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Graining

Graining is the practice of imitating wood grain on a non-wood surface, or on relatively undesirable wood surface, in order to give it the appearance of a rare or higher quality wood, thereby increase that surface's aesthetic appeal. Graining was common in the 19th century, as people were keen on imitating hard, expensive woods by applying a superficial layer of paint onto soft, inexpensive woods or other hard surfaces. Graining can be accomplished using either rudimentary tools or highly specialized tools. A specialized thick brush used for graining is often called a mottler. Fan brushes, floggers, softening brushes, texture combs and even fingers are used to create various effects. The painting is carried out in layers, with the first layer being a base. Today that is usually done with latex paint in a gold or orange or tan tone, depending on the type of wood the artist is aiming to imitat. A second layer of tempera or thinned paint is applied over the dry base, by means of a sponge or large inexpensive brush. During the 19th century, however, brushes were more commonly used. It can also be applied on bricks and brass, as is more common today.

Graining can also mean the production of any artificial texture on any surface. For example, in printing, making the smooth metal sheets used in modern printing processes coarse. A stoneworking equivalent of graining is marbling.

History
A book entitled The Museum of Antiquity, in which a description is given of the Egyptian trades three thousand years ago, the following: Boxes, chairs, tables, etc., were often made of ebony inlaid with ivory, sycamore, and acacia veneering with thin layers and carved devices of rare woods added as ornament on inferior surfaces; and a fondness for display induced the Egyptians to paint common boards to imitate foreign varieties so generally practiced at the present day. The colors were usually applied on a thin coating of stucco or a ground smoothly laid on prepared wood and the various knots and grains made to resemble the wood they were intended to counterfeit. This account would appear to indicate that grainers were a professional class of artisans over three thousand years ago. Perhaps the principal reason why a decorator should be conversant with the production of graining is that sooner or later in his career he will may be called upon to execute it. This being so, he should be in a position to supply the demand.

Graining is the art of imitating the different types of natural wood grain. It ranges from simple Clair Bois to intricate English Walnut. The panelling of the great chamber of Theobalds House in England, used by James VI and I, was decorated in "walnut tree colour" in 1618 with highlighted mouldings in black and gold.

There are basically two types of wood graining: coarse (rustic) and fine (polite). In fine graining, layers are built up using water colors and finished with an oil glaze made of varnish, linseed oil and mineral spirits. Water colors use a beer solution tinted with a pigment, Indian inks, or Vandyke crystals dissolved in water. Vandyke crystals are very dark, almost a match for burnt umber but by varying the amount of water a color range from pale brown to nearly black can be obtained.

While wet, this thin layer may be given various textures by flogging, sponging, ragging or otherwise manipulating the paint. Another layer of figuring may be applied on top of the texture layer with an artist's brush to imitate the grain of particular woods. A softening brush may lightly passed over the wet paint to create the jagged edges typical of natural wood grain.

In 2017, the front door of the Hammond-Harwood House was restored with graining to match the original look of mahogany.

Tools for graining
A few special tools, in addition to those employed in ordinary house painting, are necessary for graining, although it may be observed that some of the best examples of graining have been carried out with only a minimum of tools. While the experienced craftsman can often obtain just the effects required by the deft manipulation of an old rag or a wornout brush, it is an advantage for the beginner to have the proper implements.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Graining


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Don Peslis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:18, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Don Peslis
If there's no more to say about him, I think he should be deleted. Deb 11:58, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Being the husband of gospel singer is not inherently notable, and nothing further about him is mentioned.  --BM 15:55, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Inter\Echo 20:57, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 01:33, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Anton Dohrn

Felix Anton Dohrn FRS FRSE (29 December 1840 – 26 September 1909) was a prominent German Darwinist and the founder and first director of the first zoological research station in the world, the Stazione Zoologica in Naples, Italy. He worked on embryology and examined vertebrate origins in terms of functional phylogeny and proposed a principle of succession of functions in 1875 on how one organ could become the basis for the evolution of another of an entirely different function. He was an elected International Member of the American Philosophical Society.

Family history
Dohrn was born in Stettin (Szczecin), Prussian Province of Pomerania, into a wealthy middle-class family. His grandfather, Heinrich Dohrn, had been a wine and spice merchant, and had made the family fortune by trading in sugar. This wealth allowed Anton's father, Carl August, to devote himself to his various hobbies; travelling, folk music and insects. Anton, the youngest son, read zoology and medicine at various German universities (Königsberg, Bonn, Jena and Berlin). His brother Heinrich Wolfgang Ludwig Dohrn was also a zoologist. pp

In 1874 Dohrn married sixteen-year-old Maria Baranowska, a refugee from Poland whom he had met in Messina. They had four children Boguslaw, Wolfgang, Harald and Reinhard. Due to her linguistic abilities, Maria became a successful translator.

Entomology
Dohrn was initially interested in Hemiptera. In 1859, he published Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Harpactoridae in Entomologische Zeitung and the more important Catalogus hemipterorum. He gained his doctorate from Breslau in November 1865 with his thesis "On the Anatomy of Hemiptera". At this time, he became associated with the English scientific establishment through his father's friendship with Henry Tibbats Stainton. In 1866, he published a paper on fossil insects Zur Kenntniss der Insecten in den Primärformationen. In this he describes Eugereon boeckingi (Palaeodictyoptera).

Introduction to Darwinism

His ideas changed in summer 1862 when he returned to study at Jena, where Ernst Haeckel introduced him to Darwin's work and theories. Dohrn became a fervent defender of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

At that time comparative embryology was the keystone of morphological evolutionary studies, based on Haeckel's recapitulation theory, the idea that an organism during its embryonic development passes through the major stages of the evolutionary past of its species. Morphology became one of the major ways in which zoologists sought to expand and develop Darwinian theory in the latter years of the 19th century. Dohrn chose to become a "Darwinian morphologist".

Dohrn received his doctorate in 1865 at Breslau under Eduard Grube, and his Habilitation in 1868 at Jena with Rudolf Virchow, Ernst Haeckel and Carl Gegenbaur. The study subjects were medicine and zoology, and his Jena monograph was Studien zur Embryologie der Arthropoden. From 1868 to 1870, he was a Docent in zoology at Jena. During these times, he worked several times at facilities located by the sea: Heligoland alongside Haeckel in 1865, Hamburg in 1866, Millport, Scotland with David Robertson in 1867 and 1868 and moved to Messina, Italy, during the winter of 1868 together with his friend and colleague Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay to work on the marine life of the Straits of Messina. In 1870 Dohrn was called up to (briefly) serve in the Franco-Prussian War.

Principle of succession of functions
Among Dohrn's most highly cited theoretical contributions was his so-called "principle of succession of functions". It was derived from pre-existing ideas, especially those that had been proposed by the comparative anatomist St. George Mivart. Dohrn's ideas on functional phylogenetics underlie some of the embryological hypotheses such as the origin of the vertebrate jaw from gill arches. In his original writings he claimed that gill slits had changed into a variety of vertebrate organs.

Development of "zoological stations"

From 1850 to 1852, the zoologist and geologist Carl Vogt had lived in Nice where he tried unsuccessfully to enlist support for a marine zoological station (one was later established as Observatoire Oceanologique de Villefranche). In Messina, Dohrn and Miklouho-Maclay conceived a plan to cover the globe with a network of zoological research stations, analogous to railway stations, where scientists could stop, collect material, make observations and conduct experiments, before moving on to the next station.

Dohrn realised how useful it would be for scientists to arrive at a location and find a ready to use laboratory. Dohrn rented two rooms for the "Stazione Zoologica di Messina", but quickly realized the technical difficulties of studying marine life without a permanent structure and support facilities, such as trained personnel and a library.

Foundation of the Stazione Zoologica
In 1870 Dohrn decided that Naples would be a better place for his Station. This choice was due to the greater biological richness of the Gulf of Naples and also to the possibility of starting a research institute of international importance in a large university town that itself had a strong international element.

After a visiting a newly opened aquarium in Berlin, the Berliner Aquarium Unter den Linden he decided that charging the general public to visit an aquarium might earn the laboratory enough money to pay a salary for a permanent assistant. Naples, with a population of 500,000 inhabitants, was one of the largest and most attractive cities of Europe and also had a considerable flow of tourists (30,000 a year) that could potentially visit the aquarium.

Dohrn overcame the doubts of the city authorities and persuaded them to give him, free-of-charge, a plot of land at the sea edge, in the beautiful Villa Comunale on the condition that he promised to build the Stazione Zoologica at his own expense.

He opened the station to visiting scientists in September 1873, and to the general public in January 1874.

In 1875 Dohrn published Der Ursprung der Wirbelthiere und das Princip des Functionswechsels: Genealogische Skizzen which proposed the "change of function" theory of the origin of vertebrates. He suggested that an organ could have secondary functions in addition to their primary function and that the subsidiary functions could become primary over evolutionary time.

The "Bench" system
In order to promote the international status of the Stazione and to guarantee its economic and hence political independence and freedom of research, Dohrn introduced a series of innovative measures to finance his project. Firstly, the rental of work and research space (the "Bench system"), for an annual fee universities, governments, scientific institutions, private foundations or individuals could send one scientist to the Stazione for one year where he or she would find available all that was required to conduct research (laboratory space, animal supply, chemicals, an exceptional library and expert staff). He contributed his own library and obtained donations of books from publishers and authors, including Darwin. These facilities were supplied with no strings attached, in the sense that investigators were completely free to pursue their own projects and ideas.

This system worked so that when Anton Dohrn died in 1909 more than 2,200 scientists from Europe and the United States had worked at Naples and more than 50 tables-per-year had been rented out. It might be said that international scientific collaboration in the modern sense was born at the Stazione, based on quick and free communication of ideas, methods and results.

