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The Coquette

The Coquette or, The History of Eliza Wharton is an epistolary novel by Hannah Webster Foster. It was published anonymously in 1797, and did not appear under the author's real name until 1856, 16 years after Foster's death. It was one of the best-selling novels of its time and was reprinted eight times between 1824 and 1828. A fictionalized account of the much-publicized death of a socially elite Connecticut woman after giving birth to a stillborn, illegitimate child at a roadside tavern, Foster's novel highlights the social conditions that lead to the downfall of an otherwise well-educated and socially adept woman.

List of characters

 * Eliza Wharton— the protagonist of the novel who, following the death of her fiancé is pursued by two men: Reverend J. Boyer and Major Peter Sanford. Her free spirit and lack of commitment to the male sex bestow her the term "coquette." Her coquettish nature eventually leads to her demise.
 * Rev. J. Boyer — the first of Eliza's suitors. He is a safe and modest man who wishes to have Eliza's hand in marriage, yet his predictable nature is not appealing enough. Ultimately, Eliza's lack of sincerity and commitment causes him to end his pursuit of her.
 * Major Peter Sanford — the second of Eliza's suitors. He is a womanizer who provides excitement for Eliza yet shows no signs of future commitment. However, he eventually marries another woman; this does not prevent Eliza from further continuing her relationship with him.
 * Lucy Freeman — Eliza's best friend, from whom she often seeks advice. Lucy's disapproval of Eliza's decisions is evident in her letters. During the novel, she gets married; thus, her name is changed to Lucy Sumner.
 * Charles Deighton-Sanford's primary confidant. Sanford expresses his thoughts in his letters to Charles.
 * Mr. T. Selby — Reverend Boyer's primary confidant. He expresses his blatant disapproval of Eliza in his responses.
 * Nancy Sanford— Major Peter Sanford's wife. Although not as attractive as Eliza, her wealth compensates. She is briefly mentioned in Major Sanford's letters.
 * Gen. and Mrs. Richman — Relatives of Eliza (Mrs. Richman is Eliza's cousin). The couple provides her with a place to stay upon the loss of her fiancé. While they truly look out for her best interests, their advice is often overlooked.
 * Julia Granby — a free-spirit and one of Eliza's closest friends. She comes to comfort Eliza during her time of despair.
 * Mrs. Wharton — Eliza's widowed mother. Coping with the loss of her husband, she is happy when Eliza returns home but distressed to see her in such a disdainful state.

Plot summary
The story is about Eliza Wharton, the daughter of a clergyman. At the beginning of the novel she has just been released from an unwanted marriage by the death of her betrothed, the Rev. Haly, also a clergyman, whom Eliza nursed during his final days in her own home. After this experience, she decides she wants friendship and independence. After a short period of time living with friends, she is courted by two men. One, Boyer, is a respected but rather boring clergyman, whom all of her friends and her mother recommend she accept in marriage. The other, Sanford, is an aristocratic libertine, who has no intention to marry but determines not to let another man have Eliza. Because of her indecision and her apparent preference for the libertine Sanford, Boyer eventually gives up on her, deciding that she will not make a suitable wife. Sanford also disappears from her life and marries another woman, Nancy, for her fortune. Eliza eventually decides that she really loved Boyer and wants him back. Unfortunately for Eliza, Boyer has already decided to marry Maria Selby, a relation of Boyer's friend. Sanford later reappears married, but is able to seduce the depressed Eliza. They have a hidden affair for some time until, overcome by guilt and unwilling to face her family and friends, Eliza arranges to escape from her home. Like the real-life Elizabeth Whitman, she dies due to childbirth complications and is buried by strangers. Mrs. Wharton (Eliza's mother) and all of Eliza's friends are deeply saddened by her death. Sanford, too, is devastated by her death. In a letter to his friend, Charles Deighton, he expresses his regret at his wretched behavior.

Genre and narrative form
Together, The Coquette and Charlotte Temple by Susanna Rowson (1791) have been called "the canonical representations of seduction novels by women".

Written in epistolary form, this novel allows the reader to directly engage with the events central to the plot by entering the minds of the characters. The letters serve as windows into the thoughts of the writers, creating an intimate connection. The reader also benefits from an unbiased perspective, since it is the culmination of different character's input that creates the story. The epistolary form is also an intriguing way to captivate an audience. Reading letters addressed to others has a feeling akin to eavesdropping; it exposes thoughts otherwise not publicly known.

Interpretation and criticism
The Coquette received a revival of critical attention during the late twentieth century. It is often praised for its intelligent portrayal of the contrast between individualism vs. social conformity and passion vs. reason. It has also been studied for its relationship to political ideologies of the early American republic and its portrayal of the emerging middle class.

Foster's tale has been read on the one hand as a "novel for providing a subversive message about the ways in which the lives of women even of the elite are subject to narrow cultural constraints" and, on the other hand, as an instructive novel that "comes down on the side of the ideology of Republican motherhood and the women's sphere, a sphere that celebrated those women who with appropriate sentiment and rationality accepted their "place" in the world. Foster's epistolary narrative allows for the development of multiple points of view and for a variety of readings. Rather than being presented as a one-sided coquette, the development of Eliza's character through her letter writing allows for a reading of Eliza as both "victim" and "transgressor" of society's norms.

Cathy N. Davidson argues that The Coquette is not merely a novel about the evils of sin and seduction, but rather "a remarkably detailed assessment of the marital possibilities facing late-eighteenth-century women of the middle or upper-middle classes." Davidson notes the centrality of Foster's novel in "countering received ideas on women's circumscribed power and authority," positioning The Coquette as "an important voice in the debate on women's role in the Republic." In her exploration of the early American novel, Davidson uses the contradictions between Foster's novel and the moral accounts of Elizabeth Whitman's death to explore the emergence of the early American sentimental novel:

Eliza Wharton sins and dies. Her death can convey the conservative moral that many critics of the time demanded. Yet the circumstances of that death seem designed to tease the reader into thought. It is in precisely these interstices—the distjunctions between the conventional and the radical readings of the plot – that the early American sentimental novel flourishes. It is in the irresolution of Eliza Wharton's dilemma that the novel, as a genre, differentiates itself from the tract stories of Elizabeth Whitman in which the novel is grounded and which it ultimately transcends.

In Redefining the Political Novel, Sharon M. Harris responds to Cathy Davidson's work by arguing that The Coquette can be understood as a political novel; she writes, "By recognizing and satirizing, first, the political systems that create women's social realisms and, second, the language used to convey those systems to the broader culture, Foster exposes the sexist bases of the new nation's political ideologies."

Countering Davidson and Harris, Thomas Joudrey has argued that the novel fortifies obedience to a patriarchal conception of marriage. In its sustained denigration of fancy and passion, The Coquette "deprives the imagined readers not merely of actualized resistance but also of the very mental capacities that perceive injury and formulate alternatives to their oppression."

One aspect of The Coquette that has garnered significant critical attention is the role of female friendship within the text. In Perfecting Friendship: Politics and Affiliation in Early American Literature, Ivy Schweitzer discusses the "affective failures" of Eliza Wharton's female friends and argues that while Eliza can be understood as "the champion of an inclusive, even feminist 'civic republicanism,'" her friends belong to "the female 'chorus' [that] presages the more rigid separation of the sexes and women's exile from the social to the domestic sphere ushered in by liberalism." Claire C. Pettengill reads female friendship within The Coquette in terms of sisterhood, which she argues "[involved] a kind of support network that helped a woman establish her identity in opposition to both social and parental authority in an era where both were increasingly challenged." At the same time, Pettengill insists that the "emotional-disciplinary circuit that reinforces sisterhood is not operating at full (theoretical) capacity." That is, even though Eliza discusses her life with her friends, they do not fully reciprocate; instead, they respond primarily by criticizing her actions and warning her against further wrongdoing. Pettengill ultimately arrives at the conclusion that "The novel's bifurcated view of sisterhood, then, reveals some of the ways in which the new nation's uneasiness over changing economic and social relations, in particular the tension between individual and group interests, spelled itself out in terms of the function of women."

Other critical studies of The Coquette include Dorothy Z. Baker's work, which argues that "Eliza's struggle to control her life begins with the struggle to control language, the language of society that dictates her identity and conscribes her life." Additionally, C. Leiren Mower makes the case that Eliza "reworks Lockean theories of labor and ownership as a means of authorizing proprietary control over her body's commerce in the social marketplace. Instead of accepting her social and legal status as another's personal property, Eliza publicly performs her dissent as visible evidence of the legitimacy of her proprietary claims."

In 1798, Foster published her second novel, The Boarding School, which was never reprinted and not nearly as popular as The Coquette.

Adaptations
A poem titled The Coquette, borrowing heavily from Webster Foster's work, was printed in 1798 in The Humming Bird, the first known magazine published by a woman editor in the United States.

title: The Coquette


text:
Coquette

Coquette may refer to:

 * Coquette aesthetic, a 2020s fashion trend that which focuses on femininity with sweet elements
 * The Coquette (film), a 1917 German silent comedy film
 * Coquette (film), an Academy Award-winning 1929 film starring Mary Pickford
 * Coqueta  (1949 film), a Mexican musical film
 * Coqueta (1983 film), a Mexican musical drama film
 * "Coquette" (song), 1928 song by Johnny Green, Carmen Lombardo, and Gus Kahn
 * "Coquette", 1928 song by Irving Berlin
 * Coquette Productions, the production company of Courteney Cox and David Arquette
 * The Coquette, a 1797 epistolary novel by Hannah Webster Foster
 * HMS Coquette, various ships of the British Royal Navy
 * Coquettes, several species of hummingbird in the genus Lophornis, and the Racket-tailed coquette in the genus Discosura

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Coquette


text:
Volney

Volney may refer to:

 * Comte de Volney or Constantin-François de Chassebœuf (1757–1820), French philosopher, historian, orientalist, and politician
 * Herbert Volney, a politician from Trinidad and Tobago
 * Volney, New York a town in Oswego County, New York, United States
 * Volney Prize, an award by the Institut de France

People with the given name

 * Volney E. Howard (1809–1889), American lawyer, statesman, and jurist
 * Volney Mathison, American experimenter in early biofeedback
 * Volney Peters (born 1928), American football player in the NFL
 * Volney Rogers (1846–1919), American lawyer
 * Volney Morgan Spalding (1849–1918), American botanist
 * Volney F. Warner (born 1926), retired United States Army four-star general

title: Volney


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Celtic Otherworld

In Celtic mythology, the Otherworld is the realm of the deities and possibly also the dead. In Gaelic and Brittonic myth it is usually a supernatural realm of everlasting youth, beauty, health, abundance and joy. It is described either as a parallel world that exists alongside our own, or as a heavenly land beyond the sea or under the earth. The Otherworld is usually elusive, but various mythical heroes visit it either through chance or after being invited by one of its residents. They often reach it by entering ancient burial mounds or caves, or by going under water or across the western sea. Sometimes, they suddenly find themselves in the Otherworld with the appearance of a magic mist, supernatural beings or unusual animals. An otherworldly woman may invite the hero into the Otherworld by offering an apple or a silver apple branch, or a ball of thread to follow as it unwinds.

