article Wizard or not? I ask because the first plant article I created (Ilex cornuta), I used the Article Wizard, and it's since always been ranked 2nd or 3rd on google page 1. But then with the rose articles mentioned above, I didn't use the Article Wizard (because I wanted to avoid the 'New unreviewed article' template which hangs around for months), and those articles are nowhere to be seen on google - I went down 6 or 7 pages, but nothing. ? PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 19:22, 18 March 2011 (UTC)
 * If you have the time and inclination, go for it. I've never used the article wizard. Here's a thought though, if you use it, a few editors will review the new unreviewed article, and that will provide a hit count for google. Google is very conscious of hit counts. Nadiatalent (talk) 12:59, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Dispute of the Subgeneras of Rosa
I've managed to find an academic source on the subgeneras here. It does menation all the subgernea though it also mentions some disputes around it.

I think this will require further investigation. It will be great if we can add what we find here to the Rose wiki page as well as they also have teh subgenera requiring citation.

title: Talk:List of Rosa species


text:
William Wright (privateer)

William Wright (fl. 1675-1682) was an English privateer in French service and later buccaneer who raided Spanish towns in the late 17th century.

History
Little is known of William Wright before he settled in French Hispaniola in the mid-1670s. Accepting a French commission of war from the French Governor in 1675 he later raided the Spanish colony of Segovia (present day Nicaragua) with several other privateers.

Sailing to the San Blas Islands in 1679 he recruited several sailors before traveling to the Mosquito Coast encountering an old friend named John Gret. Returning to the San Blas Islands, Gret negotiated on Wright's behalf to form an alliance with the local natives. However, despite this alliance the privateers, led by Jean Bernanos, were defeated after an attempted attack on the Spanish town of Chepo several weeks later.

Soon after the raid Wright left Petit Goâve with Captain Thomas Paine sailing the Spanish Main from Cartagena to Caracas capturing a ship escorted by the Spanish Armada de Barlovento.

In May 1680, while at Isla Blanca, Wright and Paine joined French buccaneer Captain Michel de Grammont later capturing La Guayra seaport in Caracas before being driven off by the Spanish defenders in July. Shortly afterwards he paired with buccaneer Jacob Evertson, antagonizing the Dutch off Curacao.

In May of the following year Wright commanded a small barque of four guns with a crew of forty men. Joined by eight other privateers, in addition to fifty English South Sea buccaneers, Wright sailed from the San Blas Islands intending to raid a Spanish city, most likely the city of Cartago in Costa Rica, however many of the privateers missed the rendezvous at San Andrés Island. Wright continued on capturing a Spanish tartane which he gave to thirty of the English South Seas sailors who had refused to sail under the French privateer whom they had sailed from San Blas Island.

Wright, with French Captains Archembeau and Toccart, sailed to Corn Island and then to Bluefield's River where he left the French privateers. Arriving in Bocas del Toro several weeks later Wright joined with Dutch Captain Yankey Willems, who himself had no commission, and departed with Yanky from Boca del Toro in September sailing south along Colombia where Yanky captured a Spanish merchant ship carrying sugar and tobacco. Wright receiving Yanky's barque, as Yanky kept the merchant ship, burned his own ship and sold the Spanish tartane he had taken near Cartago to one of the Jamaican traders on board. At Curaçao they attempted to sell the Spanish cargo but were forced to leave by the Dutch Governor. They continued to sail to the Isla Aves and Islas Roques where they remained until February 1682. Returning to Islas Roques later in 1682, Wright parted from Willems, where he and his crew divided their loot and dispersed. Wright may have returned to his home in French Hispaniola. William Dampier, who had been sailing as a member of Wrights's and Willems' crew, left with John Cook and others to return to Virginia before returning to buccaneering.

title: William Wright (privateer)