Legacy

The success of the Stazione Zoologica, and the new way of thinking and funding research are the main legacies of Dohrn. The model was copied a number of times throughout the world. In 1878 Johns Hopkins University founded the Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory, under the direction of W.K. Brooks. Then, in 1888, the Marine Biological Laboratory was founded at Woods Hole and in 1892 the first laboratory on the United States West Coast, the Hopkins Marine Station, opened in California. In Britain, current marine laboratories that originate from this time include the Dunstaffnage Marine Station (today Scottish Association for Marine Science, 1884), the Gatty Marine Laboratory (University of St Andrews, 1884), the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (Plymouth, 1888), the Dove Marine Laboratory (Newcastle University, 1897), the Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory (Aberdeen, 1899), and the Bangor Marine Station (Queen's University of Belfast, 1903).

Dohrn's name has been immortalised in an undersea feature, the Anton Dohrn Seamount, a seamount in the Rockall Trough, to the north-west of the British Isles, which has become known for the great biodiversity which lives on the cold-water coral, Lophelia pertusa, in this region.

The Carnegie Institution's Department of Marine Biology laboratory at Dry Tortugas, Florida placed the motor vessel MV Anton Dohrn (1911) in service in July 1911 for ocean science work. The vessel served in the United States Navy as the patrol vessel Anton Dohrn (SP-1086) from 1917 to 1919.

Other sources

 * Theodor Heuss (in German: 1940) Anton Dohrn in Neapel. Atlantis-Verlag, Berlin; Rainer Wunderlich, Tübingen 1948 and 1962 (Title now: "Anton Dohrn"); in English 1991, transl. by Liselotte Dieckmann, ed. Christiane Gröben Anton Dohrn. A Life for Science Springer, NY ISBN 0-387-53561-6 Springer, Berlin ISBN 3-540-53561-6
 * Karl Ernst von Baer & Anton Dohrn Correspondence 1993. Ed. Christiane Gröben. Amer Philosophical Society ISBN 0-87169-833-1
 * Theodor Boveri 2009: Anton Dohrn (1910) Kessinger ISBN 1-104-61706-4
 * Daum, Andreas W. Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848–1914. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1998, ISBN 3-486-56337-8.
 * Musgrave, A. 1932 Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775 - 1930. Sydney
 * Semenov-Tjan-Schanskij, A. P. 1909 [Dohrn, F. A.] Revue Russe d'Entomologie 9

title: Anton Dohrn


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Professional video over IP

Professional video over IP systems use some existing standard video codec to reduce the program material to a bitstream (e.g., an MPEG transport stream), and then to use an Internet Protocol (IP) network to carry that bitstream encapsulated in a stream of IP packets. This is typically accomplished using some variant of the RTP protocol.

Carrying professional video over IP networks has special challenges compared to most non-time-critical IP traffic. Many of these problems are similar to those encountered in voice over IP, but to a much higher level of engineering requirements. In particular, there are very strict quality of service requirements which must be fulfilled for use in professional broadcast environments.

Packet loss
Since even well-engineered IP networks tend to have a small residual packet loss rate caused by low-probability statistical congestion events and amplification of bit errors in the underlying hardware, most professional solutions use some kind of forward error correction to ensure that the encoded video stream can be reconstructed even if a few packets are lost. This is typically applied at the packet level, since the encapsulated video bitstream is typically only designed to tolerate low levels of bit or burst errors, rather than the loss of whole packets. Resending packets is not an option because of the sequential nature of the underlying video signal. For live video, a resent packet would arrive well after the arrival of the next frame of video.

Network delay variation
Network delay variation can be kept to a minimum by using a high-speed network backbone, and ensuring that video traffic does not encounter excessive queue delays. This is typically done by either ensuring that the network is not too close to its full capacity, or that video traffic is prioritized using traffic engineering techniques (see below).

The remaining delay variation can be removed by buffering, at the expense of added time delay. If forward error correction is used, a small proportion of packets arriving after the deadline can be tolerated, since they can be dealt with by being discarded on receipt, and then treated in the same way as lost packets. Added time delay is particularly unwelcome in PTZ cameras as it makes operator control difficult at values over 250ms.

Timing reconstruction
The other problem presented by latency variation is that it makes synchronization more complex by making the recovery of the underlying timing of the video signal far more difficult. This is typically solved by genlocking both ends of the system to external station sync signals, typically generated from sources such as GPS or atomic clocks, thus only requiring the extraction of coarse timing information at the receiving end in order to achieve high-quality video synchronization. The extraction of coarse timing data is typically done using a phase locked loop with a long time constant.

Adequate bandwidth
Even with packet loss mitigation, video over IP will only work if the network is capable of carrying the content with some reasonable maximum packet loss rate. In practice, this means that video over IP will not work on overloaded networks. Since IP does not of itself offer any traffic guarantees, this must be applied at the network engineering level. One approach to this is the "quality of service" approach which simply allocates sufficient bandwidth to video-carrying traffic that it will not congest under any possible load pattern. Other approaches include dynamic reduction in frame rate or resolution, Network Admission Control, bandwidth reservation, traffic shaping, and traffic prioritization techniques, which require more complex network engineering, but will work when the simple approach of building a non-blocking network is not possible. See RSVP for one approach to IP network traffic engineering.

The Pro-MPEG Wide Area Network group has done much recent work on creating a draft standard for interoperable professional video over IP.

Use in the security industry
Within the security products industry, IP-based Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is making gains on the analog market. Key components of IP-based CCTV remain consistent with analog technologies: image capture, with a combination of IP-based cameras or analog cameras using IP-based encoders; image transmission; Storage and Retrieval, which uses technologies such as RAID arrays and iSCSI for recorded and indexed video; and video management, which affords web browser-enabled management and control of IP-based CCTV systems.

One key advantage of IP-based CCTV is the ability to use network infrastructure, providing adequate bandwidth and availability of switching and routing, rather than coaxial cabling. However, running bandwidth-intensive surveillance video over corporate data networks is a point of organizational contention, depending on the potential impact on network performance.

A class of companies produce Video Management Software to help manage capture and storage of video content. Digital video also makes possible Video Content Analysis, which allows automatic detection and identification of various kinds of objects or motion.

Also another emerging model is off-site storage of surveillance video. These online surveillance providers are utilizing cloud computing technologies to consolidate multi-site surveillance video over the web.

Manufacturers of CCTV equipment are steadily integrating IP network technology into their product portfolios.

title: Professional video over IP


text:
Sydney—Victoria

Sydney—Victoria is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1997.

It was created in 1996 from parts of Cape Breton—The Sydneys, Cape Breton—East Richmond and Cape Breton Highlands—Canso ridings.

Demographics

 * ''According to the 2021 Canadian census

Ethnic groups: 83.9% European, 10.5% Indigenous, 2.4% South Asian, 1.3% Black

Religion: 74.2% Christian (50.5% Catholic, 6.7% United Church, 5.7% Anglican, 3% Presbyterian), 22.5% No religion stated.

Median income (2020): $33,600

Average income (2020): $40,920

 * According to the 2016 Canadian census

 * Languages: (2016) 93.3% English, 4.1% Mi’kmaq, 0.9% French, 0.3% Mandarin, 0.1% Arabic, 0.1% Urdu, 0.1% German, 0.1% Tagalog, 0.1% Dutch, 0.1% Cantonese, 0.1% Italian, 0.1% Scottish Gaelic

Geography
It consists of:
 * The County of Victoria;
 * the northern part of the County of Inverness, i.e., the part lying north of the southern boundary of Cape Breton Highlands National Park; and
 * the northwestern part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality, i.e., the part lying northwest of a line drawn northeast from Bras d'Or Lake to the northeast extremity of East Bay, due north to Portage Brook, northeast along Portage Brook, Blacketts Lake, the Sydney River, Highway 125, Trunk 4 (Grand Lake Road), Northwest Brook, the western shoreline of Grand Lake, the DEVCO Railway, and its northern branch (running towards the Community of Dominion) to its second intersection with Northwest Brook (north of Grand Lake), and then north and northeast along that brook, Lingan Bay and Indian Bay to the Atlantic Ocean.

History
The riding maintained its boundaries as per the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, this riding will largely be replaced by Sydney—Glace Bay. It will exchange territory with Cape Breton—Canso, losing Victoria, the remainder of Inverness and rural western part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality, and gain the urban part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality from Sydney Forks to Morien, including the Glace Bay area).

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Sydney—Victoria


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Ailill Caisfiaclach

Ailill Caisfiaclach ("having crooked/hateful teeth"), son of Connla Cáem, was, according to medieval Irish legends and historical traditions, a High King of Ireland. He succeeded his father, and reigned for twenty-five years, until he was killed by Adamair, the son of Fer Corb the man who had killed Ailill's grandfather. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy V Epiphanes in Egypt (204–181 BC). Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign from 315 to 290 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters from 443 to 418 BC.

title: Ailill Caisfiaclach


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Adamair

Adamair (Adammair, Adhamair, Amadir), son of Fer Corb, was, according to medieval Irish legends and historical traditions, a High King of Ireland. He came from Munster, killed the previous incumbent, Ailill Caisfhiaclach, and reigned for five years, until he was killed by Eochaid Ailtleathan. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy V Epiphanes in Egypt (204–181 BC). The chronology of the Annals of the Four Masters dates his reign to 418–414 BC, the chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn to 290–285 BC. He was the husband of the presumed goddess Flidais of the Tuatha Dé Danann.

title: Adamair


text: User talk:210.212.6.137

title: User talk:210.212.6.137


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Gale warning

A gale warning is an alert issued by national weather forecasting agencies around the world in an event that maritime locations currently or imminently experiencing winds of gale force on the Beaufort scale. Gale warnings (and gale watches) allow mariners to take precautionary actions to ensure their safety at sea or to seek safe anchorage and ride out the storm on land. Though usually associated with deep low-pressure areas, winds strong enough to catalyze a gale warning can occur in other conditions too, including from anticyclones, or high-pressure systems, in the continental interior. The winds are not directly associated with a tropical cyclone.

