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TW postcode area

The TW postcode area, also known as the Twickenham postcode area, is a group of twenty postcode districts in south-east England, within thirteen post towns. These cover parts of south-west London and north-west Surrey, plus a very small part of Berkshire.

Mail for this area is sorted at the Jubilee Mail Centre, Hounslow, and the area served includes most of the London Boroughs of Richmond upon Thames and Hounslow, the southernmost part of the London Borough of Hillingdon (including Heathrow Airport) and very small parts of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. In Surrey it covers virtually all of the borough of Spelthorne, the northern part of the borough of Runnymede and very small parts of the borough of Elmbridge, and in Berkshire it covers the village of Wraysbury in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead.

Coverage
The coverage of the postcode districts, naming all localities :

! TW1 ! TW2 ! TW3 ! TW4 ! TW5 ! TW6 ! TW7 ! TW8 ! TW9 ! TW10 ! TW11 ! TW12 ! TW13 ! TW14 ! TW15 ! TW16 ! TW17 ! TW18 ! TW19 ! TW20
 * TWICKENHAM
 * Twickenham, St. Margarets, Strawberry Hill (east)
 * Richmond upon Thames, Hounslow
 * TWICKENHAM
 * Twickenham (west), Whitton, Strawberry Hill (west), Fulwell (north)
 * Richmond upon Thames
 * HOUNSLOW
 * Hounslow, Lampton, Whitton (north)
 * Hounslow, Richmond upon Thames
 * HOUNSLOW
 * Hounslow West, Hounslow Heath, Whitton (west), Cranford (south)
 * Hounslow, Richmond upon Thames
 * HOUNSLOW
 * Heston, Cranford (north), Osterley (west)
 * Hounslow
 * HOUNSLOW
 * Heathrow Airport
 * Hillingdon
 * ISLEWORTH
 * Isleworth, Osterley (east and centre), Whitton (north-east)
 * Hounslow, Richmond upon Thames
 * BRENTFORD
 * Brentford, Kew Bridge, Syon Park, Brentford Ait
 * Hounslow, Richmond upon Thames
 * RICHMOND
 * Richmond, Kew, North Sheen (north)
 * Richmond upon Thames
 * RICHMOND
 * Ham, Petersham, Richmond Hill, North Sheen (south), Richmond Park
 * Richmond upon Thames, Kingston upon Thames
 * TEDDINGTON
 * Teddington, Fulwell (east), Bushy Park
 * Richmond upon Thames
 * HAMPTON
 * Hampton, Hampton Hill, Fulwell (west)
 * Richmond upon Thames
 * FELTHAM
 * Feltham (south of the railway line), Hanworth
 * Hounslow, Richmond upon Thames
 * FELTHAM
 * Feltham (north of the railway line), North Feltham, East Bedfont, Hatton
 * Hounslow, Hillingdon, Spelthorne
 * ASHFORD
 * Ashford
 * Spelthorne, Hounslow
 * SUNBURY-ON-THAMES
 * Sunbury-on-Thames
 * Spelthorne, Elmbridge, Hounslow, Richmond upon Thames
 * SHEPPERTON
 * Shepperton, Upper Halliford, Charlton, Littleton
 * Spelthorne, Elmbridge
 * STAINES-UPON-THAMES
 * Staines-upon-Thames, Egham Hythe, Laleham
 * Spelthorne, Runnymede, Windsor and Maidenhead
 * STAINES-UPON-THAMES
 * Stanwell, Stanwell Moor, Wraysbury, Sunnymeads, Hythe End
 * Spelthorne, Windsor and Maidenhead, Hillingdon
 * EGHAM
 * Egham, Englefield Green, Thorpe
 * Runnymede
 * }

Notes and references

 * Notes

 * References
 * Google Maps

title: TW postcode area


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User talk:Iridius

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
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 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

12:03, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Iridius


text:
Banister Fletcher (junior)

Sir Banister Flight Fletcher (15 February 1866 – 17 August 1953) was an English architect and architectural historian, as was his father, also named Banister Fletcher. They wrote the standard textbook A History of Architecture, which is also often referred to just as Banister Fletcher.

Life

Fletcher was born and died in London, where he trained at King's College and University College. He joined his father's practice in 1884, also studying at the Royal Academy Schools, the Architectural Association, and the École des Beaux-Arts, Paris. He became a partner in 1889, and on his father's death in 1899 took over the practice, which continued to be called Banister Fletcher & Sons. Fletcher worked closely with his younger brother Herbert Phillips Fletcher (1872–1916) as well as his father. Herbert was also a partner in the family firm and they wrote some books together. He was "regarded as a minor figure in the modernist movement" in his early career, and generally preferred to write rather than design.

Banister's work as an architect included:
 * the Gillette factory on the Great West Road, in Brentford, Middlesex
 * The John Roan School (Maze Hill site), Greenwich
 * the Great Hall at King's College School, Wimbledon
 * Abbess Grange, Leckford, Hampshire

In 1908 he qualified as a barrister at the Inner Temple, and undertook arbitrations and advice on property matters.

He was knighted in 1919 and elected president of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1929 (until 1931). Fletcher was surveyor to the Worshipful Company of Carpenters, and became Master in 1936, a position also held by his father.

He married twice, first, in 1914, to Alice Bretherton (d.1932) and again in 1933. He had no children.

A History of Architecture

Banister Fletcher and his father wrote the first edition of A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, published in 1896. This became a standard reference work, with updated editions published throughout the 20th century.

There was a major revision with the 6th edition in 1921, when much of the text was rewritten by Fletcher and his first wife. This was over twenty years after his father's death, and for this edition his father's name was dropped, and the very numerous drawings replaced by new ones by George G. Woodward and others. According to J. Mordaunt Crook this edition concentrated 'on supplying an epitomised history of world architecture' such that 'Fletcher turned a useful handbook into a veritable student's bible.' Fletcher produced the sixteenth edition shortly before his death in 1953.

The 21st edition was published in 2019, edited by Murray Fraser and Catherine Gregg, under the sponsorship of the RIBA. Retitled as Sir Banister Fletcher's Global History of Architecture, it aims to correct the historical western centric imbalance of the content, which has been tackled by earlier editions, but not eradicated. The RIBA claims that the expanded edition, written by 88 experts from around the world, represents the most comprehensive survey of global architecture to date.

The Tree of Architecture

Banister Fletcher's "The Tree of Architecture" is a schematic diagram detailing what Fletcher identified as the "branches" of architectural style beginning with five periods (Peruvian, Egyptian, Greek, Assyrian, and Chinese and Japanese) and culminating in the Modern American style. Initially published as a frontispiece in the first edition of Fletcher's A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur in 1896, the schematic was reproduced in each subsequent edition of the publication. Fletcher suggests a cross-cultural and historical evolution of architectural styles through a series of successive branches, some of which terminate prior to the Modern period including Mexican and Indian, while other lineages can be traced through multiple generations into the final apex of Modern style. Recent scholarship has been critical of Fletcher's hierarchical emphasis on the primacy of Western European architectural traditions.

Legacy

 * In his will, he left a bequest to the Bartlett School of Architecture inaugurating an annual prize, the Sir Banister Fletcher Prize and Medal, in memory of his father, brother and himself.
 * In his will, he left a bequest to the London Society to hold an annual lecture in his name.
 * The Authors' Club, of which Fletcher was president, presents an annual Banister Fletcher Award for the best book on art or architecture.
 * He was an amateur photographer. Examples of his work can be found in the Conway Library of Architecture in the Courtauld Institute Courtauld Institute of Art.

Selected other works

 * Fletcher, Banister, Recent development of early renaissance in England, London : C.W. Sweet, 1894
 * Andrea Palladio (1902), which was not well received by critics.
 * Fletcher, Banister F; Fletcher, H Phillips, Architectural Hygiene; Or, Sanitary Science as Applied to Buildings, London : D. Fourdrinier, 1902
 * Fletcher, Banister; Fletcher, Sir Banister; Fletcher, Herbert Phillips, Arbitrations: a text-book for arbitrators, umpires & all connected with arbitrations, more especially architects, engineers and surveyors in tabulated form, with the chief cases governing the same, and an appendix of forms, statutes, rules, etc., London : B.T. Batsford, 1904
 * Architectural Works (1934) with William Hanneford-Smith

title: Banister Fletcher (junior)


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Natural History Museum, Vienna

The Natural History Museum Vienna (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien) is a large natural history museum located in Vienna, Austria.

The NHM Vienna is one of the largest museums and non-university research institutions in Austria and an important center of excellence for all matters relating to natural sciences. The museum's 39 exhibition rooms cover 8,460 square meters and present more than 100,000 objects. It is home to 30 million objects available to more than 60 scientists and numerous guest researchers who carry out basic research in a wide range of topics related to human sciences, earth sciences, and life sciences.

The Index Herbariorum code assigned to this museum is W and it is used when citing housed herbarium specimens.

History

The earliest collections of the Natural History Museum Vienna date back more than 250 years. It was the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, Maria Theresa’s husband, who in 1750 purchased what was at the time the world's largest collection of natural history objects from the Florentine scholar and scientist Jean de Baillou. This was the first step on the road to creating the Natural History Museum Vienna.

Baillou's collection comprised 30,000 objects, including rare fossils, snails, mussels, and corals, as well as valuable minerals and precious stones.

Emperor Francis, who founded the Schönbrunn zoo in 1752 and the botanical garden in 1753, also organized the first scientific overseas expedition. In 1755 he commissioned Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin to travel to the Caribbean, the Antilles, Venezuela, and Colombia. Jacquin returned from this expedition with many live animals and plants for the zoo and the botanical garden, as well as 67 cases full of other items of interest from the natural world.

After the Emperor's death, Maria Theresa gave the natural science collection to the state and opened it up to the general public. Thus she created the first museum in line with the principles and visions of the Enlightenment.

It was Maria Theresa who brought the mineralogist Ignaz von Born to Vienna. Born, who had developed a new method of extracting precious metals, was tasked with classifying and expanding the collections. To this end he had minerals from many different regions sent to Vienna, where they were added to the collection. Under the leadership of Ignaz von Born the cabinet of natural history quickly developed into a center of practical research.

Expedition to the Brazilian rainforests
To mark the marriage of his daughter Leopoldine to the heir to the Portuguese throne, Dom Pedro, Emperor Francis II sponsored a scientific expedition to her new home country of Brazil in 1817. Two Austrian frigates accompanied the archduchess on her journey to Rio de Janeiro.

