text:
Glossary of wildfire terms

This glossary of wildfire terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to wildfires and wildland firefighting. Except where noted, terms have largely been sourced from a 1998 Fireline Handbook transcribed for a Conflict 21 counter-terrorism studies website by the Air National Guard.

For related terminology, see Glossary of firefighting terms and Glossary of firefighting equipment.

0–9
1 hr, 10 hr, 100 hr, 1000 hr fuels:

A
aerial canopy: A fuel type consisting of trees having few low branches, which makes them less susceptible to ignition by low-intensity fires.

aerial firefighting:

The use of aircraft in support of ground resources to combat wildfires, often most effective in in light fuels.

air drop: The delivery of supplies or fire retardant from the air. Supplies can be dropped by parachute, while retardant is generally released in a single drop of one or more trails, the size of which is determined by the wind and the volume, speed and altitude of the (usually no less than 200 feet above the drop zone).

air operations: A group tasked with coordinating aerial-based observation, supply, rescue and suppression at the scene of a wildfire.

air tactical group supervisor: A person who coordinates air resources for attack of a fire with.

airtanker: A fixed-wing aircraft certified by the FAA as being capable of transporting and delivering 600 to 3,000 gallons of water or other liquid or powder fire retardants. Formerly referred to as borate bombers before borate-based retardants became less desirable. Often accompanied by a spotter plane.

anchor point: An advantageous location, usually a barrier to fire spread, from which to start constructing a. The anchor point is used to minimize the chance of being flanked (or outflanked) by the fire while the line is being constructed.

B
backburn: A precautionary fire set downwind of the main fire for controlled fuel clearing by "backing" it into the main fire, similar to a, which occurs adjacent to the.

backfire: A fire set along the inner edge of a to consume the fuel in the path of a wildfire and to change the direction or force of the fire’s convection column.

Bambi bucket: A collapsible bucket used for lifting and moving water or fire retardant with a helicopter.

barrier: Any obstruction to the spread of fire. Typically an area or strip devoid of combustible fuel.

base: A staging or command center for fire operations. The starting location of a fire. A base camp location used by firefighters for eating, sleeping, etc., typically near the staging or command center.

berm: Soil heaped on the downhill side of a traversing fireline below a fire in order to trap rolling.

blackline: A condition in which no combustible fuels remain between the and the main fire.

blowup: A sudden increase in fireline intensity or the rate of spread of a fire sufficient to preclude direct control or to upset existing suppression plans. Often accompanied by violent convection and may have other characteristics of a.

Boise Interagency Fire Center (BIFC): The former name for the.

bone yard: An area scraped to mineral soil for the safe handling of smoldering materials; also, a systematic mop-up of smoldering materials by scraping off embers and placing materials into the bone yard area.

booster hose, booster reel, booster pump: A small solid hose on a reel connected to a small pump fitted to a water tank on a vehicle. Booster pump also refers to a pump in a relay series for pumping uphill beyond the lift of the previous pump.

brush blade: A rake attachment used for cutting or ripping brush and roots out of a fireline.

brush hook: A type of cutting tool used to clear brush, usually with a heavy, solid, curved blade that is longer than a machete bolted to the end of an arm's-length handle.

brush truck:

A small fire truck outfitted for wildland firefighting.

bump up: To move to another location. Can be used in many contexts, from moving to another location on a single fireline to an entire crew moving to another fire. Bump back means to return to a previous location. In the "bump" system of fireline construction, each firefighter works on a small piece of fireline with their tool until a completed portion of line is encountered. Then the call to bump up is heard, and everyone ahead of the caller skips ahead one or more positions, leaving the unfinished fireline for those coming up behind.

burning index: A relative measure of fire-control difficulty; doubling the index means twice the effort may be needed to control the fire.

burn out: Setting fire inside a control line to consume fuel between the edge of the fire and the control line.

burning period: The part of each 24-hour period when fires spread most rapidly, typically from 10:00 AM to sundown.

bushfire: The local name for a wildfire that occurs in the forests, scrubs, woodlands or grasslands of Australia or New Zealand.

C
candle: A standing tree with a broken top which often continues to burn after the main firefront has passed. Candles usually send up a fountain of sparks and burning embers which may travel some distance and be of concern if near the unburnt side of a.

closed area: An area in which specified activities or entry are temporarily restricted to reduce the risk of human-caused fires.

closure: Legal restriction of specified activities such as smoking, camping, vehicle access, or entry in general which might cause or contribute to fires in a given area.

cold trailing: A method of controlling a partly dead fire edge by carefully inspecting and feeling with the hand for heat to detect any fire, and lining any live edge.

complex: Two or more individual wildfire incidents located in the same general area which are assigned to a single incident commander or unified command.

confine a fire: To keep a fire within established boundaries of constructed under prevailing conditions. The least aggressive wildfire suppression strategy.

contain a fire: To keep a fire within established boundaries of constructed firelines under prevailing conditions. A moderately aggressive wildfire suppression strategy.

control line: An inclusive term for all constructed or natural barriers and retardant-treated fire edges used to control a fire.

controlled burn: See.

coyote tactics: A progressive line construction duty involving primarily and who build firelines until the end of the operation and then bed down wherever they end up, often without tents or sleeping bags.

creeping fire: A fire that spreads slowly and burns with a low flame.

crown fire: A fire that advances between the tops of trees or shrubs more or less independently of a fire on the ground surface. Crown fires are sometimes classed as running or dependent to distinguish the degree of independence from the surface fire.

crown out: See.

D
dead man zone: The unburnt areas around the edges of a brush fire.

dead out: The state of a fire being completely out, with no smoldering or burning areas. Contrast.

demob: A crew being removed from working a fire. An abbreviation of demobilization.

direct attack: Any treatment applied directly to burning fuel, such as wetting, smothering, or chemically quenching the fire or by physically separating the burning from the unburned fuel.

dozer line: A constructed with the front blade of a bulldozer or any tracked vehicle with a front-mounted blade used for exposing mineral soil.

drafting: The act of using a suction pump to lift water from below the pump, using a semi-rigid suction hose, typically to fill a portable reservoir that has other suction pumps (to relay) or siphon hoses running downhill to their nozzles.

drip torch: A hand-carried fire-starting device filled with flammable liquid that is poured across a flaming wick, dropping flaming liquid onto the fuels to be burned.

duff: A layer of decaying forest litter consisting of organics such as needles, leaves, and other plant materials covering the mineral soil. Duff can smolder for days after a fire. Extinguishing smoldering duff is key to successful mop-up operations.

E
engine: Any ground vehicle providing specified levels of pumping, water, and hose capacity but with less than the specified level of personnel.

engine crew: A number of personnel trained to respond to incidents using an. Typically much smaller than a hand crew.

escape fire: A fire intentionally ignited by a fire crew, usually in a grassland environment, in order to escape a dangerous situation.

escaped fire: A fire which has exceeded or is expected to exceed initial attack capabilities or prescriptions.

extended attack: A situation in which a fire cannot be controlled by initial attack resources within a reasonable period of time. Committing additional resources within 24 hours after commencing suppression action will usually control the fire.

F
fire behavior: The manner in which a fire reacts to the influences of fuel, weather, and topography.

fire blindness: Failure to recognize the prominent ecological and evolutionary role of fire in fire-prone ecosystems.

fire camp: A temporary camp established near the scene of large fires to provide food, rest, and other necessities to fire crews.

fire cycle:

fire danger:

fire ecology: A scientific branch of ecology concerned with the interactions between abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems, the role of fire as an ecosystem process, and the effects of fire on vegetation, plant communities, soils, wildlife, and landscapes.

fire edge: The boundary between burned or actively burning areas of a fire and unburned areas at a given moment.

firefighting foam: An aerated solution created by forcing air into, or entraining air within, water containing a foam concentrate by means of suitably designed equipment or by cascading it through the air at a high velocity. Foam reduces combustion by cooling, moistening and excluding oxygen.

fire lookout tower: A structure located at a high vantage point to house and protect the person or crew performing the duties of a.

fire lookout: A person or crew that actively observes the surroundings for possible fire starts and conditions. They often rely on an elevated to provide them with a clear vantage over nearby terrain. The duty may be performed as a prophylactic measure prior to any fire or as a means of assisting a fire crew on an existing.

fire rake: A type of rake with sharpened teeth instead of blades, used for raking a.

fire retardant: Any substance (except plain water) that by chemical or physical action reduces the flammability of fuels or slows their rate of combustion. Examples include ', ', and, among others.

fire risk:

fire shelter: A portable aluminized tent offering protection by means of reflecting radiant heat and providing a volume of breathable air in a fire entrapment situation. Carried as a safety tool, fire shelters are only used in life-threatening situations as a last resort, as severe burns and asphyxiation often result.

