text:
Talk:Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

Place of death
Removed Newport as place of death because I found some genealogy site that said L.A., and even gave the hospital, I figure that's reasonable doubt? Everyking 07:23, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Clean up
I did major cleaning up on this article. See the version of the article before I cleaned up here and the version of the article after I cleaned up here. --Miagirljmw14 Miagirljmw~talk 01:44, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Move to new name per historical accuracy
Gloria Laura Mercedes Morgan-Vanderbilt → Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt — Her name was not Gloria Laura Mercedes Morgan-Vanderbilt. It was Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt; her birth name was Mercedes and the name Gloria she adopted as a teenager, per her memoirs, relevant pages of which, plus quotations from her, are cited in the footnotes of the article. She did not and never did use a hyphenated surname. Also she used the name Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt in published articles, books, and legal papers. Therefore I request that the new article be titled GLORIA MORGAN VANDERBILT.Kitchawan (talk) 14:42, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Makes sense. The sources on I can find for the current name are all Wikipedia-related. Jafeluv (talk) 12:22, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Article content is confusing
I assume that not every reader is an expert on this person...I certainly am not. Unfortunately, this article does little to help, since the reader must wade through lots of bits and side lines while trying to grasp this person's story. To make the article useful to a wider audience, I would scratch it and start again. Begin by simply listing the reasons this person deserves a Wiki article at all. Of what importance is her life, did she bring about change, good or bad? On what is her "fame" based? Is she only about the people she knew, married, gave birth to? In a nutshell, the article needs to be pared down to the basics five W's (who, what, where, when, why) of THIS person.

I get the feeling that the article's editors know what makes this person Wiki-worthy, but they forgot to tell the rest of us. Again, I'm not an expert on this subject, but I am more than happy to give input while the article gets revamped. Thank you. Tell someone (talk) 12:40, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Just because you do not grasp the historical value of this article does not mean this article has no historical value. While I agree the article could be better written, the necessity of such an article is not really up for debate.  She was incredibly famous during her lifetime.  While she achieved nothing per se of note she was none the less very famous and that is all that is necessary to be historically significant.  As to how she got to be famous, she was a prominent member of one of the most famous and wealthiest American families.  She is the sister of someone who had an affair with the heir to the throne of the U.K.  She was the mother of the founder of a fashion house and the grandmother of one of the principle CNN anchorpersons.  She was the center of a huge scandal in New York society in the middle 20th century and yes that should be touched upon in the article but is not.  Her status was similar to that of Paris Hilton today.  Paris has not really achieved anything but she is incredibly famous.  The purpose of a Wikipedia biography article isn't to list the lifetime achievements only of people who have achieved great things.  The purpose is to introduce the public to people of note and fame and explain what they are famous for and tell a little about various aspects of their lives.  I didn't have any idea who the Kardasians were until I found their Wikipedia article.  They seem to be famous for being famous.  But I wouldn't have known that had I not read their articles.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.190.53.6 (talk) 04:10, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt


text: User talk:61.11.42.33

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:61.11.42.33


text:
Chgrp

The chgrp (from change group) command may be used by unprivileged users on various operating systems to change the group associated with a file system object (such as a computer file, directory, or link) to one of which they are a member. A file system object has 3 sets of access permissions, one set for the owner, one set for the group and one set for others. Changing the group of an object could be used to change which users can write to a file.

History
The chgrp command was originally developed as part of the Unix operating system by AT&T Bell Laboratories.

It is also available in the Plan 9 and Inferno operating systems and in most Unix-like systems.

The chgrp command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.

Syntax
chgrp [options] group FSO

 * The group parameter specifies the new group with which the files or directories should be associated. It may either be a symbolic name or an identifier.
 * The FSO specifies one or more file system objects, which may be the result of a glob expression like *.conf.

Frequently implemented options
-R recurse through subdirectories.

-v verbosely output names of objects changed. Most useful when "FSO" is a list.

-f force or forge ahead with other objects even if an error is encountered.

Example
The above command changes the group associated with file prog.conf from wheel to staff (provided the executing user is a member of that group). This could be used to allow members of staff to modify the configuration for programs prog and prox.

title: Chgrp


text:
Saltair

Saltair or Saltaire or salt air or variant, may refer to:

Places

 * Saltair, British Columbia, Canada
 * Saltair, Ohio, United States
 * Saltaire, a village and UNESCO world heritage site in West Yorkshire, England, UK
 * Saltaire railway station
 * Saltaire, New York, a village in Suffolk County, United States
 * Saltair (Utah), former names of resorts near the Great Salt Lake in Utah, United States

Other uses

 * Saltaire Festival, Saltaire, England, UK
 * Salt air
 * Salt Air, airline

title: Saltair


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European Senior Tour

The European Senior Tour, currently branded as the Legends Tour, is a professional golf tour for male golfers aged 50 and over, run by the PGA European Tour. The tour was titled as the Staysure Tour for the 2018 and 2019 seasons after UK-based insurance company Staysure became the first title sponsors of the senior tour in December 2017. The tour was relaunched as the Legends Tour in 2020, after Ryan Howsam, founder and owner of Staysure, took majority ownership in a joint venture with the European Tour.

History
The Tour was founded in 1992 after calls from 60 leading professionals five years after the first Senior Open Championship in 1987. The highest profile event in Europe is the Senior British Open Championship, which is co-sanctioned by PGA Tour Champions and was played on the Old Course at St Andrews for the first time in 2018. The European Tour co-sanctions the Senior PGA Championship and the U.S. Senior Open. Prize money in the latter does not count towards the Order of Merit, but since 2007 the former has been an official money event.

Order of Merit winners
Source:

Leading career money winners
The table below shows the top ten career money leaders on the European Senior Tour as of the end of the 2018 season.

There is a full list that is updated after each tournament on the European Tour's website here.

title: European Senior Tour


text: User talk:68.106.24.71

title: User talk:68.106.24.71


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Bangali (caste)

The Bangali may refer to a Scheduled Caste found in northern India. They are distinct from the Bengali ethnic group of West Bengal and Bangladesh. The Bangali are one of the many nomadic groupings found in India, and have customs similar to other nomadic communities such as the Kanjar.

Origin
The Bangali are semi-nomadic tribal grouping, who are said to by origin Sansiya. They are said to have separated from the Sansi parent group when they took up snake charming. The majority of the Bangali are now settled, occupying their settlements of reed huts at the edge of established villages. They are found mainly in the Doab region, with two clusters, one in Muzaffarnagar District in the villages of Bhokaredhi, Kamhera, and Kithora and the other in Bijnor District, in the villages of Raoli and Seemla Fatehpur. The Bangali speak their own dialect, which contains substantial Punjabi loanwords.

In Haryana, traditions point to the fact that they originally belonged to the Deha community, who took begging and snake charming, and as such were ostracised from the parent community. The Bangali speak Haryanvi, and live in multi-caste villages.

In Punjab, the Bangali are also known as Sapela, Sipado or Jogi, and are traditionally associated with snake charming. Like many other nomadic peripatetic castes, the Bangali claim a Rajput origin. In this new environment, the community took to living by hunting and trapping. Denzil Ibbetson considered the Bangali simply to be a sub-group of the Kanjar community. In Punjab, they are found mainly in the districts of Jalandhar and Gurdaspur, and they speak Punjabi.

Present circumstances
The Bangali are strictly endogamous community, but have no system of gotras. They are generally divided into the Hindu and Muslim groupings, with no intermarriage between the two groupings. The Hindu Bangali trace their ancestry to a Shivai Ram Rajput, who is said to have immigrated from Bengal, while the Muslim Bangali claim to be Lodhi Pathans, who are said to have come from Bengal. Most Hindu Bangalis were followers of Sakhi Sarwar, however most are now orthodox Hindu. The Muslim branch are Sunni Muslims.

The Bangali are a landless community, and are involved mainly in the rearing of donkeys, ox, fox, buffalos and goats, as well as collecting roots and other minor forest products. A great number are now employed as agricultural labourers. Each of their settlement contains an informal caste council, known as a biradari panchayat. The panchayat acts as instrument of social control, dealing with issues such as divorce and adultery.

Haryana
In Haryana, the Bangali are entirely Hindu, and have a village deity called Khera. They are further divided into clans, called gotras. Their main clans are the Gandhila, Guar, Bhambi, Panjpasia, Marar, Ladar and Kalandar. Most Bangali are still employed as snake charmers, with a small minority who are now daily wage labourers.

