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An American Tail: Fievel Goes West

An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (also known as An American Tail 2: Fievel Goes West or An American Tail II) is a 1991 American animated Western musical film directed by Phil Nibbelink and Simon Wells (in their feature directorial debuts), with producer Steven Spielberg for Amblin Entertainment and animated by his Amblimation animation studio and released by Universal Pictures. A sequel to 1986's An American Tail, the film follows the story of the Mousekewitzes, a family of Russian-Jewish mice who emigrate to the Wild West. In it, Fievel is separated from his family as the train approaches the American Old West; the film chronicles him and Sheriff Wylie Burp teaching Tiger how to act like a dog.

Fievel Goes West was the first production for the short-lived Amblimation, a studio Spielberg set up to keep the animators of Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) working. It is also the only Amblimation film to use cel animation, the last in the series to do so, and the last to be released in theaters. While the animation medium was transitioning to computers in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Spielberg wanted almost all of the animation of Fievel Goes West to be hand-drawn, describing animation as "an arts-and-crafts business". He also wanted the animation to have a "live-action" feel. Phillip Glasser, Dom DeLuise, Nehemiah Persoff, and Erica Yohn reprise their roles from the first film for Fievel Goes West. Tanya's original voice actor, Amy Green, was replaced by Cathy Cavadini, and new characters were voiced by John Cleese, Amy Irving, Jon Lovitz, and James Stewart in his final film role. James Horner returned as a composer and wrote the film's song "Dreams to Dream", which garnered a Golden Globe nomination.

Premiering at the Kennedy Center on November 17, 1991, An American Tail: Fievel Goes West began its American theatrical run on November 22. This was the same day Walt Disney Pictures' Beauty and the Beast (1991) was distributed, making it the third instance of two animated films being released on the same date. Fievel Goes West was promoted with a wide array of tie-ins and started in the top ten at the box office. The film grossed $22 million in the United States against a budget of $16 million. Some film journalists and executives attributed this to having to compete with the Disney film.

Upon its release, Fievel Goes West was panned for a lack of perceived innovation compared to other animated films of its time. However, it found success when it came to home video sales, quickly reaching the top of the video charts when released on tape in March 1992; at the time, the film held the record for shortest theater-to-home-video transfer, and it has since gained a large cult following. In addition to garnering more home media releases, TV airings, and video game adaptations later on, the film has made numerous 2010s retrospective best-of lists from online publications, especially best Netflix-available Western films. Fievel Goes West was followed by a short-lived CBS series named Fievel's American Tails and two direct-to-video films: An American Tail: The Treasure of Manhattan Island (1998) and An American Tail: The Mystery of the Night Monster (1999).

Plot
In 1890, five years after emigrating to the United States, the impoverished Mousekewitz family are still struggling against the attacks of mouse-hungry cats. Fievel spends his days thinking about a bloodhound-sheriff called Wylie Burp, while Tanya dreams of becoming a singer. Meanwhile, Tiger's girlfriend, Miss Kitty, leaves him to find a new life out west, remarking that perhaps she is looking for "a cat that's more like a dog".

A British aristocratic cat named Cat R. Waul launches an attack on the mice, forcing them to flee into the sewers. There, they come across a cowboy mouse, who is in fact a marionette controlled by Waul, who tricks the mice into moving out west. Tiger tries catching up with his friends, but is thrown off course by a group of dogs. While on the train, Fievel wanders into the livestock car and overhears the cats' intentions to eat the mice. After being discovered, Fievel tries to flee but Waul has his hench-spider, T.R. Chula, strand Fievel in the middle of the desert. Devastated over his loss, his family arrives in Green River, Utah.

Upon arrival in Green River, Chula blocks up the water tower, drying up the river. Waul approaches the mice and proposes to build a new saloon together, although intending to trick the mice into doing the bulk of the work and eat them afterwards. Meanwhile, Fievel wanders aimlessly through the desert, as is Tiger, who has found his way out west as well, and they pass each other. However, they each figure that the other is a mirage and continue on their separate ways. Tiger is captured by a local mouse native tribe and hailed as a god. Fievel is picked up by a hawk, dropped over the native village and reunites with Tiger. Tiger chooses to stay while Fievel catches a passing tumbleweed, which takes him to Green River. He reunites with his family, but they are oblivious to Waul's plans. At the saloon, Fievel overhears the cats' plan yet again and is discovered once more by Waul. Waul tries eating Fievel, but is thwarted when he hears Tanya singing. He sends Tanya to Miss Kitty, who is now a saloon-girl cat and she reveals that she came at Waul's request. He tells Miss Kitty to put her on stage and Tanya performs for the cats. Meanwhile, Fievel is chased by Chula and taken prisoner, but flees.

Despondent, Fievel speaks with an elderly bloodhound sleeping outside the jail, discovering he is actually Wylie Burp. Fievel convinces him to help and train Tiger as a lawman and as a dog. Though initially reluctant, Tiger relents at the suggestion that a new persona might win back Miss Kitty. They return to Green River to fight the cats, who attempt to use a concealed giant mouse trap on the mice at sunset during the opening of Waul's saloon. Tiger, Wylie and Fievel fight the cats, during which Miss Kitty and Tanya discover the trap. Tanya rushes to the mice and, using her singing abilities, helps them escape. Seeing this, Waul uses a giant revolver as a makeshift cannon on the fleeing mice, but Fievel intercepts him. As Chula takes Miss Kitty hostage, an incensed Tiger to rescue her, and the heroes use the mouse trap as a catapult to send Waul and his cats out of Green River. The cats fly into the air and land into a mailbag, which a passing train picks up and leaves.

Enamored by his new personality, Miss Kitty reunites with Tiger. Tanya becomes a famous singer and the water tower flows with 1,000 gallons again, making Green River bloom with thousands of flowers. Fievel finds Wylie away from the party, who hands him his sheriff badge. Fievel is unsure about taking it but realizes that his journey is not over.

Voice cast

 * Phillip Glasser as Fievel Mousekewitz
 * Cathy Cavadini as Tanya Mousekewitz
 * Dom DeLuise as Tiger
 * Amy Irving as Miss Kitty
 * James Stewart as Wylie Burp
 * John Cleese as Cat R. Waul
 * Jon Lovitz as T.R. Chula
 * Nehemiah Persoff as Papa Mousekewitz
 * Erica Yohn as Mama Mousekewitz
 * Patrick Pinney as One Eye
 * Jack Angel as Frenchy
 * David Tate as additional voices

Development
A sequel to Steven Spielberg's An American Tail (1986) under the working title An American Tail II was put into pre-production by David Kirschner in April 1988 after he finished producing Child's Play (1988); when announcing the project that same month, he summarized that Fievel will "fight the cat-tle barons. It's like a John Ford western with Jewish mice". Kirschner started pre-production as Spielberg was setting up filming for Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) in Europe. He was not involved in the production and post-production, and admitted in 1993 that he disliked Fievel Goes West as "entertainment without character". The screenplay was written by Flint Dille, who was led to the position by writing for Spielberg's Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–92).

Spielberg produced the live-action animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), which was the top grossing motion picture of 1988. As a way to keep the movie's animators working, due to the closure of Richard Williams Animation, Spielberg formed Amblimation, a collaboration of Universal City Studios and Amblin Entertainment, whose offices were located in London. Fievel Goes West was its first production and over 250 crew members from 15 different nations worked on the project starting May 1989. At the time, Amblimation was also developing We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993), Balto (1995), and a screen adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Cats which never saw completion. In December 1988, Universal announced that they would release an animated film every eighteen months and begin production on An American Tail II in early 1989.

Don Bluth, who had partnered with Spielberg on both the original film and The Land Before Time (1988), was set to direct and have Sullivan Bluth Studios provide the animation; owing to creative differences, however, they parted ways. As Bluth explained, "the business deal wasn't such that it helped our company". With no Bluth in sight for the sequel, Spielberg instead relied on ex-Disney animator Phil Nibbelink and ex-Richard Williams storyboard artist Simon Wells, the great-grandson of science-fiction author H. G. Wells, to direct the project. Nibbelink and Wells had both previously worked with Spielberg as supervising animators on Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Bluth said in April 1992 that he regretted his decision, admitting that he disliked the final product of Fievel Goes West and "maybe we could've helped that film a little more".

With John Cleese as the first choice for Cat R. Waul, he was approached in 1989 by one of the film's producers at what Cleese vaguely called "the Italian Oscars". He accepted the offer based on his enjoyment of the first American Tail and "I love sound studios anyway – there's none of the hassle and boredom and time wasting you get in television". Cleese was paid his lowest fee in ten years for the role, however, which made him very unwilling to publicize his involvement with Fievel Goes West. According to Cathy Cavadini, there was another woman initially planned to voice Tanya but left the project, so Cavadini replaced her. Spielberg met James Stewart at a party asking him to voice Wylie Burp, and all of Stewart's lines were recorded in ten days; his last involvement in a Western was in The Shootist (1976).

Animation

Don Bluth's departure from the project resulted in the animation of Fievel Goes West lacking the Disney-isms of the first film's animation. Instead, its animation is faster-paced and contains more elements of Warner Bros. cartoons. Spielberg instructed his animators to take on a "live-action" method to animating the film, where the characters are affected by parts of the environment such as lighting. Spielberg also directed for the camera to constantly move in sequences such as the sewer ride sequence and a 360-degree pan shot of the film's desert vista. These types of crane and dolly shots replicated certain shots in Spielberg's Jaws (1975) and Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and were considered groundbreaking for the time.

Apart from one computer-generated shot of the valley's ground, all of the film was hand-drawn animated; the process was so intensive that it took at least one week to complete a minute of animation, around sixty artists to paint approximately 230,000 cels, and a week for a single animator to finish three seconds of animation. As Fievel Goes West was a parody of Western films, the animators heavily studied the works of John Ford and Sergio Leone.

Sound design
The voices were recorded over a 10-day period at Interlock Studios (now Larson Studios) at Crossroads of the World in Los Angeles in 1989; ten takes were tracked for each actor at varying speeds and phrasing. The voice actors were videotaped during their recording sessions, and the animators used the footage as reference for moving the characters. The biggest focus was on keeping Cat R. Waul's movement similar to his voice actor's while recording in the studio, as the directors wanted him to feel like Cleese instead of just a cat voiced by him. Nancy Beiman originally worked as a regular animator on Fievel Goes West, but became a supervisor on the project six months after she entered Amblimation. While not assigned to supervise Miss Kitty's animation, she asked for the position and got it. She enjoying working on Kitty for Irving's Mae West-esque delivery and the "scatterbrained dialogue" giving her freedom in animating the character.

