text:
Orders, decorations, and medals of Trinidad and Tobago

The National Awards of Trinidad and Tobago consist of:

 * The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago - the country's highest award.
 * The Trinity Cross - the country's highest award until 2006.
 * The Chaconia Medal of the Order of the Trinity - in Gold, Silver or Bronze
 * The Hummingbird Medal of the Order of the Trinity - in Gold, Silver and Bronze
 * The Public Service Medal of Merit of the Order of the Trinity - in Gold, Silver and Bronze
 * The Medal for the Development of Women of the Order of the Trinity - in Gold, Silver and Bronze

Holders of the various awards are allowed to use the postnominal letters O.R.T.T. (Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago), T.C. (Trinity Cross), C.M. (Chaconia Medal), H.B.M. (Hummingbird Medal) or M.O.M. (Medal of Merit).

These awards were introduced following independence in 1962 to replace the Imperial royal honours available to citizens of the British Empire. They were approved in 1967 and first awarded in 1969.

The cabinet accepted the decision made by the national awards designs Selection Committee, which selected the designs submitted by the following persons:

1. Ms Wilhelmina McDowell, who designed the Trinity Cross

2. Mrs A. Jardine, who designed the Chaconia Medal and

3. The designers of Messrs Y. DeLima and Co. Limited, who conceptualised the Hummingbird Medal.

4. Mr Ebenezer Edwards designed the Public Service Medal of Merit

Some of the winners who won medals in past years are listed below:

Chaconia Medal

 * Prof. Dave Chadee [posthumous] - Entomologist and Parasitologist, for science (Gold)
 * Prof. Andrew Jupiter - Former Permanent Secretary/Chairman of the Board of the Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago and Director of the National Gas Company, for public service (Gold)
 * Ramesh Lutchmedial - Former Director General of Civil Aviation, for public service (Gold)
 * Grace Angela Talma - Management Consultant, for community service (Gold)
 * William McKenzie - Former Minority Leader of the Tobago House of Assembly, for public service (Gold)
 * Winston Riley - Civil Engineer, for engineering (Gold)
 * Winston Rudder - Retired Permanent Secretary, for public service (Gold)
 * Justin Paul - Retired Permanent Secretary, for public service and education (Gold)
 * Leston Paul - Musician/arranger/composer, for culture (Silver)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Irwin "Scrunter" Johnson - Calypso (Gold)
 * Timothy Watkins ("Baron") - Calypso (Gold)
 * Angelo Bissessarsingh - History and education (Gold)
 * Cornelius Lewis - activist, for community service (Gold)
 * Brenda Le Maitre - Matron/Registered Nurse, for community service (Gold)
 * St. Margaret's Boys’ Anglican School Youth Steel Orchestra, for culture (Gold)
 * Dr. Waffie Mohammed – Educator, for community service (Gold)
 * Jerry Baptiste - Police Sergeant, for community service (Silver)
 * Bibi Hallim - Retired Facilitator, for community service (Silver)
 * Austin Wilson [posthumous] - Retired sound engineer, for culture) (Silver)
 * Deborah De Rosia - Educator/ Community activist, for community service and education (Silver)
 * Anstey Lumen Payne (Silver)
 * Kenneth Paulsingh - Community activist, for community service (Silver)
 * Keith Campbell [posthumous] - Fireman, for gallantry (Bronze)

Public Service Medal of Merit

 * Angella Jack (Gold)
 * Jacqueline Wilson (Gold)
 * Dr. Rohit Doon - Medical Doctor (Gold)
 * Mr. William Wilberforce Daniel - Chartered certified accountant (Gold)
 * Dr. Vincent Gerald Moe - Retired Permanent Secretary (Gold)
 * Ms. Margaret Wright – Retired Registered Nurse (Gold)
 * Iverne Ebenezer Yearwood [posthumous] - Former medical public service social worker (Silver)

Medal For The Development Of Women (Gold)

 * Monica Rosalind Williams - Retired Director, Gender Affairs
 * Angela Martin - journalist [posthumous]

Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

 * Errol McLeod
 * Winston Dookeran

Chaconia Medal

 * Daphne Bartlett - businesswoman (Gold)
 * Selby Wilson - Telecommunications Authority chairman and former Finance Minister (Gold)
 * Reynold Cooper - retired Head of the Public Service (Gold)
 * Victor Mouttet - businessman (Gold)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Dil-e-Nadan (Gold)
 * Harrypersad Maharaj - President of the Inter- religious Organisation (IRO), for community service (Gold)
 * Nobel Khan - former President of the IRO, for community service (Gold)
 * Fred “Composer” Mitchell - calypso (Silver)
 * Kelwyn Hutcheon - calypso (Silver)
 * Andrew “Lord Superior” Marcano - calypso (Silver)
 * Anthony “All Rounder” Hendrickson - calypso (Silver)
 * Sharlene Flores - parang singer (Silver)
 * Sherman Maynard [posthumous] - Policeman, for loyal service (Bronze)
 * Kal-el Alleyne - 4 year old, for bravery
 * Fernando Smith - soldier, for bravery
 * Edric Hargreaves - Coast Guard, for bravery

Chaconia Medal

 * Michael Ronald Als – Trade unionist/community activist (Silver) [posthumous]
 * Rudolph Charles (Silver) [posthumous]
 * Velma Jardine - Educator (Bronze)

Hummingbird Medal

 * John Gillespie – architect (Silver)

Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

 * Justice Ivor Archie
 * Makandal Daaga

Chaconia Medal

 * Jehue Gordon (Gold)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Ramesh Maharaj (Gold)
 * John Jaglal (Silver)

Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

 * Keshorn Walcott

Chaconia Medal

 * Therese Mills (Gold)
 * Selwyn Ryan (Gold)
 * Swami Prakashananda (Gold)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Ade Alleyne-Forte (Gold)
 * Keston Bledman (Gold)
 * Marc Burns (Gold)
 * Emmanuel Callender (Gold)
 * Lalonde Gordon (Gold)
 * Deon Lendore (Gold)
 * Jarrin Solomon (Gold)
 * Richard Thompson (Gold)
 * Maureen Manchouck (Gold)
 * Peter Elias
 * Liam Teague (Silver)

Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

 * Ulric Cross

Chaconia Medal

 * Desmond Allum (Silver) [posthumous]
 * Susan Craig-Jones (Silver)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Denyse Plummer (Gold)

Medal for the Development of Women

 * Hazel Brown
 * Brenda Gopeesingh
 * Diana Mahabir-Wyatt

Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

 * Karl Hudson-Phillips, QC
 * Kamaluddin Mohammed

Chaconia Medal

 * Brian Mac Farlane (Gold)
 * Julian Kenny (Gold)
 * Margaret Elcock – broadcaster (Silver)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Harripersad Dass - Chairman (Silver)

Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

 * Jizelle Salandy

Chaconia Medal

 * Dr. Geraldine Roxanne Connor – ethnomusicologist (Gold)
 * Dr. Cuthbert Joseph (Gold)
 * Len "Boogsie" Sharpe (Gold)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Alvin Corneal (Silver)

Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

 * Brian Copeland - Professor
 * Bertram “Bertie” Lloyd Marshall, steelpan innovator
 * Anthony Williams, steelpan innovator

Chaconia Medal

 * Aaron Armstrong (Gold)
 * Keston Bledman (Gold)
 * Marc Burns (Gold)
 * Emmanuel Callender (Gold)
 * Bernard Dulal-Whiteway (Gold)
 * Richard Thompson (Gold)
 * Meiling Esau (Silver)

Chaconia Medal

 * Kenneth Gordon (Gold)
 * Jizelle Salandy (Gold)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Gerard Besson (Gold)
 * Knolly Clarke (Gold)
 * Daren Ganga (Gold)

Trinity Cross

 * none awarded

Chaconia Medal

 * The 2006 World Cup squad and management (Gold)
 * Ivee Pendo
 * Sherie Leen Surla
 * Roda Andrade
 * Haide Esparrago
 * Marvin Andrews
 * Chris Birchall
 * Atiba Charles
 * Ian Cox
 * Carlos Edwards
 * Cornell Glen
 * Cyd Gray
 * Shaka Hislop
 * Clayton Ince
 * Kelvin Jack
 * Avery John
 * Stern John
 * Kenwyne Jones
 * Russell Latapy
 * Dennis Lawrence
 * Collin Samuel
 * Brent Sancho
 * Jason Scotland
 * Densill Theobald
 * Aurtis Whitley
 * Evans Wise
 * Anthony Wolfe
 * Dwight Yorke
 * Leo Beenhakker (coach)
 * Professor David Picou MD (Gold)
 * Professor Hubert Daisley (Gold)
 * Glenn Erwin Tucker (Gold)
 * William Laurence Chen (Silver)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Anetta Archer (Gold)
 * Feroza Rose Mohammed (Gold)
 * Indi-Art Orchestra Musical Orchestra (Gold)
 * Soroptimist International of Port-of-Spain (Gold)
 * The Toco Foundation Organisation (Gold)
 * Elizabeth Helena Percy (Silver), (posthumous)
 * Cousilla Persad (Silver)
 * Carlton Phillip (Silver)
 * Ralph St Clair Davies (Silver)
 * Kelvin Guy Choy Aming (Silver)
 * Gary Straker's Pan School Organisation (Silver)
 * Edwin Joseph Skinner (Silver)
 * Dudnath Ramkeesoon (Silver)
 * Renny Quow, sprinter (Silver)
 * Rhonda Watkins (Silver)

Public Service Medal of Merit

 * Deosaran Jagroo (Gold)
 * Andrew Llewellyn Tyson (Gold) (posthumous)
 * Carol Clark (Gold)
 * Victoria Mendez-Charles (Gold)
 * Paula Hazel-Dawn Daniel (Gold)
 * Jagdeo Maharaj (Gold)
 * Valerie Minnie Foster (Silver) (posthumous)
 * Irma Sanowar (Silver)

Trinity Cross

 * Edwin Carrington, Caricom Secretary General

Chaconia Medal

 * Keith Chiang Awong (Gold)
 * Prof Andrew Madan Ramroop (Gold)
 * Justice Lionel Jones (Gold)
 * Dr Aleem Mohammed (Gold)
 * Carol Keller (Gold)
 * Bertille St Clair, football manager (Silver)
 * Francis Mungroo (Silver)
 * Rudranath Indarsingh (Silver)
 * Edward Henry Sealey (Silver)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Noble Douglas (Gold)
 * Elise Joseph (Gold)
 * Edward Beharry (Gold)
 * John Frankie Asche (Gold)
 * Sedley Joseph (Gold)
 * Trinidad Steel Percussion Orchestra (Gold)
 * Heeralal Rampartap (Silver)
 * Wayne Naranjit (posthumous) (Silver)
 * Molly Boxhill (Silver)
 * Bill Trotman (Silver)
 * Kirk Fakira (Silver)
 * Michael Marcellin (Silver)
 * Alix Archer De Silva (Silver)
 * Peter Samuel (Silver)
 * Ria Ramnarine (Silver)

Public Service Medal of Merit

 * Yolande Gooding (Gold)
 * Sr Petronella Joseph (Gold)
 * Hyacinth McDowall (Gold)
 * Ahmed Ali (Gold)
 * Annette Alfred (Gold)
 * John Antoine (Gold)
 * J. David Ramkeesoon (Gold)
 * Nature Seekers (Gold)
 * MOMS for Literacy (Caribbean) (Gold)
 * Mother's Union Children's Home (Gold)
 * Louise Angelina Mc Intosh (Gold)
 * Myra Catherine Greaves (Silver)
 * Daisy Maria James McClean (Silver)
 * Gloria Elizabeth Nurse (Silver)

