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Talk:Hypergraphia

Comment 1
As a psychiatric patient of 6 years, I was always told I suffered from Depression and schizophrenia. Recently, upon meeting with my new psychiatrist, I was told what I "suffer" from might actually be Hypergraphia. Everything I've read thus far on the illness is exactly me, but I am having trouble finding in depth inormation as opposed to defination. If anyone has any info, or knows where I can get some, your help would be entirely appreciated.

 * The main character of Quills (film) could be said to have Hypergraphia. -- Sy / (talk) 01:02, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Google Alice Flaherty. There's a lot of press on her or read her book about it called "The Midnight Disease."

Stub
I've made this topic a stub. The recent use of this in CSI:NY got me interested, but there is not enough information on Wikipedia.

Hope someone can expand on it

And I've added the causes of Hypergraphia too...not completely, but halfway thru. Not too free now. Can someone be so kind to help out? p/s: Add a content box at the top too.. I don't really know how to do that

Chewxy 06:40, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

The paragraph about the various parts of the brain that are involved in the act of writing is relevant, but does it really belong under the "Causes" heading?

Oh the irony. The article for Hypergraphia is a fscking stub. Excellent. :) --Kim

Experience With Medication
I was, for several years, very hypergraphic, while at the time I was taking Risperdal for my schizoaffective disorder. A few months ago, I switched to Zyprexa instead. It works better at relieving my symptoms, but I notice that I don't write much anymore.

My wife would say that's a good thing :-/ but I'm not sure I like it.

I also recently bought Alice Flaherty's book The Midnight Disease, and have read enough of it that I can recommend it to anyone wanting to know more about Hypergraphia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by MichaelCrawford (talk • contribs) 02:21, 4 April 2007 (UTC).

Does not cite sources?
This article is interesting but cites absolutely zero references. I'm paticularly interested in knowing if this is accurate:

"Additionally schizophrenics and people with frontotemporal dementia also experience a compulsive drive to write."

What kind of schizophrenics? Is this the majority or minority?

88.111.70.96 18:47, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

I'd also be a bit concerned about the speculation about living figures; while I think it's sometimes appropriate to speculate about the pathologies of historical figures, without a source verifying a clinical diagnosis I think it's inappropriate to diagnose Bob Graham in this article.

67.51.57.35 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 17:25, 3 March 2010 (UTC).

Hothouse episode of Law & Order SVU
On Tuesday January 13th, there was a premier of an episode of Law & Order SVU called Hothouse. There is a girl in it, who due to being pushed to overachieve in college, starts taking ADHD medication without prescription. They mention one of the side effects of people who take off-prescription ADHD medication, is Hypergraphia.Violet yoshi (talk) 12:17, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Surrealism
Citations should be found for allegations of hypergraphia being used to criticize or suppress surrealism in light of Andre Breton's statement that there is no subject about which one should refuse to speak and write voluminously, and in light of surrealist automatism. --Daniel C. Boyer (talk) 18:40, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

Historical examples
Is it possible that Joseph Smith, founder and Prophet of the LDS Church, experienced hypergraphia while composing the Book of Mormon? Historical accounts of the process by which the BoM was created suggest that Joseph Smith might have been experiencing hypergraphia. The rest of Joseph's life was also typified by behaviour symptomatic of bipolar or maybe schizoaffective disorder? Impossible to diagnose the deceased of course, but interesting and Joseph Smith undoubtedly an important historical figure who has influenced millions of people worldwide.

Sourced:

Richard Bushman, *Rough Stone Rolling* (will come back with biblio)

Fawn Brodie, *No Man Knows My Name* (will come back with biblio)

Keep sweet (talk) 05:36, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

Merge from graphomania suggestion
Unless I am missing something, the definitions in wikipedia are the same: The only difference IMO is the second one being more hypergraphic :-) Staszek Lem (talk) 16:58, 3 May 2012 (UTC)
 * "Hypergraphia is an overwhelming urge to write."
 * "Graphomania (from Greek γραφειν — writing,[1] and μανία — insanity), also known as scribomania, refers to an obsessive impulse to write."

Like with any "mania"/"phobia"/"philia", it is difficult to draw hard lines to separate habit//hobby//passion//obsession//disorder from each other. Therefore I would suggest to proceed in two steps: Any other opinions? Staszek Lem (talk) 16:58, 3 May 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) Merge the contents.
 * 2) See if it makes sense to create two cross-referenced articles:
 * 3) *about a mental disorder (with proper scholar/medical refs)
 * 4) *about the remaining life (with anecdotes, notable cases, etc.)

From Althea Miller, Madison WI They shouldn't be merged. It's a slight difference. Graphomania seems to be connected to an illogical stream of consciousness where thoughts are random and not connected. Definitions for hypergraphia mention nothing about this, rather, merely point to one's compulsion to write. The compulsions are similar yes, but the difference between the two is important. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.104.94.242 (talk) 16:34, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Not the same thing.   Mysterytrey   talk  16:29, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I think "overwhelming urge" has more of a positive connotation than "obsessive impulse". Perhaps we should differentiate between the two on either page, but "obsessive impulse" brings to mind OCD.  LazyBastard Guy  13:49, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Not sure. Perhaps one should see something like a content/form distinction
 * -Hypergraphia: as the urge to record everything and writing is rather useful as it allows recording mental states.
 * -Graphomania: as the urge to produce discourse.91.92.179.172 (talk) 17:46, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Per consensus, I am dismissing the merge at this time. It seems the key difference between graphomania and hypergraphia is a) in the second sentence of the graphomania article as of this writing, and b) in the terminology itself. Anything "-mania" suggests a certain insanity; "hyper-" just means that someone does something constantly or rapidly, sometimes both, and usually with a coherent purpose. That, at least, is my understanding, and with that I am closing this discussion with the consensus to not merge.  LazyBastard Guy  19:18, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Neuroscience Students
For my undergraduate neuroscience class, my partner and I are going to be updating this page for a final project. We will be working on it for about 2 months. If anyone wants to check out what we're doing, you can look at our sandboxes.

Hannahgrotz (talk) 18:34, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

Peer Comment 1
Nice work on this article, a very interesting piece.

Hopefully I can offer some constructive feedback. Before I begin, a note: I'm not sure how much of this you two have written, and how much already existed.

On citing: I may be wrong, but you may be able to take out your parenthetical citations and instead just stick with the wiki citations.

On the introduction: I think you might be able to better use this space to frame the rest of the article. Perhaps allude to the structure of the article –– when I read an introduction, I'm looking to pull out the most important points and have a decent road map for the rest of the article.

More generally, I think the introduction could be written more clearly. If it's not a disorder, what is it? A symptom? Can you be more explicit?

On characteristics: You make an impressive number of interesting points. That being said, I think you could do a better job tying them together with a little more structure. I'm thinking along the lines of more explicit topic sentences for each paragraph, as well as transition sentences. Otherwise, lots of solid material here, surprisingly fun to read!

On causes: I think you could make some more solid contributions to this section. I'm not sure if it is a consequence of a dearth of material and/or research, but it seems as though you could more clearly identify a cause or number of causes.

In the introductory part of this section, you name a few possible causes, but you are lacking analysis, and in lieu just making a list. Which cause is the most probable? Have researchers come to a consensus? How do these things relate?

On temporal lobe epilepsy: It seems like this section is the meat of your research, but I'm not sure. Some good technical information here, but can you put it in better context for the reader?

On Geschwind syndrome: Maybe if you only have a sentence or two to write, you could incorporate this into another section?

On pathophysiology: This is a strong section. I think (like most writing) the language could be tightened up, and I did notice a few grammatical errors (e.g. "associated to" instead of "associated with"), but the content is otherwise presented clearly.

On famous cases: Nothing to say here; just a nice list of notables. Good work!

Overall, I offer quite a few comments, but please don't mistake me for being too harsh, just hoping to help a little! Take each with a grain of salt, feel free to dismiss any one, and/or write back in this forum if anything needs clarification! Nice work folks. Rowettb (talk) 23:35, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

Peer Comment 2
Overall, the page looks great. The images are integrated well with the textual information that is included. In reading over the page and looking into information concerning hypergraphia, I have given you some feedback that I hope will help with revisions:

In terms of citing, I think that you guys can take out the parenthetical citations and just use the wiki template for referencing sources used in the article. I think that the page might have a better "flow" in terms of understanding the information presented if the “geschwind syndrome” section were integrated with the “temporal lobe epilepsy” section/paragraph. Also, the information below the "causes" heading, especially the first block of text seems like it could be very easily worked into the "pathophysiology" section. If the "pathophysiology" section were above the "causes" section, I think the disorders associated with the condition (in the "causes" section) could be better understood in-context of the pathophysiology.

I think that adding more information about the connections between hypergraphia and bipolar disorder and hypergraphia and schizophrenia could enrich the "causes" section of the page. Also, if you wanted to tweak with the heading for the "chemical causes" section to make it more specific to the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetycholine discussed in the section, it might help readers understand the section a bit better from just reading the section heading/title.

In terms of wording suggestions, the sentence in the “temporal lobe epilepsy”, the third sentence (“In temporal lobe epilepsy patients, they may exhibit…”) could be rephrased a bit. Also, the last sentence in this section confused me a bit with the use of the term “syntax”.

Take all of my comments as helpful suggestions. It looks great! --Ephlegar (talk) 21:40, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

Peer Comment 3
So in general I think you did a great job on the page, I don't know how much exactly is yours but good work. These are some of the things I found you might want to address, and I hope my feedback can be helpful.

I feel like you need a more detailed introduction here, a more general overview of what hypergraphia is. Also I would add a sentence or two about graphomania and to how it is different to hypergraphia, because they are very similar and a distinction between the two might be helpful to have.

