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User:GregRobson/Schools

On the 1 February 2005 I noticed a large whole in the category coverage for schools in the UK. So I set about fixing it ;)

Started: 1 February 2005

Ended: still in progress

Objectives

 * 1) Provide a framework that allows for the inclusion of all schools in the UK to be added to the category system in a logical format
 * 2) Encourage more schools articles
 * 3) Encourage longer and better schools articles

Work so far
After discussion over an issue over private/public on Categories for Deletion, the current proposal stands like this

 * Category:Education in the United Kingdom (pre-existing)
 * Category:Schools in the United Kingdom
 * Category:Schools in the United Kingdom by location
 * Category:Schools in England
 * "Schools in {county/region}"
 * Category:Schools in Scotland
 * "Schools in {county/region}"
 * Category:Schools in the United Kingdom by type
 * Category:Independent schools in the United Kingdom (from Category:Public schools in the United Kingdom)
 * Category:Independent schools in England (from Category:Public schools in England)
 * Category:Independent schools in Scotland (from Category:Public schools in Scotland)
 * Category:Comprehensive schools in the United Kingdom OR (Category:State schools in the United Kingdom)
 * Category:Grammar schools in the United Kingdom (low usage/confusion over terms)
 * Category:Grammar schools in England (low usage/confusion over terms)

''I have no listings for Wales or Northern Ireland as yet? Anyone found any?''

Want to help?
Most of the structure is there - it just needs eagle eyed Wikipedians to sort out what they find while browsing.

In particular:
 * Remove any occurence of Category:Education in the United Kingdom for a school - it's far too general and clutters up an already messy top(ish) level category.
 * List any unlisted schools under the correct county/region - if one doesn't exist then please put the following into the new sub-category and ensure all the links to the parents exist.

"Schools in the area or region."

 * Let me know if you've done some good work on my main user page! I appreciate the help!

Resources
Sources:
 * List of schools in the United Kingdom - All done as of 14:58, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * List of UK Independent Schools - All done as of 15:40, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference - Haven't got to this yet - may create a category for members.

Future plans
I aim to add the following to categorise by school type

 * Category:Education in the United Kingdom (pre-existing)
 * Category:Schools in the United Kingdom
 * Schools in the United Kingdom by type   Note 'type' not location this time!
 * Public schools
 * Public schools in England
 * Public schools in Northern Ireland
 * Public schools in Scotland
 * Public schools in Wales
 * Private schools
 * Private schools in England
 * Private schools in Northern Ireland
 * Private schools in Scotland
 * Private schools in Wales
 * Grammar schools
 * you should get the idea by now!
 * Comprehensive schools
 * ...and so on

'''I don't believe going down to the level of county is advantageous for types of school. Not while there are so few at the moment.'''

Any feedback on this project is welcome!

title: User:GregRobson/Schools


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Johnny Rod

John Tumminello (December 8, 1957), better known as Johnny Rod, is an American musician, best known as a former bassist of the heavy metal band W.A.S.P.

Biography
Tumminello grew up in St. Louis, Missouri. According to his own statements, he started performing at the age of 11. One of the bands he played with was King Kobra from 1983 to 1986.

In 1986, Rod received an offer to join W.A.S.P. His main bass at that time was a yellow B.C. Rich Ironbird. He played on the albums Inside the Electric Circus (1986), Live... in the Raw (1987) and The Headless Children (1989) and accompanied the band on their 1992 farewell tour. Later attempts for a reunion of the classic lineup failed, mainly due to singer Blackie Lawless, according to Rod, as well as the rest of the members of W.A.S.P. during that era.

In 2010, Rod reunited with King Kobra. The band went on hiatus after two album releases in 2013, and reunited again in 2016 for several live performances.

In 2017, Rod collaborated with Carmine Appice on "Monsters and Heroes", a tribute cover song to Ronnie James Dio.

Rod has used both Fender and B.C. Rich basses during his career. He lists the Fender Precision bass is his all-time favorite guitar.

Rod is a registered sex offender and was arrested in 2022 for failing to register as required in Florida.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Johnny Rod


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Abiego

Abiego is a municipality in the province of Huesca, in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. In 2018, it had a population of 237

Approaching Abiego along the road from Bierge, there is an interesting collection of in-situ fossil footprints dating from the late-Oligocene epoch (25 million years BP).

title: Abiego


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RickK

RickK
Pointless garbage, no potential to become encyclopedic. Aviationwiz 00:07, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

[*]Delete. BenS 00:09, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted as vandalism. --fvw *  00:11, 2005 Feb 2 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RickK


text: Template:NYCS Queens Hillside express

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text: Template:NYCS Queens Hillside local

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CFS Alert

Canadian Forces Station Alert (Station des Forces canadiennes Alert ), often shortened to CFS Alert (SFC Alert), is a signals intelligence intercept facility of the Canadian Armed Forces at Alert, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada.

Located on the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island, Alert is the northernmost continuously inhabited place in the world. It takes its name from HMS Alert, which wintered 10 km east of the present station off what is now Cape Sheridan, Nunavut in 1875–1876.

Alert Wireless Station
Alert, then in Canada's Northwest Territories, was first settled April 9, 1950, when the first staff for the Joint Arctic Weather Station (JAWS) arrived and began construction. Since the beginning of the JAWS project, the Canadian military had been interested in the establishment at Alert for several reasons: the JAWS facility extended Canadian sovereignty over a large uninhabited area which Canada claimed as its sovereign territory, and furthermore, its proximity to the Soviet Union made it of strategic importance. Alert is closer to Moscow (c. 2500 mi) than it is to the capital Ottawa (c. 2580 mi). Thus, the possibility of using the site for intercepting radio signals was deemed to warrant a military presence.

In 1956, the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), which was expanding its presence throughout the high Arctic with the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line radar network, established a building uphill from the Department of Transport's JAWS station to house "High Arctic Long Range Communications Research", or signals intelligence operations.

In 1957, Alert Wireless Station was conceived as an intercept facility to be jointly staffed by personnel from the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) and the RCAF. Five additional buildings were constructed: a mess, three barracks, and a power house and vehicle maintenance building, in addition to the existing operations building, built in 1956. The operations building housed the radio intercept and cryptographic equipment. On 1 September 1958 control of the station was transferred from the RCAF to the Canadian Army and it officially began operations.

Canadian Forces Station Alert
The following decade saw a dramatic expansion of the station with a correspondingly greater number of personnel stationed there. The 1 February 1968 unification of the RCN, RCAF, and army to form the Canadian Armed Forces saw Alert Wireless Station change its name to Canadian Forces Station Alert (CFS Alert). Its personnel were no longer drawn from only the air force or navy, but primarily from the Canadian Forces Communications Command.

At its peak, CFS Alert had upwards of 215 personnel posted at any one time. The station became a key asset in the global ECHELON network of the US-UK-CAN-AUS-NZ intelligence sharing alliance, with Alert being privy to many secret Soviet communications regarding land-based and sea-based ICBM test launches and many operational military deployments.

The first military women to serve in Alert arrived in 1980 as part of the Canadian Forces' Women In Non-Traditional Roles study. After its completion in 1983, women were fully authorized to serve in all roles. The first female commanding officer was Major Cathy Cowan, who took command in January 1996. The first female Station Warrant Officer (SWO), Master Warrant Officer Renee Hansen, was appointed in December 2017.

Budget cuts to the Department of National Defence (DND) and Canadian Forces in 1994, and modernization of communications equipment, saw CFS Alert downsized to approximately 74 personnel by 1997–1998 when most radio-intercept operations were remotely controlled by personnel at CFS Leitrim. Remaining personnel are responsible for airfield operations, construction/engineering, food service, and logistical/administrative support. As of 2024, there are about 55 people stationed at CFS Alert, and they consist of military personnel, ECCC and other civilian employees. Only six persons are now responsible for actual operations, and control of the facility was passed to DND's Information Management Group following the disbanding of CF Communications Command with force restructuring and cutbacks in the mid-1990s. Several of these personnel are likely also attached to DND's Communications Security Establishment.

With Canada's commitment to the global war on terrorism following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., CFS Alert has received renewed and increased funding to expand its SIGINT capabilities. On 1 April 2009, the RCAF officially took responsibility for CFS Alert from Canadian Forces Information Operations Group (CFIOG).

Civilian contractor
the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that station heating costs had risen, leading the military to cut back on support trade positions by using private contractors. By 2008, maintenance operations on station (including food and housekeeping services, vehicle maintenance, power plant operation, and heating, electrical, and plumbing) had been transferred to a civilian contractor. The contract was initially awarded to Canadian Base Operators (CBO), a subsidiary of Black & McDonald. In 2012, the contract was won by Nasittuq, a subsidiary of ATCO.

Facilities and infrastructure

 * Alert Airport
 * Cold storage building
 * Construction engineering building
 * Fire station
 * Headquarters and Personnel Services (HAPS) building: Churchill Hall
 * Living quarters: Chimo Hall, Ladner Hall, and Whitehorse Hall
 * Gym
 * Operations building: Polaris Hall
 * Power plants: primary and backup
 * Supply building
 * Vehicle maintenance building
 * Water treatment plant

Main building
The main building consists of five halls; Churchill Hall contains the administrative and main amenities on the station, such as a gathering area called the "beach", a dining room called Igloo Gardens, library, barber shop, radio station, post office, and a store. Chimo, Ladner, and Whitehorse halls are the three barrack blocks, which each barrack block containing three sections. Polaris Hall contains the operations branch. All halls and barrack blocks are connected by a linkway. Because of the cold climate, the doors leading in and out of the main building are the same as those for walk-in refrigerators.

title: CFS Alert


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User:AtomAnt

Wikipedia user AtomAnt is not the Atom Ant from the TV shows (see how that one is spelled with a space?), and in any case he doesn't give autographs, so it's no use asking him for one. He has also made contributions as a Wikipedia editor under the pseudonym 200.171.92.219. He was a member of the now inactive AMA — Association of Members' Advocates at Wikipedia — who limited his work in advocacy to the types of cases described in his AMA member's statement ("AtomAnt"). Make sure you visit my Talk Page.

title: User:AtomAnt


text: Template:NYCS Queens Hillside

title: Template:NYCS Queens Hillside


text: Template:NYCS Queens east

title: Template:NYCS Queens east


text: Template:NYCS Queens east local

title: Template:NYCS Queens east local


text: Template:NYCS Queens east express

title: Template:NYCS Queens east express


text: Category:Gardens in Scotland

title: Category:Gardens in Scotland


text: Template:NYCS Queens local

title: Template:NYCS Queens local


text: Template:NYCS Queens express

title: Template:NYCS Queens express


text: Template:NYCS Queens Plaza express

title: Template:NYCS Queens Plaza express


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Phonological history of English close front vowels

The close and mid-height front vowels of English (vowels of i and e type) have undergone a variety of changes over time and often vary by dialect.