Those taking part in the expedition, carried out under the scientific direction of the head of the history collection, included the researchers Johann Mikan and Johann Emmanuel, as well as the taxidermist Johann Natterer and the landscape painter Thomas Ender. The expedition lasted 18 years and aimed to collect all plants, animals, and minerals of scientific interest and bring them back to Vienna.

The Novara sails the globe
The most ambitious Austrian expedition was carried out by the SMS Novara, a frigate which sailed the world between 1857 and 1859. The scientific responsibility for this expedition was shared by the Academy of Sciences and the Geography Society. The man behind the project was Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander in Chief of the Austrian Navy.

Among the advisors was the naturalist and researcher Alexander von Humboldt. Many scientists took part in the two-year journey, including the geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter, ethnologist Karl von Scherzer and zoologist Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld. The entire journey was documented in hundreds of sketches and paintings by the landscape artist Josef Selleny. The scientists returned home with a vast haul of minerals, animals, plants and items of ethnological interest.

The Admiral Tegetthoff travels into the ice
The last significant research expedition of the 19th century was the Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition (1872–1874) led by Julius von Payer and Carl Weyprecht. On August 30, 1873, the participants on board discovered Franz Joseph Land.

With the main ship, the 220-ton Admiral Tegetthoff, at risk of breaking up under the pressure of the ice, the members of the expedition were forced to leave the ship. On May 20, 1874, they began their long retreat to the south, transporting their equipment and provisions on sleds and boats. Despite many sacrifices and great danger, the scientists returned to Vienna with both their invaluable travel journals and observations of the landscape, as well as a number of natural history items of interest welded into metal cases.

Imperial Natural History Museum
The Imperial Natural History Museum or Imperial-Royal Natural History Court Museum of Austria-Hungary was created by (Kaiser) Emperor Franz Joseph I during an extensive reorganization of the museum collections, from 1851 to 1876, and opened to the public on August 10, 1889. Located in Vienna, the Museum was named in German as "K.k. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum" (with "Hofmuseum" translated as "Court Museum").

In the mid-19th century, there was much interest in the natural sciences, and the encouragement of this interest was a concern of the young sovereign, Franz Josef I: The newly built museum was inscribed: "Dem Reiche der Natur und seiner Erforschung —Kaiser FRANZ JOSEF I" ("To the realm of nature and its exploration —Emperor FRANZ JOSEPH I"). The new Imperial-Royal Natural History Court Museum thus documented the benevolent sentiment of the Imperial Household. Excavations for the construction of the new Museum of Nature started in the fall of 1871, and construction was completed more than ten years later.

On April 29, 1876, Emperor Franz Joseph I signed the document certifying the Natural History Court Museum, and Ferdinand von Hochstetter was appointed as the managing director of the museum. Hochstetter proposed a new organization for the museum and its collections. Four departments having far-reaching autonomy were created as successors to the older Cabinets; the Imperial-Royal Mineralogical Court Cabinet was divided in an Imperial-Royal Mineralogical-Petrographical Department and an Imperial-Royal Geologic-Paleontologic Department. The petrologist and meteorite specialist Aristides Brezina became director of the former and was supported by scientific colleagues: Friedrich Berwerth, with Felix Karrer and Rudolf Koechlin providing voluntary unpaid services. Felix Karrer became Secretary of the Wissenschaftlicher Club (Science Club) and founder of the Mineralogy collection of the department. By 1886, Rudolf Köchlin became scientific assistant and, later, maintained an inventory of the collection and even kept a diary.

Hochstetter died on July 18, 1884, and did not live to see the completion of the building for whose founding he had been so actively engaged. His successor as superintendent was Franz Ritter von Hauer, a geologist and paleontologist.

In the presence of the Emperor, the new "K.k. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum" (Imperial-Royal Natural History Court Museum) was inaugurated on August 10, 1889. Initially, it was open to visitors four days per week—free on Thursdays, Saturdays and Sundays, on Tuesdays for an admission price of one florin. The museum building and the collection it contained were popular: from August 13, 1889, to the end of December 1889 the museum counted 175,000 visitors, of which most (134,000) visited the museum during the 19 Sundays over this time span alone.

During 1889, the "Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abteilung" (Department of Mineralogy-Petrography) was under the directorship of Aristides Brezina.

In 1889, the museum purchased the collection of William Earl Hidden from Newark, New Jersey (USA) for a sum of ƒ15,000 with the aid of an advance from the "All-highest Family Fund" of the Imperial Household. This loan had to be repaid in a series of complicated transactions, effected within a timeframe of ten years (i.e. through the sale of mineral doublets, meteorite sections, and precious-metal redemptions). These redemptions also included samples of silver and gold from the former "Ambrasian Collection" of Archduke Ferdinand II, a loss and impairment to the collection.

In the same year of 1889, several items from the former private collection of Crown Prince Rudolf, whose death was reported as suicide, were passed on to the department, although apparently this had been against his will: the Crown Prince had left his natural history collection to Viennese teaching institutions. In accordance with these terms, the geologic and paleontological collection and his mineral collection were to be passed to the "K.k. Hochschule für Bodenkultur" (Imperial-Royal University for Agriculture). Instead, the glass imitations of precious stones and some other mineralogical items were entrusted to the Imperial Natural History Court Museum.

Koechlin became an assistant in 1892 and was promoted to assistant custodian in 1896. In the same year, Friedrich Berwerth was put in charge of the department, taking over from Aristides Brezina, who retired on August 30. Voluntary, unpaid assistance, from 1896 to the end of the monarchy was provided by Felix Karrer, alternately by Anton Pelinka, Hermann Graber, Friedrich Wachter and Karl Hlawatsch. In one last transaction before the collapse of the monarchy, the museum managed to purchase, during the years 1906–1907, the magnificent collection of Staatsrath Freiherr von Braun (totalling more than 2,500 items, doublets not included). There followed the far less important collections of August von Loehr and Rudolf von Görgey, although those were not entirely taken into inventory until after the Second World War, the delay being due to war and subsequent poor economic conditions (the same had happened to the collection of Friedrich Freiherr von Distler, acquired in 1932).

Kommerzialrat Isidor Weinberger was a patron at the start of the 20th century. He was one of the sponsors of mineralogy, and donated the large specimen of amethyst sample from the Serra do Mar in Brazil, weighing about 450 kg. Particularly valuable are the more than 500 meteorite thin sections, formerly owned by Aristides Brezina, custodian and former director, which Weinberger had purchased and later presented to the Museum.

Directors
From 1876, Superintendents:
 * 1876–1884 Ferdinand von Hochstetter(1829–1884): the first superintendent of what was then the Imperial Natural History Museum, after having been, from 1860, professor of mineralogy and geology at the Imperial-Royal Polytechnic Institute in Vienna.
 * 1885–1896 Franz von Hauer: a geologist and paleontologist
 * 1896–1897 no superintendent, but temporary director: Franz Steindachner
 * 1898–1919 Franz Steindachner

From 1919, Chairmen of the Museum Council:
 * 1919–1922 Ludwig Lorenz von Liburnau
 * 1923–1924 Franz Xaver Schaffer

From 1924, First Directors:
 * 1925–1932 Hans Rebel
 * 1933–1938 Hermann Michel
 * 1938–1939 Otto Pesta, Acting Director
 * 1939–1945 Hans Kummerlöwe, "First Director of the Scientific Museums in Vienna"
 * 1945–1951 Hermann Michel
 * 1951–1962 Hans Strouhal
 * 1963–1971 Karl Heinz Rechinger
 * 1972–1978 Friedrich Bachmayer
 * 1979–1987 Oliver Paget
 * 1987–1994 Heinz A. Kollmann

From 1994: Directors General
 * 1994–2009 Bernd Lötsch
 * January 1, 2010 – May 31, 2010 Herbert Kritscher, Acting Director
 * 2010–2020 Christian Köberl, Director General and chief executive officer

From June 2020:
 * Katrin Vohland, Director General and chief executive officer

The building

The Natural History Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts were commissioned by Emperor Franz Joseph I (1830–1916) and designed by the architects Gottfried Semper (1803–1879) and Carl Hasenauer (1833–1894). The two museums have identical exteriors and face each other. They were originally designed to be part of a much larger project – an Imperial Forum – which was never realized in full. Work on the Natural History Museum lasted from 1871 until 1881. On August 10, 1889, Emperor Franz Joseph himself officially opened the museum. Its façade, designed by Gottfried Semper, shows figures and statues representing progress in the field of natural sciences and the power of nature. Below the dome, the imperial dedication in golden letters reads: "To the realm of nature and its exploration".

Architecture
The historicism style of art and architecture was very popular in 19th century Austria.

The Natural History Museum Vienna incorporates stylistic elements from many past periods, in particular the Renaissance. Work began on the building in 1871 and the facade was finished in 1881. It is around 170 meters long and 70 meters wide, comprising two courtyards that are each surrounded by working and exhibition rooms. The roof is crowned with a 65 m dome bearing a huge bronze statue of the Greek sun god Helios, a symbol of the life-giving element without which nature would not exist. The upper and middle levels (mezzanine and first floor) of the intricately decorated facade display allegorical and mythological figures representing key elements of the universe and its discovery and understanding by man. On the balustrade visitors can see sculptures of researchers and scientists who represent the continuing progress of human knowledge. These fundamental ideas are also the basis for the sculptures and paintings in the Dome Hall and the grand staircase; the highlight here is Hans Canon's ceiling fresco, The Circle of Life.

The internal structure of the building is dictated by the systematic organization of the exhibition and the individual departments. The mezzanine covers inanimate nature (Department of Mineralogy, Halls 1–5), sediments and traces of life early in Earth's history (Department of Geology & Paleontology, Halls 6–10), early human history (Department of Prehistory, Halls 11–13) and human development (Department of Anthropology, Halls 14–15). The first floor presents the huge diversity of the animal world (Zoological Departments, Halls 22–39) as well as the fascinating realm of the Earth's smallest organisms ("Microtheater", Hall 21). The exhibits themselves are displayed in a systematic order according to how closely they are related to each other or their chronological position in the history of Planet Earth or human beings.

Ceiling painting
The 100 square-metre ceiling painting above the grand staircase depicts "The Cycle of Life." Hans Canon (1829–1885) had the freedom to choose his subject and painted a dramatic allegory of the rise and decline of humanity. In addition, humankind serving as the central theme of this painting further fulfills Hochstetter’s concept.