Regarding the characteristics section, I believe a better organization could be made. I feel like it doesn't fit into the article as well as the rest of the sections. Maybe grouping the characteristics prior to mentioning the studies. Also I wouldn't use the references in the format (Waxman and Geschwind), I would take that out and just stick with the wiki referencing style.

In the causes section I like the introductory paragraph, its a good overview, I would add a sentence or two more about writers block and hyperlexia. Also the temporal lobe epilepsy, as well as the chemical causes are very detailed and nicely done in my opinion. However I would maybe expand a bit more on the geschwind syndrome and the mood disorders, by adding a bit more information. I aware that finding research articles on some topics is hard and there might not be much information on these to expand.

I really enjoyed the last section, famous causes. I found this part very interesting and very well constructed. It gives a kind of a different dimension to the whole article as well as a interesting look into how something that you might not want to get can be used to your benefit. Can't say I wouldn't mind having hypergraphia when it comes to writing those long 7, 10 and 15 page papers.

Again, I hope my feedback helps, and great job again. Gumovnik (talk) 04:37, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

Response to Peer Reviews
Thanks to everyone for the helpful comments! We added more information to the introduction section, and moved a small part from our causes section to the introduction. We also added more structure to the Characteristics section (two sub headers) and a few introduction sentences. The Causes section underwent a lot of changes. We moved the Pathophysiology section to a subsection under Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and moved the Geschwind Syndrome subsection out of Causes and into the introduction. We also took out the intro section to Causes and replaced it with a new paragraph that incorporated/rephrased what was already there. We did not write the Famous Cases section so we let that be.

Thanks again for the feedback! --Hannahgrotz (talk) 22:13, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:MEDMOS; I've moved some things back where they belong, and am very glad to hear you didn't write the dismal "Famous Cases" section. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 09:51, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

Speculation removed
Please see WP:MEDMOS on notable cases. None of these say they had the condition, all is original research. Also see WP:NOT and WP:TRIVIA. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 09:48, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

The Reverend Robert Shields maintained a diary chronicling every 5 minutes of his life from 1972 until a stroke disabled him in 1997. The diary fills 81 boxes and contains approximately 37.5 million words. This gargantuan work details every minutae of Shields' life, including extensive details of his bowel movements, blood pressure, body temperature, and various medications, as well as extensive lists of the groceries he bought and their prices. Many entries consist of "I was at the keyboard of the IBM Wheelwriter, making entries for the diary."

Outsider artist and writer Henry Darger would appear to have been a case of hypergraphia, having produced what has been described as the longest novel in existence, The Story of the Vivian Girls.

American composer Alan Hovhaness is acknowledged as one of the most prolific of the 20th century and may have been affected by hypergraphia. He carried paper and pen wherever he went and is known to have composed almost every day, in shopping malls, restaurants, and even on buses. He claimed to have thrown over 1,000 of his early compositions into the fireplace in the 1940s while still a young man, and even at the time of his death, in 2000, had penned around 500 more, most of which are published.

Former United States Senator Bob Graham has maintained a meticulous account of the daily events of his life. Between 1977 and 2003, Graham filled almost 4,000 notebooks, recording such varied items as the movie he and his daughter rented on the eve of his grandchild's birth (Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, which, he noted, he rewound and returned), as well as details of strangers he'd met at airports so that he could follow up with a friendly letter. Each notebook, color-coded by season, covered two to three days. His daily entries included minutiae like his weight, clothes into which he changed, what he ate and where, as well as serious matters of state. When the company that manufactured Graham's notebooks ceased production, Graham bought up hundreds of the remaining stock. During the 2000 Presidential race, Vice President Al Gore considered Graham as a potential running mate, but campaign insiders worried Graham's habit of filling notebooks with daily minutia would be perceived by the public as eccentric. Finally, late in the selection process, Gore decided against Graham. Nevertheless, Graham maintained his notebooks were not diaries—as they contained no introspective commentary—but rather an efficient system for life management. "I would rather have more detail than less," Graham told Time magazine in 2000. "I use [the notebooks] as a working tool. I review them for calls to be made, memos to be dictated, meetings I want to follow up on and things people promise to do. I would be reticent to be too open in describing personal feelings and emotions." In the same article, an anonymous source close to Graham suspected the suicide of Graham's half-brother spurred Graham to seek control and discipline, one form of which was Graham's notebooks.

Arthur Crew Inman (1895–1963) was a reclusive and unsuccessful American poet whose 17-million word diary, extending from 1919 to 1963, is one of the longest English language diaries on record. The diary was edited by Daniel Aaron and published in 1985.

Warren Steed Jeffs, president and "prophet" of the FLDS polygamous sect, who was convicted in 2011 of aggravated sexual assault of a child, recorded every detailed aspect of his daily life in voluminous typed manuscript he referred to as "Priesthood Records." Experts described Jeffs' writings as having recorded Jeffs' "every thought." Jeffs' detailed diaries were seized by law enforcement agencies in a 2008 raid of Jeffs' Texas compound. The writings were so voluminous, they filled a 600 square foot room. The diaries were later used as evidence in criminal trials to convict several FLDS members, including Jeffs, of sexual crimes against children.

Who in the hell is Mendez
"Functional MRI scans of other studies suggest that rhyming behavior is produced in the left hemisphere, but Mendez proposed that hyperactive electrical activity of the right hemisphere may induce a release of writing and rhyming abilities in the left hemisphere.[3]"

The article suddenly blurts out this name without first introducing him or her. 184.57.129.13 (talk) 02:47, 28 December 2014 (UTC)
 * When this happens you can place a [¿who?] next to a name (or general referentiation to a party such as "some"). Sincerely, --Namlong618 (talk) 00:54, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

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Talk:Alisha's Attic

Untitled
A brief description of the musical style would have been useful (I followed a link because I'd seen but never heard their albums, and wondered what sort of music theirs was). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης )

If no-one has any objections, I intend to move the album tracklistings to their own album pages. Any objections? Satansrubberduck 12:00, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Opinion
It's such a shame Alisha's Attic broke up as it were, they were amazing with a beautiful sound that a lot of popular music at the moment still doesnt compare to! TR_Wolf

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Aleka's Attic
Can this be coincidence? Was this band named after the earlier Aleka's Attic? 86.128.51.2 (talk) 20:10, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

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Odra (Kupa)

Odra is a river in central Croatia. It is 83 km long and its basin covers an area of 604 km2. Its source is in the Žumberak mountain, southwest of Zagreb. It flows eastwards, passes south of Velika Gorica, then turns south-east, more or less parallel to the river Sava. It flows into the river Kupa near Odra Sisačka, just northeast of Sisak, also just before the Kupa joins the river Sava.

The upper flow of Odra has been significantly altered by humans, by the digging of the 32 km long canal Sava-Odra(-Sava) south of Zagreb, as a measure against flooding (designed taking into account the maximum flows of 1964, 1973 and 1974, and first put to use in 1979).

There is no certain etymology for the river's name, it could be Slavic or pre-Slavic, and 20th-century linguists did not have a consensus about it.

title: Odra (Kupa)


text:
Ribeira Grande, Azores

Ribeira Grande is a municipality in the northern part of the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese Azores. The population in 2011 was 32,112, in an area of 180.15 km2. The municipal seat is located in the civil parish of Matriz, with a population of about 4000 inhabitants, part of the urbanized core of what is commonly referred to as the city of Ribeira Grande (six civil parishes, about 10000 inhabitants).

History
The first settlers arrived on the island by the end of the second quarter of the 15th century. The expansion of settlement occurred after initiatives by the island's third donatary captain, Rui Gonçalves da Câmara (son of João Gonçalves Zarco, resulting in northern colonies from peoples from Madeira. Although the early settlement of Ribeira Grande is mired in murkiness owing to the lack of resources, the best sources indicate that settlement began in the late-15th or early-16th centuries. The first settlers to this region are to the northern part of the island by the end of the 15th century. On arriving, these colonists established their settlement along the ravine, which they eventually named after the river course: Ribeira Grande. What is certain is that before 1507, in the urban areas of today's Ribeira Grande, there were already colonists of a "certain social stature" living and raising cattle. One of these was Antão Rodrigues da Câmara, the bastard son Rui Gonçalves da Câmara, donatary-captain of São Miguel. His parentage was legitimized on 6 January 1499, and his property (situated in Ribeirinha) was described as an estate, with lands of woodlands, pasture and waters, with houses supported by granaries, haylofts, pastel engine, vineyards and orchards, received as part of his morgadia dated 17 April 1508.

The construction of the isolated Port of Santo Iria began at the beginning of the 16th century.

Even before being raised to the status of town (at the beginning of the 17th century), the population had already grown dramatically. This was recorded in a 1507 accord that established a master builder for the new church, assumed to be the parochial church of Nossa Senhora da Estrela. The elevation of Ponta Delgada to "town" in 1499, must have influenced the resident nobles of Ribeira Grande, who moved to have the same authority established for their burgh. Although the people involved were unfamiliar, Gaspar Frutuoso indicated that King Manuel I conceded to the locality of Ribeira Grande the privilege of town on 4 August 1507, that included a league around the centre, counted from the [central] pillory, comprising one parish (called Nossa Senhora da Purificação or Nossa Senhora da Estrela). It was Lopo Arês who brought the signed document from Lisbon, when he returned in 1508.

On 3 April 1508, then donatary captain, Rui Gonçalves da Câmara, oversaw the swearing in of Jorge da Mota (ordinary judge of Vila Franca do Campo) and João do Penedo and António Carneiro, noblemen of Ribeira Grande, to select twelve residents to vote on the six elected officials for the new town. It was this process that eventually elected the first municipal council, that served until 24 June 1509.