The Otherworld is usually called Annwn in Welsh mythology and Avalon in Arthurian legend. In Irish mythology it has several names, including Tír na nÓg, Mag Mell (or Magh Meall = Plain of Honey) and Emain Ablach. Ynis Avalach is the original of Avalon. Emain Ablach is also Inis Abhlach (Place of Apples, Isle of Apples in Old Irish) In Irish myth there is also Tech Duinn, where the souls of the dead gather. Stories also mention the Land under waves (can be sea or grass) and the Land of the Big Women.

Irish mythology

In Irish mythology, the Otherworld has various names. Names of the Otherworld, or places within it, include Tír nAill ("the other land"), Tír Tairngire ("land of promise/promised land"), Tír na nÓg ("land of the young/land of youth"), Tír fo Thuinn ("land under the wave"), Tír na mBeo ("land of the living"), Mag Mell ("plain of delight"), Mag Findargat ("the white-silver plain"), Mag Argatnél ("the silver-cloud plain"), Mag Ildathach ("the multicoloured plain"), Mag Cíuin ("the gentle plain"), and Emain Ablach (possibly "isle of apples").

It is described as a supernatural realm where there is everlasting youth, beauty, health, abundance and joy, and where time moves differently. It is the dwelling place of the gods (the Tuatha Dé Danann) as well as certain heroes and ancestors. It was probably similar to the Elysium of Greek mythology and both may have a shared origin in ancient Proto-Indo-European religion. The Otherworld is elusive, but various mythical heroes—such as Cúchulainn, Fionn and Bran—visit it either through chance or after being invited by one of its residents. In Irish myth and later folklore, the festivals of Samhain and Beltane(Bealtaine) are liminal times, when contact with the Otherworld was more likely.

In the tales, the Otherworld is often reached by entering ancient burial mounds, such as those at Brú na Bóinne and Cnoc Meadha. These were known as sídhe ("Otherworld dwellings") and were the dwellings of the gods, later called the aos sí or daoine sí ("Otherworld folk"). Irish mythology says the gods retreated into the sídhe when the Gaels (Milesians) took Ireland from them. In some tales, the Otherworld is reached by going under the waters of pools, lakes, or the sea, or else by crossing the western sea. In Irish Immrama ("voyage") tales, a beautiful young Otherworld woman often approaches the hero and sings to him of this happy land. Sometimes she offers him an apple, or the promise of her love in exchange for his help in battle. He follows her, and they journey over the sea together and are seen no more. Their journey may be in a boat of glass, in a chariot, or on horseback (usually on a white horse, as in the case of the goddess Niamh of the Golden Hair).

Sometimes the hero returns after what he believes is a short time, only to find that all his companions are dead and he has actually been away for hundreds of years. Sometimes the hero sets out on a quest, and a magic mist descends upon him. He may find himself before an unusual palace and enter to find a warrior or a beautiful woman who makes him welcome. The woman may be the goddess Fand, the warrior may be Manannán mac Lir or Lugh, and after strange adventures the hero may return successfully. However, even when the mortal manages to return to his own time and place, he is forever changed by his contact with the Otherworld.

The Otherworld was also seen as a source of authority. In the tale Baile in Scáil ("the phantom's ecstatic vision"), Conn of the Hundred Battles visits an Otherworld hall, where the god Lugh legitimizes his kingship and that of his successors.

In Irish myth there is another otherworldly realm called Tech Duinn ("House of Donn" or "House of the Dark One"). It was believed that the souls of the dead travelled to Tech Duinn; perhaps to remain there forever, or perhaps before reaching their final destination in the Otherworld, or before being reincarnated. Donn is portrayed as a god of the dead and ancestor of the Gaels. Tech Duinn is commonly identified with Bull Rock, an islet off the west coast of Ireland which resembles a portal tomb. In Ireland there was a belief that the souls of the dead departed westwards over the sea with the setting sun, westward also being the direction in which the phantom island anglicised as Hy-Brasil was purported to be found.

Welsh mythology
In Welsh mythology, the Otherworld is usually called Annwn or Annwfn. The Welsh tale of Branwen, daughter of Llyr ends with the survivors of the great battle feasting in the Otherworld, in the presence of the severed head of Bran the Blessed, having forgotten all their suffering and sorrow, and having become unaware of the passage of time. Annwn is ruled by the Otherworld kings Arawn and Gwyn ap Nudd.

In the First Branch of the Welsh tales known as the Mabinogi, entitled Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed, the eponymous prince offends Arawn, ruler of Annwn, by baiting his hunting hounds on a stag that Arawn's dogs had brought down. In recompense, Pwyll swaps places with Arawn for a year and defeats Arawn's enemy Hafgan. Meanwhile, Arawn rules Dyfed. During this year, Pwyll does not sleep with Arawn's wife, earning himself gratitude from Arawn. On his return, Pwyll becomes known by the title Pen Annwn, "Head (or Ruler) of Annwn".

Continental Celtic mythology
The Gauls divided the universe into three parts: Albios ("heaven, white-world, upper-world"), Bitu ("world of the living beings"), and Dubnos ("hell, lower-world, black-world"). ; ; According to Lucan, the Gaulish druids believed that the soul went to an Otherworld, which he calls by the Latin name Orbis alius, before being reincarnated.

Greco-Roman geographers tell us about Celtic belief in islands consecrated to gods and heroes. Among them were Anglesey (Môn), off the north coast of Wales, which was the sacred isle of the druids of Britain; the Scilly isles, where archaeological remains of proto-historical temples have been found; and some of the Hebrides, which were, in the Gaelic tradition, home to ghosts and demons: on one of them, Skye, the Irish hero Cúchulainn was taught by the warrior woman Scathach.

Byzantine scholar Procopius of Caesarea described the Otherworld of the ancient Gauls. He said it was thought that the land of the dead lay west of Great Britain. The Continental Celtic myths told that once the souls of the dead had left their bodies, they traveled to the northwest coast of Gaul and took a boat toward Britain. When they crossed the Channel, the souls went to the homes of the fishermen, and knocked desperately at their doors. The fishermen then went out of their houses and led the souls to their destination in ghostly ships.

There are still remains of those beliefs in the folklore of Brittany, where the name Bag an Noz is used to denote those ships who carry the dead to their goal: Anatole Le Braz describes in his book La légende de la mort chez les Bretons armoricains the existence of souls' processions which make their way toward coastal places like Laoual, to start their last travel from there.

In Asturian mythology, there are many stories which describe human encounters with xanas, fairies which are dancing around a chief fairy, the Xana Mega, or the "Queen of Fairies", known as xacias in Galicia. The castro of Altamira is said to hide an enormous underground realm which is ruled by a royal couple, and whose entrance is found some place on the hill.

Adaptation in Fiction
Modern authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, and Jim Butcher have all drawn inspiration from various aspects of the Celtic Otherworld. In Tolkien's "The Hobbit," the inspiration is seen when the narrative ventures into the otherworldly elven realm of the Mirkwood. In Lewis's "The Chronicles of Narnia," there exists a magical land called Narnia populated by magical beings, talking animals, and other supernatural elements. In Butcher's "The Dresden Files," most supernatural beings come from another plane of existence called the "Nevernever," including the Sidhe (inspired by the Aos Sí) and Tuatha Dé Danann.

title: Celtic Otherworld


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Sonbhadra district

Sonbhadra (also known as Sonebhadra) or Sonanchal is the second largest district by area of Uttar Pradesh after Lakhimpur Kheri. The district headquarters is in the town of Robertsganj. Sonbhadra is also known as the "Energy Capital of India" for hosting multiple power plants.

Sonbhadra lies between Vindhya and Kaimur hills, and its topology and natural environment prompted the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru to refer to Sonbhadra as the "Switzerland of India".

In 2018 Uttar Pradesh's chief minister Yogi Adityanath recognised Sonbhadra as a tourist hub in Purvanchal region and further promoted by Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department.

In February 2020, a Press Trust of India (PTI) news report incorrectly claimed that the Geological Survey of India (GSI) had found 3,000 tonne of gold deposits in Sonbhadra district. PTI later stated on Twitter that the GSI had told PTI that there had been no such discovery of large gold deposits in the district.

History
The Valley of Son and Belan Rivers abounds in caves which were the earliest dwellings of the primeval inhabitants. This area had been the centre of activities of pre-historic humans which is evident from the rock paintings (pre-historic cave art) found in abundance in this region. These paintings are of the periods ranging from Mesolithic to Paleolithic ages. Sonbhadra, whose ancient name was Gramputra or Gupt Kashi, was built by the ancient king Putrak for his queen Paatali. It is said that 'Bhars' had settlements along with Chero, Searis and Kharwar communities in the district up to fifth century there was the rule of Chandel Rajput kings on Vijaygarh Fort. This district was famous as second Kashi during 11th to 13th centuries. In the 9th century B.C., the Brahmadutt dynasty was subdivided by Nagas. Kushan and Nagas also held supremacy over this region before the advent of the Gupta period. After the death of Harshvardhan in the latter half of the 7th century, it remained under the control of the Gurjara-Pratihars till 1025 before they were driven out by Mahmud of Ghazni. This area was under the administration of various Governors of Mughal emperors. Some of the forts such as Agori Fort were under the control of Madan Shah.

During the 18th century, the district came under the control of the Benvanshi rulers of Singrauli, who built or occupied several fortresses in the district. In the decade after 1775, the British took over administrative control of most of the territory of the Maharajas of Singrauli. The British district of Mirzapur included present-day Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts, with all of present-day Sonbhadra district included in Robertsganj tehsil. On 4 March 1989, Sonbhadra district was divided from Mirzapur district.

The forts located in the district

 * Agori Fort
 * Vijaygarh Fort
 * Sodhrigarh Durg

The heroine of Famous Novel Chandrakanta written by Devaki Nandan Khatri was the princess of Vijaygarh and the daughter of king Jay Singh.

History of kingdoms in the region
Agori Barhar was an impartible estate. It originally comprised parts of the present districts of Sonbhadra and part of Mirzapur district. It was divided into two parganas of Agori and Barhar. Chandel Rajput Raja Paramardideva of Mahoba, ancestor of the family and contemporary of Raja Prithviraj III of Delhi, who attacked Mahoba as the Raja was the ally of Raja Jaichand of Kannauj, and occupied it for a time. Raja Paramardi Deva fled for his life with his friends and family, and though Mahoba was re-occupied by the Raja with the help of Jaichand of Kannauj, the glory of the capital never returned. During this time one of the sons of Raja Paramardi Deva, called Ashajit, fled eastwards in the turmoil that followed. His sons or grand sons called Barimal and Bharimal, captured Agori from the Kaharwar Raja and made themselves the independent rulers of Agori and Barhar. The elder brother Barimal took the kingdom of Agori and Barhar, and the younger brother Bharimal became the ruler of Bardi state ruled by Chandel -Rajput.

Another jagirdari in sonbhadra in Vijaygarh.it was also ruled by Chandel Dynasty after that by Narayan dynasty.