fire shirt: A type of distinctive yellow shirt made of or other lightweight materials of low combustibility, used as uniform PPE by wildland firefighters, and more recently available in other colors.

fire trail: The Australian name for a fireroad; a road built specifically for access for fire management purposes.

fire weather: Any weather conditions that affect fire vulnerability, fire behavior and suppression.

fire whirl: A tornado-like vortex of air that forms from the stretching of vorticity due to the interaction of air flowing towards and upwards in a very large wildfire.

fire-return interval:

Fireline handbook: A small red booklet carried by U.S. firefighters on the firelines as a quick reference on various firefighting topics.

fireline:

The part of a that is scraped or dug to mineral soil. More generally, working a fire is called being on the fireline. May also refer to a, where water has been used to create a burn boundary in light fuels such as grass.

firestorm: A type of extreme fire behavior indicated by widespread in-drafts and a tall column of smoke and flame, where added air increases fire intensity, creating runaway fire growth.

firebreak: Any natural or constructed used to stop or check fires that may occur, or to provide a from which to work.

flanks of a fire: The parts of a fire’s spread perimeter that grow to the sides then run roughly parallel to the main direction of spread. Separated flank heads are extremely dangerous in steep terrain.

flare-up: Any sudden acceleration in the rate of spread or intensification of a fire. Unlike a, a flare-up is of relatively short duration and does not radically change existing control plans.

flash fuels: Fuels such as grass, leaves, draped pine needles, fern, tree moss and some kinds of slash which ignite readily and are consumed rapidly when dry. Contrast.

fuel load: The mass of combustible materials available for a fire usually expressed as the weight of the fuel per unit area (e.g. 20 tons per acre).

fuel moisture: The percentage water content of vegetation that is potential fuel for a fire, an important factor in rate of spread, ranging from dead-fuel and fine-fuel moisture (FFM) of 10 percent or less to live-fuel moisture (LFM) of 60 percent or more. FFM can be estimated by weighing calibrated wood sticks.

fuel type: An identifiable association of fuel elements of distinctive species, form, size, arrangement, or other characteristics that will cause a predictable rate of spread or resistance to control under specified weather conditions.

fuelbreak: A natural or artificial change in fuel characteristics which affects fire behavior so that fires burning into it can be more readily controlled.

G
ground fire: A fire that consumes the organic material beneath the surface litter ground, such as a peat fire.

H
hand crew: A number of individuals that have been organized and trained and are supervised principally for operational assignments on an incident, typically using handheld tools. In the United States, an ordinary hand crew is 20 in number, including supervisors.

hazard reduction: The act of intentionally igniting controlled and managed fires during cooler and wetter weather as precautionary measures in order to reduce the available for unintentional fires. Sometimes incorrectly called a backburn.

head of a fire: The most rapidly spreading portion of a fire’s perimeter, usually to the leeward or up a slope; may have multiple heads if there are separated flanking fires.

heavy fuels: Fuels of large diameter such as snags, logs, and large-limbed wood, which ignite and are consumed more slowly than.

helispot: A natural or improved takeoff and landing area intended for temporary or occasional helicopter use, typically in remote areas without other access.

helitack: A fire crew trained to use helicopters for initial attack and to support large fires through bucket drops and the movement of personnel, equipment and supplies. Another primary function of Helitack is jumper support and retrieval.

hose pack: A general term covering all types of hose configurations a firefighter might carry to deploy.

hose vacuum: A small pneumatic vacuum generator that removes air from the inside of a fire hose, making it firm, more compact, and therefore easier to pack.

hot spot: A particularly active part of a fire.

hotshot crew:

An intensively trained fire crew used primarily in hand line construction and organized primarily to travel long distances from fire to fire as needed rather than serving only one location.

I
Incident Command System (ICS): A fire operations management system first developed to provide a command structure to manage large wildfires in the United States and now widely used by many emergency management agencies.

Incident Qualification Card:

Credentials issued to qualified firefighters listing their qualifications and specialties. These certifications must be renewed annually.

Indian pump: A type of portable water vessel carried on one's back, either a rigid can or collapsible bag, with a hose and telescoping squirt pump. Typically contains five U.S. gallons and is used on and during mop-up. Of uncertain utility in active.

indirect attack: A method of suppression in which the is located some considerable distance away from the fire’s active. This method is generally used in the case of a fast-spreading or high-intensity fire and to utilize natural or constructed,, and favorable breaks in the topography. The intervening fuel is usually, but occasionally the main fire is allowed to burn to the line, depending on conditions. Contrast.

infrared (IR) detector: A heat detection system used for fire detection, mapping, and identification.

initial attack: The actions taken by the first resources to arrive at a wildfire to protect lives and property and to prevent further expansion of the fire. Usually done by trained and experienced crews, and taking place immediately after.

interface zone: Where urban firefighting meets wildland firefighting. Structures at the edges of wildlands are uniquely threatened, and protecting them from fires requires skills and equipment of both disciplines.

into the black: Moving from outside the fire front to inside the burned area, which is sometimes the safest place to be in a.

J
jumper: See.

K
knock down: To reduce the flame or heat on the more vigorously burning parts of a, usually by cooling with dirt, water or other.

L
LACES: A firefighter safety mnemonic for lookout, awareness or anchor point, communications, escape routes, safety zones.

ladder fuels:

Flammable vegetation that helps a ground fire spread vertically into the canopy.

lead plane: An aircraft with pilot used to make trial runs over a target area to check wind, smoke conditions, topography and to lead to targets and supervise their drops.

let-burn policy: An administrative decision to defer fire suppression, perhaps because of wilderness and long-term forest conservation considerations.

line firing: An activity related to along a using,, or other flammable materials.

litter: A buildup of leaves and twigs on the ground surface.

logging slash:

Tops, stumps, mill ends, or limbs left by logging operations. May be beneficial to soil stability, but can dry out and create heavy hazards.

longline: A helicopter arrangement for lowering external loads (or removing loads) into areas not available for landing, using a long cable suspended from a hard point on the belly of the aircraft.

lookouts: Safety personnel positioned to monitor the location and behavior of a fire, ready to signal a crew to escape. or fire towers, often on mountain-tops, for viewing the surrounding countryside and watching for signs of fire. , the people who work in fire lookout towers. The "L" in the firefighter safety mnemonic.

M
McLeod: A hand tool consisting of a combination rake and hoe, often used in construction.

mop-up: The act of extinguishing or removing burning material near, felling snags, and trenching logs to prevent rolling after an area has burned in order to make a recent fire zone safe or to reduce residual smoke.

mutual aid: Cross-jurisdictional assistance with emergency services by pre-arranged agreement.

N
National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS): A system used in the United States to provide a measure of the relative seriousness of burning conditions and threat of fire.

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): The U.S. national fire and safety standards organization, responsible for issuing various wildfire-oriented standards related to clothing, tactics, equipment, etc.

National Hose (NH): National Standard Thread (NST) design of threaded couplings used on fire hose in various diameters; incompatible with many types of wildfire hose threads, thus requiring adapters.

National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC): The U.S. national fire operations coordination facility, located in Boise, Idaho and operated by several U.S. agencies to provide logistics, weather information and resource coordination for wildfire suppression across the country (formerly known as the ).

National Wildfire Coordinating Group: A coordination agency located in Washington, D.C. which sets national standards for wildland firefighter training and publishes training manuals.

Nomex: A brand of approved, synthetic, fire-retardant aramid cloth and thread widely used in personal protective equipment for wildland firefighting and jumpsuits.

O
one-hour fuel: Vegetation with large surface-to-mass ratio, a so-called fine fuel (along with 10-hour) that quickly reaches critical (flammable) moisture levels (fine fuel moisture, FFM) when exposed to heat; compare with 100-hour or 1000-hour fuels (i.e., live fuel moisture, LFM), which take much more heat to ignite.

overhead: Personnel assigned to supervisory positions, including incident commander, command staff, general staff, branch directors, supervisors, unit leaders, managers, and staff. Also may be organized according to qualifications and experience, as type I overhead team, and the like. Many positions, functions and interactions of wildfire overhead organizations provided the model for modern in the United States.

