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Collins Bartholomew

Collins Bartholomew, formerly John Bartholomew and Son, is a long-established map publishing company originally based in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is now a subsidiary of HarperCollins.

History
George Bartholomew (8 January 1784 – 23 October 1871, active from 1797) worked as an engraver for Daniel Lizars Sr. in Edinburgh. His son, John Bartholomew Senior (1805–9 April 1861), began working independently in about 1826, founding the firm that bears his name. Notable work included Black's General Atlas of 1846.

John Bartholomew Junior (1831–1893) and his son John George Bartholomew (1860–1920) brought the firm to prominence as the renamed 'Edinburgh Geographical Institute'. In particular, J.G. Bartholomew made the firm a publisher of its own works, rather than a producer of maps for other firms. John (Ian) Bartholomew (1890–1962) oversaw the Times Survey Atlas of the World (1922) and later the Mid-Century Edition of the Times Atlas of the World (1955–60).

The cartographic tradition continued into a fifth family generation. John Christopher Bartholomew (1923–2008) shared his ancestors' fascination with the natural sciences, their meticulous standards and spirit of enterprise, and oversaw the publication of some of the most detailed maps of the last century, including The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World (1967). His brother Robert, who was trained in printing, soon became the production director, and another brother, Peter, who was trained in accountancy, was first appointed as managing director and later became executive chairman.

In 1989, the firm merged with the Glasgow publisher Collins, as part of the multinational HarperCollins Publishers under Rupert Murdoch's News International corporation. A range of maps and atlases are still being published today under the imprint of HarperCollins, but the name of Bartholomew survives as the trade name of HarperCollins' cartographic databases (Collins Bartholomew) based in Bishopbriggs, Glasgow. The British Isles mapping arm (formerly Geographia Ltd.) was based in Cheltenham until that office was closed in 2009 and remaining staff made redundant in 2010. Collins Geo in Bishopbriggs continues to handle world mapping, British Isles map products, and sales of geographical data.

Publications
Bartholomew was the only survivor of a number of important map publishers in Scotland, and was known for a prolific output and variety of maps and atlases for academic, commercial and travel purposes, including the popular 62-sheet Half-Inch to One Mile map series of Great Britain, which transmuted into the 1:100,000 National map series in the 1970s. It was eventually discontinued owing largely to stiff competition from the state-financed Ordnance Survey.

John Bartholomew Junior was credited with having pioneered the use of hypsometric tints or layer colouring on maps in which low ground is shown in shades of green and higher ground in shades of brown, then eventually purple and finally white. It is his son John George who is attributed with being the first to bring the name 'Antarctica' into popular use as the name for the Southern Continent, and for the adoption of red or pink as the colour for the British Empire.

The firm's first major work as a publisher was The Royal Scottish Geographical Society's Atlas of Scotland (1895), later called the Survey Atlas of Scotland, which was followed by the Survey Atlas of England and Wales (1903). In 1922, the company was responsible for the production of a major new atlas for The Times newspaper: The Times Survey Atlas of the World. This would later become The Times Comprehensive Atlas, which received a boost when a new Millennium edition was published using digital map production technology for the first time. The atlas continues to be a 'must-have' for libraries, on account of its almost unrivalled size combined with a policy of detailed updating.

Another great Bartholomew reference atlas was the Citizen's Atlas of the World, which ran through ten editions (1898–1952). Other publications include two volumes of the ambitious Physical Atlas: Meteorology (1899) and Zoogeography (1911), based on the landmark Berghaus Physikalischer Atlas.

John Bartholomew & Son Ltd officially ceased to exist when it was de-registered at Companies House in 1995. A new company using the name John Bartholomew & Son Ltd (Companies House SC194433) was registered in Scotland on 18 March 1999. It is based at Hardengreen Business Park just outside Edinburgh, and is owned by former staff.

Relocation
The company was relocated from its offices in Duncan Street, Edinburgh, in 1995 to HarperCollins’ Glasgow offices in Westerhill Road, Bishopbriggs. Many long-serving staff left at that time. The Duncan Street office in Edinburgh had been built in 1911 using the imposing Palladian façade of a former Bartholomew family home, Falcon Hall, and this now forms the frontage for a series of up-market flats created from the former offices. The works behind the offices were demolished and replaced by new blocks of flats, which were named by the builder after prominent Scottish writers who had no connection with Bartholomews or cartography. An unveiling ceremony was attended by the Princess Royal.

The departure of the company from Edinburgh after some 170 years was marked by an initiative of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and George Russell (not an employee) to arrange for the erection of a commemorative plaque with the cooperation of the last John Bartholomew.

Archives
The Maps Reading Room of the National Library of Scotland (which is located near the former Duncan Street offices) contains the extensive archives of the Bartholomew company, a product of a long and fruitful association between the two organisations. A book, still available from the company at its post-1995 address in Bishopbriggs, Glasgow (Bartholomew - 150 Years), details the history and achievements of Bartholomews’ up to the time of its 150th anniversary in 1976, not very long after the last of the copperplate engravers retired and the company started to pioneer the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and computer-generated mapping for its cartographic publishing and for the selling of map data.

Robert Gordon Bartholomew, of the sixth generation of cartographers, has extensively researched and documented the genealogy not only of his own branch of the family, but also of several other Bartholomew families. His work upholds the belief held by many Bartholomews that all Bartholomews of Scottish origin are related.

John G. Bartholomew built and inhabited "Overton House" in Ealing, London, now home of a lay centre (Benedictine Study and Arts Centre).

title: Collins Bartholomew


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User talk:Theofilatos

nothing interesting...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Theofilatos


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Buddhist liturgy

Buddhist liturgy is a formalized service of veneration and worship performed within a Buddhist Sangha community in nearly every traditional denomination and sect in the Buddhist world. It is often done one or more times a day and can vary amongst the Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana sects.

The liturgy mainly consists of chanting or reciting a sutra or passages from a sutra, a mantra (especially in Vajrayana), and several gathas. Depending on what practice the practitioner wishes to undertake, it can be done at a temple or at home. The liturgy is almost always performed in front of an object or objects of veneration and accompanied by offerings of light, incense, water and/or food.

Chinese Buddhist liturgy
The traditional Chinese Buddhist liturgy for morning chanting, evening chanting , and regularly scheduled Dharma services in the Chan and Pure Land schools combine mantras, recitation of the Buddha's name and physical and spiritual practices, such as bowing and walking meditation and vow making. Sitting meditation often occurs before or after the liturgy. A typical order for chanting at these services is:

 * 1) Refuge in the Buddha (three times)
 * 2) Incense offering praise (on certain occasions)
 * 3) Sutra Opening Verse
 * 4) Sutra Reading
 * 5) Dharani recitation
 * 6) Food offering to hungry ghosts (evening only)
 * 7) Nianfo
 * 8) Refuge in the Triple Gem
 * 9) Offering to Weituo (morning) or Qielan (evening)
 * 10) Transfer of Merits
 * 11) Meal offering dharani (morning and before noon only)
 * 12) Verses for concluding the meal
 * 13) Bowing in homage to ancestral patriarchs (on certain occasions)

Japanese Buddhist liturgy (gongyō)
In Japan, gongyo is also sometimes called o-tsutome (お勤め) or shōjin (精進). All three terms are common Japanese words and none is specific to any particular sect or school.

Origin of the word "gongyo"
The word gongyo originated in ancient China; although nowadays it is more often used in Buddhism, it first appeared in the Taoism classic Zhuang Zi. Its original meaning is "assiduous or hard and frequent walking/practice".

Chinese philosopher Zhuangzi abstracted and modified this word from an earlier classic of Taoism - Laozi's Tao Te Ching, in which it states:“上士闻道，勤而行之”, which means taking effort and practicing. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the buddhist philosophy developed dramatically in central China, and was influenced by Taoism. Chinese Buddhist philosophers borrowed this word from Taoism classics, and it spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam with Buddhism.

Pure Land Buddhism
The concept of gongyō is also common in Japanese Pure Land Buddhist schools such as Jodo Shu and Jodo Shinshu. The central practice of these schools is the recitation of the name of Amida, also called the nembutsu, but in daily practice a Pure Land practitioner will also chant excerpts of the Larger Sutra of Immeasurable Life, particular the sections titled the Sanbutsuge or the Juseige, and in some temples chanting the entire Smaller Sutra of Immeasurable Life may occur once daily or alternatively only on more formal occasions.

In larger Pure Land temples, the daily service is performed by priests or ministers, and lay people can optionally attend and recite along if they wish. The times for these services will vary depending on the individual branch, and individual temple.

In traditional Jodo Shinshu Buddhism, lay practitioners may also chant a hymn written by Shinran called the Shoshinge, which is not a sutra per se, but expounds the lineage with which Jodo Shinshu owes its beliefs. A shorter hymn called the Junirai, the Twelve Praises of Amida, can be used as well.

In Jodo Shu, the nembutsu (Namu Amida Butsu) is often recited is specific format:
 * Junen: The nembutsu is recited 8 times in one breath, without the final 'tsu' sound, then recited fully in one breath, and recited a final time without the 'tsu' sound again. This is 10 recitations total
 * Nembutsu Ichie: The nembutsu is repeated as many times as the practitioners choose to.
 * Sanshorai: The nembutsu is recited 3 times in a long, drawn-out fashion, after which the practitioner bows. This process is repeated twice more for a total of 9 recitations.

