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Peter Reveen

Peter J. Reveen (8 October 1935 – 8 April 2013) was an Australian illusionist and hypnotist who performed mainly in Canada, and particularly Atlantic Canada.

Early life
Reveen was born in Adelaide, Australia, and traveled to the US in January 1961, landing in Honolulu, Hawaii. From there, he took a boat ride to San Francisco, California, and purchased a Greyhound Bus ticket to Vancouver, British Columbia. Reveen was granted a six-month visitor's visa on 16 March 1961.

Career
Reveen began his career in the town of Chilliwack, BC, booking himself into local community halls and legions, calling himself Reveen, the Impossibilist. To promote his shows, Reveen offered complimentary tickets to all businesses willing to put a poster in their storefront window. In many towns, he also offered local radio stations a percentage of ticket sales in exchange for advertising. In 1962, The Man They Call Reveen was given the opportunity to perform in a movie house and his career took off. He toured extensively through Canada and the United States for 35 years, eventually performing for over 6,000,000 people. In September 2007, Reveen came out of retirement with a mini-tour of Atlantic Canada called The Return of Reveen.

Reveen was one of the founding members of the Magic Castle in Los Angeles, California, and in 1987 wrote the book The Superconscious World. In 2000, he won the DRAGON Award, an annual award given to magicians who excel in Drama, Romance, Artistry, Glamour, Originality and Necromancy.

After Peter's death from diabetes and dementia in 2013, his son, Tyrone, continued with the "Reveen" show.

Personal life
Reveen was married to Coral Reveen, who died on August 23, 2023. Together, they had four sons. From oldest to youngest, they are: Wayne, Tyrone, Calvin, and Peter, Jr. Peter Jr. is best known as the former guitar player in the now defunct American hard rock band Salty Dog.

Cultural references
Samples from his self-hypnosis LPs, including Relax with Reveen, Study and Concentrate with Reveen, and Stop Smoking...Stop Overeating with Reveen, feature on some modern Electronic music, such as the Lemon Jelly track Nervous Tension, and Bonobo track Shadowtricks.

Trailer Park Boys' character Ricky is occasionally called "Reveen", not to Ricky's displeasure, due to their dubious physical resemblance.

Reveen appears to be the basis for a Saturday Night Live parody commercial about a hypnotist who gets audience members exiting the theatre to robotically drone, "I loved it. It was much better than CATS. I'm going to see it again and again," to a reporter.

In an episode of the Canadian sketch comedy program The Holmes Show, there is a sketch featuring Roman Danylo as a stage hypnotist named "Crevasse the Impossiblist". A crevasse is similar to a ravine, and is a pun on the name "Reveen".

During his May 2009 Late Show with David Letterman appearance, comedian Norm Macdonald revealed he went to one of Reveen's shows as a teenager.

Notable honours
In December 2009, IBM Ring 257 named Reveen their 2009 Magician of the Year.

title: Peter Reveen


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Balanced trade

Balanced trade is an alternative economic model to free trade. Under balanced trade, nations are required to provide a fairly even reciprocal trade pattern; they cannot run large trade deficits or trade surpluses.

The concept of balanced trade arises from an essay by Michael McKeever Sr. of the McKeever Institute of Economic Policy Analysis. According to the essay, "BT is a simple concept which says that a country should import only as much as it exports so that trade and money flows are balanced. A country can balance its trade either on a trading partner basis in which total money flows between two countries are equalized or it can balance the overall trade and money flows so that a trade deficit with one country is balanced by a trade surplus with another country."

Implementation
Balanced trade, as a concept, was suggested by Warren Buffett in a November 2003 Fortune Magazine article. Therein he proposed a system of "Import Certificates" (ICs) – exporters would receive $1 of ICs for each $1 of goods they exported, and importers would be required to present $1 of ICs for every $1 of goods they import. This would limit the value of imports to at most the value of exports (and presumably exactly the value of imports, assuming no leakage), and create a market of exporters to sell ICs to importers, effectively subsidizing exporters and taxing importers – compare cap and trade.

A year before Buffett's article, a form of balanced trade was hinted at by William Hawkins, who advocated direct limitations on imports: "the Bush Administration should be taking direct measures to reduce the trade deficit – which means limiting imports, both to defend the dollar's integrity and America's economic strength."

A more extensive argument for balanced trade, and a program to achieve balanced trade is presented by Raymond Richman, Howard Richman and Jesse Richman. In their 2008 book Trading Away Our Future, they argue "A minimum standard for ensuring that trade does benefit all is that trade should be relatively in balance." The Richmans published another book in 2014, Balanced Trade: Ending the Unbearable Costs of America's Trade Deficits, in which they propose a "scaled tariff…be applied to all imported goods from trade surplus countries that have had a sizable trade surplus with the United States over the most recent four economic quarters. The tariff rate would be designed to take in a portion (e.g. 50%) of the bilateral trade deficit (goods plus services) as revenue."

Another advocate of balanced trade is Kenneth Davis Jr, former Assistant Secretary of Commerce and former Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for IBM Inc. In 2014 Davis and Will Wilkin formed Balanced Trade Associates to advocate for a balanced trade policy in the United States. They drafted model legislation, the Balanced Trade Restoration Act of 2014, that would use an electronic form of Import certificates to taper down imports 10% each year for 3 years, then, beginning in the 4th year, limit imports each year to the same value as the previous year's exports.

The goal of balanced trade is also advanced by Mike Stumo, CEO of the Coalition for a Prosperous America (CPA). CPA has initiated a petition requesting that "Congress adopt balanced trade as the primary national trade goal by adding the following language to future trade-related bills: 'The principal national objective for trade in goods, services and agriculture is to achieve an overall balance of payments over a reasonable period of time, eliminate persistent trade deficits and reverse the accumulation of foreign debt.'"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Balanced trade


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Hal Willner

Hal Willner (April 6, 1956 – April 7, 2020) was an American music producer working in recording, films, television, and live events. He was best known for assembling tribute albums and events featuring a wide variety of artists and musical styles (jazz, classical, rock, Tin Pan Alley). Willner died during the COVID-19 pandemic from complications brought on by the virus.

Early life
Willner was born in Philadelphia in 1956. His father and uncle were Holocaust survivors. Willner moved to New York City in 1974 to attend New York University, but did not graduate.

Career
In the late 1970s, Willner worked under record producer Joel Dorn, credited as associate producer on Leon Redbone's albums Double Time and Champagne Charlie, and The Neville Brothers' Fiyo on the Bayou. Willner became the sketch music producer of Saturday Night Live in 1980, where he chose the music to be used in sketches for four decades. From 1988 to 1990 he produced the TV program Sunday Night (later renamed Night Music), which was hosted by David Sanborn and presented musicians from a wide variety of genres.

Willner produced albums for Marianne Faithfull, Lou Reed, Bill Frisell, Steven Bernstein, William S. Burroughs, Gavin Friday, Lucinda Williams, Laurie Anderson, and Allen Ginsberg, among others. He produced a live tribute concert to Tim Buckley, that ultimately launched the career of Tim's son Jeff. He released one album under his own name: Whoops, I'm an Indian, which featured audio samples from 78 rpm records from the early-mid 20th century.

Following earlier stagings, in January 2010 Willner produced his pirate-themed concert event Rogue's Gallery for the Sydney Festival. The multinational cast included Marianne Faithfull, Todd Rundgren, Tim Robbins, Richard Strange, Gavin Friday, Anohni, Peter Garrett, Baby Gramps, David Thomas, Sarah Blasko, Katy Steele, Peaches, Glenn Richards, Liam Finn, Camille O'Sullivan, Kami Thompson, and Marry Waterson.

Personal life
At the time of his death he was married to television producer Sheila Rogers, and they had one son Arlo.

Death
Willner had symptoms consistent with COVID-19. He died at his home on the Upper West Side of Manhattan on April 7, 2020, one day after his 64th birthday during the pandemic in New York City. A tribute to Willner was played during the April 11, 2020 episode of Saturday Night Live, featuring both the reminiscences of current and past cast members and a choral rendition of Lou Reed's song "Perfect Day".

Concept albums produced by Hal Willner

 * Amarcord Nino Rota (1981) Willner's first tribute album salutes Italian composer Nino Rota, and features interpretation of his music for Federico Fellini films by jazz musicians including: Wynton and Branford Marsalis; Carla Bley; Muhal Richard Abrams; Bill Frisell; Steve Lacy; and Jaki Byard; plus singer–songwriter Deborah Harry.
 * That's The Way I Feel Now: A Tribute to Thelonious Monk (1984) features pop and jazz musicians including NRBQ, Steve Lacy, Dr. John, John Zorn, Donald Fagen, and Peter Frampton.
 * Lost in the Stars: The Music of Kurt Weill (1985) features musicians ranging from Sting to Charlie Haden
 * Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films (1988) features performances of songs from Walt Disney movies by a large cast of artists ranging from Sun Ra to NRBQ, Michael Stipe, Ringo Starr, Yma Sumac and Ken Nordine
 * Weird Nightmare: Meditations on Mingus (1992) is a tribute to Charles Mingus, featuring instruments designed and built by American composer Harry Partch, on loan from his estate. Performers include Bill Frisell, Vernon Reid, Henry Rollins, Keith Richards, Charlie Watts, Don Byron, Henry Threadgill, Gary Lucas, Bobby Previte, Robert Quine, Leonard Cohen, Diamanda Galás, Chuck D, Francis Thumm, and Elvis Costello
 * September Songs: The Music of Kurt Weill (1994) re-creation of the previous Weill tribute as a Canadian TV special directed by Larry Weinstein. A CD was issued including performances by Nick Cave and PJ Harvey. The list of performers on this recording is different from the list of performers on his previous Weill tribute. Some of those that are on both tributes, such as Lou Reed and Charlie Haden, provide new recordings of the pieces they contributed previously. Many of the songs included are the same, although the new recording tends toward more historical recordings (Lotte Lenya, Bertolt Brecht, and Weill himself), while the previous one tended toward more avant-garde tributes.
 * Stormy Weather: The Music of Harold Arlen (2003) another Larry Weinstein TV program. The CD includes performances by Rufus Wainwright, Debbie Harry, David Johansen, Eric Mingus and Sandra Bernhard
 * Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man (2006) soundtrack for Lian Lunson's documentary film about Willner's Leonard Cohen tribute event Came So Far for Beauty
 * Rogue's Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs, and Chanteys (2006) Double CD includes performers ranging from Bono to Van Dyke Parks.
 * The Harry Smith Project: Anthology of American Folk Music Revisited (2006). Recorded at Hal Willner's Harry Smith Project events in London (1999), Brooklyn (1999) and LA (2001), plus a DVD documentary.
 * Son of Rogues Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs & Chanteys (2013) is a compilation album of sea shanties and the follow-up to 2006's Rogue's Gallery.
 * AngelHeaded Hipster : The Songs of Marc Bolan & T. Rex (2020) is a compilation album that pays tribute to Marc Bolan and his group T. Rex. Willner relates in the notes to the album that he was a fan of Bolan since the 1970s. Decades later, BMG approached Willner to produce a tribute album to Marc as a composer, and AngelHeaded Hipster is the result. The double CD and vinyl album includes performances by Kesha, Nick Cave, Joan Jett, Devendra Banhart, Lucinda Williams, Peaches, BORNS, Beth Orton, King Khan, Gaby Moreno, U2 and Elton John, John Cameron Mitchell, Emily Haines, Father John Misty, Perry Farrell, Elysian Fields, Gavin Friday, Nena, Marc Almond, Helga Davis, Todd Rundgren, Jesse Harris, Sean Lennon and Charlotte Kemp Muhl, Victoria Williams and Julian Lennon, David Johanson, and Maria McKee, with vocal contributions from Richard Barone, Jenni Muldaur, and Rolan Bolan. The album was released in September 2020, following Willner's death.

