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Chebyshev distance

In mathematics, Chebyshev distance (or Tchebychev distance), maximum metric, or L∞ metric is a metric defined on a real coordinate space where the distance between two points is the greatest of their differences along any coordinate dimension. It is named after Pafnuty Chebyshev.

It is also known as chessboard distance, since in the game of chess the minimum number of moves needed by a king to go from one square on a chessboard to another equals the Chebyshev distance between the centers of the squares, if the squares have side length one, as represented in 2-D spatial coordinates with axes aligned to the edges of the board. For example, the Chebyshev distance between f6 and e2 equals 4.

Definition
The Chebyshev distance between two vectors or points x and y, with standard coordinates $$x_i$$ and $$y_i$$, respectively, is

 * $$D_{\rm Chebyshev}(x,y) := \max_i(|x_i -y_i|).\ $$

This equals the limit of the Lp metrics:
 * $$\lim_{p \to \infty} \bigg( \sum_{i=1}^n \left| x_i - y_i \right|^p \bigg)^{1/p},$$

hence it is also known as the L∞ metric.

Mathematically, the Chebyshev distance is a metric induced by the supremum norm or uniform norm. It is an example of an injective metric.

In two dimensions, i.e. plane geometry, if the points p and q have Cartesian coordinates $$(x_1,y_1)$$ and $$(x_2,y_2)$$, their Chebyshev distance is

 * $$D_{\rm Chebyshev} = \max \left ( \left | x_2 - x_1 \right |, \left | y_2 - y_1 \right | \right ) .$$

Under this metric, a circle of radius r, which is the set of points with Chebyshev distance r from a center point, is a square whose sides have the length 2r and are parallel to the coordinate axes.

On a chessboard, where one is using a discrete Chebyshev distance, rather than a continuous one, the circle of radius r is a square of side lengths 2r, measuring from the centers of squares, and thus each side contains 2r+1 squares; for example, the circle of radius 1 on a chess board is a 3×3 square.

Properties
In one dimension, all Lp metrics are equal – they are just the absolute value of the difference.

The two dimensional Manhattan distance has "circles" i.e. level sets in the form of squares, with sides of length √2r, oriented at an angle of π/4 (45°) to the coordinate axes, so the planar Chebyshev distance can be viewed as equivalent by rotation and scaling to (i.e. a linear transformation of) the planar Manhattan distance.

However, this geometric equivalence between L1 and L∞ metrics does not generalize to higher dimensions. A sphere formed using the Chebyshev distance as a metric is a cube with each face perpendicular to one of the coordinate axes, but a sphere formed using Manhattan distance is an octahedron: these are dual polyhedra, but among cubes, only the square (and 1-dimensional line segment) are self-dual polytopes. Nevertheless, it is true that in all finite-dimensional spaces the L1 and L∞ metrics are mathematically dual to each other.

On a grid (such as a chessboard), the points at a Chebyshev distance of 1 of a point are the Moore neighborhood of that point.

The Chebyshev distance is the limiting case of the order-$$p$$ Minkowski distance, when $$p$$ reaches infinity.

Applications
The Chebyshev distance is sometimes used in warehouse logistics, as it effectively measures the time an overhead crane takes to move an object (as the crane can move on the x and y axes at the same time but at the same speed along each axis).

It is also widely used in electronic Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) applications, in particular, in optimization algorithms for these. Many tools, such as plotting or drilling machines, photoplotter, etc. operating in the plane, are usually controlled by two motors in x and y directions, similar to the overhead cranes.

Generalizations
For the sequence space of infinite-length sequences of real or complex numbers, the Chebyshev distance generalizes to the $\ell^\infty$-norm; this norm is sometimes called the Chebyshev norm. For the space of (real or complex-valued) functions, the Chebyshev distance generalizes to the uniform norm.

title: Chebyshev distance


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Isabeli Fontana

Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian fashion model. She is known for her work with brands like Victoria's Secret and has been on the cover of Vogue 58 times. Vogue Paris named her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s decade.

Early life
Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana. She is of Italian descent, and states that a grandmother had some Portuguese roots. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy.

Early work 1996-1999
Isabeli Fontana started modeling at the age of 12 and with the support of her mother, she entered a local Elite Model Look contest and ranked in the 3rd place. In 1997, she decided to pursue modeling professionally by moving to Milan.

Fontana started walking the runways in Milan and made her debut walking at Milan fashion week for shows such as Versace, Givenchy, Michael Kors when she was only 15. Fontana appeared in the Valentino advertisting F/W 1999 advertising campaign photohraphed by Mario Testino along with Gisele Bündchen, Audrey Marnay and Aurelie Claudel.

In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would not use models younger than 18. Soon after the Victoria's Secret shoot, she was signed by Versace, Ralph Lauren and Valentino.

Since 1999 she has modeled for Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, Marie Claire, ELLE, Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Numéro, i-D, Arena and many others.

Rise to prominence 2000-2005
In 2001, Fontana appeared on her first Vogue cover for Vogue Hellas and in 2002 she appeared on Vogue Paris for the March issue. Fontana rose to prominence after appearing on the cover of Vogue US in 2004 along with Natalia Vodianova, Daria Werbowy, Gemma Ward, Liya Kebede, Gisele Bündchen, Karen Elson, Karolina Kurkova and was photographed by Steven Meisel.

In 2004 she became the face of Hermès, appeared on the advertising campaign for Versace Crystal Noir Fragrance and for Versace Make Up line. In the same year she appeared on the Balenciaga, Versace and Chanel F/W 2004 campaigns.

In 2005 Fontana appeared on the Versace Crystal Noir Fragrance campaign and Helena Rubinstein S/S 05 campaign. In 2005 she appeared on the cover of Vogue Paris

Further recognition and fame 2008-present
Fontana appeared on the advertising campaign for the Revlon Fair Fragrance in 2008. She also appeared on numerous advertising campaigns that same years such as Versace F/W 08, Balenciaga S/S 08, Pepe Jeans, Roberto Cavalli, H&M, Flowerbomb, Valentino. In 2008, Fontana made her debut on the Forbes The World's 15 Top-Earning Models list at place 11, having earned $3 million.

In 2009 she was featured as a 'Face of the Moment' in May 2009's US Vogue and appeared on the Viktor&Rolf and Revlon Fair, Fragrance campaigns. She also appeared on the Chanel F/W 09 makeup line campaign. Fontana also appeared on the cover of Vogue Paris for the November issue. In 2010 she close the Victoria's Secret "Game on" Segment.

In June 2011, Fontana appeared on the cover of Vogue Paris and Vogue Korea and in 2014 she appeared on the cover of Vogue Italia.

Fontana has been the face of a variety of advertising campaigns including Shiatzy Chen, Armani Jeans, Chanel, Bulgari, Colcci, Disritmia, Dolce and Gabbana, Emporio Armani, Enrique Martinez, Escada, H&M, Helena Rubinstein, Hugo Boss, Hussein Chalayan, Leonisa, Massimo Dutti, Mango M. Officer, Nicole Farhi, Oscar de la Renta, Peter Hahn, Philips, Ralph Lauren, Revlon, Roberto Cavalli, Rosa Chá, Saks Fifth Avenue, Tommy Hilfiger, Triton, Valentino, Versace, Victoria's Secret, Vivara and others. Photographed by Steven Meisel, she was presented on the September 2004 cover of American Vogue as one of the "Models of the Moment".

Fontana can be seen in the spring/summer 2011 campaigns for Escada, Dolce and Gabbana, Uniqlo and Ann Taylor. Fontana had been the face of Viktor & Rolf's fragrance Flowerbomb in 2014 as well as Bvlgari's Goldea from 2015. She has appeared in the Pirelli Calendar on a number of occasions, including in the 2011 calendar, which features models posing as Greek and Roman gods, photographed by Karl Lagerfeld. In 2011, she was part of the Miss Universe 2011 judging panel.

Personal life
In her youth, Fontana attended a Catholic school in the Portão district of Curitiba. She is often seen making the sign of the cross in footage. Nevertheless, she is a non-practicing Roman Catholic. She was married to model Álvaro Jacomossi but they divorced in 2004. Their son, Zion, was born in 2003. Fontana married actor and model Henri Castelli on 10 December 2005, and their son, Lucas, was born on 23 October 2006 in São Paulo. Fontana and Castelli divorced in 2007. She was engaged to Rohan Marley but the engagement ended in early 2013. In 2021 she gained Italian citizenship due to her Italian ancestry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Isabeli Fontana


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-14/Arbitration report

Its caseload significantly reduced over the past few weeks, the Arbitration Committee saw a number of new requests last week, but only two were ultimately accepted. A third one was nearly accepted until the arbitrators reconsidered. No cases were closed last week.

At the start of the week, the Arbitration Committee had only two open cases, one involving Robert the Bruce and the second case dealing with Lyndon LaRouche articles. Deliberation and voting on proposed rulings continued through the week, but neither case reached a point where closing the matter was considered.

Request virtually accepted, then sent back
With their light caseload, the arbitrators nearly accepted a request for arbitration submitted last Monday by Bblackmoor, who had been involved in a dispute with Axon over the Open gaming article. The dispute was obscure enough that an earlier attempt to conduct a survey on the underlying issues drew little involvement from the community, and a request for mediation received no response due to the Mediation Committee's recent organizational problems.

Based on the arbitration policy, a case is accepted when four arbitrators have voted to do so. Accordingly, Bblackmoor’s request might have been considered accepted when Grunt changed his vote at 17:59 (UTC) on Tuesday. However, after Sannse and Theresa knott urged more use of other dispute resolution methods, several arbitrators reconsidered and Bblackmoor ultimately withdrew his request.

Cases that did get opened
Continued problems surrounding CheeseDreams prompted the arbitrators to open a second case regarding her behavior, at the request of Ta bu shi da yu. The issues raised included harassment, including allegations of making frivolous requests for arbitration herself. The case was further complicated by the use of a large number of sockpuppet accounts, and the difficulty of blocking CheeseDreams due to her use of a dialup with changing IP addresses.

Another new request was brought on Saturday by ChrisO against WikiUser, claiming a lengthy history of personal attacks, legal threats, and other disruptive behavior. The problem had spread far enough that three arbitrators had to recuse themselves from the case for being too closely involved. Grunt and Neutrality urged their colleagues to accept the case, however, and the necessary votes were present by Sunday.