Punjab, India
The Bangali of Punjab are entirely Hindu, and worship Guru Gorakh Nath and Guga Pir. Although marriages take place within the community, occasionally there is intermarriage with the Gandhila and Dhea castes. They also practice clan and camp exogamy, although there is no system of hypergamy, as all their clans are of equal status. Their main clans are the Mehra, Chauhan, Kira, Aag and Potry. The Bangali live in small groups of ten to thirteen families and move in search of food from place to place. Their settlements consist of huts, which can accommodate a small family. Each Bangali camp consists of people who closely related. The Government of India has begun a policy of settling the Bangali, and a settlement has been at Dugri. Most Bangali are still involved snake charming, with a small number now employed as agricultural labourers. The community is extremely marginalised both socially and economically, and as such has been granted Scheduled Caste status.

Uttar Pradesh
The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh showed the Bangali population as 38,035.

title: Bangali (caste)


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Blandford Cemetery

Blandford Cemetery is a historic cemetery located in Petersburg, Virginia. Although in recent years it has attained some notoriety for its large collection of more than 30,000 Confederate graves, it contains remains of people of all classes and races as well as veterans of every American war. It holds the largest mass grave of 30,000 Confederates killed in the Siege of Petersburg (1864–65) and other battles during the American Civil War. Although only 3,700 names of the interred are known, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, in part through the efforts of Charlotte Irving, first president of the Historic Blandford Cemetery Foundation. In addition to this cemetery's historic African American section discussed below, it is located adjacent to the People's Memorial Cemetery, a historic African-American cemetery, and small cemeteries containing additional dead from the lengthy Siege of Petersburg and Battle of the Crater in 1864.

Historic Blandford Church also adjoins the cemetery. Although deconsecrated for more than a century, it features a Confederate memorial that features a full set of windows designed by Tiffany studios.

History
The Virginia General Assembly established Bristol Parish in 1643 to serve colonists who were moving westward and settling along the James River and its tributary Appomattox River. A year later (in response to a native American uprising) it ordered construction of Fort Henry (under the command of Abraham Wood) and other log forts to defend settlements on the south side of the James River. The fort became a trading center (a post having been established by Wood's son-in-law Peter Jones Jr.) and a graveyard was established nearby, as was a chapel. The oldest stone, marking the grave of Richard Yarbrough, reads 1702, and some controversy exists as to whether Yarborough was buried in that location, especially since a marker for John Herbert (who died in 1704) was moved from his former home "Puddleduck" in the late 19th century. In 1724 Bristol Parish contained 450 families (or about 1100 titheable persons). However, by 1733 Ferry Chapel (built of wood) had fallen into severe disrepair, and in 1735 the parish was divided, with the new Dale and Raleigh parishes serving the western areas. Nonetheless, the vestry acquired land on a scenic overlook above the Appomattox River and established a building committee. Colonel Robert Bolling (who had earlier been authorized to build a tobacco inspection station, indicating the important new trade in the area), Major William Poythress and Captain William Starke contracted with Colonel Thomas Ravenscroft to build a brick church on Well's Hill, which was delayed somewhat by litigation but completed enough to use on August 13, 1737. In early 1738 Petersburg was laid out on the lands of Abraham Jones, and William Poythress soon established a settlement known as Blandford on his lands. The Virginia General Assembly chartered both settlements in 1748. In 1752 it established Dinwiddie County from what had been vast Prince George County, as well as authorized a third town in the area, called Pocahontas, on the north side of the Appomattox River across from both Blandford and Petersburg. A decade later, the vestry authorized a brick wall to enclose the churchyard, and during this period the brick church became known as Blandford Church. However, Petersburg also had burying ground, as did individual plantations. Following the Revolutionary War, the towns of Petersburg, Blandford and Pocahontas were incorporated as the borough of Petersburg, and additional lots laid out on former Bolling land between Blandford and Petersburg. The Blandford Church also acquired additional land and enclosed it by a wall by 1801. However, perhaps in part because of the disestablishment of the Episcopal Church and sale of its glebe lands, the Blandford church was only used a half dozen times per year by 1799 and its glebe lands sold in 1801. Soon, the cemetery was abandoned and fell into ruin and was acquired by the City of Petersburg in 1819.

Between 1820 and 1865, the burying ground transmuted into a municipal cemetery, as well as a showplace for the city's ironwork. Although it never fit the definition of a rural cemetery (and continued its grid plan), its development was effected by that garden and symbol-intensive movement as well as sometimes extreme mourning customs. The city of Petersburg prospered and developed as a manufacturing center, with six tobacco factories by 1835 and by 1850 it had become Virginia's third largest city. In 1840 a group of African American men acquired an acre of land across the road from the Blandford Cemetery, which ultimately became People's Memorial Cemetery and one of Virginia's largest African American cemeteries. Other nearby African American cemeteries were known as East View, Wilkerson's Memorial Cemetery and Little Church cemetery, but in 1851 at the urging of Councilman William Hinton, the Petersburg City Council permitted the burial of African Americans in an isolated area on the eastern edge of Blandford Cemetery, separated by a fence. In 1854, the city bought 20 acres to expand Blandford Cemetery By the decade's end, Robert Buckner Bolling had constructed a granite and marble mausoleum for his family's dead that aspired to be one of the finest and imposing of its type in the Southern States.

During the American Civil War, not only did Petersburg send many troops to fight in the Confederate States Army, it became a crucial manufacturing, hospital and munitions hub. Railroads through Petersburg gave the state and Confederate capital at Richmond crucial supplies, so that it became a target late in the conflict. The Siege of Petersburg lasted from June 15, 1864, until the city surrendered on April 3, 1865, with the cemetery hill becoming a strategic target because of its view over the city and the important railroad bridge over the Appomattox River. The cemetery was directly behind Gracie's Colquitt's and Elliott's salients in the confederate siege line. Over the entrance road a stone arch is inscribed "Our Confederate Heroes" with the dates 1861–1865 and 1866–1913.

Shortly after the war, Nora Fontaine Maury Davidson, a schoolteacher who with her two sisters established a Confederate School (later renamed Davidson's Seminary), became a passionate advocate for transforming Blandford Cemetery into a Confederate shrine. Some accounts claim she led her students to decorate the graves of the fallen in the spring of 1865. However, in her memoir, Cullings from the Confederacy: A collection of Southern Poems, Original and Others, Popular during the War Between the States and Incidents and Facts worth recalling, 1862–1865 (1903), she mentions taking 80 pupils on May 26, 1866, to decorate those killed on the day of Petersburg's evacuation. Davidson denied being a member of the Memorial Society of the Ladies of the City of Petersburg, which was formed on May 20, soon had 200 members and which laid decorations on the graves on June 9, 1866, the anniversary of the "Battle of Old Men and Boys" defending the city. In any event Blandford Cemetery became the site of one of the earliest Decoration Day ceremonies. In March 1868, the wife of Union General John A. Logan visited Blandford Church ans noticed flowers and tiny Confederate flags on the soldiers' graves, as she wrote in a 1903 Los Angeles Daily Times article and in her book Remniscences of a Soldier's Wife. On May 5, 1868, General Logan issued General Order No. 11 naming May 30 as the day for decorating the graves of the comrades who died in defense of their country during the rebellion. General Logan also advocated within the Grand Army of the Republic (a very large Union veterans association) calling for the observance of Memorial Day. Locals say that Decoration Day served as the inspiration for the federal Memorial Day, established by Congressional legislation in 1971 as the last Monday in May.

In 2014 Bellware and Gardiner dismissed this claim in The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America, pointing out that General Logan was aware of the southern observances of Memorial Day prior to his wife's trip to Virginia in 1868 and had mentioned them in a speech in 1866.

In 1884 the Ladies Memorial Association raised money to erect a Gothic arch in iron at the entrance to Memorial Hill, inscribed "Our Confederate Dead" on one side on "Waiting for Reveille" on the back. In 1889, the Ladies Memorial Association laid the cornerstone for a granite monument with a large bronze Confederate soldier atop Memorial Hill, noting that remains had been brought there for reinterment from the great battlefields of Fredericksburg, Manassas, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Sharpsburg as well as nearby. In 1912 another monument was dedicated to the 31 members of New Orleans' Washington Artillery who died during the Siege of Petersburg. Further reburials have occurred as late as 1992.

In 1900, the Ladies Memorial Associateion began converting Blandford Church into a mortuary and memorial chapel.

Because of vandalism in 1986 and 1987, including to the Richard Yarbrough gravestone, the Foundation reconstructed the entrances. to make it more secure. The cemetery suffered severe destruction in Hurricane Isabel in 2003, with large and small trees uprooted, and some ironwork and table tombs crushed.

