text:
Landtag of Saxony

The Landtag of Saxony (Sächsischer Landtag), also known in English as the Saxon State Parliament, is the legislature of the Free State of Saxony, one of Germany's sixteen states. It is responsible for legislation, control of the government, and electing some state officials. The Landtag has existed in various forms since 1831, but the current body was established during German reunification in 1990. The Landtag is directly elected and has a term of five years.

Powers
As the legislative body of the Free State of Saxony, the Landtag is responsible for drafting and passing laws, including the state budget, as well as overseeing the activities of the state government and electing the Minister-President, the head of government.

Draft laws may be introduced to the Landtag in various ways: by the proposal of at least six members, by any parliamentary group, by the state government, or by public petition. Draft laws are first sent by the President of the Landtag to a relevant committee, which considers the draft law and makes any amendments it considers necessary. The committee then submits a report to the Landtag recommending either its adoption or its rejection. The Landtag then debates and votes on the law. If it is adopted, it is submitted to the Minister-President and the relevant state minister for countersigning. It is then promulgated by the state government and enters into force.

As Saxony has a parliamentary system, the state government is reliant on the confidence of the Landtag in order to serve. The Landtag is thus responsible for oversight of the government. The state constitution declares that the Landtag has a comprehensive right to question the government, who must respond to inquiries from parliamentary groups or individual Landtag members. Parliamentary groups may request debates on issues of relevance in the plenary, at which the state government is obliged to speak. Standing committees may also demand the presence of members of the state government to give statements.

The first responsibility of the Landtag during each legislative period is the election of its presiding officer, the President of the Landtag, as well as the Vice-Presidents of the Landtag. The Landtag also elects the head of the state government, the Minister-President. The Minister-President must win an absolute majority of votes to be elected in the first round of voting; if no candidate achieves this, a simple majority suffices in further rounds. The Minister-President is then responsible for the appointment of the state cabinet. The Landtag also elects a number of other state offices, including the Commissioner for Data Protection, the Commissioner for Coming to Terms with the SED Dictatorship (Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur), the Commissioner for Foreigners, the President of the Saxon Court of Auditors, and the members of the Saxon Constitutional Court.

History
Some form of an assembly has existed in the state's predecessors since the Saxon House of Wettin was enfeoffed with the Margraviate of Meissen in 1089. The local ministeriales regularly met with the Wettin margraves, consulting but also defending the interests of their own region. By the time Meissen was elevated to the Electorate of Saxony by the Golden Bull of 1356, the noble representatives of the estates formed a permanent advisory board. With the deputies of the Saxon cities, these Landstände councils gradually obtained a considerable voice until the 15th century: mainly in fiscal and military policies, later also in religious matters concerning the Protestant Reformation.

Kingdom of Saxony
A modern-style bicameral constitutionally-based legislature was introduced in the Kingdom of Saxony in September 1831. In the wake of the tumultuous 1848 revolutions, Saxony's Landtag extended voting rights (though still maintaining property requirements) and abolished poll taxes. In 1871, Saxony was incorporated into the German Empire, and more voting rights were gradually extended.

Upon the introduction of universal male suffrage in 1909, the number of eligible voters almost tripled – from 264,000 in 1907 to 773,000 – and turnout increased dramatically (from 48% to 82%). The influx of previously disenfranchised working-class voters allowed the Social Democratic Party (SPD) to win substantial representation for the first time since the 1890s, splitting the hitherto stable National Liberal/Conservative party system.

Free State
After the First World War and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, Saxony was re-established as a republic, adopting its modern title of "Free State". During the Weimar Republic period, Saxon politics were dominated by the Social Democratic Party (SPD), with the German National People's Party (DNVP), the Communist Party (KPD), the German People's Party (DVP), and later the Economic Party (WP) maintaining a significant presence. From 1926 onward, a series of right-wing coalition governments were led successively by the small Old Social Democratic Party (ASPD), the DVP, and the DNVP. After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, the government passed the "Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich" (30 January 1934) that abolished all the state Landtage.

The Landtag was de facto re-established in the Soviet occupation zone in 1946, later becoming part of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). It functioned until its abolition in 1952, during which time it was dominated by the Socialist Unity Party (SED).

The Landtag was formally re-established again upon Germany's legal reunification on 3 October 1990. It was elected on 14 October, and its inaugural sitting took place on 27 October. Since 1990, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) has always been the largest party; it held an absolute majority of seats until 2004.

Electoral system
Elections to the Landtag are conducted via mixed-member proportional representation using closed party lists. Voters have two votes: a "first vote" for a directly-elected representative from one of a number of single-member constituencies, and a "second vote" for a party list. In order to qualify for representation, a party must either gain 5% of the statewide list vote or win at least two constituencies. First-past-the-post voting is used for single-member constituencies, and the overall seat distribution is determined using the D'Hondt method.

In the case of overhang seats, the total number of seats in the Landtag is increased from the standard 120 (60 constituency seats and 60 party list seats) until no overhang seats remain, i.e. the number of leveling seats added is equal to the original number of overhang seats.

There is also a provision ensuring that, if a party wins an absolute majority of party votes but does not win an absolute majority of seats, an extra seat is awarded to that party at the expense of the other parties.

2019 state election
AfD received its highest share of the vote in any state or federal election, while the CDU and The Left both fell to record lows in Saxony. Under normal circumstances AfD should have received 39 seats in the Landtag; however, due to positions 31–61 in their party list being ruled invalid and removed from the list, they had no candidates to fill the final seat. Thus, it remains vacant and there are only 119 members of the Landtag, one fewer than the standard minimum size. The CDU formed a government coalition with the Greens and the SPD.

! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Party ! colspan=4| Constituency ! colspan=4| Party list ! rowspan=2| Total seats ! rowspan=2| +/- ! rowspan=2| Seats % ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! colspan=13| ! colspan=2| Valid votes ! 2,159,850 ! 98.7 ! ! ! 2,166,457 ! 99.0 ! ! ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Blank and invalid votes ! 28,636 ! 1.3 ! ! ! 22,029 ! 1.0 ! ! ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Total ! 2,188,486 ! 100.0 ! ! 60 ! 2,188,486 ! 100.0 ! ! 59 ! 119 ! 7 ! ! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout ! 3,288,643 ! 66.5 ! 17.4 ! ! 3,288,643 ! 66.5 !  17.4 ! ! ! !
 * colspan=13 align=center| LandtagSaxony19.svg
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * 703,006
 * 32.5
 * 7.2
 * 41
 * 695,560
 * 32.1
 * 7.3
 * 4
 * 45
 * 14
 * 37.8
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * 613,585
 * 28.4
 * 22.0
 * 15
 * 595,671
 * 27.5
 * 17.7
 * 23
 * 38
 * 24
 * 31.9
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (Die Linke)
 * 265,871
 * 12.3
 * 8.7
 * 1
 * 224,354
 * 10.4
 * 8.5
 * 13
 * 14
 * 13
 * 11.8
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * 192,489
 * 8.9
 * 2.6
 * 3
 * 187,015
 * 8.6
 * 2.9
 * 9
 * 12
 * 4
 * 10.1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * 166,920
 * 7.7
 * 5.5
 * 0
 * 167,289
 * 7.7
 * 4.6
 * 10
 * 10
 * 8
 * 8.4
 * 4.6
 * 10
 * 10
 * 8
 * 8.4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * 100,639
 * 4.7
 * 0.6
 * 0
 * 97,438
 * 4.5
 * 0.7
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Voters (FW)
 * 98,353
 * 4.6
 * 2.6
 * 0
 * 72,897
 * 3.4
 * 1.8
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI (PARTEI)
 * 12,557
 * 0.6
 * 0.4
 * 0
 * 33,618
 * 1.6
 * 0.9
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Human Environment Animal Protection (Tierschutz)
 * 0.0
 * 33,476
 * 1.5
 * 0.4
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| National Democratic Party (NPD)
 * 0.0
 * 12,947
 * 0.6
 * 4.3
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=black|
 * align=left| Partei für Gesundheitsforschung
 * New
 * 11,652
 * 0.5
 * New
 * 0
 * 0
 * New
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Blaue #TeamPetry Thüringen
 * 1,508
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * 7,806
 * 0.4
 * New
 * 0
 * 0
 * New
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Pirate Party Germany (Piraten)
 * 1.6
 * 6,632
 * 0.3
 * 0.8
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP)
 * 6,000
 * 0.3
 * 0.3
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=#110077|
 * align=left| Party of Humanists (Humanisten)
 * New
 * 4,305
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * 0
 * New
 * 0
 * align=left| Dawn of German Patriots – Middle Germany (ADPM)
 * New
 * 3,948
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * 0
 * New
 * 0
 * bgcolor=#005488|
 * align=left| Party of Reason (PDV)
 * 2,268
 * 0.1
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=#FF0000|
 * align=left| Communist Party of Germany (KPD)
 * 1,951
 * 0.1
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * align=left| Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität (BüSo)
 * 0.4
 * 1,630
 * 0.1
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Other
 * 2,732
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=#005488|
 * align=left| Party of Reason (PDV)
 * 2,268
 * 0.1
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=#FF0000|
 * align=left| Communist Party of Germany (KPD)
 * 1,951
 * 0.1
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * align=left| Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität (BüSo)
 * 0.4
 * 1,630
 * 0.1
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Other
 * 2,732
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * 0.1
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Other
 * 2,732
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * colspan=13| Source: Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen
 * }
 * }

