text:
Talk:Al Ahly SC

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * رينيه-683x1024.jpg

Having the rankings on the page.
May I ask why you have those rankings for Al-Ahly when most of the other good football articles (Birmingham City F.C., Al Ahed FC and Crystal Palace F.C. don't have those rankings? This is the main reason that I have removed those rankings as it doesn't really contribute to the article. HawkAussie (talk) 00:40, 7 March 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * Al Ahly SC wins CAF Champions League 2020.jpg

Al Ahly FC logo
Hello, if someone can remove the background from Al Ahly FC’s logo that would be much appreciated. 197.39.170.77 (talk) 06:46, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

Al Ahly logo
The logo contains a background so please remove it. 197.39.170.77 (talk) 06:47, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:06, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Al Ahly FC Logo.png

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:06, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Al Ahly FC logo.png

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:08, 4 January 2023 (UTC)
 * NEW ALAHLY LOGO-png.png

Needs review from someone who can read Arabic
Due to my inability to read the sources, I am unable to copy edit this page. The page is too long and heavily relies on information from alahlyegypt.com for much of the History section. Zorblin (talk) 22:33, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 June 2023
Best Club in the world 2 times (June2006) & (July2007) from International Federation of Football History & Statistics 197.39.245.27 (talk) 08:42, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. M.Bitton (talk) 11:23, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al Ahly SC


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Talk:Wine gum

Gelatin
My wine gums (bought in Canada) say nothing about animal gelatin. They say they are made with corn starch gelatin... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.81.249.7 (talk • contribs) 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Maynards vs Bassetts
Looking at the Maynards Wiki entry, it seems like they invented them in 1909. What's the deal then with Bassetts selling them as their own item. Is it due to a copyright expiry or something? Having only had access to Bassetts (living outside the UK) I was shocked at how much better the Maynards ones taste after having some today. Does anyone know how/why Maynards and Bassett's (both of which are owned by Cadbury Schweppes Bassett company) produce differing versions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.155.200.162 (talk) 18:03, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Wine Pastiles?
There is no mention of the "Wine Pastile" variant Maynards also produce. These are very tasty, better than fruit pastiles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.44.197.132 (talk) 16:10, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

 * What you talking about Willis.? This is the first time i heard about this product..... seen it listed on the Maynards wiki. But what is known about it?--83.160.118.126 (talk) 13:40, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Wine gum


text:
Dan Goodwin

Daniel Goodwin (born November 7, 1955, in Kennebunkport, Maine) is an American climber best known for performing gymnastic-like flag maneuvers and one-arm flyoffs while free soloing difficult rock climbs on national TV and for scaling towering skyscrapers, including the Sears Tower, the John Hancock Center, the World Trade Center, the CN Tower, and (for the program Stan Lee's Superhumans) the Telefónica Building in Santiago, Chile.

Building climber
On November 21, 1980, Dan Goodwin witnessed the MGM Grand fire in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, including the inability of the Clark County Fire Department and the supporting fire departments to rescue scores of hotel guests trapped inside. Believing he knew how to rescue the trapped people, Goodwin presented a rescue plan to the on-location fire boss. Goodwin's plan included his climbing up the building and connecting cables to the floors to enable rescue baskets to be ferried to and from helicopters. The fire boss responded by threatening Goodwin with arrest and then ordered him escorted from the scene. The following day, Goodwin approached the fire chief of a Fire Department sub-station and presented his rescue plan. The fire chief told Goodwin he needed to climb a building to learn of the dangers of high-rise firefighting and rescue. The following Memorial Day, Goodwin scaled the outside of the Sears Tower in Chicago (renamed the Willis Tower in 2009), which at the time was the tallest building in the world.

Sears Tower
On Memorial Day, May 25, 1981, wearing a Spider-Man suit  and using suction cups, camming devices, and sky hooks, Goodwin  scaled the then-tallest building in the world, the 110-story Sears Tower in Chicago, Illinois. For seven hours, Goodwin fought the high-altitude winds, slippery glass, and repeated attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to stop him. A few feet below the top Goodwin taped an American flag to the building to honor his father, who fought in the Korean War. Chicago's press dubbed him "SpiderDan". Goodwin said he scaled the building to call attention to inadequacies in high-rise firefighting and rescue.

Renaissance Tower
On November 7, 1981, wearing a Spider-Man suit and using suction cups along with his hands and feet, Goodwin scaled the 56-story Renaissance Tower in Dallas, Texas. Goodwin said he made the climb to keep a promise he made to a young Dallas resident stricken with cystic fibrosis.

John Hancock Center
On November 11, 1981, wearing a wetsuit disguised as a Spider-Man suit and using a climbing device he designed for the building, Goodwin scaled the 100-story John Hancock Center in Chicago. To elude firemen who were descending toward him in a window-washing machine, Goodwin swung across the building with a rope. The fire department, on the inside of the building, used fire axes to shatter window glass near Goodwin and then through the openings attempted to dislodge him from the building with grappling hooks attached to long poles. Chicago's mayor, Jane Byrne, intervened, allowing Goodwin to continue to the top. Goodwin said he made the climb to call attention to the inability to successfully fight fires in high-rise buildings.

North Tower of the World Trade Center
On Memorial Day, May 30, 1983, using suction cups for the first four floors before switching to a camming device he connected to the building's window-washing track, Goodwin scaled the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. Goodwin attached an American flag, the same one he taped to the Sears Tower in 1981, to the upper-most floor of the North Tower in tribute to Americans who died in war. Goodwin said he made the climb to call attention to the inability to rescue trapped occupants from the upper levels of skyscrapers.

CN Tower
On June 26, 1986, Goodwin scaled the world's tallest structure (not building) at the time: the CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario. Using his hands and feet, Goodwin climbed one side, rappelled down, then climbed the far side of the tower, followed by another rappel. Goodwin's climb was a sponsored publicity event celebrating the CN Tower's tenth anniversary.

Millennium Tower
On September 6, 2010, Goodwin scaled the Millennium Tower in San Francisco, California, United States. In tribute to the United States, Goodwin attached a United States flag to the top of the Millennium Tower, the same flag he attached to the top of Chicago's Sears Tower in 1981 and to the top of the North Tower of New York's World Trade Center in 1983. Goodwin said he made the climb to call attention to the inability to conduct rescue operations in the upper floors of skyscrapers. In addition, as a Stage Four cancer survivor, Goodwin wanted to inspire people throughout the world who have been diagnosed with cancer.

Torre Telefónica Chile
On March 1, 2014, Goodwin scaled the Torre Telefónica Chile in Santiago, Chile to establish a new world record of 433 ft for the longest lead climb on a single rope. On average, the safety anchors were 4 to 6 floors apart, raising the possibility of a 180 ft fall or more. Commentators believed the weight of the rope (42 lb) made his ascent considerably more dangerous. The ascent was recorded for a TV show that was planned to be aired in the fall of 2014.

Rock and sports climbing
As a rock climber, Goodwin made several first ascents. Frequently, he broke with rock climbing tradition by climbing without a rope, performing acrobatic maneuvers including the one arm fly-off and flag maneuver. In response to those in the rock climbing community who called Goodwin's acrobatic moves "stunts", and therefore unworthy of recognition, Goodwin stated he was "sport climbing" and not bound by the rules of traditional rock climbing.

Rock climber Jeff Lowe, along with Dick Bass, the owner of the Snowbird ski resort, invited Goodwin to build the climbing wall for the world's first International Sport Climbing Championship held at Snowbird, Utah, United States, in 1988. Goodwin did not participate in the championship, serving instead as a commentator for CBS Sports.

Skyscraper defense bill
Following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, Goodwin wrote a bill he called the "Skyscraper Defense Act", calling for an agency within the United States government entitled "Skyscraper Defense" as well as teams of "Skyscraper Defenders", individuals trained in skyscraper defense, security, and safety protocol, to be stationed within major cities of the United States.

title: Dan Goodwin


text:
Talk:Roger Douglas

Comments
If someone can add to this article the date he was knighted, we can all more easily give him the correct title at appropriate moments in his history here and in other articles. Robin Patterson 23:11, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I deleted the reference to "causing high unemployment" as it just isnt correct - refer the Statistics historical unemployement tables at http://wdmzpub01.stats.govt.nz/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportName=Employment%20and%20Unemployment/Key%20Labour%20Force%20Measures%20by%20Qualification,%20Age%20and%20Sex. I'm not sure if the point wasnt perhaps that the structual reforms caused localised unemployment (e.g. in SOEs) but either way its just opinion. Gacole (talk) 21:15, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Do the official reports follow OECD guidelines? The Keating govt a few years later learned to side step the OECD. The Ross Free report into higher education claimed expenditure at universities was something like 2X higher that it actually was. Typically, the report counted same portion of money under several different classifications, and then summed to an inflated fictitious total. The OECD guidelines allow money to be classified just once. Australia's unemployment was 11% then, so I'd presume NZ was not very different.220.240.229.144 (talk) 06:33, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

Photo
Surely there are better photos of Sir Douglas out there then the one currently used. Something perhaps in which his eyes are actually looking at the camera. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.92.99.186 (talk) 10:16, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Referencing
There's been some good work done recently on the expansion of this article, including a lot of repeat referencing. In my opinion, the article would lend itself for conversion to shortened footnotes. Does anybody have any objections that I'll convert the referencing system to that? If you want to look at examples of this system, it's in use on Wairau Affray and 4th New Zealand Parliament.  Schwede 66  05:48, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree Hudcorp (talk) 08:53, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Done.  Schwede 66  21:44, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Roger Douglas


text:
Category:Schools in Cheshire

Schools located in the county of Cheshire.

title: Category:Schools in Cheshire


text:
James Lafferty

James Martin Lafferty (born July 25, 1985) is an American actor, director, and producer. He is best known for his portrayal of Nathan Scott on The WB/CW teen drama television series One Tree Hill (2003–2012).

