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Saldanha Bay Local Municipality

Saldanha Bay Municipality (Saldanhabaai Munisipaliteit; uMasipala wase Saldanha Bay) is a local municipality located within the West Coast District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. , it had a population of 99,193. Its municipality code is WC014.

Geography
The municipality covers a total area of 2015 km2 which includes the West Coast Peninsula (also known as the Vredenburg Peninsula) and stretches southeast to include the West Coast National Park and the area around Hopefield. It abuts on the Bergrivier Municipality to the north and the Swartland Municipality to the east and south.

According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 99,193 people in 28,835 households. Of this population, 55.8% describe themselves as "Coloured", 24.5% as "Black African", and 18.0% as "White". The first language of 72.5% of the population is Afrikaans, while 16.4% speak Xhosa, 6.6% speak English and 1.2% speak Sotho.

The seat of the municipality and its largest town is Vredenburg, which is situated in the center of the eponymous peninsula and according to the 2011 census has a population of 38,382. To the south of Vredenburg is the harbour town of Saldanha (pop. 28,142) on the edge of Saldanha Bay. There are several other fishing and holiday towns on the coast of the municipality: St Helena Bay (pop. 11,529) on the northern coast of the Vredenburg Peninsula, Paternoster (pop. 1,971) and Jacobsbaai (pop. 416) on the western coast of the peninsula, and Langebaan (pop. 8,297) on the opposite side of Saldanha Bay from Saldanha. In the interior of the municipality is the town of Hopefield (pop. 6,460) and the village and air force base at Langebaanweg (pop. 952).

History
The towns of Vredenburg and Saldanha were united under a single Vredenburg-Saldanha Municipality in 1975. At the end of the apartheid era, in the area that is today the Saldanha Bay Municipality there were also municipal councils for Hopefield, Langebaan and St Helena Bay. These councils were elected by the white residents, while the coloured residents of the towns were governed by management committees subordinate to the white councils.

While the negotiations to end apartheid were taking place a process was established for local authorities to negotiate voluntary mergers. Hopefield took part in this process, merging the municipal council with the management committee in November 1992. Langebaan did the same in April 1993.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, the existing local authorities were dissolved and transitional local councils (TLCs) were created in January 1995. The Hopefield and Langebaan municipalities were each replaced with a TLC. The West Coast Peninsula TLC replaced the Vredenburg-Saldanha Municipality, the St Helena Bay Municipality, and their respective management committees.

The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the West Coast District Council was established, replacing the West Coast Regional Services Council. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become Bergrivier Municipality included part of the Malmesbury TRC.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved and the Saldanha Bay Municipality was established as a single local authority incorporating both rural and urban areas. In 2006 the boundary of the municipality was adjusted slightly to transfer a strip of land on the left bank of the Berg River (adjacent to Velddrif) to the Bergrivier Local Municipality. In 2011 the West Coast National Park, previously a District Management Areas, was added to the municipality when District Management Areas were abolished.

Politics
The municipal council consists of twenty-seven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Fourteen councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in fourteen wards, while the remaining thirteen are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 the Democratic Alliance (DA) won a plurality of thirteen seats on the council.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

title: Saldanha Bay Local Municipality


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Swartland Local Municipality

Swartland Municipality (Swartland Munisipaliteit) is a local municipality located in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Malmesbury is the seat of the municipality. As of 2016, it had a population of 133,762. Its municipality code is WC015.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of 3707 km2, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Berg River in the east. To the south it abuts on the City of Cape Town, to the east the Drakenstein Municipality, and to the north the Bergrivier Municipality and Saldanha Bay Municipality.

According to the 2016 Stats SA Community Survey the municipality has a population of 133,762 people in 39,139 households. Of this population, 65.1% describe themselves as "Coloured", 15.7% as "Black African", and 18.6% as "White". The first language of 78.13% of the population is Afrikaans, while 12.34% speak Xhosa, 5.14% speak English and 1.20% speak Sotho.

The principal town and seat of the council is Malmesbury, which is situated in the south-east of the municipality and has a population (according to the 2011 census) of 25,176. Other large towns are Moorreesburg (pop. 12,877) to the north, and Darling (pop. 10,420) to the west. In the Riebeek Valley north-east of Malmesbury are the sister towns of Riebeek-Kasteel (pop. 4,761) and Riebeek West (pop. 4,350).

In the vicinity of Malmesbury there are the smaller villages of Abbotsdale, Chatsworth, and Kalbaskraal, while in the vicinity of Moorreesburg is found the village of Koringberg. Yzerfontein on the Atlantic coast is a fishing village and holiday town.

Economic Base
Malmesbury is the administrative centre of the Municipality and fulfils an important urban niche in the region and the province. Its high development potential can be attributed to factors such as its relative accessibility along the N7 road/rail corridor; closeness to Cape Town; diversified economic base, which not only accommodates agriculture but also well-developed industrial and commercial sectors; and supportive infrastructure. Malmesbury is home to a number of large companies, as well as regional offices of provincial and national government departments.

In 2016 the main contributors to the regional GDP were: Manufacturing (R1,689.0 million or 22.9%), wholesale and retail trade, catering and accommodation (R1,289.2 million or 17.5%), agriculture, forestry and fishing (R1,173.4 million or 15.9%) and general government (R851.0 million or 11.5%).

History
At the end of the apartheid era, in the area that is today the Swartland Municipality there were municipal councils for Malmesbury, Moorreesburg, Darling, Riebeek-Kasteel, Riebeek West and Koringberg, and a local council for Yzerfontein. These councils were elected by the white residents, while the coloured residents of Malmesbury, Moorreesburg, Greenville (Darling), Riebeek-Kasteel and Riebeek West were governed by management committees subordinate to the white councils. The remaining rural areas were served by the West Coast Regional Services Council.

While the negotiations to end apartheid were taking place a process was established for local authorities to negotiate voluntary mergers. Moorreesburg took part in this process, which resulted in the municipality merging with its management committee to form a new non-racial municipality in June 1993.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, the existing local authorities were dissolved and transitional local councils (TLCs) were created for each town and village. In December 1994 Darling TLC replaced Darling Municipality and Greenville Management Committee. In January 1995 Malmesbury TLC replaced the municipalities of Malmesbury, Riebeek-Kasteel and Riebeek West, as well as their respective management committees. In the same month Moorreesburg TLC replaced the merged Moorreesburg Municipality. In October 1995 Koringberg Municipality and Yzerfontein Local Council were each converted to TLCs.

The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the West Coast District Council was established, replacing the West Coast Regional Services Council. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become Swartland Municipality included much of the Malmesbury TRC and a small part of the Paarl TRC.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved and the Swartland Municipality was established as a single local authority incorporating both rural and urban areas.

Politics
The municipal council consists of twenty-three members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Twelve councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in twelve wards, while the remaining eleven are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 the Democratic Alliance (DA) obtained a majority of fourteen seats on the council.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Swartland Local Municipality


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Swellendam Local Municipality

Swellendam Municipality (Swellendam Munisipaliteit) is a local municipality located within the Overberg District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. , it had a population of 35,916. Its municipality code is WC034.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of 3835 km2 around the lower Breede River Valley, from the confluence of the confluence of the Breede River and Sonderend River downstream to the Breede River mouth on the Indian Ocean. It also extends westwards up the Sonderend River and northwards across the Langeberg mountains into the Little Karoo around the Warmwaterberg. The municipality abuts on the Cape Agulhas Municipality to the south, the Theewaterskloof Municipality to the west, the Langeberg Municipality to the northwest, the Kannaland Municipality to the northeast and the Hessequa Municipality to the east.

According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 35,916 people in 10,139 households. Of this population, 68.8% describe themselves as "Coloured", 17.4% as "White", and 12.4% as "Black African". The first language of 85.1% of the population is Afrikaans, while 6.9% speak Xhosa and 4.7% speak English.

The principal town and location of the municipal headquarters is Swellendam, which as of 2011 had a population of 17,537. Suurbraak (pop. 2,252) is situated east of Swellendam at the southern end of Tradouws Pass which cuts through the Langeberg, while Barrydale (pop. 4,156) is at the other end of the pass on the edge of the Little Karoo. Buffeljagsrivier (pop. 1,439) is situated southeast of Swellendam on the river of the same name. Malgas (pop. 44) is located at a pontoon ferry on the Breede River, the last crossing of the river before it reaches the ocean. Infanta (pop. 90) is situated at the mouth of the river on its southern bank.

History
At end of the apartheid era in the early 1990s, there were municipal councils for the towns of Swellendam and Barrydale, and a local council for Infanta. These councils were elected by the white residents of the towns. Coloured residents elected management committees, which were subordinate to the white local authorities, in Railton (Swellendam) and Smitsville (Barrydale). The former mission station of Suurbraak was governed by a management board, and the remaining rural areas fell under the Overberg Regional Services Council.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, transitional local councils (TLCs) were created for each town and village. In December 1994 the Swellendam TLC was created, replacing the Municipality of Swellendam and the Railton Management Committee. In January 1995 the Barrydale TLC replaced the Barrydale Municipality and the Smitsville Management Committee. In the same month the Suurbraak TLC replaced the Suurbraak Management Board. In Infanta, where there had been no negotiations, the local council remained in place until October 1995 when it was converted into a TLC.

The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the Overberg District Council was established, replacing the Overberg Regional Services Council. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become the Swellendam Municipality included most of the Swellendam TRC as well as small areas of the Bredasdorp, Langeberg and Wynland TRCs.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved, and the Swellendam Municipality was created as a single local authority incorporating both rural and urban areas. In 2011 rural land to the north and west of Barrydale was incorporated into the municipality when District Management Areas were abolished.