Maritime
In the United States, the National Weather Service issues gale warnings for marine areas (oceans, sounds, estuaries, and the Great Lakes) experiencing, or about to experience, winds within the range of 34 kn to 47 kn. In United States maritime warning flag systems, two red pennants indicate a gale warning; the use of one such flag denotes a small craft advisory.

The National Weather Service issues a storm warning for higher winds of 48 kn to 63 kn at sea. In the event of a tropical cyclone, however, a tropical storm warning replaces both the gale warning and the storm warning. In this type of situation, the storm warning maritime flag is also used in lieu of the gale warning pennants, regardless of the intensity of the tropical storm.

Land
The National Weather Service issues a similar high wind warning (Specific Area Message Encoding code: HWW) for high winds on land. The criteria vary from place to place; however, in most cases, the warning applies to winds of 40 mph to 73 mph for at least 1 hour; or any gusts of 58 mph to 114 mph on land. It is more severe than a wind advisory, but not as severe as an extreme wind warning, which is generally issued if hurricane-force winds are expected. The high wind warning is not issued if a tropical storm warning, blizzard warning, winter storm warning, severe thunderstorm warning, dust storm warning, or tornado warning covers the phenomenon. This should not be confused with the extreme wind warning tag, which denotes wind speeds of 115 mph or greater, and is most often seen in powerful hurricanes.

Usage in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the Met Office issues gale warnings, and radio broadcasts them four times a day at fixed times on 198 kHz in the Shipping Forecast, part of the broadcast output of BBC Radio 4. If a considerable time will intervene before the next Shipping Forecast, forecasters may issue an extra gale warning, read between programmes. The Meteorological Office issues warnings for sea areas surrounding the United Kingdom for all predictions of winds of Beaufort scale Force 8 or greater, the forecasts extending as far north as Iceland and as far south as southern Spain. Robert FitzRoy developed the first weather forecasting and storm warning system. On 1 September 1860 weather reports began to be collected at the Meteorological Office in London via electric telegraph and on 5 February 1861 the first storm warning was issued. After his death in 1865 the storm warning service was discontinued due to the ongoing debate about its scientific accuracy but the increased loss of life caused a public outcry and a campaign in press and in parliament saw the restoration of storm warnings in 1867. The service continues to this day and is now known as the iconic Shipping Forecast.

Usage in Ireland
Met Éireann, the Republic of Ireland meteorological office, issues an area forecast for the Irish Sea and warnings for sea areas around Ireland with headlands of Ireland (e.g. Fair Head, Malin Head, Mizen Head, Carnsore Point) defining stretches of coast.

Usage in Canada
In Canada, the Meteorological Service of Canada branch of the Environment and Climate Change Canada issues a similar gale warning for lakes, oceans, and other marine areas within the country.

Usage in the Philippines
In the Philippines, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) branch of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) issues gale warnings during weather disturbances (including typhoons) within the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR).

Example
The following is an example of a Gale Warning issued by the National Weather Service office in North Webster, Indiana.

URGENT - MARINE WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA 901 PM EDT WED OCT 29 2014

LMZ043-046-300915- /O.CON.KIWX.GL.W.0014.141031T1200Z-141101T0900Z/ NEW BUFFALO MI TO ST JOSEPH MI-MICHIGAN CITY IN TO NEW BUFFALO MI- 901 PM EDT WED OCT 29 2014

...GALE WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 8 AM FRIDAY TO 5 AM EDT SATURDAY...

DAYBREAK FRIDAY...VEERING NORTH TO 35 KNOT GALES WITH GUSTS TO 45 KNOT GALES FRIDAY. NORTH WINDS DIMINISHING TO 20 TO 30 KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 35 KNOT GALES LATE FRIDAY NIGHT.
 * WINDS...NORTHWEST 15 TO 25 KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 30 KNOTS BY

FEET FRIDAY...SUBSIDING TO 8 TO 12 FEET LATE FRIDAY NIGHT.
 * WAVES..5 TO 8 FEET LATE THURSDAY NIGHT...BUILDING TO 14 TO 20

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A GALE WARNING MEANS WINDS OF 34 TO 47 KNOTS ARE IMMINENT OR OCCURRING. OPERATING A VESSEL IN GALE CONDITIONS REQUIRES EXPERIENCE AND PROPERLY EQUIPPED VESSELS. IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT MARINERS WITHOUT THE PROPER EXPERIENCE SEEK SAFE HARBOR PRIOR TO THE ONSET OF GALE CONDITIONS.

&&

$$

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO FOR FURTHER DETAILS OR UPDATES...OR CHECK OUR WEB SITE AT WEATHER.GOV/IWX/?N=MARINE

title: Gale warning


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Eochaid Ailtlethan

Eochaid (or Eochu) Ailtlethan ("broad blade"), son of Ailill Caisfiaclach, was, according to medieval Irish legends and historical traditions, a High King of Ireland. According to the Lebor Gabála Érenn, he took the throne after overthrowing and killing the previous incumbent, Adamair, and ruled for eleven years, until he was killed in battle by Fergus Fortamail. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy V Epiphanes in Egypt (204–181 BC). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 285–274 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters (which gives him a reign of seventeen years) to 414–396 BC.

title: Eochaid Ailtlethan


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Wh-movement

In linguistics, wh-movement (also known as wh-fronting, wh-extraction, or wh-raising) is the formation of syntactic dependencies involving interrogative words. An example in English is the dependency formed between what and the object position of doing in "What are you doing?". Interrogative forms are sometimes known within English linguistics as wh-words, such as what, when, where, who, and why, but also include other interrogative words, such as how. This dependency has been used as a diagnostic tool in syntactic studies as it can be observed to interact with other grammatical constraints.

In languages with wh-movement, sentences or clauses with a wh-word show a non-canonical word order that places the wh-word (or phrase containing the wh-word) at or near the front of the sentence or clause ("Who are you thinking about?") instead of the canonical position later in the sentence ("I am thinking about you"). Leaving the wh-word in its canonical position is called wh-in-situ and in English occurs in echo questions and polar questions in informal speech.

Wh-movement is one of the most studied forms of linguistic discontinuity. It is observed in many languages and plays a key role in the theories of long-distance dependencies.

The term wh-movement stemmed from early generative grammar in the 1960s and 1970s and was a reference to the theory of transformational grammar, in which the interrogative expression always appears in its canonical position in the deep structure of a sentence but can move leftward from that position to the front of the sentence/clause in the surface structure. Although other theories of syntax do not use the mechanism of movement in the transformative sense, the term wh-movement (or equivalent terms, such as wh-fronting, wh-extraction, or wh-raising) is widely used to denote the phenomenon, even in theories that do not model long-distance dependencies as a movement.

Basic examples
The following examples of sentence pairs illustrate wh-movement in main clauses in English: each (a) example has the canonical word order of a declarative sentence in English, while each (b) sentence has undergone wh-movement, whereby the wh-word has been fronted in order to form a direct question.

Wh-fronting of whom, which corresponds to the direct object Tesnière.
 * (1a) Tom has been reading Tesnière.
 * (1b) Whom has Tom been reading?

Wh-fronting of what, which corresponds to the prepositional object syntax.
 * (2a) She should stop talking about syntax.
 * (2b) What should she stop talking about?

Wh-fronting of when, which corresponds to the temporal adjunct tomorrow.
 * (3a) They want to visit us tomorrow.
 * (3b) When do they want to visit us?

Wh-fronting of what, which corresponds to the predicative adjective happy.
 * (4a) She is happy.
 * (4b) What is she?

Wh-fronting of where, which corresponds to the prepositional phrase to school.
 * (5a) She is going to school.
 * (5b) Where is she going?

Wh-fronting of how, which corresponds to the adverb phrase well.
 * (6a) They are doing well.
 * (6b) How are they doing?

These examples illustrate that wh-movement occurs when a constituent is questioned that appears to the right of the finite verb in the corresponding declarative sentence. The main clause remains in V2 word order, with the interrogative fronted to first position while the finite verb stays in second position. Do-support is often needed to enable wh-fronting in such cases, which are reliant on subject–auxiliary inversion.

Subject "fronting"
When the subject is questioned, it is unclear whether wh-fronting has occurred because the default position of the subject is clause-initial. In the example sentence pair below, the subject Fred already appears at the front of the sentence where the interrogative is placed.

 * a. Fred is working hard.
 * b. Who is working hard?

Some theories of syntax maintain that this constitutes a wh-movement, and analyze such cases as if the interrogative subject has moved up the syntactic hierarchy; however, other theories observe that the surface string of words remains the same, and therefore, no movement has occurred.

Distance of movement
In many cases, wh-fronting can occur regardless of how far away its canonical location is, as seen in the following set of examples:

 * a. Whom does Mary like __?
 * b. Whom does Bob know that Mary likes __?
 * c. Whom does Carl believe that Bob knows that Mary likes __?

The interrogative whom is the direct object of the verb like in each of these examples. The dependency relation between the canonical, empty position and the wh-expression appears to be unbounded, in the sense that there is no upper bound on how deeply embedded within the given sentence the empty position may appear.