Early life
Lafferty was born in Hemet, California, to Angelica and Jeffrey Lafferty, who own a local construction company. He has a younger brother, actor Stuart Lafferty.

Having worked as an uncredited extra on television shows including Beverly Hills, 90210 and Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Lafferty received his first significant acting role in a school play when he was 10 years old. Lafferty attended Hemet High School (where he played on the school's basketball team) until 2003, after which he enrolled at California State University, Long Beach. At age 18, he moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, having been cast as Nathan Scott in One Tree Hill.

Career
In 1997, at age 12, Lafferty made his small-screen acting debut with a voice-over role in the made-for-television film Annabelle's Wish. Lafferty has since made guest appearances on television series' such as Once and Again, Get Real, and Boston Public. In 2002, Lafferty starred in the ESPN made-for-television film A Season on the Brink, an adaptation of the book of the same name by John Feinstein. The film centered on the 1985–86 season of Indiana University's college basketball team.

In 2003, Lafferty was cast in his breakout role of Nathan Scott on The WB/The CW teen drama series One Tree Hill. The series follows two estranged half-brothers, Nathan and Lucas Scott, who are put on the same basketball team, jeopardizing Nathan's position as the star player. In May 2011, The CW renewed the series for a ninth and final season, for which Lafferty chose to return on a recurring basis rather than in a full-time starring role. Over the course of the later seasons, Lafferty directed four episodes. He received four Teen Choice Award nominations throughout his time on the series.

In February 2008, Lafferty was cast in the straight-to-DVD sequel to the cult film Donnie Darko. Titled S. Darko, the film was released in May 2009, and received mostly negative reviews from critics. In April 2011, Lafferty was confirmed to star alongside One Tree Hill castmate Stephen Colletti and brother Stuart Lafferty in a planned adventurous reality television series entitled Wild Life: A New Generation of Wild, for which he was an executive producer. A pilot episode was filmed, but the series failed to find a network. In 2013, Lafferty was cast in the NBC crime thriller series Crisis, as Mr Nash. This was followed by landing the lead role of Jimmy Adams in the independent movie Waffle Street, alongside Danny Glover, and being cast in a recurring role during the first season of WGN America's slave drama Underground. In August 2015, Lafferty directed an episode of the second season of E! drama series The Royals, and returned to direct a few more episodes during season three. In 2018, James along with costar and friend Stephen Colletti started an indiegogo campaign for their show Everyone is Doing Great The show was acquired by Hulu in 2020

Personal life
Lafferty currently resides in Los Angeles, California. For four years until 2015, he was in a relationship with Irish actress Eve Hewson. He began dating Australian actress Alexandra Park in 2015 after meeting on the set of The Royals, when Lafferty directed several episodes. The couple became engaged on September 7, 2020. They got married on May 23, 2022, in Hawaii.

title: James Lafferty


text:
Star (automobile)

Star was an American automobile company that was assembled by the Durant Motors Company between 1922 and 1928. Also known as the Star Car, Star was envisioned as a competitor against the Ford Model T and Chevrolet. In the United Kingdom, it was sold as the Rugby, to avoid confusion with the British marque.

History
Like other products of the Durant Motors Company, the Star was an "assembled car", built from parts supplied by various outside companies. Originally, Stars were powered by a four-cylinder engine. In 1926, the line introduced a six-cylinder engine. All factory-installed engines were built by Continental. Durant was Continentals biggest customer in the 1920's taking up to 85% of its output.

Star cars were first produced in Durant's Long Island City plant before production moved to the new factory in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Star would also be manufactured in other Durant factories in Lansing, Michigan, Oakland, California and Toronto, Ontario.

Star was planned to undercut Chevrolet prices and match Ford prices, starting in 1922 at $348 for a touring car, Ford slashed prices by $50 in mid 1923, which Star could not match. Star was able to match Chevrolet prices during most of its life, ranging from $443 in 1923 to $525 in 1927 for a touring car.

In 1923, Star became the first car company to offer a production station wagon. Instead of shipping a chassis out to a custom builder, who added a wooden wagon body, the wagon body was delivered to the Star factory and fitted to the chassis there.

For the early part of the 1928 model year, the Star was known as the Durant Star and was only available with a four-cylinder engine. The car was replaced in the latter half of the 1928 model year by the Durant 4.

Production from 1923 to 1928 totaled 358,689 vehicles.

Models

 * Star Two Door Sedan

Star offered light commercial vehicles derived from the passenger cars.

title: Star (automobile)


text:
Talk:Axle

Article lacking (2005)
As of today the article is very bad IMO... Ericd 18:55, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I pretty much rewrote the whole article last week. I'd like to add some pictures, especially a dump truck with an airlift axle, and something to illustrate tandem axles, because I think some pictures would clarify those concepts better than the text alone.  A picture of train axles would be nice too.  Kymacpherson 03:50, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Floating axles vs. semi-floating axles
I have a need for a clear explanation of Floating Axles vs. semi-floating axles or load bearing axles. What effect does this have on tonnage ratings. It is my understanding that to be rated 3/4 or 1 ton, a truck must have a floating axle. This apparently means the axle can't bear the load, but only be used to transmit rotational force while keeping the wheels attached and aligned.

Am I right about this. If you have knowledge in this area, could you please contribute to this article.

The best information that I have found to date is an F-150 forum.

(http://www.off-roadweb.com/tech/0112or_semi_floating_and_full_floating_axles/ )

Phil Bickel

Bicbickel@yahoo.com

 * What you said above is correct. I lack the time to edit the article to incorporate this or find refs and pictures, but you are correct. In floating axle designs, the vehicle weight is not borne by the axle itself. The wheel hub is connected to the axle housing via roller bearings, and the axle itself sits inside the housing and transmits torque via the splines but does not take load that would bend it. — ¾-10 00:28, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Nomenclature problem on WP re "axle", "spindle", and "shaft"
As of today, the way that WP covers "axle", "spindle", and "shaft" does not match the way those words are used in the U.S. among mechanical engineers, mechanics, or machinists. I can't vouch for UK or Commonwealth usage, but in U.S. usage each of these words is restricted to certain senses, some of which WP does not cover currently. The shafts inside gearboxes are not usually called "axles" in the U.S. "Spindle" to a machinist refers specifically to machine tool spindles, and to mechanics it refers specifically to the forged part that car wheel bearings ride on. I will not have time to revamp this coverage anytime soon, but I wanted to point this out in case anyone with time available can work on fixing it. — ¾-10 00:38, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

History of lift axles?
When came the first lift version of dead axle? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.136.102.227 (talk) 22:12, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Live axles
This article seems to be in contradiction with both common usage and the article on Live axles. It seems to be claiming that a live axle is always a single solid axle, as in a railroad wheelset, while axles with differentials are "split axles". I can assure you, from many years spent reading Four Wheeler magazine, etc., that "live axle" is commonly used to describe a "solid axle", differential, locker, or not. Reading the article on Live axle, it refers to the fact that a "live" axle is driven, while a "dead" axle is not. It specifically says that such axles are generally equipped with differentials to allow for easier turning. It does NOT say that a "live axle" is one which is fixed on both sides...if anything, "solid axle" seems much more appropriate to that idea. I dare say, for decades most axles made have included differentials, excluding train wheelsets. I dislike seeing contradictory articles on WP, and would be glad to fix it, if not for WP's policy of insisting on references for everything you write, regardless of whether it is already referenced on a different page. =/ .45Colt 21:11, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Axle


text:
User talk:Tommy Ruiz

Hi my name is Tommy Ruiz,I have 1 dog and 1 cat and 1 fish.I am going to talk about my life. my hobbies are any kind of sports. Last summer I worked at a camp that is called summer quest. We go on field trips and go to the pool alot. When I graduate from high school I am going to collage and having a good life there. Going to class and being on time and be perpared.I have a good personality because I am funny. I like useing a computer because I can type without looking and that is very good. I really like my devinci teachers especially my 3rd period teacher and his name is Rody Boonchouy.Pete is the best because he is nice and helps me in my class and I like it when he looks at me when I type right now.I have to go bye. He says that I need more privacy but that is not true.

title: User talk:Tommy Ruiz


text:
User talk:Hyacinth/Edit summary

__NONEWSECTIONLINK__

Request for edit summary
For what? I typically use edit summaries for all but the most minor changes. RadicalSubversiv E 18:40, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I do add a summary when I actually edit article content. Most of my recent edits heve just been categorisation. --Moochocoogle 00:36, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Ditto for Edit Summary
What and where? I put thoughtful summaries on all but my most minor changes. Quill 06:45, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Again edit summary
Dear Hyacinth, judging from other's people response, you start by doing a better job yourself. Please explain where I did not put an edit summary. I do put them 99% of the time, as you can see on the list of my contributions Show me the instances when I did not put a summary, please. Oleg Alexandrov 02:45, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

And for the last 5 places (if you can find them) where you saw I did not put an edit summary, please check the diffs, and please report if you have anithing to comment on. Oleg Alexandrov 02:50, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * If you have a problem with the policy I suggest you take it up at Wikipedia talk:Edit summary and not with me personally. Again, thanks. Hyacinth 03:34, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I have no problems with putting edits summary. I do a very careful job at that, there are very few exceptions. Now, as you see from the responses you get, people get offended if you just through this accusation in empty air. Please write a candid and thoughtful paragraph, explaining what is going on, refering to the manual of style (as you did, belately), and also please check at least some diffs before lashing at people. Don't be dogmatic, be practical and sensible. If your message stops looking like a random yell, you will not get this kind of upset responses as mine and the several others I see. Oleg Alexandrov 04:09, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Please don't fool yourself: just by putting a please and a thank you you will not convince anybody you are a nice person. You did write a nice a polite message, and let me tell you something: each message you write is nicer, more justified, and better explained than the one before.

