text:
User talk:Dwilke

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

--Smoddy | ειπετε 18:36, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Plagarist. Plagarist.  PLAGARIST!!!!!!!!!

 * Hechem, excuse me. smoddy 19:07, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I have nominated this article for deletion. Hope this helps! [[Sam Korn ]] 21:06, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Greek
ἐγκυκλοπαιδειουργὸς? Bloody hell! Thanks for that. I think I'm grc-2, so I'll put that up. Have you seen the quote from the Pythian oracle on my userpage? Happy new year! (Did you get very drunk last night?) [[Sam Korn ]] 14:55, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Unsigned Edits
Hi. I saw you working on attributing unsigned edits on Articles_for_deletion/Hijacking_Guild, and I thought you might like to know that there's an easier way. You can use the template to substitute the small text you're seeing after other unsigned edits on the talk page. Type UserName or IP. I hope that helps, and thanks for contributing to the discussion. Given the forum's nature, there's a lot of potential for that page to get messy with lost of unsigned IP edits and stuff. -- Vary | Talk 22:06, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Ha! I see you've discovered it! Never mind, then. -- Vary | Talk
 * Glad to help! (Or try to.)-- Vary | Talk 22:13, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Yes, I know A Chorus Line', although I haven't seen a live production. And of course I love musical theatre - I'm at a regional theatre where our annual musical is usually what makes the money we spend on all the rest of our season!

I have preview button issues, too. I've gotten into the habit for 'real' pages - articles and things like that - but I never seem to remember for talk pages. It'll come, I guess. -- Vary | Talk 22:19, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Oooh, that's a long and bitter discussion. Most non-theatre people in the states use 'theater' (all too frequently pronounced thee-ater) exclusively.  Many theatre-types insist that 'theatre' should refer to the art form and 'theater' the place where the art happens.  Others reserve 'theatre' for live (i.e., 'real') theatres and use 'theater' only to refer to a movie house.  Some theatre companies use the spelling 'theater' in their name, and others, like mine, use 'theatre,' which just adds to the confusion.

 * But because there is so much variation in usage, the two are more or less completely interchangeable, although I have heard my share of serious arguments on the subject. Because my company spells its name with an -re, I tend to use that spelling almost all the time, because in that case, it refers to both the art form and the building.  Bizarre enough for you? -- Vary | Talk 22:51, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It's 6pm here, so good day is still accurate, but just barely. Have fun with your article, and I guess it'll be 'good night' for you for about another hour yet, so I'll wish you one of those. -- Vary | Talk 23:07, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Taint
I have responded to your accusation of sock puppeting on the Articles for deletion/Taint page. I would have been happy to just respond on your discussion page but the fact that you have accused me of sock puppeting twice could affect the outcome of the debate on keeping or deleting the article. --Cenestrad 22:26, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Why, thank you. You will see that I have replied on the relevant AfD page. Dan 15:31, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Home and Away
Hi, you have voted in the afd for various Home&Away character articles. I have had a go at combining all the articles in a single article (which I admit still needs a lot of work). You can find it at Current Home and Away characters. I suggest we keep this article are either delete or re-direct the others. What do you think? Thanks, Evil Eye 13:00, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Philosophical Institute
Hello! Thank you for brining the revision of this article to my attention. I have reviewed the content and withdrawn my delete vote as a result. Best wishes, -- (aeropagitica) 23:58, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Template:User-AmE-0
As I'm sure you know, user templates are opinions shared by several members of Wikipedia. They are templates employed on individual user pages only, and do not claim to represent the official shared position of the Wikipedia collective. Still, some self-appointed dictators feel it is their responsibility to control individual expression on user pages. Template:User-AmE-0, for example, was deleted by User:Kelly Martin; after being recreated, it was tagged for deletion by User:DreamGuy and its category removed by User:Carbonite. There are but a few people who want to control personal expression on user pages at Wikipedia and hundreds of us who do not want these few to succeed. In standing together to revert tyranny, despotism and censorship of individual expression on our personal pages, we can easily overcome these dictator-wanna-bees. Wikipedia can be for the people. Please help us oppose those in the Arbitration Committee Elections who would turn Wikipedia into a dictatorship of controlled articles and user pages: Kelly Martin, Jpgordon, Fred Bauder, James F., Jayjg, and Mindspillage.

If you feel passionately about this, you can join us in alerting other users of these individual tags, that their personal expression on their user pages is being censored by people like User: Carbonite. To help, just go to any of the templates that User:Carbonite has tried to change, and alert the people in those categories that they are not alone in their outrage and opposition. -- لæmäļ al diη 22:05, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Why I don't get opposed, I don't know. Here you go: Arbitration Committee Elections January 2006/Vote/Sam Korn. You must have been registered since September to vote, though.   [[Sam Korn ]] 22:21, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Please be my advocate / request for RfC
I am seeking a RfC from User:Woggly but have been told that it has not been filed. Could you kindly assist me in filing this RfC and being free of her open and destructive harassment. Thank you. IsraelBeach 08:36, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Regarding Association of Members' Advocates
Hi, you are receiving this message because you have listed yourself as an active member of WP:AMA. If you aren't currently accepting inquiries for AMA, or if you have resigned, please de-list yourself from AMA Members. If you are still active, please consider tending to any new requests that may appear on Category:AMA Requests for Assistance. We're going to put AMA on wheels. :) Sorry for the template spamming - we're just trying to update our records, after we had a huge backlog earlier in the week (if you've been taking cases, then sorry, and please ignore this :)). Again, sorry, and thanks! M a  rtinp23  21:14, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Monmouth School
An article that you have been involved in editing, Monmouth School, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Monmouth School. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Redgator5 (talk) 02:37, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Philosophical Institute
Hello,

I have recently proposed to merge Philosophical Institute into Palacký_University_of_Olomouc. Since you participated in the Discussion about the article's deletion, I would like to invite you to share your views on the proposed merger. Thank you very much. Cimmerian praetor (talk) 22:33, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

An RfC that you may be interested in...
As one of the previous contributors to Infobox film or as one of the commenters on it's talk page, I would like to inform you that there has been a RfC started on the talk page as to implementation of previously deprecated parameters. Your comments and thoughts on the matter would be welcomed. Happy editing!
 * This message was sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of {{U|Technical 13}} (t • e • c) 18:27, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

title: User talk:Dwilke


text:
Stan Franklin

Stan Franklin  (August 14, 1931 – January 23, 2023 ) was an American scientist. He was the W. Harry Feinstone Interdisciplinary Research Professor at the University of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee, and co-director of the Institute of Intelligent Systems. He is the author of Artificial Minds, (MIT Press, 1995) and the developer of IDA and its successor LIDA, both computational implementations of Global Workspace Theory. He is founder of the Cognitive Computing Research Group at the University of Memphis.

Life and work
Franklin was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1931. His graduate degrees are from UCLA, his undergraduate degree from the University of Memphis. He has been on the faculties of the University of Florida, the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Carnegie Mellon University, and the University of Memphis.

He was formerly a mathematician, who introduced the concept of sequential spaces. He then became first a computer scientist and then a cognitive scientist, Franklin has worked for some years on "conscious" software agents, which model the global workspace theory of consciousness. These autonomous agents computationally model human and animal cognition, and provide testable hypotheses for cognitive scientists and neuroscientists. This work was funded by the United States Navy and has been the subject of numerous papers in scientific journals and conference proceedings.

Publications
Franklin has authored or co-authored numerous academic papers as well as a book entitled Artificial Minds published by MIT Press, which was a primary selection of the Library of Science book club, and has been translated into Japanese and Portuguese.

 * Franklin, S., Strain, S., Snaider, J., McCall, R., & Faghihi, U. (2012)." Global Workspace Theory, its LIDA Model and the Underlying Neuroscience". Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, 1, 32–43, doi: 10.1016/j.bica.2012.04.001
 * D'Mello, Sidney K., & Franklin, S. (2011). "A Cognitive Model's View of Animal Cognition". Current Zoology, 54(4), 499–512.
 * Wallach, W.; Franklin, S.; & Allen, C. (2010). "A Conceptual and Computational Model of Moral Decision Making in Human and Artificial Agents" in Wallach, W. & Franklin, S. (eds.), Topics in Cognitive Science, special issue on Cognitive Based Theories of Moral Decision Making. pp. 454–485 Cognitive Science Society.
 * Baars, B. J. & Franklin, S. (2009). "Consciousness is computational: The LIDA model of Global Workspace Theory". International Journal of Machine Consciousness, 1(1), 23–32.
 * Franklin, S. (2007). "A Foundational Architecture for Artificial General Intelligence" in Goertzel B. & Wang, P. (eds.), Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithms, Proceedings of the AGI Workshop 2006 (pp. 36–54). Amsterdam: IOS Press.
 * Franklin, S., & Ramamurthy, U. (2006). "Motivations, Values and Emotions: Three sides of the same coin". Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics (Vol. 128, pp. 41–48). Paris, France: Lund University Cognitive Studies.
 * Franklin, S. 2005. "A 'Consciousness' Based Architecture for a Functioning Mind" in Visions of Mind, Davis, D. N. (ed.) Hershey, PA: Information Science Publishing.
 * Franklin, S;  Baars, B. J.; Ramamurthy, U. and Ventura, Matthew. 2005. "The role of consciousness in memory". Brains, Minds and Media 1: 1–38, pdf.
 * Baars, Bernard J. and Franklin, Stan. 2003. "How conscious experience and working memory interact". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7: 166–172.
 * Franklin, Stan (2003), "IDA: A Conscious Artifact?" in Machine Consciousness, Holland, Owen (ed.) (Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic).
 * Franklin, Stan (2003), "IDA: A Conscious Artifact?" in Machine Consciousness, Holland, Owen (ed.) (Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stan Franklin


text:
This Is Ray Stevens

This Is Ray Stevens is the second album by Ray Stevens. It was released in 1963 by Mercury Records on the catalog numbers of MG 20828 (Mono LP) and MG 60828 (Stereo LP). Like Stevens' previous album, 1,837 Seconds of Humor, all of the songs were written by Ray Stevens and published by Lowery Music Company, Inc. (BMI). The differences between both albums is that Stevens makes an attempt to prove his artistic versatility on this album by including six comical novelty songs and six ballads of serious music.

The back of the album cover gives a description of Stevens' versatility as an artist and adds that a better title for the album would be Both Sides of Ray Stevens. Ironically, 13 years after this album's release, a collection of previously recorded songs entitled Both Sides of Ray Stevens was released. The album then provides information on the themes of the comedy songs and then information on the dramatic ballads.

"Harry the Hairy Ape" is a tale of an escaped ape who likes to scare people in a park, is mistaken by a near-sighted DJ for a rock-and-roll singer, and then begins a music career. "The Weekend" is a song that satirizes how short a weekend is compared with other days; according to the album, Stevens sings it "to the tune of The Whiffenpoof Song." "The Deodorant Song" satirizes commercials about how to "smell pretty." "The Great Sebastian" is a tale of a tight-rope walker of a circus. "Speed Ball" is a tale of a motorcycle rider. "Soap Opera" is a satirization of the tragic, twisted stories in the typical American soap operas and how people can get carried away with them; Stevens acts out all of the roles in the song, which are described in the album as "Nashville's answer to Abe Burrows, Victor Borge and Steve Allen, all rolled into one."

