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Wikipedia:Portal

Portals serve as enhanced "main pages" for specific broad subjects. Portals are meant primarily for readers, while encouraging them to become editors of Wikipedia by providing links to project spaces. Portals are created for encyclopedic topics only and not for article maintenance categories.

Where to find portals
Portals are largely inter-accessible, with users able to navigate from one portal to another. Universal features, such as the portals browsebar (which links to top-level portals), and the portals template (which links to Contents/Portals), allow for convenient browsing. Moreover, portals are also categorised according to hierarchy. Portals, in most instances, also link to their Related portals (those lateral to them) and their Subportals (those that descend from them). Links may look like

To see if a subject you are reading has a portal, you may also check
 * Contents/Portals, the main listing of portals, arranged by subject. Note that there is a delay between a portal's creation and its addition to the listing.
 * Category:All portals is a comprehensive listing, including all old and new portals, and even portals under construction.
 * You can also use the Special:Search box below to locate Portals and sub-pages. Type "Portal:" followed by the subject, like this:.

What is a portal?
Portals are pages intended to serve as "Main Pages" for specific topics or areas. They are analogous to Wikipedia's Main Page, the subject of which is knowledge (the broadest subject of all). Portals narrow down the scope a bit to a more specific subject, and they vary in format and approach. Like the Main Page, which itself is not an article per se, portals are supplemental to the encyclopedia, and provide various alternate approaches to exploring a subject. Innovation is desired and encouraged.

Each portal is named for the subject it covers. We have a portal called "Geography", for example. To set them apart from articles, portals have their own namespace, and so the title of each portal is always preceded by "Portal:". So, the one on geography is called Portal:Geography.

It may help to look at a couple definitions for the word "portal" from Wiktionary: While these definitions may also fit Wikipedia's regular articles (like Geography, for example), such articles are constrained primarily to presenting a description of their respective subjects. The essence of regular articles is that they are prose overviews. That makes them less than ideal for navigating their entire subject.
 * 1) An entrance, entry point, or means of entry. For example: The local library, a portal of knowledge.
 * 2) A website or page that acts as an entrance to other websites or pages on the Internet.

When a subject goes beyond the capacity of a single page, that page is called the subject's root article (its title is the name of the broader subject). But, Wikipedia's coverage of subjects goes way beyond what is on a root article's page. For example, there are over 40,000 articles on mathematics. While the article mathematics summarizes the general subject in descriptive terms, it becomes obvious that there can be other approaches to navigating Wikipedia's overall coverage of this and other subjects.

That's where Wikipedia's various navigation systems come in, including portals. Portal:Mathematics, for instance, provides a selection of reading samples and links to delve into Wikipedia's coverage of mathematics further. A good synonym for a portal is "doorway to knowledge".

Purposes of portals
Each portal on Wikipedia acts as an alternative entrance to a subject. Portals supplement the encyclopedia. They support their subjects in various ways, including but not limited to:
 * 1) Providing a variety of sample content of subtopics ("topic tasters"), from within each portal's subject, that the reader may find interesting. Kind of like a magazine. Like what Wikipedia's Main Page does in general.
 * 2) Aiding navigation. Portals are one of Wikipedia's navigation subsystems, designed to help users find their way around the vast amount of knowledge on Wikipedia to material within a particular subject. So, in addition to sample content, a portal may also present in various ways, links, and lists of links.
 * 3) Providing bridges between reading and editing, and between the encyclopedia proper and the Wikipedia community, via links to pages in project space (and the other namespaces) that are relevant to the portal's subject. A portal may be associated with one or more WikiProjects; unlike a WikiProject, however, it is meant for both readers and editors of Wikipedia, and should promote content and encourage contribution. Note that portals are created for encyclopedic topics only and not for article maintenance categories.

Features of portals
Most portals have some combination of the following features.

Selected content
Portals typically include one or more selected content sections that display one or more images or article excerpts, such as:
 * Selected featured article
 * Selected featured picture
 * Selected general article
 * Selected general articles
 * Selected image
 * Selected images
 * Selected biography
 * Selected biographies
 * Selected team
 * Selected teams
 * Etc.

Excerpts in portals of the new design are selectively transcluded so that they do not go stale. Unlike copy/pasted excerpts, they always match their source (which, however, is not usually written with the use on portal pages in mind), and do not fork. See Portal:Canada for an example that uses Transclude random excerpt and Transclude lead excerpt.

The slideshow components are powered by templates/modules that present excerpts or images from designated sources in a slideshow interface (the slideshow gizmo itself was developed elsewhere in the community). For an example of a single-page portal with multiple excerpt slideshows using Transclude files as random slideshow, see Selected images in Portal:England.

In the news
Many automated portals include a conditional In the news section, which only shows up if there are items to display. It is powered by a search of the content of the current events portal, a major department in its own right, including its events by month subpages. To improve the results, change the parameters of the search (you can edit or add search parameters).

Manually maintained news sections (in which entries are posted by hand) that have fallen out-of-date, can be replaced with a conditional news section. See Transclude selected current events for more information. That template can also be substituted for more control.

Some portals use Wikinews. See User:JJMC89 bot/Wikinews importer for more information.

Did you know
Many automated portals include a conditional Did you know section, which only shows up if there are items to display. It is powered by a search of the content of Recent additions and its subpages (the Did you know archives). To improve the results, change the parameters of the search (you can edit or add search parameters).

Some portals also contain a manually curated Did you know section that shows only recent topic-related DYKs.

Need help?
The Wikipedia reference desk works like a library reference desk. Ask a question there and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it. The Need help? section may help directing readers to get answers to their questions regarding portal topics.

Do you have a question about X Portal to which you can't find the answer?

Consider asking it at the Wikipedia reference desk.

Get involved
On most portals, the Get involved section is conditional, showing up only when a corresponding WikiProject exists.

It provides a link between the encyclopedia and the Wikipedia community, serving as a bridge to draw readers into becoming editors in collaboration with other editors.

Subcategories
The Subcategories section presents a Special:CategoryTree. It is expandable/collapsible, and is configured to show categories only.

Subtopics
The Subtopics section displays a navigation template, automatically reformatted to blend into the page's format. If there isn't one available, the editor can change the parameter to one that does exist, or provide links manually.

Recognized content
Recognized content sections are maintained by User:JL-Bot, which keeps an updated list of relevant featured and good articles there, and featured lists, if any. The bot has been around for years, and is very well tested. This section is conditional, and only shows up if there are entries to display.

Associated Wikimedia
The Associated Wikimedia section displays the Wikimedia for portals template and links to sister projects with a search query matching the portal's title.

Other
A portal developer (you) may be creative and provide features not covered above. Innovation is desired and encouraged. Try to make features that will be low maintenance.

How to get involved
Just as with Wikipedia at large, portals can be edited by anyone. However, it is important to pay due regard to the established work of others. Editors are always welcome to maintain individual portals; if you would like to participate in the upkeep of a particular portal, note your intention on its talk page, list yourself as a maintainer at WikiProject Portals, then get to work – thank you!

A WikiProject on Portals has been founded to coordinate portal activity. Current priorites include developing standards for all portals, further improvement to portal design, and the ongoing maintenance of portals. Other tasks include the integration of portals into the encyclopedia, and their categorization.

Immediate attention is needed on portals listed in Category:Portals under construction and Category:Portals needing attention.

Location
The location used to place a portal template in an article is normally the See also section. If there is no See also section, make one. Note: The Manual of Style for medicine-related articles advises against creating See also sections.

Formats
Inline format for the left side with normal sized text and a coding that is supported by mobile versions of Wikipedia pages: See Template:Portal-inline for a listing of parameters.
 * Inline

Inline format for the right side with normal sized text and a coding that is supported by mobile versions of Wikipedia pages: See Template:Portal for more information.

The bar format is normally used for multiple portals. Note: this coding is supported by mobile versions of Wikipedia pages. This template does not belong in the "See also" section. Per MOS:SECTIONORDER, this template is bottom matter and goes below standard navigation template.
 * Bar

The box on the right format with small text can incorporate multiple portals. Note: this coding is supported by mobile versions of Wikipedia pages':
 * Box

For portals that don't have an icon assigned to them yet, the default portal puzzle piece will display larger, like this:

How to make a good portal
Most portals present the following:
 * A selected article and/or picture;
 * Links into the main category for the topic and possibly subcategories (some portals actually appear in the description page for the main category);
 * General information about the subject, or links thereto;
 * Links to other related portals (using templates);
 * Links to related WikiProjects (mainly for editors);
 * Sister project links can be used to add Wikimedia sister-project links to a portal;
 * Links to specific showcase articles within the scope of the portal topic;

You may want to embark on an effort to fill the related categories with appropriate articles if this has not been done already (or add it to the portal's "to do" list so visitors can help out).

How to create a portal
Before creating a portal, check to see if the subject is already covered at Portal:Contents/Portals (look for synonyms).

There is no single standard design for portals. For further ideas on portal design, browse existing portals. Unlike WikiProjects, portals should not be created for an article maintenance category, but only for encyclopedic topics.

Creating an individual portal does not require pre-approval.1 However, when creating multiple portals you must comply with WP:MEATBOT and WP:MASSCREATION.

How to categorize a portal

 * For a simple portal, simply add a specific subcategory of Category:Portals to the bottom of the portal page.
 * For a complex, multi-page portal, a portal category is needed.
 * Portal categories are generally named  where the portal itself is named.
 * Portal categories are categorized under Category:Portals subcategories just like portals.
 * Portals with their own categories are only categorized in that category, which in turn is put into the other categories that the portal would have been in.