The cycle of growing and passing away in human existence is presented in a circular composition. It reflects the idea of the fight for existence, which dominated scientific thought at that time. At the same time the animal world was brought into this cycle as well: on one side "mankind made the Earth its servant" (it catches a catfish with its trident); on the other side, however, nature wins the upper hand (a vulture guards its prey). Nevertheless, mankind stands in the center of these events: a man, wrapped in a red cloth, holds an hourglass (presumably an allusion to Chronos, the god of time).

Exhibition area

In 39 display halls with an area of 8,700 m2 the collections give an overview of the diversity of life on Earth. The order of the halls is based on the classification values of the 19th century: humans as the "apex of creation" were originally presented in a large part of the mezzanine with anthropology, ethnology, and prehistory.

On the first floor the visitor was to be guided from the "most simple" through to the "most consummate evolutionary animals". For this reason, the apes, as representatives of the primates, are found at the end of the tour.

This systematic concept of the collections has been preserved to the present even though today evolution is no longer seen as development toward perfection, but as development toward diversity.

The furnishings of the display halls, with display cases of dark, carved wood, are mostly originals from the opening days of the museum, from the plans of Ferdinand von Hochstetter.

This historical presentation of the collections is almost unique in the world today.

The mezzanine level
The mezzanine is decorated with more than 100 oil paintings, illustrations which complement the objects displayed in the halls. Some halls are additionally decorated with figures.

This interplay between decoration and display objects gives the Natural History Museum Vienna is a unique artistic presentation.

The exhibitions on mezzanine level:

Halls 1–4: Mineralogy & Petrography

Hall 5: Meteorites

Halls 6–10: Paleontology

Halls 11–13: Prehistory Halls 14–15: Anthropology

Halls I–IV: Mineralogy & Petrography
The large public displays in halls I–V show aesthetic and scientifically valuable minerals, ores, gemstones, rocks (including decorative and building stones) as well as meteorites and impactites (including tektites) collected over more than 500 years. All objects are arranged in a systematic way and new objects are added each year. Special temporary exhibitions may be presented as well in individual halls.

The first four halls show the systematic mineral exhibit. Hall I contains large mineral samples (in a glass cabinet in the middle of the room), a collection of building materials (samples) and the first part of the systematic mineral exhibit. Hall II continues with sulphides, halogenides, oxides, hydroxides, nitrates, iodates and carbonates), in Hall III there are carbonates, borates, sulfates, chromates, phosphates, arsenates and vanadates.

Phosphates, arsenates and silicates, gemstones and the rock collection are exhibited in Hall IV. The collection of gems and precious stones can also be found in this hall. This collection is one of the most comprehensive and valuable of its kind to be found on the European continent. One cabinet contains significant specimens of jewelry material, whereby the raw material and the half-finished stones are placed alongside the finished cut and polished stones together with pieces of original jewelry. Two side cabinets contain larger samples of the precious stones collection. The original rhinestone copy of the Florentine Diamond is kept in Hall IV.

Repatriation of ancestral remains
In 2022 the Museum returned the remains of about 64 Māori and Moriori people, collected by Andreas Reischek, to Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington, New Zealand.

title: Natural History Museum, Vienna


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Talk:Natural History Museum, Vienna

Untitled
I have done a rough translation, please check.

The image of the German page is missing: shall be added as the first line.

The article is now the same as the current German verion. --hans 12:08, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Merge
I've merged content from a duplicate article, Natural History Museum, Vienna. The content was authored by 81.144.158.195. --Viriditas | Talk 11:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Move
I moved the article to add (Vienna) to the title as there are other natural history museums in the germanophone world. I think it might be even better to title the article Natural History Museum of Vienna. Eric talk 20:55, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Natural History Museum, Vienna


text:
Talk:Mandinka people

Untitled
Mandinka Hello guys I have taken time as a Mandinka myself who lived in west Africa but now lives in Europe to extensively write on the the cultural understanding of Mandinka people it was kind of spreading some forms of Misinformation and Clarification. it may have not been purporsely done i just hope others who are on here writing about the Mandinka change what I have done since i took my time writing these things as a Mandinka myself. I will continue to write make adjustments and post sources.

Mande?
Is there any overlap between this article and Mandé? --Joy [shallot]   19:14, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. It seems that there could be a serious reworking of the entire set of pages on "Manding" peoples and the larger Mande group, and their languages. It is easy to get confused over the relationship among them. A12n 17:10, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Kunta Kinte ?
There is already an article about him, that states his Mandinka origins Kunta Kinte

Mr.T - a descendant of the Mandinka people?
Didn't Mr.T say in "Be Somebody..or be somebody's fool" that he descended from the Mandinka people, in the scene by the tree in the park where he explains all the children about the importance of roots? Mogura 16:29, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Islam
The bit on Islam seems to have a systematic bias. just my thoughts
 * The use of the word "understand" implies fact - "believe" is more appropriate under a spiritual belief section - as to remain impartial to all other belief systems. Wikipedia should make no direct claims as to the state of correctness of any religion.  Nicholas SL Smith 03:32, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Spiritual beliefs
This section is extremely derogatory of indigenous Mandinka religious beliefs. I'm too busy with school right now to research and re-write it, but maybe someone else has more time. :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Knightrunner (talk • contribs) 16:27, 31 August 2007 (UTC) Knightrunner 16:36, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

I second the above comment. First of all the source is baised from the beginning with the aim of converting the Mandinka to Christianity as it's goal. They assume that all beliefs are inferior to thiers, as if they have a monopoly on the truth of the spiritual world. It's pejorative nature is unmasked in the tone and way they approach Mandinka beliefs. I have lived in the Mandinka villages of Kiang Kayaf, Nyomi- Essau, and Noumi Juffreh, and drawing from those experiences I can say that the Mandinka are a proud people whose dignity should not be derided! The Mandinkas belief are reflected in thier hospitality and kindness they show others. They never hesitate to offer strangers thier food, or even thier own bed. The belief of how the individual and how he relates to society is reflected in the proverb- siinyoo kuu buka siinyoo kaarii (A good neighbor ignores not his neighbor), and also in Ning i daa te moo la hajoo to moo fanaang daa te tara la ila hajoo to! (If you do not have peoples time they also will not have your time) This reflects humanities interdependence, which if you want to survive in a Mandinka culture you must realize that you are not alone -Isaac Christiansen —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.195.193.254 (talk) 00:39, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The Beliefs section does seem to be highly biased - lauding Islam as opposed to simply informing readers of the belief system. I contest the impartially of this section.  It should be corrected or removed.

Nicholas SL Smith 03:36, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It was recently added to this article that over 99% of these people are Islamic. Unless there is some source for this, it will be removed.  Leaving a qualitative statement such as "majority" is much easier to justify without backup. Nicholas SL Smith (talk) 00:37, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Again - 99% is a very specific number - without the support of some source, such a strong claim can not be supported - and will be reverted. Nicholas SL Smith chatter 18:23, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Mandinkas fiercely opposed Islam and they paid that dearly: abb 1/3 of the Mandinkas, who refused Islam where sold into slavery to the Europeans slave-traders on the coast and sent to Americas. Many other Mandinkas who resisted Islamisation in the 19th century, where massacred. Almost all the slaves where in fact opposants to Islam. Very few Muslim Mandinkas arrived in fact as slaves in America because Muslim slave-traders, who had the absolute monopoly of the slave gathering in the African interior, did not sold them co-religionists to Europeans. Nevertheless, some Muslim Mandinkas converts where captured by European slave hunters, in the villages not far from the coast, like the case described by A. Haley in "Roots", but the historians agree that they where less than 2% of the total slaves.

The remaining Mandinkas, most probable the surviving half of the total tribe, accepted Islam. The overall outcome of the forced Islamisation process was a large loss of population, massacres of the best elements of the tribe and bloody religious jihadi cleansing against non-Muslims.

The younger generations are not aware that the people was islamized through force by tribes from the southern fringe of Sahara. More than that, some contemporary Afro-Americans sub-cultures are seeing the Mandinkas as "fierce Muslims". This is true for many Mandinkas in Africa, now, in the 21th century, but is NOT TRUE and very un-just for the poor slaves sold to Americas in horrible conditions !

The section reffering to the History of Mandinkas and the Religion of Mandinkas SHULD definitely be revisited for the memory of the innocent victims of the slave-trade !

 * Who wrote this? Please sign posts --
 * This is not an issue of refuting facts - it is an issue of backing up extreme claims. We only need a source for verification to include this; that shouldn't be hard to find if it is true.  If it is true, but is not backed up by a third party source, it is original research and has no place on Wikipedia.  Nicholas SL Smith chatter 02:07, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Again, the %99 figure seems wrong (as does the inclusion of the screed above -- with spelling corrected -- into the article). Does this include Jola peoples?  Mandinka people in Sierra Leone and southern sections of Cote d'Ivoire?  Why the constant digs ( ia assume by a different editor) at Islam.  All slave traders were Muslim?  Just not true.  See Lovejoy on this.  I'll want to see the text of these cited articles, and will revisit this. I fear much of this article will have to be removed and started over.  T L Miles (talk) 00:21, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Looking more closely the screed above is from user:86.105.123.228, bops around writing nasty things about Islam, mostly dealing with his native Balkans. Unless its well cited and encyclopedic, I'm removing any article sections he writes in articles dealing with West Africa I come across. That said, someone prior overwrote sections in the main article about what great, loyal, kind, etc, etc. Muslim scholars all Mandinka people are.  This article is not about who's religion is better, so leave it out.  T L Miles (talk) 00:29, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I re-removed the 99% figure - it was unsupported by the article cited.  Nicholas SL Smith chatter 18:52, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Population figures.
The quoted figures for populations in various countries are surprisingly precise. If there is a source for these figures, could they please be cited, so that we do not suspect that strange games are being played with the numbers, as they have been with other data relating to Sierra Leone? '' d b f i r s   15:57, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Why I've begun re-writing this article
Well, its a mess. I've re-written the lead, and some of the culture and history, but theres much more to do. Perhaps something could be adapted form the Mende peoples article? It seems to have been taken verbaitum from a evangelical Christian website here http://www.mandinkapeople.com/whoarethemnk.htm. Then someone, seeing that it was dismissive of Mandinka culture (esp. religion), basically wrote in an essay on what good Muslims all Mandinka people are. THEN, some guy from Romainia who has issues with Islam edited it further, as part of a project started at Islam in Africa to convince people African Muslims were responsible for the Atlantic Slave trade. I've removed the last two, and hacked at the first, but that basically means the culture section needs to be re-written from scratch. I'll check back in the next week, and add bits, especially drawn from Boubacar Barry's Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade, as the history of conflicting states in the Senegambian interior is crucial here (roughly 1700-1880s). Much other help is needed. T L Miles (talk) 02:34, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Some guy from Romania who has issues with Islam? No way! I don't have any issues with the religion of Islam and in fact I’m an admirer of the exquisite Islamic civilizations developed inside the Abbasid Caliphate and Al-Andalus. But I have indeed problems with Islamist, Fascist and Communist propaganda, and this article was full of Islamist propaganda and lies. It described the Mandinkas as exclusivist and bigot Muslims, and this is not the case. The article obliterated the plight of the Mandinkas as slaves and the population loss during the Islamisation.