Conservation areas
The most significant conservation areas are:
 * Bontebok National Park
 * Marloth Nature Reserve in the Langeberg
 * Sanbona Wildlife Reserve

Politics
The municipal council consists of eleven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Six councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in six wards, while the remaining five are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021, the Democratic Alliance (DA) won a majority of six seats on the council.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

title: Swellendam Local Municipality


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Theewaterskloof Local Municipality

Theewaterskloof Municipality (Theewaterskloof Munisipaliteit; uMasipala wase Theewaterskloof) is a local municipality located within the Overberg District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. As of 2007, the population was 108,790. Its municipality code is WC031. The enormous Theewaterskloof Dam, which provides water for Cape Town and the surrounding areas, is located in this municipality.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of 3232 km2 in the western interior of the Overberg region. It occupies the area between the Riviersonderend Mountains to the north and the Kogelberg and Kleinrivier Mountains to the south; to the west it stretches as far as the Hottentots-Holland mountains.

The western area of the municipality is the Elgin Valley, drained by the Palmiet River. The northern part is the valley of the Sonderend River including the Theewaterskloof Dam. The southeastern part is in the Overberg plain, drained by the Bot and Klein Rivers.

According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 108,790 people in 28,884 households. Of this population, 62.9% describe themselves as "Coloured", 26.4% as "Black African", and 9.4% as "White". The first language of 73.6% of the population is Afrikaans, while 16.9% speak Xhosa, 3.9% speak English and 3.6% speak Sotho.

The largest town in the municipality is Grabouw in the Elgin Valley, which as of 2011 has a population of 30,337. However, the municipal headquarters are situated in Caledon (pop. 13,020) on the plain. Between Grabouw and Caledon is Botrivier (pop. 5,505) at the base of the Houwhoek Pass. Villiersdorp (pop. 10,004) is located in the northern part of the municipality close to the Theewaterskloof Dam. Downstream from the dam along the Sonderend River are the villages of Genadendal (pop. 5,663), Greyton (pop. 2,780) and Riviersonderend (pop. 5,245). The smallest town in the district is Tesselaarsdal, which is approximately 20km south-east of Caledon.

History
At the end of the apartheid era, in the area that was to become Theewaterskloof, there were municipal councils for the towns of Grabouw, Caledon, Villiersdorp, Greyton, and Riviersonderend, and a local council for the village of Botrivier. These councils were elected by the white residents. The coloured residents of Pineview (Grabouw), Bergsig (Caledon), Myddleton, Heuwelkruin (Greyton), and Riviersonderend were governed by management committees subordinate to the white councils. The former mission station of Genadendal was governed by a management board, and the remaining rural areas fell under the Overberg Regional Services Council.

While the negotiations to end apartheid were taking place a process was established for local authorities to negotiate voluntary mergers. Such mergers took place in two towns in the Theewaterskloof region: in August 1993 the Municipality of Riviersonderend merged with the Riviersonderend Management Committee to form the Municipality for the Area of Riviersonderend, and in January 1994 the Municipality of Caledon merged with the Bergsig Management Committee to form the Municipality for the Area of Caledon.

After the national elections of 1994 the process of negotiation became mandatory, and included political parties and local community organisations as well as the existing local authorities. Transitional local councils (TLCs) were established in each town or village as a result of this process. These transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated during the negotiations, some of whom had been councillors of the previous local authorities, while others represented political parties and community organisations. In May 1996 elections were held to replace the nominated councils with elected councils. At these elections the Overberg District Council was established, replacing the Overberg Regional Services Council. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become Theewaterskloof included parts of the Nuweberg, Caledon and Swellendam TRCs.
 * In October 1994:
 * the Municipality of Grabouw and the Pineview Management Committee were replaced by the Grabouw TLC.
 * the Villiersdorp Municipality and the Villiersdorp Management Committee were replaced by the Villiersdorp TLC.
 * In November 1994 the Botrivier Local Council was replaced by the Botrivier TLC.
 * In December 1994 the Municipality for the Area of Riviersonderend was replaced by the Riviersonderend TLC.
 * In January 1995:
 * the Municipality for the Area of Caledon was replaced by the Caledon TLC.
 * the Municipality of Greyton and the Heuwelkruin Management Committee were replaced by the Greyton TLC.
 * the Genadendal Management Board was replaced by the Genadendal TLC.
 * In February 1995 the Myddleton Management Committee was replaced by the Myddleton TLC.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved, and the Theewaterskloof Local Municipality was created as a single local authority incorporating both rural and urban areas.

Politics
The municipal council consists of twenty-seven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Fourteen councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in fourteen wards, while the remaining thirteen are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 the Democratic Alliance (DA) won a plurality of eleven seats on the council. The African National Congress (ANC) then formed a minority coalition government with the Patriotic Alliance which is supported by Good.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

title: Theewaterskloof Local Municipality


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Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange

Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange is located in Ang Mo Kio Town Centre, Singapore. The interchange is within AMK Hub which is in turn linked to Ang Mo Kio MRT station via a pedestrian underpass below Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8. The interchange was opened by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.

The interchange is the third to be fully air-conditioned in Singapore after the Toa Payoh Bus Interchange and the Sengkang Bus Interchange, and similarly features automated sliding doors at each of its six berths that will open only when the bus reaches the berths.

Original interchange
Plans for the bus interchange were first announced in March 1979, as part of the Singapore Bus Service's (SBS) efforts to rationalise the Singapore bus system. Constructed by the Housing and Development Board (HDB), the bus park of the interchange was completed in 1979. In January 1980, bus services that previously terminated at a bus terminus along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 6 were amended to the interchange, but passengers were not allowed to board or alight at the interchange. Due to concerns over the interchange's small size making it unsafe for commuters, in August 1980, SBS announced that it would be replacing the interchange with a larger facility. To facilitate the interchange's construction, the HDB granted permission to SBS to utilise half of a plot of land beside the interchange and another plot then occupied by a carpark.

Work on the replacement bus interchange commenced in January 1981, and operations at the new interchange commenced on 10 April 1983. Covering an area of more than 14000 m2 and with 36 berths, the bus interchange included features such as swing gates and turnstiles to handle commuter traffic, along with safety railings and walls to ensure commuters' safety.

Current interchange
In 2001, the government announced plans to redevelop the bus interchange to form part of an integrated development, and to make way for the development, the interchange was moved to a temporary location along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8 in March 2002. Construction of the integrated development was delayed by a dispute between the developer and the government over the price of the land parcel, only beginning in March 2005. Subsequently, the new bus interchange within the integrated development started operations in April 2007.

Bus contracting model
Under the new bus contracting model, all the bus routes were split into 8 route packages. Bus Service 136 is under Loyang Bus Package, Bus Service 22 is under Serangoon-Eunos Bus Package, Bus Service 25 is under Bedok Bus Package, Bus Service 169 is under Sembawang-Yishun Bus Package, Bus Service 86 is under Sengkang-Hougang Bus Package, Bus Service 166 is under Clementi Bus Package, Bus Service 73 is under Bishan-Toa Payoh Bus Package and the rest of the bus services are under Seletar Bus Package.

Currently, Bus Service 136 (Loyang Bus Package) is operated by Go-Ahead Singapore. Bus Service 169 (Sembawang-Yishun Bus Package) is currently operated by Tower Transit Singapore. All remaining bus services are operated by the anchor operator, SBS Transit.

title: Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange


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Eli Roth

Eli Raphael Roth (born April 18, 1972) is an American film director, screenwriter, producer, and actor. As a director and producer, he is most closely associated with the horror genre, namely splatter films, having directed the films Cabin Fever (2002) and Hostel (2005).

Roth continued to work in the horror genre, directing the films Hostel: Part II (2007), The Green Inferno (2013) and Thanksgiving (2023). He also expanded into other genres, directing the erotic thriller film Knock Knock (2015) and the action film Death Wish (2018), a remake of the 1974 original. Also in 2018, he directed the fantasy comedy film The House with a Clock in Its Walls, his first PG-rated film and his highest domestic grosser to date.

As an actor, Roth starred as Donny "The Bear Jew" Donowitz in Quentin Tarantino's war film Inglourious Basterds (2009), for which he received a Critic's Choice Movie Award and a SAG Award as part of the ensemble.

Many journalists have included him in a group of filmmakers dubbed the Splat Pack for their explicitly violent and controversially bloody horror films. In 2013, Roth received the Visionary Award for his contributions to horror at the Stanley Film Festival.

Early life
Roth was born the middle of three sons in Newton, Massachusetts, to Sheldon Roth, a psychiatrist/psychoanalyst and clinical professor at Harvard Medical School, and Cora Roth, a painter. He has an older brother, Adam (born May 1970), and a younger brother, Gabriel (born December 1974). Roth was raised Jewish (his family were Jewish emigrants from Austria, Hungary, Russia, and Poland). In addition to English, he speaks French, Italian, and basic Russian.

Roth began shooting films at the age of eight, after watching Ridley Scott's Alien (1979). He and his brothers, Adam and Gabriel, made more than 100 short films before he graduated from Newton South High School and attended film school (the Tisch School of the Arts) at New York University. To fund his films while in college, Roth claims to have worked as an online cybersex operator for Penthouse Magazine, posing as a woman, as well as a production assistant on feature films. Roth also ran the office of producer Frederick Zollo, leaving after graduation to devote himself to writing full-time. He collected unemployment and found work on Howard Stern's Private Parts as Stern's assistant, staying at Silvercup Studios in Queens at night working on his scripts while Stern slept.

Actress Camryn Manheim gave Roth one of his first Hollywood jobs, as an extra on The Practice, when he moved to Los Angeles. Roth would stay in Manheim's dressing room, working on his scripts, while she filmed the show. The two had become friends in New York, while Roth was working for Zollo. Roth also met Manheim's cousin Howie Nuchow (former EVP of Mandalay Sports Entertainment and also from the Boston area) at her family Passover seder—this led to Roth's first animation project, Chowdaheads, the following year. Roth also co-wrote a project called The Extra with Manheim, who later sold the pitch to producer (and former CEO and chairman of Fox Studios) Bill Mechanic's Pandemonium company.