Portals and the core content policies
Portals are subject to Wikipedia's five pillars and must comply with Wikipedia's core content policies (neutral point of view, no original research, verifiability, etc.).

title: Wikipedia:Portal


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E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)

E 11 (شارع ﺇ ١١) is a highway in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The longest road in the Emirates, it stretches from the Al Batha border crossing at the Saudi Arabia–UAE border in al-Silah in the al-Dhafra region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and ends at the Oman–UAE border crossing of al-Darah in al-Jeer, Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah, running roughly parallel to UAE's coastline along the Persian Gulf. The road forms the main artery in some emirates' main cities, where it assumes various alternate names —Sheikh Maktoum Bin Rashid Road and Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Road in Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed Road in Dubai, Al Ittihad Road in Sharjah Emirate and Ajman Emirate, and Sheikh Muhammad bin Salem Road in Ras al-Khaimah.

Dubai-Abu Dhabi Highway
The Dubai-Abu Dhabi Highway of E 11 links the two largest cities of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The project was proposed by the Sheikhs of Abu Dhabi and Dubai to Sheikh Zayed. In 1971, the project was approved and construction began. The highway was completed in 1980. The highway starts near Maqta Bridge in Abu Dhabi and becomes Sheikh Zayed Road in Dubai.

Sheikh Zayed Road
In Dubai, E 11 is known as "Sheikh Zayed Road" (in Arabic: شارع الشيخ زايد). This road is the main artery of the city. The highway runs parallel to the coastline from the Trade Centre Roundabout to the border with the emirate of Abu Dhabi, 55 km away in the area of Jebel Ali.

The road was formerly known as Defence Road. Between 1993 and 1998, 30 km of the road was expanded. Along with this improvement came a change in the name. Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Ruler of Dubai at the time, named the road after the then president of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.

The E11 is designated as such because "E" stands for Emirates, and the number system was adopted in 1995 to represent nationally and internationally significant high-speed roads within the UAE. The E Route system defines these roads as having limited or controlled access and a speed limit of 100 kilometers per hour or higher. The E11 is part of this system, categorized as a primary road, with its numbering indicating a north-south orientation as per the guidelines detailed in the Abu Dhabi Department of Transport's document TR-538 from 2018.

The Sheikh Zayed Road is home to most of Dubai's skyscrapers, including the Emirates Towers. The highway also connects other new developments such as the Palm Jumeirah and Dubai Marina. The road has most of the Red Line of Dubai Metro running alongside it. In Dubai itself much of the highway has seven to eight lanes in each direction.

In recent years, the government built a canal, the Dubai Water Canal; as part of the project, a section of the road was removed and a bridge was constructed.

Traffic pileup
On 12 March 2008, approximately 200 vehicles smashed into each other before going up in flames. According to the Abu Dhabi Police, 3 people were killed and 277 injured, 15 of them critically. Thick fog and poor visibility contributed to the deadly pileup. The event is considered to be one of the worst traffic collisions in the UAE's history.

Exit list
In the emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai, exits are numbered based on distance starting from east to west within the emirate.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)


text: User talk:68.85.73.121

title: User talk:68.85.73.121


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Tamar Valley Line

The Tamar Valley Line is a railway line from Plymouth, Devon, to Gunnislake, Cornwall, in England, also known as the Gunnislake branch line. The line follows the River Tamar for much of its route. Like all railway lines in Devon and Cornwall, it is unelectrified and all trains are diesel powered. The entire line is single track past St. Budeaux Junction.

History
The line from St Budeaux to Bere Alston was opened for passenger traffic on 2 June 1890 by the Plymouth, Devonport and South Western Junction Railway (PDSWJ) as part of their line from Lydford to Devonport, which in effect was an extension of the London and South Western Railway's main line from London Waterloo station to Lydford, enabling the LSWR to reach Plymouth independently of the Great Western Railway.

The branch to Gunnislake was opened by the PDSWJ on 2 March 1908.

The line was listed for closure in the Reshaping of British Railways Report but was kept open because the roads in the areas served were poor.

Motive power
The line used former LSWR O2 Class tank engines as the main form of motive power for many years but in the 1950s newer LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2T engines took over. By 1964 steam had been ousted from the line and DMUs had taken over, working as two-car sets.

Today services are operated by Great Western Railway using Class 150 diesel multiple units.

Route
Communities served: Plymouth (including the suburbs of Devonport and St Budeaux) – Bere Ferrers – Bere Alston – Calstock – Gunnislake

The entire route is supervised from the signalling centre at Plymouth. Trains heading towards Gunnislake must collect the branch train staff from a secure cabinet on the platform at St Budeaux Victoria Road before proceeding as the line is operated on the one train working system with only a single unit allowed on the branch at a time. Conversely the staff has to be returned to the cabinet by the driver on the return journey before the unit can leave the branch and return to Plymouth. This operation was shown in an episode of the Channel 5 documentary series "The Railway - First Great Western" in October 2013.

There is a small railway museum adjacent to Bere Ferrers railway station which includes a number of converted rail coaches available for holiday let. The station sign on the signal box uses the older spelling of 'Beer Ferrers'.

The section between Bere Ferrers and Calstock Viaduct is on the Bere peninsula, between river Tavy (crossed by the Tavy Bridge) and the river Tamar. The driver changes ends of the train at the old junction station of Bere Alston.

The most southerly road bridge across the Tamar in the Gunnislake area is the A390 road which makes the railway is the quickest way of getting into the city of Plymouth. The next crossing down river is the Tamar Bridge at Saltash.

Passenger volume
The overall number of passengers travelling on the Tamar Valley line has grown by over 50% since 2001. Gunnislake is the busiest station on the line.

Community rail
The Tamar Valley Line is one of the railway lines supported by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership, an organisation formed in 1991 to promote railway services in the area. The line is promoted by many means such as regular timetable and scenic line guides, as well as leaflets highlighting leisure opportunities such as walking or visiting country pubs.

The Tamar Valley rail ale trail was launched in 2004 to encourage rail travellers to visit pubs near the line. Seven are in Plymouth city centre and one in the suburb of Devonport. There are single pubs to visit at Bere Ferrers, Bere Alston and Calstock and four in Gunnislake. 10 stamps collected entitle the participant to claim special Tamar Valley Line Rail Trail souvenir merchandise.

Wessex Trains covered Class 150 2-car DMU number 150240 in coloured pictures promoting the line and named The Tamar Kingfisher. It later saw service with Arriva Trains Wales.

The line was designated as a community rail line in September 2005, being one of seven pilots for the Department for Transport's Community Rail Development Strategy. This aims to establish the true costs and revenues for the line with an aim of improving them. It is also looking at simplifying the reversal of trains, considering the costs and benefits should the line be "microfranchised" separately from the Great Western Franchise, and the potential for extending the line from Bere Alston to Tavistock.

On 18 March 2008, Devon County Council backed a proposal by developers Kilbride Community Rail to construct 750 houses in Tavistock that includes reopening the 5.5 mi line from Bere Alston to a new Tavistock railway station, at a cost of £18.5million.

title: Tamar Valley Line


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Talk:Vine

Climbers and grouncovers
The article has: Generally, climbers are always woody vines, while nonwoody or herbaceous vines are not climbers but rather groundcovers.  This seems wrong. I'm thinking of morning glories and bindweeds, annual beans, various cucurbits... Am I missing something? Pekinensis 22:51, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Growing
I'd like to try growing ivy (or some other non-poisonous climbing plant) indoors, as a wall decoration. I need a plant that grows year round and can work with low sunlight. Can somebody reccomend me a vine or two? -Litefantastic 02:24, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Name
I just tried to clarify a bit the difference between recent North American (anything vinelike is a vine, grapes come from grapevines) and traditional/British usage (a vine is something with grapes) usage. I can't speak to Antipodean or African usage on that, though. I hope someone familiar with local usage in the tropics can expand. (The OED marks the broader sense as strictly US, but I'm pretty sure it's also Canadian, and I suspect it may be exist to some extent in other Commonwealth countries as well.) Tkinias 16:25, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It's quite common in British English as well. - MPF 14:49, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm going to challenge the British English/North American English distinction asserted in this article unless it can be supported a bit more authoritatively. While I'm not familiar with the British usage of the word, on checking a rather old edition of Encyclopedia Britannica in my department library, it gives the broad (so-called "North American") definition of "vine" and does not restrict the usage of the word to Vitaceae at all. MrDarwin (talk) 21:45, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think I'm with this synonymy of "climbing plant" with "vine". The page on vines doesn't really cover the range discussed by Darwin and Fritz Müller. There is room for a separate page on climbing plants IMO. Macdonald-ross (talk) 10:59, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

Science Fair Project
I was thinking of doing a science project on vines. "Do you vines have eyes?" is my question. Do vines know where they are going when they reach out and attach themselves to near by objects? Please give me any comments or answers to my question. Lilcocomojoe579 16:23, 8 July 2007 (UTC)lilcocomojoe579

Question - vine vs. liana
Is there any difference between "Liana" and "Vine" ??? Can you give me examples of vines and lianas? Thanks, cs:Wikipedista:Vojtech.dostal —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.20.74.230 (talk) 18:17, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * A liana is a woody climber, whereas a vine/climber does not necessarily need to have woody tissue. Lianas are often also called vines, but the reverse is not always true. Djlayton4 | talk |  contribs 00:14, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Ladder pic may be bine?
I'm no expert, but the plant that is climbing the ladder in a pic looks more like a bine to me, possibly Ipomoea alba or something. There seems to be confusion among the two terms, and perhaps bines are considered a type of vine? Just putting this out there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.244.164.109 (talk) 03:04, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Temporary - The Enthusiasm Factor
One of the greatest assets of Wikipedia is it's intrinsic educational entertainment value. This page lacks most of it. It can be easily achieved by adding a few comparative notes (us humans being hyerarchically inclined) between fastest growers, different support attachment methods and way of growth of the attachment organs. Whilst it is not particularly easy to avoid speculation, there is a well known hunger for factoids in the educational entertainment consumer and, let's face it, the bulk of the donors when need arises are not the ones using Wikipedia for technical reasons, but the wiki-trippers that tap into one page out of curiosity and end up spending hours of navigating the links.

