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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert Frost Middle School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP, by a slight majority. dbenbenn | talk 14:54, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Robert Frost Middle School
Despite all of the verbiage, this is still just another non-notable middle school. RickK 21:27, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm, they're sure trying now. Still give it a delete. -- Riffsyphon1024 21:28, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not to mention that some of the categories of people are kind of inappropriate? (Economically Disadvantaged, Limited English Proficient, Students with Disabilities) -- Riffsyphon1024 21:31, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think those categories are the ones mandated by the state and federal assesment systems. 205.210.232.62 22:58, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I'm glad, for their sake, that they have some good teams, but almost every school has some teams that are halfway decent. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 22:02, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nice try, I give it BEEFSTEW points A, B, C, D, and E, for a total of 5/10. User:BrenDJ and User:Mathwiz2020 (who left himself some encouragement on his own Talk page, where's the welcoming committee?) put some serious work into it and the article is well organized. But, as RickK says, "just another non-notable middle school." Dpbsmith (talk) 00:38, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - verifiability supplied - David Gerard 02:00, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, contains information that distinguishes it from other schools, and necessary to the coverage of its local area. Kappa 02:31, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, seems like a decent article. - SimonP 05:59, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with SimonP. --Andylkl 08:51, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a guide to primary and secondary education facilities.  Though well-written, there is nothing in this article to show why this school warrants an entry as opposed to the many thousands of other US middle schools.  Arkyan 13:36, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I can't see anything in this article which indicates notability. Jeltz talk  15:44, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We don't need an article on every single secondary school in the world. Non-notable. DaveTheRed 18:44, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Round and round we go; it is because people try to delete articles like this that "non-notability" was not passed as a reason for deletion. If it were used more selectively then I imagine others would be more keen to allow it. Pcb21| Pete 20:26, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Longhair 00:03, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redir to Montgomery County Public Schools secondary schools, where I've merged the info that seemed encyclopedic and NPOV. I have similar issues with the demographic stats--also seems excessive and transitory, although a discussion of any historical trends might be useful. I would like a clarification on the copyright status of the pic, like a statement from the photographer. If it was taken from the website from someone other than the person who took it, it is probably not public domain. Second choice is delete--I would argue that it is not "distinguished"--most communities in the 'developed' world have secondary schools, and they almost all have teams of varying performance. FWIW, there are 16054 public middle schools in the US alone. Niteowlneils 00:19, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No offense, but that merge looks ugly compared to the rest of the table. -- Riffsyphon1024 01:43, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Jonathunder 03:50, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish significant notability.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:19, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yet another middle school. Nothing to see here. Carrp | Talk 04:22, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Rockville, Maryland and delete - Skysmith 09:43, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Carrp and Gwalla. Radiant! 11:11, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Middle schools are very seldom notable, and this is not apparently an exception. A quick Googling finds Robert Frost Middle Schools in Los Angeles CA, Deer Park NY, Louisville KY, Markham IL, New Carrollton MD, Rockville MD, and elsewhere—and none appear to be very exciting.   At most, merge a brief snippet into the community's article or an article on local education if one exists. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 16:53, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain. On the one hand, it's not a useless stub like most of these articles, but actually has some content.  On the other hand, I don't see anything notable about it.  I'd vote to keep if there were something notable about it. Jayjg (talk)  21:23, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Switching vote to Delete. Notability still not established 4 days laters, and article is heavily sock-puppet supported. Jayjg (talk)  16:43, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This article displays details and is well written. Having articles like this is what makes Wikipedia different from World Book.--BrenDJ 22:13, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This is a great article. --ARG 22:19, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: User's first edit. Jayjg (talk) 22:26, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comment: You'd have a snowball's chance in hell if anyone thinks that sock-puppeting multiple "keep" votes would help save an article from VfD. Stop it and let the voting go on fairly, please. --Andylkl 06:34, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * On "notability" - if this really is what the community means by non-notable, then should we revisit the Ram-bot issue again? Clearly thousands of tinpot little American towns are non-notable to the same extent as this school, but it seems absurd to me to want to delete the information. Pcb21| Pete 22:40, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep- Why would this be deleated versus any other middle school article that was written?--Johnwz 00:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: User's third edit. Carrp | Talk 02:33, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * You're absolutely right. We should delete the other middle school articles too. DaveTheRed 02:27, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, there is nothing exceptional about this school--nixie 04:02, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as a shining example of what other middle school articles on Wikipedia should aspire to be like. —RaD Man (talk) 04:11, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No notability, some POV writing on the school's strengths, and some statistics that will probably never be kept current.  How is this a shining example? Indrian 04:51, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * In contrast to most other high school and middle school articles, how is this not a shining example? Notability is not a requirement for inclusion.  —RaD Man (talk) 06:38, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I will not go into a notability arguement at this time, but that does not address the other two issues I have raised. Keeping is fine if that is what you want, but callnig this a paragon of school articles is a bit extreme.  Just because it is more than two lines and therefore superior to 99% of the school articles we have does not make it a shining example, which implies that a longer POV section and some unmaintainable statistics constitute an outstanding article on a school. Indrian 16:32, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Reluctant delete on basis of non-notability. I think it should be acceptable for someone to move this to their personal user space, and I would welcome suggestions for transwiki (is there are relevant local wiki, for example?). -- Jmabel | Talk 08:13, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This belongs in wikipedia.--Rip87 12:47, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: User's third edit. Carrp | Talk 02:31, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Has a lot of detail, describes why this school is important. --Freakox8723 13:04, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: User's second edit. Carrp | Talk 02:30, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -The Robert Frost Middle School article should NOT be nominated for deletion because it is renowned across the county for its superior students. Not only do they perform excellently on standardized tests but they also excel in extracurricular activities, as noted by the article. (From Robert Frost Middle School Talk page)--J.A.S. 13:21, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * This section appears highly POV to me. If you want to present evidence of the excellence achieved by this school, it would be a good idea to quote some source other than the article itself, which seems biased. Indrian 16:32, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: User's fifth edit. Carrp | Talk 02:28, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --ABC123 13:35, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Note:User's second edit. Carrp | Talk 02:23, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * keep - it belongs on wikipedia. Yuckfoo 20:17, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Oh my goodness; it's a school, and who cares about that? Seriously, Wikipedia becomes more comprehensive when schools are written about in it, and there is no harm done to those don't like such articles. Stop this deletionist nonsense. 141.225.146.182 21:57, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Anon user's second edit. Carrp | Talk 02:25, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Unregistered and/or unsigned votes do not count on VfD. --Andylkl 06:34, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's only a description of the school...I suspect some kind of advertising... --Neigel von Teighen 22:02, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Why delete it?  Why not just make it a stub?
 * I think I'm going to vote keep on this one. It really is well-written (though there are a few punctuation bugaboos) and the article actually does go to some length to establish at least a semblance of notability.  This beats the living daylights out of the usual "bored student nanostub" type of school article.  A BEEFSTEW of 5 is a lot higher than I've seen on this page. - Lucky 6.9 23:43, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Why delete an already good article?--Sportsgirl1534 02:06, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: User's second edit. Carrp | Talk 02:22, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep 64.231.46.157 02:14, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Anon user's second edit. Carrp | Talk 02:24, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Unregistered and/or unsigned votes do not count on VfD. --Andylkl 06:34, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nicely written but still non-notable. Philthecow 02:17, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 02:27, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, BEEFSTEW score of 2 (ABCDE, middle school). —Korath (Talk) 06:50, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Terpsfan 11:52, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * User's second edit. —Korath (Talk) 12:08, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Careful, socks. I loathe sockpuppets.  Keep in mind that I will gladly my comparatively weak keep vote to a delete with just a couple of keystrokes if this continues. - Lucky 6.9 18:35, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I also think this article should be kept, and strongly encourage the admin making the final decision to ignore as many idiot sockpuppets as necessary, and see that there are still plenty of people wanting this kept. Pcb21| Pete 21:47, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * *Not Voting I came across the Robert Frost Middle School page and noticed this page, I then read all the comments about not being notable, but the school apparently is one of the best Jazz teams in their State according to the article. --Scifi 22:25, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * User's fifth edit, first four edits were to create a user page immediately before making this edit. Jayjg (talk) 23:00, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. Tis a shame about all the puppets.  GRider\talk 00:55, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No notable school. There must be thousands of schoold around the word with this kind of banal claim of being notable--LexCorp 03:54, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thousands? More like hundreds of thousands. Jayjg (talk)  16:09, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic -- ask yourself, would you or should you be looking up ordinary American middle schools in an encyclopedia? --Calton | Talk 07:05, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This is a fair question.  So I ask you Calton, in addition to "ordinary American middle schools", do you honestly think you would ever find yourself looking up chancellor Albert Carnesale, "sex move" Donkey punch, Pokémon character Gary Oak, internet meme Numanuma, Slashdot, Star Trek versus Star Wars or, heaven forbid, the GNAA in a so-called real encyclopaedia?  Many would argue that Wikipedia is not an encyclopaedia as it stands, so the inclusion of an educational institution should come as no surprise.  In light of the other material that is kept on Wikipedia, this article is an easy and obvious keep.  GRider\talk 17:09, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The citation of a random seletion of other articles, some of which are also on vfd, does not establish notability for this article. Gamaliel 18:08, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * You are correct, it does not. My comment was a response to a question, not a motion to establish notability.  This educational institution is inherently noteworthy and its a travesty that these sort of articles are continually being listed for deletion.  GRider\talk 18:16, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Is it necessary to rehash this sterile debate every time a school article comes up for VfD? Can't we all just acknowledge that there is no consensus on this point, agree to disagree, and just vote and move on? Dpbsmith (talk) 18:47, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, this will be possible once valid school stubs stop being listed for deletion. GRider\talk 19:06, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * So, in other words, debate can stop once everyone agrees with you. Gamaliel 22:41, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * In other words, once valid school stubs stop being listed for deletion we can move on. GRider\talk 22:56, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Chancellor Carnesale seems to be quite notable, for reasons outlined in his VfD entry. Slashdot is a forum to which more than ten million messages have been posted by hundreds of thousands of users.  Even Numanuma has been covered in the New York Times.  Robert Frost Middle School (of which there are several in the United States) seems to be a generic middle school, with no notable alumni and no known appearances in the national media.  It's not even a notable internet meme...why is this school noteworthy? --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 19:20, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * To say that any of those subjects are more or less noteworthy than this middle school would be nothing more than subjective opinion and POV, and you're entitled to that. GRider\talk 20:04, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, the evidence is quite objective in that those subjects have received significant media coverage, while this school has received none. Gamaliel 22:41, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The belief that media coverage makes you more or less notable than something else is completely subjective and POV. There are literally thousands of articles on Wikipedia which are encyclopedically valuable and have never received any sort of "media coverage".  Media coverage != encyclopedic.  GRider\talk 22:54, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * So please tell us what sort of encyclopedic standard excludes Slashdot but includes Middle of Nowhere Middle School. Gamaliel 22:59, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * If you're intentionally missing the point here then I can't help you. GRider\talk 23:40, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * What point am I missing? Care to answer the question I posed at all? Gamaliel 01:57, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Based upon the trends I have been following on VfD, one could concretely assert that Wikipedia is only a "real" encyclopaedia when it is a matter of convenience to be one. The entire matter of "notability" is one hundred percent subjective.  As it has been so vibrantly illustrated right here in this discussion, many contributors to Wikipedia strongly DO believe schools to be inherently noteworthy and "encyclopedic".  To answer your original question, which was incorrectly punctuated, yes, schools in the "middle of nowhere" are included in print-encyclopaedias without any mention of Slashdot.  Does this really surprise you?  Either we can agree to disagree and move on, or continue to repeat ourselves in this exercise of futility.  Which do you choose?  GRider\talk 17:43, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Please do not bite the newcomers. An influx of new users, especially on VfD, does not necessarily mean they are sockpuppets.  However, anonymous and new users should be aware that we've had significant problems with sockpuppets in the past, so simple statements of opinion are likely to be ignored.  Hard facts which add to the discussion, on the other hand, would be much more useful.  Has this school had any notable alumni, for example?  Or media coverage (besides local descriptions of athletic events)? —Korath (Talk) 08:00, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Response: I don't know why people would create sockpuppets, but I agree, don't bite them. As for notable alumni, I am compiling a list currently.  This Saturday, there may also be media coverage if Robert Frost Middle School wins the regional science bowl (there was media coverage when the local high school won their science bowl last weekend.)
 * Response: Frost did win the Virginia/Maryland Regional Science Bowl and there will be an article in the Rockville Gazette newspaper. Coverage of a science bowl does not seem to fall under the category of "local descriptions of athletic events."  The article will appear this Wednesday and, if they put the article online (which they do not do with all their articles), I will post a link.  Besides, the vote is 35 keep to 25 delete.  Even subtracting some keeps (because of the sockpuppets), it seems like keep won by a landslide.  Although there aren't any notable alumni I have found as of now, there might be years from now considering there seem to be exceptionally gifted students (that won the science bowl for two states.)  By the way, what's "vote stacking"?
 * Vote stacking, in this instance, would appear to be a term used carelessly and unrespectfully by a minority of deletionists who would very much like nothing more than to discredit honest votes from a large group of contributors to Wikipedia who passionately believe that this article is of value and should not be deleted. GRider\talk 17:53, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable instantiation of the middle-school concept.  -- WOT 23:00, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Notice to reviewing administrator: There was an attempt to vote stack on this article. See GRider's contributions.  Votes beyond this point need to be reviewed carefully and considered carefully. -- AllyUnion (talk) 02:49, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Users must consider all policies and former consensus before commenting for consensus: Please note, Deletion policy, is not the only policy to consider.
 * Votes for deletion/Precedents
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * What's in, what's out

