text:
Samuel W. Alderson

Samuel W. Alderson (October 21, 1914 – February 11, 2005) was an American inventor best known for his development of the crash test dummy, a device that, during the last half of the twentieth century, was widely used by automobile manufacturers to test the reliability of automobile seat belts and other safety protocols.

Biography
Alderson was born in Cleveland, Ohio but was raised in southern California as a toddler where his Romanian-immigrant father ran a custom sheet-metal and sign shop. He graduated from high school at the age of 15 and went on to intermittently study at Reed College, Caltech, Columbia and UC Berkeley. He frequently interrupted his education to help out with the family sheet-metal business. He completed his formal education at the University of California, Berkeley, under the tutelage of J. Robert Oppenheimer and Ernest O. Lawrence, but did not complete his doctoral dissertation. He was also captain of the Varsity water polo team, winning many awards and receiving many accolades.

In 1952, he began his own company, Alderson Research Laboratories, and quickly won a contract to create an anthropometric dummy for use in testing aircraft ejection seats. At about the same time, automobile manufacturers were being challenged to produce safer vehicles, and to do so without relying on live volunteers or human cadavers.

In 1966, the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act was passed, which together with Ralph Nader's book, Unsafe at Any Speed put the search for an anatomically faithful test dummy into high gear. With this as a goal, Alderson produced the V.I.P., a dummy designed to mimic an average male's acceleration and weight properties, and to reproduce the effects of impact like a real person. His work went on to see the creation of the Hybrid family of test dummies, which as of the beginning of the 21st century are the de facto standards for testing.

Alderson also worked for the United States military. During World War II, he helped develop an optical coating to improve the vision of submarine periscopes, and worked on depth charge and missile guidance technology. He also helped create dummies, known as "medical phantoms", that reacted to radiation, and synthetic wounds, used in emergency training simulations, which behaved like real wounds. Based on that experience, he formed another company that he managed until shortly before his death, Radiology Support Devices, to supply the healthcare industry. Later on, he built dummies to test the Apollo nose cone's water landing capability.

Alderson died at his home in Marina Del Rey, California, due to complications from myelofibrosis. Alderson was widowed once and divorced three times. In addition to his son Jeremy, he is survived by a sister, another son, and four grandchildren.

title: Samuel W. Alderson


text:
Alborz High School

Alborz High School is a college-preparatory gifted high school located in the heart of Tehran, Iran. It is one of the first modern high schools in Asia and the Middle East, named after the Alborz mountain range, north of Tehran. Its place in the shaping of Iran's intellectual elite compares with that of Eton College in England and institutions such as Phillips Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy, and Milton Academy in the United States.

History
The school was founded as an elementary school in 1873 by a group of American Presbyterian missionaries led by James Bassett. This was in the 26th year of the reign of Nasereddin Shah Qajar, 22 years after Amir Kabir founded the Dar ul-Funun school in Tehran, and 33 years before the Constitutional Revolution in Persia (as it was known back then; later it became "Iran" during the Reza Shah Era).

When Dr. Samuel Jordan arrived in Persia in 1898, he instituted change; subsequently, Alborz became a 12-year elementary and secondary school, with its share of college courses. Thereafter, the institution came to be known as the American College of Tehran.

Dr. Jordan remained president of Alborz for 42 years (1899–1940). During his tenure, Alborz grew from an elementary school to a high school and college.

In 1932, the school received a permanent charter from the Board of Regents of the State University of New York.

In 1940 and during World War II, by the order of Shah Reza Pahlavi, Alborz was removed from American management and placed under the auspices of the Iranian Ministry of Education as part of Reza Shah's modernization reforms. The school's name was changed from "College" back to "Alborz", and it was reinstated as a high school.

In 1944, Professor Mohammad Ali Mojtahedi, member of University of Tehran's faculty, was appointed as the president of Alborz.

Mandegar Title
In Iran, schools and educational centers that have been operating for more than 80 years and have good records of educating students are granted the Mandegar prefix (Persian: ماندگار, meaning: lasting) by the Iran Ministry of Education. Mandegar prefix was granted to Alborz High School in 2006 according to the conditions set by the IRI Ministry of Education.

Structure
Alborz High School is a public school and is managed by a special board of directors that includes the heads of the IRI Ministry of Education and the head of the Education, Research and Technology Commission of the IRI Council along with number of other officials of Iran.

Alborz High School has 4 majors: Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Physics, Humanities and Literature, and Humanities and Theology at the high school level. Each field has a different building with experienced high-ranking teachers and supervisors who specialize in educational goals.

Honours and Alumni
Alborz students have won more than 300 medals in the International Science Olympiads and scientific competitions.

Admission
According to the special goals of the school, prospective students must meet entrance exam requirements before being allowed to enroll in the school.

These conditions are:

 * Excellent academic records and high grades in elementary and middle school
 * Excellent scientific records and appropriate experience in the fields of Olympiads, competitions and festivals
 * Obtaining the quorum in the exam (above 75%) on the condition of obtaining the minimum admission rank in the each special major entrance exam: 150 (Natural Sciencec), 300 (Mathematics and Physics), 120 (Humanities)

If the above items are accepted:

 * Accepted in the scientific interview
 * Accepted in the cultural-religious interview
 * Accepted in the specialized interview of the continuing education program

After the initial admission, the students enter the summer program. This program lasts for 5 weeks and the students are evaluated under the supervision of a group of academic advisors and high school education specialists; if students get the minimum grade (60% B) in «natural sciences» and «mathematics and physics». or (50% C) in «humanities», their acceptance will be final approval. Top students are exempted from this condition in initial admission, but they are required to participate in the summer program.

The admission process of students in Alborz High School is carried out in cooperation with the General Department of Education of Tehran, the Education Commission of the IRI Council and the Vice President of Scientific Technology of Islamic Republic of Iran.

Educational path
In Alborz High School, there are several paths for high school education, so that every student after passing the first part of the admission (Entrance Test and Requirements) and the first two parts of the interview, during his third interview, he is obliged to choose his educational path. The educational paths of Alborz and their selection percentage are:

 * Konkour (Iranian National Universities Entrance Exam) (63%)
 * Olympiads and scientific competitions (12%)
 * Cultural and religious competitions and festivals (10%)
 * Competitions and festivals of technology and invention (10%)
 * Common - undecided (5%)

Elmialborz Institute
Elmialborz was a group that was formed by the first secondary (middle school) students of Alborz High School and from a student group it was able to reach a scientific and educational institution with more than 250 active members in several countries.

Foundation
In November 2017, after completing the writing of the Law of the Science Group of Alborz at the monthly meeting of the members of the Alborz Student Council, the scientific committee of the Student Council officially announced the start of the activity of this group.

Independence
At the beginning of 2019, i.e. about a year after its establishment, with the approval of the Alborz Student Council, the Alborz Scientific Committee became independent from this council and started working together with the higher scientific committee of the school and the Alborz Scientific Group, and thus the activity of this group became stronger.

After the dissolution of the middle school
After the dissolution of the first secondary school (middle school) of Alborz High School and this action coincided with the corona pandemic, this group was drastically reduced. This was when the members of the leadership group of this group made a new decision: to join the student scientific committee to the higher scientific committee and to transform the group into a professional structure.

This turned a small group into a free educational institution for the public, and through the association of the Higher Scientific Committee, it was able to establish connections with other schools and institutions in other cities and provinces.

Facilities and Buildings

 * Sources

 * Central building (now:Soleymani building) «Educational and Administrative»
 * Valizadeh building «Educational»
 * Isargaran building «Educational and Administrative»
 * Nuclear Martyrs Complex (1-st floor: Library, reading room, reference book library, workshop site, computer site, rest room, prayer room | 2-nd floor: laboratories of general biology, specialized biology, condensation physics, mechanical physics, organic chemistry, mineral chemistry and research workshop | 3-rd floor: Motahari exam hall)
 * Natural grass field (Football ground | Spectators section and dressing room)
 * Artificial grass field
 * Dezfulyan sports complex (1-st floor: Futsal-basketball multipurpose hall, gym, ping pong hall 1, Bathroom and dressing room | 2-nd floor: Spectators section, lounge and ping pong hall 2)
 * Restaurant (Teachers, Students)
 * Bagheral Uloom building (library, prayer hall)
 * Jordan House Museum
 * Education-research complex (1-st floor: Clinic and Administrative | 2-nd floor: High school performance evaluation department | 3-rd floor: Education and Planning departments | 4-th floor: Olympiad and Research departments)
 * Fakhrizadeh Research Center
 * Humanities library
 * Rajai meeting hall
 * Artificial lake and Park 1 (with animals)
 * Park 2 (Garden)
 * Volleyball and Handball fields
 * Central Yard (Speech and ceremony yard)

Alborz Principals/Deans

 * Sources
 * Mr. Howard (1873–1889)
 * Dr. Samuel M. Jordan (1899–1940)
 * Mr. Mohammad Vahid Tonekaboni (1940–1941)
 * Mr. Mohsen Haddad (1941)
 * Mr. Ali Mohammad Partovi (1941–1942)
 * Mr. Hasan Zoghi (1942–1943)
 * Mr. Lotf Ali Sooratgar (1943–1944)
 * Prof. Mohammad Ali Mojtahedi (1944–1978)
 * Mr. Hossein Khoshnevisan (1978–1979)
 * Mr. Hasan Pour Zahed (1979–1980)
 * Mr. Naser Naseri (1980–1981)
 * Mr. Ismael Sadegh Kazemi (1981–1985)
 * Mr. Rajab Ali Yasipour (1985–1986)
 * Mr. Naser Molla Asadollah (1986)
 * Mr. Ali Mazarei (1986–1988)
 * Mr. Abbas Feiz (1988–1989)
 * Mr. Hossein Khoshnevisan (1989–1991)
 * Mr. Bagher Dezfulian (1991–1997)
 * Mr. Mahmoud Dastani (1998–1999)
 * Mr. Valiollah Sanaye (1999–2007)
 * Dr. Mazaher Hami Kargar (2007–2011)
 * Dr. Abeth Esfandiar (2011–2012)
 * Mr. Mohammad Mohammadi (2012–present)

