text:
Talk:Fatema Mernissi

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 September 2019 and 11 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Agarma.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:12, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I have restored the article to the name Fatema Mernissi and adapted the text accordingly.. Although Google shows some 27k hits for Fatima Mernissi versus around 7.6k for Fatema Mernissi, Mernissi uses the later on her own website, which I think should be the definitive determinant. -- Viajero 12:00, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Missing Book - "Women's Rebellion and Islamic Memory"
Mernissi has also written a book called "Women's Rebellion and Islamic Memory." Please include it in the list.

Bibliographical Details:

Women's rebellion & Islamic memory / Fatima Mernissi. Publisher Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Zed Books, 1996.

Date of Birth vs. Date of Study
Article states that Fatema Mernissi was born in 1940 and that she studied political science in the same year. Not possible. Most likely the study date is incorrect: "She was born into a middle-class family in Fez in 1940. She received her primary education in a school established by the nationalist movement, and secondary level education in an all-girls school funded by the French protectorate. In 1940, she studied political science at the Sorbonne and at Brandeis University, where she earned her doctorate." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.39.156.151 (talk) 04:27, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Peer Review from Breanna P
Hi Lbouchie :) I was just wondering if there might be some room for a section talking about orientalism in connection, I saw there were some connections from the link : https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-e&q=Fatema+Mernissi with lots of good sources for reference. Also wondered about her being the "pride of islamic feminism" there were 11 additional peer review articles available on Ualberta library website: under Fatema Mernissi I am not sure if there is a specialist on Islamic studies (other than Dr. Lifshitz)- perhaps some of the articles we read in class relating to Abu Lughod as she has a lot of pieces as well to draw in connection to Islamic feminism. Also many photographs are always excellent ways to develop the article! Breannapalmer (talk) 23:07, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fatema Mernissi


text:
Nazir Ahmed

Nazir Ahmed (also transliterated Nazir Ahmad or Nazeer Ahmed) may refer to:

 * Chaudhry Nazeer Ahmad (born 1958), Pakistani businessman and politician
 * Khwaja Nazir Ahmad (1897–1970), Pakistani Ahmadiyya writer
 * Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi (1836–1912), Indian Urdu writer and social and religious reformer
 * Nazir Ahmed (physicist) (1898–1973), Pakistani physicist, first chairman of PAEC
 * Nazir Ahmed Khan (1910–1983), Pakistani film actor, director and producer
 * Nazir Ahmad Khan (Indian politician) (born 1966), Indian Kashmiri politician
 * Nazir Ahmad Khan (Pakistani politician)
 * Nazir Ahmed (scholar) (1915–2008), Indian scholar of Persian language and Padma Shri award winner
 * Nazir Ahmed (filmmaker) (1925–1990), Bengali filmmaker in Pakistan
 * Rank Nazeer Ahmed (born 1939), Indian Muslim scholar, Qur'an translator, and scientist
 * Nazeer Ahmed Baghio (born 1955), Pakistani politician
 * Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed (born 1957), British former politician and peer
 * Nazir Ahmad Laway (born 1963), Indian politician
 * Nazir Ahmed Abbasi, Pakistani politician
 * Nazir Ahmad (neurosurgeon) (born 1950), neurosurgeon from Pakistan
 * Nazir Ahmad (cricketer), Afghan cricketer
 * Nazir Ahmad Qasmi (born 1 June 1965), Kashmiri Sunni scholar and Grand Mufti of the Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah seminary in Bandipore, Jammu and Kashmir, India
 * Pir Nazeer Ahmed (1880–1960), Indian Sufi scholar
 * Rana Nazeer Ahmed Khan (born 1949), Pakistani lawyer and politician
 * Naazir Ahmed, a fictional Indian Army commando in the 2023 Indian film Jawan, played by Kenny Basumatary

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nazir Ahmed


text:
CKSH

CKSH may refer to:

 * CKSH-DT, a television station (channel 9) licensed to serve Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
 * Cheng Kung Senior High School, a high school in Taipei, Taiwan

title: CKSH


text:
Bardhaman

Bardhaman, officially Bardhaman Sadar, is a city and municipality in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of Purba Bardhaman district, having become a district capital during the period of British rule. Burdwan, an alternative name for the city, has remained in use since then.

Etymology
The history of Burdwan is known from about 5000 BC (the Mesolithic or Late Stone Age). The origin of this name dates back to the sixth century BCE and is ascribed to Vardhamāna or Mahāvīra (599-527 BCE), the 24th Tīrthāṅkara of Jainism, who spent some time in Astikagrama, according to the Jain scripture of Kalpa Sūtra. This place was renamed as Vardhamana in his honour.

History
During the period of Jahangir this place was named Badh-e-dewan (district capital). The city owes its historical importance to being the headquarters of the Maharajas of Burdwan, the premier noblemen of lower Bengal, whose rent-roll was upwards of 300,000. Bardhaman Raj was founded in 1657 by Sangam Rai, of a Hindu Khatri family of Kotli in Lahore, Punjab, whose descendants served in turn the Mughal Emperors and the British government. The East Indian Railway from Howrah was opened in 1855. The great prosperity of the raj was due to the excellent management of Maharaja Mahtab Chand (died 1879), whose loyalty to the government especially during the "Hul" (Santhal rebellion) of 1855-56 and the Indian rebellion of 1857 was rewarded with the grant of a coat of arms in 1868 and the right to a personal salute of 13 guns in 1877. Maharaja Bijaychand Mahtab (born 1881), who succeeded his adoptive father in 1888, earned great distinction by the courage with which he risked his life to save that of Sir Andrew Fraser, the lieutenant-governor of Bengal, on the occasion of the attempt to assassinate him made by freedom fighters of Bengal on 7 November 1908.

Mahtab Chand Bahadur and later Bijoy Chand Mahtab struggled their best to make this region culturally, economically and ecologically healthier. The chief educational institution was the Burdwan Raj College, which was entirely supported out of the maharaja's estate. Sadhak Kamalakanta as composer of devotional songs and Kashiram Das as a poet and translator of the great Mahabharata were possibly the best products of such an endeavour. Pratap Chandra Roy was the publisher of the first translation in the world to translate Mahabharata in English (1883–1896). The society at large also continued to gain the fruits. We find, among others, the great rebel poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and Kala-azar-famed U. N. Brahmachari as the relatively recent illustrious sons of this soil. Batukeshwar Dutt an Indian revolutionary and independence fighter in the early 1900s was born on 18 November 1910 in a village Oari in Burdwan district. He is best known for having exploded a few bombs, along with Bhagat Singh, in the Central Legislative Assembly in New Delhi on 8 April 1929. The city became an important centre of North-Indian classical music as well.

Location
The region has an average elevation of 40 metres (131 ft). The city is situated 1100 km from New Delhi and a little less than 100 km north-west of Kolkata on the Grand Trunk Road (National Highway 19) and Eastern Railway. The chief rivers are the Damodar and the Banka.

The first epigraphic reference to the name of this place occurs in a sixth-century AD copper plate found in Mallasarul village under Galsi Police Station. Archeological evidences suggest that this region, forming a major part of Radh Bengal, could be traced even back to 4000 BCE.

Police stations
Burdwan police station has jurisdiction over Bardhaman municipal area and Burdwan I and Burdwan II CD Blocks. The area covered is 192.15 km2. There are out posts at Barabazar, Muradpur, Keshabganj, Nutanganj and Birhata.2

Women police station Burdwan has jurisdiction over Bardhaman municipal area and Burdwan I and Burdwan II CD Blocks. The area covered is 192.15 km.

Demographics
In the 2011 census, Bardhaman Urban Agglomeration had a population of 347,016, out of which 177,055 were males and 169,961 were females. 25,069 people were between the ages of 0–6 years. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 88.62%.

Climate
The Köppen Climate Classification sub-type for this climate is "Aw" (tropical savanna climate).

Culture
Bardhaman has a multi-cultural heritage. The deuls (temples of rekha type) found here are reminiscent of Bengali Hindu architecture. The old temples bear signs of Hinduism, mostly belonging to the Sakta and Vaishnava followers.

The Kankaleswari Kali is also located in the city of Bardhaman. Bardhaman experienced and survived numerous violent conflicts, due to Mughal, Pashtun and Maratha invaders. The city of Bardhaman was visited by notables of the Delhi Sultanate from Raja Todarmal to Daud Karnani, from Sher Afghan and Kutub-ud-din to Ajimuswan to the future Mughal emperor Shah Jahan while he was still a rebel. Bardhaman also has a number of Bengali Christians, and although they are a minority, there are many churches in the city.

Foods

 * Sitabhog and Mihidana are two famous sweets of Bardhaman, introduced first in honour of the Raj family.