I'm not trying to convince people that African Muslims were responsible for the Atlantic Slave Trade. Quite the opposite! Please read again and do not twist my words. As I wrote, African Muslims was responsible only for INLAND African Slave Trade. It was in fact a division of tasks: the Muslims did the trade inland and the Europeans did the trade along the Middle Passage (across the Atlantic). There where indeed, very rare occurrences of Europeans who ventured inland to capture or buy slaves. As a rule, the Europeans did purchase the slaves on the ocean shore, by "parleys" (bargains held on special designated rally points for slave-marketing).

I'm aware that in the US is forbidden, because of the "politically correctness", to show the dark side of the Islamic Civilization (The African Slave Trade, the massacres during the Islamisation in different parts of the World, etc.). I understand that now, in the US, you are required to describe Islam only in nice tones and colors, and to hide the crimes committed in the name of Islam. But in some parts of the world people are still free to tell the truth and to write in a scientific and non-biased way.

After all, what is the use of History if instead of learning from it (from bad and from good events of History) we are presenting it in a biased, non-scientific and one-sided documented manner? By the way, I had a lot of experiences on reading "communist festivist and triumphalist history" in my country during the near communist past and I was horrified to see the same manner of "writing" history in a lot of articles of Wikipedia.

These are non anti-Islamic stances, these are historical facts and by revealing them to the people all over the World, it could help everybody (and the Muslim people themselves !) to learn from history and to avoid in the future, the intolerance, the violence, the mass-murders and the bigotry based on religion (irrespective of religion).

If you are intending to re-write the article, please try to do it in a scientific, non-biased manner and do not use propagandistic materials, like Islamist authors. And please, refrain yourself from primitive personal attacks, which by the way, are forbidden by Wikipedia!

For clarification, here is an excellent book from your own country : New York: Macmillan. Mannix, D. and M. Cowley (1966) "Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade"

Have a nice day and a good start for a future better article on Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.105.123.228 (talk) 19:10, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

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Neglected source
The explorer had a lot to say about the Mandinka in his book. Park, Mungo (1816). Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797. London: John Murray. And none of the editors of this page have referred to it.MidlandLinda (talk) 19:57, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Genital mutilation
Yet another Wikipedia article pussyfoots around the disgusting practice of the genital mutilation of children in Africa, presumably for PC reasons. I'm very disappointed but not surprised. --80.176.142.11 (talk) 20:31, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

I agree. The section should be edited and made more encyclopedic. But don't assume so called "pussyfooting". Just edit the article. --Mordekai wiki (talk) 15:54, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Kutiro
A small section could be added on Mandinka drumming and the drums used by the Mandinka- the kutiro, kutirindingo and sabaro. They are peg drums, smaller than sabar, but like sabar they are played with one hand and one stick, usually with three drummers. There are a few good recordings of kutiroo music- one by Mamadou Ly, and also Jelibaa Kuyateh (Gambian Kora star who mixes contemporary and traditional styles) has a kutiro section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.18.195.36 (talk) 06:36, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

This article is seriously confounding MANDINKA/MANDINGO people and MANINKA = MALINKE/MALENKE people.

They are different ethnic groups and they speak different languages.

Yes, the Mandinka/Mandingo are closely related to the Malinke/Malenke, but they are distinct peoples.

The Mandinka/Mandingo are predominantly found in Senegal. The Malinke/Malenke (((with three main ethnolinguistic

groups speaking three different dialects: Western Malinke, Kita Malinke, and Eastern Malinke))) are found more in

far eastern Senegal, Mali, and Guinea.

People need to get this stuff straight. There's A LOT of ethnographic, ethnolinguistic, 'pure' linguistic, sociolinguistic,

etc. literature out there.

The Keita clan in Mali do not consider themselves Mandinka/Mandingo. They are MALENKE and they speak MALENKE = MANINKAKAN.

Simply put, people are confusing and merging the MANDINKA and the MANINKA (= Malenke/Malinke).

They are related peoples, and are related to the Bamana (aka Bambara) and Dyula/Jula... but these are all separate

people and they speak different languages, about as similar/close as French, Italian, and Spanish are to each other.

75.175.178.205 (talk) 20:17, 9 August 2010 (UTC) --someone who has been to Senegal, Mali, and the Ivory Coast several times for research

Mandinka people by country
This entire section is a mess. Masses of red links, and it's nothing more than a random collection of names, without rhyme or reason. I don't see how this would be useful to a reader wanting to learn about Mandinka people. This isn't material for an encyclopaedia article. The section should be deleted in its entirety. --MichiHenning (talk) 04:55, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

I have removed all the redlined names and placed them here. Before putting them back, please explain why the person is notable and why it should be listed here despite not having a page of their own on Wikipedia. --MichiHenning (talk) 22:49, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Sidique Janneh, former financial secretary of the PMDC political party and current SLPP vice chairman for the southern province.
 * Harietu Turay, Deputy Sierra Leone National Women's Leader of the SLPP
 * Isata Jabbie Kabbah, Sierra Leonean National Women’s Leader of the SLPP and wife of former Sierra Leone president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah
 * Sheikh Alhaji Fomba Abu Bakarr Swarray, Prominent Sierra Leonean Imam
 * Mohamed Bayoh, current Sierra Leonean ambassador to Nigeria
 * Habib A. Saccoh, U.S GOV-DHS/FEMA: Hydrogeologist/ENV-SPC.
 * Mohammed Ali Sesay, Sierra Leonean Hajj manager
 * Demba Camara, Lengendary lead singer in Bembeya Jazz till 1973
 * Sori Kandia, Guinean musician
 * Sekou Diabate, Bembeya, Legendary (Guitarist) musician
 * King Sao Bosso Kamara, King of Kings, one of the founders of Liberia.
 * Mohamed Salia Dukuly, community activist, former Chairperson of Australia Mandingo Association, borne in Big Geweh Town, Suehn-Mecca District, Bomi County.Hails from Tusu town of Lofa county.
 * Fomba Kanneh, current Liberian Senator from Lofa County.
 * Amara Konneh, current Liberian Minister of Planning and Economic Affairs.
 * Amara M. Kamara, Nonprofit Leader and Project Management Guru
 * Sheik Kafumba Konneh, Liberia Islamic Scholar and Member of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
 * Loseni Dunzo, former Liberia Minister of Public Works and current adviser to the president for infrastructure.
 * Losene Kamara, former Liberia Finance Minister.
 * Molian Jallabah, current Member of Liberian Parliament representing Voinjama and Quardu-Gboni Districts, Lofa County.
 * Musa Bility, Liberia permanent businessman, current president of the Liberia Football Association.
 * Professor Alhaji G.V. Kromah, journalist, lawyer, politician, currently a professor of mass communication at Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law at the University of Liberia.
 * Karmoh Soko Sackor, former associate justice of the supreme court of Liberia.
 * Abdul Karim Kanneh, Liberian businessman.
 * Morris Manjue Kromah, First National Secretary General of the Federation of Liberian Mandingo Associations in the United States of America (FELMAUSA), Founding member of Felmausa, Current President of the Wisconsin Mandingo Association of Milwaukee (WIMAM), Community organizer, Member of the FELMAUSA Medical Mission Trip to Liberia in 2011, health care practitioner and community activist.
 * Sheich Aboubakar Sumaworo, Grand Mufti of Liberia, Grand Imam of Gurley Street Mosque.
 * Sekou W. Konneh Professor, head of the Sociology Department at the University of Liberia.
 * Kabineh Ja'neh, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia.
 * Ibrahima Kaba, Former Minister of Commerce and Transport.
 * Ansumana F. Kromah, former Member of National Election Commission and former government Minister.
 * Ltg. K. Abe Kromah, former Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Of Liberia, former Deputy Director of Police for CID Affairs, and former Deputy Commissioner of the Bureau of Maritine
 * Anthony Kessely. President of the Union of Liberian Association in the AMERICAS ULAA.
 * Foday Mohamed Kabineh Sirleaf I, revered Islamic scholar, teacher and promiment member of the House of Sirleaf, Bopolu Medina, Gbarpolu County, Republic of Liberia.
 * Mohammed Richard Konneh, first elected president of the Federation of Liberian Mandingo Associations in the United States of America.
 * Ousman Obe Bamba, Activist, Founder of Movement for Mandingo Justice (MOMAJ).
 * Manyou Mas Bility, youth activist.
 * Alhaji Sidikie A. Turay, Businessman and former member of The House.
 * Musa MB Kenneh, A Liberian Journalist working with truth fm/Real TV
 * Sekou Kromah, Deputy Minister of Post and Telecommunication.
 * Major General Beyan Konneh Kesselly, former Commanding General of the Liberian Armed Forces.
 * Abass Dolleh, Liberian journalist.
 * Abraham Bernand Waritay, Liberian journalist.
 * Ansu S. Konneh, Liberian journalist.
 * Chief Musa Gboni Kamara, former Member of Liberian Parliament and late Paramount Chief of Quardu Gboni Chiefdom (now Quardu Gboni District)
 * Alhaji Sekou Bility, former Mandingo tribal chief, former Chairman of the National Muslim Council of Liberia (NMCL)
 * Alhaji Ansumana Ayoubah Dukuly, Islamic scholar from Quardu Gboni District, Lofa County.
 * King Varflay Kolleh Kamara, King of Upper Green Coast before the partition of Liberia.
 * Sekou Jabateh Oliseh, footballer, CSKA Moscow, Lone Star.
 * Nuoho S. M. Kenneth, youth advocate.
 * Siaka A. Turay, Prominent Businessman.
 * Lossenie B. Sheriff, Liberian journalist, sociologist and politician.
 * Morris M. Dukuly, former Liberian Presidential Affairs Minister, former Speaker of Liberian Parliament.
 * Ahmed K. Sirleaf II, award-winning international human rights advocate, public international law, crisis management, and conflict resolution professional.
 * Musa S. Turay, Business Entrepreneur
 * Alhajj Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, the First President of The Gambia.
 * Sheriff Saikouba Sisay, Former Governor of The Central Bank of The Gambia & Minister of Finance of the First Republic of The Gambia
 * Alhajj Sir Farimang Mamadi Singateh, the second and last Governor General of The Gambia.
 * Bakary Bunja Dabo, Former vice president and finance minister from 1987-1994.
 * Seni Singhateh, First Dean of the Gambia school for the blind and disabled.
 * Demba Sanyang, Paramount Chief.
 * Lalo Kebba Drammeh, Legendary Kora musician till 1973.
 * Omar Faderah, Bun Jeng, Muslim scholar and preacher.
 * Jali-Kemo Kuyateh, Griot, orator and language expert in Mandinka.
 * Bakary kebbaring kamara, Oral historian,orator and language expart in mandinka.
 * Kang Kaleefa Jaabi, Renowned Muslim scholar and Qur'anic Translator in Mandinka.
 * Wandifeng Jobarteh, Legendary Kora musician and songwriter/composer.
 * Foday Kabbah Dumbuya, Warlord and regional chief.
 * Mama Tamba Jammeh, regional chief.
 * Sanjally Bojang, regional chief.
 * Jaliba Kuyateh, famous Gambian musician.
 * Edward Singateh, former vice president.
 * Hatab Bojang, Gambian Muslim scholar.
 * Ba-Kausu Fofana, Muslim scholar and preacher.
 * Fah Ceesay, Alkalo of Mandinari.
 * Alassane Dramane Ouattara, Current Ivorian President, Former Prime Minister and Former World Bank Executive.
 * Aicha Kone, Ivorian (Lead singer) musician.
 * Douk Saga, Ivorian musician
 * Late Dr. Balla Keita, Former Ivorian Minister of Higher Education and Politician
 * Balla Musa Daffeh, former Senegalese Minister of Science and Industry
 * Lamin Keita, former Senegalese Minister of Youth and Sports
 * Landing Sawaneh, Opposition politician
 * Sheikh Ma Ansu Nying, Grand Marabout and Islamic scholar of Sirimang
 * Abdoulaye Dabo, veteran Journalist
 * Ma Hawa Kouyateh, famous singer
 * Sunjulou Suso, legendary Kora player
 * Alhajj Sidia Jaabi, Muslim scholar in Cassamance.
 * Ansumana Manneh (Nghansu Masing), Warlord and regional chief in Cassamance.
 * Babou Jobarteh, Lengendary Kora musician in Cassamance
 * General Lamizana, President
 * Colonel Saye Zerbo, head of State from 1980 to 1982
 * General Ali Traore, Chief Defence Force
 * General Honoré Traore, Chief Defence Force
 * Colonel Mamadou Traore, Chief of Staff of National Gendarmerie

