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USS C-5

USS C-5 (SS-16) was one of five C-class submarines built for the United States Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

Description
The C-class submarines were enlarged versions of the preceding B class, the first American submarines with two propeller shafts. They had a length of 105 ft overall, a beam of 13 ft and a mean draft of 10 ft. They displaced 240 LT on the surface and 273 LT submerged. The C-class boats had a crew of 1 officer and 14 enlisted men. They had a diving depth of 200 ft.

For surface running, they were powered by two 240 bhp Craig gasoline engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 115 hp electric motor. They could reach 11 kn on the surface and 9 kn underwater. On the surface, the boats had a range of 776 nmi at 8.13 kn and 24 nmi at 8 kn submerged.

The boats were armed with two 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow. They carried two reloads, for a total of four torpedoes.

Construction and career
C-5 was laid down by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Massachusetts, under a subcontract from Electric Boat Company, as Snapper, making her the first ship of the United States Navy named for the snapper. Snapper was launched on 16 June 1908 sponsored by Ms. A. Nicoll, and commissioned on 2 February 1910 with Lieutenant Chester W. Nimitz in command. She was renamed C-5 on 17 November 1911 and given hull number "SS-16" in 1920.

Service history
Snapper fitted out at the Boston Navy Yard, then began three years of training and tests along the East Coast and in Chesapeake Bay. She ran experiments with radio, submarine signalling apparatus, different types of batteries, and other equipment, all of which has since become standard in submarines. She joined in Fleet maneuvers helping to develop submarine tactics in submerged attacks on combatant ships, and engaged in operations with airplanes in the infancy of naval aviation. Highlights of the period were the reviews of the Fleet by President of the United States William H. Taft and Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer in November 1911 and October 1912.

On 20 May 1913, C-5 and her sisters of the First Group, Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet, commanded by Lieutenant (junior grade) R. S. Edwards in C-3, departed Norfolk, Virginia, in tow of submarine tender USS Castine (PG-6) and collier USS Mars (AC-6), for Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. From her arrival on 29 May, C-5 exercised in Cuban waters – principally conducting torpedo drills – until 7 December 1913. On that date, C-5 and her sisters of the redesignated First Division – escorted by four surface ships – sailed for Cristobal in the Panama Canal Zone. Five days later the ships completed the 700 mi passage, at that time the longest cruise made by United States submarines under their own power.

C-5 operated in Panamanian waters, conducting exercises and harbor defense patrols as well as studying the suitability of various ports of Panama for submarine bases. C-5 was decommissioned at Coco Solo in the Panama Canal Zone on 23 December 1919, and sold on 13 April 1920.

Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz wrote of C-5:
 * Her Craig gasoline engines were built in Jersey City by James Craig, an extraordinarily wise and capable builder. Craig was a self-taught engineer who began as a draftsman in the Machinery Division of the New York Navy Yard and who started his "Machine and Engine Works" in Jersey City at a later date. C-5's engines were excellent as were also the Craig diesel engines he built for a subsequent submarine. These engines were designed and built by Craig and I have never forgotten his Foreword to the pamphlet of Operating Instructions which read briefly somewhat like this:

 * "No matter what the designer and the builder may have planned for these engines and no matter what the operator may try to do with them the Laws of Nature will prevail in the End."
 * How True !!

title: USS C-5


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USS D-2

USS D-2 (SS-18) was a D-class submarine of the United States Navy.

Construction and commissioning
D-2′s keel was laid down by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Massachusetts, under a subcontract from Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut, as Grayling, making her the first ship of the U.S. Navy to be named for the Arctic grayling, a fresh-water game fish closely related to the trout. Grayling was launched on 16 June 1909, sponsored by Miss C. H. Bowles, and commissioned on 23 November 1909. She was renamed D-2 on 17 November 1911.

Service history
D-2 joined the Atlantic Torpedo Fleet as Flagboat for Submarine Division 3 (SubDiv 3). Along the United States East Coast, D-2 joined in diving, torpedo, and experimental exercises. She participated in the Presidential Review of the Fleet in the North River at New York City from 5 to 18 May 1915.

While patrolling outside Naval Station Newport, Rhode Island, just 3 nmi east of Point Judith shortly before 14:00 on 7 October 1916, D-2 discovered the Imperial German Navy submarine SMU U-53 under the command of Hans Rose heading towards Newport, Rhode Island, as part of her hitherto unprecedented two-way traversal of the Atlantic Ocean without refueling or resupply. The United States was still neutral in World War I, but there was an initial flurry of activity when U-53 suddenly steamed away to port believing the submerged D-2 to be a British submarine, but when D-2 surfaced so that a crewman could run aft to raise the United States flag, U-53 slowed. Lieutenant G. C. Fulker, USN, commanding officer of D-2, brought his submarine up close to U-53 on a parallel course to escort U-53 while in sight of land. As the submarines reached the Brenton Reef Lightship, Rose requested permission from D-2 to enter port at Newport. Fulker granted it, and Rose called back by megaphone, "I salute our American comrades and follow in your wake."

