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Kenneth Keating

Kenneth Barnard Keating (May 18, 1900 – May 5, 1975) was an American politician, diplomat, and judge who served as a United States Senator representing New York from 1959 until 1965. A member of the Republican Party, he also served in the United States House of Representatives, representing New York's 40th and 38th congressional districts from 1947 until 1959. Additionally, he served as a judge of the New York State Court of Appeals from 1966 until 1969 and was U.S. ambassador to India from 1969 until 1972 and Israel from 1973 until 1975.

A native of Lima, New York, Keating graduated from Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in 1915, before continuing to the University of Rochester where he graduated in 1919. He briefly became a teacher at East High School, before beginning attendance at Harvard Law School. After graduating in 1923, Keating practiced law in Rochester and became active in Republican Party politics. During World War I, Keating served with the Student Army Training Corps (SATC) at the University of Rochester. He joined the United States Army for World War II, and was commissioned as a major. He served in India as head of the U.S. office that managed the Lend-Lease Program for the China Burma India Theater and was promoted to colonel before the end of the war. Following the end of his wartime service, he continued to serve in the Organized Reserve Corps. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1948, and continued to serve until he retired in 1963.

In 1946, Keating successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. House, representing the Rochester-based 40th district. In 1952, he was redistricted to the 38th district. During his time in the house, Keating was re-elected five times and developed a reputation as a moderate on many issues, though he adopted conservative positions on the Cold War and anti-communism, as well as the fight against organized crime. In 1958, he successfully ran for a U.S. Senate seat from New York, and he served from 1959 to 1965. In the senate, Keating was an advocate of desegregation, and played a key role in breaking the filibuster that enabled passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. During the 1964 United States presidential election, he refused to endorse the conservative Republican nominee Barry Goldwater. Keating ran for re-election later that year but was defeated by Democrat Robert F. Kennedy. After leaving the senate, Keating briefly practiced law before becoming a judge of the New York Court of Appeals. He served until 1969, when he resigned to become U.S. Ambassador to India. He served as ambassador until 1972, when he resigned to campaign for the re-election of President Richard Nixon. In 1973, Nixon appointed Keating U.S. Ambassador to Israel, and Keating remained in this position until his death in 1975.

Early life
Keating was born in Lima, New York on May 18, 1900, the son of Louise (Barnard) Keating, a schoolteacher, and Thomas Mosgrove Keating, a grocer. He was tutored by his mother until age seven, when he began attending the Lima public schools as a sixth grader. He graduated from high school at age 13 and attended Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, from which he graduated in 1915 as the class valedictorian. He graduated from the University of Rochester in 1919, and was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity and Phi Beta Kappa. He taught Latin and Greek for a year at Rochester's East High School, then began attendance at Harvard Law School. He graduated in 1923, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Rochester. Keating's early forays into politics and government included service as town attorney for the town of Brighton, where he resided while practicing law in Rochester.

Military service
During World War I, Keating served in the Student Army Training Corps (SATC) at the University of Rochester, where he attained the rank of sergeant. In April, 1942 Keating joined the Army for World War II and was commissioned as a major. He served initially as chief of the assignments branch in the international division of the Army Service Forces headquarters, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in October, 1942.

In 1943, Keating was assigned to India as head of the Army Service Forces international office that administered the Lend-Lease Program for the China Burma India Theater, part of the South East Asia Command commanded by Lord Louis Mountbatten. He was promoted to colonel in February 1944 and in July 1944 he made an assessment tour of the theater's front lines with General Albert Coady Wedemeyer, Mountbatten's chief of staff, which took him to sixteen countries, including Ceylon, Burma, Indochina, and Java. Keating later served as executive assistant to Mountbatten's U.S. deputy, Lieutenant General Raymond Albert Wheeler, and was the senior American officer at the South East Asia Command's rear headquarters in India. In November 1945, Mountbatten dispatched Keating to London to provide British Parliament information on the post-war rebuilding of India. Keating closed out his wartime service as a liaison between the Army Services Forces and the British military office in Washington, D.C., and was awarded the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster and the Order of the British Empire (Officer).