 * What you don't get it is that people think your messages are unfair, OK? All people contribute here voluntarily, put lots of care and attention, and honestly, in spite of your "please" and "thank you", your message sounds as follows: "You idiot, don't you know you MUST put an edit summary, even if you change a damn single letter??? You either abide by the manual of style, or you get out of Wikipedia!!!".

 * Now you might think I exaggerated. But my upset response is not the only one. The burden is with you about how to learn to approach people. Oleg Alexandrov 04:44, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * And please, do check the diffs before writing to people (I know this takes more time). If you are a self-appointed Wikipedia law and order police, at least go after the worst offenders first. And again, with candour. People will contribute to Wikipedia as long as they find it fun. You don't want to be the reason people quit contributing. (And I don't mean to say you don't have a point.)Oleg Alexandrov 04:55, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Truce. Hyacinth 04:55, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * See Requests for comment. Hyacinth 04:57, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

What? What edit are you talking about? Everyking 03:19, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Rply at my talk pg (re ed summary msg)
Hello, re the pointer to the edit summary discussion that you gave me (thanks, btw): see my talk page for the reply -- I prefer to keep threads in one place. --Wernher 18:17, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
Which edits in particular need summaries? Oftentimes I'm too lazy for edit summaries X_x WhisperToMe 00:23, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

huh?
You put a form letter on Anthere's page about edit summaries? Was that a joke? If not, you might consider actually looking at people's user pages and contributions before such edits -- sannse (talk) 23:05, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * That may not be a good edit, but as an member of the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation, surely she deserves discussion on her edits, not a form letter that insultingly suggests she is a newbie. Actually, I revise that, as a Wikipedian she deserves that - her status simply makes it all the more ridiculous -- sannse (talk) 08:55, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * When it's a form letter that implies a Wikimedia Board member is a newbie. -- sannse (talk) 12:59, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The message you posted was much better - thank you. I'd say that my "repeated complaints" were actually repeated responses to your repeated excuses - but that's a matter of interpretation.  *shrug* - nuff said. -- sannse (talk) 09:11, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You are right of course, it's a wiki, which means anything you write may be read and commented on by others. If you don't want that - I suggest using email.  But I'm not going to carry on this bickering - feel free to have the last word -- sannse (talk) 14:00, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hmmm, I did not have time to let you an edit the other day. I have two comments.

First, when I tried to delete your comment, I just edit *my* page and found out later that I, out of mistake, blanked the entire template. Using a template in such a way is a very bad idea, because most newbies will not realise they are editing a template, while they think they are editing their own page. If they answer by edit sections, they will find themselves editing the template and chance is they are taxed of vandalism when they do so. I found such template use extremely contrary to the very idea of "use wiki, it is very simple to everyone".

With regards to your comment :
 * Hello. Thought I would drop you another note to first let you know that User:Sannse is throwing your Wikimedia Board member credential around on my talk page in a way I would find embarrasing if I was you, especially since Sannse is complaining about something you never contacted me about. Second, given Sannse's repeated complaints, I thought I would explain that it is extra important to add an edit summary for controversial changes such as your edit to autofellatio: [7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autofellatio&diff=prev&oldid=11676997). Wikipedia:Edit summary: "Even a short summary is better than no summary. Accurate summaries help people decide whether it is worthwhile for them to check a change." Thanks. Hyacinth 21:08, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think you are perfectly right to ask for summaries and perfectly right to remind people of this. Now, forgive me, but using such templates which are certainly very much appropriate for newbies, is however more than ridiculous when you post them on editors pages who have been there for three years. It is more than ridiculous, it is upsetting. It would not give you more time to just right "please, add comments to your edits", than to stick a several paragraphs text of honey. Seriously, read it again. And imagine you receiving it. Sorry, but this is "ridiculous". Best to either use real comments oriented toward someone you know, or best to create another template oriented toward oldbies, or best to reword current template.

So, in short... i absolutely do not question the reason you stick it, you were right I should have commented. What I comment is the nature of the text I received. YOu know, I am less and less on the english wikipedia, and there is a reason for it. Few people know me here now. I joined when wikipedia was possibly 20000 articles and most people leave me messages as if I just joined. This is very strange. But when it comes from people I know, I think it deserves a little more care. I think the english wikipedia has become a huge industrial plant station. Not handled any more from a human perspective. And I regret this. I know templates are very helpful, but they should never make editors feels they are just numbers. You made me feel as if I was a number who just joined the project. I found that very tough. That is all :-) Anthere 06:22, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

the new template (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template%3AEdit_summary) is just perfect to me. Thanks a lot for doing this Hyacinth. This is much much much better imho. I am pleased. Anthere

Another edit summary query
I got a message from you today about the need to add edit summaries on my edits. After looking at your Talk Page archives, I see I'm not the only person that has been slapped with one of your edit summary comments you seem to randomly send to people. I don't expect a decent response from you, as other people haven't had one, but I would like to say that you are being counter-productive, and I ask you don't waste your time or any more of others' with giving people these messages when they are clearly not deserved or needed. Daniel Lawrence 15:34, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hyacinth/Edit summary


text:
Gotcha (programming)

In programming, a gotcha is a valid construct in a system, program or programming language that works as documented but is counter-intuitive and almost invites mistakes because it is both easy to invoke and unexpected or unreasonable in its outcome.

Example
The classic gotcha in C/C++ is the construct It is syntactically valid: it puts the value of  into   and then executes   if   is non-zero. Sometimes this is even intended. However most commonly it is a typo: the programmer probably meant which executes  if   and   are equal. Modern compilers will usually generate a warning when encountering the former construct (conditional branch on assignment, not comparison), depending on compiler options (e.g., the  option for gcc). To avoid this gotcha, there is a recommendation to keep the constants in the left side of the comparison, e.g.  rather than. This way, using  instead of   will cause a compiler error (see Yoda conditions). Many kinds of gotchas are not detected by compilers, however.

title: Gotcha (programming)


text:
1937 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1937 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average hurricane season, featuring eleven tropical storms; of these, four became hurricanes. One hurricane reached major hurricane intensity, equivalent to a Category 3 or higher on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale. The United States Weather Bureau defined the season as officially lasting from June 16 to October 16. Tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes, especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration, may have remained undetected. Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, historical data on tropical cyclones from this period are often not reliable. As a result of a reanalysis project which analyzed the season in 2012, a tropical storm and a hurricane were added to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT). The official intensities and tracks of all storms were also revised by the reanalysis. The year's first storm formed on July 29 in the Gulf of Mexico, and the final system, a hurricane, dissipated over open ocean on October 21.

Most of the season's storms arose from the subtropics. Nova Scotia was a focus for storm activity with four storms reaching the Canadian province as extratropical cyclones. Two of these were the remnants of hurricanes; the first inflicted $1.5 million in damage on the apple crop in the Annapolis Valley, and the second tore up four breakwaters and sank or grounded several ships. The year's deadliest tropical cyclone was a tropical storm that struck Florida at the end of August. A squall associated with the storm caused the sinking of the SS Tarpon, killing 18 people. A short-lived tropical storm in October caused the wettest 48-hour period in the history of New Orleans, Louisiana, with 16.65 in of rainfall, causing the city's most destructive flood since the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927. A tropical storm striking parts of the U.S. Gulf Coast caused two deaths, but otherwise did minor damage. The season's strongest storm was estimated to have produced maximum sustained winds of 125 mphand remained over the more central longitudes of the Atlantic.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 66 units, below the 1931–1943 average of 91.2. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Tropical Storm One
In late July, a stationary front was draped across the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. An area of rotation developed along this decaying boundary, developing into the season's first tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on July 29 while located about 225 mi southwest of Tampa, Florida. The incipient cyclone moved steadily northeast and intensified into a tropical storm twelve hours later. It reached an initial peak of 65 mph while in the Gulf of Mexico, making landfall at that intensity near Palm Harbor, Florida, at 22:00 UTC on July 29. The system initially weakened while crossing the state and emerging into the Atlantic, but surface observations along the North Carolina coastline supported peak winds around 70 mph as the storm accelerated northeast; it is possible the cyclone possessed hurricane-force winds offshore. By 00:00 UTC on August 1, the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as an occluded front became attached to the circulation. It made landfall in Nova Scotia late on August 1 and curved northwest, dissipating over northern New Brunswick the next day.

In Tampa, Florida, five-minute sustained winds reached 51 mph, blowing down trees, utility poles, and electric wires. Clearwater, Florida documented 8.88 in of rainfall in a 24-hour period, the heaviest rains measured in connection with the passing tropical storm. Some roads were washed out in Clearwater and minor losses of fruit were documented in surrounding Pinellas County. Farther north, gusts at Hatteras, North Carolina peaked at 65 mph. Telephone and power service was disrupted in Halifax, Nova Scotia as the storm's remnants produced 35-mph (55 km/h) winds in the city. Three boats moored there were destroyed.

Tropical Storm Two
On August 1, a weak trough was identified north of the Greater Antilles. It developed into a tropical depression by 18:00 UTC on August 2 while positioned just southwest of Long Island, Bahamas; further intensification into a tropical storm occurred over Current Island 24 hours later. The system curved around the western periphery of an area of high pressure, attaining peak winds of 65 mph based on data from ships that intersected the cyclone. Unlike the previous cyclone, this tropical storm never transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, instead weakening to a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on August 9 and dissipating east of Nova Scotia twelve hours later.