Trinity Cross

 * none awarded

Chaconia Medal

 * Stephen Ames (Gold)
 * Arthur Lok Jack (Gold)
 * Zadia Rajnauth (Gold)
 * Sarah Whiteman (Gold)
 * Malcolm Jones (Gold)
 * Joan Massiah (Gold)
 * George Bovell, Olympic swimmer (Gold)
 * Fenrick De Four (posthumous) (Silver)
 * Malick Folk Performing Company, Dance Company (Silver)
 * Clico Shiv Shakti Dance Company, Dance Company (Silver)

Hummingbird Medal

 * Cynthia Bell (Gold)
 * Alyson Brown (Gold)
 * Roy Cape (Gold)
 * Barnabas Ramon-Fortune (Gold)
 * Felix Roach (Gold)
 * The WR Torres Foundation for the Blind (Gold)
 * Edward Williams (posthumous) (Gold)
 * Jacqueline Koon How (Gold)
 * Veera Bhajan (Silver)
 * Vishwanath Arjoon (Silver)
 * Raj Karan Jadoo (Silver)
 * Emmanuel Juman (Silver)
 * The Lara Brothers Parang Group (Silver)
 * Albert "Al" Ramsawack (Silver)
 * Chandardath Sookram (Silver)
 * Rhonda Charles (Silver)

Medal of Merit

 * Joseph Allard (Gold)
 * Cislyn Baptiste (Gold)
 * Pamella Benson (Gold)
 * Carl de Souza (posthumous) (Gold)
 * Kenneth Phillip (Gold)
 * Frank Porter (Gold)

Trinity Cross

 * Ken Julien

Chaconia Medal

 * André Tanker (Gold) (posthumously)
 * Exodus Steel Orchestra (Gold)
 * Robert Riley (Gold)

Hummingbird Medal

 * George Bovell (Gold)
 * Winston Bailey ("Shadow") (Silver)
 * Jean Talma (Silver)
 * Wayne Crooks (Silver)

Medal of Merit

 * Shireen Dewan-Mc Ken (Silver)

Trinity Cross

 * The Right Honourable Dr Eric Eustace Williams (posthumous)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Prof. Hylton McFarlance
 * Professor Thomas Ainsworth Harewood
 * Trevor Michael Boopsingh
 * Arthur Reginald Roberts (posthumous)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Vindar Rabindrath Dean-Maharaj
 * Dr Iqbal Mohammed
 * Dr Rajandaye Ramkissoon-Chen
 * Mr Colin Laird

Trinity Cross

 * Archbishop Anthony Pantin [posthumous]

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Annette Des Isles
 * Dr Neville Jankey
 * Courtney Andrew Walsh
 * Patrick Brennan Burke
 * Professor Harrinath D. Maharaj
 * Dr Norbert Masson

Trinity Cross

 * Dr Henry Wesley Moulton Collymore MBBS, FRCS
 * Chief Eleazar Chukwuemeka Anyaoku, Con Adazie of Obosi, Ogwumba of Idemili (Honorary)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Justice Zainool Hosein
 * Trevor A. Lee, SC
 * Dwight Yorke, footballer
 * Lawrence Duprey
 * Dr Tim Dhanraj Gopeesingh

Trinity Cross

 * Bowles, Sylvan ]posthumous]

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Sharma, Justice Satnarine (Mr)
 * Ibrahim, Justice Mustapha (Mr)
 * Fitzwilliam, Wendy (Miss)
 * Sabga, Anthony Norman (Mr)

Trinity Cross

 * Robinson, Arthur N. R. (His Excellency)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Boldon, Ato Jabari (Mr), athlete
 * Davis, James Anthony (Hon. Mr Justice)
 * Gopeesingh, Lloyd Balraj (Hon. Mr Justice) [posthumous]
 * Hubah, Clarence Evans (Dr), MBE
 * Lalla, Kenneth Ramsanta (Mr), SC
 * Thomas, Christopher Roy (Mr), Ambassador
 * Tim Pow, Ainsley Vincent Maurice (Mr)

Trinity Cross

 * De la Bastide, Michael Anthony (Mr)
 * Minshall, Peter (Mr), Carnival artist

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Andrews, John Peter (Mr)
 * Gomez, Gerald Ethridge (Mr) [posthumous]
 * Petrotrin Invaders Steel Orchestra
 * Pierre, Lennox Oscar (Mr) [posthumous]
 * Queen's Park Cricket Club
 * Ramchand, Kenneth (Professor)

Trinity Cross

 * Bishop, Patricia Alison (Miss), HBM
 * Pantin, Gerard Arthur (Fr), C.S.Sp.

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Alcantara, Joyce Angela (Miss)
 * Furness-Smith, John Gerald (Mr), SC
 * Ramadhin, Sonny (Mr), cricketer
 * Selvon, Samuel Dickson (Mr), writer [posthumous]

Public Service Medal of Merit (Silver)

 * Browne, Elaine Lenora

Trinity Cross

 * Lara, Brian (Mr), international cricketer

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Bobb, Euric (Dr) - Ph.D.
 * De Leon "Roaring Lion", Rafael (Mr)
 * Pitt-Miller, Phyllis Leonora (Dr)

Trinity Cross

 * Hassanali, Noor M. (His Excellency)
 * Walcott, Derek (Mr) (Honorary), writer

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Barrow, Russell William (Dr)
 * Barsotti, Frank Andral (Mr) - M.A. Cantab
 * Francisco "Mighty Sparrow", Slinger (Mr), calypsonian
 * James, Alphonso Philbert Theophilus (Mr) [posthumous]
 * Jorsling, Mc Donald Phillip (Mr)
 * Roopnarinesingh, Syam Sundar (Professor)
 * Sawh, Lall Ramnath (Dr)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Addo, Edward Adotey (Dr)
 * AMOCO Renegades Steel Orchestra
 * Griffith, Elton George (The Most Reverend His Grace Dr)
 * Henry, Mervyn Ulrick (Dr)
 * John, Selwyn Alfred (Mr)
 * Marshall, Bertie Lloyd (Mr)
 * Murray, Lance Esme Hamilton (Mr)
 * Vyas, Ramdath (Pundit)
 * WITCO Desperadoes Steel Orchestra
 * Wong Sang, Joyce Angela (Mrs)

Trinity Cross

 * The Regiment of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force
 * The Trinidad and Tobago Police Service

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Freeman, William E. (Mr) [posthumous], B.Sc. (Lond), A.R.C.S.
 * Glean, Vernon (Mr)
 * Knox, Wilfred Sidney (Mr)
 * Media Association of Trinidad and Tobago
 * Naraynsingh, Vijay (Dr)
 * Neehall, John Edward (Dr)
 * Norton, Noel Patrick (Mr)
 * Richards, Rolf (Professor)
 * The Trinidad and Tobago Fire Service
 * The Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service

Chaconia Medal (silver)

 * Anand Yankarran (Mr) [Entertainer]

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Aziz, Mohammed Ali (Dr)
 * Busby, George Oliver David (Dr)
 * Campbell, Alton A. (Mr)
 * Des Iles, Gerard Emmanuel (Hon. Mr Justice)
 * Deyalsingh, Lennox (Hon. Mr Justice)
 * Lai-Fook, Arthur E. (Rev. Fr)
 * Mahase, Anna (Dr)
 * Ratan, Premchand N. (Dr)
 * Sinanan, Ashford (Mr)

Hummingbird Medal (Gold)

 * Beddoes, Andrew
 * Connor, Maurice
 * Eckels, Juliet Mary
 * Griffiths, Jason
 * Hanoonmansingh, Hans
 * Saidwan, Dean
 * Sealey, Joslynne
 * Taylor, Gretta Patricia

Trinity Cross

 * McBurnie, Beryl Eugenia (Dr), H.B.M.
 * Naipaul, Vidia S. (Mr) - H.B.M.

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Boswell-Inniss, Kathleen Sheila (Mrs)
 * Capildeo, Simbhoonath (Mr)
 * Ghouralal, Samuel (Dr)
 * Ince, Winston Edghill (Dr)
 * National football Team (Strike Squad)

Hummingbird Medal (Silver)

 * Marshall, Stanley Laurie (Mr) - Drama (Silver)

Trinity Cross

 * Demas, William Gilbert (Mr)
 * Duprey, Cyril (Mr)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Abidh, Stella (Dr)
 * Hosein, Inayat (Mr)
 * Lequay, Alloy (Mr)
 * Lovelace, Earl (Mr)
 * Narine, Ralph (Justice)
 * Omah-Maharajh, Deonarayan (Dr), President General of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha
 * Sammy, George (Professor) [posthumous]
 * Warner, Alcalde (Justice)

Public Service Gold Medal of Merit

 * Charles, Randolph T, Former Commissioner of Prisons Public Service

Trinity Cross

 * Bernard, Clinton (The Hon. Mr Justice)
 * James, C. L. R. (Mr), historian
 * Pan Trinbago
 * Weekes, George (Mr)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Butler, Knolly (Professor)
 * Byam, Neville (Dr)
 * Carrington, Edwin (Sir), former Secretary-General of CARICOM
 * Laronde, Giselle (Miss), beauty pageant titleholder
 * Rambachand, Anand (Professor)
 * Stewart, Leslie "Tiger" (Mr), boxer

Chaconia Medal (Silver)

 * Girdharie, Sohan
 * Malloon, Grace Atteck
 * Minshall, Peter
 * Sharpe, Len (Boogsie)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Alleyne, Doddridge Henry Newton (Mr)
 * Lewis, James O'Neil (Mr) (Awarded in 1974)
 * Rampersad, Frank Budhoo (Mr)

Trinity Cross

 * Kelsick, Cecil (The Hon. Mr Justice)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Braithwaite, John (Mr)
 * Seukeran, Lionel Frank (Mr)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Wooding, Hugh Arthur Selby (Mr)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Cross, Ulric, (Mr)
 * Rees, Evan (Mr)
 * Sosa, Thomas Gregorio (Mr)

Trinity Cross

 * Hosein, Tajmool (Mr)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Annisette, Emmanuel B. (Mr)
 * Besson, Herman Alexander (Mr) [posthumous]
 * Bramble, Cecil (Mr) [posthumous]
 * Crichlow, Verna Mercedes (Mrs) [posthumous]
 * Lewis, Anthony Clyde (Mr)
 * Noel, Claude Benjamin (Mr)
 * Pollonais, Rene Joseph (Mr)
 * Richardson, Reginald Kenneth (Dr)

Trinity Cross

 * Teshea, Isabella (Mrs) [posthumous]

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Corbin, Maurice (Mr)
 * Date-Camps, Ada (Dr)
 * Harnarayan, Percival (Mr)
 * Kirton, Gertrude (Mrs)
 * Padmore, Marjorie (Miss) [posthumous]
 * Scott, Garvin (Mr)

Trinity Cross

 * Bruce, Victor (Mr) - H.B.M.
 * Burroughs, Randolph (Mr), M.O.M.
 * Gregoire, Errol (Mr)
 * Williams, Mervyn (Commander), M.O.M.

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Bonnett, Lionel (Mr), Chairman, Tobago County Council
 * Chadee, Dalton (Mr), Former Alderman and Deputy Mayor of San Fernando Borough Council
 * Mahabir, Bisram (Dr)
 * Quamina, Elizabeth (Dr)
 * Roopnarine, Errol (Mr) [posthumous]
 * Scott, Winfield (Mr)
 * Spence, John A. [Professor]
 * Wilson, Oswald (Mr)

Trinity Cross

 * Montano, Gerard (Mr)
 * Phillips, Clement Ewart Gladstone (Mr)
 * Pierre, Eugenia Theodosia (Mrs), C.M.T., H.B.M.
 * Sinanan, Mitra G. (Mr)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Blackman, Ingrid (Mrs)
 * Burke-Browne, Angela (Mrs)
 * Castagne, Patrick Stanislaus (Mr), composer
 * Castanada, Peggy (Miss)
 * Charleau, Heather (Miss)
 * Charles, Cyrenia (Mrs)
 * Dimsoy, Marcia (Miss)
 * Gatcliffe, Thomas (Mr)
 * Lutchman, Solomon (Mr) [posthumous]
 * Nurse, Jennifer (Miss)
 * Peters, Sherril (Mrs)
 * Phelps, Harry Orville (Professor)
 * Pierre, Eugenia Theodosia (Mrs)
 * Prescod, Veryl (Miss)
 * Sellier, Robert (Mr)
 * Stollmeyer, Jeffrey (Mr), cricketer and footballer
 * Thomas-Luces, Althea (Mrs)
 * Williams, Jennifer (Miss)

Trinity Cross

 * Serrette, Joffre Charles Harold (Brigadier)
 * Solomon, Patrick Vincent Joseph (Dr)
 * Wharton, Joseph Algernon (Mr), QC

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Dolly, Reynold Cartright (Dr)
 * Galt, Kenneth Victor (Mr) [posthumous]
 * Garcia, Ignacio Adrian (Mr)
 * Murray, Eric Hugh (Mr)
 * Patrick, Alan Leslie (Dr)
 * Rostant, Louis Gerald (Mr)
 * Seemungal, Lionel Augustine (Mr), S.C., M.A., LL.B. (Cantab.)