Thus, out of a purely economical point of view, the sprinkling of a page with interesting, objective, non-speculative factoids, such as, on this "vine" page, wich one has the fastest relative growth or wich one can make use of most types of support, can provide the "educational entertainment" factor both Wikipedia and the Discovery Channel owe much of their popularity to. Besides, WIkipedia benefits from the interactive quality of users being able to add what they like and, by human group spirit, what others like too.

Although this makes for a more arduous cleanup work, it also creates the long term benefit of evolving Wikipedia into the one-stop-shop for knowledge and entertainment that might have a profound effect on the future of humankind, via likes and shaping their environement. Who would you rather have in the nation's administration, a porn consumer, or a Wikipedia fanatic ? I'd vote (choice, non-political) for the latter.

In this way, a bit of knowledge salt and pepper has the potential of shaping the future. We are what we like, we become what we dream, we dream of what we like. Spiral evolution.

Note: "Temporary" in the title signifies that this section is to be removed upon necessary changes being effectuated.

Felix a.k.a. BlackTomcat (animal, not fighter jet)

BlackTomcat (talk) 09:00, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Bad language linking
Vine plants are linked up in other languages but not connected to this article. I don't understand how to fix this, but maybe someone can help. Here's the Spanish article on the same subject for example: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta_de_gu%C3%ADa — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dbarthelme (talk • contribs) 07:48, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Seems to have been fixed by somebody. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:23, 23 February 2016 (UTC)

Proposed Merge: Bine (botany) → Vine
Seems like Bine (botany) ought to be merged into here, explaining that modern botanical works use the term twining vine instead of bine. --MCEllis (talk) 18:45, 22 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Support merge. I don't think we have yet found, though, a citation that states that "bine" is obsolete, though we have several large botanical glossaries that omit it. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:27, 23 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Support, seems redundant and this is the first I have heard of the term "bine". Zedshort (talk) 18:19, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Support, as the terms bine and vine might be confused, it seems reasonable to discuss them on the same page, particularly given that twining vine seems to be in more modern use. Klbrain (talk) 23:04, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

UK Usage
Please change the false information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DustyRedSkies (talk • contribs) 15:21, 17 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Assuming this refers to your recent edits: if you have a more reliable source than the Shorter OED for English usage, then please cite it. (I'm not saying there are none, but you haven't cited them.)  Keep in mind that verifiability is one of the standards on Wikipedia. Nitpicking polish (talk) 18:58, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

Need for under leaf-cover or exposed vine species differentiation / distinctions
vines that have evolved in much LOWER LIGHT  conditions, vary a lot from  open-air  ones like grapevines,

so a section with critical differences, including the HIGHER potential for more TYPES of adaptions, in a MORE COMPEDATIVE envrionment that causes infirect diversification (just as much as any other plant/stem-org),

such as ones under-canopies, would help to clarify which and under WHICH CONDITIONS, more diversification, and VALUE, develop from, different cirsumstnaces of evolutionary pressure/need/oppertunity, etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vurrath (talk • contribs) 23:33, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

SemiProtect Please?
This page keeps being changed and changed every time with not funny results. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thewinrat (talk • contribs) 18:53, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

 * , requests for page protection should be posted at WP:RfPP (see page header for more details) as only admins can protects specific articles - usually after serious recurring disruption. But of course all improvements (and fixes of the occasional vandalism) are also appreciated, if you'd like to contribute to the article. GermanJoe (talk) 19:05, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

SEMIPROTECT
Semi-protection: High level of IP vandalism. Thewinrat (talk) 19:09, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

WHAT CAUSES PLANTS TO BE VINES?
And how do they reproduce?

DESDICHADO (talk) 23:23, 31 March 2018 (UTC)DESDICHADO

Semi-protected edit request on 16 May 2018
Lukasbarrie (talk) 08:37, 16 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. GermanJoe (talk) 09:51, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

Attention from an expert
§ Scientific description is tagged
 * Expert needed, =It is the work of a student editor, it needs verification, and may be overly technical for this article, =May 2018

I'm no expert in botany, but I knows formal English pretty good ;-). I've copyedited and wikilinked here in the interest of making the text somewhat less opaque to a non-specialist— especially with terms for which a "define ___" web search, finds no definitions in the sense used here. I haven't removed the tag, though. --Thnidu (talk) 20:31, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

diagrams for left- and right-handed contradict definitions
The pictures for left-handed and right-handed bines contradict the definitions. For example, the definitions for "left-handed" says that it "grows in an anticlockwise direction from the ground." But if you look at the picture for L, it twines in a clockwise direction (as seen from above) as it goes up.

I will not correct this myself, for two reasons. One is that I'm not great at markup. The other is that, without knowing a lot more about the terminology (including S-twist and Z-twist), I couldn't resolve the contradiction without risking making *both* wrong. So someone please fix it. Evan W Morton (talk) 03:31, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vine


text:
Category:Tatra vehicles

Tatra is a vehicle manufacturer from the Czech Republic.

title: Category:Tatra vehicles


text:
Bismillah Khan

Ustad Bismillah Khan (born Qamaruddin Khan, 21 March 1916 – 21 August 2006), often referred to by the title Ustad, was an Indian musician credited with popularizing the shehnai, a reeded woodwind instrument. He played it with such expressive virtuosity that he became a leading Hindustani classical music artist. His name was indelibly linked with the woodwind instrument. While the shehnai had long held importance as a folk instrument played primarily by musicians schooled in traditional ceremonies, Khan is credited with elevating its status and bringing it to the concert stage.

Khan was a devout Muslim but performed at both Hindu and Muslim ceremonies and was considered a symbol of religious harmony. His fame was such that he was selected to perform for the ceremony at Delhi's historic Red Fort as the Indian flag unfurled at the hour of India's independence on 15 August 1947. His music was played (in Raag Kafi) on television every Independence Day. He turned down invitations to perform in other countries before 1966, when the Indian government insisted that he play at the Edinburgh International Festival. This gained him a following in the West, and he continued to appear in Europe and North America thereafter.

In 2001, Bismillah Khan was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, and the country observed a national day of mourning following his death in 2006. He became the third classical musician of India after M. S. Subbalakshmi and Ravi Shankar to be awarded the Bharat Ratna.

Personal life
Bismillah Khan was born on 21 March 1916 into a family of traditional Muslim musicians at the big town of Dumraon, British India, as the second son of Paigambar Bux Khan and Mitthanbai. His father was a court musician employed in the court of Maharaja Keshav Prasad Singh of Dumraon Raj. His two grandfathers Ustad Salar Hussain Khan and Rasool Bux Khan were also musicians in the Dumraon palace. He was named Qamruddin at birth, to rhyme with his elder brother's name Shamsuddin. Upon seeing the new born, his grandfather Rasool Baksh Khan, also a shehnai player, is said to have exclaimed "Bismillah", or "In the name of Allah", and thereafter he came to be known by Ustad Bismillah Khan.

At the age of three, he moved to Varanasi in the state of Uttar Pradesh, to be apprenticed to his maternal uncle, Ali Bux 'Vilayatu' Khan, a shehnai player attached to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple. At the age of 14, Bismillah accompanied his uncle to the Allahabad music conference.he has also develop many tasks of Shehnai at the bank of river Ganga

Bismillah Khan began his career by playing at various stage shows. He got his first major break in 1937, when he played at a concert at All India Music Conference in Kolkata or Calcutta. This performance brought Shehnai into the limelight and was hugely appreciated by music lovers. He then went on to play in many countries including Afghanistan, USA, Canada, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, West Africa, Japan, Hong Kong and in various parts of Europe. During his illustrious career he played in many prominent events throughout the world. Some of the events that he played in include World Exposition in Montreal, Cannes Art Festival and Osaka Trade Fair.

School Life
Bismillah Khan attributed his skill to the blessings of nath (Shiva), and believed that there was little that he could teach his disciples. Khan seldom accepted students. He thought that if he would be able to share his knowledge it wouldn't be useful as it would only give his students a little knowledge. Some of his disciples and followers include S. Ballesh, and Krishna Ballesh,   Baljeet Singh Namdhari, Gurbaksh Matharu (UK) and Khan's own sons, Nazim Hussain and Nayyar Hussain.

Death
On 17 March 2006, Bismillah Khan's health deteriorated and he was admitted to the Heritage Hospital, Varanasi for treatment. Khan's last wish – to perform at India Gate, could not be fulfilled. He wanted to pay tributes to the martyrs. He waited in vain till his last rites. He died of cardiac arrest on 21 August 2006, at the age of 90.

The Government of India declared a day of national mourning on his death. His body along with a Shehnai was buried at Fatemaan burial ground of old Varanasi under a neem tree with a 21-gun salute from the Indian Army.

Legacy
Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi, instituted the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar in 2007, in his honour. It is given to young artists in the field of music, theatre and dance. The Government of Bihar has proposed setting up of a museum, a town hall-cum-library and installation of a life-size statue at his birthplace in Dumraon.

Bismillah Khan was commemorated on his 102nd birth anniversary by Search Engine Google which showed a special doodle on its Indian home page for him on 21 March 2018.

In the documentary film, Eric Clapton: Life in 12 Bars, Clapton cites Bismillah Khan as an influence and how he tried to use his guitar to imitate the music of Khan's woodwind instrument.