Film career
At NYU film school, Roth wrote and directed a student film called Restaurant Dogs, a homage to Quentin Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs. The film was nominated for a Student Academy Award in 1995, ultimately winning its division (Division III).

Through his internship with Frederick Zollo, Roth met David Lynch and remained in touch over the years, eventually producing content for Lynch with his fledgling website in the late 1990s. Through Lynch, Roth met film and TV composer Angelo Badalamenti, whose music he used in his first feature film. He also met a member of special effects company KNB EFX, which contributed to his first feature.

In 1999, Roth moved to Los Angeles, where he wrote, directed, edited, produced, animated, and provided voices for a series of animated shorts called Chowdaheads for Mandalay Sports Entertainment. They were to be shown between WCW Monday Nitro pro wrestling matches, but they were never actually broadcast. Roth's friend Noah Belson co-wrote the shorts and provided the other character voices.

In mid-2000, with financing from the website Z.com to deliver a five-minute pilot, Roth wrote, directed, animated, and produced a series of stop-motion shorts called The Rotten Fruit. The company folded after several episodes were done, and its domain name was picked up by Nissan for its "Z" sports car. A portion of Roth's work for The Rotten Fruit was done at the Snake Pit studios in Burbank with miniature sets, posable clay, foam figures, two high-end digital still cameras, and a pair of Macintosh computers. Noah Belson co-wrote and performed character voices.

Cabin Fever
Roth had co-written Cabin Fever with his college roommate Randy Pearlstein. They based the premise on Roth's experience of contracting a skin infection while riding ponies at a family friend's farm in Iceland in 1991. Much of it was written in 1996, while Roth worked as a production assistant for Howard Stern's film Private Parts.

Cabin Fever was produced in 2001 on a budget of $1.5 million raised from private investors. The film was sold to Lionsgate at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival for $3.5 million, the biggest sale of that year's festival. Released in 2003, it was Lionsgate's highest-grossing film of the year, earning $22 million at the U.S. box office and $35 million worldwide. Lionsgate's stock rose from $1.98 a share to nearly $6 a share after the film was released; the company used its newly valuable stock to buy Artisan Entertainment. Cabin Fever made Roth a star in the horror genre. In a 2004 Premiere Magazine interview, Quentin Tarantino called it "the best new American film". Cabin Fever was remade in 2016 and directed by Travis Zariwny.

Hostel
In 2005, Roth's second feature, Hostel, was made for just over $4 million. It opened No. 1 at the box office in January 2006, taking in $20 million its first weekend. The film went on to gross $80 million worldwide in box office, and more than $180 million on DVD. Although the story is set in Slovakia, all the exteriors were shot in the Czech Republic.

In the film, three friends are lured to visit a hostel where they think their sexual fantasies will come true. Instead, they fall into the clutches of an international syndicate that provides first-hand torture and killing experiences for rich, sadistic tourists. The film was rated No. 1 on Bravo TV's 30 Even Scarier Movie Moments, and Empire Magazine readers voted Hostel the Best Horror Film of 2007.

Roth reportedly turned down studio directing jobs to make Hostel. He took a directing salary of only $10,000 to keep the budget as low as possible, so there would be no limits set on its violence. In January 2006, film critic David Edelstein in New York magazine credited Roth with creating the horror subgenre "torture porn", or "gorno", using excessive violence to excite audiences like a sexual act.

Thanksgiving
In 2007, Roth directed and narrated the faux trailer segment Thanksgiving for Grindhouse and appeared in Death Proof, Tarantino's segment of the film. Roth and co-writer Jeff Rendell won a 2007 Spike TV Scream Award for best "screamplay" for their work in Grindhouse, sharing the honor with Tarantino, Robert Rodriguez, Rob Zombie, and Edgar Wright.

In January 2023, it was announced Roth is developing a feature-length film version of Thanksgiving.

Hostel: Part II
Hostel: Part II opened in sixth place in June 2007, with $8.2 million; it went on to gross $17.6 million in US theaters. The film, which cost $10.2 million, earned $35 million in theaters worldwide and $50 million on DVD and pay television.

Lionsgate attributed the lower grosses to the summer release, opposite blockbusters such as Shrek the Third, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, and Ocean's Thirteen, as well as the film's workprint having been leaked online before its release. Close to two million illegal workprint downloads were tracked the day Hostel 2 opened.

"I don't know if it was the most downloaded film of all time, but there are tracking services that track what movies are being downloaded. And a copy of Hostel 2 leaked out before its release and they had it, it was like millions and millions of hits. Not only was it downloaded, but in the countries it was downloaded – like Mexico and Brazil – there were copies on the street for practically a penny. You could buy Hostel 2 for a quarter in Mexico City. As a result, in a lot of countries where the piracy was bad, they just didn't even release it."

Hostel: Part II was nominated for six Spike TV Scream Awards, including best horror film and best director. It was on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 20 best horror films of the past 20 years.

Endangered Species
In 2009, while acting in Inglourious Basterds, Roth said that he would soon begin his next film, Endangered Species.

"I can't say anything without giving anything away! ... I saw Transformers and Cloverfield and thought, 'I have an idea for a mass destruction movie.' But it's going to be very different from those films. And it's science fiction, but a little more grounded than that."

In a 2013 interview with The Guardian, Roth indicated that he had suspended work on Endangered Species to focus on 2013's The Green Inferno.

The Green Inferno
Roth directed the cannibal horror film The Green Inferno (2013), which was inspired by his love of Mondo horror films such as the infamous Cannibal Holocaust. The Green Inferno was criticized for its portrayal of indigenous people as cannibals, and it was described as a "new low in racist film making" by People's World.

Death Wish
Roth's 2018 remake of the film Death Wish opened to $13 million at the box office. The film is centered around a trauma surgeon who turns to vigilantism after his family is attacked. The film was panned by critics as "pro-gun propaganda" and ill-timed in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting. Roth defended the film, stating that the film was not pro-gun and that he wanted the film to focus on family, protecting one's family, and seeking justice for one's family.

Film
In 2002, Roth brought a shot-for-shot remake of Raiders of the Lost Ark made by children to the attention of both Harry Knowles and Steven Spielberg. He had a copy in his video collection for years, and showed it at Knowles's Butt-Numb-A-Thon film festival in December. The response was so great that Roth took the tape to his first meeting at DreamWorks to give to Spielberg. An executive called the next week saying that Spielberg loved it and wanted to contact the filmmakers. Roth had never met them, but Google-searched every name in the credits until he found Jayson Lamb, the cinematographer. The three filmmakers—Lamb, Chris Strompolis, and Eric Zala (a former Activision employee)—had not spoken to each other in years when Roth contacted them. Roth, feeling that their film was so powerful he had to do whatever he could to make sure fans saw it, introduced it at its premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in May 2008, five and a half years after he first gave the tape to Knowles. Soon, the three reunited friends were touring the world, doing charity screenings.

In March 2006, Dimension Films bought the rights to Cell by Stephen King and would produce a film to be directed by Roth. In 2009, King finished the screenplay, and actors John Cusack and Samuel L. Jackson joined the project; however, Roth did not direct.

Through his company, Arcade, with Eric Newman and Strike producer Marc Abraham, Roth produced the horror film The Last Exorcism, (originally titled Cotton) which was directed by Daniel Stamm. Completed in December 2009 and retitled in February 2010, The Last Exorcism cost $1.5 million to produce. It opened at more than $20 million in U.S. sales, and earned No. #1 opening spots in Canada and the UK. The film had paid for itself when rights in a few foreign territories were sold before shooting began. It earned over $40 million box office in the United States, and $70 million worldwide.

Roth has talked of doing Trailer Trash, another compilation of fake trailers. "Trailer Trash is not a horror film," he said; "it's a comedy. It will be very R-rated and completely insane, and I'm producing it with Mike Fleiss".

He has also produced the 2012 kung fu film The Man with the Iron Fists, written, directed, and scored by RZA who also stars in the film. According to Roth, Tarantino is involved as well. In an interview with CHUD, Roth said:

"This movie will have everything martial-arts fans could want, combined with RZA's superb musical talent. This project has been his dream for years, and I'm thrilled to be a part of it. Fans should know that, yes, there will be blood ... This ain't no PG-13."

In 2014, Roth produced the American supernatural horror film Clown and had the minor role of "Frowny the Clown." He next helmed Knock Knock (2015), a remake of the 1974-shot horror film Death Game, about two women who seduce a married man and then do unspeakable things to him. Keanu Reeves starred and executive produced.

In 2015, Roth was announced as the director of the adaptation of the best-selling shark novel Meg: A Novel of Deep Terror, eventually called The Meg. In 2016, it was announced that he had left the project due to creative differences.

In 2020, it was announced that Roth would direct an adaptation of the Borderlands games, with Craig Mazin penning the screenplay with Roth.

Film commentary
Roth recorded an audio commentary for Troma's 1997 DVD release of Blood Sucking Freaks four years before directing his first film, billed as a "Blood and Guts Expert". The DVD is one of Troma's highest-selling.

Roth is a frequent contributor to DVD "extras" content (liner notes, video commentary) for horror film distributors Grindhouse Releasing/Box Office Spectaculars, particularly for two of his favorite films Juan Piquer Simón's Pieces and the North American DVD release of Lucio Fulci's Cat in the Brain.

Acting
Roth began his professional acting career in 1998 and has been known to play parts in the films he produces. Roth's most notable appearance to date is his role as violent Bostonian soldier Donny "The Bear Jew" Donowitz in the 2009 Quentin Tarantino film Inglourious Basterds.

Roth's role in Quentin Tarantino's segment of the 2007 film Grindhouse, Death Proof, came about because Tarantino was impressed by Roth's brief part as Justin in Cabin Fever. Roth—who left pre-production on Hostel: Part II in Prague and flew to Austin, Texas, to film the scene at the Texas Chili Parlor—said that working as an actor for Tarantino is "like taking a master class in directing". He quipped that the only directors he would ever act for are people who have won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.