All of these erstwhile kingdoms were defeated by the Kingdom of Singrauli in the 9th century by Maharaja Kot Rai Singh and were made as feudatories of the main ruler. The Kingdom extended from Singrauli to Sasaram in Bihar (includes Sonebhadra).

Geography
The district lies in the extreme south-east of the state, and is bounded by Mirzapur district to the northwest, Chandauli district to the north, Kaimur and Rohtas districts of Bihar state to the north-east, Garhwa district of Jharkhand state to the east, Balrampur District of Chhattisgarh state to the south, and Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh state to the west. The northern part of the district lies on a plateau of the Vindhya Range, and is drained by tributaries of the Ganges including the Belan and Karmanasha rivers. South of the steep escarpment of the Kaimur Range is the valley of the Son River, which flows through the district from west to east. The southern portion of the district is hilly, interspersed with fertile stream valleys. The Rihand River, which rises to the south in the highlands of Surguja district of Chhattisgarh, flows north to join the Son in the center of the district. The Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar, a reservoir on the Rihand, lies partly in the district and partly in Madhya Pradesh. East of the Rihand, the Kanhar River, which originates in Chhattisgarh, flows north to join the Son.

The district has historic, cultural, and ecological affinities with the Bagelkhand region. Robertsganj is the district headquarters.

Climate
Sonbhadra has a relatively subtropical climate with high variation between summer and winter temperatures. The average temperature is 30 to 46 °C in the summer and 2 to 15 °C in the winter. The weather is pleasant in rainy season from July to October.

Ecology
The portion of the district north of the Son River lies in the Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests ecoregion. The portion south of the Son lies in the Chhota Nagpur dry deciduous forests ecoregion.

Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary lies mostly within the district, reaching generally east and west along the spine of the Kaimur Range, and extending to the Son River at its eastern end.

Economy
The district has many electrical power stations around Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar. NTPC has two coal-based thermal power plants, being Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station at Shaktinagar and Rihand Thermal Power Station at Rihand Nagar. Other power stations are at Anpara (UPRVUNL), Obra (UPRVUNL), Renusagar (Hindalco) and Pipri-Hydro (UPRVUNL). Northern Coalfields (a branch of Coal India Limited) has its headquarters and many coal mines in this region.

Hindalco has a major aluminium plant at Renukut. Owing to the limestone hills, initially one cement factory was established at Churk in 1956. Another cement factory started at Dala in 1971, with an ancillary unit at Chunar from 1980. A big dam constructed at Pipri in 1961 is named Rihand Dam; a small dam was constructed at Obra in 1968.

The Birla group set up an aluminum plant at Renukut. The company set up its own power plant at Renusagar in 1967 and started a company in Renukut called HiTech Carbon. Another industrial group initiated a company in Renukut named Grasim Industries Limited, which produces chemicals and later it started own power plant at Renukut in 1998.

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Sonbhadra as one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Historical places

 * Vijaygarh Fort
 * Agori Fort
 * Veer Lorik Patthar
 * Cave Paintings of Son and Belan Valley, Sonbhadra

Nature

 * Salkhan Fossil Park
 * Mukkha Fall
 * Son View Point, Robertsganj
 * Rihand Dam
 * Dhanraul Dam
 * Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary

Temples

 * Shivdwar
 * Renukeshwar Mahadev Temple
 * Vandevi Temple
 * Jwaladevi Temple, Shaktinagar
 * Maa Vaishnav Shaktipeeth Dalla
 * ambedkar park

By air

 * Muirpur Airport at Muirpur, an operational airstrip and proposed airport, currently used by chartered and private planes near Renukut
 * Varanasi International Airport in Varanasi. Flights are available to all major Indian cities including Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Agra, Bangalore, Chennai, Patna, Khajuraho, Hyderabad, Gaya, etc. International connections are Bangkok, Colombo, Hong Kong and Kathmandu from Varanasi International Airport.

By train

 * Mirzapur Railway Station
 * Sonbhadra Railway Station
 * Chopan Railway station
 * Obra Railway station
 * Renukoot Railway station near Rihand Dam
 * Anpara Railway station
 * Singrauli Railway station (in Madhya Pradesh)
 * Shaktinagar Railway station
 * Varanasi Railway station
 * Dudhi Railway station

The city is connected by rail to Delhi, Allahabad, Ranchi and Patna. Some notable trains passing through the district are Muri express (Jammu Tawi - Delhi - Tata Nagar), Jharkhand Swarna Jayanti Express/12873(Hatia - Kanpur - Delhi), Triveni Express (Bareilly - Lucknow - Shaktinagar/Singrauli/barwadih) Bhopal Express (Bhopal-Howrah) weekly and Shaktipunj Express/11448(Howrah-Bokaro - Chopan- Jabalpur). Intercity Express/03346 (Singrauli- Chopan-Varanasi).

By road
Robertsganj, the headquarters of Sonbhadra, is located about 88 km from the city of Varanasi which has the nearest airport. Robertsganj is well connected to Lucknow, Allahabad, Varanasi, Mirzapur, Gorakhpur, Faizabad, Ambikapur Sasaram & Garhwa by road. Buses are available at all hours of the day from Varanasi and it normally takes hours to cover the distance. The highway connecting Varanasi and Waidhan passes through the district. Though this is not a national highway it is a very busy road because of the towns Dalla, Renukot, Anpara, Shaktinagar which are sufficiently commercialized areas. National Thermal Power corporation is in Shaktinagar and also Northern Coalfields limited (a subsidiary company of Coal India Ltd) has different projects like Singrauli, Khadia, Jayant, Dudhichua, amlori, Kakri etc. These areas have several major coal mines which cater a big part of the coal need of the state. Churk a nearby town is situated around 10 km, where Jaypee Group is establishing a thermal power project. One of the main reasons this road is always busy is due to daily transport of around 1000 trucks of grits and sand.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Sonbhadra district has a population of 1,862,559, of which male and female were 971,344 and 891,215 respectively. roughly equal to the nation of Kosovo or the US state of West Virginia. This gives it a ranking of 254th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 270 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 27.27%. 16.88% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 22.64% and 20.67% of the population respectively.

Sex ratio and child population
Sonbhadra has a sex ratio of 996 females for every 1000 males. In census enumeration, data regarding child undeg age six were also collected for districts Sonbhadra. There were total 323,092 children under age six against 302,834 of 2001 census. Of total 323,092 male and female were 167,870 and 155,222 respectively. Child sex ratio as per census 2011 was 925 compared to 956 of census 2001. In 2011, children under age six formed 17.35 percent of Sonbhadra District compared to 20.69 percent of 2001. There was net change of -3.34 percent in this compared to previous census.

Literacy rate
literacy rate of 64%. Male and female literacy were 74.92% and 52.14% respectively. Total literate in Sonbhadra District were 985,708 of which male and female were 601,988 and 383,720 respectively.

Language
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 83.91% of the population in the district spoke Hindi and 14.57% spoke Bhojpuri as their first language. Around 5,000 people in the district speak Gondi and 1,800 Kurukh, both tribal languages.

Sonbhadra District urban population
Out of the total Sonbhadra population for 2011 census, 16.88 percent lives in urban regions of district. In total 314,342 people lives in urban areas of which males are 167,999 and females are 146,343. Sex Ratio in urban region of Sonbhadra district is 871 as per 2011 census data. Similarly child sex ratio in Sonbhadra district was 868 in 2011 census. Child population (0-6) in urban region was 38,169 of which males and females were 20,434 and 17,735. This child population figure of Sonbhadra district is 12.16% of total urban population.there are 11.7% urban people belong to scheduled casts and 3.2% urban people belong to scheduled tribes.

Average literacy rate in Sonbhadra Urban as per census 2011 is 84.31% of which males and females are 90.73% and 76.93% literates respectively.

Notable people
Politicians Artists
 * Ram Shakal
 * Lalchandra
 * Bhai Lal
 * Chhotelal
 * Pakaudi Lal Kol
 * Vivek Mushran Bollywood actor
 * Srikant Dwivedi Mr. India 2017, Bollywood actor
 * Anurag Kashyap Film director
 * Abhinav Kashyap Film director
 * Saumya Mishra Indian Idol season 9 contestant (Singer)
 * Vartika Jha Dancer, Choreographer and Actress, second runner up of Dance Plus (season 4)
 * Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri Indian Sanskrit Scholar,The Government of India awarded civilian award Padma Shri (Literature & Education) in 2019

title: Sonbhadra district


text:
Talk:Transhumanism/Archive 1

Unabomber
The Unabomber's manifesto was pretty clear - he didn't advance any doctrine, just opposed one. And most people consider Good Old Ted a "terrorist" not an ordinary "murderer".

It's most neutral to just say he was "convicted of" what he was convicted of, and to call him The Unabomber. The paragraph as it stands now is quite neutral and elegant I think. Thanks.

Joy, de Garis, gnosticism, soul, spiritualist
The arguments of Joy and De Garis are interesting - the analysis parallels but the solution does not. De Garis seems to think a billion dead humans in a struggle to achieve transhuman status for some post-humans is "worth it"... a good demonstration of the completely insane amoral stances of the idiots who preach this crap.

 * Personally, I think the first thing AI will do is train Unabombers to kill AI researchers... that the entire program is suicidal by definition, body-hating, and a great way to say "humans suck, extinct us please". No need for Unabombers to volunteer, they'll be zombied into the job by AI-generated-advertising-believing television junkies and video gamers.    - 24

 * I'm not at all familiar with transhumanism, but the above description has some interesting parallels with some forms of early gnosticism, which also believed that our human bodies were evil, but our souls were good, or would be if they could ever get rid of their pesky bodies. The search for a way to transfer a human mind or consciousness into a machine or computer seems very similar on the surface, just without the 'mysticism' of a spiritual afterlife for the soul. Wesley 21:58 Sep 23, 2002 (UTC)

 * A transhumanist, though, would see nothing inherently "pure" about the present state of the "soul" either; after uploading oneself into a computer-mind, the first thing a transhuman would do is continue upgrading--more memory, faster processing, more senses, more connections with other uploads. And perhaps even mechanical "body" parts to help exercise one's will in the rest of the universe. Indeed, it is an explicit goal of many to transform as much of the universe's matter as possible into computronium on which to run ourselves.  --LDC

 * Oh, I don't know about that. I consider myself transhumanist. I'm also a spiritualist. I don't think any arrangement of data, or any special algorithm, will mystically result in awareness. And yes, I do "experience" "awareness". The transhumanism comes in at the part where I think we're going to make new bodies and brains for ourselves, regardless of whether mechanical or organic. At any rate: I'm getting ready to slap on a big "Not NPOV" on the page... There's nothing in Transhumanism that says you can't be a spiritualist. If the transhumanists reject the possibility, then there will be schizm. We'll have to have something called "Spiritualist Transhumanism," or something like that. -- Lion Kimbro

Hugo de Garis is not a transhumanist. The fact that he advocates the deliberate creation of AI that will wipe out the human race should be a dead giveaway (note the word "human" in "transhumanist"). As far as non-moral opinions go, de Garis's views are similar to that of many transhumanists, yes, but he shares none of the moral philosophy.