Until Great Vowel Shift
Middle English had a long close front vowel, and two long mid front vowels: the close-mid and the open-mid. The three vowels generally correspond to the modern spellings $⟨i⟩$, $⟨ee⟩$ and $⟨ea⟩$ respectively, but other spellings are also possible. The spellings that became established in Early Modern English are mostly still used today, but the qualities of the sounds have changed significantly.

The and  generally corresponded to similar Old English vowels, and  came from Old English  or. For other possible histories, see English historical vowel correspondences. In particular, the long vowels sometimes arose from short vowels by Middle English open syllable lengthening or other processes. For example, team comes from an originally-long Old English vowel, and eat comes from an originally-short vowel that underwent lengthening. The distinction between both groups of words is still preserved in a few dialects, as is noted in the following section.

Middle English was shortened in certain words. Both long and short forms of such words often existed alongside each other during Middle English. In Modern English, the short form has generally become standard, but the spelling $⟨ea⟩$ reflects the formerly-longer pronunciation. The words that were affected include several ending in d, such as bread, head, spread, and various others, including breath, weather, and threat. For example, bread was in earlier Middle English but came to be shortened and to be rhymed with bed.

During the Great Vowel Shift, the normal outcome of was a diphthong, which developed into Modern English, as in mine and find. Meanwhile, became, as in feed, and  of words like meat became , which later merged with  in nearly all dialects, as is described in the following section.

Meet–meat merger
The meet–meat merger or the  merger is the merger of the Early Modern English vowel (as in meat) into the vowel  (as in meet). The merger was complete in standard accents of English by about 1700.

As noted in the previous section, the Early Modern/New English (ENE) vowel developed from Middle English  via the Great Vowel Shift, and ENE  was usually the result of Middle English  (the effect in both cases was a raising of the vowel). The merger saw ENE raised further to become identical to  and so Middle English  and  have become  in standard Modern English, and meat and meet are now homophones. The merger did not affect the words in which had undergone shortening (see section above), and a handful of other words (such as break, steak, great) also escaped the merger in the standard accents and so acquired the same vowel as brake, stake, grate. Hence, the words meat, threat (which was shortened), and great now have three different vowels although all three words once rhymed.

The merger results in the lexical set, as defined by John Wells. Words in the set that had ENE (Middle English ) are mostly spelled $⟨ee⟩$ (meet, green, etc.), with a single $⟨e⟩$ in monosyllables (be, me) or followed by a single consonant and a vowel letter (these, Peter), sometimes $⟨ie⟩$ or $⟨ei⟩$ (believe, ceiling), or irregularly (key, people). Most of those that had ENE (Middle English ) are spelled $⟨ea⟩$ (meat, team, eat, etc.), but some borrowed words have a single $⟨e⟩$ (legal, decent, complete), $⟨ei⟩$, or otherwise (receive, seize, phoenix, quay). There are also some loanwords in which is spelled $⟨i⟩$ (police, machine, ski), most of which entered the language later.

There are still some dialects in the British Isles that do not have the merger. Some speakers in Northern England have or  in the first group of words (those that had ENE, like meet) but  in the second group (those that had ENE , like meat). In Staffordshire, the distinction might rather be between in the first group and  in the second group. In some (particularly rural) varieties of Irish English, the first group has, and the second preserves. A similar contrast has been reported in parts of Southern and Western England, but it is now rarely encountered there.

In some Yorkshire dialects, an additional distinction may be preserved within the meat set. Words that originally had long vowels, such as team and cream (which come from Old English tēam and Old French creme), may have, and those that had an original short vowel, which underwent open syllable lengthening in Middle English (see previous section), like eat and meat (from Old English etan and mete), have a sound resembling , similar to the sound that is heard in some dialects in words like eight and weight that lost a velar fricative).

In Alexander's book (2001) about the traditional Sheffield dialect, the spelling "eigh" is used for the vowel of eat and meat, but "eea" is used for the vowel of team and cream. However, a 1999 survey in Sheffield found the pronunciation to be almost extinct there.

Changes before and
In certain accents, when the vowel was followed by, it acquired a laxer pronunciation. In General American, words like near and beer now have the sequence, and nearer rhymes with mirror (the mirror–nearer merger). In Received Pronunciation, a diphthong has developed (and by non-rhoticity, the  is generally lost unless there is another vowel after it) and so beer and near are  and, and nearer (with ) remains distinct from mirror (with ). Several pronunciations are found in other accents, but outside North America, the nearer–mirror opposition is always preserved. For example, some conservative accents in Northern England have the sequence in words like near, with the schwa disappearing before a pronounced, as in serious.

Another development is that bisyllabic may become smoothed to the diphthong  (with the change being phonemic in non-rhotic dialects, so ) in certain words, which leads to pronunciations like,  and  for vehicle, theatre/theater and idea, respectively. That is not restricted to any variety of English. It happens in both British English and (less noticeably or often) American English as well as other varieties although it is far more common for Britons. The words that have may vary depending on dialect. Dialects that have the smoothing usually also have the diphthong in words like beer, deer, and fear, and the smoothing causes idea, Korea, etc. to rhyme with those words.

Other changes
In Geordie, the vowel undergoes an allophonic split, with the monophthong  being used in morphologically-closed syllables (as in freeze ) and the diphthong  being used in morphologically-open syllables not only word-finally (as in free ) but also word-internally at the end of a morpheme (as in frees ).

Most dialects of English turn into a diphthong, and the monophthongal  is in free variation with the diphthongal  (with the former diphthong being the same as Geordie, the only difference lying in the transcription), particularly word-internally. However, diphthongs are more common word-finally.

Compare the identical development of the close back vowel.

Lowering
Middle English short /i/ has developed into a lax near-close near-front unrounded vowel,, in Modern English, as found in words like kit. (Similarly, short /u/ has become /ʊ/.) According to Roger Lass, the laxing occurred in the 17th century, but other linguists have suggested that it took place potentially much earlier.

The short mid vowels have also undergone lowering and so the continuation of Middle English (as in words like dress) now has a quality closer to  in most accents. Again, however, it is not clear whether the vowel already had a lower value in Middle English.

Pin–pen merger
The pin–pen merger is a conditional merger of  and  before the nasal consonants, , and. The merged vowel is usually closer to than to. Examples of homophones resulting from the merger include pin–pen, kin–ken and him–hem. The merger is widespread in Southern American English and is also found in many speakers in the Midland region immediately north of the South and in areas settled by migrants from Oklahoma and Texas who settled in the Western United States during the Dust Bowl. It is also a characteristic of African-American Vernacular English.

The pin–pen merger is one of the most widely recognized features of Southern speech. A study of the written responses of American Civil War veterans from Tennessee, together with data from the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States and the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle South Atlantic States, shows that the prevalence of the merger was very low up to 1860 but then rose steeply to 90% in the mid-20th century. There is now very little variation throughout the South in general except that Savannah, Austin, Miami, and New Orleans are excluded from the merger. The area of consistent merger includes southern Virginia and most of the South Midland and extends westward to include much of Texas. The northern limit of the merged area shows a number of irregular curves. Central and southern Indiana is dominated by the merger, but there is very little evidence of it in Ohio, and northern Kentucky shows a solid area of distinction around Louisville.

Outside the South, most speakers of North American English maintain a clear distinction in perception and production. However, in the West, there is sporadic representation of merged speakers in Washington, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado. However, the most striking concentration of merged speakers in the west is around Bakersfield, California, a pattern that may reflect the trajectory of migrant workers from the Ozarks westward.

The raising of to  was formerly widespread in Irish English and was not limited to positions before nasals. Apparently, it came to be restricted to those positions in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. The pin–pen merger is now commonly found only in Southern and South-West Irish English.

A complete merger of and, not restricted to positions before nasals, is found in many speakers of Newfoundland English. The pronunciation in words like bit and bet is, but before , in words like beer and bear, it is. The merger is common in Irish-settled parts of Newfoundland and is thought to be a relic of the former Irish pronunciation.

Kit–bit split
The kit–bit split is a split of standard English (the  vowel) that occurs in South African English. The two distinct sounds are:
 * A standard, or [i] in broader accents, which is used before or after a velar consonant (li ck , bi , si n ; k iss, k it,  ift), after  (hit), word-initially (inn), generally before  (fish), and by some speakers before  (ditch, bridge). It is found only in stressed syllables (in the first syllable of chicken but not the second).
 * A centralized vowel, or in broader accents, which is used in other positions (limb, dinner, limited, bit).

Different phonemic analyses of those vowels are possible. In one view, and  are in complementary distribution and should therefore still be regarded as allophones of one phoneme. Wells, however, suggests that the non-rhyming of words like kit and bit, which is particularly marked in the broader accents, makes it more satisfactory to consider to constitute a different phoneme from, and  and  can be regarded as comprising a single phoneme except for speakers who maintain the contrast in weak syllables. There is also the issue of the weak vowel merger in most non-conservative speakers, which means that rabbit (conservative ) rhymes with abbott. The weak vowel is consistently written ⟨ə⟩ in South African English dialectology, regardless of its precise quality.

Thank–think merger
The thank–think merger is the lowering of to  before the velar nasal  that can be found in the speech of speakers of African American Vernacular English, Appalachian English, and (rarely) Southern American English. For speakers with the lowering, think and thank, sing and sang, etc. can sound alike. It is reflected in the colloquial variant spelling thang of thing.