Tropical Storm Three
A tropical depression was first noted about 50 mi east of Barbuda around 12:00 UTC on August 24, though it may have formed earlier beyond the coverage of available weather observations. It intensified into a tropical storm twelve hours but remained weak for several days after as it weaved through the Bahamas. The storm began to strengthen on August 28, a trend that continued over the next 48 hours. It struck the coastline near Daytona Beach, Florida, around 14:00 UTC on August 30 with winds of 70 mph. However, based on damage reports, it is feasible the cyclone was of hurricane intensity. The tropical storm moved northwest across the Southeastern United States, weakening to a tropical depression over southern Alabama early on September 1. It degenerated into a trough over northern Arkansas by 18:00 UTC the next day.

The tropical storm caused widespread damage to electric and telecommunication wires in Florida, along the coast and as far as 100 mi inland in Lake City. Gusts of 50 – impacted the coast between New Smyrna and St. Augustine. At Savannah Beach, Georgia, the bulkhead and boardwalks were damaged by strong winds. Flooding rains from the system washed out roads and bridges in the state's northwestern counties. One squall associated with the tropical cyclone sank the SS Tarpon 40 mi off Pensacola, drowning 18 of the 31 persons on board. Vessels and planes were dispatcher by the United States Coast Guard to search for and rescue survivors. Survivors remained at sea for up to 30 hours before being rescued. Rainfall totals of at least 3 in spread as far west as eastern Mississippi, with a maximum rainfall of 13.8 in observed in Vernon, Florida. Heavy rains in southeastern Alabama caused the Pea and Choctawhatchee rivers to flood, inflicting roughly $62,500 in damage to adjacent property and crops.

Hurricane Four
A strong tropical wave, originating near Cabo Verde around September 4, developed into a tropical storm by 00:00 UTC on September 9 while positioned about 480 mi east-northeast of Barbuda. It intensified into the season's first hurricane within 24 hours, further maturing to Category 2 intensity with winds of 100 mph by 06:00 UTC on September 12. The small hurricane moved steadily northwest throughout its lifespan, passing east of Bermuda before weakening to a tropical storm late the next day. It acquired well-defined frontal boundaries by 06:00 UTC on September 14, marking the system's transition into an extratropical cyclone. It made landfall in Nova Scotia and either elongated into a trough or merged with a frontal system over far eastern Canada twelve hours later.

In Nova Scotia, 600,000 barrels of apples were lost in Annapolis Valley, totaling $1.5 million in damage to that crop. Homes, barns, and other buildings suffered structural damage. Wharves and a large boat were severely damaged in Shelburne, and a schooner that ran ashore in Lockeport suffered heavy damage as well. In New Brunswick, additional homes and barns were damaged.

Tropical Storm Five
As part of the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project, a previously unidentified tropical cyclone was discovered in 2012. Similar to the evolution of the season's first tropical cyclone, an area of low pressure formed along a dissipating frontal boundary early on September 10. It developed into a tropical storm by 06:00 UTC that day while located roughly 75 mi south-southwest of Bermuda. The storm moved northwest over the next day, making a close approach to the Northeastern United States before veering to the northeast. It reached peak winds of 70 mph around 18:00 UTC on September 11, when the structure of the system more resembled a subtropical cyclone than a strictly tropical one. It transitioned into an extratropical cyclone six hours later, striking Nova Scotia before becoming absorbed into the larger circulation of a non-tropical entity around 06:00 UTC on September 12.

Hurricane Six
A tropical storm was first identified about 355 mi east of Barbuda around 06:00 UTC on September 13, although it may have existed previously. The system executed a gradual curve toward the north while intensifying, becoming a hurricane early on September 14. It reached its peak intensity as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 mph by 06:00 UTC the next morning. It temporarily veered east but then resumed a northward motion, remaining a potent hurricane for several days. Extratropical transition occurred by 18:00 UTC on September 19 when an occluded front became attached to the storm. It turned northeast and ultimately opened up into a sharp trough over the far northern Atlantic late on September 20.

Tropical Storm Seven
A tropical storm formed over the Bay of Campeche by 12:00 UTC on September 16, embarking on a steady northeastward course. Ship reports indicate that the cyclone reached peak winds of 60 mph on September 18, but that it weakened to 45 mph while making landfall near Port Eads, Louisiana, at 18:00 UTC the next day. The system turned toward the east thereafter, making a second landfall near Apalachicola, Florida, with winds of 40 mph at 16:00 UTC on September 20. It briefly emerged into the far northeastern Gulf of Mexico before striking the Big Bend region of Florida as a tropical depression. The depression dissipated near Jacksonville, Florida, around 18:00 UTC on September 21.

Damage in Florida was generally minor since winds on land were limited to around 30 mph. Some small boats in St. Marks broke from their moorings and sustained slight damage. A portion of Highway 6 between Wewahitchka and White City. Two people drowned after their canoe capsized in rough seas generated by the storm near Everglades City.

Hurricane Eight
A tropical wave likely emerged from the western coast of Africa around September 14. It developed into a tropical cyclone at some point of the next few days, with a specific date unclear in the absence of surface observations. At 06:00 UTC on September 20, a hurricane was conclusively identified about halfway between Cabo Verde and the Leeward Islands. It gained strength on a general northwest heading, intensifying into a Category 2 hurricane and attaining peak winds of 100 mph from September 24–25. Slight weakening occurred as the system passed well north of Bermuda. It transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC on September 26 and struck Nova Scotia before turning northeast across Newfoundland and into the northern Atlantic. The extratropical cyclone was last noted over Iceland at 12:00 UTC on September 28, after which time it likely merged with another non-tropical low.

The extratropical cyclone heavily impacted Nova Scotia, where vessels were pushed ashore, fishing gear was damaged, and trees were uprooted. In Liverpool, a boat launch and accompanying racing ships and other boats were destroyed. Three breakwaters were heavily damaged on Devils Island, in Brookland, and in Yarmouth, the second costing $80,000 to replace. A fourth breakwater at Western Head was washed away. One marine dredge was destroyed at Cape Negro and another was sunk somewhere between Lunenburg and Shelburne. Three scows en route to New Brunswick were also capsized in that area. In Port Bickerton, fishing stages, wharves, lobster traps, and nets were destroyed. A fish factory was also demolished in Halifax.

Tropical Storm Nine
At 06:00 UTC on September 26, a tropical depression formed just north of Cuba. It intensified into a tropical storm by 18:00 UTC the following day based on reports from two ships. After attaining peak winds of 45 mph, the cyclone quickly transitioned to an extratropical cyclone by 12:00 UTC on September 28 as multiple fronts became intertwined with the circulation. The extratropical cyclone continued to parallel the U.S. East Coast, eventually making landfall in Newfoundland early on September 30. It strengthened into a hurricane-force low on October 1 but ultimately dissipated two days later as it merged with another cyclone and became increasingly elongated.

Tropical Storm Ten
In late September, a tropical wave moved westward across the Caribbean. An initial area of low pressure formed over the northwestern portion of the region on September 29, but this feature dissipated within two days. A new low formed and organized into a tropical storm around 00:00 UTC on October 2 while positioned about 425 mi south of Mobile, Alabama. It reached peak winds of 45 mph after six hours, with steady weakening thereafter as the storm moved west-northwest and then north. The system made two landfalls in central Louisiana near the Atchafalaya Basin between 12:00–14:00 UTC on October 3, both with winds of 40 mph. The system continued to degrade once inland, dissipating after 06:00 UTC on October 4 over southeastern Arkansas.

The tropical storm caused the wettest 48-hour period in New Orleans's history, with 16.65 in of rainfall recorded as the storm made landfall; the maximum 24-hour rainfall total of 13.59 in nearly broke the city's record for maximum daily rainfall. City streets were submerged under as much as 3 ft of water. Blue laws were suspended for half a day to allow grocery store food supplies to reach stranded areas. Damage was estimated at several thousands of dollars and the flooding was considered the city's most severe since the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927. Crops around the city sustained considerable damage. At Belle Chasse, Louisiana, the 15.40 in of rain recorded in 24 hours set the state record for the highest 24-hour rainfall in October. Heavy rains extended into counties in southern Mississippi and southern Arkansas. The strongest recorded winds from the tropical cyclone occurred at Port Eads, Louisiana, where a 33-mph (53 km/h) wind gust was documented as the system was developing on October 2.

Hurricane Eleven
Similar to Tropical Storm Five, a new tropical cyclone that was not recognized in real time was found to have existed over the northern Atlantic. From October 16–17, a cold front moved eastward across the basin. An area of low pressure formed along the southern end of the dissipating boundary, initially harboring characteristics of an extratropical cyclone. This low became more symmetric while also intensifying, transitioning into a hurricane by 00:00 UTC on October 19 while located roughly 715 mi southeast of Newfoundland. The system attained peak winds of 80 mph within six hours and weakened shortly thereafter while moving west-northwest. It fell to tropical storm intensity by early on October 20; by 00:00 UTC the next day, there were no further indications of the storm. It either dissipated or was absorbed by a front encroaching from the west.