Wh-expressions without wh-movement
Wh-movement typically occurs when forming questions in English. There are certain forms of questions in which wh-movement does not occur (aside from when the question word serves as the subject and so is already fronted):

 * 1) Echo questions: Confirming what you thought you heard.
 * 2) *You bought what?
 * 3) Quiz questions or specific questions: Asking for detailed specific information.
 * 4) *George Orwell was born in which country?
 * 5) Multiple interrogatives in a single sentence.
 * 6) *Who bought what?
 * 7) Expected questions: Occur when new information is expected.

Other languages may leave wh-expressions in-situ (in base position) more often, such as Slavic languages. In French, for instance, wh-movement is often optional in certain matrix clauses. Mandarin and Russian also possess wh-expressions without obligatory wh-movement.

In-situ questions are different from wh-fronted questions in that they result from no movement at all, which tends to be morphologically or pragmatically conditioned.

In subordinate clauses
The basic examples above demonstrate wh-movement in main clauses in order to form a direct question. Wh-movement can also occur in subordinate clauses, although its behavior in subordinate clauses differs in word order.

In indirect questions
In English, wh-movement occurs in subordinate clauses to form an indirect question. While wh-fronting occurs in both direct and indirect questions, there is a key word order difference, as illustrated with the following examples:

 * a. Fred will ask Jill to leave.
 * b. Whom will Fred ask to leave? – Direct question
 * c. I wonder whom Fred will ask to leave. – Indirect question

 * a. Sam likes to get news about hurricanes.
 * b. What does Sam like to get news about? – Direct question; do-support introduced
 * c. They asked what Sam likes to get news about. – Indirect question

 * a. Larry stayed home due to the weather.
 * b. Why did Larry stay home? – Direct question; do-support introduced
 * c. Nobody knows why Larry stayed home. – Indirect question

In indirect questions, while the interrogative is still fronted to the first position of the clause, the subject is instead placed in second position, and the verb appears in third position, forming a V3 word order.

In relative clauses
Although many examples of wh-movement form questions, wh-movement also occurs in relative clauses. Many relative pronouns in English have the same form as the corresponding interrogative words (which, who, where, etc.). Relative clauses are subordinate clauses, so the same V3 word order occurs.

 * a. I read Fred's paper.
 * b. Fred's paper, which I read – Wh-fronting in relative clause

 * a. John likes the governor.
 * b. the governor whom John likes – Wh-fronting in relative clause

 * a. Fred reads the paper in the coffee shop.
 * b. the coffee shop where Fred reads the paper – Wh-fronting in relative clause

The relative pronouns have fronted in the subordinate clauses of the b. examples. The characteristic V3 word order is obligatory, just as in other subordinate clauses.

Pied-piping
Many instances of wh-fronting involve pied-piping, where the word that is moved pulls an entire encompassing phrase to the front of the clause with it. Pied-piping was first identified by John R. Ross in his 1967 dissertation.

Obligatory pied-piping
In some cases of wh-fronting, pied-piping is obligatory, and the entire encompassing phrase must be fronted for the sentence to be grammatically correct. In the following examples, the moved phrase is underlined:

 * a. Susan is reading Fred's novel.
 * b. Whose novel is Susan reading? – Pied-piping of novel
 * c. * Whose is Susan reading novel ? – Sentence is incorrect because pied-piping has not occurred

 * a. The music is very loud.
 * b. How loud is the music? – Pied-piping of loud
 * c. * How is the music loud ? – Sentence is incorrect because pied-piping has not occurred

These examples illustrate that pied-piping is often necessary when the wh-word is inside a noun phrase or adjective phrase. Pied-piping is motivated in part by the barriers and islands to extraction (see below). When the wh-word appears underneath a blocking category or in an island, the entire encompassing phrase must be fronted.

Optional pied-piping
There are other cases where pied-piping is optional. In English, this occurs most notably when the fronted word is the object of a prepositional phrase. A formal register will pied-pipe the preposition, whereas more colloquial English prefers to leave the preposition in situ:

 * a. She revealed her secret to Tom.
 * b. To whom did she reveal her secret? – Pied-piping of preposition associated with a formal register
 * c. Whom did she reveal her secret to ? – Pied-piping absent in colloquial English

 * a. He is hiding behind the red door.
 * b. Behind which door is he hiding? – Pied-piping of preposition associated with a formal register
 * c. Which door is he hiding behind ? – Pied-piping of preposition absent in colloquial English; pied-piping of noun door still obligatory

The c. examples are cases of preposition stranding, which is possible in colloquial English but not allowed in many languages that are related to English. For instance, preposition stranding is largely absent from many of the other Germanic languages, and it may be completely absent from the Romance languages. Prescriptive grammars often claim that preposition stranding should be avoided in English as well, although it may feel artificial or stilted to a native speaker to move the preposition.

Extraction islands
A syntactic island is a construction from which extracting an element leads to an ungrammatical or marginal sentence. For example:

 * *What did you wonder whether Lisa invented __?

These types of phrases, also referred to as extraction islands or simply islands, do not allow wh-movement to occur. John R. Ross proposed and described four types of islands: Complex-Noun Phrase Constraints (CNPC), Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC), Left Branch Condition, and Sentential Subject Constraint. Configurations showing clear island restrictions have also been called wh-islands, complex noun phrases, and adjunct islands.

Adjunct islands
An adjunct island is a type of island formed from an adjunct clause. Wh-movement is not possible from an adjunct clause. Adjunct clauses include clauses introduced by because, if, and when, as well as relative clauses. Instead, a question would be formed by keeping the interrogative in situ. For example:

 * a. You went home because you needed to do that.
 * b. *What did you go home because you needed to do __? – The attempt to extract out of an adjunct clause fails
 * c. You went home because you needed to do what?

 * a. Alex likes the woman who wears extravagant rings.
 * b. *What does Alex like the woman who wears __? – The attempt to extract out of an adjunct clause fails
 * c. Alex likes the woman who wears what?

Wh-islands
A wh-island is created by an embedded sentence that is introduced by a wh-word, creating a dependent clause. Wh-islands are weaker than adjunct islands, and violating them results in a sentence that at minimum sounds ungrammatical to a native speaker.

 * a. John wonders where Eric went to buy a gift.
 * b. ??What does John wonder where Eric went to buy __? – The attempt to extract out of a wh-island is at best strongly marginal

 * a. Susan asked why Sam was waiting for Fred.
 * b. *Whom did Susan ask why Sam was waiting for __? – The attempt to extract out of a wh-island fails

The b. sentences are strongly marginal or unacceptable because they attempt to extract an expression out of a wh-island. This occurs because both wh-words are part of a DP. It would not be possible to move the bottom wh-word to the top of the structure, as they would both interfere. In order to get a grammatical result, a proper wh-movement must occur. However, because the wh-word is taking up the Spec-C position, it is not possible to move the competing wh-word higher by skipping the higher DP as wh-movement is a cyclic process.

Subject islands
Although wh-extraction out of object clauses and phrases is common in English, wh-movement is not (or rarely) possible out of subject phrases, particularly subject clauses. For example:

 * a. That John went home is likely.
 * b. *Who is that __ went home likely? Wh-extraction out of a subject clause fails

 * a. The story about Susan was funny.
 * b. ??Whom was the story about __ funny? Wh-extraction out of subject phrase is strongly marginal

Left branch islands
A left branch island occurs where a modifier precedes the noun that it modifies. The modifier cannot be extracted, a constraint which Ross identified as the Left Branch Condition. Possessive determiners and attributive adjectives form left branch islands. Fronting of these phrases necessitates pied-piping of the entire noun phrase, for example:

 * a. Susan likes Fred's account.
 * b. *Whose does Susan like __ account? – Attempt to extract from a left branch under a noun fails
 * c. Whose account does Susan like __? – Extraction succeeds if the entire noun phrase is pied-piped

 * a. He bought an expensive boat.
 * b. *How expensive did he buy a __ boat? – Attempt to extract from a left branch under a noun fails
 * c. How expensive a boat did he buy? – Extraction succeeds if the entire noun phrase is pied-piped

Extraction fails in the b. sentences because the extracted expression corresponds to a left-branch modifier of a noun.

While left branch islands exist in English, they are absent from many other languages, most notably from the Slavic languages.

Coordinate structure islands
In coordination, extraction out of a conjunct of a coordinate structure is possible only if this extraction affects all the conjuncts of the coordinate structure equally. The relevant constraint is known as the coordinate structure constraint. Extraction must extract the same syntactic expression out of each of the conjuncts simultaneously. This sort of extraction is said to occur across the board (ATB-extraction), e.g.,

 * a. Sam ate [beans] and [broccoli].
 * b. *What did Sam eat [beans] and [__]? – Extraction fails because it affects just one conjunct.

 * a. Sam ate [beans] and [broccoli].
 * b. *What did Sam eat [__] and [broccoli]? – Extraction fails because it affects just one conjunct.

 * a. Sam [gave a guitar to me] and [loaned a trumpet to you].
 * b. What did Sam [give __ to me] and [loan __ to you]? – Extraction succeeds because it occurs equally out of both conjuncts (ATB-extraction).

 * a. He is [waiting for you] and [trying to call you].
 * b. Whom is he [waiting for __] and [trying to call __]? – Extraction succeeds because it occurs equally out of both conjuncts (ATB-extraction).

Wh-extraction out of a conjunct of a coordinate structure is only possible if it can be interpreted as occurring equally out all the conjuncts simultaneously, that is, if it occurs across the board.

Complex noun phrase islands
Extraction is difficult from out of a noun phrase. The relevant constraint is known as the complex NP constraint, and comes in two varieties, the first banning extraction from the clausal complement of a noun, and the second banning extraction from a relative clause modifying a noun:

Sentential complement to a noun:

 * a. You heard the claim that Fred solved the second problem.
 * b. *What did you hear the claim that Fred solved __? – Attempt to extract out of a complex NP fails.