After the United States entered World War I on the side of the Allies on 6 April 1917, D-2 served in training and experimental work at New London, Connecticut. On 31 July 1917 or 1 August 1917 she sank the schooner Charlotte W. Miller in a collision near Bartletts Reef near New London; Charlotte W. Miller later was raised but declared a total loss. On 14 September 1917 D-2 sank at pierside with all hands aboard, although her entire crew was rescued. She was refloated, repaired, and returned to service.

D-2 was placed in commission, in reserve, at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 9 September 1919 and placed in ordinary on 15 July 1921. She was decommissioned on 18 January 1922 and sold as a hulk on 25 September 1922.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS D-2


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USS D-3

USS D-3 (SS-19) was a D-class submarine built for the United States Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. It was the first submarine to make an over ocean voyage under its own power.

Description
The D-class submarines were enlarged versions of the preceding C class, the first American submarines armed with four torpedo tubes. They had a length of 134 ft overall, a beam of 13 ft and a mean draft of 12 ft. They displaced 288 LT on the surface and 337 LT submerged. The D-class boats had a crew of 1 officer and 14 enlisted men. They had a diving depth of 200 ft.

For surface running, they were powered by two 300 bhp gasoline engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 165 hp electric motor. They could reach 13 kn on the surface and 9.5 kn underwater. On the surface, the boats had a range of 1179 nmi at 9.6 kn and 24 nmi at 8 kn submerged.

The boats were armed with four 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow. They did not carry reloads for them.

Career and construction
D-3 was laid down by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Massachusetts, under a subcontract from Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut, as Salmon, making her the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the salmon. Salmon was launched on 12 March 1910 sponsored by Eunice Fitzgerald, the daughter of Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald.

In July 1910, captained by Electric Boat Company executive and former naval officer Gregory C. Davison, she journeyed from Massachusetts to Bermuda and returned. Travelling about 1,500 miles, it was the first over-sea trip made by a submarine under its own power.

Service history
Commissioned on 8 September 1910 with Lieutenant David A. Weaver in command, the new submarine joined the Atlantic Torpedo Fleet at Newport, Rhode Island. She was renamed D-3 on 17 November 1911. The torpedo fleet was active along the East Coast and made a cruise to the Caribbean Sea from 17 October 1912 – 20 January 1913 after which D-3 remained to serve with the forces operating in Mexican waters following the occupation of Veracruz. She rejoined the flotilla at Norfolk, Virginia on 16 June 1914 and with them visited Washington, DC, from 17–22 July, before returning to their homeport on 24 July. From 21 September 1917, D-3 served as flagship of Submarine Division 2 (SubDiv 2). She trained aspiring submariners at Newport and New London, Connecticut, until placed in commission, in reserve on 5 September 1919.

She was placed in ordinary on 15 July 1921. Towed into Philadelphia Navy Yard on 20 March 1922, D-3 was decommissioned the same day and sold on 31 July.

title: USS D-3


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 3, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 3, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 3, 2005


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Philadelphia City Paper

Philadelphia City Paper was an alternative weekly newspaper in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The independently owned paper was free and published every Thursday in print and daily online at citypaper.net. Staff reporters focused on labor issues, politics, education and poverty. Critics reviewed the city's arts, entertainment, literary and restaurant scene. Listings of concerts, art exhibits, dance performances and other events were carried in the paper and in a comprehensive online events calendar.

The publication was established in November 1981 as a spinoff of the now-defunct WXPN Express newsletter. Philadelphia City Paper distributed 70,000 copies in more than 2,000 locations throughout Philadelphia, its suburbs and South Jersey. Its more than 2,000 orange-colored boxes and wire racks were found in Center City Philadelphia in cafes, small businesses and on many university campuses.

Each year, City Paper published a City Guide for college students and new residents.

Its monthly readership was 521,000, which was verified by Scarborough Research.

Founder Bruce Schimmel sold the paper to the Rock family (Milton L. Rock and his son Robert H. Rock) in 1996. In 2014, Metro acquired the City Paper from the Rock family. In 2015, the City Paper was sold to Broad Street Media, owner of Philadelphia Weekly. The last edition was published on October 8, 2015.

Print edition
City Paper was broken into a variety of different sections.

Naked City: The paper's news section regularly featured A Million Stories, an offbeat analysis of current events in the city, the Bell Curve, the city's "quality-o-life-o-meter".

Cover Story: Typically a long-form feature, news, or service package, taking on various writing forms such as narrative, question-and-answer, and explanatory. The paper's front page art or design was usually centered on the cover story's content.