Trinity Cross

 * Ali, Wahid (Dr)
 * Amoroso, Emmanuel Ciprian (Professor)
 * Commissiong, Janelle Penny (Miss), former beauty pageant titleholder
 * Reece, Sir Alan

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Bailey, Emmanuel McDonald (Mr), athlete
 * Duprey, Cyril, OBE, businessman, founder of CLICO
 * Ghany, Noor Mohammed (Mr)
 * Holder, Joseph Hamiltion (Mr)
 * Inglefield, Geoffrey Robert (Mr)
 * Murray, Arthur (Mr)
 * Richards, George Maxwell (Mr)

Trinity Cross

 * Crawford, Hasely Joachim
 * Maingot, Rodney
 * Pitt, David Thomas (Lord)
 * Thomasos, Clytus Arnold

Chaconia Medal

 * Barcant, Malcolm (Gold)
 * Beaubrun, Michael Herbert (Gold)
 * Dieffenthaller, Raymond Edwin (Gold)
 * McNish, Althea (Mrs John Weiss) (Gold)
 * Reece, Erna (Gold)
 * Ward, Joshua Emmanuel (Gold)
 * Hingwan, Edwin (posthumous) (Silver)
 * Melchor, M. NACION GOLD CROSS MEDAL P/C SOLDIER G,O.627

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Bartholomew, Courtenay (Dr)
 * Crichlow, Nathaniel (Senator) - trade unionist
 * Dymally, Mervyn (Senator)
 * Henry, Zin (Dr)
 * Hudson-Phillips, Henry, QC
 * Lloyd, Clive, CBE, AO - West Indies cricketer (Honorary)
 * Murray, Deryck (Mr)
 * Poon King, Theodosius (Dr)
 * Robinson, Sir Harold
 * Walls, Victor (Rev. Dr)

Public Service Gold Medal of Merit

 * Beard, Eugene Edwin
 * Beckles, Agatha
 * Bruno, Winzey Anthony
 * Busby, Arthur Hamilton
 * Clemendore, Anthony
 * D'Abadie, Raymond Joseph
 * Duncan, Vincent Gregory
 * Hargreave, Evelyn Victoria
 * Holder, George Ethelbert
 * Kalloo, Emmanuel Nicholas
 * McShine, Irene Umilta
 * Maraj, James
 * Mitchell, Lionel Paul
 * Munroe, George
 * Pyles, Oscar Emmanuel
 * Sawyer, Olive Theodore
 * Shepherd, Gertrude Enid
 * Simon, Winston "Spree"
 * Siung, Oswald Horace
 * Smith, John Lyon
 * Telemaque, Harold Milton
 * Thomasos, Theodora
 * Wellington, Oswald Elrick

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Blackman, Fitzgerald (Alderman) [posthumous]
 * De la Bastide, Karl Phillipe De Jacques (Justice)
 * Gibbs, Lance (Mr) (Honorary)
 * Julien, Bernard (Mr)
 * Kanhai, Rohan (Mr) (Honorary)
 * Pierre, Joseph Henry (Sir)
 * Rowe, Lawrence (Mr) (Honorary)
 * Wattley, George Hippolyte (Dr)

Trinity Cross

 * La Borde, Charles Harold (Mr)
 * La Borde, Mary Kwailan (Mrs)
 * Boos, Werner James (Sir), CBE [posthumous]
 * Hyatali, Isaac (The Honourable Sir)

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Archbald-Crichlow, Beryl May (Mrs)
 * Armoogam, George Victor (Mr)
 * Atteck, Sybil (Miss)
 * O'Connor, Quintin (Mr) [posthumous]
 * Vaucrosson, Walter Ferdinand (Dr)
 * Waite, Joan Teresa (Sister)

Trinity Cross

 * Archbald, Rupert Carlyle, QC
 * Marcano, George Roderick (Dr)
 * Sobers, Garfield St. Auburn, West Indies cricketer AO, OCC - [Honorary]

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Boucard, Dennis (Mr)
 * Girwar, Norman (Mr)
 * Mc Naughton-Jones, Cynthia (Mrs)

Trinity Cross

 * Barboza, Mario Gibson (Mr)
 * Constantine, Learie (Baron) - [posthumous]
 * Maurice, Julius Hamilton (Mr)
 * Mc Shine, Arthur Hugh (Sir) - Kt. Bach.

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Francis, Aldwin Gerard (Dr)
 * Hoyte, Ralph Allan St. Clair (Dr)
 * Johnstone, Helen May (Mrs) - CBE
 * Julien, Kenneth (Professor)
 * Julien, Mark Thomas Inskip (Senator)
 * Lewis, Leon Ferdinand Earle (Dr)

Trinity Cross

 * Tubal Uriah Butler (Mr), labour leader
 * Donald C. Granado (His Excellency)
 * George Richards QC

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Wilfred D. Best (Mr)
 * Edwin Lee Lum (Mr)
 * Grant E. Pilgrim (Mr)
 * Elbert Robertson (Dr)
 * David A. Wyke (Dr)

Chaconia Medal (Silver)

 * Lystra Charles
 * Stephen Moosai-Maharaj
 * Clive Spencer

Chaconia Medal (Bronze)

 * Eileen Douglas-Shaw
 * Talbot Paul

Hummingbird Medal (Gold)

 * Wesley Hall
 * Vidia S. Naipaul
 * Jankie Persad Sharma

Hummingbird Medal (Silver)

 * Allan Aaron
 * Henry Archer
 * Allan Carr
 * Errol Dickerson
 * Clement A. Moonsammy
 * Jocelyn Pierre
 * Kelvin "Mighty Duke" Pope
 * Stephanie Scipio-Pollard

Hummingbird Medal (Bronze)

 * Neville Jules
 * Narsaloo Ramaya
 * Kathleen "Auntie Kay" Warner

Public Service Medal of Merit (Gold)

 * George L. Bowen
 * Joffre Serrette

Public Service Medal of Merit (Silver)

 * Cyril Barnes
 * David Bloom
 * Keith Brathwaite
 * Clebert Grayson
 * Marjorie Guy
 * Claud Anthony May
 * Eric Mc Carthy
 * Ignatius Mc Phillip
 * David Munro
 * Victor Noel
 * Wallace Pedro
 * Ernest Pierre
 * Victor Rique
 * Louis J. Rodriguez
 * Enos Sewlal
 * Julian A. Spencer
 * Evelyn Tracey
 * Leslie Oliver Weekes
 * Mervyn Williams

Public Service Medal of Merit (Bronze)

 * Aubrey Adams
 * William Charles
 * Hubert Cox
 * Franklyn De Gale
 * Fitz James Demas
 * Hansley Greaves
 * Oscar Joseph
 * Sieunarine Maraj
 * Francis Rigaud
 * Percival Roach
 * Ethelbert Sorzano
 * Evans Cornelius Wilson

Trinity Cross

 * Rudranath Capildeo (Dr)
 * Ellis Clarke (Sir), CMG, QC
 * Solomon Hochoy (His Excellency Sir), GCMG, GCVO, OBE
 * Finbar Ryan (His Excellency Count), OP, (former Archbishop of Port of Spain)
 * Hugh Wooding (The Right Honourable Sir), PC, CBE, QC

Chaconia Medal (Gold)

 * Lloyd Brathwaite (Professor)
 * Leonard Joseph Graf (Reverend Father)
 * Kenneth Lindsay Grant (Sir), OBE
 * John A. V. Harper (Mr) [posthumous]
 * Audrey Jeffers (Miss) [posthumous]
 * Karoo Ojah Maharaj (Pundit) MBE
 * Louis Anselm Halsey Mc Shine CBE
 * James A. Waterman (Dr) OBE

Chaconia Medal (Silver)

 * George Bowen
 * Margaret Bynoe
 * Harry Joseph
 * Ralph Kelshall
 * Cevella Niki McBride
 * Cleopatra Romilly

Hummingbird Medal (Gold)

 * Winifred Atwell
 * Victor Bruce
 * Andrew Carr
 * William Demas
 * Hugh Harris
 * Ralph James
 * Beryl McBurnie
 * Carlyle Missette
 * Samuel Selvon
 * Derek Walcott [Honorary]
 * Olivia Walke M.B.E.
 * William Williams

Hummingbird Medal (Silver)

 * George Baileye – carnival bandleader
 * Carlisle Chang
 * Margaret Cowie
 * Slinger "Mighty Sparrow" Francisco
 * Roger Gibbon
 * Ellie Mannette
 * Aldwyn Roberts

Hummingbird Medal (Bronze)

 * Ken Morris
 * Krishna Persad
 * Edwin Roberts
 * Anthony Williams

Public Service Medal of Merit (Gold)

 * M. P. Alladin
 * Randolph Burroughs
 * Stanely Johnson
 * Mathieu Lee Sing
 * Sylvester Nicholas
 * Carlton Ottley
 * James P. Reid

Public Service Medal of Merit (Silver)

 * Norbert Brown
 * Helen De Verteuil MBE
 * Reginald V. Hogan
 * Eric James MBE
 * Lystra Lewis MBE
 * Fitz G. Maynard
 * James Mc Donald
 * George Mose
 * Marjorie Padmore
 * Sydney Ramdial
 * Mary M. Scandella
 * Sydney Turpin
 * Raymond Watkins
 * Willoughby Weekes
 * Charles F. Worme

Constitutional controversy
On 17 April 2008 the Cabinet agreed that the name of the highest national award should be The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, that the name of the Society to replace the Order of the Trinity should be The Distinguished Society of Trinidad and Tobago, that the highest national award should be re-designed so as to replace the Cross with a Medal and that the Letters Patent should be amended to give effect to those decisions.

Subsequently, in Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha of Trinidad and Tobago Inc & Ors v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago [2009] UKPC 17 (28 April 2009) the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, on appeal from the Court of Appeal of Trinidad and Tobago, held that the creation of the Trinity Cross of the Order of the Trinity breached the constitutional rights of non-Christians to equality and to freedom of conscience and belief. However, the council also made a declaration that the judgment should not have retrospective effect: "nothing in this judgment should be taken to apply to any awards of this high honour that were made under the system that the Letters Patent established before the date of the.. judgment." (per Lord Hope of Craighead at para 42).


text:
Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church

The Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church is a religious movement that originated in Jamaica during the 1940s and later spread to the United States, being incorporated in Florida in 1975. Its beliefs are based on both the Old and New testaments of the bible, as well as the teachings of Marcus Garvey, self-reliance, Afrocentricity and Ethiopianism. Their ceremonies include bible reading, chanting, and music incorporating elements from Nyahbinghi, Burru, Kumina and other indigenous traditions. The group holds many beliefs in common with the Rastafari, including the use of marijuana as a sacrament, but differ on many points, most significantly the matter of Haile Selassie's divinity.