Keating remained in the Organized Reserve Corps after the war, and was promoted to brigadier general in 1948. He continued to serve until retiring from the military in 1963.

U.S. House of Representatives
A Republican, Keating was a member of the New York delegation to every Republican National Convention from 1940 to 1964 with the exception of 1944, when he was overseas with the U.S. Army during World War II. On returning to the United States after the war, Keating ran successfully for a Rochester-area seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in the 1946 election. He was reelected five times, and served in the 80th, 81st, 82nd, 83rd, 84th and 85th United States Congresses (January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1959).

Keating was regarded as a liberal Republican on many issues, but adopted conservative positions on anticommunism during the Cold War and fighting organized crime. He supported the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan and sponsored an early civil rights bill. He opposed diplomatic recognition of "Red China" after the Chinese Civil War, and supported allowing the Federal Bureau of Investigation to use tactics including wiretaps on organized crime figures and suspected Communist sympathizers. As a senior member of the House Judiciary Committee, Keating was active in shepherding the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to passage. Keating also enhanced his public profile by creating a semi-monthly Rochester-area television show in which he discussed current events with government officials including fellow members of Congress, which increased his personal popularity among his House colleagues, who appreciated the opportunity to publicize their activities.

U.S. Senate
In 1958, Keating was the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate seat of the retiring Irving Ives, and defeated Democrat Frank Hogan, the New York County District Attorney. He served from January 3, 1959, to January 3, 1965 (the 86th, 87th and 88th Congresses) and was defeated for reelection in 1964 by Robert F. Kennedy. During his Senate term, Keating served on the Judiciary and Rules committees.

In 1960, Keating introduced the Twenty-Third Amendment to the United States Constitution, which allowed residents of the District of Columbia to vote in presidential elections. In 1962, before the Cuban Missile Crisis that began in October, Keating publicly cited a source who had informed him that the Soviet Union and Cuba had constructed intercontinental ballistic missile facilities in Cuba that could target the United States, and urged President John F. Kennedy to take action. After the CIA presented U-2 reconnaissance photographs of Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles in Cuba to the National Security Council, President Kennedy told his secretary Kenny O'Donnell "Ken Keating will probably be the next President of the United States." In April 1962, he joined Senator Hugh Scott of Pennsylvania in denouncing a UN resolution condemning Israeli retaliation against Syrian gun positions firing on Israeli fishermen on Lake Tiberias. They criticized the action as a form of evenhandedness that "looks like the palm of the hand for the Arabs and the back of the hand for the Israelis." He also worked with the bipartisan coalition that achieved passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 after it broke the filibuster organized by segregationist Democrats.

During the 1964 Republican National Convention, Keating staged a walkout of the majority of the New York delegation after conservative Barry Goldwater won the presidential nomination. In the general election campaign, Keating refused to endorse Goldwater, and did not campaign for him in New York. Keating outperformed Goldwater on election day, but was defeated for reelection by the Democratic nominee, Robert F. Kennedy, who had established residency in New York shortly before becoming a candidate. Keating accused Kennedy of "carpetbagging", but Democratic strength in what proved to be a wave election nationwide was sufficient to propel Kennedy to victory.

Appeals court judge
In 1965, Keating was elected to the New York Court of Appeals. He served until resigning in 1969. Though elected to a 14-year term, New York required judges to retire at age 70. Because he was in his 60s when elected, Keating desired to make a mark in what he anticipated would be a short tenure. As a result, in his brief time on the bench, he authored more than 100 opinions.