Shingon Buddhism
The gongyo of Shingon Buddhism differs amongst various sub-sects, but all of them mainly recite the Hannya Shingyo, the mantras of the Thirteen Buddhas and other mantras, the Light Mantra, and the gohogo; the saintly name of Kukai. In addition, recitation of other texts such as the Prajanaparamita-naya Sutra (Rishukyo), the Samantamukha chapter of the Lotus Sutra, longer mantras, and praises in mantra form are common in temples where priests reside. Gongyo is important for lay Shingon Buddhists to follow since the practice emphasizes meditation of the body, speech and mind of a buddha.

Nichiren Buddhism
Nichiren Buddhists perform a form of gongyo that consists of reciting certain passages of the Lotus Sutra and chanting daimoku. The format of gongyo varies by denomination and sect. Some, like Nichiren Shoshu and Nichiren Shu, have a prescribed formula which is longheld in their practice, while others such as the Soka Gakkai International variedly change their gongyo formats depending on modernity, the most recent being the 2015 edition of their liturgy format.

Soka Gakkai International
In the Soka Gakkai International (SGI), gongyo is performed to "return to the very foundation of our lives" and "draw wisdom" from inherent Buddha nature, and achieves "the fusion or reality and wisdom"

Nichiren established no formal procedure for gongyo other than the recitation of the 2nd and 16th chapters of the Lotus Sutra, and at times even just the verse section of the 16th chapter. Hence the format had changed from time to time through the centuries. At the time the Soka Gakkai came into being, Nichiren Buddhist laity were not expected to do gongyo themselves; priests did it on their behalf. The first two presidents of the Soka Gakkai, Tsunesaburo Makiguchi and Josei Toda, taught members "not to hire priests to chant, as had long been customary, but to chant for themselves, a change they found both disarming and empowering"

The current format has evolved over the years. Originally, it followed the format of Nichiren Shoshu. In the 1970s, silent prayers were added for the success of the Soka Gakkai itself, and in memory of its first two deceased presidents, in addition to prayers for Nichiren and his disciple Nikko. Currently, after the recitation of the 2nd chapter and the verse section of the 16th chapter, daimoku is chanted for as long as desired, after which all the silent prayers are recited to conclude gongyo. The SGI's version of sutra recitation takes approximately 5 minutes, leaving more time for the primary practice of chanting Nam-myoho-renge-kyo. As of 2015, the silent prayers currently are: gratitude to the Gohonzon, to Nichiren, and to his immediate successor Nikko; appreciation for the three founding presidents of the organization; a prayer for the fulfillment of the great vow for worldwide kosen-rufu, for the human revolution and attainment of goals of the practitioner, and for the deceased; and finally for the happiness of all living beings. It is emphasized by the Soka Gakkai, however, that more important than the wording of the prayers is the practitioner's heartfelt intent in doing gongyo and expressing his or her appreciation and desires.

Nichiren Shu
Nichiren Shu has many types of gongyo a person can perform. One example of family service procedure is as follows:

 * 1) Invocation (Invitation to the Buddha, Dharma and Samgha to be present at this service)
 * 2) Kaikyo-ge (Opening Canon)
 * 3) Lotus Sutra Ch. 2 Hoben-pon
 * 4) Lotus Sutra Ch. 16 Juryo-hon (Jiga-ge)
 * 5) Chanting Odaimoku Namu Myoho Renge Kyo
 * 6) Lotus Sutra last part of Ch. 11 Hoto-ge (The difficulty in keeping this Sutra)
 * 7) Prayer
 * 8) Four Great Vows:
 * Sentient beings are innumerable; I vow to save them all.
 * Our evil desires are inexhaustible; I vow to quench them all.
 * The Buddha's teachings are immeasurable; I vow to study them all.
 * The way of the Buddha is unexcelled; I vow to attain the path sublime.

 * Chapter 2 (Hoben-pon) and Chapter 16 (Juryo-hon) are recited the most frequently;
 * Chapter 12 Daibadatta-hon,
 * Chapter 16 in its entirety
 * Chapter 21 Jinriki-hon (whole or from "Shobukkusesha") or
 * Chapter 25 Kannon-gyo.

Recitation of the Lotus Sutra can be performed in Shindoku or one's own preferred language.

There is additional form of gongyo performed by Nichiren Shu practitioners at homes and in temples in which the entire Lotus Sutra is recited over the course of 32 days.

Nichiren Shoshu
The Buddhist service of “Gon-Gyo” (勤 行, Persevering Action) is the basic supplemental service of Hokkeko believers. In the Head Temple of the sect, it is conducted first as the Ushitora Gongyo at the Dai Kyakuden (Grand Reception Hall), among other places throughout the Head Temple. In the past centuries, the service was performed in five different locations:

 * Facing the Sunrise direction
 * Facing the Mieido
 * Facing the Gohozo
 * Facing the Kyakuden
 * Facing the Mutsubo

The sect, along with the other Fuji sects in the area followed the custom of reciting the Sutra chapters according to what Nichiren himself once did:

 * Junyoze — Reciting the prose (散 文, “Sanbun”) of Chapter 2
 * Seoge — Reciting the verse (自 我 偈, “Jigage”) of Chapter 2
 * Chogyo — Reciting the prose (“Sanbun”) of Chapter 16
 * Nyorai Juryo — Reciting the verse (“Jigage”) of Chapter 16

During the 1930s, the Gongyo service was shortened to a single format, initiated by religious convert Tsunesaburo Makiguchi and was approved by 57th High Priest Nissho Shonin. Today, some Nichiren Sects in the Mount Fuji area recite the full four versions of the 2nd and 16th Chapter of the Lotus Sutra.

Current practice
At present, Gongyo is performed twice daily, upon rising and before retiring ("Often translated as morning and evening gongyo"). Its recitations of the Lotus Sutra are composed of the following:
 * The prose section of the second chapter
 * The prose and verse section of the 16th chapter (2nd recitation only)
 * The verse section of the 16th chapter.
 * Prolonged Hiki-Daimoku with five or three silent prayers.

In total, the following format is observed: These five morning and three “silent prayers” style (五 座 三 座, Goza-Sanza) for the purpose of the following:
 * Five sutra recitations are made each morning (silent prayers 1-5).
 * Three sutra recitations are made each evening (silent prayers 2,3,5).

 * 1) Protection from the Buddhist gods (Shoten Zenjin)
 * 2) Prayer to the Dai Gohonzon
 * 3) Prayer for lineage or the priesthood
 * 4) Conversion of the Emperor of Japan and widespread propagation.
 * 5) Prayers for the dead ancestors.

Members of the sect may only use Juzu prayer beads with pure white cords and white Pom-Pom ornaments, having been consecrated by a Nichiren Shoshu priest at a local temple, while Nichiren Shoshu priests use an additional set of Juzu prayer beads with white string tassels.

The brief rubbing of Juzu prayer beads is permitted in the beginning of ceremonies, but the habit of constant rubbing throughout ceremonies is deemed immodest and is prohibited during both Gongyo and Shodai (prolonged chanting).

title: Buddhist liturgy


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Talk:Long-distance relationship

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 20 August 2020 and 11 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Chefmary01. Peer reviewers: Bua327.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:49, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
this is an "article"?? HAave you SEEN what Missing Each Other Greatly links to? that tells you all you need to know about whether this thing should be considered encyclopedic -- where are the admins?

This will help: www.twitter.com/LDRTweets —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.140.66.91 (talk) 19:54, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

What is the point of this page? It doesn't say anything that isn't obvious. dpen2000 22:21, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, but think it has some potential to expand into a more interesting article. Perhaps it might talk about the increasing prevelance of long-distance relationships throughout history or cite some famous examples.  For now it's just a stubby definition, not exciting but useful for someone who had never heard the term before. --Jwanders 09:05, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm with you on the potential bit, but -- well, frankly I was surprised to find an entry, since the whole of the phrase really does equal the sum of its parts. --♥ «Charles A. L.» 19:49, May 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think this should either be signifidently improved upon, or deleted.

An idea for strengthening the page
This article could be strengthened with some statistical information of the chance of success of a long distance relationship. I assume many will visit this page seeking that sort of information before pursuing a long distance relationship.

=
=============================

Long distance relationships survive like all other relationships: communication and shared experience.

=
======================================================================================================================================== Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have found several research papers that may help improve the existing page! Feel free to have a look!

Baldassar, L. (2007). Transnational families and the provision of moral and emotional support: The relationship between truth and distance. Identities: global studies in culture and power, 14(4), 385-409.

Boccagni, P. (2012). Practising motherhood at a distance: Retention and loss in Ecuadorian transnational families. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(2), 261-277.

Cao, X. (2013). Connecting families across time zones. In Connecting Families (pp. 127-139). Springer, London.

Johnson, A. J., Haigh, M. M., Becker, J. A., Craig, E. A., & Wigley, S. (2008). College students’ use of relational management strategies in email in long-distance and geographically close relationships. Journal of Computer-mediated communication, 13(2), 381-404.