P
Palmer drought severity index (PDI): An index that measures the impact of soil moisture changes on vegetation in order to help predict fire danger and fire behavior.

parallel attack: A fire containment method where crews construct a fireline at some distance from the edge of the fire (e.g., 100 yards) and then burn out the fuel in the buffer as the fireline is completed.

perennial grasses: An extremely volatile fuel, after curing, in May, June, and July, which can lead to large, fast fires that may reach larger fuels.

point of origin: An element of fire behavior indicating where a fire began, which may be used to support further analysis of where the fire went and/or will go. Evidence of specific origin is often obscured or destroyed by suppression tactics.

prescribed burn:

A fire that is deliberately ignited for the purpose of forest or prairie management, often to remove heavy fuel buildup or simulate natural cycles of fire in an ecosystem.

progressive hose lay: A method of deploying hoses along firelines during suppression and as they are built and reinforced, typically using 1½-inch supply lines, gated wyes and 1-inch lateral lines with nozzles (or spigot valves) every 100 feet or so. As the line progresses, more hoses and valves are added.

project fire: Any large fire requiring extensive management and the establishment of a temporary infrastructure to support firefighting efforts, such as.

Pulaski:

A combination axe and grub hoe tool with a straight handle, used for building handlines.

pumpkin: A frameless, self-supporting, 6000-gallon portable reservoir used for long- or short-term water storage. Can be used to fill helicopter buckets or as a water supply for ground crew.

R
rapeller: A crew of specialist firefighters who are trained to access a fire area by sliding down ropes suspended from a hovering helicopter. Also used for delivering wilderness first aid if a rapeller is also an EMT.

reburn: A repeat burning of an area over which a fire has previously passed, but left fuel that later ignites when burning conditions are more favorable. An area that has burned again following a previous burn.

Red Card: See.

red-flag day: A type of warning used to alert people that weather conditions are favorable for creating a critical fire hazard and that closures of susceptible areas to non-emergency activities may be required in order to minimize the risk of accidental wildland fires.

roll: A 14-day work schedule on a wildfire or wildfires. Shifts of 16-24 hours per day are possible. Rolls can be bookended by up to 3 days of travel on either side. Rolls can also be extended beyond 14 days.

S
S-130/S-190: The basic wildland fire training course given to all U.S. firefighters before they can work on the fire lines.

safety zone: An area cleared of flammable material used for escape in the event the line is outflanked or in case a spot fire causes fuels outside the control line to render the line unsafe. In firing operations, crews progress so as to maintain a safety zone close at hand allowing the fuels inside the control line to be consumed before going ahead. Safety zones may also be constructed as integral parts of fuel breaks; they are greatly enlarged areas which can be used with relative safety by firefighters and their equipment in the event of blowup in the vicinity.

sawyer: A chainsaw crew, may also include fallers or fellers who are qualified to cut down trees or snags, perhaps while the tree or snag is burning.

SEAT: An acronym of "single engine airtanker"; a small agricultural aircraft converted for use on fires, predominantly during the phase.

secondary line: Any constructed at a distance from the fire perimeter concurrently with or after a line already constructed on or near to the perimeter of the fire. Generally constructed as an insurance measure in case the fire escapes control by the primary line.

size-up: Initial assessment of fire including fuel load, weather, topography, fire behavior, hazards and exposures of valuable properties. Quickly detects needs for additional resources and sets operational priorities.

skidder unit: Pre-configured tank, pump, hose for attachment to a logging skidder (large four-wheel-drive tractor with a dozer blade, winch or grapple) to be carried to a fireline.

slash: Debris resulting from such natural events as wind, fire, or snow breakage; or such human activities as road construction, logging, pruning, thinning, or brush cutting. It includes logs, chunks, bark, branches, stumps, and broken understory trees or brush. See also.

sling load: Cargo net containing supplies or equipment delivered by below a helicopter.

slopover: Fire spreading outside the boundaries of a.

slug: A humorous pejorative term for a member of a fire crew believed not to be doing their share of the work.

slurry bomber: See.

smokechaser: A colloquial term for a wildland firefighter. Now mostly archaic, except in Minnesota where state Department of Natural Resources firefighters are officially known by that name.

smokejumper: A specifically trained and certified firefighter who travels to remote wildfires by fixed-wing aircraft and parachutes into a jump spot, which may include trees, close to the fire.

snag: Any dead standing tree that may be in danger of falling or collapsing.

spike camp: A remote camp usually near a and lacking the logistical support that a larger would have.

spotting: Behavior of a fire producing sparks or embers that are carried by the wind and which start new fires (spot fires) beyond the zone of direct ignition by the main fire. A cascade of spot fires can cause a.

strike team: A specified combination of the same kind and type of resources, with communications and a leader.

suppression: All of the work of extinguishing or confining a fire, beginning with its discovery.

suppression crew:

Two or more firefighters stationed at a strategic location for initial action on fires. Duties are essentially the same as those of individual firefighters; often organized into 20-person crews, including supervisors, for simplified logistics and operations.

surface fire: A fire that burns loose debris on the ground surface, which may include dead branches, blowdown timber, leaves, and low vegetation. Contrast.

T
task force: Any combination of resources assembled for a particular tactical need, with common communications and a leader. A task force may be pre-established and sent to an incident, or formed at an incident.

torching: Not to be confused with crowning; when a single or small group of trees go up in flames. Torching and group torching are more of a nuisance whereas crown fire is of much greater concern.

tree jump: The act of a parachuting into a tree canopy if a clearing is not available or suitable.

turn around: A widened part of a fire break used for turning vehicles around, also used as a safe area during entrapment.

Type I engine: A fire engine designed primarily for fighting fires in structures accessible from roads.

Type II engine:

A fire engine designed to carry and pump water for use in fire suppression.

Type III engine: A fire engine designed primarily for fighting wildland fires. These engines are usually able to traverse more rugged terrain than type I and type II engines.

U
understory burn: A controlled burn of fuels below the forest canopy, intended to remove fuels from oncoming or potential fires.

urban interface: The interface zone where man-made structures inter-mingle with wildlands, creating the risk of structural involvement in a wildland fire incident and wildland fire involvement in structure fires, each of which requires different equipment, training, and tactics.

W
watch out situations: A list of 18 situations for firefighters to be aware of, which signal potential hazards on the fire line; originated from analysis of generations of similar incidents.

water tender: Any ground vehicle capable of transporting specified quantities of water.

wet line: A type of temporary using water or other liquid to prevent a low-intensity fire from spreading in surface fuels or to  a more intense fire.

widowmaker: Any branch or treetop that is poorly or no longer attached to a tree, but still tangled overhead.

wildfire: An unplanned, unwanted wildland fire, including unauthorized human-caused fires, escaped wildland fire use events, escaped projects, fires caused by lightning strikes or downed power lines, and all other wildland fires where the objective is to put the fire out.

wildland: An area in which manmade development is essentially nonexistent, except possibly for roads, railroads, power lines, and similar transportation facilities. Structures, if any, are usually remote and widely scattered.

wildland fire engine: A fire apparatus specialized for accessing wildland fires with water, equipment and small crew. Size and agility of these units may also be useful for other urban missions.

wildland fire use fire (WFU fire): A naturally-ignited wildland fire that is managed for the purpose of achieving specific previously defined resource management objectives.

windfall: Trees knocked over or broken off by wind, increasing fuel loading and hampering the building of a. Large, unmanaged areas of dense blowdown can create serious fire hazards once the larger fuels become dry.

title: Glossary of wildfire terms


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Perdo Rodigez

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 23:19, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Perdo Rodigez
No such character. No hits on Google. No other article links to this one. Delete.-gadfium 02:54, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that the anon author of this also created Jacob van Artevelde, who did exist. Perhaps someone should check the facts there.-gadfium 03:01, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, not notable - only wiki and mirrors with Google returned. Possible hoax. Megan1967 04:10, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Leaning Delete. Tried a variety of spelling variations and still couldn't find any thing. While the anon's Jacob van Artevelde contrib is accurate in the broad details, the detailed timeline seems to vary from the one at the Columbia Encyclopedia. Also, the anons used different spellings of Ghent, so may not be the same person. Niteowlneils 05:48, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * We were two people trying out Wikipedia's resilience to attacks. I am now trying to undo the damage we have done, which involves the Perdo Rodigez article and some changes to the Jacob van Artevelde story which I have already undone. I apologise for the abuse. About the changes in time, the en.wikipedia.org dates were in fact incorrect at the time when we made the abuse. See also nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Artevelde
 * Please don't disrupt Wikipedia to prove a point. Radiant! 10:42, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Fyngyrz

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Images
Thanks for uploading Image:Virginiakidd.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images (on my talk page) and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, BrokenSegue 02:55, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Can I interpret the comment you left on my talk page to mean that you want to release that picture into the public domain? Sorry to be a pest about this. BrokenSegue 21:37, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

License
hi. could be please attend the license of the image you've uploaded to en? Schaengel89  @me 19:56, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of emulators
Please do not add commercial links — or links to your own private websites — to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Perfecto 16:06, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Pirate rs.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Pirate rs.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Stan 03:42, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:Jamesbenjaminblish.jpg
Hi, please add a copyright license to this photo as quickly as possible. Thuresson 23:00, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Arrowhead SF
You seem to be greatly involved with all things James Blish and Virigina Kidd related.