Themed concerts produced by Hal Willner

 * Greetings from Tim Buckley (Brooklyn 1991)
 * Nevermore: Poems & Stories of Edgar Allan Poe (Brooklyn 1995), which led to the album Closed on Account of Rabies (1997), then Hal Willner's Halloween Show: Never Bet the Devil your Head (Los Angeles 2002), then Closed on Account of Rabies: Poems and Tales of Edgar Allan Poe (Los Angeles 2001)
 * Tribute to Allen Ginsberg (Los Angeles)
 * Marquis de Sade's writings (New York 1998)
 * The Harry Smith Project (London 1999, Los Angeles 2001)
 * The Doc Pomus Project (New York City 2001)
 * Came So Far for Beauty, An Evening of Songs by Leonard Cohen (Brooklyn 2003, Brighton 2004, Sydney 2005, Dublin 2006)
 * Dream Comfort Memory Despair: The Songs of Neil Young (Brooklyn 2004), followed by Hal Willner's Neil Young Project (Vancouver 2010)
 * Perfect Partners: Nino Rota & Federico Fellini (London 2004)
 * Shock and Awe: The Songs of Randy Newman (Los Angeles 2004)
 * Let's Eat: Feasting on The Firesign Theatre (Los Angeles 2004)
 * Forest of No Return: Hal Willner Presents Vintage Disney Songbook (London 2007), followed by Stay Awake: 20th anniversary of the classic recording of Disney songs (Brooklyn 2008) (Hal Willner's Stay Awake at UCLA was scheduled for October 30, 2008, but was cancelled due to unavailability of some performers)
 * Rogue's Gallery (NYC 2007, Dublin 2008, London 2008, Gateshead 2008, Sydney 2010)
 * Hal Willner's Bill Withers Project (Brooklyn 2008)
 * Begats: Readings of the Work of Burroughs, DeSade & Poe (Brooklyn 2009)
 *  Gotta Right to Sing the Blues? Music and Readings from A Fine Romance, Jewish Songwriters, American Songs (NYC 2010)
 * An Evening with Gavin Friday and Friends (New York, Carnegie Hall, 2009)
 * Hal Willner's Freedom Riders Project (Brooklyn 2011)
 * Shelebration: The Works of Shel Silverstein (New York 2011)
 * Hal Willner’s Amarcord Nino Rota (London, The Barbican, 2013; New York, Lincoln Center, 2018)
 * The Bells: A Day Long Celebration of Lou Reed (New York, July 30, 2016)
 * 'Tomorrow Is A Long Time: Songs from Bob Dylan's 1963 Town Hall Concert' (New York Town Hall Thursday, May 24, 2018)

Spoken word recordings
With the increasing prevalence of tribute albums in the late 1980s (such as Red Hot + Blue), Willner decided to turn his attention to spoken word recordings.

 * Dead City Radio (1990) by William Burroughs has musical backing by Sonic Youth, Donald Fagen, John Cale and others.
 * Spare Ass Annie and Other Tales (1996) by William Burroughs with music by The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy.
 * The Lion for Real by Allen Ginsberg (Mouth Almighty Records 1989) features musical accompaniment by Bill Frisell, Philip Glass, Paul McCartney and others.
 * Closed on Account of Rabies (Mouth Almighty Records 1997) consists of readings of Edgar Allan Poe poems and tales by Iggy Pop and others. As Willner's only "spoken word" tribute album, it fits in the context of his other music-based tributes.
 * In with the Out Crowd (Mouth Almighty Records 1998) by poet Bob Holman.
 * Let the Buyer Beware (2004) is an authoritative six CD box set of historic recordings by the comedian Lenny Bruce.

Film-related projects

 * The Carl Stalling Project: Two CDs of music composed and/or arranged by Carl Stalling for Warner Brothers cartoons. The first CD was released in 1990; "Volume 2" was released in 1995.
 * The soundtracks to Robert Altman's films Short Cuts (1993) and Kansas City (1996).
 * Music Supervisor or Producer for The Million Dollar Hotel (Dir. Wim Wenders, 2000), Finding Forester (Dir. Gus Van Sant, 2000), Gangs of New York (Dir. Martin Scorsese, 2002), Talladega Nights (Dir. Adam McKay, 2006), and others.

title: Hal Willner


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1966 Palomares B-52 crash

The 1966 Palomares B-52 crash, also called the Palomares incident, occurred on 17 January 1966, when a B-52G bomber of the United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command collided with a KC-135 tanker during mid-air refueling at 31000 ft over the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Spain. The KC-135 was destroyed when its fuel load ignited, killing all four crew members. The B-52G broke apart, killing three of the seven crew members aboard.

At the time of the accident, the B-52G was carrying four B28FI Mod 2 Y1 thermonuclear (hydrogen) bombs, all of which fell to the surface. Three were found on land near the small fishing village of Palomares in the municipality of Cuevas del Almanzora, Almería, Spain. The non-nuclear explosives in two of the weapons detonated upon impact with the ground, resulting in the contamination of a 2 km2 area with radioactive plutonium. The fourth, which fell into the Mediterranean Sea, was recovered intact after a search lasting two and a half months.

Accident

The B-52G began its mission from Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina, carrying four B28FI Mod 2 Y1 thermonuclear bombs on a Cold War airborne alert mission named Operation Chrome Dome. The flight plan took the aircraft east across the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea towards the European borders of the Soviet Union before returning home. The lengthy flight required two mid-air refuelings over Spain.

At about 10:30 am on 17 January 1966, while flying at 31000 ft, the bomber commenced its second aerial refueling with a KC-135 out of Morón Air Base in southern Spain. The B-52 pilot, Major Larry G. Messinger, later recalled,

"We came in behind the tanker, and we were a little bit fast, and we started to overrun him a little bit. There is a procedure they have in refueling where if the boom operator feels that you're getting too close and it's a dangerous situation, he will call, "Break away, break away, break away." There was no call for a break away, so we didn't see anything dangerous about the situation. But all of a sudden, all hell seemed to break loose."

The planes collided, with the nozzle of the refueling boom striking the top of the B-52 fuselage, breaking a longeron and snapping off the left wing, which resulted in an explosion that was witnessed by a second B-52 about a mile (1 mi) away. All four men on the KC-135 and three of the seven men on the bomber were killed.

Those killed in the tanker were boom operator Master Sergeant Lloyd Potolicchio, pilot Major Emil J. Chapla, co-pilot Captain Paul R. Lane, and navigator Captain Leo E. Simmons.

On board the bomber, navigator First Lieutenant Steven G. Montanus, electronic warfare officer First Lieutenant George J. Glessner, and gunner Technical Sergeant Ronald P. Snyder were killed. Montanus was seated on the lower deck of the main cockpit and was able to eject from the plane, but his parachute never opened. Glessner and Snyder were on the upper deck, near the point where the refueling boom struck the fuselage, and were not able to eject.

Four of the seven crew members of the bomber managed to parachute to safety: in addition to pilot Major Messinger, aircraft commander Captain Charles F. Wendorf, copilot First Lieutenant Michael J. Rooney, and radar-navigator Captain Ivens Buchanan successfully bailed out. Buchanan received burns from the explosion and was unable to separate himself from his ejection seat, but he was nevertheless able to open his parachute, and he survived the impact with the ground. The other three surviving crew members landed safely several miles out to sea.

The Palomares residents carried Buchanan to a local clinic, while Wendorf and Rooney were picked up at sea by the fishing boat Dorita. The last to be rescued was Messinger, who spent 45 minutes in the water before he was brought aboard the fishing boat Agustin y Rosa by Francisco Simó. All three men who landed in the sea were taken to a hospital in Águilas.

Weapons
The weapons lost during the accident were four B28FI Mod 2 Y1 thermonuclear bombs.

The letters FI indicated B28 bombs configured in the full fuzing internal configuration. A full fuzing capability means the weapons could be delivered via all bomb delivery options, including free-fall airburst, retarded airburst, freefall groundburst and laydown groundburst delivery. In this configuration, the W28 warhead was fitted between a Mk28 Mod 3F shock-absorbing nose and a Mk28 Mod 0 FISC rear end containing a parachute. The shock-absorbing nose enabled the weapon to survive laydown delivery, while the parachute slowed the weapon down in retarded airburst and laydown delivery.

The Mod 2 nomenclature indicates the hardened version of the weapon designed to survive laydown delivery; earlier Mod 0 and Mod 1 weapons could not survive the forces involved. The Y1 nomenclature indicates a W28 warhead with a yield of 1.1 MtTNT.

Weapons recovery
The aircraft and weapons fell to earth near the fishing village of Palomares, part of the Cuevas del Almanzora municipality in Almeria province, Spain. Three of the weapons were located on land within 24 hours of the accident—the conventional explosives in two had exploded on impact, spreading radioactive contamination, while a third was found relatively intact in a riverbed. The fourth weapon could not be found despite an intensive search of the area—the only part that was recovered was the parachute tail plate, leading searchers to postulate that the weapon's parachute had deployed, and that the wind had carried it out to sea.