Notable burials

 * Confederate Brigadier General Cullen A. Battle
 * Colonel Robert Bolling
 * John Herbert Claiborne
 * Joseph Cotten – American film, stage, radio and television actor.
 * Patrick H. Drewry
 * James Gholson
 * Alfred W. Harris, African American lawyer and legislator
 * Alva Curtis Hartsfield: one of 10 students from the Virginia Military Institute killed at the Battle of New Market on May 15, 1864.
 * Luther Porter Jackson, American professor and historian
 * Francis R. Lassiter, U.S. Representative
 * Frank Lyon (1867–1955), American lawyer, newspaper publisher and land developer
 * Confederate Major General William Mahone, his wife Otelia and kinfolk                                 * Benjamin McCandlish – United States Navy Commodore and former Naval Governor of Guam.
 * Margherita Wood McCandlish (1892–1954) – American former First Lady of Guam.
 * William Robertson McKenney, U. S. Representative
 * Patricia Medina – British actress.
 * Major General William Phillips
 * Mary Tannahill, artist
 * Edward Carrington Venable, U.S. Representative
 * Confederate Brigadier General David A. Weisiger

title: Blandford Cemetery


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Tommy Horton

Thomas Alfred Horton, (16 June 1941 – 7 December 2017) was an English professional golfer. He finished in the top ten of the Open Championship four times, won a number of important tournaments both before and after the founding of the European Tour in 1972 and played in the Ryder Cup in 1975 and 1977. He reached 50 just before the founding of the European Seniors Tour and won 23 times on the tour between 1992 and 2000.

Early life
Horton was born in St Helens, Merseyside; he moved to Jersey in 1945 and was brought up and educated on the island.

Professional career
Horton was an assistant at Ham Manor Golf Club near Worthing, Sussex from 1959, later becoming the professional there. In 1974 he moved to Royal Jersey Golf Club. He celebrated 25 years there as professional before his retirement in 1999.

Horton was one of the "Butten boys", a group of British professional golfers who were part of a training programme, funded by Ernest Butten, an entrepreneur and joint founder of PA Consulting Group. Starting in 1963, Butten funded a residential golf school at Sundridge Park in Bromley, Kent. Max Faulkner was employed as the teaching professional.

Horton was runner-up a number of times before his first important win, the R.T.V. International Trophy at Cork Golf Club in August 1968. He had been runner-up in the Carroll's International in 1965 and 1967 and the Martini International earlier in 1968. He was also close to winning the Silentnight Tournament in 1965. Dave Thomas had taken the clubhouse lead. Playing with Jimmy Martin, they reached the final hole with Horton needed a par 4 to beat Thomas while Martin needed a par to tie with Thomas. Martin missed a birdie putt from 10 feet and finished level with Thomas. Horton, however, drove into a bunker, missed a 5-foot putt and took a double-bogey 6 to finish one behind in third place.

Horton won two important tournaments in 1970, the South African Open in February and the Long John Scotch Whisky Match Play Championship in August. He became the first non-South African resident to win the South African Open since it had been first played in 1903, with a three stroke win over Terry Westbrook. In the match play championship he beat Bobby Walker 5&4 in the semi-final before beating another Scot, Ronnie Shade, 3&2 in the final, winning the first prize of £2,000. Horton had been four down against Neil Coles after 10 holes in their quarter-final match but came back to win on the 18th.

Horton played on the European Tour for many years with moderate success, winning four titles and finishing fifth on the Order of Merit in 1976 and tenth in both 1974 and 1978. His biggest win on the tour came in the 1978 Dunlop Masters. Needing a par-3 on the 245-yard final hole at St Pierre, Horton missed the green but holed a 10-foot putt for a one stroke win over Dale Hayes, Graham Marsh and Brian Waites, taking the first prize of £8,000.

Horton had been in contention for a Ryder Cup place as early as 1965. That year he was 11th in the Ryder Cup points list before the final qualifying event, the Esso Golden Tournament, with the leading 10 making the team. However he finished last in the tournament and dropped to 14th place. From 1969 the Ryder Cup team was partly chosen by a selection committee. Horton was a strong candidate in 1969 and 1971 but was not selected until 1975 at Laurel Valley Golf Club. Four members of the 12-man team were selected by committee and with two US-based players chosen, Tony Jacklin and Peter Oosterhuis, there were only two places for the remaining players. Despite finishing 15th in the points list, Horton was selected, making his debut at the age of 34. Horton lost his three pairs matches but on the final day he halved his match against Hale Irwin in the morning singles and beat Lou Graham in the afternoon. Horton played again in 1977 at Royal Lytham. He was 5th in the Ryder Cup points list and gained an automatic spot for the first time. He lost the three matches he played, all by the same score, 5&4.

The European Seniors Tour was founded shortly after he reached its minimum age of fifty, and Horton was the dominant player in its early seasons, topping the money list in 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999. He was top of the tour's career money list for many years, before being overtaken by Carl Mason in 2007. Mason equalled Horton total of 23 victories in 2010 and had his 24th win the following year. Horton's career winnings on the senior tour exceeded £1,000,000 and he remains second on the list of most wins of the tour.

Horton was captain of the PGA in 1978, captaining the PGA Cup team the same year at St Mellion.

Honours
In the 2000 New Year Honours, Horton was awarded an MBE for services to golf, and he was made an honorary life member of the European Tour in 2012.

Death
Horton was taken ill at the Annual General Meeting of the Royal Jersey Golf Club on 7 December 2017 and died later that evening in hospital.

European Tour wins (4)
European Tour playoff record (0–1)

Other wins (4)

 * 1970 South African Open
 * 1973 Nigerian Open
 * 1975 Gambian Open
 * 1985 Togo Open

European Seniors Tour wins (23)
 * Note: The 1997 Scottish Seniors Open was shortened to 36 holes due to the Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales.

European Seniors Tour playoff record (4–1)

Other senior wins (4)

 * 1995 British Senior Club Professional Championship
 * 1996 British Senior Club Professional Championship
 * 1997 British Senior Club Professional Championship
 * 1998 British Senior Club Professional Championship

Results in major championships
Note: Horton only played in the Masters Tournament and the Open Championship. {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1979 and 1982 Open Championships) "T" indicates a tie for a place

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 6 (1971 Open Championship – 1976 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (four times)

Team appearances

 * Ryder Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1975, 1977
 * World Cup (representing England): 1976
 * Double Diamond International (representing England): 1971 (winners), 1974 (winners), 1975, 1976 (winners), 1977
 * Sotogrande Match/Hennessy Cognac Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1974 (winners), 1976 (winners)
 * PGA Cup: 1978 (winners, non-playing captain)
 * Praia d'El Rey European Cup: 1997 (winners, captain), 1998 (tie, captain), 1999 (captain)

title: Tommy Horton


text:
Nora Fontaine Davidson

Nora Fontaine Maury Davidson (February 19, 1836 – February 10, 1929) was an American schoolteacher in Petersburg, Virginia. She is credited for holding the first Memorial Day ceremony in Petersburg, and as the inspiration for the United States' Memorial Day.

Biography
Davidson was born in Petersburg, Virginia in 1836; she was locally known as "Miss Nora" and lived there her entire life. With the help of her two sisters, she taught school in Petersburg for 59 years. During the war years, her school was known as the Confederate School and in the postwar years as the Davidson Seminary.

Early in 1861, Davidson headed various fund-raising projects to buy equipment for companies of soldiers forming in Petersburg. Her efforts were most successful in equipping the Ragland Guard, the unit that became Company G, 41st Virginia Infantry. She continued throughout the war to raise money for the soldiers. Davidson was among a group of Petersburg citizens to meet and entertain the first troops arriving there from other Southern states in 1861.

There were no hospitals within the city, and Davidson and others established the Ladies Hospital on Bollingbrook Street. Money raised from various entertainments went into maintaining this hospital. Miss Nora became the hospital’s treasurer, and continued in this capacity until the need for other hospitals arose. When the large Confederate Hospital was established at Poplar Lawn in Petersburg, she served as linen matron until the end of the war.

Davidson was one of the charter members of the Petersburg's Ladies Memorial Association which was organized May 6, 1866. This association took as their objective the reburial of Confederate soldiers who fell on battlefields and were buried there.

Memorial Day inspiration
Blandford Cemetery in Petersburg contained the graves of veterans of six wars, including 30,000 Confederate soldiers killed in the Siege of Petersburg (1864–65) during the American Civil War. After the war ended, Davidson and her school children went to Blandford Cemetery on June 9, 1865 to decorate the graves of the soldiers, commemorating the 125 soldiers who died a year earlier defending Petersburg. One of the graves she cared for was that of her brother, Charles Davidson, a member of Graham's Horse Artillery, who died on December 25, 1863.

