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Chalice Well

The Chalice Well, also known as the Red Spring, is a well situated near the summit of Chalice Hill, a small hill next to Glastonbury Tor in Glastonbury, Somerset, England. The natural spring and surrounding gardens are owned and managed by the Chalice Well Trust (registered charity no. 204206), founded by Wellesley Tudor Pole in 1959.

Research by Exeter University School of Geology in 2009 found that the Chalice Well is fed by a deep aquifer in the lower levels of the Pennard Sands.

Background
Archaeological evidence suggests that the well has been in almost constant use for at least two thousand years. Philip Rahtz found several dozen flints from the upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic, and a shard of Iron Age pottery nearby. Roman and medieval sherds were also found in more recent layers.

Water issues from the spring at a rate of 25000 impgal per day and has never failed, even during drought. Iron oxide deposits give water a reddish hue, as dissolved ferrous oxide becomes oxidized at the surface and is precipitated. Like the hot springs in the nearby city of Bath's Roman built baths, the water is reputed to possess healing qualities.

Another spring, known as the White Spring, emerges slightly east of the Chalice Well or Red Spring. The water from this comes from a shallower aquifer and is colourless. A building, originally a waterworks, has been built over it. This building now serves as a place of worship and visitors are admitted at irregular opening times.

Wells often feature in Welsh and Irish mythology as gateways to the spirit world. The overlapping of the inner and outer worlds is represented by the well cover, designed by the church architect and archaeologist Frederick Bligh Bond and presented as a gift after the Great War in 1919. The two interlocking circles constitute the symbol known as the Vesica Piscis. In the well lid design, a spear or a sword bisects these two circles, a possible reference to Excalibur, the sword of the legendary King Arthur, believed by some to be buried at the nearby Glastonbury Abbey. Foliage represents the Glastonbury Thorn. Bligh Bond wrote that the vesica design for the well cover was "typical of many early diagrams, all having the same object – the rendering of spiritual truth by means of the purest, most intellectual system of imagery conceived by the mind, namely, truth which is ‘aeonial’ or eternal, of which geometry is the best interpreter, since it can figure for us with remarkable suggestiveness those formative principles upon which the Father has built his Creation, principles which shall endure when heaven and earth have died."

Holy Grail
Christian mythology suggests that Chalice Well marks the site where Joseph of Arimathea placed the chalice that had caught the drops of Christ's blood at the Crucifixion, linking the Well to the wealth of speculation surrounding the existence of the Holy Grail. The red of the water is also said by some Christians to represent the rusty iron nails used at the Crucifixion. "It is said that beneath its waters Joseph of Arimathea hid the Chalice of the Last Supper and immediately the waters flowed red. According, however, to William of Malmesbury (died 1143?), who first recorded the well, the waters gushed sometimes red, and sometimes blue." According to local lore, the waters from this well have three attributes in common with human blood: the waters are red; the water coagulates as does hemoglobin; and the water is warm. The iron content gives both the reddish color and the coagulation of rust and accumulation of ferric oxide. The subterranean water from the well is often warmer than the surface ground temperature, and even in winter roses near the well bloom when other plants and flowers further away do not. Indeed, the Holy Thorn Tree, also known as the Glastonbury Thorn (Crataegus Monogyna praecox) blooms in the Chalice Well garden every Christmas. The local legend says that this tree took root when Joseph of Arimathea drove his staff into the ground near the well.

Frequent events are held in the grounds of Chalice Well including annual celebrations for the winter and summer solstices, World Peace Day, Easter, Michaelmas and Samhain (Halloween). It is a grade I listed building.

Islamic Mythology
Hakeem Noor-ud-Din and Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad in their commentaries on the Quran considered the possibility that the story of the Seven Sleepers (from surah 18, Al-Kahf, “The Cave”) was based on the earlier legend of Joseph of Arimathea having come to Glastonbury, with the cave being a metaphor for England, though they considered the Catacombs of Rome a more likely source of the legend.

In popular culture
The Chalice Well symbol was also an inspiration for the Eye of Elena in Sarah J. Maas' Throne of Glass series and also featured in the Kingdom of Mei series as the key teaching of Christianity being a cyclical cataclysm

The Chalice Well is an important location in the Peter James thriller novel Absolute Proof.

Visiting the Well

The Chalice Well is located in the outskirts of Glastonbury. Walking there from the town centre will take 10–15 minutes. Visiting the Well can be combined with a circular walk linking the town centre and the Tor.

There is no car parking at the Well site except for disabled people. Cycle parking is available. The bus route from Shepton Mallet to Glastonbury passes the Well garden entrance but due to the road being narrow and busy there is presently no convenient bus stop nearby. The park and ride bus from Glastonbury town centre car park to the Tor will stop on request at the Chalice Well.

When the Well and gardens are closed, it is still possible to obtain water from the well as some of the flow is directed via a pipe emerging through the garden wall in Wellhouse Lane. A similar pipe on the opposite side of the lane provides water from the neighbouring White Spring, which flows from beneath Glastonbury Tor.

title: Chalice Well


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Qingdao University of Science and Technology

Qingdao University of Science and Technology (, acronym QUST) is a university located in Qingdao, China, colloquially known as Qingkeda (青科大). Having evolved from a college specializing in the chemical industry, it is now a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary university offering academic degrees in Science, Technology, Humanities, Business, Management, Medicine, Law and Arts.

The school encompasses four campuses in Sifang and Laoshan districts of Qingdao and Gaomi district of Weifang and Jinan district of Shandong.

History
The origin of the university lies in the Shenyang Light Industry Vocational School (沈阳轻工业高级职业学校) which was founded in 1950. For that purpose, the government of the Northeast Region choose to put the premises of the Shenyang Wenhui Middle School (沈阳文会中学), a catholic school operating since 1876, to new use. Since being run by the Christian Church meant that the Wenhui School had soon to close, an agreement was reached beforehand in order to ensure the transition of both the teaching staff and the students. In accordance with the economic needs of the time, chemistry, paper making and rubber production made up the core curriculum for the higher education branch, while the former middle school continued its operation under the auspices of this new institution. The first three vocational classes enrolled in October 1950, numbering 128 students in total.

The school didn't remain in Shenyang for long. In December 1954, the Ministry of Light Industry decided to move the whole institution to Qingdao, where more expertise was needed to further the development of the local rubber-industry. Thus, in September 1956 the Qingdao Rubber Industry School (青岛橡胶工业学校) opened its gates, having moved teachers, students and equipment from Liaoning to Shandong Province. During those years, the area lay at the outskirts of the city proper and was far from being urbanized. In 1958, under the name Shandong College of Chemical Industry (山东化工学院), it became directly subordinated to the Ministry of Chemical Industry and given the right to award bachelor's degrees. During the Cultural Revolution, the college suffered a sharp decline in the range of subjects to only three, namely Rubber Machinery, Chemical Machinery and Rubber Products, in 1968. The length of studies was also shortened to only two years, and in 1972, it was required for the school to recruit workers, peasants and soldiers as students (工农兵学员). Things started to look brighter in 1977, when the Gaokao was reinstated as prerequisite to higher education, and the college was able to enroll 443 new students for Bachelor-level studies.

The right to recruit student for master's degrees in technical fields was awarded in 1980. Distance education was introduced in 1981, starting with 91 students at the time. Since 1985 the college was called Qingdao Institute of Chemical Industry (青岛化工学院), a change of name that was considered a downgrade by a lot of students and teachers alike and thus not warmly welcomed. Contrary to the reservations expressed at the time, it didn't harm the institutions further development of the institution. On the contrary was the range of subjects steadily expanded in the following decades, including the expansion from three to six faculties, including Foreign Languages and Computer Sciences, in 1993, bringing the number of students close to 3,963 and the number of bachelor courses to 17. Another big step towards a comprehensive university was done with the incorporation of the Qingdao Arts and Crafts School (青岛工艺美术学校) in 2001. That same year, the number of students reached 10,747. The biggest change and expansion yet followed in 2002, when full university status was granted and the school adopted its current and final name, Qingdao University of Science and Technology. In September 2002, the new campus in Laoshan was inaugurated. In 2006, the College of Communication and Animation was opened and several language majors added to the School of Foreign Languages. A third campus was opened in 2009 in Gaomi, marking the expansion of the university beyond the borders of Qingdao. The establishment of a Middle School Affiliated to Qingdao University of Science and Technology in Laoshan district (青岛科技大学附属学校) commenced in 2014.

Academics
Qingdao University of Science and Technology is one of the nine Provincial Key Universities of Shandong (山东省属重点高校). It was ranked 45th among engineering universities on the Mainland in 2013. In 2011, it was included in the first national Excellence Plan for Engineering Education (卓越工程师教育培养计划). The three campuses together cover an area of 700,000 m2. The total value of fixed assets is estimated at 2,200 billion yuan. Spread over five branches, the foundation of the University Library dates back to 1950. It now covers a building area of around 50,000m2 and contains over 2.4 million volumes, including digital ones.

The university offers three first level and 22 second level doctoral programs and four postdoctoral research stations, 20 first level and 125 second level master programs and 68 undergraduate programs. Chemistry and materials science are the most renowned majors offered, with the Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics as well as the Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education being hosted by the university. Several post-doctoral programs in those fields are also available. Joint research centers have been set up with several international companies, including the LANXESS Rubber Research Center Qingdao.

Five majors are accredited as being distinguished on a national level (国家级特色专业), those include:
 * Chemical Engineering and Technology
 * Applied Chemistry
 * Polymer Materials and Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering and Automation,
 * Process Equipment and Control Engineering

The aforementioned as well as the following majors are accredited as being distinguished on a provincial level (省级品牌特色专业):
 * Materials Chemistry
 * Automation
 * Electronic Information Engineering
 * Business Administration
 * English Language Studies

The university is an official test center for the TOEIC and the Italian language CELI exam.

Jinan Campus
School Address (Jinan Campus): No. 80 Wenhua East Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province.

Sifang Campus
The oldest campus of the university is located in Sifang district near the eastern end of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge. It is renowned for its beautiful main building, which was built in 1956 and inspired by the soviet architecture of the time. Most majors that form the core profile of the university are still based in Sifang. A large cluster of high-end chemical and rubber industries, the so-called Rubber Valley (橡胶谷), is located adjacent to the campus, as is the science park of the university.