Kelmer, G., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S., & Markman, H. J. (2013). Relationship quality, commitment, and stability in long‐distance relationships. Family process, 52(2), 257-270.

Mazzucato, V., & Schans, D. (2011). Transnational families and the well‐being of children: Conceptual and methodological challenges. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(4), 704-712.

Pistole, M. C., Roberts, A., & Chapman, M. L. (2010). Attachment, relationship maintenance, and stress in long distance and geographically close romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(4), 535-552.

Salazar Parreñas, R. (2008). Transnational fathering: Gendered conflicts, distant disciplining and emotional gaps. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 34(7), 1057-1072.

NPOV concerns and article improvement
The topic of this stub has potential, but it needs to be written with neutrality toward the subject of long-distance relationships. The tone of this stub, as it is currently written, reads like a subtle self-help guide for people who may be doubtful of long-distance relationships. For example, instead of identifying communication as essential to keeping a long-distance relationship, it would be helpful to discuss how others have used communication in these circumstances and what the results were. Statistics on issues related to long-distance relationships would help provide a factual basis for the article also.

I’ll see what I can do to improve this article. In the meantime, perhaps other editors can also take these suggestions, make their own suggestions, and expand the article. -- backburner001 06:24, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I finally added a template to this article. -- backburner001 02:55, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Yes, this is a good article, but the people that add information should do it from an unbiased veiwpoint.

 * I agree with the above posts. The most questionable part of this stub would have to be the second and third sections. I am at odds about how to expand the stub, however some of the "subtle self-help guide" things should be kept, but moved. I believe that information is applicable but not on Wikipedia. Possibly on a how-to guide on Wikihow, where information of that sort is the basis of content. I will look into statistical information jipiop

 * Something to possibly include is the social perception of LDRs-- where I am, admitting to being to a long-distance-relationship is a serious faux-pas if you're looking for student share accomodation: no-one wants to live with someone with a bad case of monomania. I've witnessed several cases of College-age people being 'so far gone', they made marriage arrangements with someone before they've even met in person. 203.14.156.193 19:44, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

I think the article looked much better about a day ago... I had added a link to my site www.waiit.com as it provides relevant, unique content that can support this article. To this could be added: gift ideas, reasons why people are in LDRs, statistics. Waiit.team (talk) 14:28, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Long-distance relationship. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090125013341/http://pewinternet.org/PPF/r/131/report_display.asp to http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/131/report_display.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090306111842/http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_College_Report.pdf to http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_College_Report.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090306111842/http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_College_Report.pdf to http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_College_Report.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090125013341/http://pewinternet.org/PPF/r/131/report_display.asp to http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/131/report_display.asp

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LDR's and short terms separations
The way the lead defines LDR's make it seem as say a couple in a committed relationship or marriage would be consider in an LDR even if just separated for a few weeks, such as say for a business trip. But a common feature of the definitions I have seen on the internet of an LDR i have read, that it's based on where each partner "lives" and thus would exclude say someone who is separated from their partner/spouse for weeks or a months for business/work but who otherwise normally lives with them. Also, the term LDR is mostly applied to unmarried couples' relationships. We should better cover the different definitions of an LDR out there and exclude shorter term separations such as for business/work unless reliable sources include those. --Notcharliechaplin (talk) 00:38, 25 December 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Social Attraction and Relationship Development
— Assignment last updated by John Krill98 (talk) 01:39, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Long-distance relationship


text:
Omaria massacre

The largest Omaria massacre took place on 23 April 1997 in the Algerian village of El Omaria near Médéa, south of Algiers. Attackers armed with knives, sabers, and guns killed 42 people - including 17 women and 3 babies - in 3 hours, mutilating and sometimes burning the bodies. A pregnant woman was cut open, and her baby hacked. The Haouch Khemisti massacre had taken place the day before. The violence provoked international condemnation of those responsible; US State Department spokesman Nicholas Burns declared that "these Islamic terrorists... deserve special criticism and condemnation by the world community for these despicable acts", while the Algerian FLN stated that "This barbarity is condemned by all religions, laws and morals of humanity."

A previous massacre had taken place at Omaria on 22 January 1997, in which 23 people were killed.

title: Omaria massacre


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Aberdeenshire (historic)

Aberdeenshire or the County of Aberdeen (Coontie o Aiberdeen, Siorrachd Obar Dheathain) is a historic county and registration county of Scotland. The area of the county, excluding the Aberdeen City council area itself, is also a lieutenancy area. The county borders Kincardineshire, Angus and Perthshire to the south, Inverness-shire and Banffshire to the west, and the North Sea to the north and east. It has a coast-line of 65 mi. The county gives its name to the modern Aberdeenshire council area, which covers a larger area than the historic county.

The area is generally hilly, and from the south-west, near the centre of Scotland, the Grampians send out various branches, mostly to the north-east.

Symbols
The coat of arms of Aberdeenshire County Council was granted in 1890. The four quarters represented the Buchan, Mar, Garioch and Strathbogie areas.

In 2023, a competition was held to choose a county flag. The result, a flag designed by local school pupils, was raised at Castle Fraser on 22 April 2023.

Constituencies
There was an Aberdeenshire constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1868. This constituency did not include the parliamentary burgh of Aberdeen, which was represented as a component of Aberdeen District of Burghs until 1832, when it was enlarged and became the Aberdeen burgh constituency. The other components of the district of burghs became components of the then new Montrose District of Burghs.

In 1868 the Aberdeenshire constituency was divided to form two new county divisions, or county constituencies, namely Eastern Aberdeenshire and Western Aberdeenshire.

In 1885 the Aberdeen burgh constituency was divided to form the burgh constituencies of Aberdeen North and Aberdeen South.

In 1918 Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire were treated as if a single county for parliamentary representation purposes, with the area of the Kincardineshire county constituency and the Aberdeenshire constituencies being divided into three new constituencies, Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire, Aberdeen and Kincardine Central and Aberdeen and Kincardine East. Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire included the whole of the former Kincardineshire constituency.

In 1950 the area of the former Kincardinshire constituency (as abolished in 1918) was merged into the then new North Angus and Mearns constituency, and the Aberdeenshire area was divided into the East Aberdeenshire constituency and the West Aberdeenshire constituency, but the boundary between these new eastern and western constituencies differed from that for the constituencies of the 1868 to 1918 period.

Boundary changes in 1955 enlarged the Aberdeenshire West constituency, and reduced the size of the Aberdeenshire East constituency.

In 1983, eight years after the local government county of Aberdeenshire was abolished, the Aberdeenshire constituencies were replaced with new constituencies.

Geography
The historic Aberdeenshire is traditionally divided into five districts:
 * Mar, mostly between the Dee and Don, which nearly covers the southern half of the county and contains Aberdeen. It is mountainous, especially Braemar, which contains the greatest mass of elevated land in the British Isles. The Dee valley has sandy soil, the Don valley loamy.
 * Formartine, between the lower Don and Ythan, has a sandy coast, which is succeeded inland by a clayey, fertile, tilled tract, and then by low hills, moors, mosses and tilled land.
 * Buchan lies north of the Ythan, and comprising the north-east of the county, is next in size to Mar, parts of the coast being bold and rocky, the interior bare, low, flat, undulating and in places peaty. On the coast, six miles (10 km) south of Peterhead, are the Bullers of Buchan – a basin in which the sea, entering by a natural arch, boils up violently in stormy weather. Buchan Ness is the most easterly point of Scotland.
 * Garioch, in the centre of the shire, comprises an undulating, loamy, fertile valley, formerly called the granary of Aberdeen.
 * Strathbogie, occupying a considerable area south of the Deveron, mostly consists of hills, moors and mosses.

The interior mountains of the Cairngorms provide the most striking of the physical features of the county:
 * Ben Macdhui, 1309 m, a magnificent mass, the second highest mountain in the United Kingdom (shared with Banffshire)
 * Braeriach 1295 m
 * Cairn Toul, 1293 m
 * Beinn a' Bhùird, 1196 m
 * Ben Avon, 1171 m
 * "Dark" Lochnagar, 1154 m
 * Cairn Eas, 1084 m,
 * Sgarsoch, 1037 m
 * Culardoch 900 m

Farther north rise the Buck of Cabrach, 722 m on the Banffshire border, Tap o' Noth, 558 m, Bennachie, 518 m, which from its central position is a landmark visible from many different parts of the county, and which is celebrated in John Imlah's song, O gin I war faur the Gadie rins, and Foudland, 466 m.

The chief rivers are the Dee, 90 mi long; the Don, 82 mi; the Ythan, 37 mi, with mussel-beds at its mouth; the Ugie, 20 mi, and the Deveron, 62 mi, partly on the boundary of Banffshire.

In 1911 the rivers abounded with salmon and trout, and the pearl mussel occurs in the Ythan and Don. A valuable pearl in the Scottish crown is said to be from the Ythan. Loch Muick, the largest of the few lakes in the county, 399 m above the sea, 2+1/2 mi long and 1/3 to 1/2 mi broad, lies some 8+1/2 mi southwest of Ballater, and has Altnagiuthasach, a royal shooting-box, near its south-western end. Loch Strathbeg, 6 mi southeast of Fraserburgh, is only separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land. There are noted chalybeate springs at Peterhead, Fraserburgh, and Pannanich near Ballater. Other lochs of note are Loch Kinord, Loch Davan, Dubh Loch, Lochnagar, Sandy Loch, Loch Callater, Loch Phadraig, Loch nan Eun and the Loch of Skene.