Yes, they are my father and mother.

Did you write the Arrowhead SF article?

Yes, I did.

My concerns are about the title and whether it is original research – based on the comments about things said "to this writer". Besides the problem of first-person writing, this implies a non-verifiable direct conversation.

Can't get much more verifiable than the original participants, eh?

Given your apparent depth of knowledge and concern for the topics, I certainly assume good faith, but would like to know more about this if I could.

Aside from being offspring, I also wrote, and maintain, the genealogy at blish.org.

(Personal note: my first exposure to Blish was his "storyfications" of Star Trek teleplays about three and a half decades ago.) Thanks, Rlquall 13:00, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Image:Avt530.jpg listed for deletion
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Wi scap.jpg
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title: User talk:Fyngyrz


text: User talk:69.155.35.74

title: User talk:69.155.35.74


text:
Federal budget

Federal budgets are the national budgets of federations, including:
 * Australian federal budget
 * Canadian federal budget
 * Federal budget of Germany
 * Union budget of India
 * Malaysian federal budget
 * Federal budget of Russia
 * Scottish budget
 * South African Budget
 * Federal budget of Switzerland
 * United States federal budget

title: Federal budget


text: User talk:64.174.151.22

title: User talk:64.174.151.22


text:
User talk:Billy Eat A Meat

I don't know what you have against wikipedia but please do stop spamming talk pages with nonsense/personal attacks/cursing or you will be blocked. Thanks! BrokenSegue 03:05, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Billy Eat A Meat


text:
Talk:Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse

Untitled
"Ernst Ludwig was himself a homosexual". Some people says that it is not true, that was his ex-wife who spread the rumor.

These people are stupid : how could a wife tell such things if it's not true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.218.29.137 (talk) 08:48, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

His wife didn't like him, she loved another man, she wanted a divroce, so... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.196.105.138 (talk) 21:59, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

It's stupid : it is proven he was homosexual. 90.3.24.82 (talk) 03:50, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

Requested move
Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse → Ernest Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse – He is far more well known as Ern(e)st Ludwig. In most any royalty book that has not been completely Anglicized, he is know as Ern(e)st Ludwig, never as Ern(e)st Louis. Morhange 22:04, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Oppose I do not support a mixture of English and German. Charles 23:29, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose for the same reason. Most Ludwigs of Hesse are listed as Louis. ~ trialsanderrors 23:30, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose This is the English wikipedia. Septentrionalis 04:53, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Not moved. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 09:42, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

This is beyond stupid. ERNST LUDWIG was his name. That's how it's spelt on the bloody coins. ClearBreeze (talk) 14:48, 7 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse


text:
Talk:Maria Van Bommel

Bizarre Vandalism
We seem to have a problem ...

Every occurrence of the suffix "sex" in "Middlesex" is currently showing up as a link.

This is apparently a more sophisticated vandalism than is usual for Wikipedia, as the links to *not* appear in any actual edit. I have no idea who was responsible for this, nor do I know how to fix it. CJCurrie 03:07, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maria Van Bommel


text:
Talk:Anonymity

Rewrite
--by that great author, Anonymous

The article as written left a lot to be desired. I've attempted a rewrite using most of the information in the previous article. I think it's a lot better now. Hope you all agree. --Golfhaus 21:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * hi@Beland 2400:AC40:709:E88D:D5CB:32AF:5C8E:F3C9 (talk) 16:36, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

It would be nice if the "Anonymity and the Internet" section would discuss the actual anonimity of IP addresses. People believe they are untraceable on the Internet, and that is rapidly becoming untrue. Converting IP addresses into physical locations is becoming increasingly precise, to the point where I will be able to get your home phone number just by knowing your IP address. Imagine no more sign up processes to receive marketing material. You've visited their website. The logs show you looked interested. Prepare to receive junk snail mail. --193.226.189.115 13:25, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. -- Beland 00:33, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Feature status?
This article has been improved greatly, and appropriately enough by anonymous users. Do you think we should nominate it for featured article status? Haakon 17:32, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think quite yet. For instance, I wonder if there should be a section about newspapers having an anonymous comments service, whereby someone sends an e-mail or calls a number (hooked to voicemail) to voice their opinion without giving their name. This is as opposed to a letter to the editor, an opinion piece that would be signed by its author. Many newspapers – including the Des Moines Register ("Your 2¢ Worth") and the Moline Daily Dispatch ("Speak Out") have such "anonymous comments" features.
 * That said, two things:
 * * There needs to be the obvious criticism included (e.g., it allows someone to anonymously tear down or make questionable claims about a subject, business, etc.).
 * * Some newspapers are replacing this with printing opinions submitted through a newspaper's online site.
 * Anyway, whataya think? Briguy52748 15:48, 21 February 2006 (UTC)]]

Incoming redirects
I recently redirected anonymous speech and anonymous publication to this article since they overlapped and could easily be covered here as well. There may or may not be some information that needs merged from those articles. Peyna 17:58, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's how information got lost. This article still doesn't cover what anonymous speech means. --Abdull (talk) 01:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Wikiquote link
The link to wikiquote points to a page of anonymous quotes, not quotes on anonymity. Does wikiquote have such a list? --BigChicken 10:17, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Charity
There ought to be more about charity. All the article says about charity at present is:

Many acts of charity are performed anonymously, as well, as benefactors do not wish, for whatever reason, to be acknowledged for their action.

The phrases do not wish... to be acknowledged and for whatever reason can carry much implied POV I fear. "Whatever reason" may suggest that the usual reasons are likely to be so idiosyncratic or secret that it's no use generalizing about them. To the contrary, anonymous charity has long been a widespread and durable moral precept of many ethical and religious systems, as well as being in practice a widespread human activity. The present text seems oblivious to this fact.

Indeed the text is biased as to the uses of anonymity -- mainly it seems to only regard anonymity negatively as a shield, or means of avoiding harm for those who fear it. The article neglects anonymity as a positive tool to practice, demonstrate and promote various virtues both civic and personal (e.g. humility, unselfishness, commonweal, foresight, kindness, etc.), or to starve certain personal and societal vices of appetite, (e.g. pride, vanity, greed, etc), or to achieve benign and practical goals that might otherwise be impossible.

"To be acknowledged" implies a POV that benign action normally should be humanly acknowledged, an egotistical and controversial tenet. For saints and holy men all human actions are immediately (though perhaps inscrutably) acknowledged before eyes that miss nothing, compared to which mere human favor means little. For the pragmatic benefactor anonymous good deeds avoid potentially fatal dangers of class distinction, prejudice, personal suspicions of venal interest, while tending to promote a general goodwill or mindshare, etc.

Which is not to say that the present text about wiley crooks, spies and malevolent forces isn't interesting and appropriate to the topic -- just that taken alone it's incomplete to an extreme. --AC 08:00, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Advertising?
I just think it is odd someone has added a link to the article:

"If you need to get anonymous proxy you can get one here : www.proxygeneration.com"

After looking at the site--which has only a meager 300 registered users--I'm fairly certain that the article was edited by either an administrator of the site, or someone who nonetheless wanted to attract more people to the website. With that in mind, I'm removing this sentence from the article--of which it should also be noted is out of place in the article: the line preceeding it states "There are many reasons why a person might ... become anonymous." ; After the advertisement, the section then continues to state possible reasons to do this, rather than a method.

Bonekhan 17:50, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

I found another advertising link in the politics section and removed it. Perhaps this page's association with "Anonymous" is drawing a little more attention than usual 108.29.95.114 (talk) 14:40, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

Who the heck are Brittney Carrington and Kevin Webb?
Brittney Carrington and Kevin Webb are a few people in the military that have anonymous means of working.