Considerations should also be made to the following as well:
 * Google test
 * Importance

Users should remember that the Wikipedia is not an experiment in democracy. -- AllyUnion (talk) 02:49, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Having said and done all that, if a substantial number of genuine users (not sockpuppets) want an article kept, then it has to be kept. VfD is about establishing a consensus for deletion under deletion policy. If there are a lot of genuine users who want to keep (be they a minority or majority) then it will be kept. Where they "came from" is essentially irrelevant. Pcb21| Pete 00:09, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep A model school article. Wincoote 20:01, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This article hasn't been around for a month yet (first created 21/02/05!) - surely it needs time to develop lists of alumni and so on? Drw25 21:55, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. That's putting the cart before the horse.  There's no reason to create an article in the first place if the original author can't or won't add anything noteworthy.  VfD also allows for five days of fairly intense scrutiny—if there's something notable to be said about this school, someone will probably find it. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 22:04, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I have to agree, why do individual fictional characters from Manga have their own encyclopedia entries, but schools are hit with VFD's left and right?  For all we know a future US President could come from that school. --Oarias 22:09, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * My cat could start talking in Swahili in the future, too. Talking cats might be encyclopedic.  So might middle schools with presidential alumni.  This is neither. —Korath (Talk) 22:27, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * What is this might business you're talking about!?! RaD Man (talk) 22:49, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, high schools and beyond are inherently encyclopedic (and I shan't get started on all the video game nano-cruft that lurks around here). I know this is a middle school, keeping this one seems helpful to me. Wyss 23:05, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting school stub, wikipedia is not paper. --ShaunMacPherson 01:45, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Very notable. -CunningLinguist 03:00, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Google return approx. 2,000 results, very notable given that even the most pretigious high schools in Singapore return only 500 results. - Mailer Diablo 12:15, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. JuntungWu 12:54, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think schools are inherently notable. Further, "notability" is not listed in Deletion policy (even though I wish it were, and have tried to include it), so isn't grounds for deletion anyway. Dan100 17:53, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Another time-wasting deletioncruft nomination.--Centauri 23:37, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. School.LukeSurl 23:47, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article provides useful information. SCEhardt 00:02, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. -- R yan!  |  Talk  11:36, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: In regards to claims of vote-stacking, their are large amounts of people who beleive well-written articles for schools are inherently notable. Merely bringing an article to someones attention is no more votestacking than providing a link for someone is. If you'll notice, GRider's contributions were far and wide and not concentrated on any bloc or mailing list group. Speaking for myself, I evaluated the article and voted to keep it out of sincere belief that it deserved to be kept and not out of any votestacking motivation. I have faith that the majority of the other voters did as well. Thank you for your time. -CunningLinguist 03:55, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Middle schools are not inherently encyclopediac. --Carnildo 04:58, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Substantial content. Useful information. Accademic performance seems to make it notable anyway.--cfp 18:39, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Provincial claims of academic or extracurricular excellence do not constitute notability. Delete. RadicalSubversiv E 00:39, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete'. No context. To be encyclopedic, a school has to have some wider resonance in general culture. --Wetman 20:49, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I added an aerial photo and a nice table. Is that enough to keep it?
 * keep i have to, they admitted me when i got expelled from private school in 5th grade.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 04:09, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a real place, Mark Richards 21:01, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I added a table, an aerial, and lots more information. There's even a newspaper article being printed tomorrow and a press release being wired next week!  What more do you want?  I think you should keep it and allow "organic growth."  I also agree with someone else (I forget where I saw this) where we should just make a templete and put it on all schools to regulate them.  Enough with all this VFD business.   — mathwiz2020\talk [[Image:Mathwiz2020.jpg|20px|mathwiz2020]] 01:34, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I've drafted a school's template Template:School. Please comment and edit. I've tried it out on Adams' Grammar School--LukeSurl 00:29, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - seems like decent article, verifiable -- Lochaber 15:22, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Pcpcpc says "a model school article". What xe really means is "a boilerplate school article".  Most of this article is just an exercise in raw statistics within a framework that could apply to any school ("Headmaster X, enrollment Y, maths club, band, sports teams, motto ..." — data that are just extra columns in the tables at Montgomery County Public Schools secondary schools in fact), and gives one no context whatever.  Moreover: When I pushed for improvement to establish notability early on in this article's history, what I wasn't pushing for was this exercise in academic boosterism.  The school is "fifth in the county" in one respect, and "one of the only schools in the county" in another.  What does it mean to be "one of the only schools"?  And what are the standard deviations that accompany the various means (without which many of the raw statisics are pretty useless)?  The prodding has just resulted in padding, I'm afraid.  What makes this school stand out from the crowd of 37 middle schools in Montgomery County alone, let alone from the crowd of the hundreds of thousands of such schools in the world?  Nothing, apparently.  Niteowlneils has pointed out some of the other issues that I would have mentioned, such as the copyright violations in the included images and the lack of any sort of analysis that would warrant an article rather than a line in a table.  Delete. Uncle G 19:41, 2005 Mar 9 (UTC)
 * Comment It is one of the sucesses of mathematics that large quanties of information can be summarised in statistics. The use of this in this article is well thought out and certainly encylopedic. A researcher looking at this page would be very happy with what he saw and horrified that all but "one line in a table" were to be deleted for the reasoning afformentioned.
 * What makes this school stand out from the crowd is evident on the page. A school does not need Nobel Prize Winners in its alumi to unique, this article is evidence that in-depth research into a school will uncover unique information. The above article simplifies articles' validity down to a one-dimensional scale, which is very tempting to do when considering VfD, of notablility of facts contained in article. On this scale, almost all schools will be deleted as they'd fall into the middle ground. However in reality the total is greater than the sum of the parts and a collaboration of these facts and figures in a coherent article builds up a real and encyclopedic picture of what the school is like.
 * As a summation, if you picked up one of the 1157 pupils in this school and placed them in one of the other 37 middle schools in Montgomery County do you think they'd consider the differences non-notable?--LukeSurl 00:29, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: File:Testimony (Neal Morse album - cover art).jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Menuconfig

is one of five similar tools that can configure Linux source, a necessary early step needed to compile the source code. , with a menu-driven user interface, allows the user to choose the features of Linux (and other options) that will be compiled. It is normally invoked using the command ; menuconfig is a target in Linux Makefile.