School address (Sifang Campus): No. 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao City, Shandong Province.
 * College of Chemical Engineering 化工学院
 * College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering 化学与分子工程学院
 * School of Polymer Science and Engineering 高分子科学与工程学院
 * College of Materials Science and Engineering 材料科学与工程学院
 * College of Environment and Safety Engineering 环境与安全工程学院
 * College of Adult Vocational Education 成教学院高职学院

Laoshan Campus
The biggest in area campus was inaugurated in 2002. It is located in near many tourist hotspots, including Mount Lao (Lauschan) (崂山) and the Shilaoren Beach (石老人海水浴场). In addition to the faculties that were added as part of the transition into a comprehensive university, Laoshan Campus also includes the main administration and library. While construction of the southern part of the campus, called Nanyuan (南苑), was already finished in the years following its inauguration, the campus district of Beiyuan (北苑) was opened in 2012 and is still being expanded.

School address (Laoshan Campus): No. 99 Songling Road, Qingdao City, Shandong Province.

 * College of Electromechanical Engineering 机电工程学院
 * College of Mathematics 数理学院
 * School of Information Sciences and Technology 信息科学技术学院
 * School of Foreign Languages 外国语学院
 * College of Economics and Management 经济与管理学院
 * College of the Arts 艺术学院
 * College of Communication and Animation 传播与动漫学院
 * College of Marxism 马克思主义学院
 * Law School 政法学院
 * Department of Sports 体育教学部
 * Sino-German Technology College 中德科技学院
 * College of International Cooperation 国际合作学院
 * College of Automation and Electronic Engineering 自动化与电子工程学院

Gaomi Campus
Several branches of the main faculties are located at Gaomi Campus, with most majors offered in Economics, Chemical and Computer sciences. The courses for Associates degree level of studies are also based here, with 22 majors offered in total. 4,000 students are enrolled and 260 teacher employed in Gaomi. Same as in Laoshan, this campus is also undergoing further construction.

School Address (Gaomi Campus): No.1 Xingtan West Street, Gaomi City, Shandong Province.
 * Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Gaomi Campus 青岛科技大学高密校区

International cooperation
Qingdao University of Science and Technology has a strong partnership with the University of Paderborn, Germany, that has resulted in the establishment of the Sino-German Technology College on Laoshan Campus. Students who pass the requirements set by the universities and the DAAD can finish their Bachelor-studies in several German universities and have the opportunity to do a master's degree there. Cooperation agreements exist with over 60 educational institutions in 16 countries and territories. Universities that have an agreement on teachers exchange with QUST include:

 * 🇭🇰 City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
 * 🇩🇪 Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany
 * 🇳🇿 Institute of the Pacific United New Zealand, New Zealand
 * 🇷🇺 Tambov State Technical University, Russia
 * 🇰🇷 Kongju National University, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Kangnam University, South Korea

Affiliated institutions
QUST is unique among universities in Shandong in that it directly sponsor a professional football team, Qingdao University of Science and Technology F.C. QUST has competed in the China League Two and in 2009 made it into the quarter-finals. In addition, the university is also in charge of the Qingdao Sea Eagles F.C. (青岛海之鹰足球俱乐部) that compete in the local Qingdao league. A large number of enterprises, mostly in the rubber and plastics industry, are affiliated to the university.

Notable faculty and alumni

 * Wang Zhongyu (1933- ), Governor of Jilin Province from 1989 to 1992, graduated in 1953
 * Mo Yan (1955- ), novelist and short story writer, winner of Nobel Prize in Literature 2012, visiting professor since 2011
 * Wang Tianpu (1962- ), president of Sinopec Corporation, graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering in 1985

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Anthony Mason (judge)

Sir Anthony Frank Mason   HonFAIB DistFRSN (born 21 April 1925) is an Australian judge who served as the ninth Chief Justice of Australia, in office from 1987 to 1995. He was first appointed to the High Court in 1972, having previously served on the Supreme Court of New South Wales.

Education
Raised in Sydney, Mason was a student at Sydney Grammar School. During World War II, he served in the Royal Australian Air Force, holding the rank of flying officer. After the war, Mason studied at the University of Sydney, graduating with the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws. Mason articled at Clayton Utz, where he met his wife, Patricia.

Legal career
Mason was admitted to the New South Wales Bar. For five years he lectured in law at the University of Sydney, his students including three future High Court Justices, Mary Gaudron, William Gummow and Dyson Heydon. In November 1964, aged 39, Mason was announced as the new Solicitor-General of Australia, with an accompanying appointment as Queen's Counsel (QC). He was the first person to serve as solicitor-general in a standalone capacity, as the office had previously been held by the secretary of the Attorney-General's Department. In 1966 he appeared opposite future High Court colleague William Deane, successfully arguing that the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council should reject an appeal from the High Court case of R v Anderson; Ex parte IPEC-Air Pty Ltd. He served until 1969 and during this time contributed greatly to the development of the Commonwealth's administrative law system.

Judicial career
In 1969, Mason was made a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, where he sat as a member of the Court of Appeal. In the same year he was appointed by the Gorton government to a three-year term on the council of the Australian National University. He served on the Supreme Court until 1972, when he was appointed to the bench of the High Court of Australia and received a knighthood (KBE). After fifteen years on the High Court, and following the retirement of Sir Harry Gibbs, in 1987 Mason was appointed Chief Justice; he retired in 1995 on reaching the constitutionally mandatory retirement age of 70.

Mason had a significant influence over the High Court. Initially a conservative judge, his tenure as Chief Justice can be seen as the high-water mark of the movement away from the "strict legalism" which characterised the High Court under Sir Owen Dixon. Mason was more flexible in his attitude to precedent than many other judges, viewing it more as a policy for consistency than something which would strictly coerce and constrain his decisions.

During the years of the "Mason Court", a variety of important cases were decided. These included:
 * Cole v Whitfield (1988): a landmark decision on the meaning of Constitution section 92. The unanimous judgment observed (par. 7):

"No provision of the Constitution has been the source of greater judicial concern or the subject of greater judicial effort than s.92. That notwithstanding, judicial exegesis of the section has yielded neither clarity of meaning nor certainty of operation. Over the years the Court has moved uneasily between one interpretation and another in its endeavours to solve the problems thrown up by the necessity to apply the very general language of the section to a wide variety of legislative and factual situations. Indeed, these shifts have been such as to make it difficult to speak of the section as having achieved a settled or accepted interpretation at any time since federation. The interpretation which came closest to achieving that degree of acceptance was that embodying the criterion of operation formula which we shall subsequently examine in some detail. That formula appeared to have the advantage of certainty, but that advantage proved to be illusory. Its disadvantage was that it was concerned only with the formal structure of an impugned law and ignored its real or substantive effect."

 * For the first time, the Constitution was interpreted with systematic reference to records of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s in which the text of the Constitution had been agreed (a good edition of the records had recently appeared). The Court also examined not only the "legal" operation of a law (its effects upon legal relations) but also its "practical" operation (its "real or substantive", i.e. social or economic, effects).  However, the facts in Cole v Whitfield were relatively simple and the Court soon divided in attempts to apply the criterion of practical operation to more complex facts:  Bath v Alston Holdings (1988) and Castlemaine Tooheys v South Australia (1990).

 * Polyukhovich v Commonwealth (1991): Mason was in the 4:3 majority who decided, although for a variety of reasons, that retrospective war crimes legislation applying to events in Europe during World War II was a valid exercise of the external affairs power, Constitution section 51(xxix), and was consistent with the judicial power of the Commonwealth, Constitution ch III.
 * Mabo v Queensland (No.2) (1992): the colonialist doctrine of terra nullius was superseded by introducing "native title" into Australian law.  The decision provoked allegations of "judicial activism", but was soon given statutory form in the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth).
 * Australian Capital Television v Commonwealth (1992) and (decided on the same day) Nationwide News v Wills (1992): an important stage in the emergence of a constitutionally implied "freedom of political communication".  The Mason Court continued this development until 1994, but it was not to receive unanimous support on the Court until after Mason's departure, in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997).  This freedom was considered to be implicit in Constitution sections 7 and 24, which provide that the Commonwealth Parliament shall be "directly chosen by the people".  However, the Court has remained reluctant to find further implied freedoms.  It has also continued to understand such a "freedom" as a limitation upon legislative power and not, at least directly, a personal freedom or right.
 * Dietrich v The Queen (1992): an accused is entitled to publicly funded legal representation where that is necessary to a fair trial (Mason among the majority).
 * Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995): the high point in Australia of the idea of "legitimate expectation", which Mason favoured although in this and other cases other members of the Court criticised it for illogicality and fictionality. The decision provoked formal ministerial objections, but bills to reverse the precedent failed three times with the calling of a general election.  The Court has since considerably reduced the scope of the idea.

After retiring from the High Court, in 1997 Mason was appointed one of the Non-Permanent Judges of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, a position that he held until 2015. He was also President of the Court of Appeal of the Solomon Islands and was a judge on the Supreme Court of Fiji.

In addition to those judicial roles, from 1994 to 1999 Mason served as Chancellor of the University of New South Wales. From 1996 to 1997, he was a professor of legal science at the University of Cambridge and served as Chairman of the Council of National Library of Australia in 1997–1998. He is also a visiting fellow at the Faculty of Law at the Australian National University.

Role in the dismissal of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam
On 11 November 1975, Governor-General Sir John Kerr summoned Prime Minister Gough Whitlam to his residence and, without warning, handed him a letter dismissing him from office, together with his ministers. Kerr's 1978 autobiography mentions that he had discussed that possibility with Mason but gives no detail.

In 2012, statements in some of Kerr's papers, released by the National Archives following a request by Professor Jenny Hocking, were given publicity in her biography, Gough Whitlam: His Time. Kerr confirms that, in 1975, Mason had advised him on whether the Constitution allows a Governor-General to dismiss a Prime Minister who is unable to obtain supply. Kerr claims that Mason, as well as Chief Justice Sir Garfield Barwick, had advised him that there is such power and that he had followed that advice.

In response, on 27 August 2012, Mason published his own account in major newspapers.