Vandalism? Or just someone thinking that everyone knows who they mean? Kay Dekker (talk) 21:46, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Probably vandalism. I took it out; if someone has a source and can express the thought comprehensibly, they can restore it.--Kineticman (talk) 23:00, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Name change

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus to move the page, per the discussion below. 05:13, 28 February 2008 (UTC) Let's be honest: Wikipedia is for the common man. What kind of common man would search for "anonymity" as opposed to Hidden Identity? When considered carefully, its a good choice. Rrrr5 (talk) 00:26, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose The ignorance of the common Joe is not a valid reason to execute the move. More importantly, I'd argue that "anonymity" and "hidden identity", while in the same vein, are not the same thing. JPG-GR (talk) 02:26, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I don't think the current term is unnecessarily erudite or just for smart folks, either. Dekimasu よ! 11:32, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose per JPG-GR. FlagSteward (talk) 15:51, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Strong Oppose The term anonymity is widely used which is not the case for "hidden identity". Just compare the number of google hits: 10 500 000 for anonymity, 65 800 for "hidden identity". And I'd like to recall that Wikipedia is an Encyclopedia. Cenarium (talk) 23:45, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose i agree that "anonymity" is a 100% normal term, and the right name for the article. Sssoul (talk) 00:01, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose "hidden identity" is NOT more obvious than anonymity. Not by a long shot. Bssc81 (talk) 07:35, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose Not only is anonymity a widespread term...'Hidden Identity' is a clumsy phrase for people to be looking for. Narson (talk) 14:36, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Speedy close - hidden identity? EJF (talk) 18:53, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Superheroes
The article could as well include the anonymity of superheroes and the why and what about it. Just a thought. 145.18.110.193 (talk) 13:18, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

"theory"
internet + anonymity. It ought to be mentioned (or at least linked) in this article. --24.21.148.155 (talk) 00:04, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

On 'Mathematics of anonymity'
1.) This, the last part of the article ends with the sentence "The authorities could then proceed to beat Alice and Bob until one of them owns up to the crime."

Well, it's a well-known fact that if you beat people up, they're eligable to confess every crime known to man, from burning down Rome some 2,000 years ago to being the one who sold Jimi Hendrix heroin. Therefore, I don't think the "mathematics of anonymity" works on this here example, since there's an X factor that can't be computed exactly.

2.) This very same article assumes that either Bob, Carol or Alice emptied the safe, because they had the only keys; "An example: Suppose that only Alice, Bob, and Carol have the keys to a bank safe and that, one day, the contents of the safe are missing (without the lock being violated)."

How do we know there wasn't an old - or illegally made - copy circulating that someone else (Ted, for instance) had access to, and that HE is the perpetrator (see "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_%26_Carol_%26_Ted_%26_Alice")?

Besserwissern (talk) 01:29, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

I could be wrong, but the current formulation of the probability outcomes for {Alice, Bob, Carol} sounds a lot like the Monty Hall problem. Should the probabilities actually increase to 1/2 for Alice and Bob if Carol has an alibi? Or do the probabilities remain at 1/3? Or can someone produce a reference...?

--207.239.115.78 (talk) 16:14, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

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sections lacking references
The first several sections of the article have either no references cited or only one or two. Considering some of these sections contain substantial amounts of information, it should be cited. --MooCow1 (talk) 05:49, 29 September 2017 (UTC)

Anonymity + Charity
I think the page can benefit on expanding more on the anonymity + charity section, perhaps by including popular crowdfunding websites like Youcaring or Gofundme. Xkwhvzde (talk) 09:22, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

Set theory issue
All things named anonymous, belong to the set (or group) of anonymity which has many subsets exist (signed as anonymous, not signed as anonymous, trackable anonymous, partially trsckable, non-trackable anonymous which reveals behavioural patterns, non-trackable anonymous which doesn't reveal behavioural patterns).

 * The purest form of anonymity, is the one you missed to categorize (we shouldn't use you in an encyclopedia). The purest form of anonymity, is the one that escaped categorization (for various reasons).

 * and this is a practical category and a non-innately descriptive one

 * the hypernymy and hyponymy of a set, is also a generic and innate issue in set theory
 * According to some rules, a hyponym may become a hypernym and vice versa. This isn't always the case, but certainly it might occur.

 * go and study at MIT, then write some books and teach others

Books and their authors
When a book's author is not known, is the property of "anonymity" best applied to the book or to its author? Many of the Wikipedia articles on the various chapters of John's Gospel state in the lede that "the author of the book containing this chapter is anonymous", whereas in several of the articles on the chapters of Luke's Gospel and other New Testament works, the statement is made that "the book containing this chapter is anonymous". Which is the better or more correct usage? BobKilcoyne (talk) 05:25, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

JOSÉ DANIEL
deseo entrar ala Deep web necesitó comprar un carnet de identidad 213.173.36.101 (talk) 01:27, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anonymity


text:
Justice Leagues

"Justice Leagues" is a storyline which ran through six one-shot comics. Published in 2001 by DC Comics, it introduced a revamped Justice League of America. Each issue was supposedly the first of a new series featuring one of the alternate teams, although they were just one-offs. Featured Justice League were the "Justice League of Aliens", led by Superman and the Martian Manhunter; the "Justice League of Amazons", led by Wonder Woman; the "Justice League of Arkham", led by Batman; and the "Justice League of Atlantis", led by Aquaman. Cameo appearances were made by the "Justice League of Adventure" which is led by Flash (Wally West); the "Justice League of Air", led by Green Lantern (Kyle Rayner); the "Justice League of Anarchy", led by Plastic Man; and the "Justice League of Apostles", led by the angel Zauriel.

Premise
In the arc, alien invaders, working through a human-seeming agent known as the "Advance Man", use Hector Hammond, a telepathic supervillain, to cause the world to forget the existence of the Justice League of America. When Hammond discovered the Advance Man's true motives, he attempted to reverse the process but was only able to transmit the partial phrase "Justice League of A--" before being incapacitated by the alien emissary. It was found that the individual members of the Justice League were instinctively creating new crime-fighting organizations beginning with the "Justice League of A" to fill the void.

Justice League of Amazons
The Justice League of Amazons was a team of all female superheroes:

 * Wonder Woman (leader)
 * Supergirl (Linda Danvers)
 * Huntress (Helena Bertinelli)
 * Big Barda
 * Zatanna
 * Power Girl
 * Black Orchid

The goal of the Justice League of Amazons was to use their powers and abilities to "protect and defend mother earth and her children". The women went to the Selva Basin to investigate the disappearance of some logging camps. When they arrived, they found a group of loggers who were about to start destroying some of the rainforest. However, there was a shaman standing in their way and preventing them from moving forward. The loggers attacked both the shaman and the Justice League of Amazons, and a fight ensued. The loggers were quickly defeated. After the fight, the shaman returned home. It was then revealed that he was actually the Advance Man in disguise. He used the Justice League of Amazons to remove the loggers from the area so that he would be able to find an unknown spider that carried a virus capable of "exterminating the human surplus". While the Justice League of Amazons were relaxing at the Amazon River, Aquaman appeared with several other heroes and asked Power Girl to join them and the rest of the "Justice League of Atlantis".

Justice League of Anarchy
The Justice League of Anarchy was a team composed of comedy-themed superheroes:

 * Plastic Man (leader)
 * 'Mazing Man
 * Ambush Bug
 * The Creeper
 * Trickster
 * Harley Quinn

Justice League of Atlantis
The Justice League of Atlantis was a team of aquatic superheroes:
 * Aquaman (leader)
 * Mera
 * Tempest
 * Arion
 * Power Girl
 * Lori Lemaris
 * Devilfish

Aquaman formed the Justice League of Atlantis while he was investigating an area nearby Atlantis. While he was there, he discovered cybernetic dolphins and sharks swimming together. He followed them to a large metal object with tentacles that was absorbing metals and minerals from the ocean floor. The Justice League of Atlantis was brought together, and they searched the metal structure. There, they easily defeated the cybernetic dolphins and sharks. Devilfish destroyed the large metal structure before anyone could figure out its purpose. Devilfish left the group and joined the Advance Man, where other similar metal structures existed.

Justice League of Apostles
The Justice League of Apostles was a team of superheroes based around the theme of religion or the supernatural:

 * Zauriel (leader)
 * Phantom Stranger
 * Doctor Fate (Hector Hall)
 * Deadman
 * Zatanna

Justice League of Adventure
The Justice League of Adventure was a team of superheroes. Unlike the other divisions, this team contains no obvious connecting theme:

 * Flash (Wally West) (leader)
 * Mister Miracle (Scott Free)
 * Atom (Ray Palmer)
 * Beast Boy
 * Black Canary (Dinah Laurel Lance)

Justice League of Arkham
The Justice League of Arkham was a team of Batman supporting characters:

 * Batman (leader)
 * Nightwing
 * Joker
 * Catwoman
 * Riddler
 * Ventriloquist and Scarface
 * Poison Ivy

After learning of the Advance Man's plan to release a toxic gas that reacts with water to kill all life forms that come in contact with it in Gotham City, Batman freed The Joker from the Slab. He also freed Riddler, Poison Ivy, and The Ventriloquist from Arkham Asylum so that they could aid him in stopping the Advance Man. The Justice League of Arkham broke into the processing plant in which the Advance Man was planning to release the toxic gas and captured him. While interrogating him, the Joker escaped. Both Batman and Nightwing went into pursuit. During this time, the Advance Man convinced the remaining super-villains to abandon Batman. After they left, the Advance Man was able to free himself and teleport to San Francisco.