title: Landtag of Saxony


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 16, 2005

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 16, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 16, 2005


text:
Talk:Interior design

Semi-protected edit request on 28 December 2018
Interior Design Education

In 1960 Jacqueline Inchbald opened The Inchbald School of Design, the first private school dedicated to studying Interior Design and Decoration in the UK - the School was modeled on Parsons School of Design in New York. Inchbald is now affiliated with Glyndwr University in Wales. Courses include Diploma, BA, MA, and Masters qualifications and Inchbald graduates are internationally successful  Included among them are Nina Campbell, Staffan Tolgard, Henrietta Spencer Churchill, Stephen Ryan, and Viterbo of Lisbon. 2A00:23C5:5E04:F800:41BE:70B0:6D18:EADE (talk) 16:57, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg  Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Please also explain why this specific school warrants mentioning in this article above other schools offering similar programs. See also Interior design education. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 18:05, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Lavispace is one of the best interior designers in Delhi NCR region, that i know you can check there website that i mentioned above. Sumit0024 (talk) 15:27, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

One of the best Interior designers in Delhi NCR that I know is Lavispace Interiors

What is interior designer
Female 2409:4041:2E1A:A5CD:0:0:1189:7112 (talk) 15:45, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 March 2023
need to add widely and strictly on this topic for which it was meant. let us get in to update Devceo (talk) 05:58, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg Not done: requests for decreases to the page protection level should be directed to the protecting admin or to Requests for page protection if the protecting admin is not active or has declined the request.  JTP (talk • contribs) 06:17, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

Inaccurate opening line
Interior design is not a science. 136.62.38.167 (talk) 04:41, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 February 2024
Under Specialties > Residential, change "As this type design" to "As this type of design" Binheredonethat (talk) 00:27, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Jamedeus (talk) 00:35, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 May 2024
Prince804 (talk) 07:34, 2 May 2024 (UTC) Living in 2050: Future Apartment of Your Dreams
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  (talk | contribs) 07:40, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

incorrect opening paragraph : sentence 1;
As stated by another, interior design is an art, but it does not qualify as a science, as it is the art of interior design, not the science of interior design. In short words, I believe the line ""Interior design is the art and science of enhancing the interior of a building"" should be converted to ""Interior design is the art and practice of enhancing the interior of a building"". KetchupBottle12 (talk) 14:24, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interior design


text:
Talk:Same-sex marriage in New York

Untitled
Do you mean in New York City? What about New Paltz?--Pharos 06:48, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, it was just odd that New Paltz was not mentioned in the first version. The article now is considerably improved.--Pharos 23:07, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The NY Times is reporting that the Court rejected same-sex marriage. No article yet, it's just a breaking news headline. I threw this into the article, but will update it with more details as they are released. Liamdaly620 13:15, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

2009 Senate Vote Count
People have been looking for the vote count because it is hard to find online. I posted it on Wiki today, It would be nice if someone revised it in a table showing party affiliation and how each senator casted their vote. This information is paramount to the future of Marriage in the State of New York because it is the first time NYS senators are put on record for their stance on the issue. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.76.179.251 (talk) 16:31, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

16:30, 3 December 2009 Czolgolz (talk | contribs) (45,951 bytes) (Undid revision 329477939 by 74.76.179.251 (talk) the vote count is really not neccessary, espcially in all caps) (undo)

I concede that perhaps the vote count is not needed in the form of all caps, however a table displaying how each senator voted is indeed historic and extremely relevant to the decision yesterday. You had a large number of democrats vote down the measure, a key swing republican/democrat senator Monserrate of Jackson Heights make a swing vote against the measure, and Gov. David Paterson is out praising the historic record of a first time vote in NYS Senate. Advocates of Gay Marriage believe that now there is a "path" (Gov. Patersons words) on what votes need to be considered. I do not see how a wikipedia page on NYS Gay Marriage could leave out that important record. I urge you to reconsider. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nycutiepi (talk • contribs) 16:51, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Documents on the NY leg website sometimes have names in all caps, so this was probably a case of copy & paste rather than somebody choosing to emphasize them. Шизомби (talk) 17:50, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

That is true, I did research and found the vote count on nys senate's webpage http://open.nysenate.gov/legislation/api/html/bill/S66003, it is in all caps. But that again is an excuse for not allowing the posting of again material that is critical to the topic. The Governor of NYS as well as activists from leading groups in support of same sex marriage have outlined the significance of how senators voted, particularly the "swing senators" who were responsible for throwing the majority to the republicans this past summer. Opponents of the bill also point out that the fact that eight democratic senators (from nyc) having voted against the bill is again significant. By all means each side of this issue can agree that the vote count should be on record and should be public and I make my final request that it be included, perhaps in a form of a table outlining party affiliation (blue/red shading) as NYS Senate's wiki currently does. Again the webpage http://open.nysenate.gov/legislation/api/html/bill/S66003 has the official vote count as a primary source document. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.76.179.251 (talk) 07:14, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Here is the table based off the senate wiki...the table has the bill s66003 vote count referenced with its primary source document...I will leave it for an administrator to make the call if this table should be added.

 * A nicely-designed table! Were there an article on the 2009 bills, it would be good for that.  Here, it would take up a lot of space, though as something hidden by default it might be good.  I'm not sure (and was just wondering elsewhere) about the style guide on the show/hide function. Шизомби (talk) 16:00, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

2007 June update?
I'm reading online (e.g., OutZone.com) that the NY House approved same-sex marriage legislation championed by Daniel O'Donnell, but that the NY Senate is expected to reject it. No mention in the article. Update? Even if it doesn't pass, a comprehensive article on the subject should mention the activity on the issue, seems to me. Lawikitejana 03:07, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

"Recognition" seems severely overstated
The lede in this article says that NY state recognizes same-sex marraiges performed elsewhere. However, when discussing the details, it mentions only that the state govt. will administrtavely recognize such marriages when making decisions about partner benefits for its pension plans. This is a far cry from actually recognizing these marriages as marriages under New York state law, which would carry with them a whole host of other rights and responsibilities involving tax law, spousal support, rights to private insurance, child custody, etc. If none of these are touched on by the NY state decision, then this really needs to be reworded. --Jfruh (talk) 23:03, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Should be interesting to see what happens with all the inevitable appeals and subsequent court cases. New York is adjacent to three jurisdictions (Ontario, Québec, Massachusetts) which perform actual marriages, so the issue will inevitably keep arising in court cases in various contexts. --66.102.80.212 (talk) 02:34, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

The NY courts have now recognized same-sex marriages for purposes of inheritance and divorce (at least twice), and reportedly also adoption though I can't find the reference. I think this is cut-and-dried -- NY really is recognizing same-sex marriages from Canada, Massachusetts, etc. 67.241.26.34 (talk) 06:23, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Lengthy quotation from Governor Paterson is unnecessary
The gratuituous, self-congratulatory remarks from Governor Paterson are inappropriate. They read more like advocacy than like an encyclopedia entry. If anyone believes that these remarks should be retained, please advise.