Arts & Entertainment: Reviews and short show previews of both local and national talent. The section covered a broad swath of genres, including music, photography, performing arts, books and visual arts.

Movies: Reviews and picks of local, independent and mass-produced films. Lead reviews were usually written by Sam Adams, Shaun Brady, or Drew Lazor. The section also included movie shorts (200-word graded reviews) and local repertory film listings.

Events: A calendar of noteworthy events in the city, highlighting everything from clothing boutiques and book signings to festivals and music performances with quick, witty previews.

Food & Drink: Reviews and features centered on local restaurants, cafes and bars, and also chronicles the goings-on of Philadelphia's restaurant community, such as openings and closings. Reviews were mostly handled by critic Adam Erace.

Online edition
City Paper's website featured the digital version of the print edition, along with links to blogs and social networking pages.

Blogs
The Naked City: The news blog, covering anything from breaking news to quirky stories from the community.

Meal Ticket: The paper's food and drink blog.

Shop Savvy: Brenna Adams' expertise on shopping on a budget.

Data Points: A look at Philly's tech universe.

Let's Get It On: Rachel Kramer Bussel on sex of all stripes.

Philly: Hyper Local: This blog focuses on the local happenings with culture, food, people and more in Philly's neighborhoods.

Get Lit: Lynn Rosen reads between the lines for insights on the local book scene.

Social networking
City Paper had regularly updated profiles on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram.

Contests
Contests: The contest page offered viewers opportunities to win concert, theatre, movie tickets and more.

Masthead
Associate Publisher Jennifer Clark

Editor in Chief Lillian Swanson

Senior Editor / Music Editor Patrick Rapa

Arts & Culture Editor Mikala Jamison

Senior Staff Writer Emily Guendelsberger

Staff Writer Jerry Iannelli

Copy Chief Carolyn Wyman

Production Director Dennis Crowley

Senior Designer & Social Media Director Jenni Betz

U.S. Circulation Director Joseph Lauletta

Account Managers Sharon MacWilliams, Susanna Simon, Stephan Sitzai

Classified Advertising Sales Jennifer Fisher

Founder & Editor Emeritus Bruce Schimmel

2015
In 2015, City Paper won 11 Keystone Press Awards, awarded by the Pennsylvania Newspaper Association.

 * First Place: Investigative Reporting
 * Ryan Briggs

 * First Place: Series
 * Emily Guendelsberger

 * First Place: Feature Story
 * Natalie Pompilio

 * First Place: News Feature Story
 * Emily Guendelsberger

 * First Place: News Beat Reporting
 * Daniel Denvir

 * First Place: Feature Beat Reporting
 * Mikala Jamison

 * First Place: Front Page Design
 * Brenna Adams, Jenni Betz

 * Second Place: Personality Profile
 * Mikala Jamison

 * Second Place: News Photo
 * Maria Pouchnikova

 * Second Place: Video Story
 * Daniel Denvir, Emily Guendelsberger

 * Honorable Mention: Ongoing News Coverage
 * Daniel Denvir

2014
In 2014, City Paper won 15 Keystone Press Awards, awarded by the Pennsylvania Newspaper Association.

 * First Place: Investigative Reporting
 * Ryan Briggs

 * First Place: News Series
 * Daniel Denvir

 * First Place: Feature Beat Reporting
 * Emily Guendelsberger

 * First Place: Photo Story
 * Neal Santos

 * First Place: Sports Photo
 * Neal Santos

 * First Place: Front Page Design
 * Reseca Peskin

 * First Place: Page Design
 * Reseca Peskin

 * First Place: General News
 * Daniel Denvir

 * First Place:Ongoing News Coverage
 * Daniel Denvir & Samantha Melamed

 * First Place: Featured Story
 * Ryan Briggs

 * First Place: Graphic/Photo Illustration
 * Evan M. Lopez, Emily Guendelsberger & Jess Bergman

 * First Place: News Beat Reporting
 * Samantha Melamed

 * Second Place: Feature Beat Reporting
 * Adam Erace

 * Second Place: Business or Consumer Story
 * Samantha Melamed

 * Honorable Mention: Column
 * Daniel Denvir

 * Honorable Mention: Special Project
 * Pat Rapa

2013
In 2013, City Paper won 8 Keystone Press Awards, awarded by the Pennsylvania Newspaper Association.

Also in 2013, City Paper won one Association of Alternative Newsweeklies awards.

2012
In 2012, City Paper won six Keystone Press Awards, awarded by the Pennsylvania Newspaper Association.

2011
In 2011, City Paper won two Association of Alternative Newsweeklies awards.

2010
In 2010, City Paper won six Newspaper of the Year (NOY) awards, including the prestigious newspaper of the year honor.