 * a. She likes the possibility that she might get a new phone for X-mas.
 * b. *What does she like the possibility that she might get __ for X-mas? – Attempt to extract out of a complex NP fails.

Relative clause:

 * a. They hired someone who speaks a Balkan language.
 * b. *What Balkan language did they hire someone who speaks __?

Non-bridge-verb islands
Extraction out of object that-clauses serving as complements to verbs may show island-like behavior if the matrix verb is a nonbridge verb (Erteschik-Shir 1973). Nonbridge verbs include manner-of-speaking verbs, such as whisper or shout, e.g.,

 * a. She thinks that he died in his sleep.
 * b. How does she think that he died __? – Extraction out of object clause easily possible with matrix bridge verb.

 * a. She whispered that he had died in his sleep.
 * b. *How did she whisper that he had died __? – Extraction across a non-bridge verb is impossible.

Wh-movement in syntax trees
Syntax trees are visual breakdowns of sentences that include dominating heads for every segment (word/constituent) in the tree itself. In the wh-movement, there are additional segments that are added: EPP (extended projection principle) and the Question Feature [+Q] that represents a question sentence.

The wh-movement is motivated by a Question Feature/EPP at C (Complementizer), which promotes movement of a wh-word from the canonical base position to Spec-C. This movement could be considered as "Copy + Paste + Delete" movement as we are copying the interrogative word from the bottom, pasting it to Spec-C, and then deleting it from the bottom so that it solely remains at the top (now taking the position of Spec-C). Overall, the highest C will be the target position of the wh-raising.

The interrogatives that are used in the wh-movement do not all share headedness. This is important to consider when making the syntax trees, as there are three different heads that may be used.

Headedness
Determiner Phrase (DP): Who, What

Prepositional Phrase (PP): Where, When, Why

Adverb Phrase (AdvP): How

When creating the Syntax Tree for the wh-movement, consider the subject-aux inversion in the word that was raised from T (Tense) to C (Complementizer). The location of the EPP (Extended Projection Principle):

The EPP allows movement of the wh-word from the bottom canonical position of the syntax tree to Spec-C. The EPP is a great indicator when it comes to distinguishing between in-situ trees and ex-situ. Ex-situ trees allow the movement to Spec-C, while in-situ do not as the head C lacks the EPP feature.

Islands in syntax trees
Within syntax trees, islands do not allow movement to occur; if movement is attempted, the sentence would then be perceived as ungrammatical to the native speaker of the observed language. Islands are typically noted as being a boxed node on the tree. The movement in the wh-Island syntax tree is unable to occur because in order to move out of an embedded clause, a Determiner Phrase (DP) must move through the Spec-C position. This cannot occur, as the Determiner Phrase (DP) is already occupied.

For example, in "She said [who bought what]?" we see that "who" takes the place of DP and restricts "what" from rising up to the respected Spec-C. Native speakers may confirm this as well as it will sound ungrammatical: * "What did she say [bought what?]".

Multiple wh-questions
In languages, a sentence can contain more than one wh-question. These interrogative constructions are called multiple wh-questions,

e.g.: Who ate what at the restaurant?

In the following English example, a strikeout-line and trace-movement coindexation symbols—[Whoi ...  who  ti ...]—are used to indicate the underlying raising-movement of the closest wh-phrase. This movement produces an overt sentence word order with one fronted wh-question:

e.g.: [Whoi did you help  who  ti make what?]
 * in the underlying (deep) syntax structure of this sentence, [who] is positioned directly after the transitive verb [help] because the VP selects a direct object DP as its complement
 * the closest wh-phrase [who] is raised from its canonical position to Spec-CP, which produces sentence word order with a wh-question word at the beginning of the sentence
 * the farther away wh-phrase [what ] is kept in-situ

In the underlying syntax, the wh-phrase closest to Spec-CP is raised to satisfy selectional properties of the CP: the [+Q] and [+Wh-EPP] feature requirements of C. The wh-phrase farther away from Spec-CP stays in its base position (in-situ).

Superiority condition
The superiority condition determines which wh-phrase moves in a clause that contains multiple wh-phrases. This is the outcome of applying the Attract Closest principle, where only the closest candidate is eligible for movement to the attracting head that selects for it. If the farther wh-phrase moves instead of the preceding wh-phrase, an ungrammatical structure is created (in English). Not all languages have instances of multiple wh-movement governed by the superiority condition, most have variations. There is no uniformity found across languages concerning the superiority condition.

For example, see the following English phrases:

 * a. [Whoi did you ask  who ti to buy what?]
 * b. *[Whati did you ask who to buy  what ti?]

The subscript "ti" or "i" are used to mark coreference. "t" represents a trace, while both "ti" and "i" represent that the words refer to each other and the same entity.

In a., the closer wh-phrase [who] moves up toward Spec-CP from being the subject of the VP [who to buy what]. The second wh-phrase [what] remains in-situ (as the direct object of the VP[who to buy what]). This is to satisfy the [+Q Wh] feature in the Spec-CP.

In b., the farther wh-phrase [what] has incorrectly moved from the direct object position of the VP[who to buy  what ] into the Spec-CP position while the closer wh-phrase to Spec-CP [who] has remained in-situ as the subject of the VP[ who  to buy what]. Thus, this sentence contains a violation of Attract Closest and is therefore ungrammatical, as marked by the asterisk (*).

In other languages
Wh-movement is also found in many other languages around the world. Most European languages also place wh-words at the beginning of a clause. Furthermore, many of the facts illustrated above are also valid for other languages. The systematic difference in word order across main wh-clauses and subordinate wh-clauses shows up in other languages in varying forms. The islands to wh-extraction are also present in other languages, but there will be some variation. The following example illustrates wh-movement of an object in Spanish:

Juan compró carne.

John bought meat.

'John bought meat.'

¿Qué compró Juan?

what bought John

'What did John buy?'

The following examples illustrate wh-movement of an object in German:

Er liest Tesnière jeden Abend.

He reads Tesnière every evening.

'He reads Tesnière every evening.'

Wen liest er jeden Abend?

who reads he every evening

'Who does he read every evening?'

The following examples illustrate wh-movement of an object in French:

Ils ont vu Pierre.

they have seen Peter

'They saw Peter.'

Qui {est-ce qu'} ils ont vu?

Who {is it that} they have seen

'Who did they see?'

Qui ont ils vu?

Who have they seen

'Who did they see?'

All the examples are quite similar to the English examples and demonstrate that wh-movement is a general phenomenon in numerous languages. As stated, however, the behaviour of wh-movement can vary, depending on the individual language in question.

German
German does not show the expected effects of the superiority condition during clauses with multiple wh-phrases. German appears to have a process that allows the farther wh-phrase to "cross over" the closer wh-phrase and move, not remaining in-situ. This movement is tolerated and has less consequences than when compared with English.

For example, see the following German phrases:

Ich weiß nicht, wer was gesehen hat

I know not, who what seen has

"I do not know who saw what"

Ich weiß nicht, was wer gesehen hat

I know not, what who seen has

"I do not know what who has seen"

In a., the gloss shows that the wh-phrase [what] has "crossed over" wh-phrase [who] and is now in Spec-CP to satisfy the [+Q Wh] feature. This movement is a violation of the attract closest principle, which is what the superiority condition is based upon.

Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin is a wh-in-situ language, which means that it does not exhibit wh-movement in constituent questions. In other words, wh-words in Mandarin remain in their original position in their clause, contrasting with wh-movement in English where the wh-word would move in constituent questions.

In-situ
The following example illustrates multiple wh-movement in Mandarin, and is written in pinyin for the sake of simplicity and clarity:

Ni xiang zhidao Mali weishenme maile shenme

You want know Mary why buy-PAST what

'What do you wonder why Mary bought it?'

This example demonstrates that the wh-word "what" in Mandarin remains in-situ at Surface structure, while the wh-word "why" in Mandarin moves to proper scope position and, in doing so, c-commands the wh-word that stays in-situ.

Matrix scope
The scope of wh-questions in Mandarin is also subject to other conditions depending on the kind of wh-phrase involved. The following example can translate into two meanings:

Ni xiang zhidao shei maile shenme

You want know who buy-PAST what

'What is the thing x such that you wonder who bought x?' 'Who is the person x such that you wonder what x bought?'

This example illustrates the way certain wh-words such as "who" and "what" can freely obtain matrix scope in Mandarin.

Attract Closest
In reference to the Attract Closest principle, where the head adopts the closest candidate available to it, the overt wh-phrase in Mandarin moves to proper scope position while the other wh-phrase stays in-situ as it is c-commanded by the wh-phrase first mentioned. This can be seen in the following example, where the word for "what" stays in-situ since it is c-commanded by the phrase in Mandarin meaning "at where":

Ni xiang zhidao Mali zai nali maile shenme

You want know Mary at where buy-PAST what

'What is the thing x such that you wonder where Mary bought x?' 'Where is the place x such that you wonder what Mary bought at x?'

As these examples show, Mandarin is a wh-in-situ language, exhibits no movement of wh-phrases at Surface structure, is subject to other conditions based on the type of wh-phrase involved in the question, and adheres to the Attract Closest principle.

Bulgarian
ln Bulgarian, the [+ wh] feature of C motivates multiple wh-word movements, which leads to multiple specifiers. It requires formation of clusters of wh-phrases in [Spec-CP] in the matrix clause. This is different from English because in English, only one wh-word moves to [Spec-CP] when there are multiple wh-words in a clause. This is because, in Bulgarian, unlike English, all movements of wh-elements take place in the syntax, where movement is shown overtly. The phrase structure for wh-words in Bulgarian would look like is shown in Figure 1 below, where a wh-cluster is formed under [Spec-CP]. In Bulgarian and Romanian, a wh-element is attracted into [Spec-CP] and the other wh-elements are adjoined into the first wh-word in [Spec-CP].