In popular culture
Khan had a brief association with films in India. He played the shehnai for Rajkumar's role of Appanna in the Vijay's Kannada-language film Sanaadi Appanna which became a blockbuster. He acted in Jalsaghar by Satyajit Ray and played the shehnai for Vijay Bhatt's Goonj Uthi Shehnai (1959).

Noted director Goutam Ghose directed Sange Meel Se Mulaqat (1989), an Indian documentary film about the life of Khan.

Imtiaz Ali's Rockstar character Ustad Jameel Khan played by Shammi Kapoor was slightly inspired by Khan.

Awards

 * IND Bharat Ratna BAR.png Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award. (2001)
 * Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram (1998), Government of Kerala
 * T Choudayya National Award (1995), Government of Karnataka
 * Fellow of Sangeet Natak Academy (1994)
 * Tahar Mausique from the Republic of Iran (1992)
 * Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honor (1980)
 * Padma Bhushan (1968)
 * Padma Shri (1961)
 * Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1956)
 * Tansen Award by Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.
 * Three medals in All India Music Conference, Calcutta (1937)

Recognitions
Bismillah Khan had honorary doctorates from:
 * Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
 * Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan

Others include
 * Was invited by then Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to play shehnai on the first Independence Day (15 August 1947) in Delhi's Red Fort.
 * Participated in World Exposition in Montreal
 * Participated in Cannes Art Festival
 * Participated in Osaka Trade Fair
 * India Post issued commemorative postage stamps of ₹5.00 denomination on 21 August 2008
 * On his 102nd birthday, Google honored Bismillah Khan with a Google doodle.

Selective discography

 * Albums
 * Sanaadi Appanna – Played shehnai for Rajkumar's role in the movie.
 * Goonj Uthi Shehnai (1959) – shehnai recitals throughout the movie for Rajendra Kumar's role.
 * Maestro's Choice (February 1994)
 * Megh Malhar, Vol. 4 (the other piece in the album is by Kishori Amonkar) (September 1994)
 * Live at the Queen Elizabeth Hall (September 2000)
 * Live in London, Vol. 2 (September 2000)
 * Immortal Series

 * Contributing artist
 * The Rough Guide to the Music of India and Pakistan (1996, World Music Network)

Biographies

 * Bismillah Khan: the shehnai maestro, by Neeraja Poddar. Rupa & Co., 2018. ISBN 81-291-0351-6.
 * Monograph on Shehnai maestro Bismillah Khan, by Amar Jyoti, Shivnath Jha, Alok Jain, Anjali Sinha. Pub. Neena Jha & Shivnath Jha, 2019. ISBN 9788175256408.
 * Bismillah Khan and Banaras: the seat of shehnai, by Rita Ganguly. Siddhi Books, 1994.
 * Shahnai Vadak Ustad Bismillah Khan, by Murli Manohar Shrivguguiastava. Prabhat Prakashan, 2009. ISBN 9788173157356.
 * Bismillah Khan: The Maestro from Benaras, by Juhi Sinha. Niyogi Books, 2011. ISBN 978-81-89738-91-4.
 * Naubatkhane Mein Ibadat, by Yatindra Mishra. Chapter in NCERT's Hindi textbook for 10th Standard.
 * In the NCERT English Textbook for 9th Grade he is credited largely in the chapter "The Sound Of Music".

title: Bismillah Khan


text:
Cos (TV series)

Cos is an American sketch comedy/variety television series that debuted on ABC in September 1976. It was hosted by comedian Bill Cosby and featured an ensemble cast who performed sketches each week. The show was unsuccessful in the Nielsen ratings and was cancelled by November 1976 and replaced with The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries.

Cosby appeared on this series concurrently with his starring role in Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids and the film Mother, Jugs & Speed.

title: Cos (TV series)


text:
Semen collection

Semen collection refers to the process of obtaining semen from human males or other animals with the use of various methods, for the purposes of artificial insemination, or medical study (usually in fertility clinics). Semen can be collected via masturbation (e. g., from stallions and canids ), prostate massage, artificial vagina, penile vibratory stimulation (vibroejaculation) and electroejaculation. Semen can be collected from endangered species for cryopreservation of genetic resources.

Humans
Methods of semen collection from humans include:
 * Masturbation, directing the sample into a clean cup. This is the most common way to collect a semen sample.
 * Sexual intercourse using a special type of condom known as a collection condom. Collection condoms are made from silicone or polyurethane, as latex is somewhat harmful to sperm. Many men prefer collection condoms to masturbation, and some religions prohibit masturbation entirely.  Adherents of religions that prohibit contraception may use collection condoms with holes pricked in them. However, such samples are inferior to the ones collected by masturbation in clean cup.
 * Coitus interruptus (withdrawal). With this technique, the man removes his penis from the vagina near the end of intercourse and ejaculates into a wide-necked cup or bottle. If an analysis of semen quality is required, this technique is generally not recommended as part of the ejaculation could be lost which decreases the accuracy of the results.
 * Surgical extraction, if for example a blockage in the vas deferens is suspected to impede fertility, semen can be taken directly from the epididymis. Such a collection is called percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA). Alternatively, the testicular tissue itself, instead of the sperm produced can be investigated. Then, the collecting method is called testicular sperm extraction (TESE). A Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to recommend any specific surgical sperm retrieval technique for men with azoospermia undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
 * Penile vibratory stimulation (PVS) and electroejaculation are two other alternatives for men with anejaculation due to spinal cord injury. The penile vibratory stimulator is a plier-like device that is placed around the glans penis to stimulate it by vibration, and provides the first-line method for sperm retrieval in spinal cord injury patients with anejaculation.

The best specimen is produced when a short period of 3–5 days of abstinence is observed. A more prolonged period does not yield better results.

Cattle
The process of bovine semen collection is vital in the agricultural industry as it allows farmers to improve the genetics of their herds and increase the efficiency of their breeding programs.

Horses
For semen collection from stallions, the most common method used is an artificial vagina; after collecting semen, it is tested, diluted, then stored according to the intended use. Semen can be either liquid or frozen. There are many kinds of preservatives used in dilution with semen - most contain energy and antibiotics for liquid, and protection from freezing for frozen semen. Many studies are ongoing to improve preservation, increase liquid semen storage time, and reduce or remove bacteria from semen.

Dogs
In order to collect semen from a male dog, an artificial vagina is prepared, which is a conical thin latex sleeve ending in a sterile collection tube. The inside of the latex sleeve is lightly lubricated. The male is allowed to sniff a female in estrus. Experienced studs cooperate readily in the process. New studs often require encouragement in the form of manual stimulation, also known as "manual ejaculation". Generally the male will mount the female, and the collector quickly directs the dog's penis into the latex sleeve. The male ejaculates and the semen is collected in the tube. The semen is then drawn up into a long thin pipette. Prior to ejaculation, the penis is massaged inside its sheath. It is then extruded from its sheath, and the collector massages the dog's erect penis near the base of the bulbus glandis using the thumb and index finger. The dog begins pelvic thrusting movements at the onset of ejaculation.

Wolves
Semen can be collected from wolves via manual stimulation or electroejaculation.

Semen collection from rhinoceroses

 * Cave, A. J. E. "THE PROCESSÜS GLANDIS IN THE RHINOCEROTIDAE." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. 143. No. 4. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 1964.
 * Schaffer, Nan, et al. "Ultrasonographic monitoring of artificially stimulated ejaculation in three rhinoceros species (Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis, Rhinoceros unicornus)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (1998): 386-393.
 * Walzer, C., H. Pucher, and F. Schwarzenberger. "A restraint chute for semen collection in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)—preliminary results." Proc. Eur. Assoc. Zoo Wildl. Vet.(EAZWV), Paris, France (2000): 7-10.
 * Beehler, B. "RESTRAINT CHUTES."
 * Schaffer, N. E., et al. "Methods of semen collection in an ambulatory greater one‐horned rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis)." Zoo Biology 9.3 (1990): 211-221.
 * Roth, Terri L., et al. "Semen collection in rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis, Diceros bicornis, Ceratotherium simum) by electroejaculation with a uniquely designed probe." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36.4 (2005): 617-627.
 * Silinski, S., et al. "Pharmacological methods of enhancing penile erection for ex-copula semen collection in standing white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)." Proc. of the combined meeting of the EAZWV and the EWDA. Heidelberg, Germany. 2002.
 * O'Brien, J. K., and T. L. Roth. "Post-coital sperm recovery and cryopreservation in the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) and application to gamete rescue in the African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)." Journal of reproduction and fertility 118.2 (2000): 263–271.

title: Semen collection


text:
User talk:Lincspoacher

All comments posted here will be deleted.

How do you sell a weasel to a hearing impaired man?

You say to him, you say, "HEY, DO YA WANNA BUY A WEASEL?" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.122.70.121 (talk) 20:44, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Romans (group)

The article Romans (group) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Article admits they only released one single, which does not seem to have charted. Being owned by the Hello! Project corporation does not add to their notability

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Proposed deletion of Little Teds Nursery

The article Little Teds Nursery has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Little Teds Nursery is not notable in itself. This article is just a WP:Coatrack for a child abuse case, that also does not seem to have wikipedia notability.

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Talkback
SchuminWeb (Talk) 00:05, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Little Teds Nursery
I have nominated Little Teds Nursery, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Little Teds Nursery. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. SchuminWeb (Talk) 00:08, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Aunsby
An article that you have been involved in editing, Aunsby, has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. Brunnian (talk) 17:01, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: The Seven Stages of Empire (June 26)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. Please read the comments left by the reviewer on your submission. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved. ''' Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia! '''
 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, you can find it at User:Lincspoacher/The Seven Stages of Empire.
 * To edit the submission, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=User_talk:Lincspoacher Articles for creation help desk], or on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Dodger67&action=edit&section=new reviewer's talk page].
 * Please remember to link to the submission!

Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 13:23, 26 June 2014 (UTC)
 * You can also get real-time chat help from experienced editors.

Your draft article, User:Lincspoacher/The Seven Stages of Empire

Hello Lincspoacher. It has been over six months since you last edited your WP:AFC draft article submission, entitled "The Seven Stages of Empire".

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Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Rankersbo (talk) 14:00, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of Judith Ward for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Timberland (board game)

The article Timberland (board game) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline nor the more detailed Notability (companies)'s section for products requirement. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

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Nomination of Timberland (board game) for deletion
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title: User talk:Lincspoacher


text:
ABK

ABK may refer to:

 * Another name for rapper Anybody Killa
 * Kabri Dar Airport, Kebridehar (Kebri Dehar), Ethiopia (IATA airport code)
 * Abkhaz language (ISO 639-3 code)
 * Activision Blizzard (Activision Blizzard King), American games studio
 * ABK Workers Alliance, organized workers at Activision Blizzard King
 * Ambac Financial Group (former stock symbol)
 * Ahrends, Burton and Koralek architects
 * Åtvidabergs BK (ÅBK), a Swedish bandy club
 * Aktienbrauerei Kaufbeuren or ABK, 700-year-old brewery in Swabia

title: ABK


text:
Lamella (mycology)

In mycology, a lamella (: lamellae), or gill, is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom species, most often agarics. The gills are used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identification. The attachment of the gills to the stem is classified based on the shape of the gills when viewed from the side, while color, crowding and the shape of individual gills can also be important features. Additionally, gills can have distinctive microscopic or macroscopic features. For instance, Lactarius species typically seep latex from their gills.

It was originally believed that all gilled fungi were Agaricales, but as fungi were studied in more detail, some gilled species were demonstrated not to be. It is now clear that this is a case of convergent evolution (i.e. gill-like structures evolved separately) rather than being an anatomic feature that evolved only once. The apparent reason that various basidiomycetes have evolved gills is that it is the most effective means of increasing the ratio of surface area to mass, which increases the potential for spore production and dispersal.

Other groups of fungi to bear gills include:

 * The genera Russula and Lactarius of the Russulales.
 * Several genera in the Boletales, including Gomphidius and Chroogomphus as well as Tapinella atrotomentosa (which has been traditionally named Paxillus atrotomentosus) and other species in that genus, the False chanterelle (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca).
 * Such polypore-like fungi such as daedaleopsis confragosa, Lenzites betulina and Gloeophyllum sepiarium.

Members of the two related genera of chanterelles, Cantharellus and Craterellus, have rudimentary lamellar structures which are sometimes referred to as "false gills". They are distinguished from "true gills" because the structure of the fertile surface ("hymenium") continues uninterrupted over the gill edge, so they are little more than folds, wrinkles or veins. The genus Gomphus also has false gills. These primitive lamellae indicate how the evolution towards true gills probably happened.

Lamellula (: lamellulae) are partial gills that do not reach the stipe.

Classification
Morphologically, gills are classified according to their attachment to the stipe:

title: Lamella (mycology)


text:
ADY

Ady or ADY may refer to:

People

 * Adi (name), Hebrew-language given name
 * Ady (surname)
 * Ady An (born 1980), Taiwanese actress
 * Ady Berber (1913–1966), Austrian actor
 * Ady Jean-Gardy, Haitian journalist
 * Ady Schmit (born 1940), Luxembourgian footballer
 * Ady Spencer (born 1973), English rugby league player
 * Ady Stern, Israeli physicist
 * Ady Williams (born 1971), English footballer
 * Ady (footballer) (born 1973), Tunisian footballer

Other uses

 * Adi (disambiguation)
 * Ady, Oregon
 * Ady, Texas
 * Aadi (album), a 2005 album by Syrian singer Asalah Nasri
 * Adyghe language
 * Alldays Airport, Alldays, Limpopo, South Africa
 * Azerbaijan Railways (Azeri: Azərbaycan Dəmir Yolu, ADY).

title: ADY


text: User talk:69.168.10.179

title: User talk:69.168.10.179


text:
Gill (disambiguation)

A gill is an aquatic respiratory organ.

Gill or Gills may also refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Gill (ravine), generic term for a narrow valley in Northern England and parts of Scotland
 * Gills, Caithness, a township
 * The Gill, a nature reserve in Kent

United States

 * Gill, Colorado, an unincorporated community
 * Gill, Massachusetts, a town
 * Gill, South Dakota, a ghost town
 * Gill, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Gill, West Virginia, an unincorporated community and former railroad town
 * Gills, Virginia, an unincorporated community

Elsewhere

 * Gill (lunar crater), the Moon
 * Gill (Martian crater), Mars
 * Gill, Ludhiana, India

People

 * Gill (name), a given name or surname

Fictional characters and elements

 * Gill (Kim Possible), a character in the Kim Possible animated series
 * Gill (Street Fighter), a character in the Street Fighter video game series
 * Gill, the unit of currency in the Final Fantasy games
 * Gill, a moorish idol fish character in the Finding Nemo franchise

Other arts and entertainment

 * Gill, a webcomic by Norm Feuti
 * The Gills, an indie rock/post-rock band featured on Guitar Hero Live with "Rubberband"

Other uses

 * Gill (unit), a unit of volume
 * Gill (automobile), a British microcar
 * Gill (publisher), Irish publisher established in 1856 based in Park West, Dublin
 * Gill (spinning), a machine for heckling flax
 * Gill, a vector-image program, a fork of which became Sodipodi
 * Lamella (mycology) or gill, a papery rib under a mushroom cap
 * The Gills, nickname of Gillingham Football Club in England

title: Gill (disambiguation)


text:
Walney Island

Walney Island, also known as the Isle of Walney, is an island off the west coast of England, at the western end of Morecambe Bay in the Irish Sea. Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, it is part of Barrow-in-Furness, separated from the mainland by Walney Channel, which is spanned by the Jubilee Bridge. Walney is the largest island of the Furness Islands group, both in population and size, as well as the largest English island in the Irish Sea. Its population at the 2011 UK Census was 10,651, distributed evenly across the island's two Wards of Walney North and Walney South.

Walney Island formed during the last glacial period, when the River Duddon was a large glacial lake, depositing till at its mouth, which became Walney. Some evidence of neolithic inhabitants has been found in the island's sand dunes, though its name is likely of Norse origin. The island remained rural until the growth of Barrow-in-Furness' industries in the nineteenth century. In particular, the development between 1867 and 1881 of docks at Barrow Island, in Walney Channel opposite Walney, encouraged the growth of Walney as a settlement.

The planned worker town of Vickerstown was built on the island in 1898, resulting in a large population increase, and the construction of Jubilee Bridge connecting Walney to the mainland in 1908. Walney's contemporary population now forms about a fifth of the overall population of Barrow-in-Furness. The island contains two nature reserves, at either end, and its sandy beaches make it a popular leisure site.

Etymology
The name Walney is thought to come from Old Norse. Whilst the suffix "-ey" is a common feature of island names, the source of "waln" is less clear. The island is listed in the Domesday Book as Hougenai. The manor of "Hougun" – possibly modern day Millom – is listed in the book as owning the settlements of the whole of Furness, so that 'Hougenai' appears to mean "island of Hougun". The Old Norse word haugr means mound or hill. However, other Norse etymologies have also been suggested for the source of the island's name.

History
Excavations of sand dunes on Walney have revealed evidence of Late Neolithic/early Bronze Age settlements on the island, including a small amount of pottery. Low Furness was most extensively inhabited by Norse settlers, probably travelling from Ireland or the Isle of Man, which is reflected in many local place names, including Walney. Through the Middle Ages, Walney and Furness were dominated by the monks of Furness Abbey, who constructed Biggar Dyke as flood defences on the east coast of Walney. During this time, Walney was largely pastoral, and remained so into the early Industrial Revolution: in his 1810-book Guide to the Lakes, William Wordsworth describes seeing "Walney's early fields of corn" from the summit of Black Combe.

However, Walney was soon caught up in the rapid expansion of industry at Barrow-in-Furness. Barrow docks were built on Barrow Island, in Walney Channel. The island acted as a natural shelter, which allowed the development of Barrow's large shipbuilding yards. In the 1870s, Biggar Bank became a popular seaside recreation site on Walney, and this was reinforced when a regular ferry, operated by the Furness Railway Company, was launched. In 1897, in response to the high levels of immigration to Barrow from across the UK, Vickers proposed to build a new planned town on Walney Island. At the same time, other developers imagined developing Biggar into a larger seaside resort. The first tenants moved into Vickerstown in 1900, and this saw the beginning of the integration of Walney as part of the town of Barrow. Walney Bridge, a Bascule bridge was built in this decade, opening in 1908 and connecting the island to the mainland.

Vickers operated facilities constructing submarines and other shipping in Barrow in the early parts of World War I, and these or nearby installations may have been the targets of the German submarine U-21, which approached Walney Island in shallow water in the early afternoon of Friday 29 January 1915. The artillery battery at Fort Walney, manned by 7 Company, Lancashire and Cheshire Royal Garrison Artillery, opened fire on the submarine at a range of around 7000 yd after the submarine fired its deck gun at the airship station on the island. After a few minutes' exchange of fire, with no hits on either side, the submarine withdrew.