At an age between four and fourteen,... between three and four weeks. ... during this time, they learn about their adult social responsibilities and rules of behavior.

Connection with capoeira
The following was added by an anonymous editor: "Mandinga -- as this people group is referenced in nearly all Capoeira Lore reaching back to West Africa as the 'Musical Hunters.' "

Considering the use of the word to describe fetishes among people of African origins in Brazil, it seems plausible that this is indeed the same word. Islam did spread among Mandinkas somewhat earlier than among most other West African peoples. The semantic development would have been "Mandinka" > "Muslim" > "incomprehensible Muslim ritual" > "magic" > "ability in capoeira". However, that's still just a guess and it should be sourced; furthermore, this unexpected use of the word in another language certainly does not belong in the lede.--91.148.130.233 (talk) 02:06, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Footballers
Looks like the only people of note that Senegal has ever managed to come up with are footballers. I'm sure that readers who want to learn about the Mandinka will be pleased to find out that, mostly, the Mandinka are footballers, at least in Senegal… MichiHenning (talk) 08:46, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

Population dramatically inconsistent
In the lede, a population of 11 million is given. In the infobox, the total is listed as 35 million. However, adding together the regions (nations) of Mandika nationals, we only get about 20 million.

I do not know the correct numbers, but this is jarring in its divergence. Sure, different sources might vary. But to have more than 3x difference listed in different places "above the fold" is definitely not good. Memories of lost time (talk) 17:46, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

 * I've updated the population estimates to 2018 figures from the The World Factbook (CIA), and the total comes, gratifyingly, to 11,200,827, which is within the parameters of "circa" 11 million. Thanks for pointing out this discrepancy. Carlstak (talk) 04:49, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

Notable people list
I was fixing some links in the NP section when I came across the French footballer below. Nearly got to the point of adding this, when I realised: I have no idea if he is of Mandika descent, even if he does have Senegalese heritage. Also no idea how to find out. Anyway, leaving this here in case I can find out, or some other - smarter - editor does: 49.177.73.238 (talk) 12:39, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

France
Lamine Cissé (born 15 February 2003), French professional footballer for AS Nancy-Lorraine. Born in France of Senegalese descent
 * =====Similarly with this person (for Senegal) that I almost added without knowing if he is Mandinka=====
 * Lamine Moise Cissé, former Senegalese footballer
 * 49.177.73.238 (talk) 13:16, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

Separate music article?
I'm a musician, and was familiar already with the fact that this group is known to have as a significant part of its cultural heritage a rather distinctive musical tradition. This is mentioned in the article, but I wonder also if a separate article could be made, which could get into greater detail about the contours and significance of "Mandingue music"? French wikipedia, for example, has a separate article on this: Musique mandingue Jackie.salzinger (talk) 14:59, 29 September 2023 (UTC) Jackie.salzinger (talk) 14:58, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

the countries which have the madinka ethnicity
sierra leone also has the madinka ethnicity group but it is referred to as "madingo" instead 86.171.168.81 (talk) 23:46, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mandinka people


text:
User talk:Potatojunkie

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Image:Mike Leigh 2008.jpg
Hi did you take this pic?Genisock2 (talk) 19:45, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Hello! Yes, I did indeed. Potatojunkie (talk) 16:48, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Eye for film logo.png
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 21:46, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Potatojunkie


text: User talk:Paullb

title: User talk:Paullb


text:
Talk:Baby Yar

Somebody merge duplicate articles
Somebody should merge it with more developed Babi Yar. But. This article has a correct transliterated name - don't loose it. Best wishes, AlexPU

title: Talk:Baby Yar


text:
Castlevania: The Adventure

Castlevania: The Adventure is a 1989 platform game developed and released by Konami for the Game Boy. It is the first Castlevania title for the system. Castlevania: The Adventure was re-released in color as part of the Konami GB Collection compilations in Japan and Europe. A remake titled Castlevania: The Adventure ReBirth was released as a WiiWare game for the Wii. The original game is included in the Castlevania Anniversary Collection, which was released in 2019.

Gameplay
Set a century after the events of Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse and a century before the events of the original Castlevania, the player controls a descendant of Trevor Belmont and an ancestor of Simon Belmont named Christopher Belmont who goes on a quest to defeat Dracula.

The game consists of four stages, and unlike other Castlevania games, there are no sub-weapons, but hearts are used to restore health. The player has three lives, after losing them the player must restart the level. Weapons can be upgraded, such as the whip into the chain whip and flame whip, but any enemy damage will downgrade an upgraded weapon. At the end of each level, there is a "primary evil" (boss) to confront. The four bosses are: A knight (who later appears as a normal enemy in stage four), a group of "Fleamen/Igors" from previous installments, a gargoyle, and Dracula, who turns into a bat when his humanoid form is defeated. Players can utilize crystals, hearts, and crosses of gold. There is a point counter, and at 10,000 points, a player receives an extra life, and receives one for every 20,000 points after that. Each stage has a time limit in which to complete the level.

Reception
Castlevania: The Adventure received mixed reviews. The game was regarded difficult at times, with long levels and only three lives before playing the second cycle. The graphics were thought to be "competent", the music well-composed with memorable tunes. IGN said it had a basic design, none of the series' staple bosses, and nothing original. Game Informer Tim Turi felt that it was held back by its technical limitations but praised its sound quality.

Time Extension placed The Adventure second last on its list of ranked Castlevania games. It was described that "The gameplay is sluggish, the level design uninspired and the controls painful. Only a decent soundtrack saves this one from the scrapheap."

In June 2006, a ROM hack of the game was created. The hack, titled Quick Fix, resolved many issues and criticisms with the game; Christopher Belmont moves at a much more reasonable speed, the whip does not downgrade when Belmont gets hit (however it still downgrades when he dies), and Belmont's hitbox was also slightly improved to prevent instances where he seemingly lands on a platform, but then "slips" off. The creator states that it was "Made on behalf of those who have played [Castlevania] Adventure and hated it due to certain drawbacks" before going on to mention said drawbacks.

In other media
A series of comic books were released in 2005 by IDW Publishing called Castlevania: The Belmont Legacy, which are based on the game.

title: Castlevania: The Adventure


text:
Ida, Countess von Hahn-Hahn

Countess Ida von Hahn-Hahn (Ida Gräfin von Hahn-Hahn; 22 June 1805 – 12 January 1880) was a German author from a wealthy family who lost their fortune because of her father's eccentric spending. She defied convention by living with Adolf von Bystram unmarried for 21 years. Her writings about the German aristocracy were greatly favored by the general public of her time. Ida von Hahn-Hahn often wrote about the tragedies of the soul and was influenced by the French novelist George Sand. She "was an indefatigable campaigner for the emancipation of women" and her writings include many strong female characters.

Biography
She was born at Tressow, in the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She was the daughter of Count Karl von Hahn (1782 – 21 May 1857 Altona) of the von Hahn family, who was well known for his enthusiasm for stage productions, upon which he squandered a large portion of his fortune. In his old age, he was obliged to support himself by managing a provincial company and died in poverty.

In 1826, Ida married her wealthy cousin Friedrich Wilhelm Adolph Graf von Hahn, which gave her the doubled name. With him she had an extremely unhappy life, and in 1829 her husband's irregularities led to a divorce. She spent the years after her divorce ignoring social norms by traveling and living with Baron Adolf von Bystram. Bystram encouraged her to write about their travels across Europe and the Near East.