Other storms
In addition to the eleven known tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm strength, the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project also identified five tropical depressions. However, their marginal intensities precluded their addition to the official Atlantic hurricane track database (HURDAT). The first of these lasted from August 1–4 over the central Atlantic without affecting land, ultimately degenerating into a tropical wave. A second tropical depression developed in the Gulf of Mexico and passed near New Orleans, Louisiana, on August 29. A nearly stationary tropical depression developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on September 29 and dissipated two days later; it may have been absorbed by Tropical Storm Ten. This system was originally included in HURDAT as a tropical storm, but was found to have winds of only 30 mph by the reanalysis. On October 8, a northward-moving tropical depression spawned from a tropical wave well east of the Lesser Antilles, eventually transitioning into an extratropical system on October 14. The season's final tropical cyclone was a nearly stationary tropical depression that persisted in the central Caribbean Sea between October 25–29. The reanalysis project also examined eleven other disturbances from 1937 for possible tropical or subtropical cyclone characteristics, including a low-pressure system that split from a front over the open Atlantic on January 1.

Season effects
The table below includes the duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damage, and death totals of all tropical cyclones in the 1937 Atlantic hurricane season. The damage and deaths associated with a tropical cyclone include both its effects as a tropical cyclone as well as its progenitor and remnants.

title: 1937 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
User:Gengiskanhg

Knowledge, Technique and science, alternative politics and economy, chess and outdoors are my preference.

Please see my profile in Researchgate I began working at Spanish wikipedia since about 2004.

title: User:Gengiskanhg


text: Category:Penmanship

title: Category:Penmanship


text:
FoxTrax

FoxTrax, also referred to as the glowing puck, is an augmented reality system that was used by Fox Sports' telecasts of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1996 to 1998. The system was intended to help television viewers visually follow a hockey puck on the ice, especially near the bottom of the rink where the traditional center ice camera was unable to see it due to the sideboards obstructing the puck's location. The system used modified hockey pucks containing shock sensors and infrared emitters, which were then read by sensors and computer systems to generate on-screen graphics, such as a blue "glow" around the puck, and other enhancements such as trails to indicate the hardness and speed of shots.

The system was first used during the 1996 NHL All-Star Game, and was used until the end of the 1997–98 season. FoxTrax received mixed reviews from viewers and critics; although some viewers thought that FoxTrax helped them follow the game more easily, the concept was criticized (especially by Canadian critics) for being a gimmick that distracted from the game.

History
In 1994, Fox won a contract to broadcast NHL games in the United States. David Hill, the head of Fox Sports at the time, believed that if viewers could easily follow the puck, the game would seem less confusing to newcomers, and hence become more appealing to a broader audience. Hill pitched the idea to Rupert Murdoch, who approved the development of FoxTrax under electrical engineer Stan Honey. The FoxTrax puck was first used during the 1996 NHL All-Star Game. It was last used during the first game of the 1998 Stanley Cup Finals. Fox was scheduled to televise Games 5 and 7, but the series ended in four games. In August 1998, the NHL broadcast rights went to ABC, and FoxTrax was not brought back for the final season.

Fox has since used "FoxTrax" as a branding for other on-screen tracking graphics in other sports properties, such as a virtual strike zone during baseball games, and statistics displays during NASCAR events. They are related to the puck in name only.

Construction and operation
The technology was co-developed with Etak; the system utilized a modified hockey puck, cut in half to embed an array of infrared emitters, a shock sensor, and an embedded circuit board and battery. The halves of the puck were then bound back together using an epoxy. The modified pucks were engineered to have the same weight and balance as an unmodified NHL puck; chief engineer Rick Cavallaro noted that players could tell if the puck was even slightly off its normal weight, as it behaved differently. While the puck passed rigorous tests by the NHL to qualify as an official puck, some players who tested the puck felt that it had more rebound.

The puck emitted infrared pulses that were detected by cameras, whose shutters were synchronized to the pulses. Data from the cameras was transmitted to a production trailer nicknamed the "Puck Truck", which contained SGI workstations used to calculate the coordinates of candidate targets, and render appropriate graphics onto them. The puck was given a blue-colored glow. Passes were indicated with the bluish glow plus a tail indicating its path. When the puck moved faster than 70 miles per hour, a red tail was added. The blue glow was initially intended as a placeholder effect; while Fox Sports' graphics department intended to create a different design for the graphic, the blue blur was kept.

Despite rumors that Fox employees would sometimes go into the stands to retrieve a puck that left the playing area, the pucks were not re-usable, and only had a battery life of around 18 minutes. Around 50 pucks were brought to each game where FoxTrax was deployed, while Cavallaro noted that they were prized by spectators.

Public response
The FoxTrax system was widely criticized by hockey fans, who felt that the graphics were distracting and meant to make the broadcasts cater towards casual viewers; sportswriter Greg Wyshynski stated that FoxTrax was "cheesy enough that it looked like hockey by way of a Mighty Morphin Power Rangers production budget", and considered it "a sad commentary on what outsiders thought of both hockey and American hockey fans". Acknowledging that Canadian-born journalist Peter Jennings (who was interviewed as a guest during the 1996 All-Star Game that introduced the technology) stated on-air that Canadians would "probably hate it", Wyshynski suggested that FoxTrax was an admission that American viewers were "too hockey-stupid to follow the play" or "need to be distracted by shiny new toys in order to watch the sport."

In 2002, an informal poll by ESPN solicited opinions from readers on the worst innovations in sports history, without specifying choices in advance. The Fox glow puck came in 6th place, just behind free agency. A survey commissioned by Fox itself claimed that 10 out of 10 respondents liked the new puck. In 2014, sportswriter Aaron Brown of Slate called it "one of sports broadcasting’s most-ridiculed experiments."

Cavallaro defended FoxTrax in a 1997 paper for IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, calling it an "overall success" that contributed to higher ratings for Fox. "While we certainly had moments of doubt, the Puck Truck proved successful at every event it attended," he wrote. "It's true that some fans don't care for the effect, but many think it's an improvement." He later claimed that "most people were impressed by the technology even if they hated the effect." Building upon his work, Cavallaro co-established a new company known as Sportvision in 1998, which marketed other forms of sports graphics technologies, including virtual down lines for football.

As part of a larger project with SAP and Sportvision, the NHL had since experimented with player and puck tracking using embedded microchips. The new system's capabilities were demonstrated on-air during the 2019 NHL All-Star Game. The NHL planned to deploy tracking at all arenas for the 2019–20 season,  however this was delayed to the 2020–21 season due to a change in technology provider.

title: FoxTrax


text:
Category:Schools in Lincolnshire

Schools located in the county of Lincolnshire.

title: Category:Schools in Lincolnshire


text:
User:FatAlbert (renamed)

"Hey, hey hey!"

title: User:FatAlbert (renamed)


text:
Gordon Craig

Gordon Craig may refer to:
 * Edward Gordon Craig (1872–1966), sometimes known as Gordon Craig, English modernist theatre practitioner
 * Gordon A. Craig (1913–2005), Scottish-American historian of German history and of diplomatic history
 * Gordon M. Craig (1929–1950), soldier in the United States Army and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Gordon Craig (actor), British actor
 * Gordon Craig (sports executive), Canadian sports executive

title: Gordon Craig


text:
Benjamin Péret

Benjamin Péret (4 July 1899 – 18 September 1959) was a French poet, Parisian Dadaist, and founder and central member of the French Surrealist movement with his avid use of Surrealist automatism.

Biography
Benjamin Péret was born in Rezé, France on 4 July 1899. He, as a child, acquired little education due to his dislike of school and he instead attended the Local Art School in 1912. In 1913, he resigned due to his lack of study and willingness to do so. Afterward he spent a short period of time in a School of Industrial Design.

During World War I, Péret enlisted in the French army's Cuirassiers, to avoid being jailed for defacing a local statue with paint. He saw action in the Balkans, before being deployed to Salonica, Greece.

During a routine movement of his unit via train, he discovered a copy of Pierre Albert-Birot's avant-garde magazine SIC: Sons Idées Couleurs, Formes, founded in January 1916, sitting upon a bench on the station platform. It contained poetry by Apollinaire and sparked Péret's love for experimental poetry. SIC was the second Parisian magazine, after Nord-Sud, to distribute the texts of the Zürich Dadaists, namely those of Tristan Tzara. At the end of its publication in December 1919, SIC had published 53 issues.

Towards the end of the war, still in Greece, he suffered from an attack of dysentery which led to his repatriation and deployment in Lorraine for the remainder of the war. After the end of the war he joined the Dada movement and soon after, in 1921, he published Le Passager du transtlantique – his first book of poetry before he abandoned the Dada movement to follow André Breton and the emerging Surrealist movement, working alongside and influencing the Mexican writer Octavio Paz.

In the fall of 1924 he was the co-editor of the journal La Révolution surréaliste, becoming chief editor in 1925. And in 1928, before emigrating to Brazil in 1929 with his wife Elsie Houston, he published Le Grand Jeu. Two years later in 1931, a mere few months after the birth of his first son, Geyser, whilst living in Rio de Janeiro, he was arrested and expelled from Brazil on grounds of being a "Communist Agitator" – having formed, with his brother-in-law Mario Pedrosa, the Brazilian Communist League which was based upon the ideas of Trotsky.

After returning to France, he went to Spain at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War and entered into an anarchist militia at Pino de Ebro. Back in France, in 1940 he was imprisoned for his political activities. Upon his release, he sailed for Mexico with the aid of the American-based Emergency Rescue Committee to study pre-Columbian myths and American folklore. He had originally wished to emigrate to the United States but was unable to do so due to his Communist affiliations. Péret went to Mexico with his partner, the Spanish artist Remedios Varo.

In Mexico City he became involved with the European intellectual community around the Austrian painter and surrealist Wolfgang Paalen living there in exile. He was particularly inspired by Paalen's huge collection and knowledge about the "Totem Art" of the Northwest Coast of British Columbia; 1943 he finished a long essay on the necessity of poetic myths, exemplified with the mythology and art of the Northwest Coast, which was then published in New York by André Breton in VVV. While living in Mexico City, Péret met Natalia Sedova, Trotsky's widow.