Road

 * The Grand Trunk Road runs across the city; NH 19 (old numbering NH 2) bypasses the city. South Bengal State Transport Corporation (SBSTC) and private operators operate buses from Arambag, Asansol, Baharampur, Bankura, Bolpur, Esplanade, Kirnahar, Purulia, Saltlake and Tarakeswar. It takes around 2–2.5 hours. Bardhaman is well connected by bus with numerous places all around. Most of the buses arrive and leave from Alisha Bus Stand and Nababhat Bus Stand. Burdwan also has a facility of bus service known as Town Service which connects different areas within the city.
 * Sadarghat Road also connects Bardhaman with Bankura (indirectly) and Hooghly (directly) district.

Rail

 * The main Howrah-Delhi rail track passes through Bardhaman, and the city is served by Bardhaman railway station. The Howrah Rajdhani Express (via Patna) has a scheduled stop at Bardhaman. One can take a local train from Howrah to reach in two hrs. One can also travel along the Sahibganj Loop, which branches off, one station after Bardhaman. The narrow gauge line to Katwa was upgraded to broad gauge in 2013, up to Balgona, which has been extended to Katwa. It is well connected to major cities like Kolkata, Ranchi, Patna, Durgapur, Asansol, Siliguri, Dhanbad.

Rickshaws

 * Cycle rickshaws and E-Rickshaws (Toto) are available for travel within the city.
 * Also available mini bus within city and surrounding. Intracity connector by SBSTC under JNNURM project has been provided.
 * Ola's bike service is also active in the city.

University
The University of Burdwan was formally inaugurated on 15 June 1960 by Sukumar Sen, its first Vice-chancellor. It was after the abolition of the Zamindari system in the fifties that Uday Chand Mahtab, the last representative of the Burdwan Raj, left his entire property in Burdwan to the state government. This, coupled with the initiative of the then Chief Minister of West Bengal, Bidhan Chandra Roy, facilitated the establishment of this university. Presently, the administrative works are mostly done at the Rajbati (the palace of Barddhamana Maharaja) campus; on the other hand, academic activities centre on the Golapbag campus. With social responsibilities in mind, the university actively patronised the construction of a science centre and the Meghnad Saha Planetarium.

Colleges

 * Burdwan Dental College and Hospital
 * Burdwan Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
 * Burdwan Medical College
 * Burdwan Raj College
 * Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Women's College
 * M.B.C. Institute of Engineering and Technology
 * St. Xavier's College, Burdwan
 * University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University
 * Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya

Schools

 * Burdwan C.M.S High School - West Bengal Board
 * Burdwan Municipal Girls' High School - West Bengal Board
 * Burdwan Municipal High School - established in 1883 by Debendranath Tagore
 * St. Xaviers School - CISCE

Places of interest

 * Curzon Gate – the Curzon Gate was built in 1902–1903, for the coronation of Maharaja Bijay Chand Mahatab. The former royal palace is located a kilometre from the gate. The pomp and grandeur of Lord Curzon's visit to Bardhaman in 1904 established the name of the gate as Curzon Gate. It is also known as Bijay Toran.
 * Tombs of Sher Afgan and Qutbuddin Khan Koka - Mehr-un-Nissa, then wife of Sher Afgan, jagirdar of Bardhaman, was once a resident of Bardhaman. It is said that the Mughal emperor Jahangir had fallen in love with her and was determined to marry her. He tried to get her with the help of his foster-brother and subahdar of Bengal, Qutbuddin Khan Koka. Sher Afgan died during a fight with Qutbuddin Khan Koka, who also was killed. Both were buried side by side at Bardhaman in 1607 (or 1610 according to some sources), in the same place as Pir Baharam Sikka, a Persian Sufi saint. Mehr-un-Nissa ultimately emerged as the Empress Nur Jahan.
 * Rajbari – the palace of the Bardhaman Raj family, was built by Mahatabchand in the 19th century, at a site that is earlier believed to have a Mughal fort. The Rajbari was built by the Kolkata-based Burn and Company. The main hall has many valuable paintings. Uday Chand Mahtab handed over the Rajbati to the state government. It now houses the administrative offices of the University of Burdwan.
 * Golapbag, Ramna Bagan and Deer Park – Golapbag was developed as a botanical and zoological garden in the 19th century. It contained lakes for boating and Hawa Mahal. Several academic sections of the University of Burdwan are located there. Ramna Bagan once had a Brahmo Samaj. It now has a deer park.
 * Sarbamangala temple - the temple of Sarbamangala, the presiding deity of the Bardhaman Raj and believed to have been found on the sand-bed of the Damodar River. It is a navaratna temple with a nata mandir that has a terracotta Durga panel.
 * Bardhamaneswar Shiva temple - the Shiva temple has a huge idol. Many believe that the Shiva lingam in the temple was established by Chand Sadagar of Manasamangal fame.
 * Kamalakanta Kalibari - it is a Kali temple associated with the poet-devotee Sadhak Kamalakanta.
 * 108 Shiva temple complex - the Shiva temple complex, constructed by Maharani Bishnu Kumari, at Nawabhat, near Bardhaman, has a picturesque setting. The temple complex, built in 1788, fell into disrepairs and was thoroughly renovated by the Birla Public Welfare Trust.
 * Kankaleshwari Mandir – the temple at Kanchanagar, has a deity resembling a human skeleton. It is a navaratna temple with terracotta carvings. The idol is that of a six feet tall eight armed goddess Chamunda.
 * Tomb of Khwaja Anwar Berh - the tomb of the Mughal warrior, buried at Poddarhat in 1315 Hijri, is a fine example of Mughal architecture.
 * Shershahi Kalo Masjid- the mosque in the Puratan Chak (Payrakhana Road) area was built during the reign of Sher Shah Suri.
 * Shahi Jumma Masjid- the mosque with three minarets is a historical structure erected behind the Rajbati by Azim-ush-Shan, grandson of Aurangzeb and then subahdar of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.
 * Burdwan Science Centre- a high standard science museum near the university campus.
 * Meghnad Saha Planetarium- inaugurated in 1994, the main instrument was a gift from the Government of Japan to the University of Burdwan. The second planetarium in the state, built to international standards, it is named after the Indian scientist Meghnad Saha. Located near Golapbag, it has arrangement for six shows daily with 90 seats in each show. It is closed on Mondays.
 * Birhata Kalibari (Boro Maa): The temple of 10 feet sculpture of goddess Kali made up of touchstone. The goddess is known locally as Boro Maa. The locality had been named after this temple as Kali Bazar. The temple has two parts bisected by a lane. One part contains Kali Mandir and the other, Durga Mandir.
 * Christ Church: Christ Church Bardhaman is a church in Bardhaman near "Curzon Gate".
 * Town Hall : The Town Hall was built sometime between 1890 and 1894 and was handed to the Municipality of Bardhaman to help them preserve the remnants of Lala Bansogopal Nandey. The municipality board restored the hall in 1990 to its present form of 2400 square feet from its earlier form of 704 square feet with a seating capacity of 485 seats.

Notable people

 * Khokan Das - politician and member of All India Trinamool Congress
 * Subhashree Ganguly - actress, model and the winner of Anandalok Nayikar Khonje 2006.
 * Mokbula Manzoor - Bangladeshi author and novelist.
 * Sandip Nandy - Indian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

title: Bardhaman


text:
149th Street–Grand Concourse station

The 149th Street–Grand Concourse station is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the IRT Jerome Avenue Line and the IRT White Plains Road Line. It is located at East 149th Street and Grand Concourse in Mott Haven, Melrose and Concourse in the Bronx. The complex is served by the 2 and 4 trains at all times, and by the 5 train at all times except late nights.

First subway
Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature passed the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, the Rapid Transit Commission's chief engineer. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and legal challenges were resolved near the end of 1899. The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.

The 149th Street–Mott Avenue station was constructed as part of the connection between the IRT's East Side Branch (now the Lenox Avenue Line) and the West Farms Branch (now the White Plains Road Line). This connection was constructed in two phases: section 9A, west of Gerard Avenue in the Bronx, and section 9B, east of Gerard Avenue. McMullen and McBean were hired to build section 9A on September 10, 1901, while J. C. Rodgers & Son were hired to build section 9B on June 13, 1901.

The 8,000 ft section 9 began at 135th Street and Lenox Avenue in Manhattan, ran under the Harlem River, and surfaced in the Bronx at Melrose Avenue. In the portions of this double track section not beneath the river, three types of construction (standard steel frame, reinforced concrete, and concrete arch) were used. Twin cast-iron tunnels were built under the Harlem River tunnel; each measured 450 ft long, with an interior diameter of 14 ft, and were connected by a vertical cast iron diaphragm. The two tubes were surrounded by a layer of concrete measuring at least 1 ft thick, while the roof was covered by a layer of concrete 2.5 ft thick. An order issued by the United States War Department required that the top of the subway tunnel be at least 20 ft below the tide level of the river. As a result, the tubes sloped downward at a 3 percent grade on either side of the river; these were the steepest sections of track built in Contract 1. Since the river bed contained clay, silt, and irregular rock, it could not be excavated using a conventional shield. Instead, the contractor suggested building a submerged rectangular cofferdam extending from the shore to the middle of the river, then excavating the riverbed and constructing the tunnel one half at a time. The Chief Engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission agreed to permit this method of tunnel construction, and work on the Harlem River tunnel began from the west side of the river in June 1901.