Justice League of Aliens
The Justice League of Aliens was a team of alien superheroes:

 * Martian Manhunter (leader)
 * Superman
 * Orion
 * Starfire
 * Lobo
 * Guy Gardner
 * Starman (Mikaal Tomas)

Martian Manhunter formed the Justice League of Aliens as a way for the alien heroes that occupy Earth to show the humans that they can trust them. Not everyone that J'onn had gathered was interested in becoming part of the League, however. Both Starman and Orion felt they did not need to be part of a team. Starman left the team, but Orion remained. The Advance Man's large metal structures that he had created during the "Justice League of Atlantis" became active, and they started to transform people who had the correct DNA sequence into monsters. These new "monsters" were being created as a host for the Advance Man's boss, Plura, to come to Earth and take over. The Justice League of Aliens fought several of the "monsters", but they were unable to prevent Plura from overtaking any of those remaining.

Justice League of Air
The Justice League of Air was a team of flying superheroes:

 * Green Lantern (Kyle Rayner) (leader)
 * Black Condor (Ryan Kendall)
 * Captain Atom
 * Ray (Ray Terrill)
 * Firestorm (Ronnie Raymond)
 * Doctor Light (Kimiyo Hoshi)
 * Red Tornado

Issues

 * 1) Justice Leagues: JL? #1
 * 2) Justice Leagues: Justice League of Amazons #1
 * 3) Justice Leagues: Justice League of Atlantis #1
 * 4) Justice Leagues: Justice League of Arkham #1
 * 5) Justice Leagues: Justice League of Aliens #1
 * 6) Justice Leagues: JLA #1

title: Justice Leagues


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carrapeta

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 17:21, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Carrapeta
Vanity. Delete. cesarb 03:15, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Besides, currently the external link on the article goes to a web site in Spanish; that does not seem appropriate for the English version of Wikipedia. Zzyzx11 06:17, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
International Karate

International Karate is a fighting game developed and published by System 3 for the ZX Spectrum in 1985 and ported to various home computers over the following years. In the United States it was published by Epyx in 1986 as World Karate Championship.

It was the first European-developed game to become a major hit in the United States, where it sold over 1.5 million copies, but it drew controversy for its similarities to Karate Champ (1984), which led to Data East filing a lawsuit against Epyx. International Karate +, a successor which expanded the gameplay, was released in 1987.

Gameplay

The core game is a two-dimensional, one-on-one, versus fighting game. Players take on the roles of martial artists competing in a kumite tournament. Rather than wearing down an opponent's health, the goal is instead to score single solid hits. After each hit, combat stops and both combatants are returned to their starting positions. Depending on how well players hit their opponent, they score either a half-point or a full point. Matches can be quite brief, as only two full points are required to win, and a point can be quickly scored just seconds after a round begins.

In single-player mode, successive opponents increase in difficulty from novice white belts to master black belts. Play continues as long as the player continues to win matches. Between fights, bonus mini-games focusing on rhythm and timing appear, including one in which the player must break a number of stacked boards using the fighter's head. As in newer games in the genre, starting specifically with Street Fighter, the fights take place against a variety of backdrops (eight in total) representing different locations in the world: the Mount Fuji (Tokyo, Japan), the Sydney Harbour (Sydney, Australia), the Statue of Liberty (New York, USA), the Forbidden City (Beijing, China), the Christ the Redeemer (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), the Palace of Westminster (London, England), the Parthenon (Athens, Greece), and the Great Pyramid of Giza (Cairo, Egypt).

The title utilizes the standard one-button joystick, allowing players to execute a variety of karate techniques. Unlike modern 2D fighting games, players do not turn around if the opponent is behind them and must instead execute one of three "turn-around" maneuvers to change direction.

Ports

Archer Maclean, initially only employed by System 3 to create graphics routines when the original programmer and artist walked out, developed the Commodore 64 version from scratch as he had no interest in porting the original ZX Spectrum version. Another port exists for the MSX platform. A version for the Atari ST home computer was created by Andromeda Software and released in 1986. This version featured the most advanced graphics of all versions as the 16 bit hardware supported more colors and larger sprites. The port to IBM PC compatibles, published the same year, uses 4-color CGA graphics.

Lawsuit
After the release of World Karate Championship in the US in late April 1986, Epyx was sued by video game publisher Data East for infringement of copyright, trademark, and trade dress. The dispute was about similarities to the 1984 arcade game Karate Champ and its home computer adaptations published in 1985. International Karate used the same colored fighters and had the same points system. The initial trial at the District Court for the Northern District of California began on 28 October 1986. In his decision of 28 January 1987, the court dismissed the allegations of trademark and trade dress infringement but found Epyx guilty of infringing upon Data East USA's copyright on Karate Champ. Data East was granted a permanent injunction against Epyx, Inc., and an impoundment was also ordered to restrain Epyx from selling or distributing World Karate Championship, and Epyx was also required to recall all copies of the game from customers and distributors.

The decision was appealed the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, who in November 1988 reversed the decision, stating that while the game was similar, it was not identical and that one game company can not monopolize one entire sport.

Reception
World Karate Championship was a commercial success in the United States, where it became the first European-developed game to top the Billboard software charts. The game went on to sell over 1.5 million copies in the United States.

Rick Teverbaugh reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and wrote that Epyx continued to take a strong stand in the foreground of the arcade sports programs with World Karate Championship. Charles Ardai called the game "an original Karate Champ clone, but it's the best one available ... Great scenery adds to the ambience".

Your Sinclair reviewed the ZX Spectrum version in 1990, giving it a 74% score.

In a 2006 retrospective of the genre, Retro Gamer gave the game an 86% rating, referring to it as an "excellent" game that was overshadowed by the earlier release of The Way of the Exploding Fist.

Legacy
In 2000, a Game Boy Color version, created without input from Archer Maclean, was released as International Karate 2000. It sported some enhancements and was the basis for International Karate Advanced released in 2001 for the Game Boy Advance. The C64 version saw re-releases in 2004 as a title on the C64 Direct-to-TV, and in 2008 on the Wii Virtual Console.

International Karate +
International Karate +, a successor which expanded the gameplay, was released in 1987.

title: International Karate


text:
Category:Storms

Specific storms

title: Category:Storms


text:
Talk:George Hammond (Stargate)

Untitled
The character was written out of the series by being promoted to Lieutenant General and replacing General West who commanded the Stargate Project in the original movie Stargate, although he made a guest appearance on an episode in Season 8.

I question the accuracy of this paragraph. It was established in the first episode of the show that Hammond had replaced West then. The position he took at the beginning of season 8 was a new position which he was apparently the first person to hold. Redfarmer 03:19, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

He took over the job seeing it as an easy way to spend his year tell retirement. So much for retirement.

Otherwise, what about Hammond as the V.P.? We know John Jumper, least ought to still be the head of the Air Force. Personally i'd rather see Hammond as the V.P.

Season 9 Hammond
I don't know what the Stargate community's position on canon is, but according to Gateworld.com, Executive producer Joseph Mallozzi stated in their forums that "Hammond retired and is currently serving as an advisor to President Hayes.". I don't know if this can be incorporated per the dictates of ... well ... how things are done here; but here you go. —  THOR  =/\= 16:00, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

By the dictates of what can be done here, you could say that on Gateworld.com, executive producer Joseph Mallozzi stated in their forums that "Hammond retired and is currently serving as an advisor to President Hayes." Just a thought. -- Supermorff 11:51, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Link Glitch
Just fyi, the link for 1969 is a link to the actual year, not the episode, the link should be this: 1969

Couldn't you do that? Kashami 17:18, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Succession
Shouldn't there be a mention in here somewhere about Major General Bauer? Although his tenure was brief, he was Hammond's successor for the episode Chain Reaction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DigiFluid (talk • contribs)

 * Done. Bryan 23:24, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

As far as I know, there has been no references to Jack being made Head of Homeworld Security in the show, just that he's now working there, so Hammond would still be Head. I'm going to delete the paragraph where it says this until someone can citate otherwise.
 * Hammond has been shown in civilian clothes, which suggests he no longer holds a position in the Air Force. It's possible Head of Homeworld Security has just become a civilian position, but it certainly used to be military. --Tango (talk) 16:51, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Trivia Question
The last trivia item: "Wears an Omega SA Seamaster Professional watch; full-size chronometer version. The same watch as worn by James Bond in all movies from Goldeneye to Die Another Day." is there any source for this? Ank329 —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 21:46, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

S?
Where did the George S. Hammond come from? Has it ever been stated in the show? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jedi Master Bra'tac (talk • contribs) 13:49, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