Also in 2010, City Paper won six Keystone Press Awards, awarded by the Pennsylvania Newspaper Association.

2009
In 2009, City Paper won three Newspaper of the Year (NOY) awards.

 * First Place (tie): General and Departmental News Coverage
 * First Place: Advertising Excellence
 * Second Place: Layout & Design

title: Philadelphia City Paper


text: Talk:Pella, Wisconsin

title: Talk:Pella, Wisconsin


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Betweenness

Betweenness is an algorithmic problem in order theory about ordering a collection of items subject to constraints that some items must be placed between others. It has applications in bioinformatics and was shown to be NP-complete by.

Problem statement
The input to a betweenness problem is a collection of ordered triples of items. The items listed in these triples should be placed into a total order, with the property that for each of the given triples, the middle item in the triple appears in the output somewhere between the other two items. The items of each triple are not required to be consecutive in the output.

Examples
As an example, the collection of input triples
 * (2,1,3), (3,4,5), (1,4,5), (2,4,1), (5,2,3)

is satisfied by the output ordering
 * 3, 1, 4, 2, 5

but not by
 * 3, 1, 2, 4, 5.

In the first of these output orderings, for all five of the input triples, the middle item of the triple appears between the other two items However, for the second output ordering, item 4 is not between items 1 and 2, contradicting the requirement given by the triple (2,4,1).

If an input contains two triples like (1,2,3) and (2,3,1) with the same three items but a different choice of the middle item, then there is no valid solution. However, there are more complicated ways of forming a set of triples with no valid solution, that do not contain such a pair of contradictory triples.

Complexity
showed that the decision version of the betweenness problem (in which an algorithm must decide whether or not there exists a valid solution) is NP-complete in two ways, by a reduction from 3-satisfiability and also by a different reduction from hypergraph 2-coloring. However, it can easily be solved when all unordered triples of items are represented by an ordered triple of the input, by choosing one of the two items that are not between any others to be the start of the ordering and then using the triples involving this item to compare the relative positions of each pair of remaining items.

The related problem of finding an ordering that maximizes the number of satisfied triples is MAXSNP-hard, implying that it is impossible to achieve an approximation ratio arbitrarily close to 1 in polynomial time unless P = NP. It remains hard to solve or approximate even for dense instances that include an ordered triple for each possible unordered triple of items. The minimum version of the problem restricted to the tournaments was proven to have polynomial time approximation schemes (PTAS). One can achieve an approximation ratio of 1/3 (in expectation) by ordering the items randomly, and this simple strategy gives the best possible polynomial-time approximation if the unique games conjecture is true. It is also possible to use semidefinite programming or combinatorial methods to find an ordering that satisfies at least half of the triples of any satisfiable instance, in polynomial time.

In parameterized complexity, the problem of satisfying as many constraints as possible from a set C of constraints is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by the difference q − |C|/3 between the solution quality q found by the parameterized algorithm and the |C|/3 quality guaranteed in expectation by a random ordering.

Although not guaranteed to succeed, a greedy heuristic can find solutions to many instances of the betweenness problem arising in practice.

Applications
One application of betweenness arises in bioinformatics, as part of the process of gene mapping. Certain types of genetic experiments can be used to determine the ordering of triples of genetic markers, but do not distinguish a genetic sequence from its reversal, so the information yielded from such an experiment determines only which one out of three markers is the middle one. The betweenness problem is an abstraction of the problem of assembling a collection of markers into a single sequence given experimental data of this type.

The betweenness problem has also been used to model theories of probability, causality, and time.

title: Betweenness


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Heimatschutz

Heimatschutz is a German word which literally translated means 'homeland protection'. The Heimatschutz movement arose in the late 19th century in the wake of the Industrial Revolution, with a focus on nature and landscape conservation as well as the care of historic townscapes, cultural heritage and traditions, folklore and regional identity.

History
The term was coined in 1897 by the conservationist Ernst Rudorff; referring to the German term Heimat which had become popular since the Napoleonic Wars of Liberation and gained increasing political meaning during the rise of Romantic nationalism. Numerous historical and folk art societies arose, such as the bourgeois Wandervogel youth movement in 1896. On 30 March 1904, Rudorff founded the Bund Heimatschutz association in Dresden; the architect Paul Schultze-Naumburg being its first head. In 1916, Austrian Max Dvořák's Katechismus der Denkmalpflege appeared. In this book Dvorak builds upon the ideas of fellow-countryman Alois Riegl and extends the idea of "homeland protection" beyond simply protection of geographical borders to encapsulate a society's culture.