Keating's judicial philosophy was that precedent was binding, but only to the extent that it made sense in the context of the current case and times; he disagreed with following precedent for its own sake. He also disagreed with the concept of distinguishing cases if the effect of the court's decision was to overrule them. In Keating's view, if a precedent was to be overturned, it should simply be overturned; attempts to distinguish cases by parsing language or selectively picking and choosing case details were confusing to attorneys and judges because they amounted to dishonest reasoning.

In Liberty National Bank v. Buscaglia, Keating rejected the argument that national banks should be exempt from paying state taxes on the grounds that they were instruments of the federal government. In Keating's view, national banks had changed so much since the 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland decision gave them the exemption from state taxes that the McCulloch precedent no longer applied. In Gallagher v. St. Raymond's Roman Catholic Church, Keating's opinion overturned the precedent that the owner of a building to which the public was invited had no duty to illuminate the building's outside stairway. Keating argued that while the precedent made sense in the eras of candles, lanterns and gas lighting, which were not universally accessible, the availability of electric lighting nearly everywhere had rendered it obsolete. In Flanagan v. Mount Eden General Hospital, the court overruled the common law tradition that the statute of limitations in medical malpractice actions which involved instruments left inside a patient began to run from the commission of the act. Keating's opinion argued that logically, the statute of limitations should begin at the point where the patient first became aware of the instrument that had not been retrieved.

Ambassador to India
In 1969, Keating was appointed U.S. Ambassador to India, which enabled him to make use of the goodwill and contacts he had established during his World War II military service. His tenure was regarded as a success for U.S.-India relations until its last few months, when the Nixon Administration tacitly supported Pakistan in the Bangladesh Liberation War. India conducted a successful war against Pakistan which lasted two weeks and resulted in the transformation of East Pakistan into the independent state of Bangladesh.

As a result of U.S. support for Pakistan in the conflict, America suspended economic aid to India, and India closed five American cultural centers. Keating remained in India until 1972, when he returned to the United States to campaign for the reelection of President Richard M. Nixon.

Ambassador to Israel
He served as Ambassador to Israel from August 1973 until his death. Keating's ambassadorship was high profile; he built a network of contacts and conducted one on one diplomacy by entertaining frequently at his home in the Tel Aviv suburbs. Despite his efforts, members of the Israeli government were reportedly unhappy with his work, and expressed skepticism about the quality of the reports he sent to the U.S. State Department in Washington. In one instance, Israel's government claimed Keating had misinformed U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger about the effects of public opinion in Israel on how much compromising its government could do in attempting to reach agreement with Egypt on the Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula.

Death and burial
Keating suffered a heart attack on April 17, 1975, while visiting his daughter in New Jersey, and was admitted to Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City. He died in the hospital on May 5. Keating's funeral was held at St. John's Episcopal Church in Washington, and he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Family
In 1928, Keating was married to Louise DePuy, who died in 1968. In 1974, he married Mary Leet Pitcairn (d. 2009), the former wife of William Harding Jackson and former secretary for General Omar N. Bradley. She was the widow of attorney Wendell Davis, who had been a law school classmate of Keating. In addition to his second wife, Keating was survived by his daughter, Judith Keating Howe of Short Hills, New Jersey.

Civil and professional memberships
Keating was a member of American Bar Association, New York State Bar Association, and Rochester Bar Association. He belonged to the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Association of the United States Army, and Reserve Officers Association. He was also a member of the Sons of the American Revolution and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Keating was active in Freemasonry, and attained the 33rd Degree of the Scottish Rite. In addition, his fraternal memberships included the Kiwanis, Elks, Moose, and Eagles. Keating belonged to the American Political Science Association, and received the organization's first Congressional Distinguished Service Award.

Legacy
In 1959, Keating received the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Officer) to recognize his work on behalf of post-World War II Italian immigrants. In 1961, Keating was awarded the Grand Cross of Merit of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, an award presented by the order to recognize non-Catholics who whose personal and professional lives espouse goodwill towards the Catholic Church.