Weak vowel merger
The weak vowel merger is the loss of contrast between (schwa) and unstressed, which occurs in certain dialects of English: notably many Southern Hemisphere, North American, Irish, and 21st-century (but not older) standard Southern British accents. In speakers with this merger, the words abbot and rabbit rhyme, and Lennon and Lenin are pronounced identically, as are addition and edition. However, it is possible among these merged speakers (such as General American) that a distinction is still maintained in certain contexts, such as in the pronunciation of Rosa's versus roses, because of the morpheme break in Rosa's. (Speakers without the merger generally have in the final syllables of rabbit, Lenin, roses and the first syllable of edition that is distinct from the schwa  heard in the corresponding syllables of abbot, Lennon, Rosa's and addition.) If an accent with the merger is also non-rhotic, then for example chatted and chattered will be homophones. The merger also affects the weak forms of some words and causes unstressed it, for instance, to be pronounced with a schwa, so that dig it would rhyme with bigot.

The merger is very common in Southern Hemisphere accents. Most speakers of Australian English (as well as recent Southern England English) replace weak with schwa, but in -ing, the pronunciation is frequently. If there is a following, as in paddock or nomadic, some speakers maintain the contrast, but some who have the merger use as the merged vowel. In New Zealand English, the merger is complete, and indeed, is very centralized even in stressed syllables and so it is usually regarded as the same phoneme as  although in -ing, it is closer to [i]. In South African English, most speakers have the merger, but in more conservative accents, the contrast may be retained (as vs. . Also, a kit split exists: see above.

The merger is also commonly found in American and Canadian English, but the realisation of the merged vowel varies according to syllable type, with appearing in word-final or open-syllable word-initial positions (such as drama or cilantro), but  often appears in other positions (abbot and exhaust). In traditional Southern American English, the merger is generally not present, and is also heard in some words that have schwa in RP, such as salad. The lack of the merger is also a traditional feature of New England English. In Caribbean English, schwa is often not used at all, and unreduced vowels are preferred, but if there is a schwa, remains distinct from it.

In traditional RP, the contrast between and weak  is maintained, but that may be declining among modern standard speakers of southern England, who increasingly prefer a merger, specifically with the realisation. In RP, the phone, apart from being a frequent allophone of (as in foot ) in younger speakers, appears only as an allophone of , which is often centralized when it occurs as a weak vowel, and never as an allophone of. Therefore, can stand for only "Lenin", not "Lennon", which has a lower vowel:. However, speakers may not always clearly perceive that difference, as is sometimes raised to  in contact with alveolar consonants (such as the alveolar nasals in "Lennon" ). Furthermore, never participates in syllabic consonant formation and so G-dropping in words such as fishing never yields a syllabic nasal * or a sounded mid schwa *, with the most casual RP forms being. Both and especially  were considered to be strongly non-standard in England as late as 1982. They are characteristic of Cockney, which otherwise does not feature the weak vowel merger, but can be centralized to  as in RP and so  and  are distinct possibilities in Cockney. In other accents of the British Isles, the contrast between and weak  may be variable. In Irish English, the merger is almost universal.

The merger is not complete in Scottish English, whose speakers typically distinguish except from accept, but the latter can be phonemicized with an unstressed : (as can the word-final schwa in comma ) and the former with :. In other environments, and  are mostly merged to a quality around, often even when stressed (Wells transcribes the merged vowel with ⟨ɪ⟩. There, ⟨ə⟩ is used for the sake of consistency and accuracy) and when before , as in fir  and letter  (but not fern  and fur : see nurse mergers). The vowel is :.

Even in accents that do not have the merger, there may be certain words in which traditional is replaced by  by many speakers (both sounds may then be considered to be in free variation). In RP, is now often heard in place of  in endings such as -ace (as in palace); -ate (as in senate); -less, -let, for the $⟨i⟩$ in -ily; -ity, -ible; and in initial weak be-, de-, re-, and e-.

Final, and also and , are commonly realized as syllabic consonants. In accents without the merger, the use of, rather than , prevents the formation of syllabic consonants. Hence in RP, for example, the second syllable of Barton is pronounced as a syllabic, but that of Martin is. Many non-rhotic speakers also pronounce pattern with, which is accordingly homophonous with Patton.

Particularly in American linguistic tradition, the unmerged weak -type vowel is often transcribed with the barred i ⟨ɨ⟩, the IPA symbol for the close central unrounded vowel. Another symbol sometimes used is ⟨ᵻ⟩, the non-IPA symbol for a near-close central unrounded vowel. In the third edition of the OED, that symbol is used in the transcription of words (of the types listed above) that have free variation between and  in RP.

Centralized
A phonetic shift of, the vowel , towards schwa, the vowel (and potentially even a phonemic shift, merging with the word-internal variety of schwa in gallop, which is deliberately not called  here since word-final and sometimes also word-initial  can be analysed as : see above), occurs in some Inland Northern American English (the areas in which the final stage of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift has been completed), New Zealand English, Scottish English and partially also South African English (see kit–bit split). In non-rhotic varieties with the shift, it also encompasses the unstressed syllable of letters with the stressed variant of being realized with a schwa-like quality. As a result, the vowels in kit, lid and miss  belong to the same phoneme as the unstressed vowel in balance.

It typically cooccurs with the weak vowel merger, but in Scotland, the weak vowel merger is not complete: see above.

There are no homophonous pairs apart from those caused by the weak vowel merger, but a central tends to sound like  to speakers of other dialects and so Australians accuse New Zealanders of saying "fush and chups", instead of "fish and chips", which in an Australian accent sounds close to "feesh and cheeps". That is not accurate, as the vowel is always more open than the central. In other words, there is no strut–comma merger, but a kit–strut merger is possible in some Glaswegian speech in Scotland. That means that varieties of English with the merger effectively contrast two stressable unrounded schwas, which is very similar to the contrast between and  in Romanian, as in the minimal pair râu  'river' vs. rău  'bad'.

Most dialects with the phenomenon feature happy tensing and so pretty is best analysed as in those accents. In Scotland, the vowel is commonly a close-mid, which is identified phonemically as :.

The term kit–comma merger is appropriate in the case of the dialects in which the quality of is far removed from  (the word-final allophone of ), such as Inland Northern American English, but can be a misleading name in the case of other accents.

Happy tensing
Happy tensing is a process whereby a final unstressed i-type vowel becomes tense rather than lax, today found in most dialects of English worldwide. That affects the final vowels of words such as happy, city, hurry, taxi, movie, Charlie, coffee, money and Chelsea. It may also apply in inflected forms of such words containing an additional final consonant sound, such as cities, Charlie's and hurried. It can also affect words such as me, he and she when they are used as clitics, as in show me, would he? Until the 17th century, words like happy could end with the vowel of my (originally, but it was diphthongised in the Great Vowel Shift), which alternated with a short i sound. (Many words spelt -ee, -ea, -ey once had the vowel of day; there is still alternation between that vowel and the happy vowel in words such as Sunday and Monday.) It is not entirely clear when the vowel underwent the transition. The fact that tensing is uniformly present in South African English, Australian English and New Zealand English lends support to the idea that it may have already been present in southern British English already in the early 19th century. However, it is not mentioned by descriptive phoneticians until the early 20th century and even then at first only in American English. The British phonetician Jack Windsor Lewis believed that the vowel moved from to  in Britain in the second quarter of the 19th century before it reverted to  in non-conservative British accents towards the last quarter of the 20th century. The laxer pronunciation is also found in Southern American English, in much of northern England and in Jamaica. In Scottish English, an sound, similar to the Scottish realization of the vowel of day, may be used. It is also still found among some older speakers of Conservative RP. The tense [i] variant, however, is now established in as the norm in Modern RP and General American, and is also the usual form in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, in southern England and in some northern English regions (such as Merseyside, Hull and the entire North East).

The lax and tense variants of the happy vowel may be identified with the phonemes and  respectively. They may also be considered to represent a neutralization between the two phonemes, but for speakers with the tense variant, there is the possibility of contrast in such pairs as taxis and taxes (see English phonology – vowels in unstressed syllables). and consider the tensing to be a neutralization between  and. regards the tense variant in modern RP as still an allophone of on the basis that it is shorter and more resistant to diphthongization than is. regards the phenomenon to be a mere substitution of for.

Most modern British dictionaries represent the happy vowel with the symbol ⟨i⟩ (distinct from both ⟨ɪ⟩ and ⟨iː⟩). That notation was first introduced in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978) by its pronunciation editor, Gordon Walsh, and it was later taken up by, who extended it to ⟨u⟩ representing the weak vowel found word-medially in situation etc., and by some other dictionaries, including John C. Wells's Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (1990). In 2012, Wells wrote that the notation "seemed like a good idea at the time, but it clearly confuses a lot of people". criticizes the notation for causing "widespread belief in a specific 'happY vowel that "never existed".

Merger of with  and  with
Old English had the short vowel and the long vowel, which were spelled orthographically with $\langley\rangle$. They contrasted with the short vowel and the long vowel, which were spelled orthographically with $\langlei\rangle$. By Middle English, the two vowels and  merged with  and  and left only the short-long pair. Modern spelling therefore uses both $\langley\rangle$ and $\langlei\rangle$ for the modern KIT and PRICE vowels. Modern spelling with $\langlei\rangle$ or $\langley\rangle$ is not an indicator of the Old English distinction between the four sounds, as spelling has been revised after the merger occurred. For example, Modern English bridge derives from Old English bryċġ, while Modern English scythe derives from Old English sīþe. The name of the letter $\langley\rangle$ has acquired an initial [w] sound in it to keep it distinct from the name of the letter $\langlei\rangle$.

Additional mergers in Asian and African English
The mitt–meet merger is a phenomenon occurring in Malaysian English and Singaporean English in which the phonemes and  are both pronounced. As a result, pairs like mitt and meet, bit and beat, and bid and bead are homophones.

The met–mat merger is a phenomenon occurring in Malaysian English, Singaporean English and Hong Kong English in which the phonemes and  are both pronounced. For some speakers, it occurs only before voiceless consonants, and pairs like met, mat, bet, bat are homophones, but bed, bad or med, mad are kept distinct. For others, it occurs in all positions.