Writing at the beginning of the 15th century, Gaspar Frutuoso wrote about the settlement, in these terms:
 * "The town of Ribeira Grande, noble by its residents, rich in its lands, well shaded with its fields and fertile with its fruits, is situated in and around its great ravine, from which it received its name, almost in the middle of the island, in a large bay in a band of the north, at the feet of a sierra very fresh [that is near its plain, is a thing highlights the other, making its grouply more gracious then other towns]; and the ravine cuts the town in two parts, of a small time, because until the year one thousand and fifty-five there was no bridge to the western part to more than two houses only. But, later after much growth, that it is today the largest town, richer and more people then there are in all the Bishopric of Angra. Before it was suffragate of Vila Franco do Campo, until the King Dom Manuel, explain on his pillory for all parts around."

Settlers continued to be sent to the area of Ribeira Grande, by Lopo de Ares, owing to the location's access to water and the pre-existing colonists that already provided land rents. Since it was located far from the provincial capital of Vila Franca, the town was elevated to the status of town by King Manuel in 1507.

Until 1515, the western margin of the Ribeira Grande river was occupied by just two homes. A few years later, from a land record of 4 July 1520, there was a contract for stone to build a bridge alongside the main square, awarded to Fernão Álvares. Budgeted for 400.000 reais, the completed bridge was described as having one large arch with a 12 côvados span, equivalent to 7.94 m span, and width of 22 palms, equivalent to 444 cm, built of the best stonework that was found around the town, and well worked.

From 1536, the monastery of Jesus was founded, in order to shelter the youth of wealthy governing families, resulting in the appearance of the toponymy Rua das Freiras and Largo das Freiras. This was a reflection of the growth of the settlement, which continued to expand regularly; in 1515 there were 200 homes; the parish of Nossa Senhora da Estrela had 800 by 1576 (on this date there were 1018 homes and 3534 souls in the municipality; and 1237 homes by 1593, with indications that the population of the municipality rounded 5000 inhabitants by this time. The growth of the demographics of the municipality necessitated that the ecclesiastical administration create new parishes, resulting in the creation of the parishes of São Pedro (in Ribeira Seca) by 1577 by bishop D. Gaspar de Faria.

Since its formation the town employed a arruador, who was responsible for "designing" the grounds and roads and houses that were made. Pêro Teixeira, who died in 1555, was the first, and was succeeded on 9 February by his successor. At the time of Pêro Teixeira's death town records point to the existence of various roadways established under his authority: Ruas de João do Outeiro, Rua da Conceição, Rua de Lourenço Gonçalves, Rua da Bica, Rua do Santo Espírito, Rua de Francisco Gonçalves Cheira-Dinheiro, Rua das Pedras, Rua do Rosário, Rua de João da Horta and references to the cobble-stoning other roads. A large part of these roads continue in the current toponymy of the town. Similarly, the a clock was established in the tower of the church in 1555 and in 1578, a bell was installed in the municipal palace tower and a new butcher appeared, attesting to the development of the urban metropolo. In other parts of the municipality, such as Rabo de Peixe, its primitive parochial church was substituted by a larger three-nave structure, that presented an ornate painting of St. Peter attributed to Vasco Fernandes (1480-1543).

Between 1612 and 1626, the Convent of São Francisco was constructed, reflecting the importance of the northern community. This growth mandated the reorganization of the island, resulting in the division of São Miguel into three municipalities: Ponta Delgada, Vila Franca do Campo and Ribeira Grande.

The aspiration to obtain the status of city began in 1852; plans for the future city were then constituted by the parishes of Nossa Senhora da Estrela (today Matriz) and Nossa Senhora da Conceição (the actual Conceição). But, nothing ever became of this project. During the intervening years the continuous growth and expansion of the burgh continued: this resulted in the construction of the Church of the Misericórdia (18th century); and need to construct a new link across the main ravine. It was during the 19th century, that the bridge of eight arcs (Ponte de Oito Arcos) was completed, to complement the old one arch bridge at the main square. Further expansion of the road network continued: the Rua das Pedras (today the Rua Sousa e Silva) was open, as was the Avenida Camões and the new access to the port of Santa Iria was inaugurated.

It was only on 29 June 1981 that the municipal centre obtained the status of city.

Physical geography
The municipality is one of the six that constitute the island of São Miguel. It occupies most of the northern section of the island, from the Atlantic coast to the volcanic mountains in the center of the island. It is the only municipality on São Miguel to share boundaries with all five other municipalities: it is bounded by Nordeste (east), Povoação (southeast), Ponta Delgada (west), Lagoa and Vila Franca do Campo (south). All the municipalities are linked by several regional roads that circle the island or cross the mountains in the central section.

The relief is dominated by the Serra de Água de Pau, which includes a caldeira occupied by the Lagoa do Fogo (Lake of Fire). The highest elevation is Pico da Barrosa at 947 m (overlooking Lagoa do Fogo) or Monte Escuro at 890 m; this volcanic massif also extends to the plateau of Graminhais, by the eastern border with Nordeste, where the Pico do Salto do Cavalo 954 m has a well known lookout. The volcanic geology, associated to the occurrence of many springs in the foothills, have been responsible for the fast creeks flowing in deep ravines, one of which gave its name to the town. Other volcanic manifestations in the area are fumaroles, such as Caldeira Velha or Caldeiras, and mineral hot springs at Lombadas, Gramas and Ladeira da Velha.

In addition to the river valleys and mountains, there are several beaches, including the main beaches in Ribeira Grande (Santa Bárbara and Monte Verde), Moinhos Beach (at Porto Formoso) and Viola Beach (in the shadow of Lomba da Maia).

Human geography

The municipality is divided into 14 sub-regional administrative authorities, or freguesias (civil parishes):
 * Calhetas
 * Conceição (Ribeira Grande)
 * Fenais da Ajuda
 * Lomba da Maia
 * Lomba de São Pedro
 * Maia
 * Matriz (Ribeira Grande), the main urbanized area, and seat of the municipality, it has a population of just under 4000 inhabitants, and is the socio-cultural centre (location of many of the historical architectural buildings/structures);
 * Pico da Pedra
 * Porto Formoso
 * Rabo de Peixe
 * Ribeira Seca
 * Ribeirinha
 * Santa Bárbara
 * São Brás

The largest parish in population (and density) is Rabo de Peixe, while the smallest is São Brás. In area, the largest parish is Maia, and the smallest is Calhetas. The highest village is Lomba da Maia.

Twin towns — sister cities
Ribeira Grande is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇸 Somerville, United States
 * 🇺🇸 Fall River, United States
 * 🇺🇸 East Providence, United States
 * 🇨🇦 Laval, Canada
 * 🇧🇷 Porto Alegre, Brazil
 * 🇨🇻 Ribeira Grande de Santiago, Cape Verde
 * 🇨🇻 Paul, Cape Verde
 * 🇨🇻 Porto Novo, Cape Verde
 * 🇨🇻 Ribeira Grande, Cape Verde

Civic

 * Arquipelago Center of the Arts (Arquipélago Centro de artes contemporâneas)
 * Augusto César Ferreira Cabido Home (Asilo de Mendicidade Augusto César Ferreira Cabido/Lar Augusto César Ferreira Cabido)
 * Estate of Boa Viagem (Solar da Boa Viagem/Casa das Calhetas)
 * Estate of Mafoma (Solar da Mafoma)
 * Estate of Nossa Senhora do Vencimento (Solar de Nossa Senhora do Vencimento)
 * Estate of São Sebastião (Solar de São Sebastião e Capela)
 * Judicial Court of Ribeira Grande (Judicial Court of Ribeira Grande)
 * Lighthouse of Ponta do Cintrão (Farol da Ponta do Cintrão)
 * Municipal Palace/Hall of Ribeira Grande (Paços do Concelho da Ribeira Grande)
 * Philharmonic Society Progressive of the North (Sociedade Filarmónica Progresso do Norte)
 * Rabo de Peixe Fishermens' Barrio (Bairro de Casas para Pescadores de Rabo de Peixe)
 * Santa Bárbara Parochial and Social Centre (Centro Social e Paroquial de Santa Bárbara)
 * Theatre Ribeiragrandense (Teatro Ribeira Grandense)
 * Thermal Springs of Caldeiras (Termas das Caldeiras da Ribeira Grande)

Churches

 * Seventh-day Adventist Church of Lomba de São Pedro (Igreja Adventista do Sétimo Dia em Lomba de S. Pedro)
 * Church of Espírito Santo (Igreja e Hospital da Santa Casa da Misericórdia da Ribeira Grande/Igreja dos Passos/Igreja do Espírito Santo)
 * Church of the Divino Espírito Santo (Igreja Paroquial de Maia/Igreja do Divino Espírito Santo)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora dos Aflitos (Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Aflição/Igreja de Nossa Senhora dos Aflitos)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem (Igreja Paroquial de Calhetas/Igreja Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Igreja Paroquial da Conceição/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora das Dores (Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Dores)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Estrela (Igreja Paroquial de Ribeira Grande/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Estrela)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Graça (Igreja Paroquial de Porto Formoso/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Graça)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres (Igreja Paroquial Pico da Pedra/Igreja de Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário (Igreja Paroquial de Lomba da Maia/Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora das Vitórias (Igreja Paroquial de Santa Bárbara/Igreja de Santa Bárbara/Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Vitórias)
 * Church of Santíssimo Salvador do Mundo (Igreja Paroquial de Ribeirinha/Igreja do Santíssimo Salvador do Mundo)
 * Church of Santos Reis Magos (Igreja Paroquial Fenais da Ajuda/Igreja dos Santos Reis Magos)
 * Church of São Brás (Igreja Paroquial de São Brás/Igreja de São Brás)
 * Church of São Pedro (Igreja de Lomba de São Pedro/Igreja de São Pedro)
 * Church of São Pedro (Igreja Paroquial de Ribeira Seca/Igreja de São Pedro)
 * Church of Senhor Bom Jesus (Igreja Paroquial de Rabo de Peixe/Igreja do Senhor Bom Jesus)
 * Convent of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe (Convento da Ordem de São Francisco/Convento de Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe)
 * Convent of Nossa Senhora da Ajuda (Convento de Nossa Senhora da Ajuda/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Ajuda)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Conceição das Vinhas (Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Conceição das Vinhas)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Salvação (Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Salvação)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora das Dores (Ermida de Nossa Senhora das Dores)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora do Rosário (Ermida de Nossa Senhora do Rosário)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora de Fátima (Ermida de Nossa Senhora do Rosário / Ermida de Nossa Senhora de Fátima)
 * Hermitage of Santa Luzia (Ermida de Santa Luzia)
 * Hermitage of Santo André (Ermida de Santo André)
 * Hermitage of Bom Successo (Ermida do Bom Sucesso/Ermida de Nossa Senhora do Bom Sucesso)
 * Monastery of Nossa Senhora das Mercês (Mosteiro de Nossa Senhora das Mercês)
 * Passos da Via Sacra da Ribeira Grande

title: Ribeira Grande, Azores


text:
User talk:Mattlaabs~enwiki

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title: User talk:Mattlaabs~enwiki


text:
Cylindropuntia bigelovii

Cylindropuntia bigelovii, the teddy-bear cholla, is a cholla cactus species native to Northwestern Mexico, and to the United States in California, Arizona, and Nevada.