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Carbo-mer

In organic chemistry, a carbo-mer (often carbo-mer or carbomer) is an expanded molecule obtained by insertion of C2 units into a given molecule. Carbo-mers differ from their templates in size but not in symmetry when each C–C single bond is replaced by an alkyne bond C-C≡C-C, each C=C double bond is replaced by an allene bond C=C=C=C, and each C≡C triple bond is replaced by C≡C-C≡C. The size of the carbo-mer continues to increase when more C2 units are inserted, so carbo-mers are also called carbon-molecules, where "n" is the number of acetylene or allene groups in an n-expansion unit. This concept, devised by Rémi Chauvin in 1995, is aimed at introducing new chemical properties for existing chemical motifs.

Two distinct expansions of benzene can be called carbo-benzene (C18H6):
 * Carbo-benzene.png

One (above right) expands each C-H bond to C-C≡C-H, making hexaethynylbenzene, a substituted benzene derivative.

One (above left) expands each C=C and C≡C bond of the benzene core, making 1,2,4,5,7,8,10,11,13,14,16,17-dodecadehydro[18]annulene. An analog of this molecule, with the hydrogen atoms replaced by phenyl groups, 3,6,9,12,15,18-hexaphenyl-1,2,4,5,7,8,10,11,13,14,16,17-dodecadehydro[18]annulene, is stable. Its proton NMR spectrum shows that the phenyl protons are shifted downfield compared to a proton position in benzene itself (chemical shift position for the ortho proton is 9.49 ppm), suggesting the presence of a diamagnetic ring current and thus aromaticity. The final step in its organic synthesis is reaction of the triol with stannous chloride and hydrochloric acid in diethyl ether:
 * CarbobenzeneSynthesis.png

With both core and periphery expanded, the total carbo-mer of benzene (C30H6) only exists in silico (computer simulation).

 * All-carbo-benzene.png

Calculations predict a planar D6h structure with bond lengths similar to the other two carbobenzenes. Its non-planar isomer is called "hexaethynyl-carbo-[6]trannulene" - a pun on the all-cis annulenes - and resembles a cyclohexane ring. This hypothetical molecule is predicted to be more energetic by 65 kcal/mol.

title: Carbo-mer


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Honors at Dawn

Honors at Dawn, written in 1936, is Arthur Miller's second play (after No Villain /They Too Arise), for which he won a second Avery Hopwood Award. It was written at the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

title: Honors at Dawn


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User talk:Jesushchrist

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Selphie 08:56, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) *talk*

title: User talk:Jesushchrist


text:
User:Gerald.w

Hi, I'm Gerald W.

I'm currently uploading nature photographs and related info.

Articles started
Black Tree Fern, Crypt Lake trail, Maligne Lake, Spirit Island

Pictures uploaded
.

title: User:Gerald.w


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Lapinjärvi Educational Center

The Lapinjärvi Educational Center is a schooling facility located in Lapinjärvi in southern Finland. The main purpose of the Educational Center is training for civilian service (siviilipalvelus). Finnish civilian service law requires a compulsory general training period at the start of the service. Civilian service training periods are held 11 times per year and are four weeks long. As well as civilian service, the Educational Center can be used for other schooling. Institutions wishing to hold schooling periods can rent parts of the Educational Center for the duration of the period.

The center is sometimes called "Lapinjärvi legion" (Lapinjärven legioona) in Finnish slang.

Location
Lapinjärvi is located in the eastern part of southern Finland, near the cities of Loviisa and Kotka. It is roughly 90 km away from Helsinki and 107 km away from the Russian border.

The Educational Center is not actually located in the main Lapinjärvi residential area but instead roughly 5 km west from it.

History
The oldest part of the Educational Center area is the Sjökulla mansion, built in 1886 although its history dates back to the 14th century under Swedish rule. The mansion itself is not used for schooling but is preserved as a historical monument. Between the 14th and 20th centuries, the mansion has frequently switched owners.

In 1896, the mansion and its auxiliary buildings served as a schooling facility for farmers. The farming school was closed down in 1911.

The current schooling facility buildings were originally built in 1936–1938. From 1934 to 1937 the facility served as a temporary workplace for young unemployed men who wanted to try their hand at getting employed or re-employed.

In 1937, the facility became a rehabilitation center for alcoholics. This continued until 1939, when the Winter War forced it to become a base for a military mobile infantry group. After the war ended in 1940, the facility was restored as an alcoholism rehabilitation center, which continued until 1986.

In 1990, the facility became a reception and temporary habitation center for foreign immigrants. The center was closed in 1995.

The facility finally became a civilian service training and general-purpose schooling facility in 1997, when the civilian service training was moved from Vaasa to Lapinjärvi.

In 2000, one more building was built as a dormitory for civilian service trainees.

title: Lapinjärvi Educational Center


text:
User talk:Industrius

Perhaps it is because it is very difficult to do, but the maps utter lack of transition markings renders it basically false for many locations around the world, that and your sometimes use of national borders to decide which color to paint it.

Here are some notable examples all of which are supported by information available in Wikipedia itself and not just my assumptions.

EXAMPLE #1 The biggest of course is the USA

It is, because of the massive inconsistencies and inaccuracies in the portrayal of the USA, and the use of a different standard for deciding what color to paint the USA while ignoring them everywhere else in the world, that your map is far more false than it is true, and in need of major revision.

Something I'd be happy to do by the way. So please don't see my comments as an attempt to tell someone else what they should do. I am only sending the message to you, because that is the direction below the articles that feature your map. :)

The USA is the 2nd largest Spanish speaking nation in the world, believe it or not WHEN you rank based on total # of people who can speak Spanish.

Only Mexico has more Spanish speakers.

Yet your map paints the USA as a Germanic language speaking nation which it most definitely is, but your color scheme designates it as red and as monolingual as Germany itself based on its national borders.

Now that is completely wrong.

As you know The USA is NOT a monolingual nation.

It's far from it.

For in addition to those two languages there are the Native American languages, but you DO note those.

What is very odd is the point made to highlight another part of the USA, the Cajun region of Louisiana, as NOT Germanic speaking.

That is false.

It is NOT supported by the facts.

Cajun speakers are a very small 4.52% according to Wikipedia(a small minority even in Cajun country) shrinking, and currently indistinct minority in the Bayou region of Louisiana for ALL speak English.

There are no more monolingual Cajun speakers there.

So to paint this little corner of the USA as an area where A Romance language while completely ignoring the large swaths of the nation where Spanish is widely used and often dominant increases the factual errors in your map.

If the same standards that were used to paint Cajun Country as a non-Germanic language area were used for the rest of the USA, then ALL the border states would likewise be portrayed as NON-Germanic speaking.

OH and in regard to our Urban areas multilingualism holds sway, but even there the other language most people speak is Spanish. To paint our major urban areas like Los Angeles, New York City as Germanic speaking is even more factually incorrect than painting the entire nation the same color as you chose for the nation of Germany itself.

Because of the either/or nature of your map it can't even be called partly true.

EXAMPLE 2 How it was decided that part of South Africa is a Germanic language zone is hard to ascertain,

By all measures African languages are overwhelmingly dominant, aside from a few urban areas where English and German come close to parity of sorts thanks to Africans themselves being bilingual.

At it's peak European descended people were at most 20% of the population of South Africa. Today it is significantly smaller, thanks to the much more rapid growth of the Black African people in the nation.

Interestingly a point is made to highlight the Urban areas of South Africa where European languages achieve a parity with African languages, UNLIKE the USA. Of course while the attempt is noted, it is still false, because they are multilingual cities, not monolingual Germanic language speaking cities.

EXAMPLE 3 CHINA '''So I take it in regards to Tibet you are getting your information directly from the Di Llama himself? (joke)'''

Your designations make no sense not even in the general context of your map.

Tibet has about 6 million people. China has 1.35 BILLION people.

What justification is there for donating the entire region of the ancient/medieval kingdom of Tibet as Tibetan speaking, but simultaneously completely ignoring Spanish in the USA or African in parts of South Africa.

Both the USA and South Africa have far more of the people who speak the language your map ignores than there are Tibetan speakers in the entire nation of China.

The same sort of error is made in regards to Mongolian.

Mongolia is populated almost exclusively by speakers of Mongolian, BUT the autonomous Provence of China called Inner Mongolia features more Chinese speakers than Mongolian these days, and has for a couple of decades.

To look at your world map, 1.26 BILLION Chinese speakers matter far less and are far less dominant than Germanic language speakers in the USA. These sorts of inferred facts are conveyed in the color scheme of the map.

EXAMPLE 4 '''There are also numerous small mistakes. ''' Here are two.

To paint such a large portion of the Island of Tiawan as not Chinese speaking is completely false, especially when you go out of your way to paint virtually the entire New Zealand as Germanic language speaking. Yet in terms of % New Zealand has more than 2x the # of Moari speakers than Taiwan does Aboriginal Tiawanese speakers.

So clearly the map needs some streamlining, some absolute standards (no national borders or ALL national borders) as well as a more nuanced color scheme to be considered factual.

MrJohnnyMorales

title: User talk:Industrius


text:
The Best of Sade

The Best of Sade is the first greatest hits album by English band Sade, released by Epic Records in the United Kingdom on 31 October 1994 and in the United States on 4 November 1994. The compilation chronicles Sade's first four studio albums, while also including non-single songs "Jezebel", "Like a Tattoo" and "Pearls", as well as "Please Send Me Someone to Love", which appeared in the soundtrack to the film Philadelphia. The album was digitally remastered in 2000.

The singles from Diamond Life, as well as Stronger Than Pride's "Paradise" and "Nothing Can Come Between Us", are presented in their 7″ edit forms; "Never as Good as the First Time" and "Cherish the Day" are remixes produced by Sade, also taken from their respective singles. None of this information is listed within the album's packaging.

Critical reception
AllMusic's Jason Elias wrote, "By the time this was released in 1994, something unexpected happened. Sade's early work became classic and the later additions boasted even better vocals and songs that nicely improved on the theme. The timeless sound and class always exhibited makes Sade Adu and her band a no-brainer for an appealing compilation. Like Al Green's Greatest Hits, The Best of Sade doesn't detract from the original albums and is a marker of time, not the end of the act... Despite its riches, The Best of Sade doesn't include all of the best, since 'Maureen' and or 'Keep Looking' aren't here. It's a small complaint and The Best of Sade is a great overview." Robert Christgau called the album "another loungecore alternative".