In 1847, the author drew upon herself the merciless ridicule of Fanny Lewald, who "attacked her as a self-indulgent aristocrat indifferent to the plight of the poor." After the revolutions of 1848 and the death of Adolf von Bystram in 1849, she embraced the Roman Catholic religion in 1850, after having opened the Bible on some day in 1849 and seeing this passage: "Arise, be enlightened O Jerusalem, for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon there." The countess Ida even visited the Prince Bishop Diepenbrock, of whom she asked whether or not she could be absorbed into the Catholic Church. Hahn-Hahn justified her step in a polemical work entitled Von Babylon nach Jerusalem (1851), which elicited a vigorous reply from Heinrich Abeken, and from several others as well.

In November 1852, she retired into the convent Du Bon Pasteur at Angers, which she however soon left, taking up residence in Mainz as a "layperson in a convent she had co-founded for "fallen" girls." She would die there (at Mainz) in 1880. Hahn-Hahn devoted herself to the reformation of outcasts of her own sex, and wrote several works, among which are: Bilder aus der Geschichte der Kirche (3 vols., 1856–'64); Peregrina (1864); and Eudoxia (1868).

Writings
For many years, her novels were the most popular works of fiction in aristocratic circles; many of her later publications, however, passed unnoticed as mere religious manifestoes. Ulrich and Gräfin Faustine, both published in 1841, mark the culmination of her power; but Sigismund Forster (1843), Cecil (1844), Sibylle (1846) and Maria Regina (1860) also obtained considerable popularity. For several years, the countess continued to produce novels bearing a certain subjective resemblance to those of George Sand, but less hostile to social institutions, and dealing almost exclusively with aristocratic society.

Her collected works, Gesammelte Werke, with an introduction by Otto von Schaching, were published in two series, 45 volumes in all (Regensburg, 1903–1904).

Gräfin Faustine
Gräfin Faustine or Countess Faustine travels to the Orient and ends up in "a cloister to expiate her sins". Countess Faustine is a female Don Joan set in a world of adultery.

Catholic writings
After converting to Roman Catholicism, Hahn-Hahn began writing to encourage conversions to the Catholic Church.

Publications
Countess von Hahn-Hahn's published works as cited by An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers. All publications listed below are in German.

 * (reprinted as )
 * (reprinted as )
 * (reprinted as )
 * Her Protestant works in 21 volumes.
 * (reprinted as )
 * (reprinted as )
 * Her Catholic works in 45 volumes.
 * (reprinted as )
 * (reprinted as )
 * Her Protestant works in 21 volumes.
 * (reprinted as )
 * (reprinted as )
 * Her Catholic works in 45 volumes.
 * (reprinted as )
 * Her Catholic works in 45 volumes.
 * Her Catholic works in 45 volumes.
 * Her Catholic works in 45 volumes.
 * Her Catholic works in 45 volumes.

title: Ida, Countess von Hahn-Hahn


text:
Capella (notation program)

capella is a musical notation program or scorewriter developed by the German company capella-software AG (formerly WHC), running on Microsoft Windows or corresponding emulators in other operating systems, like Wine on Linux and others on Apple Macintosh. Capella requires to be activated after a trial period of 30 days. The publisher writes the name in lower case letters only. The program was initially created by Hartmut Ring, and is now maintained and developed by Bernd Jungmann.

Capella is one of the earliest computer programs for music notation and has a relatively moderate price compared with Finale or Sibelius, though up to version 7 it ran only on Windows. Capella claims to have 300,000 users for the music notation program and 120,000 for the OCR program. Digital sheet music in capella formats is available in various online music libraries, especially in German speaking areas. The German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch has been digitized using capella software.

Originally available only in German, capella is now available in English (US and British), French, Dutch, Finnish, Polish (version 5.3) and Czech (capella 2008).

Features
The current version is Capella Professional 8.0, which includes guitar chord notation ability, and guitar tab writing functions, in addition to the standard music notation tools. A capella start program is offered with several restrictions for a lower price. A free capella reader can display, print and play a capella score.

Data entry is possible via computer keyboard entirely, via mouse or in a combination with a MIDI keyboard. It is intended for multi staff scores like choir music, or orchestral music. Capella is a practically oriented application suited for amateur and professional musicians alike. It includes engraving as well as MIDI import and export.

capella can play back the score (the full score or an arbitrary selection of staves) via the computer's sound card, to MIDI devices or using VST modules. capella's captune module allows to select the output channels and to fine-tune the sounds.

Version 7 brought live voice extraction: one can switch between the view on the full score for the whole orchestra and the view on a selection of the staves of one or a group of instruments. On printing and exporting, only the voices being shown in the current view will be used. Specific instruction of individual voices can be marked as "only visible in extracted voice". Live voice extraction is also available in the free Reader program; in the limited version of the editor Capella start, such live voice extractions are not available for editing.

Version 7.1 introduced Unicode compatibility; UTF-8 is now the standard text encoding format.

Current features
The following modules are advertised for Capella 7 (February 2016):

capella
For the production of large complex music scores. Edit and arrange a score of voices/instruments in any number of pages of any number of staves per line, with multiple voice parts per stave. Playback with MIDI sound, import/export with other music software via MusicXML.

capella start
Cut-down version of capella with up to 4 staves per line, up to 2 voices per stave, and up to 100 bars.

Technicalities
The file format of capella evolved from a proprietary digital encoding (filename extension *.cap) to an open, XML text based format called CapXML with extension *.capx. There are CapXML 1.0 and 2.0 formats. Each *.capx file is a ZIP archive containing the actual XML with filename score.xml. CapXML differs from MusicXML in various aspects, one being that in CapXML the basic node is the chord which can have one or more notes, whereas in MusicXML the notes of a chord are single nodes which have to be put into relation with one another. Capella can import and export MusicXML files.

Documentation of CapXML and the binary CAP file format, as well as of the programming interface is available for download at the Capella website.

Capella provides a programming interface for Python scripts with a set of Python-classes providing the capella object hierarchy. Python scripts can be used as a plug-in to the capella program or run stand-alone, i.e. within a Capella editing session or externally, directly on the file or group of files. CapXML scores can, of course, be directly processed by any XML-aware software.

Capella-programmer Bernd Jungmann used the Python scripting to produce a Braille-interface to Capella for blind users with a refreshable Braille display. Braille printing is possible using the MakeBraille service of the German Central Library for the Blind (DZB - Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Blinde) in Leipzig, which accepts CapXML and MusicXML files as input, and offers its service for private, non-commercial uses only.

Companion products
Companion products to capella provide Music OCR (Capella Scan, which uses the FineReader engine from the Russian company ABBYY to recognize text, including Gothic letters), music recognition out of audio files (Capella Wave Kit), music teaching and training (rondo, audite!), composition aids (tonica fugata, with automatic composition of polyphonic sets, canons, and fugues), and production of accompaniment music files or CDs for karaoke-like uses for amateurs and professionals (Capella Playalong).

Convert scanned sheet music into a capella score for editing. including transposition.
 * capella-scan

Personal trainer for singers and instrumentalists.
 * capella melody trainer

Converts capella, musicXML and MIDI to MP3 format.
 * capella playAlong

Add a three- or four-part harmonisation to a melody, compose a canon fugue on a given melody, analyse the harmonies in a given work.
 * tonica fugata

Add harmonisation in 'pop' style.
 * tonica pop

History
Before capella, there was tonica, a program to analyse musical notation. Since some people used tonica mainly to print musical scores, the idea for a scorewriter was born.

The first version was published in 1992 as a program named "Allegro", running under MS-DOS with its own graphical interface. Since the name was already taken, the name had to be changed - taking the name from the brightest star in the constellation Auriga, Capella. Only the original file name extension ALL was kept for the binary notation file format. The first real capella is version 1.01 dated 15 May 1992. Version 1.5 was the last MS-DOS Version, published in 1993.

The only alternative back then was the much more expensive Finale on Atari ST or Macintosh, or since 1993 Sibelius on Acorn Computers.

Version 2 used Windows 3.1. The file format changed to another proprietary binary format with extension CAP. Many details, including lyrics, were lost in the conversion from ALL to CAP files.

Version 3.0 moved from 16-bit to 32-bit software. The file format changed again, also with some losses in the conversion. This format is internally designated as CAP3. This binary file format was kept, until the XML-based format CapXML 1.0 with extension CAPX was introduced.

In 2004, scripting was introduced.

Capella has always used and uses copy protection; initially by requiring the installation CD to be in the CD reader, today by requiring activation (after a trial period of 30 days).

The company was originally called "whc Musiksoftware", then "whc Musiksoftware GmbH". The name was changed to "capella-software GmbH" in the fall of 2002, changing the legal form from GmbH to AG (Aktiengesellschaft) in March 2011.

Version 8, published in late 2017, is a major rewrite of the program using the Qt, a cross-platform application framework and widget toolkit, which made possible the publication of a version for macOS, i.e. Apple Macintosh. The Reader 8, using the Qt platform, had already been released March 29, 2016, 20 months before the main program.

title: Capella (notation program)


text:
Motograter

Motograter is an American nu metal band formed in Santa Barbara, California in 1995. They are best known for their homemade, namesake instrument, designed with industrial cable and guitar pieces that creates a unique bass sound, and painting themselves in tribal-style body paint for live concerts.

Under the band's original lineup between 1998 and 2001, they released two EPs, Hugh Chardon and Indy. In 2002, Ivan "Ghost" Moody took over from original singer Zak Ward and released their debut studio album Motograter in 2003. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2005, disbanded after playing a one-time reunion show in 2006, and then reformed in 2008 with a new lineup featuring singer Michael "Angel" Woodruff. They released the EP Pre-Release in 2009, and toured until they again disbanded in 2011. In 2013, the band reformed once again and performed at Slipknot's Knotfest the next year. In December 2014, Woodruff left Motograter and was replaced with James Anthony Legion. The band released their sophomore album, Desolation, in 2017.

Formation, Hugh Chardon and Indy (1995–2001)
Motograter was founded in Santa Barbara, California, in 1995 by Robert Bruce "Grater" Butler, the inventor of the motograter instrument, and percussionist Joey "Smur" Krzwonski. In their early years, they experimented with various sounds and instruments. The initial duo was rounded out into a band in late 1998 with the additions of vocalist Zak "The Waz" Ward and main drummer Chris "Crispy" Binns, and released their first EP, Hugh Chardon, in 1999. Late that year, during the recording of their second EP, Indy, they added Eric Gonzales, who handled electronics and samples. In January 2001, Motograter was introduced to Dez Fafara from fellow nu-metal band Coal Chamber and they signed to his newly formed Sever Records.