A distinct early modernist Heimatschutz architectural style, characterised by traditional and regional building structural shapes, became common mainly in residential constructions up to World War II and continued until the late 1950s. The homeland literature of the late 19th century, opposing the prevalent naturalist movement, was popularised by authors like Berthold Auerbach, Ludwig Ganghofer, Peter Rosegger, or the "Heath Poet" Hermann Löns. In the Wilhelmine era, the middle-class educated Heimatschutz milieus increasingly adopted an anti-Modernist stance and developed strong ties with nationalist and chauvinist Völkisch circles. On the other hand, the idea of 'homeland protection' also became the concept of labour movements such as the German Friends of Nature (Naturfreunde).

During the interwar period in Austria, the Heimatschutz concept was adopted by paramilitary Heimwehr forces, first in the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia at the end of the World War I. Upon the 1930 legislative election, their Heimatblock organisation became part of the Austrian government and later was merged into the Fatherland Front, the austrofascist single party. After the Anschluss annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938, the Vaterländische Front was disbanded; several Heimwehr members were deported to concentration camps by the SA and later the SS. By the cultural policy of the German regime, a "Blood and Soil" ideology in literature and film was promoted as an integral part of Nazi propaganda.

After World War II, the Heimat concept remained the basis of numerous light novels and Heimatfilm movies. During the Cold War era, Heimatschutz reserve battalions were deployed by the West German Bundeswehr for homeland defense. Today, the word is also used to translate the English expression "homeland security" used by the US federal government after the September 11 attacks of 2001.

Switzerland
In Switzerland, the term Heimatschutz is widely considered free from historic burden and refers to preservation order and fostering of traditions in a general sense. The Schweizer Heimatschutz (SHS), best translated as Swiss Heritage, a nonprofit organisation established in 1905, is dedicated to the advancement of Switzerland's building culture. Its focus is on the preservation of important landmarks, the development of the structural environment, and the promotion of good architectural design.

Literature

 * Confino, Alon. The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871-1918. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
 * Confino, Alon. The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871-1918. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
 * Confino, Alon. The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871-1918. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997.

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Maine Pyar Kiya

Maine Pyar Kiya also known by the initialism MPK is a 1989 Indian Hindi-language romantic musical film directed by Sooraj Barjatya in his directorial debut, produced by Tarachand Barjatya, co-written by S. M. Ahale with Sooraj Barjatya and distributed by Rajshri Productions. The film had Salman Khan in the leading role with Bhagyashree making her acting debut, with Alok Nath, Mohnish Bahl, Reema Lagoo, Rajeev Verma, Ajit Vachani, and Laxmikant Berde in supporting roles. Maine Pyar Kiya tells the story of two individuals and relates their journey from friendship to how they fall in love but later have to fight family differences to be together.

Principal photography took place in Mumbai and various locations in Ooty. The film features a score and soundtrack composed by Raamlaxman, while Asad Bhopali wrote the lyrics. Maine Pyar Kiya considered to be one of the most iconic and loved films of the Khan and became a cult favorite from its songs, dialogues, and chemistry of the Khan and Bhagyashree. The film also established the careers of the supporting cast including Mohnish Bahl and Laxmikant Berde.

The film was released on 29 December 1989. Made on a budget of ₹20 million, the film emerged as a commercial blockbuster, grossing ₹308.1 million worldwide. It became the highest-grossing Bollywood film of the year and the highest-grossing Indian film of the 1980s. The success of the film saved the production house Rajshri Productions, which was on the verge of closing down. The film garnered positive reviews from critics upon its release, with the direction, the story, and the performances earning the most praise. Out of twelve nominations, Maine Pyar Kiya won six Filmfare Awards: Best Film, Best Director, Best Lyricist, Best Male Playback Singer, Best Male Debut, and Best Female Debut. The film was also dubbed into in Spanish and released as Te Amo.

Plot
Karan is a poor mechanic who lives in the countryside with his only daughter Suman. He decides to try his luck in business and travel to Dubai so he can earn enough to get his daughter married. Karan decides to leave her with his old friend Kishan. Kishan, who is now a wealthy businessman in a big city, allows Suman to stay at his house while her father is away as he cannot turn down his old friend's request. Suman is befriended by Kishan's young son Prem, who assures her that a boy and a girl can be platonic friends. Prem takes Suman to a party organised by Seema, who is the only daughter of Kishan's business partner Ranjeet. Jeevan is a proud and arrogant nephew of Ranjeet, who humiliates Suman and Prem, accusing them of falsely claiming to be "just friends". Suman leaves the party in tears and distances herself from Prem. At that point, Prem and Suman realise they have fallen in love with each other.

Prem's mother Kaushalya probes deeper into Prem and Suman's relationship and approves of Suman as her daughter-in-law. However, Kishan disapproves of the relationship as he is of the opinion that Karan is of a lower status than he is, and is further brainwashed by Ranjeet who claims that Suman has taken advantage of his hospitality and is feigning love for Prem to marry into his wealthy family. Kishan asks her to leave his house. Karan returns from abroad and gets enraged at Kishan's behaviour. Kishan accuses him of plotting to set up Suman with Prem. Karan and Kishan quarrel and part ways thence. Eventually, Karan and Suman return to their village, deeply humiliated. Prem learns about what had transpired and refuses to accept the separation. He goes to the village and begs to be allowed to marry Suman.