Music
The score was composed by James Horner, who previously scored for the last film (1986) also produced by Spielberg. The album was released by MCA Records and featured 14 tracks, including four original songs written by Horner and Will Jennings, and performed by Linda Ronstadt and Cathy Cavadini. The song "Dreams to Dream", was nominated for a Golden Globe award and a contender by the Academy Award voters for a Best Original Song nomination, although it did not receive one.

Marketing and release

Fievel Goes West was initially planned for a fall 1990 release, but was delayed to a late 1991 date. In 1989, the date was moved again to Christmas 1992 before reverting to Christmas 1991 in May 1990, when the subtitle Fievel Goes West and a follow-up television series was also first announced. It was moved to the fall of 1991 in November 1990. It made its worldwide premiere at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts as their big children's theatre recital performance, on November 17, 1991, where 275 inner-city kids that were guests of Fannie Mae's company attended the event; the children also made their own American Tail storybook and posed with a costume version of Fievel for pictures. Notable adult attendees includes Chuck Robb, Lynda Bird Johnson Robb, Al Gore, Marvin Bush, Margaret Bush, Fred Grandy, Elliot Richardson, and Robert Haft.

Both Fievel Goes West and Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991) began their United States theater runs on November 22, 1991; this was the third instance of two animated films being released on the same day, after The Land Before Time and Oliver & Company in 1988, and The Little Mermaid and All Dogs Go to Heaven in 1989. Boston Herald noted the clash as "a testimony to the revival of interest in feature-length animation". Along with competing with an unusual number of family films with middling budgets such as The Addams Family, Curly Sue, My Girl, and Spielberg's Hook, both Beauty and the Beast and Fievel Goes West were promoted with, as of the films' release date, the most expensive set of film tie-ins ever.

40 brands licensed with Universal to promote the film, including the non-profit Reading Is Fundamental, which used the character of Fievel as a mascot for Reading Buddies kits; and Pizza Hut, which used characters from the film on designs their Pizza Packs and soft-drink cups, a decision influenced by their previous tie-in success with the Disney summer film The Rocketeer (1991). Upon the film's release, Universal Studios Tour opened the attraction Mouse Trap, a 2,500-seat interactive version of Fievel Goes West. In the summer of 1992, Universal Studios Florida opened American Tail: Fievel's Playland, a playground featuring set recreations of An American Tail and Fievel Goes West. Boxtress also released an illustrated book version of the film written by Cathy East Dubowski and Beverly Lazor-Bahr.

Box office
"Maybe we put too much faith in a sequel Fievel's American Tails when our audience had grown out of [An American Tail] six years later."

Amblin Entertainment previously competed with Disney twice: in 1986 when the first American Tail competed with a re-issue of Lady and the Tramp (1955) and in 1988 when it released The Land Before Time around the same time as Oliver & Company. Amblin won both races; Fred Mound, Universal distribution president, said: "We've proven in the past that there's room for two animated features". Tom Pollock, a Universal chairman, also had faith that Fievel Goes West would perform well. Spielberg and Disney's Dick Cook suggested both films would be hits, although Spielberg predicted Beauty and the Beast to make more profits due to having more of an adult appeal than Fievel Goes West. Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg stated in regards to the competition: "We've competed with Amblin before and learned that there's enough room for both. These movies aren't mutually exclusive. There's a big market out there. The success of one doesn't depend on the failure of the other".

Opening to 1,400 theaters in the United States, Fievel Goes West has, as of November 2019, the 110th widest G-rated release of all time and the 96th widest G-rated film opening in the United States. It also has the 124th all-time biggest opening weekend for a G-rated film, opening in fourth place with $3,435,625; and has 60th smallest weekend drop for a film in 600-plus theaters thanks to its second week grossing $3,782,080. However, it also holds the record of the 119th post-thanksgiving weekend drops. Fievel Goes West eventually made just over $22 million domestically, and $18 million overseas, for a total of $40,766,041, making it the 60th highest-grossing film of 1991 in the United States and the 37th highest grosser of the year worldwide. As of December 2019, it is the 141st highest domestic-grossing G-rated film of all time and 123rd worldwide. By contrast, the original film made $47.4 million in the U.S. in 1986, a record at the time for a non-Disney animated one, and a further $36 million overseas, for a total of $84 million.

According to The Washington Post, Fievel Goes West tied with For the Boys (1991) for "the dubious if unofficial distinction of the fastest failure of a big-budget holiday movie". Some journalists and film executives attributed the film's weak box office to the intense competition it faced with Beauty and the Beast. However, it wasn't competing with the Disney production in Canada, and it failed there too according to a Universal executive, who also blamed Spielberg's lack of involvement in the marketing due to being too busy on Hook. Another official of the company explained that he had little faith in the project, describing it as "charmless" and its animation "pedestrian". Other writers blamed it on the content. Dennis Hunt suggested that "the complex story line and the scary villains didn't quite click with the kiddies", and Bernard Weinraub wrote that "even children were not especially interested in an old-fashioned animated movie". Steven Hulett of the union Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists opined that the low performances of both Fievel Goes West and We're Back!: A Dinosaur Story (1993) resulted from the poor quality of their stories, "and animation is a story-driven art form". He attributed this to Spielberg's busy schedule, meaning he didn't have enough time to focus on animation.

Critical response
An American Tail: Fievel Goes West holds a 60% critical percentage on Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews. Peter M. Nichols wrote Fievel Goes West "was panned on the ground that it was not so innovative as other new animated films, notably Beauty and the Beast from Disney, the leader in animation". Multiple reviewers lambasted Fievel Goes West ' s lack of a cohesive story   and extremely fast pace. As critics summarized, the film "has constant activity but minimal objectives"; "has little narrative drive or emotional resonance", its climax feeling "perfunctory and tacked on"; and has "so many subplots and digressions" that "they simply failed to develop the central narrative". Some reviewers were also uncomforted by the Indian mice tribe as being racially insensitive. Empire opined that, despite its enjoyable comedic relief characters and "fantastic chase scenes", Fievel Goes West suffered from being "fairly predictable". One reviewer in contrast appreciated the bits of "sophisticated humor" and Holocaust undertones in the script, and another highlighted its gag, such as the scene of Tiger being taken captive by the Indian mice. Some critics called the songs weaker and not as memorable as those of the first film,     although the Blues Brothers' version of the song "Rawhide" was spotlighted by some writers   and "The Girl You Left Behind" by a People magazine review.

Time Out London published an ecstatic review of Fievel Goes West: "Miles better than the overrated American Tail, this laugh-packed sequel boasts all the classic elements so often missing from modern cartoon features: a straightforward zip-zang-boom storyline, clearly etched characters with instantly identifiable flaws, tip-top voice-overs by well-chosen celebrities, and oodles of elasticated slapstick". The Orlando Sentinel wrote that the main plot is "left underdeveloped" amid "numerous subplots". Unlike other critics, Cortney Thekan appreciated the huge amount of subplots: "I mean, we all know the attention span of a 4-year-old. Full-length cartoons need the subplots to hold children's attention". The Washington Post praised it for being "quick, vivid and a real hoot to viewers of any age", but also noted its wonky setup, saying that "the family is tricked into a cross-country quest by a fast-talking fake mouse [...] Not only are the marionette's strings fully visible during Cat R. Waul's spiel, but the cat can be seen through a sewer grate. Stupid mice!" Halliwell's Film Guide labeled Fievel Goes West as an "enjoyable and high-spirited animated film that borrows plot and attitudes from classic Westerns". Roger Ebert gave it two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote: "There is nothing really the matter with An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, except that it is not inspired with an extra spark of imagination in addition to its competent entertainment qualities".

Most critics found the animation high-quality in general. The Chicago Tribune ' s Clifford Terry applauded the "vivid and rich" animation, particularly the "colorful figures and detailed backgrounds". Solomon highlighted its "tricky point-of-view shots, such as inside a rolling tumbleweed", and the changes to most of the character designs; while Brenna Kield of the Sun-Sentinel highlighted the realism in the scenery and character movements. Roger Hurlburt called its animation "bright and sassy, "colorful backdrops" and "eye-filling uses of exciting angles". The animation wasn't completely devoid of noted perks in reviews. Solomon criticized the little amount of "nuances of thought and emotion" in the characters; The New York Times summarized the movie's take on the West as "surprisingly dull"; Kield felt that some scenes, especially those that take place in the West, could've been a bit lighter; and The Austin Chronicle opined that "the foregrounds are expressive but the backgrounds are bland and uninspired". The Radio Times enjoyed the animation the least, as "the animation could easily have been done in the 1940s, such is its flat traditionalism". While Terry found most of the characters unmemorable, he and other reviewers praised the presence of Wylie Burp.  While most reviews applauded the voice cast,       a Hartford Courant review was more divided towards it, appreciating Irving and Stewart's performances but finding DeLuise and his character irritating and Cleese "wasted" on the film. Empire also named Waul "one of the least dastardly animated villains ever, even with the slithering vocal talents of John Cleese".

Entertainment Weekly named it one of the best children's films of 1991 alongside Beauty and the Beast and Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken (1991); and The Seattle Times honored it as one of 1991's "Best arguments for sequels" alongside Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey, and The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear. In a 1993 newspaper feature about portrayals of females in animated films, journalist Ann Doss Helms disliked how most animated women had no other characters of the same gender to motivate or guide them; the writer criticized how little attention Tanya's parents gave to her aspirations, but praised the advice Miss Kitty gave to Tanya, suggesting "there's hope that things are changing".

Later years
In the late 2010s, An American Tail: Fievel Goes West was recognized on publication lists of best Netflix-available westerns, ranking in the top ten of lists by Paste and The Daily Dot. It was also number 24 on GameSpot ' s "25 Best '90s Movies On Netflix", appeared on Wonderwall ' s list of best animated sequels, and landed on a Cosmopolitan list of "50 Movies You Definitely Watched in the '90s and Forgot About". Including it on a list of "19 Classic Movies That Prove 1991 Was Truly The Best Year For Film", Bustle described the film as "a fun, action-adventure comedy that gave Fievel's sister Tanya some much-needed screen time". Both Fievel Goes West and the first American Tail were tied for the number-five spot of a list of best non-Disney films from My Web Times: "Political and historical, these feature some fab songs and fun voice-over work from the likes of Jimmy Stewart (in his last role), John Cleese, Madeline Kahn and Dom DeLuise". In her book Steven Spielberg: A Life in Films (Jewish Lives), Molly Haskell wrote that both An American Tail and its sequel Fievel Goes West were oddly more "personal" for Spielberg than Schindler's List (1993), "the film that certified the director's rebirth as a Jew, and his much-vaunted evolution into a newfound 'maturity'".