Mason's account challenges the accuracy and completeness of Kerr's account in several respects, but most importantly on his advice regarding power to dismiss a Prime Minister. He confirms that, as early as August 1975, he had advised Kerr, as a "close friend", that the Governor-General does have such power. He confirms, as Kerr's autobiography stated (although Kerr's papers give a different impression), that he had only advised Kerr on the available courses of action and had not advised him to pursue the course of dismissal.

Mason also stresses that he had warned Kerr on several occasions, and as late as 9 November 1975, that the Governor-General could exercise that power only after notifying the Prime Minister that he would do so if the Prime Minister did not agree to holding a general election. On 19 November, Mason says, he asked Kerr to ensure that his papers contained that warning, but Kerr did not do so.

However, on 11 November 1975, Kerr dismissed Whitlam summarily. Had Kerr notified Whitlam of his intention, Whitlam could pre-empted his dismissal by advising the Queen to dismiss Kerr. Mason confirms that Kerr was well aware of the danger of what Kerr referred to as a "race to the Palace". Indeed, Mason says, Kerr had told him that Whitlam had once raised with him the possibility of such a situation.

Mason recounts that, in August, or soon after in 1975, Kerr had been told by a member of the Prime Minister's department that Whitlam was of the view that, if Kerr were to indicate that he might dismiss Whitlam, Whitlam would advise the Queen to dismiss Kerr. Mason states that, at Kerr's request, on 9 November he drafted a letter dismissing Whitlam, although without consulting him further a "very different" text was used.

Mason says that he had declined to provide Kerr with written advice on his powers, particularly because it would be inappropriate for a Justice of the High Court to do so without consulting the Chief Justice. However, at Kerr's request, Chief Justice Barwick did provide written advice, which was that he did have power to dismiss a Prime Minister who could not obtain supply and was unwilling to either resign or agree to a general election.

Mason states that he saw that advice and expressed broad agreement with it. He says that, when Kerr asked him whether, if the matter came to the High Court, Barwick should sit, he had said that he did not know. He says that Kerr did not ask him what his own position would be in that event. But he recalls that he had thought it unlikely that the matter would come to the High Court, which had also been Barwick's advice to Kerr.

Mason's statement ends:
 * Despite my disagreement with Sir John’s account of events and his decision not to warn the prime minister, I consider that Sir John was subjected to unjustified vilification for making the decision which he made. I consider and have always considered that Sir John acted consistently with his duty except in so far as he had a duty to warn the prime minister of his intended action and he did not do so.

Honours

 * Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), 1969 Queen's Birthday Honours
 * Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), 22 September 1972
 * Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), 1988 Australia Day Honours
 * Centenary Medal, 1 January 2001
 * Grand Bauhinia Medal (GBM), 1 July 2013
 * Honorary doctorates in law from ANU, Deakin, Griffith, Melbourne, Monash, Sydney, Hong Kong, Oxford and UNSW universities.
 * Invested as an Honorary Fellow (HonFAIB) of the Australian Institute of Building (AIB), by the Honourable Sir Peter Cosgrove AK MC( Retd) Governor General of Australia and the AIB's National President adjunct Professor Paul Heather AM FAIB FRSN November 2017 at Western Sydney University in the presence of the Chancellor Professor Peter Shergold AC FRSN.
 * In 2018 elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales
 * In 2019 inducted as a Distinguished Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales
 * Elected Life Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law.

title: Anthony Mason (judge)


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John Hooker (English constitutionalist)

John Hooker (or "Hoker") alias John Vowell (c. 1527–1601) of Exeter in Devon, was an English historian, writer, solicitor, antiquary, and civic administrator. From 1555 to his death he was Chamberlain of Exeter. He was twice MP for Exeter in 1570/1 and 1586, and for Athenry in Ireland in 1569 and wrote an influential treatise on parliamentary procedure. He wrote an eye-witness account of the siege of Exeter during the Prayer Book Rebellion in 1549. He spent several years in Ireland as legal adviser to Sir Peter Carew, and following Carew's death in 1575 wrote his biography. He was one of the editors of the second edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles, published in 1587. His last, unpublished and probably uncompleted work was the first topographical description of the county of Devon. He founded a guild of Merchant Adventurers under a charter from Queen Mary. He was the uncle of Richard Hooker, the influential Anglican theologian.

Origins
Hooker was born at Bourbridge Hall in Exeter, Devon, England. He was the second son and eventual heir of Robert Vowell (d.1538) of Exeter alias Hooker by his third wife Agnes Dobell (or Doble), daughter of John Dobell of Woodbridge in Suffolk. His grandfather was John Vowell alias Hooker (d.1493), MP for Exeter.

The earliest recorded member of the Vowell family was Jenaph (or Seraph ) Vowell of Pembroke in Wales, from whom John Hooker (d.1601) was 6th in descent. The original Welsh name was possibly ap-Howell. Jenaph's son Jago Vowell married Alice Hooker, daughter and heiress of Richard Hooker of Hurst Castle, Southampton. Thus, as was commonly required in former times on receipt of an inheritance, the Vowell family assumed the name Hooker in the 15th century, but frequently retained the earlier name; in fact, John Hooker was known as John Vowell for much of his life. By the time he was born the family had been prominent in Exeter for several generations.

Education
Hooker received an excellent classical education, reading Roman law at Oxford followed by a period in Europe studying with leading Protestant divines, notably Pietro Martire Vermigli.

In Exeter
During the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549 Hooker experienced at first hand the siege of Exeter, and left a vivid manuscript account of its events in which he made no effort to conceal his anti-Catholic sympathies. From 1551 to 1553 he was employed by Myles Coverdale during his short incumbency as Bishop of Exeter. In 1555 he became the first chamberlain of Exeter, a post he held until his death.

As chamberlain he was responsible for the city's finances, he dealt with disputes between guilds and merchants, oversaw the rebuilding of the high school, planted many trees in the city, and collected and put in order the city's archives. He used these archives to compile his "Annals" of the City in which he details the characteristics of every Tudor mayor of Exeter, and in 1578 he wrote and published The Lives of the Bishops of Exeter. In 1570/71 he was MP for Exeter.

At a time when it was deemed essential for cities and nations to have ancient lineage, Hooker described the supposed foundation of Exeter by Corinaeus, nephew of Brutus of Britain, son of Aeneas. He advocated emulating the governmental institutions of the Roman Republic, which in his opinion brought Rome to greatness, and held up the municipal government of Exeter as a model republican commonwealth worthy of emulation.

In Ireland
In 1568, possibly because he regarded himself as underpaid for the work he was doing for Exeter, Hooker was persuaded by Sir Peter Carew to accompany him to Ireland as his legal adviser. He organised Carew's papers in support of his claim for the barony of Idrone, a task to which he committed himself so deeply that in 1569 he was returned to the Irish parliament as member for Athenry. Hooker later wrote a biography of Carew, The dyscourse and dyscoverye of the lyffe of Sir Peter Carew, in which he almost certainly understated the deceit and aggression behind Carew's Irish venture.

Until Carew's death in 1575, Hooker spent much time in Ireland, but he had also been returned to the English parliament in 1571 as one of the burgesses of Exeter. The session lasted only a few weeks, but he kept a journal in which he accurately recorded the proceedings. His experiences in the Irish and English parliaments led him to write a treatise on parliamentary practice, The Order and Usage how to Keepe a Parlement in England, which was published in two editions in 1572. One edition had a preface addressed to William FitzWilliam, Lord Deputy of Ireland and was clearly intended to bring order to the Irish assembly; the other was addressed to the Exeter city authorities, presumably to aid his successor burgesses. In writing his treatise Hooker took much inspiration from the Modus Tenendi Parliamentum, a treatise from the early 14th century.

In 1586 Hooker again represented Exeter in parliament. At this time he was one of the editors of the second edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles, published in 1587. Hooker's Order and Usage was included within it and he contributed an updated history of Ireland, with parts of his Life of Carew and a translation of Expugnatio Hibernica ("Conquest of Ireland") by Gerald of Wales. In his Irish section, he made his religious and political sympathies very clear, repeatedly denouncing the Catholicism of the native Irish, seeing it as the cause both of their poverty and rebelliousness. Rome he described as "the pestilent hydra" and the pope "the sonne of sathan, and the manne of sinne, and the enimie unto the crosse of Christ, whose bloodthirstiness will never be quenched".

Later life
Hooker continued to serve Exeter in his later years, becoming coroner in 1583 and recorder in 1590. He was also appointed as steward of Bradninch by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587. By this time he was involved in the long task of organising and writing his historically-based description of his home county which he titled Synopsis Corographical of the county of Devon. He probably started work on this before his antiquary friend Richard Carew began writing his similar Survey of Cornwall. In writing his Synopsis, Hooker was influenced by the style and structure of William Harrison's Description of England, which had been published in 1577 as part of the first edition of Holinshed's Chronicles.

Although Hooker revised his Synopsis many times, he probably never completed it to his satisfaction. The work survives today as two almost identical manuscripts, one in the British Library the other in the Devon Record Office, which were used as source material for many later topographical descriptions of the county, including Thomas Westcote's Survey of Devon (1630) and Tristram Risdon's Chorographical Description or Survey of the County of Devon (c. 1632). He wrote an account of the Black Assize of Exeter in 1586 from which a virulent and deadly disease spread from prisoners in Exeter Prison to the courtroom in Exeter Castle and thence to the whole county.

Marriage and children
He married twice:
 * Firstly in the 1540s he married Martha Tucker (died pre-1586), a daughter of Robert Tucker of Exeter by whom he had three sons and two daughters including:
 * Robert Hooker (d.1602) eldest son.
 * Secondly he married Anastryce Bridgeman (c. 1540–1599), a daughter of Edward Bridgeman of Exeter, by whom he had seven sons and five daughters.

Death and burial
In later life his health failed. He wrote: "...my sight waxeth Dymme my hyringe [hearing] very thycke my speache imperfecte and my memory very feeble". He died in Exeter on 8 November 1601 at the age of 76 and was buried at St Mary Major, Exeter.