Motograter, hiatus and breakup (2002–2006)
After a period of inactivity, Motograter was released from Sever Records and later signed on to No Name/Elektra Records in 2002, when guitarist Neil Godfrey introduced label founder Steve Richards to the band. Around that time, Godfrey left the band and was replaced with Matt "Nuke" Nunes.

During the development of their debut album later that year, Zak Ward departed from the band over artistic differences. The band then recruited Ivan "Ghost" Moody and continued work on the album. In early 2003, after the recording was finished and in preparation for their first nationwide tour on a major label, the band welcomed back Zak Ward, handling electronics/samples in addition to backup vocals, while Nuke entered rehab, being replaced with JR Swartz.

On June 24, 2003, Motograter released their major-label album debut, the self-titled Motograter. The album saw some mainstream success, with the song "Suffocate" featuring on the soundtrack to the film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre. and the song "Down" on the EA Sports video game Nascar Thunder 2004. "Down" was initially listed for inclusion on the soundtrack to the film Freddy vs. Jason but was left out of the final album. Motograter was featured on a September 2003 issue of Hit Parader.

Motograter then toured on the second stage of Ozzfest 2003. By then, Nuke had returned to play the first few dates on the tour but was eventually fired in July, being replaced with Ty Fury. In the summer of 2004, Ty Fury was in turn replaced with Aaron aka "A-Bomb" and the band announced that they were beginning work on a new album. In August 2004, Zak left the band again and was not replaced. In fall 2004, the band toured without Bruce and Smur, who were under financial obligations. In place of the motograter, they were accompanied by touring bassist Jonny Nailz.

In May 2005, Motograter announced a hiatus to give time for other members' side projects. However, they played a one-time reunion show in 2006 at the Delicious Rox Festival, with Ivan, JR and Crispy with members Nuke and Bruce returning.

The New Breed, Pre-Release (2008–2011)
In 2008, the band reformed with a "new breed" lineup based out of San Luis Obispo, California. This lineup also included a bass player, playing alongside the motograter. The lineup was announced as Michael Angel Woodruff on vocals, Matthew "Nuke" Nunes on guitar, Tyler Hole on guitar, Mylon Guy on bass, Jeremy "Twitch" Scheller on drums, and Bruce Butler on the motograter. The lineup, without the motograter, played one show in Las Vegas, Nevada, under the name "Out Of Curiosity" to test the new material on a live, unbiased crowd before deciding to adopt the Motograter name.

Before any touring commenced, Butler left and was replaced with Mark Nosler, leaving Motograter with no original or consistent members. Around the start of their national tour in 2009, the band released their first EP featuring the new lineup, Pre-Release. The new lineup began touring on July 25, 2009, with Orange County metal group Darksun. The tour was cut short on September 28, missing cities such as Seattle, Denver, and Tempe, with a band member's sickness given as the reason. The band resumed touring under The Damned Holiday Tour, from November 5 to December 20.

Motograter took 2010 off except for two California dates in Modesto and Sacramento. On September 6, 2010, they uploaded a comical studio preview, showing supposed production on the next album.

In 2011, the band debuted new high-quality photos from a shoot in downtown Los Angeles. That same year, they announced a summer tour dubbed The Honoring Of The Sun Tour, running from April 29 to July 9, accompanied by various regional bands. The tour took a sudden change in course when, instead of continuing south to Texas, the band re-routed to Michigan to play the fourth annual Rockapalooza alongside such national acts as Mushroomhead, Crossfade and Pop Evil.

The second leg of the tour, going from July 25 to August 28, saw the addition of a seventh member, KC Kaos, on electronics and samples. The tour featured two festivals, Buzzfest and The Carnival of Chaos, both soaked from the day's rain, but the bands continued to perform. Corrosion of Conformity, one of the many national names involved, was pulled off at the last minute on Saturday, August 20, leaving Motograter as the default headliner.

Shortly after their return home, Motograter announced that they would be joining Mushroomhead in the fall of 2011 on a tour called The Slaughterhouse Roadshow and featuring Psychostick, Blue Felix, Ventana, and Tenefly Viper. One week before the first day of the tour Motograter announced on their Facebook page that they had disbanded and would therefore not participate in the tour.

Third Reunion (2013–2014)
In November 2013, Motograter reunited with another new lineup, including returning members Angel on vocals, Nuke on guitar, and Mylon Guy on bass, in addition to new members Noah "Shark" Robertson on drums, Kery "Venom" Glennon on guitar, and Michael "The Kidd" Stewart on the Motograter. The band played their first show in two years on February 8, 2014, in Santa Ana, California, beginning a West Coast Reunion Tour that included a string of California and Nevada dates.

On October 26, 2014, the band performed at Knotfest at the San Manuel Amphitheater in San Bernardino, California, alongside acts such as Slipknot and Five Finger Death Punch, with Mark Nosler returning to the motograter for this event. In December 2014, Angel and Venom left the band.

Legion Era, Desolation and second hiatus (2015–2018)
On April 2, the band announced the arrival of vocalist James Anthony Legion. The following day, they released a 20-second pre-production teaser of a new song, "Portrait of Decay", featuring Legion on vocals. The new line up was rounded out with Carlos "Crow" on guitars, Dustin "Skunk" Anderson on the motograter, and Joey Vice on smurs/samples/vocals. In April–May 2015, Motograter completed a US headlining tour, followed by the Civil Unrest Tour, touring with Ill Niño, Straight Line Stitch, and Ünloco among others. Soon after the tour concluded, Skunk and Crow departed from the band.

On August 7, 2015, the band premiered their new demo track and video, "Portrait of Decay", through Revolver. and announced plans to record their second album, with Ill Nino guitarist Ahrue Luster as producer.

From May 12 through June 25, 2016, the band embarked on a US tour with American Head Charge with new guitarist Jesse Stamper and returning motograterist Skunk, during which, on June 6, they revealed cover art and the title of the upcoming album, Desolation.

On October 6, the band announced their signing to EMP Label Group and set the release date for Spring 2017.

On September 10, the band released the official lyric video for "Parasite", directed by Brian Cox of Gemini Syndrome and Hollywood Undead, featuring samples by Justin Fowler from American Head Charge.

From September 13 to October 30, the band toured the US with Dope and Flaw, percussionist Joey Vice departing the band during the tour.

From February 2 to 27, 2017, Motograter embarked on a U.S. tour with Hed PE, and again from May 9 to June 11, after which the band set the official release date for Desolation for August 11, 2017.

In July 2017, Motograter traveled to Mansfield, Ohio, to perform "Ink In The Clink" at the Ohio State Reformatory. The band performed alongside Three Days Grace, Adelitas Way, Gemini Syndrome, 10 Years, 40 Below Summer and more. During the festival, the band met up with video director Chris Davis of Human Twelve and shot the video for "Dorian" inside the prison.

The sophomore Motograter album, Desolation, was released on August 11, 2017, via EMP Label Group, debuting on the Billboard charts for the first time since 2003.

On August 16, Loudwire premiered the official music video for "Dorian".

From September 27 to November 18, 2017, Motograter embarked on a major headlining tour in support of the new album, dubbed "The Desolation Tour". Longtime bassist Mylon Guy was forced to sit out the tour for personal reasons, but also saw the debut of percussionist and co-vocalist Jonathan "Zero" Price. At the tail end of the tour, drummer Noah "Shark" Robertson was fired from the band, himself releasing a brief statement on November 24, confirming his departure, but later releasing a more detailed explanation surrounding his firing, lambasting guitarist Nuke for alleged money mismanagement and drug abuse.

In February 2018, motograterist Skunk announced his departure from the band.

In March, the band teamed with director Matt Zane and shot their second music video from Desolation for "Daggers", which premiered through Loudwire on April 30, 2018.

On April 14, the band announced the addition of Aeon Cruz on bass. After a few shows, the band announced a short co-headlining tour with Terror Universal called "Tour De Madman 2018", running from June 16 to 24. However, Terror Universal was forced to drop off the tour after being confirmed for another tour, leaving Motograter as the only headliner.

In July 2018, vocalist James Legion and guitarist Jesse Stamper announced their departures from the band. James returned to his home in Cary, North Carolina, forming Cultus Black.

The same month, the band announced that they will be supporting Orgy in their headlining tour called the Bring Your Army tour, running from August 17 to September 29. Michael "Angel" Woodruff made a surprise return to the band along with guitarist Kery "Venom" Glennon, with new members Travis Manning on bass and Matthew O' Connell on drums. At the conclusion of the tour, the band entered into a hiatus, with most members at work with other projects.

Fourth reunion (2023–present)
On May 3, 2023, it was announced that the band will reunite to perform at the Blue Ridge Rock Fest in September. This was confirmed by drummer Noah "Shark" Robertson, who announced his reinvolvement with the band along with singer James Anthony Legion, bassist Mylon Guy and motograter player Dustin "Skunk" Anderson. It is set to be the first lineup since his initial dismissal in 2003 to not include guitarist Matthew "Nuke" Nunes.