The group expanded rapidly in the 1970s, under the leadership of 'Niah' Keith Gordon, attracting a new generation of white American followers to their "Gospel camp" in Jamaica. The Coptic's pro-marijuana beliefs went as far as to consider distribution of the "herb" a righteous endeavour and — assisted by the new arrivals — the group began to move ever-larger consignments of it from Jamaica to the United States. These efforts enabled the Coptics to acquire significant land holdings in Jamaica, as well as a luxurious 'embassy' in Miami. They ran many farms, several businesses and provided badly-needed employment during Jamaica's turbulent 1970s.

The group attracted widespread publicity in the early 1980s, when several of its members were prosecuted for importing marijuana to the United States. The movement continues to this day, but went into decline when a large number of the American members were incarcerated in the 1980s, followed by the death of Keith Gordon in 1986.

Despite its name, the group is in no way affiliated with the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church or any other established Christian congregation.

Early history under Louva Williams
The Coptic mansion emerged out of Jamaican chapters of the Ethiopian World Federation during the late 1940s. It was founded by Lovell Williams, known as Brother Louv, who first laid out the key doctrines of the group. Brother Louv established the first headquarters at Mountain View Avenue on the eastern side of Kingston at the foot of the Wareika Hills. It was one of many Rasta camps to the east of Kingston, including Count Ossie's, which had a different character from those in the west of the city. These were typically squatter camps, set up on 'captured' government lands. Brother Louv engaged in many 'reasonings' (discussions) during this time, both within the group and outside, which were often accompanied by ganja smoking.

The group continued with a small, dedicated group of followers throughout the 1950s and 60s, living a simple life in accordance with their strict beliefs. While it was an offshoot of the broader Rasta movement, many Coptic teachings conflicted with 'mainstream' Rasta belief, and neither side considered the other to be one and the same.

Later growth in United States
It first established its organization in the United States in Star Island, Florida with a commune of around 40 members. The commune follows a combination of teachings from the Bible, Old and New Testament, which have been compared to Billy Graham's fundamentalism, and Kosher law. Similar to the Rastafari Movement, the Coptic's views are based on the teachings of Marcus Garvey and they use cannabis as sacrament. It is a misconception that pious Rastafarians smoke marijuana recreationally, and some (in particular, the canonical Ethiopian Orthodox and classical Elders) do not use it at all. However, many Rastafarian teachers have advocated for controlled ritual smoking of 'wisdom weed' in private as a meditation tool and communally from 'chalice' pipes as an 'incense to please the Lord.'

In 1979 the group was accused, tried, and convicted of smuggling massive amounts of potent cannabis from Jamaica to Miami in actions that kept the Jamaican economy afloat that decade. The then-Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga told a U.S. interview "It's just a little sinsemilla that it keep the country going right now". The Coptics published a free newspaper promoting Garveyism and the decriminalization of marijuana titled "Coptic Times". They also appeared on 60 Minutes on October 28, 1979. The group's leader was Niah Keith Gordon, and its spokesman in the US was Thomas Reilly, also known as Brother Louv. During the same year, The Supreme Court of Florida found: "(1) the Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church represents a religion within the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and (2) the "use of cannabis is an essential portion of the religious practice." "Further, the Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church is not a new church or religion but the record reflects it is centuries old and has regularly used cannabis as its sacrament".

In 1986 the organization participated in the Drug Enforcement Administration's hearings on cannabis rescheduling in the United States.

On January 19, 2017 James Tranmer, a member of the group, was pardoned and released from prison by Barack Obama before he left the office of the President of the United States. Tramner had received a 33 year prison sentence for possession of cannabis because he defended the sacramentality and goodness of cannabis without repentance. Today many are grateful for his sacrifice and his release is an acknowledgement in the paradigm change that has taken place since the majority of the population now see that to fight against a medicinal plant is a detrimental social policy.

Carl Olsen ran for governor in Iowa, as a Libertarian, in 1994 and for the U.S. House of Representatives, again as a Libertarian, in 1996. He is currently a priest in the Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church, and resides in Iowa.

The EZCC is not associated with either the Coptic Orthodox Church or the Coptic Catholic Church, both based in Egypt. The Coptic Orthodox Church has an Ethiopian sister church, which is also unrelated. The Garveyite Coptic were most closely tied to the African Orthodox Church than to Egypt. The EZCC gets its namesake from a 1959 mission to Ethiopia in which the archbishop brought a group of young Ethiopian priests and deacons to study in American universities. However, the clergy cut ties with the Garveyite Coptic organization in New York and set up its own parishes that addressed the needs of Ethiopian immigrants.

The Zion Coptic Church appeared in the 2011 Billy Corben documentary Square Grouper: The Godfathers of Ganja, whose first section concerns the group and features interviews with former members. In Brazil there are the First Niubingui Church Etiope Coptic of Zion of Brasil.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church


text:
Talk:Monad (category theory)

Module (category theory)
Hi there! Does the concept of Module (category theory) make any sense to you? If so, would anybody write an article about this? This article seems to be requested on Requested articles/mathematics. I suspect the person requesting this article confused something, but I could be wrong. Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov 21:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Traditional modules can be thought of as functors by taking a functor from a ring (considered as a category with one element) to abelian groups. One can generalize to modules in other categories and this is mentioned on the module page under generalizations.

 * And more -- see  linas (talk) 15:22, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

Examples
Can people provide more examples? 137.111.90.68 23:30, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Confusing sentence?
"While monads are quite common, making them explicit is less so (the language belongs to the school of Mac Lane, and has rarely been used in the school of Grothendieck, which prefers to write out monads and comonads longhand)." What does it mean, to "write out monads and comonads longhand"? Can anyone clarify? Thanks Sam Staton (talk) 15:19, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It just means writing down formulae like f*f*, for operations on sheaves (usually), rather than saying explicitly that these are adjoint functors and we are taking the (co)monad of the adjunction. Charles Matthews (talk) 07:23, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Ah, thanks. I've had a go at clarifying that sentence... Sam Staton (talk) 10:23, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

"See the article on natural transformations for the explanation of the notations Tμ and μT"

can't find the definition there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by StarlingX (talk • contribs) 08:03, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Tμ and μT are the natural transformations which come from the horizontal compositions of μ with the identity natural transformation on T. Alternatively, they can be thought of in terms of components, so TμX is T(μX) and μTX is μ(TX). Hope this helps.

Monad and Kleisli triple are different structures
In the introduction to this article it is said that a Kleisli triple is also an endofunctor together with two natural transformations just like a monad. But this is factually wrong although we can construct a Kleisli triple from a monad and vice versa. A Kleisli triple is a map of objects (not a functor which would also comprise a map of morphisms) together with a map between hom sets and a natural transformation. From my point of view it would make sense to either have a section devoted to Kleisli triples and their relationship with monads or remove the mention of a Kleisli triple completely. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.106.29.176 (talk) 14:57, 31 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Looks like its fixed to me, and Kleisli triple now covers the topic. 99.153.64.179 (talk) 19:10, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

Etymology?
Are we sure that MacLane intended the term in its philosophical sense? I'd always heard that it was simply a portmanteau of monoid and triad (as triad and triple were common terms for this concept early on, and the connection to monoids is obvious). Cgibbard (talk) 04:41, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree with Cgibbard. The quote referenced in the article explains nothing about Mac Lane's etymological intention. Suppose the concept of monad in category theory has any implications for monad in philosophy, it has nothing to do with its etymology by itself. In terms of etymology, a comment in this page is a good summary, and at least, there seems to be no reason to credit monad in category theory to monad in philosophy. There should be some concrete source to refer to monad in philosophy in the article. --Nolze (talk) 13:50, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

Does Eilenberg-Moore category deserve its own article?
Kleisli category is a separate article, whereas Eilenberg-Moore category redirects to Monad. I'd like to add an article for E-M too, but I'd like some feedback first on whether it's warranted. askyle (talk) 15:50, 20 May 2014 (UTC)

Unclear subsection
"The importance of the definition comes in a class of theorems from the categorical (and algebraic geometry) theory of descent. What was realised in the period 1960 to 1970 is that recognising the categories of coalgebras for a comonad was an important tool of category theory (particularly topos theory). The results involved are based on Beck's theorem. Roughly what goes on is this: while it is simple set theory that a surjective mapping of sets is as good as the equivalence relation "x is in the same fiber as y" on the domain of the mapping, for geometric morphisms what you should do is pass to such a coalgebra subcategory."

This might sound nice to an expert, but it actually makes no sense to someone who is not already on a high level in category AND topos theory. I would recommend to rewrite or cancel it. Saves this gibberisch for the nLab. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.120.66.60 (talk) 16:48, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

Co-algebras and comonads
Hi everyone,

Does anybody know of a reference which discusses coalgebras over (co)monads? I'm wondering how hopf-algebras integrate into this framework. Wundzer (talk) 16:43, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monad (category theory)


text:
Heinz Edelmann

Heinz Edelmann (20 June 1934 – 21 July 2009) was a Czech-German illustrator and designer. His art direction and character designs for the Beatles' 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine brought him additional recognition around the world.

Life and career
Edelmann was born in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia, into the German-Czech family of Wilhelm and Josefa (née Kladivová) Edelmann. In 1946 his whole family – regardless of mixed ethnic roots – was expelled into Germany and they settled in its western part. From 1953 to 1958 studied printmaking at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf (Düsseldorf Arts Academy). He began his career as a freelance illustrator and designer for theatre posters and advertising in Germany.

Between 1961 and 1969 he was a regular illustrator and cover designer for the internationally renowned youth magazine twen. During 1967–68, he worked on the film Yellow Submarine. From 1968 to 1970 he was a partner in a small animation company in London, but his desire at the time to work on more feature films was not realised. In 1970 Edelmann moved to Amsterdam and designed book jackets and posters for plays and films. His last use of the style of Yellow Submarine was in illustrating a book, Andromedar SR1 (1970), about a voyage to Mars. He also designed the cover for a German edition of Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, and illustrated the Kenneth Grahame children's book The Wind in the Willows.

Between 1972 and 1976, Edelmann taught industrial graphic design at Fachhochschule Düsseldorf (Düsseldorf University of Applied Sciences). He was subsequently Lecturer of Art and Design at Fachhochschule Köln (Cologne University of Applied Sciences) and in 1989 became Professor of Illustration at the State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart. He designed the 1992 Seville World's Fair mascot, Curro.

Edelmann died from heart disease and kidney failure in Stuttgart, aged 75.

title: Heinz Edelmann


text:
Leo Drey

Leo Albert Drey Jr. (, January 19, 1917 – May 26, 2015) was an American timber magnate, conservationist, and philanthropist from Missouri.

Biography
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, to a wealthy manufacturer of glassware, Drey was a 1935 graduate of John Burroughs School and a 1939 graduate of Antioch College. In 1937, he was 20 and traveling with six other students in Shanghai when war broke out between China and Japan. Drey began acquiring timberland in the Missouri Ozarks for reforestation and conservation in 1951. His holdings, much acquired for the price of back taxes, eventually grew to nearly 160000 acres, the largest private landholding in the state and larger than Missouri's entire state park system. The project, known as Pioneer Forest, is a commercial forest managed in the public interest, with single-tree selection harvesting techniques, which he pioneered. Drey purchased the Greer Mill property in 1987, and later sold it to the Forest Service for incorporation into the Eleven Point District of the Mark Twain National Forest.

Drey founded the L-A-D Foundation, which acquires and protects other natural areas in the state, leasing many of them to the state park system at $1 per year. In 2005 Drey was placed at No. 6 on Slate magazine's annual list of the top 60 U.S. philanthropists, thanks to his gift of 146000 acre of Ozark land, valued at $180 million, to the L-A-D Foundation. Other Drey beneficiaries have included his alma mater Antioch College; John Burroughs School, which uses Drey land for biology and outdoor education courses; the Government Accountability Project; and Missouri Coalition for the Environment, Missouri's first independent citizens' group to address a broad range of environmental issues. In 1991, he donated his papers to the Western Historical Manuscript Collection at the University of Missouri–St. Louis.