Notable Alborz Deans

 * Dr. Mahmoud Behzad

Notable alumni

 * Sources

Politicians

 * Sources
 * Mostafa Chamran (1932–1981), minister of National Defence and chief of Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC)
 * Amir Farshad Ebrahimi (born 1975), political activist
 * Mansoor Hekmat (1951–2002), political activist
 * Ali Javadi (born 1953), political activist
 * Ataollah Khosravani, politician
 * Mostafa Mirsalim (born 1947), politician
 * Tahmasb Mazaheri (born 1953), politician
 * Parviz C. Radji (1936–2014), Iranian ambassador to the United Kingdom

Military personnel

 * Sources
 * Mohammad Amir Khatam (1918–1975), commander in chief of Imperial Iranian Air Force (IIAF) (1958–1975)

Scholars

 * Sources
 * Solayman Haïm (1887–1970), lexicographer and translator
 * Manouchehr Sotoudeh (1913–2016), professor of geography
 * Mahmoud Behzad (1914–2007), professor of biology
 * Sadeq Chubak (1916–1998), author
 * Lotfi A. Zadeh (1921–2017), mathematician and professor of computer science
 * Mohammad Jafar Mahjoub (1924–1996), author and translator
 * Homayoun Sanaatizadeh (1925–2009), author, translator and entrepreneur
 * Mohammad-Ali Eslami Nodooshan (born 1925), poet and author
 * Dr.Ali Javan (born 1926 in Tehran) Alumni 1944, Physicist and 1st Gas Laser inventor in the world
 * Bijan Jalali (1927–2009), poet
 * Manuchehr Jamali (1928–2012), philosopher and poet
 * Mohammad Qahraman (1929–2013), poet
 * Mehdi Zarghamee, professor of computer science
 * Firouz Partovi (born 1936), physicist
 * Dariush Ashoori (born 1938), author and translator
 * Iraj Kaboli (born 1938), author and translator
 * Paris Moayedi (born 1938), entrepreneur
 * Hossein Amanat (born 1942), architect
 * Homayoun Katouzian (born 1942), historian and political scientist
 * Saeed Sohrabpour (born 1943), professor of mechanical engineering
 * Freydoon Shahidi (born 1947), mathematician
 * Mehrdad Abedi (born 1948), professor of electrical engineering
 * Caro Lucas (1949–2010), scientist
 * Abbas Edalat, professor of computer sciences
 * Houchang E. Chehabi (born 1954), professor of international relations and history
 * Cumrun Vafa (born 1960), string theorist
 * Farzad Nazem (born 1960), former CTO of Yahoo!
 * Houman Younessi (1963–2016), professor of computer science
 * Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh (born 1963), scientist and physician
 * Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh (born 1971), scientist and inventor
 * Ramin Golestanian, theoretical physicist

Artists

 * Sources
 * Homayoun Khorram (1930–2013), musician
 * Jamshid Mashayekhi (1934–2019), actor
 * Khosrow Sinai (born 1941), film director
 * Siavash Ghomeishi (born 1945), musician, singer and song writer
 * Amir Parvin Hosseini (born 1967), film producer
 * Behzad Abdi (born 1973), musician

Athletes

 * Abbas Ekrami (1915–2001), football manager

Media figures

 * Adel Ferdosipour (born 1974), football commentator

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alborz High School


text:
Air Luxor

Air Luxor was an airline based in Luxor Plaza in Lisbon, Portugal, operating a limited number of scheduled flights out of Portela Airport, Lisbon. The airline's operations were located in Building C1 and Hangar 7 in Delta Park, an area in Lisbon Airport.

Destinations
Upon closure, Air Luxor operated scheduled flights to the following destinations:

 * Portugal
 * Funchal (Madeira Airport)
 * France
 * (Orly Airport)
 * Africa
 * São Tomé (São Tomé International Airport)

Fleet
Over the years, the Air Luxor fleet consisted of these aircraft types:

title: Air Luxor


text:
I-370

I-370 may refer to:

 * Interstate 370, a highway in Maryland, United States
 * Isuzu i-370, a pickup truck
 * JSUB I-370, an Imperial Japanese Navy submarine commissioned in September 1944 and sunk in February 1945

title: I-370


text:
Talk:Arête

Untitled
Is Arete or Arête the correct spelling for this landform? --Gabriel Beecham/Kwekubo 00:17, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

FWIW, Google test: Arete glacier yields 8560 hits, Arête glacier 11,110 hits. But, when restricted to English-only pages, the former yielded 7530 hits, while latter only yielded 884 hits. So, I suspect that Arête is the French term, Arete is the English. Not definitive, though. -- hike395 05:30, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't trust Google with any questions involving accented words! Arête is AFAIK the correct spelling in English, though the unaccented form is inevitably a common variant and not surprisingly the dominant form on web pages. I think this page should be moved to Arête, which has the further advantage that the suffix "(landform)" isn't needed to distinguish it from a Greek word. --Blisco 21:51, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm arriving late in this discussion, but the move would be supported by the Glossary of Geology (written in English), which uses the word with the circumflex, and while most geologists often use the word sloppily without, my feeling is that in formal writing the circumflex is used more often. Cheers Geologyguy 17:07, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Move. Duja 08:19, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Arete (landform) → Arête – More correct spelling and one that doesn't need to be disambiguated from unrelated meanings. --Blisco 22:22, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

 * Oppose. Moving to Arête would contradict WP guideline Naming conventions (use English) hike395 05:48, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. The OED gives: "arête: A sharp ascending ridge or ‘edge’ of a mountain. The local name in French Switzerland, whence it has become a technical term with mountain-climbers." and doesn't even mention a spelling "arete". Ê is part of the Latin alphabet. --Stemonitis 14:03, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Support; spelled with circumflex in all dictionaries and encyclopaedias I have checked. Aquilina 11:26, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Support per Stemonitis. Recury 23:56, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Support per Blisco (below). Vicarious 06:20, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Support as this is the correct spelling (it remains a foreign word however, and I would not call it an English word as in the discussion below!). There should be of course a link from the Arete disambiguation page. One should also take into account that many users using standard english keyboards have no idea how to type diacritics and often omit them. LHOON 11:22, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

(use English)
The "use English" guideline directs us to specifically use Latin-only titles for WP articles. This is sensible, because for searching and linking, that is what people can easily type at their keyboard with no special keystrokes. I don't think we should overturn this guideline to avoid disambiguation hike395 05:48, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * "Use the Latin alphabet" means don't use e.g. Greek or Arabic letters or Chinese characters; letters with diacritics such as ê are just as much part of the Latin alphabet as e is. And arête is an English word: it's spelt that way by Bartleby and, I suspect, any dictionary you care to consult (though I can't verify that at the moment); it's also on Wikipedia's own List of English words with diacritics. So any references in articles should be spelt that way anyway, and therefore linking needn't be an issue. Moreover, anyone typing "arete" into the search box is already taken to a disambiguation page, so it makes little difference what the next link they click on is called. The actual Wikipedia guidelines on cases like this are the bottom of the page you cited (under Disputed issues), Naming conventions (precision), and Naming conventions (standard letters with diacritics). Admittedly the issue is not at all clear-cut, but it seems that the existence of different meanings with or without diacritics can be a factor in deciding whether or not to use them. --Blisco 11:59, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree the subject is a bit hazy but I think this does fall into the Disputed issues section of WP:NC(UE) which had a small majority of votes in favor is using diacritics. Because it was a majority but not a concensus I'm willing to discard it all together, but ignoring conventions I agree with Blisco. Vicarious 06:20, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge
See Talk:Cleaver (geology) for discussion about the merge

Photo query
I don't think the picture below is an arete but the sides of a glacial trough. Striding edge is a more usual example SuzanneKn (talk) 09:28, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It is assuredly an arete. Cheers Geologyguy (talk) 14:56, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Where there are two glacial troughs running next to each other, there's often an arête on the ridge in between. Mikenorton (talk) 00:14, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Arête


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Killing Spirit

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. --Rhobite 00:16, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

The Killing Spirit
Non-notable fantasy book. The text is the publisher's blurb. Gazpacho 00:18, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Self-promotion. It is an exact copy of the publisher's description. Could also be Copyvio. Zzyzx11 00:54, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisement of a book published by PublishAmerica, a vanity press.  Technically a copyvio, but I'd rather not give this a chance to come back. —Korath (Talk) 12:06, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Template:Austin Powers

title: Template:Austin Powers


text:
Jeff Coffin

Jeff Stanley Coffin (born August 5, 1965) is an American saxophonist, composer, and educator. He is a three-time Grammy Award winner as a member of Bela Fleck and the Flecktones, with whom he performed from 1997 until 2010. In July 2008, Coffin began touring with Dave Matthews Band and joined the group in 2009 following the death of founding member LeRoi Moore. He also leads his group Jeff Coffin & the Mu'tet.