In a 2017 /Film feature about Amblimation, Dalin Rowell highlighted the "cinematic" scale of its animation and opined that it "should be remembered for its creativity and willingness to be a bit more bold and daring than its predecessor". A 2016 review from Greg Jameson of Entertainment Focus opined it "has less universal appeal than the original, because the themes aren't as rooted in human experience so it packs less of an emotional punch", but he nonetheless called it a fun film and praised its animation and voice acting.

Home media
An American Tail: Fievel Goes West received its first VHS and cassette release on March 19, 1992. Nichols and Tower Video's John Thrasher predicted it would do well in sales due to a lack of competition. According to Nichols, three million copies were rumored to be circulated, although MCA/Universal was willing to reveal the real number. Upon its 1992 VHS release, Fievel Goes West held the record for shortest theater-to-home-video transfer, previously held in a tie by Batman (1989) and Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991). The video for Fievel Goes West topped the video charts the week it was issued, and even when it was dethroned by a reissue of One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), it remained at the number-two spot of the Top Kid Video chart for several weeks. On April 10, 1992, the U.S. Postal Service began selling envelopes with 29-cent Western-Americana-themed stamps designed by Harry Zelenko to promote the home video of Fievel Goes West; 19 of them were reissued on May 1 using recycled paper. The release was pulled from the shelves in January 1993.

Beginning on November 18, 1994, McDonald's, in a deal with MCA/Universal, offered customers a $2.50 rebate on a video purchase of Jurassic Park (1993) if they purchased from McDonald's one of the following tapes for six dollars: Fievel Goes West, The Land Before Time (1988), Back to the Future (1985), and Field of Dreams (1989). Fievel Goes West garnered its first American television airing on April 13, 1997, via a Disney Channel "Tune In to Kids and Family Week" promotion of another TV debut, Pocahontas (1995). On August 11, 1998, as part of Universal Family Features's highly-family-demanded $15-million campaign to relaunch the American Tail franchise after a six-year moratorium; digitally-restored versions of An American Tail and Fievel Goes West were released on VHS on a 2-tape release. On the issue of October 3, 1998, the set debuted at number 19 on Billboard ' s Top Kid Video chart.

An American Tail: Fievel Goes West was released on Video CD in Hong Kong on July 20, 2001, on DVD in the United States on September 25, 2003, Spain on September 29, 2005, and Denmark on November 15, 2011. In the United Kingdom, it first appeared on December 6, 2006, on DVD as part of a Slim 2 box set that featured the first two American Tail films. Similar two-film DVD collections were released in Spain on June 22, 2009, and the United States on August 22, 2010. The film was part of a DVD collection that included all four movies in the franchise on June 13, 2017. Fievel Goes West was issued to Blu-ray on April 4, 2017, in the United States, July 4 in Canada, and September 25 in the United Kingdom. Unlike the previous home media releases, the film has a sequence edited, like the infamous hidden penis doodle that was briefly seen during Tanya's version of "Dreams to Dream" was removed, thanks to the controversy. On online platforms, the film was released to Amazon Prime on November 11, 2013, Netflix on April 1, 2017, and Movies Anywhere on October 12, 2017.

Comics
Between January and February 1992, Marvel Comics ran a three-issue series based on Fievel Goes West, written by D.G. Chichester with art by George Wildman.

Video games
An LCD game based on the film was created by Tiger Electronics in 1991, and a computer game was created in 1993. A Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game of the same name was released in 1994; it was heavily praised by video game critics for its presentation, although its simple gameplay garnered divided opinions. A Game Boy Advance video game based on the film called An American Tail: Fievel's Gold Rush was released by Conspiracy Entertainment in January 2002 to mixed reviews.

Followups
Two direct-to-video followups were produced after the series: An American Tail: The Treasure of Manhattan Island, released in 1998, and An American Tail: The Mystery of the Night Monster, released in 1999.

Spin-off television series
On September 12, 1992, the TV series Fievel's American Tails premiered on CBS; it is a follow-up of Fievel Goes West and features actors such as Glasser, Cavadini and DeLuise reprising their roles. In 2020, NBCUniversal regained rights to the series and is available on Peacock, over two decades after being abandoned since the release of the DTV films in the late 1990s.

Legacy
Fievel later served as the mascot for Steven Spielberg's Amblimation animation studio, appearing in its production logo. There was also a Fievel-themed playground at Universal Studios Florida, featuring a large water slide and many oversized objects such as books, glasses, cowboy boots, and more. It was the only such playground at any of NBC Universal's theme parks.

The Jimmy Stewart Museum, a museum dedicated to Stewart, has presented Fievel Goes West four times: on September 6, 2015, January 9, 2016, March 11, 2017, and July 8, 2017. On April 28, 2018, Fievel Goes West was screened at the Autry Museum of the American West, a Los Angeles museum of the history of the American West. Comedy television series such as 30 Rock, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, and Rick and Morty have referenced Fievel Goes West.

title: An American Tail: Fievel Goes West


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Federico Sclopis

Federico Sclopis di Salerano (10 January 1798 – 8 March 1878) was an Italian statesman and jurist, best remembered for his role in the unification of Italy and his adjudication in the Alabama claims.

Life
Born in Turin, to a noble family, Sclopis graduated in law and became an official in the administration of Prospero Balbo. In 1822 he became magistrate in Savoy and later president of the Court of Cassation.

While still comparatively young he was appointed Attorney-General to the Sardinian Senate, and took part in the compilation of the new codes. An advocate of liberal ideas and reform, he proclaimed the necessity for a constitution, and was himself one of the authors of the Statuto albertino, or Sardinian charter of 1848, which became the constitution of the Kingdom of Italy. The introduction is said to be entirely the work of Sclopis.

Sclopis also wrote the proclamation in which Charles Albert announced to the people of Lombardy and Venetia his war against Austria. He was minister in the first Sardinian constitutional ministry under the presidency of Cesare Balbo, and afterwards president of the senate.

In 1871 he was sent to Geneva as Victor Emmanuel II's representative on the Alabama arbitration, and was appointed president of that tribunal. The last years of his life were mainly occupied with municipal affairs and charitable administration in Turin.

Honours
At the age of thirty Sclopsis was elected member of the Turin Academy of Sciences, of which he became life president in 1864. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1876. He was also foreign member of the Institut de France.

On his return from the Geneva arbitration, the King conferred on him the Order of the Annunziata.

Works
Between 1819 and 1878 he published over seventy works on history, jurisprudence, politics and literature, in Italian, Latin, and French. His most important work is his Storia della legislazione Italiana dalle origini fino al 1847 (Turin, 1840), issued as a sequel to his Storia dell' antica legislazione del Piemonte, published in 1833.

Among his other writings are:
 * Ricerche sui Longobardi in Italia (1827);
 * Delle relazioni politiche fra la dinastia di Savoia e il governo Britannico dal 1240 al 1815 (1853);
 * Rimembranze sul Conte di Cavour (1876); and
 * Considerazioni storiche sulle antiche assemblee rappresentative del Piemonte e della Savoia (1878).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Federico Sclopis


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South Barrule

The South Barrule (Baarool Jiass) is the highest hill in the south of the Isle of Man. It has the remains of a fort on its summit, which is traditionally the home of the Manx god of the sea Mannanan beg mac y Leir. The hill is largely surrounded by conifer plantations. On the south western slope of the hill the Cringle Reservoir was formed to supply water to the southern part of the island. South Barrule's ancient name was Warfield or Wardfell.

A short, straight footpath links the summit with a small saddle known as the Round Table, through which pass the Bayr ny Skeddan walking route, the A27 Colby to Peel road and the A36 Sloc road.

South Barrule is noted for its extensive views from the summit. On clear days, it's possible to make out all four countries of the UK and Ireland at once. Looking south-west lies the Calf of Man, followed by the distant Wicklow Mountains of Ireland. Looking west/north-west, lie the Mourne Mountains and the Glens of Antrim of Northern Ireland. To the north, Snaefell, North Barrule and southern coastline of Scotland are easily visible. To the east, lie the mountains of the Lake District in England. To the south, the northern coastline of Anglesey and more remarkably, on exceptionally clear days, the mountains of Snowdonia and the Great Orme in Wales are all visible.

There is also a North Barrule in the Isle of Man. The word Barrule (Baarool) features in the Manx national anthem, in which the Island is said to be "firm as Barrule".

title: South Barrule


text:
User talk:KKramer~enwiki

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title: User talk:KKramer~enwiki


text:
Talk:Hoare logic

Citation Needed
I would like to know in what articles I can find the reference from which the Conditional Rule and the extended Iteration Rule (for total correctness) have been taken, because they are not in the original article by Hoare.--189.4.49.11 (talk) 22:08, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I added a remark about the missing conditional rule in Hoare's original, but I don't have sources for the rule(s) either. Jochen Burghardt (talk) 19:23, 24 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I found the conditional rule in this article, so i will add it as a source https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-019-00501-3. I think the extended iteration rule may also be mentioned later, but I dont have time to check right now 79.146.32.217 (talk) 23:32, 3 November 2022 (UTC)

Old question
Shouldnt the right hand side of the assignment axiom be {P[x]}?
 * No, P is a formula of FOL in which x may occur. Charles Stewart 17:00, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Unclear
I believe this is unclear:

The intuitive reading of such a triple is: Whenever P holds of the state before the execution of C, then Q will hold afterwards. Note that if C does not terminate, then there is no "after", so Q can be any statement at all. Indeed, one can choose Q to be false to express that C does not terminate.

This is called "partial correctness". If C terminates and at termination Q is true, the expression exhibits "total correctness". Termination would have to be proved separately.

"This" refers to something in the preceeding paragraph and is therefore unclear. Why isn't this much better?

"The intuitive reading of such a triple is: Whenever P holds of the state before the execution of C, then Q will hold afterwards. Note that if C does not terminate, then there is no 'after', so Q can be any statement at all. Indeed, one can choose Q to be false to express that C does not terminate; this is called 'partial correctness'. If C terminates and at termination Q is true, the expression exhibits 'total correctness'. Termination would have to be proved separately."