His downtown office answering machine message said, "I’m out planting a forest. Please leave your name and number and I’ll try to get back to you before it matures." In 1955, Drey married Kay Kranzberg, who became, like himself, an environmental and civic advocate for more than half a century. Together, they raised three children, two daughters, Laura and Eleanor, and a son, Leonard.

Drey died at his home in University City, Missouri, at age 98 on May 26, 2015, two weeks after suffering a stroke. His body was donated to the Washington University School of Medicine for science.

title: Leo Drey


text: User talk:80.133.106.228

title: User talk:80.133.106.228


text:
User talk:Thraeryn

 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Thraeryn


text:
Iris Johansen

Iris Johansen (born April 7, 1938 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American writer of crime fiction, suspense fiction, and romance novels.

Career
Iris Johansen left a job as an airline reservations agent in the early 1980s to begin writing romance novels. She changed direction slightly and began writing historical romantic suspense novels in 1991 with the publication of The Wind Dancer. She settled in to suspense writing as her main genre with the crime fiction thriller Ugly Duckling, published in 1996 and soon after became a New York Times bestselling author.

Film adaptation
In 2011, the second novel in Johansen's Eve Duncan series was made in to a Lifetime film adaptation, The Killing Game, starring Laura Prepon as forensic sculptor Eve Duncan. This film adaptation was directed by Bobby Roth.

Awards

 * 1996 Romantic Times Historical Romance Winner
 * 1999 Romantic Times Suspense Winner
 * 2016 Romantic Times Career Achievement - Thriller Winner

Personal life
Johansen lives in Georgia, and is married. Her son, Roy Johansen, is an Edgar Award-winning screenwriter and novelist. Iris and Roy have written the Kendra Michaels books series together. Her daughter, Tamara, contributes as her research assistant.

Contemporary romance novels

 * Stormy Vows (1983)
 * Tempest At Sea (1983)
 * Reluctant Lark (1983)
 * The Bronzed Hawk (1983)
 * The Lady and the Unicorn (1984)
 * Return to Santa Flores (1984)
 * No Red Roses (1984)
 * White Satin (1985)
 * Blue Velvet (1985)
 * The Forever Dream (December, 1985)
 * The Spellbinder (Louis Benoit) (1987)
 * Strong, Hot Winds (1988)
 * Wicked Jake Darcy (1989)
 * One Touch of Topaz (1990)
 * An Unexpected Song (1990)
 * Tender Savage (1990)
 * Winter Bride (1992)
 * Star-Spangled Bride (1993)

Historical romance

 * Last Bridge Home (1992)
 * The Tiger Prince (January, 1993)
 * The Magnificent Rogue (September, 1993)
 * Midnight Warrior (August, 1994)
 * The Beloved Scoundrel (September, 1994)
 * Dark Rider (May, 1995)

Sedikhan Series
List of series
 * The Golden Barbarian (March, 1992)
 * The Golden Valkyrie (1984)
 * The Trustworthy Redhead (Louis Benoit) (1984)
 * Capture the Rainbow (1984)
 * Touch the Horizon (1984)
 * A Summer Smile (1985)
 * And the Desert Blooms (1986)
 * Always (1986)
 * Everlasting (1986)
 * Til the End of Time (1987)
 * Last Bridge Home (September, 1987)
 * Across the River of Yesterday (1987)
 * Starlight, Starbright (1988)
 * Man From Half Moon Bay (1988)
 * Blue Skies and Shining Promises (1988)
 * Magnificent Folly (1989)
 * Notorious (1990)
 * A Tough Man to Tame (1991)

Delaney Series
List of series
 * This Fierce Splendor (1988)
 * Wild Silver (1988)
 * Satin Ice (1988)
 * The Delaney Christmas Carol (1992) w/ Kay Hooper

The Delaneys of Killaroo Series
List of series
 * Matilda, the Adventuress (1987)

The Shamrock Trinity Series
List of series
 * York, The Renegade (1986)

Lion's Bride Series
List of series
 * Lion's Bride (February, 1996)
 * The Treasure (December, 2008)

The Wind Dancer series

 * The Wind Dancer (February, 1991)
 * Storm Winds (June, 1991)
 * Reap the Wind (October, 1991/a completely revised edition came out in 2002)
 * Final Target (May, 2001)

Featuring Eve Duncan

 * 1) The Face of Deception (Eve Duncan #1) (October, 1998)
 * 2) The Killing Game (September, 1999)
 * 3) The Search (June, 2000)
 * 4) Body of Lies (Eve Duncan #4) (March, 2002)
 * 5) Dead Aim (Eve Duncan #4.5) (April, 2003)
 * 6) Blind Alley (Eve Duncan #5) (September, 2004)
 * 7) Countdown (May, 2005)
 * 8) Stalemate (December, 2006)
 * 9) Quicksand (April, 2008)
 * 10) Blood Game (October, 2009)
 * 11) Eight Days to Live (April, 2010)
 * 12) Chasing the Night (October, 2010)
 * 13) Eve (April, 2011)
 * 14) Quinn (July, 2011)
 * 15) Bonnie (October, 2011)
 * 16) Sleep No More (October, 2012)
 * 17) Taking Eve (April, 2013)
 * 18) Hunting Eve (July, 2013)
 * 19) Silencing Eve (October, 2013)
 * 20) Shadow Play (September, 2015)
 * 21) Hide Away (April, 2016)
 * 22) Night and Day (July, 2016)
 * 23) Mind Game (October, 2017)
 * 24) Shattered Mirror (April, 2018)
 * 25) Dark Tribute (March, 2019)
 * 26) Smokescreen (July, 2019)
 * 27) The Persuasion (June, 2020)
 * 28) The Bullet (June 8, 2021)
 * 29) A Face to Die For (Eve Duncan #28) (June 14, 2022)
 * 30) Captive (Eve Duncan #29) (September 6, 2022)
 * 31) The Survivor (Eve Duncan #30) (6 June 2023)

Featuring Catherine Ling

 * 1) Chasing the Night (October, 2010)
 * 2) What Doesn't Kill You (April, 2012)
 * 3) Live to See Tomorrow (April, 2014)
 * 4) Your Next Breath (April, 2015)
 * 5) Vendetta (October, 2018)

Standalone novels

 * The Ugly Duckling (May, 1996)
 * Long After Midnight (March, 1997)
 * And Then You Die... (January, 1998)
 * No One to Trust (October, 2002)
 * Fatal Tide (September, 2003)
 * Firestorm (March, 2004)
 * On The Run (December, 2005)
 * Killer Dreams (May, 2006)
 * Pandora's Daughter (October, 2007)
 * Dark Summer (October, 2008)
 * Deadlock (April, 2009)
 * The Perfect Witness (September, 2014)
 * No Easy Target (April, 2017)
 * Chaos (September, 2020)
 * On the Hunt (2024)

Standalone

 * Storm Cycle (July, 2009)

Featuring Hannah Bryson

 * 1) Silent Thunder (July, 2008)
 * 2) Shadow Zone (July, 2010)

Featuring Kendra Michaels

 * 1) With Open Eyes (June, 2012) [e-book short story]
 * 2) Close Your Eyes (July, 2012)
 * 3) Sight Unseen (July, 2014)
 * 4) The Naked Eye (July, 2015)
 * 5) Night Watch (October, 2016)
 * 6) Look Behind You (July, 2017)
 * 7) Double Blind (July, 2018)
 * 8) Hindsight (January, 2020)
 * 9) Blink of an Eye (February 2, 2021)
 * 10) 	Killer View (2022) (written by Roy Johansen with a foreword by Iris Johansen)
 * 11) 	More Than Meets The Eye (2023)
 * 12) 	Flashback (2024)

title: Iris Johansen


text:
Talk:Jynx

Vandalism
Just letting people know.. that this page was vandalized with the pictures of penises at the top.

To whoever who is doing this--GROW UP!

Holiday Hi-Jynx
In the article it says that: Holiday Hi-Jynx...isn't re-aired in English

But I have seen it on Tooonami UK. Does anyone have further information on this? Sonic Mew 21:01, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * I kept editting it as "isn't re-aired in USA", but I don't know who always change it back!! =o=|||

Ive seen that chritmas ephisode with jynx in it on kidswb Im it may have just been one time but they aired the ephisode in america

KEEP THE CURRENT JYNX IMAGE 'Ani124.gif' OK
unsigned comment by 207.200.24.241, also known as Jsmith

 * Ken Sugimori artwork:
 * Image:124jynx.png
 * The picture Jsmith wants:
 * Image:Ani124.gif
 * Image:Ani124.gif

Let's keep the Ken Sugimori artwork. Sonic Mew June 30, 2005 16:36 (UTC)

I second that. Jynx looks better purple anyway. RiffRaff1138 July 1, 2005 03:56 (UTC)

 * It isn't the matter of looking better or not lol. Jynx is ugly anyway. Its the politically correctness that counts! jynx

All I can do is laugh and shake my head... I didn't even know blackface was a racial thing until I came to the Internet, and it wasn't until a week or so ago that I learned just what it was (I had, however, seen some of the blackface stuff from ages past within the past year). Dang, Mr. Popo, Jynx... I never knew! I just knew they looked kind of freaky. Popo, however, I liked, unlike Jynx... *shivers* T.J. Fuller, Jr. 08:43, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

AG116-AG117
In the US will these two episodes be aired?? Jynx
 * As Jynx is purple, it is likely, (and as May's last Contest challenge, it will be hard for 4Kids to get around.) But we won't know for sure until we get to that point in the dub. Sonic Mew | talk to me 21:36, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

If Jynx was still the colour black in those two episodes would 4kids still air it???

Also why in Japan did they change the color of Jynx if the problem was only in America and maybe England??

 * a decsent company would not want to offend anyone.
 * It doesn't seem to be a problem in England anyway, since we get "Holiday Hi-Jynx", but the above comment is corret. Sonic Mew | talk to me 19:51, August 13, 2005 (UTC)

This may or may not be interesting but pokémon.com still displays the original, black-faced image. --Celestianpower hab 20:01, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have checked Pokemon.com like a hundred times, and there is no black. jynx 21:14, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

and it would be pointless if they show it because it won't fit the storyline anymore jynx 21:11, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
 * AND THE ANSWER IS IT DID NOT AIR!!

Pokémon figurine
WHY DID THEY BAN THE JYNX Pokémon figurine COULDN'T THEY JUST PAINT OVER THE BLACK WITH SOME PURPLE??