Overview
was not in the first version of Linux. The predecessor tool is a question-and-answer-based utility.

Variations of the tool tool for Linux configuration include:

 * , which requires Qt
 * , which uses GTK+
 * , which is similar to.

All these tools use the Kconfig language internally. Kconfig is also used in other projects, such as Das U-Boot, a bootloader for embedded devices, Buildroot, a tool for generating embedded Linux systems, and BusyBox, a single-executable shell utility toolbox for embedded systems.

Advantages over earlier versions
Despite being a simple design,  offers considerable advantages to the question-and-answer-based configuration tool , the most notable being a basic search system and the ability to load and save files with filenames different from " ". gives the user an ability to navigate forwards or backwards directly between features, rather than using  by pressing the  key to navigate linearly to the configuration for a specific feature.

If the user is satisfied with a previous  file, using   uses this previous file to answer all questions that it can, only interactively presenting the new features. This is intended for a version upgrade, but may be appropriate at other times.

is a light load on system resources unlike  (uses Qt as of version 2.6.31.1, formerly Tk) or , which utilizes GTK+. It's possible to ignore most of the features with, and doing so makes it more likely that one will configure an incomplete or oversized kernel. It's recommended to start with the  file included with Linux distribution, which makes it easier to configure a custom kernel.

Better than editing the  by hand,   shows the descriptions of each feature (by pressing the "Help" button while on a menu option), and adds some (primitive in version 2.6.31.1) dependency checking. With make oldconfig, dependency checking can be done in one step, but requires the user to locate the features that were changed, by hand, to be sure that the needed ones are still enabled.

Practically, using both  and , diff, (also cvs and a decent text editor) provides the most flexibility and most dependability. Configuring Linux is a significant labor, so users are strongly advised to make backups of it (i.e. ).

The help information is distributed throughout the kernel source tree in the various files called Kconfig.

Dependencies
To use, Linux source is a requirement, a make tool, a C compiler, and the ncurses library.

Symbols
To the left of the features is the setting (y, M, or empty) enclosed in two punctuation marks.

Note that the supplied dependency information is primitive, it does not tell you the names of the dependant features.

menuconfig in the kernel-build workflow
The user is encouraged to read the Linux README, since there are also many other make targets (beyond modules_install and install). Each will configure the kernel, but with different features activated, or using a different interactive interface; such as tinyconfig or allyesconfig.

simple (but effective) workflow

 * 1) Next build the compressed kernel and its modules, a long process..
 * 2) Install using your favorite method such as  ,.
 * 1) Install using your favorite method such as  ,.

title: Menuconfig


text: User talk:69.0.97.91

title: User talk:69.0.97.91


text:
Ezekiel Polk

Ezekiel Polk (December 7, 1747 – August 31, 1824) was American soldier, pioneer and the paternal grandfather of President James Knox Polk.

Early life
Ezekiel Polk was born on December 7, 1747, the seventh of eight children born to William Polk and Margaret Taylor Polk of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, near present-day Carlisle. Around 1753, the family moved southwestward to the southern boundary of North Carolina in what would become Mecklenburg County. His parents appear to have died shortly afterward, and Ezekiel probably was brought up by his older brother Thomas, the senior member of the family, a leader of the local militia and a member of the first and subsequent North Carolina provincial assemblies.

At age 20 Ezekiel, recently married, was named clerk of court in the new county of Tryon across the Catawba River, where he and his bride established themselves on a 100 acre farm just south of Kings Mountain. In 1772, however, the provincial boundary was surveyed, and Polk's property was discovered to lie in South Carolina.

Career
Military service record:
 * New Acquisition District Regiment of the South Carolina militia (1775, 1780–1782): First a Lt. Colonel under Col. Thomas Neel in early 1775.
 * Then he chose to have an independent company of Rangers prior to 3rd South Carolina Regiment of Rangers being formed on June 6, 1775
 * Resigned from South Carolina 3rd Regiment on July 29, 1775. Authorized to reform his independent Ranger Company again in the New Acquisition District, but he was to remain under command of Col. William Thomson.  His unit was disbanded at the fall of Charleston.
 * Later, he was a Lt. Colonel again in the New Acquisition District Regiment.

Polk adapted with increasing difficulty to the shifting boundary and consequent loss of his position as clerk of court. At first, he was chosen lieutenant colonel of the district militia. In 1775, he was elected a delegate to the South Carolina Provincial Congress held in June and was commissioned a captain in the Third South Carolina Regiment of Horse Rangers, assigned to the interior, where Whigs and Loyalists were competing for control of the province. But when the regiment was ordered to the coast, Polk balked, marching his men home rather than sacrifice their health, as he put it, for the protection of Lowcountry aristocrats and rice plantation nabobs. He subsequently relented, apologized for his insubordination, and was restored to command. He led his company against Loyalist forces in the battle at Reedy River in December 1775 and the following summer commanded 300 militia in a successful expedition against pro-Loyalist Cherokees.

On July 24, 1776, Polk's regiment was adopted into the Continental Army and assigned to the Southern Department. "Captain Ezekiel Polk's Independent Company," according to the U.S. Army's regimental history, was "concurrently redesignated as the 10th Company, 3rd South Carolina Regiment."

Polk may never have been entirely comfortable in South Carolina, and waning popularity and political enmities appear have left him increasingly disgruntled. After being passed over initially as delegate to a provincial congress held in November 1775, he had with great difficulty forced a second election and kept his seat. Probably this aborted rejection continued to rankle. In late 1776 Polk surrendered his commission in the 3rd Regiment and returned to North Carolina, settling down on a 260 acre farm about 10 mi below Charlotte, the Mecklenburg County seat. Two years later he opened a tavern in town and the following year was named justice of the peace. This period of tranquility was not to last. With the fall of Charleston in 1780 and the subsequent defeat of Horatio Gates at Camden, Lord Charles Cornwallis's triumphant Redcoats marched into North Carolina, the main body encamping a few miles from Polk's farm. The following day, September 26, Cornwallis commandeered the Charlotte home of Ezekiel's brother Thomas and established his headquarters there. Fearing the loss of crops, slaves and his tavern, Ezekiel rode to town and "took protection" from Cornwallis in exchange for peaceful cooperation with the British.

Such an action was not without precedent, and Polk's neighbors evidently did not judge him too harshly, for toward the end of the war the Mecklenburg magistrates, with only two dissenters, elected him sheriff. At the conclusion of the war, he received a generous acreage of western land for his services during the Revolution and in 1790 was appointed deputy surveyor in the Western District                                  (then-Tennessee) and moved with his family to a tract north of the Cumberland River. Indian raids and the prolonged illness and death of his wife in 1791 led to his return to Mecklenburg County. He did not make Tennessee his permanent home until the fall of 1803, when he established himself on a 2500 acre tract on the Duck River in what is now Maury County.

Polk was a militant Jeffersonian and a Deist (some said an atheist), which put him at loggerheads with much of the family, especially his nephew William Polk's three sons, who were Ezekiel's close Tennessee neighbors, ardent Federalists and orthodox churchmen. The inscription composed for his first wife's tombstone spoke of "a glorious Resurrection to eternal life," but her painful illness and the death of all the children of his second marriage seem to have dampened if not extinguished the bereaved husband's faith.

Marriages
He was married three times. His first wife, Mary Wilson Polk, bore him eight children, including Samuel Polk, the father of James K. Polk, 11th president of the United States. No children of his second wife, Bessie Davis Polk, survived infancy. Some sources identify his second wife as a Polly Campbell. By his third wife, Sofia Neely Lennard Polk, he had four children. He died near Bolivar, Tennessee, August 31, 1824, and was buried in the Polk Cemetery at Bolivar.

Death
Polk composed his own epitaph and left instructions that it be painted on durable wood "as there is no rock in this country fit for grave stones." In its original version, it reads:

 * Here lies the dust of old E.P.
 * One instance of mortality
 * Pennsylvania born, Car'lina bred,
 * In Tennessee died on his bed
 * His youthful days he spent in pleasure,
 * His latter days in gath'ring treasure;
 * From superstition liv'd quite free
 * And practiced strict morality.
 * To holy cheats was never willing
 * To give one solitary shilling,
 * He can foresee, and in foreseeing
 * He equals most of men in being
 * That church and state will join their pow'r
 * And mis'ry on this country show'r.
 * And Methodists with their camp bawling,
 * Will be the cause of this down falling.
 * An era not destined to see,
 * It waits for poor posterity
 * First fruits and tithes are odious things
 * And so are Bishops, Priests and Kings

Ancestry
The ancestry of Ezekiel Polk is largely unknown. It is claimed that his father William Polk is descended from Robert Bruce Polk (1625-1703), a member of Clan Pollock migrated to Maryland; and his mother is a daughter of James Taylor, grandfather of Richard Taylor and great-grandfather of presidents Zachary Taylor and James Madison. Both ancestries are disproved by newer research.

title: Ezekiel Polk


text:
Talk:Duchy of Oldenburg

[Untitled]
Is there any way of producing a list of rulers of Oldenburg as duke or grand duke?