Works

 * Orders Enacted for Orphans and for their Portions within the Citie of Exeter, London, 1575
 * ''The Antique Description and Account of the City of Exeter: In Three Parts, All Written Purely by John Vowell, Alias Hoker
 * The order and usage of the keepingng of a parlement in England, 1572
 * A pamphlet of the offices and duties of everie particular sworned officer of the citie of Excester (sic) 1584
 * The Life and Times of Sir Peter Carew, (d.1575), whose mural monument Hooker erected in Exeter Cathedral, as evidenced by the two escutcheons showing the arms of Hooker at the base of the monument.

title: John Hooker (English constitutionalist)


text:
User talk:Jamesonanderson

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Carrp | Talk 01:16, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Jamesonanderson


text:
User talk:Gremlin000

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Carrp | Talk 01:16, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Gremlin000


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adrian Alexandru

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 05:34, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Adrian Alexandru
Someone who gets a black belt at a young age isn't sufficiently notable for an encyclopedia. Delete.-gadfium 01:17, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "Wtf black belts?" Uh... indeed! Congratulations, but delete. Samaritan 01:46, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete a fairly impressive achievement, but not an encyclopedic one. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 02:33, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 07:40, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. How many 10-year-old black belt owners do you know? I think his young age makes this sufficiently notable. I would like to see this expanded so it's clear which sport he got it for and it should be edited for spelling and such. Keep. Mgm|(talk) 09:09, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Even if it were true, how can we verify it? RickK 07:46, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's not a world record, Delete unless it has a place in the articles on karate or martial arts. --Dbroadwell
 * Delete Vanity. JimmyShelter 09:17, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've now formatted and rephrased the article. Mgm|(talk) 09:22, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Comment: I don't know much about martial arts, so I may be wrong, but at least in some of them there is a "junior" set of belts for children, with anyone attaining a black belt as a child having to begin from the bottom again when he reaches the adult class. Not that it would be much of a problem, I suppose, if he keeps up his training. But many don't, so a black belt may not mean that much at that age. / up+land 09:52, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I seem to hear of young people getting black belts all the time.  There was one on TV just the other night in karate, probably about the same age; it was in the U.S., so it wasn't the same boy.  I don't think black belt recipients are notable, even the "youngest Romanian black belt in some unspecified martial art".     But my real problem with this article is that the information in it is unverifiable as it currently stands.   It could also be vanity.  --BM 14:38, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, standard vanity, lots of kids have impressive personal accomplishments. Wyss 20:24, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. GeneralPatton 01:38, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - after a long wiki-day voting against rubbish - we get this ! Honestly! Brookie 19:20, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
HMS Suffolk (55)

HMS Suffolk, pennant number 55, was a County-class cruiser heavy cruiser of the Royal Navy, and part of the Kent subclass. She was built by Portsmouth Dockyard, Portsmouth, UK, with the keel being laid down on 30 September 1924. She was launched on 16 February 1926, and commissioned on 31 May 1928. During World War II, Suffolk took part in the Norwegian Campaign in 1940 and then the Battle of the Denmark Strait in 1941, before serving in the Arctic throughout the following year. After a refit that concluded in April 1943, the cruiser served in the Far East until the end of the war. In the immediate post-war period, Suffolk undertook transport duties between the Far East, Australia and the United Kingdom before being placed in reserve in mid-1946. The vessel was sold off and then scrapped in 1948.

Pre-World War II
Suffolk, like her sisters, served on the China Station, save for reconstruction, until the outbreak of World War II. In early 1934 she became the flagship of the China Station when Admiral Sir Frederick Dreyer dispatched Kent for a refit in the United Kingdom. She returned home to Portsmouth in July 1935 laden with 100 cases of "priceless" Chinese artifacts for an exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts. During the 45 day journey a total of 1022 pieces were transported, of which 780 belonged to the Beijing Palace Museum. The transfer and exhibition were overseen by Dr C W Cheng from the Chinese Embassy in London, Palace Museum curator Chuang Yen and other Chinese officials.

Norwegian Campaign
Suffolk came home in 1939 and after the outbreak of the Second World War patrolled the Denmark Strait in October 1939. In April 1940 she participated in the Norwegian Campaign. On 13 April 1940 the ship arrived at Tórshavn to commence the British occupation of the Faroe Islands. On 14 April 1940 Suffolk sank the German tanker MS Skagerrak north-west of Bodø, Norway. On 17 April 1940, Suffolk and four destroyers, HMS Kipling (F91), HMS Juno (F46), HMS Janus (F53) and HMS Hereward (H93), were sent to bombard the airfield at Sola, Norway. The operation had little effect and the retaliation from German bombers severely damaged the aft of the ship, forcing her to return to Scapa Flow. Suffolk was out of action from April 1940 until February 1941 while she was repaired at the Clyde. The ship was part of the 4th Cruiser Squadron.

Battle of the Denmark Strait

During May 1941 Suffolk was involved in the Battle of the Denmark Strait and the sinking of the GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck. Suffolk had engaged the battleship twice during the battle, firing several salvoes on her. Using her radar, Suffolk was able to track the Bismarck through the Denmark Strait and maintained contact long enough for other units to vector into Bismarck's path. During the battle the battlecruiser Hood was sunk with heavy loss of life and the battleship Prince of Wales was damaged and forced to retreat. Afterwards, Bismarck managed to elude Suffolk and Norfolk, which had been shadowing her, by making a 270° turn behind their wakes, and because Bismarck was losing oil, she attempted to reach Brest, France but was later sighted by an RAF Catalina and eventually sunk by heavy units of the Royal Navy.

Later career
After her repairs Suffolk served with the Home Fleet in Arctic waters until the end of 1942, then underwent a refit between December 1942 and April 1943 when "X" turret was removed and replaced with additional AA guns. On completion of this the ship was ordered to the Eastern Fleet, operating in the Indian Ocean until the end of the war.

From 26 August 1945 Suffolk was used to transport military and civilian personnel from Australia, and the Far East, back to the UK. On her return Suffolk underwent repairs at Chatham Dockyard between November 1945 and January 1946. On completion she sailed to Australia again, returning in April 1946. Her final voyage was to Singapore arriving there in May, and returning in July 1946.

In the summer of 1946 she was placed in unmaintained reserve until 1948. With the post-war economic difficulties of Britain hitting hard in 1947–1948 the reserve fleet was quickly sold off, and Suffolk was decommissioned and allocated to BISCO on 25 March 1948. She was towed to J Cashmore's (Newport, Wales) where she arrived on 24 June 1948 and scrapping began immediately.

title: HMS Suffolk (55)


text:
User:TShilo12

REDIRECT NOTICE
Between July 24, 2004 and January 9, 2005, I made edits w/o a username, and a few times since then, I may have inadvertently edited w/o logging in. Ooops! July 24 is when I got cable modem, finally, and a static IP. Prior thereto, I was on dialup, and despite my best efforts, have been unable to find a reliable list of my anon edits. Oh well. :-p Tomer TALK  04:32, May 16, 2005 (UTC) Apparently I'm now editing from.

Read this!

 * Researching with Wikipedia

Userbox overload
This page was starting to suffer from userbox overload, so I got rid of all of them and put them here instead. Enjoy.

Wikipedia
I first started messing around on wikipedia several years ago, at which time I was unaware that there was a login or contributors' list, or whatnot. Most of my dillydallying has been starting or contributing to articles about Jews and Judaism, as well as a few minor edits in other fields. I first signed up as a real "user" just a couple months ago, so now I've gotta be careful, since now ppl can see what I'm doing... ;-) TShilo12 01:17, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

OK, and so now, I spent a little time compiling a list of articles I started...have yet to compile a list of articles to which I've contributed extensively. For those wondering how many edits I've made on the English WP, click here. And here's a collection of garbage I've found on WP.

Autobiography
I was born at 8:38 PM Atlantic time, April 15, 1972, in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. That's right, income tax day. Since puertorricans don't pay U.S. Federal Income Tax, however, it's not such an evil day there.

I've lived in the Town of Washington, in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin (just south of Eau Claire, Wisconsin) since I was 7 years old. I hate winter, and blame it on the fact that I'm from Puerto Rico, eventhough my memories of PR are rather scanty, and none of them have anything to do with the climate there.

I went to Cleghorn Elementary School in Cleghorn, Wisconsin, and then to South Junior High School in Eau Claire, although from mid-October until early January of fifth grade (grade 5 for the Canucks out there), I went to Downsville Elementary School in Downsville, Wisconsin, and I went to Pepin High School in Pepin, Wisconsin for the first semester of 9th grade. (Incidentally, when I was going to Pepin HS, I was living near Lund, Wisconsin, about 2 miles from the girlhood home of Laura Ingalls Wilder. Every day on the way to school, I passed the park containing her real-life house described in Little House in the Big Woods.   I graduated June 6, 1990 from Eau Claire's Memorial High School.  Unlike most people, apparently, I absolutely do not think High School was the best time of my life.  One cool thing about High School tho, was the fact that the principal's office left us alone for the most part when we took over the lobby by the main auditorium every morning before school (sometimes as many as 40 of us), playing hackey sack...usually with koosh balls, in those days...

I went to UWEC off and on thereafter, finally getting a B.S. in Physics on May 22, 1998, after (sometimes serious) flirtations with Sociology, Geology and Cultural geography: Linguistics. I didn't go to commencement, as I had to work that day, at ShopKo's service desk, and didn't really regard my finally having graduated as much of an accomplishment (my GPA was only 2.44).

In July of 1999, I became manager of the shoe department at ShopKo #24 in Eau Claire, which meant, at that time, that I became an employee of J. Baker, Inc., a company that should rot in hell for the way they screwed over their employees and the chains that contracted with them. Oh wait. That's right, they went bankrupt. I guess annihilation is about the same thing as hell, except without the torment. Oh well. As that stupid country song says, "two outta three ain't bad"...

Payless Shoes took over JBI's ShopKo account in June of 2000, which meant I was either out of a job, (unless I was willing to accept the equivalent of anal rape from Payless, a store from which I will never buy a pair of shoes or even a pair of shoelaces as long as I live or) unless I went back to my service desk job at ShopKo. I was out of a job. Happily, I already had lined up a position at Honeywell, in the Advanced Circuits unit of their Electronic Materials division. Unfortunately, my brother, through whom I got the job, had made some enemies among the bigwigs, and so I was stuck in an unadvanceable position. When a layoff was offered in November of 2002, I took it happily. Greedily, you might say.