Geology
The greater part of the county is composed of crystalline schists belonging to the metamorphic rocks of the Eastern Highlands.

In the upper parts of the valleys of the Dee and the Don they form well-marked groups, of which the most characteristic are:
 * 1) the black schists and phyllites, with flints, and a thin band of tremolite limestone,
 * 2) the main or Blair Atholl limestone,
 * 3) the quartzite.

These divisions are folded on highly inclined or vertical axes trending north-east and south-west, and hence the same zones are repeated over a considerable area. The quartzite is generally regarded as the highest member of the series. Excellent sections showing the component strata occur in Glen Clunie and its tributary valleys above Braemar. Eastwards down the Dee and the Don and northwards across the plain of Buchan towards Rattray Head and Fraserburgh there is a development of biotite gneiss, partly of sedimentary and perhaps partly of igneous origin. A belt of slate which has been quarried for roofing purposes runs along the west border of the county from Turriff by Auchterless and the Foudland Hills towards the Tap o' Noth near Gartly. The metamorphic rocks have been invaded by igneous materials, some before, and by far the larger series after the folding of the strata.

The basic types of the former are represented by the sills of epidiorite and hornblende gneiss in Glen Muick and Glen Callater, which have been permeated by granite and pegmatite in veins and lenticles, often foliated. The later granites subsequent to the plication of the schists have a wide distribution on the Ben Macdhui and Ben Avon range, and on Lochnagar; they stretch eastwards from Ballater by Tarland to Aberdeen and north to Bennachie. Isolated masses appear at Peterhead and at Strichen.

Though consisting mainly of biotite granite, these later intrusions pass by intermediate stages into diorite, as in the area between Balmoral and the head-waters of the Gairn. The granites have been extensively quarried at Rubislaw, Peterhead and Kemnay.

Serpentinite and troctolite, the precise age of which is uncertain, occur at the Black Dog Rock north of Aberdeen, at Belhelvie and near Old Meldrum. Where the schists of sedimentary origin have been pierced by these igneous intrusions, they are charged with contact minerals such as sillimanite, cordierite, kyanite and andalusite. Cordierite-bearing rocks occur near Ellon, at the foot of Bennachie, and on the top of the Buck of Cabrach.

A banded and mottled calc-silicate hornfels occurring with the limestone at Derry Falls, west-northwest of Braemar, has yielded malacolite, wollastonite, brown idocrase, garnet, sphene and hornblende.

A larger list of minerals has been obtained from an exposure of limestone and associated beds in Glen Gairn, about four miles (6 km) above the point where that river joins the Dee.

Narrow belts of Old Red Sandstone, resting unconformably on the old platform of slates and schists, have been traced from the north coast at Peterhead by Turriff to Fyvie, and also from Huntly by Gartly to Kildrummy Castle. The strata consist mainly of conglomerates and sandstones, which, at Gartly and at Rhynie, are associated with lenticular bands of andesite indicating contemporaneous volcanic action. Small outliers of conglomerate and sandstone of this age have recently been found in the course of excavations in Aberdeen.

The glacial deposits, especially in the belt bordering the coast between Aberdeen and Peterhead, furnish important evidence. The ice moved eastwards off the high ground at the head of the Dee and the Don, while the mass spreading outwards from the Moray Firth invaded the low plateau of Buchan; but at a certain stage there was a marked defection northwards parallel with the coast, as proved by the deposit of red clay north of Aberdeen. At a later date the local glaciers laid down materials on top of the red clay.

The committee appointed by the British Association proved that the Greensand, which has yielded a large suite of Cretaceous fossils at Moreseat, in the parish of Cruden, occurs in glacial drift, resting probably on granite. The strata from which the Moreseat fossils were derived are not now found in place in that part of Scotland, but Mr Jukes Brown considers that the horizon of the fossils is that of the lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight or the Aptien stage of France. Chalk flints are widely distributed in the drift between Fyvie and the east coast of Buchan. At Plaidy a patch of clay with Liassic fossils occurs. At several localities between Logie Coldstone and Dinnet a deposit of diatomite (Kieselguhr) occurs beneath the peat.

Flora and fauna
The tops of the highest mountains have an Arctic flora. At the royal lodge on Loch Muick, 411 m above the sea, grow larches, vegetables, currants, laurels, roses, etc. Some ash-trees, 1 to 1.5 m (4 or 5 ft) in girth, grow at 400 m above the sea. Trees, especially Scotch fir and larch, grow well, and Braemar has plentiful natural timber, said to surpass any in the north of Europe. Stumps of Scotch fir and oak found in peat sometimes far exceed any now growing in size.

Moles occur at 550 m above the sea, and squirrels at 450 m. Grouse, partridges and hares abound, and rabbits are often numerous. Red deer abound in Braemar, which in 1911 had the most extensive deer forest in Scotland.

Agriculture
Except in the mountainous districts, Aberdeenshire has a comparatively mild climate, owing to the proximity of much of the shire to the sea. The mean annual temperature at Braemar reaches 6 °C, and that at Aberdeen 8 °C. The mean yearly rainfall varies from about 750 to 950 mm. In summer the upper Dee and Don valleys provide the driest and most bracing climate in the British Isles, and grain grows cultivated up to 500 m above the sea, or 100 to 150 m higher than elsewhere in North Britain. Poor, gravelly, clayey and peaty soils prevail, but tile-draining, bones and guano, and the best methods of modern tillage, greatly increased the produce.

Indeed, in 1911, no part of Scotland had a more productive soil developed out of such unpromising material. Farm-houses and steadings have much improved, and the best agricultural implements and machines get widespread use. About two-thirds of the population depend entirely on agriculture. Farms are small compared with those in the south-eastern counties. Oats form the predominant crop, wheat has practically gone out of cultivation, but barley has largely increased.

The most distinctive industry in 1911 was cattle-feeding. Aberdeenshire fattens a great number of the home-bred crosses for the London and local markets, and imports Irish animals on an extensive scale for the same purpose, while an exceedingly heavy trade in dead meat for London and the south occurs all over the county. Farmers also raise sheep, horses and pigs in large numbers.

Since the encyclopedia article was published in 1911, there have been significant changes. Few Irish cattle now come in, the area is still famed for cattle, more commonly continental breeds, with most slaughtered in Scotland, and in particular a good local abattoir capacity. Spring Barley is the predominant crop, and in lowland Winter Wheat, Oil Seed Rape & Potatoes would be more common than oats. There is also a significant area of carrots grown. With no slaughter capacity in Scotland the pig industry is diminishing but still a very important part of the North East economy. Farm sizes are perhaps still relatively smaller than UK but there are some significant agribusinesses in Aberdeenshire. Few farmers raise horses, though horses are more common, kept by private owners & specialists, than in any other area of Scotland.

Fisheries
In 1911 a large fishing population in villages along the coast engage in the white and herring fishery, fostering the next most important industry to agriculture.

Aberdeenshire fishing developed almost exclusively due to the introduction of steam trawlers. In 1911 the total value of the annual catch, of which between a half and a third consists of herrings, amounts to £1,000,000.

In 1911 the industry produced both speldings (salted and rock-dried haddocks) and finnans (smoked haddocks). The ports and creeks belong to the fishery districts of Peterhead, Fraserburgh and Aberdeen, the last of which includes also three Kincardineshire ports. The herring season for Aberdeen, Peterhead and Fraserburgh lasts from June to September, at which time the ports become crowded with boats from other Scottish districts. Valuable salmon-fishings exist – rod, net and stake-net – on the Dee, Don, Ythan and Ugie.

In 1911 the average annual despatch of salmon from Aberdeenshire comprises about 400 long ton.

Other industries
Manufactures mainly cluster in or near Aberdeen, but throughout the rural districts one finds much milling of corn, brick and tile making, smith-work, brewing and distilling, cart and farm-implement making, casting and drying of peat, and timber-felling, especially on Deeside and Donside, for pit-props, railway sleepers, laths and barrel staves. A number of paper-making establishments operate, most of them on the Don near Aberdeen.

In 1911 the chief mineral wealth comes from the noted durable granite, quarried at Aberdeen, Kemnay, Peterhead and elsewhere including for causewaying stones. Sandstone and other rocks are also quarried at different parts. The shire imports mostly coal, lime, timber, iron, slate, raw materials for the textile manufactures, wheat, cattle-feeding stuffs, bones, guano, sugar, alcoholic liquors, fruits. The exports include granite (rough-dressed and polished), flax, woollen and cotton goods, paper, combs, preserved provisions, oats, barley, and live and dead cattle.

In last quarter of the 20th Century and into the 21st the North Sea oil industry was to become a large employer and overseas revenue earner. Much of the industry's onshore facilities are based in Aberdeen.

Transport
On the south, Aberdeen has rail links with Stonehaven, Montrose and Dundee, and to the north-west a line runs to Inverness via Huntly, Keith and Elgin.