The met–mate merger is a phenomenon occurring for some speakers of Zulu English in which the phonemes and  are both pronounced. As a result, the words met and mate are homophonous as.


text:
Talk:Kogal

I think this page should be expanded into a larger one called "Yankee (Japanese)" with kogyaru as a subtopic. I will get on this later if nobody else does. -Naif

I doubt some of the claims in this particular article. Kogyaru and its ensuing Kogyarugo, kogal language, was big in the 90s, but the fad is on the decline, contrary to what the article says.

Five years ago Kogyaru, ganguro, etc and their like were seen in Tokyo, but not as plentiful these days. - eDs

Removal?
"They are generally not seen in high-end department stores or in nature"

This senetence first appeared in Naif's edit on 1st February 2005, I'm assuming that it was meant jokingly. I was going to remove it in the interest of keeping the article entirely factual, but since it's a matter of opinion: what do people think, should it stay or should it go? ~Mullet

This is now a defunct term for a defunct slice of Japanese society. Rarely will you see them anymore in Tokyo - eDs.

 * just because you don't see them in Tokyo doesn't mean they don't exist. Any time I'm waiting for the train around Osaka on weekends I will see kogyaru around.  Especially around Shinsaibashi. 210.168.185.69 17:11, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Kogal not Yankee
or more properly Yanki.

As the arictle more or less gets right Kogals are high school aged girls who tend to wear desinger clothes, alot of makeup etc. The style of miniskits, fashiable high=heeled boots of the young women of Tokyo was called the "Gal" style. When their juniors began to emulate them, they were referred to as KoGals (eg Neko = cat, Koneko = kitten)

 * The Japanese wiki page claims the term 'ko' comes from "High Schooler" (kokousei), not "little" as in 'koneko'. Identity0 08:47, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Yanki style is much more of a non-urban kind of thing. It's analogous the white-trash, hippy, greaser style in the US. Muscle cars are very Yanki, for example. They have very little in common except for the fact that they both tend to die their hair that reddish orange color.

Origin of term
As I understand it, the term "Gal" was originally applied to the fashion style of young urban women who wore expensive designer fashions, after the english word Gal. A KoGal is a young girl who emulated this style. Naturally the teenagers took this look and ran with it. The "kōkō" etymology is incorrect I think. I'll try to find some documentation either way. Axamoto 21:14, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

I think there is confusion
Why is the term yankee and kogal linked? Yankiis and ganguros are completely different subcultures. Yankii would refer to a member in a Bōsōzoku.

Picture of Japanese Girls
Why is there just a picture of random Japanese schoolgirls? That doesn't do a good job of illustrating the fashion style described here. You guys can do better than that. --70.142.55.96 (talk) 11:55, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Flappers.
Would it be okey to add that Kogals are like the modern-day Japanese equivelant of the American Flappers? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.160.77.255 (talk) 12:26, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The Modern Girl is a more direct Japanese equivalent to a flapper. There are several intermediate steps between kogal and flapper, so it's a bit of a stretch. The flapper was a reaction to the grimly politicized New Woman, but the issue of feminism vs partying down doesn't really arise in the Japanese context. Kauffner (talk) 06:10, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Types of Kogals.
Ganjiro: Very pale. Gonguro: Tanned. Yamanba: Super tanned with panda makeup & rhinestones. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.160.77.255 (talk) 05:48, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Example farm moved here
I moved these examples off the main article as they just discuss media involving Japanese high school girls in general and not the kogal style or culture. AngusWOOF ( bark  •  sniff ) 18:31, 16 March 2017 (UTC)

There are various Japanese girls' music bands such as AKB48, no3b, Watarirouka Hashiritai, French Kiss, Not Yet, DiVA, Nogizaka46, Scandal, etc. where the girls perform dressed as school-girls.

A number of beauty contests are held in Japan, where only high-school girls can take part. Many of the girls who won these contests have later gone to become famous teen models.

 * Various Japanese animation series (both print and animated video) based on schoolgirls, such as Tenjho Tenge, First Love Limited, L DK, High School Girls, K-On!, Kin-iro Mosaic, Saekano: How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend, Choir!, Zero In, Demon King Daimao, Girl Friend, Corpse Princess, School Days, Hitohira, Wake Up, Girls!, Sailor Moon, Pani Poni, Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl, Mirai Millennium etc.

 * Various video games developed by PlayStation etc., where characters of schoolgirls are involved, like To Heart and To Heart 2.

 * Various Japanese movies based on school girls, such as "Ao haru ride", "L DK", "Say I Love You", "Schoolgirl Complex", "The Machine Girl", "Yo-Yo Sexy Girl Cop", etc.

 * A photo series, called "Last Loose Socks", on Japanese high school girls by Akira Gomi.
 * Kogals appear in the movie Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003).
 * Episode six in the third season of BBC's Japanorama documentary series covers kogal, ganguro, and yamanba "bad girl" culture.
 * A Japanese television drama titled Gal Circle prominently features gals.
 * Usamaru Furuya's manga Short Cuts (1998-1999).
 * In Detective Conan, there's a case (manga volume 29, anime episodes 217-218) in which four ganguro girls are severely beaten by a man for wearing boots similar to those of the girl who accidentally killed his son. The fourth girl is actually the culprit and ends up bludgeoned to death. A parallel is made with young female delinquent schoolgirls, known as Sukeban, since according to the storyline there was a similar case involving Sukeban 20 years ago.
 * In the anime Sgt. Frog, The character Angol Mois disguises herself as a Kogal when out in public.

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Carl Legault

Carl Legault (January 2, 1923 – March 12, 1983) was a Canadian politician. He represented the riding of Nipissing in the House of Commons of Canada from 1964 to 1972. He represented the Liberal Party.

Before entering politics, Legault was a furniture retailer in Sturgeon Falls.

He was first elected in a 1964 byelection, following the death of the district's longtime MP Jack Garland. He was reelected in the 1965 and 1968 elections, and then retired from politics in 1972. He died in 1983 and was buried at Sturgeon Falls.

title: Carl Legault


text:
Talk:Ciliary muscle

The
The link to accommodation on this page is to a discussion of the religious concept - does anyone have a correct link?
 * Yes - accomodation reflex - someone's done it. --  (James McNally)    (talkpage)   17:46, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

B receptors
I read in a book that there are beta adrenergic receptors which cause dialation of the ciliary muscle for far vision. and then I saw another paper saying something similar but i could not read the entire paper without buying. 207.151.233.38 (talk) 01:30, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

 * http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/3/420
 * check out the abstract. Is it saying there are B-adrenergic receptors in the ciliary muscle? 207.151.233.38 (talk) 02:12, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

B receptors
Relationship of beta receptors to aqueous formation would be a useful addition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.11.235.88 (talk) 03:40, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

Longitudinal, Circular and Radial fibers of the Ciliary Muscle
The ciliary muscle fibers have atleast three different orientations, each one having a different function: 1) Contraction and relaxation of the circular muscle fibers cause thickening and flattening of the lense shape, respectively while 2) contraction and relaxation of the longitudinal fibers, which insert into the trabecular meshwork in the anterior chamber of the eye, cause an increase and decrease in the meshwork pore size, respectively, facilitating and impeding aqueous humour flow into the canal of Schlemm. This should be stated in the article to clarify the information therein. The information comes from Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 17th Edition by Paul Riordan-Eva and John P. Whitcher.--Tarquilu (talk) 15:57, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I think tarquilu said it more gracefully than the current rendition in the article - is this a quote above? Tkjazzer (talk) 22:28, 5 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The statements above are a summary of the information found in the "General Ophthalmology" text. I did not find the function of the radial ciliary muscle fibers, however. Tarquilu (talk) 00:02, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Inaccurate statement on embryological origin
The statement "The ciliary muscle develops from the mesoderm within the choroid[4] and is considered a cranial neural crest derivative." is necessarily incorrect. If the ciliary muscle is a cranial neural crest derivative, which I believe it is, then it cannot develop from mesoderm. The neural crest is an ectodermal derivative. I suggest that you modify this sentence as follows: "The ciliary muscle develops from the mesenchyme within the choroid[4] and is considered a cranial neural crest derivative.". The term "mesenchyme" does not point to a specific germ layer but rather to a type of histological structure, and can be either of mesodermal origin, in a majority of cases, or of ectodermal origin, in the case of neural crest derivatives. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.203.132.68 (talk) 21:53, 20 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out, IP. Wikipedia is made up of volunteer editors just like yourself who make these edits. I'd fully support you making this change (and even creating an account while you're at it!). Cheers, --Tom (LT) (talk) 06:45, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

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User:Jowilliams

I was born on the 14th of May in Canterbury, England. When I turned 5 I started primary school and then at 11 moved up to secondary school in Canterbury. In 2002 I moved to Sacramento, California. We moved with my dads job, and were on a 2 year contract. After the two years, we had to decide what we wanted to do, whether we wanted to move back to England or stay in California. We decided to stay in California due to the fact that my dad felt that he had not done enough with his work here. I am still here to this day and we may possibly still move back, we are not sure, it is partly my choice now as I am now in 10th grade and if we stay here I will graduate in another 2 and a half years. Then it depends on which university I want to go to. Some of the things I like are music, dogs, cats, animals in general and acting. I have had many animals in my life, in England I had 2 cats, many goldfish, a rabbit and a hamster and while I have been here I have raised one guide dog puppy in training whose name was Whatley.

title: User:Jowilliams


text:
Timeworks Publisher

Timeworks Publisher was a desktop publishing (DTP) program produced by GST Software in the United Kingdom and published by Timeworks, Inc., in the United States.

It is notable as the first affordable DTP program for the IBM PC. In appearance and operation, it was a Ventura Publisher clone, but it was possible to run it on a computer without a hard disk.

Timeworks Desktop Publisher
Timeworks Publisher 1 for Atari TOS relied on the GDOS software components, which were available from Atari but were often distributed with applications that required them. GDOS provided TOS/GEM with a standardized method for installing printer drivers and additional fonts, although these were limited to bitmapped fonts in all but the later releases. GDOS had a reputation for being difficult to configure, using a lot of system resources, and was fairly buggy, meaning that Timeworks could struggle to run on systems without a hard disk and less than 2 MB of memory - but it was possible, and for many users Timeworks was an inexpensive introduction to desktop publishing.