On 22 January, the Air Force contacted the U.S. Navy for assistance. The Navy convened a Technical Advisory Group (TAG), chaired by Rear Admiral L. V. Swanson with Dr. John P. Craven and Captain Willard Franklyn Searle, to identify resources and skilled personnel that needed to be moved to Spain.

The search for the fourth bomb was carried out by means of a novel mathematical method, Bayesian search theory, led by Craven. This method assigns probabilities to individual map grid squares, then updates these as the search progresses. Initial probability input is required for the grid squares, and these probabilities made use of the fact that a local fisherman, Francisco Simó Orts, popularly known since as "Paco el de la bomba ("Bomb Paco" or "Bomb Frankie"), witnessed the bomb entering the water at a certain location. Simó Orts was hired by the U.S. Air Force to assist in the search operation.

The United States Navy assembled the following ships in response to the Air Force request for assistance:

 * USS Kiowa (ATF-72), a Navajo class fleet tug, arrived 27 January, first on-scene
 * USS Macdonough (DDG-39), flagship through January
 * USS Nimble (AM-459)
 * USS Pinnacle (MSO-462), found UQS-1 SONAR contact where Francisco Simo-Orts saw the bomb fall
 * USS Rival (MSO-468), mother ship for PC3B submersible
 * USS Sagacity (MSO-469), confirmed Pinnacle's SONAR contact
 * USS Salute (MSO-470)
 * USS Skill (MSO-471)
 * USS Nespelen (AOG-55)
 * USS Fort Snelling (LSD-30), served as a support ship for the submersibles
 * USS Boston (CAG-1), flagship 30 January – 15 March
 * USS Albany (CG-10), flagship 15 March through April
 * USS Notable (MSO-460), minesweeper of Minesweeper Division 85 out of Charleston, SC, supported both submersibles ‘’Aluminaut’’ and ‘’Alvin’’ during the search; Jon Lindbergh piloted the "Alvin" submersible and supported the Westinghouse ocean-bottom, side-scanning sonar (OBSS). That sonar array, deployed beneath the USS Notable, may have detected the nuclear bomb which was still aboard the B-52 bomber when it entered the water.
 * USS Plymouth Rock (LSD-29), transported Aluminaut and Alvin to the search site
 * USS Petrel (ASR-14)
 * USS Tringa (ASR-16)
 * USS Charles R. Ware (DD-865)
 * USS Hoist (ARS-40)
 * USS Lindenwald (LSD-6), transported Aluminaut to Miami, Florida, after Palomares incident
 * USNS Mizar (T-AGOR-11)
 * USNS Dutton (T-AGS-22)
 * DSV Alvin
 * Aluminaut
 * PC-3B (Ocean Systems, Inc. submersible capable of searching to 600 ft)
 * Deep Jeep (a Navy submersible capable of diving to 2000 feet)
 * CURV-I (Cable-Controlled Underwater Recovery Vehicle)
 * USS Luiseno (ATF-156), removed aircraft wreck debris from the search site
 * USS Everglades (AD-24), removed aircraft wreck debris from the search site
 * USNS Lt. George W. G. Boyce (T-AK-251), removed radioactive contaminated soil from Spain.

Additionally, the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal (CV-59) and various other units of the Sixth Fleet made a brief stopover at Palomares on the morning of 15 March 1966; Forrestal anchored at 09:03 and departed at 12:19.

The recovery operation was led by the Supervisor of Salvage, Captain Searle. Hoist, Petrel and Tringa brought 150 qualified divers who searched to 120 feet with compressed air, to 210 feet with mixed gas, and to 350 ft with hard-hat rigs; but the bomb lay in an uncharted area of the Rio Almanzora canyon on a 70-degree slope at a depth of 2550 ft. After a search that continued for 80 days following the crash, the bomb was located by the DSV Alvin on 17 March, but was dropped and temporarily lost when the Navy attempted to bring it to the surface. After the loss of the recovered bomb, the ship's positions were fixed by Decca HI-FIX position-locating equipment for subsequent recovery attempts.

Alvin located the bomb again on 2 April, this time at a depth of 2900 ft. On 7 April, an unmanned torpedo recovery vehicle, CURV-I, became entangled in the weapon's parachute while attempting to attach a line to it. A decision was made to raise CURV and the weapon together to a depth of 100 ft, where divers attached cables to both. The bomb was brought to the surface by USS Petrel (ASR-14). The USS Cascade (AD-16) was diverted from its Naples destination, stayed on scene until recovery, then took the bomb back to the United States.

Once the bomb was located, Simó Orts appeared at the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York with his lawyer, Herbert Brownell, formerly Attorney General of the United States under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, claiming salvage rights on the recovered thermonuclear bomb. According to Craven:

"It is customary maritime law that the person who identifies the location of a ship to be salved has the right to a salvage award if that identification leads to a successful recovery. The amount is nominal, usually 1 or 2 percent, sometimes a bit more, of the intrinsic value to the owner of the thing salved. But the thing salved off Palomares was a thermonuclear bomb, the same bomb valued by no less an authority than the Secretary of Defense at $2 billion—each percent of which is, of course, $20 million." The Air Force settled out of court for an undisclosed sum. In later years, Simó Orts was heard to complain that the Americans had promised him financial compensation but had not kept their promise.

Contamination
At 10:40 UTC, the accident was reported at the Command Post of the Sixteenth Air Force, and was confirmed at 11:22. The commander of the U.S. Air Force at Torrejón Air Base, Spain, Major General Delmar E. Wilson, immediately traveled to the scene of the accident with a Disaster Control Team. Further Air Force personnel were dispatched later the same day, including nuclear experts from U.S. government laboratories.

The first weapon to be discovered was found nearly intact. However, the conventional explosives from the other two bombs that fell on land detonated without setting off a nuclear explosion (akin to a dirty bomb explosion). This ignited the pyrophoric plutonium, producing a cloud that was dispersed by a 30 kn wind. A total of 2.6 km2 was contaminated with radioactive material. This included residential areas, farmland (especially tomato farms) and woods.

To defuse public alarm over contamination, on 8 March Spanish minister for information and tourism Manuel Fraga Iribarne and United States ambassador Angier Biddle Duke swam on nearby beaches in front of the press. First the ambassador and some companions swam at Mojácar — a resort 15 km away — and then Duke and Fraga swam at the Quitapellejos beach in Palomares.

Despite the cost and the number of personnel involved in the cleanup, traces of contamination remained forty years later. Snails were observed with unusual levels of radioactivity. Additional tracts of land were also appropriated for testing and further cleanup. However, no indication of health issues has been discovered among the local population in Palomares.

Political consequences
President Lyndon B. Johnson was first apprised of the situation during his morning briefing on the day of the accident. He was told that the 16th Nuclear Disaster Team had been sent to investigate, per the standard procedures for this type of accident. News stories on the crash began appearing the following day, and it was on the front page of both the New York Times and Washington Post on 20 January. Reporters sent to the accident scene covered angry demonstrations by local residents. On 4 February, an underground Communist organization initiated a protest by 600 people in front of the U.S. Embassy in Spain. The Duchess of Medina Sidonia, Luisa Isabel Álvarez de Toledo (known as the "Red Duchess" for her socialist activism), eventually received a 13-month prison sentence for leading an illegal protest.

Four days after the accident, the Spanish government under Franco's dictatorship stated that "the Palomares incident was evidence of the dangers created by NATO's use of the Gibraltar airstrip", announcing that NATO aircraft would no longer be permitted to fly over Spanish territory to or from Gibraltar. On 25 January, as a diplomatic concession, the U.S. announced that it would no longer fly over Spain with nuclear weapons, and on 29 January the Spanish government formally banned U.S. flights over its territory that carried such weapons. This caused other nations hosting U.S. forces to review their policies, with Philippine Foreign Secretary Narciso Ramos calling for a new treaty to restrict the operation of U.S. military aircraft in Filipino airspace.

Palomares, and the Thule Air Base B-52 crash involving nuclear weapons two years later in Greenland, made Operation Chrome Dome politically untenable, leading the U.S. Department of Defense to announce that it would be "re-examining the military need" for continuing the program.

As of 2024, there is no museum or monument dedicated to the accident in the town of Palomares, which is noted only by a short street there named "17 January 1966".

Cleanup
During cleanup, soil with radioactive contamination levels above 1.2 MBq/m2 was placed in 250-litre (66 U.S. gallon) drums and shipped to the Savannah River Plant in South Carolina for burial. A total of 2.2 ha was decontaminated this way, producing 6,000 barrels. 17 ha of land with lower levels of contamination were mixed to a depth of 30 cm by harrowing and plowing. On rocky slopes with contamination above 120 kBq/m2, the soil was removed with hand tools and shipped to the U.S. in barrels.

In 2004, a study revealed that there was still some significant contamination present in certain areas, and the Spanish government subsequently expropriated some plots of land which would otherwise have been slated for agriculture use or housing construction.

On 11 October 2006, Reuters reported that higher-than-normal levels of radiation were detected in snails and other wildlife in the region, indicating there may still be dangerous amounts of radioactive material underground. The discovery occurred during an investigation being carried out by Spain's energy research agency CIEMAT and the U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. and Spain agreed to share the cost of the initial investigation.

In April 2008, CIEMAT announced they had found two trenches, totaling 2000 m3, where the U.S. Army stored contaminated earth during the 1966 operations. The American government agreed in 2004 to pay for the decontamination of the grounds, and the cost of the removal and transportation of the contaminated earth has been estimated at $2 million. The trenches were found near the cemetery, where one of the nuclear devices was retrieved in 1966, and they were probably dug at the last moment by American troops before leaving Palomares. CIEMAT said that they expected to find remains of plutonium and americium once an exhaustive analysis of the earth had been carried out. In a conversation in December 2009, Spanish Foreign Minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos told the U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton that he feared Spanish public opinion might turn against the U.S. once results of the nuclear contamination study were revealed.

In August 2010, a Spanish government source revealed that the U.S. had stopped the annual payments it has made to Spain, as the bilateral agreement in force since the accident had expired the previous year.

On 19 October 2015, Spain and the United States signed an agreement to further discuss the cleanup and removal of contaminated land. Under a statement of intent signed by Spanish Foreign Minister José Manuel García-Margallo and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, the two countries were to negotiate a binding agreement to further restore and clear up the Palomares site and arrange for the disposal of the contaminated soil at an appropriate site in the U.S.