Outside of these films and his own, Roth has appeared in a cameo role as a contest emcee in Alexandre Aja's 2010 film Piranha 3D and in the 2012 musical film Rock of Ages, among others. Roth has also appeared in several projects that David Lynch directed for his website davidlynch.com.

Work in television
Roth hosted and executive-produced an episode of Discovery Channel's TV series Curiosity, titled "How Evil Are You?" The episode explored the scientific aspects of evil, with Roth undergoing a brain scan and DNA sequencing at University of California, Davis with neuropsychiatrist Dr. James Fallon. Roth also re-created the infamous Milgram experiments for the documentary, with results identical to those from 50 years earlier.

Roth directed the pilot of Hemlock Grove, a horror/thriller series, that premiered on Netflix on April 19, 2013.

He also hosts Shark After Dark on Discovery Channel's Shark Week.

Roth helped with a project with Dreamworks' tv show Fright Krewe.

Other ventures
In 2009, Roth wrote, directed, and acted in a PSA for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) about the link between violence against animals and violence against people. Roth won a Telly Award for his spot (Public Service Category: Bronze).

Roth is a curator of the Museum of Pop Culture's exhibit "Can't Look Away", detailing the history of horror. He was selected, along with directors John Landis and Roger Corman, to represent three generations of film directors who have shaped the genre. The installation opened in September 2011 and ran through 2014.

In September 2012, he opened a haunted house, Eli Roth's Goretorium, in Las Vegas. Haunted Desert LLC, which owns Goretorium, filed for bankruptcy protection in July 2013, and the attraction closed in October.

Roth directed the music video for Snoop Lion's lead single "La La La" from his reggae-genre album Reincarnated, which was released on April 23, 2013.

In 2015, Roth partnered with Jack Davis to launch Crypt TV, a digital company focused on short-form horror content.

In 2021, Roth invested in Jomboy Media, a digital media company that produces content focused on sports and pop culture.

Personal life
Roth married Chilean actress and model Lorenza Izzo in November 2014, on the beach of the Chilean town Zapallar. The couple announced their separation in July 2018. Their divorce was finalized in August 2019. In a 2023 interview with Men's Health, he revealed that he had remarried.

title: Eli Roth


text:
Alda Bandeira

Alda Bandeira Tavares Vaz da Conceição (born September 22, 1949) is a politician in São Tomé and Príncipe.

Bandeira was born in Santana, São Tomé in 1949. Her father was a nurse. She studied modern languages at Eduardo Mondlane University in Maputo, Mozambique, received an MA in modern languages and literature from Lisbon University, and studied international relations at the Lisbon Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas. Bandeira taught in secondary schools in Maputo and São Tomé between 1975 and 1982.

Bandeira began her political career as the director of multilateral cooperation in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a position she held from 1987 to 1990. She also served as national coordinator for US African Development Foundation programs in São Tomé from 1988 to 1990. Bandeira was one of the founding members of the Democratic Convergence Party-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), the first public opposition group in the country. After an overwhelming victory for the party in the 1991 elections, Bandeira held the office of foreign minister from 1991 until 1993. After her husband Norberto Costa Alegre was appointed prime minister, she stepped down from her position in the government to occupy her seat as a Member of Parliament and avoid conflicts of interest.

Bandeira was elected president of the PCD-GR in 1995, an office she held until 2001. In 1996 she ran for President of the country, coming in third place with 15% of the vote. Bandeira taught at the Instituto Superior Politécnico in São Tomé from 2000 to 2002. In April 2002 she was appointed foreign minister again, but resigned later that year. Bandeira is currently serving as the Director General of the newly formed Instituto Marítimo e de Administracão Portuaria (Maritime and Port Administration Institute) in São Tomé.

title: Alda Bandeira


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lightspeed Systems

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. --Rhobite 22:05, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Lightspeed Systems
Poorly written article on content filtering software Longhair 07:53, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity nonsense. Delete. - Mike Rosoft 15:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, Delete. Android79 17:59, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verifiability established - David Gerard 15:04, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There might be a valid article to be had on this topic, but this isn't it. Delete unless significantly improved, this is below zero level. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:06, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Boyer Gallery

The Boyer Gallery, officially known as the Paul Boyer Museum of Animated Carvings and commonly called "The Boyer Museum", is a folk art museum located at 1205 M Street in Belleville, Kansas, United States. It features the animated sculptures of Paul Boyer. Many of the displays are hand carved wooden pieces that have been animated with hand-built motors and mechanics, while others are working models of aircraft or tractor engines. All of the pieces were built from scratch.

The gallery was closed for several years, but was reopened in 2007 by Boyer's daughters.

title: Boyer Gallery


text:
Comparison of documentation generators

The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of documentation generators. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs. Note that many of the generators listed are no longer maintained.

General information
Basic general information about the generators, including: creator or company, license, and price.

Supported formats
The output formats the generators can write.

title: Comparison of documentation generators


text:
User:Chris 73/Archive 007

Chestnuts on Fir0002 FPC
Hi Chris Hope you can have a look at My Chestnut Photos Thanks, --Fir0002 11:24, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Charibize thingy
Presently on WP:CP and WP:AN/3RR. The guy just doesn't get it. Radiant_ >|< 12:06, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say he's perfectly aware of Wikipedia policy, because he's already cited a number of them out of context. Radiant_ >|< 12:30, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Dang!
Thanks, dude! I appreciate that! I'll look if i can find better satelite images, but even *that* pic is excelent! Thank you!

Project2501a 21:21, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hi
Hi Chris, I don't want to sound aggressive but I'd appreciate it if you could leave my vote the way it was. I'd like to use this template even if nobody else does. And although the message above it saying that it has been proposed for deletion pains me, I'd like to use it while I still can. --Fir0002 09:59, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

Nishina Stamp
Hello Chris, I am working on a documentary about Japan's Atomic Bomb project, I came across your article about the subject. Anyway, I found this stamp image of Prof. Nishina in your Public Domain page and I'd love to use it in the documentary. Is this picture really in the public domain/expired copyright? User:Daniel.thomson
 * Hi. Actually, I don't know. The image is listed in my public domain directory only because most of the images in this directory are public domain. The Nishina stamp, however, is fair use, i.e. you can use it for non-commercial purposes. I do not have a PD Nishina image, unfortunately. If you come across one, please upload it to Wikipedia. Good luck with your article. Also, if possible sign your comments with ~, which will translate automatically in your signature like this: Chris 73 Talk 18:26, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Nishina Stamp
Hello Chris, I am working on a documentary about Japan's Atomic Bomb project, I came across your article about the subject. Anyway, I found this stamp image of Prof. Nishina in your Public Domain page and I'd love to use it in the documentary. Is this picture really in the public domain/expired copyright? User:Daniel.thomson

Hi. Actually, I don't know. The image is listed in my public domain directory only because most of the images in this directory are public domain. The Nishina stamp, however, is fair use, i.e. you can use it for non-commercial purposes. I do not have a PD Nishina image, unfortunately. If you come across one, please upload it to Wikipedia. Good luck with your article. Also, if possible sign your comments with Daniel.thomson 29 June 2005 14:06 (UTC), which will translate automatically in your signature like this: Chris 73 Talk 18:26, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Hi again Chris, thanks for your help. Actually its for documentary film, which is considered 'commercial-use'. But I've been in contact with the Nishina Memorial Foundation, who have granted permission and Tokyo Post, who should grant permission with the Nishina Foundation recommendation. So I guess if you want to source your image, there it is. The Nishina Foundatin are very friendly and have lots of pictures of Nishina.

29 June 2005 14:06 (UTC)~

MotoX pix
Hi Chris Hope you can have a look at these. Thanks --Fir0002 June 30, 2005 01:53 (UTC)

Thanks mate
I appreciate your support on my RFA! Lots of people to respond to :-) Ta bu shi da yu 1 July 2005 05:11 (UTC)

To: Chris
Hello, I was not doing any testing when modifying the magic exposure titles.

The purpose of a wiki and of the internet should be to improve life, not hurt the creators of magic effects which are for sale.

This is no different than a company spending millions to come up with a TRADE SECRET formula for a product, only to have the product exposed for free on wikipedia.

Perhaps some magicians do not have the legal power that big companies do, but exposing their products and hurting them from making a living is still very Unethical and should NOT be supported.
 * This information is available freely. The text of our articles is not copyrighted by you. A method cannot be copyrighted. A method could be patented, but then it is still possible to describe the method. bad for you, but this information on Wikipedia is available for free. -- Chris 73 Talk July 2, 2005 19:35 (UTC)

Help!
We seem to have a new template that is really screwing with the sites formatting. See Template:TOCright. I have listed it on WP:TFD. To see how it is causing problems, see Daniel Pipes. I think this stuff should be dealt with using CSS. - Ta bu shi da yu 4 July 2005 08:06 (UTC)

Ethnic conflicts in western Poland
Chris, could you take a look at the article linked above? My first reaction was to delete whole "brutality of Prussian regime" paragraph, but then I thought maybe something of this could be npoved and what not. I have not got time for do it unfortunately :( Szopen 4 July 2005 12:09 (UTC)
 * I am reading through it. I will see what I can do. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 6 July 2005 15:08 (UTC)

Pennine Scenery
Hi Chris, I was just wondering if you'd seen to. I kinda like it. --Fir0002 July 6, 2005 11:29 (UTC)

2005 London transport explosions
Hmm, this certainly isn't 9/11, and it seems to be smaller than Madrid. But go ahead if you're sure it's a good idea. Evercat 7 July 2005 12:19 (UTC)

Little Germany, New York
I translated the page you created in French, but I think there is something that is not accurate : You say that the neighborhood was in an area bounded by Avenues A and B and 7th and 10th Sts, but you give a population number of almost 500,000 people''. How can such a little area be home to so many people ? I think the number of 500,000 is for the whole Lower East Side, where Little Germany was. And thank you for this article, it's a very interesting one.--Revas 21:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