While visiting the cemetery, the wife of Union General John A. Logan, observed Davidson and the students putting flowers and tiny Confederate flags on the graves of soldiers. Upon Mary Logan's return to Washington, D.C. and meeting her husband General Logan at the railroad station, she related the story of her visit to Petersburg and how she was moved by what she witnessed there. Upon hearing her story, General Logan, now the first Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), replied to her that he would work establish this custom of honoring fallen soldiers across the country. He issued an GAR order, establishing a National Decoration Day, which was later passed by Congress. Today it is known as Memorial Day.

In 2014, Bellware and Gardiner dismissed this claim in The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America. They point out that General Logan was aware of the southern observances of Memorial Day prior to his wife’s trip to Virginia in 1868 and even mentioned those observances in a speech in 1866 Bellware and Gardiner credit Mary Ann Williams and the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus, Georgia as the true originators of the holiday as abundant contemporaneous evidence from across the nation exists to substantiate the claim. In fact, a copy of Mrs. Williams' famous letter urging the ladies of the South to annually decorate the soldiers' graves appeared in a Richmond newspaper more than two months before Miss Nora and her school children acted on the request.

title: Nora Fontaine Davidson


text:
File:Turkish Note Names.jpg

Turkish Note Names

Source
Özkan, İsmail Hakkı. Türk Mûsikîsi Nazariyatı ve Usûlleri. (2000). ISBN 975-437-017-6.

Links to
Maqam

title: File:Turkish Note Names.jpg


text: User talk:4.60.110.238

title: User talk:4.60.110.238


text: Template:Architecture-stub

title: Template:Architecture-stub


text:
Category:Architecture stubs

 * If possible, please use the most specific stub template you can; available subcategories are:
 * arch-style-stub, architecturalelement-stub, room-stub, architect-stub

 * Specific buildings and structures should go in the following category: Building and structure stubs

title: Category:Architecture stubs


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Argentine Currency Board

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:45, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Argentine Currency Board
This came up for deletion about 5 weeks ago (the discussion is on the talk page). It was deemed original research but several people said give it time and see if the original writer (FGVozza) integrates it into the Economy of Argentina article or somewhere else. Well it hasn't been touched. I gave it a better title, but other than that, it's the same page that came up to a vote a month ago. I say it's time to delete it. it's still original research. If someone can integrate it somewhere else, now's the time. Otherwise, I think it's time to delete this one. --Woohookitty 07:48, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Should have been moved to user space of User:FGVozza five weeks ago pending the rewrite. -- Curps 08:36, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to User:FGVozza, no redirect. Megan1967 10:34, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If that's the consensus, I can do the moving. --Woohookitty 18:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I really do not understand what the fuss is about here. The article as written is factual, extremely interesting, and covers the last fifteen years of Argentine currency and monetary policy most effectively.  In addition, it is presented in a very NPOV fashion, and both the pros and cons of the various stages of policy implementation are discussed.  It has clearly been written after careful review of published information (see the bibliography), and I fail to see how one could write an intelligent article on this subject in any other way.  You are saying it is "original research".  I disagree.  The "original research" articles that I see coming up on VfD are all pursuing a new line of thought, a theory, or a favorite hobby-horse, and are appropriately deleted as unencyclopedic.  This is entirely different.  I also find the "style editing" tag attached to the article inappropriate.  Yes, the format could be improved, with better sub-heads, links to other articles and so on, but I personally find the style very apt, and it covers the subject better than the Economy of Argentina article does.  I would not be surprised to read such an article in a published encyclopedia.  As to the naming of the piece, Argentine Currency Board is perhaps not bad.   I suppose it should be called Argentine exchange rate management 1991-2002, but Argentine Convertibility Plan might do the trick.  KEEP HowardB 19:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Well it does qualify as original research. If you go to No_original_research, it clearly states that Wikipedia houses articles, not essays. Essays are considered original research. And this is an essay. It does cite sources, but it is not in the accepted Wikipedia format. The headers are essay headers, not headers in the headline style that Wikipedia uses. And the user has been given ample opportunity to change the article so it fits the Wikipedia format. Whether or not it is well written is not really the point. And it creates redundancy, especially since nothing even links to this page, so it's essentially an orphan. Not even the Economy of Argentina page links to this. --Woohookitty 22:11, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree with your assessment of original research, and so does No_original_research. You have chosen to take one single word -- "essay" -- from that page.  The rest of it would clearly define this article as not original research.  Look at the checklist under the heading "What is research and what is not" -- not one single point there would categorise it as original research.  Not one.  Would you rather an article cut and paste from a few web sites and change a few words to avoid copyvios?  The subject of this article is complex -- there is no right and wrong, so the only way to write it is to visit source material and construct a balanced summary of it.  That is NOT original research.  The actual writing of it, and the structure, wikification, etc. clearly needs attention, but those are not reasons to delete it.  I have undertaken a significant rewrite, improved the layout, added links, and so on.  I would ask you all to please take a thorough look, revisit No_original_research and reassess your votes.  If there is a consensus to keep this, I will undertake, also, to establish category links and links from other wikipedia articles. Upon  further reflection, I agree that the Argentine Currency Board title is best.  HowardB 13:39, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not "original research" as per that definition at all. Bad format of good content is not a reason to delete in itself - David Gerard 13:43, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable, properly referenced. Format could do with some cleanup - David Gerard 13:43, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep.  I agree with HowardB and David Gerard that the article is not original reserach.  It currently has more the style of an essay than of a Wikipedia encyclopedia article, but that can be rectified quite easily by editing.  The Wikipedia stricture against original research is to prevent people from introducing original ideas, discoveries, etc into the Wikipedia that have not been vetted by peer review and/or public discussion.   Encyclopedias are compilations of received knowledge, not journals for the announcement of new discoveries and original findings.  But, of course, the injunction against original research is not a prohibition of doing any research; indeed, Wikipedia articles are supposed to be summaries and syntheses of published, mainly secondary, sources, and these are presumably produced by research. Indeed, another Wikipedia injunction is to cite your souces, which this article does quite well.     All that said, even if the article were entirely original research, that would not be grounds for its deletion.   Sometimes cleaning up would reduce an article to a sub-stub, and many VfD voters (including me) vote to delete sub-stubs; but in general VfD votes are not about content but about topics.  A topic might be so bound up with its original research content that it should be deleted; but an article that was entirely original research on a valid topic can be rewritten and generally should not be deleted.   The topic of this article certainly merits an article in the Wikipedia.    --BM 14:10, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well sourced, informative. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:11, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Ejrrjs | What? 22:05, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with BM.-gadfium 22:50, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Suntan lotion

Suntan lotion can refer to:

 * Indoor tanning lotion, used to increase tanning
 * Sunscreen, used to prevent sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer

title: Suntan lotion


text:
User:Ganymead

This user is now editing as User:Empidonax.

title: User:Ganymead


text:
File:Turkish Note Names (small).jpg

Turkish Note Names2

Source
Özkan, İsmail Hakkı. Türk Mûsıkîsi Nazariyatı ve Usûlleri. (2000). ISBN 975-437-017-6.

Links to
Maqam

title: File:Turkish Note Names (small).jpg


text:
User talk:Bra5am

The image of Kama you uploaded has holes in their blades. This is a very peculiar design. Where did you find it? Revth 08:03, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bra5am


text:
List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City

New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. This list contains the most famous or well-regarded organizations, based on their mission.

Museums
Also included are non-profit art galleries, arts centers and cultural centers with galleries.

 * See List of museums in New York City for a complete sortable list in alphabetical order.
 * See List of museums in New York for museums in the rest of New York state.

Defunct museums

 * American Museum of Immigration, Liberty Island
 * Barnum's American Museum, Manhattan
 * Chelsea Art Museum, Manhattan, closed in 2011
 * Con Edison Energy Museum, Manhattan
 * Choco-Story New York, 2017-2019
 * Discovery Times Square Exposition, closed in 2016
 * Fisher Landau Center, Long Island City, closed in 2017
 * Forbes Galleries, closed in 2014
 * Ground Zero Museum Workshop, history of the September 11 attacks and the workers at the World Trade Center site. Status unknown after 2014
 * Guggenheim Soho, Manhattan
 * Kurdish Library and Museum, Brooklyn, collections now owned by Binghamton University
 * Met Breuer, building turned over to the Frick for temporary use.
 * MICRO Museum, Brooklyn, closed exhibit space
 * Morbid Anatomy Museum, Brooklyn, closed in 2016
 * Museum of the American Piano, Manhattan, website
 * Museum of Biblical Art, closed in 2015
 * Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art, closed in 2012, collections now part of the Society of Illustrators
 * Museum of Primitive Art, closed in 1976, collections now part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * National Museum of Catholic Art and History, closed in 2010
 * New York Jazz Museum, Manhattan
 * New York Tattoo Museum
 * Onassis Cultural Center
 * Ripley's Believe It or Not!, Manhattan, closed in 2021.
 * Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Annex, opened in Soho in 2008, closed in 2010
 * Sony Wonder Technology Lab, closed in 2016
 * Sports Museum of America, Manhattan, opened in 2008, closed in 2009
 * 9/11 Tribute Museum, Manhattan, opened in 2006. Closed its physical location in 2022.