Aftermath
While serving on the salvage ship USS Hoist (ARS-40) during recovery operations, Navy diver Carl Brashear had his leg crushed in a deck accident and lost the lower part of his left leg. His story was the inspiration for the 2000 film Men of Honor.

In March 2009, Time magazine identified the Palomares accident as one of the world's "worst nuclear disasters".

Marked long-term occurrences of cancer and other health defects occurred among the surviving USAF personnel directed to the accident site in the days following the crash to clean up the contamination. Most of the afflicted personnel have had difficulty securing any type of compensation from the Department of Veterans Affairs because of the secretive nature of the cleanup operation and the Air Force's refusal to acknowledge that adequate safety measures to protect first responders may not have been taken.

In June 2016, The New York Times published an article on the 50th anniversary lingering legacy of the Palomares accident.

In December 2017, one of the airmen involved in the clean-up, Victor Skaar, sued the Department of Veterans Affairs in the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. Skaar was appealing the Department's refusal of medical treatment for leukopenia that Skaar believes was caused by his exposure at Palomares. He also petitioned for the Court to certify a class of veterans "who were present at the 1966 cleanup of plutonium dust at Palomares, Spain[,] and whose application for service-connected disability comp based on exposure to ionizing radiation [VA] has denied or will deny." The certification of this class was granted by the Court in December 2019. This is one of the first cases ever granted class-action status by the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims.

The empty casings of two of the bombs involved in this incident are now on display in the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

In popular culture
The incident inspired the light-hearted 1966 film Finders Keepers, starring Cliff Richard and backed by his band The Shadows.

In November 1966, the plot of an episode of the espionage-themed American television series I Spy entitled "One of Our Bombs is Missing" was devoted to the search for an American Air Force plane carrying an atomic weapon which crashed over a remote Italian village.

This incident was given the movie treatment in a semi-serious 1967 film, The Day the Fish Came Out, which covers the story of a plane crash alongside a Greek (not Spanish) Island and the surreptitious attempts by plain-clothes U.S. Navy personnel to find the missing bombs.

It is also referenced in Terence Young's 1969 drama The Christmas Tree, in which William Holden plays a rich industrialist, who, while traveling in Corsica with his son, learns the boy has been exposed to radiation from the explosion of a plane carrying a nuclear device; on the phone with a senior French official, he references the Palomares incident.

The story was told in comic format as "Paco della Bomba" by Mino Milani on the Italian teenage-oriented magazine Corriere dei Ragazzi, on 12 January 1973.

In Episode 12 of the fourth season of Archer, the main protagonists race against time to recover a lost hydrogen bomb near the Bermuda Triangle, with references being made to how the U.S. Air Force settled for "at least $20 million" when they lost a previous hydrogen bomb in the late 1960s.

In 2000, the U.S. film Men of Honor focused on the life of the first black American master diver, Carl Brashear, in the U.S. Navy. The film begins and ends with the Palomares bomb recovery by U.S. Navy personnel.

In April 2015, the Palomares incident was mentioned in the Danish film The Idealist, a film about a similar incident, the 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash.

In August 2015, the incident was the subject of a two-minute animated film by Richard Neale that was a finalist in the BBC's WellDoneU competition for amateur filmmakers.

In 2021, Spanish cable TV provider Movistar+ produced a four-part documentary series, Palomares: Dias de playa y plutonio.

title: 1966 Palomares B-52 crash


text:
Whitfell

Whitfell (or sometimes Whit Fell) is a hill of 573 m in the southwestern part of the Lake District. It is the highest point between Black Combe and Harter Fell on the broad ridge to the west of the Duddon Valley. Views from the summit include the full length of the Duddon Valley including its estuary; the western side of the Coniston fells; the Eskdale fells including Scafell and Bowfell; much of western Cumbria including the estuary of the Rivers Esk, Mite and Irt; the Isle of Man; as well as the hills to the south culminating in Black Combe.

The hill is relatively infrequently visited, and is a fairly characterless grassy mound, extensively grazed by sheep, though with a very large cairn, whose stones may be from a tumulus. A bridleway crosses the fell to the north of the summit, but it is probably more frequently visited on a round including Burn Moor at 1780 ft, Kinmont Buck Barrow at 1754 ft, and Buck Barrow at 1799 ft from the summit of the Corney Fell road, a route described by Alfred Wainwright in the "Whit Fell" chapter of his book The Outlying Fells of Lakeland.

title: Whitfell


text:
Nunt

Nunt, or noent, is a pastry originating from Jewish cuisine which vaguely resembles nougat. The pastry is predominantly served at the Jewish celebration of Purim, where self-made sweets are customarily given to neighbours and friends. Nunt is traditionally made from dark forest honey, which is cooked along with sugar and then mixed with coarsely cut walnuts. The result is placed on a smooth, wet board or an oiled marble plate, left to cool, and then cut into small rhombic-shaped pieces.

Variants of nunt may also include poppy seeds (mohn pletzlach or mohnlach), or honey enriched with ginger (ingberlach), or sesame seeds or sesame paste.

title: Nunt


text:
Markree Observatory

Markree Observatory was an astronomical observatory in County Sligo, Ireland. The asteroid 9 Metis was discovered from this observatory in 1848 by Cooper's assistant Andrew Graham using a comet seeker telescope. The observatory was also home to the largest refractor of the early 1830s, which had a 13.3 in aperture Cauchoix of Paris lens; the largest in the world at that time. The observatory also housed a number of instruments and was operated to varying degrees throughout the 19th century.

The observatory is noted for its discovery of the asteroid 9 Metis in 1848 as well as a 60,000 item star catalogue of the 1850s. In the later 1800s it was operated again after a brief hiatus, and gained note for its meteorological observations and research on double stars.

History
In 1830, Colonel Edward Joshua Cooper MP (1798–1863) eldest son of Edward Synge Cooper MP, and Ann, daughter of Henry Vansittart, Governor of Bengal, set up Markree Observatory on the grounds of Markree Castle near Collooney in County Sligo. In 1831 Cooper acquired from Robert A. Cauchoix of Paris an objective of 13.3-inches (~33.78 cm) for which he paid £1200. In 1834 he mounted the lens on an equatorial mounting supplied by Thomas Grubb of Dublin. For a number of years Cooper's big refractor was the largest in the world. He used the telescope to sketch Halley's comet in 1835 and to view the solar eclipse of 15 May 1836.

Later a 5-foot (1.5m) transit and a 3-foot (0.9m) meridian circle, fitted with an interchangeable 7-inch (17.75 cm) glass were added, which was the largest at that time in 1839; also in 1842 a 3-inch comet seeker was added.

The observatory had a Stevenson screen, invented in 1863.

"The Observatory of Mr Cooper of Markree Castle – undoubtedly the most richly furnished private observatory known – is worked with great activity by Mr Cooper himself and by his very able assistant, Mr Andrew Graham." (Royal Astronomical Society, 1851)

In 1848, Cooper's assistant, Andrew Graham, discovered the asteroid 9 Metis with a wide-field comet seeker telescope manufactured by Ertel. Graham resigned his post at Markree in 1860, but continued his research at Cambridge Observatory until his retirement in 1905. E.J. Cooper died in 1863, but the observatory remained active until the death of Edward Henry Cooper MP in 1902.

The 13+ inch Cauchoix
The Cauchoix telescope was installed inside a circular wall, but it had no dome or roof over it. The enclosure has a diameter of 16-feet across.

The telescope mounting was made by Grubb of Dublin. (Grubb would make telescopes for a century and half, later known as Grubb-Parsons)

The telescope objective was doublet with 13.3 inches of aperture and 25 feet focal length. The Grubb mounting had a clockwork drive and weighed almost 2.4 metric tons (2.6 US tons), which rested on a limestone pillar.

The lens was ground by Cauchoix of Paris using glass blanks by Guinand. The 13.3 inch lens was completed in 1831.

Pierre-Louis Guinand (de fr) (20 April 1748, La Sagne — 13 February 1824, Les Brenets   ) was a Swiss    who in the late 1700s came up with a breakthrough for making better quality and larger glass, and in time went on to teach a young Fraunhofer at Joseph von Utzschneider's (1763-1840 ) glassworks, and eventually started his own optical glass works. Guinand would supply glass for the Paris Observatory telescopes and also Cauchoix.

Instruments
Examples:

 * 1831 Troughton transit with a 5-inch Tulley objective
 * 1839 Ertel 3-foot meridian circle with 7 inches aperture
 * 1842 Ertel 3 inch aperture comet seeker
 * 3 foot Dollond refractor. (length not aperture in this case)
 * 13-inch Cauchoix objective on Grubb mount.

title: Markree Observatory


text:
Manacor

Manacor is a town and municipality on the island of Mallorca, part of the Spanish autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. It is the second-largest town in Mallorca, after the capital of Palma. The municipality features tourist attractions such as Porto Cristo, site of the famous Caves of Drach, and Cales de Mallorca. Manacor has one of the busiest street markets on the island, held every Monday morning. Manacor is famous for high-quality wood furniture manufacturing and artificial pearls.

History
The first indications of human occupation in the area of Manacor go back to 2000-1200 BC. Of this period are the artificial coves as burial places (cova de s'Homonet at Son Ribot, Mitjà de ses Beies at Sa Sínia Nova, etc.), and a type of construction similar to the naveta, either isolated or grouped in villages, which were used as living spaces (sa Marineta, s'Hospitalet Vell, etc.)

Of the megalithic Talaiot culture, the most outstanding constructions are s'Hospitalet Vell, es Boc, Bellver, as well as the constructions of Bendrís, Son Sureda and Sa Gruta. The origin of the town of Manacor goes back to the times before the Islamic dominance. In Porto Cristo, the submarine discoveries of objects show that it was a Roman port. The remains of the basilicas of sa Carrotja and son Peretó prove the existence of well-established Christian communities.

After the invasion launched by James I of Aragon, Nuño Sánchez received from him the land of Manacor. In 1300, James II granted Manacor a statute of municipality. The Torre del Palau and the fortification of some rural houses like the Torre de ses Puntes and the Torre dels Enagistes have been preserved from the beginnings of town planning at Manacor.

Although the etymology of the word Manacor seems to be Amazighe, the coat of arms (hand holding a heart) is originated by the phonetic approximation in the Catalan language, like other coats of arms around the island.

A native of Manacor, Simó Tort, was a character in medieval social conflicts.