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Best of Sade.

Sade

 * Sade Adu – vocals
 * Andrew Hale – keyboards
 * Stuart Matthewman – guitar, saxophone
 * Paul S. Denman – bass

Additional musicians

 * Dave Early – drums, percussion (tracks 1–7)
 * Martin Ditcham – percussion (tracks 1–11, 13); drums (tracks 8–10, 13)
 * Paul Cooke – drums (tracks 1–3)
 * Terry Bailey – trumpet (tracks 1–7)
 * Gordon Matthewman – trumpet (tracks 1–3)
 * Pete Beachill – trombone (tracks 4–7)
 * Leroy Osbourne – vocals (tracks 7–13, 15, 16)
 * Jake Jacas – vocals (track 7)
 * Gordon Hunte – guitar (tracks 9, 14)
 * Nick Ingman – string arrangements (tracks 13, 16)
 * Gavyn Wright – orchestra leader (tracks 11–13, 15, 16)
 * Tony Pleeth – solo cello (track 16)
 * Karl Van Den Bossche – percussion (track 14)
 * Trevor Murrell – drums (track 14)

Technical

 * Robin Millar – production (tracks 1–7)
 * Mike Pela – production engineering (tracks 1–7); production (track 7); engineering, co-production (tracks 8–13, 15, 16)
 * Pete Brown – engineering assistance (tracks 1–7)
 * Simon Driscoll – engineering assistance (tracks 1–7)
 * Ben Rogan – production (track 7); engineering, co-production (tracks 8–10)
 * Sade – production (tracks 7–13, 15, 16), arrangement (tracks 8–13, 15, 16)
 * Phil Legg – engineering assistance (tracks 4–7)
 * Melanie West – engineering assistance (tracks 8–10)
 * Vince McCartney – engineering assistance (tracks 8–10)
 * Franck Segarra – engineering assistance (tracks 8–10)
 * Olivier de Bosson – engineering assistance (tracks 8–10)
 * Alain Lubrano – engineering assistance (tracks 8–10)
 * Jean-Christophe Vareille – engineering assistance (tracks 8–10)
 * Sandro Franchin – engineering assistance (tracks 11–13, 15, 16)
 * Adrian Moore – engineering assistance (tracks 11–13, 15, 16)
 * Marc Williams – engineering assistance (tracks 11–13, 15, 16)
 * Hein Hoven – production, mixing (track 14)
 * Ian Cooper – mastering

Artwork

 * Albert Watson – photography
 * Jo Strettel – photography
 * Peter Brawne – design

title: The Best of Sade


text: User talk:217.83.5.221

title: User talk:217.83.5.221


text:
List of people from Yukon

This is a list of notable people who are from Yukon, Canada, or have spent a large part or formative part of their career in that territory.

A

 * Jerry Alfred —  musician

B

 * Larry Bagnell — Member of the House of Commons
 * Bryon Baltimore — ice hockey player
 * Kim Barlow —  musician
 * Doug Bell — former Commissioner of the Yukon
 * Pierre Berton — writer
 * George Black — former Commissioner of the Yukon and former Speaker of the House of Commons
 * Martha Black — former Member of the House of Commons
 * Charlotte Selina Bompas — missionary
 * William Carpenter Bompas — bishop
 * Bev Buckway — curler and politician

C

 * Jack Cable — former Commissioner of the Yukon
 * George Carmaccg bv  k — Klondike gold co-discoverer
 * Kate Carmack — Klondike gold co-discoverer
 * Dawson Charlie — Klondike gold co-discoverer
 * Ione Christensen — former Senator and former Commissioner of the Yukon
 * Dylan Cozens (ice hockey) - professional ice hockey player for the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL

D

 * Pat Duncan — former Premier

E

 * John Edzerza —  politician

F

 * Dennis Fentie — Premier

G

 * Judy Gingell— former Commissioner of the Yukon

H

 * Louise Hardy — former Member of the House of Commons
 * Todd Hardy — Yukon New Democratic Party leader and former Yukon Leader of the Opposition
 * Ted Harrison — artist

J

 * Victor Jory — actor

L

 * Joseph Ladue — founder of Dawson City
 * Daniel Lang — Senator

M

 * Skookum Jim Mason — Klondike gold co-discoverer
 * Piers McDonald — former Premier
 * John Kenneth McKinnon — former Commissioner of the Yukon
 * Audrey McLaughlin — former Member of the House of Commons and former leader of the New Democratic Party
 * Arthur Mitchell — Yukon Leader of the Opposition

N

 * Erik Nielsen — former Member of the House of Commons and Deputy Prime Minister of Canada

O

 * William Ogilvie — surveyor
 * John Ostashek — former Premier

P

 * Chris Pearson — former Government Leader
 * Edward Peghin — Emmy-nominated Producer/Director
 * Tahmoh Penikett — actor
 * Tony Penikett — former Government Leader/Premier
 * Willard Phelps — former Government Leader

R

 * Jim Robb (painter) — watercolour artist, photographer and author

S

 * Sahneuti — Gwichʼin First Nation leader
 * Robert W. Service — poet
 * Sam Steele — Mountie
 * Peter Sturgeon — ice hockey player

V

 * Geraldine Van Bibber — former Commissioner of the Yukon

W

 * James Morrow Walsh — former Commissioner of the Yukon
 * Shane Wilson — antler, horn, ivory and bronze sculptor
 * Greg Wiltjer — basketball player

title: List of people from Yukon


text: Talk:Eddie Adams (photographer)

title: Talk:Eddie Adams (photographer)


text:
King's Sutton

King's Sutton is a village and civil parish in West Northamptonshire, Northamptonshire, England in the valley of the River Cherwell. The village is about 4.1 mi south-east of Banbury, Oxfordshire.

The parish includes the hamlets of Astrop contiguous with eastern end of King's Sutton and Upper Astrop about 1 mi north-east, in the same area as the shrunken villages of Great and Little Purston.

Early history
The village toponym means the King's south estate.

Blacklands, in the parish 0.5 mi north of the village, is the site of a Roman town. Coins from the 4th century AD have been recovered from the site.

The infant Saint Rumwold (or Rumwald, Rumbold or Rumbald) is said to have lived and died at King's Sutton in 662. Rumwold is said to have lived for only three days but professed his faith continuously during his life.

The English Civil War
The English Civil War helped develop Banbury’s then arms industry. The Royalist garrison was constantly at work early in 1645 digging saltpetre in King's Sutton and making gunpowder out of it in a house specially built near Banbury. Just over 10 years earlier a government saltpetreman had operated at Banbury for a year, having moved there from the then small market town of Coventry, before moving on to Hook Norton a short while afterwards. King's Sutton was a local centre for saltpetre excavation and digging at the time.

Parish church
The oldest parts of the Church of England parish church of Saints Peter and Paul are the Norman font and largely Norman chancel. The north aisle was added in the 13th century and the south aisle early in the 14th century. The bell tower and most of the windows are Decorated Gothic. The spire was added to the tower probably late in the 14th century, raising the steeple to a height of 198 ft. Sir Nikolaus Pevsner considered it "one of the finest, if not the finest, spire in this county of spires". The south porch, north aisle, west window and very fine east window of the chancel are Perpendicular Gothic.

Ss. Peter & Paul parish is now part of a single Church of England benefice with the adjacent parish of Newbottle and Charlton.

Other notable buildings
The Court House was built in about 1500, partly of stone and partly timber-framed. It was altered in the 16th and 18th centuries.

The manor house was built in the middle of the 17th century.

Astrop House
Astrop house is a Grade II* listed country manor about 1 mi north-east of the village. It is constructed of limestone ashlar in two storeys with a 7-bay frontage

It was built c.1740 for Sir John Willes, Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Sir John Soane added wings for the Revd. William Shippen Willes, which were extended in the 19th century and demolished in 1961. William Wilkinson added the Keeper's lodge, pheasantry and a cottage in 1868. Lancelot "Capability" Brown laid out the grounds.

Astrop was the site of a famous Spa discovered in the 17th century. All that now remains is a small well known as St. Rumbald's Well, south of the house in a valley (see "History" section).

Transport
The Oxford and Rugby Railway between Oxford and Banbury was built between 1845 and 1850, passing through the west of King's Sutton parish between the village and the River Cherwell. The Great Western Railway had taken the line over by the time it opened, and in 1872 the GWR opened King's Sutton railway station for the village. Chiltern Railways trains to London Marylebone, Birmingham Snow Hill, Great Western Railway (train operating company) services to Oxford and Didcot Parkway now serve the station.

Governance
The village has a parish council with 15 members.

Heritage Trust
King's Sutton Heritage Trust Fund was formed in December 2005 with a Mission Statement which reads 'To promote, protect and enhance the history, facilities, structures, and amenities of the village of King's Sutton and the surrounding area for the benefit of its inhabitants.

Notable residents

 * Olga Kevelos, motorcycle racer, was landlady of The Three Tuns in King's Sutton for a number of years.
 * Arthur Halestrap, one of the last surviving British soldiers of the First World War, lived and died in the village.

Amenities

Kings Sutton Primary School is in Richmond Street. It celebrated its centenary in 2008. Its last Ofsted report was in 2010 and gave the school grade 2, stating: "This is a good school. The new headteacher provides focused leadership so that all the staff are supporting the good quality of education for the pupils." The school used to be in Astrop Road and those premises are now a private house. Kings Sutton has also a pre-school.

King's Sutton has two public houses: The Butchers Arms (Hook Norton Brewery), and The White Horse.

There is a lawn tennis club.

title: King's Sutton


text:
USS Ashland (LSD-48)

USS Ashland (LSD-48) is a Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship of the United States Navy. She was the second

Navy ship to be named for Ashland, the home of Henry Clay, in Lexington, Kentucky.

Ashland was laid down on 4 April 1988, by the Avondale Shipyards, New Orleans, Louisiana; launched and christened on 11 November 1989, sponsored by Mrs. Kathleen Foley, wife of Admiral Sylvester R. Foley, Jr. (Ret.); and commissioned on 9 May 1992, at New Orleans. As of 2013, Ashland is homeported at Sasebo, Japan, and assigned to Amphibious Squadron 11.