Many of the statements regarding de Garis's opinions previously appearing in the criticisms section here are simply wrong. Everything that I have read of his regarding his "gigadeath war" indicates that it is a battle between those supporting the creation of superintelligent "artilects" (artificial intellects; he loves neologisms) and those opposed to such creation. His comments should not be generalized to the transhumanist movement as a whole. Googling his personal website, I find virtually no mention of transhumanism.

If there are no objections, I'm going to remove de Garis from this section, as he is neither a transhumanist nor a vocal critic of the transhumanist movement. His opinions regarding the future of AI are somewhat relevant to transhumanism (although more so to the Singularity) and can be included elsewhere in the article perhaps. If anyone can provide quotations where he actually claims to be a transhumanist, or specifically criticises tranhumanism, then by all means insert them in the article, but I don't think such things exist. -- Schaefer 08:55, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Deleted material
'''[It] is typical of transhumanists that they define victory as inevitable, much as Marxists did. This, as the anti-futurist Max Dublin noted, seems to provide a certain fanaticism and nihilism useful in advancing such causes.''' -- Cut for NPOV violation

Cyborg
Cyborg links to here in a ""see "" Is  Cybrog an intermediary stage of  evolution that should be mentioned in this article. Two16 09:56 Jan 12, 2003 (UTC)

 * The term 'Cyborg' has a lot of negative baggage associated with it and due to the fact that no such technology currently exists, it might be discussed as either future technology or one which will exist in the near future.

Critics section needs expansion
Can anyone expand the section on the critics of "transhumanism"? This article does seem a bit lopsided. Even the section on critics seems a bit skewed, almost implying that the main people who oppose "transhumanism" are Luddites, granola/hippie types, or irrational extremists that would use violence to "save" their humanity. I'm sure there's alot of moderate, intelligent people who have problems with the directions technology is taking.

 * Critics of transhumanism see a very Borg-like outcome of evil and oppression. They belive the vast majority of humanity will be worse-off due to the selfish nature of those who have the means to immortality, and the high cost (at least initially) of saving your life.207.112.31.5 04:10, 27 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * See also: http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html

 * I think it's fair to mention that some people would take a critical stance with respect to transhumanism not on a "Borg-like outcome" but by taking the stance that both the "utopian" and "distopian" perspectives posit a future that may not be implementable. A skeptical standpoint to transhumanism would suggest that current research into the physical limits of computation will radically slow progress towards these imagined futures in the next several decades.  A perspective from a lit-crit point of view might take transhumanism as general template of mythology through technological speculation, leading to a perspective on transhumanism as more of a literary, speculatively philosophical, and artistic movement rather than as a genuine body of implementers of the future. - Caoch93 23:30, August 08 2004 (EST)

Cosmotheism
That F-head "David Gerard" is editing and deleting relevant links again!

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Transhumanism&action=history

He obviously does not know anything about subjects and topics that he reverts, whatsoever!

euvolution.com

For example, do a search on Google on "Prometheism" and you will see that links are made to cosmotheism and to many other "Transhumanist" websites!

Best regards,

Paul Vogel

 * Paul, just because you're interested in a topic doesn't mean it must be linkable to cosmotheism. - David Gerard 21:38, Mar 26, 2004 (UTC)

David, just because you don't like an idea or concept, ie. Cosmotheism or Prometheism, doesn't mean that it isn't actually relevant to the topic at hand, in this case "Trans-Humanism".

 * Seriously. If it is really relevant, add a link to "See also" with a description of why the two are related.  Don't just add seemingly irrelevant links with no explanation. - Omegatron 21:55, Mar 26, 2004 (UTC)

Seriously, it is quite self-evident why they are related, if either one of you had actually ever bothered to actually understand the links above and the actual topics that are actually involved with "Trans-Humanism", in the first place! LOL! :D

See also:

euvolution.com

'''(cur) (last). . 22:23, 26 Mar 2004. . David Gerard (rv cosmotheist spam (come to the talk page rather than just spamming))'''

Maybe this lying hypocrite, David Gerard, doesn't really know what "spam" and "spamming" is, verses any relevant links related to "Trans-Humanism" and should take his own advice about reading and taking things first to the "Talk-page" before "reverting and editing" what clearly and what obviously is NOT SPAM or SPAMMING!

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Transhumanism&action=history

Best regards,

Paul Vogel

 * euvolution.com is Vogel's own site. He's just spamming here. - David Gerard 16:30, Mar 29, 2004 (UTC)

It is not my site, whatsoever.

I am linking to euvolution.com because it is a Trans-Humanist website.

This is an article on "Trans-Humanism" is it not?

 * can you prove it? (not that it would surprise me...) - Omegatron

David Gerard can't prove it, because it isn't "my site", whatsoever.

 * euvolution.com includes a cosmotheism.net link on the front page.

So what?

Cosmotheism.com is actually related to euvolution.com only because Cosmotheists also do believe in Eugenics, and in "Trans-Humanism", thereby.

 * Do a whois on each domain. On euvolution.com:
 * Mark Harris: info@1st-amendment.net
 * Consulting
 * PO Box 20214
 * Charleston, WV 25362
 * US

 * On cosmotheism.net, which "Paul Vogel" signs his articles with:
 * William Muller webmaster@cosmotheism.net
 * Consulting
 * PO Box 20214
 * Charleston, WV 25362
 * US

 * Both served by NS.1ST-AMENDMENT.NET. 1st-amendment.net's whois also lists Mark Harris.

So what?

That is actually just the mailing address of the "web-hosting service", only, you idiot!

I promote the site in my signature, only because I am a true Cosmotheist, or Classical Pantheist, myself.

 * euvolution.com and cosmotheism.net are, if not the same thing, pretty damn closely linked. - David Gerard 17:57, Mar 29, 2004 (UTC)

Duh!

These two sites both use the same ISP "hosting service", 1st Amendment.net and they both are "Trans-Humanist" websites, which is why I had actually linked to them both within the "Trans-Humanist" article here.

No real mystery there!

I don't know if it is Vogel's own site, but it has neo-Nazi links, and really has nothing to do with Huxley's concept. Slrubenstein

Which Huxley? Not this one!

http://www.yalereviewofbooks.com/archive/summer03/review19.shtml.htm

Neither one of you has any clue, and you are reverting relevant links within the article out of POV political bias, only!

I don't have any websites, but, I do link to any websites that are quite relevant to any articles of interest to me, here and to my own Cosmotheist/Classical Pantheist beliefs/philosophy.

Best regards,

Paul Vogel

 * "Which Huxley? Not this one!

 * http://www.yalereviewofbooks.com/archive/summer03/review19.shtml.htm"

 * Correct. Not that one.  Transhumanism was coined by Julian Huxley, not his brother, Aldous.

Perhaps so, but, I am quite sure that both brothers agreed when it came to eugenics and to darwinian evolution and to conscious evolution, all of which are related to "Trans-Humanism". :D

Stop adding links with no explanation. They will keep getting reverted until you can come up with a convincing explanation (so far you can't) or a compromise (links at the bottom of the article to "similar concepts", with a GOOD explanation.

Those links require "no GOOD explaination", as it is really quite obvious that they are quite "similar concepts".

if the connection is so obvious, why can't anyone see it?

You few seem to be the only "bone-heads" just "too thick" to see what what is actually quite obvious about the connection.

you'll have to explain it to us stupid people.) Who's going to see them, anyway?  It's not worth your time. - Omegatron

I don't have to "explain the connection" to you "stupid people", whatsoever. Those that can read and understand what "Trans-Humanism" is and means will clearly understand it and will appreciate the links, whether you can and will or not.

The truth is always "worth my time", as is my always maintaining and upholding only the Wiki NPOV.

Best regards,

Paul Vogel

'''(cur) (last). . m 13:48, 30 Mar 2004. . Omegatron (if you're going to vandalize the page at least stop screwing up the formatting)'''

Adding relevant links is NOT VANDALISM, NOR SPAM, and the formatting itself maybe wouldn't get so screwed up without all of your own biased POV reverts, David Gerard, in the first place! What F-heads!

Transhumanist spirituality and cosmotheism dispute
Until a survey on the religious beliefs of transhumanists is held, the mention of religions besides Buddhism in the article will reflect nothing more than personal preferences and therefore should not be included. Loremaster 21:50, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Hardly. Buddhism originally stems from Hinduism which also stems from the earlier Vedas, which is just ancient Aryan cosmotheism. 66.2.156.69

 * This is a gross and biased oversimplication but even if it was accurate the issue is the number of transhumanists who knowingly and openly consider themselves "cosmotheists." If the number is insignificant, it is not worth mentioning in this article. Since the majority of transhumanists are atheists, agnostics and/or secular humanists, the pratice of religion by some transhumanists is not of great importance. To avoid a dispute, I am editing out the specific names of religions in this article until a survey on the religious beliefs of transhumanists is held. Loremaster 04:54, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I've removed "Cosmotheism" from the Related Articles section of the article to avoid a dispute and will keep doing so along as necessary. Loremaster 22:33, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Cosmotheism... this is a form of transhumanism, by all basic definitions. why exactly are you removing it? Sam Spade 04:34, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * They are only always removing it, Sam, and for all of the same reasons that I have so often repeated as to be redundant.-PV

 * It really isn't though and your trolling on behalf of Vogel, I suggest waiting for the AC's ruling before continuing on this course. Stop trying to promote this agenda-the eugenics link more than suffices. Cosmotheism as a religion or philosophy is not relevant to transhumanism in any real way despite your created misinterpretation of it.GrazingshipIV 05:16, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * "Social-Marxist" Political correctness and its dogmatism and AGENDA and this POV CENSORSHIP by this ilk has NOTHING to do with Transhumanism but Cosmotheism most certainly does have very much to do with it, and also cosmotheism.net has many links to many Transhumanist websites! prometheism.net for one example and transtopia.org for just another example -PV

 * To Vogel and Spade: This dispute has nothing to do with "social-marxist" political correctness, dogmatism, an agenda or POV censorship. The issue is one of accuracy. Strictly speaking, cosmotheism is a form of classical pantheism that identifies God with the cosmos, that is, with the universe as a unified whole. Transhumanism is a form of modern humanism that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally improving the human condition through applied reason, especially by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. According to these basic definitions that we all accept, the two concepts are obviously NOT related. The fact that a few fringe theorists have decided to synthesize cosmotheism and transhumanism into one new ideology (prometheism? transtopianism?) due to some vague similarities or radical reinterpretation and that these people have websites which display both cosmotheist and transhumanist essays and links does NOT prove that cosmotheism and transhumanism are related except in their imagination. Period. As I said before, I have removed the mention of "cosmotheism" from the Article and will keep doing so every single day if necessary... unless a moderator orders me otherwise. Loremaster 18:59, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Marxism and nihilism in critics section
JRR Trollkien, unless you provide some clarification, I have and will continue to edit out the mention of "Marxists" and "nihilism" in the Critics and Opponents of Transhumanism section of the article because they render the statements, which they were part of, biased and inaccurate. Loremaster 23:43, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * EuroTom has provided the proper clarification surrounding this issue with his edits. Loremaster 01:18, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