BTR-70
the text on globalsecurity is itself based on http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/btr-70.htm which is apparently public domain. (User:FarQPwnsJoo)

Hi again
Hi, Chris. I haven't crossed paths with you recently on Wikipedia (and I've had to significantly cut back my time here now that I'm out of school), but I just wanted to thank you again for nominating me for adminship. Especially now that I've watched WP:RFA for some time, I see that some excellent editors don't get nominated until they have accomplished far more than I, and I realize that had you not nominated me then, I most likely still would not be an administrator. Now that I'm a doctor, I can't participate in RC patrol and administrative discussions as much as I'd like, but I am still grateful for being able to roll back vandalism and block disruptive users who won't stop, and I'd like to think I have helped defuse a few conflicts as well. A recent experience on Commons where I was trying to stop a rapid-fire vandal made me realize how much I take administrative abilities for granted—I could not keep up with the vandal just using manual reversions. Also, after watching RFA, I have to admit that I'm surprised my nomination passed so easily. Maybe the climate there has changed? I had just 1000 edits and had only been here a shade over three months, and no one even commented on it. I feel like if the climate then were like it is now that I would get at least two or three opposes for that alone. Anyway, I want to thank you again for having faith in me and for drawing me further into this addicting world. — Knowledge Seeker দ 01:10, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

World Community Grid
''Hello, before you read on I would just like to say that I have so far only posted this to a limited amount of administrators for consultation. If you have any objections to its wider distribution or suitability for Wikipedia please let me know.'''

Hi, I would just like to invite you to find out about the World Community Grid Human Proteome Folding Project. This is a purely philanthropic project and supported by a "blue chip" corporation in IBM. There is an ability to join a team once you have downloaded the software and another user has already established the Wikipedia team.

I would like to emphasise that I do not want to pressure anybody into feeling obligated and I understand the limited computer resources/access available to some. Feel free to pass this message on and thank you very much for your time, Mark83 21:50, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Significant objections have been raised to this. Mark83 10:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Possible copyright violation
Hello, Sorry about this, but the image at Image:Mark_48_Torpedo_testing.jpg is, I believe, under different copyright to what is attributed. It should be under the Australian Department of Defence copyright notice, located at, not in public domain by the US Navy. This unfortunately means that no derivative works are allowed, and copyright is not allowed to be reassigned. The image has been listed on Copyright_problems --Nthnl 03:42, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Commons:Administrators RFA
Hi Chris,

Can you take a look at Commons:Commons:Administrators. The voting there appears to be almost inactive, and given that the window for nominations is 7 days, it could probably benefit from a little more attention. -- Solipsist 06:40, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Abuse report
Hi Christ,

Please take a look at the user contribution of 210.213.253.74 to the entry Daniel S. Razon, he edited the entry to defame the personality of Daniel Razon.

Report Vandalism by --Mel Etitis and --Ragib
Dear Admin,

User --Ragib and --Mel Etitis  are contionusly vandal the article rohingya. please see it in http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohingya&action=history. Such Violaton shall be stop. please keep wiki standard updated .violations would not be accepted by any reader of wikipedia. go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism. please advice. Thanks,--Bobjack 14:25, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You are spamming lots of admin pages because of TWO DASHES???? Get real. The difference between the two versions is absolutely minor, and anything but vandalism. Accusing people of vandalism when there is only a minor formatting dispute makes YOU look bad, not the others. My advice is to discuss the topic on the article talk page, and also be ready to accept that your preferred version may not be the overall best version. -- Chris 73 Talk 15:44, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

Pic of the day
Hi Chris,

Just to let you know that your photo Image:Onsen in Nachikatsuura, Japan.jpg is due to make a reappearance as Pic of the Day on Friday. I've made several changes to the caption from last time, but you can correct any mistakes/make improvements at Picture of the day/August 19, 2005. -- Solipsist 21:49, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Hi, Chris:

I have been cleaning up references to the Triangle fire, including redirect pages, to make them consistent. (There were about six or eight different ways being used.)

The standard I have chosen is Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Even the many redirect pages were not standard; some directed to themselves.

Anyway, if you'd like to 'get on board' this fascinating project (which I'm sure everyone in WikiLand will be talking about in no time), all you have to do is edit your wiki link.

Am I being too anal?

Paul Klenk 22:08, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi. Changed the link on my talk page. Usually, all redirects should point to the same thing (otherwise they do not work properly), but the links that go to the redirects are usually not fixed. Anyway, thanks for cleaning up. -- Chris 73 Talk 06:39, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Chris, thanks for the fix! It's great to do a "what links here" check and see a nice, even left margin with every single page pointing properly.  Sometimes one needs a break from writing and research to do something completely mindless and mechanical.  Paul Klenk 11:22, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Voting on jonquil flowers
Hi Chris!

Please vote on my latest indecisions! Hope you like them --Fir0002 10:22, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

Typo on your map
Hello. I found a typo on your map. "Shikkoku" should be "Shikoku". Could you fix it? --Nanshu 01:52, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Cute kid
Hey Chris, You have a really cute kid.
 * Thanks, but they are not mine. The pics are from another source. Happy editing -- Chris 73 Talk 12:36, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

Shrimp farm
Hey Chris, i don't know if you have the time or interest to review an article, but if so, could you take a look at shrimp farm. The article is currently up for FAC, but I'm not asking for a vote there—I'm more interested in getting an outside view. One user keeps screaming POV, which I just don't understand. Have I developed a blind spot? (The article may still have room for improvement, especially in the economics section on the micro-economics of individual farms, and the topic of social impacts isn't explored yet, but good sources on both topics are hard to come by. But POV?) Anyway, if you look at it and think it's biased, too, break the news gently on me! :-) Lupo 10:20, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Chris. I really appreciate your taking the time to reassure me that I wasn't completely off the track. It rarely happens that I let something happening on Wikipedia touch me, but Bantman managed it. I think I'll go on with my work as I consider it right. If he doesn't like it, he should edit the article and show how to do better. Unfortunately, he doesn't seem to be interested enough to do so. Lupo 14:41, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --Nv8200p 17:17, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for bringing that to my attention. When i uploaded the image I added a proper copyright tag. An anon deleted the tag for unknown reasons on February 10. I now simply deleted the image, since I have already moved it to the commons with the same name quite some time ago. Everything should be fine now. Thanks -- Chris 73 Talk 09:37, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Mark 48 Torpedo testing.jpg
Could you handle the reuploading to wikipedia and removal from commons of Image:Mark 48 Torpedo testing.jpg? As it turns out (per ) that it isn't GFDL or CC licenced, it shouldn't be on commons and the copyright tags here need to be adjusted. Thanks in advance. --fvw * 00:24, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and it'll probably have to be defeatured too. A pity, but such is life alas. --fvw * 00:26, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you please handle this so it can be removed from the WP:CP backlog? Thanks. --fvw * 21:42, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Opposers of the vote for Gdansk/Danzig
Since I see that you've been involved in the vote for the naming of the city, please do me a favour and have a look at the article for Georg Forster and its talk page, where User:Witkacy, User:Space Cadet and User:Lysy protest against the vote, deleting the note without an explanation although it had been added by an administrator and violating the rule in the article. I've just been banned, then unbanned, because of the 3RR thanks to Witkacy so before I can continue, I need some support. Thank you in advance :)NightBeAsT 18:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

The vote was a year ago, and its alleged results put Gdansk as different than any other city (with exception of the cities which changed their names, like Kaliningrad etc); example: Vilnius. We have to have consistency in the WIKI! Space Cadet 18:23, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Space Cadet, there's no need to try (mis)enlightening Chris about the vote because I bet you he knows more about it than you do, maybe more than you'll ever do. Bevor ich es vergesse: danke Chris. Wenn du irgendwann mal Unterstützung bei einem Kommentar oder einem anderen Wiki-rechtlichen Schritt gegen Witkacy, Molobo oder Space Cadet suchst, oder bei einer anderen Sache in Wikipedia Unterstützung suchst, sprich mich einfach darauf an, denn ich bin nicht unbedingt undankbar, unerfahren oder nicht redegewandt genug. Vielen Dank nochmals =)NightBeAsT 12:30, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Vasco da Gama
An article that you've edited before (Vasco da Gama) is nominated for Article Improvement Drive. If you want go there and vote. Thanks. Gameiro 02:58, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Gdansk and Danzig naming war
If you continue to remove Polish names and replace them with German ones i will report you to the Administrators' noticeboard. Its not the German wikipedia here.--Witkacy 12:25, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Witkacy, obey the Gdansk/Danzig ruling result or get problems with admins. Chris acts according to the ruling, whereas you don't. The rule aimed at stopping such revert warriors as you who think they'd have to push through their idea of the naming. You say that he replaced Polish names with German? No, actually he reverts your deleting of the German names next to the Polish, thus according to the ruling, which I would call nationalism, just not on Chris's side but on yours. If you continue to libel users and intentionally violate the ruling of the wiki consensus, which means that you even compromise wiki rules in favour of your radical views, I'd say blocking might cool your jets. Who do you think you are, Witkacy??? I'd call you a tragic hero if you were acting heroically but you'll end up more like a hateful villain in a James Bond movie with your pigheaded behaviour.NightBeAsT 12:51, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Witkacy
I've also listed the incident on Account suspensions, because of the possibly controversial nature of the block. I'm hoping that Witkacy has the sense to accept the Gdansk/Danzig compromise; I don't really want to see that forest fire flare up again. (Oh, and you're more than welcome to steal any or all of the Adm 1 / Sci 3 etc. boxes; they're at User:TenOfAllTrades/header.) TenOfAllTrades(talk) 15:53, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought as much, Chris. While I believe to have a good personal relation with Witkacy, I disagree with many of his views and he knows it; and I already told him this self appointed crusade of denial of the Gdansk/Danzig Vote resolution could only bring him trouble. Unfortunately, I think it is highly unlikely that the matter will simply end here. The problem is rooted too deeply, and this issue is just a small syntom of it. Although there are many serious editors of Polish heritage who believe in true discussion of History and Politics (like Thorsten1 or Lysy), others simply unleash a blind wave of Polish ultranationalism and anti-German fury, and don't even care to hide it (like Molobo or Space Cadet). I'm not against Poles in the least; it's fanaticism of any origin what annoys me, and this is exactly the case, like me and many other editors have experienced in Erwin Rommel, Heinz Guderian or 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. In fact, my levels of Wikistress have skyrocketed since I first tried to collaborate on the Rommel article, and for the moment, I intend to return to other less stressing projects that I've had on hold. In case I can help on this matter, please let me know. - Shauri 16:37, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