2005 rocket attack
On 19 August 2005, the Ashland and USS Kearsarge (LHD-3) were targeted by three Katyusha rockets while in port in Aqaba, Jordan. The vessels were not hit, but one Jordanian soldier was killed and another was wounded after two rockets hit nearby docks. The third rocket landed on a taxi near the Eilat airport in Israel but did not explode. Responsibility was claimed by the Abdullah Azzam Shaheed Brigade, which states that it is associated with the al-Qaeda terrorist group. The sailors aboard both warships were awarded the Combat Action Ribbon as a result of the attack.

Later service
In January 2007, the warship was sent to the coast of Somalia to conduct antiterrorist operations as part of the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) task force. On 31 May 2008 The Guardian reported that the human rights group Reprieve said up to seventeen US Naval vessels may have been used to covertly hold captives. Reprieve expressed the concern the Ashland had been used as a receiving ship for up to 100 captives taken in East Africa.

In April 2008, Ashland visited Antsiranana, Madagascar.

On 10 April 2010, seven suspected pirates on a skiff shot at the Ashland approximately 330 nmi off the coast of Djibouti. Ashland fired two rounds at the skiff from her MK-38 Mod 2, 25mm gun. The people on board the skiff abandoned ship as it became engulfed in flames. Rigid-hulled inflatable boats from the Ashland rescued the six surviving individuals and brought them aboard the ship for medical treatment. The Ashland was not damaged and there were no injuries to the crew. On 29 November 2010 Jama Idle Ibrahim was sentenced at a federal courthouse in Norfolk, Virginia to 30 years in prison for his involvement in the April piracy attacks against the Ashland. "Today marks the first sentencing in Norfolk for acts of piracy in more than 150 years," said U.S. Attorney Neil H. MacBride. On 26 April 2017 the US Justice Department released a statement saying that Mohamed Farah, 31, of Somalia was sentenced to life in prison for his role in the attack.

Mid-life extension work on the Ashland, completed in 2012, included normal repair and refurbishment, as well as major alterations to several ship systems. Improvements to the ship's diesel engines, onboard networks, engineering control systems, and power management, and improved capacity for air conditioning and chilled water distribution were made. The biggest long-term change, however, involved the replacement of high-maintenance steam systems with all-electric functionality.

In November 2013, Ashland and USS Germantown (LSD-42) supported relief operations in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan.

In August 2015, Ashland with portions of the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit embarked conducted Defense Support to Civil Authorities (DSCA) in Saipan after Typhoon Soudelor passed through the Commonwealth of Northern Marianas Islands.

On 25 October 2017, Ashland rescued two American women who were drifting at sea.

On 14 March 2018, CNN did a 360° look using VR to share what it feels like to live on the Ashland. The 3:09-minute segment showed both sailors and marines going about their daily routines. In 2018, the Ashland received the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Pacific Fleet. This award is presented annually to the ship with the highest score in the Battle Effectiveness Award, the Battle "E."

The Ashland, one of eight active ships in its class, is expected to remain in service and mission-capable to 2038.

In December 2020 the U.S. Navy's Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels stated that the ship was planned to be placed Out of Commission in Reserve in 2023.

In May 2022, Ashland was a part of the USS America (LHA-6) Amphibious Ready Group in Sasebo.

The 2022 National Defense Authorization Act blocked Ashland's decommissioning and retirement along with three other LSD class dock landing ships.

In April 2023, Ashland completed a permanent change of station arriving at Naval Base San Diego.

title: USS Ashland (LSD-48)


text:
D-3 (video)

D-3 is an uncompressed composite digital video format invented at NHK and introduced commercially by Panasonic. It was launched in 1991 to compete with Ampex's D-2.

D-3 uses half-inch metal particle tape at 83.88 mm/s (compare to D-2's 19 mm and 131.7 mm/s). Like D-2, the composite video signal is sampled at four times the color subcarrier frequency, with eight bits per sample. Four channels of 48 kHz 16–20 bit PCM audio, and other ancillary data, are inserted during the vertical blanking interval. The aggregate net (error corrected) bitrate of the format is 143 Mbit/s, and because the codec is lossless, it has been used in data applications.

Camcorders were available which used this format, and are to date the only digital tape camcorders to use a lossless encoding scheme. The D-5 digital component video format, introduced in 1993 by Panasonic, uses the D-3 transport and tape running at roughly double D-3 speed. The D-3 transport in turn is derived from the MII transport. D-3/D-5 tapes come in small (161 mm × 96 mm × 25 mm), medium (212 mm × 124 mm × 25 mm), and large (296 mm × 167 mm × 25 mm) cassettes, with format-specific recognition holes. Maximum D-3 runtimes (in the Fujifilm lineup) are 50, 126, and 248 minutes.

The D-3 format is now regarded as obsolete. In the early 1990s the BBC embarked on a massive project to copy its older video tapes onto D-3 for archival, but the D-3 cassettes themselves have become obsolete and are being transferred to modern digital video standards. There is doubt over whether the surviving D-3 machines will last long enough to play the 340,000 tapes which the corporation holds.

title: D-3 (video)


text:
Loma Linda University

Loma Linda University (LLU) is a private Seventh-day Adventist health sciences university in Loma Linda, California. , the university comprises eight schools and a Faculty of Graduate Studies. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system. The university is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC). Its on-campus church has around 7,000 members.

Beginnings
Loma Linda University had its beginning in 1905 when Seventh-day Adventists John Burden and Ellen G. White founded what became known as the Loma Linda Sanitarium.

In February 1906, a council of church workers met at Loma Linda. It consisted of the faculty of Fernando Academy, the faculty of the Loma Linda school, and the executive committee of the Southern California Conference.

In 1906, The Loma Linda College of Evangelists was established. Courses included:
 * Religion: Bible Evangelism, Acts and Epistles, Missionary Methods, and Doctrines and Prophecies.
 * General: History, Languages, Mathematics, English, Music, Piano and Organ.
 * Industrial: Science of Gardening, Practical Gardening, Electrical Mechanics, Carpentry, Cookery, Accounting, Sewing.
 * Nursing/Medical: Chemistry and Anatomy, Children's Diseases, Physiology, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Hydrotherapy, Practical Nursing and Hydrotherapy.

The 1910 Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook enters the school as 'Loma Linda College'. It adds the legal title, 'College of Medical Evangelists of Loma Linda' (CME) and notes that the school was chartered as a Medical College in 1909.

Early Clinical Developments
From 1913 to 1962, the university taught basic sciences in Loma Linda, but sent its students to Los Angeles for clinical experience. Ellen White promoted rural settings for Adventist schools, but to train medical students, the school needed clinical experience. Loma Linda Sanitarium did not have such a clinic. The American Medical Association would not recognize the medical college if it did not provide adequate clinical experience for its students.

In 1905, the American Medical Association formed a national Council on Medical Education. Dr. Nathan Porter Colwell (1870–1936) became its first secretary the next year. In reaction, Adventists leaders interested in developing the medical school met with Dr. Colwell. He visited the campus and gave counsel on how to proceed. E. E. Andross, president of the Pacific Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists and chairman of the board for the College of Medical Evangelists, reported on a special meeting of the constituency of the college convened at Loma Linda, January 27, 1913. A large number of General Conference men were in California at time. Andross called this meeting in order to benefit from their counsel. In his report, he wrote that a medical hospital and dispensary was needed to address accreditation requirements for the future medical education at the institution. On September 29, 1913, the College of Medical Evangelists opened the First Street Dispensary in the heart of Los Angeles.

World War I and a 'B' Rating
The United States federal government exempted medical students from the military draft. But they would only recognize 'A' and 'B' rated medical schools. The College of Medical Evangelists only had a 'C' rating. California state authorities supported a higher rating, and after a nationwide effort, Percy T. Magan and colleagues persuaded Dr. Colwell to visit the school and determine whether a 'B' rating could be given. After the AMA's visit, the rating was upgraded to 'B'. Medical students who had already left for their military duties returned to finish their medical training. Margaret Rossiter White, Historical Records Librarian at Loma Linda, wrote at the time that it was a tremendous victory for Loma Linda.

1919–1960
On November 16, 1922, Dr. Colwell reported that the Council on Medical Education had granted an 'A' rating to the College of Medical Evangelists. The medical world, under the leadership of the American Medical Association was quickly developing standards for medical education and for the quality of hospitals. The requirements for accreditation developed as well. The July 12, 1923 Review and Herald presented the addresses given at the Educational Convention held at Colorado Springs from June 5–19, 1923. In an article entitled 'Separation from the World in Education', W.E. Howell, former president of the Loma Linda College of Evangelists (1906) and at the time of the article, the Secretary, or director, of the SDA General Conference Education Department expressed concern for where dependence on accreditation would lead Adventist schools. During World War II, the CME sponsored the 47th General Hospital.

University status and name change
In 1961, college leaders voted to convert the institution to a university and renamed the institution after the city. All its science and clinical faculties were consolidated within the city of Loma Linda by 1962.

On July 9, 1967, the university opened the Loma Linda University Medical Center with more than 125 patients from the old community hospital. The university also operated the Seventh-day Adventist liberal arts college in Riverside from 1967 to 1990, which is now known as La Sierra University.

In 1980, the state designated LLU the only Level I trauma center in San Bernardino, Riverside, Inyo and Mono counties, which comprise more than a fourth of the state's land mass. About 1,600 emergency helicopters land there each year.

1980–2011
In 1991, B. Lyn Behrens became the first female president of LLU. Serving until March 2008, she was succeeded by Richard Hart, who had previously served as LLU's chancellor.

Loma Linda University opened its new 150000 sqft Centennial Complex on October 28, 2009. The complex includes new classrooms, two large 200–400 seat amphitheaters and more than 100 workstations with labs for dental, medical, physical therapy and graduate students. Updated technology allows the university to link to areas around the globe. Additionally, the complex houses simulation labs where students can practice medical skills on live actors and sophisticated robotic mannequins. The complex was expected to bump up the university's growth by 25 percent from its current enrollment of 4,000 students to 5,000 students by 2010.

Grants and funding
The university applies for and receives grants from various organizations. Some of the research grants include:
 * California Walnut Commission for walnut research
 * Pfizer Public Health & Government Group for public health television and Internet programming
 * NSF Partnership for Innovation Grant in partnership with the Larta Institute

Federal government support
The special relationship between Loma Linda University and Representative Jerry Lewis, R – San Bernardino, first came to light in a Pulitzer Award-winning expose written by Jerry Kammer. Lewis has lent significant help in funding important school operations. From 1998 to 2003, Loma Linda has received $167.2 million in federal funds, the number one academic recipient in the country receiving nearly $60 million more than the runner up, the University of South Florida. In 2000, it was the single largest recipient of higher education grants at $36 million. Several grants were from the Department of Defense, plus $5 million from NASA for space radiation research. Critics point out that the brother of Lewis is employed by Loma Linda University. In 2008, Loma Linda University received nearly $9.5 million of which $5 million came from the Department of Defense.