Narrow concept of transhumanism
This article (especially the intro) is disappointing even if it does reflect the concept of transhumanism held by most of those who identify themselves as transhumanists. A narrow concept of transhumanism dominates the article. As a Mormon, I would consider myself a sort of transhumanist given Mormonism's doctrine of deification. That sort of religious-transhumanism (transcending the human state, mortality and its frailities and becoming like God through resurrection and exaltation) is much different than the narrow sort of transhumanism described in this article with its predeliction for cyborg type progress as if a CPU could ever be more advanced than the brain, etc. It is ironic that most transhumanists would likely accept the idea that eventually mankind's technological ability will allow them to be at least like demi-gods, but seem to overlook the possibility that such a society already exists in the cosmos and would seem as gods to our society. Secular transhumanists embrace the transhumanist ideas in movies like Powder or Godsend, but overlook the possibility that mankind's possibilities to progress may be not merely or only an evolutionary gift. In a sense, this is the transhumanism that Mormonism recognizes: that there is already a godly society, that we are their offspring and we are to progress beyond our mortal, human state to become like them. —B|Talk 00:49, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * B, perhaps you could write about "Mormon transhumanism" in the Christian transhumanism article. Loremaster 01:39, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I missed the link in the article. I take back my comments above then with the proviso that perhaps Christian transhumanism deserves a little more attention in the article than a mere link.  —B|Talk 01:56, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Might want to fit in a quick paragraph with a "Main article: " link underneath it, as is done in the country articles; see United States, for example. grendel|khan 21:47, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)

Secular Humanism mention in intro
I've changed the intro from:

 * The vast majority of this article relates exclusively to modern, secular humanist transhumanism.

to

 * The vast majority of this article relates exclusively to modern, secular transhumanism.

Secular transhumanists do not necessarily share humanist doctrine outside of rejecting supernaturalism; in particular, secular humanism emphasizes democracy while transhumanists of a libertarian bent may reject it.

- Korpios 19:10, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * You are right of course, its a subtlety I missed due to the similarity of the two terms, and transhumanism containing humanism. Would you mind weighing in on the attempt to exclude the racialist/eugenics perspective? I guarantee that anyone who impartially reviews those links (just above) will realize that however disturbing or fringe, Cosmotheism obviously is a form of transhumanism. In my experience it’s unwise to exclude alternate viewpoints (even disturbing ones), something about NPOV... Sam [Spade] 01:09, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * From transhumanism.org

 * World Transhumanist Association Statement on Racialism

 * Any and all doctrines of racial or ethnic supremacy/inferiority are incompatible with the fundamental tolerance and humanist roots of transhumanism. Organizations advocating such doctrines or beliefs are not transhumanist, and are unwelcome as affiliates of the WTA.
 * Loremaster 15:06, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The fact that you think World Transhumanist Association has the final say on this subject is a large part of why the article is currently disputed. NPOV means the inclusion of a variety of viewpoints, not only one. Sam [Spade] 19:48, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I never said and do not think the WTA has a final say. I was simply presenting the viewpoint of one of the leading transhumanist organizations. I can provide more from every single one that exists. But regardless of what all these legitimate groups think, the fact is that "eugenical comostheism" is incompatible with the fundamental tolerance and humanist roots of transhumanism. Loremaster 20:32, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * You bias is so profound that you are missing the obvious: tolerance and humanism are the roots of the WTA, and other forms of transhumanism which you yourself prefer. Eugenics, Racial hygiene, and Nazi theology are the roots of the Transhumanists of transtopia.org. Your attempt to exclude their POV is a violation of the NPOV policy. Sam [Spade] 20:37, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * You are wrong. Transhumanism was conceptualized by authoritative thinkers who defined it as a futurist extention of secular humanism. The fact that some fringe elements then decided to call themselves transhumanists despite the reality that their anti-humanistic and pseudo-scientific views are incompatible with transhumanism doesn't change the original definition of the paradigm. In other words, should fascism be discussed in the Liberal Democracy article as being a legitimate form of liberal democracy if a Russian fascist dictator were to rise to power by calling himself a "liberal democrat" for propaganda purposes? I think not. Loremaster 18:22, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Your false analogy fails to provide any explanation to your unreasonable reversion of the edits made by a number of users. Please review revert. Sam [Spade] 18:50, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I obviously disagree with you and always will on all these points. I've tried to compromise but you do not seem interested. You have failed to explained why my analogy is false or why my reversion is unreasonable. For the record, I have and will continue to revert this article to remove irrelevant material. Loremaster 19:34, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Your vow to continue to disobey policy is noted. Sam [Spade] 19:39, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Your interpretation and enforcement of policy seems to be very arbitrary. Your failure to explain yourself is troublesome. I find this situation quite sad since we have worked well together to improve the Knights Templar article significantly. Loremaster 20:01, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If you can engage in dialogue and constructive editing here, as you have done on Knights Templar, then I'd have little reason to be upset, and would be able to remove the dispute headers and archive my request for comment. All I'm asking for is that you meet me halfway. Sam [Spade] 21:21, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * OK. I hope you are satisfied with my lastest edits to the article. Loremaster 22:24, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I am, thank you. Sam [Spade] 22:51, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Disputed
I am not alone in finding this article to be bizarre and biased. The continued reversion of cited and verified additions is but a symptom of the disease of POV to be found here. Please note Pages_needing_attention and Requests_for_comment/Loremaster. Sam [Spade] 05:55, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I no longer dispute the article, and have archived my request for comment due to the reasonable compromise and receptiveness to dialogue from User:Loremaster..

 * Sam [Spade] 23:02, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Turing test and intelligence

 * creation of artificial intelligence beyond anything conceived of in the Turing Test

This phrase doesn't mean anything. The turing test does not "conceive" of a particular kind of artificial intelligence. It rather follows the hypothesis, that "any being which can fully fake being a human must be intelligent". That doesn't place any limit on how much more intelligent the being can be and also doesn't say "any being which fails the turing test isn't intelligent".

 * I think it's just a high-falutin' way of saying "creation of artificial intelligence that's smarter than humans". -- Heron 20:03, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is mean to be in English, not high-falutin'.  Maybe we could start a separate edition though?? Mozzerati 21:03, 2004 Aug 14 (UTC)

 * That was my point. I don't like bombastic writing (except when it's done for fun, of course ;-) ), so I suggested a simpler alternative. -- Heron 21:19, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Disputed phrase
"the pace of technological development is steadily increasing,"

This is opinion, not fact; it should be noted as such and attributed. I personally dispute it; there was a great impulse with the "discovery" of quantum mechanics in the early 20th C., this is followed by a slow down in fundamental discovery. Current technological development is largely incremental improvement and even that is showing some signs of slowing (a la Jet engine..) Mozzerati 21:03, 2004 Aug 14 (UTC)

 * Good point. I rephrased it. Loremaster 21:26, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Transhumanist manifestos
This page is rather long and I'd like to either move the WTA and Extropy manifestos to a separate page or just link to them externally. By the time a reader gets to that portion of the article, he should have a fair idea of what transhumanism is about and shouldn't need two manifestos to hammer it in. Is anyone strongly opposed to this? -- Schaefer 12:20, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. Loremaster 16:07, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This article is biased by self-promoters
The article as it currently stands talks more of people who claimed to have done this or that than about the concepts central to transhumanism. The people mentioned here, Max More and Natasha More, are renowned for their inclination to promote themselves at any opportunity. Their claims are often dubious as are their purported contributions to futures studies in general. I find Nick Bostrom's FAQ at http://www.transhumanism.org/resources/faq.html#whatistranshumanism much more congruent with the quality of Wikipedia's overall content.

title: Talk:Transhumanism/Archive 1


text:
Vologases

Vologases (Parthian: Walagash, Middle Persian: Wardākhsh/Walākshsh,, Balāsh), also known as Vologaeses, Vologaesus, Vologeses, Ologases, and Valarsh (Armenian), was the name of various ancient monarchs:

Kings of Parthia

 * Vologases I c. 51–78
 * Vologases II c. 77–80
 * Vologases III c. 105–147
 * Vologases IV c. 147–191
 * Vologases V c. 191–208
 * Vologases VI c. 208–228

Kings of Armenia

 * Vologases I ruled 117/8–144
 * Vologases II ruled 186–198
 * Vologases III ruled 378-386 co-king with his brother Arsaces III

Others

 * Vologases (chief) - chief of the Thracian Bessi, who led a revolt against the Romans in 13 BC
 * A later Balash which belonged to the Sassanid dynasty
 * Vologases, King of Elymais, (c. 180- c. 190 AD)
 * Vologash, King of Hatra

title: Vologases


text:
Talk:Coquette (film)

Novel
The eighteenth-century novel The Coquette now has its own page. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:27, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coquette (film)


text:
Erin Moran

Erin Marie Moran-Fleischmann (October 18, 1960 – April 22, 2017) was an American actress, best known for playing Joanie Cunningham on the television sitcom Happy Days and its spin-off Joanie Loves Chachi.

Early life
Erin Marie Moran was born on October 18, 1960, in Burbank, California, near Los Angeles and raised in nearby North Hollywood. She was the second youngest of six children born to Sharon and Edward Moran. Her father was a finance manager, and her interest in acting was supported by her mother, who signed her with a talent agent when she was five years old. Two of her brothers are also actors, John Moran and Tony Moran, the latter of whom played the unmasked Michael Myers in the movie Halloween (1978).

She would publicly accuse her father of physical and mental abuse in 1992.

Career
Moran's first acting role was at the age of five in a television commercial for First Federal Bank. At the age of seven, she was cast as Jenny Jones in the television series Daktari, during its fourth and final season in 1968. She made her feature-film debut in How Sweet It Is! (1968) with Debbie Reynolds, and made regular appearances on The Don Rickles Show in 1972, and guest appearances in The Courtship of Eddie's Father, My Three Sons, Bearcats!, Family Affair and in The Waltons, in an episode titled "The Song", in 1975. She also appeared in the television series Gunsmoke.

In 1974, at the age of 13, Moran was cast to play her best-known role as Joanie Cunningham on the sitcom Happy Days, the younger sister of Richie Cunningham (Ron Howard). Moran continued the role in 1982 in the short-lived spin-off series Joanie Loves Chachi. Moran later stated that she had only reluctantly agreed to star in the series because she would have preferred to remain with Happy Days. She won the Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a New Television Series for her role. After Joanie Loves Chachi cancellation in 1983, she returned to Happy Days for its final season.

In 1983, Moran said in an interview that the Happy Days producers had pressured her to change from about the age of 15: They "suddenly wanted me to lose weight and become this sexy thing."

In the following years, Moran made several other television guest appearances, including The Love Boat, Murder, She Wrote, and Diagnosis: Murder, and starred opposite Edward Albert in the cult sci-fi horror film Galaxy of Terror (1981). She would become estranged from the Happy Days cast, with People claiming that she called them "evil" in an interview, a statement she would deny on a later talk show.