Enraged by Kishan's behaviour, Karan initially refuses, but eventually says he will allow the marriage on one condition: Prem must prove that he can support his wife through his own effort and live separately. Prem accepts the challenge and begins to work as a truck driver and labourer in the nearby quarry. At the end of the month, Prem earns the required money. On the way to Karan's house, Prem is ambushed by Jeevan and a group of ruffians who attempt to kill him, but survives. However, the currency notes of his wages are all ruined in the fight. Karan harshly dismisses Prem's effort on seeing the soiled notes and disbelieves Prem's story about the ruffians' attack. Prem then begs for another chance to prove himself, where his sincere determination melts Karan's heart and agrees to allow Suman to marry Prem.

Meanwhile, Ranjeet goes to Kishan and tells him that Karan has killed his son. Unable to believe this, Kishan travels to Karan's village only to find Prem alive and well. When Prem confronts Jeevan, Ranjeet and his supporters manhandle both Kishan and Karan, while Jeevan abducts Suman. Prem, Karan and Kishan join hands to defeat a common enemy — Ranjeet, Jeevan and Ranjeet's supporters. Rangeet's leg is broken in the fight and his supporters are arrested. Jeevan is chased to a cliff by Prem, where Suman hangs off a branch. After a fight with Jeeven, Prem attempts to lower himself down with a rope to save her, and Jeeven is attacked by a dove (the same one that he tried to kill earlier but was stopped by Suman), till he falls off the cliff. Suman and Prem climb up the cliff to safety. Jeeven, who is hanging on the branch, attempts to intervene, but instead is pecked in the face by the bird and falls to his death just as a mining bomb explodes. Karan and Kishan's estrangement comes to an end, where Prem and Suman marry and live happily ever after.

Cast

 * Salman Khan as Prem Chaudhary
 * Bhagyashree as Suman
 * Alok Nath as Karan
 * Rajeev Verma as Kishan Kumar Chaudhary
 * Reema Lagoo as Kaushalya Chaudhary
 * Ajit Vachani as Ranjeet
 * Mohnish Bahl as Jeevan
 * Laxmikant Berde as Manohar Singh
 * Harish Patel as Rahim
 * Huma Khan as Gulabiya
 * Pervin Dastur as Seema
 * Dilip Joshi as Ramlal "Ramu" Singh
 * Deep Dhillon as Lal
 * Raju Shrivastava as Shambhu
 * Shreechand Makhija as Prabhu

Casting
The casting of the lead actor was complex. Several newcomers were auditioned for the role of 'Prem', including Vindu Dara Singh, Deepak Tijori, and Faraaz Khan. While Faraaz Khan, son of the actor Yusuf Khan who played the villainous Zabisco in Amar Akbar Anthony (1977), was almost finalised for the role, but he was replaced at the last minute due to health issues. Barjatya tested Shabina Dutt for the lead actress role. Dutt failed the screen test and Barjatya asked if she could suggest an actor for the lead. She suggested Salman Khan, with whom she had done an ad film. Salman Khan was not particularly interested because of the soft nature of the film and Barjatya was not very happy with the Khan's first audition. Sooraj wasn't convinced with Salman's acting prowess and started looking for another actor to play the role. Khan too, started suggesting names for who could be Prem in the film, after he was told that he didn't fit the bill. Barjatya eventually convinced him to do it, and Khan has since then expressed his gratitude to Barjatya for making him a star. Barjatya loved Tom Cruise's Top Gun jacket so much that he designed a one on the similar lines for Khan in Maine Pyar Kiya. Like Tom Cruise's jacket, which had patches of logos and emblems of the American Army, Navy and Air Force insignia, and other badges from the defence forces, Khan's jacket too had similar insignias pasted on it. Barjatya then cast Bhagyashree to star opposite Salman Khan. Bhagyashree, who had a lead role in Amol Palekar's TV show Kachchi Dhoop, had refused to do the film as she wanted to pursue higher studies. Barjatya made several changes to the script; Bhagyashree eventually agreed to do the film. Though Salman recommended Bahl for villain's role, veteran actress and Mohnish Bahl's mother Nutan was not happy with her son playing villain's role in the film. Nutan, who shared a good rapport with the Barjatyas, had reportedly also asked if Mohnish could fit in other roles. Makers assured her that Bahl's character would be remembered for a long time to come. Barjatya picked Perveen from the English stage to play the negative role. The film also marked the debut of Laxmikant Berde.