Walney continued to grow through the twentieth century, with a number of suburban housing developments on the island. The majority of growth occurred between the building of the 'Links' estate in 1936, and the completion of suburban housing at North Scale in 1976. The recreational facilities at Biggar Bank were scaled back, but the island's beaches remain locally popular. Walney's population in the 2001 census was 11,388, representing 15% of the overall population of the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness and around 19% of the population of the town of Barrow-in-Furness.

Location and transport
Walney lies off the southwest coast of Cumbria in the Irish Sea. It is 11 mi long from north to south, but never more than 1 mi wide from east to west, with spits at either end. The channel separating it from the Great Britain mainland is also narrow, and named Walney Channel. The northern portion of the channel opens into the Duddon Estuary and is both narrower and shallower; at low tide, it is passable on foot, with stepping stones known locally as 'Widow's Crossing' assisting pedestrians. The southern half of the channel is wider and is regularly dredged to allow shipping to access the Port of Barrow. This half opens into Morecambe Bay and includes a number of small islands, of which Barrow Island, Roa and Piel are inhabited. North of Earnsie Point are secluded beaches, backed by dunes, which tend to be used by naturists.

Jubilee Bridge, a bascule bridge, has connected Walney to the mainland since 1908. The bridge forms part of the A590, which runs between Walney's western coast and the M6 Motorway. A second bridge over Walney Channel is sometimes mooted, in order to improve access and relieve traffic, though there has never been any significant attempt to provide one. The nearest railway station to Walney is Barrow-in-Furness. No long distance bus services are provided, and all services from the island are provided by Stagecoach and terminate in Barrow.

Walney Island has a small airport (Barrow/Walney Island Airport), privately owned by BAE Systems. It opened in 1935 and was initially used for military purposes during World War II, before Barrow council purchased the airfield. It was purchased by Vickers in 1968 and has remained with the company's successors ever since. A few attempts at scheduled passenger services have occurred – Air Ecosse, Air Furness and Telair have all operated flights from the island – but none has lasted longer than two years.

Settlements
The main settlement on Walney, Vickerstown, is effectively a continuation of Barrow-in-Furness, lying on the Barrow-facing east coast at the island's centre, clustered around the Jubilee Bridge. The first parts of Vickerstown were constructed in the 1890s as a workers' community for Vickers Shipyard, but this area has since been expanded by suburban development. The only residential areas on the west coast are at Earnse Bay and Biggar Bank, both of which are extensions to the central Vickerstown settlement. Beyond Vickerstown, the island retains two older villages. North Scale, lies near to and to the north of Vickerstown on Walney's east coast, and consists mainly of suburban homes.

Biggar is the more isolated of the two villages, located around 2 mi to the south of Vickerstown. Biggar is situated on the east coast of the island and is a more agricultural community, with farms extending south of the village as far as the South Walney Nature Reserve. It is possibly the oldest settlement on Walney, with Furness Abbey records from 1292 mentioning a grange at Biggar, and today is still a farming village.

Environment
Walney is low-lying, narrow and windswept – it is said by the North-West Evening Mail to be the windiest lowland site in England. The island's northern and southern ends, South Walney and North Walney, are both nature reserves, consisting of salt-marsh, shingle, sand dunes and brackish ponds.

South Walney is home to a wide number of birds, many of which use the island as a stop whilst migrating. Breeding bird species at South Walney include common eider, common ringed plover, Eurasian oystercatcher, lesser black-backed gull and herring gull. South Walney is also the home of the Walney Bird Observatory. North Walney provides a habitat for natterjack toads, as well as ''Geranium sanguineum var. striatum,'' the Walney geranium, found only on the island. The island's west coast is characterised by wide sandy beaches, whilst its east coast is more built up, facing the narrow and muddy Walney Channel.

Since 2005, the coast off Walney has become a centre for the construction of offshore wind farms. Four wind farms have been built and a fifth is planned.

Government, economy and education
Since 2023 Walney has been part of Westmorland and Furness. It was previously part of the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness, within the larger county of Cumbria, for which Walney is again divided into two wards. In the May 2013 Cumbria County Council elections Walney North and Walney South wards both elected Labour Party councillors. At the 2011 elections at the Borough level, six Labour Party councillors were elected from the island, three from each ward. At a national level, Walney forms part of the Barrow and Furness parliamentary constituency. The Member of Parliament is currently Michelle Scrogham who won the seat at the 2024 General Election.

At the 2001 UK census, Walney North had an unemployment rate of 7.7%, whilst it was 6.3% in Walney South Walney was historically agricultural, and a number of farms remain on the island, particularly on its southern half. Following the construction of Vickerstown, the defence manufacturer Vickers became the major employer on the island, reflecting wider trends in Barrow-in-Furness. Vickers' successor, BAE Systems, remains a major employer in Barrow and on Walney today: the island has particularly high levels of workers in skilled trades.

Walney has one secondary school, Walney School. It opened in 1952 and currently teaches 681 pupils. It has several primary schools but, students entering sixth form college or further education must go to schools on the mainland in Barrow.

Sport and culture
Football and rugby league are the most popular amateur sports in the Furness area. Walney Central amateur rugby league club currently play in the Cumbria Men’s Amateur Rugby League. The club was formed in 1936, and have played on the island ever since. They reached the second round of the Challenge Cup in 1960, losing to Oldham and they competed in the National Conference League between 1991 and 2007. In football, Vickerstown Football Club play in the West Lancashire Football League (WFL) Premier Division (level 11 of the English football league system), while Walney Island Football Club, formed as Nautical FC in 1970, compete in the WFL Division Two.

Walney has become an important location for kitesurfing and wind-surfing. It annually hosts one of the rounds of the British Kitesurfing Championship. In particular the flat, wide beach at Earnse Bay is popular for this sport. Windsurfing takes place around the island, particularly to its west coast and around the mouth of Walney Channel.

In literature, Walney most notably appears, or rather disappears, in The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry, which was adapted into the television series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends. The books and television series are all set on the fictional Island of Sodor, which is located in the position of Walney, though significantly larger. Its east coast resembles that of Walney, and the main town to the east of the island is 'Vicarstown', located at the same place as Vickerstown.

In music, Walney appears in the song "Wa'ney Island Cockfight", which describes a cockfight between the lads of North Scale and Biggar on the island. The song has been recorded by Fiddler's Dram and Martin Wyndham-Reed.

Public houses located on Walney are The Castle (Biggar Bank), The Queens Arms (Biggar village), The King Alfred (Ocean Rd), The Ferry (promenade) and The Crown (north scale). Former public houses closed or demolished are the periscope, the George and the Vickerstown institute.

title: Walney Island


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title: Category:Communes of Ain


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Lamella (surface anatomy)

In surface anatomy, a lamella is a thin plate-like structure, often one amongst many lamellae very close to one another, with open space between. Aside from respiratory organs, they appear in other biological roles including filter feeding and the traction surfaces of geckos. In fish, gill lamellae are used to increase the surface area in contact with the environment to maximize gas exchange (both to attain oxygen and to expel carbon dioxide) between the water and the blood. In fish gills, there are two types of lamellae, primary and secondary. The primary gill lamellae (also called gill filament) extends from the gill arch, and the secondary gill lamellae extends from the primary gill lamellae. Gas exchange primarily occurs at the secondary gill lamellae, where the tissue is notably only one cell layer thick. Furthermore, countercurrent gas exchange at the secondary gill lamellae further maximizes oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release.

title: Lamella (surface anatomy)


text:
SQI

SQI or sqi may refer to:

 * SQI, the IATA code for Whiteside County Airport, Illinois, United States
 * SQI, the Pinyin code for Shangqiu railway station, Henan, China
 * sqi, the ISO 639-3 code for Albanian language

title: SQI


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nathan Lloyd Smith

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS.

The votes were 4 delete, 3 keep, 1 merge. dbenbenn | talk 22:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nathan Lloyd Smith
A Canadian soldier who died in a friendly fire incident. Sarge Baldy 23:08, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there an article on this friendly fire incident that we could redirect this to? RJFJR 00:32, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, Wikipedia is not a memorial. Megan1967 02:23, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Marc Leger, Ainsworth Dyer and Richard Green died in the same incident. If we were deleting individual articles and merging into one article about the incident, Harry Schmidt and William Umbach, the Americans who shot them, would have to go there too. Samaritan 23:24, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Samaritan. All of the above articles should be re-directed to Friendly fire. If not, then my vote is to keep. --YUL89YYZ 16:34, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. The friendly fire incident was a major news story in Canada at the time, but I'm not sure that the individual victims names' all warrant an article.  The story is already covered under the name of the pilot that bombed the Canadians, Harry Schmidt.  (Incidentally, William Umbach isn't really notable either, and could also be merged and redirected.) --TenOfAllTrades 00:21, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I hope the soldiers receive fitting memorials for their sacrifice, but Wikipedia isn't the place for that.  All of these articles should be deleted.   As for the pilots, they aren't notable either in an encyclopdic sense.  I don't think their names have stayed in the public mind.  Those articles should be deleted also.  The incident is notable, though, and a description of it should be incorporated into the appropriate article about the Iraq war.  --BM 16:27, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This was an incident which received heavy coverage in the Canadian media; its relative lack of coverage in American media was part of the story. I wouldn't object to merging into a single article on the incident which contained information about all four -- but doing that within the pilot's article isn't sufficient, because the pilot can't be categorized as a Canadian-related topic. Short of that happening, however, these need to be kept; the incident was significant enough that it's absolutely essential to have some kind of article(s) on the topic. Bearcat 18:51, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with the idea of a single article on the topic; not so much because of classication but because it's the incident itself that's notable, not the individuals involved in it themselves. Sarge Baldy 20:32, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep or create article on the incident and redirect. Spinboy 20:46, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect to an article about the incident; Wikipedia is not a memorial. --Idont Havaname 00:18, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Addendum to previous vote: can anybody give me a legitimate reason why Eugene Armstrong, Jack Hensley, Kim Sun-il, Kenneth Bigley, Shosei Koda, Fabrizio Quattrocchi, Margaret Hassan, Seif Adnan Kanaan, Joseph Menusa, Paul Marshall Johnson, Jr. and Johnny Micheal Spann, just to name a few, are notable specifically for having died in Afghanistan or Iraq, but Canadians who died aren't? (I certainly won't question Nick Berg or Daniel Pearl, both of whose notability is absolutely beyond question, but this is dangerously close to landing in "different rules for Canadians" again.) Bearcat 05:44, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You could be correct that there is some systemic bias that works against Canadians. If there were, I don't think the way it operates is that some American reads an article and thinks "Oh, it's about a Canadian; Canadians aren't notable; lets nominate on VfD", although it is possible I guess.  I think it is more likely that one or both of the following is true: (1) a lot more articles about non-notable Americans slip in without anybody noticing than articles about Canadians, so there are always plenty of examples of articles about Americans that haven't received any VfD attention; or (2) the people who notice these marginal, or below-the-threshold articles are more likely to be Americans, and the names vaguely ring a bell, so they never stop to think whether the people are notable, or whether it is simply that the names are connected to some incident that was in the news and which has stuck in their minds. If they read the article, they remember the incident, and apparently the attitude of many people is that if an incident was notable the people involved in it were notable.  Whereas with the Canadian articles there is a greater chance that someone reads the article and thinks "I never heard of this person", and moreover they have no idea that the incident related in the article is very notable in Canada. --BM 02:38, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this and similar articles. Tragic, but not encyclopedic. Gamaliel 05:47, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
ALB