Proposed museums

 * Climate Museum
 * Museum of Food and Drink
 * Museum of the Street

Zoos and gardens

 * Bronx Zoo
 * Brooklyn Botanic Garden
 * Central Park Zoo
 * Community gardens in New York City
 * Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
 * New York Aquarium
 * New York Botanical Garden
 * Prospect Park Zoo
 * Queens Botanical Garden
 * Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden (formerly the British Garden)
 * Queens Zoo
 * Queens County Farm Museum
 * Staten Island Botanical Garden
 * The New York Chinese Scholar's Garden
 * Staten Island Zoo
 * Wave Hill

Lincoln Center

 * Alice Tully Hall
 * David Geffen Hall, formerly known as Avery Fisher Hall, home of the New York Philharmonic
 * David H. Koch Theater, formerly known as the New York State Theater, home to New York City Ballet
 * Film Society of Lincoln Center
 * Jazz at Lincoln Center
 * The Juilliard School
 * Metropolitan Opera
 * New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 * Vivian Beaumont Theater

Music

 * Bargemusic
 * Brooklyn Symphony Orchestra
 * Carnegie Hall
 * City Parks Foundation
 * Kaufman Music Center
 * Manhattan School of Music
 * Mannes College of Music
 * New York City Opera
 * The New York Pops
 * Symphony Space

Theaters

 * 92nd Street Y
 * Apollo Theater
 * The Billie Holiday Theatre
 * Brooklyn Academy of Music
 * Bowery Ballroom
 * Film Forum
 * Hammerstein Ballroom
 * La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club
 * New York City Center
 * The Public Theater
 * Radio City Music Hall
 * Roundabout Theatre Company
 * Samuel J. Friedman Theatre - formerly the Biltmore Theatre
 * Skirball Center for the Performing Arts
 * Snug Harbor Cultural Center
 * The Town Hall
 * Williamsburg Art & Historical Center

Historic House Trust
Most of the following are Registered Historic Places covered in the county lists.

 * Alice Austen House Museum
 * Bartow-Pell Mansion Museum
 * The Conference House
 * Dyckman Farmhouse Museum
 * Edgar Allan Poe Cottage
 * Gracie Mansion
 * Hendrick I. Lott House
 * Historic Richmond Town
 * King Manor Museum
 * Kingsland Homestead, with "weeping beech tree"
 * Lefferts Historic House
 * Lewis H. Latimer House
 * The Little Red Lighthouse
 * Merchant's House Museum
 * Morris-Jumel Mansion
 * The Old Stone House
 * Queens County Farm Museum
 * Seguine Mansion
 * Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre
 * Valentine-Varian House
 * Van Cortlandt House Museum
 * The Wyckoff Farmhouse Museum

National Parks of New York Harbor
Despite its name, National Parks of New York Harbor does not oversee any national parks proper.
 * African Burial Ground National Monument
 * Castle Clinton National Monument
 * Federal Hall National Memorial
 * Fort Wadsworth
 * General Grant National Memorial
 * Governors Island/Governors Island National Monument
 * Hamilton Grange National Memorial
 * Statue of Liberty National Monument (including Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty)
 * Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site

World Trade Center site

 * International Freedom Center
 * National September 11 Memorial & Museum
 * Tribute in Light

Other historic sites

 * Brooklyn Navy Yard, building 92
 * Fort Schuyler
 * Lower East Side Tenement Museum
 * Irish Hunger Memorial
 * Trinity Churchyard
 * Weeksville Heritage Center

Libraries

 * Biblioteca Instituto Cervantes
 * Brooklyn Public Library
 * Central Library
 * List of Brooklyn Public Library branches
 * Columbia University Libraries
 * Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
 * Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library
 * Butler Library
 * C.V. Starr East Asian Library
 * Gottesman Libraries
 * Rare Book & Manuscript Library
 * Cloisters Library and Archives
 * Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
 * Dag Hammarskjöld Library
 * Elmer Holmes Bobst Library at New York University
 * Frick Art Reference Library
 * The Morgan Library & Museum
 * New York Public Library
 * Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library
 * Bronx Library Center
 * New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 * New York Public Library Main Branch
 * Science, Industry and Business Library
 * Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
 * List of New York Public Library branches
 * New York Academy of Medicine Library
 * New York Society Library
 * Poets House
 * Queens Public Library
 * List of Queens Public Library branches
 * Shevchenko Scientific Society


text:
Talk:Special rights

Both views
The debate is interesting and illuminating. It would appear to me that striving to have one view in the article would be doing no one any favours. Both sides of the debate, with explanations, should appear in the article. The finer points of the debate as featured here on the talk page reveal much about the topic in question. It would apear to me that the solution to the conflict would be to have both sides of the argument dicussed in depth on the article page. A compromise solution would be a muffled statement which doesn't reflect the true situation. SilkTork 08:30, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that we need some way to include both views, with each side contributing a wording acceptable to them. Somehow we should be able to present both wordings in the article.  Ideogram 08:43, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Mediation active?
Is this dispute still active? --Ideogram 05:53, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm going to close this mediation. If you need to reopen it, you can leave a note on my talk page. --Ideogram 17:02, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Balancing quote in "Sexual orientation as a civil rights minority group"
We have an "against" special rights quote in this section. We also need a "pro-equal rights" quote to meet NPOV requirements. DavidBailey (talk) 13:30, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Housing and employment uncited section moved from article until cited properly
In many situations such as employment (in the European Union and the United States), as well as housing and public accommodations (in the United States), it is illegal to discriminate based on gender, race, religion, and other attributes.{Fact|date=November 2008} Some states and localities outlaw discrimination based on sexual orientation in certain circumstances, but many do not.{Fact|date=November 2008}  The European Union forbids such discrimination in employment, but not in regard to other matters, though some member states do.{Fact|date=November 2008}

title: Talk:Special rights


text:
Nera (mythology)

Nera (modern spelling Neara) is a warrior of Connacht in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology who appears in the 10th cen Middle Irish story the Echtra Nerai.

One Samhain night when the warriors of Cruachan were feasting, King Aillil offered a prize to any man who was brave enough to put a wicker band around the ankle of a corpse that had been hanged. Because Samhain was considered to be a night when the dead have power, only Nera was courageous enough to volunteer. When he placed the wicker band around the corpse's ankle, it moved and asked him for water. Nera allowed it to climb on his back and he carried it to a house, but flames sprang up around the house when they approached. They tried a second house, which was then surrounded by water. On their third attempt, they were able to enter the house, and the corpse drank three cups of water, spitting the last out on the householders and killing them. Nera returned the corpse to the gallows, but when he returned to court the hall was on fire and all of the inhabitants had been decapitated. He thought he saw an army going into the Hill of Cruachan, so he followed them. Inside the hill, he met a woman of the sidhe who told him that the destruction that he had seen was only a vision of what would happen on the next Samhain night unless the warriors of Medb and Aillil destroyed the Hill of Cruachan and defeated the sidhe army. Nera returned to tell Medb and Aillil what he had heard and found that no time had passed since he had left the hall to put the wicker band around the corpse's foot. Nera warned the people of Cruachan of the danger and then escaped with the woman of the sidhe before Medb and Aillil called on Fergus mac Roich to destroy the Hill of Cruachan.

In some versions of the legend, Nera spends a whole year in the hill and convinces Medb and Aillil of the truth of his story by bringing them summer flowers.

title: Nera (mythology)


text:
File:John Ross 2.jpg

Notice: Image has been altered! Check reference photos at Meredith Collegeh Gloushire 03:44, 28 September 2005 (UTC) Nineteenth century painting

title: File:John Ross 2.jpg


text:
Marcello Viotti

Marcello Viotti (29 June 1954 – 16 February 2005) was a Swiss classical music conductor, best known for opera.

Viotti was born in Vallorbe, in the French-speaking region of Switzerland, to Italian parents. He studied cello, piano and singing at the Conservatory of Lausanne. Wolfgang Sawallisch was a mentor to Viotti and encouraged him to begin his career in the theatre. As a young conductor, Viotti honed his craft with the International Orchestra of the Jeunesses Musicales in the Italian town of Fermo, and also with a wind ensemble. His interpretation of Robert Schumann's 4th Symphony helped him win the 1982 Gino Marinuzzi Competition.