About His Dead.
"In the final episode of Stargate Atlantis, Hammond is reported to have recently died from a heart attack." Can it be appendixed that he died realy from a heart attack? It's a politely that the SG-A Crew involve the truth verity into the story. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.229.215.168 (talk) 14:08, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Sources to check
Some widely available and potentially useful sources to complete this article: – sgeureka t•c 11:48, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * - nothing useful about Hammond there
 * - most important Hammond ep, but audio commentary only has non-essential praise
 * - all useful info added
 * - Don S. Davis held a video camera and goes through the set interviewing behind-the-scenes people, nothing useful there
 * Done. – sgeureka t•c 23:48, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Interviews (all good hits from the first ten Google pages for interview "don s. davis"): – sgeureka t•c 10:54, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * http://www.thescifiworld.net/interviews/don_s_davis_02.htm
 * "I have a PhD in theater and spent many years teaching theater in various North American colleges and universities. Becoming a professional actor was a natural progression."
 * "Hammond, like all of the recurring characters in the series, became more understanding, flexible and committed to the individual members of SG-1 and Stargate Command as the years went on. This is simply a reflection of life itself. The longer we as individuals remain increasingly involved with a given group, the more intensely invested and protective we become."
 * http://www.selmak.org/pages/110/index.htm too much focused on DSD's career and not Hammond
 * http://www.y-mag.net/dsd2008.html
 * "DSD: Ich wollte immer, dass Hammond ein Liebesleben bekommt. Ich habe den Autoren mehrmals vorgeschlagen, dass doch mal in eine oder mehr Folgen einzubauen."
 * http://www.com-www.com/whoseline/int/davisdons/subject-proact.html - nothing in there about the character
 * http://blastmagazine.com/the-magazine/features/2008/03/don-davis/
 * Don S. Davis as General George Hammond on Stargate SG-1Perhaps most well-known for his roles as Major General George S. Hammond on the Sci-Fi Channel television series “Stargate SG-1″ and Major Garland Briggs on “Twin Peaks,” spaceships and eerie towns are not the only settings Davis performs well in. Before picking up acting in the late 1980s, he taught at the college level, served in the military and completed a master’s degree and doctorate in theater.
 * The fans seem to have taken an equal shine to Davis. “Mr. Davis will always be one of my very favorite people because he cares so much for Stargate and for the fans,” said Patricia Stewart, a fan from British Columbia who met Davis at a convention last August. “And when I saw him later that day, he remembered my name! He’s a real gentleman.” Other Stargate fans say they’ve had similar experiences. “I’ve always found Davis to be 100,000 percent professional when dealing with his fans,” said H.C. Taylor, a Stargate fan from Newburgh, N.Y. “He’s always been absolute aces.”
 * http://www.nightlightradio.net/2007/06/15/bulbcast-01-don-s-davis-interview/ (mp3 interview)
 * http://morjana-subductionleadstoorogeny.blogspot.com/2008/06/stargate-sg-1-don-s-davis-interview.html
 * "Very seldom [do I go out with the rest of the cast to on-location shoots]. There have been two or three…We're in our sixth season now, but it's only been two or three times that I've gotten to go anywhere. I've got the best job on TV. I get to work on every episode, but just a few days, and then spend the rest of my time painting and carving."
 * http://www.thescifiworld.net/interviews/don_s_davis_01.htm
 * "I started as an University professor. I was teaching theatre at the University of British Columbia, and I have a PHD and I was published. And so, in the summers, I did not have to go back to school or anything, but they insisted that, in the summers, I do something related to theatre. And I came to the main acting teacher and the department of theatre. He talked me into joining his agency and I started doing small parts in local films [...] And as it happened MacGyver came to town [...] And so the second AD who was working on MacGyver remembered me because of the gun blast in my face. And he said there's a guy in town that looks just like him [Dana Elcar]. He's not a stunt man but he's obviously used to weapons. [...] and asked me then to start doubling him in fights because I was trained to fight. So I did that and it just grew up from there and I became his stunt double."
 * "I built general Hammond around officers. I was a Captain in the USA, so I spent time with Majors, Colonels and Generals and when I left the army I was holding a light colonel's position, a Lieutenant Colonel's position at a military Fort, which is one of the main training bases in the army and I litteraly grew from the officers that I served under to create Hammond so he is kind of an amalgam of the guys that I served under. It really wasn't me, it was the fact that I was lucky and I served under really good officers who cared for their men and women above all so I tried to copy them."
 * (None of this is really important for addition, but it wouldn't really hurt either.) – sgeureka t•c 19:03, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Scope of article
Do any academic/professional journals or similar discuss the character, as illustrated in the Cordelia Chase Buffy character article, that could be used in this article? Whitehorse1 19:17, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The article contains nearly everything that I could dig up on this character in my own sources (a dozen magazines, a companion guide, all DVDs) and the internet (I am well-versed in SG-1 online fandom and am sufficiently experienced with wiki online research). I have just done an amazon search for SG-1 books with search-inside function, but nothing really jumped out at me in the table of contents either to raise hopes. Hammond was not one of the core main characters, so I am not really surprised that he wasn't (much of) a subject of academic research. – sgeureka t•c 21:04, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah ok, thanks for replying. I hadn't thought the article especially stymied or anything like that. It was more of an idle musing really, having seen the above article on a character scholars had focused on. I had a brief look (I know research takes ages, though a swift look usually gives an idea) for any academic research out there; I didn't find anything either. –Whitehorse1 15:36, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

That deep voice
Don S. Davis had a deep voice that made commands of Gen. Hammond stick. His voice alone speaks volumes of his character. More could be said about this. 2600:6C48:7006:200:5C10:C716:750B:C3B2 (talk) 00:00, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Hammond (Stargate)


text:
Wellington Building

The Wellington Building is a Beaux-Arts architecture office building in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was built between 1924 and 1927 as Canadian headquarters of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. The original structure was designed by D. Everett Waid; in 1959, the more restrained classical east wing of the building was added.

The Building is located just south of the Parliament buildings at the intersection of Wellington Street and Bank Street with its southern face on Sparks Street. It remained the home of Met Life until 1970 when the company moved to a new building to the south. It was bought by the federal government, and used as offices and for a time the home of the Canadian Postal Museum. In 1984 a shortage of office space for the MPs resulted in some of them being moved to the building. This was the first time MPs had been housed outside of Parliament Hill.

Since its rehabilitation in 2016, the building is occupied by the House of Commons and serves several parliamentary functions.

Heritage value
The Wellington Building (formerly the Metropolitan Life Assurance Building) was built in 1925–27 to designs by D. Everett Waid, architect, of New York; J.A. Ewart, Ottawa, associated architect. In 1957-58 two storeys were added to the original building, and in 1958-59 a six-storey wing was added to the east, both to designs by Marani and Morris, architects, Toronto. Public Works Canada is the custodian of the building.

In January, 1987, the building was designated Recognized by Canada's Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office because of its sophisticated Beaux Arts design and its environmental importance. It is valuable both for its strong contribution to the formality of Wellington Street opposite Parliament, and for the sensitivity to the modest commercial proportions of Sparks Street visible in its "back" façade. Historically, the building there of the Canadian headquarters of a large American firm coincides with the emergence of Ottawa as a regional commercial centre. The building was a deliberate example of advanced thinking concerning efficient office planning for clerical "factories" and a concern for health in the workplace.

2010-2016 Rehabilitation
In 2010, the building was closed for extensive rehabilitation work, which included asbestos abatement, seismic reinforcement, and the modernization of its interior spaces and systems to accommodate MP Offices, committee rooms and a library.

Historic preservation work included the conservation and restoration of the building's significant heritage features, such as the valuable Byzantine-style mosaic in its vestibule, and the long-lost decorative cast iron canopy on Wellington Street.

Work was completed in the spring of 2016.

title: Wellington Building


text:
Group concept mapping

Group concept mapping is a structured methodology for organizing the ideas of a group on any topic of interest and representing those ideas visually in a series of interrelated maps. It is a type of integrative mixed method, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection and analysis. Group concept mapping allows for a collaborative group process with groups of any size, including a broad and diverse array of participants. Since its development in the late 1980s by William M.K. Trochim at Cornell University, it has been applied to various fields and contexts, including community and public health,   social work,  health care, human services,  and biomedical research and evaluation.

Overview
Group concept mapping integrates qualitative group processes with multivariate analysis to help a group organize and visually represent its ideas on any topic of interest through a series of related maps. It combines the ideas of diverse participants to show what the group thinks and values in relation to the specific topic of interest. It is a type of structured conceptualization used by groups to develop a conceptual framework, often to help guide evaluation and planning efforts. Group concept mapping is participatory in nature, allowing participants to have an equal voice and to contribute through various methods. A group concept map visually represents all the ideas of a group and how they relate to each other, and depending on the scale, which ideas are more relevant, important, or feasible.