This put the explaination right in with the thing being explained. Comments? Rangek 16:51, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You have managed to resolve the ambiguity by turning it into nonsense. I've rewritten the paragraph. Leibniz 20:17, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I fail to see how my edit was nonsense, but your rewrite is better anyway. Rangek 20:38, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Assignment Axiom
I am confused on this point:

 * $$\{y = 3\} x := 2 \{y = 3\}$$

is not a true statement, because no precondition can cause y to be 3 after x is set to 2.

Since the precondition states that y is set to 3, and the operation does not change y, then it seems that y should remain equal to 3, meaning that the statement is true.

This means that I have it wrong, or the statement is incorrect. If it's incorrect, then it needs to be changed. If I have it wrong then perhaps it needs to be explained more clearly? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gearon (talk • contribs)

 * The point you are missing is that the first part of the sentence you quoted said that x and y are aliases for the same location, so after executing "x := 2", y will have value 2 as well. -- Four Dog Night 02:58, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Example of Rules Applications
Some of the examples in this article do not match well with the exercises in Hoare logic I was given in University. It is not that they are incorrect per se, but the pedagogical value of them may be questioned. For example, under the section "Sequencing rule" is written:

 * $$ \frac {\{P\}\ S\ \{Q\}\, \ \{Q\}\ T\ \{R\} } {\{P\}\ S;T\ \{R\}} \!$$

For example, consider the following two instances of the assignment axiom:

 * $$\{ x + 1 = 43\} \ y:=x + 1\ \{y =43 \}$$

and

 * $$\{ y = 43\} \ z:=y\ \{z =43 \}$$

By the sequencing rule, one concludes:

 * $$\{ x + 1 = 43\} \ y:=x + 1; z:= y\ \{z =43 \}$$

Which I feel could be better expressed in this more educational and also more practically applicable manner:

 * $$ \frac {\{P\}\ S\ \{Q\}\, \ \{Q\}\ T\ \{R\} } {\{P\}\ S;T\ \{R\}} \!$$

For example, consider the following two instances of the assignment axiom:

 * $$\{ x = 42\} \ y:=x + 1\ \{x = 42 \land y = 43 \}$$

and

 * $$\{ y = 43\} \ z:=y\ \{y = 43 \land z = 43 \}$$

By the sequencing rule, one concludes:

 * $$\{ x = 42\} \ y:=x + 1; z:= y\ \{x = 42 \land y = 43 \land z = 43 \}$$

Heathhunnicutt 18:12, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

how about repeat C until B rules
how about repeat C until B rules

 * Well, that isn't part of Hoare's paper. In fact, program verification texts usually only present one form of a particular construct, such as a while loop.  As another example, the texts usually present an if/else construct, but not a switch/case construct.  The main issue here is that it is very important not to needlessly multiply all the mathematical statements you must refer to from the Hoare logic.  Another way of putting this is that a paper like Hoare's but which covers all the constructs in a popular language would be really long, redundant, and hard to get the gist of.
 * To handle a do C until B write it as do C until not B which is the same as C; while (not B) do C;
 * All the program constructs available in a modern language except throw/catch can be transformed into the programming constructs covered by Hoare. Heathhunnicutt 17:08, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

What's with the fraction business?
Imho, a critical point regarding notation is unclear: Somewhere in the middle, the article starts writing a bar with something above it and something below. Although the source code uses "\frac{}", I seriously doubt that those are proper fractions. It must mean something like "if numerator then denominator", "numerator implies denominator", but that's a guess. Explaining it should only take a sentence or two, but it's important to do that since I can't seem to find that notation in Hoare's original paper (see References section) or any other WP page in the category. Thanks in advance. --193.99.145.162 17:57, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I was coming here to say exactly the same thing. The notation should be explained. I'll put an appropriate tag on the article - just got to work out which one. --Tango 23:47, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I added an "expand section" template. StormWillLaugh (talk) 20:46, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I tried to give an explanation in the footnote in the Hoare logic section. However, the <math>...</math> parts do not render very well in the footnote popup box in my browser. If somebody has an idea how to replace "\frac{}{}" by wiki markup without <math>, please let me know. When the footnote is eventually considered a sufficient explanation, the "expand section" template should be removed. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 15:40, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Today, I replaced "\frac{}{}" by the "sfrac" template, and any other <math> stuff by unicode (hope I didn't introduce too much new typos). I also removed the "expand section" template. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 11:04, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

free occurences
Correct me if I am wrong, but aren't only the free occurences of the variables in the statement, should be replaced during the partical correctnees? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.179.134.208 (talk) 18:34, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * When trying to improve the article along the issues from this talk page, I found that I don't understand your question: Which "statement" do you mean? What do you sugggest to "be replaced"? What does "during ... correctness" mean? Jochen Burghardt (talk) 19:32, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Completeness
A sentence or two on completenes would be appreciated. Does every correct Hoare triple have a derivation in Hoare Logic? How about function calls, gotos, mallocs, and the like? (Without mallocs, the language is not Turing complete, unless perhaps we assume that the variables range over an infinite domain.) 129.27.152.212 (talk) 08:36, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, let's not get ahead of ourselves there. Even with mallocs, C is not turing complete because no real program can use a truly unlimited amount of storage.  --Doradus (talk) 15:41, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree to Doradus' remark on Turing completeness. However, the question of completeness of Hoare's calculus remains. As far as I know, this issue wasn't relevant in Hoare's original publication, as he axiomatically (cf. its title) defined the semantics of his toy programming language by his calculus. But when the Hoare calculus is applied to other languages, like C, someone has to prove that the Hoare calculus is consistent with the language semantics (as defined e.g. by Kernighan+Ritchie). Jochen Burghardt (talk) 17:51, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Termination
It's not clear from our description of the "While rule for total correctness" why t couldn't just keep decreasing forever, thereby ruining the termination proof. Can someone provide an explanation? --Doradus (talk) 15:28, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

 * @Doradus I just asked this question at SO today. The jargon below the while-rule is hard to swallow, so I ignored it. Jameshfisher (talk) 18:33, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I added some explanations about that in the article. (Hope they are of any help.) Jochen Burghardt (talk) 19:11, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Inverted?
Everything seems inverted in this article,
 * this article: {P}Q{R}
 * Hoare's article: P{Q}R

And
 * this article: {P[E/x]}x:=E{P}

doesn't look logical to me, shouldn't it be:
 * maybe correct?: P{x:=E}P[E/x]

Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 07:32, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Here is Hoare's article for anyone to read. See pages 577-579! Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 19:47, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

I agree. Going to start changing. DuckMaestro (talk) 00:39, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I added a footnote to mention the inversion of "{P}Q{R}" in the original. The assignment rule "{P[E/x]}x:=E{P}" is correct, but "P{x:=E}P[E/x]" is wrong; as is now explained in the article with an example. Jochen Burghardt (talk) 19:20, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Incorrectnes in the Termination Rule
If < is well ordering of D and S transfers machine from a state satisfyng P and B and t is in D and t=z into state satisfyng P and t is in D and t<z, then while B do S transfers machine from a state satysfing P and (B implies t is in D) into state satisfyng P and not B. The concluding triple is incorrect about conditions of a machine state before the loop. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.200.65.82 (talk) 20:51, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Do you have a reference we can cite? - I guess you are right, anyway. In particular, if D is the set of nonnegative integers, and t is an  expression, to prove termination we need to know at the start of every loop cycle that t didn't get negative, i.e. that it is still in D. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 19:04, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

Let - D={1,2},

- < is usual order on integers,

- P is truth,

- t=x,

- B is "x>1",

- S is "if x<3 then x=x-1"

then 1. < is well ordering on the set D,

2. P and B and (t in D) and t=z simultaneously holds if and only if x=z=2. In this case, after executing S holds x=1 and z=2 ant it implies that P and (t in D) and t<z. Also, S is executed in the finite time.

3. If x=3 then P holds, but "while B do S done" never terminates.

 * I eventually found a reference: ; Sect.3.4, p.64: $1⁄P ∧ B ⇒ 0≤t,            [P ∧ B ∧ t=z] S [P ∧ t<z]$ when z is an integer ghost variable that doesn't occur free in P, B, S, or t, and t is an integer expression. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 14:51, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Replacement of free variables
I've never studied Hoare Logic, so I'm posting here to ensure that I'm correct before making the edit.

In the section about "Assignment axiom schema", in the paragraph beginning "While a given postcondition P uniquely determines the precondition...", I'm confused about why the examples listed are valid. Earlier, the description of replacement process is that "x := E" leads to "each free occurrence of x has been replaced by the expression E", but in this case, y * y is the expression, but y * y is being replaced with x.

However, if the precondition were

{ 0 ≤ x ∧ x ≤ 9 }

and the command

x := y * y

then there would only be one valid postcondition, since every instance of the free variable has to be replaced

{ 0 ≤ y * y ∧ y * y ≤ 9 }

 * You should observe that the version with the replacements done is the precondition, while the unreplaced version is the postcondition. So the converse of your above statement holds: if the postcondition were { 0 ≤ x ∧ x ≤ 9 } and the command x := y * y then there would only be one valid precondition, since every(I agree) instance of the free variable has to be replaced. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 21:51, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hoare logic


text:
Slipstream 5000

Slipstream 5000 is a 3D airplane combat/racing video game developed by The Software Refinery and published by Gremlin Interactive for IBM PC compatible computers in July 1995.

Release
The game is compatible with DOS as well as Windows 95 and Windows 98 via their native DOS support. Later versions of Windows based on the NT kernel have issues with running the game, but it can be run successfully via DOSBox. It was also distributed free with Classic Logitech Wingman Extreme Joysticks during the 1990s. GOG.com released an emulated version for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X in 2011.

Slipstream was an unreleased conversion of Slipstream 5000 which in 1996 was being prepared for the Sony PlayStation platform's Japanese market (it was supposed to be later completely reshaped for its European release). Little was publicised about this title, besides its "urban manga" look as the ships were being designed by the Japanese manga artists. It was also in development for the Sega Saturn.

Reception
Although sales were not very high due to stiff competition from consoles, the game was generally well received, having 3D graphics and gameplay advanced for its time. While it was soon superseded by console games with superior graphics, Slipstream 5000 was later described as having been years ahead of its competition. PC Gamer magazine US rated it at 89%.

Next Generation gave the PC version of the game three stars out of five.

title: Slipstream 5000


text:
Eric Griffiths

Eric Ronald Griffiths (31 October 1940 – 29 January 2005) was a British musician and dry cleaner, he was best known as the guitarist in the original lineup of the Quarrymen until he left the group in the summer of 1958.