SCBC (talk) 19:31, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

i have redacted the paterson reference and removed all but the pertinent statement. i think it is important as a promise which was made but is hard to find documented on the internet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.15.30.166 (talk) 18:53, 25 May 2008 (UTC) --Pauljoffe

Thank you.

SCBC (talk) 21:36, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Removal of "pro-family"
This term is POV. Groups/people on both sides of the issue may be pro-family or anti-family, depending on the POV.Gimmethoseshoes (talk) 05:04, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

artical out of date
this is very out of date it mentions a vote planed for June 24 2009 it is august and the vote is expected in early September —Preceding unsigned comment added by The truth maker (talk • contribs) 20:19, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

Senate more conservative than population?
The claim made in the opening paragraph about the NY State Senate being more conservative than the population cites an opinion column from The Guardian. As there is no scientific data to support that claim aside from the results of one vote, I don't think that's a fair claim to make. Does anyone else feel the same way, or am I just reading too much into this? Marchoi (talk) 03:30, 3 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I wondered about that myself. It may be true, but there could stand to be a better source for it.  It is true that the vote of the Senate went more conservative than the polling of New Yorkers on this issue. Шизомби (talk) 04:34, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

 * The NY Senate is famously gerrymandered to benefit the incumbent Republicans (a complex story in itself -- the Assembly is gerrymandered to benefit the incumbent Democrats), so there's no real dispute over whether it's more conservative than than the population as a whole. It is.  I think the difference between the Senate vote and the polling is enough evidence for this article.  74.79.28.150 (talk)

New York SIXTH state to legalize same-sex marriage?
According to http://www.statesthatallowgaymarriage.com/ New York was the SIXTH state to legalize same-sex marriage.

Should that be changed from "seventh" state on the page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.153.102.75 (talk) 15:40, 13 June 2014 (UTC)
 * See Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States. Your source is miscounting California. Thegreyanomaly (talk) 19:27, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Same-sex marriage in New York


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ACEtone Studio

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:36, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

ACEtone Studio
Promo for a nonnotable recording studio. Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:48, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, studio advertisement. Megan1967 09:17, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertising. Dpbsmith (talk) 15:43, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for being advertising. HyperZonk 16:51, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, the only thing here is a big, docking ad. Wyss 18:38, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 17, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 17, 2005


text: User talk:202.93.171.97

title: User talk:202.93.171.97


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 17, 2005


text:
Algerian Family Code

The Algerian Family Code (Code de Famille, قانون الأسرة), enacted on June 9, 1984, specifies the laws relating to familial relations in Algeria. It includes strong elements of Islamic law which have brought it praise from Islamists and condemnation from secularists and feminists.

History
The regulations imposed by the Family Code were in stark contrast to the role that women had during the struggle for liberation that Algeria faced. During this struggle, National Liberation Front FLN ensured the equality of men and women. This is reflected in the 1976 Algerian Constitution. These rights slowly started to diminish as in 1980, a ministerial order prohibiting women from travelling after a certain distance unaccompanied by a male relative was passed.

The Algerian Family Code is a document that governs the marriage and property rights of Algeria. It contains specifications that were based on Islamic traditions and are, according to the United Nations, “informed directly by the Islamic law “Fiqh”. The introduction of a Family Code allowed for restrictions that were contradictory to the role of women during the Algerian war for independence (1954–1962) to be present. In 1996, Algeria ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and stated that they would aim to counter “discrimination against women in all matters relating to marriage and family relations […],” but in the condition that the convention followed the regulations in the pre-existing Family Code: “The Government of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria declares that the provisions of article 16 concerning equal rights for men and women in all matters relating to marriage, both during marriage and at its dissolution, should not contradict the provisions of the Algerian Family Code.”. This had caused criticism by individuals including theorist Zahia Smail Salhi. Its critics particularly focus on its implications for women (who have less right to divorce than men, and who receive smaller shares of inheritance) and sometimes for apostates (who are disinherited, and whose marriages may be nullified.)

President Abdelaziz Bouteflika declared that the Family Code must be revised in the spirit of universal human rights and Islamic law. Reactions were mixed. Lachhab of the Islamist El Islah party declared that "We oppose these amendments which are contrary to Sharia, and thus to article 2 of the Constitution," whereas Nouria Hafsi of the pro-government RND declared "These timid amendments put forward a modern reading of the Sharia; the rights of women will finally be recognized by law. As of early 2005 it has not been changed.

Marriage
Marriage is defined as a legal contract between a man and a woman. The legal age of marriage is 18, but judges may in special cases allow earlier marriage. A man may marry up to four wives; if so, he must treat them equally and inform them in advance, and they may demand a divorce. Marriage requires the consent of both parties and a gift by the groom of a dowry to the bride, as well as the presence of the bride's father or guardian (wali) and of two witnesses. The father of the bride may block the marriage, although her guardian may not. The marriage must be registered before a notary or legal functionary. Marriage is forbidden between close relatives by descent, marriage, or nursing: thus a man may not marry his mother, daughter, sister, aunt, niece, mother-in-law, daughter-in-law, stepmother-in-law, or stepdaughter-in-law, nor may he marry anyone who suckled from the same woman as he did, or from whom he suckled. A man may not be married to two sisters simultaneously. Marriage is also forbidden between a couple who have divorced each other for the third time, unless the wife has since been married to someone else. A Muslim woman may not marry a non-Muslim man, and a marriage may be annulled on the grounds of the spouse's apostasy. A husband is required to provide for his wife to the best of his abilities, and to treat his wives equally if he marries more than one. A wife is required to obey her husband and respect him as head of the family, to bring up and nurse his children, and to respect his parents and relatives. A wife has the right to visit her parents and to receive visits from them, and has rights over her own property.

Adoption is forbidden: a child may be brought up as part of the family, but must be considered the child of its natural parents, that is what Islamic law calls Kafala.

Divorce
The husband may divorce his wife at will; if he is judged to have abused this privilege, his wife may be awarded damages, and he must provide for his divorced wife and her children if she has no family to go to, unless she had previously divorced or was guilty of immorality. The wife may request a divorce if any of the following apply:

A women may also obtain the divorce if she pay reparations to her husband not to exceed the value of the dowry, and may not remarry until three menstrual periods have elapsed, or, if pregnant, until her baby's birth. In case of the father's absence or of divorce, custody of the child goes to his mother, or failing that his maternal grandmother or aunt, or failing that his father or paternal grandfather, or some other relative. A child brought up by a guardian attains independence at 15(if male), or at marriage (if female).
 * her husband has failed to provide for her;
 * her husband is impotent;
 * her husband has refused to have sex with her for over 4 months;
 * her husband has been condemned to a dishonorable imprisonment of over a year's length;
 * her husband has been absent for over a year without a good reason;
 * her husband has failed to fulfill his legal duties towards her;
 * her husband is guilty of grave immorality.