Early years
Born in Massachusetts and raised in Dexter, Maine, Coffin began playing alto sax in fifth grade under the tutelage of Arthur Lagassee, the band director for the district. For two summers during the 1980s he attended the Summer Youth Music School at the University of New Hampshire which he credits for his love for mentoring young musicians. In 1983, after graduating from Spaulding High School in Rochester, New Hampshire, he attended the University of New Hampshire for two years. He studied at the University of North Texas and graduated with a degree in Music Education in 1990. A recipient of a Jazz Studies grant from the NEA, in 1991, he studied under saxophonist Joe Lovano.

In 1997, he became a member of Béla Fleck and the Flecktones. Due to extensive touring requirements, he left the Flecktones in 2008. During the same year, he joined the Dave Matthews Band for their summer tour after saxophonist LeRoi Moore was injured in an all-terrain vehicle accident. He had intended to be in the band temporarily, he became a permanent replacement when Moore died from his injuries. He continued Moore's work on the band's album Big Whiskey & the GrooGrux King.

Since the late 1990s Coffin has been recording and touring with his band, The Mu'tet. He has released some of the band's albums on his label, Ear Up Records. Taking the name from the word 'mutation', the Mu'tet reflects Coffin's philosophy that music must change and mutate in order to evolve. Coffin has also worked with Jeff Babko, Vinnie Colaiuta, Everyone Orchestra, R. Prasanna, Jonathan Scales, J. D. Souther, and Boyd Tinsley.

Coffin has given over 300 music clinics at colleges, universities, and other schools both nationally and internationally. He is on the faculty of the Blair School of Music at Vanderbilt University.

Awards and honors

 * Best Contemporary Jazz Album, Outbound (2001)
 * Best Contemporary Jazz Album, The Hidden Land (2007)
 * Best Pop Instrumental Album, Jingle All the Way (2009)

As leader or co-leader

 * Outside the Lines (Artifex, 1997)
 * Commonality (Compass, 1999)
 * Go-Round (Compass, 2001)
 * Bloom (Compass, 2005)
 * Arc of the Circle (2006) with Charlie Peacock
 * Mutopia (Compass, 2008)
 * Duet (Compass, 2011) with Jeff Sipe
 * Live! (Ear Up, 2011)
 * Side Up (Ear Up, 2014)
 * Inside of the Outside (2015)
 * Sometimes Springtime (2016)
 * Next Time Yellow (2017)

With Béla Fleck and the Flecktones
 * Left of Cool (1998)
 * Greatest Hits of the 20th Century (1999)
 * Outbound (2000)
 * Live at the Quick (2002)
 * Little Worlds (2003)
 * The Hidden Land (2006)
 * Jingle All the Way (2008)

With Dave Matthews Band With Jeff Babko & Vinnie Colaiuta
 * The Best of What's Around Vol. 1 (Encore CD) (2006)
 * Live at Mile High Music Festival (2008)
 * Live Trax 2008 (2008)
 * Big Whiskey and the GrooGrux King (2009)
 * Live Trax Vol. 15 (2009)
 * Europe 2009 (2009)
 * Live Trax Vol. 19 (2010)
 * Live in New York City (2010)
 * Live at Wrigley Field (2011)
 * Away from the World (2012)
 * Come Tomorrow (2018)
 * Walk Around the Moon (2023)
 * Mondo Trio (2007)

As guest
With Jon Foreman
 * Fall (2007)
 * Winter (2008)
 * The Wonderlands: Darkness (2015)
 * The Wonderlands: Dawn (2015)

With Umphrey's McGee
 * Mantis (2009)
 * Death by Stereo (2011)

With Jonathan Scales
 * Plot/Scheme, Jonathan Scales (2008)
 * Character Farm and Other Short Stories, Jonathan Scales (2011)
 * Pillar, Jonathan Scales Fourchestra (2018)

With others
 * Be the Change, R. Prasanna (2004)
 * Chunked, The Triodes (2009)
 * Harlem River Blues, Justin Townes Earle (2010)
 * Natural History, J. D. Souther (2011)
 * Mountains of Sorrow, Rivers of Song, Amos Lee (2013)
 * Melophobia, Cage the Elephant (2013)
 * Far Away From Everyday, Brad Hoyt (2013)
 * Tenderness, J. D. Souther (2015)
 * Kind of New, Ingrid Jensen, Jason Miles (2015)
 * Family Dinner – Volume 2, Snarky Puppy (2016)
 * Sky Trails, David Crosby (2017)
 * INTERBLAZE, Ally Fiola & The Next Quest (2023)

title: Jeff Coffin


text:
I-180

I-180 may refer to:
 * Interstate 180, one of several roads:
 * Interstate 180 (California), a temporary designation used in 1978 for the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge in the San Francisco Bay Area in California that is now part of Interstate 580
 * Interstate 180 (Illinois), a short spur in rural Putnam and Bureau counties in northern Illinois
 * Interstate 180 (Nebraska), a spur in Lincoln, Nebraska
 * Interstate 180 (Pennsylvania), a spur to Williamsport, Pennsylvania
 * Interstate 180 (Wyoming), a short, non-freeway spur in Cheyenne, Wyoming
 * Interstate 176 to Reading, Pennsylvania, designated as Interstate 180 when I-76 was I-80S

 * Polikarpov I-180
 * JSUB I-180

title: I-180


text:
User:MHazell

My name is Matthew Hazell, I'm 21, and am in my final year studying for a BA(Hons) in Biblical and Applied Theology at Mattersey Hall Bible College, which is affiliated with the Assemblies of God UK.

Unsurprisingly, my main interest lies in biblical studies. However, I try wherever possible in my academic work to fuse my passion for the Bible with lots of other things - postmodern literary criticism, deconstruction, psychology, feminist and gender theory, poststructuralism, cultural studies, and more recently autobiographical criticism. Non-academic interests include video gaming, far-Eastern cinema, postmodern classical music, heavy metal (specifically death/grind), Russian history. I have played classical guitar for about 13 years, and would highly recommend that every teenager learns how to play a musical instrument. There's nothing like thrashing an electric guitar to within an inch of its life when life sucks!

I am a Christian, but although the college I attend is attached to Assemblies of God, I wouldn't class myself as a Pentecostal per se. I see myself more as a liberal charismatic Protestant.

When I'm not studying at Mattersey Hall, I have a part-time job at Burger King, flipping burgers and doing just about everything else except tills. This suits me fine - it drives me mad when people decide they no longer want ketchup on their Whopper and I've just stuck a load on, so I don't know how I'd cope if I were face to face with customers...!

(I'll try and make myself look more interesting when I have time!)

title: User:MHazell


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-21/Gdansk or Danzig

A vote has been started on Talk:Gdansk/Vote to resolve the multi-year, multi-article dispute about the naming of Gdansk/Danzig, a city with a rich history shared between Poland and Germany. The discussion and dispute on Gdansk is nearly as old as Wikipedia itself, with the edits about the dispute reaching back even beyond the first history entry on December 2001. The dispute caused frequent edit wars on the article, and extended discussions on Talk:Gdansk were unable to find a compromise. Over time these edit wars have also spread to many articles that refer to this city, fighting over the name to be used.

In a way, this article epitomizes the many places in this area of Europe that have changed from one country and language to another. Similar disputes have happened regarding other places that also changed ownership between Poland and Germany, and frequently an edit war regarding one would spill over to affect others. Collectively, the issue is arguably the largest and longest-running article content dispute on Wikipedia.

Organization of the vote
To resolve this dispute, a major vote has been organized on Talk:Gdansk/Vote by Chris 73 and John Kenney, with help from Szopen. In order to deal with the subtleties of the issue, the vote is broken down into 10 separate questions.

The first six questions deal with the naming of the city during different periods of its history, corresponding to changes in political control of the city. The next question handles the naming of locations in biographies of Polish and German persons, asking if the national language name is to be used, with a cross reference to other languages. Two more questions ask if a cross reference to other names should be given at the first mentioning of one name in an article, not only for Gdansk/Danzig but also for other locations that share a history between Poland and Germany.

The last question aims to gather support to enforce the voting results, allowing users to revert changes to place names that do not conform to community consensus. It proposes that persistent edits of this nature may be treated as vandalism, with the implication that reverts of such edits are not subject to the Three revert rule.

The vote started three days ago on Friday, February 18 0:00, but already has a pretty good turnout, with over 50 voters so far. The interim results show a strong preference to use Gdansk before 1308 and after 1945, and a strong preference for Danzig for 1308 to 1466 and 1793 to 1945. Only the period from 1466 to 1793 is about evenly matched, probably due to the German speaking city being under Polish overlordship. Related to this uncertain period, a discussion at the end of the vote page was started that points out that English language sources generally use Danzig when referring to the city at this time. The votes on naming for biographies, and the cross naming for Gdansk/Danzig and other location names so far received the majority of the support, with some users additionally preferring the Polish name only after 1945.

However, the vote runs for almost two more weeks till Friday, March 4 0:00, and the results may change from the interim results. Interested users may vote till then on Talk:Gdansk/Vote.


text:
Boroughs of Montreal

The city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada is divided into 19 boroughs (in French, arrondissements), each with a mayor and council.