 * What's "a county resp."--Wetman 07:26, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe a translation of German "bzw." (beziehungsweise), meaning "respectively". Anyway, I'm about to change it... --LuiKhuntek 21:29, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

I don't really understand why there is a different article in wikipedia about the Free State of Oldenburg. The article is not called "Grand-Duchy of Oldenburg", just "state of Oldenburg". The state of Oldenburg continued to exist even after the abdication of the last grand-duke, it just became a republic. The state of Oldenburg ceased to exist legally in 1946 with the foundation of the new state of Lower Saxony. Mk4711 (talk) 13:05, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

I will remove the remark that the Frisian chiefs whom the Counts of Oldenburg were in conflict with in the thirteenth century were heathens. They weren't. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 17:13, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Chronology
This section needs looking into: "When the main lineage of the House of Oldenburg died out in 1667 with Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg, it fell to the Frederick III of Denmark of the line of the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp, who married Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, daughter of Peter the Great. Another, his first cousin, Frederick August I, became Duke of Oldenburg in 1774." Friedrich August I of Holstein-Oldenburg was born in 1711, yet he is described as the first cousin of Frederick III of Denmark, who died in 1670. While not absolutely impossible, I suppose this might warrant verification. 45.92.226.223 (talk) 21:58, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duchy of Oldenburg


text:
Mariano Ignacio Prado

Mariano Ignacio Prado Ochoa (18 December 1825 – 5 May 1901) was a Peruvian army general who served as the 17th (1865 - 1868) and 21st (1876 - 1879) President of Peru.

Biography
Born in Huánuco on 18 December 1825, he studied in Huánuco and then in Lima. He entered the army at an early age and served in the provinces of Southern Peru.

In 1865, Prado led a coup to overthrow President Juan Antonio Pezet who under the threat of a large Spanish fleet surrendered sovereignty over the Chincha Islands and agreed to pay a large indemnity to Spain. Vice President Pedro Diez Canseco became Provisional President until new elections were held later that year and which Prado won. In 1866 the Spanish fleet attacked and was defeated under General Prado's command at the Battle of Dos de Mayo in Callao 1866. His 12 year old son and later hero Leoncio Prado participated in the battle. Prado had put together an alliance with Chile, Bolivia and Ecuador all of whom supplied troops that defeated Spain. At the time only Peru had a few naval vessels which earlier had forced the Spanish fleet to retire at the Battle of Abtao, Chile in 1866. In gratitude, Chile conferred Prado with the honorary title of General of the Army of Chile. He served as the President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1874 to 1875.

After Manuel Pardo's presidential term ended in 1876, Prado was elected president again on 2 August that year. His second term was marked by the War of the Pacific (1879–1884) which broke out with Chile. Prado took active command of the defenses of Tacna and Tarapacá (where he met Bolivian president Hilarión Daza), with the intention of taking command of the armies assembling there. Former President Pardo had downsized the army to 2,000 soldiers and had failed to modernize. President Prado returned to Lima to organize the defense of the country.

In 1879, the Congress of Peru authorized President Prado to leave the country in search of arms in New York and naval vessels in Brest, France. On 18 December he left for New York to meet with William R. Grace founder of W.R. Grace (founded in Lima in 1854) and friend of President Prado. Upon his arrival in New York, he was informed that Nicolas de Pierola had taken control of the capital Lima on 23 December. Nicolas de Pierola had been plotting to take over for many years and had returned to Lima from Santiago just before the war with Chile broke out. Pierola used Prado's trip to claim Prado had fled the country. These and subsequent accusations were proven false. Pierola mismanaged the war effort and deserted the capital when Chile troops landed in Barranco, south of Lima. Despite the occupation of Lima, the war with Chile continued led by General Cáceres. During this phase of the war General Prado's son Leoncio was captured and executed by Chile. General Prado lost three sons in the war with Chile. An armistice was signed on 20 October 1883, and a final peace treaty was signed in 1929 with the return of Tacna to Peru. Prado was exonerated by General Caceres and returned to Peru.

General Prado was also a successful businessman who accumulated his fortune prior to entering politics. His wife Magdalena Ugarteche came from a wealthy business family. He had holdings in various enterprises including mining in Peru and Chile. For health reasons he went to Paris in 1901 where he died. His son Manuel Ignacio Prado Ugarteche was two times President of Peru.

title: Mariano Ignacio Prado


text:
Elim mac Conrach

Elim, son of Conrai, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland.

The Lebor Gabála Érenn says he overthrew the previous High King Fíachu Finnolach in an uprising of aithech-tuatha or "subject peoples". The nobility of Ireland were massacred, with only three pregnant women escaping: Fíachu's wife Eithne Imgel, daughter of the king of Alba; Gruibne, daughter of the king of Britain and wife of the king of Munster; and Aine, daughter of the king of the Saxons, and wife of the king of Ulster. Gruibe was the mother of Corb Olom, ancestor of the Eóganachta of Munster; Aine's son Tibraide Tírech was the ancestor of the Dál nAraidi of Ulster; Eithne fled to Alba where she gave birth to Fíachu's son Tuathal Techtmar. Elim ruled for twenty years, at the end of which Tuathal landed at Inber Domnainn and was proclaimed king. He then marched on Tara and defeated and killed Elim in battle on the nearby hill of Achall.

The Annals of the Four Masters broadly agree with the Lebor Gabála, adding only that the revolt of the aithech-tuatha was led by the provincial kings, Elim being the king of Ulster, and that during his reign Ireland was without corn, fruit, milk or fish, as God punished the aithech-tuatha for their evil. Geoffrey Keating tells a slightly different story, ascribing the revolt to Cairbre Cinnchait, with Elim as his successor.

The Lebor Gabála synchronises Elim's reign with that of the Roman emperor Hadrian (AD 117–138). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to AD 60–80, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to AD 56–76.

title: Elim mac Conrach


text:
Turnover tax

A turnover tax is similar to VAT, with the difference that it taxes intermediate and possibly capital goods. It is an indirect tax, typically on an ad valorem basis, applicable to a production process or stage. For example, when manufacturing activity is completed, a tax may be charged on some companies. Sales tax occurs when merchandise has been sold.

By country
In South Africa, the turnover tax is a simple tax on the gross income of small businesses. Businesses that elect to pay the turnover tax are exempt from VAT. Turnover tax is at a very low rate compared to most taxes but is without any deductions.

In Ireland, turnover tax was introduced in 1963 and followed by wholesale tax in 1966. Both were replaced in 1972 by VAT, in preparation for Ireland's accession to the European Communities, which prohibited both taxes.

title: Turnover tax


text:
Talk:Herbfarm

I am the author and hold the copyright for this material, which I release to Wikipedia for free use.

title: Talk:Herbfarm


text: User talk:69.231.121.131

title: User talk:69.231.121.131


text:
Talk:Johannes Tinctoris

Untitled
Tinctoris was a pupil of Guillaume Dufay; I think this deserves a mention.

 * OK, I added a line about his possible association with Dufay during the four months he was at Cambrai Cathedral in 1460. There is no certain connection between the two, only the high likelihood they knew each other; but thanks for pointing it out (source:   ) Antandrus 22:52, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Notable Writings
I thought this list of some of his writings might be useful. What do you think? --MarkBuckles 18:54, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Good addition! Thank you!  We could probably put in a list of his musical works as well (there's not that many)  Antandrus  (talk) 19:55, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Works list
Is it kosher to just copy this straight out of Grove? There's 14 sacred and 10 secular works listed. I'm not sure what the "M" refers to - it is a catalogue? --MarkBuckles 21:55, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I usually type them in myself, translating when necessary, and making changes like "(3 voices)" instead of "3vv", leaving out their comments, and adding some of my own, and changing the order, e.g. putting lost works separate or attributed works separate. "M" is the opera omnia edition in Corpus mensurabilis musicae 1976 ed. Melin (it's given at the top of the list). (I never copy straight from Grove.) Antandrus  (talk) 23:42, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Flemish?
It seems highly doubtful that Tinctoris was "Flemish", if the term denotes Dutch speaking people. He probably was born in Braine-l'Alleud, now in French-speaking Belgium; he spent most of his life in France; and his latin syntax does resemble French.

Hucbald.SaintAmand (talk) 07:48, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

 * The correction made by 80.126.51.166 after my remark above, calling Tinctoris "a Netherlandish composer", does not really solve the problem, because it could too easily be thought that "Netherlandish" people are from the Netherlands (i.e. Dutch). I made a modification which, I hope, will be satisfying (if such a problem can ever be solved, considering modern Belgian sensibilities). Tinctoris also appears as sole name in the Category "Flemish music theorists", which I think should be changed to "Belgian music theorists" and should include other people (e.g. Fétis). I am not sure to be able -- or to be allowed -- to change that. Hucbald.SaintAmand (talk) 16:00, 4 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Johannes Tinctoris


text:
User:Shadowtrooper/swcompanies

I've worked on quite a few of these. So, to save space on my main user page I've moved the companies over here.

Articles

 * BlasTech Industries
 * Corellia StarDrive
 * Corellian Engineering Corporation
 * FreiTek, Inc.
 * Gallofree Yards, Inc.
 * Haor Chall Engineering
 * Merr-Sonn Munitions, Inc.
 * Nubian Design Collective
 * Santhe/Sienar Technologies
 * Slayn & Korpil
 * Theed Palace Space Vessel Engineering Corps

title: User:Shadowtrooper/swcompanies


text:
Union of European Federalists

The Union of European Federalists (UEF) is an international non-profit association originally founded in 1946 and refounded in 1973, promoting the advent of a European federal State based on the idea of unity in diversity. In 1946, it brought together a number of initiatives, particularly from the Resistance, aimed at creating a European federation, including the Movimento Federalista Europeo created the day after the fall of Benito Mussolini in Milan from 27 to 29 August 1943, under the impetus of the opponent Altiero Spinelli, among others, and the French Committee for the European Federation created in Lyon by members of the "Francs-tireurs" group in June 1944.

History
Following two Conferences, the first one held in Hertenstein (municipality of Weggis near Zürich in Switzerland), gathering 78 representatives of federalist movements from 16 European countries in September 1946, and the second one in Luxembourg in October of the same year, these groups, who shared the common belief that only a European Federation based on the idea of unity in diversity could prevent a repetition of the suffering and destruction of the two world wars, so they adopted a declaration-programme which was based on this idea. Federalists believed that only a common effort of European citizens working towards this goal could create a peaceful and democratic Europe guaranteeing freedom and the protection of human rights.