Branch lines from various points used to run to several smaller towns, e.g. from Aberdeen to Ballater by Deeside, from Aberdeen to Fraserburgh (with a branch at Maud for Peterhead and at Ellon for Cruden Bay and Boddam), from Kintore to Alford, and from Inverurie to Old Meldrum and also to Macduff. These lines all closed, largely as a result of the Beeching Axe in the 1960s, they now serve as local pathways or bicycle tracks.

By sea Aberdeenshire has regular communication with the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands.

The highest of the macadamized roads crossing the eastern Grampians rises to a point 2200 ft above sea-level.

Over the 20th Century road and air communications have improved. Aberdeen Airport is an international airport, located at Dyce, a suburb of Aberdeen, approximately 5 NM north-west of Aberdeen city centre. A total of nearly 3.5 million passengers used the airport in 2015, a fall of 6.8% compared with 2014.

Population and government
In 1801 the population numbered 284,036 and in 1901 304,439 (of whom 159,603 were females), or 154 persons to the square mile (59/km2). In 1901 Aberdeenshire had 8 persons who spoke Gaelic only, and 1333 who spoke Gaelic and English. The chief towns include Aberdeen (population in 1901, 153,503), Bucksburn (2231), Fraserburgh (9105), Huntly (4136), Inverurie (3624), Peterhead (11,794), Turriff (2273). The county total was 137, 962 in 1971.

In 1911 the Supreme Court of Justiciary sat in Aberdeen to try cases from the counties of Aberdeen, Banff and Kincardine. The three counties are under a sheriff, and two sheriffs-substitute reside in Aberdeen, and also sat at Fraserburgh, Huntly, Peterhead and Turriff. The sheriff courts occurred in Aberdeen and Peterhead.

The higher branches of education have always been thoroughly taught in the schools throughout the shire, and pupils have long been in the habit of going directly from the schools to the university.

According to the 1911 Encyclopædia, Aberdeenshire people have a quick, sharp, rather angry accent. The local Scots dialect, affectionately known as the Doric, appears broad, and rich in diminutives, and is noted for the use of /i/ in bane and stane and muin but /wi/ before /g/ and /k/ in guid and cuit etc., the /f/ realisation of wh, /d/ for medial th /ð/ etc. As recently as 1830 Gaelic provided the fireside language of almost every family in Braemar, but by the start of the 20th century was little used.

History
The country later forming the shires of Aberdeen and Banff once served as home to the northern Picts, whom Ptolemy called Taixall, dubbing the territory Taixalon. Their town of Devana, once supposed to be the modern Aberdeen, has been identified by John Stuart with a site in the parish of Peterculter, where there are remains of an ancient camp at Normandykes, and by William Forbes Skene with a station on Loch Davan, west of Aboyne. Roman Camps have also been discovered on the upper Ythan and Deveron, but evidence of effective Roman occupation is still to seek. Traces of the native inhabitants, however, occur much more frequently. Weems or earth-houses occur fairly commonly in the west. Relics of crannogs or lake-dwellings exist at Loch Kinord, five miles (8 km) northeast of Ballater, at Loch Goul in the parish of New Machar and elsewhere. Duns or forts occur on hills at Dunecht, where the dun encloses an area of two acres (8,000 m2), Barra near Old Meldrum, Tap o' Noth, Dunnideer near Insch and other places. Monoliths, standing stones and "druidical" circles of the pagan period abound, as do many examples of the sculptured stones of the early Christian epoch.

Efforts to convert the Picts started with Teman in the 5th century, and continued with Columba (who founded a monastery at Old Deer), Drostan, Maluog, and Machar, lasting results emerged only slowly. Indeed, dissensions within the Columban church and the expulsion of the clergy from Pictland by the Pictish king Nectan in the 8th century undid most of the progress that missionaries had made. The Vikings and Danes periodically raided the coast, but after Macbeth ascended the throne of Scotland in 1040, the Orkney men, under the guidance of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, refrained from further trouble in the north-east. Macbeth was afterwards slain at Lumphanan (1057), a cairn on Perkhill marking the spot.

The influence of the Norman Conquest of England made itself felt even in Aberdeenshire. Along with numerous Anglo-Saxon exiles, there also settled in the country Flemings who introduced various industries, Saxons who brought farming, and Scandinavians who taught nautical skill. The Celts revolted more than once, but Malcolm Canmore and his successors crushed them and confiscated their lands. In the reign of Alexander I (ruled 1107–1124) mention first appears of Aberdeen (originally called Abordon and, in the Norse sagas, Apardion), which received its charter from William the Lion in 1179, by which date its burgesses had already combined with those of Banff, Elgin, Inverness and other trans-Grampian communities to form a free Hanse, under which they enjoyed exceptional trading privileges. By this time, too, the Church had extended its organisation, establishing the bishopric of Aberdeen in 1150.

In the 12th and 13th centuries some of the great Aberdeenshire families arose, including the earl of Mar (c. 1122), the Leslies, Freskins (ancestors of the dukes of Sutherland), Durwards, Bysets, Comyns and Cheynes; significantly, in most cases their founders had immigrated to the district.

The Celtic thanes and their retainers slowly fused with the settlers. They declined to take advantage of the disturbed condition of the country during the wars of the Scots independence, and made common cause with the bulk of the nation.

Though John Comyn (d. 1300?), one of the competitors for the throne, had considerable interests in the shire, his claim received locally little support. In 1296 Edward I made a triumphal march to the north to terrorise the more turbulent nobles. Next year William Wallace surprised the English garrison in Aberdeen, but failed to capture the castle. In 1303 Edward again visited the county, halting at the Castle of Kildrummy, then in the possession of Robert Bruce, who shortly afterwards became the acknowledged leader of the Scots and made Aberdeen his headquarters for several months. Despite the seizure of Kildrummy Castle by the English in 1306, Bruce's prospects brightened from 1308, when he defeated John Comyn, earl of Buchan (died 1313?), at Inverurie.

For a hundred years after Robert Bruce's death (1329) intermittent anarchy occurred in the shire. The English burned Aberdeen itself in 1336, and the re-settlement of the districts of Buchan and Strathbogie occasioned constant quarrels on the part of the dispossessed. Moreover, the crown had embroiled itself with some of the Highland chieftains, whose independence it sought to abolish. This policy culminated in the invasion of Aberdeenshire by Donald, Lord of the Isles, who, however, suffered defeat at Harlaw, near Inverurie, at the hands of the Earl of Mar in 1411.

In the 15th century two further leading county families emerged: Sir Alexander Forbes becoming Lord Forbes about 1442, and Sir Alexander Seton, Lord Gordon in 1437 and Earl of Huntly in 1445. Bitter feuds raged between these families for a long period, but the Gordons reached the height of their power in the first half of the 16th century, when their domains, already vast, were enhanced by the acquisition, through marriage, of the Earldom of Sutherland (1514).

Meanwhile, commerce with the Low Countries, Poland and the Baltic had grown apace, Campvere (Veere in Dutch), near Flushing (Vlissingen) in the Netherlands, becoming the emporium of the Scottish traders, while education was fostered by the foundation of King's College, Aberdeen in 1497 (Marischal College followed a century later). At the Reformation so little intuition had the clergy of the drift of opinion that at the very time that religious structures were being despoiled in the south, the building and decoration of churches went on in the shire. Protestantism came in without much tumult, though rioting took place in Aberdeen and St. Machar's Cathedral in the city suffered damage. The Earl of Huntly offered some resistance, on behalf of the Catholics, to the influence of James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, who was regent during the reign of James VI, but was defeated and killed at Corrichie on the Hill of Fare in 1562.

As years passed it became apparent that Presbyterianism gained less generally support than Episcopacy, of which system Aberdeenshire remained for generations the stronghold in Scotland.

Another crisis in ecclesiastical affairs arose in 1638, when the authorities ordered subscription to the National Covenant. Aberdeenshire responded so grudgingly to this demand that James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose visited the shire in the following year to enforce acceptance. The Cavaliers, not being disposed to yield, dispersed an armed gathering of Covenanters in the affair called the Trot of Turriff (1639), shedding the first blood of the civil war. The Covenanters obtained the upper hand in a few weeks, when Montrose appeared at the Bridge of Dee and compelled the surrender of Aberdeen, which had no choice but to cast in its lot with the victors.

Montrose, however, soon changed sides, and after defeating the Covenanters under Lord Balfour of Burleigh (1644), delivered the city to rapine. He worsted the Covenanters again after a stiff fight on 2 July 1645, at Alford, a village in the beautiful Howe of Alford. Peace was temporarily restored on the "engagement" of the Scots commissioners to assist Charles I.

Aberdeen welcomed Charles II on his return from the Netherlands in 1650, but in little more than a year General George Monck entered the city at the head of the Cromwellian regiments. The English garrison remained until 1659, but the following year Aberdeenshire effusively hailed the Restoration, and prelacy once more went into the ascendant. Most of the Presbyterians conformed, but the Quakers, more numerous in the shire and the adjoining county of Kincardineshire than anywhere else in Scotland, suffered systematic persecution.