Process
Group concept mapping involves a structured multi-step process, including brainstorming, sorting and rating, multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis, and the generation and interpretation of multiple maps. The first step requires participants to brainstorm a large set of statements relevant to the topic of interest, usually in response to a focus prompt. Participants are then asked to individually sort those statements into categories based on their perceived similarity and rate each statement on one or more scales, such as importance or feasibility.

The data is then analyzed using The Concept System software, which creates a series of interrelated maps using multidimensional scaling (MDS) of the sort data, hierarchical clustering of the MDS coordinates applying Ward's method, and the computation of average ratings for each statement and cluster of statements. The resulting maps display the individual statements in two-dimensional space with more similar statements located closer to each other, and grouped into clusters that partition the space on the map. The Concept System software also creates other maps that show the statements in each cluster rated on one or more scales, and absolute or relative cluster ratings between two cluster sets. As a last step in the process, participants are led through a structured interpretation session to better understand and label all the maps.

History
Group concept mapping was developed as a methodology in the late 1980s by William M.K. Trochim at Cornell University. Trochim is considered to be a leading evaluation expert, and he has taught evaluation and research methods at Cornell since 1980. Originally called "concept mapping", the methodology has evolved since its inception with the maturation of the field and the continued advancement of the software, which is now a Web application.

Uses
Group concept mapping can be used with any group for any topic of interest. It is often used by government agencies, academic institutions, national associations, not-for-profit and community-based organizations, and private businesses to help turn the ideas of the group into measurable actions. This includes in the areas of organizational development, strategic planning, needs assessment, curriculum development, research, and evaluation. Group concept mapping is well-documented, well-established methodology, and it has been used in hundreds of published papers.

Versus concept mapping and mind mapping
More generally, concept mapping is any process used for visually representing relationships between ideas in pictures or diagrams. A concept map is typically a diagram of multiple ideas, often represented as boxes or circles, linked in a graph (network) structure through arrows and words where each idea is connected to another. The technique was originally developed in the 1970s by Joseph D. Novak at Cornell University. Concept mapping may be done by an individual or a group.

A mind map is a diagram used to visually represent information, centering on one word or idea with categories and sub-categories radiating off of it in a tree structure. Popularized by Tony Buzan in the 1970s, mind mapping is often a spontaneous exercise done by an individual or group to gather information about what they think around a single topic.

Unlike Novak's concept maps and Buzan's mind maps, group concept mapping has a structured mathematical process (sorting and rating, multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis) for organizing and visually representing multiple ideas of a group through a series of specific steps. In other words, in group concept mapping, the resulting visual representations are mathematically generated from mixed (qualitative and quantitative) data collected from a group of research subjects, whereas in Novak's concept maps and Buzan's mind maps the visual representations are drawn directly by the subjects resulting in diagrams that are qualitative data and final product at the same time.

title: Group concept mapping


text: Category:Zimbabwean golfers

title: Category:Zimbabwean golfers


text:
Category:Blizzards

Articles relating to blizzards, severe snowstorms characterized by strong sustained winds of at least 56 km/h and lasting for a prolonged period of time—typically three hours or more.

title: Category:Blizzards


text:
George E. Ohr

George Edgar Ohr (July 12, 1857 – April 7, 1918) was an American ceramic artist and the self-proclaimed "Mad Potter of Biloxi" in Mississippi. In recognition of his innovative experimentation with modern clay forms from 1880 to 1910, some consider him a precursor to the American Abstract-Expressionism movement.

Early life
George Ohr was born in Biloxi, Mississippi, on July 12, 1857. Ohr's parents were German immigrants who had arrived in New Orleans around 1850, his father had established the first blacksmith shop in Biloxi and his mother ran an early, popular grocery store there.

Early Career
George Ohr tried his hand at various trades before he became interested in ceramics in 1879, while an apprentice of Joseph Fortune Meyer, a potter whose family hailed from Alsace-Lorraine like Ohr's own.

In his lifetime, Ohr claimed to have made over 20,000 ceramic pieces. He called his work "unequaled, undisputed, unrivaled." In 1884, Ohr exhibited and sold his pottery at the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition in New Orleans. Of the hundreds of pieces he showed, Ohr boasted he showed "no two alike." Ohr married Josephine Gehring of New Orleans on September 15, 1886. Ten children were born to the Ohrs, but only 6 survived to adulthood.

Post-fire career
In 1894 a fire burned much of Biloxi, including Ohr's workshop. With most of his previous work destroyed, Ohr began anew and many historians consider this a turning point in his life and career, with his following work showing tremendous energy and fluidity. George Ohr called his pots "mud babies". Upon the destruction of his workshop and his work, he gathered the pieces that survived the fire, and although burned, he kept each piece, calling them his " burned babies".

For much of his lifetime Ohr was most widely known for his eccentric self-promotion. He operated his studio as a regional attraction, calling it his "Pot-Ohr-E," and his main customers were curious tourists drawn in by his "odd-looking" workshop and numerous signs.

His achieved some degree of notoriety, but mixed success. In 1904 he traveled to the St. Louis World's Fair with hundreds of pieces to sell, but although people stopped to look at his pottery he wound up selling nothing. Ohr died of throat cancer on April 7, 1918.

Work
For decades after Ohr's death, his remaining pieces sat in a garage behind his sons' gas station in Biloxi. In 1970 Jim Carpenter, an antiques dealer and barber from New Jersey, was visiting the area, saw the collection, and bought most of the pieces held by the Ohr family. In the following years Ohr's work attracted a resurgence of attention.

Ohr's work is now seen as ground-breaking and a harbinger of the abstract sculpture and pottery that developed in the mid-20th century, his pieces are now relatively rare and highly coveted.

Ohr-O'Keefe Museum of Art
The Ohr-O'Keefe Museum Of Art in Biloxi has a large permanent collection of Ohr's work. Three buildings of the new campus designed by Frank Gehry opened to the public on November 8, 2010, with several exhibitions, including a large selection of work by George Ohr. In addition to the Gehry-designed buildings, the Pleasant Reed Interpretive Center is also open to the public.

The museum campus was almost partially destroyed during Hurricane Katrina when a casino barge was washed onto a nearby estate.

From 2007 to 2010 Ohr Rising: The Emergence of an American Master, a major national exhibition of Ohr pottery, traveled to Pomona, California; San Angelo, Texas; Alfred, New York; Toronto, Canada; and the Louisiana State University Museum of Art in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Many of those pieces, as well as several that have never been displayed, can now be seen at the Ohr-O'Keefe Museum of Art.

Style
Ohr's pottery is notable for its thin walls, vibrant glazes, and twisted, pinched shapes made using a potter's wheel. Ohr dug much of his clay locally in southern Mississippi from the Tchoutacabouffa River. Tchoutacabouffa is the Biloxi tribe's word for "broken pot."

He called himself the "Mad Potter of Biloxi", groomed himself eccentrically, and inscribed this bawdy poem on the side of one of his pots: "Molly and I were on the beach engaged in nature's folly, The sand was hot upon my back but the sun was hot to Molly."

A 1905 review of his work by Ethel Hutson was mixed, critiquing his style as crude but praising him as the only widely-known potter of the time who produced art pottery on a wheel with a unique and distinct style. Hutson wrote "his bits of pottery are simply bizarre...unlovely as they are, they appeal more strongly to the person who is genuinely interested in the art of pottery, than all the smooth shapes...which the so-called "art-potteries" turn out by the million...Outside of Mr. Ohr's pottery, I can name none where the aim is to make each piece the work of an individual from beginning to end."

title: George E. Ohr


text:
Nicasio Álvarez de Cienfuegos

Nicasio Álvarez de Cienfuegos (14 December 1764 – 30 June 1809) was a Spanish poet and publicist.

He was born in Madrid, and studied with distinction at Salamanca, where he met the poet Melendez Valdés. His poems, published in 1798, immediately attracted attention. He was editor of the Gaceta and Mercurio, and was condemned to death for having published an article against Napoleon; on the petition of his friends, he was spared and deported to France in 1808; he died in Orthez the following year.

His verses are modeled on those of Melendez Valdés; they are distinguished by the sentimentality and philosophy of the time period. Cienfuegos was blamed for a use of both archaisms and gallicisms. His plays, Pítaco, Zoraida, La Condesa de Castilla and Idomeneo, four tragedies on the pseudo-classic French model, and Las Hermanas generosas, a comedy, are lesser-known works today.

title: Nicasio Álvarez de Cienfuegos