The foundation of the UEF followed the two Conference of Hertenstein (municipality of Weggis near Zürich in Switzerland), gathering 78 representatives of federalist movements from 16 European countries in September 1946, and in Luxembourg in October the same year. These groups held the common belief that only a European Federation based on the idea of unity in diversity could prevent a repetition of the suffering and destruction of the two world wars, so they adopted a declaration-programme which was based on this idea. Federalists believed that only a common effort of European citizens working towards this goal could create a peaceful and democratic Europe guaranteeing freedom and the protection of human rights. The federalists decided to found the European Union of Federalists (UEF). Its foundation formally took place in December 1946 in Paris.

At a second meeting in Luxembourg these groups agreed on establishing a permanent European secretariat in Paris and another one in New York City for global federalists. But it was in Paris, on 15 and 16 December 1946 that UEF was officially brought into life, its function being to co-ordinate and intensify the activities of the different movements and to organise them into a federal structure.

The UEF's founding Congress took place in Montreux (Switzerland) from 27 to 31 August 1947. The motions adopted defined the principles of fédéralisme to which the organisation adhered and its objectives for European unification.

Among the association's first leaders were Alexandre Marc, Denis de Rougemont, Altiero Spinelli, Henri Frenay.

Together with the United Europe Movement of Winston Churchill, the UEF participates in the organisation The Hague in May 1948 of the Congress of Europe, in which its ideas were influential, but in a minority. Still today, the UEF keeps is part of the European Movement European Movement International that resulted from that Congress.

After getting a legal status UEF campaigned for the European Federal Pact. It consisted of an attempt to transform the Advisory Assembly of the Council of Europe into the Constituent Assembly of the European Federation. The fundamental tool was a petition, signed by thousands of citizens across Europe and a large number of eminent people in political, intellectual and scientific life, which asked the Advisory Assembly to draw up a text for a federal pact, and recommend its ratification to the member states of the Council of Europe. UEF also campaigned for the ratification of the European Defence Community and for the establishment of a political community.

After rejection of the EDC project the federalists became increasingly divided as to the strategy to be followed by the U.E.F. between those who, following Altiero Spinelli (1907–1986), favoured the constitutional approach, and those who preferred a step-by-step approach. The former could not be satisfied with a mere common market; the latter fully supported it. This conflict led to a split of the UEF in July 1956 and its division into two organisations: the "Mouvement Fédéraliste Européen" (M.F.E.), formed from militants of the former constitutional persuasion, and the "Action Européenne Fédéraliste" (A.E.F.) bringing together those of the latter.

But once the customs union had been established, bringing with it the prospect of developing into an economic and monetary union, the two federalist organisations came to agree on the desirability of coming together to relaunch their political activities, built around the campaign for direct elections to the European Parliament. This strategic idea, propounded by the Italian federalists, quickly became the joint platform of all the federalist organisations that met in April 1973, thus recreating UEF.

Activities of UEF included public demonstrations attracting thousands of participants. For example, the demonstration in conjunction with the European Council in Rome in December 1975, where it was decided that the European election would be held even without the participation of the United Kingdom and Denmark (although in the end, they did take part), a demonstration with 5,000 participants in Strasbourg on 17 July 1979 in front of the seat of the European Parliament, to coincide with its first session after its election in June the demonstration coinciding with the European Council in Fontainebleau on 25 June 1984 and the spectacular demonstration in Milan – its 100,000 participants make it the biggest popular demonstration in the history of the federalist struggle – in conjunction with the European Council of 28 and 29 June 1985, where the majority decided to call an Intergovernmental Conference to review to Community treaties.

The fall of the Berlin Wall, the end of the Cold War, German reunification and the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty led to the UEF campaign for European Democracy which included the desire to eliminate border controls between the countries of the European Union, parallelism between widening and deepening, strengthening of the roles of the European Parliament and the European Commission, extension of majority voting and the removal of governmental monopoly over the constituent function.

An important part of the history of UEF was the Campaign for the Federal European Constitution in Nice in which 10,000 people, including hundreds of local administrators, participated.

Presidents

 * Presidents of the Executive Board
 * Hendrik Brugmans 1947–1949
 * Henry Frenay 1950–1952
 * Altiero Spinelli 1955–1956
 * Grigore Gafencu 1956
 * Alexandre Marc 1957
 * Raymond Rifflet 1959–1964
 * Mario Albertini 1966

 * Presidents (until 1966 of the "Presidents of the Central Committee")
 * Henri Genet 1947
 * Henry Frenay 1948–1949
 * Hendrik Brugmans 1950
 * Eugen Kogon 1950–1952
 * Henry Frenay 1955
 * Grigore Gafencu 1956
 * Enzo Giacchero 1957
 * Enzo Giacchero 1959–1962
 * Etienne Hirsch 1964–1972
 * Etienne Hirsch – J.H.C Molenaar 1972
 * Mario Albertini 1975–1982
 * John Pinder 1984–1987
 * Francesco Rossolillo 1989–1994
 * Jo Leinen 1997–2004
 * Mercedes Bresso 2006–2008
 * Andrew Duff 2008–2013
 * Elmar Brok 2013–2018
 * Sandro Gozi Since 2018

Secretaries General

 * Raymond Silva 1947–1948
 * Albert Lohest 1949–1950
 * Guglielmo Usellini 1950–1957
 * André Delmas 1959–1962
 * Orio Giarini 1962–1967
 * Ludo Dierickx 1969
 * Caterina Chizzola 1972–1989
 * Gérard Vissels 1992–1994
 * Bruno Boissière 1997–2004
 * Friedhelm Frischenschlager 2005–2006
 * Joan Marc Simon 2007–2010
 * Christian Wenning 2010–2014
 * Paolo Vacca since 2014

Deputy general secretary

 * Henri Koch-Kent 1946. Also active in its founding, at Luxembourg meeting.

Organization
UEF consists of constituent organisations that are autonomous centres of UEF activities, reaching the EU citizens and spreading the UEF message to them by organising various activities in their countries. Constituent organisations are free to take up any activities within the general political framework of UEF at the European level.

Congress
The Congress is the 'general assembly' of UEF. It meets every two years; it consists of delegates of the UEF constituent organisations. It determines the policy of UEF, elects the UEF president, modifies provisions of the Statutes and elects half of the Federal Committee members.

Federal Committee
The FC consists of members of whom 50% are elected directly by the UEF Congress and 50% by the constituent organisations. The members are elected to serve until the next UEF Congress. The FC determines the UEF political direction and activities between the Congresses. It organises the Congress, approves the annual budget and final account balances, draws up the rules of procedure of UEF, and elects the UEF Bureau and Treasurer.

Bureau
Elected by the Federal Committee for a period of two years, the Bureau carries out the decisions of and is accountable to the Federal Committee.

Conference of Representatives
It is convened upon the request of the UEF Bureau or at least two constituent organisations. The Conference gathers the representatives of the constituent organisations and of UEF supranational (namely, the President, Secretary-General and Treasurer). It presents its proposals to the Federal Committee and has an advisory and co-ordinating role. The Conference also determines the membership fee.

President
The UEF president is elected by the UEF Congress by absolute majority vote. He is also the President of the Federal Committee and of the UEF Bureau. Currently the UEF president is the Italian Sandro Gozi.

Treasurer
Elected by the Federal Committee on the nomination of the Bureau, They are responsible for the management of the funds. They are accountable to the Federal Committee. The current UEF Treasurer is David Martinez Garcia.

Secretary-General
The UEF Secretary-General is responsible for running the UEF secretariat and carrying out the decisions delegated to them by the organs of UEF. They participate in the meetings of the organs of UEF without the right to vote. They are appointed by the Federal Committee on recommendation of the Bureau. Currently the UEF Secretary-General is Paolo Vacca.

Arbitration Board
Consists of seven members elected by the Congress. It ensures the application of the Statutes and serves as an arbiter in case of disputes within the organisation.

Member organisations

 * Europäische Föderalistische Bewegung Österreich (UEF Austria)
 * U.E.F. België / U.E.F. Belgique (UEF Belgium)
 * U.E.F. Balgarija (UEF Bulgaria)
 * Unie evropských federalistů v České republice (U.E.F. Czech Republic)
 * European Federalist Movement of Cyprus (UEF Cyprus)
 * Europa-Union Deutschland (UEF Germany)
 * Eurooppafederalistit (U.E.F. Finland)
 * European Federalist Movement Greece (UEF Greece)
 * Union des fédéralistes européens (U.E.F. France)
 * Európai Föderalisták Uniója (UEF Hungary)
 * Movimento Federalista Europeo (UEF Italy)
 * Europos federalistai Lietuvoje (UEF Lithuania)
 * UEF Luxembourg
 * UEF Crna Gora (UEF Montenegro)
 * UEF Portugal (UEF Portugal)
 * UEF Romania
 * Únia európskych federalistov (UEF Slovakia)
 * Unión de Europeístas y Federalistas de España (UEF Spain)
 * Unija evropskih federalista (UEF Serbia)
 * Europafederalisterna (UEF Sweden)
 * Mouvement européen Suisse/Europäische Bewegung Schweiz/Movimento europeo Svizzera (UEF Switzerland)
 * Federal Union (UEF United Kingdom)
 * UEF Europe Groupe

Mission
The mission of the UEF is the following:

 * To raise the awareness of the public about European issues, the UEF is organising public debates, seminars, info stands, campaign and street actions on key European issues and developments.
 * To exercise pressure on the like-minded politicians by lobbying actions, establishing Platforms (aiming to spread the understanding of federalism) and initiating debates in the European and national parliaments.
 * To spread the ideas through a strong communication via press releases, the UEF website and newsletter and other policy statements to the widest European public and actors.
 * To cooperate with others non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and especially of the European Civil Society like the Young European Federalists (JEF) and the European Movement and finally to put pressure on politicians by organising public manifestations.

title: Union of European Federalists


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dion Cornett

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was copyvio. – ABCD 22:07, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dion Cornett

 * delete.  Looks like a vanity page to me. But if you know more about this guy, and what he or his company are notable for, go ahead and add it. -- Aleph4 21:49, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently never listed on vfd, so I'm putting it on today's page. —Korath (Talk) 00:00, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: "Dion Cornett" gets 2,210 Google hits. The article seems to be a copy & paste of a couple different blurbs, including . If kept it needs major POV rewrite. -- Infrogmation 11:31, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rewrite. --Fuzzball! 17:08, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Copyvio listed on Copyright problems. RickK 22:05, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Aloe vera

Aloe vera is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. It is widely distributed, and is considered an invasive species in many world regions.