"Funny Man," the first serious song on this album, is described as "Pagliacci and Laugh, Clown, Laugh done in Ray's inimitable style...laughing on the outside and crying on the inside..." and tells the tale of a man who has a reputation for providing laughable entertainment but is heartbroken over being rejected by the woman he loves. "Just One of Life's Little Tragedies" and "Loved and Lost" contains themes of lost love. "Little Stone Statue" tells the tale of a man who knows that his girlfriend now has feelings for another man and he'll lose her soon but will never reveal any emotions. "Teen Years" gives descriptions of meaningful events that make teenagers' lives (from the ages of 13 to 19) so special. "It's Been So Long" tells the tale of a man who regretted breaking up with his girlfriend and living without her causes time to go very slowly.

Three singles were lifted from the album: "Funny Man," "Harry the Hairy Ape" and "Speed Ball." Of the three, "Funny Man" and "Harry the Hairy Ape" proved the most successful chartwise, the former in Canada and the latter in America.

On an interesting side note, Stevens left Mercury in 1965 and signed with Monument Records, where he re-recorded "Funny Man," "Harry the Hairy Ape" and his previous hit "Ahab the Arab." His re-recording of "Funny Man" was included on his third album, Even Stevens (released in 1968), while the re-recordings of the last two songs were included on his fourth album, Gitarzan.

Charts
Singles – Billboard (North America)

title: This Is Ray Stevens


text:
Y Garn (Glyderau)

Y Garn is a mountain in Snowdonia, North Wales, part of the Glyderau.

It is one of the Welsh 3000s — the 15 summits in Wales over 3,000 ft in height. It is the tenth-highest peak in Wales. Moderate snow accumulations can take place on the western-sloping side of the mountain from October to May.

The south-westerly side of the mountain slopes gently down to the Nant Peris valley. The other, north-easterly side is of a different character, consisting of two steep-sided cwms, Cwm Clyd and Cwm Cywion, and finally Llyn Idwal and Ogwen Cottage. Along the ridge to the north lies Elidir Fawr, while to the south-east is the top of the Twll Du and Glyder Fawr.

In 2011 three people were walking on Y Garn when they went over a cornice overhanging a ridge. About 50 metres of snow collapsed when the cornice gave way creating an avalanche and a person died when they fell 150 metres.

title: Y Garn (Glyderau)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Choreopolis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:19, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Choreopolis

 * Delete Neologism. Google gets a straight-up zero hits. --InShaneee 18:38, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Utter rubbish with nothing of value Brookie 19:53, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 21:29, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable neologism. Megan1967 02:03, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. jni 07:08, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Communes of Hérault

title: Category:Communes of Hérault


text:
Xavier Suarez

Xavier Louis Suarez (born May 21, 1949) is an American politician who was the first Cuban-born mayor of Miami and was a Miami-Dade county commissioner.

Early life and education
He was born on May 21, 1949, in Las Villas, Cuba. Suarez moved to Florida and attended the Colegio de Belén, but graduated from St. Anselm's Abbey School in 1967. He earned a Bachelor of Engineering from Villanova University in 1971, followed by a Master of Public Administration and Juris Doctor from Harvard University.

Career
After completing his education, Suarez returned to Miami and was sworn in as mayor on November 13, 1985, succeeding Maurice Ferré.

Suarez was first elected mayor in 1985. He was re-elected in 1987 and again in 1989 for a four-year term. While mayor, Suárez declared "Yahweh ben Yahweh Day" on October 7, 1990, a month before Yahweh ben Yahweh was indicted. Suarez cited the construction of 1,500 affordable homes as one of his "proudest achievements" during his tenure. He was also given the name "pothole mayor" for his attention to city neighborhoods.

He decided not to run again in 1993 in order to spend more time with his family. He returned to practice law in Miami before he decided to run again in November 1997 and was re-elected. However, on March 5 of the following year, Suarez was effectively removed from office on account of voting fraud. While Suarez was not personally implicated, the prosecuting circuit court judge cited the district as '' the center of a massive, well-conceived and well-orchestrated absentee ballot voter fraud scheme. '' People working for Suarez's campaign were found forging voter signatures, including at least one of a dead citizen.

Suarez ran for numerous positions in Miami-Dade including mayor of Miami-Dade County in 1996, mayor of Miami in 2001, Miami-Dade commissioner in 2004, and a seat in the Florida House of Representatives in 2006.

Suarez was elected as a Miami-Dade County commissioner for District 7 on May 24, 2011, and was re-elected by a 44-point margin on August 30, 2016. In 2020, term-limited from his seat, Suarez ran for county mayor, finishing in fourth place behind former county mayor Alex Penelas.

During his time as mayor, Suarez also received attention for refusing to greet South African President Nelson Mandela during his 1990 tour of the United States which included a stop in Miami. Suárez was in disagreement with Mandela's comments where he referred to Cuban President Fidel Castro as a "brother in arms" due to Castro's support for the African National Congress.

Personal life
He was the ninth child and second son of 14 children of Manuel Suárez-Carreno, the first Dean of the School of Engineering at the Universidad Católica de Santo Tomás de Villanueva (St. Thomas of Villanova Catholic University), and Eloisa Gaston. He is married to Rita and they have four children: Francis Xavier Suarez, who became Mayor of Miami as a Republican in 2017 as well as a candidate for President in the 2024 Election; Olga Marie Vieira; Anna Teresita; and Carolina Suárez. His sister, Lala, is the mother of U.S. Congressman Alex Mooney from West Virginia.

title: Xavier Suarez


text: Category:Communes of Loire (department)

title: Category:Communes of Loire (department)


text: Template:Access icon

title: Template:Access icon


text: Category:Communes of Morbihan

title: Category:Communes of Morbihan


text:
Freddy Shepherd

Freddy Shepherd (29 October 1941 – 25 September 2017) was an English businessman and the chairman of Newcastle United football club from 1997 until 2007.

During his time at Newcastle, both as an active assistant to and later replacement of Sir John Hall as chairman for ten years, Shepherd proved an often outspoken and controversial figure, at times alienating the club's support.

Life and career
Freddy Shepherd was born in Gilsland, Northumberland into a working class home, the son of a lorry driver; and with his brother Bruce, he expanded a road haulage business into a number of marine and related businesses. He also engaged in property development through redevelopment of the former ship facilities along the River Tyne. The assets of the company now include Mitford Hall.

The Shepherd brothers often worked with Sir John Hall, who owned the property development business Cameron Hall Developments, and who had become a key share-holder in Newcastle United. After Hall's vision of building Newcastle into a sporting club along the lines of A.S. Roma or FC Barcelona, he looked to consolidate the operations of Newcastle United. Shepherd Offshore had started to build a holding in Newcastle United, and so Shepherd became involved in the football business, alongside Hall's son Douglas Hall.

Newcastle United
Initially, Shepherd became involved with the consolidation of the Newcastle sporting club to just Newcastle United, selling or reducing Hall's controlling stakes in: Newcastle Falcons rugby team, Newcastle Eagles basketball team; and the then Newcastle Cobras ice hockey team.

In 1996, Shepherd was tasked by Hall with bringing Alan Shearer to the club, which he did for a-then world record fee. The confidence Shepherd showed in completing the deal persuaded Hall, who wanted to retire to Spain, to effectively offload the day-to-day running of the club to Shepherd as chairman, and his son Douglas as the active Hall family member on the board. Bruce Shepherd continued to run Shepherd Offshore, while Freddie Shepherd became chairman of Newcastle United F. C.

Finances
Shepherd owned almost all of his Newcastle shares through Shepherd Offshore. Unlike the Halls, who had been steadily selling off their shares since flotation in 1997, the Shepherds increased their holding. They owned 28.01% of the club, up from about 22% in April 2005. Since 1997, the Shepherds have made £8,351,298 from Newcastle United, £5,489,239 in share dividends and £2,862,059 in salaries. In 2005, Shepherd's annual salary from the club was £552,954.

News of the World exposé
In March 1998, Shepherd and Douglas Hall were the target of a News of the World exposé, led by the "Fake Sheikh" Mazher Mahmood. The pair, believing Mahmood to be a wealthy Arab prince trying to set up a business deal, were caught mocking the club's own supporters for spending extortionate amounts of money on merchandise, calling female supporters "dogs", and mocking star striker Alan Shearer by calling him the "Mary Poppins of football", all while frequenting a brothel.

Amidst heavy media coverage, the Newcastle Independent Supporters Association and the then Minister for Sport, Tony Banks, called for the resignation of the pair. Although reports from sources close to Shepherd initially indicated he was contractually unable to resign, he and Hall had both left their posts within two weeks of the scandal breaking.

His general approach to running the club, as well as the ongoing fallout from the News of the World story, earned Shepherd a number of unflattering nicknames such as "Fatty Shepherd", the "Fat Controller" and "Baron Greenback".

Only ten months after resigning, Shepherd and Hall, the majority shareholders at Newcastle, voted themselves back on to the board. This led to the immediate resignation of the PLC chairman David Cassidy, who had taken the position just six months earlier. Shepherd then went on to take over as PLC chairman.

Sacking of Bobby Robson
In August 2004, Shepherd fired manager Sir Bobby Robson four games into the new season. In the week before the sacking, Shepherd was quoted as saying that Robson would not be offered a new deal at the end of the season, and that Robson would be "in the Guinness Book of Records" if he were still the manager at 73 years old.

It is unclear if Shepherd made his statement after consulting Robson, but Robson admitted that he had an agreement with the club that he would retire at the end of the season. Robson also stressed that there was an agreement that he would not be sacked. Shepherd said that sacking Robson was "the hardest thing I have ever done in my life", adding "I didn’t want to be known as the man who shot Bambi."

In his 2005 autobiography Sir Bobby Robson provided detailed criticism of Shepherd's chairmanship, claiming that while manager he was denied information regarding the players' contracts and transfer negotiations. He also criticised Shepherd and Douglas Hall, the club's deputy chairman, for their focus only on the first team and St James' Park, causing them to neglect less glamorous, although equally important, areas such as the training ground, youth development and talent scouts. The club's training ground has been notorious in the past for its unkempt state and for causing injuries to first team players.

Newcastle supporter protest
Following the defeat to Sheffield United on 4 November 2006, more than 2,000 fans protested outside St James' Park, calling for his resignation. Websites such as True Faith and United For Change led a supporter campaign against him. Protests were again held after the club's defeat to Blackburn Rovers on 5 May 2007, after which Glenn Roeder resigned.