I returned to UWEC in January of 2003 and completed a second degree, this time in Computer Science.

While working on my CS degree, and then for a year afterwards, I worked as the regulatory coördinator and biolab tech for a local veterinary pharmaceutical laboratory. Since June of 2007, I've been working as a data tech for IDEXX Computer Systems, a division of IDEXX Laboratories.

Other stuff about me
I have a mom and a dad.

I have 2 sisters and a brother, some cousins, nephews, grandparents, nieces, and various other relatives.

I'm a proud Jew.

I'm single and love it, but would also love to not be. I'm just starting a relationship with a great girl who, if things work out alright, will be my wife come Sept. 2006. Well wishing is welcome, but gifts and financial contributions will be appreciated even more.

One of my fun little projects in high schools (besides inventing my own language), was to invent a new orthography for English.

For the dialectologists, the way I speak English, "Atlantis" sounds like, "Toronto" sounds like or , and while "dentist" is usually /'dɛ·nɪst̚/, "dentists" is /'dɛ·nɪs:/ (not to be confused with "Dennis", which is /'dɛ·nɪs/).

My Interests

 * Physics
 * Astronomy
 * Computers
 * Logic
 * Electronics
 * Comparative religion
 * Comparative linguistics
 * Judaism
 * History
 * Politics

Music
Basically, I like anything except most of what comes out of the Rap and Country world. I hate any and everything, however, bearing the label Jazz.

Movies

 * Star Trek, the various series (although I'm less than enthusiastic about Deep Space 9), as well as the movies
 * Stargate, including Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis
 * Good Will Hunting, mostly because I so strongly identify with Matt Damon in that film
 * Europa, Europa
 * Dead Poets Society (a movie because of which I will forever hate Robin Williams)

Friends
My closest friendships in the world are with Jordan, Munch and a few other great guys, more recently, Coot, Shneb, Lester and Milas, none of whom have any particular overriding interest in Wikimania.

Actrons

 * Mili Avital (the hottest actress ever)
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger (and not only because I can spell his name w/o looking it up)
 * Nicolas Cage I hate. He's a crappy actor and should go work in a gas station.  I take that back.  He probably can't even pump gas properly.

Politics
I honestly believe that people who believe that "communism works, it just hasn't been tried by the right people" are delusional.

Contact me
Email me by clicking here.

I have a number of instant messenger sns, but I'm not going to list them here. Email me and I'll email you how to IM me.

To do
My to do list Check out musicthing. If you're looking for something to do, how about checking out some of these articles in need of attention:
 * Dead-end pages

ca:Usuari:TShilo12 de:Benutzer:TShilo12 es:Usuario:TShilo12 fr:Utilisateur:TShilo12 he:משתמש:TShilo12 ja:利用者:TShilo12 nl:Gebruiker:TShilo12 pl:Wikipedysta:TShilo12 pt:Usuário:TShilo12

title: User:TShilo12


text:
Greville

Greville or Gréville may refer to:

Places

 * Gréville-Hague, in the Manche département, France
 * Mount Greville, Queensland, Australia
 * Port Greville, Nova Scotia, Canada

People
First name
 * Greville Janner (1928–2015), British Labour Party politician and alleged child abuser
 * Greville Wynne (1919–1990) British businessman who spied on the USSR for the UK

Surname

 * Algernon Greville (1798–1864), amateur cricketer
 * Charles Greville (disambiguation)
 * Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville (1794–1865), English diarist and amateur cricketer
 * Charles Francis Greville (1749–1809), British antiquarian, collector and politician
 * Edmond T. Gréville (1906–1966), French film director and screenwriter
 * Frances Greville (1724–1789), Irish poet and celebrity
 * Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke (1554–1628), English poet, dramatist, and statesman
 * Handel Greville (1921–2014), Welsh rugby union player
 * Henrietta Greville (1861–1964), Australian labour organiser
 * Henry Gréville (1842–1902), French writer
 * John Rodger Greville (1834–1894), Irish-born comic actor in Australia
 * Julia Greville (born 1979), Australian Olympic freestyle swimmer
 * Margaret Greville (1863–1942), British society host and philanthropist
 * Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke (1607–1643), English Puritan activist
 * Robert Fulke Greville (1751–1824), British Army officer and politician
 * Robert Kaye Greville (1794–1866), Scottish botanist, illustrator
 * Thomas N. E. Greville (1910–1998), American statistician of psychic research

title: Greville


text:
Aquarius Reef Base

The Aquarius Reef Base is an underwater habitat located 5.4 mi off Key Largo in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Florida, United States. It is the world's only undersea research laboratory and it is operated by Florida International University. It is deployed on the ocean floor 62 ft below the surface and next to a deep coral reef named Conch Reef.

Aquarius is the only undersea research laboratory currently in operation, although the Marine Resources Development Foundation used to operate two additional undersea facilities, also located in Key Largo, Florida. Aquarius was owned by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and operated by the University of North Carolina Wilmington until 2013 when Florida International University assumed operational control.

Florida International University (FIU) took ownership of Aquarius in October 2014. As part of the FIU Marine Education and Research Initiative, the Medina Aquarius Program is dedicated to the study and preservation of marine ecosystems worldwide and is enhancing the scope and impact of FIU on research, educational outreach, technology development, and professional training. At the heart of the program is the Aquarius Reef Base.

Purpose
Aquarius, designed by Perry Submarine Builders of Florida and constructed by Victoria Machine Works, was built in Victoria, Texas, in 1986. Its original name was "the George F. Bond", after the United States Navy physician who was the father of SEALAB in particular and saturation diving in general. Underwater operations were first planned for Catalina Island, California, but were moved to the U.S. Virgin Islands. Following Hurricane Hugo in 1989, Aquarius was taken to Wilmington, North Carolina, for repairs and refurbishment and was redeployed in the Florida Keys in 1993. Aquarius is located under 20 m of water at the base of a coral reef within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, an ideal site for studying the health of sensitive coral reefs.

The laboratory is most often used by marine biologists for whom Aquarius acts as home base as they study the coral reef, the fish and aquatic plants that live nearby and the composition of the surrounding seawater. Aquarius houses sophisticated lab equipment and computers, enabling scientists to perform research and process samples without leaving their underwater facilities.

The habitat accommodates four scientists and two technicians for missions averaging ten days. Scientists on the Aquarius are often called "aquanauts" (as they live underwater at depth pressure for a period equal to or greater than 24 continuous hours without returning to the surface). A technique known as saturation diving allows the aquanauts to live and work underwater for days or weeks at a time. After twenty-four hours underwater at any depth, the human body becomes saturated with dissolved gas. With saturation diving, divers can accurately predict exactly how much time they need to decompress before returning to the surface. This information limits the risk of decompression sickness. By living in the Aquarius habitat and working at the same depth on the ocean floor, Aquarius aquanauts are able to remain underwater for the duration of their mission. In addition, because Aquarius allows saturation diving, dives from the habitat can last for up to nine hours at a time; by comparison, surface dives usually last between one and two hours. These long dive times allow for observation that would not otherwise be possible. Way stations on the reef outside Aquarius allow aquanauts to refill their scuba tanks during dives.

Habitat structure
Aquarius consists of three compartments. Access to the water is made via the wet porch, a chamber equipped with a moon pool, which keeps the air pressure inside the wet porch the same as the water pressure at that depth (ambient pressure), about 2.6 atmospheres, through hydrostatic equilibrium. The main compartment is strong enough, like a submarine, to maintain normal atmospheric pressure; it can also be pressurized to ambient pressure, and is usually held at a pressure in between. The smallest compartment, the Entry Lock, is between the other two and functions as an airlock in which personnel wait while pressure is adjusted to match either the wet porch or the main compartment. This design enables personnel to return to the surface without the need for a decompression chamber when they get there. Personnel stay inside the main compartment for 17 hours before ascending as the pressure is slowly reduced, so that they do not suffer decompression sickness after the ascent.

Underwater missions and research
Several missions on the Aquarius have been canceled due to hurricane activity. During Hurricane Gordon in 1994, a crew of scientists and divers had to evacuate Aquarius and climb up a rescue line to the surface in 15 ft seas after one of the habitat's generators caught fire. In 1998, Hurricane Georges nearly destroyed Aquarius, breaking a joint in one of its legs and moving two 8000 lb weights on the wet porch nearly off the structure. Both Hurricane Georges and Hurricane Mitch, later in 1998, also destroyed way stations outside Aquarius used to refill aquanauts' scuba tanks. In 2005, Hurricane Rita broke two of the habitat's seabed anchors and moved one end of Aquarius by 12 ft. In 2017, Hurricane Irma ripped the habitat's 94,000 lb life support buoy from its moorings and blew it 14 mi away to the Lignum Vitae Channel, as well as damaging the underwater living quarters and wet porch area. , no scientists or staff members had been injured at Aquarius due to storms.

Since 2001, NASA has used Aquarius for its NEEMO (NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations) analog missions, sending groups of astronauts to simulate human spaceflight space exploration missions. Much like space, the undersea world is a hostile, alien place for humans to live. NEEMO crew members experience some of the same challenges there that they would on a distant asteroid, planet or moon. During NEEMO missions in Aquarius, the aquanauts are able to simulate living on a spacecraft and test spacewalk techniques for future space missions. The underwater condition has the additional benefit of allowing NASA to "weight" the aquanauts to simulate different gravity environments.

A diver named Dewey Smith died during a dive from Aquarius in May 2009. A subsequent investigation determined that Smith's death was caused by a combination of factors, including the failure of the electronic functions of his Inspiration closed circuit rebreather due to hydrodynamic forces from a hydraulic impact hammer being used nearby.

Due to budget cuts, NOAA ceased funding Aquarius after September 2012, with no further missions scheduled after a July 2012 mission that included pioneering female diver Sylvia Earle in its aquanaut crew. The University of North Carolina Wilmington was also unable to provide funding to continue operations. The Aquarius Foundation was set up in an attempt to keep Aquarius functioning. In a two-week series, the daily cartoon strip Sherman's Lagoon featured the potential closing of the Aquarius facility in the week starting September 10, 2012, and continued with a cameo appearance of Earle in the week starting September 17, 2012, to discuss the importance of Aquarius. In January 2013, a proposal to keep Aquarius running under Florida International University administration was accepted.