Description
Cylindropuntia bigelovii has a soft appearance due to its solid mass of very formidable spines that completely cover the stems, leading to its sardonic nickname of "teddy bear".

The teddy-bear cholla stands 1 to 5 ft tall with a distinct trunk. The branches or lobes are at the top of the trunk and are nearly horizontal. Lower branches typically fall off, and the trunk darkens with age. The silvery-white spines, which are actually a form of leaf, almost completely obscure the stem with a fuzzy-looking but impenetrable defense. The spines are 1 in long and covered with a detachable, paper-like sheath.

Yellow-green flowers emerge at the tips of the stems in May and June. Flowers are usually 3.6 cm in length and produce fruit that is 1.9 cm in diameter, tuberculate, and may or may not have spines. These fruits contain few if any viable seeds as the plant usually reproduces through a dispersal strategy of dropped or carried stems. These stems are often carried for some distance by sticking to the fur or skin of animals and are especially painful to remove. When a piece of this cholla sticks to an animal or person, a good method to remove the cactus is with a hair comb. The spines have microscopic barbs which point backwards and hold on tightly. Often small stands of these chollas form, most of which are clones of the same individual.

Like its cousin the jumping cholla, the stems detach easily, and the ground around a mature plant is often littered with scattered cholla balls and small plants starting where these balls have rooted.

Wildlife
Desert pack rats such as the desert woodrat gather these balls around their burrows, creating a defense against most predators like kit fox and coyote, however several species of snake feed on the rat, keeping its population balanced.

The cactus wren can be found perched on the cholla and other cacti. They also use a variety of cacti for nesting purposes.

The "jumping" part of the name is said to originated because a person walking in the desert can step on a stem on the ground with heel of a boot or shoe can cause the stem to swivel up and embed spines in the walker's calf.

Distribution
Cylindropuntia bigelovii grows in desert regions at elevations to about 3,000 feet in the "Low Desert" or Colorado Desert of Southern California, and in other Sonoran Desert regions of the Southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.

In the Lower Colorado River Valley, the most dense Cylindropuntia bigelovii stands are at higher elevations, in the rockiest sites. There are fewer Sonoran Desert or Colorado Desert plant association species, but two are common though reduced in size: ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) and saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea).

The teddy bear cholla is also found in a protected Cholla Cactus Garden as part of the Joshua Tree National Park among other desert plants such as the desert senna, pencil cholla, creosote bush, jojoba, and climbing milkweed Funastrum cynanchoides which can climb and cover the teddy bear cholla and may even kill it.

title: Cylindropuntia bigelovii


text:
Hezekiah Niles

Hezekiah Niles (October 10, 1777 – April 2, 1839), was an American editor and publisher of the Baltimore-based national weekly news magazine, Niles' Weekly Register (aka Niles' Register) and the Weekly Register.

Life and career
Niles was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, to a Quaker family, although his father quit the church to fight in the American Revolutionary War. In 1777, the family fled from Wilmington, Delaware, ahead of the British army to the home of James Jefferis on the east side of the Brandywine Creek near Jefferis' Ford. Niles later asserted in the Weekly Register that a Hessian mercenary threatened to bayonet his mother while pregnant with him.

The family returned to Wilmington and after the war his father rejoined the Quakers. At 17, Niles apprenticed with a Philadelphia printer for three years. He then worked in Wilmington for several years, attempting to establish a printing business that went bankrupt in 1801. In 1805 he published a short-lived literary magazine called the Apollo. Later in 1805, he moved to Baltimore, where until 1811 he edited a daily broadsheet, the Baltimore Evening Post, associated with the Democratic-Republican Party. In 1811, he issued the prospectus for the Weekly Register and had 1,500 subscribers before the first issue had been published. His book Principles and acts of the Revolution in America was first published in 1822.

Niles edited and published the Weekly Register until 1836, making it into one of the most widely circulated magazines in the United States and himself into one of the most influential journalists of his day. The Niles' Weekly Register covered not only politics, but economics, science, technology, art, and literature. In the Register's discourse of politics, Niles used what he called "magnanimous disputation", trying to present the arguments of both sides fairly and objectively, a policy which has made the paper an important source for the history of the period.

Later in life, Niles was afflicted by a paralytic condition and retired to Wilmington, Delaware, where he died in 1839.

Peacemaking efforts between the North and South
Niles foresaw the possibility of the American Civil War as early as 1820, and published articles in the Register which suggested efforts the South could make in modernizing their economy to a form which was not fully dependent on slavery, publishing efforts which he hoped would help avoid conflict between the North and South. Southern states largely rejected these suggestions that sought to alter their economic dependence on slavery.

Legacy
Niles, Michigan and Niles, Ohio are named for him. Niles, Illinois may also be named for him, but circumstances are unclear concerning the naming of the surrounding township in 1850.

title: Hezekiah Niles


text:
Euell Gibbons

Euell Theophilus Gibbons (September 8, 1911 – December 29, 1975) was an outdoorsman and early health food advocate, promoting eating wild foods during the 1960s.

Early career
Gibbons was born in Clarksville, Texas, on September 8, 1911, and spent much of his youth in the hilly terrain of northwestern New Mexico. His father drifted from job to job, usually taking his wife and four children with him.

During one difficult interval of homesteading, Gibbons began foraging for local plants and berries to supplement the family diet. After leaving home at 15, he drifted throughout the Southwest, finding work as a dairyman, carpenter, trapper, gold panner, and cowboy. The early years of the Dust Bowl era found Gibbons in California, where he lived as a self-described bindle stiff  and, in sympathy with labor causes, began writing Communist Party leaflets. Later in the 1930s he settled in Seattle, served a stint in the Army, married, and worked as a carpenter, surveyor, and boatbuilder.

During the late 1930s, Gibbons was still giving "more time to his political activity than to his work, and more time to wild food than to politics." After the Soviet Union invaded Poland in 1939, however, he renounced Communism and spent most of World War II in Hawaii, building and repairing boats for the Navy. His first marriage, Gibbons recalled, became a "casualty of the war," and in the postwar years he chose the life of a beachcomber on the Hawaiian Islands.

After entering the University of Hawaii as a 36-year-old freshman, Gibbons majored in anthropology and won the university's creative-writing prize. In 1948, he married Freda Fryer, a teacher, and both decided to join the Society of Friends (the Quakers), stating "I became a Quaker because it was the only group I could join without pretending to have beliefs that I didn't have or concealing beliefs that I did have."

They relocated to the mainland in 1953, where, after a failed attempt to found a cooperative agricultural community in Indiana, Gibbons became a staff member at Pendle Hill Quaker Study Center near Philadelphia, cooking breakfast for everyone every day. Around 1960, through his wife's urging and support, he followed through on his earlier aspirations and turned to writing.

Literary career and celebrity
At the request of a New York literary agent, Gibbons agreed to rework the draft of his novel (about a schoolteacher who wowed café society with opulent meals of foraged foodstuffs) into a straightforward book on wild food. Capitalizing on the growing return-to-nature movement in 1962, the resulting work, Stalking the Wild Asparagus, was an instant success. Gibbons followed it up with the cookbooks Stalking the Blue-Eyed Scallop in 1964 and Stalking the Healthful Herbs in 1966. He was widely published in various magazines, including two pieces in National Geographic.

The first article, in the July 1972 issue, described a two-week stay on an uninhabited island off the coast of Maine where Gibbons, with his wife Freda and a few family friends, relied solely on local resources for sustenance. The second, in the August 1973 issue, featured Gibbons, along with granddaughter Colleen, grandson Mike, and daughter-in-law Patricia, stalking wild foods in four western states.

His publishing success brought him fame. He made guest appearances on The Tonight Show and The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, and received an honorary doctorate from Susquehanna University. A 1974 television commercial for Post Grape-Nuts cereal featured him asking viewers, "Ever eat a pine tree? Many parts are edible." While he recommended Grape Nuts over pine trees (including the oft-repeated quote that Grape Nuts' taste reminded him "of wild hickory nuts"), the commercials gained attention and fueled Gibbons' celebrity status.

Johnny Carson joked about sending Gibbons a "lumber-gram", and Gibbons himself joined in the humor; when presented with a wooden award plaque by Sonny and Cher, he good-naturedly took a bite out of it (the "plaque" was actually an edible prop). He was satirized by John Byner on the Carol Burnett Show episode which aired October 6, 1973, shown eating tree parts and asking related questions, including "Ever lick a river?" In a 1974 skit on the children's television program The Electric Company, cast member Skip Hinnant (as Early Gibbons) was a proponent of eating items starting with the prefix "ST-," including a tree stump, a staircase (with a "first step," presumably made of wood), and sticks and stones.