Michael Owen rumours
In May 2007, shortly after sacking Roeder as manager of the club, Shepherd attacked Michael Owen's adviser for revealing a clause in his contract which said that he could be sold for £9 million if the club failed to qualify for Europe. He alleged that they were trying to engineer his sale to one of the four leading clubs in the Premier League, preferably Liverpool or Manchester United.

On 11 May 2007, Shepherd was filmed joking with friend and Geordie con artist Steve MacNeish through his car window, stating that Owen himself was not the problem and that his advisers were the ones causing upheaval. The video was later published on YouTube.

Sale of Newcastle United
In May 2007, Shepherd was shocked to learn that billionaire businessman Mike Ashley had purchased the Hall family's 41.6% shareholding for £55m.

This followed numerous previous bid negotiations from which nothing had materialised. Under Stock Exchange rules Ashley then had to submit an offer for the remaining shares. Should he go over 50%, Shepherd would no longer be in control of the club and Ashley would be able to replace the board. Shepherd initially came out fighting, but later agreed to meet with Ashley and the board on 29 May. On 7 June 2007, Mike Ashley had a bid accepted by Freddy Shepherd to buy his shares and in his role as chairman of the board Shepherd also advised the remaining shareholders to sell to Ashley.

Shepherd had been suffering from poor health over the previous six months, resulting in hospitalisation due to pneumonia and a collapsed lung, he was being treated at the time the Hall family publicly announced the sale of their shares to Ashley. On 24 July 2007, it was announced that Shepherd was stepping down with immediate effect, to be replaced by deputy chairman Chris Mort.

Reported 2009 bid for Newcastle United
Following Newcastle's relegation and the announcement by Mike Ashley that the club was up for sale, Shepherd was instantly linked with a possible buy-out. Shepherd had said, "never say never" on the issue of re-buying Newcastle, however on 30 June 2009 it was reported that Shepherd had launched a £60 million bid to buy the club from Ashley. On 1 November 2010, reports circulated that Shepherd was planning on making an offer for the club and returning to Newcastle as owner three years after selling it. This was later denied by the club; however, Shepherd would not comment on the matter.

Death
Shepherd died in his sleep at his home in Jesmond on 25 September 2017. He was 75 years old.

title: Freddy Shepherd


text: User:Ady~enwiki

title: User:Ady~enwiki


text: Category:Communes of Martinique

title: Category:Communes of Martinique


text:
Ursula

Ursula commonly refers to:

 * Ursula (name), feminine name (and a list of people and fictional characters with the name)
 * Ursula (The Little Mermaid), a fictional character who appears in The Little Mermaid (1989)
 * Saint Ursula, a legendary Christian saint

Ursula may also refer to: Monstercorn rat Ratigan funko Beetlejuice puzzle Halloween scratch magic
 * Ursula (album), an album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron
 * Ursula (crater), a crater on Titania, a moon of Uranus
 * Ursula (detention center), processing facility for unaccompanied minors in McAllen, Texas
 * Ursula Channel, body of water in British Columbia, Canada
 * 375 Ursula, a large main-belt asteroid
 * HMS Ursula, a destroyer and two submarines that served with the Royal Navy
 * Tropical Storm Ursula (disambiguation), a typhoon, two cyclones, and a tropical depression, all in the Pacific Ocean Ursula doll for Halloween until September

title: Ursula


text:
Y Garn

Y Garn is Welsh for the cairn or the rock and is the name of several hills in Wales.

 * Y Garn (Glyderau), 947 meters in northern Snowdonia
 * Y Garn (Nantlle Ridge), 633 meters in central Snowdonia
 * Y Garn (Rhinogydd), 629 meters in southern Snowdonia
 * Y Garn (Plynlimon), 684 meters in Mid Wales

title: Y Garn


text:
Bais, Negros Oriental

Bais, officially the City of Bais (Dakbayan sa Bais; Lungsod ng Bais), is a 3rd class component city in the province of Negros Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 84,317 people.

Etymology
In the early days of Spanish exploration, some Spaniards came upon a swampy land and docked their boats at the vicinity of the two small islets that guarded the village. While exploring the place, they saw natives fishing along the coast. The Spaniards approached the natives and asked for the name of the place. The natives could not understand Spanish, and believing that the Spaniards were asking for the name of their catch, the natives answered saying "Ba-is"; from that day on, this swampy valley of the Old Panlabangan and Talamban Hills became known as Bais.

Another explanation of the origin of the name Bais is that it was derived from the Visayan word "ba-is" for brackish-water eel – a fish species native to the city and one which has become the city's delicacy.

History
Negros Oriental's economy was far from progressive, and its rich soil was not utilized to its full capacity in the 1850s. During those years, people in Negros Island are depicted as having a life of content for they tended to produce only enough goods to meet their daily needs. Even before the sugar boom of the 1850s, Negros Oriental was already producing sugar. The transport of most of its product was mainly done from the ports of Iloilo, which explains the fast moving pace of development of the sugar industry in Negros Occidental, primarily due to its proximity to Iloilo. This situation was a disadvantage on the movement of sugar from the oriental plantations further away to the east.
 * Pioneer in the sugar industry

According to Bais historian, Penn Tulabing Larena, a wide array of difficulties barred the development of the sugar industry in the Oriental part of the island. The pioneer sugar traders and adventurers include José Rodrigo Camilo Rubio and Diego García-Baena - both from Cádiz, Agustín de Sandes from Mexico, Aniceto Villanueva from Spain and Vicente-Anunciación Te (who later adopted the surname Teves, from Amoy Province, China). After hearing about the fertility of the flatland of Bais, these individuals carved away the virgin forests of the eastern side of the island. Many came and settled in the area and planted sugar cane, thus producing muscovado sugar (invented by Vicente-Anunciación Teves) from their mills which was then exported to Spain via Iloilo, the principal shipping point in the Visayas. This was loaded in large sailboats called lurchas or Batel built by Aniceto Villanueva and Joaquín Montenegro.

Bais credits much of its progress to the Central Azucarera de Bais, the largest producer of raw sugar in Negros Oriental. Established by the Real Compañía-General de Tabacos de Filipinas, S.A. of Spain in the early 1900s, it is also the pioneer in the sugar industry in the Philippines. This industry reached its peak in the 1930s bringing affluence to the Negrenses and enabling them to build stately homes and to acquire properties all over the province.

The Central Azucarera de Bais itself is an old foreboding structure of metal and hard wood. The offices may have seen better days, the dank smell of nostalgia hang heavy in the air, but are still functional. Nearby is the Casa Grande, an equally old residential compound surrounded by tall acacia trees, which was built for the use of the employees of the Azucarera. The two-storey wooden houses are greatly influenced by old Spanish design and architecture. Much of the houses have undergone restoration and continue to be used as homes of the representatives of the executives of the new management.

In 1959, President Carlos P. Garcia signed Republic Act No. 2469, where fourteen of the municipality's sitios seceded to form the municipality of Mabinay. Bais officially became a city on September 9, 1968 (R.A. No. 5444).

Geography
Located 45 km from the provincial capital Dumaguete, it has a land area of 31964 ha. There are two bays in the area, hence the name "Bais." The shore line is mostly mangroves, which are in danger of destruction due to the increasing population. The richness of marine life in the bays is because of these mangroves.

The city is characterized by widespread lowlands that are ideal for sugar planting because of the city's naturally fertile soil. At least 73% of the city's total land area is devoted primarily to agriculture, primarily to creating sugar plantations.

The territorial jurisdiction of Bais includes two islets (Olympia and Dewey) and the Bais Bay. The Bais Bay area holds a diversity of animal life and is a rich breeding and fishing ground for demersal and other fish species, and also invertebrates. South Bais Bay is also famous for dolphin watching.

The Pelarta River runs beside the city center. The river has been the source of irrigation water for the nearby sugar farms, making it vital in the success of sugar plantations in this area. This river also has a big influence on the city's geography, as it deposits sediments in the former mangrove areas during the (formerly annual) flood season. These former mangrove swamps have now dried out and become populated with residents. In the late 1970s, under the Genaro Goñi administration, a river control system stretching from the city center toward the low-lying areas was established in order to lessen flooding during the rainy season.

Further south are the stately plantation houses owned by sugar planters, mostly standing on one of the lots in the family hacienda. Inside the haciendas are chapels whose altar and icons date back to 1917. Educational visits to these places may be arranged at the Bais City Tourism Office. Visitors get to tour via the old railroad trams used by the milling companies to hasten sugar cane transport.

Barangays
Bais is politically subdivided into 35 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Economy
Sugar is the major commercial crop in the city. Bais is the largest producer of raw sugar in Negros Oriental. There are two sugar mills in the city. The Central Azucarera de Bais was established by Tabacalera of Spain in the early 1918 and is the oldest in the country. The other mill is URSUMCO (Universal Robina Sugar Milling Corporation) which was formerly known as UPSUMCO (United Planters Milling Corporation) and constructed in the mid-1970s by Marubeni Corporation of Japan as a project of Ignacio Montenegro (also of Spanish roots). An ethanol plant of the Universal Robina Corporation (URC) that produces bioethanol for the local market was inaugurated.

The local economy is dominated by agricultural activities and output. Seventy-three percent of the city's total land area is devoted to agriculture. The existing urban area in the city covers only 109.12 hectares. About 36% of the city's agricultural land is planted in sugarcane, yielding 1.16 million gross kilograms annually for the domestic and foreign markets.

Fish production is the city's second income earner, with about 428 hectares of the land area devoted to fishpond development and operation and fish culture. Bangus (milkfish) culture is the dominant activity. In 2000, the bangus yield in the city was at 722 tons.

Culture
An annual fiesta is held each year on September 10 in honor of the city's patron saint San Nicolás de Tolentino, a celebration inherited from the Spanish era. On this occasion, most of the residents prepare food for anyone who visits - a tradition practiced not only in Bais but also in most towns and cities in the Philippines. Lately, the celebration has included mardigras and parades.

The government of Bais operates ecotourism activities in the city, highlighted by whale and dolphin watching and nature treks. Two annual Bais festivals have also become tourism events: the Hudyaka sa Bais Mardigras (which was changed to Sipong Festival and later on changed back to Hudyaka) and the Christmas Festival (which showcases the city's, perhaps the province's only, giant rotating Christmas tree and colorful decors) since 1950.

A concern of the city is its liquid and solid waste management. At present, liquid wastes are emptied directly without treatment into the Bais basin. The current dump site for solid waste is due for closure, and site development for a new 12.5-hectare sanitary landfill is being finalized.

Bais is reported to be the last stronghold of the Spanish language in the Philippines, since some of the Spaniards are in the first settlement area of Negros, (and southeast of Bais) Tanjay.

Education
The public schools in Bais are administered by the Schools Division of Bais City.