Early life
Born in Denbigh, North Wales, to Liverpudlian parents, Eric's mother returned to Liverpool in 1945 to live with her parents after her husband's death as an RAF pilot in World War II. In 1950, the family moved to Halewood Drive, Woolton and at the age of 11 Griffiths won a scholarship to Quarry Bank High School where he met John Lennon, Pete Shotton and Rod Davis.

The Quarrymen
The four boys were in the same House at school and shared an interest in American music; particularly skiffle. Lennon and Griffiths attended some guitar lessons, but found it too slow to learn and dropped the lessons when Lennon's mother taught them to play easier banjo chords. The two boys would play truant to practice in the Griffiths home whilst his mother was at work. Griffiths also befriended a novice drummer, Colin Hanton, with whom he would also practice. When Lennon formed the Quarry Men with Shotton and Davis, Griffiths was invited to add his rudimentary skills because he had a new guitar.

Griffiths left school in the summer of 1957 with GCE passes in English, Mathematics and History and became an engineering apprentice whilst continuing to play as lead guitarist in the band. When Paul McCartney joined the Quarry Men he aspired to be lead guitarist but his ineptitude at his one public attempt stymied that. The other band members decided that neither McCartney nor Griffiths were suitable lead guitarists, so when George Harrison joined the band they suggested that Griffiths buy an electric bass and an amplifier, but he could not afford this. Griffiths was not invited to McCartney's house for the next rehearsal and when he coincidentally phoned them during the practice session, drummer Colin Hanton had to let him know he was no longer in the band.

Non-musical career
Griffiths decided to abandon engineering too and he joined the Merchant Navy as a cadet navigating officer. He continued to meet his old friends from the band when he was on leave but he lost contact with Lennon and McCartney after they first recorded with EMI.

Griffiths left the navy in 1964 and married Relda at Woolton Parish Church. He spent the next thirty years working in the prison service modernising prisoners' working practices. In 1972, he left the English Prison Service to join the Scottish Prison Service and he moved to Edinburgh with his wife and three sons. In 1994, he left the Prison Service to concentrate on running the family business, a chain of dry cleaners.

Quarrymen reunion
In January 1997, Griffiths returned to Liverpool to meet some of his former band members at the Cavern Club's 40th anniversary. All the surviving original Quarry Men were present and during the evening they gave an impromptu performance with borrowed instruments on the stage. When the band were persuaded to reform for a charity gig in Woolton in July 1997, Griffiths had to buy a guitar and re-learn a few chords.

The reunion was a huge success and generated demand for a CD. Griffiths decided that the reformed band should record an album and John Lennon’s Original Quarrymen—Get back Together was released in September 1997. Griffiths then toured widely with the Quarrymen until his last performance at the SAS Royal Garden Hotel, Trondheim, Norway on 27 November 2004. He had been complaining of back pain and it became so acute that he had a hospital check-up and pancreatic cancer was diagnosed.

Death
He died at his Edinburgh home from pancreatic cancer on 29 January 2005.

title: Eric Griffiths


text:
February 2005 in sports

{| class="infobox" style="width:18em"

Deaths

 * }

Events in sports

28 February 2005 (Monday)

 * NCAA basketball: Temple University announces that head men's basketball coach John Chaney will not coach in the Atlantic 10 Conference's tournament. This decision stems from an incident during a game against Saint Joseph's University on 24 February, when Chaney responded to the non-calling of illegal screens by Hawks players by sending in Temple center Nehemiah Ingram to commit hard fouls on Saint Joseph's center John Bryant. (San Diego Union-Tribune) (Youngstown Vindicator) (Temple News)

27 February 2005 (Sunday)

 * Cricket: South Africa (329 for 6) beat Zimbabwe (198 for 7) by 131 runs in the second One Day International, Durban, and now lead the three-match series 2–0. Wisden Cricinfo
 * Cycling: George Hincapie wins Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne by beating Kevin van Impe in a sprint with 2.
 * Football:
 * UEFA Cup round of 32, second leg: Athletic Bilbao 1 – 2 Austria Vienna (UEFA.com)
 * Chelsea defeats Liverpool 3–2 after extra time to win the League Cup at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. Chelsea manager José Mourinho is sent off by the fourth official for taunting Liverpool fans after Liverpool star Steven Gerrard scores an own goal in the 79th minute to level the match. (BBC)
 * Premier League referee Mike Dean is suspended indefinitely after officials learn of his involvement in a betting website. (The Guardian)
 * NASCAR: Greg Biffle wins the Auto Club 500 at the California Speedway from Jimmie Johnson and Kurt Busch, with only 0.525 of a second separating the top three men. (NASCAR.com)
 * Rugby union: In the final match of Round 3 of the Six Nations, held in Dublin, Ireland use a try from captain Brian O'Driscoll and 14 points from Ronan O'Gara to defeat England 19–13. The win keeps Ireland on track for a possible Grand Slam showdown with Wales in Cardiff in three weeks. This also marks the first time since 1987 that England has lost three straight Six Nations matches. (BBC)
 * Curling: In the final match of the 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Manitoba, led by skip Jennifer Jones, defeats Jenn Hanna's Ontario team 8–6 and becomes the Canadian national women's champion. With the win, Jones' rink has earned the right to represent Canada at the world championship, as well as an entry in the Canadian Olympic curling trials. (CBC sports) (Sportsnet)

26 February 2005 (Saturday)

 * Boxing: Miguel Cotto wins over Demarcus Corley by TKO after Corley took a knee on the fifth round to avoid further punishment. Cotto's corner immediately tells Corley that they are at the disposal of giving him a rematch.
 * Cricket: Australia (264 for 5) beat New Zealand (178) by 86 runs in the third One Day International, Auckland, taking an unassailable 3–0 lead in the five-match series. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Cycling: Nick Nuyens (Belgium) wins the Omloop "Het Volk". He finishes 14 seconds before the main group, of which his teammate Tom Boonen wins the sprint before Steven de Jongh and Niko Eeckhout.
 * Rugby union, Six Nations:
 * Scotland fails to score a try against Italy, but six penalties by Chris Paterson provide all the points Scotland need to score its first win of this year's competition, 18–10, in Edinburgh. (BBC)
 * At Stade de France near Paris, France takes a 15–6 halftime lead over Wales, but the Welsh storm back behind two Martyn Williams tries to score a 24–18 win, keeping Wales on course for a possible Grand Slam. (BBC)
 * Curling: 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts: Ontario's Jenn Hanna rink advance to the finals against Manitoba as they defeated British Columbia's Kelly Scott rink 9–7 in the semi-final. (CBC Sports)

25 February 2005 (Friday)

 * Lacrosse:
 * 2005 NLL All Star Game
 * East Division All Star Team 11–10 West Division All Star Team
 * Cricket: South Africa (301 for 7) beat Zimbabwe (136) by 165 runs in the first One Day International, Johannesburg. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Curling: 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts – Defending Scott champion Colleen Jones fails to make it 5 championship wins in a row, as she was ousted by Sandy Comeau's rink from New Brunswick in the morning tie-breaker. Comeau would then play Jenn Hanna's Ontario rink who had beaten Alberta's Cathy King rink in the other morning tie-breaker. Hanna would go on to win the final tie-breaker which determined the last playoff spot. In the evening, the page-playoffs began with Hanna once again winning, defeating Saskatchewan's Stefanie Lawton rink in the 3–4 game for the right to go to the semi-final on Saturday. In the other playoff game, Manitoba's Jennifer Jones rink defeats British Columbia's Kelly Scott rink in the 1–2 game, forcing Scott to play in the semi-final on Saturday and giving Jones a bye to the final on Sunday. (CBC sports)

24 February 2005 (Thursday)

 * Football – UEFA Cup, round of 32: (UEFA.com)
 * Second leg (advancing clubs in bold face):
 * Middlesbrough 2 – 1 Grazer AK
 * Newcastle United 2 – 1 Heerenveen
 * Lille 2 – 0 FC Basel
 * VfB Stuttgart 0 – 2 Parma (after extra time)
 * Feyenoord 1 – 2 Sporting Lisbon
 * AZ Alkmaar 2 – 1 Alemannia
 * Dnipro 0 – 1 Partizan Belgrade
 * Steaua Bucharest 2 – 0 Valencia (after penalty shootout 4–3)
 * Auxerre 3 – 1 Ajax
 * Benfica 1 – 1 CSKA Moscow
 * Real Zaragoza 2 – 1 Fenerbahçe
 * Sevilla 2 – 0 Panathinaikos
 * Schalke 04 0 – 1 Shakhtar Donetsk
 * Sochaux 0 – 1 Olympiacos
 * Villarreal 2 – 0 Dynamo Kyiv
 * First leg (postponed from 16 February):
 * Austria Vienna 0 – 0 Athletic Bilbao
 * Fixtures for knock-out group of 16, to be played on 10 and 16–17 March:
 * Middlesbrough – Sporting
 * Sevilla – Parma
 * Steaua Bucharest – Villarreal
 * Lille – Auxerre
 * Olympiacos – Newcastle
 * Shakhtar – AZ
 * Partizan Belgrade – CSKA Moscow
 * Austria Vienna – Real Zaragoza (tie determined 27 February)
 * Curling – 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts – In the last day of the round robin, Manitoba's Jennifer Jones wins both of her games to finish first at 9–2. She will face British Columbia's Kelly Scott, who finished second at 8–3 in the "1–2" match-up, where the winner gets a bye to the final, and the loser must play in the semi-final. Saskatchewan's Stefanie Lawton finished in third place with a 7–4 record and awaits the winner out of a massive tie for 6–5 which involves Ontario's Jenn Hanna, Alberta's Cathy King, defending champion Colleen Jones and New Brunswick's Sandy Comeau. 3 Tie-breaker games will be played to determine the winner, who will play Lawton in the "3–4" game. (CBC sports)

23 February 2005 (Wednesday)

 * Football: UEFA Champions League knock-out round of 16, first leg:
 * Barcelona 2 – 1 Chelsea (BBC)
 * Werder Bremen 0 – 3 Lyon (BBC)
 * Manchester United 0 – 1 A.C. Milan (BBC)
 * Porto 1 – 1 Inter Milan (BBC)
 * Curling – 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts: On the second last day of the round-robin, Jennifer Jones' Manitoba rink pulls out of her first place tie with Saskatchewan, only needing one win against Alberta as Lawton lost both of hers. Jones has a 7–2 record while Lawton, along with Team Canada's Colleen Jones and British Columbia's Kelly Scott sit in second place at a 6–3 record. The top 4 teams in the tournament make the playoffs. (CBC sports)