Filming
Prior to the film's production, Rajshri Productions was struggling financially, and was on the verge of closing down. Director/writer Sooraj Barjatya's father Rajkumar Barjatya suggested the story of Maine Pyar Kiya and His Father's Friend was Legendary filmmaker Tarun Majumdar suggested the script of Maine Pyar Kiya. Barjatya spent ten months writing the screenplay for Maine Pyar Kiya. The film had a production budget of inr 20000000. Bhagyashree got paid inr 100000 while Salman Khan was paid inr 31000 for the film. In addition to the production budget, another inr 1000000 was spent on the soundtrack's radio publicity. The first sequence filmed was the office scene where Rajiv Verma tells Salman that he has to go. Barjatya had large sets in Film City, Mumbai, where filming took place continuously over 5 to 6 months. The outdoor scenes were filmed in Ooty. Additional production credits include dance choreographer — Jay Borade, art—Bijon Das Gupta, action—Shamim Azim and editor—Mukhtar Ahmed.

Music
The soundtrack album and musical score were composed by Raamlaxman, while the lyrics were written by Dev Kohli and Asad Bhopali. It was produced under the Saregama label and featured singers such as Lata Mangeshkar, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and Sharda Sinha. The soundtrack consists of 11 songs including the "Antakshari" (excerpts from different Bollywood songs), which was used when the characters play a game. The soundtrack was very successful upon release, becoming the best-selling Bollywood soundtrack of the decade.Maine Pyaar Kiya Became HMV music company highest seller album and created history by selling over 5 million cassettes sold and it is still reported to be selling more. The film's soundtrack album sold over 10million units, and became the best-selling soundtrack of the year and the decade (an accolade that it shares with the soundtrack of the 1989 film Chandni). It gave a thrust to the career of Raamlaxman, who, although existed since the 1970s and was composing for mainstream movies, was yet to find popularity. Planet Bollywood ranked the album in the fifth position on their list of "100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks of Hindi cinema".

Several songs of the film were heavily influenced by western hits. "Aate Jaate Hanste Gaate" was a total note-by-note lift from Stevie Wonder's "I Just Called to Say I Love You". "Aaya Mausam Dosti Ka" features a guitar riff used as a prelude and interlude that is lifted from the millennial whoop (Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Ho portion) from the song "Tarzan Boy" by Baltimora from the album Living in the Background. Another song from the movie that was inspired from a western hit was "Mere Rang Mein Rangne Wali". The keyboard riff that plays at the initiation of the song (peculiarly picturised on a saxophone) is ripped from the keyboard riff of "The Final Countdown" by the Swedish band Europe. The first few lines of the song, "Mere Rang Mein" to the peak at "Mere Sawalon ka Jawab Do", were also partly inspired from the initial portions of Francis Lai's "Theme from Love Story".

Release
Maine Pyar Kiya premiered on 29 December 1989 across India. The film initially saw a very limited release, with only 29 prints, before later going on to add a thousand more as the film picked up. Maine Pyar Kiya was dubbed in English as When Love Calls. A 125-minute version was the biggest hit in the Caribbean market in Guyana and also dominated the box-office collections in Trinidad and Tobago. The Telugu version Prema Paavuraalu ran for more than 200 days; 25 weeks at Visakhapatnam and had 100 plus day run at six centres in Andhra Pradesh. It was dubbed in Tamil-language as Kaadhal Oru Kavithai and in Malayalam as Ina Praavukal. Maine Pyar Kiya had also been dubbed in Spanish as Te Amo.

Box office
The film was the biggest grosser of 1989 and one of India's highest-grossing films. Made on a budget of around ₹1crore, it went on to earn a profit of over ₹200 million by 1990, saving Rajshri from closing down. Maine Pyar Kiya grossed ₹28crore (US$million), equivalent to ₹5 billion (US$million) adjusted for inflation in 2017. It became the highest-grossing Indian film of the 1980s.

Overseas, the film was a huge hit in the Caribbean, dominating the box-office that year in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. The film also saw a ten-week run in Lima, Peru.

Box Office India described it as an "all-time blockbuster". Manmohan Desai even calling Maine Pyar Kiya "the biggest hit since Alam Ara" (1931). In terms of ticket sales, Maine Pyar Kiya sold more than 40million tickets in India.