Elementary schools

 * Amalao Elementary School — Sitio Amalao, Tagpo
 * Bais City Pilot School — Quezon Street, Hangyad
 * Bais City South Central School — Nat'l Highway, Calasga-an
 * Bais City Special Science Elementary School — Quezon Street, Hangyad
 * Bais City West Elementary School — La Paz
 * Basak Elementary School — Basak
 * Biso Elementary School — Sitio Biso, Cambagahan
 * Cabanlutan Elementary School — Cabanlutan
 * Calasga-an Elementary School — Calasga-an
 * Cambagahan Elementary School — Sitio Lomboy, Cambagahan
 * Cambaguio Elementary School — Cambaguio
 * Cambanjao Elementary School — Cambanjao
 * Cambayungon Elementary School — Sitio Cambayungon, Tagpo
 * Cambuilao Elementary School — Cambuilao
 * Cansanag Elementary School — Sitio Cansanag, Panala-an
 * Cipriano Alcala Memorial Elementary School — Capiñahan
 * Dansulan Elementary School — Dansulan
 * Dawis Elementary School — Canlargo
 * Dr. Ernesto M. Yared Sr. Memorial Elementary School — Sitio Caluy-ahan, Cambagahan
 * Katacgahan Elementary School — Katacgahan
 * Lonoy Elementary School — Lonoy
 * Lo-oc Elementary School — Lo-oc
 * Lowason Elementary School — Sitio Lowason, Sab-ahan
 * Mansangaban Elementary School — Mansangaban
 * Okiot Elementary School — Okiot
 * Palangging Elementary School — Sitio Palangging, Sab-ahan
 * Panala-an Elementary School — Panala-an
 * Panam-angan Elementary School — Panam-angan
 * Praxevilla Elementary School — Tamisu
 * Sab-ahan Elementary School — Sab-ahan
 * San Vicente Elementary School — Sitio San Vicente, Cambagahan
 * Sto. Tomas Elementary School — Sitio Candigumon, Manlipac
 * Tabuac Elementary School — Sitio Tabuac, Sab-ahan
 * Tacalan Elementary School — Sitio Tacalan, Sab-ahan
 * Tagpo Elementary School — Tagpo
 * Talungon Elementary School — Talungon
 * Tangculogan Elementary School — Tangculogan

High schools

 * Bais City National High School — Tavera Street, Hangyad
 * Bais City National Science High School — Maria Longa Drive, Hangyad
 * Cabugan National High School — Sitio Cabugan, Sab-ahan
 * Cambagahan National High School — Sitio Lomboy, Cambagahan
 * Dodong Escaño Memorial High School — Sitio Cantugot, Sab-ahan
 * Governor Julian L. Teves Memorial High School — Calasga-an
 * Javier Laxina I Memorial High School — Cabanlutan
 * Josefina T. Valencia National High School (formerly Panala-an HS) — Panala-an
 * Lonoy National High School — Lonoy
 * Lucila C. Yared National High School — Sitio Caluy-ahan, Cambagahan
 * Mansangaban National High School — Mansangaban
 * Manuel L. Teves Memorial High School — Canlargo
 * Mayor Praxedes P. Villanueva II Memorial High School — Tamisu
 * Okiot National High School — Okiot
 * Sto. Tomas National High School — Sitio Candigumon, Manlipac
 * Tagpo National High School — Tagpo
 * Tangculogan High School — Tangculogan

Integrated schools:
 * Mabunao Integrated School (formerly Mabunao ES) — Mabunao
 * Mangganay Integrated School (formerly Mangganay ES) — Sitio Mangganay, Panala-an
 * Olympia Island Integrated School (formerly Olympia ES & Bais City Olympia NHS) — Olympia
 * Palaypay Integrated School (formerly Palaypay ES) — Sitio Palaypay, Lonoy

Private schools

 * ABC Kiddie Center Bais — Zamora Street, Barangay II
 * UCCP Bais Early Childhood Education School Inc. — Tavera Street, Barangay II

Colleges & universities

 * Negros Oriental State University Bais Campus 1 – Sitio San Jose, Barangay II
 * Negros Oriental State University Bais Campus 2 – Quezon Street, Barangay I
 * La Consolacion College Bais (formerly Sacred Heart Academy) – E.C. Villanueva St., Barangay II

Transportation
Accredited Transport Cooperative as of January 2021:

 * Bindoy Mabinay Bais Transport Cooperative

Notable personalities

 * Demetrio Larena Sr. – first Governor of Negros Oriental
 * Chanda Romero – Actress, TV Personality
 * Valeen Montenegro Vicente – Actress TV Personality
 * Eddie Romero – National Artist for Film and Broadcast Arts
 * Jose Mari Chan – Singer, Songwriter and Businessman in the sugar industry

title: Bais, Negros Oriental


text:
Chancellor of Poland

Chancellor of Poland (Kanclerz -, from cancellarius) was one of the highest officials in the historic Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. This office functioned from the early Polish kingdom of the 12th century until the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. A respective office also existed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 16th century. Today the office of the chancellor has been replaced by that of the Prime Minister.

The Chancellors' powers rose together with the increasing importance of written documents. In the 14th century the office of Chancellor of Kraków (Kanclerz krakowski) evolved into the Chancellor of the Crown (Kanclerz koronny) and from that period the chancellor powers were greatly increased, as they became responsible for the foreign policy of the entire Kingdom (later, the Commonwealth). The Chancellor was also supposed to ensure the legality of monarch's actions, especially whether or not they could be considered illegal in the context of pacta conventa (an early set of documents containing important laws, in some aspects resembling today's constitutions). Finally, the Chancellor was also responsible for his office, the chancellery (kancelaria). A 16th-century Polish lawyer, Jakub Przybylski, described the Chancellor as the king's hand, eye and ear, translator of his thoughts and will.

From 15th century onward there were two separate Chancellor offices, neither of them subordinate to the other: Grand Chancellor (Kanclerz wielki) and Vice-Chancellor (Podkanclerzy). In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, there were four Chancellors: Grand Chancellor of the Crown (Kanclerz wielki koronny), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania (Kanclerz wielki litewski), Vice-Chancellor of the Crown (Podkanclerzy koronny), and Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania (Podkanclerzy litewski).

History
During the times of fragmentation of Poland, each Polish prince had his own chancellor, but with the reunification of Poland, the office of Chancellor of Kraków (contemporary capital of the Kingdom of Poland) became dominant and other, local chancellors disappeared by the early 15th century. Also in the 15th century, the Chancellor's office was split into that of the Grand Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor. The Vice-Chancellor was, however, not a subordinate of the Chancellor and his independence was specifically confirmed by the laws passed during the reign of king Alexander Jagiellon. The Sejm of 1504 confirmed the Chancellor's office as well as its powers and responsibilities for the first time, specifically stating that one person cannot hold both Chancellors' offices, and established the Grand Lithuanian Chancellor's office. The Lithuanian Vice-Chancellor was created later, in the mid-16th century

After the Union of Lublin in 1569 there were four Chancellors (one Grand Chancellor and one Vice-Chancellor for Crown, and another pair for Lithuania).

At first, the Chancellor's office was always given to an ecclesiastic person. From 1507, Sigismund I the Old decided that the title of Grand Chancellor of the Crown would be rotated between secular and ecclesiastic nobles, and at least one Chancellor (both in the Grand and Deputy pair and in the Crown and Lithuanian one after the Union of Lublin) was required to be a secular person.

Power and responsibilities
Chancellors, as most of the other offices in Poland and later, the Commonwealth, were nominated to the office for life by the King during the Sejm (Parliament) session. From the 15th and 16th centuries, after the reforms of Alexander, Sigismund I and the Union of Lublin, the power and importance of the Chancellor's office was stabilised, as a senatorial office lesser than that of the hetmans (military commanders who had, however, no right to vote in the Senat) and the Grand Marshals, but more important than that of the Grand Treasurers, Court Marshal and others.

By custom, the Grand Chancellor of the Crown directed the Commonwealth foreign policies towards the west – Western Europe and south – Ottoman Empire, while the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania the policies towards the east – Muscovy (later, the Russian Empire).

The Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor were responsible for the work of their chancelleries, Grand and Deputy respectively. They were supposed to be in constant contact and develop common policies, since their powers were equal. They were specifically forbidden from issuing illegal and contradictory documents, and could judge any documents contrary to the existing law 'irrelevant and without power'. In theory, the power of the Chancellors were equal. In practice, much depended on their personalities and political influence. Conflicts between Chancellors, while rare, when it occurred, could paralyse the entire country. This was the case during the conflict between Krzesław z Kurozwęk and Maciej Drzewicki between 1501 and 1503.

Among their other responsibilities were the matters of foreign policy (correspondence with other countries) and to a smaller extent, internal affairs, as they had also judiciary powers, presiding over the 'assessors' courts' (Polish: Asesoria), that were the highest appeal courts for people subjected to crown laws (i.e. not subjected to ecclesiastic or magnates courts, but when a chancellor was an ecclesiastic person, he could judge the priests of the king's court). They could judge in various cases, with the exception of when the sides had already reached a compromise or in cases of territorial disputes.

The Chancellors' offices were the chancelleries (Crown and Lithuanian respectively). Chancelleries were staffed with officials known as the chancellists (Polish: kancelista): the regent (regent kancelarii), secretaries (sekretarz in Crown)1, writers (pisarz in Lithuania, equivalent to the secretary in Crown), archivists (Polish: archiwista), metricants (Polish: metrykant) and other clerks. The Regent divided the work between the clerks. 2 secretaries (one responsible for private correspondence, the second for official) presented prepared letters to the king for his signature. Writers designed the letters; clerks readied the final drafts. No copies were made, but were instead entered in the archives – books called Metrics (Polish: Metryki), who were taken care of by the two metricans (2 in Poland and 2 in Lithuania respectively). The Metrican of the Grand Chancellor was called the Grand Metrican, one serving the Vice-Chancellor was a Minor Metrican. The Chancellery staff had no wages, just like the Chancellors, but in the middle of each reception room was the box into which all clients were supposed to deposit a varying amount of money, and nobody who planned on coming back could afford to be mean. Of much smaller importance were the local, provincial chancelleries, which mostly served as archives for copies of various documents.

Besides their official functions, the royal chancelleries functioned as a kind of semi-official, very prestigious schools. The officials of the chancelleries, who often started their work after their studies, after several years of work, often went forward in the administrative hierarchy, often reaching important posts of bishops or other ecclesiastic or secular offices. Many enlightened chancellors did not restrict the positions in their staff to nobility (szlachta), and often sponsored intelligent applicants from other social classes, not only by hiring them to the chancellery but by paying for their studies at universities in Poland and abroad. Among the most esteemed 'graduates' of chancelleries were Jan Długosz, Martin Kromer and Jan Zamoyski.

The Chancellor often gave speeches representing the royal will. The symbol of their office was the seal, which was used to seal all documents passing through his office. He also sealed documents signed by the monarch and could refuse to seal a document he considered illegal or damaging to the country (such documents had no power without his seal). When the king died, the seal was destroyed during the funeral and a new one given to him by the succeeding king. The seal's importance gave a rise to another name for the Chancellor – the sealer (Polish pieczętarz). Due to their important power the Chancellors were considered the guardians of the king and country, making sure a king's folly would not endanger the country by forcing it into an unnecessary war (among the wars prevented by the chancellors was a great crusade against the Ottoman Empire planned by King Władysław IV in the 1630s).