After the Glorious Revolution (1688) episcopacy passed under a cloud, but the clergy, yielding to force majeure, gradually accepted the inevitable, hoping, as long as Queen Anne lived, that prelacy might yet become the national form of Church government. Her death dissipated these dreams, and as George I, her successor, was antipathetic to the clergy, it happened that Jacobitism and episcopalianism came to be regarded in the shire as identical, though the non-jurors as a body never countenanced rebellion.

On 6 September 1715 the Earl of Mar raised the standard of revolt in Braemar; a fortnight later James Francis Edward Stuart was proclaimed at Aberdeen cross; the Pretender landed at Peterhead on 22 December, and in February 1716 he was back again in France. The collapse of the first rising ruined many of the lairds, and when the second rebellion occurred thirty years afterwards the county in the main remained apathetic, though the insurgents held Aberdeen for five months, and Lord Lewis Gordon won a trifling victory for Prince Charles Edward Stuart at Inverurie (23 December 1745). The Duke of Cumberland relieved Aberdeen at the end of February 1746, and by April the Young Pretender had become a fugitive.

Thereafter the people devoted themselves to agriculture, industry and commerce, which developed by leaps and bounds, and, along with equally remarkable progress in education, transformed the aspect of the shire and made the community as a whole one of the most prosperous in Scotland.

Between 1890 and 1975, Aberdeenshire was one of the administrative counties of Scotland, governed by a county council. In 1900, the county town of Aberdeen became a county of a city and was thus removed from the administrative county. In 1975 the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 reorganised local administration in Scotland into a two-tier system of regions and districts. The administrative counties of Aberdeenshire, the City of Aberdeen, Banffshire, Kincardineshire and most of Morayshire were merged to form Grampian Region, with the area of county being divided between the districts of City of Aberdeen, Banff and Buchan, Gordon and Kincardine and Deeside for administration. Aberdeen County Council was based at County Buildings in Union Terrace, Aberdeen.

In 1996 Scottish local government system was reorganised a second time to form a single tier of unitary council areas. The name was revived in local government for the council area of Aberdeenshire, which has vastly different boundaries.

Towns and villages

 * Aberdeen
 * Aboyne
 * Alford
 * Auchnagatt
 * Ballater
 * Balmedie
 * Barthol Chapel
 * Belhelvie
 * Bieldside
 * Blackburn
 * Boddam
 * Boyndie
 * Braegarie
 * Braemar
 * Braeside
 * Bridge of Alford
 * Bridge of Don
 * Broomhill
 * Buchanhaven
 * Cabrach
 * Cairnbulg
 * Clatt
 * Collieston
 * Cornhill
 * Craigiebuckler
 * Crimond
 * Cruden Bay
 * Crudie
 * Cults
 * Cuminestown
 * Cummings Park
 * Danestone
 * Daviot
 * Dinnet
 * Dunecht
 * Dyce
 * Echt
 * Ellon
 * Ferrydee
 * Fetterangus
 * Finzean
 * Footdee
 * Foresterhill
 * Fraserburgh
 * Fyvie
 * Garthdee
 * Gartly
 * Hatton
 * Hatton of Fintray
 * Hazlehead
 * Heugh Head
 * Hilton
 * Huntly
 * Insch
 * Inverallochy
 * Inverugie
 * Kaimhill
 * Keig
 * Kemnay
 * Kennethmont
 * Kincardine O'Neil
 * Kingseat
 * Kingswells
 * Kintore
 * Kirkton of Bourtie
 * Kirkton of Skene
 * Little Lynturk
 * Logie Coldstone
 * Longhaven
 * Longside
 * Lonmay
 * Lumphanan
 * Lumsden
 * Lyne of Skene
 * Mannofield
 * Mastrick
 * Maud
 * Memsie
 * Methlick
 * Midstocket
 * Milltimber
 * Mintlaw
 * Monymusk
 * Muir of Fowlis
 * New Byth
 * Newburgh
 * New Deer
 * New Leeds
 * New Pitsligo
 * Newmachar
 * Northfield
 * Old Deer
 * Oldmeldrum
 * Old Rayne
 * Peterculter
 * Peterhead
 * Pitmedden
 * Pittulie
 * Port Elphinstone
 * Potterton
 * Rhynie
 * Rosehearty
 * Rosemount
 * Rothienorman
 * Rubislaw
 * Ruthven
 * St. Comb's
 * St Fergus
 * Stoneywood
 * Strathdon
 * Strichen
 * Stuartfield
 * Tarland
 * Tarves
 * Tillydrone
 * Torphins
 * Turriff
 * Tyrie
 * Udny Green
 * West End
 * Westhill
 * Whiteford
 * Woodside

title: Aberdeenshire (historic)


text:
Bruce Feirstein

Bruce Feirstein (born 1956) is an American screenwriter and humorist, best known for his contributions to the James Bond series and his best-selling humor books, including Real Men Don't Eat Quiche and Nice Guys Sleep Alone. Real Men Don't Eat Quiche was on The New York Times Best Seller List for 53 weeks.

Early life and education
Feirstein was born in Maplewood, New Jersey. While in high school, Feirstein had a job changing the lightbulbs on the runways at Newark Airport. Feirstein attended Boston University, where he was the managing editor for the student newspaper, The Daily Free Press.

Career
After graduation, he worked as an advertising copywriter, winning 11 Clio Awards, and three One Show Gold Pencils for his work on corporate and political advertising campaigns, for clients including BMW, FedEx, Michael Dukakis, and Sony.

He then became a freelance writer for many publications, including The New York Times Magazine (where he substituted for Russell Baker), The New Republic, New York, The Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, The New Yorker, The East Hampton Star, and Playboy.

He was a contributing editor at Spy, worked for Howell Raines writing editorials for The New York Times, and has written the (largely) humorous "New Yorker's Diary" for The New York Observer since 1994. He has been a contributing editor at Vanity Fair since 1995, and a columnist at Strategy+Business magazine since 2000. His work has also appeared online at Salon.com and Inside.com.

In television, Feirstein worked very briefly on Saturday Night Live, was an on-air contributor to ABC's Days End, and was nominated for a CableACE Award for his one-act HBO play The Best Legs in the Eighth Grade, starring Tim Matheson and Jim Belushi. He was also the story editor on the Fox series Mr. President, starring George C. Scott and produced by Johnny Carson. He has appeared (as himself) in documentaries about the 1980s, the "Hollywood Award Season", James Bond, and Pierce Brosnan.

Feirstein has also appeared as an on-air political commentator for CNBC and Fox News, and has been interviewed on The Today Show and Good Morning America.

Besides the James Bond series, Feirstein has also worked (uncredited) on screenplays for Will Smith, Bruce Willis, John Travolta, and Julia Roberts, along with the directors John Woo and John McTiernan. He appeared as himself in the 1992 feature film Naked in New York, directed by Daniel Algrant.

In 2007, while continuing to write screenplays in Los Angeles and contribute to Vanity Fair in New York, he began producing movies in China. His first film, 2009's Hóng hé (Red River), the story of the aftermath of the Vietnam War, opened to great critical and commercial acclaim in China. Directed by Jiarui Zhang, it stars Nick Cheung, Danny Lee, and Jingchu Zhang.

In 2008, Feirstein was named to the board of Overseers of Boston University.

James Bond
In 1995, Feirstein began working within the James Bond franchise by writing (with Jeffrey Caine) the screenplay for the film GoldenEye, with story by Michael France. Feirstein followed this up in 1997 by writing the story and the screenplay for Tomorrow Never Dies. In 1999, Feirstein co-scripted The World Is Not Enough with story writers Neal Purvis and Robert Wade.

Feirstein has also written four video games in the Bond series. In 2004, Feirstein wrote the critically acclaimed Everything or Nothing for developer and publisher Electronic Arts. More recently, Feirstein adapted the 1957 Ian Fleming novel and 1963 film From Russia with Love for a video game of the same name, utilizing the voice and likeness of Sean Connery. In 2010, Activision announced that he would contribute an original story for the next videogame in the series, Blood Stone, for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PC platforms, along with the remake of GoldenEye 007. As one of the original writers of the GoldenEye film, Feirstein's work on the new game involved updating the plot to a modern setting and in the style of Daniel Craig's interpretation of the character.

Personal life
He lives with his wife, Madeline Warren, and twin children Thomas and Elizabeth in Los Angeles. Warren is a former studio executive responsible for overseeing the production of many feature films, including My Favorite Year, Tin Cup, The Man Who Knew Too Little, and the Oscar-nominated L.A. Confidential.