It isn't even re-produced in Japan... and Nintendo of USA "claims" that Jynx is "not popular" in USA. XD

 * Well obviously they wouldn't admit their real reasoning. But re-painting costs a lot of money - Jynx certainly still isn't among the most popular so would it be worth it?  Plus, the purple was only added in the third generation, so it has not had effect yet.  Perhaps future models will be sneaked back in, but we don't know if the Jynx contest episode will air yet and they won't want more controversy. Sonic Mew | talk to me 19:49, August 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Seriously, even Jynx fans wouldn't buy Jynx stuff. I'm actually not joking... Only obsess Pokemon COLLECTORS would be bothered. (why am I replying an ancient question?...anyway) jynx 21:16, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jynx figurines were actually released around 2000 with the other 151 Pokemon at the time. If you search on [Ebay] you will see they are black-skinned and not purple-skinned. Which means they were available prior to the Jynx controversy. Which makes one wonder if they're rare now. -24.92.41.95 19:22, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

I beg to differ, jynx. I would most certainly buy Jynx stuff if I saw it. Leastwise, I would buy merchandise with the original, black-skinned Jynx. I could really care less about anything with the new purple design, if only because I am still annoyed about the controversy. –– Czar Baldy Bald IV 16:01, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Jynx figurines (the original version) are still available in the USA, however, only online. The Japanese pack including the original Jynx and Mr. Mime is sold all over the internet, and the solo pack that Tomy makes of the original Jynx is still available online. Granted, both version are Japanese, they're still sold in the America's. In fact, I got the original Jynx from the solo Tomy packs a few weeks ago. I'm just starting to collect the Tomy ones now. I'd like to know where to buy them instead of wasting all that money on shipping. :p - Yoshirox10

Fairness of tone
The section titled "Controversy", particularly the first paragraph, radiates a completely dismissive tone to the notion of Jynx being blackface inspired. It's practically hostile towards it- "Having black skin does not show any significance in changing the skin color at all because if Mr Mime has a white color and is not censored, why should jinx? This censorship would be the true idea of racism because the mere color of black is attributed the the African race - which is not a fair thing at all." The facts are presented fairly evenly, but it emanates a feeling that Wikipedia does not have any respect at all for any possible disagreement with its preferred stance. Daft Neophyte 23:01, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I removed that entire sentence, it is someone's opinion and not appropriate for an article to begin with. Tamajared 20:29, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Why redirect
Why has this article been turned into a redirect to a short entry in another article? I don't see any AfD notice or prior discussion. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 19:49, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The Pokemon project has decided to merge all but a couple of the 493 individual articles into twenty five lists. This article is one of the ones that has been merged. TTN 19:56, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Where was the content from this article merged? It's not in the list. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 20:32, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * That is really the only relevant information (the racism point may be added if correctly sourced). For fan information, see Bulbapedia. TTN 20:52, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It appears as well-sourced as the rest of the Pokemon material. I'll move the controversy material to the list article. If there are sourcing questions we can address them here or there. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 21:04, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Jynx (Pokémon) -> Jynx

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was what Kung Fu Man said. —harej (talk) (cool!) 00:28, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Jynx (Pokémon) → Jynx —
 * Suggesting this move because the disambig page only mentions the genus, which is for Wryneck, and a see also for Jinx (disambiguation). It seems we could easily have the page moved to that disambig space and just have a "Not to be confused with Jinx" at the top of the article. Any objections?--Kung Fu Man (talk) 02:07, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Sounds good.  Artichoker [ talk ] 02:08, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * But is the Pokemon a dominant meaning over the species of bird? Anthony Appleyard (talk) 20:39, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * If the species article was actively called Jynx I would say no, but the article itself is Wryneck. Going with a google test:
 * Jynx+genus = 6,410
 * Jynx+bird = 44,000
 * Jynx+Pokemon = 76,700
 * And checking article stats for June 2009:
 * Jynx (genus) = 117
 * Wryneck = 1399
 * Jynx (Pokémon) = 3926
 * And that's considering that Jynx was not an article again until the middle of June, so as these numbers show the Pokemon is the most common item in relation to the term Jynx both on Google and on Wikipeida. Would "For the species of bird, see Wryneck" at the top of the article be satisfactory compromise?--Kung Fu Man (talk) 21:07, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Support. The dab page is not needed in this case; a hatnote to wryneck (and possibly jinx) is sufficient. (Although every time I've argued that lately, someone has started to add stuff on the dab page to make it necessary.) Anyway, based on the statistics looks like that this page is primary topic anyway. Jafeluv (talk) 22:55, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. It looks like it wont effect anything too harshly. --Blake (talk) 21:20, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
 * So long as we have something akin to For the magical curse, see Jinx; for the bird, see Wryneck I will support. Otheruses is a wonderful friend. MelicansMatkin (talk, contributions) 01:38, 27 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

History-merge?

 * As I said on WP:POKE/Charizard's talk page, I would be fine with deleting the page, but is there any way this page's history can be move to the real Jynx article? Maybe move this page to Jynx, and then revert to the recent revision? I dont know if that would work or not. Blake (Talk·Edits) 22:18, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

I feel like I have failed this article
The only thing standing in its way from B-class and possibly GA, is the manga. I dont know what to reference though. It doesnt say "Jynx did this", but instead it says "Jynx can do this". I might have to re-read that part where Jynx appears to figure out what chapter to reference. Blake (Talk·Edits) 00:11, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

Redirect Smoochum to here?
I think we should cover Smoochum here as a form of Jynx, and redirect it here as opposed to the list (this could be done with other articles, such as Pichu/Raichu, Riolu, Charmander/Charmeleon, Mime Jr., and Igglybuff/Wigglytuff). - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 06:41, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I considered that with Mime Jr., but backed off it, especially since Mime Jr. was only a "baby" of it under certain circumstances. With Koffing/Weezing and Abra/Kadabra/Alakazam the reception spanned all characters for the most part; here it's isolated to each particular version (and in the case of Pichu, it has its own reception unique from Pikachu, as does Raichi. Same for the rest when you examine them). Mentioning them with a "see also" should be fine, anything more would come across as undue weight.--Kung Fu Man (talk) 11:31, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Why is Ji(y)nx purple instead of the original black?
Whoever got the idea of making Ji(y)nx purple has no design skills at all.

Ji(y)nx looks better black.

And why are episodes featuring Ji(y)nx being banned? There was absolutely no need for most of the episodes that were banned to be banned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fifteen501 (talk • contribs) 21:55, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Silly people thought Jynx being black was racist, so they changed it. The episodes featuring the black design no longer aired. But Wikipedia isn't the place to rant about that. Blake (Talk·Edits) 23:21, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

Ganguro

 * moved from article

Shouldn't there be a reference of some sort to Ganguro, which was at its most popular (in Japan) when the pokemon games were created? If you type Ganguro into google and look at the images as they pop up, the first one looks almost exactly like Jynx. Given that Japan is 99% Japanese, it seems odd that they'd even be aware of archaic american stereotypes, while Ganguro was huge around the time the game came out (and is still around today). This seems a glaring omission, considering how I found got this idea from Bulbapedia, which is not supposed to be more accurate and cognitive of the facts than the original wikipedia. Why do you have to find this alternative and seemingly more likely theory elsewhere? I don't know how to go about adding this, but I feel it needs to be done. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.108.28.141 (talk • contribs)
 * If you can find a reliable source that verifies this, please add it to the article. Melicans (talk, contributions) 14:44, 30 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Ms Carole Boston Weatherford did not provide any reliable source to back up her speculations either, yet her OPINION is reflected in the article - only because she got her point of view published. Other perceptions of this pokemon (http://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Jynx_%28Pok%C3%A9mon%29#Controversy) aren't mentioned at all! How is that a neutral position? To be clear here: bulbapedia is world-renown knowledge center regarding all facts about pokemon and Carole Boston Weatherford is a children book writer with no education in Japan culture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.88.5.60 (talk) 07:01, 30 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Bulbapedia has different rules then Wikipedia. On Wikipedia facts need to be verified by reliable sources. If no reliable sources say Jynx is based off Ganguro, then it doesn't belong in the article. There is no way to get around it. Blake (Talk·Edits) 19:04, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

What about Yama-uba
I heard recently that Jynx might be related to the mythological beast Yama-uba, the mountain Crone. It's not just bulbapedia. A youtube video by Matthew Patrick, titled "Game Theory: Pokemon Racism, Jynx Justified" also confirms this.

 * More over Hild and her daughter Urd in Oh My Goddess! are both dark skinned and being from 1988 predate Jynx by several years so the old defense that Jynx was based on Hild of Norse mythology may also be valid.--67.42.65.212 (talk) 11:28, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

Possible new Evolution
Just saw on Tumblr somebody took a picture from a Japanese magazine that shows Jynx, Smoochum, and arrows pointing from them in their evolutionary line, and then it points to a new evolution, a more female-humanoid looking Pokemon. I can't confirm if it's legit but I just saw that. --Matt723star (talk) 16:19, 26 March 2013 (UTC) Edit: here's the URL to the picture I found it on: --Matt723star (talk) 16:22, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

Doesn't look like an official source, which would surely make the Pokemon look more prominent in the 3D images. Admittedly, it's nowhere near as bad a hoax as the supposed starter designs from Gen V. Such horrible Japanese!128.195.166.25 (talk) 20:35, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Because the Japanese would of course know an obscure symbol of white-on-black racism from a century back on the other end of the planet?
...NOT. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.231.213.30 (talk) 05:28, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

News headline: undereducated white man attempts to casually dismiss racism, but accidentally implies that Japanese people are stupid and uneducated about historical stereotypes like he is. 68.33.78.75 (talk) 15:26, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jynx


text:
Galway East (Dáil constituency)

Galway East is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects 3 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

History and boundaries
The constituency was first used at the 1937 general election, under the Electoral (Revision of Constituencies) Act 1935, when the former Galway constituency was split into Galway East and Galway West. It was abolished in 1948 and recreated in 1961. It was abolished again in 1969 and recreated in 1977.

It spans much of the eastern half of County Galway, taking in the towns of Tuam, Portumna, Athenry and Loughrea among other areas.

The Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017 defines the constituency as:

The Constituency Review Report 2023 of the Electoral Commission recommended that at the next general election, Galway East be increased to a four-seat constituency with the transfer of territory from Roscommon–Galway.

For the next general election, the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023 defines the constituency as:

July 1982 by-election
Following the death of Fianna Fáil TD Johnny Callanan, a by-election was held on 20 July 1982. The seat was won by the Fianna Fáil candidate Noel Treacy.

1944 general election
Michael Gallagher notes the motive of the returning officer to conduct a second count was presumably to enable Stankard to keep his deposit.

title: Galway East (Dáil constituency)


text:
User talk:Chickenhead

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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 * Cite your sources
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 21:51, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chickenhead