From June 1 to July 2, 2014, Fabien Cousteau and his crew spent 31 days living and working in Aquarius in tribute to Jacques Cousteau's 30-day underwater expedition in 1963. Cousteau estimated the team collected the equivalent of two years' worth of surface diving data during the mission, enough for ten scientific papers.

General references

 * ENN. Age of Aquarius: Undersea lab immersed in coral reef research, 2000.
 * NOAA. Hurricane Charlie cuts short Aquarius undersea mission, 2004
 * Plain, C. From the Ocean Depths to Deep Space, 2004
 * Deep Science @ National Geographic Magazine

title: Aquarius Reef Base


text:
ORP Piorun (G65)

ORP Piorun was an N-class destroyer operated by the Polish Navy in World War II. The word piorun is Polish for "Thunderbolt". Ordered by the Royal Navy in 1939, the ship was laid down as HMS Nerissa before being loaned to the Poles in October 1940 while still under construction.

In May 1941 ORP Piorun located the GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck, and drew its fire, while other units of the Royal Navy task force caught up to sink the Bismarck.

After World War II, Piorun was returned to the Royal Navy and recommissioned as HMS Noble before being scrapped in 1955.

Design
The eight ships of the N-class were ordered on 15 April 1939. They were a repeat of the J- and K-class destroyers, 16 of which were ordered in 1937.

The N-class were 339 ft long between perpendiculars and 356 ft overall, with a beam of 35 ft and a draught of 9 ft. Displacement was 1773 LT standard and 2384 LT full load. Two Admiralty three-drum boilers fed steam at 300 psi and 620 F to two sets of Parsons single-reduction geared-steam turbines, rated at 40000 shp. This gave a design speed of 36 kn at trials displacement and 32 kn at full load. 491 tons of oil were carried, giving a range of 5500 nmi at 15 kn and 3700 nmi at 20 kn.

As designed, the N-class were to be armed with six 4.7 in QF Mark XII guns in three twin mountings, two forward and one aft. These guns could only elevate to an angle of 40 degrees, and so were of limited use in the anti-aircraft role. A short range anti-aircraft armament of a four-barrelled 2-pounder "pom-pom" anti-aircraft mount and eight .50 in machine guns in two quadruple mounts on the bridge wings was to be fitted, while torpedo armament was to be ten 21 in torpedo tubes in two quintuple mounts. Early experience of the vulnerability of destroyers to air attack off Norway and during the evacuation from Dunkirk in 1940 resulted in the armament of the N-class being revised during construction. The aft set of torpedo-tubes was removed and replaced by a single 4 in QF Mark V anti-aircraft gun, while the quadruple .50 in machine guns on the bridge wings were replaced by two single Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, with two more Oerlikons abaft the searchlight, while two twin .50 inch machine guns were mounted on the ships' quarterdeck.

History
The ship was built by John Brown & Company of Clydebank, Glasgow. She was laid down on 26 July 1939, launched on 7 May 1940. While initially ordered and launched under the name Nerissa, the ship was transferred to the Polish Navy in October 1940 and renamed Piorun. She was completed on 4 November 1940.

Piorun was based in Great Britain and commanded by Commander Eugeniusz Pławski. Between 13 and 15 March 1941, while undergoing repairs in John Brown's shipyard, she took part in the defence of Clydebank in the Clydebank Blitz against air raids by the Luftwaffe. A memorial to the ship's crew was later erected in Clydebank.

Bismarck action
On 22 May 1941, Piorun, with ships of the British 4th Destroyer Flotilla (HMS Cossack (F03), HMS Maori (F24), HMS Sikh (F82) and HMS Zulu (F18)), commanded by Captain Philip Vian, provided additional escort to troop convoy WS8B en route from Glasgow to the Indian Ocean. On 25 May, Vian's destroyers (including Piorun) were detached from the convoy to join the search for the GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck.

Piorun took part, along with the British destroyers, in the search for Bismarck (she was the first of the destroyers to spot the German ship). She joined in the shadowing of and torpedo attacks on the German battleship the night before Bismarck was sunk. Arriving first on the scene with the British Tribal-class destroyer Maori, Piorun charged at Bismarck by herself, while Maori manoeuvred for position to fire torpedoes. Alone, Piorun exchanged fire with Bismarck for an hour, with neither side scoring any hits—although after the third salvo, Bismarck missed by only 20 yd, causing Pławski to pull away.

According to one report (detailed at the Auschwitz I exhibition, Oświęcim, Poland), Pławski transmitted the message "I am a Pole" before commencing fire on Bismarck; other sources say the signal to commence fire was "Trzy salwy na cześć Polski" ("Three salvoes in honour of Poland"). This manoeuvre and the subsequent withdrawal caused Piorun to lose contact with Bismarck.

Another often repeated story, possibly an embellishment, mentions that the Piorun constantly signaled "I am a Pole" using her signal lights for the entirety of the engagement. It does remain possible, perhaps even likely, due to the fact that the signalman would be posted at the light during Battle Stations.

Piorun was very low on fuel, so at 05:00 she was ordered home before she had used her torpedoes. Pławski was reluctant to leave the area and ignored Vian's order for an hour before returning to the United Kingdom.

Subsequent activity
Piorun subsequently operated in the Mediterranean, taking part in Operation Halberd, one of the Malta convoys and Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. In 1944 she was transferred to the Home Fleet. On 8 June 1944, the Piorun took part in the Battle of Ushant against Kriegsmarine destroyers.

Piorun took part in Operation Deadlight, and took part in the sinking of the captured German Type XXI submarines GS U-2329, GS U-2334, GS U-2335, GS U-2337, GS U-2350 and GS U-2363.

She was returned to the Royal Navy in 1946, as HMS Noble and scrapped in 1955.

title: ORP Piorun (G65)


text:
Robert Charlebois

Robert Charlebois, OC, OQ (born June 25, 1944) is a Québecois author, composer, musician, performer and actor.

Charlebois was born in Montreal, Quebec. Among his best known songs are Lindberg (the duo with Louise Forestier in particular), Ordinaire, Les Ailes d'un Ange and Je reviendrai à Montréal. His lyrics, often written in joual, are funny, relying upon plays on words. He won the Sopot International Song Festival in 1970.

In 1970 he sang with Italian singer Patty Pravo the Italian song La solitudine. In the same year, he performed at the Festival Express train tour in Canada, but did not appear on the documentary film.

In 1968, he had an acting role in Jean Pierre Lefebvre's film Straight to the Heart (Jusqu'au cœur). He co-starred with Terence Hill, Miou-Miou and Patrick McGoohan in the western Un genio, due compari, un pollo (A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe, 1975) as Steamengine Bill. Thirty-eight years later, Charlebois had a cameo as Jean-Seb Bigstone, the French-Canadian Broadway producer, in the 2012 Gad Elmaleh/Sophie Marceau film Happiness Never Comes Alone.

The Quebec-based microbrewery Unibroue was owned, in part, by Charlebois until it was purchased by Sleeman Breweries in 2004 which in turn was bought by Japanese beer brewing giant Sapporo in 2006.

Honours

 * In 1994, Charlebois received a Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement for his contribution to music in Canada.
 * In 1999, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2008, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.
 * Charlebois was one of the four musicians who were pictured on the second series of the Canadian Recording Artist Series issued by Canada Post stamps on July 2, 2009.
 * On June 21, 2010, Charlebois received an honorary doctorate from Concordia University in Montreal. In his acceptance speech he made the remark that this was the first post-secondary diploma he had received in his life.

Music in films

 * Between Salt and Sweet Water (Entre la mer et l'eau douce) (1967) by Michel Brault, with Geneviève Bujold, Claude Gauthier
 * Je T'aimerai Toujours (1969; TV Movie)
 * Two Women in Gold (Deux Femmes en or) (1970) by Claude Fournier, with Monique Mercure, Louise Turcot
 * A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe (1975) by Damiano Damiani, with Terence Hill, Patrick McGoohan
 * L'Agression (1975) by Gérard Pirès, with Jean-Louis Trintignant, Catherine Deneuve
 * The Bride Who Came In from the Cold (1983) by Charles Nemes, with Thierry Lhermitte, Barbara Nielsen
 * Sauve-toi, Lola (1986) by Michel Drach, with Carole Laure, Jeanne Moreau
 * C.R.A.Z.Y. (2004) by Jean-Marc Vallée, with Michel Côté and Marc-André Grondin
 * Gabrielle (2013) by Louise Archambault, with Mélissa Désormeaux-Poulin and Alexandre Landry

Selected discography

 * 1965 – Volume 1
 * 1966 – Volume 2
 * 1967 – Demain l'hiver...
 * 1968 – Robert Charlebois avec Louise Forestier
 * 1969 – Québec Love
 * 1971 – Un gars ben ordinaire
 * 1971 – Le Mont Athos
 * 1972 – Fu Man Chu (aka Charlebois) (#51 CAN )(single Conception was #83 )
 * 1973 – Solidaritude
 * 1974 – Je rêve à Rio
 * 1976 – Longue Distance
 * 1977 – Swing Charlebois Swing (featuring guitar by Frank Zappa on Petroleum)
 * 1979 – Solide
 * 1981 – Heureux en amour?
 * 1983 – J't'aime comme un fou
 * 1985 – Super Position
 * 1988 – Dense
 * 1992 – Immensément
 * 1996 – Le Chanteur masqué
 * 2001 – Doux Sauvage
 * 2010 – Tout est bien

title: Robert Charlebois


text:
HMS Sikh (F82)

HMS Sikh was a Tribal-class destroyer (1936) destroyer of the British Royal Navy. The ship entered service in 1938 and served during the Second World War, participating in the sinking of Bismarck and the Battle of Cape Bon. In 1942, while participating in a commando raid, Sikh was sunk by a combination of shore artillery, anti-aircraft guns and aerial bombs.