For the IBM PC, Timeworks ran on Digital Research's GEM Desktop (supplied with the program) as a runtime system. Later versions ran on Microsoft Windows.

Timeworks Publisher 2 included full WYSIWYG, paragraph tagging, manual control of kerning, text and graphics imports and more fonts. Timeworks Publisher 2.1 with GEM/5 is known to have supported Bézier curves already.

Acorn Desktop Publisher
In mid-1988, following the release of GST's word processor, First Word Plus, Acorn Computers announced that it had commissioned GST to port and enhance the Timeworks product for the Archimedes series. Being designed for use with RISC OS, using the anti-aliased font technology already demonstrated on the Archimedes, utilising the multi-tasking capabilities of the RISC OS desktop environment, and offering printed output support for laser and dot-matrix printers, availability was deferred until the release of RISC OS in April 1989. The delivered product, Acorn Desktop Publisher, introduced Acorn's outline font manager and bundled 14 scalable fonts plus upgraded printer drivers (for Postscript-compatible and Hewlett-Packard Laserjet-compatible printers, plus Integrex colour inkjet printers) to provide consistent, high-quality output on screen and paper.

Despite being described as "streets ahead" of Timeworks on the Atari ST, offering "real desktop publishing, not the pale imitation possible with a Master 128 or model B", being comparable to "mid-priced DTP packages on the Mac or IBM PC", the software was regarded as barely usable on a machine with 1 MB of RAM and no hard disk (Acorn recommended 2 MB to use the software alongside other applications ), and the limitations in editing and layout facilities led one reviewer to note that at the £150 price level and with other desktop publishing packages (notably Computer Concepts' Impression, Beebug's Ovation, and Clares' Tempest ) announced if not yet available, purchasers would be advised to "wait and see" before making any decision.

Nevertheless, with competitors still unavailable in early 1990, Acorn User deemed to be the platform's best desktop publishing package, noting that there was "little available yet for Archimedes DTP, although much is on the way soon". Ultimately, Acorn would promote Impression as part of its Publishing System package. Of the other anticipated competitors, Ovation was released later in 1990, and succeeded by Ovation Pro in 1996, having been previewed in 1995, whereas Tempest was apparently never released, being absent from Clares' software catalogue.

Curiously, Tempest was itself described as being "based on the Acorn DTP package" but aiming to remedy deficiencies and provide enhancements such as multi-column frames, "text flow around regular shapes", and improved text editing support, along with memory management facilities. Developed by a freelance programmer for Clares, a pre-release version was demonstrated in late 1989, apparently requiring only 128 KB of RAM, with work underway to optimise the display routines. A price of £129.95 including VAT was announced. Initially destined for an autumn 1989 release, it was postponed to an unspecified point in time in September 1989 with the specification having changed, but hints of a 1990 release were subsequently made in early 1990. Although a demo disk was apparently available, the product was widely advertised, and a preview of the software appeared in a late 1990 magazine issue, the product was evidently not completed. Clares later took over development of another Acorn product, the spreadsheet Schema, in 1990.

Publish-It!
In the U.S., Timeworks Inc. marketed the program as Publish-It!. Released in 1987, there were versions available for IBM PC (running over the GEM environment), Apple Macintosh, and Apple II (Enhanced IIe or better) computers.

Further versions were named KeyPublisher 1.0 (versions 1.19 and 1.21) and produced by Softkey Software Products Inc. in 1991 for PCs with GEM. Another version, aimed at the business market, was named DESKpress. A later CD-based multilingual version for Windows was named Press International.

Other names
The product was also sold under other names including NEBS PageMagic (changed after objections from Adobe), Macmillan Publisher, Canon Publisher, and many other brands, distinguished by use of the .DTP file extension. The latest version was sold as Greenstreet Publisher 4 and is downwards file compatible with earlier versions.

Releases

 * 1987 - Timeworks Publisher (IBM PC, Atari ST)
 * 1987 - Timeworks Publish-It! 1.12 (IBM PC GEM-based)
 * 19?? - Publish-It! 1.19 by GST
 * 1987 - Publish-It! (Apple IIe)
 * 1988 - Acorn Desktop Publisher
 * 1990 - Publish-It! 1.20 (IBM PC)
 * 1990 - Publish-It! Easy 2.0 (Macintosh)
 * 1991 - KeyPublisher 1 by softkey (IBM PC)
 * 1991 - Timeworks Publisher 2 (IBM PC, Atari ST) GEM-based
 * 1991 - Timeworks Publish-It! PC 2.00 (IBM PC)
 * 1991 - Publish-It! Easy 2.1 (Macintosh)
 * 1992 - Publish-It! Easy 2.1.9 (Macintosh)
 * 199? - Timeworks Publisher 2.1 (IBM PC - GEM/5-based)
 * 1992 - Timeworks Publisher 3 (IBM PC for Windows)
 * 1994 - Timeworks Publish-It! 4 (Windows 3.1)
 * 2009 - Publisher 4.6 Home & Business (Windows XP, Vista)

title: Timeworks Publisher


text:
Universal Software Radio Peripheral

Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) is a range of software-defined radios designed and sold by Ettus Research and its parent company, National Instruments. Developed by a team led by Matt Ettus, the USRP product family is commonly used by research labs, universities, and hobbyists.

Most USRPs connect to a host computer through a high-speed link, which the host-based software uses to control the USRP hardware and transmit/receive data. Some USRP models also integrate the general functionality of a host computer with an embedded processor that allows the USRP device to operate in a stand-alone fashion.

The USRP family was designed for accessibility, and many of the products are open source hardware. The board schematics for select USRP models are freely available for download; all USRP products are controlled with the open source UHD driver, which is free and open source software. USRPs are commonly used with the GNU Radio software suite to create complex software-defined radio systems.

Design
The USRP product family includes a variety of models that use a similar architecture. A motherboard provides the following subsystems: clock generation and synchronization, FPGA, ADCs, DACs, host processor interface, and power regulation. These are the basic components that are required for baseband processing of signals. A modular front-end, called a daughterboard, is used for analog operations such as up/down-conversion, filtering, and other signal conditioning. This modularity permits the USRP to serve applications that operate between DC and 6 GHz.

In stock configuration the FPGA performs several DSP operations, which ultimately provide translation from real signals in the analog domain to lower-rate, complex, baseband signals in the digital domain. In most use-cases, these complex samples are transferred to/from applications running on a host processor, which perform DSP operations. The code for the FPGA is open-source and can be modified to allow high-speed, low-latency operations to occur in the FPGA.

Software
The USRP hardware driver (UHD) is the device driver provided by Ettus Research for use with the USRP product family. It supports Linux, MacOS, and Windows platforms. Several frameworks including GNU Radio, LabVIEW, MATLAB and Simulink use UHD. The functionality provided by UHD can also be accessed directly with the UHD API, which provides native support for C++. Any other language that can import C++ functions can also use UHD. This is accomplished in Python through SWIG, for example.

UHD provides portability across the USRP product family. Applications developed for a specific USRP model will support other USRP models if proper consideration is given to sample rates and other parameters.

Several software frameworks support UHD:

 * GNU Radio is a Free/Libre toolkit that can be used to develop software-defined radios. This framework uses a combination of C++ and Python to optimize DSP performance while providing an easy-to-use application programming environment.GNU Radio Companion is a graphical programming environment provided with GNU Radio.
 * National Instruments sells the NI USRP 292x series, which is functionally equivalent to the Ettus Research USRP N210. NI also offers LabVIEW support for this device with the NI-USRP Driver.
 * USRP N210 and USRP2 are supported by MATLAB and Simulink. This package includes plug-ins and several examples for use with both the devices.
 * OpenLTE is an open source implementation of the 3GPP LTE specifications as a SDR.
 * Many users develop with their own, custom frameworks. In this case, the USRP device can be accessed with the UHD API. There are also examples provided with UHD that show how to use the API.

Networked series
The USRP N200 and USRP N210 are high-performance USRP devices that provide higher dynamic range and higher bandwidth than the bus series. Using a Gigabit Ethernet interface, the devices in the Networked Series can transfer up to 50 MS/s of complex, baseband samples to/from the host. This series uses a dual, 14-bit, 100 MS/s ADC and dual 16-bit, 400 MS/s DAC. This series also provides a MIMO expansion port which can be used to synchronize two devices from this series. This is the recommended solution for MIMO systems.

The X300 and X310 are third-generation USRPs that feature two full-duplex daughterboard slots and feature full 200 MS/s DACs and ADCs. As network interface, 10GBase over SFP+ allows full 200 MS/s on both channels in full-duplex operation.

The N300, N310, N320 and N321 are current dual-channel models offering SFP+ connectivity, up to 200 MS/s and optionally sharing of local oscillators and TPM modules for verifiable software deployments.

Bus series
All products in Ettus Research Bus Series use a USB 2.0 or USB 3.0 interface to transfer samples to and from the host computer.

Embedded series
The Embedded Series combines the same functionality of other USRP devices with an OMAP 3 embedded processor. The E310, released in November 2014, utilizes the Zynq SoC platform and the Analog Devices AD9361 RFIC for a very compact, embedded USRP. The devices in this family do not need to be connected to an external PC for operation. The Embedded Series is designed for applications that require stand-alone operation.

Discontinued models
The USRP2 was developed after the USRP and was first made available in September 2008. It has reached end of life and has been replaced by the USRP N200 and USRP N210. The USRP2 was not intended to replace the original USRP, which continued to be sold in parallel to the USRP2. This first generation USRP is also no longer available publicly.

The E100 series of embedded USRPs is no longer available.

Daughterboard modules

The original USRP, USRP2, USRP E1xx, USRP N2xx and X3xx families feature a modular architecture with interchangeable daughterboard modules that serve as the RF front end. Several classes of daughterboard modules exist: Receivers, Transmitters and Transceivers.

 * Transmitter daughterboard modules can modulate an output signal to a higher frequency
 * Receiver daughterboard modules can acquire an RF signal and convert it to baseband
 * Transceiver daughterboard modules combine the functionality of a Transmitter and Receiver.