An Alb is a liturgical vestment.

ALB, Alb or alb may also refer to:

 * Alb, Alpine transhumance in Allemannic German

Places

 * Alb (Upper Rhine), a tributary of the Upper Rhine in northern Black Forest near Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
 * Alb (High Rhine), a tributary of the High Rhine in southern Black Forest at the headwaters of Albbruck Menze Schwander, Germany
 * Crișul Alb (river), a river in western Romania
 * Albania (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code "alb")
 * Albanian language (ISO 639-2 language code "alb")
 * Albany International Airport, by IATA code
 * Albany-Rensselaer (Amtrak station), a train station in Albany, New York
 * Albion railway station, Melbourne
 * Albrighton railway station (National Rail code) in Shropshire, England
 * Franconian Jura (Fränkische Alb), an upland in Bavaria, Germany
 * Swabian Jura (Schwäbische Alb), a mountain range in Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Computing, science and technology

 * Amazon AWS's Application Load Balancer
 * The ALB gene, which encodes serum albumin in humans
 * Honda anti-lock braking system
 * The Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis)

Other uses

 * ALB (musician), a French musician Clément Daquin
 * Alb., taxonomic author abbreviation of Johannes Baptista von Albertini (1769–1831), German botanist and mycologist
 * Albanian language (ISO 639-2 language code "alb")
 * All-weather lifeboat (as opposed to inshore lifeboat, or ILB), such as the:
 * Mersey class lifeboat, all-weather lifeboats operated by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)
 * Severn class lifeboat, the largest all-weather lifeboat in use by the RNLI
 * Tamar class lifeboat, the latest replacement of the previous Tyne class lifeboat lifeboats
 * Animal Liberation Brigade
 * , a Latvian cycling team

title: ALB


text:
Gary Schellenberger

Gary Ralph Schellenberger (born September 15, 1943) is a Canadian politician. He was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 2003 to 2015, and represented the riding of Perth Wellington for the Conservative Party. Schellenberger won five successive elections in eight years from 2003 to 2011. He did not stand for re-election in 2015.

Early years
Schellenberger owned a painting and decorating store in Stratford before entering political life. Schellenberger also served as a volunteer firefighter with the Perth East Fire Department for 14 years. He is a freemason, and an elder at Avonton Presbyterian Church.

In 1996 Schellenberger raised $26,000 for the Sebringville Community Center and the Sebringville Athletic Association by walking from Tobermory to Sebringville.

Political life
A councillor in the former Downie Township, Ontario from 1988 to 2000, he first ran for parliament in the 1997 federal election as a Progressive Conservative in Perth—Middlesex. He lost to Liberal John Richardson by over 8,000 votes; former Liberal MP-turned-Reformer Garnet Bloomfield was third. Richardson, Schellenberger and Bloomfield all ran again in the 2000 election, with the same overall result.

Richardson resigned his seat on November 10, 2002, suffering from a terminal illness. The subsequent by-election in 2003 garnered national attention, as both the Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance candidates attempted to displace the governing Liberals in the riding. Schellenberger, still running as a Progressive Conservative, defeated Liberal Brian Innes by 1,001 votes; despite several appearances from party leader Stephen Harper, the Alliance candidate, Marian Meinen, finished a distant third. Many interpreted this as a sign that the Alliance would be unable to win many Ontario seats in the next election. Shortly after his election, Schellenberger endorsed Peter MacKay for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party.

Schellenberger was appointed Deputy Whip of the Progressive Conservative Party in September 2003. In early 2004, the Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parties merged as the Conservative Party of Canada.

In the federal election of 2004, Schellenberger was elected to the newly created riding of Perth-Wellington. He defeated Innes by almost 4,000 votes.

In the 2006 federal election, Schellenberger was re-elected by a margin of 9,703 votes, defeating the Liberal candidate, David Cunningham. In the 39th Canadian Parliament, Schellenberger was elected Chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage.

In the 2008 federal election, Schellenberger won Perth-Wellington for a third time with 20,765 votes (48.08% of valid ballots) defeating Liberal challenger Sandra Gardiner by 10,540 votes. NDP candidate Kerry McManus finished third. In the 40th Canadian Parliament Schellenberger again served as Chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage. In November 2010 Schellenberger became chair of a second House of Commons committee, the Standing Committee on Veterans Affairs.

In the 2011 federal election, Schellenberger won Perth-Wellington for a fourth time with 25,281 votes (54.5% of valid ballots) defeating NDP candidate Ellen Papenburg (9,861 votes) and Liberal candidate Bob McTavish (8,341 votes). In the 41st Canadian Parliament Schellenberger served as a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development as well as the Subcommittee on International Human Rights.

Schellenberger also served as Chair of the Canada-Germany Interparliamentary Group. In July 2014, he hosted German Ambassador Werner Wnendt in his riding.

On September 25, 2014, Schellenberger announced he would retire at the end of the 41st Canadian Parliament.

title: Gary Schellenberger


text:
Linear complementarity problem

In mathematical optimization theory, the linear complementarity problem (LCP) arises frequently in computational mechanics and encompasses the well-known quadratic programming as a special case. It was proposed by Cottle and Dantzig in 1968.

Formulation
Given a real matrix M and vector q, the linear complementarity problem LCP(q, M) seeks vectors z and w which satisfy the following constraints:

 * $$w, z \geqslant 0,$$ (that is, each component of these two vectors is non-negative)
 * $$z^Tw = 0$$ or equivalently $$\sum\nolimits_i w_i z_i = 0.$$ This is the complementarity condition, since it implies that, for all $$i$$, at most one of $$w_i$$ and $$z_i$$ can be positive.
 * $$w = Mz + q$$

A sufficient condition for existence and uniqueness of a solution to this problem is that M be symmetric positive-definite. If M is such that $LCP(q, M)$ has a solution for every q, then M is a Q-matrix. If M is such that $LCP(q, M)$ have a unique solution for every q, then M is a P-matrix. Both of these characterizations are sufficient and necessary.

The vector w is a slack variable, and so is generally discarded after z is found. As such, the problem can also be formulated as:

 * $$Mz+q \geqslant 0$$
 * $$z \geqslant 0$$
 * $$z^{\mathrm{T}}(Mz+q) = 0$$ (the complementarity condition)

Convex quadratic-minimization: Minimum conditions
Finding a solution to the linear complementarity problem is associated with minimizing the quadratic function

 * $$f(z) = z^T(Mz+q)$$

subject to the constraints

 * $${Mz}+q \geqslant 0$$
 * $$z \geqslant 0$$

These constraints ensure that f is always non-negative. The minimum of f is 0 at z if and only if z solves the linear complementarity problem.

If M is positive definite, any algorithm for solving (strictly) convex QPs can solve the LCP. Specially designed basis-exchange pivoting algorithms, such as Lemke's algorithm and a variant of the simplex algorithm of Dantzig have been used for decades. Besides having polynomial time complexity, interior-point methods are also effective in practice.