The chancellor's powers combined with the fact that wars required funds which were given by the Senat. The nobles (the szlachta) who controlled the Senate were usually unwilling to increase taxes and levied upon them, which meant that Poland very rarely declared wars on its own. Usually it was attacked by its neighbors, and while it repelled all attacks till the end of the 18th century, it almost never utilized any of its victories. The army was undermanned and under equipped (since usually any suggestion of bigger military budget when enemy was not on the doorstep was labeled as warmongering) and lands of Rzeczpospolita were constantly ravaged by new invasions, crippling its economy.

Other chancellors
There were many less important chancellors in the country. There was the Chancellor of the Queen. He had much less power than other (King's) Chancellors, he guarded the queen's seal and was the second most important official of her court, after her Court Marshall. He had no right to a seat in the Senate. Even less important were the chancellors of crown princes and princesses, first introduced around the reign of Sigismund I. Then there was the chancellor of the most important of bishops, Primate of Poland, Archbishop of Gniezno. Finally some proud magnates had officials who titled themselves chancellors.

Official distinctions

 * Kanclerz – Chancellor – various local chancellors, until late 14th to early 15th century
 * Kanclerz krakowski – Chancellor of Kraków – until the 14th century, when he superseded all other Polish local chancellors and transformed into
 * Kanclerz koronny – Chancellor of the Crown – from the 14th century until 1569. Sometimes also called Kanclerz Królestwa Polskiego – Chancellor of the Polish Kingdom
 * Kanclerz wielki koronny – Great Chancellor of the Crown – from 1569 until 1795 (end of the Commonwealth)
 * Kanclerz wielki litewski – Great Chancellor of Lithuania – as above
 * Podkanclerzy koronny – Vice-Chancellor of the Crown – as above
 * Podkanclerzy litewski – Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania – as above

title: Chancellor of Poland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Page (2)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:18, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

New Page (2)
This page looks to be an attempt at creating a page about the television show 24 which already exists: 24 (television). Note: I moved this from New Page since "New Page" a previous different article by the same name already has an old vfd page. Paul August ☎ 18:47, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete --InShaneee 18:50, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, duplicate/redundant page. Megan1967 02:04, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Canlaon

Canlaon, officially the City of Canlaon (Dakbayan sa Canlaon; Dakbanwa sang Canlaon; Lungsod ng Canlaon), is a 4th class component city in the province of Negros Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 58,822 people.

Etymology
The city is named after the nearby Kanlaon Volcano. The name "Kanlaon" means "[place] of Laon", a pre-colonial Visayan goddess of creation, agriculture, and justice. The name Laon itself means "the ancient one", from Visayan laon meaning "ancient" or "old."

History
Canlaon was formerly a part of Vallehermoso as Sitio Mabigo of Barrio Panubigan. In 1941, Isidoro Bautista Sr., a geodetic engineer, along with its residents petitioned the Philippine government to convert Mabigo into a separate municipality.

World War II
During the Second World War, the Japanese Imperial Army captured Canlaon on April 10, 1942, right after the Battle of Bataan. The occupation ended in early 1945 when soldiers from the Eighth United States Army under Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger including the 40th Infantry Division (United States) and the 23rd Infantry Division (United States), landed in Negros Island to drive out the Japanese. On liberating the island, they were assisted by newly formed Philippine Commonwealth Military Forces and Negrense guerillas who helped in clearing out Japanese pockets of resistance throughout the island. In fact, the honor of liberating Canlaon from the Japanese went to Commonwealth soldiers belonging to the 7th, 71st, 73rd and 75th Infantry Regiments of the Philippine Army, the 7th Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary and the guerillas.

Creation as a municipality
On October 11, 1946, President Manuel Roxas signed Executive Order no. 19, creating the municipality of Canlaon out of two barrios (Mabigo and Panubigan) and nine sitios. It was inaugurated on January 1, 1947. Isidoro Bautista Sr. became its first municipal mayor.

Cityhood
Lorenzo Teves, then congressman of the first district of Negros Oriental, filed House Bill 4346 to convert Canlaon into a city. The bill was approved and became Republic Act 3445. However, then President Carlos P. Garcia did not sign the bill. It was only on April 20, 1967, when president Ferdinand Marcos signed Proclamation no. 193, formally converting the municipality to a city. It took effect on July 2, 1967, making Canlaon the second city in the province after Dumaguete.

Geography

Canlaon is 166 km from the provincial capital Dumaguete and 94 km from Bacolod, the capital of Negros Occidental. Canlaon is home to the highest peak in its own province, its corresponding island, and the entire Visayas, Mount Kanlaon, which is 2465 m above sea level at its highest point.

Flora
The Banyan Tree (also known as the Century Tree; Balete Tree; Millennium Tree) inside the OISCA Farm is estimated by botanists from Silliman University to be around 1,300 years old. It is home to lizards, bats, and a variety of insects.

Barangays
Canlaon is politically subdivided into 12 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Language
Cebuano is primarily spoken in Canlaon but Hiligaynon is also used as the city borders Negros Occidental. Tagalog and English are used as second languages.

Education
The public schools in Canlaon are administered by the newly formed Schools Division of Canlaon City.

Elementary schools:

 * Angas 1 Elementary School — Sitio Angas 1, Mabigo
 * Aquino Elementary School — Ninoy Aquino
 * Bayog Elementary School — Bayog
 * Binalbagan Elementary School — Binalbagan
 * Bucalan Elementary School — Bucalan
 * Budlasan Elementary School — Budlasan
 * Concepcion Palmares-Montealegre Elementary School (formerly Mananawin ES) — Sitio Mananawin, Masulog
 * Gaboc Elementary School — Sitio Gaboc, Malaiba
 * Guibawan Elementary School — Sitio Guibawan, Bucalan
 * Kalubihan Elementary School — Sitio Kalubihan, Linothangan
 * Linothangan Elementary School — Linothangan
 * Lower Lumapao Elementary School — Lumapao
 * Macario Española Memorial School — Lopez Jaena Street, Mabigo
 * Malaiba Elementary School — Malaiba
 * Malaiba ES - Everlasting Extension — Purok Everlasting, Malaiba
 * Manggapa Elementary School — Sitio Manggapa, Masulog
 * Masulog Elementary School — Masulog
 * Matagbak Elementary School — Sitio Matagbak, Masulog
 * Minabuntod Elementary School — Sitio Minabuntod, Pula
 * Panubigan Central Elementary School — Panubigan
 * Panubigan CES - Carmen Extension — Sitio Carmen, Panubigan
 * Panubigan CES - Pasto Extension — Sitio Pasto, Panubigan
 * Pinamentigan Elementary School — Sitio Pinamentigan, Budlasan
 * Pula Elementary School — Pula
 * Tabalogo Elementary School — Sitio Tabalogo, Budlasan
 * Tigbahi Elementary School — Sitio Tigbahi, Bayog
 * Upper Lumapao Elementary School — Lumapao
 * Villa Iowa Elementary School — Sitio Villa Iowa, Pula
 * Villa Iowa ES - Humayan Extension — Sitio Humayan, Pula

High schools:
 * Aquino High School (formerly Jose B. Cardenas MHS - Aquino Extension) — Ninoy Aquino
 * Bayog High School (formerly Jose B. Cardenas MHS - Bayog Extension) — Bayog
 * Bucalan High School — Bucalan
 * Budlasan National High School — Sitio Pinamentigan, Budlasan
 * Jose B. Cardenas Memorial High School — Exodus Avenue, Panubigan
 * Jose B. Cardenas MHS - Tabalogo Extension — Sitio Tabalogo, Budlasan
 * Jose B. Cardenas MHS - Uptown Annex — Uptown, Mabigo
 * Malaiba High School — Malaiba
 * Masulog High School — Masulog
 * Pula High School (formerly Jose B. Cardenas MHS - Pula Extension) — Pula

title: Canlaon


text: User talk:66.72.214.243

title: User talk:66.72.214.243


text:
Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)

The First Siege of Boulogne took place from 19 July to 14 September 1544 and the Second Siege of Boulogne took place in October 1544.

An earlier Siege of Boulogne had taken place in 1492 when the English Tudor King Henry VII laid siege to the lightly defended lower town of Boulogne in the Pas-de-Calais, France. Fifty years later as allies of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, during the war against the French, the English returned led by Henry VII's son and heir, Henry VIII. Boulogne was fortified and defended as an English possession on the French mainland between 14 September 1544 and March 1550.

First siege
The siege of Boulogne took place between 19 July and 14 September 1544, during the third invasion of France by King Henry VIII of England. Henry was motivated to take Boulogne by the French giving aid to England's enemies in Scotland. In 1543 he made a new alliance with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, whose Roman Catholic allegiances were, for a time, overruled by the political advantages of an alliance with England against France.

In early 1544, a large English force departed from the Pale of Calais. Later, this split into two parts, and one of them, under the Duke of Suffolk, marched to the coastal town of Boulogne and laid siege to it on 19 July. A few weeks later, Henry arrived to take command of the siege himself. The lower section of the town, fortified lightly, fell quickly to heavy bombardment, which continued through August. By September, the upper town was breached and taken, but the central castle still held out. The French garrison's firepower prevented any approach on foot, so the English dug tunnels under the castle, and the French surrendered on 13 September.

However, the Emperor Charles V then made a separate peace with France, and the French attacked Boulogne in the Second Siege of Boulogne.

Over the following years, neither England nor France found the strength to engage in all-out war with one another. French attempts to retake Boulogne failed, while English attempts to gain more territory around Calais and Boulogne also failed. Henry awaited a large French invasion fleet which never came, and subsequently much of England's military resources during his and his son's reigns were diverted to the war in Scotland.

Second siege
The Second Siege of Boulogne was an engagement late in the Italian War of 1542–1546. The Dauphin's army descended on Montreuil, forcing the Duke of Norfolk to raise the siege; Henry VIII himself left for England at the end of September 1544, ordering the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk to defend Boulogne. The two Dukes quickly proceeded to disobey this order: leaving some 4,000 men to defend the captured city, they withdrew the rest of the English army to Calais. The English army, outnumbered, was now trapped in Calais; the Dauphin, left unopposed, concentrated his efforts on investing Boulogne. On 9 October, a French assault nearly captured the city, but was beaten back when the troops prematurely turned to looting.