" others simply unleash a blind wave of Polish ultranationalism and anti-German fury, and don't even care to hide it (like " A silly personal attack.I see now that addition of information regarding war crimes of SS is considered hatred and fury. --[[User:Molobo|Molobo 16:04, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * No no, posting errors is, whether intentionally (hope not) or not. Now that's great, so now I join your club of "right wing propagandists", simply for asking for the truth instead of historical mistakes and/or POVs. And you have the guts to say "I" personally attack you? After my conciliatory message at your Talk Page, and after inviting you to take part of the debate at places like Erwin Rommel or Georg Forster? Great way to attack someone, Molbo - saying that your victim is in fact your attacker...
 * I've argued with you regarding only two SS issues, in which your false claims were easily debunked at the end by Ansbachdragoner, namely:
 * Placing the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend at Malmedy, and
 * Placing the Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring at the Warsaw Uprising.
 * As long af it's true, I don't care at all what you post. Furthermore, I encourage you to do so. But the main point is that not only on Nazi Germany articles, but also on many German related articles completely detached from the Nazi period, you go and stain them with anti German POVs, like at Prussia or Konrad Adenauer. Now that's fanaticism, and it's not my saying, but that of serious Polish editors whose names I won't say. It's not anti-nazism that drives you, anti-Germanism is. Take off the mask and give it up already, Molubo. Shauri [[Image:Flag of Spain.png|20px]] 13:44, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

In all cases I was correct.In case of Fallschirm Panzer Division they are at least two sources given and it was accepted.In case of Konrad Adenauer, I fail to see where I was antigerman.I gave multiple sources from western scholars confirming he sought nuclear capable weapons.I advise to read on the subject before posting.Please try to look beyond your prejudices towards Polish people and be objective.--Molobo 23:11, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Gdansk/Danzig
You might be interested in this conversation: Jayjg (talk) 08:41, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

"*1st
 * 2nd
 * 3rd
 * 4th "

If you notice, # 3 and # 4 are notr reverts but completely independent edits. Space Cadet 11:30, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * No3 reverted parts of this and No4 reverted parts of this edit. I was blocked for a similar "violation" by Merowinger. You shouldn't always demand consistency, Space Cadet.NightBeAsT 11:57, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

1-the vote was ignored in order to push forward German name of Gdańsk.Thus it is not binding. 2-You aren't putting an English name of Gdańsk but German one.English name of Gdańsk is Gdansk. 3-Please point me to official Wikipedia rule that makes majority capable of voting what is to be put in articles and makes it binding to other users. 4-You are putting German names, not English names.The cross naming sections says that the other name should include English common names for cities.Not those used in Germany. 5-The problem is you are trying to Germanise names,not give them English versions.For example Gdynia is widely used in English, and gives 2,370,000 hits on google, yet you insist on putting German version of Gdingen, used almost only in Germany and giving only 66,500 hits on google.

--Molobo 07:40, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Image of "Winnemem Wintu"
Chris -

I have removed the image of "Winnemem Wintu" that the History page indicates you added in November 2004, for two reasons. First, that image is copyrighted, and may not be used without permission. Would you be kind enough to let me know the source of that image, and I will make sure that the source understands that it may not be used without permission. Second, the image is not actually that of Winnemem Wintu. While the two young women are likely indeed Wintu, they are members of the Trinity River band of Wintu, not the Winnemem (McCloud River) Wintu.

Any assistance you can offer to track down your source of the image would be appreciated.

NorCalHistory 05:01, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Chris - I have removed that Trinity River Wintu image from the Winnemem Wintu article again, with the request that it not be reposted in this article. First, as noted, the image is not of Winnemem Wintu women, and so is simply inaccurate to be placed here. Second, I will be looking into the copyright status (I understand your position), and ask that the image not be posted anywhere pending resolution of that status.

NorCalHistory 15:06, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Chris - I have checked the source page for that Trinity River Wintu image, and the source page clearly identifies the image as copyrighted 2001. Please do not repost the image, and I will seek to have the image removed from Wikipedia Commons.

NorCalHistory 15:12, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Chris - Thanks for your courtesy on this image. You have tickled my interest on the odd question of what is the copyright status of a work created before 1923, but not published until recently. Under the rules at the time the work was created, unlimited common law copyright rules applied. The work was not published until recently. The New York Museum situation sounds different because I'm presuming those works were created and published before 1923. Thanks again.

NorCalHistory 16:01, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Chris - I've chatted with a couple of friends who are copyright lawyers, and their reaction was "interesting question," and then "It's probably copyright protected" - if it was created long ago, but not published until recently. I have a few more inquiries out, and I'll let you know if they turn up anything definitive.

NorCalHistory 22:58, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Chris -

My copyright attorney friends have gotten back to me, and it turns out the answer is clear and straightforward - the image is definitely copyright protected. The while the image was created some hundred years ago, it was not published in the public domain and copyrighted until just recently.

The Copyright Statutes are contained within Title 17, Chap. 3 of the United States Code. Section 303(a) of that Chapter states: "Copyright in a work created before January 1, 1978, but not theretofore in the public domain or copyrighted, subsists from January 1, 1978, and endures for the term provided by section 302. ... [I]f the work is published on or before December 31, 2002, the term of copyright shall not expire before December 31, 2047." []

Hence, 17 U.S.C. Chap. 3, Sec. 303 (above) provides that the copyright "shall not expire before December 31, 2047."

You might also find the following chart, published on the website of Cornell University, to be valuable for future reference [Copyright Protection Chart].

I'm not sure about the source of the "common knowledge" that nothing created before 1923 was protected, but that is plainly not accurate! That "common knowledge" may apply to works published before 1923, but it does not apply to unpublished works.

I will seek to have the image removed from Wikipedia Commons. Thank you for your courtesy and thoughtfulness!

NorCalHistory 21:57, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Chris - Separately (although it sounds as though you have your hands full with other work), would it make sense for you to got through other images you have uploaded under the belief that all pre-1923 images were public domain - to double-check whether they are in fact copyright protected?

NorCalHistory 00:56, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

"disambig"
You created Einstein (disambig) and someone of course moved it to Einstein (disambiguation), where it properly belongs. One of your talk pages seems to be the only thing linking to the abbreviated version, so you may want to change that link. 160.94.219.194 21:02, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You're absolutely right. Thanks for the info, I changed the links. -- Chris 73 Talk 19:54, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

Palestinian terrorism and militancy
Many thanks. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:13, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

3RR
I just thought you may like to know, that the user that has accused me of breaking the 3RR has been reverting my comments on Administrators'_noticeboard/3RR. Sukh | ਸੁਖ | Talk 22:28, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Image:KidsPillowFight.jpg
Hey man, How did you add this "Metadata" table? I can't see any templates used in this pic's source. 80.178.152.156
 * This is part of the pic itself and was added by the digital camera. (see EXIF). If you download the full size image, and view it with a suitable viewer, you can get the metadata. (e.g IrfanView -> Image -> Information -> Button: Exif info). The coding of the Wikipedia software was changed so that the image page now shows this metadata. Another competingt format is IPTC (image meta-data). Also, the photo is not from me. -- Chris 73 Talk 21:04, September 10, 2005 (UTC)

Your objections are groundless
I am going to include the foreign language names for Polish Gdansk including the german version.As to the vote it has been accused of manipulation and is dubious.Since I do leave the foreign name for Polish Gdansk however, I see nothing wrong at my actions.Please don't germanise Polish cities though.Wiki for objective information not for germanophile or german nationalistic propaganda.And please stop using your admin rights to push your own POV-its against Wiki rules. --Molobo 17:48, 13 September 2005 (UTC) There was no agreeement.The vote is a fraud. 12 votes were ignored to push naming of Gdansk Danzig in period from 1466 to 1793. The vote is not biding in my opinion since it was manipulated to ignore 12 votes.Not only that but the community has changed and thus the vote can't be seen as eternal.It is evident that the we are dealing with a fraud.--Molobo 17:57, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * With each message like this, with each accusation against good people like Chris who is merely following Wikipedia's rules and conducting himself with respect, with each edit summary like yours at Johannes Daniel Falk (added info on foreign names for Gdansk, including german name to satisfy germanophiles and nationalists-no breaking of "consensus"), you move a little closer and closer to RfC. Caution, Molobo - watch your step. - Shauri  Yes babe?  18:45, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Shauri why waste your time here when there are still many war crimes of SS left to delete, Polish universities left to rename to "Polish highschools" and Polish professors to "Polish students" ? --Molobo 19:05, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Great work, Molombo, another uncalled for personal attack (which I won't even bother to respond)... one more step closer. Behave and learn to respect others - just an advice. It may save you trouble in the future. Shauri  Yes babe?  19:43, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Just an observation of your edits regarding SS war crimes and Polish sources.It was very easy to check who wrote the article and where was it made.A Polish professor of a an university.Not a Polish student from a highschool.I won't even imagine what you wanted to achieve with that edit of yours. --Molobo 21:15, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Clarification: I suggest that you check at those edits of mine for the word "highschool". You'll see that it's nowhere to be found. The origin of such sources was unknown to me, especially since one of them was written in Polish. Query: if my interest was to simply remove all mention to SS war crimes, then why did I respect your edits and left the information and the sources you had posted previously, instead of simply removing it? Answer: I wasn't familiar with their origin, and I simply put the names of those who signed it, and left the task of clarifying the subject to you. Addendum: they still are the sole three sources in the whole wide world to my knowledge to mantain that the Hermann Goering division was present at the Warsaw uprising. Every other single exististing source, including official American and English reports, assert that it was fighting the Soviet at Modlin at the time. Although this is rather suspicious, I decided to keep them on the article as a measure of respect to your contribution. Query: would you had done the same? End of transmission. Shauri  Yes babe?  21:48, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