An evergreen perennial, it originates from the Arabian Peninsula, but also grows wild in tropical, semi-tropical, and arid climates around the world. It is cultivated for commercial products, mainly as a topical treatment used over centuries. The species is considered attractive for decorative purposes, and is often used indoors as a potted plant.

The leaves of Aloe vera contain significant amounts of the polysaccharide gel acemannan, which can be used for topical purposes. Aloe skin contains aloin which is toxic. Products made from Aloe vera usually only use the gel.

There are many products containing aloe vera's acemannan, including skin lotions, cosmetics, ointments and gels for minor burns, skin abrasions, insect bites, and windburn.

Oral ingestion of aloe vera extracts can be dangerous, because it causes reactions which are not yet fully understood. It is especially dangerous for pregnant women. Some people have allergic reactions, even when the aloe vera is applied only to the skin.

Etymology
The genus name Aloe is derived from the Arabic word alloeh, meaning "bitter and shiny substance" or from Hebrew אוהלים ahalim, plural of אוהל ahal. The specific epithet vera comes from verus meaning "true" in Latin.

Common names
Common names use aloe with a region of its distribution, such as Chinese aloe, Cape aloe or Barbados aloe.

Taxonomy
The species has several synonyms: Aloe barbadensis Mill., Aloe indica Royle, Aloe perfoliata L. var. vera and Aloe vulgaris Lam. Some literature identifies the white-spotted form of Aloe vera as Aloe vera var. chinensis; and the spotted form of Aloe vera may be conspecific with A. massawana. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Aloe perfoliata var. vera, and was described again in 1768 by Nicolaas Laurens Burman as Aloe vera in Flora Indica on 6 April and by Philip Miller as Aloe barbadensis some ten days after Burman in the Gardener's Dictionary.

Techniques based on DNA comparison suggest Aloe vera is relatively closely related to Aloe perryi, a species endemic to Yemen. Similar techniques, using chloroplast DNA sequence comparison and inter simple sequence repeat profiling have also suggested it is closely related to Aloe forbesii, Aloe inermis, Aloe scobinifolia, Aloe sinkatana, and Aloe striata. With the exception of the South African species A. striata, these Aloe species are native to Socotra (Yemen), Somalia, and Sudan. The lack of obvious natural populations of the species has led some authors to suggest Aloe vera may be of hybrid origin.

Description
Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed plant growing to 60-100 cm tall, spreading by offsets.

Leaves
The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem surfaces. The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth.

Aloe vera leaves contain phytochemicals under study for possible bioactivity, such as lignans, phytosterols, polyphenols, acetylated mannans, polymannans, anthraquinones C-glycosides, anthrones, and other anthraquinones, such as emodin and various lectins.

Flowers
The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm tall, each flower being pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 2-3 cm long.

Roots
Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a root symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients from the soil.

Distribution
Aloe vera is considered to be native only to the south-east Arabian Peninsula in the Hajar Mountains in north-eastern Oman and eastern U.A.E. However, it has been widely cultivated around the world, and has become naturalized in North Africa, as well as Sudan and neighboring countries, along with the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and Madeira Islands. It has also naturalized in the Algarve region of Portugal, and in wild areas across Spain, especially in the region of Murcia.

The species was introduced to China and various parts of southern Europe in the 17th century. It is widely naturalized elsewhere, occurring in arid, temperate, and tropical regions of temperate continents. The current distribution may be the result of cultivation.

Cultivation
Aloe vera has been widely grown as an ornamental plant. The species is popular with modern gardeners as a topical medicinal plant and for its interesting flowers, form, and succulence. This succulence enables the species to survive in areas of low natural rainfall, making it ideal for rockeries and other low water-use gardens. The species is hardy in zones 8–11, and is intolerant of heavy frost and snow. The species is relatively resistant to most insect pests, though spider mites, mealy bugs, scale insects, and aphid species may cause a decline in plant health. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

In pots, the species requires well-drained, sandy potting soil, and bright, sunny conditions. Aloe plants can turn red from sunburn under too much direct sun, though gradual acclimation may help. The use of a good-quality commercial propagation mix or packaged "cacti and succulent mix" is recommended, as they allow good drainage. Terra cotta pots are preferable as they are porous. Potted plants should be allowed to completely dry before rewatering. When potted, aloes can become crowded with "pups" growing from the sides of the "mother plant". Plants that have become crowded can be divided and repotted to allow room for further growth, or the pups can be left with the mother plant. During winter, Aloe vera may become dormant, during which little moisture is required. In areas that receive frost or snow, the species is best kept indoors or in heated glasshouses. Houseplants requiring similar care include haworthia and agave.

There is large-scale agricultural production of Aloe vera in Australia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Spain, and the United States, with much of the output going toward the cosmetics industry.

Uses
Two substances from Aloe vera – a clear gel and its yellow latex – are used to manufacture commercial products. Aloe gel typically is used to make topical medications for skin conditions, such as burns, wounds, frostbite, rashes, psoriasis, cold sores, and dry skin. Aloe latex is used individually or manufactured as a product with other ingredients to be ingested for relief of constipation. Aloe latex may be obtained in a dried form called resin or as "aloe dried juice".

There is conflicting evidence regarding whether Aloe vera is effective as a treatment for wounds or burns. There is some evidence that topical use of aloe products might relieve symptoms of certain skin disorders, such as psoriasis, acne, or rashes, but topical application may cause an allergic reaction in some people.

Aloe vera gel is used commercially as an ingredient in yogurts, beverages, and some desserts, but at high or prolonged doses, ingesting aloe latex or whole leaf extract can be toxic. Use of topical aloe vera in small amounts is likely to be safe.

Topical medication and potential side effects
Aloe vera may be prepared as a lotion, gel, soap or cosmetics product for use on skin as a topical medication. For people with allergies to Aloe vera, skin reactions may include contact dermatitis with mild redness and itching, difficulty with breathing, or swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Digestive system inflammation reduction
Two small studies found positive effects vs placebo for ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Dietary supplement
Aloin, a compound found in the semi-liquid latex of some Aloe species, was a common ingredient in over-the-counter (OTC) laxative products in the United States until 2002 when the Food and Drug Administration banned it because manufacturers failed to provide the necessary safety data. Aloe vera has potential toxicity, with side effects occurring at some dose levels both when ingested and when applied topically. Although toxicity may be less when aloin is removed by processing, Aloe vera ingested in high amounts may induce side effects, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea or hepatitis. Chronic ingestion of aloe (dose of 1 gram per day) may cause adverse effects, including hematuria, weight loss, and cardiac or kidney disorders.

Aloe vera juice is marketed to support the health of the digestive system, but there is neither scientific evidence nor regulatory approval for this claim. The extracts and quantities typically used for such purposes are associated with toxicity in a dose-dependent way.

Traditional medicine
Aloe vera is used in traditional medicine as a skin treatment. Early records of its use appear from the fourth millennium BCE. It is also written of in the Juliana Anicia Codex of 512 CE.

Commodities
Aloe vera is used on facial tissues where it is promoted as a moisturizer and anti-irritant to reduce chafing of the nose. Cosmetic companies commonly add sap or other derivatives from Aloe vera to products such as makeup, tissues, moisturizers, soaps, sunscreens, incense, shaving cream, or shampoos. A review of academic literature notes that its inclusion in many hygiene products is due to its "moisturizing emollient effect".

Toxicity
Orally ingested non-decolorized aloe vera leaf extract was listed by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment among "chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity", possibly resulting from the anthraquinones.

Since 2016, aloe vera whole leaf extract is classified as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

Use of aloe vera on the skin is generally not associated with significant side effects. Oral ingestion of aloe vera is potentially toxic, and may cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea which in turn can decrease the absorption of drugs.

Interactions with prescribed drugs
Ingested aloe products may have adverse interactions with prescription drugs, such as those used to treat blood clots, diabetes, heart disease and potassium-lowering agents (such as Digoxin), and diuretics, among others.

title: Aloe vera


text:
User talk:Shadowtrooper/swcompanies

Yea, I agree. The list will get rather long. -- Riffsyphon1024 21:50, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Page Issues

 * The logos don't seem to be loading. -- Riffsyphon1024 07:14, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've noticed. I'm not sure why though.  I know the files aren't corrupted.  Some of the other logos I uploaded (for the actual articles) wouldn't come up at first but worked later. Shadowtrooper 19:21, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shadowtrooper/swcompanies


text:
Hex dump

In computing, a hex dump is a textual hexadecimal view (on screen or paper) of (often, but not necessarily binary) computer data, from memory or from a computer file or storage device. Looking at a hex dump of data is usually done in the context of either debugging, reverse engineering or digital forensics. Interactive editors that provide a similar view but also manipulating the data in question are called hex editors.

In a hex dump, each byte (8 bits) is represented as a two-digit hexadecimal number. Hex dumps are commonly organized into rows of 8 or 16 bytes, sometimes separated by whitespaces. Some hex dumps have the hexadecimal memory address at the beginning.

Some common names for this program function are,  ,  ,   and simply   or even.

Samples
A sample text file:

0123456789ABCDEF /* ********************************************** */	Table with TABs (09) 1      2       3	3.14	6.28	9.42

as displayed by Unix :

The leftmost column is the hexadecimal displacement (or address) for the values of the following columns. Each row displays 16 bytes, with the exception of the row containing a single *. The * is used to indicate multiple occurrences of the same display were omitted. The last line displays the number of bytes taken from the input.