The Mott Avenue station itself was built using cut-and-cover construction, since the poor composition of the rock in the area made it difficult for contractors to excavate the station using rock tunneling. The roof of the station was constructed as a massive concrete arch. The connection between the IRT White Plains Road Line and the IRT Lenox Avenue Line, including the 149th Street station, opened on July 10, 1905. Trains from the newly opened IRT subway ran via the line. Initially, the station was served by East Side express trains, which had their southern terminus at South Ferry and had their northern terminus at 145th Street or West Farms (180th Street). In 1906, West Farms express trains began operating through to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn.

To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening the platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. Both platforms at the 149th Street station were extended 130 ft to the east. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Farms Branch. The platforms at the Mott Avenue station were only eight cars long.

Dual Contracts
The Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.

The Jerome Avenue Line station opened as part of the initial section of the line to Kingsbridge Road on June 2, 1917. Service was initially operated as a shuttle between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street. Through service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line began on July 17, 1918. The line was completed with a final extension to Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at 167th Street. On August 1, 1918, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square–42nd Street, thereby dividing the original IRT line into an H-shaped system. Through service began on the new east and west side trunk lines. In 1920, a project to extend the Mott Avenue station platforms 230 feet to the west to provide a connection with a proposed station on the New York Central Railroad was completed.

Post-unification
The Mott Avenue station became the Grand Concourse–149th Street station on March 13, 1934, after Mott Avenue was renamed the Grand Concourse. The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. The IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock. These fleet contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route from the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line to the White Plains Road Line became known as the 2. The route from the Lexington Avenue Line to the Jerome Avenue Line became the 4, while the route from the Lexington Avenue Line to the White Plains Road Line became the 5. The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) announced plans in 1956 to add fluorescent lights above the edges of the Jerome Avenue Line station's platforms.

The original elevators to the White Plains Road Line platforms, and the areas near the elevators, were closed in 1975 due to security reasons. The MTA initially stated in February 2014 that there were no plans to reopen the elevators, since the station "was not a main station". In 2013, several local institutions and groups of riders protested in support of restoring the elevators. As part of the MTA's 2015–2019 Capital Program, all platforms at the 149th Street–Grand Concourse station are planned to receive full ADA accessibility. In December 2015, the MTA initially agreed to repair both elevators in addition to installing another one across the street. It was estimated that $45 million would go towards this previous elevator installation and repair plan. It is estimated that "over $50 million" will go towards the current installation and repair plan. Construction on new elevators and the refurbishment of an existing elevator shaft started in August 2020 after a "preliminary design stage". Substantial completion was projected for July 2023, but has been repeatedly delayed. As of March 2024, completion of the elevators has been pushed back to December 2024.

In 2022, the New York State Legislature passed a bill to rename the station as 149th Street–Hostos station. Governor Kathy Hochul signed the bill into law in June 2022.

Exits
There are two exit stairs each to the southwest and southeast corners of 149th Street and Grand Concourse.

Elevators
When the station was first opened, the only way to exit the station was through two elevators. The elevators had four levels: one at the northbound lower level platform, one at the level of a pedestrian overpass connecting the two lower level platforms at their southern ends, one at the mezzanine of the upper level platforms, and one at a street-level headhouse. When the elevators were opened up for service, they were considered state-of-the-art at the time, holding up to 20 people. The elevators closed in 1975.

, the MTA planned to rebuild one of the two original elevators so that it operates from the headhouse to the pedestrian overpass above the lower level platforms, and build two new elevators with three stops. One elevator would have stops at both Manhattan-bound platforms and the overpass, and the other would have stops at both northbound platforms and the overpass. A new fare control area would be built somewhere in the overpass level. Construction began in mid-2021.

IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms
The 149th Street–Grand Concourse station is an express station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line that has three tracks and two island platforms, with the center track used during rush hours in the peak direction. This station is on the upper level of the two-level station complex, with a free transfer to the IRT White Plains Road Line on the lower level.

The station was opened on June 2, 1917, and was the southern terminus of the Jerome Avenue Line until it was extended through Mott Haven Avenue into the Upper East Side extension of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.

IRT White Plains Road Line platforms
The 149th Street–Grand Concourse station on the IRT White Plains Road Line has two tracks and two side platforms. The station is built at a deep level and contains arched ceilings, similar in design to those of 168th Street and 181st Street stations on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. As a result, it was initially only accessible by elevators. Unlike at other stations on the original IRT, there was an overpass connecting the two platforms.

Originally opened as the Mott Avenue station on July 10, 1905, 149th Street–Grand Concourse was the first subway station to be opened in the Bronx. The original headhouse is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Today, all of the original mosaic "Mott Avenue" name tablets have been covered over with metal "149 St–Grand Concourse" signs. Only one name tablet, located on the downtown platform between the last two staircases at the northern end, remained uncovered and survived intact until a few years into the 21st century when a serious water leak after very heavy rainfall caused individual tiles to separate from the wall and fall off. There were no known plans by the MTA to repair or restore this name tablet. In late 2011, the MTA covered this name tablet with a metal "149 St–Grand Concourse" sign. Until 2002, there were no columns between the northbound and southbound tracks; thin supports for a communications conduit have since been installed.

South of the station, there are track connections to the IRT Jerome Avenue Line. The line splits and makes a sharp turn to merge with the Jerome Avenue Line just south of the upper level station. Due to high usage levels and the sharp turn of the connection, it often causes delays on the 5 train. The White Plains Road Line continues straight under the Harlem River and merges with the IRT Lenox Avenue Line at 142nd Street Junction.

Connection to unbuilt New York Central Railroad station
There are some remaining signs on the walls that point to a never-built station of the New York Central Railroad lines, now part of Metro-North Railroad. The station had been approved in 1908 and would have been located at 149th Street and Park Avenue, one block east. As part of the project, the eastern ends of the White Plains Line platforms were extended to the east, underpinning both the New York Central line and the IRT Third Avenue Line. The western ends of the platforms were truncated in 1918 to allow the construction of the track connection to the Jerome Avenue Line.

title: 149th Street–Grand Concourse station


text:
CGSH

CGSH may refer to:

 * Cheng Kung Senior High School in Taipei
 * Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton, American law firm

title: CGSH


text:
Grigoris Lambrakis

Grigoris Lambrakis (Γρηγόρης Λαμπράκης; 3 April 1912 – 27 May 1963) was a Greek politician, physician, athlete, and lecturer. He participated in track and field sports and was a member of the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Athens. A member of the Greek resistance to Axis rule during World War II, he later became a prominent anti-war activist. His assassination by right-wing zealots that were covertly supported by the police and military provoked mass protests and led to a political crisis.

Early life
Lambrakis was born in the village of Kerasitsa in the district of Tegea (Arcadia, the Peloponnese). After finishing high school in his home town, he moved to Athens to enter the School of Medicine at the University of Athens.

Lambrakis was a champion athlete throughout his life. He held the Greek record for long jump for twenty-three years (1936–1959). He also earned several gold medals in the Balkan Games, which took place annually, featuring competitors from Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey. He competed in the men's long jump and the men's triple jump at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

During the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II (1941–44), Lambrakis participated actively in the Greek Resistance. In 1943 he set up the Union of Greek Athletes (Ένωση των Ελλήνων Αθλητών, Enosi ton Ellínon Athlitón) and organized regular competitions. He used the revenue from these games to fund public food-banks for the starving population.

Postwar activism
After World War II, Lambrakis completed his medical studies and worked as a lecturer in the Department of gynaecology. He continued to help the poor by running a small private clinic for patients who were unable to afford medical care.

While not a Communist, Lambrakis' political and ideological orientation leaned towards the left. He was actively involved in the pacifist movement of his time, which voiced strong opposition to the First Indochina War and the Second American War in Vietnam. Lambrakis acted politically from within the United Democratic Left (Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Αριστερά, ΕΔΑ/Eniéa Dimokratikí Aristerá, EDA), the only legal left-wing political party in the country after the Greek Civil War of 1946–1949 and until the fall of the Greek military junta of 1967-1974. He was elected to the Hellenic Parliament in the 1961 Greek legislative election as a Piraeus MP.