The federal building in Rochester is named for Keating. Brooklyn Law School awards the annual Judge Kenneth B. Keating Memorial Prize to a member of each graduating class who demonstrates exceptional achievement in the field of conflict of laws. The Kenneth Barnard Keating Papers are part of the Rare Books, Special Collections and Preservation holdings at the University of Rochester. Senator Keating Boulevard in the town of Brighton, a road which was constructed in the late 1990s, is named for Keating.

Honorary degrees
Keating received several honorary degrees, to include:

 * University of Rochester, LL.D., 1954
 * Hobart and William Smith Colleges, LL.D., 1959
 * Hamilton College, LL.D., 1959
 * Le Moyne College, LL.D., 1959
 * Albany Law School of Union University, LL.D., 1959
 * Alfred University, DHL, 1960.
 * Long Island University, LL.D., 1960
 * Yeshiva University, DHL, 1962,
 * Adelphi University, LL.D., 1962
 * Iona University, LL.D., 1962
 * Clarkson University, DHL, 1964
 * Elmira College, D.Litt., 1964
 * Pace University, DCL, 1965
 * New York Medical College, DHL, 1965.
 * Rhode Island College, LL.D., 1965.

title: Kenneth Keating


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Talk:Redland City

I hope that my initial effort will not be the last and I would encourage others to refine what I have put down. Much of the information comes from the Council Library's excellent Local History collection and the many studies that have been done at both the State and Council level trying to cope with the influx of population. The small section on the Russell Island land scams could easily be treated as a page of its own. The scam has entered Australian folklore and the stigma continues to depress the price of land on the island. A great story if someone would like to work on it. --Leeshipley 20:34, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Probably because the bulk of the article is from Council sources, it omits criticism from environmental activist groups. The Raby Bay fiasco would also be worth mentioning, along with its relationship to Joh. Also missing is federal electoral information; the annual strawberry festival (and its decline) and perhaps some information on climate. --DLeonard

Scope of article
This article is about Redland city, not the city council. It should be moved, but care needs to be paid to avoiding double redirects, as the article has been moved recently. aliasd·U·T 07:54, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Citations Required
Information in the section titled Economy lacks citations. If sources for this information are not cited the information will have to be removed.Panthus (talk) 10:35, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

"Economy" Claims Misleading
So the "Economy" section has this paragraph:

''During the year ending in June 2014, an estimated 41,506 jobs were located in Redland City, along with an estimated 74,089 employed residents, meaning 32,035 (or 47.1%) of Redland City’s employed residents who work travel outside of the area to do so.

I would dispute the claim that "47.1% of workers travel outside the area" - not only could they could they be self-employed, but it fails to account for the people who live in other areas (such as Brisbane or Logan) who commute to the Redlands. Please let me know if anyone has any objections before I delete this paragraph. Prawn Skewers (talk) 10:15, 29 March 2016 (UTC)
 * A google search reveals this material is drawn from ABS data published on the Redland City Council website. Here's the citation for the first bit (noting it's from the archive, the council website has 2015 data available if you want to make the information more up-to-date). If you drill down in the employment data here, you will find stuff about people working/not-working locally etc. It's better to search for the citation and add it than to remove content. Kerry (talk) 23:47, 29 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Lol, I see. So apparently Of the 35,474 people who work in Redland City, 27,180 or 76.6% also live in the area, according to the links you provided - very different to what the article suggests. Happy to change it to this statistic? Prawn Skewers (talk) 02:20, 30 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, I would go with the "reliable source" for the numbers. But my reading of this is that while 76.6% of workers in Redlands are from Redlands, there are unsurprisingly 23.4% of workers coming from elsewhere to work in Redlands. Meanwhile, there are 44.7% or Redland-resident workers who are working outside of Redlands. I presume the reason these numbers don't add up to 100% is because some people have multiple jobs or their job might involve travelling  about (e.g. a tradesman). While it's not the same as the 47.1% that the article was quoting, 44.7% is certainly in that same ballpark. Kerry (talk) 02:50, 30 March 2016 (UTC)
 * This is getting ridiculous - and I love statistics. Better question: is this relevant for the article? I'd argue no. Prawn Skewers (talk) 05:36, 31 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Well, it's probably not something I would add to an article, but different folks are interested in different things. Someone thought it interesting enough to put in the effort to add it in. So long as the source matches what's said in the citation (or can be made to match), I don't see a basis for deleting it. Kerry (talk) 03:47, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