The Family Code of 1984 condemned non-marital rape yet allowed for marital rape to continue to be decriminalised. Officially, women had the status of full citizens and were equal to men. Article 56 of the Code grants custody of the children to the father if the mother remarries, a section that failed to be removed in the 2005 revision and does not apply to the same situation for the male counterpart. Much like the law condemning violence against women, there exists a loophole that could easily void all progress made in parliament, a loophole held open by societal pressures. Keeping the remarriage clause would unable once more the father to gain full custody, taking into account that voluntarily unmarried women in Algeria are seen as “immoral” and functioning in society without a husband is extremely inconvenient considering the astounding amount of male-oriented bureaucracy and systemic discrimination.

Revolts against Family Code
In her text, Algerian Women, Citizenship and the 'Family Code', Zahia Smail Salhi looks at the efforts taken by women to contest the family code. She draws on experiences of women at that time to note that men were generally absent in this struggle. Since 1984, younger generations of women have joined the fight against the family code. This has led to some revisions to be made. The family code was revised in 2005, after then President Bouteflika announced stated, “I order the government to instate an ad hoc committee for the revision and redevelopment of the articles of said Code relating to divorce, which are open to interpretation […] to fill the gaps and ensure the protection of the rights of spouses and children.

Amendments were made in 2005 “in order to disconnect it from the most rigid interpretations of Islamic law. These amendments altered aspects including the minimum age for marriage and consent to marriage. The minimum age was changed to 19 years for both men and women and the bride had to consent herself(without proxy) to the marriage in order for a marriage contract to be formed.

title: Algerian Family Code


text: User talk:64.81.228.202

title: User talk:64.81.228.202


text:
Balian of Ibelin

Balian of Ibelin (Balian d'Ibelin; c. 1143–1193), also known as Barisan the Younger, was a crusader noble of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century. He was lord of Ibelin from 1170 to 1193. As the leader of the defense of the city during the siege of Jerusalem in 1187, he surrendered Jerusalem to Saladin on 2 October 1187.

Early years
Balian was the youngest son of Barisan of Ibelin, and brother of Hugh and Baldwin. His father, a knight in the County of Jaffa, had been rewarded with the lordship of Ibelin after the revolt of Hugh II of Le Puiset. Barisan married Helvis of Ramla, heiress of the wealthy lordship of Ramla. Balian's name was also Barisan, but he seems to have adapted the name to the Old French "Balian" c. 1175–76; he is sometimes known as Balian the Younger or Balian II when his father is also referred to as Balian. He is also called Balian of Ramla or Balian of Nablus. In Latin his name appears variously as Balian, Barisan, Barisanus, Balianus, Balisan, and Balisanus. Arabic sources call him Balian ibn Barzan which translates "Balian, son of Barzan."

His precise year of birth is unknown, but he was of the age of majority (usually 15) by 1158, when he first appears in charters, having been described as under-age ("infra annos") in 1156.

After the death of Balian's eldest brother Hugh c. 1169, the castle of Ibelin passed to the next brother, Baldwin. Baldwin, preferring to remain lord of Ramla, gave it to Balian. Balian held Ibelin as a vassal of his brother, and indirectly as a rear-vassal of the king, from whom Baldwin held Ramla.

Succession disputes
Baldwin supported Raymond III of Tripoli over Miles of Plancy as regent for King Baldwin IV in 1174, and in 1177 the brothers were present at the Battle of Montgisard, leading the vanguard victoriously against the strongest point of the Muslim line. That year Balian also married Maria Comnena, widow of King Amalric I, becoming stepfather to Amalric's younger daughter Isabella. He received the lordship of Nablus, which had been a dower gift to Maria following her marriage to Amalric. In 1179, Baldwin of Ramla was captured by Saladin after the Battle of Jacob's Ford, and Balian helped arrange for his ransom and release the next year; the ransom was eventually paid by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, Maria's great-uncle.

In 1183 Balian and Baldwin supported Raymond against Guy of Lusignan, husband of Amalric's elder daughter Sibylla and by now regent for Baldwin IV, who was dying of leprosy. The king had his 5-year-old nephew Baldwin of Montferrat crowned as co-king in his own lifetime, in an attempt to prevent Guy from ascending. Shortly before his death in spring 1185, Baldwin IV ordered a formal crown-wearing by his nephew at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It was Balian himself—a notably tall man—who carried the child Baldwin V on his shoulder at the ceremony, signifying the support of Isabella's family for her nephew. Soon after, the eight-year-old boy became sole king. When he, too, died in 1186, Balian and Maria, with Raymond's support, put forward Maria's daughter Isabella, then about 14, as a candidate for the throne. However, her husband, Humphrey IV of Toron, refused the crown and swore fealty to Guy. Balian reluctantly also paid homage to Guy, while his brother refused to do so and exiled himself to Antioch. Baldwin placed Balian in charge of raising his son Thomas, the future lord of Ramla, who did not go with his father to Antioch.

Dispute between Raymond and Guy
Balian remained in the kingdom, as an advisor to Guy. At the end of 1186, Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Damascus, threatened the borders of the kingdom after Guy's ally Raynald of Châtillon, Lord of Oultrejordain, had attacked a Muslim caravan. Saladin was allied with the garrison of Tiberias in the north of the kingdom, a territory held by Raymond III. Guy gathered his army at Nazareth, planning to besiege Tiberias, but Balian disagreed with this, and instead suggested that Guy send an emissary to Raymond in Tripoli, hoping the two could be reconciled before Guy made a foolish attack on Saladin's larger army. The first embassy was a failure and the situation remained unchanged throughout the early months of 1187. After Easter of that year, Balian, Gerard of Ridefort (Grand Master of the Knights Templar), Roger de Moulins (Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller), Reginald of Sidon, and Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre were sent on a new embassy to Tripoli. During the journey they stopped at Balian's fief of Nablus, and Balian planned to remain behind briefly while the others went ahead. On May 1, the Templars and Hospitallers were defeated by Saladin's son al-Afdal at the Battle of Cresson; Balian was still a day behind, and had also stopped at Sebastea to celebrate a feast day. After reaching the castle of La Fève, where the Templars and Hospitallers had camped, he found that the place was deserted, and soon heard news of the disastrous battle from the few survivors. Raymond heard about the battle as well and met the embassy at Tiberias, and agreed to accompany them back to Jerusalem.

Battle of Hattin
Since al-Afdal's army had been allowed to enter the kingdom through their alliance with Raymond, the count now regretted his actions and reconciled with Guy. Guy marched north and camped at Sephoria, but insisted on marching the army across a dry and barren plain to relieve Tiberias. The army had no water and was constantly harassed by Saladin's troops, and was finally surrounded at the Horns of Hattin outside Tiberias early in July. In the Battle of Hattin that followed on July 4, Balian and Joscelin III of Edessa commanded the rearguard, but the crusader army was completely defeated. The anonymous text, De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum Libellus claims that Balian, Raymond and Reginald of Sidon fled the field in the middle of the battle, trampling "the Christians, the Turks and the Cross" in the process—but this is not corroborated by other accounts, and likely reflects the author's hostility to the Poleins (a European born in the Levant).

The defeat led to a changing of the guard in Jerusalem: King Guy was taken prisoner, and nearly every town and castle soon fell to Saladin. Balian, Raymond, Reginald, and Payen of Haifa were among the few leading nobles who managed to escape to Tyre. Raymond and Reginald soon left to attend to the defence of their own territories, and Tyre came under the leadership of Conrad of Montferrat, who had arrived not long after Hattin. Balian was to become one of his closest allies. Leaving Tyre, Balian asked Saladin for permission to return through the lines to Jerusalem to escort his wife and their children to Tripoli. Saladin allowed this, provided that Balian leave the city and take an oath to never raise arms against him.