In Larry Groce's 1976 novelty hit "Junk Food Junkie", the singer extols his healthy lifestyle, claiming to be "a friend of old Euell Gibbons". (The record was released after Gibbons' death.)

Often mistaken for a survivalist, Gibbons was simply an advocate of nutritious but neglected plants, which he typically prepared not in the wild, but in the kitchen with abundant use of spices, butter and garnishes. Several of his books discuss what he called "wild parties"—dinner parties where guests were served dishes prepared from plants gathered in the wild. His favorite recommendations included lamb's quarters, rose hips, young dandelion shoots, stinging nettle and cattails. He often pointed out that gardeners threw away the tastier, more healthful crop when they removed such "weeds" as purslane and amaranth from among their spinach plants.

Gibbons is considered a saint by the God's Gardeners, a fictional religious sect that is the focus of Margaret Atwood's 2009 novel The Year of the Flood.

Death
Gibbons died on December 29, 1975, aged 64, at Sunbury Community Hospital in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, of a ruptured aortic aneurysm.

title: Euell Gibbons


text:
Fleet special

A fleet special is a term applied to an automobile that is produced by a manufacturer with the express intent of it being sold in large volumes to corporate interests for business purposes rather than to consumers for personal use.

In the 1950s and 1960s, fleet special models were usually stripped down full size cars such as the Plymouth Savoy, Chevrolet Biscayne and Ford Custom 500.

Fleet special vehicles can be customized in equipment (all red cars with grey interiors, etc.) or for a specific purpose (Ford Police Interceptor) model.

An automobile can also be produced for a specific industry if the demand is sufficient to meet cost/volume factors. In the case of the rental car industry in the United States, General Motors produced the Chevrolet Classic (previously built as the Chevrolet Malibu until 2003) which was only available for fleet sales to rental car companies.

title: Fleet special


text:
Itai

Itai (Hebrew: אִתַּי, pronounced: ee-tai) is a masculine given name of Hebrew origin, and also a Shona name. The name can also be written: Itai, Itahy, Ittai, Ittay, Etay, Eitay, Itay, Ytai, Etai, Itaj, Ithai, or Eatai.

Hebrew name
Itai (איתי) is a Biblical name that appears in the Books of Samuel (see below) and a very common name for men in Israel. In recent years Itai has become one of the most common names for boys in that country. Sometimes, in order to strengthen the connection to the Land of Israel of a baby who was converted to Judaism, or to bless a Jew who has become very ill, it is considered acceptable to change his name to Itai. This name is often explained as an acronym of "If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning" (Psalms, 137:5)- "אם אשכחך ירושלים, תשכח ימיני" ("Im Eshkakhekh Yerushalaiym Tishkakh Yemini") or "Land of Israel, Torah of Israel"- "ארץ ישראל, תורת ישראל" ("Eretz YIsrael, Torat YIsrael").

Itai is the name of two Biblical characters: Itai HaGiti (Itai of Gath) and Itai Ben-Rivai.

Itai HaGiti
Itai HaGiti was a General, one of several, in King David's Army. He was not Jewish, but rather a Caananite (an ancient people who lived in the land of Israel) from the city of Gath next to Ashkelon.

The Biblical story in Second Samuel Chapter 15:19-22 states: As King David flees from Absolom, David tells Itai it is wiser not to follow him. Itai acknowledges the wisdom of King David AND Itai chooses to go with King David and his household.

2 Samuel Chapter 15: "(19) Then said the king to Itai the Gittite: 'Wherefore goest thou also with us? return, and abide with the king; for thou art a foreigner, and also an exile from thine own place. (20) Whereas thou camest but yesterday, should I this day make thee go up and down with us, seeing I go whither I may? return thou, and take back thy brethren with thee in kindness and truth.' (21) And Itai answered the king, and said: 'As the LORD liveth, and as my lord the king liveth, surely in what place my lord the king shall be, whether for death or for life, even there also will thy servant be.' (22) And David said to Itai: 'Go and pass over.' And Itai the Gittite passed over, and all his men, and all the little ones that were with him".

Itai Ben Rivai
In 2 Samuel Chapter 23: "(8) These are the names of the mighty men whom David had:...(29)...Itai the son of Ribai of Gibeah of the children of Benjamin;".

In 1 Chronicles Chapter 11: "(10) Now these are the chief of the mighty men whom David had, who held strongly with him in his kingdom, together with all Israel, to make him king, according to the word of the LORD concerning Israel. (31) Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah of the children of Benjamin."

Shona name
Itai is a Shona name, pronounced ("ee-tai"). The gender of the name usually depends on the spelling. As a masculine name it is usually spelt "Itai" and as a feminine name it is spelt 'Itayi". There is not much general difference in the two but a slight heaviness in the feminine version to emphasise the "y". But in the popular teenage culture of Zimbabwe this slight difference is often ignored.

The word itself loosely translates to "will" or "do as you/we please". The exact meaning is subjective, with positive or negative connotations. The first, positive, meaning is that of a proud person/family with free will. The second, negative, meaning is that of a persecuted person/family surrendering their will to their persecutor. Whether the first or the second meaning is implied is usually dictated by a person's family background. Those born into good fortune usually bear the positive whilst those born into poverty usually bear the negative.

Itai is the title for the leader of Afe Annang, the leader of the governing council of Annang people of the Akwa Akpa kingdom of Nigeria.

Notable people

 * Itai Anghel, Israeli correspondent and documentary filmmaker
 * Itai Benjamini, Israeli mathematician at the Weizmann Institute of Science
 * Itai Chammah, Israeli Olympic swimmer
 * Itai Hagman, Argentine economist and politician
 * Itai Keisuke (1956–2018), Japanese sumo wrestler
 * Itai Maggidi, Israeli long-distance runner
 * Itai Veruv, Israeli general
 * Itai Yanai, American-Israeli biomedical scientist at the New York University Grossman School of Medicine

title: Itai


text:
Calhetas

Calhetas is a freguesia ("civil parish") in the municipality of Ribeira Grande in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 988, in an area of 4.70 km². Calhetas is the smallest parish in area in Ribeira Grande. It contains the localities Calhetas and Figueira do Mato.

title: Calhetas


text: Category:Equestrian sports in the United Kingdom


text:
Imperium (board game)

Imperium is a science fiction board wargame designed by Marc W. Miller, and published in 1977 by the Conflict Game Company and Game Designers' Workshop (GDW). It features asymmetrical forces, the two sides having its unique set of constraints. The game came in a cardboard box illustrated with a space battle on the exterior. It included a cardboard-mounted, folding map of a local region of the Milky Way galaxy, a set of rules and charts, and the 352 counters representing the various spacecraft, ground units, and markers, and a six-sided die. A second edition was published in 1990, a third in 2001, and the first edition republished in 2004.

Description
Imperium is a two-player game simulating a series of conflicts between the emerging Terran (human) Confederation and an immense and ancient alien empire, the Imperium. The Sun and nearby stars lie at the extreme edge of this alien space-faring civilization, and the Terrans struggle to survive and expand against this powerful state. While the Terran player is in control of the entire Confederation military, the Imperial player represents a low-ranking provincial governor on the frontier, who is forced to petition the central government for reinforcements and is occasionally subject to its meddling.

When Imperium was published in 1977, its scenario was not connected to any other game. GDW published Traveller in the same year, but Traveller was at that point a system for running adventures in a generic science fiction setting, with no established background. However, as the company constructed the Third Imperium as the default setting for Traveller, the situation in Imperium was retconned into the Traveller Imperium's history; it became the First Interstellar War, the first of many wars leading to the overthrow of the Vilani Grand Empire of Stars (Ziru Sirka) by the Terran Confederation and the establishment of the Rule of Man.

The fold-out map depicts a nearby region of the Galaxy that includes important nearby stars as well as hyperspace jump routes between them. This sector forms a single province within the Imperium. The map is printed on a dark background and is overlaid by a hex grid. Each hex represents a half parsec, which would require about 1.8 years to traverse traveling at 90% the speed of light. Along the edges of the map are tracks for marking turns and tallying resources. The map includes a number of commonly known stars, such as Alpha Centauri, Procyon, Sirius, Epsilon Indi, and Altair, as well as a considerable number with more exotic names (mostly taken from the Sumerian language). Only a dozen stars have naturally habitable planets, although many more have planetary systems with outpost-capable worlds.

The game includes a variety of ship types, ranging in size from the small scouts and fighters to the mighty battleships. The ship counters are blue for the Terrans and red for the Imperium. Each counter includes a set of ratings, the ship type, and a silhouette. The combat ratings give the Beam weapon combat factor, the Missile factor, and the Screen factor. Beam weapons are for close range combat, while missiles are best fired at long range or used for planetary bombardment. Beam weapons are slightly more effective, but missiles get to fire first. The screen factor represents the ship's capacity for defense. The following ship types are available for production: Scout ships, destroyers; several different types of cruisers, dreadnaughts, and battleships; stationary monitor defense platforms, missile boats, and "mother ships" (functioning as aircraft carriers) with their fighter squadrons; transport and tanker ships. Ships with a black silhouette can perform a jump between stars, while ships with a white silhouette can only travel through regular space.

The two sides' ships are not mirror images. The Terrans generally have stronger ships overall and have the upper hand on beam weapons, while the Imperium favors missiles. Smaller Terran ships focus on beam weapons while smaller Imperial ships are more balanced. On the other hand, larger Terran ships are balanced while most large Imperial ships feature stronger missile ratings. But there are exceptions - both sides can build Strike Cruisers with high missile factors, and each side have at least one unique ship typ not available to the opposing side: the Terrans can build cheaper Missile Boats, while the Imperium can build heavy Attack Cruisers.