Books

 * Feirstein, Bruce (1986). Nice guys sleep alone. NYC: Dell Publishing
 * Feirstein, Bruce with Bill O'Reilly (2017). Old School: Life in the Sane Lane. Holt
 * Feirstein, Bruce with Bill O'Reilly (2017). Old School: Life in the Sane Lane. Holt

Essays and reporting

 * Sir Ken Robinson.
 * Feirstein, Bruce (July 2019). The dawn of the Chinese blockbuster. Strategy+Business

title: Bruce Feirstein


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anne Sheepshanks

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge with Richard Sheepshanks. The article has been tagged for merging. Joyous 00:25, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Anne Sheepshanks
Does this pass "the test"? Anne Sheepshanks receives 8 hits on google (after duplicates are omitted). Is there something that makes this particular person more noteworthy and includable than an actor or actress in a direct-to-DVD film? GRider\talk 22:23, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * She doesn't appear to be notable for anything other than being the sister of Richard Sheepshanks, could this be merged there? --nixie 00:21, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I like nixie's idea. Merge and redirect. -R. fiend 07:46, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, Merge and redirect. HowardB 07:48, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into the Richard Sheepshanks article. Trilobite (Talk) 10:21, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge — my article actually; it was just created to expand on the eponym link for the lunar crater. Unfortunately there's not a lot of material on the internet about her. — RJH 19:16, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
De Angelis

De Angelis or de Angelis is a surname of Italian origin. Notable people with the surname include:
 * Alberto de Angelis (1885–?), Italian writer and biographer
 * Aldo DeAngelis (1931–2004), American politician
 * Alex de Angelis (born 1984), Sammarinese Grand Prix motorcycle road racer
 * Antonio T De Angelis III (born 1980), U.S. Marine, D.J., actor, preacher
 * April De Angelis (contemporary), British dramatist and playwright
 * Billy DeAngelis (born 1946), American basketball player
 * Camille DeAngelis, American novelist and travel writer
 * Carmela DeAngelis
 * Catherine D. DeAngelis, MD, editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association
 * Eleonora De Angelis (born 1967), Italian voice actress
 * Elio de Angelis (1958–1986), Italian Formula One race car driver
 * Enrico De Angelis (1920–2018), Italian singer
 * Filippo de Angelis (1792–1877), Italian Roman Catholic cardinal
 * Francesco de Angelis (sailor) (born 1960), Italian world championship sailboat racer
 * Francesco De Angelis (musician) (born 1971), Italian classical violinist
 * Frank D. DeAngelis
 * Frankie DeAngelis (born 1986), Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman
 * Gianluca De Angelis (footballer, born 1967) Italian footballer actives in 1985–2005, Serie B, C1 & C2 players
 * Gualtiero De Angelis (1899–1980), Italian voice actor
 * Guido & Maurizio De Angelis (contemporary), Italian composers and singers
 * Jason DeAngelis
 * Jerome de Angelis (1567–1623), Italian Jesuit missionary to Japan; executed by fire
 * Kristen DeAngelis, American microbiologist and environmental activist
 * Manlio De Angelis (1935–2017), Italian voice actor
 * Maximilian de Angelis (1889–1974), German general officer during World War II; POW 1945–55
 * Mike DeAngelis
 * Milo de Angelis (born 1951), Italian poet
 * Nazzareno De Angelis (1881–1962), Italian operatic bass singer
 * Perry DeAngelis (1963–2007), co-founder and executive director of NESS, co-founder of The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe
 * Roberto De Angelis (born 1959), Italian comic book artist
 * Roman De Angelis (born 2001), Canadian racing driver
 * Rosemary De Angelis (1933–2020), American stage, film, and television actress
 * Sandro DeAngelis (born 1981), Canadian gridiron football placekicker
 * Tino De Angelis (1915–2009), American confidence man and commodities trader
 * Valentina de Angelis (born 1989), American actress
 * Victoria De Angelis (born 2000), Italian bassist
 * Vittorio De Angelis (1962–2015), Italian voice actor
 * William De Angelis (born 1981), Sammarinese motorcycle racer
 * Wilma De Angelis (born 1931), Italian popular singer

title: De Angelis


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Wave-class tanker

The Wave-class tankers are a class of fast fleet tankers in service with the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. The class is tasked with providing fuel, food, fresh water, ammunition and other supplies to Royal Navy vessels around the world. There are two ships in the class, RFA Wave Knight and RFA Wave Ruler. The ships were ordered to replace the aging Ol-class tankers RFA Olna and RFA Olwen. The two vessels have seen service in a number of locations, including anti-drug and hurricane relief operations in the Caribbean Sea, anti-piracy activities around the Horn of Africa, and deterrent patrols in the South Atlantic. As of early 2022, both ships were earmarked for "extended readiness" status (i.e. uncrewed reserve).

History
A contract was placed for the vessels in 1997 with Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd (Marconi Marine VSEL). Construction of Wave Knight began in 1998 at VSEL's Barrow-in-Furness yard and the ship was launched in 2000. With the acquisition of Marconi Electronic Systems and its Marconi Marine subsidiary in 1999 British Aerospace became BAE Systems. BAE now owns VSEL in Barrow and the Yarrow and Govan shipyards on the Clyde. BAE transferred the construction of Wave Ruler to Govan in 2000 and the vessel was launched in 2001. Both vessels were commissioned in 2003.

Design
The ships have the capability to supply fuel and other liquid cargo to vessels using replenishment rigs on port and starboard beams and through a Hudson reel-type stern rig. When providing support for amphibious operations, the ships are also able to deliver fuel to dracones positioned alongside. The equipment load includes cranes (for stores handling and abeam replenishment), steering and rudder gear, thyristor-controlled winch/windlasses and double drum mooring winches. Up to 16,000 m3 of liquids and 500 m3 of general solids can be carried. In addition, reverse-osmosis equipment is fitted enabling the production of 100 m3 of drinkable water per day.

The vessels were designed with double hulls to prevent or reduce environmental pollution from oil spills if damage is sustained to the outer hull.

The ships can operate a Merlin HM1 helicopter, or other helicopters of similar size, from a hangar and flight deck at the stern. On deployments to Atlantic Patrol Task (N) they have typically embarked a Royal Navy Lynx or a United States Coast Guard helicopter.

The vessels have a standard crew of 80 Royal Fleet Auxiliary personnel with provision for a further 22 Royal Navy personnel to conduct helicopter and weapons systems operations. They carry a full medical team and sick bay and are capable of distributing 2,000 emergency relief packages in times of crisis.

Future
In June 2018 it was reported by the Brazilian press that the UK MoD had offered to sell one or both of the Wave-class tankers to Brazil. As early as 2010, BAE Systems had proposed providing Brazil with a variant of the Wave-class, tailored to meet the specific aviation, stores and personnel requirements of the Brazilian Navy.

As of June 2020, Wave Ruler was reported to be in reduced readiness but maintained in good condition and available for reactivation.

In February 2022, it was reported that both tankers would be placed in "extended readiness" (uncrewed reserve).

In June 2023, one report suggested that due to manning shortages in the RFA, both ships would be decommissioned and potentially sold abroad. However, in the same month James Cartlidge, the Minister of State, Ministry of Defence, stated that both ships were to be retained in extended readiness until 2028 with the option of potentially reactivating them if required.

title: Wave-class tanker


text:
Sameera Moussa

Sameera Moussa or Samira Musa Aly (سميرة موسى) (March 3, 1917 – August 15, 1952) was an Egyptian atomic scientist and physicist, she is the first female Egyptian nuclear physicist. Moussa held a doctorate in atomic radiation.

She hoped her work would one day lead to affordable medical treatments and the peaceful use of atomic energy. She organized the Atomic Energy for Peace Conference and sponsored a call that set an international conference under the banner "Atoms for Peace." She was the first woman to work at Cairo University.

Early life and education
Sameera was born in Egypt in Gharbia Governorate in 1917. Her mother died from cancer, and her father Moussa Ali was a famous political activist. He moved with his daughter to Cairo and invested his money in a small hotel in the El-Hussein region. At the insistence of her father, Moussa attended Kaser El-Shok primary school, one of the oldest schools in Cairo. After she completed her primary education, she joined the Banat El-Ashraf school, which was built and managed by her father.

Despite the fact that Moussa achieved high grades in her secondary education, and could have pursued a career in engineering, she insisted on joining the Faculty of Sciences at Cairo University. In 1939, Moussa obtained a BSc in radiology with first class honors after researching the effects of X-ray radiation on various materials. Dr. Moustafa Mousharafa, the first dean of the faculty, believed in his student enough to help her become a remarkable lecturer at the faculty. Afterwards, she became the first assistant professor at the same faculty, the first woman to hold a university post, and the first to have obtained a PhD in atomic radiation.

Nuclear research
Moussa believed in Atoms for Peace. She was known to say "My wish is for nuclear treatment of cancer to be as available and as cheap as Aspirin". She worked hard for this purpose and throughout her intensive research, she came up with a historic equation that would help break the atoms of cheap metals such as copper, paving the way for a cheap nuclear bomb.

Moussa organized the Atomic Energy for Peace Conference and sponsored a call for setting an international conference under the banner "Atom for Peace", where many prominent scientists were invited. The conference made a number of recommendations for setting up a committee to protect against nuclear hazards, for which she strongly advocated. Moussa also volunteered to help treat cancer patients at various hospitals especially since her mother went through a fierce battle against this disease.

Visits to the United States
Moussa received a Fulbright scholarship in Atomic Radiation and researched at the University of California, Berkeley. In recognition of her pioneering nuclear research, she was given permission to visit the secret US atomic facilities. The visit raised vehement debate in United States academic and scientific circles since she was the first non-American person to be granted that privilege.

She turned down several offers that required her to live in the United States and to be granted the American citizenship saying "Egypt, my dear homeland, is waiting for me".