Koj kogo ___t1 vižda ___t2?

Who whom {} sees {}

Who sees whom?

In Example 1, we see that both the wh-words underwent movement and are in a [Spec-CP] cluster.

Attract Closest
The Attract Closest is a principle of the Superiority Condition where the head which attracts a certain feature adopts the closest candidate available to it. This usually leads to the movement of the closest candidate.

Slavic languages are grouped into two different S-structures concerning the movement of wh-elements at [Spec-CP] (Rudin, 1998). One group includes the languages Serbo-Croatian, Polish, and Czech where there is only one wh-element in [Spec-CP] at S-structure. The other group contains Bulgarian, which has all of its wh-elements in [Spec-CP] at S-structure. In the first group mentioned, the Attract Closest principle is present, and the wh-word that is closest to the attracting head undergoes movement while the rest of the wh-elements remain in-situ. The second group of languages, the Attract Closest principle occurs in a slightly different way. The order of the way the wh-word moves is dictated by their proximity to [Spec-CP]. The closest wh-word to the attracting head undergoes movement first and the next closest one follows suit, and on and on. In that way, the Superiority effect is present in Serbo-Croatian, Polish, and Czech in the first wh-element, while, in Bulgarian, it is present in all of the wh-elements in the clause.

Kakvo kak napravi Ivan?

What how did Ivan?

How did Ivan what?

The Attract Closest principle explains a crucial detail about which wh-words move first in the tree. Since the closest wh-word is moved first, there is a particular order that appears. Wh-subjects go before wh-objects and wh-adjuncts (Grewendorf, 2001). This is seen in Example #2 and Example #3. Example #3 also shows that there can be more than two wh-words in [Spec-CP] and that, no matter how many wh-words are in the clause, they would all have to undergo movement.

Koj kak kogo e celunal?

Who how whom is kissed

Who kissed whom how?

In-situ
In Bulgarian, we see in Example #4 that to defer from forming a sequence of the same wh-words, a wh-element is allowed to remain in-situ as a last resort (Bošković, 2002).

Kakvo obuslavja kakvo?

What conditions what

What conditions what?

In summary, Bulgarian has multiple wh-movement in the syntax and the wh-words move overtly. We also see that while all wh-words in a clause move under [Spec-CP] because of the [+ wh] feature, there is still a certain order in how they appear in the clause.

French
In French, multiple wh-questions have the following patterns:

a) In some French interrogative sentences, wh-movement can be optional.

1.The closest wh-phrase to Spec-CP can be fronted (i.e., moved to Spec-CP from its covert base position in deep structure to its overt phonological form in surface-structure word order);

2. Alternatively, wh-phrases can remain in-situ.

Qu' as- tu envoyé à qui?

what have you sent to whom

Tu as envoyé quoi à qui?

you have sent what to whom

'What have you sent to who(m)?'

In the example sentences above, examples #1 and #2 are both grammatical and share the same meaning in French. Here, the choice of using one form of question over the other is optional; either sentence can be used to ask about the two particular DP constituents expressed by two wh-words. In French, the second sentence could also be used as an echo question.   By contrast, in English, the grammatical structure of the second sentence is only acceptable as an echo question: a question we ask to clarify the information we hear (or mishear) in someone's utterance, or that we use to express our shock or disbelief in reaction to a statement made by someone. For echo questions in English, it is typical for speakers to emphasize the wh-words prosodically by using rising intonation (e.g.,You sent WHAT to WHO?). These special instances of using multiple wh-questions in English are essentially "requests for the repetition of that utterance".

b) In other French interrogative sentences, wh-movement is required.

The option of using wh-in-situ in French sentences with multiple wh-questions is limited to specific conditions. There exists "a very limited distribution" of its usage.

French wh-in-situ can occur only:

 * 1) in matrix clauses (aka main clauses)
 * 2) in matrix clauses that do not have an overt complementizer (i.e., complementizer is 'phonologically null')
 * 3) in 'short-distance' questions (i.e., wh-movement not blocked by a wh-island constraint)

Wh-in-situ usage is not allowed in French when these criteria are not met.

Languages in which it is not present
Many languages do not have wh-movement. Instead, these languages keep the symmetry of the question and answer sentences.

For example, topic questions in Chinese have the same sentence structure as their answers:

The response to which could be:

Chinese has a wh-particle, no wh-movement.

Theoretical approaches
Wh-movement typically results in a discontinuity: the "moved" constituent ends up in a position that is separated from its canonical position by material that syntactically dominates the canonical position, which means there seems to be a discontinuous constituent and a long distance dependency present. Such discontinuities challenge any theory of syntax, and any theory of syntax is going to have a component that can address these discontinuities. In this regard, theories of syntax tend to explain discontinuities in one of two ways, either via movement or via feature passing. The EPP feature (extended projection principle) and Question Feature play a large role in the movement itself. We have noticed that these two features occur in ex-situ questions which allow movement and do not exist in in-situ questions that do allow it.

Theories that posit movement have a long and established tradition that reaches back to early Generative Grammar (1960s and 1970s). They assume that the displaced constituent (e.g., the wh-expression) is first generated in its canonical position at some level or point in the structure generating process below the surface. This expression is then moved or copied out of this base position and placed in its surface position where it actually appears in speech. Movement is indicated in tree structures using one of a variety of means (e.g., a trace t, movement arrows, strikeouts, lighter font shade, etc.).

The alternative to the movement approach to wh-movement and discontinuities in general is feature passing. This approach rejects the notion that movement in any sense has occurred. The wh-expression is base generated in its surface position, and instead of movement, information passing (i.e., feature passing) occurs up or down the syntactic hierarchy to and from the position of the gap.

title: Wh-movement


text:
Sharon Labchuk

Sharon Labchuk (born November 25, 1952 in Trenton, Ontario) is an environmental activist and political organizer for the Green Party of Canada (GPC). She was also the first leader of the Green Party of Prince Edward Island.

Career
Labchuk founded the Green Party of Prince Edward Island in 2004. Labchuk is national director of organizing for the GPC. She resigned the leadership of the Green Party of PEI on July 12, 2012.

Election results
In the 2006 federal election Labchuk was the GPC candidate in Malpeque, placing 4th with 901 votes or 4.65%.

She was defeated in the district of Rustico-Emerald during the 2007 Prince Edward Island general election running for the Green Party. Labchuk took 6% of the vote, finishing in third place.

In 2011, Labchuk stood against the provincial Minister of Environment, Energy and Forestry, in the Charlottetown-Victoria Park riding.

2011 general election

 * }

2007 general election

 * }

Personal life
Labchuk lives in Millvale, Queens County, in a solar-powered house. She grows her own fruit and vegetables.

title: Sharon Labchuk


text:
Fergus Fortamail

Fergus Fortamail ("strong, prevailing"), son of Bresal Brecc, son of Óengus Ollom, son of Ailill Bracan, son of Labraid Loingsech, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing the previous incumbent, Eochaid Ailtlethan, in battle, and ruled for either eleven, twelve or twelve and a half years, until he was killed by Eochaid's son Óengus Tuirmech Temrach in battle at Tara. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy VI Philometor in Egypt (180–145 BC). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 274–262 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 396–385 BC.

title: Fergus Fortamail


text:
Pallene

Pallene can refer to:

 * Pallene (mythology), one of the seven Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus in Greek mythology
 * Pallene (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004
 * Pallene (Attica), a deme of ancient Attica, Greece
 * Pallini, a town east of Athens, Greece
 * Pallene, Chalcidice, the westernmost headland of the Chalcidice, Greece, also called Kassandra
 * Pallini, Chalcidice, a municipality in the above

title: Pallene


text:
Methone

Methone (Greek: Μεθώνη) may refer to:

 * Methone (butterfly), a monotypic genus of metalmark butterflies
 * Methone (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004
 * Methone (Greek myth), one of the Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus
 * Dimedone, an organic molecule

Geography

 * Methana, also known as Methone, a town in ancient Argolis or modern Attica, Greece
 * Methone (Messenia), a town in ancient Messenia, Greece
 * Methoni, Messenia, the modern town nearby
 * Methone (Thessaly), a town in ancient Thessaly, Greece
 * Methone (Thrace), a town in ancient Thrace, Greece
 * Methoni, Pieria, the modern town nearby

title: Methone


text: User:Dxc~enwiki

title: User:Dxc~enwiki


text: Category:Light machine guns

title: Category:Light machine guns


text:
Óengus Tuirmech Temrach

Óengus Tuirmech Temrach, son of Eochaid Ailtlethan, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He came to power after killing his predecessor, and his father's killer, Fergus Fortamail. His sons included Énna Aignech and Fiacha Fer Mara. Énna later became High King himself and was the ancestor of Conn of the Hundred Battles and thus the Connachta and Uí Néill High Kings, while Fiacha was the ancestor of Ailill Érann and the Clanna Dedad.

Óengus is said to have fathered Fíacha on his own daughter when drunk, and to have put him in a boat, wrapped in a purple robe with a golden fringe and accompanied by treasure, and set him out to sea – hence the epithet fer mara, "man of the sea". He was found and brought up by fishermen, and became the ancestor of several High Kings of Ireland and the later Dál Riata monarchs of Scotland. The Lebor Gabála Érenn interprets his epithet as meaning "the reckoner of Tara", saying that "by him was 'reckoning' first made in Ireland". Geoffrey Keating gives his epithet as Tuirbeach, "ashamed", because of the incestuous conception of Fíacha.