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andymanning

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. The numerous votes from new and/or unregistered users were severely discounted. Joyous 16:16, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Andymanning
Neologism, not notable. Should be deleted. Thue | talk 21:51, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete -- Curps 22:01, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nick04 22:15, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --NewAtair Δ 22:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Maybe this should be merged with the Heavengames article instead? The word originated from there. Don't count on just my stance though; being from there I probably have a biased view on this. -- Natalinasmpf 22:57, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This isn't used anywhere else, and we aren't here to reflect injokes on some website. Average Earthman 23:18, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: I agree with Natalinasmpf, it should be merged with HG. Its not insulting anybody... Konigsberg_Monarch 00:12, 1 March 2005 (UTC)
 * User:69.250.180.53, who apparently takes pretending to have an account very seriously. (You are welcome to just register. Seriously. It's that easy. There's no need to make it look like you have an account when you actually don't. You can just register one.) -Aranel (" Sarah ") 02:51, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: As the actual victim of this I vote to keep. It's different than regular spamming as all posts are on topic and generally not a case of spamming, yet as a whole it does create an entirely new situation, worthy of a definition. Smurfing was called so because of a person creating aliases along the lines of "Smurf_blah", this situation is similar... --AndyMan1 00:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: MEVER. This article is very well done and also too maybe a very well done one indeed. Praises for Spit! ZBrisk 16:33, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Posted by User:66.215.185.140.
 * Keep: Linds. It's hot, keep it! linzeeg92385 18:40, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * First contribution from this user.
 * Keep: I say this should be kept, but it should be moved to the Heavengames article. I'm repeating AndyMan, but this is something new which will most likely become, like smurfing, a part of internet vocabulary in the near future. - Loegaire
 * User:68.44.23.132
 * Well, once it is part of the Internet vocabulary, then it will be eligible for an article. But as of right now, it is not. -- Cleduc 03:10, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Merge with Heavengames. It could be very important for OD history. (c_moach) thutmosesiii 21:05, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * First contribution from this user.
 * Delete--nixie 01:46, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Is anyone else suspicious about these keep voters? GeorgeStepanek\talk  02:00, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I labeled the anonymous and first-contribution votes. (Not trying to start anything, just for purposes of fairness.) -Aranel (" Sarah ") 02:29, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme kee^H^H^Hdelete. —RaD Man (talk) 02:03, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 02:06, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 02:22, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEPz0rz. -Kman
 * User:24.4.135.181
 * KEEP OR DIE. -Von
 * User:24.4.135.181 (again)
 * Delete or all of you are permanently banned. -- Riffsyphon1024 02:38, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. -Zargax
 * User:205.188.116.135 (who also saw fit to change NewAtair's vote to "keep" — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 05:10, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete as not notable, not encyclopedic -- Cleduc 03:10, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic. And anonymous contributors, you are welcome at Wikipedia, but please do not remove or tamper with votes. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 03:18, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: There's no reason to delete this. The objections seem to be that the term is a novelty.  It was made up to address a novel issue.  There is no suitable alternative word that captures the meaning.  Definitions are all made up somewhere along the lines, folks--just deal with it.  Isn't the point of Wikipedia supposed to be a reference to share information?
 * Unsigned comment by User:Watchfulbindman, 2nd edit (— Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 05:10, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep: There obviously seems to be a significant demand for this term, and it gives meaning to a nondefined occurence. If this is removed, logically smurfing and Santorum should be as well.
 * Unsigned vote by User:138.67.79.161
 * Delete. Neologism. Not notable enough (very few Google hits). —Brim 04:33, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable neologism. Megan1967 04:49, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Shows promise as a new internet term.User:78.4.235.381
 * Another vote by User:138.67.79.161 (— Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 05:10, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep: It provides a term for an otherwise termless phenomenon. Keep it hands down.
 * (restoring vote by 128.239.215.199 [first contribution] that I must have inadvertently removed when I reverted — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 05:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep: I like this... it has definitely potential to catch on, and it's the first way I've heard this phenomenon described in a single word.
 * Note that this comment is the first edit by TheRasher. The original edit was to modify thutmosesiii's vote; I reverted and copied the comment down here. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 05:27, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep:Not too sure how this wikipedia thing works, but i like the entry. let's keep it
 * Unsigned vote by User:67.190.33.44.
 * Keep:Come on, this is a good entry. Commies.
 * Unsigned vote by User:66.94.129.93.
 * Delete. Postdlf 05:43, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — Not notable. Caesura 05:45, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This looks like a neologism that is only used on one forum. Not notable.   — J I P | Talk 05:46, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non notable, neologism. I also will probably vote delete on any article in which there are more than three sock puppet votes, just on general principles.  RickK 06:07, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete forum slang and give all these sock puppets a spanking. Gazpacho 07:26, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge and redirect (merge and delete is an invalid vote due to GFDL restrictions). I'm one of those who jumped on this Andymanning bandwagon, and it most definitely does not deserve an individual article for sheer common sense reasons. Johnleemk | Talk 10:48, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Just noticed all the ODers spamming this VfD. Guys, I know it's cool and all to be on an internet encyclopedia, but in case you haven't noticed, we have an importance policy. Johnleemk | Talk 10:50, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Cut the spamming already and delete. Radiant! 11:48, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Forum vanity, probably trolling, neologism, dicdef, not encyclopedic.   Seems speedy-deletable as patent nonsense and vandalism.  --BM 12:35, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dicdef, obscure jargon. Martg76 13:05, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism, obscure, dicdef, not notable, apparently sock puppet and troll bait. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 14:21, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I smell the unmistakable effluvience of talking hosiery! One's even seen fit to insult us.  No, this will not do.  Naughty socks!  Delete for every rock-solid reason stated. - Lucky 6.9 01:35, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable neologism, sock-supported. Jayjg (talk)  05:40, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable neologism. A waste of time. Zzyzx11 06:05, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment -- After reading all of this nonsense, why do I have the strong feeling that the author of that article and those socks spamming this VfD just want to be immortalized in BJAODN? Zzyzx11 06:05, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * But if I ever see this in BJAODN, I'm just going to shake my head in disbelief... Zzyzx11 06:12, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, trollvertisement. —Korath (Talk) 07:58, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Obscure jargon dicdef, platform for trolls and sockpuppets. jni 16:50, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Factor X

Coagulation factor X, or Stuart factor, is an enzyme of the coagulation cascade, encoded in humans by F10 gene. It is a serine endopeptidase (protease group S1, PA clan). Factor X is synthesized in the liver and requires vitamin K for its synthesis.

Factor X is activated, by hydrolysis, into factor Xa by both factor IX with its cofactor, factor VIII in a complex known as intrinsic pathway; and factor VII with its cofactor, tissue factor in a complex known as extrinsic pathway. It is therefore the first member of the final common pathway or thrombin pathway.

It acts by cleaving prothrombin in two places (an Arg-Thr and then an Arg-Ile bond), which yields the active thrombin. This process is optimized when factor Xa is complexed with activated co-factor V in the prothrombinase complex.

Factor Xa is inactivated by protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), a serine protease inhibitor (serpin). The affinity of this protein for factor Xa is increased 1000-fold by the presence of protein Z, while it does not require protein Z for inactivation of factor XI. Defects in protein Z lead to increased factor Xa activity and a propensity for thrombosis. The half life of factor X is 40–45 hours.

Structure
The first crystal structure of human factor Xa was deposited in May 1993. To date, 191 crystal structures of factor Xa with various inhibitors have been deposited in the protein data bank. The active site of factor Xa is divided into four subpockets as S1, S2, S3 and S4. The S1 subpocket determines the major component of selectivity and binding. The S2 sub-pocket is small, shallow and not well defined. It merges with the S4 subpocket. The S3 sub-pocket is located on the rim of the S1 pocket and is quite exposed to solvent. The S4 sub-pocket has three ligand binding domains: the "hydrophobic box", the "cationic hole" and the water site. Factor Xa inhibitors generally bind in an L-shaped conformation, where one group of the ligand occupies the anionic S1 pocket lined by residues Asp189, Ser195, and Tyr228, and another group of the ligand occupies the aromatic S4 pocket lined by residues Tyr99, Phe174, and Trp215. Typically, a fairly rigid linker group bridges these two interaction sites.

Genetics
The human factor X gene is located on chromosome 13 (13q34).

Role in disease
Inborn deficiency of factor X is very rare (1:1,000,000), and may present with epistaxis (nosebleeds), hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints) and gastrointestinal blood loss. Apart from congenital deficiency, low factor X levels may occur occasionally in a number of disease states. For example, factor X deficiency may be seen in amyloidosis, where factor X is adsorbed to the amyloid fibrils in the vasculature.

Deficiency of vitamin K or antagonism by warfarin (or similar medication) leads to the production of an inactive factor X. In warfarin therapy, this is desirable to prevent thrombosis. As of late 2007, four out of five emerging anti-coagulation therapeutics targeted this enzyme.

Inhibiting Factor Xa would offer an alternate method for anticoagulation. Direct Xa inhibitors are popular anticoagulants.

Polymorphisms in Factor X have been associated with an increased prevalence in bacterial infections, suggesting a possible role directly regulating the immune response to bacterial pathogens.

Therapeutic use
Factor X is part of fresh frozen plasma and the prothrombinase complex. There are two commercially available Factor X concentrates: "Factor X P Behring" manufactured by CSL Behring, and high purity Factor X Coagadex produced by Bio Products Laboratory and approved for use in the United States by the FDA in October 2015, and in the EU in March 2016, after earlier acceptance by CHMP and COMP.

Kcentra, manufactured by CSL Behring, is a concentrate containing coagulation Factors II, VII, IX and X, and antithrombotic Proteins C and S.

Use in biochemistry
The factor Xa protease can be used in biochemistry to cleave off protein tags that improve expression or purification of a protein of interest. Its preferred cleavage site (after the arginine in the sequence Ile-Glu/Asp-Gly-Arg, IEGR or IDGR) can easily be engineered between a tag sequence and the protein of interest. After expression and purification, the tag is then proteolytically removed by factor Xa.

Factor Xa
Factor Xa is the activated form of the coagulation factor X, also known as thrombokinase. Factor X is an enzyme, a serine endopeptidase, which plays a key role at several stages of the coagulation system. Factor X is synthesized in the liver. The most commonly used anticoagulants in clinical practice, warfarin and the heparin series of anticoagulants and fondaparinux, act to inhibit the action of Factor Xa in various degrees.

Traditional models of coagulation developed in the 1960s envisaged two separate cascades, the extrinsic (tissue factor (TF)) pathway and the intrinsic pathway. These pathways converge to a common point, the formation of the Factor Xa/Va complex which together with calcium and bound on a phospholipids surface, generate thrombin (Factor IIa) from prothrombin (Factor II).

A new model, the cell-based model of anticoagulation appears to explain more fully the steps in coagulation. This model has three stages: 1) initiation of coagulation on TF-bearing cells, 2) amplification of the procoagulant signal by thrombin generated on the TF-bearing cell and 3) propagation of thrombin generation on the platelet surface. Factor Xa plays a key role in all three of these stages.

In stage 1, Factor VII binds to the transmembrane protein TF on the surface of cells and is converted to Factor VIIa. The result is a Factor VIIa/TF complex, which catalyzes the activation of Factor X and Factor IX. Factor Xa formed on the surface of the TF-bearing cell interacts with Factor Va to form the prothrombinase complex which generates small amounts of thrombin on the surface of TF-bearing cells.

In stage 2, the amplification stage, if enough thrombin has been generated, then activation of platelets and platelet-associated cofactors occurs.

In stage 3, thrombin generation, Factor XIa activates free Factor IX on the surface of activated platelets. The activated Factor IXa with Factor VIIIa forms the "tenase" complex. This "tenase" complex activates more Factor X, which in turn forms new prothrombinase complexes with Factor Va. Factor Xa is the prime component of the prothrombinase complex which converts large amounts of prothrombin—the "thrombin burst". Each molecule of Factor Xa can generate 1000 molecules of thrombin. This large burst of thrombin is responsible for fibrin polymerization to form a thrombus.

Factor Xa also plays a role in other biological processes that are not directly related to coagulation, like wound healing, tissue remodelling, inflammation, angiogenesis and atherosclerosis.

Inhibition of the synthesis or activity of Factor X is the mechanism of action for many anticoagulants in use today. Warfarin, a synthetic derivative of coumarin, is the most widely used oral anticoagulant in the US. In some European countries, other coumarin derivatives (phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol) are used. These agents known as vitamin K antagonists (VKA), inhibit the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of Factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, X in the hepatocyte. This carboxylation after the translation is essential for the physiological activity.

Heparin (unfractionated heparin) and its derivatives low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) bind to a plasma cofactor, antithrombin (AT) to inactivate several coagulation factors IIa, Xa, XIa and XIIa. The affinity of unfractionated heparin and the various LMWHs for Factor Xa varies considerably. The efficacy of heparin-based anticoagulants increases as selectivity for Factor Xa increases. LMWH shows increased inactivation of Factor Xa compared to unfractionated heparin, and fondaparinux, an agent based on the critical pentasacharide sequence of heparin, shows more selectivity than LMWH. This inactivation of Factor Xa by heparins is termed "indirect" since it relies on the presence of AT and not a direct interaction with Factor Xa.

Recently a new series of specific, direct acting inhibitors of Factor Xa has been developed. These include the drugs rivaroxaban, apixaban, betrixaban, LY517717, darexaban (YM150), edoxaban and 813893. These agents have several theoretical advantages over current therapy. They may be given orally. They have rapid onset of action. And they may be more effective against Factor Xa in that they inhibit both free Factor Xa and Factor Xa in the prothrombinase complex.

History
American and British scientists described deficiency of factor X independently in 1953 and 1956, respectively. As with some other coagulation factors, the factor was initially named after these patients, a Mr Rufus Stuart (1921) and a Miss Audrey Prower (1934). At that time, those investigators could not know that the human genetic defect they had identified would be found in the previously characterized enzyme called thrombokinase.

Thrombokinase was the name coined by Paul Morawitz in 1904 to describe the substance that converted prothrombin to thrombin and caused blood to clot. That name embodied an important new concept in understanding blood coagulation – that an enzyme was critically important in the activation of prothrombin. Morawitz believed that his enzyme came from cells such as platelets yet, in keeping with the state of knowledge about enzymes at that time, he had no clear idea about the chemical nature of his thrombokinase or its mechanism of action. Those uncertainties led to decades during which the terms thrombokinase and thromboplastin were both used to describe the activator of prothrombin and led to controversy about its chemical nature and origin.