School of Public Health
The Loma Linda University School of Public Health was founded in 1967. The school is an accredited member of the Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH). The School of Public Health offers a Master of Science (MS), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Public Health (MPH), Doctor of Public Health (DrPH), and certificates.

School of Behavioral Health
The Loma Linda University School of Behavioral Health was created in 2012 and includes the following departments:
 * Counseling and Family Sciences: Child Life Specialist (MS), Counseling (MS), Drug and Alcohol Counseling (Certificate Online), Marital and Family Therapy (MS Online or On-Campus, DMFT Online), Systems, Families, and Couples (PhD), School Counseling (Certificate)
 * Psychology: Clinical Psychology (PhD, PsyD)
 * Social Work and Social Ecology: Social Work (MSW Online or On-Campus, DSW Online)
 * Division of Interdisciplinary Studies: Play Therapy (Certificate Online)
 * Dual Degrees: Counseling/Marital and Family Therapy/Drug and Alcohol Counseling (MS/MS/Certificate Online), Social Work/Criminal Justice (MSW/MS)

Rankings
Loma Linda University is not ranked in the 2022 version of the U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking, but its nursing program is tied for 76th. It was listed as the 994th best university in the world and the 213th best university in the United States by the Center for World University Rankings in their 2018–2019 rankings.

title: Loma Linda University


text:
Talk:Nicholson Baker

Checkpoint controversy
We read that Checkpoint "is unquestionably the most controversial work Baker has yet written." Presumably the controversy is over its subject matter (story, or non-story) rather than quality. Still, this surprises me. I haven't gone looking for controversy about it, and I'm sure that the more brain-damaged and right-wing of pundits are appalled, but I haven't seen any controversy at all. There was much more controversy, I think, over The Fermata. The latter has probably died down because most controversies do. Oh, and more controversy over Double Fold, and the pieces (and activities) leading up to it. There's a book about Double Fold. Have there been books, or even mere TV programs, about Checkpoint? Is there really no question that Checkpoint is the most controversial work Baker has ever written? (Incidentally, it struck me as extraordinarily mild.) -- Hoary 09:11, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

Gotta agree with this. No doubt Checkpoint should have caused more controversy than it did. But Vox and Double Fold caused a hell of a lot of controversy, and we can point to acres of newsprint as evidence. Is there similar evidence for Checkpoint? Gamaliel 15:43, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I don't remember much controversy about Vox, and I'm not surprised. There was mild interest when the world heard that Lewinsky had given a copy to Clinton. (Well, so?) The Fermata, yes. -- Hoary 08:32, 2005 Mar 16 (UTC)

 * I recall quite a few op-ed columns about the contents of Vox, which is pretty rare for a new work of fiction, and they pre-dated Clinton. Gamaliel 09:03, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * All right then, I concede. We were probably reading different papers at the time. I have to say, though, I can't think what could be controversial about Vox. -- Hoary 09:59, 2005 Mar 16 (UTC)

Since both 'Fermata' and 'Checkpoint' aroused significant controversy, I've removed the 'most controversial' line.Saagpaneer (talk) 14:44, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Box of Matches
The article says that "A Box of Matches is in many ways a continuation of Room Temperature," but the reader has not been told what Room Temperature is. Richard K. Carson 04:43, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, Room Temperature is listed below in his bibliography, though the note on Box of Matches is a bit underwhelming: I thought the book was awesome, having an extremely unique feel for little observations and miniscule moments of humor, but I'd have to read Room Temperature before I would rewrite the paragraph too much. --Tarnas 06:14, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've written up RT just now; I hope I've done a decent job of this. -- Hoary 06:53, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

"A novel"
It's pedantry time! Question: do the title pages of the novels announce "A Novel"? Below, I'll represent certain line breaks as colons, and ignore capitalization, but look at the title pages of all the hardback editions that come to hand.

 * The Mezzanine: A Novel (Weidenfeld & Nicolson)
 * Room Temperature: A Novel (Grove Weidenfeld)
 * Room Temperature (Granta)
 * Vox: A Novel (Random House)
 * The Everlasting Story of Nory: A Novel (Random House)
 * A Book of Matches: A Novel (Chatto & Windus)
 * Checkpoint (Knopf)

A bit confusing. Even where they do announce "A Novel", should this be regarded as part of the title?

(ot that I mind either way myself.)-- Hoary (talk) 10:23, 3 March 2008 (UTC) A bit confusing.

 * Library cataloguing practice (MARC) seems to include "a novel" in the title: The everlasting story of Nory : a novel, etc. Also, consider the works of Graham Greene: The Ministry of Fear: an entertainment, similarly treated. Pinkville (talk) 19:15, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Just because it's the way libraries catalogue books doesn't mean it's the way an encyclopedia should treat their titles. It would be very unusual to include "a novel" in the title in a work for general readership such as Wikipedia. Saagpaneer (talk) 14:46, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Human Smoke
Is it just me or does the description of Human Smoke read like a straw man attack? I haven't read the book, but I'm sure that its argument isn't just that WWII was immoral because Britain was the first to use bombers. Brad the Raven (talk) 04:56, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Agreed. One reviewer is quoted as referring indignantly to "praise from respected reviewers in distinguished publications." but we have no samples of that praise. Therefore I'm cutting back on the attacks. — ℜob C. alias ᴀʟᴀʀoʙ 17:38, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

His short story "Subsoil"
This exploration of the insidious growth of potato sprouts and the potatofication of the protagonist was included in The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror 1994. I remember an eerie reading of it on the radio. It might be mentioned. --Wetman (talk) 18:47, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course it should be mentioned as one of Bakers early footprints(!). And this would be an improvement to the article. For this reason I repeat my last weeks request:

 * I'm quite interested in the good old "Subsoil" short story, found a description here but I find no way to subscribe to the New Yorker or download the text on any other way. As an agronomist myself, I would like to translate the story into german for an only private, non commercial use in the context of organic and urban farming. Could anybody of the parish please do me the favour of downloading and posting it here? Maybe wageless your/himself could give me a "go" or "no"? Dermotor (talk) 12:54, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

Not a professor at the European Graduate School
I'm not a professor at the European Graduate School. I guest taught there for two days, once in 2006 and once in 2009. I like the place, I like the professors, but I'm no more a teacher there now than any other place where I've visited for a day. Could somebody make this change? Thank you. --Nicholson Baker —Preceding undated comment added 10:05, 25 October 2010 (UTC).

 * Snipped out with pleasure, Sir; and, however irrelevantly, before you disappear for another few months, let me say how much I enjoyed The Anthologist. Perhaps if you did want to moonlight as a certain kind of phonologist in some European graduate school, there'd be a job waiting for you (but no, no, think of all those committee meetings). -- Hoary (talk) 10:38, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Kind of you, Hoary, thank you. I'm glad to know you're out here. --Wageless (talk) 01:16, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Delete sentence?
Hello all. I wonder if the following passage should go from the beginning: "As a novelist, he often focuses on minute inspection of his characters' and narrators' stream of consciousness, and has written about such provocative topics as voyeurism and planned assassination. His fiction generally de-emphasizes narrative in favor of careful description and characterization. Baker's enthusiasts appreciate his ability to candidly explore the human psyche, while critics have charged that his subject matter is trivial.[1]"  Last three books were about WWII, the history of poetry, and sex. The "subject matter is trivial" business seems out of date. --Nicholson Baker/Wageless (talk) 13:08, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I was about to retort that no, the one about sex wasn't among the last three, but it then occurred to me that you might know more about NB's output than I do, so I checked in [blushes] Wikipedia. (Not a reliable source, I know.) Well well, he has a new book out; I greatly look forward to reading it. The second retort was going to be that if critics have charged this, then, however mistakenly, they have charged it -- but then I looked and found the link to just one ho-hum review in something called the Richmond Review, which may for all I know be a praiseworthy organ but which surely doesn't have an influence comparable to that of the NYRB. So anyway I didn't cut it but I did curtail it; I hope it's better now. ¶ Visitors [...] can [...] make love to trees, a blurb tells me. Ah. I'd always wished that A Melon for Ecstasy were actually funny, this promises to be the fix. -- Hoary (talk) 14:47, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

I don't find his work at all trivial, but then this isn't about personal opinion. I'd imagine that with any high profile author like NB it's easy enough to find an RS that can support pretty much any point of view - funny, trivial, deeply philosophical, irreverant, serious. Span (talk) 16:07, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

House of Holes
As a contribution to the discussion whether Bakers writing is trivial or not I would like to mention Giovanni Boccaccios Decamerone of Italian Rennaissance, dated about 1350 and its comparability to Bakers HoH. Both seem to be collections of single novellas, more or less linked or knotted to each other. Subject to the novellas is pornography, indeed, but on a fine, prose-poetic, artistical and ambitious level. Either topics are closed resorts in natural areas for wealthy clients on the run of life threatening epidemics generated by interpersonal, sexual contacts. Black Death or pestilence for ancient Tuscan nobility teenagers versus HIV for the todays all American girl / boy respectively adults only. It took us about 600 years to accept, but meanwhile Boccaccios Decamerone is looked upon as a style creating peace of litterature, a red light house, seminal. Baker must wait. Since he is no longer professor in Suisse poetry resort he is doing his job as college lecturer at the open university, seminal seminar of semen, quite well. Boys, did I laugh, when following the link. Dermotor (talk) 11:24, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I sense that you would like to put forward a thesis about House of Holes. This is not an appropriate website for doing so. It's instead an encyclopedia that summarizes the writings of others in "reliable sources" (which do not include such websites as enotes.com). If you'd like to relate Baker to Boccaccio, then please either (a) cite such an idea from book reviews or academic papers published in journals of note, or (b) write up the idea in wome other website. -- Hoary (talk) 00:15, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

Glad to find my contributions to HoH accepted. What about the term "pornovella"? enotes uses it for the comparison of Decameron / HoH see footmark 13 in article. I would like to introduce this term to the article to describe the "avantgardening" (my claim) status of the author NB. Dermotor (talk) 16:21, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

 * No, your contributions to a description of House of Holes were not "accepted". It's just that, in contrast to your earlier edits to the article, no automated system or human quickly noticed and altered or reverted them.