In 2008, she was a contestant on VH1's reality show Celebrity Fit Club. Two years later, she made an appearance in the independent comedy feature Not Another B Movie (2010).

Happy Days lawsuit
On April 19, 2011, Moran, three of her Happy Days co-stars—Don Most, Anson Williams, and Marion Ross—and the estate of Tom Bosley, who died in 2010, filed a $10 million breach-of-contract lawsuit against CBS, which owns the show. The suit claimed that cast members had not been paid merchandising revenues owed under their contracts. Revenues included those from show-related items such as comic books, T-shirts, scrapbooks, trading cards, games, lunch boxes, dolls, toy cars, magnets, greeting cards, and DVDs with cast members' likenesses on the box covers. Their contracts entitled the actors to be paid 5% of the net proceeds of merchandising if a single actor's likeness was used, and half that amount if the cast members were pictured in a group. CBS stated it owed the actors between $8,500 and $9,000 each, most of it from slot-machine revenues, but the group stated they were owed millions. The lawsuit was initiated after Ross was informed by a friend playing slots at a casino of a Happy Days machine on which players won the jackpot when five Marion Rosses were rolled.

In October 2011, a judge rejected the group's claim of fraud, thereby eliminating the possibility of recouping millions of dollars in damages. On June 5, 2012, a judge denied a motion to dismiss filed by CBS, which meant the case would go to trial on July 17 if not settled by then. In July 2012, the actors settled their lawsuit with CBS; each received a payment of $65,000 and a promise from CBS to continue honoring the terms of their contracts.

Personal life and death
In 1987, Moran married Rocky Ferguson. They divorced in 1993. Later that year, she married Steven Fleischmann.

After Happy Days and Joanie Loves Chachi were canceled, Moran moved from Los Angeles to the California mountains. She said in 1988 that she suffered from depression and was unable to get acting roles. Moran confirmed news reports that her California home was foreclosed on in 2010, following media claims that she had been served eviction papers and moved into her mother-in-law's trailer home in Indiana. In 2017, Variety wrote that she "had fallen on hard times in recent years. She was reportedly kicked out of her trailer-park home in Indiana because of her hard-partying ways."

On April 22, 2017, authorities in Corydon, Indiana, were alerted about an unresponsive female, later identified as Moran. She later was pronounced dead at the age of 56. An autopsy report from the Harrison County coroner indicated the cause of death to be complications of stage four squamous cell carcinoma of the throat. Toxicology testing showed that no illegal narcotics were involved in her death, and no illegal substances were found in Moran's home. Moran's husband, in an open letter released through her co-star Scott Baio, confirmed that she had first experienced symptoms of throat cancer around Thanksgiving 2016 and deteriorated rapidly from that point, and that the facilities that had unsuccessfully attempted to treat her cancer had not made anyone aware of how badly the cancer had metastasized.

title: Erin Moran


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chrissy Moran

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 19:23, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Chrissy Moran
If this is all there is to say about her/him, let's not bother wikifying. Deb 15:31, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - we could at least have some pictures before we delete! Brookie 17:48, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Bloody heck, just Google-search for "Chrissy Moran". You'll be hard-pressed to avoid pictures of her. 85.76.152.179 17:52, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC) :Point taken - but this is the Wiki not a porn mag! Brookie
 * Keep, rewrite and expand. Megan1967 00:36, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and write her bio, this individual is obviously far more encyclopedic than the average analysis textbook writer. Wyss 01:39, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Slightly but not extremely notable as a porn star, including being featured repeatedly with the most prestigious magazine, Penthouse.  Unless the community feels the use of her image in a comic or her work to save exotic animals were noteworthy enough, then I have a difficult time justifying her encyclopedic-ness.  For porn stars I think we need a high criterion.  Apologies for being knowledgable on this topic.  Barno 01:40, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  Notwithstanding the enthusiasm for these type of articles found amongst the various teen-age boys that we apparently have editing the Wikipedia and voting on VfD, posing for nude photos in a magazine or being cast in a porn film is not inherently notable. The notability bar in Wikipedia is inconsistent, and is high for some occupations and professions and lower for others.  Porn star/model is one of the occupations where the bar for encyclopedic notability should be pretty high. --BM 02:24, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm sure there's a story there somewhere, but this ain't it.  And I doubt that anyone will be bothered to write one -- not when there are 269,000 Google hits to wade through.... HowardB 09:55, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unremarkable porn star.   — Gwalla | Talk 01:13, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pr0ncruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:28, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do you jerks want to delete this article? What do you have against pornstars!? personal attack from 24.238.162.225
 * Absolutely nothing actually. At last look, there were 174 articles in the Category:Porn stars, and you don't see them all here on VfD.  That's because (although I must say I haven't looked at them all) they have something of uniqueness, or have won multiple awards, or murdered their co-star, or whatever.  At least there is a bit more to say than "a porn star who lives in Florida".  If it said "she is a non-porn star who lives in Florida" we'd still be voting to delete.  If you have something to add to the article to make it of encyclopedic interest, please feel free to add it, and I for one would happily reconsider my vote.  Otherwise, you might want to save your breath, and think about your tone of writing, which is utterly unproductive and might even be considered mildly abusive by the more sensitive of Wikipedians.   HowardB 16:58, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Nothing notable here. Gamaliel 16:22, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Category:Pathologists

Pathologists are physicians and scientists who practice pathology, the study of disease and disease processes.

title: Category:Pathologists


text:
Talk:Shimoda, Shizuoka

Wouldn't a picture of the city be more appropriate than the one of the bust of Perry? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:33, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sounds good to me. Photo added. Spitzfan 18:20, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

MAP NEEDED: This pages needs a map showing where Shimoda is in relation to, say, Tokyo.
 * added --MChew (talk) 09:55, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shimoda, Shizuoka


text:
47th Annual Grammy Awards

The 47th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 13, 2005, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles honoring the best in music for the recording of the year beginning from October 1, 2003, through September 30, 2004. They were hosted by Queen Latifah, and televised in the United States by CBS. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. Ray Charles, whom the event was dedicated in memory of, posthumously won five Grammy Awards while his album, Genius Loves Company, won a total of eight. Kanye West received the most nominations with ten, winning three. Usher received eight nominations and won three including Best Contemporary R&B Album for his diamond selling album Confessions. Britney Spears received her first Grammy of Best Dance Recording for her 2004 smash hit "Toxic".

Presenters

 * Gary Sinise and Bonnie Raitt presented Album of the Year.
 * Sheryl Crow and Lance Armstrong presented Record of the Year.
 * Stevie Wonder and Norah Jones presented Song of the Year.
 * Adam Sandler and Nelly presented Best Male R&B Vocal Performance.
 * John Travolta, Christina Milian, and Steven Tyler presented Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and announced that Pinetop Perkins is a Lifetime Achievement recipient.
 * Amy Lee, Alison Krauss and T Bone Burnett presented Best Country Album.
 * Rob Thomas presents Ahmed Ertegun with the first President's Merit Award Salute to Industry Icons.
 * Ricky Martin, Anthony Hamilton and Mario presented Best R&B Album.
 * Lisa Marie Presley and John Mayer presented Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.
 * Penelope Cruz, Mark McGrath and Pharrell presented Best Rock Album and announced that Led Zeppelin is a Lifetime Achievement recipient.
 * Matthew McConaughey introduced a performance by Lynyrd Skynyrd, Keith Urban, Gretchen Wilson, Elvin Bishop, Dickie Betts, and Tim McGraw.
 * Ellen DeGeneres introduces a performance by Queen Latifah.
 * Quentin Tarantino introduces a performance by Green Day.
 * Kris Kristofferson pays tribute to Janis Joplin and then introduces a performance by Joss Stone and Melissa Etheridge.
 * Billy Bob Thornton pays tribute to Lifetime Achievement honoree Eddie Arnold and then introduces a performance by Tim McGraw.
 * Anthony LaPaglia talks about the Southeast Asian tsunami.
 * Kevin Bacon and Ludacris presented Best Rap Album.
 * Tyra Banks and Hoobastank presented Best New Artist.

Winners and nominees
Bold type indicates the winner out of the list of nominees.

General
Record of the Year
 * "Here We Go Again" – Ray Charles & Norah Jones
 * John Burk, producer; Al Schmitt, Mark Fleming, & Terry Howard, engineers/mixers
 * "Let's Get It Started" – The Black Eyed Peas
 * Will.i.am, producer; Mark "Spike" Stent & Will.i.am, engineers/mixers
 * "American Idiot" – Green Day
 * Billie Joe Armstrong, Rob Cavallo, Mike Dirnt & Tré Cool, producers; Chris Lord-Alge & Doug McKean, engineers/mixers
 * "Heaven" – Los Lonely Boys
 * John Porter, producer; Steve Chadie & John Porter, engineers/mixers
 * "Yeah!" – Usher featuring Lil Jon & Ludacris
 * Jonathan "Lil Jon" Smith, producer; John Frye, Donnie Scantz, Jonathan "Lil Jon" Smith, The Trak Starz & Mark Vinten, engineers/mixers

Album of the Year
 * Genius Loves Company – Ray Charles & Various Artists
 * John Burk, Terry Howard, Don Mizell, Phil Ramone & Herbert Waltl, producers; Robert Fernandez, Mark Fleming, John Harris, Terry Howard, Pete Karam, Joel Moss, Seth Presant, Al Schmitt & Ed Thacker, engineers/mixers; Robert Hadley & Doug Sax, mastering engineers
 * American Idiot – Green Day
 * Billie Joe Armstrong, Rob Cavallo, Mike Dirnt & Tré Cool, producers; Chris Lord-Alge & Doug McKean, engineers/mixers; Ted Jensen, mastering engineer
 * The Diary of Alicia Keys – Alicia Keys
 * Kerry "Krucial" Brothers, Vidal Davis, Easy Mo Bee, Andre Harris, Alicia Keys, Kumasi, Timbaland, Kanye West & Dwayne "D. Wigg" Wiggins, producers; Tony Black, Kerry "Krucial" Brothers, Vincent Dilorenzo, Russ Elevado, Manny Marroquin, Walter Millsap III, Ann Mincieli & Pat Viala, engineers/mixers; Herb Powers, Jr., mastering engineer
 * Confessions – Usher
 * Bobby Ross Avila, Valdez Brantley, Bryan-Michael Cox, Vidal Davis, Destro Music, Jermaine Dupri, Andre Harris, Rich Harrison, IZ, Jimmy Jam, Just Blaze, James Lackey, Terry Lewis, Juan Johnny Najera, Pro J, Usher Raymond, Jonathan "Lil Jon" Smith, Aaron Spears, Arthur Strong, Thicke & James "Big Jim" Wright, producers; Ian Cross, Kevin "KD" Davis, Vidal Davis, Vince DeLorenzo, Jermaine Dupri, Blake Eisman, Brian Frye, John Frye, Serban Ghenea, Andre Harris, John Horesco IV, Ken Lewis, Matt Marrin, Manny Marroquin, Tony Maserati, Pro J, Donnie Scantz, Jon Smeltz, Jonathan "Lil Jon" Smith, Phil Tan, The Trak Starz, Mark Vinten & Ryan West, engineers/mixers; Herb Powers, mastering engineer
 * The College Dropout – Kanye West
 * Kanye West, Kyambo “Hip Hop” Joshua, Brian “All Day” Miller, Evidence & Porse, producers; Eugene A. Toale, Andrew Dawson, Anthony Kilhoffer, Tatsuya Sato, Rich Balmer, Brent Kolatalo, Keith Slattery, Jacob Andrew, Gimel “Guru” Keaton, Jacelyn Parry, Michael Eleopoulos, Dave Dar, Jason Rauhoff, Marc Fuller, Carlisle Young, Francis Graham, Manny Marroquin, Jared Lopez, Mike Dean & Ken Lewis, engineers/mixers; Eddy Schreyer, mastering engineer