Death
Before her death, Samira Moussa Aly worked at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. She was a Fulbright Fellow visiting from Fuad I University in Cairo performing cancer control research and a recipient of a grant "to engage in nuclear physics in the United States." She had also worked at the National Bureau of Standards.

Samira Moussa Aly died in a car crash near Sheridan, Wyoming on August 15, 1952 while traveling on vacation. She was riding passenger in a 1952 Buick sedan with driver Arling Orwyn Kressler, a U.S. Air Force civilian employee assigned to Washington D.C., when their car lost control and fell 54 ft into a 30 ft ravine. Both died at the scene beside U.S. Highways 14-16, 18 mi east of Clearmont, Wyoming. Arrangements were made to send her body back to Cairo by air.

Some used the circumstances of her death to allege rumors that the Israeli Mossad murdered Moussa, aided by Jewish-Egyptian actress Raqiya Ibrahim.

Awards and honors
In recognition to her efforts, she was granted many awards. Among them were:

 * 1953, when she was honored by the Egyptian Army.
 * 1981, when she was awarded the Order of Science and Arts, First Class, by then-President Anwar Sadat.
 * A laboratory at the Faculty of Science and a school in her village were named after her.
 * The Egyptian TV transmitted a serial titled The Immortal dramatizing her biography.
 * In 1998, while celebrating the Egyptian Woman Day, it was decided to establish a cultural solace in her birthplace bearing her name.
 * In 2000, a book was published covering her life and scientific contributions.

Authored works
Dr. Sameera Moussa was the first assistant professor at the school of Sciences at Cairo University and more impressively the first woman at the university to obtain a university post due to her groundbreaking PhD in atomic radiation from the 1940s. Inspired by the contribution of earlier Muslim scientists, including her teacher, Dr. Moustafa Mashrafa, Sameera began writing an article on the work done by Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in founding algebra. She also authored multiple articles that communicate the theory behind nuclear energy, its impact, and safety of their use in simpler terms. She also discussed the history of the atom and its structure, and dangers of nuclear fission technology, as well as the properties of radiation and their biological effects.

title: Sameera Moussa


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Santa Bárbara (Ribeira Grande)

Santa Bárbara  (Portuguese for Saint Barbara) is a parish in the municipality of Ribeira Grande in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 1,275, in an area of 12.84 km2. It contains the localities Chavinha, Courela, Diogo and Santa Bárbara.

title: Santa Bárbara (Ribeira Grande)


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French frigate Forbin

Forbin (D620) is a large anti-air frigate of the French Navy, lead ship of the Horizon-class frigate. Her first task is protecting aircraft carriers, capital ships or civilian ships from supersonic missile attacks; her complement of medium-range anti-air missiles allows her to support the defences of another ship under attack and avoid their saturation. She is also capable of monitoring and controlling operations carried out from the sea by friendly aircraft. Forbin is the sixth vessel of the French Navy named after the 17th century admiral Claude Forbin-Gardanne.

Building and fitting out
Construction of Forbin began in Lorient on 8 April 2002. The hull was built in 14 sections by a variety of subcontractors of DCN, including several companies from Saint-Nazaire. Each section was 7 m high, and 16 - 20 m long. Forbin was laid down on 16 January 2004; the hull sections were transferred from Saint-Nazaire to Lorient on a barge tugged by Alcyon and assembled there from February 2004 to January 2005, finishing with the bow. The engines were delivered by FiatAvio in September.

Forbin was launched on 10 March 2005, after part of the Scorff river was dredged to make it deep enough for her draught. She was towed out of her building dock by four tugboats at 16:15, taking advantage of the tide. On 28 October, Forbin entered dry dock and underwater equipment was installed, notably the sonar, propellers and rudders.

Trials were held throughout 2006. Engine tests started on 10 May, and she sailed for sea trials on 29 June. Tuning of the combat management systems was particularly problematic, setting the completion of the ship off-schedule enough for her commissioning to be delayed by several months. In late January 2007, Forbin underwent new extensive trials at sea, successfully testing her combat systems in exercises against Super Étendard and Atlantique 2 aircraft. The PAAMS was tested in late May at the Centre d'Essais des Landes. From 12 to 17, Forbin sailed to Toulon, her new home port, where her combat, detection and weapon systems were further finetuned. Forbin fired an Aster 30 at the test range of the DGA on 25 November.

First cruise
Forbin left Toulon on 3 March 2009 for her first long cruise, visiting Morocco, the United States and Canada. She carried a Panther from Squadron 36F of the Aéronavale to validate her air installations. Forbin sailed to Casablanca, and then to Rio de Janeiro. She left Brazil on 30 March, bound for Martinique, where she arrived on 21 April. and sailed on to Norfolk, Virginia and New York, arriving on 24 April. During the transit, she carried out exercises with USS Forrest Sherman (DDG-98). A visit to Halifax was cancelled. Forbin was back to France in May, where she took part in the naval parade of 8 May off Sainte-Maxime. On 25 May, she was at Abu Dhabi. In June, Forbin operated with the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) carrier group, supporting "Operation Enduring Freedom" and maritime security operations.

Second cruise
The frigate Forbin was part of the French naval task group led by the aircraft carrier FRENCH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Charles de Gaulle that departed Toulon on 30 October 2010 for a four-month deployment to the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean. and Persian Gulf. The task group commander, Rear Admiral Jean-Louis Kerignard, defined force's mission as follows:

 * The force would help allied navies fight piracy off the coast of Somalia and send jets to support NATO in the skies above Afghanistan.

Once on station, the Charles de Gaulle carrier task group joined two U.S. Navy carrier strike groups led by the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier aircraft carriers USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) and USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) operating in the Persian Gulf. Subsequently, between 7–14 January 2011, the French carrier task group led by Charles de Gaulle participated with bilateral naval exercise, code named Varuna 10, with the Indian Navy. Indian naval units participating in Varuna 10 included the Centaur-class aircraft carrier INS Viraat (R22), the Godavari-class frigates INS Godavari (F20) and INS Ganga (F22); and the Shishumar-class submarine diesel-electric submarine INS Shalki (S46). Varuna 10 was a two-phase naval exercise, with the harbor phase taking place between 7–11 January and the sea phase between 11–14 January in the Arabian Sea.

POLARIS 21
Forbin participated in the French-led POLARIS 21 exercise.

CLEMENCEAU 22
Forbin deployed as part of Clemenceau 22 led by the carrier FRENCH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Charles de Gaulle.

title: French frigate Forbin


text: Template:Sweden-bio-stub

title: Template:Sweden-bio-stub


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AdProtect

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:09, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

AdProtect
Blatant advertisement. Carrp | Talk 22:25, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, "We want publicity" spam for a product that only gets 25 Google hits on the query AdProtect Spyware Removal. --Idont Havaname 02:25, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. ✏ Oven Fresh  ²  02:26, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This article needs to be put into Wikipedia's Advertisement Removal Program. Zzyzx11 05:37, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article is devoid of any information whatsoever as far as I can tell. Probably worthy of speedying for consisting of an external link and nowt else. Trilobite (Talk) 10:16, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --webkid 20:05, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Bente, Portugal

Bente is a former civil parish in the municipality of Vila Nova de Famalicão in the Minho region, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Carreira e Bente. Its surface area is 1.30 km² and its population, in 2001, was 959.

title: Bente, Portugal


text:
British twenty-five pence coin

The British decimal twenty-five pence (25p) coin was a commemorative denomination of sterling coinage issued in four designs between 1972 and 1981. These coins were a post-decimalisation continuation of the traditional crown, with the same value of a quarter of a pound. Uniquely in British decimal coinage, the coins do not have their value stated on them. This is because previous crowns rarely did so. The British regular issue coin closest to the coin's nominal value is the twenty pence coin.

The coins were issued for commemorative purposes and were not intended for circulation, although they remain legal tender and are accepted at Post Offices. The coins weigh 28.28 g and have a diameter of 38.61 mm.

Twenty-five pence coin issues were discontinued after 1981 due to the prohibitive cost to the Royal Mint of producing such large coins with such small value. From 1990 the "crown" was revived as the commemorative five pound coin, having the same dimensions and weight but a value twenty times as great. The two can be distinguished because the five pound coin is marked with its value.

Designs
The following 25p coins were produced:

title: British twenty-five pence coin


text:
Free Fall (Dixie Dregs album)

Free Fall is the debut studio album by the Dixie Dregs, released in 1977. It was their first release on the Capricorn Records label. Three of the songs from this album ("Holiday", "Refried Funky Chicken" and "Wages of Weirdness") are re-recordings from the band's demo release The Great Spectacular (1976).

Track listing
All songs written by Steve Morse.

Personnel

 * Steve Morse – guitar, banjo, keyboards, guitar synth
 * Allen Sloan – strings, violin, viola, electric violin
 * Andy West – bass guitar
 * Stephen Davidowski – keyboards
 * Rod Morgenstein – drums, percussion

title: Free Fall (Dixie Dregs album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frumparz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:10, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

Frumparz
Not a single Google hit. – Kpalion (talk) 22:28, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I concur. Delete. DS 00:42, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No Google hits, then no Wikipedia. Zzyzx11 05:35, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Silly article. Trilobite (Talk) 10:18, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've heard of it. I wear my frumparz on the weekends all the time. Keep it.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.