Description
The Tribals were intended to counter the large destroyers being built abroad and to improve the firepower of the existing destroyer flotillas and were thus significantly larger and more heavily armed than the preceding I-class destroyer. The ships displaced 1891 LT at standard load and 2519 LT at deep load. They had an overall length of 377 ft, a beam of 36 ft and a draught of 11 ft. The destroyers were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of 44000 shp and gave a maximum speed of 36 kn. During her sea trials Sikh made 36.3 kn from 44428 shp at a displacement of 2015 LT. The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of 5700 nmi at 15 kn. The ships' complement consisted of 190 officers and ratings, although the flotilla leaders carried an extra 20 officers and men consisting of the Captain (D) and his staff.

The primary armament of the Tribal-class destroyers was eight quick-firing (QF) 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark XII guns in four superfiring twin-gun mounts, one pair each fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. The mounts had a maximum elevation of 40°. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they carried a single quadruple mount for the 40 mm QF two-pounder Mk II "pom-pom" gun and two quadruple mounts for the 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) Mark III machine gun. Low-angle fire for the main guns was controlled by the director-control tower (DCT) on the bridge roof that fed data acquired by it and the 12 ft rangefinder on the Mk II Rangefinder/Director directly aft of the DCT to an analogue mechanical computer, the Mk I Admiralty Fire Control Clock. Anti-aircraft fire for the main guns was controlled by the Rangefinder/Director which sent data to the mechanical Fuze Keeping Clock.

The ships were fitted with a single above-water quadruple mount for 21 in torpedoes. The Tribals were not intended as anti-submarine ships, but they were provided with ASDIC, one depth charge rack and two throwers for self-defence, although the throwers were not mounted in all ships; Twenty depth charges was the peacetime allotment, but this increased to 30 during wartime.

Wartime modifications
Heavy losses to German air attack during the Norwegian Campaign demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the Tribals' anti-aircraft suite and the RN decided in May 1940 to replace 'X' mount with two QF 4 in Mark XVI dual-purpose guns in a twin-gun mount. To better control the guns, the existing rangefinder/director was modified to accept a Type 285 gunnery radar as they became available. The number of depth charges was increased to 46 early in the war, and still more were added later. To increase the firing arcs of the AA guns, the rear funnel was shortened and the mainmast was reduced to a short pole mast.

Construction and career
Authorized as one of nine Tribal-class destroyers under the 1936 Naval Estimates, Sikh was the second ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. The ship was ordered on 19 June 1936 from Alexander Stephen and Sons and was laid down on 24 September at the company's Linthouse shipyard. Launched on 8 June 1937, Sikh was commissioned on 12 October 1938 at a cost of £337,704 which excluded weapons and communications outfits furnished by the Admiralty. The ship entered service as part of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla of the Royal Navy.

In 1941, while under the command of Commander Stokes, she took part in the sinking of the German battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck. The night before Bismarck was sunk, she fired a salvo of four torpedoes and claimed a hit after hearing underwater explosions, but actually there were no hits.

Sikh transferred to the Mediterranean serving as part of Force H. On 13 December 1941, Sikh – together with HMS Legion (G74), HMS Maori (F24) and the Dutch vessel HNLMS Isaac Sweers – sank the Italian cruisers ITALIAN CRUISER Alberico da Barbiano and ITALIAN CRUISER Alberto di Giussano in the Battle of Cape Bon.

On 4 August 1942, Sikh together with HMS Zulu (F18), HMS Croome (L62) and HMS Tetcott (L99) sank the German submarine GS U-372 off Haifa.

On 14 September, Sikh and Zulu landed and then covered Operation Agreement, a commando raid on Tobruk. Sikh was hit repeatedly, apparently principally by 152 mm, 145 mm and 120 mm Italian coastal artillery (though British sources sometimes attribute the fire entirely to German 88 mm guns), and may have also been bombed by a Macchi C.200, and hit by scuttling fire from HMS Croome – 115 men were lost and many more were taken prisoner, the majority of them when the Royal Marine landing craft that had rescued them was captured by an Italian MZ lighter. Zulu was damaged and sunk by aerial bombing the following day.

title: HMS Sikh (F82)


text:
User talk:Joas414

We don't sign our articles in Wikipedia. Your signature has been deleted three times, now, and you have deleted the headers which indicate that what you are writing does not meet Wikipedia standards. Please stop adding your signature and deleting the cleanup headers. RickK 01:21, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joas414


text:
Talk:Pyrenean Sheepdog

Anon user posted this message on the article page

 * just asking. Is there a pyr in here? Like a hybrid of a st bernard and a scotch shepard? Or is this it?

I don't understand the question ("Is there a pyr in here?"), but I moved it here in case someone else does. Elf | Talk 01:21, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

They probably want to know if the Pyrenean Shepherd is a cross between the Great Pyrenees and some herding dog. The answer is no. The Pyr Shep has been a distinct breed for at least 800 years, probably much longer.

I removed 3 breeder advertisements at the bottom of the page to conform with the other dog breed pages. BabbleSD (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 20:53, 21 December 2008 (UTC).

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Recent move from "Shepherd" to "Sheepdog"
I kind of get why this page moved, but shouldn't we have discussed it first or at least have a mention of the earlier name "Pyrenean Shepherd" since that's the name used by the American Kennel Club, per this? (Recent edits also removed the nickname "pyr shep", used by the AKC on that same page.) HalJor (talk) 01:18, 17 November 2020 (UTC)
 * , apologies I have just seen this message. I moved the page because literally every source cited uses the name Pyrenean Sheepdog as does the FCI in their English translation of the French name, the Société Centrale Canine is a foundational member of the FCI so it can be assumed they too approve of that translation. That the AKC chooses to take a different view is something only they can account for, but I do not feel that they trump reliable secondary sources as well as the country of origin's kennel club.
 * Further, that nickname was not included among the extensive list of alternate names and nicknames included in the secondary sources which are now listed in the article, my experience of citing the AKC is they are not particularly reliable for anything except their own breed standards and the dates they recognise a breed, I have seen them get some very basic facts completely wrong and even use the wrong breed history for a breed (a completely different breed’s history). Regards, Cavalryman (talk) 01:26, 17 November 2020 (UTC).

title: Talk:Pyrenean Sheepdog


text:
John Hooker

John Hooker may refer to:

 * John Hooker (English constitutionalist) (c. 1527–1601), English writer, solicitor, antiquary, civic administrator and advocate of republican government
 * John Lee Hooker (1912–2001), American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * John Lee Hooker Jr. (born 1952), American blues musician
 * John Daggett Hooker (1838–1911), social leader, amateur scientist and astronomer, donor of the Hooker Telescope
 * John Hooker (abolitionist) (1816–1901), lawyer, judge, abolitionist, and reformer for women's rights
 * John Hooker (novelist) (1932–2008), Australian novelist
 * John Jay Hooker (1930–2016), American attorney, entrepreneur, political gadfly and perennial candidate
 * John Michael Hooker (1953–2003), American murderer executed in Oklahoma

title: John Hooker


text:
Suppire–Mamara languages

The Suppire–Mamara languages form the northern branch of the Senufo language family and are mainly spoken in Mali. They comprise five different languages, totalling approximately 750,000 speakers (Olson 1996). The Northern Senufo languages are separated from the Central Senufo languages by a small band of Mande speaking people (the Duun). To the east and west, they are also bordered mainly by Mande languages like Bambara and Dioula, and they have been influenced considerably by those languages in both vocabulary and grammar (Carlson 1994).

The Suppire–Mamara languages are:
 * Mamara (Minyanka, Mianka)
 * Nanerige (Nanergé)
 * Supyire (Suppire)
 * Sucite (Sicite, Sìcìté)
 * Shempire (Syempire)

title: Suppire–Mamara languages


text: Category:Education in Utah

title: Category:Education in Utah


text:
Talk:Lincoln Blackwood

Someone at my place of work has one, and here's a photo. Unfortunately he generally parks in the covered parking, meaning the light is poor, but this will do for now. —Morven 01:23, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

Wenge Wood
I would try to edit this myself, but the addition of sources looks daunting...so I'll just mention it here, for what it's worth. The Blackwood was based on a show truck that, according to Motor Trend April 1999, had a bed "covered by more than 20 square feet of African Wenge wood." When the production version came along in the fall of 2001, according to Truck Trend Sept/Oct 2001, "The most notable difference is the wood sides on the street vehicle: A laminated photograph of real African Wenge, commonly known as Blackwood." 71.162.113.226 (talk) 16:01, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lincoln Blackwood


text:
Talk:Floris and Blancheflour

Title
Most students of English literature know this (by reputation rather than at first-hand, I admit!) from its English title, as Floris and Blancheflour. The current distinctive Wikipedia title should be explained in the text. And, please can we drop the "Spoiler" banner? --Wetman 01:23, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree about the name Floris, but I had allready created a redirect before it occured to me to rename the article .. So now I can't rename the article because it will remove the original article edit history. Perhaps a sysop can step in. In any case, it all redirects here.

 * I don't care about the spoiler banner, just thought it would be fun to use what is normally used for more recent blockbusters in a Medieval article. It does give the story away, and one could read the story in the external links, it is afterall a good story.

 * --Stbalbach 03:20, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I appreciate the new material greatly, but I must say that I get ill every time I see the spoiler banner, anyway. I didn't know that the poem was widely known at all. In the US, at least, I had not heard of it until my class in early Middle English, when I had to translate the sucker. I thought it was almost the most dull thing I read all semester. All the same, I figured I'd write an article on it, so I used the orthography of the eME version I had read. Hence the "Flores." However, in my defense, I'd point out that the poem is also present in several other languages (Swedish, even), and each of these other languages has the Romance -es ending on Flores, so perhaps it's not so wrong to leave things as they are. Geogre 03:03, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Our article mentions High Middle English as Floris, and an Old Norse version as Flores, but it doesnt mention an early Middle English version. I'm not sure what counts as eME, but the poem originated in France in the middle 13th century, the High Middle Ages. Stbalbach 06:31, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Erg! I just went to double check. What I worked from was the "aristocratic" OF version. Odd. Since I wrote the article with my eME book in hand, I have no idea why I had it with -es. The OF was Floire et Blancheflor, so that's even worse. The MSS that my ed. is based on is the Auchinlech. It's in Bennett, J.A.W. and G.V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. London: Ox. UP, 1985. I guess I have no objections at all, then to nuking the redirect, then moving this to Floris and Blancheflour, which will create a redirect from the present title to it. I'm an admin, so I can just do it straight out. The edit history would get confusing, slightly, but you and I are the only ones who have worked on the article. I don't mind, particularly, if I don't show up in the history, if you don't. Geogre 06:55, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I did a Move and it retained the history, all looks good. Must be a software "feature" to overwrite articles with a move, but it worked well in this case. Yeah I can imagine translating from OF would not be the most fun. Stbalbach 16:00, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

GA Reassessment

 * This discussion is transcluded from Talk:Floris and Blancheflour/GA1. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the reassessment.