During the 1980s and 1990s Viotti was a director at several opera houses in Europe. These included three years as artistic director of the Stadttheater in Lucerne, a post as music director of the Turin opera, and three years as Generalmusikdirektor of Bremen (1990–1993). He held guest conducting posts at the Vienna State Opera, the Deutsche Oper Berlin, and the Bavarian State Opera.

Viotti was chief conductor of the Saarland Radio Symphony Orchestra (Saarbrücken) from 1991 to 1995. He was one of three joint chief conductors of the MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1996 to 1999. Viotti was chief conductor of the Münchner Rundfunkorchester from 1998 to 2004, when he resigned in protest at budget cuts that threatened the existence of the orchestra. Viotti was named music director at the Teatro La Fenice Orchestra in Venice in January 2002. He appeared a number of times with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra in Australia, and from 2002 until his death he was Principal Guest Conductor of the orchestra.

Viotti suffered a stroke during a rehearsal in Munich in February 2005 and underwent surgery to remove a blood clot. He was then hospitalized on artificial life support but never regained consciousness and died on 16 February 2005. Viotti was married and had four children; his son Lorenzo is a conductor.

Decorations and awards

 * 1982 1st Prize of the Gino Marinuzzi Competition (Italy)
 * German Record Prize
 * 2003 Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art

title: Marcello Viotti


text: User talk:220.236.73.77

title: User talk:220.236.73.77


text: User talk:216.59.238.94

title: User talk:216.59.238.94


text:
Talk:Austin, Minnesota

Geography/Notables
I have two concerns about this article.

First, why aren't the listings of storms and floods under the Geography/Climate section posted in a table? It looks somewhat tacky to have a bunch of two or three line paragraphs.

Second, what the heck is the criterion for being a "notable" person? I'm an intelligent and informed individual that has lived in Austin for roughly 25 years; however, if you remove the people with Hormel in their names, I only recognize about a third of those listed! I don't want this to become a political discussion, but why is Poppe listed? If just being elected renders you noteworthy, then why is she the only politician in the list? Has she done something that's not on her page?

--Daniel J. Forman (talk) 02:22, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Notable does not equal famous or important to the community. It means notable to the world.  The simplest definition of all, although not 100% accurate is: They need to have a Wikipedia article on them and something tying them to the community.  Pretty much, a person has to pass the standard for a biographical article in Wikipedia to be on a notable persons list.  They don't actually have to have one, but there has to be enough reliable source references to create one. Gtwfan52 (talk) 03:18, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Btw Daniel---talk page convention is to post the newest entry at the bottom of the page. And you are welcome to write up something on the floods.  If you want help, feel free to leave me a note on my talk page. Gtwfan52 (talk) 03:20, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

Churches
I have refactored the list of churches. All of these churches are considered to be non-notable, and, after a short test debate on Articles for deletion/New Life Vineyard Christian Fellowship, it was decided to merge all those articles with this page. --Gareth Hughes 13:17, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Template for a U.S. City
For those who plan on editing and expanding this article, please follow the Template for a U.S. City. Thanks!--Daveswagon 09:54, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Austin, Minnesota
I think Austin Uncut should not be linked to from the Austin, Minnesota page. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_links#Links_normally_to_be_avoided which specifically points out Besides that I think there is some material on that site that is not the type of information wikipedia is intended for and could be considered offensive.

Plus it is full of bigots and hate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.202.12.169 (talk) 03:41, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

As a member of Uncut i take offense at your labeling us bigots and haters.. especially when you do it without putting your name out there.. all Uncut is is a place to air the issues of the day.. without the fear of being edited or deletedWizeguylefty (talk) 07:08, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

I believe that there is a miscocnception here that Austin-Uncut is irrelevant. It is the un-edited voice of the people of Austin and others who care about what goes on in Austin. I equate removing the link to hiding one's head in the sand. Why would anyone want to hear what real people think? Notsick (talk) 12:56, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Tim O'Brien
Is there a reason that author Tim O'Brien was removed from the famous residents? — Preceding unsigned comment added by MartyChang (talk • contribs) 14:49, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

Notable people section
Earlier today, a person added a non winning Miss America contestant to the notable people section without reference. I reverted it as unreferenced and non notable. He replaced it with a reference to a book listing participants in the Miss America contest and left a note on his talk page. I reverted it again and left him another note explaining both WP:NLIST and WP:BRD. He again replaced it without explanation. I cannot revert it again without violating WP:3RR. Awaiting discussion. Gtwfan52 (talk) 04:58, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 7 one external links on Austin, Minnesota. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120220001151/http://www.ci.austin.mn.us/mayors/history.html to http://www.ci.austin.mn.us/mayors/history.html
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Old vandalism
On January 15, 2010, a vandal removed pretty much the entire history section, and it looks like it was never reverted. For those working on the article, some of this may be well worth reinstating. — Gorthian (talk) 03:09, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

19th century

In 1853 Austin Nichols (namesake of the city, named in 1856) built the first log cabin on the Cedar River (also called the Red Cedar River), which he sold to Chauncey Leverich in 1854. Leverich built the first sawmill here in 1854-55 and supplied the earlier settlers with lumber. Leverich was the first person murdered in Austin MN, dying several days after being struck with a wagon spring following a saloon quarrel. Austin HRA's Chauncey Apartments are named in honor of Leverich. A Methodist preacher first held services in 1855. Settlers in covered wagons full of belongings and followed by livestock came into the area, and on March 1, 1856, Governor Willis A. Gorman signed the act that organized Mower County. It was named after John Edward Mower, a member of the territorial legislature. The first hotel was started in 1856 by J.H. McKinley, and that year Dr. Ormanzo Allen became the small town's first doctor.

School had been held in a small cabin near Leverich's mill as early as 1854, but by 1857 school was being taught by Maria Vaughn in the Robert Audis building. That year W.A. Woodson started to butcher and dress pork for sale and the first Congregational Church services were held in the Old Headquarters Building. The Truesdell brothers built the first grist mill in 1858, thereby reducing the need for oxen-freight flour from Decorah and Chatfield. 1858 also saw the city's first newspaper, the Mower County Mirror, and the beginning of public utilities and street lamps. The Oakwood Cemetery and the first library (started by the Floral Club) were also started in 1858.

The first permanent school building was built in 1865, and Harlan Page opened the first bank the following year. The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, and other smaller rail lines were established in 1867-69, thus turning the growing town into a small rail hub. First National was granted a U.S. Government bank charter in 1868. In 1885, service on the Chicago Great Western Railway first started in Austin. George A. Hormel started George A. Hormel & Co. in 1892. Dr. O.H. Hegge and area Lutherans organized the Austin Hospital Association, and thus St. Olaf Hospital was established as a non-profit organization. Charles Boostrom opened the Southern Minnesota Normal College and Austin College of Commerce in 1897; both remained open until 1925.

20th century

The Austin Park Board was created in 1902 to build and maintain the city's parks. On March 10, 1903, the city adopted a Home Rule Charter that still forms the basis of city government to this day. The original Austin Public Library, one of the nation's many Carnegie libraries, was completed in 1904. The Recreation Board was created in 1939. In April 1949 the Park Board and the recreation Board were merged to become the Austin Park and Recreation Board. The last passenger train (the Chicago Great Western Railway) left Austin on September 30, 1965, and Austin has not had passenger service since. Ground was broken for the Salvation Army building on October 16, 1967. The Jay C. Hormel Nature Center was created in 1971 when the land was purchased from Geordie Hormel with a state grant. Riverside Arena opened in 1973. Victor Borge performed with the Austin Symphony Orchestra on April 28, 1977. Austin had a bad flood on July 6-7, 1978, when the waters reached 19.5 inches. Over 1,000 homes and businesses were damaged. Ten days later, 16 inches of rain fell at Waltham and the Cedar River crested in Austin at 21 feet, 9 inches.

From August 1984 until June 1985, there was a major strike at Hormel that resulted in then-Governor Rudy Perpich requesting National Guard intervention allowing replacement workers to enter the plant. This strike was documented in the Academy Award-winning Barbara Koppel film, "American Dream." The town still remains divided over the issue of labor unions at the plant.

21st century

 * , what makes the edit that removed this almost completely unreferenced chunk of text vandalism? The only two sources on it were quite unreliable and both are now dead. It's almost entirely WP:OR and should have been removed. John from Idegon (talk) 03:58, 13 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I was assuming vandalism because the IP that removed these sections had also made this and this edit, which were reverted. I thought that the info might be useful to someone, so put it here as a FYI.
 * I was looking at the article history because I was trying to figure out why the redirect Chauncey Leverich points here. — Gorthian (talk) 04:35, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Merge from Riverside Arena
I have merged in content from Riverside Arena per Articles for deletion/Riverside Arena.