That same year (1961), under his initiative, the Commission for International Détente and Peace (Eπιτροπή για την Διεθνή Ύφεση και Ειρήνη — Epitropí gia ti Diethní Ýfesi ke Iríni — EDYE) was established in Greece. In his capacity as Vice President of EDYE, Lambrakis participated in international pacifist meetings and demonstrations despite frequent threats against his life. EDYE was an organization set up by EDA which while not officially aligned to the World Council of Peace broadly supported its anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist position. EDA had ceded Lambrakis full freedom to represent the Commission and he soon emerged as its most articulate and determined leader. On 21 April 1963, the pacifist movement in Greece organized the First Pacifist Rally from Marathon to Athens. The police intervened, banned the rally and arrested many demonstrators (Mikis Theodorakis among them). Lambrakis, protected by his parliamentary immunity, marched alone and arrived at the end of the rally holding the banner with the peace symbol (photo), the one that he had previously held up during the Aldermaston rally in the United Kingdom while he was protesting near the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE). Soon afterward, he too was arrested by the police.

Assassination
On 22 May 1963, shortly after he had delivered the keynote speech at an anti-war meeting in Thessaloniki, two far-right extremists, Emannouel Emannouilides and Spyros Gotzamanis, driving a three-wheeled vehicle, struck Lambrakis with a club over the head in plain view of a large number of people and (allegedly) some police officers. He suffered brain injuries and died in the hospital five days later, on 27 May. The two men were arrested because of the reaction of a by-stander (Manolis Hatziapostolou, nicknamed Tiger) who jumped on their vehicle and fought with them.

Events following his assassination
The next day, in Athens, his funeral became a massive demonstration. More than 500,000 people rallied to protest against the right-wing government and the Royal Court, seen by many to support the activities of the right-wing extremists. The assassination of Lambrakis initiated an enormous popular reaction, and soon after, investigator Christos Sartzetakis, district attorney Nikos Athanasopoulos and attorney general P. Delaportas uncovered connections of the police and army, including the Gendarmerie commander for Northern Greece, Konstantinos Mitsou, and various local police officers, like Kapelonis and Katsoulis, to far-right extremists.

The judges lost their jobs during the military dictatorship of 1967. Christos Sartzetakis was also imprisoned for a year during the dictatorship. The two murderers were released, while members of the conspiracy were favored.

Sartzetakis, although a royalist himself, became a symbol of integrity for his handling of the investigation.

The events that followed the assassination of Lambrakis led to rapid political developments. Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis resigned and left for Paris in July 1963. Soon thereafter, thousands of Greek youth founded a new political organisation called the Lambrakis Democratic Youth (Δημοκρατική Νεολαία Λαμπράκη, Dimokratikí Neoléa Lambráki). Mikis Theodorakis, one of Lambrakis' friends and fellow activists, was elected its first president. This leftist political organisation played a decisive role in Greece's progressive movement of the 1960s. In 1966 a 'Greek Democratic Youth of Australia Lambrakis' was formed in all capitals of the States of Australia by young Greek workers and students.

Legacy
The life and death of Grigoris Lambrakis inspired the author Vassilis Vassilikos to write the political novel "Z". The title stands for the first letter of the Greek word "Zi" ("[He] Lives!"), a popular graffito which began to appear on the walls of the buildings of the Greek cities in the 1960s, illustrating the growing protest against the conditions that led to the assassination of Lambrakis. In 1969, the Greek-French film director Costa-Gavras (Κώστας Γαβράς) made the film Z, which was a great success. Yves Montand starred as Lambrakis, Jean-Louis Trintignant as investigator Sartzetakis and Irene Papas as Lambrakis' widow.

Mikis Theodorakis in 1962 presented his work Énas Omiros (A Hostage), a music score for a Greek performance of The Hostage (play) by Brendan Behan. The piece To Yelasto Pedi (The Smiling Kid) was considered to be a tribute to Lambrakis, and as such was also used in the film Z.

Lambrakis remained in the hearts of the Greek people as a national symbol of democracy, representing the struggle against political repression, Royal Court scandal, and international dependence. After the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974, numerous places, including a football stadium in Kallithea and streets and squares throughout the country, have been named in honor of Grigoris Lambrakis.

The Marathon Peace Rally became an annual event in Lambrakis' memory. Also, the Athens Classic Marathon is run in memory of Grigoris Lambrakis every November.

title: Grigoris Lambrakis


text: User talk:217.255.72.1

title: User talk:217.255.72.1


text:
Avanti Air

Avanti Air GmbH & Co. KG, styled as avantiair, is a small German airline based in Burbach with a maintenance base at Siegerland Airport, operating ad hoc charter and aircraft wet-lease services.

History
Avanti Air (named after the Italian word for ahead) started operations on 1 July 1994. It was founded by former pilots Markus Baumann (now managing director) and Stefan Kissinger (now chief executive) as an aircraft management company. It entered the charter market in 1996 with two Raytheon Beech 1900C aircraft.

As of 2007, the company was owned by Gerhard Mahler (33,33%), Markus Baumann (33,33%) and Stefan Kissinger (33,33%) and had 73 employees.

In autumn 2014, Avanti Air introduced the Fokker 100 to its charter fleet alongside a new corporate design. In November 2015, the airline phased out their last ATR72 aircraft in favour of a second Fokker 100 and therefore becoming an all-jet operator. However, in October 2021 the airline exchanged their Fokker 100s for a sole De Havilland Canada Dash 8.

Operations
Avanti Air offers charter and wetlease operations on long- and short-term basis to other airlines and tour operators as well as ad hoc charter services, e. g. for VIPs.

Fleet
As of January 2024, the Avanti Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Accidents and incidents

 * On 19 February 1999 on 21:48 local time, an Avanti Air Beechcraft 1900D on a ferry flight from Düsseldorf to Frankfurt without any passengers on board was substantially damaged when the two pilots attempted to land at Frankfurt Airport even though the landing gear was still retracted by accident.

title: Avanti Air


text:
Hairy-tailed mole

The hairy-tailed mole (Parascalops breweri), also known as Brewer's mole, is a medium-sized North American mole. It is the only member of the genus Parascalops. The species epithet breweri refers to Thomas Mayo Brewer, an American naturalist.

Taxonomy
Despite inhabiting North America, studies indicate that it is not closely related to the two other North American scalopine moles (Scalopus and Scapanus), but rather to the two Chinese scalopine moles (Scapanulus and Alpiscaptulus). This indicates that the two Chinese moles likely descend from a migration from North America back into Eurasia, where the scalopine moles originated. Some studies have suggested placing Parascalops, Scapanulus, and Alpiscaptulus into a single subtribe Parascalopina.

Appearance
This animal has dark grey fur with lighter underparts, a pointed nose and a short, hairy tail. It is about 15 cm in length, including a 3 cm tail, and weighs about 55 g. Its front paws are broad and spade-shaped, specialized for digging. It has 44 teeth. Its eyes are covered by fur and its ears are not external. Its feet and snout are pinkish, but become white in older animals. Several adaptations to living primarily underground can be seen in the hairy-tailed mole. Its pelage is very dense and silky, and its feet are broad, flat, and heavy. Moles rely very little on their eyesight and have very small optic nerves. To accommodate its lack of vision, the hairy-tailed mole has sensitive whiskers and hairs on the tip of its nose and feet to feel its surroundings.

Habitat
It is found in forested and open areas with dry loose soils in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. Since it is a fossorial mammal, it needs moist but well-drained soil so that it can dig easily. The hairy-tailed mole prefers deciduous and coniferous woods, oldfields, and roadsides.

Behavior
The hairy-tailed mole is cathemeral. Since it lives primarily underground in shallow tunnels it can forage throughout the day and will also forage on the ground's surface at night. The hairy-tailed mole is more active near the surface during warmer summer months and digs deeper underground in the cooler fall and winter months.

This mole spends most of its time underground, foraging in shallow burrows for insects and their larvae and earthworms. It emerges at night to feed. It is active year-round. Predators include owls, foxes and large snakes.

This animal is mainly solitary except during mating in early spring. The female has a litter of 4 to 5 young in a deep burrow. This mole may live 3 to 4 years.

Diet
Hairy-tailed moles are insectivores and have been shown to starve if vegetable matter is the only food source available. The hairy-tailed mole's diet is mostly grubs, earthworms, beetle larvae, slugs, and ants, particularly when other food sources are not available.

title: Hairy-tailed mole


text:
User talk:Refresh~enwiki

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

I saw the message that you've left on my talk page, but I don't know which page are you talking about. Please bring it to my notice, and I will explain why I reverted your edits (which most probably you made as an IP address).

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Refresh. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Refresh~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:38, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:01, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Refresh~enwiki


text:
Talk:Mannaz

Man/human
Is there any relationship between the word "man" and the word "hu-man"? Thanks. --Eleassar777 12:10, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * no. man is from men-u-os (or similar), human is from gdhom-ion-os (or similar). Irish duine "man" is related to human, though. dab (ᛏ) 12:38, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Deduction

 * in the Romance languages, homme, uomo, hombre, homem etc. have all come to refer mainly to males, with residual generic meaning.