The USRP B2xx and E3xx do not feature exchangeable daughterboards. The N3xx series has a JESD204B-attached daughterboard featuring the AD9371 frontend, but currently, no alternative daughterboards are commercially available.

title: Universal Software Radio Peripheral


text:
Jackie Biskupski

Jackie Biskupski (born January 11, 1966) is an American Democratic politician, who served as the 35th Mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah. Upon taking office, Biskupski became Salt Lake City's 35th mayor, the city's first openly gay mayor, and the second female mayor (after Deedee Corradini). She is also a former member of the Utah House of Representatives, representing the 30th District in Salt Lake County from 1999 to 2011.

Early life
In 2009, Biskupski adopted a son named Archie. On August 14, 2016, she married longtime partner Betty Iverson, who also has a son. She currently lives in the Sugar House neighborhood of Salt Lake City.

Biskupski holds a Bachelor of Science degree in criminal justice from Arizona State University.

Early career
After graduating from college, Biskupski opened her own private investigation firm and later went to work for the auto insurance industry. Biskupski decided to get involved in politics after a 1995 controversy erupted at East High School (Salt Lake City), when the Board of the Salt Lake City School District and the Utah State Legislature tried to eliminate a gay/straight student alliance club.

In 1997, Biskupski was elected to the Executive Committee for the Salt Lake County Democratic party as well as the Board of Directors for the YWCA of Salt Lake City.

Utah Legislature
When elected in 1998 to the Utah House of Representatives, she became Utah's first openly gay person elected to a state office. She won by a two-to-one margin even though the Eagle Forum ran an antigay ad campaign against her.

She was re-elected 6 times, serving in the legislature for 13 years before retiring in 2011.

In 2000, Biskupski unsuccessfully combated Utah's ban on adoption by same-sex parents and Utah's sodomy law in response to a 1998 bill sponsored by Utah Representative Nora B. Stephens, R-Davis County: H.B. 103 ("Amendments to Child Welfare").

Utah Governor Gary Herbert appointed Brian Doughty in 2011 to replace Utah Representative Jackie Biskupski, D-Salt Lake, when she resigned from the Utah House of Representatives.

She then went to work as an administrator for the Salt Lake County Sheriff's Office on January 31, 2015.

In 2011, Biskupski helped found Utah's "Real Women Run" initiative, which has hosted numerous events to encourage female participation in civic leadership and political office.

Mayor of Salt Lake City
Biskupski was elected Salt Lake City Mayor on November 17, 2015, defeating two-term incumbent Ralph Becker with 51.55% of the vote, receiving 17,290 votes to Becker's 15,840. During her transition, she called for the resignation of most City department heads, drawing criticism from former Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson and others.

During her first year in office as mayor, Biskupski made local air quality and climate change issues central to her platform, calling for Salt Lake City to be completely run on alternative energy by 2032 and a reduction in carbon emissions by 80% by 2040.

In 2016, Mayor Biskupski called for the creation of the Department of Economic Development.

In September 2016, after a yearlong negotiation, Biskupski announced a new franchise agreement between Salt Lake City and Rocky Mountain Power in which both parties promised to work together to develop clean-energy projects that would enable Salt Lake City to meet its clean energy goals.

Biskupski also focused on finding long-term treatment solutions to Salt Lake City's growing homeless population. In December 2016, the Mayor announced the creation of four new homeless shelters in the capital city, generating substantial controversy about where to put the shelters and the cost of land acquisition.

In 2017, Biskupski approved Salt Lake City's first Transit Master Plan, which was designed to implement a frequent transit network (FTN), develop pilot programs and partnerships for employer shuttles and on-demand shared ride services, develop enhanced bus corridors, and implement a variety of transit-supportive programs and transit access improvements that overcome barriers to using transit.

In September 2018, Mayor Jackie Biskupski announced the formation of a Commission Against Gun Violence designed to explore policy questions regarding gun violence and to make funding recommendations to be shared with city, county and state officials, as well as the Salt Lake City School District.

National Leadership
In 2018, Biskupski was instrumental in the U.S. Olympic Committee selecting Salt Lake City to bid on behalf of the United States, potentially for the 2030 Winter Games.

Biskupski serves as co-chair of Sierra Club's Mayors for 100% Clean Energy.

In August 2018, Salt Lake City was selected to host the 68th United Nations Civil Society Conference, the first time a UN conference took place on US soil outside of New York City.

On November 19, 2018, Biskupski led a group of 21 mayors and council members from around Utah in submitting two amicus briefs with the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, supporting the cases challenging President Trump's decisions to shrink Grand Staircase–Escalante (GSE) and Bears Ears National Monuments. The two cases, The Wilderness Society, et al. v. Donald J. Trump and Hopi Tribe, et al. v. Donald J. Trump, will be heard in the D.C. Court after a federal judge denied the Trump Administration's attempt to have the cases moved to the Utah District Court in Salt Lake City.

In June 2017, Biskupski leads Sierra Club's "Mayors for 100% Clean Energy," and joined with the Sierra Club's "Ready for 100" campaign in a new effort to engage and recruit mayors to endorse the goal of transitioning to 100% renewable energy in cities throughout the country.

In June 2017, Mayor Biskupski joined 61 U.S. mayors in committing to adopt, honor, and uphold the Paris Climate Agreement goals.

In 2017, the U.S. Conference of Mayors made Biskupski vice chairwoman of Mayors/Business Alliance for a Sustainable Future.

In February 2018, Mayor Biskupski joined hundreds of mayors opposing Clean Power Plan repeal.

In July 2019, United States Conference of Mayors formally adopted Resolution 66 introduced by Biskupski, urging congressional action to combat the impact of climate change through a national price on carbon emissions.

In what was regarded to be a surprise, Biskupski announced on March 16, 2019, that she would not be seeking a second term in the 2019 mayoral election, citing a "serious and complex family situation".

Environment
Biskupski serves as co-chair of Sierra Club's Mayors for 100% Clean Energy.

In 2016, Salt Lake City became the 16th city in the United States to formally adopt a 100% clean energy plan.

In 2016, Biskupski created Salt Lake City's Department of Economic Development. In July 2016, the Department becomes an official part of SLC government. Since its creation, the new Department has been responsible for attracting or expanding 29 companies in Salt Lake City, resulting in $895,000,000 of capital investment and 9,000 jobs.

In May 2016, Mayor Jackie Biskupski and Rocky Mountain Power CEO Cindy Crane launched a new initiative to double Salt Lake City's current use of clean solar power. Their program, Subscriber Solar, upped the amount of sustainable energy powering government operations from 6% to 12% in 2016, in line with Biskupski's 2020 goal to have 50% of municipal operations powered by renewable energy, and 100% by 2032.

In July 2016, Mayor Jackie Biskupski launched Climate Positive 2040, Salt Lake City's initiative to transition the community to 100% renewable energy sources by 2032 (adjusted to 2030 in 2019) and to reduce carbon emissions citywide by 80% by 2040.

In keeping with Salt Lake City's clean energy goals set by Biskupski, in 2018, the Salt Lake City Fire Department made history by opening the first two net-zero fire stations in the country.

On February 13, 2019, Biskupski called on Utah's D.C. delegation to leave America's Clean Car Standards alone. Biskupski spoke against the rollbacks currently being worked by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Trump administration.

Housing
On December 12, 2017, the Salt Lake City Council voted unanimously to adopt Mayor Biskupski's Growing SLC, a housing plan for the Salt Lake City.

In February 2017, Mayor Biskupski launched the City's first affordable housing plan in 20 years. GrowingSLC, from 2017 to 2022, lays out a plan for policy changes, investment, and direct action to create and preserve affordable housing in Salt Lake City. Since 2017, the City has increased the number of units in the City's affordable housing pipeline from 200 in 2016 to more than 2,000 today.

Transportation
Biskupski created partnerships between Salt Lake City and dockless scooter companies, Lime and Bird to increase transit use by people who live more than a quarter of a mile from the bus or TRAX.

In August 2019, from funding from a .05% increase in sales-tax, Salt Lake City launched the first phase of the City's Transit Master Plan. Three Frequent Transit Network lines are opened on 900 South, 200 South, and 2100 South.

Infrastructure
Under Biskupski's leadership, Salt Lake City's International Airport is being entirely rebuilt to create the nation's first 21st-century hub airport, a $3.6-billion-dollar project that does not use a single taxpayer dollar.

In November 2018, Salt Lake City voters approved Mayor Biskupski's $87-million bond for road repair.

In keeping with Salt Lake City's clean energy goals set by Biskupski, in 2018, the Salt Lake City Fire Department opened the first two net-zero fire stations in the country.

Gender equality
In January 2017, in a first of its kind for the State of Utah, Mayor Biskupski issued new City policy providing 6-weeks of paid parental leave for any employee of Salt Lake City government, extending the benefit to recently hired mothers, fathers, and those who become parents through adoption or foster care. Salt Lake County follows Salt Lake City shortly after.

On March 1, 2018, Biskupski signed Salt Lake City's Gender Pay Equity policy which aimed to eliminate systemic bias and discrimination that adds to the under valuation of work performed by women it requires Human Resources to conduct regular audits on gender pay equity and specifically, the policy prohibits individuals participating in City hiring processes from asking an applicant about their current or past salary history.

At the 2019 Salt Lake City Women's March, Biskupski called on Utah to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, which would enshrine gender equality in the U.S. Constitution.

Utah Inland Port
Biskupski has been a vocal opponent of the Utah Inland Port in its current legal state. Issues cited by Biskupski include loss of local control of the land, lack of transparency in the decision-making process, and environmental disruption.

On March 11, 2019, Biskupski directed the Salt Lake City's Attorney's Office to bring a lawsuit against the port, challenging the legality of the legislation underlying the port's creation.

Public Safety
In April 2016, Mayor Biskupski announced a plan to restructure SLC911, including addressing staffing issues. By November 2016, numbers show an 84% decrease in mandatory overtime shifts.

In October 2017, Mayor Biskupski issued an executive order directing the release of police body-worn camera footage within 10 days of a critical incident.