Critical response
Maine Pyar Kiya received favorable reviews. Trade Guide lists it as one of the eight greatest hits ever. India Today summarized, "Music is one of the key ingredients of its success. The songs have melody; the feelings come through – a throwback to the '60s. Moreover Sooraj uses the songs to take his story further. It is also that touch of innocence". Sukanya Verma called, "Dil deewana appears first to celebrate Salman Khan and Bhagyashree's happily-ever-after aspirations in Maine Pyar Kiya and once again when standard rich versus poor conflicts threaten its realisation." The Times of News wrote, "Sooraj Barjatiya's Maine Pyar Kiya is one such classic film of the 90s that made Salman Khan an overnight star". Stardust said, "In the hands of a sincere director, the most hackneyed of commercial film plots can be made to look fresh and new. Unlike other young directors of his generation, Sooraj also knows the value of a good script and spends more time writing his script than in actual production."

title: Maine Pyar Kiya


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User:Võrok

Võrok (Jüvä Sullõv/Sulev Iva) (also Võrok in Võro and Estonian Wikipedia) is the author of the articles Võro language, South Estonian language, Võros and some more language- or Võro-related articles in Võro, Estonian, English and Finnish Wikipedias. In the English Wikipedia Võrok worked previously under the name Võrolang.

et:user:Võrok ru:user:Võrok fi:user:Võrok fiu-vro:user:Võrok

title: User:Võrok


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Talk:Takanori Nishikawa

Untitled
Just as a heads-up to any screaming teenage girls who find this page, this is a public encyclopedia article. The guy probably doesn't even know it exists, so don't post here about how much you love him! :P Jtrainor 16:41, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. But please also keep in mind this article is currently being cleaned up by a university-aged screaming fangirl.  ;-)  – Michelle 21:52, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Rough draft
I started rewriting this article. The still yet to be completed rough draft can be found at User:ArterialFear/tmr. One of the sections (Other activities) needs fact checking because I had to rely on Japanese sources. I will copy/move everything on that page to this article once I feel it is detailed enough. ～Michelle 05:37, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Random Information
If anyone notices that information about TMR's HOT LIMIT PV is gone, I got rid of it because I believed it irrelevant for the page. If you're going to post information on one single's PV, you may as well post information on all of them. Cardsharp21 13:57, 2 October 2006 (UTC)Cardsharp21

I re-added mention of Hot Limit, this time in the Filmography section. It is used as the closing song for episode 2 of ReLIFE. To not have mention of it here would be unbalanced linkage, because that article specifically refers to TMR's Hot Limit. Note I did not link to the Hot Limit (song) article itself, because that article focuses on the cover by HIGH and MIGHTY COLOR and first track of the single with the same name. – 2*6 (talk) 04:49, 30 December 2016 (UTC)

jrock, inc
Wasn't Takanori featured in the book jrock, inc? Just a stupid question. Tikuko 15:05, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * No, the author only mentioned his name in the acknowledgments. ～Michelle 16:02, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Netculture
http://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/45257

This movie is a very central part of modern net-popculture. Or rather has been. Whatever. I think this deserves to be featured in here as it is quite known around the web.

I've never heard of it myself, but if others have, it shall be featured. 212.139.248.158 14:05, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Only five songs in SEED?
Are we deliberately counting Zips and Zips:Undercover as one song instead of two, or is this just an oversight? Counting them as two, it should be six songs, three for SEED and three for Destiny.

~Ruby —Preceding comment was added at 13:54, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225142/http://www.pref.shiga.jp/koho/taishi/nishikawa/ to http://www.pref.shiga.jp/koho/taishi/nishikawa/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060717052306/http://www.takanori-nishikawa.com/turbo_biofiles_biography.shtml to http://www.takanori-nishikawa.com/turbo_biofiles_biography.shtml
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Left something out
Left out that T.M Revolution also did an OP for Soul Eater. 2601:194:400:5700:E80A:895B:BB45:73A2 (talk) 05:55, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

Never say Never
song "Never say Never" is not currently included in the article, used for Edens Zero op 2 2001:56A:F264:5600:85F0:B2EF:F9C:1822 (talk) 05:19, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

 * i added, but dn't edit wikipedia before, can someone edit/fix? 2001:56A:F264:5600:85F0:B2EF:F9C:1822 (talk) 05:22, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Takanori Nishikawa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farmer with shotgun

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETED. dbenbenn | talk 00:12, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Farmer with shotgun
Non-notable minor character. Sc147 23:21, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable. No potential for becoming encyclopedic.  Johntex 23:25, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - bad English, only thing that links there are delete pages...go figure. And perhaps sb should go over the creators contributions... --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 00:02, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think User:TigerShark was putting a notice on it just as it got speedy deleted by User:Neutrality.  He's not the original creator. -- Curps 01:27, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dragonball Z fancruft: just a poorly written description of a minor scene in DBZ.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:19, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, minor fictious character, article as it is written is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 01:01, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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National Intelligence Achievement Medal

The National Intelligence Achievement Medal may refer to the:

 * National Intelligence Medal of Achievement, a United States Government award conferred by the Director of Central Intelligence until 2012.
 * National Intelligence Exceptional Achievement Medal, a United States Government award conferred by the Director of National Intelligence since 2012.

title: National Intelligence Achievement Medal