Actually, in Romanian, om mainly refers to human, not to male. Man (male) is bărbat (from barba = beard) Bogdan | Talk 21:31, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

wiktionary
this isn't a dictionary definition, it's a discussion of the word's complex etymological background. Also, it is an article about a rune, we have articles on all of the Elder Futhark runes (some of them stubs), see Template:Runes. dab (ᛏ) 17:32, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Merge with Man (word)
The discussion should currently be held at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Ancient_Germanic_studies/Runes. --Holt (talk) 20:32, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * no, the discussion should be held here. The Wikiproject page can be used to draw the attention of interested editors to this page. At the page linked, you state
 * "New opinion: As there already exists a thorough article for the word and concept man at Man (word), I think a general explanation should be given in the Mannaz article, and that a main template should be added instead of having duplicated etymology sections."
 * Since the etymology discussion is the core of both articles, this will leave one of the articles as a "perennial stub" (a WP:DICT entry). I have no opinion in which direction the merge should go, but I do think a merge will be necessary. --dab (𒁳) 14:02, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Alright, holding it here is much better. I will post the discussion for reference. –Holt T•C 14:09, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Mannaz
 * The article deals with the etymology of the English term "man" and the rune Mannaz. I do not think this should be split, even though it strictly speaking deals with two concepts. They are closely tied together, and as stated in the deletion process of Alu, dictionary definitions are unwanted on Wikipedia. --Holt (talk) 18:45, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * oppose split per above. simple dictionary definitions are unwanted. Full discussions of etymologies are ok, even as standalone articles, see Category:Etymologies. dab (𒁳) 19:34, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * in fact, I had forgotten we had Man (word) -- I am consequently for a merge of the two. dab (𒁳) 19:40, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, I did not know that there was a Man (word) article. I support a merge here, but it has to be neatly done. What should be the main focus of the article (as reflected in the article name), though? *Mannaz or Man? Edit: Changed my mind on this after reading Aryaman's comment above.
 * New opinion: As there already exists a thorough article for the word and concept man at Man (word), I think a general explanation should be given in the Mannaz article, and that a template should be added instead of having duplicated etymology sections. --Holt (talk) 20:26, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Split. bloodofox: (talk) 22:23, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

I think this discussion is bound to cause irritation, because there are basic points where people might not agree with eachother. The rune articles all have a common purpose, to give a thorough explanation to the runes of the futharks. A rune has more than one aspect. The first thing you see is the shape. Although the shape may change based on time and place, it roughly stays the same. The second aspect is the phonetic value. As the shape, this may also change a bit depending on different factors, but in general this also stays much of the same. The third is the meaning of the rune. The issue here is how deep we are going to analyze the meaning. The case with *mannaz is very clear, in my opinion. *Mannaz means man, and was used as a general term for human being. The deeper etymology of the word man is not relevant here, it has no clear value to know that the Indo-Iranian word for man is manu, because the runes were used in the Germanic north. Having a wordy section on the etymology in the Mannaz article is like having a big section in the Berkanan article — of no great use. However, in articles where for example the reconstructed name is disputed, where the name is unclear, there is need for a good section providing different theories and so on. Split. –Holt T•C 14:31, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * in this case, you are arguing that Man (word) should be the target article. I dont's see why we need an article just for saying "mannaz is the name of the m rune", that information is easily accommodated in the runes article. Now before redirecting Mannaz to Runes, I suggest it makes more sense to redirect it to Man (word), and mention the rune there. Avoid Duplication. I am sorry, but I fail to see why we need one article per rune. Berkanan essentially reproduces the relevant sections of the rune poems, and states that the b rune is called "Berkanan". Why do we need a standalone article just to repeat information that is already discussed in context in other articles? You will note that Berkanan has been classed as a writingsystem-stub since I created it in March 2005. Do you have any notion of how to expand it beyond its "perennial stub" status other than by merging? If you do, I will be glad to hear it, but stubs may still be turned into R with possibilities until somebody actually does expand them. Please. R with possibilities doesn't mean "this topic isn't worthy", it just means "nobody has compiled a full standalone article on this so far. You can read it up in context there" dab (𒁳) 14:52, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * This seems to be a matter of principles, as I mentioned earlier. Wikipedia is supposed to be a wide covering encyclopedia, a work of reference. It is therefore important to sometimes take the place of the laymen and unitiated, who want to access information and knowledge as easy as possible. It really shouldn't matter if an article does not contain more than, let's say, a thousand letters, if it is informative and serves its purpose. If I wanted to know more about the b rune, I would like to read everything that concerns the rune, be it rune poems, interpretations or modern usage. This cannot be provided for every rune in one article, it would become too long.

 * "You will note that Berkanan has been classed as a writingsystem-stub since I created it in March 2005. Do you have any notion of how to expand it beyond its "perennial stub" status other than by merging?" – No, I do not. Neither do I understand why it is so important to have one lengthy and overfilled article, instead of several clear, smaller ones. The information is the same, whether it is in a long article or a short one. Splitting and merging is just a matter of having better order. And it is better order to have single rune articles.

 * Now, the point of this discussion is to reach a compromise, do you have a constructive suggestion for what to do? –Holt T•C 15:53, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved: 2 yes / 1 no after 27 days, and I found that a history-merge was needed. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 11:36, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Mannaz rune → Mannaz – The article was previously at Mannaz, which is now just a redirect to this article. Appending "rune" to the end is an unnecessary disambiguation (over-precision should be avoided). relisting Andrewa (talk) 15:54, 18 April 2012 (UTC) - SudoGhost 19:24, 10 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Hello Sudo. The problem is that there's also Man (word), the Proto-Germanic form of which is, of course, *mannaz. Then there's Mannus, as mentioned in Germania, which is simply a Latinized form of Proto-Germanic *mannaz. I think we need a disambiguation page to keep these things sorted, and that this page should stay as "Mannaz rune". :bloodofox: (talk) 19:50, 10 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Bold as I am, I went ahead and made one. :bloodofox: (talk) 20:18, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Support as proposed. The other related terms on the disambiguation page aren't ambiguous with "mannaz". -- JHunterJ (talk) 11:58, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose, all may be sought after when looking for *mannaz. Afrer all, they are all *mannaz. :bloodofox: (talk) 12:26, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * True, but this is only one that is commonly referred to primarily as such, this one is *mannaz, the others are also referred to as mannaz. While the other articles are possible uses of the term, this article is the primary topic.  The other uses can be given at Mannaz (disambiguation), with a hatnote at the top of this article pointing to the disambiguation page.  - SudoGhost 12:33, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Bloodofox, this is not about *mannaz, but after all of course about the title "Mannaz" in the English-language Wikipedia. The others aren't even referred to as "mannaz", but are related to the Proto-Germanic "*mannaz". -- JHunterJ (talk) 13:25, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Jhunter, you seem to be misunderstanding something. All of these subjects are known as *mannaz (Proto-Germanic 'human being') depending on the context; the rune, the mythical figure, and the Proto-Germanic form of man. The asterisk should always be used when referring to *mannaz (including here), as it's a reconstructed form (Proto-Germanic is nowhere attested), but for some reason we're not using it in the title here. Scholarly works will always use it. All three of these subjects are "obscure", and none take any precedence over the other. A disambiguation clearly outlining these things is necessary. :bloodofox: (talk) 14:29, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * This one does take precedence over the others, because the others are not referred to as mannaz by WP:COMMONNAME, whereas this one is. - SudoGhost 15:35, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * BLoodfo, I understood all of that. You could create *mannaz if you think it's needed for disamiguating "*mannaz". As SudoGhost said, though, "mannaz" in English (without the asterisk) is not ambiguous. -- JHunterJ (talk) 19:34, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, let me propose that this rune is in fact best known as "*mannaz". Sure, there's been a fair amount of pop culture stuff out there and some neopagan material of various stripes on runology—where in both cases the asterisk is generally dropped—but those works are dwarfed by piles upon piles of academic works on runology published since the advent of the reconstruction of Proto-Germanic and the modern day conventions thereof. As a result, *mannaz is nowadays definitely the most commonly used term to refer to the Proto-Germanic rune, asterisk and all. This article should therefore really be at *Mannaz (rune). :bloodofox: (talk) 19:44, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I'd have no objections to that, if that's the consensus for this topic's common name. -- JHunterJ (talk) 19:57, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay. If it just goes straight to the rune article, whatever the name, we should be sure to put a hat note about Mannus and Man as well then. :bloodofox: (talk) 20:00, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