 * I find your description very hard to understand. Within the part of it that I do understand, your citing of enotes.com was utterly inappropriate, because there's no sign that enotes.com is a "reliable source" and plenty of signs that it is not (e.g. that the article you cited was itself derived from Wikipedia, which is not a reliable source).

 * If (and only if) a neologism such as "pornovella" is used in such publications as the New York Review of Books, it can be used here too. -- Hoary (talk) 00:15, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

 * No Sir, no thesis in pipeline, sorry. I missed a description of HoH on the engl. WP site, so I did it myself. I apologize for overshooting. Dermotor (talk) 04:25, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

Not a Philosophy Major
I was an English major at Haverford, not a Philosophy major. (In fact, I only took one philosophy class at Haverford, from the great Richard J. Bernstein.) Maybe somebody could correct this? Wageless (talk) 16:42, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry I didn't see the request and fix it for you; I'm glad that you did so yourself, a few days later.
 * I did find the source of the error though, in that edit by User:271828182. (Mentioning&linking that username will trigger a notification, so maybe he'll have an explanation/apology forthwith! ;) Best wishes, –Quiddity (talk) 21:47, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

 * My mistake. I vaguely recall reading something to that effect in a review somewhere in the 1990s, but can't recall where. 271828182 (talk) 22:05, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks guys - it's a very minor thing - I noticed it crept into a printed reference work is all-- Wageless (talk) 03:59, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
 * And so, the cycle of life continues... (Yup, citogenesis links where it ought to...)
 * (Re: Major: Oh dear, I hope it wasn't too prominent, or belaboured upon. It doesn't sound amusingly embarrassing, otherwise I'd demand that you share ;) –Quiddity (talk) 05:01, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I am duly ashamed to have contributed to the erosion of reality. As penance, I believe I have located the source of my error, and now pass some of the blame to Martin Amis, who wrote (in Visiting Mrs Nabokov): "There now follows a digression or a 'clog' in which I shall pounce on the fact that Baker, at university and on Wall Street, flirted with philosophy. Philosophers are said to be condemned to one of two strange relationships with the world of objects: either indifference or near-crippling obsession." My bad for misremembering this.  N.B.: Thanks for all the enjoyable reading, especially the made-up swear words. 271828182 (talk) 06:12, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

Hermann Hesse Price, Germany
N.Baker will receive the International Hermann Hesse price for literature and translation together with his german translator Eike Schönfeld on July,2 (Hesses birthday) in Calw, Southwest region of Germany, close to Stuttgart. source: http://www.hermann-hesse.de/archiv/2014/03/11/internationaler-hermann-hesse-preis-2014-nicholson-baker — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dermotor (talk • contribs) 16:40, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

Photograph
The more recent photo, which was substituted by wageless himself on January, 17 was deleted on April, 10. Any chance to find a photo, which fulfills all rules of wikipedia, the free eeetc.? -Dermotor (talk) 21:02, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

Music
Hi, this is Dermotor again, from overseas/abroad. While reading "Traveling sprinkler" and listening to some of Pauls samples on youtube, I noticed that Nick Baker is on air with 4-5 critical songs, first was "Jeju island", than followed by, 2012; you intervene",2014; Women Gathering Firewood" and dedicated to Branning: song", 2014. Should that be subject to his WP site? Dermotor (talk) 14:09, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Born in NYC
, and anyone else who's interested: Baker was born in NYC. In short: says so, and that's good enough for me.

Please see the recent edits, and particularly their summaries. Promoting one user's say-so above a published source may seem a terrible thing to do, violating policies and all that; however, Wageless is Baker. (And he's not just any old Wikipedia biographee who's occasionally stepped in to correct something within his own bio: he's an enthusiastic, skilled and appreciative editor of other articles too.) If he agrees with his mother that he was born in NYC, let's agree that he was born in NYC. -- Hoary (talk) 13:40, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
 * It still needs an independent source, which I did not have time to look for. ThatMontrealIP (talk) 14:52, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
 * source added. That guardian article is from 2008. Wageless has made ten edits since 2008.ThatMontrealIP (talk) 14:56, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for sourcing it, . -- Hoary (talk) 22:07, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes the sources say different things (O'Mahony: Rochester, New York; McGrath 2011: New York City) so then it's good Wageless can advise on which source is correct. Mujinga (talk) 10:50, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

ISBNs for editions/works
I notice 's comment above (under "Bibliography") about info within lists of works, three years after the comment was posted. (Sorry, Sunwin1960!)

Back in the ancient history of this article, I added ISBNs for editions other than the sole edition that already happened to have an ISBN. Because, as we know, "ISBNs only identify a particular edition of a book, and a reader with only an ISBN will not see the full range of versions of the book". However, many WP editors subscribe to the myth that the ISBN that appears on the physical object that they happen to have in front of them identifies the work, and quite a number of editors like to splatter lists of works with Template:ISBN missing -- ignoring the template's documentation, which says that it "is an inline cleanup template for flagging a reference that is missing the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) of the source document" (my emphasis).

I suppose that back when I added the second and further ISBNs, I lazily assumed that (translations aside) for most of these works there'd be just four editions: US hard, US paper, GB hard, GB paper; but of course that's myopic. (And as for laziness, I didn't even complete the dubious job I'd started.)

I suggest adding a note at the top of each (sub)list saying that normally only first editions are mentioned; removing both any mention of later editions (including later paperback versions of the first, hardback editions) unless we have reason to believe that their content is revised, augmented or reduced; and removing all ISBNs.

 * Do any of the later editions have revised, augmented or reduced content? (I don't know of any example.)

Since I spend a fair amount of time adding ISBNs to other lists of books (example, example), suggesting that they should be removed here may seem capricious. But I think the usefulness/deceptiveness of providing ISBNs within lists of works depends a lot on the kind(s) of work that are listed, on the editions that have already appeared, and on the likelihood of further editions. -- Hoary (talk) 23:10, 9 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment on [what I perhaps mistakenly think are] details: Three years ago, wrote: "I have commenced a tidy-up of the Bibliography section using cite templates. Capitalization and punctuation follow standard cataloguing rules in AACR2 and RDA, as much as Wikipedia templates allow it." I kind-of understand the value of cite templates when they're used for citations (though I rarely bother with them even then). I don't know what advantage they have when used, as here, for lists of works; as an editor, I tend to find them rather annoying, and think (or delude myself) that I can do well without them. I have no training in librarianship or experience as a librarian and therefore am unfamiliar with AACR2 and RDA. Rather, I have to depend for these matters on my Common Sense [hollow laugh]. -- Hoary (talk) 23:45, 9 January 2020 (UTC)\

 * Hi Hoary, I've been doing a bit of work on the article and yes I saw that Sunwin comment. Since it was rather old and they had only done (if i remember correctly) three books, I decided to take out the cite template and standardise the fiction subsection to its most used format. I do note selected essays is still using cite. I'm personally unbothered which format to use but I do think it's messy to use different formats within a subsection. As regards ISBNs, I am again not that fussed, I used them because they were there already. On balance I think I like them, I might use the ISBN rather than the title if I was to search for the book on in internet and in a sense they are serving as a reference for the work. Mujinga (talk) 10:56, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

 * , U & I is shown as having five ISBNs, all of editions from the last century. I'd be surprised if there weren't also new editions, with new ISBNs, from this century. Do you really want seven or more ISBNs for each work, plus a feeling of built-in obsolescence as at any time there might emerge yet newer editions, with new ISBNs? Incidentally, over at the article U and I: A True Story an editor added a photo of an edition whose front cover mentions Vox and The Fermata (and therefore of course postdates these) to an "infobox" that specifies a single ISBN: that of an edition that predates either. -- Hoary (talk) 11:44, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

 * oh is that what you were talking about? five ISBNs does seem excessive, one for a first edition seems fine to me. For what its worth, ISBNs are included in WikiProject Novels/ArticleTemplate Mujinga (talk) 12:08, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

 * A single ISBN. But you say "I might use the ISBN rather than the title if I was to search for the book on in internet". Your search would, of course, miss all copies of any edition other than the first.... Hoary (talk) 12:49, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicholson Baker


text:
Dongdan Kingdom

The Dongdan Kingdom (926–936) (Khitan language: Dan Gur, ) was a puppet kingdom established by the Liao dynasty to rule the former realm of Balhae (Bohai) in eastern Manchuria.

History
After conquering Balhae (Bohai) in 926, the Liao crown prince Yelü Bei ascended to the throne of Dongdan at the Huhan fortress, the former capital of Balhae, in today's Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province. The state used Dongdan as its Chinese name, meaning the Eastern Dan Gur (Bohai), in respect to the Liao dynasty in the west. The term Dongdan is only found in Chinese texts; the Khitan equivalent is "Dan country" (Dan Gur), similar to Silla's and Goryeo's use of the word "Dan" 丹 as a derogatory term for the states and people of Manchuria.

However, political tension soon evolved between Yelü Bei and his younger brother Yelü Deguang, who took the imperial throne of the Liao dynasty after their father Yelü Abaoji died, en route to his homeland from a relatively successful campaign against the Later Tang. The new emperor ordered his elder brother to move his capital from Huhan in eastern Manchuria to Liaoyang in western Manchuria.

Yelü Bei obeyed the imperial order but soon fled to North China to avoid possible assassination in 930. Yelü Bei's son was elevated to the new king of Dongdan, but the kingdom was annexed by the Liao dynasty in 936. A minority of historians suggest Dongdan was annexed in 982. On the other hand some believe that Dongdan was never a "independent kingdom", but the former area of Balhae was instantly annexed in 926 by the Liao dynasty.