The available jump routes can significantly hinder the movement of a side's forces. Certain star systems act as bottle-necks, and can be used by each side as a defensive front. Two of the stars do not allow refueling, so tankers are required to leave these sites. Ships (excepting fighters and missile boats) are allowed to move at sub-light speeds across the hex map, and so can move directly from star to star without following the jump routes. However the movement rate of these ships is only one hex per turn.

Publication history
Imperium was designed by Marc W. Miller, developed by Frank Chadwick and John Harshman, and published in 1977 by the Conflict Game Company and GDW.

Marc Miller states that the playing of Phil Pritchard's game Lensman "well into many late nights inspired the Game Designers' Workshop staff to come up with a similarly star-spanning strategic interstellar wargame titled Imperium; that Imperium was never published, but was ultimately transformed into a simpler game with the same name: Imperium, Empires in Conflict/Worlds in the Balance."

GDW published a second edition with minor differences in 1990.

A third edition, Imperium, 3rd Millennium, was published in 2001 by Avalanche Press. This new release had new graphics and changed rules. The game was nominated for four Origins Awards in 2002.

The original game was republished in 2004 as part of Far Future Enterprises Traveller: The Classic Games, Games 1-6+.

Game play
Game play consists of a series of wars fought between the two players until one player completely conquers the map (or the other player concedes). A single war may be fought over an evening, but a "Campaign" of multiple wars can take several weeks to complete. Starting positions for each new war are determined by the outcome of the last war, modified by rules for events during peacetime. Each war consists of a sequence of turns with alternating player-turns, each consisting of multiple phases. Each turn represents a period of two years. The game includes an economic system in which the units on each side are produced and maintained. The Terran income is based on what type of world the player currently possesses, and whether it is connected by friendly jump paths to Sol. The Imperial income on the other hand has a fixed budget, but an increment for each connected outpost and world.

Each player turn begins with an economics phase. The player then performs movement and combat, followed by the opposing player's reaction movement and combat phase, and finally the second movement and combat phases. Then the other player repeats the same sequence and the turn ends. A "Glory Point" tally earned by the Imperium tracks who is having the upper hand in any given war. Points are gained for conquering worlds and lost for their conquest by the Terrans. A habitable world is worth four Glory Points and an outpost world is worth one. If at the end of a turn the Glory Point total has reached the amount necessary for victory, then the war is ended with the Imperium declaring victory. If the total drops sufficiently, the war instead ends with Terra declaring victory. The players thus do not get to choose how long to wage a particular war. The range between the amount required for Imperium or Terran victory begins to shrink after turn three, representing the decreasing appetite for continued hostilities.

Combat is somewhat abstracted, with the ships being lined up off map. All combat begins at long range. On subsequent combat rounds a die is rolled to see which player gets to determines combat range (long or short) with the smaller fleet gaining a bonus to their die roll. The defender places the ships down one at a time, and the attacker places a ship down to match. At the end, any left-over ships can be assigned to also fire on enemy vessels, or kept out of combat. The missile or beam factors of the firing ships are compared to the screen factors of the defenders, and a die roll determines if a ship has been destroyed. Several combat options are available, including firing all of a ship's missiles at once, or the so-called "suicide attack" where a ship maneuvers to point-blank range for a beam attack. Combat continues until one side is destroyed or until either player decides to disengage.

The game also includes abstracted rules for ground combat. Terran land units are green while Imperium units are black. In addition to regular land units and planetary defense units that can oppose a landing, there are special drop troops that can land on a planet without requiring a ship to transport them to the surface. If one side is all standard troops and the other side is all drop troops, the standard troops gain a bonus artillery attack against the drop troops to simulate the inability of the drop troops to carry a lot of heavy vehicles with them. The ground units have a single combat factor, plus a symbol and a unit identifier. Surface combat used a combat differential with the defense combat factor subtracted from the attacker's combat factor. A die is then rolled to determine whether the unit is destroyed.

The game system includes a random events table for various Imperium events. These can favor or hinder the Imperium player. There is also a system built into the game for production of new units, colonization, and other changes during the inter-war periods. Ships can age and be scrapped; the Emperor can grant or withdraw permission to build certain ship types, and territory can be exchanged.

Reception
In the January–February 1978 edition of The Space Gamer (No. 15), Tony Watson gave the game a strong recommendation, saying, ""Imperium brings together many common themes of science fiction, and ties them to an excellent and intriguing game system which places both players in a unique situation with unique abilities to respond to that situation. Its ease of play makes it an enjoyable game. I predict it will be a classic."

In Issue 84 of Campaign, Don Lowry noted the open-ended structure of the length of games, writing, "At the end of each game, a die is rolled to determine the length of the peace before the next war begins, repatriation of forces, territorial exchanges, interwar income, postwar production, interwar attrition, interwar production, interwar colonization and redistribution of forces."

In Issue 11 of The Wargamer, Hugh Baldwin liked the wide variety of options available to each player, writing, "A nice feature of the counter mix is the very wide variety of unit types for both the Terran and the Imperial player, ranging from Scouts, Destroyers, Missile Boats and four types of Cruisers ... to Dreadnoughts and Battleships, and including auxiliaries such as Transports and Tankers." Baldwin concluded, "The overall result is a clean, fast moving, but very convincing game."

In the September 1978 edition of Dragon (Issue 18), Dave Minch was ambivalent about the game. He liked the straightforward rules, saying, "It is a medium sized game of no great complexity which demands strategic attention and can be in doubt to the end. It is simple in many respects and has some excellent solutions to design problems which work well." However, Minch found the production values of the game components to be poor — the counters were too thin and not cut well, and the map contained errors. He also wanted more historical background to explain the setting of the game. Minch concluded, "Imperium has good points and bad, the good ahead by a slim margin. I think it’s worth your time since it shows a real regard for science fiction among the designers."

In the December 1979 -January 1980 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #16), Colin Reynolds gave the game a rating of 9 out of 10, saying, "The whole is extremely well produced, boxed, with a colourful map and large, clear counters and simple, clear-cut rules. Imperium is, without exception, the best game of its kind I have seen to date, and is a valuable addition to any gamer's library."

In the inaugural edition of Ares Magazine (March 1980), David Ritchie gave Imperium a better than average rating of 8 out of 9, saying, "This is either a serendipitous design or a cold-blooded development of a classic. Nicely conceived and beautifully executed. A moderately complex game, playable in a few hours.".

In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, game designer Jon Freeman called the game's presentation "flawless", and said of the game, "While not wildly original, the rationale is suitable and appealing." He noted that "At both the strategic and tactical levels, players have almost a surfeit of options." Freeman concluded by giving an Overall Evaluation of "Very Good", saying, "It's marvelous fun and challenging, too. Hard to beat."

In a retrospective review that appeared in Warning Order 33 years after the game's original publication, Matt Irsik called Imperium "still regarded as one of the best sci-fi games of all time." Irsik noted, "There are a dozen strategies about what to buy for your fleet and how they will be used, which gives this game good replay value." Irsik concluded, "Although this can be a long game and you can go through several wars, it is in my opinion, one of the best sci-fi based games out there and fun to play."

Other reviews and commentary

 * 1981 Games 100 in Games
 * 1982 Games 100 in Games
 * Strategy Plus
 * Moves #37, p16-17

Foreign-language versions

 * The second edition of the game was published in Swedish by Äventyrsspel under the name Empire (1990). The name change was to avoid possible confusion with Stjärnornas krig Imperium, another Äventyrsspel product released at the time, a module for their line of Swedish-language translations of WEG's Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game. This created the ironic situation that they switched from a title immediately understandable to Swedes to another foreign-language title much less so. (While "Imperium" is the Swedish word for "Empire", "Empire" is not a Swedish word).
 * A German edition was produced in 1990 by Fantasy Productions
 * there were also translations into Japanese, Chinese, and Portuguese

title: Imperium (board game)


text: Category:Eventing

title: Category:Eventing


text:
Melampodium

Melampodium is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family.

These are rugged plants native to the tropical to subtropical regions that include Central America, Southwestern United States, California, Florida, the Caribbean, and South America. Most of the species can be found in Mexico, five in the Southwestern United States, and three are scattered in Colombia and Brazil.

Some sources say that the name Melampodium is derived from the Greek words μέλας (melas), meaning "black", and πόδιον (podion), meaning "foot". This refers to the color of the base of the stem and roots. Members of the genus are commonly known as blackfoots. Other authorities, however, maintain that this is in error, that the name comes from Melampus, a soothsayer of renown in Greek mythology.

The genus consists of annuals and perennials or bushy plants, growing to a height of 1 m. When fully grown, they tend to fall over. They like average, well-drained soil, but can equally grow on rocky soil in deserts. They are moderately to highly drought- and heat-tolerant. Three species of the so-called white-rayed complex are xerophytic.

The foliage varies from bright green to grey-green. The opposite leaves are narrow and about 2–5 cm long.

The terminal flower heads are about 2.5 cm wide. They give a continuous display of white (only in the three species of the white-rayed complex), cream, or yellow daisylike ray florets, surrounding a darker orange center with the disc florets. These eight to 10 broad disc florets are functionally staminate. The five outer bracts are partially joined for about half their length.

The numerous fruits are seed-like (they consist of inner involucral bracts each enclosing and fused with individual ray achenes), with a few narrow scales at their tip. They make this genus one of the most prolific of the summer annuals, with seedlings coming up constantly.

The genus displays a large number of haploid chromosome numbers are based on 4 basic chromosome numbers (x = 9, 10, 11, 12).

Several cultivars of Melampodium leucanthum have been developed, such as 'Million Gold' and 'Showstar', mostly to achieve a more compact size.

Note: Melampodium has been labelled Sanvitalia speciosa in the horticultural trade, but this is an invalid name.