22 February 2005 (Tuesday)

 * Cricket: Australia (314 for 6) beat New Zealand (208) by 106 runs in the second One Day International. They lead the five-match series 2–0. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Football: UEFA Champions League knock-out round of 16, first leg:
 * Real Madrid 1 – 0 Juventus (BBC)
 * Liverpool 3 – 1 Bayer Leverkusen (BBC)
 * PSV 1 – 0 AS Monaco (BBC)
 * Bayern Munich 3 – 1 Arsenal (BBC)
 * Curling – Scott Tournament of Hearts: The defending champion Colleen Jones rink defeats the previously undefeated Saskatchewan rink skipped by Stefanie Lawton. Jones also won her other game against Nova Scotia and sits at 4–3, while Saskatchewan drops into a tie with Manitoba's Jennifer Jones at 6–1. Jennifer Jones has been on a roll as well, only losing to British Columbia's Kelly Scott in Draw 6. (CBC sports)

21 February 2005 (Monday)

 * Curling – Scott Tournament of Hearts: Saskatchewan's Stefanie Lawton remains undefeated at 5–0 after beating Newfoundland and Labrador and Prince Edward Island. Defending champions Colleen Jones falls to New Brunswick's Sandy Comeau but defeats Alberta and sits tied in sixth place at 2–3. (CBC sports)

20 February 2005 (Sunday)

 * 2005 NBA All-Star Game: The Eastern Conference All-Stars defeat the Western Conference All-Stars 125–115 in Denver. Philadelphia 76ers guard Allen Iverson is named MVP with 15 points and four steals in the game. (NBA)
 * NASCAR: Jeff Gordon wins the Daytona 500 from Kurt Busch and Dale Earnhardt Jr. (NASCAR)
 * Snooker: Ronnie O'Sullivan beats John Higgins 10 frames to 3 to win his second Masters title. (BBC)
 * Football: FA Cup fifth round:
 * Burnley 0 – 0 Blackburn Rovers (BBC)
 * Newcastle United 1 – 0 Chelsea (BBC)
 * Tottenham Hotspur 1 – 1 Nottingham Forest (BBC)
 * Curling – 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts: Manitoba's Jennifer Jones and Saskatchewan's Stefanie Lawton remain the only teams to be undefeated as Jones won both of her games and Lawton her game. Both teams are 3–0. Defending champions, Team Canada skipped by Colleen Jones continues her rough start by losing to Manitoba in their morning draw but rebounding with a win over Newfoundland and Labrador's Heather Strong. Team Canada sits at 1–2. (CBC Sports)

19 February 2005 (Saturday)

 * Football: FA Cup fifth round:
 * Arsenal 1 – 1 Sheffield United
 * Bolton Wanderers 1 – 0 Fulham
 * Charlton Athletic 1 – 2 Leicester City
 * Everton 0 – 2 Manchester United
 * Southampton 2 – 2 Brentford
 * Cricket: Australia (236 for 7) beat New Zealand (226) by just 10 runs in the first One Day International at Wellington.
 * National Hockey League: Despite 6½ hours of talks between the league and its players union today, the two sides were unable to come to an agreement to end the current lockout. The current season remains canceled, now with no hope of resurrection. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Boxing: Bernard Hopkins makes a successful 20th defense of his middleweight title with a one-sided unanimous decision over Howard Eastman in Los Angeles. Hopkins becomes the first Middleweight champion in boxing history to defend that category's title twenty or more times, and joins Joe Louis and Abe Attell, among few others, in the exclusive group of boxers with 20 or more title defenses in one division. (AP/Yahoo!)(Boxing Central)
 * Curling: The 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Canada's national curling championship for women begins play at Mile One Stadium in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Team Canada's Colleen Jones, the defending champion is upset by Jenn Hanna of team Ontario. Elsewhere, former Scott champion Cathy King of Alberta loses both her games. British Columbia's Kelly Scott and Saskatchewan's Stefanie Lawton both are undefeated at 2–0 while Manitoba's Jennifer Jones, Nova Scotia's Kay Zinck, New Brunswick's Sandy Comeau in addition to Hanna are at 1–0. (CBC sports)

18 February 2005 (Friday)

 * American football: New England Patriots linebacker Tedy Bruschi suffers a stroke.
 * Hockey: Reportedly, the National Hockey League and its players' union, the NHL Players Association, have reached agreement on a deal that would allow a shortened season to be played, despite the league's announced cancellation of the season. Reports, denied by both sides, were that a deal would be signed tomorrow. (AP/Yahoo!) Update: The sides met on 19 February, but talks failed.

17 February 2005 (Thursday)

 * Cricket: Australia (214 for 5) defeat New Zealand (170) by 44 runs in the first ever international Twenty20 cricket match. (BBC)
 * Football
 * UEFA Cup, round of 32, first leg: (UEFA.com)
 * Dynamo Kyiv 0 – 0 Villarreal
 * Grazer AK 2 – 2 Middlesbrough
 * Fenerbahçe 0 – 1 Real Zaragoza
 * FC Basel 0 – 0 Lille
 * Alemannia 0 – 0 AZ
 * Heerenveen 1 – 2 Newcastle United
 * CSKA Moscow 2 – 0 Benfica
 * Olympiacos 1 – 0 Sochaux

16 February 2005 (Wednesday)

 * Football
 * UEFA Cup, round of 32, first leg: (UEFA.com)
 * Partizan Belgrade 2–2 Dnipro
 * Shakhtar Donetsk 1–1 Schalke 04
 * Ajax 1–0 Auxerre
 * Panathinaikos 1–0 Sevilla
 * Parma 0–0 Stuttgart
 * Sporting Lisbon 2–1 Feyenoord
 * Valencia 2–0 Steaua Bucharest
 * Austria Vienna–Athletic Bilbao: postponed, snow. Rescheduled to 24 February; return leg in Bilbao scheduled for 27 February.
 * UEFA has announced that it will send an investigator to Greece to examine match fixing allegations surrounding a December 2004 UEFA Cup tie between Panionios and Dinamo Tbilisi, including possible links to the ongoing match fixing scandal in Germany. (Reuters/Yahoo!)
 * Ice hockey: National Hockey League commissioner Gary Bettman announces the cancellation of the 2004–05 NHL season on account of the ongoing lockout in the first sport in North American history to cancel an entire season due to such a dispute.

15 February 2005 (Tuesday)

 * Cycling: Lance Armstrong announces his intentions to compete for a seventh consecutive win in the upcoming Tour de France, ending speculation as to whether he would race this year or in 2006. (BBC Sport)
 * Football:
 * In the Football for Hope tsunami relief match in Barcelona, a World side captained by Ronaldinho defeats a European side captained by Andriy Shevchenko 6–3. The match, although held in a more than half-empty Nou Camp, raised over US$3 million. (FIFA.com) (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Match fixing scandal in Germany: (AFP/Yahoo!)
 * The German Football Association (DFB) has announced that one of four matches acknowledged to be fixed by Robert Hoyzer, a 22 October 2004 2. Bundesliga fixture between Ahlen and Wacker Burghausen, will be replayed.
 * The DFB also suspended referee Dominik Marks after it was alleged that he received EUR 36,000 for fixing two matches.
 * The police are set to interrogate Hoyzer about a total of 63 matches in which he was involved.
 * April Heinrichs resigns her position as coach of the United States women's national soccer team. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Formula One: Minardi confirmed Austrian Patrick Friesacher as their second driver for the 2005 season, to partner Christijan Albers.

14 February 2005 (Monday)

 * Hare coursing:
 * As the final Waterloo Cup event in England starts in Altcar, four anti-coursing protesters are arrested. The event is expected to attract up to 10,000 spectators over its 3 days. (BBC) (BBC)
 * Ice hockey:
 * After last-minute talks between the National Hockey League and the league's players' union failed to resolve the current labor dispute, the NHL has scheduled a press conference on 16 February, at which it is expected to call off the 2004–05 season. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * The Boston University Terriers defeat the Northeastern Huskies 3–2 in overtime to win the 53rd annual Beanpot hockey tournament. (AP/ESPN)
 * American football: Arizona businessman Reggie Fowler agrees to buy the Minnesota Vikings from Red McCombs for US$625 million, possibly becoming the first African-American owner of an NFL team (subject to NFL approval). However, this is soon overshadowed by a number of public relations gaffes by Fowler and his associates—most notably, padding his résumé with false or misleading information. (CNN/SI)

13 February 2005 (Sunday)

 * American Football: Pro Bowl – In the concluding game of the 2004–2005 NFL season, held in Hawaii, the AFC all-stars beat the NFC by the score of 38–27.
 * Basketball: Karl Malone the Mailman retires.
 * Cricket: South Africa (241 for 7) beat England (240) by 3 wickets in the seventh and final One Day International at Pretoria, winning the ODI series 4–1. (BBC)
 * Rugby union – Six Nations: In the final match of the second round at Twickenham in London, France comes back from a 17–6 halftime deficit to defeat England 18–17. (BBC)

12 February 2005 (Saturday)

 * Football: Disgraced German referee Robert Hoyzer is formally arrested after German prosecutors find evidence that he may have fixed more matches than those he has admitted to manipulating. (Reuters/Yahoo!)
 * Rugby union – Six Nations:
 * In the second round of matches, Wales record their first away win in the Six Nations for nearly four years when they defeat Italy 8–38 in Rome's Stadio Flaminio. (BBC).
 * Meanwhile, despite injuries sustained in last week's match against Italy, Ireland overwhelm Scotland by 13–40 at Edinburgh's Murrayfield. (BBC)
 * College basketball (men): Illinois defeats Wisconsin to go 25–0 for the season. (ESPN)
 * NBA (NBA):
 * Flip Saunders is fired as head coach of the underachieving Minnesota Timberwolves following a 25–26 start, which came in spite of having virtually the same team that they had when they posted the best record in the Western Conference the previous year. ESPN.com
 * Allen Iverson scores a career- and season-high 60 points as the Philadelphia 76ers defeat the Orlando Magic 112–99 in Philadelphia. (NBA)
 * Detroit Pistons 107, Washington Wizards 86 in Auburn Hills, Michigan. (NBA)
 * Milwaukee Bucks 113, Atlanta Hawks 83 in Milwaukee. (NBA)

11 February 2005 (Friday)

 * Football: The German Football Association (DFB) announces it will pay Bundesliga club Hamburger SV €500,000 as direct compensation for its tainted DFB-Pokal loss in August 2004, which was one of several games fixed by disgraced referee Robert Hoyzer. The DFB also announced that a Germany international friendly will be played at Hamburg's AOL Arena in October 2005, with a potential extra profit of €1.5 million to HSV. (AFP/Yahoo!)
 * NBA: Basketball great Karl Malone announces his retirement on Sunday (AP/Yahoo!), while Reggie Miller announces his retirement effective at the end of this season. (AP/Yahoo!)