Fortifications
After Henry VIII's personal visit to Boulogne on 18 September the English began fortifying their position. Boulogne had a high and low town, and the citadel of Boulogne was in the low town adjacent to the harbour near the mouth of the river Liane. To the north a Roman lighthouse known as the Tour d'Ordre was fortified and called the 'Old Man', and a new fort built between the Old Man and Boulogne in 1545 was called the 'Young Man.' The surveyor of these works was John Rogers who had been a master mason. The military engineer Richard Lee and Thomas Palmer, treasurer of Guînes, brought additional instructions directly from Henry VIII. Another outlying fort was built on a hill to east from May 1546. Now called Mont Lambert, it was then called Boulemberg. However, Nicolas Arnold, the captain of Boulogne complained of its shortcomings; it held no well, or room for storage. It was abandoned in 1549 on the approach of a French army. The French fortified south of the Liane, building the Fort de Châtillon and Fort d'Outreau. The building of any new fortifications was supposed to have ceased under the Treaty of Camp (or Treaty of Ardres) made in June 1546. The treaty provided that the English would evacuate Boulogne in 1554 in return for 2,000,000 crowns. The English possession of Boulogne was eventually compromised by the French construction of a fort at Marquise, north of the town, which could blockade supplies. Although records are incomplete, it is clear that large numbers of English labourers died or became sick during the works. Of 1,200 men sent in January 1545, only 300 were still working in June.

Armoury
The guns of Boulogne were listed in the inventory of English crown possessions taken after Henry VIII's death on 28 January 1547. Most of their wheels and stocks were said to be rotten and decayed. The totals were; 4 cannons; 5 demi-cannons; 10 culverins; 14 demi-culverins; 18 sakers; 21 falcons, falconets, and chamber falcons; 25 great brass mortars; 19 small brass mortars; 9 iron mortars; 3 iron bombards; 3 iron cannon-perrier; 16 port-pieces; 24 fowlers; 7 slings; 12 double bases; 54 shrimp bases; 114 privy bases; 2 robinets; and 73 brass hagbuts. The guns were in four positions; the Old Man; High Boulogne; Base Boulogne; and the Boulemberg (Mont Lambert). When Boulogne was returned to France in March 1550, Edward VI noted that the guns too would be handed over. These included recently captured pieces and; 2 basilisks; 2 demi-cannon; 3 culverins; 2 demi-culverins; 3 sakers; 16 falcons; 94 arquebus a croc with wooden tails (muskets for fixed positions); and 21 iron guns.

Continuing conflict
There was a truce between the French and English at Boulogne according to a treaty made between Edward VI of England and Francis I of France in March 1547. In June 1547, an international dispute arose over a wall the English were building at the harbour. The French claimed it was a new fortification in breach of truce under the Treaty of Camp, while the English maintained that it was merely a sea wall to protect the haven. In the diplomacy, this dispute was connected with arguments over English and French intentions and intervention at St Andrews Castle in Scotland. In the summer of 1548, the French observed the mole was provided with a flanker and cannon; the English insisted it was merely to protect the workmen. French ships fired at it and the English returned fire. Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset told François van der Delft that the French were constructing forts at Boulogne in contravention of treaty in September 1548; in December the French managed to destroy two new outposts the English were building, and another fort nearer to Guînes and Calais called Fort Fiennes.

A major attempt on Boulogne by the French was repulsed in May 1549. The Imperial ambassador, Simon Renard, reported a failed assault on the fort at Boulemberg, or Mount Lambert. The French leader, Gaspard II de Coligny, sieur de Châtillon, a nephew of the Constable of France, set ladders against the fort at 2:00am but the alarm was sounded by members of the garrison who he believed he had successfully bribed. 200 French were killed. The English suspected treachery as four guns blew up on their first firing and around seventy men were absent without leave. The womenfolk in the fort were said to have saved the day. Some laughed at Châtillon, saying he had made his scaling ladders too short, although the action was well-conceived as the fort was crucial to the defence of the town. Moreover, the action was said to be in breach of treaty.

Edward VI recorded this night assault in his chronicle, with a failed attempt to burn the ships in the harbour. In the summer, Coligny bombarded the pier with a battery of 20,000 shot, and blockaded the mouth of the haven with artillery. The English overran this artillery position and the French set up another which was less commanding. An attempt to foul the harbour with a hulk laden with stones also failed to inconvenience the English garrison.

English withdrawal
Although by the Treaty of Camp, the English had agreed to evacuate Boulogne in 1554, the town was returned to France in 1550 under the Treaty of Boulogne which also concluded the war of Rough Wooing in Scotland. Simon Renard reported that the English captain accepted his order to surrender from the Privy Council with a sigh. Henry II of France formally entered the town on 16 May 1550. He stayed three days and visited the forts of the Boulemberg, Ambleteuse, the Tower of Ardres, the Great Fort and Fort Châtillon (also called Châtillon's garden). He was impressed with some of these recent fortification works and also with the English scheme for bringing freshwater to the town. Henry II determined to continue building the English star fort at Ambleteuse and the neighbouring work at Blackness. The French also admired the mole, which they called 'la Dunette,' and when completed Henry II compared it to a Roman work. The Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne, destroyed or badly damaged by the English, was to be rebuilt, Henry II gave the church a silver statue of Our Lady, and other nobles subscribed money.

In popular culture
The 1544 Siege of Boulogne by Henry VIII was depicted in the 4th season of the television series The Tudors.

title: Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)


text:
Val Verde

Val Verde may refer to:

 * Val Verde, California, a community in Los Angeles County
 * Val Verde (Montecito, California), estate in Santa Barbara County, listed on National Register of Historic Places
 * Val Verde, Texas
 * Val Verde Park, Texas
 * Val Verde County, Texas
 * Val Verde, New Mexico
 * Battle of Valverde or Val Verde, an American Civil War battle in New Mexico Territory
 * Val Verde (fictional country), Spanish-speaking country resembling Panama that appeared in a number of films and television programs
 * Val Verde Unified School District in Moreno Valley, California and Perris, California
 * Val Verde High School in Perris, California, USA

title: Val Verde


text:
Chogyal

The Chogyal ("Dharma Kings", ) were the monarchs of the former Kingdom of Sikkim, which belonged to the Namgyal dynasty. The Chogyal was the absolute monarch of Sikkim from 1642 to 1973, and the constitutional monarch from 1973 to 1975, when the monarchy was abolished and the Sikkimese people voted in a referendum to make Sikkim the 22nd state of India.

History

From 1642 to 1975, Sikkim was ruled by the Namgyal Monarchy (also called the Chogyal Monarchy), founded by Phuntsog Namgyal, the fifth-generation descendant of Guru Tashi, a prince of the Minyak House who came to Sikkim from the Kham province of Tibet. Chogyal means 'righteous ruler', and was the title conferred upon Sikkim's Buddhist kings during the reign of the Namgyal Monarchy.

The reign of the Chogyal was foretold by the patron saint of Sikkim, Guru Rinpoche. The 8th-century saint had predicted the rule of the kings when he arrived in the state. In 1642, Phuntsog Namgyal was crowned as Sikkim's first Chogyal in Yuksom. The crowning of the king was a great event and he was crowned by three revered lamas who arrived there from three different directions, namely the north, west, and south.

Titular chogyals
The son from the first marriage of Palden Thondup Namgyal, Wangchuk Namgyal (དབང་ཕྱུག་བསྟན་འཛིན་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་; born 1 April 1953), was named the 13th Chogyal after his father's death on 29 January 1982, but the position no longer confers any official authority.

Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan

In Bhutan, "dharmaraja" or "Righteous King" is a title which was also conferred upon a special class of temporal and spiritual rulers. In Bhutan, the Chogyal were given the respectful title Zhabdrung. In this context, the Chogyal was a recognised reincarnation (or succession of reincarnations) of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the 17th century Tibetan-born founder of Bhutan. A position of supreme importance, the Bhutanese Chogyal was above both the highest monastic authority, the Je Khenpo, and the highest temporal ruler, the Deb Raja or Druk Desi. There were two main lines of Zhabdrung incarnations in Bhutan.

Gyalpo of Ladakh
The region of Ladakh was ruled by a separate line of the Namgyal dynasty that lasted from 1460 to 1842 and were titled the Gyalpo of Ladakh.

title: Chogyal


text:
Tanjay

Tanjay, officially the City of Tanjay (Dakbayan sa Tanjay; Lungsod ng Tanjay), is a 4th class component city in the province of Negros Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 82,642 people.

It became a city by virtue of Republic Act 9026 otherwise known as "An act converting the Municipality of Tanjay, province of Negros Oriental into a component city to be known as the City of Tanjay". The Act was approved and signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on March 5, 2001. This act, which is a consolidation of House Bill No. 8880 and Senate Bill No. 2256, was finally passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on February 8, 2001. Tanjay was finally proclaimed a component city on April 1, 2001, after a plebiscite was conducted for the purpose.

The city is part of the 2nd Congressional District of the Negros Oriental and is located 31 km north of Dumaguete. It is bounded on the north by Bais, on the south by the Municipality of Amlan, on the east by the Tañon Strait and west by the Municipality of Pamplona. The municipality is home to two indigenous languages, Minagahat and the Cebuano as listed by the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino. The city is known as the City of Professionals.

History
Here, in much earlier times, lived men whose relics and artefacts, dating back to 200–500 AD and the 12th century Song dynasty have turned up in recent excavations were said to have ventured perhaps in the area we now know as Támpi in Amlan.

Bol-anon emigration
In 1563, a surprise raid by undercover Ternatean forces aided by Portuguese upon the Dauis-Mansasa lungsod in southwest Bohol resulted in destruction of much of the settlement, from mass looting to enslavement. Consequently, a majority of the local Bol-anon survivors dispersed in an exodus to nearby islands, notably eastern Negros, Siquijor, and the northern coast of the Zamboanga peninsula where they founded Dapitan. The majority, however, settled in the lowlands of southeastern Negros and founded Tanay, the old pronunciation of present-day Tanjay.

Explorations
Two years later in 1565, Esteban Rodríguez of the Legazpi expedition, caught by storm on his way back to Cebu from Bohol, sought refuge in the eastern shore of the island and met local Negritos called ata, agta, or ati.

The first map of the Negros Island, dated 1572 and charted by Diego López de Povedano identified it as Buglas, the native reference derived from the tall cane-like grass which ranged thick and persistent over the island (now known as cógon).

His report upon returning to Cebu prompted Fray Andrés de Urdaneta to visit the island, landing in what is now Escalante in Negros Occidental. In the same year, Capitán Mateo de Cádiz led a small expedition which reached an area near present-day Tanjay. Capitán Miguel de Loarca followed with a larger expedition and force and proceeded to lay claim to what the Spaniards called the Island of Negros. Both Povedano and Loarca pointed to the Tanay-Dumaguete area as the most densely populated in the eastern half of the island. Tanay, considered the more important settlement, was made the administrative capital of Negros Island. It however, remained under the jurisdiction of the province of Cebu. It was the first archdeacon of Cebu, Fray Diego Ferreira, who sent Fray Gabriel Sánchez and other Augustinian priests to the new territory. Thus, on June 11, 1580, Tanjay was founded as the Missión de Santiago de los Ríos de Tanay, the center of religious supervision for Dumaguete, Marabago, Siaton and Manalongon.