In 2018, under Biskupski's leadership, the Salt Lake City Police Department experienced a three-year, 25% decrease in crime citywide.

In July 2019, Mayor Biskupski unveiled new wheelchair lift trailers to expand emergency services response by police, fire.

Public Art
In April 2017, Biskupski inaugurated 18 permanent public art sculptures in downtown Salt Lake City.

In February 2018, Biskupski launches the Arts for All program which provides eligible residents the opportunity to receive up to four free tickets per year to select performances at the Eccles Theater. To be eligible to enter the ticket drawing, residents must receive Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits or be eligible for free or reduced school lunches.

In August 2019, Mayor Biskupski completed ColorSLC, the largest public art project in SLC history.

title: Jackie Biskupski


text:
Crateús

Crateús is a Brazilian city in the northwest of the state of Ceará in Northeastern Brazil with an estimated 75,159 inhabitants, and one of the most important and oldest cities in the county. Popularly known as the Capital of the West, it is a city with significant regional importance, standing out in the traditional function of marketing rural products, resulting from the development of family agriculture, with emphasis on the large production of corn and beans, at the foot of the rich valleys in the region, geographically cut by the Poti River and Serra Grande. It was once one of the largest biofuel producers in the Northeast, with a production capacity of 118,800 m3 of biodiesel per year according to the company. Crateús also hosts a Brazilian Army unit. It is located in a wealthy part of the state, close to the western border. Crateús is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Crateús. It was established by Portuguese explorers in the 17th century in uplands originally inhabited by indigenous peoples.

The municipality contains part of the 6137 ha Serra das Almas Private Natural Heritage Reserve, which preserves an area of the Caatinga biome.

The city is served by Dr. Lúcio Lima Airport.

title: Crateús


text:
Democrazy

Democrazy is a 2003 vinyl-only double EP of demos by Damon Albarn, frontman of British rock band Blur and the virtual band Gorillaz. It was released through Honest Jon's record label.

Background
Albarn recorded these songs, which are little more than demos, during the US leg of Blur's tour for Think Tank in various hotel rooms. He then decided to issue the result, on 8 December that year, in a double 10" vinyl set on his Honest Jon's label. On 22 December Albarn showcased the demos at a live gig in London's Neighbourhood club.

Some of the EP's tracks were later finished and repurposed for Albarn's other projects; the track "I Need a Gun" was used as the basis for the Gorillaz song "Dirty Harry", which appeared on their 2005 album Demon Days, while the track "Half a Song" was repurposed 20 years later as "The Ballad" appearing on Blur's ninth studio album The Ballad of Darren (2023). The track "A Rappy Song" has often been mis-labeled as an unnamed Gorillaz' track featuring Bootie Brown and Cee-Lo Green, however the song is little more than a remix made by a fan.

Critical reception
The EP received mixed-to-negative reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 45, which indicates "mixed or average reviews", based on 9 reviews. Alexis Petridis of The Guardian described the album as "occasionally brilliant and frequently irritating beyond belief" and wrote: "It is packed with interesting ideas, but is founded in an appalling self-importance." Mark Beaumont of NME panned the album, describing it as "the half conceived, cottonmouthed rubbish." Pitchfork Media critic Jedediah Gilchrist stated: "He's already recorded such a wealth of great material that no mystique remains, leaving no real reason for anyone—including the most dedicated fan—to seek out these poorly produced musical shreds." Scott of Stylus Magazine wrote: "Serving as nothing more than a temporary diversion or side note to his fully realised work, this is worth a cursory listen for the insight alone."

Disc one

 * 1) "I Need a Gun" (demo version of "Dirty Harry") - 1:25
 * 2) "Reedz" - 1:22
 * 3) "Half a Song" (demo version of "The Ballad") - 1:06
 * 4) "Five Star Life" - 2:45
 * 5) "A Rappy Song" - 1:40
 * 6) "Back to Mali" - 1:04
 * 7) "I Miss You" - 2:21
 * 8) "Hymn to Moon" - 1:01

Disc two

 * 1) "Dezert" - 2:51
 * 2) "Sub Species of an American Day" - 2:25
 * 3) "American Welfare Poem" - 3:06
 * 4) "Saz Theory Book" - 2:35
 * 5) "Gotta' Get Down With the Passing of Time" - 2:17
 * 6) "End of Democrazy" - 3:39

title: Democrazy


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Talk:Ashlee Simpson on SNL

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Ashlee Simpson on SNL. The consensus was to merge it. dbenbenn | talk 00:26, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That was not a consensus. A consensus is not the same thing as a decision or an outcome. Everyking 00:55, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ashlee Simpson on SNL


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Eochaid Mugmedon

Eochaid Mugmedón was a legendary Irish king. According to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, Eochaid was a High King of Ireland, best known as the father of Niall of the Nine Hostages and ancestor of the Uí Néill and Connachta dynasties. He is not mentioned in the list of kings of Tara in the Baile Chuind (The Ecstasy of Conn), but is included in the synthetic lists of High Kings in the Lebor Gabála Érenn, the Irish annals, Geoffrey Keating's history, and the Laud Synchronisms.

According to the Lebor Gabála Érenn and its derivative works, Eochaid was the son of the former High King Muiredach Tírech, a descendant of Conn Cétchathach. Muiredach was overthrown and killed by Cáelbad son of Cronn Bradruí, an Ulster king, but Cáelbad only ruled one year before Eochaid killed him and took the throne. The Lebor Gabála says he extracted the bórama or cow tribute from Leinster without a battle. However, Keating records that he was defeated in the Battle of Cruachan Claonta by the Leinster king Énnae Cennsalach.

According to the saga "The Adventures of the Sons of Eochaid Mugmedon", he is said to have had two wives: Mongfind, daughter of Fidach, who bore him four sons, Brion, Ailill, Fiachrae and Fergus; and Cairenn Chasdub, daughter of Sachell Balb, king of the Saxons, who bore him his most famous son, Niall. Mongfind is said to have hated Cairenn, and forced her to expose her child, but the baby was rescued and raised by a poet called Torna. When Niall grew up he returned to Tara and rescued his mother from the servitude Mongfind had placed her under. Mongfind appears to have originally been a supernatural personage: the saga "The Death of Crimthann mac Fidaig" says the festival of Samhain was commonly called the "Festival of Mongfind", and prayers were offered to her on Samhain eve. Although it is probably anachronistic for Eochaid to have had a Saxon wife, T. F. O'Rahilly argues that the name Cairenn is derived from the Latin name Carina, and that it is plausible that she might have been a Romano-Briton. Indeed, Keating describes her not as a Saxon but as the "daughter of the king of Britain".

After ruling for seven or eight years, Eochaid died of an illness at Tara, and was succeeded by Mongfind's brother Crimthann mac Fidaig, king of Munster. Keating dates his reign to 344–351, the Annals of the Four Masters to 357–365. Daniel P. McCarthy, based on the Irish annals, dates his death to 362.

title: Eochaid Mugmedon


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William Longespée the Younger

Sir William Longespée (c. 1212 – 8 February 1250) was an English knight and crusader, the son of William Longespée and Ela, Countess of Salisbury. His death became of significant importance to the English psyche, having died at the Battle of Mansurah, near Al-Mansurah in Egypt.

Barons' Crusade
The first of Longespée's two pilgrimages to the Holy Land was as a participant in the second wave of crusaders of the Barons' Crusade. On 10 June 1240 he left England in the service of Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall with roughly a dozen English barons and several hundred knights. They made their way to Marseilles in mid-September, and landed at Acre on 8 October. Longespée and Richard's men saw no combat there, but this group did complete the negotiations for a truce with Ayyubid leaders made by Theobald I of Navarre just a few months prior during the first wave of the crusade. They rebuilt Ascalon castle, and notably handed over custody of it to Walter Pennenpié, the imperial agent of Frederick II in Jerusalem (instead of turning it over to the local liege men of the Kingdom of Jerusalem who strongly opposed Frederick's rule). On 13 April 1241 they exchanged Muslim prisoners with Christian captives who had been seized during Henry of Bar's disastrous raid at Gaza five months earlier. They also moved the remains of those killed in that battle and buried them at the cemetery in Ascalon. Longespée almost certainly departed with Richard for England on 3 May 1241.

Seventh Crusade
Longespée again made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, this time in the Seventh Crusade of 1247. He proceeded to Rome and made a plea to Pope Innocent IV for support:

"'Sir, you see that I am signed with the cross and am on my journey with the King of France to fight in this pilgrimage. My name is great and of note, viz., William Longespée, but my estate is slender, for the King of England, my kinsman and liege lord, hath bereft me of the title of earl and of that estate, but this he did judiciously, and not in displeasure, and by the impulse of his will; therefore I do not blame him for it. Howbeit, I am necessitated to have recourse to your holiness for favour, desiring your assistance in this distress. We see here (quoth he) that Earl Richard (of Cornwall) who, though he is not signed with the cross, yet, through the especial grace of your holiness, he hath got very much money from those who are signed, and therefore, I, who am signed and in want, do intreat the like favour.'"

Having succeeded in gaining the favour of the Pope, Longespée raised a company of 200 English horse to join with King Louis on his crusade. To raise funds for his expedition, he sold a charter of liberties to the burgesses of the town of Poole in 1248 for 70 marks, and another to the town of Wareham. During the Seventh Crusade, Longespée commanded the English forces. He became widely known for his feats of chivalry and his subsequent martyrdom. The circumstances of his death served to fuel growing English animosity toward the French; it is reported that the French Count d'Artois lured Longespée into attacking the Mameluks before the forces of King Louis arrived in support. D'Artois, Longespée and his men, along with 280 Knights Templar, were killed at this time.

It is said that his mother, Countess Ela, had a vision of the martyr being received into heaven by angels on the day of his death. In 1252, the Sultan delivered Longespée's remains to a messenger who conveyed them to Acre for burial at the church of St Cross. However, his effigy is found amongst family members at Salisbury Cathedral, in England (though it is now identified as 14th century).

Matthew Paris describes Longespée's death:

Another account of William Longsword's death is written in a poem, although it may pure fiction, from eye witness or from tradition.