 * The initial proposer of a merge suggested merging into the section "Parks and recreation". As that section is about open spaces, and there is a another facility already included in the preceding section "Sports" I have merged it into a subsection there. I have also moved the existing sports facility into its own subsection.
 * Apart from the infobox, I have moved the entire content from the original article. At the AfD I proposed curtailing some of the detail about refurbishments but no-one (including the closer) commented on that.
 * I have done some minor copy editing, predominantly necessitated by the articles being combined.

Dorsetonian (talk) 17:29, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

 * @Dorsetonian.Agree positioning under the Sports section makes more sense. Nice merge! I think you're right about including too much detail so have trimmed. Rupples (talk) 19:15, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @ - thank you! And IMO the text which is now there following your change is more balanced - both in terms of its factual content, and in its relation to the remainder of the section. Dorsetonian (talk) 08:55, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Austin, Minnesota


text:
Rush Medical College

Rush Medical College is the medical school of Rush University, located in the Illinois Medical District, about 3 km (2 miles) west of the Loop in Chicago. Offering a full-time Doctor of Medicine program, the school was chartered in 1837, and today is affiliated primarily with Rush University Medical Center, and nearby John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County. In 2021, Rush Medical College was ranked 64th among research institutions in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report.

History

Rush Medical College was one of the first medical colleges in the state of Illinois and was chartered in 1837, two days before the city of Chicago was chartered, and opened with 22 students on December 4, 1843. Its founder, Dr. Daniel Brainard, named the school in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the only physician with medical school training to be a signatory of the Declaration of Independence. He later taught Meriwether Lewis the basic medical skills for his expedition with William Clark to the Pacific Northwest. Dr. Rush was also known as the "Father of American Psychiatry".

During the early 1860s, Rush Medical College staff members started discussions on establishing a dental department. On March 12, 1869, a charter was issued to found the Chicago Dental College, which was intended to be Chicago's first dental school. All attempts to put this charter into operation failed, however, and an appeal was made to the Chicago Dental Society to become involved. As a result, on February 20, 1883, a charter was issued for the Chicago Dental Infirmary, which opened on March 12, 1883.

During the college's first century, more than 10,000 physicians received their training there. A "Rush Doctor" was a highly prized commodity in the American West of the 19th century. Rush Medical College was affiliated with the University of Chicago from 1898 until 1941.

With the onset of World War II, the medical college temporarily suspended its educational program, although it continued as an institution. Its faculty continued undergraduate and graduate teaching of medicine and the biological sciences as members of the faculty of the University of Illinois. The charter of the medical college was reactivated in 1969 when it became part of Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center. In 1971, Rush Medical College reopened with a class of 61 first-year students and 30 third-year students.

Students
For the 2016–2017 academic year, Rush Medical College was home to 515 medical students. For the entering class of 2016–2017, a total of 10,754 applications were received, with 138 students matriculating.For the class of 2022–23, 14,247 applications were received with 144 matriculating.

Curriculum
The curriculum at Rush Medical College is academically challenging, rigorous and integrates all basic science and clinical components. In 2010, the Rush Medical College curriculum underwent an extensive transformation as it implemented a system-based curriculum. Each organ system is organized into an individual block that integrates material from anatomy, biochemistry, histology, physiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, immunology, and pharmacology. Preclinical years are graded as Pass/Fail, and clinical years are graded as Honors, High Pass, Pass, Fail. There are currently no external or internal rankings for preclinical students.

Concurrently, students in the first two years are enrolled in the EXPLORE Program. This program introduces students to various aspects of medicine and provides hands-on physical examination training. Students obtain clinical experience starting in the first weeks of school as they are required to work alongside a mentoring physician in any field of choice. An evidence-based medicine (EBM) course is included during the first and second year. A USMLE Step 1 passing score is required for promotion into the clinical years. USMLE Step 2 CK and CS must be taken by November 1 of the fourth year, and passing both is required for graduation.

Notable alumni

 * J. M. Adams – Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1870
 * Charles Erwin Booth – Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Truman W. Brophy – Founder of Chicago Dental Infirmary
 * Henry Arthur Callis – One of the founders of Alpha Phi Alpha
 * Myron S. Cohen – Protocol chair for the HPTN 052 study which was regarded by the journal Science as the breakthrough of the year in 2011
 * Ruth Darrow – physician who first identified the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn
 * Daniel Downs – Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and of the Wisconsin State Senate
 * Samuel Abbott Ferrin – Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Morris Fishbein – Editor of JAMA from 1924 to 1950. He was notable for exposing quacks and debunking dubious medical practices.
 * Evarts Graham – Thoracic surgeon best known for his research linking smoking to lung cancer
 * James B. Herrick – physician who first described sickle cell anemia, and a type of myocardial infarction.
 * Marie Agnes Hinrichs – a national president of Sigma Delta Epsilon
 * Ernest E. Irons – president of the American Medical Association (AMA), the American College of Physicians and the American Association for the Study and Control of Rheumatic Diseases.
 * Edwin Herman Lennette — virologist and pioneer of diagnostic virology
 * Julian Herman Lewis – African-American pathologist known for his research on medicine and race
 * Andrew Caldwell Mailer – Member of the Wisconsin State Senate from 1897 to 1901
 * Robert E. Minahan – Mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin
 * Clem Neacy – End and tackle in the NFL, surgeon
 * Dean Harold Noyes – Dean of Oregon Dental School
 * David J. Peck – In 1847, became the first African American to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from an American medical school
 * Benoni Reynolds – Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1876 and of the Wisconsin State Senate from 1878 to 1879
 * James C. Reynolds – Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and of the Wisconsin State Senate
 * C. A. Robins – Governor of Idaho (1947–1951)
 * Robert Holbrook Smith ("Dr. Bob") – Co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous Bob Smith (doctor)
 * Esther Somerfeld-Ziskind – neurologist and psychiatrist
 * Benjamin H. Southworth – Physician and member of the University of Michigan 1901 National Championship football team.
 * Michael Stuart – Mayo Clinic sports physician and orthopedic surgeon
 * Henry Tazelaar – lung, heart and transplant pathologist
 * Max Thorek - best known for founding the International College of Surgeons.
 * Ruth May Tunnicliff – bacteriologist, medical researcher
 * Murray Sanders, U.S. Army Medical Corps officer nominated for Nobel Prize in Medicine

title: Rush Medical College


text:
Kemerovo State University

The Kemerovo State University (Ке́меровский госуда́рственный университе́т) (KemSU) was established in 1973 as a successor to Kemerovo Pedagogical Institute. It is a leading educational and scientific center of Kemerovo Oblast with five branches throughout the oblast in Belovo, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk, as well as in Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia. The university is officially recognized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation.

Academics
The main campus has 17 educational laboratory and administrative buildings with the total space of 120,000 m2. There are 20 departments, 70 chairs. Over 10,000 full-time students. About 21,000 students including part-time. Over 900 faculty members, including: 35 academicians and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other academies; 80 Doctors of Science, professors; 380 candidates of science, senior lecturers.

On average KemSU post-graduate students defend 30-40 Candidate's and 6-8 Doctor's theses in a given year.

Administration
Rectors:
 * Alexander Prosekov, 2016–present
 * Vladimir Volchek, 2012–2016
 * Irina Sviridova, 2007–2012
 * Ilia Povarich, 2005–2007 Doctor of Economics
 * Boris Nevzorov, 2005– First Vice-rector, Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Academician of the International Academy of Science - Higher School
 * Yury Zakharov, 1975–2005 PhD Chem., Professor, Corresponding Member of RAS, Academician of IAS HS and RANS, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation

Branches

 * Novokuznetsk Branch Kemerovo State University

title: Kemerovo State University


text:
Helen Berman

Helen Berman (הלן ברמן; born 6 April 1936) is a Dutch-Israeli visual artist. She was a textile designer in the 1960s and has been a painter and occasionally an art educator since the 1970s. She is well known in Israel and has exhibited also in Germany and the Netherlands. She created modern and postmodern art and has engaged in realistic impressionism and lyrical abstract expressionism.

Biography
Helen Berman was born in Amsterdam and as a young girl survived The Holocaust. She was trained as a textile designer at the Design Academy Eindhoven. While at the academy, she took extracurricular coursework in the free arts with Kees Bol and Jan Gregoor. After her graduation in 1960, Helen Berman designed textiles for several companies. Some of her designs were awarded prizes and publications in professional magazines.