GA Sweeps: Delisted
As part of the WikiProject Good Articles, we're doing sweeps to go over all of the current GAs and see if they still meet the GA criteria. I believe the article currently has multiple issues that need to be addressed, and as a result, I have delisted the article. The article was passed in 2005, and since then, the criteria has been significantly expanded. The main reason for delisting is the lack of inline citations throughout the article. To improve the article, add additional sources from a variety of sources to provide a balanced representation of the information present. Perhaps sources can be pulled from the main articles linked to within the article. Look to books, magazines, newspaper articles, other websites, etc. In addition, see if any images can be added to the article. Although it has been delisted, the article can be return to GA status by addressing the above points. Once sources are added and cleanup is done, I recommend renominating the article at WP:GAN. If you need assistance with any of these issues, please contact me on my talk page and I'll do my best to help you out. --Happy editing! Nehrams2020 (talk • contrib) 07:54, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Floris and Blancheflour


text:
Sarina Paris

Sarina Paris (born December 22, 1973) is a Canadian singer, best known for her international dance-club hits "Look at Us" (2000) and "Just About Enough" (2001).

Early life
Born on December 22, 1973, Paris is of Italian descent and grew up in Toronto in a working-class family who were originally from Italy. She began singing in preschool in school plays and church choir. She moved back to Italy in 1996 after her mother died to get in touch with her ancestral roots.

1990s
In 1995, Paris' debut song "Mystery Man" was released in Canada. In 1996 during Italian singing contests, she was discovered by Italian manager/producer Vince Tempera (Kill Bill) who invited her to work alongside some of the most respected and talented producers and musicians from La Scala Milano. Maestro Tempera invited Sarina to collaborate in music festivals across Italy where Sarina sang songs from soundtracks backed by twelve piece orchestra. Sarina later met musician and band leader Walter Muto who invited her to join his band 'Rock for fun', an educational band covering the history of rock music where Sarina sang in the 'women in rock' segment and toured Italy and Spain.

Sarina also become a member of the Gam Gam Project alongside dance producers Max Monti and Mauro Pilato in Rimini, Italy where she toured Northern Italy with the GamGam children.

A year later she moved to Milan where she worked as a receptionist at a CX music publishing and production where she was discovered by Charlie Marchino and Nico Spinosa of EMI's Italian division, and began her career as an international recording artist.

2000s
Her initial single, "Look at Us", charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2001, but did not reach the Top 40. The song did make it onto the Rhythmic Top 40. It also became a dance-club hit internationally. As a result of the success, she was signed to the U.S. label Priority Records.

In 2001, she released her debut album, Sarina Paris, composed of songs she co-wrote, with the exception of a cover version of Cyndi Lauper's "True Colors". In an interview, she said the album was "nothing too intellectual—just music to make you happy and to make you feel good" and that "I wanted to make an album that kids could listen to with their parents. Songs that were clubby for mom, but weren't x-rated so the kids could play and dance along with." She received feedback from her 14-year-old niece as she wrote and recorded. Indeed, the record label's target demographic was noted to be 12- to 25-year-old women. The single "Just About Enough" was released as a club-exclusive single. She released another dance track, "This Is My Life", found exclusively on a Canadian dance compilation Euro Mix 5 through SPG Records. In 2000 "Do You Love Somebody" was released exclusively on the compilation Dancemania x7 in Japan under Toshiba/EMI record label.

In 2002, the song "Look at Us (Daddy DJ Mix)" was featured in DDRMAX2 Dance Dance Revolution 7thMix for the Japanese arcade and PlayStation 2. In 2005, the song was featured in Dance Dance Revolution Extreme 2 for the North American PlayStation 2.

Paris toured with La Toya Jackson in Hawaii in May 2004. For the rest of the 2000s, her music career had been mostly on hold, although she released a new song, "You Are My Valentine", available only on EuroBeats Vol. 3.

Currently
On May 27, 2011, nearly marking the tenth anniversary of "Look at Us", Paris released the single "Sophisticated". Paris would release three new singles in 2019, "Angel Inside", "Believe in Love" and "Where Are You Now".

Sarina continues to write songs for TV programs in Italy and film and continues to sing with jazz bands. She continues to write and produce electronic music.

Studio albums

 * Sarina Paris (2001)

title: Sarina Paris


text:
Henry Peach Robinson

Henry Peach Robinson (9 July 1830, Ludlow, Shropshire – 21 February 1901, Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent) was an English pictorialist photographer best known for his pioneering combination printing - joining multiple negatives or prints to form a single image; an early example of photomontage. He engaged in contemporary debates in the photographic press and associations about the legitimacy of 'art photography' and in particular the combining of separate images into one.

Life
Robinson was the oldest of four children of John Robinson, a Ludlow schoolmaster, and his wife Eliza. He was educated at Horatio Russell's academy in Ludlow until he was thirteen, when he took a year's drawing tuition with Richard Penwarne before being apprenticed to a Ludlow bookseller and printer, Richard Jones.

While continuing to study art, his initial career was in bookselling. In 1850 he worked for the Bromsgrove bookseller Benjamin Maund, then in 1851 for the London-based Whittaker & Co. In 1852 he exhibited an oil painting, On the Teme Near Ludlow, at the Royal Academy. That same year he began taking photographs. Five years later, following a meeting with the photographer Hugh Welch Diamond, he decided to devote himself to that medium. He opened his first studio in 1855 in Leamington Spa to sell portraits.

In 1856, with Rejlander, he was a founding member of the Birmingham Photographic Society.

In 1859, he married Selina Grieves, daughter of a Ludlow chemist, John Edward Grieves. His son, Ralph Winwood Robinson, was also a photographer.

In 1864, at the age of 34, Robinson was forced to give up his studio due to ill-health from exposure to toxic photographic chemicals. Gernsheim (1962) has shown that thereafter he preferred the easier 'scissors and paste-pot' method of making his combination prints, rather than the more exacting darkroom method employed by Rejlander.

Relocating to London, Robinson kept up his involvement with the theoretical side of photography, writing the influential essay Pictorial Effect in Photography (1869), Being Hints on Composition and Chiaroscuro for Photographers, published in 1868. Around this time his health had improved sufficiently to open a new studio in Tunbridge Wells with Nelson King Cherrill, and in 1870 he became vice-president of the Royal Photographic Society. He advocated strongly for photography to be regarded as an art form.

The partnership with Cherrill dissolved in 1875, Robinson continuing the business until his retirement in 1888. His son, Ralph Winwood Robinson, took over the studio business. Following internal disputes within the Photographic Society, he resigned in 1891 to become one of the early members of the rival Linked Ring society, in which he was active until 1897, when he was also elected an honorary member of the Royal Photographic Society.

Robinson was an early supporter of the Photographic Convention of the United Kingdom and took part in this institution's long running debates about photography as an art form. He was invited to serve as the President of the PCUK in 1891 but, as he described later, 'I felt compelled to decline, knowing that I could not carry out the duties as they should be carried out, having a defect of voice which would not allow me to read my own address'. He was subsequently persuaded to serve as President in 1896, when his presidential speeches were read out by a colleague.

He died aged 70 and was buried in Tunbridge Wells in early 1901.

Works
He was one of the most prominent art photographers of his day. His third and the most famous composite picture, "Fading Away" (1858), was both popular and fashionably morbid. He was a follower of the pre-Raphaelites and was influenced by the aesthetic views of John Ruskin. In his Pre-Raphaelite phase he attempted to realize moments of timeless significance in a "mediaeval" setting, anticipating the work of Julia Margaret Cameron, Burne-Jones and the Symbolists. According to his letters, he was influenced by the paintings of J. M. W. Turner. He defended composite photography, asserting that the creation of combination photographs was as demanding of the photographer as paintings were of the artist. Robinson compared the making of Fading Away with Zeuxis' legendary combining of the best features of five young ladies from Crotona to produce his picture of Helena.

Collections
Robinson's work is held in the permanent collections of several institutions, including the Johnson Museum of Art, the Clark Art Institute, the Seattle Art Museum, the Saint Louis Art Museum, the George Eastman Museum, the Worcester Art Museum, the SFMOMA, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the LACMA, the Harvard Art Museums, the Princeton University Art Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the J. Paul Getty Museum, and the National Gallery of Victoria.

Publications
Robinson was author of a number of texts in which he promoted the photography as an art form, his books being widely used photographic reference material in the late 19th century.
 * Robinson, H.P. Pictorial Effect in Photography: Being Hints On Composition And Chiaroscuro For Photographers. London: Piper & Carter, 1869.
 * Robinson, H.P. and William de Wiveleslie Abney. The Art And Practice of Silver Printing. NY: E. & H.T. Anthony & Co., 1881.
 * Robinson, H.P. Picture-Making By Photography. London: Hazell, Watson, & Viney, 1889.
 * Robinson, H.P. Art photography in short chapters London: Hazell Watson & Viney. 1890
 * Robinson, H.P. Photography as a business. Bradford [Eng.] Percy Lund. 1890
 * Robinson, H.P. The Studio And What To Do in It. London: Piper & Carter, 1891.
 * Robinson, H.P. The elements of a pictorial photograph. Bradford : Percy Lund & Co. 1896.
 * Robinson, H.P. Catalogue of pictorial photographs. Ralph W. Robinson. Redhill, Surrey. 1901

Books about Henry Peach Robinson

 * Handy, Ellen (2004) "Robinson, Henry Peach (1830–1901)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 17 Dec 2007
 * Handy, Ellen (2004) "Robinson, Henry Peach (1830–1901)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 17 Dec 2007

title: Henry Peach Robinson