When it officially shifted from Tanay to Tanjay is not exactly known, but may have started as a typographical error on an official document sometime in the 18th century.

From these few parishes along the coast, the priests administered the sacraments to the people in the hinterlands and served as mission to the wandering locals, converting them to Christianity. Evangelization began very slowly because of the great distance over hills from one hut to another.

By 1587, the Augustinians had almost abandoned all missions in Negros due to lack of manpower. Evidence, however, points to a secular priest in charge of the Parish of Tanjay before 1602. It was in 1600 that these missions regained pastoral attention when the Jesuits were assigned in Negros. The first priest of Tanjay, Fray Diego Ferreira, was appointed in 1589. Tanjay parish, under the patronage of St. James the greater is the oldest in the Orient.

Parish of Tanjay
Catholicism was brought to this part of Oriental Negros by the Augustinians. The Definitorium dated June 11, 1580 mentions of the foundation of the Parish of Tanjay, with the communities of Dumaguete, Siaton, Marabago and Manalongon. Due to the lack of personnel on the part of the Augustinian Fathers, the spiritual care of this new foundation was entrusted to the care of the Diocesan Clergy of Cebu. This is why the reason Tanjay Parish became part of the Diocese of Cebu.

Later in 1851, at the request of the Bishop of Cebu, the Augustinian Recollect Fathers took over the spiritual care of the Parish and up to the time the diocesan clergy again took over. Then when the Diocese of Jaro was erected in 1865, Tanjay as part of Negros became part of the Diocese (since the whole island was made part of the new Diocese). And then, when the Diocese of Bacolod was erected in 1933, again, Tanjay became part of this new Diocese (since Oriental Negros and Siquijor were made part of the new Diocese). And in 1955, Tanjay became part of the Diocese of Dumaguete. Up to the present, it is still part of the Diocese of Dumaguete.

From the Parish of Tanjay, came later the following parishes: Dumaguete was separated in 1620; Amlan in 1848; Siaton in 1848; Bacong (Marabago) in 1849; San Jose (Ayuquitan) in 1895. And when Dumaguete became a Diocese, again two more parishes were taken from Tanjay: Pamplona in 1960, and Santa Cruz in 1969.

Sinulog de Tanjay
The Sinulog is purely Tanjay tradition. It is a religious devotional festive dance with a mock battle depicting the war between the Moros and the Christians in Granada, Spain in centuries past. It is based on the legend that St. James miraculously aided the Christians by riding on white horse from the heavens and slew hundreds of Moors.

Thus, the Sinulog is a religious exercise glorifying the Christians and honoring the feast day of Señor Santiago who is the patron saint of Tanjay and also of Spain.

The Sinulog was first performed in this town in 1814, under the auspices of the Catholic Church with Fray Fernando Félix de Zúñiga (1814–1816) as Parish Priest. It then became the highlight of every fiesta celebration during the incumbencies of succeeding parish priests from the brothers Fray Pedro Bracamonte (1816–1839; 1843–1847) and Fray Luciano Bracamonte (1839–1842) to Fr. Jorge Gargacilla (1885–1889). Fray Jorge Adán (1889–1898) dispensed with the Sinulog in 1897 for reasons known only to him, but then his successor Fray Baldomero Villarreal (1898–1929) revived it in 1904 until the end of his term in 1929. There was Sinulog performance for two fiestas during the term of Fray Gregorio Santiagudo as Parish Priest in 1930–1931.

In 1932, through the initiative of group of laymen from Tabúc (now Barrio de San Isidro) and Iláud, the Sinulog was again a part of the Tanjay fiesta celebration through the years until the outbreak of the Second World War in the Pacific in 1941. The war ended in 1945 but the Sinulog came to be resumed only in 1947 and continued to be an annual fiesta spectacle until 1970 when most of the long-time devotee participants were already too old to perform, or had already died.

In the early 1970s, the Sinulog devotion was taken over by a group of elementary school children from Ilaud under Alfred Garcia, a schoolteacher and lone survivor of the old-time Sinulog team. Until the 1987 fiesta, the Sinulog had been a children's affair. Although the children's Sinulog bore the spirit of the Tanjay fiesta celebration, it was evident that they lacked the right expressive moments and authenticity of the former groups which were composed by matured men.

Because of its high historical and cultural value, the Sinulog de Tanjay was featured at the Folk Arts Theater in 1981. Later, in the year 1988, a significant milestone in Tanjay's Sinulog history was attained. In the spirit of love and concern – of cherishing what is really ours, and of keeping and preserving a beautiful Tanjay tradition – then Tanjay mayor Arturo S. Regalado introduced a Sinulog contest as the highlight of that year's fiesta celebration. His purpose was to revive the real Sinulog de Tanjay, and for the different participating groups to recapture the art and skill as well as the logical movements and sequence of the Sinulog in the past. It was the then mayor's aim to let the contesting groups portray the Sinulog dance and mock battle with the right grace and ability, the right logical sequence of movements, and the ability to elicit the air and spirit of festivity. Above all, he also wanted the contestants to re-live the authenticity of the Sinulog that Tanjay used to witness in the past which our forefathers proudly termed as the "Sinulog de Tanjay", the original Sinulog.

There was a short period during the tenure of the then mayor Baltazar T. Salma that the name Sinulog de Tanjay was changed to Saulog de Tanjay for reasons that they say it connoted the Sinulog de Cebu and thus had it changed to Saulog de Tanjay. After some time, the original name was preserved to reinstate the original Sinulog de Tanjay.

Choreographed street dancing with a finale is incorporated with the mock battle to make for a more artistic and colorful Sinulog. Also present is a Sinulog Merry-Making Contest in the evening of July 23. The Sinulog de Tanjay finale on July 24 is immediately followed by an endurance contest.

World War II
In 1942, Imperial Japanese Army arrived in Tanjay. During the Japanese occupation of Tanjay, and at the height of enforced collaboration to the community by the Japanese imperial forces under the threat of summary execution, the following were appointed mayors for brief intervals: Concejo Calumpang de Martinez, Perfecto Calumpang and José E. Romero who at the time had just returned from Manila while the Commonwealth government was in exile and after having just survived the sinking of SS Corregidor, which resulted in the death of former senator Hermenegildo Villanueva, his son Jesus Pablo Villanueva, the academic supervisor of Negros Oriental Juanito Calumpang and his daughter Carolina Calumpang, among many other Visayans.

In 1945, Filipino soldiers of the 6th, 7th, 73rd and 75th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the 6th and 7th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary were helped by the recognized guerrillas to fight the Japanese imperial forces to liberate Tanjay.

Post-World War II
In 1950, the barrio of Pamplona was made into a separate municipality.

Geography
Tanjay's land area is 27605 ha and is utilized for agricultural, residential, commercial, industrial, educational, forestral and other purposes. It is the only city in Negros Oriental with a very wide flat lowland, although mountainous and rolling hills are found in the hinterland barangays of Santo Niño and Pal-ew. Rugged areas can also be found in barangays Bahi-an and Santa Cruz Nuevo.

Barangays
Tanjay is politically subdivided into 24 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Climate
Tanjay has a moderate and pleasant climate. It is characterized by a relatively wet season from May to February and dry season from March to April. Rainfall occurs throughout the year with the heaviest volume during the months of July and August. The months of March and April are the hottest months and the coldest is December. January is the humid month while April is the least humid period. The months of November and December have the strongest wind velocities throughout the year.

Government
The last capitán municipal of Tanjay at the end of the Spanish regime was Don José Muñoz. Prior to this, he was gobernadorcillo. Don Agapito Calumpang, who was a cabeza de barangay, was also a former gobernadorcillo of Tanjay.

Upon the arrival of the Americans and the reorganization of local political structures, Don José Muñoz was appointed as presidente municipal while Don Agapito Calumpang was appointed as vice presidente municipal. Andrés Molas was appointed as town secretary, Don Lucas Rodríguez as town treasurer, Don Pelagio López as municipal chief constable, and Felix Calumpang Barot as justice of the peace.

The following is a list of mayors and vice mayors of Tanjay from 1901 to the present.

Education
The public schools in Tanjay are administered by the Schools Division of Tanjay City.

Elementary schools

 * Azagra Elementary School — Azagra
 * Alangilan Primary School — Sitio Alangilan, Sto. Niño
 * Ballacag Elementary School — Sitio Ballacag, Sto. Niño
 * Bulo Elementary School — Sitio Bulo, Pal-ew
 * Bulon Elementary School — Sitio Bulon, Sta. Cruz Nuevo
 * Camuyogan Elementary School — Sitio Camuyogan, Sto. Niño
 * Candanqui Elementary School — Sitio Candanqui, Azagra
 * Canggabi Elementary School — Sitio Canggabi, Sto. Niño
 * Canghatap Elementary School — Sitio Canghatap, Pal-ew
 * Cangkue Elementary School — Sitio Cangkue, Sto. Niño
 * Dionisio L. Mapa Memorial Elementary School — Sitio Calam-isan, Sta. Cruz Nuevo
 * Don Placido Mapa Memorial School — Sta. Cruz Viejo
 * Doña Loreto Ledesma Mapa Elementary School — Sitio Nagsala, Sta. Cruz Nuevo
 * Doña Salome L. Villegas Memorial School — Sitio Matangad, San Jose
 * Egmedio V. Manso Elementary School — Sitio Odiongan, San Jose
 * Fabiana G. Banogon Memorial Elementary School — Sitio Camansi, Novallas
 * George Pilas Memorial School — Sitio Aseotes, Polo
 * Hinagba-an Elementary School — Sitio Hinagba-an, Pal-ew
 * Ilaud Elementary School — Arsenal Street, Poblacion VI (Ilaud)
 * Jacinto Aguilar Elementary School — Tugas
 * Jesus B. Pilas Memorial School — Sitio Pandaitan, Sta. Cruz Nuevo
 * Jose Rotea Memorial Elementary School — San Isidro
 * Julian Calibo Memorial School — Sitio Matunoy, Sto. Niño
 * Lamwas Elementary School — Sitio Lamwas, Sto. Niño
 * Luca Elementary School — Luca
 * Lugta Elementary School — Sitio Lugta, Pal-ew
 * Mandalamon Elementary School — Sitio Mandalamon, Sto. Niño
 * Maralag Elementary School — Manipis
 * Mato-Bato Elementary School — Sitio Mato-bato, Bahi-an
 * Novallas Elementary School — Novallas
 * Obogon Elementary School — Obogon
 * Pal-ew Elementary School — Pal-ew
 * Pelagio Jabel Memorial School — Bahi-an
 * Plaza Central School — Rizal Street, Poblacion II
 * Polo Elementary School — Polo
 * Ponglo Elementary School — Sitio Ponglo, Sto. Niño
 * Rosario V. Moras Memorial School — Sitio Arapiles, Novallas
 * San Jose Elementary School — San Jose
 * San Miguel Elementary School — San Miguel
 * Sta. Cruz Central Elementary School — Sta. Cruz Viejo
 * Sto. Niño Elementary School — Sto. Niño
 * Tambacan Elementary School — Tambacan, Poblacion IV
 * Tanjay City South Central School — Magallanes Street, Poblacion IX (Opao)
 * Toyupan Elementary School — Sitio Toyupan, Pal-ew