Defense of Jerusalem
When Balian and his small group of knights arrived in the city, the inhabitants begged them to stay, and Balian was absolved of his oath to Saladin by Patriarch Eraclius, who argued that the greater need of Christendom was stronger than his oath to a non-Christian. Balian was recruited to lead the defense of the city, but he found that there were under fourteen, possibly as few as two, other knights there, so he created 60 new knights from the ranks of the burgesses. Queen Sibylla seems to have played little part in the defence, and oaths were taken to Balian as lord. With Eraclius, he prepared for the inevitable siege by storing food and money. Saladin indeed began the siege of Jerusalem on 20 September 1187, after he had conquered almost all of the rest of the kingdom, including Ibelin, Nablus, Ramla, and Ascalon. The sultan felt no ill-will to Balian for breaking his oath, and arranged for an escort to accompany Maria and their children to Tripoli. As the highest ranking lord remaining in Jerusalem, Balian, as Ibn al-Athir wrote, was seen by the Muslims as holding a rank "more or less equal to that of a king."

Saladin was able to knock down portions of the walls, but was unable to gain entrance to the city. Balian then rode out to meet with the sultan, to report to him that the defenders would rather kill each other and destroy the city than see it taken by force. After negotiations, it was decided that the city would be handed over peacefully, and that Saladin would free seven thousand men for 30,000 bezants; two women or ten children would be permitted to take the place of one man for the same price. Balian handed over the keys to the Tower of David (the citadel) on October 2. Saladin allowed for an orderly march away from Jerusalem, preventing the sort of massacre that had occurred when the Crusaders captured the city in 1099. Balian and Patriarch Eraclius had offered themselves as hostages for the ransoming of the remaining Frankish citizens, but Saladin had refused. The ransomed inhabitants marched away in three columns. Balian and the Patriarch led the third, which was the last to leave the city, probably around November 20. Balian joined his wife and children in Tripoli.

Balian as king-maker, and the Third Crusade
The fall of Jerusalem, and the death of Sibylla at the Siege of Acre in 1190, led to a dispute over the throne of the kingdom. Balian's stepdaughter Isabella was now rightful queen, but Guy refused to concede his title, and Isabella's husband Humphrey—who had let her cause down in 1186—remained loyal to him. If Isabella were to succeed, she needed a politically acceptable and militarily competent husband, the obvious candidate being Conrad of Montferrat, who also had some claim as Baldwin V's paternal uncle. Balian and Maria seized Isabella and talked her into agreeing to a divorce. There were precedents: the annulment of Amalric I's marriage to Agnes of Courtenay, and the unsuccessful attempts to force Sibylla to divorce Guy.

Isabella's marriage was annulled by Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa, who was Papal legate, and Philip of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais. The Bishop of Beauvais then married her to Conrad (controversially, since his brother had been married to her half-sister and it was uncertain whether he had been divorced by his Byzantine wife). The succession dispute was prolonged by the arrival of Richard I of England and Philip II of France on the Third Crusade: Richard supported Guy, as a Poitevin vassal, while Philip supported Conrad, his late father's cousin.

Balian and Maria's role in Isabella's divorce and their support for Conrad as king earned them the bitter hatred of Richard and his supporters. Ambroise, who wrote a poetic account of the crusade, called Balian "more false than a goblin" and said he "should be hunted with dogs". The anonymous author of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi wrote that Balian was a member of a "council of consummate iniquity" around Conrad, accused him of taking Conrad's bribes, and said of Maria and Balian as a couple:
 * Steeped in Greek filth from the cradle, she had a husband whose morals matched her own: he was cruel, she was godless; he was fickle, she was pliable; he was faithless, she was fraudulent.

On 28 April 1192, only days after his kingship was confirmed by election, Conrad was assassinated in Tyre. It is said that one of the two assassins responsible had entered Balian's household in Tyre some months previously, pretending to be a servant, in order to stalk his victim; the other may have similarly infiltrated Reginald of Sidon's or Conrad's own household. Richard was widely suspected of involvement in the murder. Isabella, who was expecting her first child (Maria of Montferrat), married Henry II of Champagne only a week later.

Balian became one of Henry's advisors, and later that year (along with William of Tiberias), he commanded the rearguard of Richard's army at the Battle of Jaffa of 1192. Later, he helped negotiate the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192 between Richard and Saladin, essentially ending the crusade. Under this treaty, Ibelin remained under Saladin's control, but many sites along the coast which had been reconquered during the crusade were allowed to remain in Christian hands. After Richard departed, Saladin compensated Balian with the castle of Caymont and five other nearby sites, all outside Acre.

Legacy
Balian died in 1193, in his early fifties. With Maria Komnene he had four children:
 * Helvis of Ibelin, who married (1) Reginald of Sidon; (2) Guy of Montfort.
 * John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut and constable of Jerusalem, and regent for his niece Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem. He married (1) Helvis of Nephin; (2) Melisende of Arsuf.
 * Margaret, who married (1) Hugh II of Saint Omer (stepson of Raymond III of Tripoli); (2) Walter III of Cæsarea.
 * Philip of Ibelin, Regent of Cyprus, who married Alice of Montbéliard, and sired John of Ibelin, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon

Balian's squire Ernoul, who was with him on the embassy to Tripoli in 1187, wrote parts of the Old French continuation of the Latin chronicle of William of Tyre (William had died in 1186, before the fall of Jerusalem). Although this family of manuscripts now often bears his name, his account survives in only fragments within it, mainly for the period 1186–88, with a heavy bias in favour of the Ibelin family.

Balian became a common name in the Ibelin family in the 13th century. Balian, lord of Beirut, son of John and grandson of the above Balian, succeeded his father as lord of Beirut in 1236. Balian of Beirut's brother, also named John, had a son named Balian; this Balian was lord of Arsuf and married Plaisance of Antioch.

The name also passed into the family of the Greniers of Sidon, since Balian's daughter Helvis and Reginald of Sidon named their son Balian.

Popular culture
A highly fictionalized version of Balian, played by English actor Orlando Bloom, is the protagonist of Ridley Scott's 2005 film Kingdom of Heaven.

title: Balian of Ibelin


text:
MBTA bus

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) operates 152 bus routes in the Greater Boston area. The MBTA has a policy objective to provide transit service within walking distance (defined as 0.25 mi) for all residents living in areas with population densities greater than 5000 PD/sqmi within the MBTA's service district. Much of this service is provided by bus. In, the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of.

Most MBTA bus routes are local service operated in Boston and its inner suburbs and connect to MBTA subway stations. Fifteen high-ridership local routes are designated as key routes, with higher frequency at all operating hours. The MBTA operates a five-route bus rapid transit service branded as the Silver Line, as well as two limited-stop crosstown routes. Three smaller local networks are based in the nearby cities of Lynn, Waltham, and Quincy. Several express routes operate from suburbs to downtown Boston.

The MBTA has an active bus fleet around 1,040 buses with diesel-electric hybrid or compressed natural gas propulsion. Replacement of the full fleet with battery electric buses is planned. The entire bus system is accessible; all vehicles are low-floor buses with fold-out ramps.

Most routes are operated directly by the MBTA. Five suburban routes are run by private operators under contract to the MBTA, while several small circulator systems are run by other operators with partial MBTA subsidy. MBTA-operated buses operate from nine garages, one of which is under reconstruction and a second planned for replacement. Several sections of dedicated right-of-way for MBTA buses have been opened in the 21st century, including two off-street busways for the Silver Line and a number of dedicated bus lanes.