Saint Vincent Ferrer came to Manacor in 1414. In 1576 the convent dedicated to the saint was founded, and after this the construction of the baroque church began. At the beginning of the following century the construction of the cloister began.

In 1879 the railroad line from Inca to Manacor was opened. About 1890 the construction of the new parish church Nostra Senyora dels Dolors began, located on the same place as the former churches. The most ancient of them had been documented in 1232 and had possibly been built upon an Arab mosque. The bell tower of the present church, an emblem of the town, measures 75 metres. In 1897 the first factory of artificial pearls, the famous Majorica, was founded. So Manacor became the business and industrial centre of Llevant. In 1912 Manacor received the title of town.

In 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, there was an attempted landing of republican forces in the shores of Porto Cristo that was repelled by the fascist forces. The mayor of Manacor, Antoni Amer Llodrà "Garanya", was assassinated by the fascists.

Geography
The relief is not very pronounced. It takes in three areas: the flat region of the Pla, where the town of Manacor stands; the Serra de Llevant, characterised by its soft relief; and the Marina, which is formed by white gritty stone and inclines down to the sea. These limestone karsts have favoured the appearance of caves. The most outstanding for their beauty are the Dragon Caves and the Fishhook Caves. Near the coast, there is one of the longest underwater caves known in Europe : the Gleda-Camp des Pou system. It has more than 13 km in length.

A wide range of coves embellish the coast of Manacor: S'illot, Cala Morlanda, Cala Petita, Porto Cristo, Cala Anguila, Cala Mendia, s'Estany d'en Mas, Cala Falcó, Cala Varques, Cala Sequer, Cala Magraner, Cala Pilota, Cala Virgili, Cala Bota, Cala Antena, Cala Domingos and Cala Murada. The climate is Mediterranean, with typically mild winters and hot summers. During the months of July and August, the weather is hot and sunny, boasting around 11 hours of sun daily. During the winter, the weather can get chilly, but mild. The average annual temperature is between 16 and 17 °C.

The forest area represents little more than 20% of the whole area. Pine forest is found in the mountainous areas but there are hardly any survivals of the indigenous holm-oak woodlands.

The cultivated land represents 74% of the area. The agricultural landscape is characterized by almond trees, cereals, fig trees, carob trees and vineyard. The cultivation of vegetables is focused on melon, pepper and lettuce.

The town of Manacor is crossed by the Sa Cabana stream. This stream flows into the Na Borges stream, the most important of the municipality.

Economy
Until the 19th century the economy of Manacor was based on agriculture (cereals and vineyard) and livestock (sheep), although the textile and food sectors as well as pottery were important too. Although there are no longer the large estates that there were at that time, there are some that maintain their antique splendor, such as Santa Cirga and Es Fangar (the largest).

The 19th century marked the beginning of the transformation of the town. The industrial activities dedicated to the processing of agricultural product increased; windmills and a liquor distillery appeared. From the second half of the century on the production of furniture became one of the basic industries of Manacor. Pottery and the production of liquors and wines also continued.

The factory of artificial pearls was very important during the 20th century.

From the 1960s, tourism was added to the development of the economic activity of the municipality.

Construction is an important sector, as well as commerce.

Sant Antoni
The most popular celebration in Manacor. The ceremony begins with the exit of a group of disguised men of Saint Anthony, the greater Demon and several smaller demons, on the eve of the 17 of January. They cross the streets performing a dance that represents the temptations to which the saint was submitted. At night bonfires are ignited. The group visit the several bonfires of the municipality. People sing and dance, and eat "llangonisses" and "botifarrons" (typical pork products of the island).

On the following day are celebrated the "Beneïdes", a parade of floats and animals of all types. They are blessed because the saint is the patron of the animals.

Fairs
The most important fairs are the Fires i Festes de Primavera. They are celebrated from the end of May to the beginning of June. During these days, there are many activities and exhibitions. The celebrations close with a parade of floats.

Other fairs : Fair of Saint James, patron of Manacor, the 25 July, and the September Fair.

Theatre
Manacor has an important theatre season, the Fira de Teatre de Manacor, usually in September/October.

Moratons
This is a ritual dance of uncertain origin. It seems that it was composed around the year 1855 for religious reasons, but it is possible that its origin goes back to 16th century. The clothes of the Moretons looked like those of Barbary pirates. When they dance, they hit wood pieces located in the hands, knees and abdomen. Els Moretons go out in May, by the Sant Domingo celebrations.

Cossiers
There are documents about this ritual dance from 18th century. The cossiers are a group of men who dance around a woman known as "The Lady". They wear hats and coloured clothes.

Nowadays, they open the Fires i Festes de Primavera.

Vimer
This has been a legend for more than 100 years. The vimer (Salix viminalis) is a willow located in S'Hort des Correu, a country house in the outskirts of the town of Manacor. The legend says that the tree can heal children with hernia. For this, they are passed through the branches of the tree, when the sun rises on the Saint John's Day, the 24th of June.

 Industry

An industry for which Manacor is famous, and indeed Mallorca in general, is olive wood. There are factories in Manacor that allow visits. Manacor is also known for its artificial pearl factories.

Gastronomy
Typical products are Suspiros de Manacor, also known as Sospiros, sweet dry cookies often eaten with coffee or tea, and the Pastís de Pobre (Poorman Cake).

Sports
In addition to the main sports - football, basketball and volleyball - Manacor has horse racing fans and there are chariot races at the hippodrome. Manacor is also the birthplace and home town of former Spanish football international player Albert Riera and tennis legend Rafael Nadal.

Natives of Manacor

 * Antoni Maria Alcover
 * Toni Nadal
 * Miguel Ángel Nadal
 * Joan Binimelis
 * Elena Gómez
 * Sergi Guardiola
 * Luis Ladaria
 * Rafael Nadal
 * Maria Antònia Oliver Cabrer
 * Arnau Riera
 * Albert Riera

title: Manacor


text:
Category talk:Kyiv

Yet another Kyiv/Kiev
Any particular reason this category is not called Category:Kiev city? From the articles that are included I do not believe the scope of the category is limited to post-1991 subjects (inclusion of Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev looks especially inconsistent).—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 22:00, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * As you know, Kyiv's name hasn't changed in 1,000 years. It appears a strict interpretation of Naming conventions (use English) is being applied here:

 * If there is no commonly-used English name, use an accepted transliteration of the name in the original language

 * Although I didn't name this category, I support the position. I don't think it makes sense to create separate categories for "Kiev" during the period when Russian may have been considered native, and "Kyiv" for articles about things since Ukrainian independence.

 * There was majority support for a different application of the naming convention in the huge debate and poll held about the title for Kiev. I hope no one has the enthusiasm to revive that, but I suppose it's inevitable.  —Michael Z. 2005-02-17 21:33 Z

 * No, this time I am not actually proposing to use separate categories for "Kyiv" and "Kiev" as applied to different time periods (although I see how my original comment can easily be interpreted that way). I was merely curious why the category should say "Kyiv" while the main article is plainly and visibly called "Kiev".  I was saying this before, and I will repeat it again here—whatever the Ukrainians want to call their capital city, is fine with me (not that they would care what I think, of course).  What I am worried about is maintaining consistency across Wikipedia.  If you manage to hold a poll on the name of the city and by some miracle convince everyone to use "Kyiv" consistently, I'll be the first busily replacing the instances of "Kiev" with the new variant.  At this point of time, however, the main article is called "Kiev", and I see no reason to use different spelling for any other reason that to mention that "Kyiv" is what the Ukrainians prefer their capital to be called in English now.  By no means I want to offend anyone, even "slightly".  I have relatives who live in Ukraine, by the way, and I have no reasons to engage in what some see as a personal vendetta of sorts for the country I actually happen to like and visit fairly often.  This is purely a consistency-related inquiry.  "Kiev" is in fact a commonly-used English name, and until the time it goes away, let's use it.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 22:02, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Cool. I was also trying not to sound too controversial.  In my opinion Kiev is not an English name, but a (widely, but not universally used) transliteration from Russian.  It appears that Ukrainian transliterations of all other Ukrainian cities' names have become broadly accepted, with little debate, in most current authorities such as encyclopedias, atlases, even the press (of course, history sources are more resistant to this change than others).  Surprisingly, even the Ukrainian Kharkiv and L'viv are seeing wide usage.  Here's the debatable point of my position: the resistance to adopting Kyiv is not because of Kiev's Englishness, but merely inertia due to the city being so much more well-known than others.

 * I've decided to take the position that consistency started going out the window in 1991, as demonstrated by the increasing visibility of names like this category's Dynamo Kyiv and FC Obolon Kyiv. Therefore, I'm for testing the waters on the acceptance of Kyiv elsewhere (I'll endure the inevitable assertions that I'm misguided in this).  —Michael Z. 2005-02-17 23:05 Z
 * I am not sure that "testing acceptance" is a very good idea. After all, Wikipedia is not a tool to promote new conventions; it is supposed to mirror whatever conventions are already established out there.  "Kyiv" name may be gaining some acceptance, but it is by no means significant at this point of time.  Try visiting your local grocery store (I assume you live in North America) and find "chicken Kyiv" on sale.  It's not there, but there is a pretty good chance that "chicken Kiev" is.
 * It was my understanding that the community decision was to not use "Kyiv" until a google search for "Kyiv" returns at least as many results as a search for "Kiev". I am merely trying to remind of it here.  I do not see a problem in using "Kyiv" in compound structures like "Dynamo Kyiv", especially when they refer to a current phenomenon; but for older, more traditional names it is just more consistent to use the variant that's already established, unless the community vote clearly states otherwise (which it currently does not).
 * I don't know if this rant convinces you of anything, but I at least hope that you understand why I resist using "Kyiv" so much, especially in this particular case.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 16:10, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

New category suggested
Guys, I suggest a category for the neighborhoods pages of Kyiv. We already have around 15 such articles & counting, so they start to litter our parent category. What do you think? AlexPU 17:57, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course. Why not a cat? But please no tricks with names. Let's not confuse readers. Category:Neighborhoods and raions of Kiev city please. --Irpen 21:05, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Back to cat name
Gentlemen, I would like to see this category under the "Kiev city" name for the sake of consistensy if not any other. We have "Neighborhoods and raions of Kiev city", "Natives of Kiev" categories. Finally, we have "Kiev" itself as an article, at least for now. OTOH, we have this "Kyiv city" and until recently a smaller "History of Kyiv city" category, which I recategorized last week. I intend to do the same with this one. Let's make a better encyclopedia by making it consistent

And a word to those who know for who this word is. As soon as (and if), Kyiv evolves into the prevailing English usage, I will not object to changing the category names and the article name too. Those who are here long enough remember that I voted for Kharkov → Kharkiv, Lugansk → Luhansk and other similar page moves. I stressed many times, that anyone is free to use whatever name they feel like in their web-pages and books they write. Encyclopedia, OTOH, being a reference book, should just reflect the situation rather than be used to affect one. What name is "correct" is a meaningless debate because both of them are. The question is what name to use and there is an agreement to use Kiev at Wikipedia for now. Please, no flames. --Irpen 20:37, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * This is all fine. The problem is, no one has yet changed this policy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions#Ukrainian_names. The policy reads: "For geographic names in Ukraine, the Ukrainian National system is used. For historic reasons, many names are also presented in Russian, Polish, etc." Until you change the policy, please don't change any article following this policy. Thanks!--Andrew Alexander 01:47, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The cat rename has been voted and approved unanimously. Sorry you missed it by your vote won't have changed the outcome. You would have to bring a bunch from outside forums again. --Irpen 02:14, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

What you were referring to is a secondary rule that speaks only about the transliteration. That is we have to have a system that would choose between Mykolayiv, Mykolaiv or Mykolajiv.