Powers
The borough council is responsible for:
 * Fire prevention
 * Removal of household waste and residual materials
 * Funding of community
 * Social and local economic development agencies
 * Planning and management of parks and recreational facilities
 * Cultural and sports facilities, organization of recreational sports and sociocultural activities
 * Maintaining local roads
 * Issuing permits
 * Public consultations for amendments to city planning bylaws
 * Public consultations and dissemination of information to the public
 * Land use planning and borough development.

title: Boroughs of Montreal


text:
John Gibbon

John Gibbon (April 20, 1827 – February 6, 1896) was a career United States Army officer who fought in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars.

Early life
Gibbon was born in the Holmesburg section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the fourth child of 10 born to Dr. John Heysham Gibbons and Catharine Lardner Gibbons. He was the brother of Lardner Gibbon, publisher of Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon. When Gibbon was nearly 11 years old, the family moved near Charlotte, North Carolina, after his father took a position as chief assayer at the U.S. Mint.

He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1847 and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery. He served in the Mexican–American War without seeing combat, attempted to keep the peace between Seminoles and settlers in south Florida, and taught artillery tactics at West Point, where he wrote The Artillerist's Manual in 1859.

The manual was a highly scientific treatise on gunnery used by both sides in the Civil War. In 1855, Gibbon married Francis "Fannie" North Moale. They had four children: Frances Moale Gibbon, Catharine "Katy" Lardner Gibbon, John Gibbon, Jr. (who died a few days after birth), and John S. Gibbon.

Civil War

When the Civil War began, Gibbon was serving as a captain of Battery B, 4th U.S. Artillery at Camp Floyd in Utah. Although his family owned slaves and several of his family members (three brothers, two brothers-in-law, and his cousin J. Johnston Pettigrew) served in the Confederate military, Gibbon remained loyal to the Union.

Upon arrival in Washington, Gibbon, still in command of the 4th U.S. Artillery, became chief of artillery for Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell. In 1862, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and commanded the brigade of westerners known as King's Wisconsin Brigade. Gibbon quickly set about drilling his troops and improving their appearance, ordering them to wear white leggings and distinctive, black, 1858 regular army, Hardee hats. Their famous hats earned them the nickname "The Black Hat Brigade". Soldiers in his brigade despised the white leggings. While still in camp in Washington D.C., Gibbon awoke one morning to find his horse dressed in the leggings. He led the brigade into action against the famous Confederate Stonewall Brigade at the Battle of Brawner's Farm, a prelude to the Second Battle of Bull Run.

He was in command of the brigade during their strong uphill charge at the Battle of South Mountain, where Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker exclaimed that the men "fought like iron". From then on, the brigade was known as the "Iron Brigade". Gibbon led the brigade at the Battle of Antietam, where he was forced to take time away from brigade command to personally operate an artillery piece in the bloody fighting at the Cornfield.

Gibbon was promoted to command the 2nd Division, I Corps at the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862, where he was wounded. The wound was minor but was repeatedly infected, so Gibbon was on leave for a few months. Shortly after returning to duty, he learned of the sudden death of his son, John Gibbon, Jr.

Gibbon returned for the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863, but his division was in reserve and saw little action. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July, he commanded the 2nd Division, II Corps, and temporarily commanded the corps on July 2 and early July 3, 1863, while Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock was elevated to command larger units.

At the end of the council of war on the night of July 2, army commander Maj. Gen. George Meade took Gibbon aside and predicted, "If Lee attacks tomorrow, it will be on your front." Meade's prediction proved correct; Gibbon's division bore the brunt of Pickett's Charge on July 3, where Gibbon was again wounded. While recovering from his wounds, he commanded a draft depot in Cleveland, Ohio, and attended the dedication of Soldiers' National Cemetery in November 1863 with his close friend and aide Lt. Frank A. Haskell.

Gibbon was back in command of the 2nd Division during Gen. Grant's Overland Campaign in May and June 1864, seeing action at the battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor. On June 7, 1864, he was promoted to major general of volunteers. During the subsequent Siege of Petersburg campaign (June 1864 to April 1865), Gibbon became disheartened when his troops refused to fight at Ream's Station in August 1864. He briefly commanded the XVIII Corps before going on sick leave.

His service being too valuable, he returned to command the newly created XXIV Corps in the Army of the James. His troops helped achieve the decisive breakthrough at Third Battle of Petersburg in April 1865, capturing Fort Gregg, part of the Confederate defenses. During the Appomattox Campaign, he helped block the Confederate escape route at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, resulting in Gen. Lee's surrender. He was one of three commissioners for the Confederate surrender.

Indian Wars

Gibbon stayed in the army after the war. He reverted to the regular army rank of colonel. He was in command of the 7th Infantry of the Montana Column consisting of the F, G, H, and L of the 2nd Cavalry under James S. Brisbin from Fort Ellis and his regiment of 7th Infantry stationed at Shaw, Baker, and Ellis in the Montana Territory, during the campaign against the Sioux in 1876. Gibbon, General George Crook, and General Alfred Terry were to make a coordinated campaign against the Sioux and Cheyenne, but Crook was driven back at the Battle of the Rosebud.

Gibbon was not close by when Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer attacked a very large village on the banks of the Little Bighorn River. The Battle of the Little Bighorn resulted in the deaths of Custer and some 261 of his men. Gibbon's approach on June 26 probably saved the lives of the several hundred men under the command of Major Marcus Reno, who were still under siege. Gibbon arrived the next day and helped to bury the dead and evacuate the wounded.

Gibbon was still in command in Montana the following year when he received a telegraph from General Oliver Otis Howard to cut off the Nez Percé who had left Idaho, pursued by Howard. (See Nez Perce War) In western Montana, Gibbon found the Nez Perce near the Big Hole River. At the Battle of the Big Hole, Gibbon's forces inflicted and suffered heavy casualties, including several dozen Nez Perce civilians, and Gibbon became pinned down by Indian sniper fire. The Nez Perce withdrew in good order after the second day of the battle. In response to Gibbon's urgent call for help, General Howard and an advance party arrived the next day at the battlefield. Because of his casualties and a wound he suffered, Gibbon was unable to continue his pursuit of the Nez Perce.

Gibbon was a Life Member of the Military Service Institution of the United States and won the institution's first gold medal prize for his essay on "Our Indian question", which is published in Volume 2 of the Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States.

Later career and retirement
Gibbon served temporarily as commander of the Department of the Platte in 1884. He was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army in 1885 and took command of the Department of the Columbia, representing all posts in the Pacific Northwest. He placed Seattle, Washington, under martial law during the anti-Chinese riots of 1886. From 1890, Gibbon was also head of the Military Division of the Atlantic. Gibbon retired in 1891 upon turning 64.

Gibbon served as president of the Iron Brigade Association and Commander in Chief of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States from October 1895 until his death the following year. He also gave the commencement address to the West Point Class of 1886.

It is said the Gibbon was traveling through Wisconsin, heard of an Iron Brigade reunion, and decided to stop by. Upon knocking on the door of the reunion venue, Gibbon was asked by a veteran who he was. Gibbon is said to have replied, "General Gibbon, and I'm still looking for the bastards who dressed my horse in white leggings!" At this, Gibbon was welcomed inside to take part in the reunion.

Death and legacy

John Gibbon died in Baltimore, Maryland, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In addition to his famous and influential Artillerist's Manual of 1859, he is the author of Personal Recollections of the Civil War, published posthumously in 1928, and Adventures on the Western Frontier, also posthumous, 1994, along with many articles in magazines and journals, typically recounting his time in the West and providing his opinions on the government's policy toward Native Americans.

On July 3, 1988, the 125th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg, a bronze statue of John Gibbon was dedicated in the Gettysburg National Military Park, near the site of his wounding in Pickett's Charge.

The town of Gibbon in south central Minnesota is named after him, as are Gibbonsville, Idaho; Gibbon, Oregon; Gibbon, Nebraska; and Gibbon, Washington. The Gibbon River and Falls in Yellowstone National Park also bear his name after his 1872 expedition there.

In popular media

 * Gibbon was portrayed in the film Gettysburg by Emile O. Schmidt.
 * Gibbon was a character in the alternate history novel Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War (2003) by Newt Gingrich and William Forstchen.

title: John Gibbon


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Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game)

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is an action-adventure game. It is based on the 2002 film of the same name.

Gameplay
The game's core gameplay is straightforward. Taking control of Harry, the player explores Hogwarts castle and grounds. Throughout the course of the game, the player will encounter events that tie into the storyline of the second book. Filling the gaps between these events are various classes, where the player will learn how to fly a broomstick and learn new spells for combating bosses, among other things. Each new spell is accompanied by a challenge, which the player must get through in a certain amount of time to complete that class period. During the later parts of the game, the player will face challenges which are not time-limited and are not related to learning spells. These challenges are all based on events from the book, for example, travelling into the Forbidden Forest and gathering ingredients for a potion Hermione is making.

PlayStation
The PlayStation version of the game is a sequel to the Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone game and was also developed by Argonaut Games. It retains many elements and graphics from its predecessor but with some places in Hogwarts being expanded or moved as well as new mini-games that are played as the storyline progresses. Unlike other versions, most of the new spells learned from attending classes are upgrades from the previous game.

PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube
There are also slight differences between the three other console versions of the game. The GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions of the game allow the player to access a broom and enter free-flight mode. While the PlayStation 2 version allows the player to land anywhere they want, in the Xbox and GameCube version the landing zones are limited. In the GameCube version, there is an exclusive feature involving GC–GBA connectivity that allows a secret room to be opened in the GC version when connected with the GBA version of the game.