" my knowledge to mantain that the Hermann Goering division was present at the Warsaw uprising. Every other single exististing source, including official American and English reports, assert that it was fighting the Soviet at Modlin at the time." If you would read the link, you would knew that there were elements of the division not the whole unit. " Every other single exististing source" I congratulate you on reading all the Polish books,scholary works and documents on Warsaw Uprising.This is something I am yet to accomplish. --Molobo 22:08, 13 September 2005 (UTC) As to Fallschirm division.I have detailed information about the elements that took part in Warsaw Uprising from historic site : http://wilk.wpk.p.lodz.pl/~whatfor/niemcy%20_w_powstaniu_warszawskim.htm If you want I can translate the information and put it into article.But its rather detailed, including the exact movements of the unit.You have a photo on the site with the soldiers from the Division. --Molobo 22:14, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Gdansk/Danzig again
You might remember that not a long time ago, I felt confused by the 3RR self-exemption of the Gdansk/Danzig vote. Since then, I've taken some time and looked at the archived history behind the vote and of the article itself and I think I understand now more of what happened there. I also think I understand why you are so firmly staying behind the vote, that you've authored.

I should mention here that I'm Polish, so I'm probably biased, even if I'm trying not to be. You're probably also aware that the issue of using German names for Polish towns is a highly sensitive issue in Poland, obviously because of the history.

However, leaving the above aside, I think you are mistaken, assuming that the voting result can be treated as an official policy in this case. Without going into too many details, I'm primarily concerned that such binding interpretation of the vote results contradicts the "Wikipedia is not a democracy" principle. Seriously, I consider this a very dangerous precedent. The vote results show that there are more people preferring the German name over Polish. I also think there are more German wikipedians than Polish. If we consider the vote as binding, than we agree that on Wikipedia a majority can always impose any view on a minority. Think of its implications for the quality of Wikipedia. I would expect, that being an admin, you'd stand for the Wikipedia rules and spirit. Please, do consider this and give it some thought as I did. Thanks in advance. --Lysy (talk) 21:05, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Example

 * An example of how this can be handled in a friendly and non-conflict manner might be the Vilnius article. Vilnius history is somehow similar to Danzig/Gdansk in that it is quite twiested, had significant ethnic majority etc. As you know, the city has been called Wilno/Wilna/Vilna throughout most of its history. There have been quite furious edit wars on historical naming in the article, resulting in at least one Lithuanian editor being blocked for a year. Obviously because of the sheer number of them, the Polish editors have much more "edit power" on the article, not leaving Lithuanian nationalists much chances in edit wars. The edit wars stopped some time ago, and the "Polish version" prevailed in history related sections. However, it seems that Polish editors also understood that they should be a bit more respectful and sensitive towards Lithuanian feelings, and eventually the Polish name was replaced with "Vilnius" and remains in the lead section only. Am I being naive ? --Lysy (talk) 09:04, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Not getting into too many details, I would like to seek for a better solution for Gdansk/Danzig naming issue. I appreciate the voting as your attempt to stop the edit wars. I think it was a first step in the right direction but we should not be stoping there. I believe you'll agree that so far it failed to avoid the edit wars, on the contrary, it has shown that there are two groups of editors that have extreme and opposite views on this, seemingly petty, issue. Obviously, one of the groups is larger, the other is smaller, but this looks much more like a conflict, not a consensus to me. What's worse the enforcement apparently irritates some more hot-blooded Polish editors, who are now wasting their (and others) time in revert wars and getting blocked, which only leads to more frustration. This is not the solution that you were looking for, is it ? Because the vote was prepared quickly, both its procedures and the results have many flaws that can be exploited either to circumvent or to question the outcome. I'm deliberately not listing them, but I'm sure you are already aware of many yourself.

My conclusion is that we should go a step further and make it into an official Wikipedia policy. This said, I don't think that a policy should focus on naming of a particular city (Gdańsk/Danzig) only, but should rather be both general enough to be applicable universally (e.g. for place naming in Europe) and simple enough to be useful. So what I'm saying is that we should work on an official naming policy now, that would not get questioned as easily and would not be perceived as unjust majority rule at the same time. What do you say ? --Lysy (talk) 08:35, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

An alternative solution could be allowing the revert wars on naming. If they want to fight, let them do it, as long as they don't vandalize the articles at the same time. I would then even make all the revert wars on place names exempt from 3RR, in order to make administrator's life easier. Or, another extreme would be imposing a 1RR rule on Gdansk/Danzig reverts. This should help keeping the revert wars down. But my suggestion is to work on official place naming policy, as I explained above. --Lysy (talk) 09:13, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

German names versus English accepted names
" For Gdansk and other locations that share a history between Germany and Poland, the first reference of one name in an article should also include a reference to other names, e.g. Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) or Gdańsk (Danzig). An English language reference that primarily uses this name should be provided on the talk page if a dispute arises." Google 319,000 for Thorn Poland. 2,790,000 for Torun Poland.

13,400 for Ermland Poland. 210,000 for Warmia Poland.

19,500 for Frauenburg Poland. 72,800 for Frombork Poland.

14,700 for Gdingen Poland. 1,650,000 for Gdynia Poland.

If you are telling others to obey the rule, you should do the same, and put English accepted versions of names-Torun for Toruń, Frombork, Gdynia etc.\ You said on my page: -Please do not remove the alternative English name, since they are still in use for native English speaker- However it is you who removes the English used names in favour of German ones. --Molobo 09:38, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Wieder Moin Moin, Chris! Molobo has continued to remove Thorn and Braunsberg from Warmia and suggest that Torun (without diacretics) is the alternative that should be listed. I dislike revert wars, so I am trying to discuss it at Talk:Warmia... BTW, do you intend that your Cathedral of Magdeburg statement on your User page links to Historical Eastern Germany instead of East Germany? Olessi 01:17, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Thorn Poland 325,000 Google hits Torun Poland 1,070,000 Google hits Toruń Poland 533,000,000 Google hits --Molobo 01:36, 18 September 2005 (UTC) " If you do, you go against the wishes of over 70% of the voters at the Gdansk vote. " Really ? As I see it 12 voters were ignored.As to Toruń and Gdynia please use English accepted version of names instead of names used mostly only in German, remember that this isn't German wiki. --Molobo 09:24, 18 September 2005 (UTC) As to the vote-only version of Gdansk(Danzig) was agreed,nothing was said about using Gdingen or similiar German only names. Furthermore there is no official Wiki policy that makes the vote binding. --Molobo 09:25, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Re: User:KnowledgeLoser
Hehe—thanks, Bishonen and Chris, for your sharp eyes. I did find it pretty amusing, though. It looks like User:Iasson was upset that I blocked User:Bank Able today. At least this was more creative than the tired old user-page vandalism. And this is my first real impostor! — Knowledge Seeker দ 05:17, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Pufferfish
Hello, my thing is to document every featured article that made it to the Mainpage. After watching for a while it seem that some articles evolve and some devolve. I thought that documenting the Mainpage date is important in that it is sometimes pivotal in the article's future direction. Although Pufferfish no longer meets the FA criteria, it is important to recognize that it was on the Mainpage. Cheers from --hydnjo talk 08:44, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Hey
Thanks a lot for your contributions to "Hikikomori".

title: User:Chris 73/Archive 007


text:
Ailill

Ailill (Ailell, Oilioll) is a male name in Old Irish. It is a prominent name in Irish mythology, as for Ailill mac Máta, King of Connacht and husband of Queen Medb, on whom Shakespeare based the Fairy Queen Mab. Ailill was a popular given name in medieval Ireland, meaning something like "beauty".

Notables named Ailill

 * Ailill Aulom, early 1st millennium druid and King of Munster
 * Ailill mac Máta, legendary King of Connacht and husband of Queen Medb
 * Ailill mac Slanuill, legendary High King of Ireland of the 12th century BC
 * Ailill Finn, legendary High King of the 8th century BC
 * Ailill Caisfhiaclach, legendary High King of the 5th century BC
 * Ailill mac Echach Mugmedóin, half-brother of Niall of the Nine Hostages (5th century AD)
 * Ailill Molt, High King of the 5th century AD
 * Ailill Inbanda (died c. 549), King of Connacht
 * Saint Ailill the First, 6th century Bishop of Armagh
 * Ailill the Second, 6th century Bishop of Armagh
 * Ailill mac Rechtaide, 6th century patriarch of the Ó Faircheallaigh and the Ó Fearghuis
 * Ailill Cruitire, 7th century King of Brega
 * Ailill Medraige mac Indrechtaig (died 764), King of Connacht
 * Ailill, 9th century Bishop of Clogher

title: Ailill


text:
Pork belly

Pork belly or belly pork is a boneless, fatty cut of pork from the belly of a pig. Pork belly is particularly popular in Filipino, Hispanic, Chinese, Danish, Norwegian, Korean, Polish, Thai, and American cuisine.

France
In Alsatian cuisine, pork belly is prepared as choucroute garnie.

China
In Chinese cuisine, pork belly is most often prepared by dicing and slowly braising with skin on, marination, or being cooked in its entirety. Pork belly is used to make red braised pork belly (紅燒肉) and Dongpo pork (東坡肉) in China (sweet and sour pork is made with pork fillet).