An additional column shows the corresponding ASCII character translation with hexdump -C or hd:

This is helpful when trying to locate TAB characters in a file which is expected to use multiple spaces.

The -v option causes hexdump to display all data verbosely:

od
POSIX command can be used to display a hex dump with the -t x option.

Character evaluations can be added with the -c option: 0000000   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   A   B   C   D   E   F           30  31  32  33  34  35  36  37  38  39  41  42  43  44  45  46 0000020  \n   /   *       *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   * 0a 2f  2a  20  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a 0000040   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *           2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a  2a

0000100   *   *       *   /  \n  \t   T   a   b   l   e       w   i   t           2a  2a  20  2a  2f  0a  09  54  61  62  6c  65  20  77  69  74 0000120   h       T   A   B   s       (   0   9   )  \n  \t   1  \t  \t 68 20  54  41  42  73  20  28  30  39  29  0a  09  31  09  09 0000140   2  \t  \t   3  \n  \t   3. 1  4  \t   6. 2  8  \t 32 09  09  33  0a  09  33  2e  31  34  09  36  2e  32  38  09 0000160   9   .   4   2  \n 39 2e  34  32  0a 0000165 In this output the TAB characters are displayed as \t and NEWLINE characters as \n.

DUMP, DDT and DEBUG
In the CP/M 8-bit operating system used on early personal computers, the standard DUMP program would list a file 16 bytes per line with the hex offset at the start of the line and the ASCII equivalent of each byte at the end. Bytes outside the standard range of printable ASCII characters (20 to 7E) would be displayed as a single period for visual alignment. This same format was used to display memory when invoking the D command in the standard CP/M debugger DDT. Later incarnations of the format (e.g. in the DOS debugger DEBUG) changed the space between the 8th and 9th byte to a dash, without changing the overall width.

This notation has been retained in operating systems that were directly or indirectly derived from CP/M, including DR-DOS, MS-DOS/PC DOS, OS/2 and Windows. On Linux systems, the command hexcat produces this classic output format, too. The main reason for the design of this format is that it fits the maximum amount of data on a standard 80-character-wide screen or printer, while still being very easy to read and skim visually.

Here the leftmost column represents the address at which the bytes represented by the following columns are located. CP/M and various DOS systems ran in real mode on the x86 CPUs, where addresses are composed of two parts (base and offset).

In the above examples the final 00s are non-existent bytes beyond the end of the file. Some dump tools display other characters so that it is clear they are beyond the end of the file, typically using spaces or asterisks, e.g.:

or

title: Hex dump


text:
Talk:Henry Spencer Ashbee

The main entry should state that it's very likely that he published MSL, but: "...although he has often suggested as its author - most     recently, strongly and publicly in "The Erotomaniac"       by Ian Gibson" - this has not been proven..."

Charles Augustus Swinburne?
Is Algernon Charles Swinburne meant here??

My Secret Life
Given that it is not certain that Ashbee wrote My Secret Life, shouldn't it really have its own article? john k (talk) 05:28, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

I second that idea. --Mightyfastpig (talk) 06:54, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.180.51.62 (talk) 22:29, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Absolutly, Ashbee may well have edited and published it—but its far from clear that he wrote itSnori (talk) 10:57, 19 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. Now a new article. Snori (talk) 11:18, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Influence
American prudery might not like the remark, but I think it is utterly obvious that James G. Thurber was inspired by "My secret life" by "Walter" to create his deservedly most famous "The secret life of Walter Mitty". (Awaler (talk) 21:23, 26 April 2008 (UTC))

To add to article
To add to this article: the fact that Ashbee contributed words to the Oxford English Dictionary. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 21:18, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

Text no longer available
Hammerton's Cruelty and companionship appears to have been withdrawn from the Internet Archive. Does that have implications for this article? Harfarhs (talk) 13:28, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Spencer Ashbee


text: User talk:67.68.194.36

title: User talk:67.68.194.36


text:
PY-19

PY-19 may refer to:

 * USS Carnelian (PY-19), a WWII converted yacht
 * The ISO 3166-2:PY code of the Boquerón Paraguay Department

title: PY-19


text:
Lawrence Di Rita

Lawrence Thomas Di Rita (born March 12, 1958) is an American political advisor who served as an aide to United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. He has also worked as a spokesman for Bank of America.

Early life and education
Born in Detroit, Michigan, Di Rita received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1980 and a Master of Arts degree from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies in 1987.

Career
He served as a United States Navy officer until 1994, at which time Di Rita joined The Heritage Foundation as Deputy Director of Foreign Policy and Defense Studies. Di Rita was policy director to the 1996 Presidential campaign of U.S. Senator Phil Gramm and Chief of Staff for U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison from 1996 until 2001.

Di Rita served as acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense spokesmen under Secretary Rumsfeld. Reportedly, he was slated to become Secretary of the Army but his nomination was scuttled due to opposition in the United States Senate. His prior position was Special Assistant to Rumsfeld. Throughout his time in the Pentagon, Di Rita was considered the Defense Secretary's right-hand aide. Even after Rumsfeld's resignation, Di Rita was authorized by Rumsfeld to speak on his behalf to TIME magazine regarding matters such as Rumsfeld's current plans and activities.

In February 2001, he was one of the first to join Rumsfeld's Pentagon staff. In addition to handling legislative relations, press relations, and special projects for the Defense Secretary, Di Rita was also a regular squash opponent of Rumsfeld. He left the Department of Defense and joined Bank of America in May 2006. After the fall of the regime of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Di Rita was assigned to assist retired Army general Jay Garner, Director of the Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Affairs (ORHA) in Iraq. He spent nearly two months in Baghdad helping Garner and ORHA lay the foundation for the arrival of Ambassador L. Paul Bremer and the Coalition Provisional Authority. Di Rita returned to Washington and the Department of Defense, where he assumed the responsibilities as chief Pentagon spokesman and head of DoD Public Affairs. He later served as Counsellor to the Department of Defense, prior to his departure to the private sector.

Lawrence Di Rita has a column in the National Review Online.

title: Lawrence Di Rita


text:
Metaplasia

Metaplasia is the transformation of a cell type to another cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may be part of a normal maturation process, or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus. In simplistic terms, it is as if the original cells are not robust enough to withstand their environment, so they transform into another cell type better suited to their environment. If the stimulus causing metaplasia is removed or ceases, tissues return to their normal pattern of differentiation. Metaplasia is not synonymous with dysplasia, and is not considered to be an actual cancer. It is also contrasted with heteroplasia, which is the spontaneous abnormal growth of cytologic and histologic elements. Today, metaplastic changes are usually considered to be an early phase of carcinogenesis, specifically for those with a history of cancers or who are known to be susceptible to carcinogenic changes. Metaplastic change is thus often viewed as a premalignant condition that requires immediate intervention, either surgical or medical, lest it lead to cancer via malignant transformation.

Causes
When cells are faced with physiological or pathological stresses, they respond by adapting in any of several ways, one of which is metaplasia. It is a benign (i.e. non-cancerous) change that occurs as a response to change of milieu (physiological metaplasia) or chronic physical or chemical irritation. One example of pathological irritation is cigarette smoke, which causes the mucus-secreting ciliated pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelial cells that line the airways to be replaced by stratified squamous epithelium, or a stone in the bile duct that causes the replacement of the secretory columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium (squamous metaplasia). Metaplasia is an adaptation that replaces one type of epithelium with another that is more likely to be able to withstand the stresses it is faced with. It is also accompanied by a loss of endothelial function, and in some instances considered undesirable; this undesirability is underscored by the propensity for metaplastic regions to eventually turn cancerous if the irritant is not eliminated.

The cell of origin for many types of metaplasias are controversial or unknown. For example, there is evidence supporting several different hypotheses of origin in Barrett's esophagus. They include direct transdifferentiation of squamous cells to columnar cells, the stem cell changing from esophageal type to intestinal type, migration of gastric cardiac cells, and a population of resident embryonic cells present through adulthood.

Significance in disease
Normal physiological metaplasia, such as that of the endocervix, is highly desirable.

The medical significance of metaplasia is that in some sites where pathological irritation is present, cells may progress from metaplasia, to develop dysplasia, and then malignant neoplasia (cancer). Thus, at sites where abnormal metaplasia is detected, efforts are made to remove the causative irritant, thereby decreasing the risk of progression to malignancy. The metaplastic area must be carefully monitored to ensure that dysplastic change does not begin to occur. A progression to significant dysplasia indicates that the area could need removal to prevent the development of cancer.

Examples
Barrett's esophagus is an abnormal change in the cells of the lower esophagus, thought to be caused by damage from chronic stomach acid exposure.

The following table lists some common tissues susceptible to metaplasia, and the stimuli that can cause the change:

Intestinal metaplasia
Intestinal metaplasia is a premalignant condition that increases the risk for subsequent gastric cancer. Intestinal metaplasia lesions with an active DNA damage response will likely undergo extended latency in the premalignant state until further damaging hits override the DNA damage response leading to clonal expansion and progression. The DNA damage response includes expression of proteins that detect DNA damages and activate downstream responses like DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints or apoptosis.

title: Metaplasia


text:
Talk:Dirac (disambiguation)

Untitled
Two suggestions: 1. Perhaps the entries for the disambiguation page should be alphabetized 2. Shouldn't a search for "Dirac" take you directly to the disambiguation page instead of the audio-video encoding algorithm? Maybe change the "Dirac" page to "Dirac_algorithm" or some such name. (I don't know how to do such fancy stuff yet.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.161.18.162   (talk) 21:55, 26 February 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dirac (disambiguation)


text: User:Osmanoglou

title: User:Osmanoglou


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Die on room

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE. —Korath (Talk) 13:52, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Die on room
Huh? This is very nearly a speedy candidate (nonsense). -Aranel (" Sarah ") 21:58, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Nonsense. Delete article and content. -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:46, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I just don't get that nonsense. Zzyzx11 22:48, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No "nearly" about it. I just speedy-deleted it as patent nonsense. Sounds to me like the output of one of those Markov-process text generators, though it probably isn't.... Entire content is shown below. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:27, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There has been much debate in the scorpion community whether or not given "die on room" if any eggs will be put to there. While many would try to claim - even in the modern age - that the question is up for debate, nonetheless it has been reasonably proved that the die on room question can only come up in situations where, logically, eggs are put (see Wittgenstein).