Relisting. There are some things I don't understand: There seems a lot going on. Andrewa (talk) 15:54, 18 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Why aren't *mannaz or *Mannaz seriously considered as possible names? That's what the article lead currently calls the topic although it seems to be controversial, and it's argued above that this is the most common form of the name in reliable sources.
 * Why isn't there a heads-up at talk:Mannaz?
 * Or, for that matter, why was that talk page deleted?
 * I deleted the talk page redirect when I moved the dab page. I don't believe any non-redirect talk page here has been deleted. -- JHunterJ (talk) 14:01, 26 April 2012 (UTC)
 * OK. I note that the main namespace page in question, although a redirect, has a great deal of history. Relisting hasn't produced any significant new material, where to from here? Andrewa (talk) 15:20, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Support as proposed. clearly main usage in Google Scholar and only meaning being used on en.wp. In ictu oculi (talk) 02:13, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mannaz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/19990501094729/http://www.ragweedforge.com/poems.html to http://www.ragweedforge.com/poems.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:29, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mannaz


text:
User talk:Daniel Quinlan/redirects6l

I'm not sure what you were redirecting to Rarotongan, but if it was about the language, be advised that I have changed all Rarotongan Language related links to point to Rarotongan language. I simply moved the page, so for now Rarotongan should still be a redirect, although if anyone eventually writes a Rarotongan culture or Rarotongan history or whatnot it will have to become a disambig. TShilo12 12:10, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daniel Quinlan/redirects6l


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vizo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:47, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Vizo
The reason was given in the edit summary of the vfd tag addition on article:
 * 14:25, 2005 Jan 13 User:Pavel Vozenilek ( requested - non-verifiable article. No links, Google doesn't known)

This was improperly and not completely posted to VfD. I'm finishing the process. Seems like they didn't know how to post to VfD. No vote. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-13 12:16 Z This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, original research. Wyss 01:55, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, original research. Megan1967 03:42, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vizo


text: User talk:70.182.220.240

title: User talk:70.182.220.240


text:
Barbara Young

Barbara Young may refer to:

 * Barbara Young, Baroness Young of Old Scone (born 1948), Labour member of the British House of Lords
 * Barbara Young (actress) (1931–2023), British actress
 * Barbara Young (poet) (1878–1961), American art and literary critic, and poet
 * Barbara Arrowsmith Young (born 1951), creator of the Arrowsmith Program
 * Barbara G. Young, TSR roleplaying game magazine editor
 * Barbara M. Young, judge on the Supreme Court of British Columbia
 * Barbara Young (Neighbours), fictional character on Australian soap opera Neighbours

title: Barbara Young


text:
User talk:Anishnair

India related links
Welcome!!--Dwaipayanc 08:38, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Hi
Hi Anish. I see that on 30th January,2006 you created two articles Ramprasad Bismil and Sarfaroshi ki Tamanna.I just wonder if it was under the immediate influnce of Rang De Basanti!! Anyway,please try to contribute more in Wikipedia and do visit Revolutionary movement for Indian independence and also the category of the same name.You will find lots of revolutionaries who do not have any articles.Please feel free to start those article/edit other articles.Thank you.--Dwaipayanc 08:38, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Anish! The article on Ramprasad Bismil have an apparent flaw, which is the language.There is a policy in Wikipedia, the NPoV, that tells you how to , or rather, how not to write in Wikipedia. Your article contains NPoV language. You can see the recent debacle over Bagha Jatin, where the initial version - that contained somewhat emotional / dramatic language was not retained. Even the second version was not retained. You can follow the history or talk page of Bagha Jatin to get an idea about how the language of an artucle should be. Your article clearly contains dramatic effects, and it reads like a story - this is usually not retained in any encyclopedia.You may soon see in the article Ramprasad Bismil a notice or major changes by other users.If you yourself can modify the article, that is best. Because in certain instances, article with NPoV language/content has been ruthlessly edited in the past.Thank you, ank keep editing! bye.--Dwaipayanc 06:41, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Anish! The section "The execution" in Ramprasad Bismil has been labeled as NPoV.Please discuss the issue in the article's talk page, and try to re-write the portion.Thanks.--Dwaipayanc 16:44, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anishnair


text:
User:Aashishgandhi

Welcome
Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Votes for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

There is a Notice board for India-related topics. We're working on a Indian colloaboration of the week.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User:Aashishgandhi


text:
List of European countries by membership in international organisations

This list depicts the membership of European countries in selected international organisations and treaties.

Table
Classification of countries according to the United Nations: {{legend|#00aded|Very high human development (0.800 or higher)}} {{legend|#00ffff|High human development (0.700 - 0.799)}}

Classification of countries according to the World Bank:

{{legend|#99BADD|high income (> $14,005)}} {{legend|#BFFFBF|upper middle income ($4,516 - $14,005)}}

Classification of countries according to the IMF: {{legend|#00b9fa|Advanced Economies}} {{legend|#ffb219|Emerging Market and Developing Economies}}

1 These countries are currently not participating in the EU's single market (EEA), but the EU has common external Customs Union agreements with Turkey (EU-Turkey Customs Union in force since 1995), Andorra (since 1991) and San Marino (since 2002). Monaco participates in the EU customs union through its relationship with France; its ports are administered by the French. Vatican City has a customs union in effect with Italy. 2 Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are not members of Schengen, but act as such via their open borders with Spain, France and Italy, respectively. 3 Switzerland is not an official member of EEA but has bilateral agreements largely with the same content, making it virtually a member. 4 Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are using the euro as their currency through a monetary agreement with the EU. 5 Montenegro and Kosovo unilaterally adopted the euro as their currency and, therefore, have no issuing rights. 6 Currency included in the ERM II mechanism. 7 Air and maritime borders only.


text:
Pukapukan language

Pukapukan is a Polynesian language that developed in isolation on the island of Pukapuka in the northern group of the Cook Islands. As a "Samoic Outlier" language with strong links to western Polynesia, Pukapukan is not closely related to any other languages of the Cook Islands, but does manifest substantial borrowing from some East Polynesian source in antiquity.

Recent research suggests that the languages of Pukapuka, Tokelau and Tuvalu group together as a cluster, and as such had significant influence on several of the Polynesian Outliers, such as Tikopia and Anuta, Pileni, Sikaiana (all in the Solomon Islands) and the Takuu Atoll in Papua New Guinea. There is also evidence that Pukapuka had prehistoric contact with Micronesia, as there are quite a number of words in Pukapukan that appear to be borrowings from Kiribati (K. & M. Salisbury conference paper, 2013).

Pukapukan is also known as "te leo Wale" ('the language of Home') in reference to the name of the northern islet where the people live. The atoll population has declined from some 750 in the early 1990s to less than 500 since the cyclone in 2005. Literacy in the Pukapukan language was introduced in the school in the 1980s, resulting in an improvement in the quality of education on the atoll.

The majority of those speaking the language live in a number of migrant communities in New Zealand and Australia. A bilingual dictionary was started by the school teachers on the island and completed in Auckland within the Pukapukan community there. An indepth study of the language has resulted in a reference grammar. The most significant publication in the Pukapuka language will be the "Puka Yā" (Bible), with the New Testament and Psalms (diglot edition, Pukapukan and English) expected to be published in early 2024.

History
Pukapukan is the language spoken on the coral atoll of Pukapuka, located in the northern section of the Cook Islands Pukapukan shares minor intelligibility with its national language of Cook Islands Maori, and bears strong links to its neighboring Western Polynesian cultures specifically Samoa. The island of Pukapuka is one of the most remote islands in the Cook Islands. There is evidence that humans have inhabited the atoll for about 2000 years, but it is not clear whether it has been continuously inhabited. Various settlements may have occurred, first from Western Polynesia. Local oral tradition records that huge waves generated by a severe cyclone washed over the island and killed most of the inhabitants except for 15–17 men, 2 women and an unknown number of children. Recent interpretation of genealogies suggests that this catastrophe occurred about 1700 AD. It was from these survivors that the island was repopulated.

The island was one of the first of the Cook Islands to be discovered by the Europeans, on Sunday 20 August 1595 by the Spanish explorer Álvaro de Mendaña.

Population
The Pukapukan language is indigenous to the island of Pukapuka and its satellite, Nassau. It is also spoken by small communities elsewhere in the Cook Islands, as well as in the larger diaspora communities in New Zealand and Australia. Today the population of Pukapuka has diminished with only a few hundred native speakers. From a 2001 census there were only about 644 speakers on Pukapuka and its plantation island of Nassau. As of a 2011 census, there are now only 450 speakers due to a devastating cyclone that hit the island of Pukapuka in 2005. There are a total of 2,400 speakers worldwide, including those who live on Pukapuka and the 200 speakers on Rarotonga, the most populous island of the Cook Islands.

Classification
Pukapukan is an Austronesian language of the Nuclear Polynesian branch. Though grouped with the Cook Islands the language shows influence from both Eastern and Western Polynesia.

Alphabet
There are 15 letters in the Pukapukan alphabet – five vowels and 10 consonants. The digraph $⟨ng⟩$ occurs in the place that $⟨G⟩$ occupies in the English alphabet. $⟨a, e, ng, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, t, u, v, w, y⟩$

Consonants
The consonant phonemes in Pukapukan are.

The letters $⟨y⟩$ and $⟨w⟩$ are not in the Cook Islands Maori language but are additions to Pukapukan. The semivowel and the palatalised dental spirant, in general, regularly reflect  *f and *s, respectively. The $⟨y⟩$ sound in Pukapukan actually acts somewhat differently and is difficult for non native speakers to pronounce. It is pronounced like $⟨th⟩$ in English "this, other".