Song of the Year
 * "Daughters"
 * John Mayer, songwriter (John Mayer)
 * "If I Ain't Got You"
 * Alicia Keys, songwriter (Alicia Keys)
 * "Jesus Walks"
 * C. Smith & Kanye West, songwriters (Kanye West)
 * "Live Like You Were Dying"
 * Tim Nichols & Craig Wiseman, songwriters (Tim McGraw)
 * "The Reason"
 * Daniel Estrin & Douglas Robb, songwriters (Hoobastank)

Best New Artist
 * Maroon 5
 * Los Lonely Boys
 * Joss Stone
 * Kanye West
 * Gretchen Wilson

Pop
Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
 * "Sunrise" – Norah Jones
 * "The First Cut Is the Deepest" – Sheryl Crow
 * "Oceania" – Björk
 * "What You Waiting For?" – Gwen Stefani
 * "You Had Me" – Joss Stone

Best Male Pop Vocal Performance
 * "Daughters" – John Mayer
 * "Let's Misbehave" – Elvis Costello
 * "You Raise Me Up" – Josh Groban
 * "Cinnamon Girl" – Prince
 * "Love's Divine" – Seal

Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * "Heaven" – Los Lonely Boys
 * "My Immortal" – Evanescence
 * "The Reason" – Hoobastank
 * "She Will Be Loved" – Maroon 5
 * "It's My Life" – No Doubt

Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals
 * "Here We Go Again" – Ray Charles & Norah Jones
 * "Redemption Song" – Johnny Cash & Joe Strummer
 * "Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word" – Ray Charles & Elton John
 * "Something" – Paul McCartney & Eric Clapton
 * "Moon River" – Stevie Wonder & Take 6

Best Pop Instrumental Performance
 * "11th Commandment" – Ben Harper
 * "Chasing Shadows" – Herb Alpert, Russ Freeman, James Genus, Gene Lake & Jason Miles
 * "Take You Out" – George Benson
 * "Song F" – Bruce Hornsby
 * "Rat Pack Boogie" – Brian Setzer

Best Pop Instrumental Album
 * Henry Mancini: Pink Guitar – Various Artists; James Jensen, producer
 * Pure – Boney James
 * Saxophonic – Dave Koz
 * Forever, for Always, for Luther – Various Artists; Bud Harner & Rex Rideout, producers
 * EP 2003: Music for the Epicurean Harkener – Mason Williams

Best Pop Vocal Album
 * Genius Loves Company – Ray Charles & Various Artists
 * Feels Like Home – Norah Jones
 * Afterglow – Sarah McLachlan
 * Mind Body & Soul – Joss Stone
 * Brian Wilson Presents Smile – Brian Wilson

Dance
Best Dance Recording
 * "Toxic" – Britney Spears
 * Avant & Bloodshy, producers; Niklas Flyckt, mixer
 * "Good Luck" – Basement Jaxx featuring Lisa Kekaula
 * Basement Jaxx, producers; Basement Jaxx, mixers
 * "Get Yourself High" – The Chemical Brothers
 * The Chemical Brothers, producers; The Chemical Brothers, mixers
 * "Slow" – Kylie Minogue
 * Dan Carey & Emilíana Torrini, producers; Mr. Dan, mixer
 * "Comfortably Numb" – Scissor Sisters
 * Scissor Sisters, producers; Neil Harris & Scissor Sisters, mixers

Best Electronic/Dance Album
 * Kish Kash – Basement Jaxx
 * Legion of Boom – The Crystal Method
 * Creamfields – Paul Oakenfold
 * Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned – The Prodigy
 * Reflections – Paul van Dyk

Traditional Pop
Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album
 * Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III – Rod Stewart
 * Only You – Harry Connick Jr.
 * Count Your Blessings – Barbara Cook
 * Ultimate Mancini – Monica Mancini
 * Just for a Thrill – Ronnie Milsap

Rock
Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance
 * "Code of Silence" – Bruce Springsteen
 * "Wonderwall" – Ryan Adams
 * "The Revolution Starts Now" – Steve Earle
 * "Breathe" – Melissa Etheridge
 * "Metropolitan Gride" – Tom Waits

Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * "Vertigo" – U2
 * "Monkey to Man" – Elvis Costello & The Imposters
 * "Take Me Out" – Franz Ferdinand
 * "American Idiot" – Green Day
 * "Somebody Told Me" – The Killers

Best Hard Rock Performance
 * "Slither" – Velvet Revolver
 * "Megalomaniac" – Incubus
 * "Some Kind Of Monster" – Metallica
 * "Feelin' Way Too Damn Good" – Nickelback
 * "Duality" – Slipknot

Best Metal Performance
 * "Whiplash" – Motörhead
 * "Nymphetamine" – Cradle of Filth
 * "Live for This" – Hatebreed
 * "The End Of Heartache" – Killswitch Engage
 * "Vermilion" – Slipknot

Best Rock Instrumental Performance
 * "Mrs. O'Leary's Cow" – Brian Wilson
 * "Instrumental Illness" – The Allman Brothers Band
 * "Onda" – Los Lonely Boys
 * "O Baterista" – Rush
 * "Whispering a Prayer" – Steve Vai

Best Rock Song
 * "Vertigo"
 * Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge & Larry Mullen, songwriters (U2)
 * "American Idiot"
 * Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt & Tré Cool, songwriters (Green Day)
 * "Fall To Pieces"
 * Duff, Dave Kushner, Slash, Matt Sorum & Scott Weiland, songwriters (Velvet Revolver)
 * "Float On"
 * Isaac Brock, Dann Gallucci, Eric Judy & Benjamin Weikel, songwriters (Modest Mouse)
 * "Somebody Told Me"
 * Brandon Flowers, Dave Keuning, Mark Stoermer & Ronnie Vannucci, songwriters (The Killers)

Best Rock Album
 * American Idiot – Green Day
 * The Delivery Man – Elvis Costello & The Imposters
 * The Reason – Hoobastank
 * Hot Fuss – The Killers
 * Contraband – Velvet Revolver

Alternative
Best Alternative Music Album
 * A Ghost Is Born – Wilco
 * Medúlla – Björk
 * Franz Ferdinand – Franz Ferdinand
 * Uh Huh Her – PJ Harvey
 * Good News for People Who Love Bad News– Modest Mouse

Blues

 * Best Contemporary Blues Album
 * Keb' Mo' for Keep It Simple

Classical
Best Classical Album
 * "Adams: On The Transmigration Of Souls" – Lorin Maazel, conductor; John Adams & Lawrence L. Rock, producers

Best Orchestral Performance
 * "Adams: On The Transmigration Of Souls" – Lorin Maazel, conductor; John Adams & Lawrence L. Rock, producers

Best Opera Recording
 * "Mozart: Le Nozze Di Figaro" – René Jacobs, conductor; Martin Sauer, producer. Angelika Kirchschlager, Lorenzo Regazzo, Patrizia Ciofi, Simon Keenlyside & Véronique Gens, soloists; Reiner Kühl & Sebastian Roth, engineers/mixers

Best Choral Performance
 * "Berlioz: Requiem" – Norman Mackenzie, choir director; Robert Spano, conductor; Jack Renner & Michael J. Bishop, engineers/mixers; Elaine L. Martone, producer

Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)
 * "Previn: Violin Concerto Anne-Sophie/Bernstein: Serenade" – André Previn, conductor; Anne-Sophie Mutter, soloist

Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra)
 * "Aire Latino" – David Russell

Best Chamber Music Performance
 * "Prokofiev (Arr. Pletnev): Cinderella – Suite For Two Pianos/Ravel: Ma Mère L'Oye" – Martha Argerich & Mikhail Pletnev, soloists

Best Small Ensemble Performance (with or without conductor)
 * "Carlos Chávez – Complete Chamber Music, Vol. 2" – Southwest Chamber Music, artist; Jeff Von Der Schmidt, conductor

Best Classical Vocal Performance
 * "Ives: Songs (The Things Our Fathers Loved; The Housatonic At Stockbridge, Etc.)" – Susan Graham

Best Classical Contemporary Composition
 * "Adams: On The Transmigration Of Souls" – John Adams

Best Classical Crossover Album
 * "LAGQ's Guitar Heroes" – Los Angeles Guitar Quartet (John Dearman, William Kanengiser, Scott Tennant, Andrew York)

Country
Best Female Country Vocal Performance
 * "Redneck Woman" – Gretchen Wilson

Best Male Country Vocal Performance
 * "Live Like You Were Dying" – Tim McGraw

Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * "Top of the World" (Live) – Dixie Chicks

Best Country Collaboration with Vocals
 * "Portland, Oregon" – Loretta Lynn & Jack White

Best Country Instrumental Performance
 * Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (featuring Earl Scruggs, Randy Scruggs, Vassar Clements & Jerry Douglas) for "Earl's Breakdown

Best Country Song
 * "Live Like You Were Dying" – Tim McGraw

Best Country Album
 * Van Lear Rose – Loretta Lynn

Best Bluegrass Album
 * Brand New Strings – Ricky Skaggs & Kentucky Thunder

Gospel
Best Gospel Performance
 * "Heaven Help Us All" – Ray Charles & Gladys Knight

Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album
 * All Things New – Steven Curtis Chapman

Best Rock Gospel Album
 * Wire – Third Day

Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album
 * There Will Be a Light – Ben Harper & the Blind Boys of Alabama

Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album
 * Nothing Without You – Smokie Norful

Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album
 * Worship & Faith – Randy Travis

Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album
 * Live ... This is Your House – The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir

Jazz
Best Jazz Instrumental Solo
 * "Speak Like a Child" – Herbie Hancock in Harvey Mason's With All My Heart

Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group
 * Illuminations – McCoy Tyner with Gary Bartz, Terence Blanchard, Christian McBride and Lewis Nash

Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album
 * Concert in the Garden – The Maria Schneider Orchestra

Best Jazz Vocal Album
 * R.S.V.P. (Rare Songs, Very Personal) – Nancy Wilson

Best Contemporary Jazz Album
 * Unspeakable – Bill Frisell

Best Latin Jazz Album
 * Land of the Sun – Charlie Haden

Latin
Best Latin Pop Album
 * Amar Sin Mentiras – Marc Anthony
 * Sinverguenza – Bacilos
 * Pau-Latina – Paulina Rubio
 * MTV Unplugged – Diego Torres
 * El Rock de Mi Pueblo – Carlos Vives

Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album
 * ¡Ahora Si! – Israel "Cachao" López

Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album
 * Intimamente – Intocable

Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album
 * Street Signs – Ozomatli

Best Tejano Album
 * Polkas, Gritos y Accordeones – David Lee Garza, Joel Guzman & Sunny Sauceda

Best Salsa/Merengue Album
 * Across 110th Street – The Spanish Harlem Orchestra (featuring Rubén Blades)

New Age
Best New Age Album
 * Returning – Will Ackerman
 * Atlantis: A Symphonic Journey – David Arkenstone
 * Two Horizons – Moya Brennan
 * Piano – Peter Kater
 * American River – Jonathan Elias

Polka
Best Polka Album
 * Let's Kiss: 25th Anniversary Album – Brave Combo

R&B
Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
 * "If I Ain't Got You" – Alicia Keys
 * "I Want You" – Janet Jackson
 * "I'm Still in Love" – Teena Marie
 * "Whatever" – Jill Scott
 * "U-Haul" – Angie Stone

Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
 * "Call My Name" – Prince
 * "Charlene" – Anthony Hamilton
 * "Happy People" – R. Kelly
 * "What We Do Here" – Brian McKnight
 * "Burn – Usher

Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
 * "My Boo" – Usher & Alicia Keys
 * Destiny's Child for "Lose My Breath"
 * Floetry for "Say Yes"
 * Alicia Keys featuring Tony! Toni! Toné! for "Diary"
 * Earth, Wind & Fire & Raphael Saadiq for "Show Me the Way"

Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance
 * "Musicology" – Prince

Best Urban/Alternative Performance
 * "Cross My Mind" – Jill Scott

Best R&B Song
 * "You Don't Know My Name" – Alicia Keys

Best R&B Album
 * The Diary of Alicia Keys – Alicia Keys

Best Contemporary R&B Album
 * Confessions – Usher

Rap

 * Best Rap Solo Performance
 * "99 Problems" – Jay-Z
 * "On Fire" – Lloyd Banks
 * "Just Lose It" – Eminem
 * "Overnight Celebrity" – Twista
 * "Through the Wire" – Kanye West

 * Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
 * "Let's Get It Started" – The Black Eyed Peas
 * "Ch-Check It Out" – Beastie Boys
 * "Don't Say Nuthing'" – The Roots
 * "Drop It Like It's Hot" – Snoop Dogg & Pharrell
 * "Lean Back" – Terror Squad

 * Best Rap/Sung Collaboration
 * "Yeah!" – Usher featuring Lil Jon & Ludacris
 * "Why" – Jadakiss featuring Anthony Hamilton
 * "Dip It Low" – Christina Milian featuring Fabolous
 * "Slow Jamz" – Twista featuring Kanye West & Jamie Foxx
 * "All Falls Down" – Kanye West featuring Syleena Johnson

 * Best Rap Song
 * "Jesus Walks"
 * Miri Ben-Ari, C. Smith & Kanye West, songwriters (Kanye West)
 * "Drop It Like It's Hot"
 * Calvin Broadus, Chad Hugo, S. Thomas & Pharrell Williams, songwriters (Snoop Dogg & Pharrell)
 * "Hey Mama"
 * Will Adams & Anthony Henry, songwriters (The Black Eyed Peas)
 * "Let's Get It Started"
 * Will Adams, Mike Fratantuno, Jaime Gomez, George Pajon, Jr., Allan Pineda & Terence Yoshiaki, songwriters (The Black Eyed Peas)
 * "99 Problems"
 * Shawn Carter & Rick Rubin, songwriters (Jay-Z)

 * Best Rap Album
 * The College Dropout – Kanye West
 * To the 5 Boroughs – Beastie Boys
 * The Black Album – Jay-Z
 * The Definition – LL Cool J
 * Suit – Nelly

Reggae
Best Reggae Album
 * True Love – Toots & the Maytals
 * Black Magic – Jimmy Cliff
 * The Dub Revolutionaries – Sly and Robbie
 * African Holocaust – Steel Pulse
 * Def Jamaica – Various Artists

World
Best Traditional World Music Album
 * Raise Your Spirit Higher – Ladysmith Black Mambazo

Best Contemporary World Music Album
 * Egypt – Fathy Salama

Spoken
Best Spoken Word Album
 * My Life – Bill Clinton

Music video
Best Short Form Music Video
 * "Vertigo" – Alex and Martin (video directors) & U2

Best Long Form Music Video
 * Concert for George – Ray Cooper, Olivia Harrison, Jon Kamen (video producers), David Leland (video director) & Various Artists

Packaging and notes
Best Recording Package
 * A Ghost Is Born
 * Peter Buchanan-Smith & Dan Nadel (art directors) (Wilco)

Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package
 * Stefan Sagmeister (art director) for Once in a Lifetime performed by Talking Heads

Best Album Notes
 * Loren Schoenberg (notes writer) for "The Complete Columbia Recordings of Woody Herman and His Orchestra & Woodchoppers (1945–1947)"

Production and engineering
Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
 * Robert Fernandez, John Harris, Terry Howard, Pete Karam, Joel Moss, Seth Presant, Al Schmitt & Ed Thacker (engineers) for Genius Loves Company, performed by Ray Charles & Various Artists

Best Engineered Album, Classical
 * Jack Renner (engineer) for Higdon: City Scape; Concerto for Orchestra, performed by Robert Spano

Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical
 * Jacques Lu Cont (remixer) for "It's My Life (Jacques Lu Cont's Thin White Duke Mix)", performed by No Doubt

Producer of the Year, Non-Classical
 * John Shanks

Producer of the Year, Classical
 * David Frost

Surround sound
Best Surround Sound Album
 * Al Schmitt (surround mix engineer), Robert Hadley & Doug Sax (surround mastering) for Genius Loves Company performed by Ray Charles & Various Artists

Grammy Hall of Fame Award

 * "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (Victor, 1911) performed by Arthur Collins & Byron Harlan
 * "All of Me" (Columbia, 1932) performed by Louis Armstrong & His Orchestra
 * "America the Beautiful" (ABC/TRC, 1972) performed by Ray Charles
 * "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" (Brunswick, 1932) performed by Bing Crosby
 * "Bye Bye Blackbird" (Victor, 1926) performed by Gene Austin
 * "California, Here I Come" (Brunswick, 1924) performed by Al Jolson with the Isham Jones Orchestra
 * "Embraceable You" (Commodore, 1944) performed by Billie Holiday
 * "Lester Leaps In" (Vocalion, 1939) performed by Count Basie's Kansas City 7
 * "Let It Bleed" (London, 1969) performed by The Rolling Stones
 * "Love Me or Leave Me" (Columbia, 1928) performed by Ruth Etting
 * "Lullaby of Broadway" (Brunswick, 1935) performed by Dick Powell
 * Meet Me In St. Louis (soundtrack) (Decca, 1944) performed by Judy Garland
 * "No Woman No Cry" (Island, 1974) performed by Bob Marley
 * "One For My Baby" (Capitol, 1958) performed by Frank Sinatra
 * "Peter Gunn" (RCA, 1959) performed by Henry Mancini
 * "Puttin' on the Ritz" (Brunswick, 1930) performed by Harry Richman with Earl Burtnett & His Los Angeles Biltmore Hotel Orchestra
 * "Thanks for the Memory" (Decca, 1938) performed by Bob Hope & Shirley Ross
 * "They Can't Take That Away From Me" (Brunswick, 1937) performed by Fred Astaire with Johnny Green & His Orchestra
 * "Vaya Con Dios (May God Be With You)" (Capitol, 1953) performed by Les Paul & Mary Ford
 * "The Very Thought of You" (Victor, 1934) performed by Ray Noble & His Orchestra

Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

 * Eddy Arnold
 * Art Blakey
 * The Carter Family
 * Morton Gould
 * Janis Joplin
 * Led Zeppelin
 * Jerry Lee Lewis
 * Jelly Roll Morton
 * Pinetop Perkins,
 * The Staple Singers

MusiCares Person of the Year

 * Brian Wilson

Grammy Trustees Award

 * Hoagy Carmichael
 * Don Cornelius
 * Alfred Lion
 * Billy Taylor

In Memoriam
Estelle Axton, Danny Sugarman, Bruce Palmer, Johnny Ramone, Darrell "Dimebag" Abbott, Jim Capaldi, Artie Shaw, Barney Kessel, Elvin Jones, Illinois Jacquet, Michel Colombier, Alvino Rey, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Jan Berry, Terry Melcher, Laura Branigan, Cornelius Bumpus, Spencer Dryden, Elmer Bernstein, David Raksin, Jerry Goldsmith, Vaughn Meader, Rodney Dangerfield, Scott Muni, Johnny Carson, Skeeter Davis, Bill Lowery, Hank Garland, Arnold "Gatemouth" Moore, Ernie Ball, Tom Capone, Isidro Lopez, Robert Merrill, Renata Tebaldi, Fred Ebb, Cy Coleman, Paul Atkinson, Artie Mogull, Carole Fields Arnold, Rick James, Freddie Perren, Syreeta Wright and Ray Charles.

Trivia

 * Ray Charles five Grammy wins is the record for most posthumous Grammy Awards won in one night. He is the first artist to win a posthumous Album of the Year Grammy since John Lennon in 1982.
 * Upon winning Album of the Year as one of the engineers for Ray Charles' Genius Loves Company, Al Schmitt became the first and only person to have won both the Grammy for Album of the Year and the Latin Grammy for Album of the Year. In 2000 he won the Latin Grammy for Album of the Year for engineering Luis Miguel's Amarte Es Un Placer.

title: 47th Annual Grammy Awards


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User:PickUpAxis

PickUpAxis knows how to pick up the axis. Easy, Simple, and Trivial.

title: User:PickUpAxis


text: Category:Crimean Khanate

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Indian Certificate of Secondary Education

The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) is an examination conducted by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, a private board designed to provide an examination in a course of general education, in accordance with the recommendations of the New Education Policy 2020 (India), through the medium of English. The examination allows secure suitable representations of responsible schools (which are affiliated to it) in their states or territories.

The ICSE is known for its comprehensive syllabus and primary focus on the English language and variety of subjects that it offers, which involve language, arts, commerce and science. The ICSE is taught in English only, and as a result, ICSE students gain great command over English and literature from kindergarten. This helps the students acquire the art of writing compactly in English, which makes it easy for the ICSE-qualified student to score well in language exams like the IELTS and TOEFL. The ICSE has always been regarded as one of the best educational boards in India because of their rigorous syllabus, tough marking scheme for examinations, progressive evaluation and promotion criteria.

Subjects
Students taking the ICSE must write examinations in any six, seven or eight subjects. Of these, five subjects will be included in their final grade — out of these five, one will compulsorily be English, even if it is the subject in which the student has scored the lowest marks. There are three groups of subjects.

Group I - English, Second Language, Geography and History-Civics as compulsory subjects.

Group II - Choose any two subjects from Science, Mathematics, Economics, Commercial Studies, etc.

Group III - Choose any one subject from Home Science, Fashion Designing, Computer Applications, etc.