Species

 * Species
 * Melampodium americanum - Guatemala, El Salvador, Mexico (from Tamaulipas to Chiapas)
 * Melampodium appendiculatum - Chihuahua, Sonora, Nayarit, Arizona
 * Melampodium argophyllum - Coahuila, Nuevo León
 * Melampodium aureum - Puebla, Oaxaca
 * Melampodium bibractatum - Durango, State of Mexico, Guatemala
 * Melampodium cinereum - Coahuila, Nuevo León, Texas, Missouri
 * Melampodium costaricense - Costa Rica, Panama, Belize, Nicaragua, Colombia
 * Melampodium cupulatum - Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Baja California Sur
 * Melampodium diffusum - Oaxaca, Philippines (probably introduced)
 * Melampodium divaricatum - Brazil, Bolivia, West Indies, Venezuela, Colombia, Central America, Mexico, United States (FL AL LA AR)
 * Melampodium glabribracteatum - Oaxaca
 * Melampodium glabrum - Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán
 * Melampodium gracile - Guatemala, El Salvador, Belize, Mexico (from Tamaulipas to Chiapas)
 * Melampodium leucanthum - Chihuahua, USA (TX NM AZ OK KS CO)
 * Melampodium linearilobum - Mexico, Central America
 * Melampodium longicorne - Sonora, Arizona, New Mexico
 * Melampodium longifolium - Mexico
 * Melampodium longipes - Jalisco
 * Melampodium longipilum - from Guatemala to San Luis Potosí
 * Melampodium mayfieldii - Jalisco
 * Melampodium microcephalum - from Guatemala to Jalisco
 * Melampodium mimulifolium - Oaxaca
 * Melampodium montanum - from Guatemala to Jalisco + San Luis Potosí
 * Melampodium nayaritense - Durango, Nayarit
 * Melampodium northingtonii - Oaxaca
 * Melampodium nutans - Oaxaca, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán
 * Melampodium paniculatum - from Oaxaca to Brazil
 * Melampodium percussum
 * Melampodium perfoliatum - Mexico, Central America, Cuba, California
 * Melampodium pilosum - Guerrero, Michoacan
 * Melampodium pringlei - Oaxaca, Puebla
 * Melampodium repens - Veracruz
 * Melampodium rosei - Sinaloa, Jalisco, Nayarit
 * Melampodium sericeum - Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador
 * Melampodium sinaloense - Sinaloa
 * Melampodium sinuatum - Baja California Sur
 * Melampodium strigosum - Chihuahua, Durango, D.F., Mexico State, Hidalgo, United States (AZ NM TX CO)
 * Melampodium tenellum - Nayarit
 * Melampodium tepicense - Nayarit, Jalisco

Formerly placed here

 * Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze (as M. australe Loefl. )
 * Acanthospermum humile (Sw.) DC. (as M. humile Sw. )
 * Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch.Bip. (as M. ruderale Sw. )

title: Melampodium


text: User talk:202.71.139.225

title: User talk:202.71.139.225


text:
Edward Travis

Sir Edward Wilfred Harry Travis (24 September 1888 – 23 April 1956) was a British cryptographer and intelligence officer, becoming the operational head of Bletchley Park during World War II, and later the head of GCHQ.

Career
Educated locally in Blackheath, Travis joined the Royal Navy in 1906 as a Paymaster officer, and served on HMS Iron Duke. From 1916 to 1918, he worked on Navy cyphers. He retired in 1921, having reached the rank of Paymaster Lieutenant-Commander, and was advanced to Paymaster Commander in 1927.

By 1925, he was in charge of security at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) and deputy to Alastair Denniston. Travis replaced Denniston as the operational head of Bletchley Park in February 1942, although both took the title of Deputy Director. This may have happened because in October 1941 four senior cryptanalysts, Alan Turing, Gordon Welchman, Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander, and Stuart Milner-Barry had written directly to Churchill, over the head of Denniston, to alert Churchill to the fact that a shortage of staff at Bletchley Park was preventing them from deciphering many messages, to the detriment of the war effort. These cryptanalysts, known as the Wicked Uncles, had also praised the "energy and foresight" of Commander Travis while omitting mention of Denniston. However, Christopher Grey notes that other factors also contributed to Travis' promotion, including a personality clash between Denniston and Stewart Menzies, the Director of the Government Code and Cypher School and the head of the Secret Intelligence Service, as well as an ongoing and unresolved management crisis in Hut 3. Turing's biographer says that after the change, Travis "presided over an administrative revolution" reconciling the management structure to the production process.

Travis was involved with William Friedman in working on the 1943 BRUSA Agreement and the subsequent 1946 UKUSA Agreement, which forms the basis for all signal intelligence cooperation between the US National Security Agency (NSA) and the UK Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) to this day.

Travis remained head of the post-war successor to GCCS, GCHQ, and served as its director until 15 April 1952, when he was replaced by Eric Jones.

Travis was appointed CBE in 1936, and KCMG in June 1944.

Travis was the first non-American to be awarded the United States of America Medal for Merit, on 12 January 1946.

title: Edward Travis


text: File:Tropic of capricorn.JPG

title: File:Tropic of capricorn.JPG


text:
Søren Kierkegaard bibliography

This article is a list of works by Søren Kierkegaard.

A–D

 * Armed Neutrality, and An Open Letter; with relevant selections from his journals and papers.
 * trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong with background essay and commentary by Gregor Malantschuk.
 * Bloomington, Indiana University Press [1968]

 * Attack upon Christendom
 * trans. Walter Lowrie.
 * Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press [c1968]

 * The Book on Adler
 * eds. and trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong.
 * Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, c1998.

 * Christian Discourses and The Lilies of the Field and the Birds of the Air, and Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays
 * trans. by Walter Lowrie, D.D.
 * Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1974.

 * Christian Discourses; The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress
 * eds. and trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong
 * Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, c1997.

 * The Concept of Anxiety: a simple psychologically orienting deliberation on the dogmatic issue of hereditary sin
 * eds. and trans. by Reidar Thomte with Albert B. Anderson
 * Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, c1980.

 * The Concept of Irony, with continual reference to Socrates
 * Together with notes of Schelling's Berlin lectures
 * eds. and trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong
 * Princeton, N.J. Oxford: Princeton University Press, c1989 (1992 [printing])

 * Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
 * eds. and trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1992.

 * Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
 * Translated by David F. Swenson, completed after his death by Walter Lowrie
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1941

 * The Corsair Affair and articles related to the writings
 * eds. and trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, c1981.

 * Cumulative Index to Kierkegaard's Writings: the works of Søren Kierkegaard
 * Cumulative index prepared by Nathaniel J. Hong, Kathryn Hong, Regine Prenzel-Guthrie
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, c2000.

 * Diary of a Seducer
 * trans. by Alastair Hannay
 * London: Pushkin Press, 1999.

E–J

 * Either/Or (1843)
 * Eighteen Edifying Discourses (1843-1844)
 * Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits (1845)
 * Fear and Trembling (1843)
 * For Self-Examination: Recommended to the Present Age (1851)
 * Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843
 * From the Papers of One Still Living (1838)
 * The Highpriest - The Publican - The Woman, which was a Sinner
 * Judge for Yourself! (1851, published posthumously 1876)

K–Q

 * Kierkegaard's Attack upon "Christendom" 1854-1855.
 * Translated, with an introd., by Walter Lowrie.
 * Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press [1968]

 * Kierkegaard's The Concept of Dread
 * Translated with introduction and notes by Walter Lowrie.
 * Princeton, Princeton University Press 1957.

 * Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific Postscript
 * Translated from the Danish by David F. Swenson, completed after his death and provided with introduction and notes by Walter Lowrie.
 * Princeton, Princeton University Press, for American Scandinavian foundation, 1974, c1941.

 * The Kierkegaard Reader
 * edited by Jane Chamberlain and Jonathan R‚e.
 * Malden, MA, Blackwell Publishers, 2001.

 * Letters and Documents / Kierkegaard
 * Translated by Henrik Rosenmeier, with introd. and notes.
 * Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, c1978.

 * A Literary Review : Two ages, a novel by the author of A story of everyday life
 * Translated with an introduction and notes by Alastair Hannay. London: Penguin, 2001, reviewed by S. Kierkegaard.
 * Published by J.L. Heiberg, Copenhagen, Reitzel, 1845

 * The Moment and late writings
 * Edited and translated with introduction and notes by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, N.J.
 * Princeton University Press, c1998.

 * On Authority and Revelation: The Book on Alder; or, A Cycle of Ethico-Religious Essays
 * Translated with an introd. and notes by Walter Lowrie.
 * New York, Harper & Row [c1966]

 * Philosophical Fragments, Johannes Climacus
 * Edited and translated with introduction and notes by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, N.J.
 * Princeton University Press, c1985.

 * The Point of View for my Work as an Author; a report to history and related writings
 * Translated with introd. and notes by Walter Lowrie. Newly edited with a pref. by Benjamin Nelson.
 * New York, Harper [1962]

 * The Point of View
 * Edited and translated with introduction and notes by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong.
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, c1998.

 * Practice in Christianity
 * Edited and translated with introduction and notes by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong.
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, c1991.

 * Prefaces; Writing sampler
 * Edited and translated with introduction and notes by Todd W. Nichol.
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, c1997.

 * The Present Age and Two Minor Ethico-Religious Treatises
 * Translated by Alexander Dru and Walter Lowrie.
 * London, New York [etc.] Oxford University Press, 1949.

 * Purity of Heart is to Will One Thing; spiritual preparation for the office of confession
 * Translated from the Danish with an introductory essay by Douglas V. Steere.
 * New York Harper & Row [1956, c1948]

R–Z

 * Repetition: an essay in experimental psychology
 * Translated with introduction and notes by Walter Lowrie.
 * New York, Harper & Row [1964, c1941]

 * The Sickness Unto Death: a Christian psychological exposition for upbuilding and awakening
 * Edited and translated with introd. and notes by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong.
 * Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, c1980.