 * wano, go
 * wōu, new
 * wawine, woman
 * yinga, fall over
 * iyu, nose
 * tayi, one

Vowels
The vowels in Pukapukan are respectively, , , , and. All vowels have two sounds, a long sound and a short sound. A vowel's length is indicated by writing a macron above each vowel.

 * papa, rock
 * papā, European
 * pāpā, father
 * pāpa, crewcut (hairstyle)

In Pukapukan it is safe to say that every syllable ends with a vowel, every vowel is pronounced, and there are no diphthongal sounds.

Basic word order
Pukapukan uses the two distinctive word orders of verb–subject–object and verb-object-subject, although it is clear that VSO is used more commonly. Adjectives always follow their nouns in Pukapukan. Waka- is often used as a causative prefix in Austronesian languages, but in Pukapukan it has various functionalities. Due to Rarotongan influence, waka- is shortened to aka-, whereas waka- is seen to be more formal. Nouns prefixed by waka- become verbs with similar meanings:
 * au peace waka-au to make peace
 * lā sun waka-lā to put in the sun to dry
 * ela wedge wakaela to wedge

Adjectives prefixed by waka- become transitive verbs:
 * yako straight waka-yako to straighten
 * kokoi sharp waka-kokoi to sharpen

Some verbs prefixed by waka- have specialized meanings that become somewhat difficult to predict from the base meaning.
 * yā sacred waka-yā to observe as sacred
 * pono to be sure waka-pono to decide to finalize

Reduplication
Like many other Polynesian languages, Pukapukan uses a lot of full and partial reduplication, some times to emphasize a word or to give it new meaning.
 * kale, wave/surf; kale-le, undertow of the sea (waves coming in and others receding)
 * kapa, to clap hands in rhythm; kapa-kapa, to flutter

Numerals

 * 1) tayi “one”
 * 2) lua “two”
 * 3) tolu “three”
 * 4) wā “four”
 * 5) lima “five”
 * 6) ono “six”
 * 7) witu “seven”
 * 8) valu “eight”
 * 9) iva “nine”
 * 10) laungaulu “ten”

Pukapukan uses two different counting systems in the language; the ‘one unit’ and the ‘two unit’. Numeral classifiers are also used as prefixes for numbers over ten and different objects. The ‘one unit’ uses its word for ten ‘laungaulu’ and adds the ‘one unit’ number.
 * 18 – laungaulu ma valu (ten and eight)

For numbers above nineteen the single unit numbers are used.
 * 30 – lautolu (two three)
 * 40 – lauwā (two four)

The ‘two unit’ is derived from the ‘one unit’.

Demonstrative pronouns
Much like other Oceanic languages, Pukapukan has a three-way distinction of positional demonstrative particles that relate to the position of the speaker and addressee. In Pukapukan, these include nei ‘near to the speaker,’ nā ‘near to addressee and lā ‘away from both the speaker and addressee.’ Pukapukan also has the demonstrative particle ia meaning ‘aforementioned.’ These demonstrative particles form compounds with the singular articles te and e and with the preposition ki ‘to.’

The definite demonstrative pronouns are formed by adding the singular specific article te-. For example, when adding te-, nei becomes tēnei ‘this (by me),’ nā becomes tēnā ‘that (by you),’ lā becomes tēlā ‘that (over there)’ and ia becomes teia ‘this (being demonstrated or mentioned previously).’ These demonstrative pronouns only occur as subjects of nominal predicates and as represented below can be equated with personal pronouns (example 1), pronouns (examples 2–3) or definite common noun phrases (examples 4–5).

Ko oku tenei ko Vakayala.

PRD I this PRD Vakayala

This is me, Vakayala.

Ko koe koia tēnā na langaina toku kongá?

PRD you exactly that TAM uproot-CIA my place-DA

Was that indeed you who uprooted my garden?

Ko ai tēlā e yaelé.

PRD ANAPH.PN that TAM walk-DA

Who is that walking over there?

Ko tona teina teia.

PRD his brother this

This is his brother.

Ko te lili teia o te wī lōpā.

PRD ART anger this POSS ART all youth

This was [why] all the youths were angry.

The demonstrative subject may separate the head from the possessive phase when the nominal predicate is a complex phrase whose head is modified by a postposed possessive phrase, as shown in example 6 below.

Ko te kau teia o tona vaka

TOP ART group here POSS his canoe

These are the people belonging to his canoe.

The nonspecific article e and the positional demonstrative particles can also be combined to form indefinite demonstrative pronouns. These include ēnāi ‘this (by me),’ ēnā ‘that (by you),’ ēlā ‘that (over there)’ and eia ‘here with (being demonstrated).’ These demonstrative pronouns constitute the nucleus of indefinite nominal predicates and are normally followed by their subjects as shown in examples 7–10 below.

Ēnāi toku manako, ka wō tāua ki te keonga, tunu i a tāua manu nei.

This my thought TAM go.PL we.DU G ART point cook ACC POSS we.DU bird here

This is my idea, let's go to the point and cook our birds.

Ēnā ake te puká.

that DIR ART book-Da

Please pass that book there.

Ēlā te weke koa lele ki loto o te pū.

that ART octopus TAM run G inside POSS ART hole

Over there's an octopus fleeing to his hole.

Eia tau kapu kaope.

here.with your cup coffee

Here is your cup of coffee [handing it over]

The demonstrative particles can also form compounds with the preposition ki- ‘to.’ These compounds can be used as a substitute (pro-form) for locational nouns. These type of demonstrative pronouns in Pukapukan include, kinea ‘to here,’ kinā ‘to there, by you,’ kilā ‘to over there’ and kiai ‘to there,’ in which kiai is an anaphoric form.

These demonstrative pronouns occur as the head of a locative predicate as demonstrated in examples 11–13 below.

The compound kiai is formed by joining the case marker ki (meaning ‘to’) to the anaphoric pronoun ai. Kiai may replace a personal pronoun or a proper locational noun. This can be seen in example 13 in which the locational noun wale ‘home’ is replaced with kiai in the following constituent.

Nā i kinei oki te tele i te taime ia.

TAM LOC here also ART tour.group LOC ART time AF

The tour group was here at that time.

Ko i kinā mō ia Kalaka ma Pilipa.

TAM LOC there Q ART Kalaka and Pilipa

Kalaka and Pilipa are where you are, aren't they?

Angatu atu au ki wale, ko i kiai ia Pāpā mā.

go DIR I G home TAM LOC there ART Father etc.

When I got home, Father and the others were there.

These forms can also be used to substitute a noun phrase which has been marked for case by a preposition. For example:

Ka lōmamai ai ia Ngake ki kinei angaanga.

TAM come.PL ANAPH.PN ART Ngake G here REDUP-work

The whole of Ngake will come here to work.

Ko te tokatolu lā kilā

PRD ART PRE-three over there

The three of them over there.

Demonstrative modifiers
Pukapukan has several classes of modifiers. In particular, the directional and positional modifiers help indicate spatial and temporal directions and positions from the speaker and/or addressee.

According to Clark (1976), cognates of the directional particles of Pukapukan are found in all Polynesian languages.

The directional particles tend to modify verbs more frequently than nouns and are often associated with verbs that denote movement, as well as verbs that denote speech, perception, cognition and social interaction.

Mai indicates real or implied movement in the direction of the speaker, for example:

Teketeke mai kai aku nei.

REDUP-move DIR G-ART I here

Move a little closer to me.

Auwē koe e tāpitāpi mai, ka yuyū toku kākawu.

NEG.IMP you TAM sprinkle DIR TAM wet my clothes.

Don't splash water on me in case my clothes get wet.

Atu can indicate physical movement away from the speaker, as in:

Yoloyolo atu koe ki te toe kaokao.

REDUP-move DIR you G ART other side

Move away from me to the other side.

and for verbs of perception and communication can also indicate direction away from the deictic centre, for example:

Ko tātā atu iāna kia koe?

TAM write DIR he G-ART you

Does he write to you?

Atu can also encode temporal progression away from the present.

Wea atu ai koe?

what DIR ANAPH.PN you

What did you do then?

Mai and atu can co-occur when modifying the same verb, when one has a directional meaning and the other has a temporal or aspectual meaning.

Ake mostly functions as a politeness marker, but the directional particle ake now has meanings 'upwards' and 'oblique to speaker,' which appears to be a one-particle combination of Proto-Polynesian's hake 'upwards' and aŋe 'oblique to speaker.' Hence, it can function similar to atu and mai in term of denoting temporal and aspectual meanings. However, these forms are rarely used in present day.

In saying that, io is found to be used even less. Reflexes of its Proto-Polynesian form have traditionally been glossed 'downwards,' but this meaning is hardly apparent in Pukapukan and is more often associated with meaning 'misfortune coming upon one.'

The positional modifiers indicate location in space or time relative to the speaker or to the deictic centre of the discourse.