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Quinacridone

Quinacridone is an organic compound used as a pigment. Numerous derivatives constitute the quinacridone pigment family, which finds extensive use in industrial colorant applications such as robust outdoor paints, inkjet printer ink, tattoo inks, artists' watercolor paints, and color laser printer toner. As pigments, the quinacridones are insoluble. The development of this family of pigments supplanted the alizarin dyes.

Synthesis
The name indicates that the compounds are a fusion of acridone and quinoline, although they are not made that way. Classically the parent is prepared from the 2,5-dianilide of terephthalic acid (C6H2(NHPh)2(CO2H)2). Condensation of succinosuccinate esters with aniline followed by cyclization affords dihydroquinacridone, which are readily dehydrogenated. The latter is oxidized to quinacridone. Derivatives of quinacridone can be readily obtained by employing substituted anilines. Linear cis-Quinacridones can be prepared from isophthalic acid.

Derivatives
Quinacridone-based pigments are used to make high performance paints. Quinacridones were first sold as pigments by Du Pont in 1958. Quinacridones are considered "high performance" pigments because they have exceptional color and weather fastness. Major uses for quinacridones include automobile and industrial coatings. Nanocrystalline dispersions of quinacridone pigments functionalized with solubilizing surfactants are the most common magenta printing ink.

Typically deep red to violet in color, the hue of quinacridone is affected not only by the R-groups on the molecule but by the crystal form of the solid. For example, the γ crystal modification of unsubstituted quinacridone provides a strong red shade that has excellent color fastness and resistance to solvation. Another important modification is the β phase which provides a maroon shade that is also more weather resistant and light-fast. Both crystal modifications are more thermodynamically stable than the α crystal phase. The γ crystal modification is characterized by a criss-cross lattice where each quinacridone molecule hydrogen-bonds to four neighbors via single H-bonds. The β phase, meanwhile, consists of linear chains of molecules with double H-bonds between each quinacridone molecule and two neighbors.

Basic modifications to the chemical structure of quinacridones include the addition of CH3 and Cl substituents. Some magenta shades of quinacridone are labeled under the proprietary name "Thio Violet" and "Acra Violet".

Semiconductor properties
Quinacridone derivatives exhibit intense fluorescence in the dispersed state, and high carrier mobility. These properties complement good photo-, thermal, and electrochemical stability. These properties are desired for optoelectronic applications including organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Due to interplay of intermolecular H-bonding and pi-pi stacking, quinacridone can form a self-assembling, supramolecular organic semiconductor.
 * [[Image:Selfassembly Organic Semiconductor Trixler LMU.jpg|400px|thumb|Taken by a [[scanning tunneling microscope]], self-assembled quinacridone chains on a graphite background.]]

authors: حسن علي البط

title: Quinacridone


text:
Burnthe8track

Burnthe8track is a punk rock band from Winnipeg, Manitoba that is currently on hiatus. Band members have included singer Derek Kun, guitarist Jason Kun, drummer Sam Osland, and bassists Mike Goreski, Ethan Osland, Buck Garringer and Kevin Feeleus.

History
Burnthe8track was formed in 2001 by Derek Kun, Jason Kun, Sam Osland, and Kevin Feeleus. Kevin Feeleus left the band after the independent release of the Division E.P in 2002. Buck Garringer of the Harlots briefly joined the band before being replaced by Mike Goreski. In that same year, the band performed at Winnipeg's Grand Beach Music Fest. Their debut album, The Ocean, was released in 2004 to positive reviews through Century Media/Abacus/Alveran. Some of the earlier tracks were re-released in 2005 on an EP titled Division, through the Coretex label. Division was later released as a full album in 2008.

In support of these recordings, burnthe8track toured extensively and performed from 2002 through 2009, including their participation in the 2005 Van Warped Tour and opening for several more established bands.

The band then signed with Curve/Universal and released another album, Fear of Falling Skies, in late 2007. After the recording of Fear of Falling Skies, Mike Goreski left the band to pursue outside interests. He was replaced by Ethan Osland. In support of their recordings, in 2008 the band toured and performed in Europe with Ignite, Terror, Strung Out, Death Before Dishonor, and The Misfits. They have also performed with Ignite, Death By Stereo, and Bad Religion.

Throughout 2001 to 2008 Burnthe8track toured extensively in over 30 countries, and was featured on Definitely Not the Opera on CBC Radio, in a story about their quest to get their music video "Buried Beneath Us" shot and played on MuchMusic. Three of their songs were featured in ESPN NHL 2K5. Their music has been used in several TV shows throughout the years and the band also released three videos which have aired on MTV2, MTV Europe, VIVA, and Much Music.

Derek Kun is currently an actor. Jason Kun is an architect. Since 2011, Ethan Osland has been an instrument technician for Dallas Smith and Counting Crows; Sam Osland has been the stage manager for Counting Crows.

Discography

 * The Ocean (June 1, 2004)
 * Division (EP) (2003, released in Europe 2008)
 * Fear of Falling Skies (May 29, 2007)

title: Burnthe8track


text:
Ruby Mountains

The Ruby Mountains (Shoshoni: 'Duka Doya', meaning “Snowcapped”) are a mountain range, primarily located within Elko County with a small extension into White Pine County, in Nevada, United States. The mountain range was named after the garnets found by early explorers. The central core of the range shows extensive evidence of glaciation during recent ice ages, including U-shaped canyons, moraines, hanging valleys, and steeply carved granite mountains, cliffs, and cirques.

Location
Most of the range is included within the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. The range reaches a maximum elevation of 11387 ft on the summit of Ruby Dome. To the north is Secret Pass and the East Humboldt Range, and from there the Rubies run south-southwest for about 80 mi. To the east lies Ruby Valley, and to the west lie Huntington and Lamoille Valleys. The Ruby Mountains are the only range of an introduced bird, the Himalayan snowcock, in North America.

Major features
Major valleys include Lamoille Canyon (and its branches Thomas and Right Fork Canyons), Seitz Canyon, Box Canyon and Kleckner Canyon. Canyons to the north drain into the main stem of the Humboldt River above Elko, while a group of canyons above the Te-Moak tribal lands constitute the headwaters of the South Fork of the Humboldt River. Major summits in the central core of the range include Ruby Dome, Thomas Peak, Liberty Peak, Mount Fitzgerald, Verdi Peak, Snow Lake Peak, Mount Silliman, and Mount Gilbert. Prominent peaks further south include King, Lake, Wines, Tipton, and Pearl Peaks. North of the central core, significant peaks include Old-Man-of-the-Mountain and Soldier Peak.

Glaciers gouged out basins that are now alpine lakes. The larger of these, all located in the central core of the range, include Echo, Liberty, Favre, Lamoille, Castle, and Griswold lakes, while smaller tarns also in the central core include the scenic Island, Dollar, Verdi, Snow, Box, and Seitz lakes. Further to the north are Cold, Hidden, Soldier, and Robinson lakes, while to the south are North Furlong and Overland lakes. Water collected by the southern section of the Rubies seeps into the adjacent Ruby Valley to form the Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge.

Ecology
The eastern Great Basin is wetter than the western part in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada range. Moisture collected by this high range promoted the heavy Pleistocene glaciation and still supports a wide variety of flora and fauna. Lower elevations are covered by aspen trees, while higher up the whitebark and limber pines predominate. Mountain goats, bighorn sheep, mule deer, mountain lions, marmots, beaver, and pikas are common residents. A population of Himalayan snowcock was introduced from Pakistan, and is thriving among the high cliffs. Streams, particularly on the western slopes have populations of native Lahontan or Humboldt cutthroat trout, but many of these populations are hybridized with rainbow trout or have been displaced by brown and brook trout, all stocked for angling purposes before impacts on native trout species were well understood.

Geology
The Ruby Mountains are part of the Basin and Range Province that formed partly due to extension of the North American plate. Normal faults on the eastern and western flanks of the range separate it from the basins on either side of it. The Ruby Mountains are an example of a metamorphic core complex that formed during the Cretaceous-Paleogene time when the oceanic Farallon Plate was subducting underneath the North American plate causing crustal thickening throughout Nevada and Utah. The weight from the thickening crust increased temperatures and pressures up to 40 km at depth and caused regional metamorphism to occur, as well as the formation of some migmatic igneous bodies. During the Oligocene to Eocene, active subduction was no longer occurring and the upper crust relaxed causing the stress to change from compressional to extensional. The extensional force caused the middle and lower crustal rocks to be exhumed to the surface as part of the Basin and Range Province along the footwall of a large detachment fault. A mylonitic shear zone can be traced along the fault on the western margin of the Ruby Mountains, marking the contact between the igneous and metamorphic rocks in the core complex and the undeformed sedimentary rocks around it. Generally deeper rocks are exposed in the northern part of the Ruby Mountains than in the south.

Wilderness area
The higher altitude sections of the range were designated as the 90000 acre Ruby Mountains Wilderness Area in 1989. The isolated Seitz and Echo Canyons are further preserved as an ecologically special Research Natural Area.

The Ruby Crest National Recreation Trail winds from Harrison Pass northward about 40 mi to the Road's End Trailhead high in Lamoille Canyon. Principal recreational access can be found at Lamoille and Soldier Canyons on the west side of the range, and at the Overland Lake Trailhead to the east.

In popular culture

 * An opening title in the 2006 film Seraphim Falls places the first scenes in the Ruby Mountains.
 * In 1994, Frank Wells died in a helicopter crash after skiing in the Ruby Mountains.

title: Ruby Mountains