The modern bus system descends from a network of horsecar and electric streetcar lines built in the 1850s to 1910s, which were consolidated under the West End Street Railway and later Boston Elevated Railway (BERy). The BERy introduced buses in 1922 to replace lightly-used streetcar lines and expand into new areas. Over the next four decades under the BERy and Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA), all but six streetcar routes were converted to bus or trolleybus. Most trolleybuses were phased out by the 1960s, but four routes lasted until 2022. The MBTA took over the MTA in 1964, and several private suburban bus operators over the following two decades. Many routes have been modified during the MBTA era; the agency introduced crosstown routes in 1994 and the Silver Line in 2002.

History
A number of horsecar lines were built in Boston and surrounding towns in the second half of the 19th century, beginning with the Cambridge Railroad in 1856. Several smaller companies were consolidated into the West End Street Railway in 1887. The West End began electrifying existing lines and constructing new streetcar lines; the last horsecar lines ended in 1900. The West End was purchased in 1897 by the Boston Elevated Railway (BERy), which had been created to build a rapid transit system in Boston. As that system was constructed in the first two decades of the 20th century, many streetcar lines were cut back from downtown Boston to rapid transit stations. Stations like Sullivan Square, Dudley Square, Forest Hills, Harvard, and Andrew were built as transfer stations with easy connections between subway and rapid transit.

Some small companies operated buses in Boston as early as the 1910s. BERy bus service began on February 23, 1922, when buses replaced the North Beacon Street streetcar line. Initial bus routes largely replaced lightly-used streetcar lines or expanded service to new areas. The BERy also attempted in the 1920s to make the Tremont Street streetcar subway operate more like a rapid transit line, using trains of streetcars entering the subway from a small number of feeder lines, rather than single streetcars from numerous surface lines. The Harvard–Lechmere streetcar line was converted to trackless trolley (trolleybus) on April 11, 1936 – the first route in what would become an extensive trackless trolley system.

As increased automobile usage reduced ridership and increased congestion, the BERy and its 1947 replacement Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) continued to convert streetcar lines to bus and trolleybus. Most trolleybus lines were replaced by buses in the late 1940s to early 1960s, as buses offered increased flexibility and no need to maintain overhead lines. When the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) replaced the MTA in 1964, all surface lines were operated by buses except six streetcar lines (the five Green Line branches plus the Mattapan Line) and four trolleybus lines. The MBTA rebranded many elements of Boston's public transportation network in its first decade. After being found unsuitable in 1965 for the Orange Line because it did not show up well on maps, yellow was chosen for the color of bus operations on January 8, 1972.

The MBTA had primarily been formed to subsidize the suburban commuter rail network. However, the agency also took over unprofitable suburban bus operations – much of which was former streetcar lines – from several private companies. The MBTA took over the Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway in 1968, inheriting large networks based in Lynn and Quincy plus several lines in Norwood and Melrose. (Networks serving Lowell, Lawrence, and Brockton outside the MBTA district were briefly operated by the MBTA. They were transferred to new public agencies: the LRTA in Lowell in 1976, a predecessor of the MVRTA in Lawrence in 1968, and a predecessor of the BAT in Brockton in 1969.) The MBTA began subsidizing Middlesex and Boston Street Railway service based in Newton and Waltham in 1964, and took over the remaining routes in 1972. Five former Service Bus Lines routes in northeast suburbs were taken over in 1975, and a single Brush Hill Transportation line in Milton was taken over in 1980.

The geographic scope of the MBTA bus network has remained relatively constant since these additions, though many services have been created, discontinued, and modified during the MBTA era. The openings of new sections of the Red Line (1971, 1980, 1984–85) and the Orange Line (1975–77, 1987) have resulted in significant changes as routes were modified to serve new transfer stations. Three limited-stop crosstown routes were created in 1994 as a prelude to the Urban Ring Project, a never-implemented circumferential bus rapid transit (BRT) corridor. Silver Line BRT service began in 2002 with conversion of existing bus service on Washington Street, and was expanded in 2004–05 with new routes serving the Waterfront Tunnel in the Seaport District. The latter used dual-mode buses that operated as trolleybuses in the Waterfront Tunnel and as diesel buses on the surface. A second Silver Line service using the Washington Street corridor was added in 2009, and service from the Waterfront Tunnel to Chelsea began in 2018 with a new surface busway in Chelsea.

The BERy and MTA operated overnight Owl service until 1960. From September 2001 to June 2005, the MBTA operated bus service on 17 routes (7 normal bus routes and 10 routes replicating subway lines) until 2:30am on Friday and Saturday nights. Similar service on the key routes was operated from March 2013 to March 2014. In 2017, the MBTA Board rejected a proposal to run all-night service on several routes with pulsed connections at a central hub.

In 2018, the MBTA began planning for the Bus Network Redesign, a reworking of the entire bus network. A draft plan was released in May 2022, with a revised plan in November 2022. That plan was approved in December 2022. It increases overall service by 25%, with a doubling of the number of routes with high-frequency service. , the first changes are planned to be made in December 2024, with additional changes through 2028. The second phase is planned to cover most of Boston and Brookline; the third and south phases are tentatively planned to cover northern and southern suburbs.

In 2022, the MBTA started cutting bus service due to a driver shortage resulting from a long-term retirement trend accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts. Despite paying for training to get a commercial driver's license and offering a $4,500 signing bonus, it ended the year short about 350 drivers, plus about 400 more needed to increase service to implement a proposed bus network redesign. Experts said the shortage was caused by the failure to raise the starting hourly wage, and offer new hires full-time work instead of forcing all of them to start part-time. Drivers were also unhappy about lack of access to bathrooms and "split shifts" with unpaid time between morning and evening rush hour that was too short to go home. The MBTA began hiring operators for full-time work in 2023. The number of bus drivers increased from about 1,350 in mid-2023 to about 1,500 in March 2024.

Fleet
This is the current bus roster for the MBTA. All buses are 102 in wide; most buses are 40 foot length, while 117 are 60 foot articulated buses. An additional 80 New Flyer 40-foot battery-electric buses were ordered in July 2023, with the first ten to be delivered in 2024 and the remainder in 2025–26. Thirty-two of those buses will have left-side doors for use in the Harvard bus tunnel.

Facilities
[[File:MBTA bus districts.svg|thumb|right|MBTA bus routes grouped by the facility they operate from at peak hours (2016)

]] MBTA buses are operated out of eight facilities.

Replacements
The North Cambridge bus facility, which was used by trackless trolleys until March 2022, is to be modified for battery-electric buses. A $27.3 million contract was issued in October 2023, with completion expected in November 2025.

The MBTA plans to replace Quincy Garage with a larger facility near Quincy Adams station. The parcel was purchased for $38.2 million in March 2021. Early work, including demolition of an existing building at the site, was completed in mid-2022. Bids in May 2022 came in higher than expected – $360 million versus $280 million – prompting the MBTA to switch to Construction Management at Risk bidding for the project. , the work is expected to cost $299 million, with substantial completion in March 2027.

A replacement of Arborway Garage on-site is planned to be completed in 2028. It will expand the fleet at that garage from 118 CNG buses to 200 battery-electric buses, including articulated buses for routes 28, 32, and 39.

In July 2022, the MBTA indicated plans to purchase an adjacent parcel to expand Southampton Garage.

Private buses

Most local bus routes in Massachusetts outside the immediate MBTA operating area are operated by the state's other regional transit authorities (RTAs). However, some routes that connect with MBTA bus or subway service are operated by outside private contractors with partial subsidy by the MBTA.

Five routes – the, /, , and – are numbered like other MBTA buses. The five routes are primarily commuter routes which connect with other MBTA services at their inbound terminals. They were taken over from various private operators (Hudson Bus Lines for the 710 and 716, Rapid Transit Inc. for the 712/713, and Nantasket Transportation for the 714). The 712 and 713 use MBTA-provided buses and accept Charliecards; the other routes do not.