10 February 2005 (Thursday)

 * Cricket: The sixth One Day International between South Africa and England at Durban is abandoned at the half-way point due to bad weather, handing victory in the series to South Africa with one match left to play. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Football (soccer): Match fixing scandal in Germany
 * Disgraced referee Robert Hoyzer has been suspended by the German Football Association (DFB) for "unsportsmanlike conduct." He faces a formal DFB hearing that could lead to a lifetime ban, and possible criminal prosecution that could result in a prison sentence of up to 10 years. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Police in Austria are launching an investigation into whether a goalkeeper for the Austrian first division club SW Bregenz is involved with the match-fixing ring. Hoyzer has reportedly told German authorities that there was a link between the ring and the Austrian club. (Reuters/Yahoo!)
 * NBA: Indiana Pacers great Reggie Miller will retire at the end of the current season, according to a report on TNT by his older sister Cheryl Miller, a former basketball great in her own right. (AP/Yahoo!)

9 February 2005 (Wednesday)

 * National Basketball Association (NBA):
 * After being down by 18 points at halftime, the Boston Celtics put together a 16–0 run in the fourth quarter to defeat the Los Angeles Clippers 94–89 in Boston. (NBA)
 * Indiana Pacers 94, Charlotte Bobcats 87 in Indianapolis. (NBA)
 * Washington Wizards 95, San Antonio Spurs 87 in Washington, D.C. (NBA)
 * Milwaukee Bucks 110, Toronto Raptors 107 in Toronto. (NBA)
 * Memphis Grizzlies 98, Philadelphia 76ers 95 in Philadelphia. (NBA)
 * Miami Heat 116, New York Knicks 110 OT in New York. (NBA)
 * Los Angeles Lakers 104, New Jersey Nets 103 OT in East Rutherford, New Jersey (NBA)
 * Minnesota Timberwolves 98, Denver Nuggets 92 in Minneapolis. (NBA)
 * Houston Rockets 105, Chicago Bulls 92 in Houston. (NBA)
 * New Orleans Hornets 91, Portland Trail Blazers 80 in Portland. (NBA)
 * Football (soccer): 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying continues in four regions:
 * Asia: Stage 3, Matchday 1 of 6
 * Korea Republic 2–0 Kuwait
 * Japan 2–1 Korea DPR
 * Bahrain 0–0 Iran
 * Uzbekistan 1–1 Saudi Arabia
 * Africa: Morocco 5–1 Kenya
 * Europe
 * Spain 5–0 San Marino
 * Greece 2–1 Denmark
 * Albania 0–2 Ukraine
 * Macedonia FYR 1–1 Andorra
 * CONCACAF: Final Stage, Matchday 1 of 10
 * Costa Rica 1–2 Mexico
 * Trinidad and Tobago 1–2 United States
 * Panama 0–0 Guatemala
 * Cricket: South Africa (311 for 7) beat England (304 for 8) by 7 runs in the closely fought fifth One Day International at East London, taking an unassailable 3–1 lead in the seven-match series. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Doping, cross-country skiing: French skier Vincent Vittoz, currently ranked No. 2 in the XC skiing World Cup season, is cleared of the charges of having taken the banned diuretic furosemide. Part B of the drug test process removed the doubts. (eurosport.com)

8 February 2005 (Tuesday)

 * Snooker: After hearing of a sponsorship deal from HP Foods, makers of brown sauce, whereby the HP logo will be present on the brown ball at all major tournaments, Jimmy White announces he has changed his name by deed poll to 'Jimmy Brown', and will wear brown clothing with a blue bow tie when competing at the upcoming Masters tournament. He has not ruled out either changing his name back after the tournament or keeping his new name.

7 February 2005 (Monday)

 * Sailing: Ellen MacArthur breaks the record for a single-handed non-stop round-the-world voyage, with a time of 71 days, 14 hours, 18 minutes and 33 seconds for the 27,000-mile voyage. (BBC)

6 February 2005 (Sunday)

 * American football: Super Bowl XXXIX: The New England Patriots becomes the first team since the 1997–1998 Denver Broncos to repeat as World Champions in their defeat of the Philadelphia Eagles 24–21 in Jacksonville, Florida. In the process, Deion Branch, the game's most valuable player, gets a Super Bowl-tying record 11 passes for 133 yards. (AP/Yahoo!) (AP/ESPN)
 * Rugby union – Six Nations: In the final game of the opening round of matches, Ireland defeat Italy in Rome 28–17 after a hard-fought match, with Italy scoring a last-minute try. Ireland stars Brian O'Driscoll and Gordon D'Arcy both suffered hamstring injuries and are doubtful for next week's match at Murrayfield against Scotland. (BBC)
 * Cricket:
 * South Africa (291 for 5) beat England (183) by 108 runs in the fourth One Day International at Cape Town, taking a 2–1 lead in the seven-match series. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Australia (239 for 9) beat Pakistan (208) by 21 runs to win the final of the VB Series at Sydney. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Handball: the 2005 World Men's Handball Championship title goes to Spain who defeat Croatia in the final 40:34, while France beat Tunisia by just one goal (26:25) to get the bronze. (AP/Yahoo!) (Eurosport)
 * Cycling: Australia's Graeme Brown wins his fifth stage in the Tour de Langkawi. The winner of the overall ranking is Ryan Cox (South Africa)

5 February 2005 (Saturday)

 * National Football League: Quarterbacks Dan Marino and Steve Young are selected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in their first years of eligibility. They are joined by two early NFL pioneers, quarterback Benny Friedman and Fritz Pollard, the first prominent African-American in the NFL. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Rugby union – Six Nations:
 * In the opener of the competition in Saint-Denis, France, France comes back from a 9–0 deficit early in the second half to defeat Scotland 16–9. (BBC)
 * Meanwhile, Wales beat England 11–9 at the Millennium Stadium to claim their first victory over England at Cardiff since 1993. (BBC)
 * Handball: Semifinals of the 2005 World Men's Handball Championship: Spain defeats the host Tunisia, while France loses to reigning champions Croatia.

4 February 2005 (Friday)

 * Football: The parent company of 115-year-old Servette Football Club from Geneva, Switzerland, is declared bankrupt with debts of over 10 million Swiss francs. The club will be demoted two divisions. (SBS)
 * Cricket:
 * South Africa (270 for 7) beat England (267 for 8) by three wickets in the third One Day International at Port Elizabeth, levelling the one-day series at 1–1. (BBC)
 * Australia (237) beat Pakistan (219 for 9) by 18 runs in the first match of the three-match final of the VB Series. (BBC)
 * Cycling: Ryan Cox (South Africa) wins the eighth stage in the Tour de Langkawi. It is the heaviest stage, with the finish on Genting Highlands. (Eurosport)
 * Rugby league: Leeds Rhinos of the Super League defeat the Canterbury Bulldogs of the NRL 39–32 in a bruising World Club Challenge at Elland Road, Leeds, despite a spirited Canterbury come-back in the second half after being 26–6 down at half-time. (BBC)

3 February 2005 (Thursday)

 * A National Hockey League team owner, requesting anonymity, expects the league to cancel the season after labor negotiations have gone nowhere for weeks. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Basketball: Ashley McElhiney announced that she is staying on as head coach of the ABA Nashville Rhythm. This decision came after the announcement of her firing by the team's co-owner courtside during a game on Saturday. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * National Football League: Legendary running back Emmitt Smith announces his retirement from the sport. Smith racked up 18,355 rushing yards and scored 164 touchdowns during his remarkable career. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Doping, cross-country skiing: French skier Vincent Vittoz, currently ranked No. 2 in the XC skiing World Cup season, submits a positive drug test on the banned diuretic furosemide. Part B of the test process will remove any doubts as to whether the drug was actually taken or not. (AP/Skiracing.com) Update: Vittoz cleared of charges; see 9 February.
 * Football (soccer): UEFA announces that clubs competing in the Champions League and UEFA Cup will have to include four 'homegrown' players in their 25-man squad from 2006. (BBC) UEFA also confirm that they have signed a memorandum of understanding with leading betting exchange Betfair in an effort to curb match fixing. (Soccer365)
 * Formula One: The Jordan team confirmed that Tiago Monteiro and Narain Karthikeyan would drive for them in the 2005 season. (JordanF1.com)

2 February 2005 (Wednesday)

 * National Basketball Association (NBA):
 * Rudy Tomjanovich steps down as head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers, citing health reasons. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Boston Celtics 110, New Jersey Nets 86 in Boston. (NBA)
 * Houston Rockets 118, Philadelphia 76ers 95 in Philadelphia. (NBA)
 * Toronto Raptors 98, Indiana Pacers 97 in Indianapolis. (NBA)
 * Detroit Pistons 99, Atlanta Hawks 84 in Auburn Hills, Michigan. (NBA)
 * Phoenix Suns 108, Minnesota Timberwolves 79 in Minneapolis. (NBA)
 * Dallas Mavericks 90, New Orleans Hornets 82 in New Orleans. (NBA)
 * Portland Trail Blazers 97, Denver Nuggets 92 in Portland. (NBA)
 * Sacramento Kings 111, Golden State Warriors 107 in overtime in Oakland. (NBA)
 * Cricket: South Africa (270 for 8) tie with England (270 for 5) in a dramatic conclusion to the second One Day International at Bloemfontein. (BBC)
 * Football: Prosecutors in Berlin have confirmed that police raided the premises of 19 suspects in the ongoing German match fixing scandal and found information that may implicate as many as 25 people in fixing ten matches in 2004 alone. In addition to disgraced referee and admitted fixer Robert Hoyzer, 14 players and three referees are suspected of involvement. The three Hertha BSC Berlin players previously linked to the scandal have been cleared. (AFP/Yahoo!)