Windows and Mac
The Microsoft Windows and Mac version of the game, which was created by a different developer than the console versions, features completely different levels and gameplay from the console cousins. The game features the same graphics and character design as the Philosopher's Stone (PC). It also retains some of the spells learned in the previous game and involves the player learning new spells by attending more classes at Hogwarts.

Game Boy Color
The Game Boy Color version is a role-playing game. However, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger and Gilderoy Lockhart are all playable characters at various points in the game.

Game Boy Advance
The Game Boy Advance version has the fewest spells. It is based on the PS2/Xbox/GC and Mac versions. It is mostly made up of mini-quests (unlike other versions).

Reception
The game received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Entertainment Weekly gave it a B+.

The Xbox version received a platinum family hits edition for selling over 100,000 copies. The musical score for the game, created by Jeremy Soule, was awarded a BAFTA Games Award for Best Score, Game Music Category. During the 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Chamber of Secrets for "Family Game of the Year", which was ultimately awarded to Mario Party 4.

In the United States, The Chamber of Secrets' Game Boy Advance version sold 970,000 copies and earned $25 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 18th highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS or PlayStation Portable in that country.

By July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version of Chamber of Secrets had sold 700,000 copies and earned $28 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 89th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined console sales of the Harry Potter line reached 3 million units in the United States by July 2006. The PlayStation 2 version also received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game sold 9 million copies by 2003 and generated $500 million in revenue.


text:
Interstate 185

Interstate 185 may refer to:
 * Interstate 185 (Georgia), a spur to Columbus, Georgia
 * Interstate 185 (South Carolina), a spur in Greenville, South Carolina

title: Interstate 185


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Nuriootpa, South Australia

Nuriootpa  is a town in South Australia and the major commercial centre of the Barossa Valley, about an hour's drive north of the state capital, Adelaide. The name of the town is reputed to be the local Aboriginal word for "meeting place".

Nuriootpa is situated at the north end of the Barossa Valley, near the Sturt Highway. It has a population of over 6,500 people, making it the largest town in the area. There are vineyards surrounding the town. It is home to wineries including Penfolds, Elderton Wines and Wolf Blass.

History
The first recorded Europeans to visit the area, on 3 March 1838, were the exploration party of John Hill, John Oakden, William Wood, and Charles Willis, en route to the Murray River from Adelaide.

Since the 1930s, Nuriootpa has been cited as an example of inspired community development. The town's community owned and operated retail businesses have funded public facilities, including the Senior Citizens' Club, the swimming pool, the kindergarten and recreation areas. The short-lived progressive Adelaide movement, the Common Cause Movement, arranged a visit by future Prime Minister Ben Chifley to Nuriootpa in 1944 which led him, inspired by its approach, to promote the town as a model for community co-operation. The Adelaide architect Louis Laybourne-Smith prepared a plan for the town's recreation and education area, known as its 'War Memorial Community Centre' at that time. Much of this plan has been realised, including Laybourne-Smith's unusual 'fan-shaped' Olympic-sized pool.

The 1950 Australian Grand Prix, which was Australia's premier motor race of that year, was held in January 1950 using the Nuriootpa Road Circuit, a temporary course utilising roads in and around the town of Nuriootpa. The race was won by Doug Whiteford driving a Ford V8 Special. The first race meeting to use the circuit had been held in April 1949.

In March 1977 Queen Elizabeth II visited the town as part of an extended tour marking her Silver Jubilee.

The first stage of the 2014 Tour Down Under was held in Nuriootpa in January 2014, starting from the town and finishing in Angaston. The 135 km stage was won by Simon Gerrans of Orica–GreenEDGE.

Governance
Nuriootpa's local government is the Barossa Council. The northern outskirts are in the Light Regional Council.

It is in the state electorate of Schubert, and Light for the outskirts.

Nuriootpa is in the federal Electorate of Barker.

Facilities
Nuriootpa High School (NHS), established in 1935, is a state high school catering for students in years 7 to 12. more than 1300 students are enrolled at the school. Its motto is "PER ASPERA AD ASTRA - Through Adversity to the Stars". The principal is Gerri Walker.

Media
The main local newspaper covering the town is The Leader, published in Angaston.

Nuriootpa was home to the short-lived Nuriootpa and District Community Diary (November 1955 – November 1956), a monthly magazine subtitled ": monthly news bulletin of the Nuriootpa War Memorial Community Centre Inc".

Climate
Nuriootpa has a subtropical steppe climate, within the Köppen climate classification. It has warm, mostly dry summers and cool to cold winters with moderate rainfall.

Historical maxima and minima are 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) on 24 January 2019 and −4.5 °C (23.9 °F) on 15 June 2006.

title: Nuriootpa, South Australia


text: Category:Canadian alpine skiers

title: Category:Canadian alpine skiers


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Evoke

Evoke may refer to:

 * Evocation, the act of calling upon or summoning a spirit, demon, deity or other supernatural agent
 * E'voke, a British female vocal duo
 * Evoke (album), a 2005 electro-industrial album by Wumpscut
 * Evoke Motorcycles, a Chinese manufacturer of electric motorcycles

title: Evoke


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Alina Fernández

Alina Fernández Revuelta (born 19 March 1956) is a Cuban anti-communist activist. She is the daughter of Fidel Castro and Natalia Revuelta Clews. She is one of the best-known Cuban critics of the government of Cuba, where she lived until 1993, and her father's and uncle's rule.

Biography
Fernández lived with her mother, Natalia "Naty" Revuelta Clews, who was born in Havana in 1925 and stepfather, Orlando Fernández. In Cuba, she worked as a model and public relations director for a Cuban fashion company, according to the University Program Board. In 1993, at age 37, she left Cuba for Spain using false documents and a wig. Elena Díaz-Verson Amos, a Cuban immigrant, and wife to John Amos (an Aflac, Inc. founder) helped Fernández leave Cuba. Fernández lived in Columbus, Georgia with Díaz-Verson for several years.

Fernández has one daughter. In an interview in 2008 with Foreign Policy magazine, she said she had been closer to her uncle, Raúl Castro, than she was to her father. She said Raúl Castro, who succeeded her father as the Cuban president, had helped her on several occasions. "He was the person to whom you could go to and ask for help every time you had a practical problem. I personally asked for his help a couple of times, and he always helped me immediately. In the family he was the only help you could find. On these kinds of issues, Fidel was totally unhelpful."

Fernández's aunt, Juanita Castro, sued Fernández for libel and defamation over passages in her autobiography about Juanita and Fidel's parents, Ángel Castro and Lina Ruz. In 2005, a Spanish court ordered Fernández and Plaza & Janes, the Barcelona Random House publisher, to pay US$45,000 to Juanita Castro. Juanita stated: "People who were eating off Fidel's plate yesterday [referring to Alina] come here and want money and power, so they say whatever they want, even if it's not true... Part of my family was responsible for a lot of suffering in Cuba — you can't change that," she said. "But nobody has the right to offend Fidel's family. Insult Fidel — there's plenty to say." An English version, published under the title Castro's Daughter: An Exile's Memoir of Cuba, omits the offending passages.

title: Alina Fernández


text:
Talk:Parc Astérix

Untitled
'quickly became one of France's top tourist attractions and its best theme park (surpassed by Euro Disney in 1992)'

The comment about Euro Disney (now Disneyland Paris) now being better than Parc Asterix seems a little subjective...

Fair use rationale for Image:Parc Astérix Logo.jpg
Image:Parc Astérix Logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:39, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parc Astérix


text:
Street Racer (1994 video game)

Street Racer is a racing video game published by Ubi Soft for various systems. It was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994, Sega Mega Drive in 1995, PlayStation, Sega Saturn and Game Boy in 1996 and PC and Amiga in 1997. Marketed as a "cross between Mario Kart and Street Fighter", the go-kart themed game combined racing with comedy and beat 'em up influenced violence. The game was a success on the SNES and Mega Drive and received mixed reviews across platforms.

Gameplay
Street Racer is a go-kart racing game which combines racing with violence. Characters can strike opponents with their fists and must avoid explosives littered around the track. The game's characters (including Surf Sister and Frank Instein) possess unique power-ups such as the Screaming Banshee, Batmobile, magic carpet and tri-plane.

The game features the ability to race various championships beginning with the Bronze Championship and moving on to progressively more difficult competitions. An alternative one-on-one mode is also available. The game awards points for final race positions, with bonus points given for accolades such as fastest lap. The competitor with the most points after all races wins the Championship. The game includes a "Rumble" mode in which players attempt to force opponents from an arena. The "Soccer" mode is a free-for-all football match with one goal and in which players tackle by colliding with the opponent.

As in many racing games, the AI in Street Racer adjusts itself according to the player's performance, becoming harder to beat if the player does well and easier to beat if the player makes mistakes.

One of the main selling points of the later PlayStation and Saturn versions was that they supported up to eight players on a split screen, something that would have ordinarily caused slowdown to the point of unplayability on contemporary gaming hardware.

Development
While working on Second Samurai, Vivid Image was keen on kicking off a parallel project on the SNES. A number of ideas were considered, and they settled on a racing game similar to Super Mario Kart. Ideas for the game early-on focused on the inclusion of a famous Turkish folklore character, Nasreddin Hodja, and a "soccer mode". As the team grew, Vivid Image began renting out an office in Harrow. Newcomers to the team, twins Tony and Chris West, spearheaded the development and were able to use their coding skills on the 4-player mode to bypass the need for Nintendo's DSP chip, saving $3 per cartridge. Ubi Soft would later agree to add these savings to the royalty payouts, and were keen to grow the scope to many other platforms. This would mark the start of a 4-year relationship with Ubi Soft.