Four suburban municipalities contract with outside operators for local circulator routes, most with partial MBTA subsidy. Bedford and Beverly run single routes, Burlington runs five routes, and Lexington runs six. Most are run by private operators, except for the Beverly Shuttle, which is part of the Cape Ann Transportation Authority system. Additionally, a nonprofit shuttle is run in Boston's Mission Hill neighborhood. Those routes appear on MBTA system maps and connect with MBTA services at designated transfer points, but are numbered separately and do not accept MBTA passes.

Bus lanes
Several sections of dedicated right-of-way for MBTA buses have been opened in the 21st century. Two sections of the Silver Line have off-street busways: The 2004-opened 1.2 miles South Boston Piers Transitway tunnel in the Seaport (used by the, , , and ), and a 2018-opened 1.1 miles surface busway in Chelsea used by the SL3. A direct ramp to the Ted Williams Tunnel is proposed for use by the SL1 and SL3. A number of dedicated bus lanes on surface streets are also in use:
 * Washington Street, Boston:
 * 1.6 miles between Melnea Cass Boulevard and Kneeland Street (including a short southbound contraflow section), with an additional 0.3 miles northbound-only between Stuart Street and Temple Place. The lanes are used by Silver Line routes and, as well as local routes , , and . The southern section was opened in 2002 with the introduction of Silver Line service; the portion north of Herald Street (northbound) and Marginal Street (southbound) was added in mid-2020 along with a lane on Temple Place.
 * 0.9 miles of northbound morning-peak-only bus/bike lane between Roslindale and Forest Hills was added in June 2018 following a test that May. The section is used by routes, , , , , , , , and . 1.5 miles of southbound evening-peak-only lane was added in early 2021.
 * Essex Street, Boston: Two eastbound segments totaling 0.2 miles, opened in 2009 for use by the SL4.
 * Broadway, Sweetser Circle, and Main Street, Everett: A 1.1 miles morning-peak-only southbound bus lane on Broadway from Henry Street to Sweetser Circle (routes, 104, 109, , ) was opened in 2017 after a 2016 test. A 0.4 miles northbound evening-peak-only lane on Broadway from Sweetser Circle to Chelsea Street, a 0.15 miles northbound evening-peak-only lane on Main Street from Sweetser Circle to Oakes Street (routes , 105, ), and an all-day lane around Sweetser Circle were added in October 2020.
 * Prospect Street, Somerville: a 0.1 mile northbound bus/bike lane (routes, ) opened in 2017.
 * Mount Auburn Street and Belmont Street, Cambridge and Watertown: Three segments totaling 0.6 miles, installed in October 2018 for routes and.
 * Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge and Arlington: 0.5 miles of southbound bus lane from Sidney Street to Memorial Drive for route, opened in November 2018. 0.3 miles of southbound morning-peak-only bus/bike lane from Varnum Street to Alewife Brook Parkway for route was installed in October 2019 after a successful test a year before. 0.5 miles of bus lanes between Dudley Street and Alewife Brook Parkway (route 1) opened in November 2021.
 * Sullivan Square, Boston: Three short sections of bus-only turn lane on Beacham Street (routes, 91, CT2), Maffa Way , and Main Street for buses entering Sullivan Square station, installed as part of a 2018–2019 reconfiguration of the station.
 * Brighton Avenue, Boston: 0.6 miles of bus/bike lanes between Commonwealth Avenue (Packards Corner) and Union Square, used by routes, , and . The eastbound lane was opened in June 2019, followed by the westbound lane that October.
 * Broadway, Somerville: 0.9 miles of bus/bike lanes between Magoun Square and Fellsway West for routes and, opened in August 2019.
 * North Washington Street, Boston: 0.15 miles of southbound bus/bike lane (route 92, 93,, , and ) from Causeway Street to Beverly Street opened in August 2019. A 0.3 mile northbound bus lane from Sudbury Street to Causeway Street opened in August 2021.
 * Summer Street, Boston: 0.14 miles of westbound bus lane between Dorchester Avenue and Atlantic Avenue for routes and, opened in October 2019. An additional 1.4 miles of bus/truck lanes between Dorchester Avenue and East First Street opened as a six-month pilot in September 2023.
 * Davis Square, Somerville: queue jumps on Holland Street (routes and ) and College Avenue (89,, ) opened in 2020.
 * Broadway, Chelsea: a 0.2 miles westbound bus lane from 5th Street to 3rd Street for routes, , , and opened in November 2020.
 * Tobin Memorial Bridge: 1.1 miles of westbound bus lane for route 111 (a 12-month pilot) opened in December 2020.
 * Malden: a 0.2 mile westbound bus/bike lane opened on Florence Street (routes, , ) in December 2020, followed by bidirectional lanes on Centre Street (routes 99, 104, 105, , , , , , ) in 2022.
 * Washington Street, Somerville: several queue jumps and sections of bus/bike lanes (routes, , ) were added in 2020-21, with further additions in 2024.
 * North Common Street, South Common Street, and Market Street, Lynn: 0.75 miles of bus/bike lanes for routes / and opened in April 2021.
 * Mystic Avenue, Somerville and Medford: a 1.9 mile pilot of a morning-peak-only southbound bus lane for route 95 opened in June 2021.
 * Columbus Avenue, Boston: 0.7 miles of center-running lanes between Walnut Street and Jackson Square (routes, , ) with boarding islands opened in October 2021 – the first center bus lanes in New England.
 * Broadway, Revere: 1.0 mile pilot of southbound morning peak bus/bike lane from Revere Street to near Revere Beach Parkway for routes, , , and 411 opened in November 2021. It was made permanent in August 2022, with additional markings installed in September 2023. The lane was extended south under Revere Beach Parkway to the Chelsea border in June 2024.
 * Western Avenue in Lynn: 0.4 miles of bus lanes between Ida Street and the Belden Bly Bridge (routes, /, 455) opened in 2021–22.
 * Route 2 eastbound ramp to Alewife station: 0.25 miles of bus lane for routes, , , and was opened in November 2021.
 * Interstate 93 north of Boston: A two-year pilot began in December 2021 for use of the breakdown lane by MBTA buses (routes, , , and ), MVRTA buses, and Logan Express buses between Somerville and I-95. The lanes can be used during peak periods when traffic speeds are below 35 mph.
 * Dedicated lanes were added on several streets in Boston during the August–September 2022 closure of the Orange Line, of which four were made permanent: Boylston Street from Ring Road to Clarendon Street (routes, , and ), Clarendon from Boylston to Columbus Avenue (39 and 55), St. James Avenue from near Berkeley Street to Dartmouth Street (9, , 39, 55, , and ), and Huntington Avenue from Brigham Circle to Gainsborough Street (39 and ).
 * Washington Street, Brookline: 0.25 miles of bus lanes at Brookline Village (routes, , ) were installed in June 2024 as a one-year pilot.

An additional 1.0 mile of center lanes on Columbus Avenue and Tremont Street between Jackson Square and Ruggles is planned for construction in 2025–26. Center bus lanes are also funded for Lynnway in Lynn, and proposed for Blue Hill Avenue in Boston between Grove Hall and Mattapan. Additional lanes in Boston announced in 2020 but not yet implemented include Malcolm X Boulevard between Roxbury Crossing and Nubian Square, Warren Street between Nubian Square and Grove Hall, and Hyde Park Avenue between Forest Hills and Metropolitan Avenue.

title: MBTA bus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Golden Words

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Anonymous votes were severely discounted. Joyous 03:37, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

Golden Words
Nonnotable weekly humor newspaper. Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:55, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. JoaoRicardo 08:12, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 10:31, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable stub. utcursch 12:20, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad for a local campus publication. Wyss 18:37, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 05:19, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable as Canada's only weekly humor publication. 69.159.189.52 08:48, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Anonymous user's third edit. Carrp | Talk 23:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Publication spawned the career of screenwriter Elan Mastai. Jtlaw 23:29, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: User's second edit. Carrp | Talk 23:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Still valid, just needs to be expanded. 69.197.44.6 23:37, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Anonymous user's third edit. Carrp | Talk 23:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ivan Bolotnikov

Ivan Isayevich Bolotnikov (Ива́н Иса́евич Боло́тников; 1565–1608) headed a popular uprising in Russia in 1606–1607 known as the Bolotnikov Rebellion (Восстание Ивана Болотникова). The uprising formed part of the Time of Troubles in Russia.