Also, a quadratic-programming problem stated as minimize $$f(x)=c^Tx+\tfrac{1}{2} x^T Qx$$ subject to $$Ax \geqslant b$$ as well as $$x \geqslant 0$$ with Q symmetric

is the same as solving the LCP with

 * $$q = \begin{bmatrix} c \\ -b \end{bmatrix}, \qquad M = \begin{bmatrix} Q & -A^T \\ A & 0 \end{bmatrix}$$

This is because the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions of the QP problem can be written as:

 * $$\begin{cases}

v = Q x - A^T {\lambda} + c \\ s = A x - b \\ x, {\lambda}, v, s \geqslant 0 \\ x^{T} v+ {\lambda}^T s = 0 \end{cases}$$

with v the Lagrange multipliers on the non-negativity constraints, λ the multipliers on the inequality constraints, and s the slack variables for the inequality constraints. The fourth condition derives from the complementarity of each group of variables $(x, s)$ with its set of KKT vectors (optimal Lagrange multipliers) being $(v, λ)$. In that case,

 * $$z = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ \lambda \end{bmatrix}, \qquad w = \begin{bmatrix} v \\ s \end{bmatrix}$$

If the non-negativity constraint on the x is relaxed, the dimensionality of the LCP problem can be reduced to the number of the inequalities, as long as Q is non-singular (which is guaranteed if it is positive definite). The multipliers v are no longer present, and the first KKT conditions can be rewritten as:

 * $$Q x = A^{T} {\lambda} - c$$

or:

 * $$ x = Q^{-1}(A^{T} {\lambda} - c)$$

pre-multiplying the two sides by A and subtracting b we obtain:

 * $$ A x - b = A Q^{-1}(A^{T} {\lambda} - c) -b \,$$

The left side, due to the second KKT condition, is s. Substituting and reordering:

 * $$ s = (A Q^{-1} A^{T}) {\lambda} + (- A Q^{-1} c - b )\,$$

Calling now

 * $$\begin{align}

M &:= (A Q^{-1} A^{T}) \\ q &:= (- A Q^{-1} c - b) \end{align}$$

we have an LCP, due to the relation of complementarity between the slack variables s and their Lagrange multipliers λ. Once we solve it, we may obtain the value of x from λ through the first KKT condition.

Finally, it is also possible to handle additional equality constraints:

 * $$A_{eq}x = b_{eq}$$

This introduces a vector of Lagrange multipliers μ, with the same dimension as $$b_{eq}$$.

It is easy to verify that the M and Q for the LCP system $$ s = M {\lambda} + Q$$ are now expressed as:

 * $$\begin{align}

M &:= \begin{bmatrix} A & 0 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} Q & A_{eq}^{T} \\ -A_{eq} & 0 \end{bmatrix}^{-1}  \begin{bmatrix} A^T \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}  \\ q &:= - \begin{bmatrix} A & 0 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} Q & A_{eq}^{T} \\ -A_{eq} & 0 \end{bmatrix}^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} c \\ b_{eq} \end{bmatrix} - b \end{align}$$

From λ we can now recover the values of both x and the Lagrange multiplier of equalities μ:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix} x \\ \mu \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} Q & A_{eq}^{T} \\ -A_{eq} & 0 \end{bmatrix}^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} A^T \lambda - c \\ -b_{eq} \end{bmatrix}$$

In fact, most QP solvers work on the LCP formulation, including the interior point method, principal / complementarity pivoting, and active set methods. LCP problems can be solved also by the criss-cross algorithm, conversely, for linear complementarity problems, the criss-cross algorithm terminates finitely only if the matrix is a sufficient matrix. A sufficient matrix is a generalization both of a positive-definite matrix and of a P-matrix, whose principal minors are each positive. Such LCPs can be solved when they are formulated abstractly using oriented-matroid theory.

title: Linear complementarity problem


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toast machine

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:21, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Toast machine
Non-notable band. Neither allmusic nor artistdirect has ever heard of them. Hard to figure out how many Google hits they get, though they do seem to come up with the first one. RickK 23:11, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. Mikkalai 23:35, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. --Idont Havaname 00:03, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable enough, band vanity. Megan1967 03:28, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, does not meet WikiProject:Music's guidelines for inclusion. Tuf-Kat 17:03, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:37, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Southwick, West Sussex

Southwick is a town in the Adur district of West Sussex, England located five miles (8 km) west of Brighton. It covers an area of 863.7 ha. In 2001 it had a population of 13,195.

The town is loosely divided into three sections: south of Brighton Road is the harbour with its associated industries and businesses; north of Brighton Road up to Old Shoreham Road is mainly residential properties dating from the middle of the nineteenth century to the 1950s; and the area between Old Shoreham Road and the South Downs being the most recent to be developed, also largely residential.

The main road which passes through the town is now designated the A259 coast road. The A27 road bypasses the town to its north.

History
Southwick was recorded in the Domesday book (1085): ''Nigel holds Esmerwick of William. Azor held it of King Edward. Then, and now, it vouched for one hide and a half. There is land for 4 ploughs. In demesne are 2 ploughs, and 4 villeins and 6 bordars with 2 ploughs. In the time of King Edward it was worth 40 shillings, and afterwards 30 shillings. Now 4 pounds''. In that excerpt, the village is referred to by its Saxon name, Esmerewick, meaning East pool hamlet. The village was first recorded as Southwick in 1309.

The town grew as the coast became a popular holiday destination, many of the properties being tourist accommodation. The railway arrived in the town on 12 May 1840, being the original terminus.

Beneath Manor Hall Road lies a first century AD Roman villa. It was an elaborately decorated lavish residence similar in design to Fishbourne Roman Palace. The site was acquired by the Sussex Archaeological Trust in 1931 and part of the villa was opened to the viewing public during summer months. In 1953-4 the site was sold to a property developer and in 1965 the Methodist church on Manor Hall Road was built. The site has now been developed for housing.

There is a tradition that King Charles II stayed overnight at the cottages on Southwick Green before escaping to France. The Old Town Hall in Albion Street was completed in 1906.

Community
The town's open-air shopping centre, Southwick Square, is home to many traditional and local businesses as well as some larger chains, and is central to the village since its expansion north of the Old Shoreham Road in the middle of the twentieth century. Before that the main shops were located on Albion Street, the main coast road. Adjacent to 'the Square', as it is known locally, is the Southwick Community Centre, and Southwick Library, which was rebuilt for 2007.

Education
Primary schools are Eastbrook Primary Academy on Manor Hall Road (formerly Manor Hall First and Middle schools), Holmbush Primary Academy and Herons Dale School, a community special school, both in Hawkins Crescent (just on the Shoreham side of the Shoreham/Southwick border), and Glebe Primary in Church Lane. The main secondary schools for this catchment area are in Shoreham-By-Sea: King's Manor Community College (comprehensive), now rebranded Shoreham Academy and Shoreham College (public). Some children may go further afield and attend Portslade Community College, St Andrew's CE High School for Boys or Davison High School (for Girls) in Worthing, Cardinal Newman Catholic School in Hove, or Steyning Grammar School.

Transport
Southwick is served by Southwick railway station on the West Coastway Line, which connects to Southampton westbound and Brighton eastbound.

700 Coastliner busses operated by Stagecoach also run across the south of the town across the A259 operating services to Brighton to the east and Worthing across to Littlehampton to the west. Brighton & Hove busses also operate the 46 service from the town to Hollingbury (Brighton).

Recreation
There is a leisure centre and recreation ground in Old Barn Way, which is home to Southwick Football Club.

Southwick Hockey Club has a local clubhouse, although the home pitch is in Portslade.

The Green, once common land central to the old village, consists of two separate fields divided by a short road of the same name. The smaller southern field, also home to the town's war memorial located in the south-eastern corner, is often used for local cricket matches. The larger northern field contains a small children's playground and is most often used for general recreation and is also the location where travelling fairgrounds and local fairs will set up during the summer and autumn months. There is also some parkland off Cross Road, just south of the Old Shoreham Road. North of the Old Shoreham Road, there is Quayside, once home to the Quayside Youth Centre which burned down in May 2005 and since re-built.

Unusually for a town of its size, Southwick has a theatrical scene thanks to the Barn Theatre, an 18th-century barn building converted into a theatre in 1951 and thoroughly revamped in 1998.

Media
Local news and television programmes is provided by BBC South East and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Whitehawk Hill TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Sussex on 95.3 FM, Heart South on 103.5 FM, Capital Brighton on 107.2 FM, and More Radio Worthing on 107.7 FM. The town is served by the local newspapers, Shoreham Herald and The Argus.

Churches
There are several churches in Southwick: St Michael and All Angels in Church Lane, St Theresa of Lisieux (RC) in Downland Avenue, Southwick Methodist Church in Manor Hall Road and Southwick Christian Community Church in Roman Crescent.

Notable residents

 * Attila the Stockbroker, punk poet, grew up in Southwick and lives there today.
 * Dame Clara Butt, celebrated contralto, was born at 27 Adur Terrace.
 * Thérèse Lessore, artist, born in Southwick
 * S. P. B. Mais, author, journalist, and broadcaster
 * Ralf Rangnick, German football player and manager
 * George Albert Smith, pioneer film-maker, lived in Roman Crescent.
 * Wing Commander Ken Wallis, leading exponent of autogyros, lived in Church Lane.

title: Southwick, West Sussex


text:
ALG

ALG may refer to:

Airfields

 * Advanced Landing Ground, temporary airfields created by the Allies in World War II
 * ALG Wormhout, the Advanced Landing Ground home base of 'B' Flight, 665 (AOP) Squadron RCAF, near Dunkirk, France
 * Houari Boumediene Airport (IATA airport code ALG), Algiers, Algeria

Enterprises and organizations

 * ALG, a company that provides information on future residual values of vehicles; purchased by TrueCar in 2011
 * American Laser Games, a former US company
 * Apple Leisure Group, a US travel company
 * Association of London Government, a local government association in England
 * Art. Lebedev Group, the holding company which owns Art. Lebedev Studio

Science and technology

 * Anti-lymphocyte globulin, an immunosuppressive drug
 * Application-level gateway, in computer networking

Sports

 * A-League, a domestic football league in Australasia
 * ALG Spor, a football club in Gaziantep, Turkey

Other uses

 * Algeria, IOC country code
 * Algonquian languages (ISO 639 code ALG)
 * Automatic Language Growth, an approach to language learning/teaching

title: ALG


text:
User:Jcbos

My name is Johan Bos, I live in The Netherlands. I'm a member at the Dutch and Spanish Wikipedia as well. There my ID is: 'Jcb'. Feel free to contact me at my Dutch discussion page.

title: User:Jcbos