Current members

 * Noah "Shark" Robertson – drums (2013–2017, 2023–present)
 * Mylon Guy – bass (2008–2011, 2013–2017, 2023–present)
 * James Anthony Legion – lead vocals (2014–2018, 2023–present)
 * Dustin "Skunk" Anderson – motograter (2015, 2016–2018, 2023–present)

Former members

 * Vocals
 * Zak "The Waz" Ward – lead vocals (1998–2002, 2003–2004)
 * Ivan "Ghost" Moody – lead vocals (2002–2005, 2006)
 * Michael "Angel" Woodruff – lead vocals (2008–2011, 2013–2014, 2018)

 * Guitars
 * Neil Godfrey – guitars (2001–2002)
 * Matt "Nuke" Nunes – guitars, backing vocals (2002–2003, 2006, 2008–2011, 2013–2018)
 * J.R. Swartz – guitars (2003–2005, 2006)
 * Ty Fury – guitars (2003–2004)
 * Aaron "A-Bomb" Abalos – guitars (2004–2005)
 * Tyler Hole – guitars (2008–2011)
 * Kery "Venom" Glennon – guitars, backing vocals (2013–2014, 2018)
 * Jesse Stamper – guitars (2016–2018)

 * Motograter
 * Bruce "Grater" Butler – motograter (1995–2004, 2006, 2008–2009)
 * Mark Nosler – motograter (2009–2011, 2014)
 * Michael "The Kidd" Stewart – motograter (2013–2014, 2016)

 * Drums
 * Chris "Crispy" Binns – drums (1998–2005, 2006)
 * Jeremy "Twitch" Scheller – drums (2008–2011)

 * Percussion/Other
 * Joey "Smur" Krzywonski – percussion, backing vocals (1995–2004)
 * Joey "Vice" Vice – percussion, backing vocals, samples (2015–2016)
 * Jonathan "Zero" Price – percussion, samples, backing vocals (2017–2018)

 * Electronics/Samples/Other
 * Eric Gonzales – electronics/samples (1999–2001)
 * Zak "The Waz" Ward – electronics/samples, lead vocals (2003–2004)

Touring members

 * Johnny Nailz – bass (2004–2005)
 * Casey "KC Kaos" Cahill – electronics/samples, vocals (2011), motograter (2018)
 * Carlos "Crow" Pagan – guitars (2015)
 * Derek Campbell – guitars (2016)
 * Stephen Kalani Seguin – drums (2017–2018)
 * Ryan Ramirez – drums (2018)
 * Aeon Cruz – bass (2018)
 * David Visser – drums (2018)
 * Travis Manning – bass (2018)
 * Matthew O'Connell – drums (2018)
 * Spencer "Sus" Godlewski – guitars (2023)
 * Axe Dungeon – guitars (2023)

Extended plays

 * Hugh Chardon (1998)
 * Indy (2000)
 * Pre-Release (2009)

Compilations

 * The Best of Motograter (2017)

Unreleased

 * Experimental/Instrumental recordings (1995–1998)

title: Motograter


text:
The Complete Stone Roses

The Complete Stone Roses is a compilation of singles and B-sides by English rock band The Stone Roses. It was released in 1995 without the band's input by their record company Silvertone, with whom they were embroiled in a protracted legal battle to terminate their five-year contract.

The album features a complete collection of the band's singles and B-sides before their second studio album for the label, as well as earlier releases for other labels.

Track listing
Catalogue Numbers
 * 2LP: Silvertone ORE LP 535
 * Cassette: Silvertone ORE C 535
 * CD: Silvertone ORE CD 535

Bonus CD tracks
The first 60,000 copies of the CD came with a bonus disc featuring:

Catalogue Number
 * 2CD: Silvertone ORE Z CD 535

Personnel

 * The Stone Roses
 * Ian Brown – vocals
 * John Squire – guitar
 * Andy Couzens – guitar (tracks 1, 2)
 * Pete Garner – bass (tracks 1 - 5)
 * Mani – bass (tracks 6 - 21)
 * Reni – drums, backing vocals

 * Production
 * Martin Hannett - producer (1, 2)
 * Chris Nagle, John Hurst - engineering (1, 2)
 * The Stone Roses - producer (3 - 5)
 * Peter Hook - producer (6 - 8)
 * John Leckie - producer (9, 11 - 21)
 * The Garage Flowers - producer (10, bonus disc)
 * Paul Schroeder - producer (10)
 * John Squire - painting
 * David Saunders - design
 * Paul Slattery - photography
 * John Harris - liner notes

title: The Complete Stone Roses


text:
Ahmed Ali (writer)

Ahmed Ali  (احمد علی; 1 July 1910 – 14 January 1994) was a Pakistani novelist, poet, critic, translator, diplomat and scholar. A pioneer of the modern Urdu short story, his works include the short story collections: Angarey (Embers), 1932; Hamari Gali (Our Lane), 1940; Qaid Khana (The Prison-house), 1942; and Maut Se Pehle (Before Death), 1945. His other writings include Twilight in Delhi (1940), his first novel in the English language.

Biography
Ahmed Ali was born in Delhi, British India, on 1 July 1910. He was educated at Aligarh Muslim University and Lucknow University; in the latter "having achieved the highest marks in English in the history of the university." From 1932 to 1946, he taught at the leading Indian universities including Allahabad University and his alma mater in Lucknow. He also joined the Bengal Senior Educational Service as professor and head of the English Department at Presidency College, Calcutta (1944–47) and was the BBC's Representative and Director in India during World War II, from 1942 to 1945. Following that, he was the British Council Visiting Professor to Nanjing University, as appointed by the British government of India. In 1948, when he tried to return home after the Partition, K. P. S. Menon (then India's ambassador to China) would not allow it because Ali had not indicated his preferences as a government employee; that is, whether to remain in India or transfer to Pakistan. As a result, he was forced to go to Pakistan.

In 1948, he moved to Karachi. Later, he was appointed Director of Foreign Publicity for the Pakistani Government. At the behest of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, he joined the Pakistan Foreign Service in 1950. According to custom, tiles were drawn to determine the country of assignment. Ali's tile was blank, so he chose China and became Pakistan's first envoy to the new People's Republic. He established formal diplomatic relations that same year. He also helped to establish an embassy in Morocco.

Ali died on 14 January 1994 in Karachi.

Literary career
Ali started his literary career at a young age and became a co-founder of the All-India Progressive Writers' Movement along with the writer Sajjad Zaheer who had become well known by the publication of Angaaray (Embers) in 1932. It was a collection of short stories in the Urdu language and was a bitter critique of middle-class Muslim values in British India. In addition to Ali, it included stories by three of his friends; Mahmud al-Zafar, Sajjad Zaheer and Rashid Jahan. This book was later banned by the British Government of India in March 1933. Shortly afterward, Ali and Zafar announced the formation of a "League of Progressive Authors", which was later to expand and become the All-India Progressive Writers' Association. Ali presented his paper "Art Ka Taraqqi-Pasand Nazariya" (A Progressive View of Art) in its inaugural conference in 1936.

Ali achieved international fame with his first novel written in English Twilight in Delhi, which was published by the Hogarth Press in London in 1940. This novel, as its title implies, describes the decline of the Muslim aristocracy with the advance of British colonialism in the early 20th century.

Al-Quran, A Contemporary Translation (Princeton University Press, Oxford University Press & Akrash Publishing) is his most notable contribution in the field of translation. According to the book's description it is "approved by eminent Islamic scholars", and "it has come to be recognized as one of the best existing translations of the holy Quran." Other languages he translated from, apart from Arabic and Urdu, included Indonesian and Chinese.

Awards and recognition

 * Elected a Founding Fellow of the Pakistan Academy of Letters in 1979.
 * Sitara-i-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) Award in 1980 by the President of Pakistan
 * Conferred an honorary doctorate degree in 1993 by the University of Karachi.
 * On 14 January 2005, Pakistan Post issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in its 'Men of Letters' series.

Novels

 * Twilight in Delhi(1940)
 * Ocean of Night(1964)
 * Rats and Diplomats(1986)

Plays

 * The Land of Twilight (1931)
 * Break the Chains (1932)

Short stories

 * "When the Funeral Was Crossing the Bridge," in Lucknow University Journal, 1929.
 * "Mahavaton Ki Ek Rât," in Humayûn (Lahore), January 1931.
 * Angarey (1932). With Rashid Jahan, Mahmuduzzafar and Sajjad Zaheer.
 * Sholey (1934)
 * "Our Lane," in New Writing (London), 1936.
 * Hamari Gali (1940)
 * "Morning in Delhi," in New Writing (London), 1940.
 * Qaid-khana (1942)
 * Maut se Pahle (1945)
 * "Before Death," in New Directions 15 (New York), 1956.
 * Prima della Morte (1966). Bilingual Italian-Urdu version of Maut se Pahle.
 * The Prison-House (1985)

Poetry

 * Purple Gold Mountain (Keepsake Press, 1960)
 * First Voices (1965)
 * Selected Poems (1988)

Literary criticism

 * "Poetry: A Problem,” in Allahabad University Studies, vol. XI, no. II, 1934.
 * Art ka Taraqqî-Pasand Nazariya (1936)
 * “Maxim Gorky as a Short-Story Writer," in Lucknow University Journal, 1938.
 * Mr. Eliot's Penny-World of Dreams (1941)
 * Failure of an Intellect (1968)
 * "Illusion and Reality, the Art and Philosophy of Raja Rao," in Journal of Commonwealth Literature, July 1968.
 * The Problem of Style and Technique in Ghalib (1969)
 * Ghalib: Two Essays (1969). With Alessandro Bausani.
 * The Golden Tradition: An Anthology of Urdu Poetry (1973)

Translation

 * The Flaming Earth (1949). An anthology of selected Indonesian poems.
 * The Falcon and the Hunted Bird (1950)
 * The Bulbul and the Rose: An Anthology of Urdu Poetry (1960)
 * Ghalib: Selected Poems (1969)
 * al-Qur’ân: A Contemporary Translation (1984)
 * The Call of the Trumpet (unpublished). An anthology of modern Chinese poetry

title: Ahmed Ali (writer)


text: Category:Communes of Creuse

title: Category:Communes of Creuse


text:
Talk:Mannheim

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 April 2019 and 14 June 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Escheit2.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:16, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

WWII
The paragraph about Mannheim during WWII says the city was abandoned by the Germans and that the Americans entered the city unopposed, but the picture right next to it purports to show American troops involved in street fighting in Mannheim. So which is true? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.174.153 (talk) 21:22, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

Lack of city grid content
Despite the title Quadratestadt redirecting to this article, it contains none of the information in the detailed article Quadratestadt. —  Scott  •  talk  10:45, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

Size / Size ranking
Karlsruhe is also described as the second largest city in Baden-Würtemberg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe

"the second bridge"
False information is (indirectly) provided in the fragment "In 1975, the Bundesgartenschau (Federal horticulture show) was celebrated in Luisen and Herzogenried parks. A number of pieces of infrastructure were developed for the show: the telecommunications tower and a second bridge across the Rhine were built", because the link is to the Konrad Adenauer Bridge (check its article for its history, it precedes 1975 by far), rather than the Kurt Schumacher Bridge (built in 1972, so, arguably, for the BUGA). Gonna modify that fragment and provide a link to de:wiki, if I still remember how. Bansp (talk) 20:52, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

Numbering schema of the city grid incorrect formatted
In the description of the numbering schema of the city grid is the space between the letter and the number missing.

For Example the majors office is located in E 5 not E5.

Source:Imprint of the City Homepage — Preceding unsigned comment added by Edinger (talk • contribs) 14:57, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mannheim


text: User talk:67.80.8.96

title: User talk:67.80.8.96