He remained in Mexico until the end of 1947. He returned to Paris and died there on 18 September 1959.

Works
1921: Le Passager du transatlantique

1925: Cent cinquante-deux proverbes mis au goût du jour, en collaboration avec Paul Éluard

1927: Dormir, dormir dans les pierres

1928: Le Grand Jeu

1934: De derrière les fagots

1936: Je sublime

1936: Je ne mange pas de ce pain-là

1945: Le Déshonneur des poètes

1945: Dernier Malheur dernière chance

1946: Un point c’est tout

1952: Air mexicain

1955: Le Livre de Chilam Balam de Chumayel

1956: Anthologie de l’amour sublime

1957: Gigot, sa vie, son œuvre

1960: Le premier tournage de porno

English translations

 * Four Years After the Dog. Poems of Benjamin Péret. Arc Publications, 1974.
 * Irregular Work. Actual Size Press, 1984.
 * Death to the Pigs and the Field of Battle. Atlas Press, 1988.
 * From the Hidden Storehouse (Selected Poems by Benjamin Péret). Oberlin College, 1991.
 * Mad Balls. Atlas Press, 1991.
 * The Automatic Muse. Atlas Press, 1994.
 * A Menagerie in Revolt! Selected Writings. Black Swan Press, 2009.
 * The Leg of Lamb: Its Life and Works. Cambridge, MA: Wakefield Press, 2011

title: Benjamin Péret


text:
User:ANMoreno

Alexandra Moreno
My name is Alexandra Moreno, and upon writing this artical I have just tured sixteen. I go to da vinci high school and enjoy film making. I live in a little house on the edge of town with my mother, one of my sisters, and the highlight of my life, Zoë Louise, my almost nine year old dog. I spend most of my free time writing one of my stories or movies. I get alot of migranes and spend that time lying around sleeping, usually curled up with Zoë. I also spend alot of time at my local theatre company either acting, helping out, or at their website as their new WebMaster. My sister is one of my closest confidents, and probably knows more about me than my friends do. Currently I have way too many of those to count, but only two really close friends. I plan to someday cut my incredibly long hair and donate it to locks of loves for a wig. I like walking around barefooted or wearing flip flops. My favorite place to visit is the beach or somewhere in the rain. It is sunny on my birthday, but not quite hot. It makes me happy.

title: User:ANMoreno


text:
Metropolis Street Racer

Metropolis Street Racer (MSR) is a racing video game developed by Bizarre Creations and published by Sega exclusively for Dreamcast. The game was intended to be a Dreamcast launch title; due to numerous delays, it was not released in Europe until November 2000, with a North American version following in January 2001. A Japanese version was in development and briefly offered for online reservation in January 2001 with an expected release date of 22 February 2001, but ultimately canceled after Sega discontinued support for Dreamcast. The game is the first entry in Bizarre Creations' Project Gotham Racing series.

As well as being an early example of an open world racing game, Metropolis Street Racer is notable for introducing the "Kudos" system (whereby players are rewarded for racing stylishly as well as quickly) into video games, and for its detailed and accurate recreations of the cities of London, Tokyo and San Francisco. Music for the game was composed by Richard Jacques, and delivered via nine fictional radio stations (three for each city), similar to the Grand Theft Auto series. The day/night time spectrum during game play is realistic, in that the game uses the internal clock of the Dreamcast to calculate the present time in each city. Play at 8AM in England, for example, and the San Francisco races will all be at night (12 AM).

A selling point of Metropolis Street Racer was the large number of tracks available (262 in total), created by blocking off certain areas of the city to lead the player around specific roads and paths. However, only a small number are available at the start of play and most are unlocked by playing through the single player mode.

Gameplay
Gameplay in MSR is centred around the single-player mode, with tracks and cars in the multiplayer mode being unlocked at the same time as in the single-player game. The premise is that, as a street racer, the player must impress other drivers with quick but stylish driving in a series of challenges. These challenges are in sets of ten (called Chapters - there are 25 in total), with completion of all challenges opening the next chapter (assuming the player has enough Kudos, see below) and unlocking a new car. Each challenge is on a different track, and unlocking a challenge unlocks that track in the time-attack and multiplayer modes.

Challenges

 * Hotlap: Race solo around a track - typically three laps - and attempt to beat a specific time. An alternate version records the average time for all laps.
 * One-on-one: A race (again, usually three laps) against an opponent. The player can give themselves or the computer opponent a head start up to 60 seconds.
 * Street Race: A single race against multiple opponents.
 * Championship: A four-race series against three opponents. Points are received based on the player's position at the end of each race. Usually this is the last challenge in the chapter.
 * Challenge: A race with custom rules, such as passing a certain number of cars within a time limit.

Some challenges (usually the Challenge category) have a time unlock, which allows secret cars or cheats to be unlocked by completing the challenge during a certain time. The challenge can still be completed at a different time, but doing so will not unlock the reward.

Kudos
Kudos (from Greek κῦδος, meaning 'praise' or 'glory') is the currency of MSR. It is earned during the challenges in two categories - Skill and Style. Skill Kudos are earned by completing a challenge successfully. The difficulty of challenges is user-configurable - for example, reducing the time limit, or increasing the head start of opponents - with harder challenges rewarding more Kudos for completion. Style Kudos are earned by drifting - using the hand-brake to skid while turning. A "K" symbol appears when drifting, and becomes brighter the longer and more pronounced the drift is. The more opaque the symbol, the more Kudos earned. Kudos are also awarded for finishing a race without colliding with obstacles or other cars. Kudos are lost if the driver collides with a wall, obstacle or other car (theoretically Kudos are not lost if another car collides with the player, but this is not always the case); or by failing the challenge, which results in a final Kudos total of -25 "K" for the whole challenge. Cancelling a challenge will even result in -50 "K".

Kudos are calculated on a per-challenge basis. Each challenge's Kudos result is stored, and only the last attempt at a challenge is stored. If, for example a challenge is completed with 250 "K", then subsequently attempted unsuccessfully, that challenge's result becomes -25 "K".

Through playing the game, "Joker" cards may be earned. Playing one of these cards before starting a challenge will double the amount of Kudos gained or lost during that attempt.

Cars
In the single-player mode, the player has a garage which holds up to six cars. In order to acquire a car, the player must complete a challenge in that car - usually completing a short lap within a time limit. The player has unlimited time to complete the challenge. Once earned, the new car can be customised.

The colour of the car and the opacity of the windows can be changed, as can the number plate. ABS may also be switched on or off, and convertible cars may be set as hard-top, soft-top or open-top for different weather conditions.

Kudos is also tied to player cars. As there are initially only three spaces in the garage, occasionally it is necessary to dispose of cars to make space for better cars unlocked during play. However, disposing of a car also penalises the player 10% of the Kudos earned in that car. This is intended to encourage the player to switch cars less often, or to spend time in their preferred car on lower Chapters later gaining higher Kudos results.

Lack of replay option
The replay feature was removed from all retail versions of MSR due to time constraints, but review copies sent to magazines included this feature and the US instruction manual implied it was present. Pre-recorded demo races are available to watch from replay angles but nothing else. In Issue #16 of the UK's Official Dreamcast Magazine (ODM), Martyn Chudley gave the following explanation for the removal:

"Unfortunately, there was a problem with the replays which the Sega testers discovered near the end of development. We tried for about two weeks to fix this bug but time ran out, so the only thing we could do was remove the replays. We're upset that we had to do that, but with no time left, there was no other choice."

Online functionality
While MSR did not allow network racing, various features can be accessed via the Internet option in the main menu:
 * Time Trial: A time attack with a specific car, course and weather condition. Best laps can be saved as ghost cars within the trials themselves. A separate VMU file is created which can be passed onto others to compete against.
 * Speed Challenge: These are time attacks on set courses from each city; Market West II (San Francisco), Parliament Street South II (London) and Higashi-Dori Kita II (Tokyo). They can only be raced using the VX220/Opel Speedster cars with automatic gears and ABS switched on. Until March 2002, players were able to upload their best times to an online ranking within Dreamarena.

Players registered to Dreamarena/Seganet could also access a special MSR microsite using the built-in browser. It contained the following features:
 * Speed Challenge Ranking: the player could enter a best time for each course or an overall best time.
 * World Time Trial Ranking: the top 10 best lap records for each course. Players competed by uploading their Time Trial files. These files could then be downloaded by others to challenge.
 * World Kudos Ranking: the best total Kudos scores. It was not active until 5 January 2001 due to score bugs within the first PAL editions.
 * Ghost Attack: Pre-set ghost cars from various courses to compete against.
 * Driving tips and links to the MSR message board within Dreamarena.

The site also hosted nine 'New Time Trials' billed as "races created by Sega on an exclusive circuit that you can download and challenge", but these circuits were simply the 'Challenge' tracks (Shibuya Challenge, Westminster Challenge, Pacific Challenge etc.) already present in the game. Reports suggest the top 10 ranking for this feature was never implemented.

The microsite and rankings closed in March 2002 with the demise of Dreamarena and SegaNet.

Development
In 1997, Bizarre Creations were approached by Sega Europe to make a street racer for the upcoming Dreamcast console. This was after Sega's Kats Sato had discovered they were behind the Formula 1 and Formula 1 97 games on Sony's PlayStation. According to Martyn Chudley, Bizarre Creations' managing director, "Kats was given the task of finding out who was developing Formula 1 for Sony. So, at the ECTS [1997], he pulled out the power cable so he could see the [F1] start-up credits." After a meeting with Sega Europe's then-CEO, Kazutoshi Miyake, Bizarre Creations accepted their offer of work. Martyn Chudley stated that Sega gave Bizarre Creations an opportunity to branch out after learning they had been lined up for further F1 titles.