During the seventies, Berman studied painting and drawing with Thierry Veltman, graduating with a teaching degree. In 1978, she immigrated to Israel, where she continued to refine her style. During a decade-long residence in Jaffa, she became part of the local artists' community and a member of the Israel Painters and Sculptors Association. Since 1998, she has been painting and exhibiting from her studio in Tel Mond.

title: Helen Berman


text:
Talk:Eos

Comments
Wetman, if you read straight through the article "rosy-fingered" is mentioned extensively. I took out the cryptic, passing parenthetical reference because I don't think it adds very much; Homer is quoted directly a few lines further down. As someone with the copyedit perspective of coming to this article for the first time (as opposed to the perspective of someone in the thick of it) I found the parenthetical reference out of place and unnecessary. --Chinasaur 08:24, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Right you are. A fresh eye sees clearly. --Wetman 09:13, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Eos and angels
"Eos is the iconic original from which Christian angels were imagined, for no images were available from the Hebrew tradition, and the Persian angels were unknown in the West."
 * Er, is that sure? They are many winged figures in the Greek mythology: the winds (see Image:Hyakinthos.jpg for instance), victory and of course Eros, who is even represented draped in hellenistic and late representations, such as Image:Draped Eros Louvre Myr139.jpg. There is not much difference with good old Christmas angels. Jastrow 17:50, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Amend the text. You might mention that Athene had lost her wings before the classic period. --Wetman

wow, she has nice tits... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.30.128.214 (talk) 05:24, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

what else is there?
people talk about her rosey fingers all the time that they dont talk about her history or anything else. all i know about her is that she has rosey fingers and she is the goddess of dawn. (Anon.)

 * With that and her lover-consorts, especially Tithonus, you've got it; inventing full biographies for mythic figures is the game of Christian hagiography. The Greeks didn't indulge. --Wetman 23:28, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Transliteration
Is the appropriate archaic transliteration into Greek, 'Έως' or 'Ηώς'? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nalco (talk • contribs) 23:12, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

As stated in the opening sentence, 'Έως' is the Attic (basically in and around Athens) form, derived from 'Ηώς' the Ionic form (Attic being a sub-dialect of Ionic, though the one that became most important). Johundhar (talk) 03:45, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

Cognates
The etymology of Eostre/Easter is too obscure to cite so assuredly here.--Wetman (talk) 19:51, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Why not? Beekes has it (or at least includes the OHG cognate) in his article on p. 493, and that's about as authoritative as you get! :) And West uses the word 'undoubtedly' when expressing the possibility of a connection (p. 227).Johundhar (talk) 04:09, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

?
Does Eos have anything to do with Christianity? Answer Quick please! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.209.116.12 (talk) 12:55, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Dusk
Is she also the goddess of dusk, when the sky turns rose sometimes as well? 77.175.64.145 (talk) 19:04, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

Lucifer
Since "Lucifer" is not mentioned in this article, I have removed the category. Per WP:CATV all categories must be supported by reliable secondary sources as well as text in the article body that directly and explicitly describes their relevance. 2600:8800:1880:FC:5604:A6FF:FE38:4B26 (talk) 02:58, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

Reverted. The "Eosphoros" mentioned in the article is the Grek term for Lucifer. Dimadick (talk) 07:10, 25 March 2019 (UTC)
 * You're going to have to make a direct correlation using WP:RS and making it explicit, otherwise you're going to have a case of WP:SYNTH on your hands. 2600:8800:1880:FC:5604:A6FF:FE38:4B26 (talk) 13:53, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

Equivalent Deities
Uṣás is an equivalent deity of Eos. Their names are cognates, they both are daughters of the sky god (duhitā́r-diváh and thugátēr Diós), both described as "bringers of light" ("bhānty Usásah" and "λαμπρο-φαής"), both are associated with gold (híraṇya-varṇā and khrysopédillos), both are associated with red, both are described as dancers (nṛtūr iva and χοροί), both have light hands (híraṇyapāṇi and rhodópēkhus/rhododáktylos), both ride chariots, both open doors of heaven (dvā́rau ... Diváḥ and θύρας ... φαεινάς), both are reluctant bringers of light, and it is reliably sourced.

 * Do any of these sources call them "eqivalent"? Paul August ☎ 20:57, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes they refer to these deities as equivalent in the various Indo-European religions. They go in depth about the Proto-Indo-Europeans, their reconstructed religion, and the various evidences found by these common equivalents found in daughter religion. The Sky father, Earth mother, Dawn goddess, Divine twins, and Thunder god are the the most common and widely accepted deities among scholars who have studied the Indo-European deities. In the Greek religion they are attested as Zeus Pater, Ouranos and Gaia, Eos, and the Dioskuri. In the Vedic relgion they are attested as Dyaush Pitra, Prithvi Mata, Ushas, the Ashvins, and Indra. In the Roman religion they are attested as Jupiter, Tullus Mater, and Aurora.Chariotrider555 (talk) 23:46, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Much thanks for all this. If the sources you cite explicitly use the word "equivalent" as applied to Eos and Uṣás, then that would certainly be adequate sourcing. Unfortunately I'm unable to verify this. I can't find such a usage in these works available online, and I don't have easy access to the works themselves (libraries being unavailable because of Covid). Could you possibly provide relevant quotes with page numbers? That would be much appreciated, thanks ;-) Paul August ☎ 14:10, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

... A TITANESS AND A GODDESS ???
With no reference...

(when you check the so-called reference)

Obviously, since you cannot be both: God and Goddesses being the children of the Titans.

Which distinguish one another:

just like Chronos is the Titan, kind of that personnify Time and IS NOT AND NEVER WERE the God of Time

And, we can go on like that with: Gaïa, Ouranos, Atlas, etc..., etc... So many other exemples that all prove that Titans aren't Gods.

--90.6.160.214 (talk) 03:11, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * No the twelve Titans, along with their parents (Gaia, and Uranus) and their offspring (Eos, the sun god Helios, and the moon goddess Selene, etc.) were all gods. The Titans (Cronus, Rhea, etc.) were an earlier generation of gods, prior to the Olympian gods (Zeus, Hera etc.) And Gaia and Uranus were primordial gods. Paul August ☎ 12:26, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

Ok, sorry if that's the case...

i'm gonna double check because i don't remember it like that, i loved greek mythology as a child.

But anyways, Thanks for your answer :)

--90.6.160.214 (talk) 00:20, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

Eos's children
This article says Eos's children included the stars, but the word stars links to the article for Astra Planeta (Greek for wandering stars), which are planets. I'm not sure what to make of that. If Eos's children were actual stars, then the link should be changed. If his children were planets, then the label should be changed (maybe to wandering stars, instead of just stars). And if he gave birth to both stars and planets, then that should be noted. - Burner89751654 (talk) 18:00, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Indeed. This is what the sources themselves say:
 * Hesiod, Theogony 378–82: "Eos, a goddess bedded in love with a god, bore to Astraeus the strong-spirited winds, clear Zephyrus and swift-pathed Boreas and Notus; and after these the Early-born one bore the star, Dawn-bringer, and the shining stars with which the sky is crowned."
 * Apollodorus, 1.2.4: "... to Dawn and Astraeus were born winds and stars; ..."
 * These passages just seem to be stating that Eos is the mother of the stars, not some specific divinities with distinct identities such as the Astra Planeta. Looking through a few modern sources on the subject, they simply state that the children in question are "stars". In fact, I am yet to find any mention of the "Astra Planeta" in any modern scholarly source, and their article is wholly unsourced, as well as, I suspect, based entirely on Theoi.com. – Michael Aurel (talk) 09:35, 11 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, Eos is female. – Michael Aurel (talk) 09:36, 11 June 2023 (UTC)
 * In Hesiod's time they knew that the other stars didn't appear to move relative to each other, while the Astra Planeta did. But the difference between planets and stars wasn't widely fully understood until thousands of years after Hesiod's time.  If there's no good source to suggest that Eos's star kids were exclusively the Astra Planeta, then I suspect that when Hesiod said Eos bore the stars, he meant the actual stars plus the Astra Planeta.  In that case, I think it's ok for the article for the Astra Planeta to continue to say that Eos was their mother.  But on this article for Eos, the word for stars should link to the article for actual stars, and should include a note that says the understanding of stars at the time included stars plus other planets, and the words "other planets" should link to the article for the Astra Planeta. - Burner89751654 (talk) 21:23, 11 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The sources that we have, ancient and modern, state that her children are simply the "stars", and this should be sufficient for this article. A link to star shouldn't be necessary, since I think we can assume that our readers know what stars are. I'll fix this myself in a moment.
 * My primary concern, however, is the article Astra Planeta. Most of the article apparently came from an IP whose contributions seem to mostly revolve around this topic. Prior to that, the article seems to have consisted of nothing but a mirror of some information from Theoi. I am still yet to find a mention of the "Astra Planeta" in any modern source on Greek mythology, and most of the sources on Theoi's website seem to just be references to the stars or planets by different authors. – Michael Aurel (talk) 11:19, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eos