In 1947, J Haskell Milstone isolated a proenzyme from bovine plasma which, when activated, converted prothrombin to thrombin. Following Morawitz’s designation, he called it prothrombokinase and by 1951 had purified the active enzyme, thrombokinase. Over the next several years he showed that thrombokinase was a proteolytic enzyme that, by itself, could activate prothrombin. Its activity was greatly enhanced by addition of calcium, other serum factors, and tissue extracts, which represented the thromboplastins that promoted the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by their interaction with thrombokinase. In 1964 Milstone summarized his work and that of others: “There are many chemical reactions which are so slow that they would not be of physiological use if they were not accelerated by enzymes. We are now confronted with a reaction, catalyzed by an enzyme, which is still too slow unless aided by accessory factors.”

Interactions
Factor X has been shown to interact with Tissue factor pathway inhibitor.

title: Factor X


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Lancia Delta S4

The Lancia Delta S4 (also known by its Abarth project code SE038) is a Group B rally car manufactured by the Italian car company Lancia. The Delta S4 competed in the World Rally Championship in 1985 and 1986, until Group B class was disbanded and the cars were eventually banned from competition completely by European sanctioning body FIA. The car replaced, and was an evolution of, the 037. The S4 took full advantage of the Group B regulations, and featured a midship-mounted engine and all-wheel drive for superior traction on loose surfaces.

A total of 28 complete chassis were manufactured.

Specifications
The car's 1759 cc Inline-four engine combined supercharging and turbocharging to reduce turbo lag at low engine speeds (rpm). The twincharged system was a development of the 037 engine that generated 325 hp with a supercharger only. An engine capacity multiple of 1.4 was applied to forced induction engines by the FIA and the choice of 1759 cc put the S4 in the under 2,500 cc class, which allowed for a minimum weight of 890 kg.

The engine generated a maximum output of 490 PS but some sources even claim that the engine was capable of generating 500 PS. In 1985, when Lancia engineers tested an S4 engine under extreme conditions, it developed around 1000 PS at 5 bars of boost pressure.

Like Peugeot's earlier 205 T16, the mid-engine Lancia Delta S4 was a silhouette race car (for marketing purposes), and shared virtually nothing in terms of construction with the production front-engine Delta. The chassis was a tubular space frame construction much like the 037. It featured long travel double wishbone suspension front and rear, with a single large coil over at the front along with a separate spring and twin shock absorbers at the rear. The bodywork was made of a carbon fibre composite with front and rear bodywork fully detachable for fast replacement due to accident damage, allowing ease of access during on-event servicing. The bodywork featured several aerodynamic aids including bonnet opening behind the front-mounted water radiator with Gurney flap, front splitter and winglets moulded into the front bumper panel, flexible front skirt, and rear deck lid wing that featured both a full aerofoil wind section twinned with a deflection spoiler. The door construction style was brought from the 037 with a hollow shell all-Kevlar construction that had no inner door skin, no door handle or window winder. The door was opened with a small loop and the windows were fixed perspex with small sliding panels to allow ventilation and passing of time cards.

The all-wheel drive system, developed in cooperation with English company Hewland, featured a centre differential which allowed for 60-75% of the torque to go to the rear wheels. The transmission was a 5-speed also developed by Hewland.

The Group S Lancia ECV was to replace the Delta S4 in the 1987 season but the Group S was scrapped along with Group B and Lancia used the production-derived Delta for the 1987 season.

Twincharging
The method of turbocharging and supercharging an engine is referred to as twincharging. The Delta S4 was the first example of this technology. The Delta S4 had a comparatively large Kühnle, Kopp & Kausch 27 turbocharger with a boost threshold of 4500 rpm. The turbo technology of the time had quite marked boost thresholds, with little or no response below this. This is sometimes mistaken for turbo lag. This phenomenon, known as boost threshold, negatively affects driveability, an important aspect of any car. The Abarth Volumex R18 supercharger was the twin of the turbo, providing low to mid range boost and improving engine response and driveability of the S4. Superchargers do not suffer from lag as they are powered directly from the engine's crankshaft, rather than by the exhaust gases. However, because of this direct mechanical connection, the supercharger presents a significant parasitic load to the engine at higher engine speeds. Lancia designed their twincharger system so the supercharger provides instantaneous boost in the lower range, switching to the turbocharger for more efficient operation at higher engine speeds.

Delta S4 "Stradale"
Between October 1985 and 1986 Lancia, in keeping with Group B racing regulations, was to have built 200 of a road-going version of the Delta S4, officially named Lancia Delta S4 but widely known as "Stradale", for the purpose of homologation in Group B, but it is more likely that fewer than 100 were actually built. In Italy, the car was priced at about 100 million Lira: five times the price of the most expensive Delta of the time, the HF Turbo.

The Stradale's chassis was a space frame, similar to its rally counterpart, built out of CrMo steel tubes and aluminium alloy for the crash structures; it was covered by epoxy and fiberglass body panels. Like the rally car, the 1.8-litre four-cylinder engine was longitudinally mid-mounted, equipped with Weber-Marelli IAW integrated electronic ignition and fuel injection, a supercharger, a turbocharger and two intercoolers. In road tune the 1.8 produced 250 PS at 6750 rpm and 291 Nm of torque at 4500 rpm. The "Stradale" kept a three differential four-wheel-drive system from the rally car; the centre differential sent 30% of the engine torque to the front open differential, and 70% to the rear limited slip. The transmission remained a 5-speed but was a fully-synchronized unit built by CIMA.

Lancia claimed the car could reach a top speed of 225 km/h and accelerate from standstill to 100 km/h in 6.0 seconds. In contrast to its bare bones racing sister, the S4 Stradale featured an Alcantara-upholstered interior, sound deadening, a suede steering wheel, and was equipped with power steering, trip computer and air conditioning. While racing versions were built by Abarth, the Stradales were built by Torinese coachbuilders Carrozzeria Savio.

Motorsport
In competition, the car won its first event, the 1985 RAC Rally in the hands of Henri Toivonen and carried Markku Alén to second in the drivers' championship the following year. For two weeks after the end of the 1986 season Alen was champion until the FIA annulled the results of the Sanremo Rally due to irregular technical scrutineering. Alén had won that event and the loss of points handed the title to Peugeot's Juha Kankkunen. All told, in 1986 there were three wins for the Delta S4 (San Remo not included). The Monte Carlo Rally by Toivonen, Rally Argentina by Massimo Biasion and the Olympus Rally by Alén. The car also won the 1986 European Rally Championship with Italian driver Fabrizio Tabaton, whose car was run by Italian team HF GRIFONE in ESSO livery. The factory supported Jolly Club team also ran cars in Totip livery, one of which was for Dario Cerrato. The car competed at every rally that year except for the extremely demanding and gruelling Safari Rally in Kenya, where Lancia decided that the Delta S4 was not developed enough for that event, so they decided to use the older 037 for Alen, Biasion and three local drivers who were regulars in the event.

The car's legacy was tainted by the fatal crash of Toivonen and co-driver Sergio Cresto on the 1986 Tour de Corse, where the Finnish driver inexplicably missed a tight left-hand hairpin bend and plunged into a ravine. The car burst into flames immediately, killing both of the crew. The accident led directly to the abolition of Group B.

title: Lancia Delta S4


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Gunter's chain

Gunter's chain (also known as Gunter's measurement) is a distance-measuring device used for surveying. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by English clergyman and mathematician Edmund Gunter (1581–1626). It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes.

Gunter developed an actual measuring chain of 100 links. These, the chain and the link, became statutory measures in England and subsequently the British Empire.

Description
The 66 foot chain is divided into 100 links, usually marked off into groups of 10 by brass rings or tags which simplify intermediate measurement. Each link is thus 7.92 in long. A quarter chain, or 25 links, measures 16 ft and thus measures a rod (or pole). Ten chains measure a furlong and 80 chains measure a statute mile.

Gunter's chain reconciled two seemingly incompatible systems: the traditional English land measurements, based on the number four, and decimals based on the number 10. Since an acre measured 10 square chains in Gunter's system, the entire process of land area measurement could be computed using measurements in chains, and then converted to acres by dividing the results by 10. Hence 10 chains by 10 chains (100 square chains) equals 10 acres, 5 chains by 5 chains (25 square chains) equals 2.5 acres. By the 1670s the chain and the link had become statutory units of measurement in England. "...a Word or two of Dimensurators or Measuring Instruments, whereof the mosts usual has been the Chain, and the common length for English Measures 4 Poles, as answering indifferently to the Englishs Mile and Acre, 10 such Chains in length making a Furlong, and 10 single square Chains an Acre, so that a square Mile contains 640 square Acres...'"

Method
The method of surveying a field or other parcel of land with Gunter's chain is to first determine corners and other significant locations, and then to measure the distance between them, taking two points at a time. The surveyor is assisted by a chainman. A ranging rod (usually a prominently coloured wooden pole) is placed in the ground at the destination point. Starting at the originating point the chain is laid out towards the ranging rod, and the surveyor then directs the chainman to make the chain perfectly straight and pointing directly at the ranging rod. A pin is put in the ground at the forward end of the chain, and the chain is moved forward so that its hind end is at that point, and the chain is extended again towards the destination point. This process is called ranging, or in the US, chaining; it is repeated until the destination rod is reached, when the surveyor notes how many full lengths (chains) have been laid, and he can then directly read how many links (one-hundredth parts of the chain) are in the distance being measured. The chain usually ends in a handle which may or may not be part of the measurement. An inner loop (visible in the NMAH photograph) is the correct place to put the pin for some chains. Many chains were made with the handles as part of the end link and thus were included in the measurement.

The whole process is repeated for all the other pairs of points required, and it is a simple matter to make a scale diagram of the plot of land. The process is surprisingly accurate and requires only very low technology. Surveying with a chain is simple if the land is level and continuous—it is not physically practicable to range across large depressions or significant waterways, for example. On sloping land, the chain was to be "leveled" by raising one end as needed, so that undulations did not increase the apparent length of the side or the area of the tract.

Unit of length
Although link chains were later superseded by the steel ribbon tape (a form of tape measure), its legacy was a new statutory unit of length called the chain, equal to 22 yards (66 feet) of 100 links. This unit still exists as a location identifier on British railways, as well as all across America in what is called the public land survey system. In the United States (US), for example, Public Lands Survey plats are published in the chain unit to maintain the consistency of a two-hundred-year-old database. In the Midwest of the US it is not uncommon to encounter deeds with references to chains, poles, or rod units, especially in farming country. Minor roads surveyed in Australia and New Zealand in the 19th and early 20th centuries are customarily one chain wide.

The length of a cricket pitch is one chain (22 yards).

Similar measuring chains
A similar American system, of lesser popularity, is Ramsden's or the engineer's system, where the chain consists also of 100 links, each one foot (0.3048 m) long. The original of such chains was that constructed, to very high precision, for the measurement of the baselines of the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790) and the Principal Triangulation of Great Britain.

The even less common Rathborn system, also from the 17th century, is based on a 200-link chain of two rods (33 feet, 10.0584 m) length. Each rod (or perch or pole) consists of 100 links, (1.98 inches, 50.292 mm each), which are called seconds, ten of which make a prime (, 19.8 inches, 0.503 m).

Vincent Wing made chains with 9.90-inch links, most commonly as 33-foot half-chains of 40 links. These chains were sometimes used in the American colonies, particularly Pennsylvania.

In India, surveying chains 20 m (occasionally 30 metres) in length are used. Links are 200 mm long.

In France after the French Revolution, and later in countries that had adopted the Metric System, 10-metre (32 ft 9.7 in) chains, of 50 links each 200 mm long were used until the 1950s.

title: Gunter's chain