To model the San Francisco, London and Tokyo settings Bizarre Creations sent staff to each city to take "tens of thousands of photographs" and "hours of video footage in every last location" alongside sourcing detailed maps and aerial photographs. To model the individual buildings one general reference photo of each was taken, alongside multiple close ups to model textures as well as further photos of additional features such as doors and signage, leading to up to 20 reference photos per building. 3D artist Mark Sharratt, the lead on the San Francisco map, told Official Dreamcast Magazine that he "start by scanning in the District Council Land Use contour maps and bringing them into Softimage, then drawing round them to get the scale right", before using the reference photos and video "to get everything the right shape". Sharratt said he then "scan[ned] in all the photographs, remove the perspective in PhotoShop to make them straight", before "remov[ing] the people, trees, wires and stuff from the pictures so they can be used as textures for the buildings". This process was repeated for each city of around 1.5 square miles.

The first PAL release had a number of major bugs. Unsold discs were quickly recalled and replaced with a second PAL version that eliminated most of the major bugs, but not all. Sega Europe also offered replacement disks, the final PAL version, free of charge to anyone who had purchased a bugged copy. The US release and the final PAL version were both free of major bugs, although some minor ones remained. Martyn Chudley stated that although Bizarre Creations had fixed all bugs reported to them by Sega (who were in charge of Quality Assurance) before release, some bugs must have slipped through Sega's comprehensive testing plan due to the sheer size of the game.

Metropolis Street Racer was also the first racer to have radio stations and DJs talking between music tracks. The soundtrack was composed by Richard Jacques. Some songs in the radio stations are sung by TJ Davis, who also sung songs from the Sega Saturn game, Sonic R.

Reception
The game received "generally favourable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Jim Preston of NextGen said of the game, "Full of good ideas, great graphics, and expert driving, this one hits on all cylinders." Four-Eyed Dragon of GamePro said, "While MSR has some great features, it certainly isn't every racer's dream."

Brandon Justice of IGN said that it "has a great sense of progression, difficulty and refinement throughout, and while it may be too difficult for people with little patience, it is one of the most rewarding gameplay experiences in the history of the genre." However, Shane Satterfield of GameSpot called it "a beautiful racer with accurate physics and tight control, but the kudos system makes it far more challenging than it needs to be."

The game was runner-up for Graphical Achievement at the Edge Magazine Awards 2001 held on 18 April that year.

According to Martyn Chudley, the game sold approximately 120,000 units. The majority were sold in the US with 101,757 units; in Europe, 13,297 units were sold on the first two days meaning less than 5000 were sold in that territory post-launch. Chudley described the sales figures as "measly" and cited the Dreamcast's demise, the game's late arrival and the discovery of high-profile bugs after release as the reasons why. He also stated that Bizarre Creations had invested around £1 million of their own money into the game and they asked Sega about putting the game on Sony's PlayStation 2, but Sega declined. Edge commented during a preview for Project Gotham Racing that releasing MSR exclusively for Dreamcast was comparable to "The Beatles exclusively selling The White Album on Mars".

title: Metropolis Street Racer


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Postal abbreviation

Postal abbreviation can refer to:
 * Australian postal abbreviations
 * Canadian subnational postal abbreviations
 * United States postal abbreviations

title: Postal abbreviation


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Chandler (crater)

Chandler is a lunar impact crater in the northern hemisphere, on the Moon's far side. It lies to the southeast of the large walled plain D'Alembert, and southeast of the slightly smaller Chernyshev crater.

This is a heavily worn and eroded crater that is now essentially a wide, irregular depression in the rugged lunar surface. Attached to the outer south-southwest rim is the slightly smaller but equally worn Chandler P. Multiple small craters lie along the rim and inner wall of Chandler, but the northern part of the rim has been nearly obliterated by a cluster of small impacts. There is also seemingly a chain of impacts that run across the crater midpoint, with a double impact in the western half and a chain of three impacts in the eastern half. The remainder of the floor is somewhat irregular, with multiple tiny craters and a pair of small impacts near the southern rim.

Satellite craters
By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Chandler.

title: Chandler (crater)


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Talk:77th Academy Awards nominees

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/77th Academy Awards nominees. There was no consensus. dbenbenn | talk 23:23, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Merge
The issue of a merger has previously been discussed (Talk:77th_Academy_Awards) and it looks like the decision was to keep the articles seperate. This is also consistent with the pages for the awards for other years, so I suggest keeping it as is. Kcordina 11:02, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No comments for over a week, therefore I've removed the tag. Kcordina 09:15, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:77th Academy Awards nominees


text: User talk:152.10.153.19

title: User talk:152.10.153.19


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2005 Zimbabwean parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Zimbabwe on 31 March 2005 to elect members to the Zimbabwe House of Assembly. All of the 120 elected seats in the 150-seat House of Assembly were up for election. There were a further 20 members appointed by the President and ten elected by traditional chiefs, who mostly support the government. Electoral colleges for the election of the ten chiefs to the parliament were to be held on 8 April.

The ruling Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front party (ZANU-PF) of President Robert Mugabe won the elections with an increased majority against the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC). ZANU-PF won 78 seats to the MDC's 41, with one independent. (In the 2000 election, the ZANU-PF won 62 seats to the MDC's 57). According to the Zimbabwe Election Commission, ZANU-PF polled nearly 60% of the vote, an increase of 11% over the 2000 results. The MDC's vote fell 9 to 39 percent. As a result of the election, ZANU-PF had a two-thirds majority in the legislature, allowing the government to change the Constitution.

The elections were not free and fair, as the ruling ZANU-PF party engaged in violence against the opposition.

As the results became clear the MDC denounced what it called "the sham elections," which it said had been marked by massive electoral fraud. "The elections cannot be judged to be free and fair," an MDC statement said. "The distorted nature of the pre-election playing field and the failure to address core democratic deficits precluded a free and fair election." The MDC claimed it would have won 90 seats if the vote had been free and fair.

A detailed account of the MDC's allegations of electoral fraud can be seen at the MDC website. Sokwanele, a Zimbabwean underground pro-democracy movement, also released a report entitled “What happened on Thursday night”. Their report focuses specifically on the time after voting until results were announced.

Background
Voter education In accordance with an Act of Parliament:

 * The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) controls all voter education.
 * They will supply materials for use in voter education.
 * Non-Zimbabwean citizens are strictly banned from voter education.
 * No foreign funding allowed for voter education, unless donated through ZEC.
 * Anyone performing voter education (from approved materials only) must supply full contact details and address, as well as funding sources.
 * Fines and imprisonment face transgressors.

Polling stations

High Court Judge George Chiweshe, who chairs the recently established Zimbabwe Electoral Commission, stated that 8227 polling stations will be set up in all of the country's 10 provinces – more than double the number used in previous elections.

Harare alone is expected to have 522 polling stations, up from 167 polling stations in the presidential elections. For the first time since independence from white minority rule in 1980, Zimbabwe will be holding elections on one day as opposed to two. Ballot counting will also take place at individual polling stations and new, translucent ballot boxes will replace wooden ones used in previous elections.

Voting must take place at these polling stations: any Zimbabweans living overseas must therefore have registered to be in the electoral roll by 4 February, and must vote in Zimbabwe. Requirements such as these are not uncommon in democratic countries.

Timetable and voters roll
The election date was set by President Robert Mugabe on 1 February. 31 March was a public holiday to enable easier voter participation. The parliament was dissolved on 30 March, one day before the elections. The voters' roll was closed on 4 February. Nomination courts sat on 18 February to receive names of those intending to contest in the polls (results).

The voters roll is the cornerstone of "one person – one vote." Attempts to verify this have been extremely difficult to carry out because of obstruction and non-co-operation from the Zimbabwe Registrar General.

The Registrar General refused to release the roll in electronic form, supported by judgments from the Supreme Court, necessitating any analysis to work from a paper copy. Electoral Law is very specific in that the roll must be readily and freely available to any person, however it took two years to obtain such a copy.

In February, South African president Thabo Mbeki conceded that Zimbabwe's voters roll was defective and needed to be looked at.

Only a single MDC constituency managed to complete the audit ahead of the deadline for objections to the voters' roll – a month before the poll.

In that constituency, 64 percent of people in one densely populated block in Harare North, are not known at the addresses given on the voters' roll.

Tens of thousands of former workers on white-owned farms were deprived of their votes in the March election. The workers were expelled from their homes on farms along with their employers. Thus they did not have the necessary wad of official documents required to register as voters. In addition, many could not afford to travel to their original farm constituencies to verify their details on voters' rolls. Recently enacted laws demand that potential voters provide proof of residence before they can register. Rural Zimbabweans either produce letters from their headman or chief or from their farm employer as proof of residence.

Campaign
The main parties participating were:
 * The Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front. ZANU-PF forms the current government and is led by the Zimbabwean president, Robert Mugabe. Both it and the opposition party expect ZANU-PF to end up with the majority of seats in parliament.
 * The main opposition party is the Movement for Democratic Change, led by Morgan Tsvangirai
 * Zimbabwe African National Union - Ndonga – spokesperson Reketai Semwayo
 * Zimbabwe People's Democratic Party
 * Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance

Zanu-PF is using claimed interference of Tony Blair, the British prime minister, and United States president George W. Bush in Zimbabwean politics, as an election issue. ZANU-PF is also stressing the benefits obtained through its policy of land reform.