Nei 'near to speaker' can modify a noun in a noun phrase or a locative phrase. Doing so indicates that the entity encoded by the noun is within sight of or in the general locality of the speaker. For instance, in example 21 below, the speaker is likely pointing to a 'word' near them while asking the question.

E wea te ingoa nei?

PRD what ART name here

What is this word?

Nā 'near to addressee' only occurs in noun phrases and can denote a position near to the addressee (example 22), something belonging to the addressee or a characteristic behavior pattern or inherent quality of the addressee (example 23) or, in long-distance communication nā can indicate that the addressee is anticipated to be in a certain place at the time of reading the letter or story or answering the phone call during the long-distance communication (example 24).

Aumai ake taku pāla nā.

bring DIR my knife there

Please pass my knife [that you have].

Kokoto ake tā kōtou īmene nā ke langona.

R-grunt DIR POSS you song there C hear

Please start your song so [we] can hear [it].

Auwā ko lelei wua kōtou i Wale nā.

probably TAM good just you LOC home there.

I hope you are all well there in Pukapuka [where you are].

Lā 'away from both speaker and addressee; intensifier' may only occur with a directional meaning in verb phrases, not in noun phrases. Lā often modifies motion verbs and can take on the directional meaning of 'there, yonder.' For example:

Luku lā koe ki te watu.

dive there you G ART stone

Dive down to the rock.

Demonstrative predicates
In Pukapukan, demonstrative predicates take on a number of roles and functions.

Firstly, indefinite demonstrative pronouns can function as predicates which denote spatial or temporal location and are usually followed by their subjects as demonstrated in examples 7–10 above.

When denoting temporal location, demonstrative predicates may do this specifically (as in example 26) or indirectly (as in example 27).

Ēnei loa te taime ko velavela.

here INT ART time TAM RR-hot

This is really the time when [the food] is hot.

Kalia wua, ēnei na pau.

wait-CIA just here TAM finish

Just wait, [I'm nearly] finished.

In narratives, demonstrative predicates may be used to set the scene for an imminent event, such as:

Ēnei iki nā vaka

here carry ART canoe

Here [they were] carrying the canoes.

They may also function as an affirmation seeker or used to describe or explain an aside in real time to listeners and readers.

Ēnei, na tiketike ai te langi ki lunga nei.

here TAM RR-high PRO ART sky G up here

Thus, the sky is high up above.

Ēlā, ko te tangata na uwiuwia na pulú, ko Tepou.

there TOP ART person TAM RR-cover-CIA ART husk-DA, PRD Tepou

You know, that person who was turning over those husks, it was Tepou.

In particular, eia can be used to set apart narrative clauses from backgrounding comments and is also used as a marker which concludes a narrative.

Eia, Kave loe lā oki lātou ia Uyo ma tana lau.

so take INT INT also they ART Uyo and his men

So, then they took Uyo and his men.

Eia, pau atu ai taku tala ia.

so finish DIR PRO my story AF

So, that's the end of my story.

Lastly, demonstrative predicates do not allow topicalisation of their subjects.

 * Te, puka ēnei.

ART book here

(Here is the book).

Demonstrative adverbs
Pukapukan has four demonstrative adverbs. These include pēnei ‘like this,’ pēnā ‘like that [by you],’ pēlā ‘like that [over there]’ and peia ‘like so [being demonstrated]’ can modify a predicate, function as verbs, denote modality, introduce direct or indirect speech or stand as a pro-form for a prepositional phrase. For example, peia functions as a verb meaning ‘carry on in like manner’ to the action or state described in a previous clause as seen in example 34 below.

[Nō kiai kake loa iāna i te niu mua], [kake i te lua], [pēia wua ai], [oko ki te niu openga].

POSS that climb INT he ACC ART coconut first climb ACC ART second like-so just PRO arrive G ART coconut last

So he climbed the first coconut, climbed the second, and carried on like that [until he] got to the last coconut.

Deictic distinctions
This demonstrative paradigm below shows the four deictic patterns found in Pukapukan.

Pattern 1 generally corresponds to ‘near speaker, or deictic centre.’ For example:

Ko i loto o te pia nei.

TAM LOC inside POSS ART box here.

[It] is inside the box [that I am holding].

Pattern 2 generally corresponds to ‘near the addressee.’

Ko i loto o te pia nā

TAM LOC inside POSS ART box there.

[It] is inside the box [that you are holding].

Pattern 3 generally corresponds to ‘away from both speaker and addressee.’

Ko i loto o te piá.

TAM LOC inside POSS ART box-DA

[It] is inside the box over there.

Pattern 4 generally corresponds to ‘aforementioned or being demonstrated.’

Ko i loto o te pia ia.

TAM LOC inside POSS ART box AF

[It] is inside the box [that we mentioned, or that I am giving to you].

Indigenous vocabulary

 * kāvatavata “noise made by snapping tongue”
 * Pōiva “name of a deified ancestor”
 * pulu “the calf of the leg”
 * Yāmatangi “prayer for a fair wind”

Loanwords
Pukapukan is not closely related to other Cook Islands languages but it does show substantial borrowing from Eastern Polynesian languages, such as Rarotongan. In fact, because there is no ‘r’ in Pukapukan ‘l’ takes its place in Rarotongan borrowings.

Homophones
Pukapukan uses many homophones in its vocabulary usually to give names to new words or items with similar origin meanings.

kapa
 * 1) v. to clap hands in rhythm
 * 2) v. to cry loudly
 * 3) n. corner

ata
 * 1) n. an emotional shock
 * 2) n. shadow
 * 3) n. Dawn
 * 4) v. to change color
 * 5) Verbal prefix: good at, skilled in

lulu
 * 1) v. to tie up
 * 2) n. Bundle, village, group, team
 * 3) n. Name of a taro preparation
 * 4) n. Name of a bird

Materials
There is a limited list when it comes to the language of Pukapukan. Although, today speakers of the language, locals of Pukapuka, and especially teachers on the island are working to put together books and resources dedicated to the teaching and structure of Pukapukan. Collaboratively the locals of the island are also working to bring back to their own community since the devastating Cyclone Percy in 2005. Since 2005 it has taken nearly 6 years to rebuild their communities. Currently there are a select number of manuscripts and dictionaries on the language of Pukapukan, but their culture is kept alive through music and dance collaborations across the pacific and websites like YouTube.

Vitality
According to Ethnologue Pukapukan is considered to be a threatened language and its “Intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home. Speakers of Pukapukan especially children are multilingual in English and Cook Islands Maori, but English is rarely spoken outside of schools and many classes are actually taught in Pukapukan. Today, revitalization efforts of Pukapuka and its language is underway.

Per the Te Reo Maori Act, Pukapukan is deemed to be a form of Cook Islands Māori for legal purposes.

title: Pukapukan language


text:
Piddington and Wheeler End

Piddington and Wheeler End is a small civil parish within Wycombe District Council, Buckinghamshire, England. Within the parish are the main hamlets of Piddington and Wheeler End. The total voting population of the parish is 630.

The parish council administers the common land in both villages including three popular allotment sites. It is also responsible for the war memorial at Wheeler End. The parish council together with the village hall publish a quarterly newsletter which goes out to the entire parish.

title: Piddington and Wheeler End


text:
User talk:CaseyBennetto

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:CaseyBennetto


text:
User talk:RKM

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Please stop spamming opera pages
Hello, please stop copying-and-pasting opera-related texts from other websites, as you did in Prague State Opera, National Theatre (Prague) or the Theatre of the Estates, and please stop spamming Wikipedia with links to your websites! Thanks Matt 15:34, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:RKM


text:
User talk:Demon!

Blake Stone
The problem is that copying the game story wholesale is copyright violation. You are free however to rewrite the story in your own words.--Drat (Talk) 13:39, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Don't think that I'm stopping you, 'cause I'm not. But it is best to summarise and condense the story.--Drat (Talk) 13:48, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * One little note: You can add new messages under old ones. You don't need to start new topics for each reply.--Drat (Talk) 14:02, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:VMF logo.png

A tag has been placed on File:VMF logo.png requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F9 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted images or text borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. ♛♚★Vaibhav Jain★♚♛ Talk Email 15:42, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

Demon!, you are invited!
I was thinking you could add something about Bulgarian universities, as we are seeking to share information. --Comparativist1 (talk) 19:01, 27 May 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

User category proposed deletion
You may be interested in Categories for discussion/Log/2021 August 21. It is proposed to delete this category. SpinningSpark 16:23, 30 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Demon!


text:
D3D

D3D may refer to:

 * DIII-D (tokamak) (pronounced 'D3D'), a tokamak located at San Diego, California
 * Direct3D, Microsoft's graphics rendering scheme
 * Dolby 3D
 * Duke Nukem 3D or Duke3d, a first person shooter video game from 1996
 * China Railways HXD3D, a type of electric locomotive in China

title: D3D