To continue Balhae's friendly relations with Japan, Dongdan sent a diplomatic mission over the Sea of Japan in 929. But the Japanese court in Kyoto rejected the mission from Dongdan, due to loyalty for the old Balhae regime.

title: Dongdan Kingdom


text:
User:Vineet KewalRamani

I have a professional background in retrovirus research, with specific interests in the molecular characterization of HIV replication and the interaction of HIV with the immune system. My work website at the U.S. National Cancer Institute is here ... http://www.retrovirus.info/KewalRamani.html.

title: User:Vineet KewalRamani


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Motorway Bridge

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 05:06, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Motorway Bridge
Entire article says "Motorway Bridge in Austria" followed by a picture. Whether it is of a generic motorway bridge or of a bridge called Motorway Bridge is unknown and unmentioned. In either case it either needs a hell of a lot of TLC or a scalpel. Grutness|hello? 09:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete together with the posted image which has no licence tag. -- RWH 10:33, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete #4, zero context, may also be a #2, user test. Wyss 20:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as article with little or no content. See Candidates for speedy deletion. JoaoRicardo 03:32, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 09:38, Feb 15, 2005 MacGyverMagic deleted Motorway Bridge (CSD #4. per vfd discussion) —Korath (Talk) 05:06, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Jin Mao

Jin Mao may refer to:
 * Jin Mao Tower
 * Jin Mao (deputy commander), Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the People's Liberation Army Navy

title: Jin Mao


text:
Talk:BMW 5 Series (E34)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jdessy. Peer reviewers: Jdessy.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:09, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
The 530i section sounds like it's BMW's own advertizement. It may or may not be copyrighted (BMW probably doesn't mind it being here), but it certainly doesn't seem encyclopedic. Luqui 09:17, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

Ready For Prime-Time?
Nice entry. Does anyone who has an interest in this article know whether it meets the standards for Featured Article status? I'm still a relative newbie so I don't know how that's judged, nor how to go about nominating it. Longshot14 18:41, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

The E34 range included the 525td and 525tds diesels, these are not E39s although described as so in wilkipedia. The 525d was an E39 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.9.182.165 (talk) 21:47, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

530i engine
The 530i DID NOT have a V8 engine...it had a inline-6. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.133.136.148 (talk • contribs) 22:00, November 8, 2006.
 * My Bentley service manual for the 5-Series credits the 94-95 530i cars with having the V8 M60. The article mentions that some 530is do have 6 cylinder engines, though it is pretty clear they were available only in Europe.  --GargoyleMT 16:47, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

From 1987 - 1992, the 530i was equipped with the M30B30 inline-six. From 1992 onwards, the M60B30 V8 took its place. Alexey Topol (talk) 23:53, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Advertisement??
Some parts of this article, notably the one about equipment, read like a brochure/car magazine review. Should this be removed as unencyclopedic?? Also, the versions available, should that be converted into a table??

I'm going to try and fix this article - when the errors are sorted out!! that's if there are any... --SunStar Net talk 10:40, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Images
seems that the images on here do not fully represent the different types of E34's availble. --Bahnstormer (talk) 22:39, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

540i Top Speed.
Do we bother listing theoreticals? The differential in this car is so incredibly tall that the theoretical top speed is over 200, though the engine only has enough power to get it to around 150 before it succumbs to aerodynamic drag. With performance mods it can go faster, or simply a shorter gear set. Exproject (talk) 04:40, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The 540i got enough power (286hp) to reach at least 170mph, if unleashed. Regular stock models are governed - i.e. electronically limited, although their power would permit them to go faster - to 150mph (early models) and 155mph (later models), respectively. The ALPINA B10 BiTurbo even does 182mph with its 360hp. -- Alexey Topol (talk) 01:49, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

M525i?
I just spotted a car with an M525i badge a few minutes ago, and a quick Google search suggests that it's an E34. Is this for real, or one of those fake badges?

Tebello TheWHAT!!?? 05:17, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

It might be a special edition for the Canadian or US market, with some ///M-parts in its suspension or something, but never heard of it. There is however an M535i - but not of the E34, only the E28 ! Alexey Topol (talk) 23:57, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Fake as fake can be. Of course you can put ///M-parts in any E34, even a 524td, but that doesn't make it any faster. And there was never a M525i edition officially sold. There was however a 540i sold as M540i in Canada, with manual 6-speed box and some ///M parts - but not faster or more powerful than a regular 540i w/ 6-speed, either. --  Alexey Topol (talk) 01:41, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

US-centric article
The article is completely US-centered. At the beginning it says e.g. that the E34 hit the market with the 525i and the 535i - in Europe, the full palette of engines was available at the same time in 1988: 518i (M40), 520i and 525i (M20), 530i and 535i (M30), 524td (M21) plus the M5. The article should either state explicitly that it only describes the E34 sold in North America, or include the different models available around the world. -- Alexey Topol (talk) 01:38, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

It was also equipped with automatic stability control (ASC) or traction control (ASC+T) in later years on higher-specification variants.[6]
"It was also equipped with automatic stability control (ASC) or traction control (ASC+T) in later years on higher-specification variants.[6]"

Basic ASC was in equipment list on all the time (some models), not only later years! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.191.165.232 (talk) 21:23, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

BMW 535i Sport
"If you are lucky enough to own the original 'E34' 535i Sport then you have 1 of approx 300 left on UK roads."

I was one of those lucky ones. Second hand cost in the UK was a mere £15,000 and the car was in A1 show room condition. It was tireless to drive with the cruise control and I have driven at 156 mph (251 kph) on deserted motorways in Germany.

Super comfortable seats with good lumbar support, excellent auto gearbox, which I seem to remember was 5 speed with lockup on top gear, and the BBS wheels with metric tyres. A better car than any previous of later models in my opinion.

Excellent and meticulous service from the local Blue Bell BMW Cheshire UK dealership. Ian Chattan 178.116.241.191 (talk) 12:33, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

Top-Speed
525i (M50) with 4-speed Automatic transmission ZF and GM derived transmission: [...] Top Speed - M50 Motor: 155 mph (electronically limited) - no BMW E34 525i EVER can reach a Top-Speed of 250 km/h (http://www.e34.de/e34/leistung.htm)

Tons of wrong numbers and missing information
Hi from Germany,

unfortunately, this page is full of wrong numbers and missing informations. Like e.g. 0-60mph of the 535i in 6.5 seconds - in your dreams, people! The real number is 7.7 seconds for 0-62.137mph (i.e. 0-100kmh, which is the measure used in the rest of the world), and I doubt it will be much less than that for 0-60mph - maybe 7.5 seconds. And this is only for the sporty manual transmission 535i, the automatic transmission version (in Germany we call cars with automatic transmission "pensioner cars", since they are only driven by old folks and people with disabilities, who are not able to shift gears manually anymore, due to their aging and failing bodies) is much slower than that. I will take care of this E34 page in the next couple of years, bit by bit, using my access to original German information and data sources. Remember, BMW is a German manufacturer (though they also got factories all over the world nowadays, as any big corporation), so I understand that genuine information is hard to come by for Americans or other English-speakers. As a native German, I do not face the German language barrier, and hence I have easier access to all that wealth of information about the E34. I don't know whether German sources can be cited on the English wikipedia, though. It would be a shame if they could not be cited, since much of that information is not available on English language sites as of yet. -- Alexey Topol (talk) 01:56, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

ASC and 535
I was removed part where article says that ASC was available from 1991. It is not true, such option was available earlier or even the whole time when they made 535. I even own by myself 535 with ASC from 1989 and I have seen them on sale as well with such option from late 80s. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.196.196.54 (talk) 05:48, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on BMW 5 Series (E34). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130506134635/http://www.e34-ig.de:80/der-e34/ercole-spada.html to http://www.e34-ig.de/der-e34/ercole-spada.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 12:49, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

550i?
A user at 87.110.35.43 added a entry to the Petrol engines section claiming that there is such a thing as a 550i eqiped with a V12 engine, the only referance I can find to a so called "550i" is from those who have swaped them, I can find no source clameing that BMW ever sold a E34 with a V12. If anyone can find a source I would love to see it, if not I will be deleting it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.68.186.52 (talk) 06:08, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

I removed it. If anyone wants to re add it find some sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.68.186.52 (talk) 13:25, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

Production Dates
Reading the BMW news item from 1988, they already confirmed in so many ways, that this car went into production for the range-topping 535i I6 variant on November 2, 1987 and launched the car 2 months later, in January 1988. Why change the production date to January 1988, when that was already not the case? There is a difference between start of production, first completey assembled unit, and showroom/customer delivery to dealerships. Please look closely at sources provided, before making such changes. It does undermine somewhat, the VERY hard work I went through with reading German language items and even if moderately proficient in German, BMW's archive database is DIFFICULT' to navigate and harder to do so in non-native language. Let's all collectively use that vast treasure trove of resources at BMW for other BMW models throughout the years, as several people are better than just one.--Carmaker1 (talk) 07:14, 10 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. On a related note, I think it is more reliable to use production dates than years that the model was sold for. This is because the years sold can vary between countries, and it also invites confusion about Model Years. 1292simon (talk) 09:12, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Okay, that works. The database is iffy at times, even if vast. Thankfully it has been better at confirming history, than other outside sources. I am finding outside sources to not always be so reliable, just as bad as present day. Where a source misinterprets things and reads it as fact.--Carmaker1 (talk) 03:15, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

Hi. Regarding the first Edit Summary from 13 June, I don't see how only stating the production years in the intro (when article goes into detail about the months in the Production section) would cause the reader to be misinformed about the year of the launch event? Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 10:16, 13 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry, don't worry. One my later edits actually says "nvm". No problem from me again, it's fine. I think my issue is websites that borrow from here and make the false claim, that the E34 was in the marketplace in 1987, when in reality only BMW had access to the car and media publications. Not the public or consumer market, but what can you do about readers copying and pasting without the proper context.(shrugs) Sometimes I read false claims that BMW started selling the F10 5er in 2009 or E31 850i in 1989, which is false as a reveal is not the same as buying one.--Carmaker1 (talk) 22:15, 15 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your later edit, I really appreciate it. Yes, the topic of production dates for any model can be quite murky on its own, so it is very frustrating when people then confuse it with the launch date or when sales began. Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 10:47, 19 June 2019 (UTC)

This is a bit off topic from what you and Simon are discussing, but what do you think of the touring dates? The archive says that production of the 520i touring started in September 1990, but it seems a bit odd that series production would start a full year before the debut? Toasted Meter (talk) 23:03, 13 June 2019 (UTC)
 * It's not off-topic, definitely relevant and welcome. I actually got the 1992 date from that site too and pushed it to the forefront as a reliable BMW source a few years. I originally assumed it went into production in 1991. I felt it was weird, considering how an LCI was issued in the autumn of 1992 to the E34 line and the touring come before that. Now the mid-1992 launch from the Archive made more sense in aligning with the first LCI, which pointed to July 1992 production and September 1992 launch. 1990 doesn't make sense, do you have a link?--Carmaker1 (talk) 22:15, 15 June 2019 (UTC)

 * It claims that the 520i touring went into production in September 1990, and confirms that it was launched at the 1991 IAA show. This would seem like a very long delay. Toasted Meter (talk) 02:27, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

According to RealOEM and various other portals into the BMW EPC (electronic parts catalog), Touring models were produced as early as 11/90 (520iT), 12/90 (525iT Euro market), 10/91 (US market 525iT). Additionally, on the general topic of gaps between production and launch, many US-market "1994" 530iT were produced between 3/93 and 5/93 (I've owned three of them, all 1994 on the title but with these early 1993 build dates), and according to the factory wiring diagrams, were produced as early as 2/92. BlackNBlue (talk) 10:35, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

 * A limitation with those sources is that they often include pre production cars made for internal testing and validation usually not on the production line and definitely not for sale. This is not the same as a model year not being the same as a production date.