Reception
GamePro's Sarah Nade gave the SNES version a rave review, saying that it features gameplay similar to Super Mario Kart but is "even better." She praised the large selection of imaginative tracks, the individualized special weapons for each character, the four player "head-to-head-to-head-to-head" mode, the ability to rewatch races from any angle, the graphics, the smooth controls, and the alternate "Rumble" and "Soccer" modes. She concluded that "Ubi Soft has outdone itself with this racing winner."

Street Racer was a "top SNES game" and "highly successful" on the Mega Drive according to Amiga Format. Reviewing the Amiga version, Andy Smith of Amiga Format complained of the soccer mode: "Your car moves as if it's in treacle while everyone else seems to be on greased rails". The reviewer said the soccer mode was "bizarre and, frankly, not much fun". He called the rumble mode "even less exciting" and said of the game overall "It's not that it's a complete pig or anything, it's just that it promises so much and manages to deliver so little". Smith said the "good tracks" of the "top SNES game" version had been "sacrificed" for "decent speed" and complained that this speed ruined the cornering mechanics. He said the background graphics were attractive but the animations "jerky" and wrote: "Well done chaps, you've made a crap racing game with some nice backgrounds." He also called the music "dreadful" and sound effects "crap". CU Amiga Magazine complained that the tracks were shallow, but contended the game's appeal was in combating other characters. The reviewer noted the "pretty intense" action of the rumble mode and said the football mode did not live up to its potential but was a "pretty reasonable" distraction. The magazine said the game was simple but "demented fun" and praised its variety.

Jeff Kitts, reviewing the PlayStation version in GameSpot, called the game "mildly entertaining" and said "It's good enough for a weekend rental, but not much more." In Electronic Gaming Monthly, Todd Mowatt applauded the dramatic improvements seen in the PlayStation version, the selection of tracks, the weapons, and the eight-player feature, while Joe Rybicki argued that the tracks are "uninteresting and sometimes even tedious", and that the amusement offered by the weapons quickly wears thin. Gideon of GamePro agreed that the abundance of options and features are countered by the short and cluttered track designs and difficult-to-follow split-screen display. However, he also praised the cartoon-like graphics and responsive controls, and deemed it a solid substitute for Mario Kart on the PlayStation, though he recommended gamers rent it before deciding whether to buy. Like Todd Mowatt, Next Generation considered the PlayStation version a remarkable leap above the earlier versions, praising the abundance of options, "smooth and intuitive" controls, fluid animation, and challenging track design, and concluded that it "isn't the most technically advanced or groundbreaking title of the season but still manages to be just plain fun." Reviewing the Saturn version, GamePro's Captain Cameron praised the wide variety of moves but criticized that the split screen makes the portions of the screen too small when there are more than four players. He concluded the game is "not a bad rental, it's just not unique or funny enough to warrant a purchase." Rob Bright of Sega Saturn Magazine found "the characters a bit tacky and the characters largely derivative" but praised the game's artificial intelligence and variety of game modes. He called the graphics "very nice indeed, colourful and rich in detail" but said "racing tends to give you the impression that the road is moving while the car remains stationary." He compared the game to Mario Kart, saying "It lacks the overall accessibility of the Super NES classic and the course design isn't quite as innovative." He said "Street Racer remains very playable and challenging and is especially fun in multi-player mode". Other critics also noted that the game was inspired by Mario Kart, with Esquire calling it a "likeable clone, boasting more cartoon characters in the kind of no-holds-barred go-kart race you dream of having when you come home from the pub with your chums."

GamePro's brief review of the Game Boy version stated that "this cool little racer gives you lots of ways to race. ... The characters are cartoony, and the racing's decent."

In 1995, Total! ranked the game 39th in its Top 100 SNES Games and calling Street Racer a "superb racer."

title: Street Racer (1994 video game)


text:
Talk:Economy of Antarctica

Tourism of Antarctica
I would like to request a Tourism of Antarctica article, but I don't know where I would. I posted this message on the Antarctica talk page too. Theaterfreak64 00:44, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would agree that a Tourism of Antarctica article would be useful, unless someone can point me in the direction of another one ....... --DTR 12:06, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Moneyantr.jpg
Image:Moneyantr.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:55, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

"119,898 metric tons"
A "metric ton" is a tonne. It is only ever said "metric tonne" in the US and UK because ton and tonne sound too similar and it may be necessary to distinguish between the two in some situations. In the UK however it is almost always a tonne that is being referred to. I have amended the page to correct this, but if anyone has any objections let them be known. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.111.162.127 (talk) 23:30, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of Antarctica


text:
Horse Guards

Horse Guards or horse guards can refer to:

 * A Household Cavalry regiment:
 * Troops of the Horse Guards Regiment of the British Army from 1658 to 1788
 * The Royal Horse Guards, which is now part of the Blues and Royals
 * The Governor General's Horse Guards, the Household Cavalry regiment of the Canadian Forces
 * Horse Guards (building), a building in Whitehall, London, formerly the headquarters of the British Army
 * Horse Guards Parade, the parade ground behind the building where the Trooping the Colour ceremony is held annually
 * Horse Guards Road, the road between the parade ground and St. James's Park
 * Horse guard wasp, a North American sand wasp which eats horse flies

title: Horse Guards


text:
Breakpoint (disambiguation)

A breakpoint is an execution stop point in the code of a computer program.

Breakpoint or break point may also refer to:
 * BCR (gene), the gene that encodes the breakpoint cluster region protein
 * Break point, in tennis
 * Break Point, a 2002 novel by Rosie Rushton
 * Break Point (film), a 2015 U.S. comedy film
 * Breakpoint (demoparty), a German demoscene party
 * Breakpoint (meteorology), a location referred to by meteorologists when issuing watches, warnings, or advisories for specific areas
 * Breakpoint (novel) a 2007 novel by Richard A. Clarke
 * Breakpoint ("The Shield"), a 2003 episode of the television show The Shield
 * Breakpoint, an indicator of a microbial organism's susceptibility or resistance to a particular antimicrobial; see Minimum inhibitory concentration
 * "Breakpoint", a song by Megadeth on the 1995 album Hidden Treasures

title: Breakpoint (disambiguation)


text:
Nuriootpa

Nuriootpa may refer to.

 * Nuriootpa, South Australia, a town and locality
 * Hundred of Nuriootpa, a cadastral unit in South Australia
 * District Council of Nuriootpa, a former local government area in South Australia - see Hundred of Nuriootpa

title: Nuriootpa


text:
Satchel charge

A satchel charge is a demolition device, primarily intended for combat, whose primary components are a charge of dynamite or a more potent explosive such as C-4 plastic explosive, a carrying device functionally similar to a satchel or messenger bag, and a triggering mechanism; the term covers both improvised and formally designed devices.

In World War II, combat engineers used satchel charges to demolish heavy stationary targets such as rails, obstacles, blockhouses, bunkers, caves, and bridges. The World War II–era United States Army M37 Demolition Kit contained eight blocks of high explosive, with two priming assemblies, in a canvas bag with a shoulder strap. Part or all of this charge could be placed against a structure or slung into an opening. It was usually detonated with a pull igniter. When used as an anti-tank weapon, charges were sufficient to severely damage the tracks. 4 kg charges were enough to destroy medium tanks.

Later in the Vietnam War, Vietcong and North Vietnamese soldiers assigned elite sappers to stealthily penetrate defenses of sites controlled by enemy forces. Often, this meant using satchel charges as well as Bangalore torpedoes to blast through barbed wire entanglements, minefields, structures, and other fortifications. The later U.S. M183 Demolition Charge Assembly contained 20 lb of C-4 in each satchel, and could be used with a timed fuse. In the Second Battle of Fallujah in Iraq, U.S. M2 20 lb assault demolitions were used to collapse houses being used as fighting positions by insurgents.

Some special forces may use customized satchel charges designed to destroy their specific mission's target.

title: Satchel charge


text:
Martin Wickramasinghe

Lama Hewage Don Martin Wickramasinghe, (commonly known as Martin Wickramasinghe) (මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ) (29 May 1890 – 23 July 1976) was a Sri Lankan journalist and author. His books have been translated into several different languages. Martin Wickramasinghe is often acclaimed as the father of modern Sinhala literature.

Early life
Born Lama Hewage Don Martin Wickramasinghe, on 29 May 1890, in the town of Koggala (Galle District), as the only son of Lamahewage Don Bastian Wickramasinghe (father) and Magalle Balapitiya Liyanage Thochchohamy (mother).

At the age of five Wickramasinghe was taught the Sinhala alphabet, at home and in the village temple, by a monk, Andiris Gurunnanse. He also learned the Devanagari script and could recite by memory long sections of the Hitopadesa. After two years he was taken to a vernacular school where he prospered until 1897 when he was sent to an English school in Galle called Buona Vista. In the two years spent at the school Wickramasinghe became fluent in English as well as Latin. When his father died in 1901, he returned to a vernacular school in Ahangama and subsequently lost interest in schooling.

Having left school, at the age of 16 years Wickramasinghe found work as a book-keeper in a shop in Colombo owned by Carolis Silva in 1906. Following year he left the shop to join a commissions agency run by John Silva. In 1910, his mother dies. Following the 1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, John Silva's agency was closed and he returned to Koggala. He then became a book-keeper at Cornelis Silva's shop in Batticaloa.