1 February 2005 (Tuesday)

 * Doping: Scientists at the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) have discovered a new designer steroid, called Desoxy-Methyl Testosterone, or DMT, which has the ability to increase strength, muscle bulk and stamina. The steroid appears to be a new generation of tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), but is much more sophisticated than any previously discovered steroid for doping use. (CBC Sports)
 * Football: Ten countries have submitted eight bids to UEFA to host the 2012 European Football Championship finals. They are joint bids from Poland-Ukraine, Croatia-Hungary, and individual bids from Greece, Italy, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. Candidate bids have to submit their dossiers to UEFA by 21 July; a shortlist of three candidacies will be chosen in November, and the successful bid will be chosen in December 2006. The 2008 finals will be held in Austria and Switzerland. (Reuters).
 * Cricket: Pakistan (307 for 8) beat the West Indies (277) by 30 runs to win a place in the final of the VB Series against Australia. (BBC)

title: February 2005 in sports


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Bradda Hill

Bradda Hill (Manx: Cronk Vradda) is a headland some 2 km north of the village of Port Erin on the Isle of Man. It is not to be confused with Bradda Head which is about 2 km to the SW.

The path to the summit from Bradda West is part of the Raad ny Foillan, the Isle of Man Coast long distance footpath. Cliffs drop from the summit down to the sea. It shelters Fleshwick Bay from the west. A gorse fire in October 2003 took two days to control, five days to die, and scarred Bradda Hill and other headlands around Fleshwick.

title: Bradda Hill


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Virginian Railway/archive1

Virginian Railway
This is very detailed, well-illustrated, and extensively referenced. Connects the past to the present well. A potentially very dry topic, the article is organized and written in a way that makes it a captivating story. I have three edits in the history, limited to VERY minor stuff, like removing nearby duplicate links, some dab work, standardized formatting/layout, and removing some puff words like "wonderful". Mostly the work of Vaoverland, who did a lot of work on Battle of Hampton Roads, which was recently a 'Today's Featured Article'. Niteowlneils 16:50, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Some of the images need to be tagged. Once that's done I will support, as the article is quite good.  JYolkowski 00:48, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object - Wow - very nice. However, I was about to support but saw some fairly significant structural issues. While reading the first half of the ==Building the Virginian Railway== section I kept on thinking "why am I reading this - it doesn't seem too connected to the subject." Then I realized that the first half is detailed backstory. In fact it was not until the 8th subsection that I got to ===Virginian Railway born===. But that subsection and the ones following (which are very much so on topic) in  ==Building the Virginian Railway== were less detailed than the first part (which is backstory; important, but not in such detail in this article). To fix this I suggest creating a daughter article (think of a good name), move all the content now in ==Building the Virginian Railway== to it, and leave a good-sized summary of that at Virginian Railway (see Summary style). Also the ==End of steam: decline at servicing points== section only has one paragraph. Either this is an underdeveloped point that needs to be expanded, or pretty much all that needs to be said has been said and the paragraph should be merged into another, larger section. ===The VGN in the 21st century=== seems to be underdeveloped. One sentence paragraphs annoy me so I was tempted to combine some sentences, but realized that each was making a rather distinct point. This tells me that each sentence needs to be expanded a bit to become true paragraphs (each current sentence would make for a good topic sentence for those paragraphs). ===Preservation activity & gatherings=== has similar issues but due to large sentence length, these are not as pressing (but still important). Nice lead section, btw. --mav 06:08, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I will be working on the revisions as suggested. They are fairly major, and to round out the article, we will need some new content, which is available. Perrhaps getting the article off of fac nomination to allow time to work on it is OK. It probably should have gone to WP-PR first, anyway. Vaoverland 23:51, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Jippi Comics

Consensus
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Jippi Comics. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 16:50, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jippi Comics


text:
User:Muppets~enwiki

I will fulfill my obligations later.

title: User:Muppets~enwiki


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Mull Hill

Meayll Hill (Manx: Cronk Meayll; also called The Mull) is a small hill in the exclave of Rushen parish at the southern end of the Isle of Man, just outside the village of Cregneash. It is the site of a chambered cairn called Meayll Circle or Mull Circle. Near the summit of the hill also lie the remains of a World War II Chain Home Low RDF station.

Meayll Hill Stone Circle is a unique archaeological monument. It consists of twelve burial chambers placed in a ring, with six entrance passages each leading into a pair of chambers. Sherds of ornate pottery, charred bones, flint tools and white quartz pebbles have been found in the burial chambers. It was built around 3500 BC; it is a site of legends, with diverse stories about haunting.

The word Meayll means "bald" in Manx Gaelic.

title: Mull Hill


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Percival Molson

Captain Percival Talbot "Percy" Molson, MC (August 14, 1880 – July 5, 1917) was a Canadian star athlete and soldier. After an outstanding sports career with McGill University, Molson joined its administration. Molson died fighting in World War I. In his will, he donated funds for McGill to build its football stadium, named Percival Molson Memorial Stadium in his honour.

Biography
An Anglo-Quebecer, Molson was born in the resort community of Cacouna, Québec, on the St. Lawrence River. He was the son of John Thomas Molson (1837–1910) and Jane (Jennie) Baker Butler (1850–1926). A gifted athlete, at the age of sixteen Percival Molson participated in several sports and as an ice hockey player he was a member of the Montreal Victorias that won the 1897 Stanley Cup championship.

While studying at McGill University, Percival Molson captained the hockey team, starred in track and field competitions, played racquet sports, and made the football team. He was named McGill University's best "all-round athlete" three years in a row, a feat unmatched in the university's history. Throughout competitions in which he participated, he was acclaimed for his sense of fair play and achieved the remarkable distinction of never having been penalized for misconduct in any sport. In track and field he competed in several events including the Long Jump in which he set a world record at the American Athletics Meet in 1900. In 1903, he won the United States Outdoor Track and Field Long Jump championship. After Molson easily beat American Harry Hillman at the 1903 Canadian Championships in the 400 meter race, it was thought he had a chance in that event at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri. However, he finished well back in the field.

After graduation in 1901, Percival Molson was appointed to his University's Board of Governors, the youngest person ever named to that position. While a McGill University Board member he served as the chair of its Finance and Stadium committees. The university authorised construction of a new stadium to be built in Macdonald Park at the corner of University and Pine Avenues. However, with the onset of World War I, matters had to be delayed. Percival Molson along with George McDonald were instrumental in establishing the University Companies at McGill and other Canadian campuses to reinforce Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Over a thousand men joined the Regiment through six University Companies. Many were subsequently commissioned from the ranks and went on to serve as officers in other Canadian and British units.

Captain Molson joined the Patricia's in the field with the 2nd University Company in October 1915. In June 1916, he was badly wounded in the Battle of Mount Sorrel at Sanctuary Wood near Hooge, West Flanders in Belgium. During horrific encounters with the German Army, where members of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions suffered 8,430 casualties, Percival Molson received the Military Cross for his valour. After recovering from his wounds, he returned to the front lines with his Regiment (PPCLI) and on July 5, 1917, at the outskirts of Avion, Pas-de-Calais near Vimy Ridge in France, Captain Percival Molson was killed by a direct hit from a German howitzer. Captain Molson is interred in the Villers Station Cemetery in Villers-au-Bois in Pas-de-Calais.

In Percival Molson's will he left $75,000 to McGill University to help pay most of the costs for the construction of the stadium. Although it was officially dedicated as McGill Graduates' Stadium at an intercollegiate track meet on October 22, 1915, the Board of Governors of the university renamed the facility Percival Molson Memorial Stadium on October 25, 1919, in honour of this fallen hero.

In 1996, Captain Percival Molson was an inaugural inductee to the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame.

title: Percival Molson


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User:Mamizou

Hello! I am Mamizou, Futatsuiwa of Sado

Hi there! o/ Please leave a message on my talk page! Wau~

Some of the articles I work on, on occasion;

Synth chips: DACs:
 * Yamaha YM2612
 * Yamaha YM2608
 * Yamaha YM2203
 * Yamaha YM2610
 * Yamaha YM2151
 * Yamaha YM2164
 * Yamaha YM2414
 * Yamaha YM3012
 * Yamaha YM3014B
 * Yamaha YM3016

Forgive my poor article writing.

I'm also a Touhou Project fan.

title: User:Mamizou


text:
User:Needles

Replace this example text below with information about you:

Hello, my background is in biology, with a main interest in snakes.

I speak English and French. In my off-time, I listen to a lot of music, and I have discovered that Wikipedia is a very good source for information in that department. Hopefully I can help make it even better.

title: User:Needles


text:
Category:Fiber bundles

 * See the article on fiber bundles for information.

title: Category:Fiber bundles


text:
User talk:Needles

talk talk talk talk talk

Welcome!
Hi Needles, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 16:59, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Needles


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Lenox Avenue Gang

The Lenox Avenue Gang was an early 20th-century New York City street gang led by Harry Horowitz; it was considered one of the most violent gangs of the pre-Prohibition era. It was based in Harlem in Upper Manhattan, New York City, around 125th Street, in what was then a predominantly Jewish neighborhood.

History
The Lenox Avenue Gang was started in the early 1900s by Horowitz as an independent group of around twenty members. It consisted mostly of pickpockets and burglars, under Jack Zelig's Eastman Gang. Mainly operating around 125th Street in Harlem, then a predominantly Jewish neighborhood, the gang generally committed muggings and robberies, but Zelig occasionally hired them for murder.

Under Horowitz's leadership, the gang produced many of the top criminals of the early century, including Jacob Seidenschner, Louis Rosenberg, and Francesco Cirofici. Prominent New York police detective Val O'Farrell ranked Cirofici as "one of the toughest men in the world", and police suspected Cirofici of at least six homicides. However, they were unable to charge him due to a lack of evidence. An associate of the gang, Cirofici's girlfriend Dutch Sadie, was known to carry a butcher knife in her clothing, and she assisted Cirofici in several muggings.

While successful in its early years, the gang was brought down after they were hired to murder gambler Herman Rosenthal, a suspected police informant who had complained to the press about police extorting too much of his profits. Horowitz, Seidenshner, Rosenberg, and Cirofici drove to the Metropole Hotel in the early morning of July 16, 1912. After Rosenthal left the hotel about 2 a.m., they shot him several times and fled the scene. The gangsters were seen by dozens of witnesses and were quickly arrested. When questioned, they told police that they were hired by New York Police Department Lieutenant Charles Becker, who had ordered Rosenthal's death after he had informed on Becker.

Gyp the Blood, Jacob Seidenschner, Lefty Louis Rosenberg, and Francesco Cirofici were charged with the murder of Rosenthal. They were each convicted and sentenced to death in the electric chair. They were executed at Sing Sing on April 13, 1914. With the loss of these leaders, the Lenox Avenue Gang disbanded entirely within several months. Becker was also convicted on charges of murder and executed in 1915.

title: Lenox Avenue Gang


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User talk:Mgarlop

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