Early life
Describing Bolotnikov, Paul Avrich states, "Contemporaries depict him as a tall and powerfully-built, and an intelligent and energetic leader." Bolotnikov was a slave of Prince Andrei Teliatevsky, before running away to join the Cossacks along the steppe frontier between Muscovy and the Crimean Khanate. Captured by the Crimean Tatars, he was sold into slavery as a helmsman for a Turkish galley. Liberated in a sea battle by German ships, he was taken to Venice. Journeying back to Muscovy, he passed through Poland, where he heard tales of the Tsar Dmitri. This led Bolotnikov to Sambor, where he met Mikhail Molchanov. Molochanov was part of the group who had murdered Feodor Godunov, and subsequently a confederate of Grigori Shakhovskoi, plotting a revolt against Moscow via a new pseudo-Dmitri. In June or July 1606, Molchanov sent Bolotnikov onwards to Putivl with a letter stating he was a servant of the Tsar Dmitri.

Rebellion
Molchanov sent Ivan Bolotnikov to the town of Putyvl to meet a voyevoda named Grigory Shakhovskoy. The latter received him as the new tsar’s envoy and put him in charge of a Cossack unit. Ivan Bolotnikov used this opportunity to muster a small army of runaway kholops, peasants, outlaws, and vagabonds, disgruntled with social and economic situation in Russia. He promised them to exterminate the ruling class and establish a new social system. By the order of Grigory Shakhovskoy, Bolotnikov and his army advanced to Kromy (today's Oryol Oblast) in August 1606, defeating the Muscovite army under the command of Prince Yury Trubetskoy. From there, he moved towards Serpukhov and ravaged the city.

Siege
Shakhovskoi made Bolotnikov Bolshoi Woywoden of the Putivl garrison, and according to Avrich, augmented that force with "fugitive peasants, impoverished townsmen, Cossacks, slaves, brigands, and drifters of every description who had flocked to Putivl to join the rebellion." Many were veterans of the Khlopko Rebellion and False Dmitry I campaign. Bolotnikov led this left wing of rebels from Kromy to Kaluga, to Serpukhov, and onwards to Moscow. A right wing of rebels, composed of a group led by Prokopy Lyapunov, a Riazan militia commander, and Istoma Pashkov, a squire from Tula, advanced on Moscow from Tula. During the Siege of Moscow (1606), tsar Vasili Shuisky defended the southern portion of Moscow behind wooden walls built, while Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky attacked the rebel bases located at Kolomenskoye and Zaborie, and the Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow denounced the rebellion as the work of "Satan and his demons."

Turning point
On 15 November, Liapunov, after being offered higher rank, a seat on the boyar council, and much silver, went over to the tsar with his Riazin militia. The tsar received additional reinforcements from Smolensk and the Northern Dvina. On 26 November, Istoma Pashkov went over to the tsar. On 2 December, Skopin-Shuisky attacked Kolomenskoe and Zaborie, forcing Bolotnikov to retreat southwards to Serpkhov, then onwards to Kaluga, where he underwent a siege for the next six months.

Help from Prince Andrei Telyatevsky
In the spring of 1607, another imposter by the name of False Peter (also known as Ileyka Muromets; he claimed to be the son of Feodor I of Russia) came to Tula with a whole mob of robbers to meet with Prince Grigory Shakhovskoy. Immediately after this, the latter dispatched Prince Andrei Telyatevsky and his men to help out Ivan Bolotnikov, forcing Prince Mstislavsky to lift the siege of Kaluga. Bolotnikov moved to Tula. Thus, all the rebels met together in one place, their joint forces numbering some 30,000 people. It was then that Vasili Shuisky decided to attack all of them at once and left Moscow on May 21, 1607. He besieged Tula, but the insurgents managed to hold out until October despite deprivations and hunger. Bolotnikov sent letters to False Dmitry II in Starodub asking for help, but to no avail.

Surrender and death
Finally, Bolotnikov decided to negotiate his surrender. The tsar promised to pardon the insurgents in return for Tula. On October 10, the rebels surrendered to the authorities. Shuisky, however, did not keep his promise. Instead, he transported all of the rebel leaders to Moscow on October 30, and then executed each of them in a different way. Ivan Bolotnikov was transported to Kargopol, blinded and then drowned.

title: Ivan Bolotnikov


text:
Talk:The Designers Republic

Comments
I don't see it, unless the article is referring to how some of their art takes some inspiration from urban grafitti style? Seems a little presumptive to me; an example or two in the article that leaves little doubt about their "anti-establishment" and/or "controversial" status could clarify things a bit. --69.234.233.69 06:58, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree with what was said above.

I also agree. But someone who have time to do something about it should. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Docljunior (talk • contribs) 23:33, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Besides that: a mention of the ongoing struggle between constructive (larger clients) and de-constructive (Warp mostly) approaches in their designs, especially around 2000, prior to Michael Place's departure.

This article has way too much attempt at criticism and editorial analysis, not enough factual info. Nelson 09:38, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

I agree. This article noodles off into commentary and yet somehow manages to try to cover DR without even a single snippet of all their incredibly influential work for Pop Will Eat Itself. The closest it comes is a Wipeout screenshot. Bollinger 20:41, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

As an added note, the main menus from DiRT seem to be rather DR inspired. Any way we can find out if DR did it? Bollinger 20:41, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

God their website is obnoxious :x Given their great work with things like wipeout you'd think they could come up with something better than a customer-deflecting flash site. Is there any other site with official information like what should be on their site? I can't find much of anything on there. --67.160.118.193 (talk) 13:52, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

What?
"Because of the anti-capitalist tendencies in its work, the company has a majority of its clients in the music and entertainment industries..." Does this really make any sense? The music and entertainment industries are not "anti-capitalist" by any stretch of the imagination, so I don't see how companies in these fields would be more receptive to stuff by TDR. Besides that, they're apparently doing a commercial for Coke now, so I'd recommend removing this sentence altogether. -- Ultra Megatron 01:07, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AutechreIncunabula.jpeg
Image:AutechreIncunabula.jpeg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:55, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Fs appetitefordisctruction.jpg
The image Image:Fs appetitefordisctruction.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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Fixing
This page is a mess now, someone with obviosuly no history (user ip page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/79.121.193.183) editing has come and screwed it all up, although at the same time they added a whole bunch of usfull info so I will try and sort it out now. ΤΕΡΡΑΣΙΔΙΩΣ (Ταλκ ) 20:54, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Much of this written by TDR?
This is just a guess, but if I didn't know better I'd say that a lot of this was probably added by somebody from TDR with the wording. It just seems to overly praise the company, and some of these numbers (like the day the company was founded) seem so precise. I'd be surprised if anybody else not involved with them even knew the exact day, at least not without doing a fair amount of research. Not that somebody from the company adding data is necessarily a bad thing, but it should seem far more neutral. 24.107.102.129 (talk) 07:59, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Agreeing with the previous statement, the entire page reads as an ego-trip for TDR, praising their anti-consumerist tendencies without providing justification or citation. Someone needs to rewrite this page in a more passive, objective tone. The highly biased view presented doesn't seem to provide objective information to any high degree, aside from providing a general overview of the company. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.109.146.96 (talk) 15:52, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Designers Republic