 * Stages on Life's Way
 * Translated by Walter Lowrie. Introduction by Paul Sponheim.
 * New York, Schocken Books [1967]

 * Stages on Life's Way : studies by various persons
 * Edited and translated with introduction and notes by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong.
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, c1988.

 * Thoughts on Crucial Situations in Human Life; three discourses on imagined occasions
 * Translated from the Danish by David F. Swenson, edited by Lillian Marvin Swenson.
 * Minneapolis, Minn., Augsburg publishing house [c1941]

 * Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions
 * Edited and translated with introduction and notes by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong.
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1993.

 * Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843
 * Edifying Discourses, by Søren Kierkegaard, Vol. I, Translated from the Danish by David F. Swenson and Lillian Marvin Swenson,
 * Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1943

 * Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, Søren Kierkegaard 1843-1844 Copyright 1990 by Howard V. Hong
 * Princeton University Press

 * Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844
 * Edifying Discourses, by Søren Kierkegaard, Vol. III, Translated from the Danish by David F. Swenson and Lillian Marvin Swenson,
 * Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1945

 * Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, Søren Kierkegaard 1843-1844 Copyright 1990 by Howard V. Hong
 * Princeton University Press

 * Training in Christianity and the Edifying Discourse which accompanied it
 * Translated with an introduction and notes by Walter Lowrie.
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1967, 1972 printing.

 * Two Ages : the age of revolution and the present age, a literary review, 1846
 * Edited and translated with introd. and notes by Howard V. Hong, and Edna H. Hong.
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, [1978]

 * Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843
 * Edifying Discourses, by Søren Kierkegaard, Vol. I, Translated from the Danish by David F. Swenson and Lillian Marvin Swenson,
 * Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1943

 * Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, Søren Kierkegaard 1843-1844 Copyright 1990 by Howard V. Hong
 * Princeton University Press

 * Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1844
 * Edifying Discourses, by Søren Kierkegaard, Vol. III, Translated from the Danish by David F. Swenson and Lillian Marvin Swenson,
 * Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1945

 * Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, Søren Kierkegaard 1843-1844 Copyright 1990 by Howard V. Hong
 * Princeton University Press

 * Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits
 * Edited and translated with introduction and notes by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong.
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1993.

 * Without Authority ; The Lily in the Field and the Bird of the Air ; Two Ethical-Religious Essays ; Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays ; An Upbuilding Discourse : Two Discourses at the Communion on Fridays
 * Edited and translated, with introduction and notes by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong.
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, c1997.

 * Works of Love
 * Translated from the Danish by David F. Swenson and Lillian Marvin Swenson. With an introduction by Douglas V. Steere.
 * Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1946.

 * Works of Love
 * Edited and translated with introduction and notes by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong.
 * Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1995.

Original titles

 * Christian Discourses (Christelige Taler)
 * The Concept of Anxiety (Begrebet Angest)
 * The Concept of Irony (Om Begrebet Ironi)
 * Concluding Unscientific Postscript (Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift)
 * The Crisis and A Crisis in the Life of an Actress (Krisen og en Krise i en Skuespillerindes Liv)
 * Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits (Opbyggelige Taler i forskjellig Aand)
 * Either/Or (Enten - Eller)
 * Fear and Trembling (Frygt og Bæven)
 * For Self-Examination: Recommended to the Present Age (Til Selvprøvelse. Samtiden anbefalet)
 * Four Upbuilding Discourses (1843) (Fire opbyggelige Taler)
 * Four Upbuilding Discourses (1844) (Fire opbyggelige Taler)
 * From the Papers of One Still Living (Af en endnu Levendes Papirer)
 * The Highpriest - The Publican - The Woman, which was a Sinner (Ypperstepræsten - Tolderen - Synderinden)
 * Judge for Yourself! (Dømmer selv!)
 * The Lilies of the Field and the Birds of the Air (Lilien paa Marken og Fuglen under Himlen)
 * A Literary Announcement (En literair Anmeldelse)
 * The Moment (Øieblikket)
 * On my Work as an Author (Om min Forfatter-Virksomhed)
 * Philosophical Fragments (Philosophiske Smuler)
 * The Point of View of My Work as an Author (Synspunktet for min Forfatter-Virksomhed)
 * Practice in Christianity (Indøvelse i Christendom)
 * Prefaces (Forord)
 * Repetition (Gjentagelsen)
 * The Sickness Unto Death (Sygdommen til Døden)
 * Stages On Life's Way (Stadier paa Livets Vei)
 * Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions (Tre Taler ved tænkte Leiligheder)
 * Three Upbuilding Discourses (1843) (Tre opbyggelige Taler)
 * Three Upbuilding Discourses (1844) (Tre opbyggelige Taler)
 * Two Minor Ethico-Religious Treatises (Tvende ethisk-religieuse Smaa-Afhandlinger)
 * Two Upbuilding Discourses (1843) (To opbyggelige Taler)
 * Two Upbuilding Discourses (1844) (To opbyggelige Taler)
 * Two Upbuilding Discourses at Friday Eucharist (To Taler ved Altergangen om Fredagen)
 * An Upbuilding Discourse (1850) (En opbyggelig Tale)
 * Works of Love (Kjerlighedens Gjerninger)

Full texts

 * The Journals of Kierkegaard; revised edition, trans. by Alexander Dru
 * The Journals and Notebooks of Kierkegaard from the Søren Kierkegaard Research Center in Copenhagen
 * Journals and Papers of Kierkegaard in English
 * Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter. Full Danish texts of many works and journals
 * Fear and Trembling. Translated by Walter Lowrie. Published by Princeton University Press, 1941. On-line edition at www.religion-online.org.
 * Philosophical Fragments. Translated by David F. Swenson and translation revised by Howard V. Hong. Published by Princeton University Press, 1936.
 * Purity of Heart Is to Will One Thing. Translated from the Danish and contains an introductory essay by Douglas V. Steere. Published by Harper, 1938.
 * The Sickness Unto Death. Published by Princeton University Press, 1941.

Philosophical (pseudonymous) texts

 * Fear and Trembling; trans. by Walter Lowrie
 * Philosophical Fragments; trans. by David F. Swenson
 * The Sickness Unto Death; trans. by Walter Lowrie

Theological (signed, non-pseudonymous) texts

 * Edifying Discourses, by Soren Kierkegaard, translated by David F. Swenson, 1958
 * Purity of Heart is to Will One Thing; trans. by Douglas V. Steere
 * For Self-Examination and Judge for Yourselves!; trans. by Walter Lowrie
 * Religiöse Reden; translated by Theodor Haecker

title: Søren Kierkegaard bibliography


text:
Grayrigg Forest

Grayrigg Forest is a hill in Cumbria, England, located on the eastern edge of what might be considered the Lake District. In August 2016 it became part of the eponymous national park. Reaching 494 m above sea level, its summit is attainable from the less well-known Borrowdale valley.

From near the summit, there are impressive views down into the gorge of the Lune valley, where road, West Coast Main Line railway, M6 motorway and the River Lune crowd between the outliers of the Lake District and the Howgill Fells.

It is one of three summits, along with Winterscleugh and Whinfell Beacon, added to the list of Fellrangers in the 2019–2021 edition of Mark Richards' eight volumes of guidebooks, bringing the list to a total of 230. They were added when the Lake District National Park boundary was extended in 2019, including them for the first time.

title: Grayrigg Forest


text:
Fisher effect

In economics, the Fisher effect is the tendency for nominal interest rates to change to follow the inflation rate. It is named after the economist Irving Fisher, who first observed and explained this relationship. Fisher proposed that the real interest rate is independent of monetary measures (known as the Fisher hypothesis), therefore, the nominal interest rate will adjust to accommodate any changes in expected inflation.

Derivation
The nominal interest rate is the accounting interest rate – the percentage by which the amount of dollars (or other currency) owed by a borrower to a lender grows over time, while the real interest rate is the percentage by which the real purchasing power of the loan grows over time. In other words, the real interest rate is the nominal interest rate adjusted for the effect of inflation on the purchasing power of the outstanding loan.

The relation between nominal and real interest rates, and inflation, is approximately given by the Fisher equation:

 * $$r = i - \pi^e$$

The equation states that the real interest rate ($$r$$), is equal to the nominal interest rate ($$i$$) minus the expected inflation rate ($$\pi^e$$).

The equation is an approximation; however, the difference with the correct value is small as long as the interest rate and the inflation rate is low. The discrepancy becomes large if either the nominal interest rate or the inflation rate is high. The accurate equation can be expressed using periodic compounding as:

 * $$1+i =(1+r)\times (1+\pi^e)$$

If the real rate $$r$$ is assumed to be constant, the nominal rate $$i$$ must change point-for-point when $$\pi^e$$ rises or falls. Thus, the Fisher effect states that there will be a one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the expected inflation rate.

The implication of the conjectured constant real rate is that monetary events such as monetary policy actions will have no effect on the real economy—for example, no effect on real spending by consumers on consumer durables and by businesses on machinery and equipment.

Alternative hypotheses
Some contrary models assert that, for example, a rise in expected inflation would increase current real spending contingent on any nominal rate and hence increase income, limiting the rise in the nominal interest rate that would be necessary to re-equilibrate money demand with money supply at any time. In this scenario, a rise in expected inflation $$\pi^e$$ results in only a smaller rise in the nominal interest rate $$i$$ and thus a decline in the real interest rate $$r$$. It has also been contended that the Fisher hypothesis may break down in times of both quantitative easing and financial sector recapitalisation.

Related concepts
The international Fisher effect predicts an international exchange rate drift entirely based on the respective national nominal interest rates. A related concept is Fisher parity.

title: Fisher effect