 * I'm assuming you are from N.America. The N.American 1994 model year covers mid 1993 to mid 1994. The actual start/end dates vary by manufacturer, model and even per year - as long as the production run includes 1 Jan 1994. So it is likely that BMW choose March 1993 to March 1994 to cover the 1994 model year.  Stepho  talk 05:22, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Infobox
It is not Wikipedia standard for the automotive infobox, to not be allowed to include months+years and instead, in a separate section. Over 80% of Automotive articles with production sections included have months within them, but not the full date included as stated by. Three users having a discussion among themselves, does not exactly dictate how article inboxes are configured across Wikipedia, since it is not even listed here. A much deeper discussion, with a widespread panel of users and not just a few out of many, would be a more proper form of consensus being firmly established. A dispute resolution might end up needing to be opened, on the premise this is not even the standard across this site anyway and is being pushed. Carmaker1 (talk) 06:17, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Discussion is at Talk:BMW 5 Series (G30).  Stepho  talk 08:56, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:BMW 5 Series (E34)


text: Category:Israeli models

title: Category:Israeli models


text: Category talk:Football clubs in Greece

title: Category talk:Football clubs in Greece


text: Category:Regions of Tanzania

title: Category:Regions of Tanzania


text:
Kassala

Kassala (كسلا) is the capital of the state of Kassala in eastern Sudan. In 2002 its population was recorded to be 957,000. Built on the banks of the Gash River, it is a market town and is famous for its fruit gardens. Many of its inhabitants are from the Hadendawa sub-tribe of the Beja ethnic group.

The town was formerly a railroad hub, however, as of 2006 there was no operational railway station in Kassala and much of the track leading to and from the town has been salvaged or fallen into disrepair. Kassala's location along the main Khartoum-Port Sudan highway makes it an important trade center.

Neolithic
The ancient settlement of Mahal Teglinos flourished here during the Early Gash Group phase (ca. 2800–2500 BC). Egyptian jars dating from this period have been found here. At that time, the inhabitants at Mahal Teglinos were already trading with Egypt, Nubia, and the southern Arabian Peninsula.

Mahal Teglinos settlement continued after that, and also flourished during the late Gash Group phase (ca. 1900–1700 BC).

Modern
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the town was a key node in the west–east trade route, linking the coastal ports of Massawa and Suakin with the Sudan and farther west. The town was conquered by Ottoman soldiers of Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali in 1840 during his military offensive into Sudan. In 1885, Kassala was subsequently captured by the Mahdists. In 1894, after the Battle of Kassala the Italians captured the city from the Mahdists. In 1897, the Kingdom of Italy returned Kassala to the Kingdom of Egypt in order to get international recognition of the Italian colony of Eritrea. In 1899, Kassala fell under the purview of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan until Sudanese independence in 1956.

In July 1940, during the East African Campaign, Italian forces advancing from Italian East Africa forced the local British garrison to withdraw from Kassala. The Italians then occupied the city with brigade-sized units: on July 4, 1940 the Italians started their offensive with 2,500 men (and one brigade of cavalry) supported by 24 tanks, while to defend Kassala for Britain there were 1,300 colonial soldiers with their British officers who -after some initial heavy fighting- were easily defeated. The Italians later appointed as mayor of Kassala the future hero of Eritrean independence, Hamid Idris Awate. In mid-January 1941, the Italians withdrew from the city and a British garrison returned.

Climate
Kassala has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) characterized by high temperatures, low precipitation, and abundant sunshine. April through June marks the hottest period of the year, followed by the wet season from July through September, marked by higher humidity levels and intermittent rainfall. The rest of the year is very dry, with nearly no precipitation from November to March.

Current status
The Kassala region had a child mortality rate of 62 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2014, slightly higher than the national average of 52 child deaths per 1,000.

The Khatmiyya Mosque, built in 1840 by the Ottomans and damaged during the Mahdist War, is the city's most important cultural site. It is an important site for the Sufi Khatmiyya order.

Education
The city is home to Kassala University, a public university established in 1990 to replace the East University, and an important institution for development in the east of Sudan. Including Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education,Faculty of Economic and Administration, Faculty of Computer science and IT and more.

Notable people

 * Bushara Abdel-Nadief (footballer)
 * Aisha Musa Ahmad (singer)
 * Hassan Al-Turabi (politician)
 * Muhannad El Tahir (footballer)
 * Nizar Hamid (footballer)
 * Noor Uthman Muhammed

title: Kassala


text:
User:TrueGnu/Redirects

MÄori Wars

title: User:TrueGnu/Redirects


text:
Cedric Popkin

Cedric Bassett Popkin (20 June 1890 – 26 January 1968) was an Australian soldier considered most likely to have killed "The Red Baron" according to original research and forensics done by Dr M Geoffrey Miller “The death of Baron Manfred Richthofen: Who fired the fatal shot?” in 1998 (Journal and Proceedings of Military History Society of Australia). Popkin was an anti-aircraft (AA) machine gunner with the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) during the First World War.

Early life
Cedric Bassett Popkin was born in Sydney on 20 June 1890 and was a carpenter by trade. When he enlisted in the AIF, in Brisbane on 6 May 1916, he was living in Palmwoods, Queensland.

Entry into service
Popkin left Australia on 20 October with the 7th Machine Gun Company on HMAT Port Lincoln. By April 1918, Popkin – who had achieved the rank of Sergeant – was a gunner in the 24th Machine Gun Company (an element of the 4th Machine Gun Battalion) stationed in the Somme Valley, France.

Death of the Baron
At about 10:35 a.m. on 21 April, 1918, Richthofen, flying his red Fokker Dr.I, engaged Sopwith Camels from 209 Squadron, Royal Air Force (RAF). He pursued a Camel piloted by a Canadian, Lieutenant Wilfrid May. In turn the Baron was chased by another Canadian pilot, Captain Roy Brown. The three planes flew over Morlancourt Ridge, in the 4th Division's sector, and Popkin – using a Vickers machine gun – and other Australian machine gunners and riflemen also fired at Richthofen. The Baron was hit by a .303 calibre bullet which passed diagonally from right to left through his chest. He then made a hasty but controlled landing, in a field on a hill near the Bray-Corbie road, just north of Vaux-sur-Somme. One witness, Gunner George Ridgway, stated that when he and other Australian soldiers reached the plane, Richthofen was still alive but died moments later. Another eyewitness, Sergeant Ted Smout, reported that Richthofen's last word was "kaputt" ("finished") immediately before he died.

The RAF credited the "kill" to Brown, although it is now considered all but certain by historians, doctors, and ballistics experts that Richthofen was actually killed by an AA machine gunner firing from the ground. The identity of the person who shot the Baron remains uncertain; .303 ammunition was the standard ammunition for all machine guns and rifles used by British Empire forces during World War I. Many experts believe that the shot probably came from Popkin, though some believe that William John "Snowy" Evans may have been responsible. Unsolved History: Death of the Red Baron, 2002, Discovery Channel Autopsies revealed that the wound which killed the Baron was caused by a bullet moving in an upward motion. It was reported that a spent .303 bullet was found inside Richthofen's clothing. These facts, and the angle at which the bullet passed through Richthofen's body, suggest that he was killed by a long distance, low velocity shot from a ground-based weapon. Many Australian riflemen were also shooting at the Baron at the time, so one of them may have fired the fatal shot. However, Popkin was an experienced AA gunner, the volume of fire from the Vickers was far greater (at least 450 rounds per minute) than the bolt-action Lee–Enfield rifles (up to 30 rounds per minute) used by the infantry, and Popkin was the only machine gunner known to have fired at Richthofen from the right, and from a long distance, immediately before he landed.

Wounded in action
On 19 June 1918, Popkin received a shrapnel wound to his right leg, which was later amputated. He was invalided back to Australia on 5 January 1919, arriving on 7 March.

Later life
After being discharged from the army, Popkin worked once more as a carpenter. He spent most of the remainder of his life in Tweed Heads and the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales. In 1964, he told the Brisbane Courier-Mail: "I am fairly certain it was my fire which caused the Baron to crash, but it would be impossible to say definitely that I was responsible ... As to pinpointing without doubt the man who fired the fatal shot, the controversy will never actually be resolved." He died in Tweed Heads on 26 January 1968 at the age of 77. He is buried in the Mt. Thompson Memorial Gardens at Brisbane, Australia.

Planned memorials
A memorial to Popkin is being planned for the hinterland town of Palmwoods by the local Returned and Services League (RSL) sub-branch. Another one is being planned by residents of the village of Tyalgum, where he served as postmaster.

title: Cedric Popkin


text: User talk:70.146.147.155

title: User talk:70.146.147.155


text:
Al-Wahda

Wahda (وحدة) or Al-Wahda also Al-Wehda (الوحدة "the unity") may refer to:

 * Unity (state), a state of South Sudan
 * Al Wahda (newspaper), an Emirati daily
 * Al Wahda FC, a football club based in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
 * Al-Wahda SC (Oman), a football club based in Sur, Oman
 * Al-Wahda SC (Syria), a football and basketball club based in Damascus, Syria
 * Al Wahda (men's basketball), basketball club in Syria
 * Al-Wahda SC (Tripoli), a football club based in Tripoli, Libya
 * Al Wehda FC, a football club based in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
 * Al-Wehda SCC (Sanaa), a football club based in Sana'a, Yemen
 * Al-Wehda SC (Aden), a football club based in Aden, Yemen
 * Al-Wehdat SC, a football club based in Amman, Jordan

title: Al-Wahda