In Guangdong, a variant called crispy pork belly (脆皮燒肉) is also popular. The pork is cooked and grilled for a crispy skin. Pork belly is also one of the common meats used in char siu.

Latin American and Caribbean
In Dominican, Colombian, Venezuelan, and Puerto Rican cuisine, pork belly strips are fried and served as part of bandeja paisa surtido (chicharrón).

In Venezuela, it is known as tocineta, not to be confused with chicharrón (pork skins) (although the arepa de chicharrón uses fried pork belly instead of skins). Local tradition uses tocineta as one of the fillings of traditional ham bread (pan de jamón), and some use it for the typical hallacas.

Denmark
In traditional Danish cuisine, whole pork belly is prepared as flæskesteg (literally 'pork roast'), traditionally eaten at Christmas. The dish is called ribbenssteg (literally 'rib roast') when prepared from pork belly. It is typically oven roasted with the skin on, seasoned with salt and bay leaves. The skin turns into a crispy rind, which is eaten with the meat. Prepared in individual slices as stegt flæsk, it is the national dish of Denmark.

Germany
In German cuisine, pork belly is used as an ingredient in schlachtplatte.

Italy
In Italian cuisine, pancetta derives from pork belly.

Korea

In Korean cuisine, pork belly with the skin removed is known as samgyeop-sal (삼겹살), while pork belly with the skin on is known as ogyeop-sal (오겹살). The literal meaning of samgyeop-sal is 'three-layered meat' as sam (삼; 三) means 'three', gyeop (겹) means 'layer', and sal (살) means 'flesh', referring to what appears to be three layers that are visible in the meat. The word o (오; 五) in ogyeop-sal means 'five', referring to the five-layered pork belly meat with the skin.

According to a 2006 survey by National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, 85% of South Korean adults stated that they prefer pork belly ;70% of those surveyed recipients ate the meat at least once a week. The high popularity of pork belly makes it one of the most expensive parts of pork. South Korea imports wholesale pork belly from Belgium, the Netherlands, and other countries for price stabilization, as imported pork is much cheaper than domestic. The South Korean government planned to import 70,000 tons of pork belly with no tariff in the second half year of 2011. Thus, the importation of pork belly was expected to expand.

Pork belly is consumed both at restaurants and home, grilled at Korean barbecue, or used as an ingredient for many Korean dishes, such as bossam (boiled pork wraps) and kimchi-jjigae (kimchi stew).

Samgyeop-sal-gui (삼겹살구이) or ogyeop-sal-gui (오겹살구이) refers to the gui (grilled dish) of pork belly. Slices of pork belly meat are usually grilled, not marinated or seasoned. It is often marinated with garlic and accompanied by soju. Usually, diners grill the meat themselves and eat directly from a grill. It is typically served with ssamjang (wrap sauce) and ssam (wrap) vegetables such as lettuce and perilla leaves to wrap it in.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands the Zeeuws spek is very popular, as the speklap, slowly baked pork belt.

Norway
In Norwegian cuisine, pork belly is eaten by 55% of the population for Christmas dinner as of 2014. The tradition is to cook it slowly in the oven with the skin on and serve it accompanied by potatoes, medisterkake (pork meatballs similar to frikadeller), sausages, and lingonberry jam, as well as stewed cabbage (surkål), comparable to sauerkraut. The crispiness of the pork rind is considered vital to the pork belly.

Okinawa Prefecture
In Okinawan cuisine, rafute is traditionally eaten for longevity.

Philippines

In Filipino cuisine, pork belly (Tagalog: liyempo; Philippine Spanish: liempo) is marinated in a mixture of crushed garlic, vinegar, salt, and pepper before being grilled. It is then served with soy sauce and vinegar (toyo't suka) or vinegar with garlic (bawang at suka). This method of preparing pork is called inihaw in Filipino and sinugba in Cebuano. Being seasoned, deep-fried, and served by being chopped into pieces is called lechon kawali.

Switzerland
In Swiss cuisine, pork belly is used as an ingredient in the Berner Platte.

Thailand
In Thai cuisine, pork belly is called mu sam chan (หมูสามชั้น; lit: 'three-layered pork') refers to rind, fat and meat, often used to make Khao mu daeng and Khao mu krop, or fried with kale.

United Kingdom
In British cuisine, pork belly is primarily cooked using two methods. For slow roast pork belly, the meat is baked at a moderate temperature for up to three hours to tenderize it, coupled with periods of approximately twenty minutes at a high temperature at the beginning or end of the cooking period to harden off the rind or "crackling". For a barbecued pork belly, the meat is seasoned and slow-cooked in a pan by indirect heat on a covered barbecue, on a bed of mixed vegetables to which (hard) cider is added. Heat is again varied to produce tender meat with hard crackling. Pork belly is also used in the UK to make streaky bacon.

United States
In American cuisine, bacon is most often made from pork bellies. Salt pork is also made from pork bellies, which is commonly used for making soups and stews.

Futures
The pork belly futures contract became an icon of futures and commodities trading. It is frequently used as a pars pro toto synecdoche for commodities in general and appears in several depictions of the arena in popular entertainment, such as the 1983 film Trading Places. Inaugurated on August 18, 1961, on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), frozen pork belly futures were developed as a risk management device to meet the needs of meat packers who processed pork and had to contend with volatile hog prices, as well as price risks on processed products held in inventory.

The futures contracts were useful in guiding inventories and establishing forward pricing. The unit of trading was 20 short tons (40000 lb) of frozen, trimmed bellies (bellies typically weigh around 6 kg). Pork bellies can be kept in cold storage for an extended period and, generally, the frozen bellies were most actively traded. Spot prices varied depending on the amount of inventory in cold storage, the seasonal demand for bacon, and the origin of the pork. In the past, the former drove the prices of the futures as well.

In more recent years, pork belly futures' prominence declined; eventually, they were among the least-traded contracts on the CME and were delisted for trading on July 18, 2011.

title: Pork belly


text:
Moustapha Niasse

Moustapha Niasse (born 4 November 1939 ) is a Senegalese politician and diplomat who served as the President of the National Assembly of Senegal from 2012 to 2022. He served in the government of Senegal as Foreign Minister from 1978 to 1984 and again from 1993 to 1998. He was Prime Minister of Senegal for a few weeks in 1983, and he held that position again from 2000 to 2001.

Early life and education
Niasse was born in Keur Madiabel, Senegal. He graduated from Cheikh Anta Diop University and University of Paris.

Political career
He was director of the Presidential Cabinet from 1970 to 1979. In March 1979, he became Minister of Town Planning, Housing and Environment, serving in that position until September 1979, when he became Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was promoted to the rank of Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in January 1981 and served in that position until April 1984. He briefly served as prime minister for a month in April 1983 prior to the abolition of that position. Niasse served as Minister of Foreign Affairs for the second time from June 1993 to July 1998. He then became Representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations in the Great Lakes countries until 1999.

During the late 1990s, he broke with President Abdou Diouf and formed his own party, the Alliance of the Forces of Progress (AFP). He was a candidate in the February 2000 presidential election, in which against President Diouf and long-time opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade also competed. Niasse received third place and 16.77% of the vote, while Diouf and Wade went to a runoff. Niasse supported Wade in the second round, and Wade promised him the position of Prime Minister; his support contributed to Wade's victory over Diouf. After Wade took office in early April 2000, he appointed Niasse as his Prime Minister.

Niasse served as prime minister until he resigned on March 3, 2001 due to the difficult relationship between himself and Wade. In the April 2001 parliamentary election, Niasse was elected to the National Assembly through national list proportional representation as an AFP candidate. In 2002, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed Niasse to be his envoy to the Democratic Republic of Congo in attempts to form a national unity government there.

Opposing an extension of the National Assembly's term beyond its five-year mandate, Niasse chose to resign his seat as a Deputy in June 2006, when the parliamentary term was originally scheduled to end.

In December 2006, Niasse was chosen as the candidate of Alternative 2007, a coalition of ten opposition parties, for the February 2007 presidential election. He was briefly detained by police in late January 2007, along with other opposition leaders, after participating in a banned protest regarding the delay of the next parliamentary election until June 2007. During the presidential campaign, Niasse blamed Wade for the Joola sea disaster; Wade in turn said that Niasse was a liar and that he was fortunate that he had not been jailed for crime he allegedly committed while serving as Prime Minister.

According to final results, Niasse placed fourth in the presidential election with 5.93% of the vote. He won one of the country's 34 departments, that of Nioro. Niasse rejected the results, alleged fraud, and said that the election was "a farce", but also said that he did not intend to file an appeal regarding the results.

Soon after the election, Wade mentioned Niasse as one of several opposition politicians who would be facing prosecution for corruption. Wade renewed an allegation, previously made in 2002, that Niasse had sold diplomatic passports to Taiwanese businessmen and others from that country.

In the March 2009 local elections, the opposition coalition Benno Siggil Senegaal—which included Niasse and the AFP—performed well in Nioro Department and across the country. Shortly afterward, Niasse said that Wade should react to his party's poor performance by dissolving the National Assembly and the Senate and resigning as President. According to Niasse, Wade "betrayed the people of Senegal" and put the country "in a catastrophic situation". He also derided Wade for having what he described as a "paranoid fixation" on Nioro Department.

In the February–March 2012 presidential election, Niasse stood again as a candidate and then backed Macky Sall against President Wade in the second round. Sall won the election. A few months later, Niasse was elected to the National Assembly in the July 2012 parliamentary election as a member of the coalition supporting President Sall. The presidential coalition won a large majority of seats. On 30 July 2012, he was elected as President of the National Assembly; he defeated opposition candidate Oumar Sarr, a loyalist of Wade. Niasse received 126 votes against 17 votes for Sarr; there were three blank votes.

On 11 October 2013, Niasse was re-elected as President of the National Assembly for another year.

title: Moustapha Niasse