Journalism career
In 1916, Martin Wickramasinghe starts to write to the Sinhala daily Dinamina under the penname Hethu Vaadi (Rationalist) and pens a controversial series called "Plants and Animals". He then joins the editorial staff of Dinamina, owned by the press baron D. R. Wijewardena's Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited (ANCL). In 1927, he leaves Dinamina to join Lakmina. In 1931, he returns to ANCL as the editor of Sinhala weekend paper Silumina. In 1932, he was appointed editor of Dinamina, serving until his resignation in 1946.

Literary career
His literary career began with the novel Leela (1914) and an anthology of essays on literary criticism, Shastriya Lekhana (1919). Shortly thereafter he began a campaign to raise literary standards for the Sinhalese reading public with work such as Sahityodaya Katha (1932), Vichara Lipi (1941), Guttila Geetaya (1943) and Sinhala Sahityaye Nageema (1946) in which he evaluated the traditional literally heritage according to set rules of critical criteria formed by synthesising the best in Indian and western traditions of literary criticism.

Through the 1940s Wickramasinghe dabbled with the double role of literary critic and creative writer. Gamperaliya (1944) is widely held as the first Sinhalese novel with a serious intent that compares, in content and technique, with the great novels of modern world literature. The novel depicts the crumbling of traditional village life under the pressure of modernisation. The story of a successful family in a Southern village is used to portray the gradual replacement of traditional economic and social structure of the village by commercial city influence.

Wickramasinghe followed Gamperaliya with Yuganthaya (1948) and Kaliyugaya (1957) forming a trilogy. After the decay of the traditional life, the story details the rise of the bourgeoisie, with its urban base and entrepreneurial drive, ending with the formation of the labour movement and socialist theology and rise of hopes for a new social order. The trilogy was made into film by the renowned Sri Lankan director Lester James Peries.

With the development of a literary criticism movement in the early-'50s, Wickramasinghe presented the works Sahitya Kalava ('The Art of Literature' 1950) and Kawya Vicharaya ('The Criticism of Poetry' 1954). Wickramasinghe was appointed a member of the Radio Broadcasting Commission in 1953 and in 1954 was appointed to the National Languages Commission, from which he resigned three months later. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1953 Coronation Honours with the ensign awarded by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in person during her Royal Visit to Ceylon in 1954.

Wickramasinghe's most heralded work came in 1956 with Viragaya. Due to the significance of its theme and the sophistication of its technique, the novel has come to be hailed as the greatest work of Sinhalese fiction. It follows the spiritual problems of a fragile Sinhalese youth raised in a traditional Buddhist home after being confronted with the spectre of adulthood and the responsibilities that come with it all made more complex with the modernisation of society. First-person narrative is used to put forth the autobiographical story of the anti-hero in impressionistic vignettes rather than in chronological order. It is a seminal work and spawned a spew of imitators, some good on their own right.

Peradeniya school and poet
Wickramasinghe was an early practitioner of the genre of poetry called nisandas, which ignored the restrictions placed on poetry by the traditional prosodic patterns. It drew inspiration from the work of Eliot, Pound, Whitman and other western poets and was part of a movement called Peradeniya School. Wickramasinghe's work was Teri Gi (1952).

The movement dissolved in the 1960s prompted by Wickramasinghe's contention that other writers of the Peradeniya School were not sensitive to cultural traditions and the Buddhist background of Sinhalese society. He accused Ediriweera Sarachchandra, Gunadasa Amarasekara and others of imitating "decadent" western and post-war Japanese literature and of supporting a nihilistic look on life with cynical disregard for national tradition.

Later years
Wickramasinghe visited Cuba on the invitation of the Cuban Government in 1968. In 1973, Wickramasinghe wrote a new biography of Buddha titled Bava Taranaya. In it the great teacher's change from royal heir in-waiting to philosopher-mendicant is portrayed as being a result of his sympathy to the poor and the downtrodden of society. That same year, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature by Ediriweera Sarachchandra.

Wickramasinghe died on 23 July 1976 and his home is now a folk museum.

Personal life
Wickramasinghe married Kataluwe Balage Prema de Silva on 30 November 1925. They move to Mount-Lavinia, where their first child Susantha Manuwarna died three months after birth. They would have six more children, three sons and three daughters. Their eldest surviving son Sarath Kusum Wickramasinghe, served as Sri Lankan High Commissioner to the United Kingdom from 1995 to 1999. Wickramasinghe built himself a house Samudrasanna Road, Mount-Lavinia in 1939. In 1941, his family home in Koggala was taken over by the British military when RAF Koggala was established during World War II. In 1950, he sold his house in Mount-Lavinia and moved to Thimbirigasyaya to allow his children to attend university. In 1956, he moved to Bandarawela, where he took up residence.

Honors and awards

 * Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) - 1953
 * Appointed Member of the Radio Broadcasting Commission – 1953
 * Award for the best news paper article for the year "The fall of the Brahmin Class" – 1956
 * The novel "Viragaya" wins the Don Pedric Award for the best novel of the year – 1957
 * Awarded a Honorary PhD by the Vidyodaya University – 1960
 * Awarded a DLitt by the University of Ceylon – 1963
 * UNESCO Award for his book "The Rise of the Soviet Land" – 1964
 * Awarded a DLitt by Vidyalankara University −1964
 * Awarded a DLitt by the University of Ceylon, Colombo – 1970
 * Receives the first Presidential Award for Literature – 1974

Publications
A comprehensive list of publications of Martin Wikramasinghe,

Novels

 * Leela (1914)
 * Soma (1920)
 * Irangani (1923)
 * Seetha (1923)
 * Miringu Diya (Mirage) (1925)
 * Unmada Chitra (1929)
 * Rohini (1929)
 * Gamperaliya (The Uprooted/Changing Village) (1944)
 * Madol Doova (Mangrove Island) (1947)
 * Yuganthaya (End of the Era) (1949)
 * Viragaya (Devoid of Passions) (1956)
 * Kaliyugaya (Age of Destruction) (1957)
 * Karuvala Gedara (House of Shadows) (1963)
 * Bhavatharanaya (Siddhartha's Quest) (1973)

Collections of short stories

 * Geheniyak (A Woman) (1924)
 * Magul Gedara (The Wedding) (1927)
 * Pavkarayata Galgesima (Stoning the Sinner) (1936)
 * Apuru Muhuna (The Strange Face) (1944)
 * Handa Sakki Kima (The Moon is Witness) (1945)
 * Mara Yuddhaya (Mara's War) (1945)
 * Mage Kathawa (My Story) (1947)
 * Vahallu (Bondage) (1951)

Plays

 * Chithra (1940)
 * Mayuri (1944)
 * Vijitha (1952)

Literary criticism

 * Shastriya Lekshana (Educational Essays) (1919)
 * Sinhala Sahitya Katha (Sinhala Literary Essays) (1932)
 * Sahitya Shiksha 1 (Essays on Literatura) (1936)
 * Sahitya Shiksha 2 (1938)
 * Vichara Lipi (Literary Criticism) (1941)
 * Guttila Gitaya 1 (Critical Review) (1943)
 * Sinhala Sahityaye Negima (Landmarks of Sinhala Literature) (1945)
 * Sahitya Kalava (Art of Literature) (1950)
 * Kavya Vicharaya (Sinhala Poetry:A critical Review) (1954)
 * Atta Yutta (Essays in Literature) (1955)
 * Bana Katha Sahitya (Buddhist Folk Literature) (1955)
 * Nava Padya Sinhalaya (Modern Sinhala Poetry) (1957)
 * Rasavadaya Ha Bauddha Kavyaya (Aesthetics and Buddhist Poetry) (1961)
 * Sinhala Vichara Maga (Sinhala Literary Criticism) (1964)
 * Navakathanga Ha Viragaya (Literary Aspects of Buddhist Jataka Stories) (1968)
 * Sinhala Navakathawa Ha Japan Kama Katha Sevanella (The Sinhala Novel in the Shadow of the Japanese Erotic Novel) (1969)
 * Sinhala Natakaya Ha Sanda Kinduruwa (Sanda Kinduru and Sinhala Drama) (1970)
 * Sampradaya Ha Vicharaya (Tradition and Criticism) (1971)
 * Vyavahara Bhashava Ha Parinama Dharmaya (Contemporary Sinhala and Its Evolotion) (?)

Evolution and Anthropology

 * Sathwa Sanhathiya (Biological Evolution) (1934)
 * Bhavakarma Vikashaya (An Unorthodox Interpretation of Buddhist Philosophy) (1967)
 * Manava Vidyava Ha Bauddha Vignana Vadaya (Anthropology and Buddhist Idealism) (1974)

Philosophy

 * Sinhala Lakuna (The Sinhalese Identity) (1947)
 * Budu Samaya Ha Samaja Darshanaya (Buddhism and Social Philosophy) (1948)
 * Denuma Ha Dekuma (Knowledge and Reality) (1958)
 * Sinhala Sakaskada (Sociological Writings) (1962)
 * Bauddha Darshanaya Ha Margaya (Buddhist Philosophy and the Way) (1968)
 * Nivan Muhunuvara Ha Bamunu Dittiya (Face of Nirvana and Brahmin Dogma) (1972)

Autobiography

 * Ape Gama (Our Village) (1940)
 * Upanda Sita (From My Childhood) (1961)

Biography

 * Chechov Ha Lankava (Chechov and Sri Lanka) (1970)
 * Ape Urumaya Ha Bhikshun Vahanse (The contribution of Buddhist Monks to our Cultural Heritage) (?)
 * Ape Viyath Parapura Ha Bhasha Samaja Parinamaya (The role of Our Leaders in the Evolution of Our Language and Society) (?)