He reigned for thirty or sixty years, and died at Tara, succeeded by his nephew Conall Collamrach. The Lebor Gabála synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy VI Philometor in Egypt (180–145 BC). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 262–232 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 385–326 BC.

title: Óengus Tuirmech Temrach


text:
Wikipedia talk:Notice board for India-related topics/INCOTW

Archives: 1

New rules
I have gone ahead and simplified the rules for selecting the INCOTW. Basically, the nomination with more votes wins, irrespective of the nominated date. It is basically what I was doing when updating the INCOTW every Friday. -- Pamri • Talk 12:16, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Indian names
This article needs massive copyediting. Please have a look and improve it in any way you can. deeptrivia (talk) 05:05, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Candidate Notice
Can we not leave the candidate notice on the discussion page of an article instead of removing it? It could say, "This article was a India Coloboration of the Week in December 2005". It could link to a page containing all previous candidates. Your thoughts? - Ganeshk 22:15, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * That would be a good idea. It could also have the diff of the versions before and after collaboration. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 04:59, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Insert to the article's talk page. -- Pamri • Talk 09:18, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * A slight change in the syntax:
 * See Talk:Arts and entertainment in India for an example. -- Pamri • Talk 09:33, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Arts and entertainment in India for an example. -- Pamri • Talk 09:33, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks great. - Ganeshk 15:14, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I have updated all previous winners with the old COTW template. - Ganeshk 18:13, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Good work guys. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 03:47, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Small correction. It must be . The date must read Month followed by the day as per convention. I am working on a history table for past COTW in my sandbox. I will update it here when complete. - Ganeshk 10:42, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Past COTW History
I have done a large update and created a table of past COTW. Please check and review. The previous history page has been archived here. - Ganeshk 22:55, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Criteria of Improvement
What is the criteria to see if the article has been improved? Just Number of words may not be sufficient. e.g. Hyderabad, India page was full of words See the older edit of the page: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad%2C_India&oldid=31632289 Chirags 16:16, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The improvement gives you a general idea. It was picked up from main COTW project. Usually stubs get nominated to COTW and you would see the dramatic increase. The main project has number of edits too. I had no idea how to count them. So kept it simple. - Ganeshk T/C\@ 16:43, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Lok Sabha
Please help out on List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha, filling out red links. electoral results are availible on www.eci.gov.in. I'm putting the results in templates, so that in the end it will be able to add several results on the same page. See User:Soman/temp4. --Soman 15:39, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I am not clear as to why you need templates for the purpose. Also, the talkpage of WP:INWNB may be a better bet for getting broader response. --Gurubrahma 17:40, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

2 weeks on shorter side
Isn't 2 weeks timeline for removing failed nominations on the shorter side? May be we should fix it at 2 months, --Gurubrahma 17:51, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

I made it a month for now. - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 18:05, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Maximum 6 nominations
To make the choices simpler, I have modified the rule to reflect the consideration of the 6 most recent candidates. Older noms not gathering enough momentum, vote wise, will be removed on through a FIFO methodology. See here for the relevent discussion. AreJay 16:53, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I have made a change in the rule - no new nom should be added if six noms are already available. 6 is a good number, imo. If it is FIFO for adding above six noms, people will keep adding noms regardless of the previous noms available. If any of the previous noms are in bad faith, they can be removed with a note on this talkpage. This rule should come into effect as soon as the current no. of noms is reduced to 6. Please do not add any more noms to it. --Gurubrahma 17:33, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Placement of the INCOTW template
I was wondering if it was correct to place the INCOTW template on the main page of the article itself.. Shouldn't it be placed on the talk page instead? thunderboltza.k.a.D e epu _ Joseph

 * This is the convention followed in the main Collaboration of the week. See English Interregnum, the current COTW. Talk page already has past COTW template. - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 20:53, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, but I asked, because why would a normal user of wikipedia be concerned whether it is the current collaboration or not? I think it is totally unnecessary to place the template on the article page when there is amble space in the talk page to place the template. thunderboltza.k.a.D e epu _ Joseph

Regionalism? ;-)
I see too many nominations on cities and states from where we hail. May be we should have more diversity in the nominations - people, places, events etc. but I am loathe to add any more rules than what are currently available. However, I leave it to the better judgement of wikipedians in choosing nominations. --Gurubrahma 08:52, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Close fight
This week's INCOTW is heading for a close fight with Delhi, Culture of India & Sholay each having 7 votes. BTW I'm curious what do we do in the event of a tie? Srik e it ( talk ¦  ✉  ) '' 04:09, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I would go by the date of nomination. In this case Delhi was nominated first. IMHO, all colloboration nominees are worthy of selection. - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 04:16, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. For the first time I have seen, the collaboration nominees are all worthy of being INCOTW. Good to see so many people actively involved in INCOTW. [[Image:Flag of India.svg|20px]]Srik e it ( talk ¦  ✉  ) '' 04:22, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I voted for Delhi after checking out the article and making a small comparison with Kolkata. This gives Delhi the lead. I agree with the general opinion here, we've got some really good potential this week (apart from India, which didn't really need a collaboration).  Noble eagle   (Talk)   04:46, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Err
Sholay should be INCOTW by the vote count. My apologies. I will make sure this does not happen again. - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 15:30, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Template on Article or Talk page?
Oleg Alexandrov has raised the issue on Wikipedia talk:Collaborations of whether the template for the current winner of a collaboration should go on the article or the talk page. You might be interested in taking part. Pruneau 00:28, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

A bit different work
I was wondering if editors would be willing to collaborate for something different that the usual. What I am talking about is the articles NOT created by User:Ganeshbot, whose listing is present in User:Ganeshbot/Not created. There is a need to update/merge the data got from these pages with the original ones. I feel that in order to make this work actually happen, it will need a collaboration, and if left by itself, the backlog will take ages to clear. This will mean days full of work on full throttle. Since this wouldn't require much thinking, work can go pretty fast. Opinions/suggestion? — Ambuj Saxena (talk) 18:44, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Count Improvement from day of Nomination?
I think the improvement to the page should be counted from the date of nomination and not from the day of selection, as some of us do not wait for an article to get nominated to improve on it. Chirag 13:35, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Economy of India
Economy of India is up for a featured article review. Detailed concerns may be found here. Please leave your comments and help us address and maintain this article's featured quality. Sandy 03:19, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Policy change
I made a policy change so that only stubs get nominated here. I watched Diwali go through multiple COTWs with no major changes. For full length articles, the WikiProject India/Peer review department would help. IMO, Ahmedabad and Nagpur should go there. The peer review department people can suggest comments, make copy edits as required. Please comment. - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 19:15, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with you but believe you should include Stubs, Start-class and B-Class articles on the assessment scale as possible Collaborations. Sometimes, an article is tiny and useless but simply not a stub.  Noble eagle   (Talk)   07:12, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Article assessment can be subjective. Using it to decide whether an article qualifies would be confusing. Each person would have a different opinion on the rating. The defintion of stub is already defined. - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 22:56, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Volunteer
While I am away, Can someone please volunteer to manage the INCOTW? - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 15:40, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I volunteer. Is there anything more to do than these things? - Aksi_great (talk - review me) 15:43, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I have updated the procedure I follow. Hope that helps. Thanks again, Ganeshk  ( talk ) 16:35, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Changing day of selection from Friday to Sunday for INCOTW
I am changing the day of selection of articles on INCOTW to Sunday. I don't know why it says Friday. Looking at the dates of selection of the past 2 moths, I observed that they have never been selected on Fridays. So I am changing it to Sunday for uniformity. I shall be selecting it on Sundays from now onwards till Ganesh returns. - Aksi_great (talk - review me) 12:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Biography
Let us know if you happen to pick an article on a person and we'll alert our members! plange 05:36, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Only stubs on INCOTW
I don't think many are aware about the policy change made by Ganesh regarding the eligibility of articles. Only stubs (up to 2 paragraphs) can now be nominated - the rest go to PR. If I apply this new rule then there won't be any candidates for INCOTW, which is really a shame. So should I let this particular nomination (AB) remain or reject the nom? - Aksi_great (talk - review me) 14:21, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Stub Only Policy is good.Chirag 17:13, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, really I (nominator of AB) was not aware of the policy. I support removal of AB.--Dwaipayan (talk) 19:37, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That's why I asked you to come here. I am not removing it yet pending comments from the old-timers. Coz if I remove this then there will not be any articles at INCOTW. It doesn't matter if it stays there for a day. - Aksi_great (talk - review me) 19:43, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I have removed Amitabh now. Didn't have the heart to see no candidates. But really we must try and bring some more people to INCOTW. - Aksi_great (talk - review me) 20:11, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

I think we should revert back to the old INCOTW policy. Peer review is very different from a collaboration. During a peer review, people will comment on the article, and one or two people get the things done. Whereas in a collaboration everybody works together. The person nominating it needn't have any particular dedication towards the article. Hence, what I suggest is that we include non-stubs as well in INCOTW. Long articles, however, can go to peer review.-- thunderboltza.k.a.D e epu Joseph 04:47, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I have changed the rules. They are now the same as before - all India-related articles can be nominated. But I still feel that articles near to FA status should not be nominated here and would be better-off at any PR. Hence, I have kept that statement. - Aksi_great (talk - review me) 16:55, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Discussion on Jana Gana, Vande Mataram, Sanskrit & Devanagari
Moved here Sarvagnya 17:18, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

INCOTW issues
Hi - a few issues and suggestions:

(1) I think the problems with INCOTW are pretty clear - a lot of the regular school of Indian Wikipedians are busy and editing less in volume, if not frequency. This problem also applies to many India-related Wikiprojects. While the "old school" of Indian Wikipedians has done valuable work, the projects need to rope in the large numbers of Indian registered users who don't frequent these noticeboards and Wikiprojects. Don't rely on INWNB posts and messages - folks really need to get messages out to individual usertalk pages. For this purpose, it would be a good, achievable project to start an INWNB/INCOTW weekly newsletter or alert.