The primary rule, underlying the ones derived from it is here Naming conventions (use English). Quote from there reads:
 * If you are talking about a person, country, town, movie or book, use the most commonly used English version of the name for the article, as you would find it in other encyclopedias and reference works.

--Irpen 02:22, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Proposal to rename from "Kiev city" to "Kiev"
The word "city" is redundant in the category name, as it's the main meaning of the word "Kiev". As of now there are 34 subcategories in Category:Capitals_in_Europe. Except Kiev, all other subcategories are named as "London", "Paris", "Rome", that is without the word "city" attached to it. Only Kiev subcategory is listed as "Kiev city”.--Anonymous
 * I agree. I always found the "city" weird here but I thought it's for a reason. If there is none, why keep it?

Russian won
For about a decade mainstream Western media spelled it Kiiv. What happened? Why did everyone revert to Russian spelling?--74.57.167.219 (talk) 11:32, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Kyiv


text:
User talk:Brookie/Nom de Wiki

Regarding User:DropDeadGorgias, it's a pun. See Gorgias. Mike H 22:01, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks Brookie\talk

title: User talk:Brookie/Nom de Wiki


text:
Heinrich Laube

Heinrich Laube (18 September 1806 – 1 August 1884), German dramatist, novelist and theatre-director, was born at Sprottau in Prussian Silesia.

Life
He studied theology at Halle and Breslau (1826–1829), and settled in Leipzig in 1832. Here he at once came into prominence with his political essays, collected under the title Das neue Jahrhundert, in two parts — Polen (1833) and Politische Briefe (1833) — and with the novel Das junge Europa, in three parts — Die Poeten, Die Krieger, Die Bürger — (1833–1837).

These writings, in which, after the fashion of Heinrich Heine and Ludwig Börne, he severely criticized the political regime in Germany, together with the part he played in the literary movement known as "Das junge Deutschland," led to his being subjected to police surveillance and his works confiscated. On his return, in 1834, from a journey to Italy, undertaken in the company of Karl Gutzkow, Laube was expelled from Saxony and imprisoned for nine months in Berlin. In 1836 he married the widow of Professor Hänel of Leipzig; almost immediately afterwards he suffered a year's imprisonment for his revolutionary sympathies. He was the stepfather of Albert Hänel.

In 1839, he again settled in Leipzig and began a literary activity as a playwright. Chief among his earlier productions are the tragedies Monaldeschi (1845) and Struensee (1847); the comedies Rokoko, oder die alten Herren (1846); Gottsched und Gellert (1847); and Die Karlsschüler (1847), of which the youthful Friedrich Schiller is the hero.

In 1848, Laube was elected to the Frankfurt Parliament for the district of Elbogen, but resigned in the spring of 1849, when he was appointed artistic director of the Hofburg theatre in Vienna. This office he held until 1867, and in this period fall his finest dramatic productions, notably the tragedies Graf Essex (1856) and Montrose (1859), and his historical romance Der deutsche Krieg (1865–1866, 9 vols), which graphically pictures a period in the Thirty Years' War.

In 1869, he became director of the Leipzig Stadttheater, but returned to Vienna in 1870, where in 1872 he was placed at the head of the new Wiener Stadttheater; with the exception of a short interval he managed this theatre with brilliant success until his retirement from public life in 1880. He has left a valuable record of his work in Vienna and Leipzig in the three volumes Das Burgtheater (1868), Das norddeutsche Theater (1872) and Das Wiener Stadttheater (1875).

He was still active after his retirement, and in the five years preceding his death in Vienna on 1 August 1884, he wrote the romances and novels Die Böhminger (1880), Louison (1881), Der Schatten-Wilhelm (1883), and published an interesting volume of reminiscences, Erinnerungen, 1841–1881 (1882).

Assessment
Laube's dramas are not remarkable for originality or for poetical beauty; their real and great merit lies in their stage-craft. As a theater manager he had no equal in Germany, and his services in this capacity have assured him a more lasting name in German literary history than his writings.

Other novels
Besides those mentioned above, other of his novels of note are:
 * Das Glück (1837)
 * Der Prätendent (1842)
 * Die Grafin Chateaubriand (1843)

Other dramas
Other dramas of note include:
 * Böse Zungen (1868)
 * Demetrius (1872)

Collected works
His Gesammelte Schriften (excluding his dramas) were published in 16 vols (1875–1882); his Dramatische Werke, in 13 vols (1845–1875); a popular edition of the latter in 12 vols (1880–1892). An edition of Laube's Ausgewählte Werke in 10 vols appeared in 1906 with an introduction by H. H. Houben.

title: Heinrich Laube


text:
Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes

Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes is the third studio album by American punk rock band AFI. It was released on November 11, 1997, through Nitro Records.

Overview
This is the first album to feature bassist Hunter Burgan, although he was not a permanent member of AFI at the time, as well as the final album to feature founding guitarist Mark Stopholese. Burgan was offered about $500 to play on the album, but he requested $666. Future band member Jade Puget performed backing vocals for the album as well, making the album the first to feature AFI's current lineup. Nick 13 from American psychobilly band Tiger Army is featured on the track "A Single Second", performing vocals on the chorus.

The phrase "a fire inside", the band's current moniker, is sung in the introductory track, "Keeping Out of Direct Sunlight". This is the first album to be copyrighted to A Fire Inside.

A music video directed by Darren Doane and Ken Daurio was made for the track "Third Season". It features the band sitting in a suburban town while a slew of children chase an ice cream truck. Besides this song, references to the number three are made in the names of three other tracks: "Three Reasons", "Three Seconds Notice" and "Triple Zero".

Artwork

The album art was largely composited from a 1929 children's magic set. The band name appears in a Roman font, while the album title is italicized and stylized in lower case except the first letter of the first word. The black, yellow and reddish cover features the head and shoulders of a young man wearing a suit, a patterned red carpet over three stairs, above which a figure levitates between a pair of potted flames. At the bottom corner is a small crawling red devil.

Two red devils appear in the liner notes (one a human wearing a cape which also appears on the back cover). Beneath the lyrics are silhouettes of raised hands. A maniacally smiling man-devil's face appears on the red-and-black CD label. The inner edge of the album's CD case reveals the hidden message "a fire inside". Behind the CD tray is an achromatic illustration of a man in suit and shorts, illuminated in white, twisting a skeleton key to a huge lock, which has been keeping some dark doorway shut.

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.

 * AFI – producer
 * Hunter Burgan – bass, programming, keyboards, backing vocals
 * Adam Carson – drums, backing vocals
 * Andy Ernst – engineer
 * Davey Havok – lead vocals
 * Mark Stopholese – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Nick 13 – rhythm guitar, backing vocals; harmony vocals (track: 3)
 * Jade Puget – additional guitar, additional programming, additional keyboard, backing vocals
 * Eddy Shreyer – masterering

 * Studios
 * Recorded at Art of Ears, Hayward, CA
 * Mastered at Oasis

title: Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes


text:
User talk:Beatmaster~enwiki

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. – Jrdioko (Talk)  22:02, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Beatmaster. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Beatmaster~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:27, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:57, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Beatmaster~enwiki


text:
GFG

GFG may refer to:

Companies and organizations

 * Global Fashion Group
 * GFG Alliance
 * Games for Good
 * Grupo Financiero Galicia
 * Joint Financial Investigative Unit of Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany)
 * GFG Style Studio, car design studio of Giorgetto Giugiaro

Other uses

 * GFG, ICAO code for Georgian National Airlines
 * Greedy-Face-Greedy, a Geographic routing strategy
 * Grown Folks Gospel, album by J. Moss

title: GFG


text:
User:Parlod

I created my account on 2/15/05. I am fairly new to the concept of Wikipedia. I am interested in what articles have to say about Latter-day Saints and Mormonism.

title: User:Parlod


text:
Sam Apelbaum

Sam Apelbaum is a politician in Ontario, Canada. A lawyer and real estate agent, he was leader of the Ontario Libertarian Party from 1996 to 2011.

Like many other members of the Libertarian Party, Apelbaum believes in reducing government participation in education and healthcare and widespread taxation reform, and criticized the Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris as being too statist in its policies.

Apelbaum stabilized the struggling party's finances, but failed to make a significant impression with the general voting public.

title: Sam Apelbaum


text: User talk:68.227.230.194

title: User talk:68.227.230.194


text: User talk:24.3.242.195

title: User talk:24.3.242.195


text: User talk:64.142.81.56

title: User talk:64.142.81.56


text: User talk:206.78.5.168

title: User talk:206.78.5.168


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Association of Professional Ball Players of America

The Association of Professional Ball Players of America (APBPA) is a United States-based charity set up in 1924 to assist professional baseball players. The organization caters to players from all leagues, including the minor leagues. The organization was started by 12 former players in Los Angeles and now has over 101,000 members. Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, and other stars of the 1920s spearheaded the development of the APBPA to help former players who were in need financially or experiencing illness or injuries.