The Alexander Giffard mentioned in the poem as Longsword's confidant did escape, wounded in five places. In the next generation of his family is found intermarried with the Longswords.

Marriage and issue
Longespée married Idoine de Camville, daughter of Richard de Camville and Eustacia Basset. They had three sons and a daughter:

 * Ela Longespée, married James Audley (1220–1272), of Heleigh Castle, Staffordshire, son of Henry De Audley and Bertred Mainwaring
 * William III Longespée, married Maud de Clifford, granddaughter of Llewelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales in 1254. William died in 1257, in the lifetime of his grandmother Ela of Salisbury, 3rd Countess of Salisbury. Margaret, the daughter of William and Maud, married Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln.
 * Richard Longespée, married Alice le Rus, daughter of William le Rus of Suffolk and died shortly before 27 December 1261.
 * Edmund Longespée, the Book of Lacock Abbey names "Guill(ielmum) Lungespee tertium, Ric(ard)um, Elam et Edmundum" as the children of "Guill(ielmus) Lungespee secundus" and his wife.

title: William Longespée the Younger


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Mongfind

Mongfind (Mongfhionn, literally "fair/white hair") is a figure from Irish legend. She is said to have been the wife, of apparent Munster origins, of the legendary High King Eochaid Mugmedón and mother of his eldest three sons, Brión, Ailill and Fiachrae, ancestors of the historical Connachta. She was Eochaid's first wife; his second wife, Cairenn, gave birth to Niall of the Nine Hostages. Several tales depict Mongfind as an adversary of Niall. Mongfind is also said to have been the sister of Crimthann mac Fidaig, King of Munster and the next High King of Ireland, whom she is said to have killed with poison in a bid to make her son king. She drank the poisoned drink to convince Crimthann, and died soon after at Samhain.

According to Cormac's Glossary, she was a goddess the pagan Irish worshipped on Samhain. This was also called the Féile Moingfhinne i.e. "Festival of Mongfind". Later legend, as documented in Patrick Weston Joyce's Social History of Ancient Ireland, makes her a banshee. A prominent hill called Cnoc Samhna ("Hill of Samhain") or Ard na Ríoghraidhe ("Height of the Kingfolk") in County Limerick is associated with a tale linked to Mongfind. "Anocht Oíche Shamhna Moingfhinne banda" is children's rhyme from County Waterford which translates as "Tonight is the eve of Samhain of Mongfhionn the goddess".

Variant spellings of her name include Mongfhind, Mongfinn, Mongfhinn and Mongfionn.

Mongfind and her brother, children of Fidach and grandchildren of Dáire Cerbba in most sources, are sometimes said to belong to an early or peripheral branch of the Eóganachta. However, this is unlikely, as the evidence suggests that, if historical, they belong to a distinct people associated with other kingdoms, possibly the Dáirine, who may be referred to as their people in an obscure poem in Old Irish by Flann mac Lonáin (d. 896). In the Banshenchas she is called "Mongfind of the Érnai" (Érainn), and given a later son Sidach following the Connachta. Dáire Cerbba is stated in Rawlinson B 502 to have been born in Mag Breg (Brega), Mide, much of which probably remained Érainn territory at the time of his supposed floruit. It is difficult to distinguish the Dáirine from the Érainn in the surviving corpus.

"Alternate" version
An interesting alternate version of the story of Mongfind and her sons exists in a saint's life from the Book of Lismore. In this she is associated with sites belonging to her relatives the Uí Fidgenti, although they are not specifically mentioned, and neither is Crimthand Mór, her brother in the other tales. She is stated simply to be the daughter of Dáire (Cerbba?), son of Findchad, someone otherwise unknown, and her father in the other sources, Fidach, is not mentioned. Further, she is the wife of the King of Ulster and the names of their three sons are not those of the Three Connachta.

It is difficult to date the tale. Though the manuscript is late, it is also of Munster provenance and so it may contain archaic elements lost in the tales involving the sons of Eochaid Mugmedón. The fact that Dún Eochair is mentioned as a seat of the King of Munster suggests memories from the time before the 7th century when the Dáirine ruled the kingdom, as this was one their great seats, later inherited by the Uí Fidgenti, who were probably Érainn or Dáirine themselves. This has the effect of putting more distance between Mongfind and the Eóganachta.

But as no Mongfind is recorded as the wife of any Ulster king, it is likely the Munster storytellers forgot her legendary role as the fracturer of the Uí Néill from the Connachta but could still recall associated localities in Munster. She is placed in the alternate version encamped at Cnoc Samhna (Knocksouna) i.e. Ard na Ríoghraidhe, which may have been the inauguration site of the Uí Fidgenti. Later tradition finds them in alliance with Mongfind's descendants the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne, especially in the time of Guaire Aidne mac Colmáin, king of Connacht.

Anachronistically, the King of Munster given in the tale is Cathal mac Áedo (d. 627), possibly a replacement for Mongfind's brother, Crimthann mac Fidaig.

Pictish princess
Mongfind also occurs as the name of the Pictish princess wedded to Conall Corc, ancestress of the Eóganacht Locha Léin of Iarmuman and of a line of powerful Pictish kings, e.g. Óengus I of the Picts, but it appears this can be dismissed as a case of coincidental influences on the story associating Crimthann mac Fidaig with the Pictish king and father, called Feredach. From the perspective of the early Eóganachta, Crimthann mac Fidaig, named in various sources as "King of Ireland and Alba", was hostile to his supposed cousin or nephew Conall Corc, who went on a journey to Pictland and there was married to the daughter of the Pictish king. The descendants of this marriage were the Eóganacht Locha Léin and were hostile to the Inner Circle ruling at Cashel. It appears to have been in this political climate that the "original" Irish queen/goddess Mongfind became associated with the Picts.

A major remaining difficulty is how the historical Conall Corc and Crimthann mac Fidaig may originally have been related to each other. Possibly it was through marriage. Unfortunately the traditions of the Connachta provide no clues and nowhere associate the Mongfind known to them with Conall Corc, and likewise she is unassociated by name with her supposed brother or even with the Eóganachta in the Munster tales, with only the notoriously unreliable genealogies providing these links for scholars. In one and perhaps the oldest version of Mongfind's pedigree the Uí Liatháin are close kin, who are broadly associated with Crimthann mac Fidaig in other sources. Theirs is said in several early tales to have been a sister kingdom to the Uí Fidgenti mentioned above, which the genealogies confirm, but modern scholarship dismisses the two as 8th century add-ons to the Eóganachta pedigree, which may have implications for the ancestry of Mongfind and Crimthann. Additionally, the descent of the Eóganacht Locha Léin from Conall Corc has also been questioned. Only the Eóganacht Raithlind had a generally close relationship with the Inner Circle, and although they are sometimes associated with the Eóganacht Locha Léin, they were also not said to be products of the marriage of Conall Corc to the Pictish princess "Mongfind".

Notably, the other wife of Conall Corc was Aimend of the Corcu Loígde, who may also have been a goddess in origin. Unlike Mongfind, Aimend is directly stated to have been his wife in all sources.

Descendant houses
Both the Uí Briúin and Uí Fiachrach provided many Kings of Connacht. Each dynasty further provided two High Kings of Ireland apiece: Nath Í and Ailill Molt; Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair and Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair.
 * Uí Briúin
 * Uí Briúin Ai
 * O'Conor Don
 * MacDermot
 * Uí Briúin Bréifne
 * O'Rourke
 * O'Reilly
 * Uí Fiachrach
 * Uí Fiachrach Aidhne
 * Ó Cléirigh
 * Hynes
 * O'Shaughnessy
 * Uí Fiachrach Muaidhe
 * O'Dowd
 * Uí Ailello

Pedigree
A possible pedigree:

Mug Nuadat | | Ailill Aulomm | | Eógan Mór | | Fiachu Muillethan | | Ailill Flann Bec | |____________________________ ??? |                             | |                              | Lugaid                    Dáire Cerbba |                             | |                              |__________________________ |                              |                          | |                              |                          | |                         Fidach Uí Fidgenti & Uí Liatháin |                        | |                         |__________________________ |                         |                          | |                         |                          | |               Crimthann mac Fidaig Mongfind = Eochaid Mugmedón = Cairenn |                                                        |                  | |                                                         |                  | Conall Corc Connachta Niall Noígiallach

title: Mongfind


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Whody

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:34, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Whody

 * Dictdef of a slang term. Doesn't quite jibe with the definitions at http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Whody&defid=920197. RickK 00:36, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, nn slangdef. --fvw *  00:36, 2005 Feb 2 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable enough, dictionary definition. Megan1967 02:36, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn Xezbeth  06:40, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. GRider\talk  22:12, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Whody


text:
Talk:William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury

Untitled
I found the following information regarding Ida de Longespee:

Though peerage articles, including CP [Complete Peerage] V 472, have longidentified Ida No. 27 [ie. this Ida] as a daughter of Gen. 26 [William Longspee & Ela FitzPatrick], it is clear that their daughter Ida actually married (1) Ralph de Somery (dsp) and (2) bef. 1220 William Beauchamp, of Bedford (see 122A-29 (CP XII (1) note g, which says this Ida living 10Apr 1262). Moriarty (ms. at NEHGS) suggested William Longespee had two daughters Ida, or Idoine, which may be correct. But there appears almost a generation difference between the two Ida's, so the chronicler may have missed a generation and Ida No 27 may be the daughter of William's son William II (122-29).  [Ancestral Roots]

Note: based on the above, I am making Ida, a daughter of William II Longespee.

Ela "The Younger"
I have also seen another daughter for William and Ela, namely Ela "The Younger", born abt. 1225, who married William De Odingsells. If anyone has any corroborating information on this, please contact me at thewarmalds@shaw.ca or gaydenw@hotmail.com. Thanks. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.108.194.13 (talk) 22:21, 21 March 2007 (UTC).

Broken LinkClodagh1 (talk) 15:25, 15 July 2010 (UTC)You have placed a link to my work under footnote 1. My website address has now changed: www.briantimms.net I have tried editing the link, with no success; any suggestions? Brian Timms —Preceding unsigned comment added by Clodagh1 (talk • contribs) 15:23, 15 July 2010 (UTC)