(2) A smaller INCOTW issue may be that when 1-2 editors are interested in working on a particular article, it may be overruled by a larger number for another topic. In this process INCOTW will lose many willing editors who don't like the particular topic selected for INCOTW. Perhaps INCOTW can deal with 2-3 articles at the same time, while extending its collaboration period from 1 week to 2 weeks or so to make the deadline realistic. Adding loads of data is easy - formatting, citing and copyediting are not. You lose the momentum in the latter stages.

(3) An interesting point comes to mind. I'm guilty of never having worked on INCOTW. Its unusual because I love working in collaboration - I absolutely love assisting comrades on FA drives, doing the tedious copyediting chores, etc. I can name several articles where I've greatly enjoyed helping out. Many of the recent FAs are excellent examples where 2-3 editors have aided the principal author in achieving success. This is collaboration that works. Perhaps INCOTW could emulate this model?

(4) Don't restrict the net to Indian Wikipedians. We must work with equal enthusiasm and care with non-Indians. There is a natural sense of respect for each other at INWNB, but it should extend to all. The family, team atmosphere at INWNB is pretty cool, but it needs to be open to all. This India cartel should be transformed into an energetic group of editors interested in India-related content.

(5) Sister projects INWNB, INCOTW and India wikiprojects have many accomplishments. Although the principle of working on India-related content is clear, I think its a good idea to collaborate with the efforts of Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Sri Lankan editors. We have a lot of shared content, so its not like we're deviating. This way we can widen the team effort and attract the participation of these communities in our own efforts. I suggest we officially hook up with WikiProject Bangladesh, PNWNB. Rama's arrow 15:34, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I second the motion, though the thing is about India only. People intersted in helping WP Bangladesh or WP Bengal should join the respective WikiProject.Bakaman Bakatalk 02:25, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Nirav. I have not been doing my bit for INCOTW. Will try to pitch in more regularly from now -- Lost (talk) 05:36, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

(deindent) Good points.

(1) - The fact about old-timers getting busy is true. I recognise only 3 people from this list of original supporters. Your idea about a newsletter is good. We could create a newsletter for India related topics - summarising all events in the week (most of them are covered by the Noticeboard though). As for INCOTW I have an idea - Currently only the people who voted for the article are informed when the article gets selected at the end of the week. Maybe we could create a spamlist of people who want to be notified about all INCOTWs. Or it could be done at the Indian noticeboard. Maybe posting at the noticeboard is a good idea.

(2) Extending the time period will not serve the purpose. If you take a look at the history of INCOTW, there are some article that have undergone a large change during the 7 day period. But for some recent articles it wouldn't have made any difference if the time period was 2 weeks than 1 because no one was interested. If more people take part and nominate and support more articles, then ideally such articles would not be selected in month and would be rejected. We need to clarify the purpose of INCOTW. This has been mentioned by Gurubrahma too. The current aim of INCOTW is to collaborate together to improve articles. Aiming immediately for FA is too big a task for INCOTW. So the main job should be to expand articles and see to it that they atleast meet with standards 1b, 1c, 1d, 3 and 4 of WP:WIAFA. 1a (prose quality), 1e (stability) and 2 (MOS) can be dealt with later at a PR or an FAC.

(3) This is exactly how INCOTW is supposed to work. The only difference is that there isn't one principal author. Though ultimately there should be someone who would take the lead and deliver it to FAC.

(4) and (5) are more to do with INWNB. But in reference to INCOTW, all I can say is that collaboration is for India related articles but not limited to Indian editors. The only rule is that the article should be connected to India in some way. An example would be Indian Peace Keeping Force which primarily deals with the Sri Lankan conflict but is related to India.

- Aksi_great (talk) 14:26, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I was just looking through the past collaborations and noticed that the one with the highest votes, Sholay, had very few changes. While others with less votes have had more. The voters were all reliable Indian editors yet nothing happened to the article. I know I am guilty of not helping as I didn't have much time and spent my wikitime on other articles. But what exactly can this failure be attributed to?  Noble eagle   (Talk)   04:01, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Biography
A request, let the current article, Sudhir Phadke stay for one more week. I have just informed WikiProject Biography about this selection. Hopefully they can help out. - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 22:57, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem. Had I known about this I would have informed them much earlier. - Aksi_great (talk) 12:07, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks! - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 17:14, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Notice board for India-related topics/Newsalert
Hi all - I request your help and attention in establishing this publication. Rama's arrow 20:17, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Portal:Government of India
Portal:Government of India has been created. Please suggest your views to make it improve. Please take participation in article and list selection. Actually it will work from October 1 in full phase, so anniversary also has dated October 1. Shyam ( T / C ) 20:52, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Silence?
INCOTW doesnt seem to be moving. Is everything alright? -10:50, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The current one has been given some more time per above thread by Ganesh and Aksi -- Lost (talk) 11:15, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. That's true. The next update will be on Sunday. - Aksi_great (talk) 11:50, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thats good to know. Thanks! - Mayuresh 15:45, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

sorry for ditching, am off to a wikibreak
Sorry to ditch Indian Armed Forces, but I am off to a wikibreak. Will be back in around 2 weeks time -- Lost (talk) 09:01, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Volunteer required
I am on a wikibreak. Can someone manage INCOTW for 2-3 weeks while I am away? The procedure is quite easy and would hardly take more than 5-10 minutes. All steps are listed here. Thanks. - Aksi_great (talk) 06:32, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Aksi, I can take care of COTW until you return. Have a good wikibreak! -- Ganeshk  ( talk ) 06:17, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Sockpuppetry
and have been indef-blocked as socks of. In light of these, I think the articles nominated/voted on by these users need to be removed from INCOTW. If any other user is interested to nominate these articles, then they can go ahead. - Aksi_great (talk) 10:34, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Gandu
Could someone with more knowledge to me whether this is correct - or should be put up for deletion? Rmhermen 15:34, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Comment: Does INCOTW work?
After Tata Steel was accepted as the INCOTW it did not have any improvements by any registered editors. So my question does INCOTW actually work or is this just for show? --Parker007 02:56, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * This seems to be an inactive project, only 2 anon edits for Tata Steel after 5 days of being in Collaboration. If this project must continue it must change to 1 month. And more people should put this on their watchlist. Talk Page seems abandoned. No one responds on Talk Pages these days. --Parker007 01:35, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know what good can come out of changing the time limit to one month. If the time limit was a month, then it is possible that an article nominated by you would make it as INCOTW after 3-4 months, by which time you and others who have voted for it would have lost interest in the article. But you are correct that the general interest in INCOTW is very low these days. - Aksi_great (talk) 05:13, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Why cant we use the same system as Articles for Collaboration, where noms expires after 7 days--Parker007 06:20, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Under that system we would have a new set of articles competing every week. If we had a huge number of people interested in submitting different articles, then this system would work. But under the current situation, we are not even able to fill the maximum permitted 6 articles even though the articles stay there for a month. I think the only thing that can revive INCOTW would be a dedicated base of 2-3 users who would improve articles greatly and lead to this project turning out more FAs and GAs. This would create interest about INCOTW among the general community and lead to more people taking part. - Aksi_great (talk) 08:53, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * How does MCB collaboration works? Is it because they have dedicated users? --Parker007 19:48, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * We may have to stop the project, since it clearly doesn't work. The last INCOTW Indian Law had a total of 3 editors who had edited the article, and most of the editing was to add links and a bit of grammar fixation. Also note that the last two INCOTW had just one vote. If INCOTW doesn't substantially improve an article, then why keep it.-- Agεθ020 ( ΔT  •  ФC ) 22:46, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Good response at WP:INCOTW
The last week's Indian Collaboration of the week, Religion in India received good response, and underwent 136 intermediate revisions. This is huge, when compared to the number of revisions past few INCOTWs received (some in the range of 4 or 6 revisions).

Thanks everyone for participating in the INCOTW and help improving the article. This week's INCOTW is Education in India. Please help improving the article, and please visit WP:INCOTW so that the collaboration regains the past feats it achieved, as requested in WikiProject India Newsletter: Volume II, Issue 2 - March 2007. Regards.--Dwaipayan (talk) 15:12, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Want to nominate buniyaad for INCOTW
I wish to change my nomination and nominate Buniyaad. 68.223.117.139 (talk) 04:54, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. Buniyaad deserves more on its Wikipedia page. Chirag (talk) 16:30, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Does it work?
Is INCOTW active now? Maybe the Wikiproject Indians should be more active in keeping INCOTW alive, there are many articles in dire need of assistance. I'm willing to revive this section again, but I daresay I wont be able to do it alone, if anyone is interested please respond in my talkpage. Regards -- CSumit '  Talk '' 10:04, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Once again?
Can an article that has already been a collaboration be chosen again? The article in question is Transport in India, which I nad several others have edited, cleaned up, and would like more help in sprucing up. --Rsrikanth05 (talk) 18:04, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

WP:INCOTM
Guys, please check this new page for collaboration. Please nominate articles there. Thanks.--GDibyendu (talk) 18:06, 11 April 2009 (UTC)


text:
Conall Collamrach

Conall Collamrach, son of Eterscél Temrach, son of Eochaid Ailtlethan, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his uncle Óengus Tuirmech Temrach, and ruled for five years, until he was killed by Nia Segamain. The Lebor Gabála synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy VIII Physcon in Egypt (145–116 BC). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 232–226 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 326–320 BC.

title: Conall Collamrach