History
The proceeds from the 1934 Major League Baseball (MLB) All-Star Game, which was estimated at $45,000–50,000, went to the APBPA. The 1935 MLB All-Star Game in Cleveland, Ohio took in $92,692 in proceeds for the APBPA. In 1941, the Pacific Coast League (PCL) held its first annual PCL All-Star Game and the proceeds for the game were donated to the APBPA.

In 1982, the Old Timers Baseball Classic was created. The event, which was a game between two teams made up of retired baseball players, was sponsored by Cracker Jack and took place in Washington, D.C., at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium. Part of the proceeds from the game, which was attended by 29,196 people, went to the APBPA. The game became an annual event and parts of the games proceeds went to the APBPA until at least 1989.

A 1986 profile of the APBPA by Los Angeles Times sportswriter Chris Dufresne detailed acts of charity by the organization and expounded upon how they distributed funds. Players were allowed to start taking assistance before their Major League Baseball Players Association pension kicked in at 45 years of age.

The APBPA accepts membership dues from professional baseball players and issues membership cards. Pete Coscarart was issued an APBPA "Gold Card" which allowed him free admittance to professional baseball games per club courtesy.

An award given out by the APBPA known as the Chuck Stevens Award, named for the organization's former secretary-treasurer, is given out annually to the best minor league baseball player from Southern California. The association currently offers assistance for former players with problems with medical issues.

Kameron Loe serves APBPA as a Board Member and President of the Association providing leadership and direction as the Association approaches its 100th anniversary in 2024. The 2024 APBPA Board of Directors is composed further of Orel Hershiser, Mark Grace, Manny Parra, Kevin Simmons, Gerald Smiley, Steve Bumbry, Tony La Russa, Nick Corso, Dr. Erin Shannon, Howie Bedell, and Peter Weinstein.

The APBPA does not publicize their charity work for the privacy of its members.


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Intimate parts in Islam

The intimate parts (عورة ', ستر, ') of the human body must, according to Islam, be covered by clothing. Most of modern Islamic scholars agree that the  'awrah of a man is the area between the navel and the knees, and the  'awrah of a woman is the entire body except the face, hand; exposing the  'awrah of the body is against Islamic law.

The Quran addresses the concept of awrah several times. Islamic scholars have used the relevant surahs and the hadiths to elaborate the concept of 'awrah which is used in fatwas.

Etymology
In Arabic, the term  'awrah or  'awrat (عورة), with the root ‘a-w-r, means "defectiveness", "imperfection", "blemish" or "weakness". The most common English translation of awrah is "nakedness". In Arabic, the word 'awrah is used in reference to both men and women.

In Persian as well as Kurdish, the word 'awrat derived from the Arabic 'awrah, had been used widely to mean "nakedness."

In modern-day Iran, using the two word  'awrah to refer to women is uncommon and is considered sexist language. In Turkish, avrat is an often derogatory term for 'woman' or 'wife'. However in Urdu the word 'aurat' refers to a woman, especially when showing politeness or respect.

In the Quran
The term  'awrah as it is used in the Quran is confined neither to women nor to the body. The Quranic text reveals the use of the term in various passages Surah An-Nur and Surah Al-Ahzab.

The below verse is about privacy as the Quranic text states:

"... and let those among you who have not yet come to the age of puberty ask your permission (before they come to your presence) on three occasions; before the morning prayer, and while you put off your clothes for the noonday (rest), and after the late-night prayer. (These) three times are of privacy for you, other than these times there is no sin on you or on them to move about, attending (helping) each other."

Another passage in the Quran that uses the term  'awrah, is in Surah Al-Ahzab where it concerns fleeing from battle:

"A group of them ask The Prophet for leave, saying, 'Our houses are 'awrah', even though their houses are not awrah. Their intent is to flee the battle." In this case, the term  'awrah means "vulnerable".

There is another context that relates the story of creation of Adam and Eve in the Garden. In these two instances, the term saw’ah is used as an equivalent to  'awrah.

The text states:

"O ye children of Adam! We have bestowed dress upon you to cover your nakedness..."

Another word which almost has the same meaning of  'awrah, is the word farj (فرج) the plural is furuj (فروج). Another quote concerning covering the  'awrah is:

"'O Prophet! Tell your wives and your daughters, and the believing women, to draw their cloaks (veils) over their bodies. That will be better that they should be known (as respectable woman) so as not to be disturbed. And Allah is Ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.' -Al-Ahzab:59 (Qur'an)"

The Quran admonishes Muslim women to dress modestly and cover their private areas. The Quran explicitly states that "O wives of The Prophet, you are not like anyone among women" (Quran 33: 32) and as such has separate rules specifically for the wives of Muhammad. The Qur'an tells the male believers (Muslims) to talk to the wives of Muhammad from behind a hijab (curtain or veil). This passage was as follows:

"And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their khimār over their breasts and not display their beauty except to their husband, their fathers, their husband's fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, or the slaves whom their right hands possess, or male servants free of physical needs, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex; and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments."

While the meaning of khimār is debated, it is often believed to be a headcover that pre-Islamic Arab women wore as an adornment. Part of the people mentioned in the surah above are those among a woman's mahram.

In the following verse, the wives of Muhammad and believing women are asked to draw their jilbab (outer garments) over them (when they go out), as a measure to distinguish themselves from others (as Muslim women), so that they are not harassed. Surah 33:59 reads: "Those who harass believing men and believing women undeservedly, bear (on themselves) a calumny and a grievous sin. O Prophet! Enjoin your wives, your daughters, and the wives of true believers that they should cast their outer garments [Jilbāb] over their persons (when abroad): That is most convenient, that they may be distinguished and not be harassed. [...]"

In the Hadith
This hadith is frequently cited by Islamic scholars to support their definition of the female 'awrah:

"'Asma, daughter of Abu Bakr, entered upon the Apostle of Allah (Peace be upon him) wearing thin clothes. The Apostle of Allah (Peace be upon him) turned his attention from her. He said: O Asma’, when a woman reaches the age of menstruation, it does not suit her that she displays her parts of body except this and this, and he pointed to her face and hands.' Abu Dawud 4104"

A hadith prohibits looking at private parts. According to Abu Saʽid al-Khudri, Muhammad said,

"A man should not look at the private parts of another man, and a woman should not look at the private parts of another woman. A man should not lie with another man without wearing lower garment under one cover; and a woman should not be lie with another woman without wearing lower garment under one cover." (Sahih Muslim 338a)

Men

In Sunni interpretations, the 'awrah of a man refers to the part of the body from the navel to the knees. The Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanafi and Hanbali schools of thought observe that there is a difference on whether the belly button and the knee itself are included. In particular, these observations generally require that the cloth not be too thin, that it is not pale to the extent the color of the skin can be seen, that a man ensures extra covering if his genitals' shape is discernible, and that the modesty of adulthood applies once a boy becomes ten years old.

Women

Most of modern Islamic scholars agree that, in public, a woman must cover the entire body except the face, hands and feet.

The covering of the female 'awrah changes according to the situation:

 * In ritual prayer: a woman should cover her entire body excluding her entire face and her hands to the wrist. (The Hanafis solely differ on this matter, as they consider that feet, including the ankles, also can be excluded). The part between the throat and the chin can be excluded as well. (Different scholars have different opinions on this.) A woman should cover her hair and body while performing the ritual prayer, whether she is praying in presence of her husband or she is praying alone in her chamber, as the basis for covering in prayer is different from the basis for covering in front of people; as salat is the daily communion with Allah, a Muslim is required to show modesty while communing with God.

 * In front of her husband: There is no restriction in Islam on what body parts a woman may show to her husband in private; the husband and wife can see any part of each other's body, especially during sexual intercourse.

 * Among other women: The 'awrah of a woman amongst other women is the same as the  'awrah of men (from her navel to her knees).  'Awrah in front of non-Muslim women is a point of debate. Some scholars say that women should cover all but the hands and face, while according to the most preferred opinion, a Muslim woman can reveal in front of a non-Muslim woman as much as she would in front of other Muslim women.

 * In front of a mahram: there are three Sunni opinions:
 * 1) It is from the shoulders and neck down (or navel) to below the knees (inclusive) (Maliki and Hanbali opinion) (Alternate Hanafi opinion)
 * 2) It is from the navel to the knees and everything in between it (Shafi'i opinion) (The breasts of a woman are not awrah to her mahrams)
 * 3) It is from the navel to the knees and the stomach and the part of the back parallel to the stomach (Hanafi opinion) (The part of her back parallel to her breasts are not awrah to her mahrams)
 * In front of male children: If the child understands what the  'awrah is, then it is not considered permissible for a woman to uncover her  'awrah in front of him.
 * In front of non-mahram men: There is a difference of opinion on which body parts a woman should cover in front of men who are not her mahram. In the contemporary world, there is a general argument that the body of a free woman (except for her face and her hands up to her wrists/forearms) is  'awrah and therefore must be covered not only during prayer but also in public and in front of all non-mahram men. The Hanafis view the feet (including the ankles) to be excluded from  'awrah as well.

However, these views above are only the dominant view and does not represent the whole of Islam, as there are alternative views, such as the view that covering every part of a woman's body except for the face and the hands only apply during salah and ihram and the view that a woman must cover every part of her body at any time except in front of her husband.

In the contemporary world, some Muslims insist that a woman's awrah in front of unrelated men is her entire body including her face and hands, which must be covered at all times in front of non-mahram men. Others disagree and claim it is permissible to show the face and hands.

Relation with hijab

Some Muslim women, particularly those living in some parts of the Middle East and South Asia, wear the hijab headscarf. The type most commonly worn in the West is a rectangular scarf that covers the head and neck but leaves the face visible.

Female voice
According to most scholars, the woman's voice is not part of her awrah because, according to hadiths, women asked Muhammad about various matters and he listened to them.

Also, according to tradition, at a mosque, a woman should invite the attention of the Imam by clapping, while men will speak. There is a difference of opinion whether or not a woman should recite the Quran in the presence of non-mahram men.