High schools

 * Azagra High School — Azagra
 * Bahi-an High School — Bahi-an
 * Domingo Ledesma Mapa High School (formerly Nagsala HS) — Sitio Nagsala, Sta. Cruz Viejo
 * Lourdes L. del Prado Memorial National High School — Sta. Cruz Viejo
 * Graciano Banogon High School — Sitio Camansi, Novallas
 * Patricio Palomar Memorial High School — Sitio Ponglo, Sto. Niño
 * Luca High School — Luca
 * Namonbon High School — Sitio Namonbon, Pal-ew
 * Pal-ew High School (formerly Lourdes L. del Prado MNHS - Pal-ew) — Pal-ew
 * Polo High School (formerly Tanjay NHS - Polo) — Polo
 * Rufino Aguilar Memorial High School (formerly Novallas HS) — Novallas
 * San Miguel High School — San Miguel
 * Sto. Niño High School (formerly Lourdes L. del Prado MNHS - Sto. Niño) — Sto. Niño
 * Tanjay City Science High School — Magallanes Street, Poblacion IX (Opao)
 * Tanjay High School (Legislated) — Zamora Street, Catiao-tiao, Poblacion III
 * Tanjay National High School — Magallanes Street, Poblacion IX (Opao)

Private schools

 * ABC Learning Center — Progreso Street, Poblacion II
 * Casa Marie Learning Institute — Pancil, Obogon
 * Diaz College — Nono Limbaga Drive, Poblacion IX (Opao)
 * Immaculate Heart Academy — Rizal Street, Poblacion II
 * Villaflores College — Legaspi Street, Poblacion VIII

Tourism
Tanjay City is also known for its Tourism Program which started in the late 1980s. Through a recent Sangguniang Panglunsod Resolution, the city is now dubbed as the City of Festivals. The major tourist attractions are:
 * Children's Festival (January)
 * Festival of Hearts (February)
 * Sinulog sa Tanjay (July)
 * Paaway sa Kabayo (July)
 * Pasko sa Tanjay (December)
 * Bodbod Festival (December)
 * Banog-banog Festival (December)
 * Park Cafe (Wednesdays & Fridays)
 * Sugbaanay sa Parque (Saturdays)
 * Museo Ecclesiastico de Tanjay (Barangay Poblacion 2)
 * Rizal Park & the Dancing Fountain (Barangay Poblacion 2)
 * Reef's Farm (Barangay Luca)

There are also potential tourist attractions pending to be debuted to the public as well:
 * St. James The Greater Parish-Oldest parish of Negros Oriental (Barangay Poblacion 2)
 * Philippine Carabao Center (Barangay Sta. Cruz Viejo)
 * Camp Leon Kilat (Barangay Sta. Cruz Viejo)
 * Luparan Falls and Caves (Barangay Sta. Cruz Nuevo)
 * Bobong Falls (Barangay Bahian)
 * Azagra Golf Course (Barangay Azagra)
 * Rice Terraces (Barangay Pal-ew)
 * Benguet Mining Tunnel (Barangay San Miguel)
 * Mambulong & Cang-ogis Lakes (Barangay Pal-ew)
 * Red Land Scenic Views (Barangay Sta. Cruz Nuevo)
 * Water Spring & Cave with Stalactites & Stalagmites (Barangay Sto. Niño)
 * Casa de las Dueñas, Hacienda Santa Escolástica (Barangay San Jose)
 * Parao Boardwalk and Mainit Hot Springs (Barangay Luca)
 * Tanjay City Boulevard (Barangay Poblacions 4 & 7)
 * Lawton Seaport (Barangay Poblacion 7)
 * Tanjay City River

Notable personalities

 * Chanda Romero, Philippine actress.
 * Eddie Romero, National Artist of the Philippines for Cinema and Broadcast Arts.
 * Jose E. Romero Muñoz, Philippine (formerly American) statesman and ambassador to the Court of St. James's
 * Jose V. Romero Jr., Philippine diplomat.
 * Emilio Yap, Philippine Chinese businessman.
 * Mariano Muñoz, first Spanish professor and head of the Language department at Silliman University
 * María Cristina Sangróniz de Vázquez Prada, Spanish-Philippine socialite

title: Tanjay


text:
Guillaume-Gabriel Nivers

Guillaume-Gabriel Nivers (c. 1632, Paris – 13 November 1714) was a French organist, composer and theorist. His first livre d'orgue is the earliest surviving published collection with traditional French organ school forms (a collection by Louis Couperin that is in manuscript does not seem to have been published. See Guy Oldham, "Louis Couperin: A New Source of French Keyboard Music of the Mid-17th Century", Recherches sur la musique française classique, Vol. I (1960), pp. 51–59). Nivers's other music is less known; however, his treatises on Gregorian chant and basso continuo are still considered important sources on 17th century liturgical music and performance practice.

Life

Nivers was born into a prosperous Parisian family: his father was a fermier générale (tax collector) for the bishop. Nothing is known of his early years or his musical training except that he may have received a degree from the University of Paris. In the early 1650s Nivers became organist of Saint-Sulpice, a post he would retain until 1702. In 1668 the composer married; he had one son.

Nivers's subsequent career was quite illustrious. On 19 June 1678 he was chosen as one of the four organists of the Chapelle Royale—an ensemble of musicians who performed sacred music for the king. The other three organists were Nicolas Lebègue, Jacques Thomelin and Jean-Baptiste Buterne. Nivers only resigned late in life, in 1708, and was succeeded by Louis Marchand. This prestigious post was followed by another in 1681, when the composer succeeded Henri Dumont as master of music to the queen. Finally, in 1686 Nivers was in charge of the music at the Maison Royale de Saint-Louis in Saint-Cyr-l'École—a convent school for young ladies who were poor but of noble birth. Nivers apparently had difficulties with the founder of the school, Madame de Maintenon, but retained the post until his death. His colleagues at St Cyr were Jean-Baptiste Moreau, who worked there since the school's inception, and possibly Louis-Nicolas Clérambault, who may have helped Nivers from about 1710 until the latter's death in 1714. Clérambault succeeded Nivers both at St Sulpice and St Cyr.

During his lifetime, Nivers was highly regarded not only as organist and composer but also as a music theorist. His treatise on composition (Traité de la composition de musique, 1667) was well known outside France and endured into the 18th century. His work in the field of Gregorian chant resulted in influential editions of liturgical music (including an edition of Missa cunctipotens genitor Deus, which most French organ composers used as a model for their mass settings) and helped the Catholic Counter Reformation.

Work
Nivers composed several religious vocal works, and published three organ books (1665, 1667, 1675) containing more than 200 pieces. They include suites in all ancient (ecclesiastical) modes, a mass, hymns, and settings of the Deo Gratias and Te Deum. These books are the first collections of organ music to have been printed in France since Jean Titelouze's. With his colleague and friend Lebègue, Nivers embodies the solo organ style which was subsequently represented - and adorned - by François Couperin and the short-lived Nicolas de Grigny. Several theoretical treatises by Nivers are preserved. They remain useful sources for knowledge of both musical theory and practice of his time.

List of works
This is a partial list of surviving works by Nivers. See William Pruitt, "Bibliographie des Oeuvres de Guillaume Gabriel Nivers", Recherches sur la musique française classique, Vol. XIII (1973), pp. 133–156. Notes on other publications located after that article was published are in papers deposited in Cambridge University Library (U.K.). All of the published works were published in Paris; many were reprinted several times during the 17th and the 18th centuries, however, here only dates of first editions are given.

Instrumental

 * Livre d'orgue contenant cent pièces de tous les tons de l'église (1665)
 * 2e livre d'orgue contenant la messe et les hymnes de l'église (1667)
 * 3e livre d'orgue des huit tons de l'église (1675)
 * 3 dances for lute (spurious)

Vocal

 * ''Motets а voix seule [...] et quelques autres motets а deux voix propres pour les religieuses (1689)
 * Miscellaneous works for the convent school at St Cyr:
 * Cantique sur la conformité а la volonté de Dieu
 * Chants de Jephté
 * Le Temple de la paix
 * Opéra de la vertu
 * Opéra de sceaux

Liturgical editions

 * Graduale romano-monasticum [...] in usum et gratiam monialium sub regula S.P.N. Benedicti, Augustini, Francisci militantium (1658)
 * Chants des offices propres du séminaire de St-Sulpice (1668)
 * Antiphonarium romanum [...] in usum et gratiam monialium sub regula S.P.N. Benedicti militantium (1671)
 * Graduale romanum [...] in usum et gratiam monialium sub regula S.P.N. Augustini militantium (1687)
 * Graduale monasticum [...] in usum et gratiam monialium sub regula S.P.N. Benedicti militantium (1687)
 * Antiphonarium Praemonstratense (1680)
 * Graduale Praemonstratense (1680)
 * Passiones Domini N.J.C. cum lamentationibus Jeremiae prophetae, et formulis cantus ordinarii officii divini (1683)
 * Offices divins а l'usage des dames et demoiselles établies par sa majesté à Saint-Cyr (1686)
 * Antiphonarium monasticum ad usum sacri ordinis Cluniacensis (1693)
 * Graduale romanum juxta missale sacro-sancti Concilii Tridentini (1697)
 * Antiphonarium romanum juxta breviarium sacro-sancti Concilii Tridentini (1701)
 * Les lamentations du prophète Jérémie (1704)
 * Le processionel avec les saluts suivant l'antiphonaire des religieuses (1706)
 * Chants d'église à l'usage de la paroisse de St-Sulpice (1707)
 * Processionale romanum juxta breviarium sacro-sancti Concilii Tridentini (1723)
 * Chants et motets à l'usage de l'église et communauté des Dames de la royale maison de St-Louis à St-Cyr (1733, includes motets by Louis-Nicolas Clérambault)

Writings

 * Observations sur le toucher et jeu de l'orgue (1665, included in Livre d'orgue contenant cent pièces)
 * Méthode facile pour apprendre à chanter la musique (1666, also attributed to Charles le Maire )
 * Traité de la composition de musique (1667)
 * Dissertation sur le chant grégorien (1683)
 * L'art d'accompagner sur la basse continue (1689, included in Motets а voix seule)
 * Méthode certaine pour apprendre le plain-chant de l'Église (1698)

Free scores

 * e-Partitions Many newly edited and typeset organ scores.
 * Suite No. 2 from 3e Livre d'orgue: sheet music
 * Petits motets from the Royal Convent School at St.-Cyr at A-R Editions, includes a sample of Nivers' vocal work

title: Guillaume-Gabriel Nivers


text:
User:YusufDepe

 * #REDIRECT
 * #REDIRECT
 * #REDIRECT

 * Status of religious freedom around the world template

title: User:YusufDepe