Books in English

 * Aspects of Sinhalese Culture (1952)
 * The Buddhist Jataka Stories and the Russian Novel (1952)
 * The Mysticism of D H Lawrence (1957)
 * Buddhism and Culture (1964)
 * Revolution and Evolution (1971)
 * Buddhism and Art (1973)
 * Sinhala Language and Culture (1975)

History

 * Purana Sinhala Stringe Enduma (Women's Attire in Ancient Lanka) (1935)
 * Kalunika Sevima (Search for Our Past) (1950)

Travel

 * Soviet Deshaye Negima (The Rise of the Soviet Union) (1962)

Translations in other languages
Books translated in to other languages,

Bulgarian
 * Madol Doova (1961)

Chinese
 * A Collection of Short Stories (1961)
 * Madol Doova (1961)

Dutch
 * Madol Doova (1979)

English
 * Landmarks of Sinhala Literature (1948)
 * Lay Bare the Roots (Ape Gama) (1958)
 * Madol Doova (1968)
 * The Way of the Lotus (Viragaya) (1985)

French
 * Viragaya (1995)

Japanese
 * Madol Doova (2002)

Romanian
 * Madol Doova (1962)

Russian
 * Madol Doova (1954)
 * A Collection of Short Stories 1 (1958)
 * A Collection of Short Stories 2 (1970)
 * Trilogy: Gamperaliya, Kaliyugaya, Yuganthaya (1975)

Tamil
 * Gamperaliya (1964)
 * Viragaya (1992)
 * Madol Doova (1993)

Films and television productions
Films and television productions, based on Martin Wikramasinghe's books,

Feature films

 * Gamperaliya (1963)
 * Madol Doova (1976)
 * Kaliyugaya (1981)
 * Yuganthaya (1983)
 * Viragaya (1987)

Television
 * "Karuwala Gedara"(_)

 * Leli (Daughter in law) (1989)
 * Gamperaliya (1989)
 * Mamage Duwa (1992)
 * Madol Doova (1994)
 * Upasakamma (The Pious Woman) (1994)
 * Mudiyanse Mama (Honourable Uncle) (1994)
 * Mava (Mother) (1994)
 * Sisiliyata Padamak (A Lesson for Ceciliya) (1994)

Martin Wickramasinghe Trust
Martin Wickramasinghe Trust is an approved by the Government of Sri Lanka as a charitable organization. The Martin Wickramasinghe Trust has been established with the objectives of preservation of manuscripts, first editions of all his books, tape recording and photographs related to his life and work. Martin Wickramasinghe Folk Museum in Koggala also operated by Martin Wickramasinghe Trust Fund.

Martin Wickramasinghe Collection
A library was not established at Koggala, and Wickramasinghe's personal collection of books, draft manuscripts, are stored under the Martin Wickramasinghe Collection in the National Library of Sri Lanka, after these were dontated by the Martin Wickramasinghe Trust.

title: Martin Wickramasinghe


text:
User:Zeromaru

Profile
What can I say? Zero's great. He taught me everything I know. It's amazing what a person can teach to their fingertips.

I have been a Wikipedier since about February 2005. I don't edit that much, only about 9 millionths of an edit per second. I'm also, believe it or not, a Math major. My Wiki-ing has been rather slow lately, though I keep my eye on certain articles (WoW, WinVI, and Wii, the Big Three Double Vee).

Some of my featured articles include...
 * PhysX physics processing unit
 * Super Smash Bros. Brawl when it was still known as Super Smash Bros. Revolution

Note that these are not featured articles, but articles that I've put work into where others haven't. And other people have put work into the Smash Bros. page, except it was adding fan speculation that just simply doesn't belong. Seriously, folks. Sonic and Tails are not owned or even liscensed Nintendo characters, they will not be in the game. And Toadsworth? WTF, man?

I currently attend Memorial University of Newfoundland, in St. John's, though I attended Sir Wilfred Grenfell College in Corner Brook, my hometown, for the past two years. If I wanted to, I could revamp the last two articles as well. But ask yourself: do I want to?

GtaUsaMap.jpg
Since I've had several people complement me on this image, here's how I made it.

I ripped maps of Liberty, Vice, and San Andreas right out of their respective gta3.img files. I picked three roads that were straight north-south or east-west. I picked the road that crosses Callahan Bridge, the road that crosses Starfish Island, and the freeway that goes from Whetstone through San Fierro and into Terra Robada, south of Wang's Autos. I measured the distance that each covered in-game (using the "Distance Travelled by Car" stat), and the pixelwidth in the map. Once I got the meters/pixel resolution, I resized them accordingly. The first time I did it, Liberty City came out radically large, so I redid the LC measurements using the GTA:LC total conversion mod for Vice City, which put LC's size on par with VC. Thus I will 100% guarantee you that that's how big LC and VC are in relation to each other. Considering how much I've played all three games, I can give you a 95% guarantee that the VC and SA maps are on the same scale (though technically they may have used different scales ingame for distances, I'm assuming they don't). I thank you who have already complemented me, and as well to others who like it! Feel free to comment on my talk page.

If you would like some statistics, I figured out that...
 * Liberty City, including Portland, Staunton Island, Shoreside Vale, northern highways & towns, and water inside city limits to East, West, and South: 15.6 sq. km or 6.0 sq. mi.
 * Vice City, including East & West islands and water inside city limits to East and North: 15.2 sq. km or 5.9 sq. mi.
 * San Andreas, including Los Santos, Red County, Flint County, Whetsone, San Fierro, Tierra Robada, Bone County, Las Venturas, and all bays and harbours contained within their limits: 36.5 sq. km or 14.1 sq. mi.

Note that these numbers include the entire radar images, which I had cropped to make them all fit together.

Single Woman
This is an article I wrote for Uncyclopedia, but was deemed to have no redeeming value. I include it here for archival purposes, as it was well-liked among those who read it.

 * The Single Woman is the primary goddess of the Nerds. Members of the race begin to devout their entire lives towards discovering the Single Woman at approximately age 40. However, most Nerds at this age are fat, overweight, and obese, making the Single Woman a very hard thing to find, and many Nerds will die of self-induced sexual exhaustion before completing the search, usually before the tender age of 50. In some countries, such as the Dominion of Newfoundland, Easter is dedicated to the memory of the fallen Nerds.

title: User:Zeromaru


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Follow the Drinkin' Gourd

Follow the Drinking Gourd is an African-American folk song first published in 1928. The "drinking gourd" is another name for the Big Dipper asterism. Folklore has it that enslaved people in the United States used it as a point of reference so they would not get lost during their journey of escape to the North and to freedom.

According to legend, the song was used by a conductor of the Underground Railroad, called Peg Leg Joe, to guide some fugitive slaves, and many of the lyrics are simply cartographic directions to advise the runaways on their escape route. While the song may possibly refer to some lost fragment of history, the origin and context remain a mystery.

A more recent source challenges the claim that the song helped free anyone from slavery, as no pre-1910 reference to it has ever been found.

Texas Folklore Society and H. B. Parks
Follow the Drinking Gourd was collected by H. B. Parks, an entomologist and amateur folklorist, in the 1910s. Parks reported that Peg Leg Joe, an operative of the Underground Railroad, had passed as a laborer and spread the song to different plantations, giving directions for slaves to escape. The song was published by the Texas Folklore Society in 1928. (The cover spells the title "Foller de Drinkin' Gou'd.")

Lee Hays
In 1947, Lee Hays, of the Almanac Singers and The Weavers, rearranged Follow the Drinkin' Gourd and published it in the People's Songs Bulletin. Familiar with African-American music and culture, Hays stated that he himself had heard parts of the song from an elderly black woman named Aunty Laura. Hays described the melody as coming from Aunty Laura, while the lyrics came from anthologies – probably the Parks version.

Randy Sparks/John Woodum
In 1955, singer Randy Sparks heard the song from an elderly street singer named John Woodum. These lyrics diverged greatly from the Parks and Hays versions and included no geographical information. Sparks later founded The New Christy Minstrels, with whom he recorded a version of the song based on Woodum's lyrics.

Meaning
Two of the stars in the Big Dipper line up very closely with and point to Polaris. Polaris is a circumpolar star, and so it is always seen pretty close to the direction of true north. Hence, according to a popular myth, all slaves had to do was look for the Drinking Gourd and follow it to the North Star (Polaris) north to freedom. James Kelley has argued against the historicity of this interpretation in the Journal of Popular Culture.

title: Follow the Drinkin' Gourd


text:
Clam (disambiguation)

Clams are saltwater or freshwater mollusks that have two hinged shells.

Clam may also refer to:
 * Clam AntiVirus, a free antivirus program
 * Clam, Charente-Maritime, a commune in the Charente-Maritime département, in France
 * Clam, Virginia, US, an unincorporated community
 * Clam (Camp Lazlo), a fictional character in the animated television series Camp Lazlo
 * CLAM (C++ Library for Audio and Music), a software framework for audio data processing
 * CLAMS (Cape Libraries Automated Materials Sharing), a library network in southeast Massachusetts
 * CLaMS (Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere), a modular chemistry transport model system
 * "Clams" (SpongeBob SquarePants), an episode of the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Clement Attlee (1883–1967), nicknamed "Clam"
 * A member or constituent group of the Clamshell Alliance, an American anti-nuclear activist group

title: Clam (disambiguation)