The MDC sees the main issues as being jobs, food, peace, affordable AIDS drugs and honest, competent emphatic leadership. Their rallying cry is Change!, and their symbol is an open hand.

Roy Bennett's wife Heather Bennett intended to stand for Chimanimani rural district after the nomination court refused papers filed on behalf of her jailed husband.

However, on 15 March Zimbabwe's new Electoral Court ruled he could contest parliamentary elections. Nomination would be accepted on 4 April, while polling would take place on 30 April. An appeal by the government reversed this. The appeal was not contested by the MDC or the Bennetts. They considered that voters would be safer polling on the same day as the rest of the country, where a delay would allow Zanu-PF to concentrate efforts in that district. The MDC has never won a by-election.

Roy Bennett's application for release before the elections, on the basis of good behaviour and dissolution of the parliament that ordered the incarceration, failed.

Sikhumbuzo Ndiweni, a former ZANU PF Bulawayo Provincial Information and Publicity Secretary, is co-ordinating the Independent Candidates Solidarity Network. Members are:

 * Margaret Dongo (Harare Central)
 * Former Information Minister Jonathan Moyo (Tsholotsho)
 * The former information minister registered to run as an independent in the constituency after he was excluded from running as the ZANU-PF candidate. The party had decided that a woman should contest the Tsholotsho constituency instead of him, a decision that was linked to Moyo's opposition to Joyce Mujuru.  He will be facing Musa Ncube-Mathema, the wife of Bulawayo governor Cain Mathema, standing for Zanu-PF.
 * In the 2000 election, Mtoliki Sibanda of the MDC won with 69% of the vote over Mathema of Zanu-PF. Sibanda will be defending his seat again in 2005.
 * Dunmore Makuwaza (Mbare)
 * Tendekai Mswata (St Mary's)
 * Fanuel Chiremba (Tafara-Mabvuku)
 * Peter Nyoni (Hwange East)
 * Charles Mpofu (Bulawayo South)
 * Leonard Nkala (Phelandaba/Mpopoma)
 * Stars Mathe (Pumula/Luveve)
 * Lloyd Siyoka (Beitbridge) withdrew in favour of Kembo Mohadi of Zanu-PF
 * Godwin Shiri (Mberengwa East)

Conduct
The opposition MDC and Jonathan Moyo alleged that voters have been threatened with starvation or violence if they fail to support Zanu-PF.  No-go areas have been declared in Bindura.

Zanu-PF candidates took over control of grain stocks in Manicaland and Masvingo from the Grain Marketing Board (GMB) and are vetting beneficiaries.

Muchauraya said in Chipinge South, Enock Porusingazi was issuing badges inscribed "Election 2005" to supporters attending his rallies. The badges are then used as a ticket to buy maize.

On 8 March at Betura village, ward 16, more than 2 000 people were denied access to buy grain for allegedly failing to produce the badges. Only 200 people who had attended Zanu-PF rallies over the weekend had the badges and were allowed to buy maize.

Vote-counting
Zimbabwe's main opposition party said an investigation indicates massive electoral fraud in at least 30 seats won by the ruling Zanu-PF party.

The Movement for Democratic Change said in 11 races the winning Zanu-PF candidate got more votes in the official returns than the government's own electoral commission said were cast in those races.

In each case, the MDC said its candidate had an unassailable lead, polling more than half the official total of votes cast. However, the official returns showed 183,000 more votes than the electoral commission said were cast.

MDC spokesperson Paul Themba Nyathi said the MDC limited its analysis to the 30 seats because the electoral commission refused to release figures for other races, a decision he said "indicates widespread irregularities" in those other areas.

Observer mission statements
Zimbabwe ratified new Southern African Development Community rules in August 2004 governing principles and guidelines on elections; however, no reports on Zimbabwe's compliance have been issued by the body. One of the stipulations is that SADC monitors be invited 90 days before the poll.

By 4 February, an SADC team tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that Zimbabwe complies with the regional protocol had yet to receive permission to visit.

Non-government organisations (NGOs), among them Amnesty International, 32 Nigerian NGOs and 17 from Zimbabwe, have expressed concern about the continued abuses of human rights in the country. African Union Chairman, President Olusegun Obasanjo, has been urged to prevail on Zimbabwe, to fully implement recommendations of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR), on improving human rights conditions. The Commission made a fact-finding mission to Zimbabwe in June 2002, and the Union's findings and recommendations were adopted in January 2005, at its summit in Abuja.

"The majority of human rights concerns documented by the fact-finding mission in 2002 remain serious problems today," the NGOs said.

On 19 February 2005, 32 nations were invited by President Robert Mugabe to observe the parliamentary elections in Zimbabwe.

 * Domestic poll observers require a 'registration fee' of US$ (in local currency) – approximately the monthly minimum wage.
 * Approved Zimbabwean observers only announced two days before the elections.
 * International observers (except South Africa) are required to pay US$300, while South African observers pay US$100. Of international observer teams, only South African ones have sufficient personnel and resources to cover rural areas.

Other organisations among those invited are the Zimbabwe Council of Churches, Law Society of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Election Support Network, Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights, Affirmative Action Group, Evangelical Fellowship of Zimbabwe, Centre for Peace Initiatives in Southern Africa and the Southern African Institute for Democracy and Good Governance.

Aziz Pahad, deputy foreign minister for South Africa, said the country has been invited to observe the Zimbabwean poll in at least five different capacities.

It has been invited as a member of SADC, as chair of the organ on politics, defence and security, and as a neighbouring country. The ruling African National Congress has also been asked to send an observer team, while parliament has set up a multi-party delegation.

Five members of South Africa's governing African National Congress party arrived in Harare on 10 March headed by James Motlatsi, the first foreign observers.

The 20-member South African parliamentary observer mission led by ANC chief whip Mbulelo Goniwe left for Zimbabwe on 14 March, and will return to South Africa on 3 April. On 18 April, the Independent Democrats Member of Parliament and mission member Vincent Gore withdrew, saying that since their arrival in Harare, the mission had been plagued by inefficiency, bad planning "and wasted time".

There is also a South African government delegation, led by Labour Minister Membathisi Mdladlana, which arrived 15 March.

The 50-member SADC observer mission including 10 South African delegates headed by Minerals and Energy Minister Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka (later Deputy President), spokesperson South African foreign affairs official Nomfanelo Kota, left on 15 March.

The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)—a member of the South African ruling party alliance— sent a fact-finding mission in October 2004 to talk to the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) and research conditions for a fair poll. They were deported from Zimbabwe within hours after police broke up a meeting between them and ZCTU.

On 2 February 2005, a second mission led by Zwelinzima Vavi, Secretary-General of COSATU, was turned back at Harare airport, charged under Section 18A of the Immigration Act which relates to prohibited immigrants. In response, George Bizos, a respected human rights lawyer, said that all Southern African Development Community members are allowed to enter Zimbabwe without applying for a visa.

After a meeting the next day between the unions in South Africa Cosatu spokesperson Patrick Craven said "It is quite clear at the moment as things stand that there cannot be free and fair elections".

ZCTU requested that an independent electoral commission be established and international observers be allowed in the country, and the government also needed to scrap strict laws restricting the opposition's access to the media and barring it from holding public rallies and meetings without police permission.

Under the Public Order and Security Act (POSA), it is a requirement for organisers of public meetings to first notify the police of the intention to gather. It is an offence, under the same law, for more than five people to meet without notifying the police, who have the prerogative to permit or deny permission to hold public meetings. ZTCU suggested that the date of the elections be postponed. ZCTU themselves have been barred from observing the election.

Amnesty International has said that Zanu-PF has used threats and intimidation against opposition supporters ahead of the elections which now cannot be free and fair.

"It is the view of the mission that the 2005 parliamentary elections in Zimbabwe reflect the free will of the people of Zimbabwe" said South African Labour Minister Membathisi Mdladlana, who led the South African government observer mission for the elections.

Mdladlana said the elections on Thursday "by and large" conformed to election guidelines adopted by southern African leaders last year for holding a democratic vote.

"Let me congratulate the people of Zimbabwe for holding a peaceful, credible and well-organised election which we feel reflects the will of the people" said Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, the South African cabinet minister that led the 55-member, 11-country observer mission from the Southern African Development Community.

Mlambo Ngcuka said the observer mission had asked the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) to provide evidence to support their claims of discrepancies in 32 of the 120 constituencies.

"We have received complaints and asked for information. We still don't have it. There is not much more we can do." she said.

Results
The results showed the same pattern as in 2000. The MDC won virtually all the seats in the main cities, Harare and Bulawayo, where civil society organisations are relatively strong and able to prevent electoral manipulation. The MDC also won a majority of seats in the southern region of Matabeleland, where the Ndebele people, once supporters of Joshua Nkomo's ZAPU, continue to oppose the Shona-dominated ZANU-PF. But in rural Mashonaland, in central and northern Zimbabwe, where the majority of the population lives, ZANU-PF won all but one seat.

In some notable local results, Emmerson Mnangagwa, speaker of the previous parliament, and tipped at one time to succeed Mugabe but recently fallen from grace, lost his seat Kwe-kwe to the MDC's Blessing Chebundo. Jonathan Moyo, an independent, won the Tsholotsho constituency from the MDC. Another significant loss for the MDC was Chimanimani, contested by Roy Bennett's wife Heather.

The Zimbabwe Election Support Network, which had some 6,000 observers in the 8,000 polling stations, says that some 10% of would-be voters were turned away, either because their names were not on the electoral roll, they did not have the right identity papers, or they were in the wrong constituency.

title: 2005 Zimbabwean parliamentary election