Debates, deliberations and activism
In modern times, the concepts of  'awrah, Haya (Modesty), various levels of seclusion of Muslim women, and about extent to which Muslim restrain their exposure of bodily aspects and association vis a vis Islamic clothing; not only were contested by non-Muslims and ex-Muslims but also continuously been matter of discussions, deliberations, debates, movements and also been part of advice literature, within Muslim societies including that of common Muslim individuals, various traditional schools scholars, intelligentsia, numerous political dispensations and also at times contested by individuals and groups of cultural Muslims; liberals and progressives, modernists and Islamic feminists. In the 1930s just after Turkish reformations under Kemal Atatürk, Malaysians debated adherence to traditional Islamic social restraints over awrah – commonly written as "aurat" in Indonesia and Malaysia – and modesty in contemporary Islamic clothing and whether western modernism is really essential and beneficial.

title: Intimate parts in Islam


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Jeff McBride

Jeff McBride (born September 11, 1959), also known as "Magnus", is an American magician and magic instructor. He is known for his sleight of hand skills and specializes in the manipulation of playing cards, coins, and other small objects. His stage performances blend elements of kabuki, a Japanese theater form, with traditional conjuring. He has been recognized by the Academy of Magical Arts, the Society of American Magicians, and the International Federation of Magic Societies. He has also has set several Guinness World Records.

In 1991, he established the McBride Magic & Mystery School.

Magician
McBride is based in Las Vegas, Nevada. He established the McBride Magic & Mystery School to teach the art of stage magic. McBride's Magic & Mystery School is world-renowned and is recognized as the foremost magical teaching institution available today. Eugene Burger was the Dean of the School until his death in 2017. Guest faculty have included Teller, Lance Burton, Johnny Thompson and other magicians from all over the world. McBride was a star performer for years in Caesars Palace's Magical Empire. He created and performed at the World Magic Festival at Brushwood Folklore Center in Sherman, New York in 1993 and 1994. He performs worldwide, and has produced several instructional books and videos on the subjects of coin and card manipulation, and has presented lectures on magic and theater for such groups as the Smithsonian Institution, the Society of American Magicians, and the International Brotherhood of Magicians. In 1994, he appeared on the cover of The Linking Ring magazine.

Television
In 1994, McBride appeared in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Equilibrium" as Joran Belar.

In 1995, McBride was a featured performer on World's Greatest Magic II on NBC, hosted by Alan Thicke. He was featured in a one-hour documentary entitled A Magickal Life: Jeff McBride, produced and broadcast by Canada's VisionTV, as an episode of their series Enigma True-Life Stories in January 2006. The documentary soundtrack featured music by Vegas Vortex event production collaborators Zingaia and Gary Stadler, as well as McBride's wife (married 2001) and partner, Abbi Spinner.

McBride has appeared twice on Criss Angel's show Criss Angel Mindfreak. He was one of the celebrity judges on the 2008 reality celebrity-magic show Celebracadabra, produced by VH-1.

He appeared on the show Penn & Teller: Fool Us in September 2017, where he successfully fooled the hosts using an original water bowls effect.

Neopaganism
McBride is active in the American Neopagan movement and he has organized events based on his research into "Alchemical Fire Rituals", such as Mysterium and Fires Rising. He has been instrumental in the development of the eclectic Neopagan organization in Las Vegas known as the Vegas Vortex, which is described as a "thriving magical community, dedicated to creating events which celebrate and educate in the sacred arts of magic, theater, music and dance." He has appeared as a speaker, performer, and ritual leader at several Neopagan festivals and events.

Awards
McBride has won several awards, including recognition by the Academy of Magical Arts, the Society of American Magicians, and the International Grand Prix of Magic as "Magician of the Year." In 2008, he won The Magic Woods Award for Best Magician, and was also named "Lecturer of the Year"  by the Academy of Magical Arts (at the Magic Castle).

McBride has set several records in the Guinness World Records.

Discography

 * Songs from the Center of the Sacred Circle – Jeff "Magnus" McBride & Abbi Spinner (ACE/Llewellyn Collection)
 * Dancers of Twilight – Zingaia (2000) Sequoia Records
 * Soles on Earth – Zingaia (2004) Sequoia Records

title: Jeff McBride


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Wind of the West

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 12:53, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Wind of the West
No record at imdb, no Google hits. Premiered to family and friends. See also Danny Janda. RickK 22:07, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Vanity page. -Gabriel Beecham/Kwekubo 22:17, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No Google, no IMDB, then no Wikipedia. Zzyzx11 00:17, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Agree with above. Johntex 02:26, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 02:27, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Bayesian search theory

Bayesian search theory is the application of Bayesian statistics to the search for lost objects. It has been used several times to find lost sea vessels, for example USS Scorpion, and has played a key role in the recovery of the flight recorders in the Air France Flight 447 disaster of 2009. It has also been used in the attempts to locate the remains of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.

Procedure
The usual procedure is as follows:
 * 1) Formulate as many reasonable hypotheses as possible about what may have happened to the object.
 * 2) For each hypothesis, construct a probability density function for the location of the object.
 * 3) Construct a function giving the probability of actually finding an object in location X when searching there if it really is in location X. In an ocean search, this is usually a function of water depth — in shallow water chances of finding an object are good if the search is in the right place. In deep water chances are reduced.
 * 4) Combine the above information coherently to produce an overall probability density map. (Usually this simply means multiplying the two functions together.) This gives the probability of finding the object by looking in location X, for all possible locations X. (This can be visualized as a contour map of probability.)
 * 5) Construct a search path which starts at the point of highest probability and 'scans' over high probability areas, then intermediate probabilities, and finally low probability areas.
 * 6) Revise all the probabilities continuously during the search. For example, if the hypotheses for location X imply the likely disintegration of the object and the search at location X has yielded no fragments, then the probability that the object is somewhere around there is greatly reduced (though not usually to zero) while the probabilities of its being at other locations is correspondingly increased. The revision process is done by applying Bayes' theorem.

In other words, first search where it most probably will be found, then search where finding it is less probable, then search where the probability is even less (but still possible due to limitations on fuel, range, water currents, etc.), until insufficient hope of locating the object at acceptable cost remains.

The advantages of the Bayesian method are that all information available is used coherently (i.e., in a "leak-proof" manner) and the method automatically produces estimates of the cost for a given success probability. That is, even before the start of searching, one can say, hypothetically, "there is a 65% chance of finding it in a 5-day search. That probability will rise to 90% after a 10-day search and 97% after 15 days" or a similar statement. Thus the economic viability of the search can be estimated before committing resources to a search.

Apart from the USS Scorpion, other vessels located by Bayesian search theory include the MV Derbyshire, the largest British vessel ever lost at sea, and the SS Central America. It also proved successful in the search for a lost hydrogen bomb following the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash in Spain, and the recovery in the Atlantic Ocean of the crashed Air France Flight 447.

Bayesian search theory is incorporated into the CASP (Computer Assisted Search Program) mission planning software used by the United States Coast Guard for search and rescue. This program was later adapted for inland search by adding terrain and ground cover factors for use by the United States Air Force and Civil Air Patrol.

Mathematics
Suppose a grid square has a probability p of containing the wreck and that the probability of successfully detecting the wreck if it is there is q. If the square is searched and no wreck is found, then, by Bayes' theorem, the revised probability of the wreck being in the square is given by

 * $$ p' = \frac{p(1-q)}{(1-p)+p(1-q)} = p \frac{1-q}{1-pq} < p.$$

For every other grid square, if its prior probability is r, its posterior probability is given by

 * $$ r' = r \frac{1}{1- pq} > r. $$

USS Scorpion
In May 1968, the U.S. Navy's nuclear submarine USS Scorpion (SSN-589) failed to arrive as expected at her home port of Norfolk, Virginia. The command officers of the U.S. Navy were nearly certain that the vessel had been lost off the Eastern Seaboard, but an extensive search there failed to discover the remains of Scorpion.

Then, a Navy deep-water expert, John P. Craven, suggested that Scorpion had sunk elsewhere. Craven organised a search southwest of the Azores based on a controversial approximate triangulation by hydrophones. He was allocated only a single ship, Mizar, and he took advice from Metron Inc., a firm of consultant mathematicians in order to maximise his resources. A Bayesian search methodology was adopted. Experienced submarine commanders were interviewed to construct hypotheses about what could have caused the loss of Scorpion.

The sea area was divided up into grid squares and a probability assigned to each square, under each of the hypotheses, to give a number of probability grids, one for each hypothesis. These were then added together to produce an overall probability grid. The probability attached to each square was then the probability that the wreck was in that square. A second grid was constructed with probabilities that represented the probability of successfully finding the wreck if that square were to be searched and the wreck were to be actually there. This was a known function of water depth. The result of combining this grid with the previous grid is a grid which gives the probability of finding the wreck in each grid square of the sea if it were to be searched.

At the end of October 1968, the Navy's oceanographic research ship, USNS Mizar (AGOR-11), located sections of the hull of Scorpion on the seabed, about 740 km southwest of the Azores, under more than 3000 m of water. This was after the Navy had released sound tapes from its underwater "SOSUS" listening system, which contained the sounds of the destruction of Scorpion. The court of inquiry was subsequently reconvened and other vessels, including the bathyscaphe Trieste II, were dispatched to the scene, collecting many pictures and other data.

Although Craven received much credit for locating the wreckage of Scorpion, Gordon Hamilton, an acoustics expert who pioneered the use of hydroacoustics to pinpoint Polaris missile splashdown locations, was instrumental in defining a compact "search box" wherein the wreck was ultimately found. Hamilton had established a listening station in the Canary Islands that obtained a clear signal of what some scientists believe was the noise of the vessel's pressure hull imploding as she passed crush depth. A Naval Research Laboratory scientist named Chester "Buck" Buchanan, using a towed camera sled of his own design aboard Mizar, finally located Scorpion. The towed camera sled, which was fabricated by J. L. "Jac" Hamm of Naval Research Laboratory's Engineering Services Division, is housed in the National Museum of the United States Navy. Buchanan had located the wrecked hull of Thresher in 1964 using this technique.

Optimal distribution of search effort
The classical book on this subject The Theory of Optimal Search (Operations Research Society of America, 1975) by Lawrence D. Stone of Metron Inc. won the 1975 Lanchester Prize by the American Operations Research Society.

Searching in boxes
Assume that a stationary object is hidden in one of n boxes (locations). For each location $$i$$ there are three known parameters: the cost $$c_i$$ of a single search, the probability $$a_i$$ of finding the object by a single search if the object is there, and the probability $$p_i$$ that the object is there. A searcher looks for the object. They know the a priori probabilities at the beginning and update them by Bayes’ law after each (unsuccessful) attempt. The problem of finding the object in minimal expected cost is a classical problem solved by David Blackwell. Surprisingly, the optimal policy is easy to describe: at each stage look into the location which maximizes $$\frac{p_i a_i}{c_i}$$. This is actually a special case of the Gittins index.

title: Bayesian search theory