Redland Coast
It may be that the marketing campaign to promote the name Redland Coast will be successful and people will begin to call it by that name and hence it will be justified to say it is “known as” that name in the article’s lede, but just announcing the campaign does not make it so. WP:CRYSTAL.It is not unreasonable to add to the article that such a campaign has been agreed/initiated with citation, but it is not lede-worthy at this time. Kerry (talk) 13:09, 8 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Redland City does not decide its own name; it is the state government that names local government areas. This is a marketing campaign to "brand" the city in a way they hope will attract tourists. It is a fact that there is a marketing campaign; if cited, mention of the marketing campaign can be included in the article. It is not a fact that the name has changed. Nor is it a fact that it is "known as" Redland Coast at this time; if the campaign is successful, then people may start using it as a common name and at that point we will have ample evidence of that to include it in the lede para. Wikipedia does not generally include speculative information about the future as per our WP:CRYSTAL policy. For these reasons I am again reverting these edits. Nobody is disputing that there is to be a marketing campaign, but equally nobody is able to predict outcome. Kerry (talk) 06:33, 16 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I have added the marketing campaign with citation at the end of the History section. Kerry (talk) 06:44, 16 September 2018 (UTC)

Demographics
Having added citations for the last 5 censuses, it turns out that the uncited data that was in the article for those years was incorrect. So it begs the question of the accuracy of all the early years of uncited data. Unless someone provides citations, I think we should remove it. Kerry (talk) 22:27, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Redland City


text: User talk:24.200.113.120

title: User talk:24.200.113.120


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Higashiōmi

Higashiōmi (東近江市) is a city located in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 113,229 in 45771 households and a population density of 290 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 388.58 sqkm.

Geography
Higashiōmi is located in east-central Shiga Prefecture, with a small shoreline the eastern shore of Lake Biwa, and extending inland to the Suzuka Mountains and the border with Mie Prefecture. Parts of the city are within the borders of the Suzuka Quasi-National Park.

Neighboring municipalities
Shiga Prefecture Mie Prefecture
 * Ōmihachiman
 * Hikone
 * Kōka
 * Ryūō
 * Hino
 * Aishō
 * Taga
 * Inabe
 * Komono

Climate
Higashiōmi has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Higashiōmi is 12.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1673 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 1.1 °C. The highest recorded temperature was 38.8 °C (July 26, 2014) and the lowest was -11.6 °C (January 31, 1982).

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Higashiōmi has recently plateaued after several decades of growth.

History
Higashiōmi is part of ancient Ōmi Province. Portions of the area were under the control of Yamakami Domain, a 13,000 koku fudai territory during the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. With the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889, the town of Yōkaichi was established within Gamō District, Shiga. Yōkaichi merged with the villages of Hirata, Ichinobe, and Tamano in Gamō District, and Misono and Takebe from Kanzaki District and was elevated to city status on August 15, 1954. The city of Higashiōmi was established on February 11, 2005, from the merger of Yōkaichi with the towns of Eigenji and Gokashō (both from Kanzaki District), and the towns of Aitō and Kotō (both from Echi District).

On January 1, 2006, the town of Notogawa (from Kanzaki District), and the town of Gamō (from Gamō District) were merged into Higashiōmi.

Government
Higashiōmi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 25 members. Higashiōmi, together with the town of Ryūō, contributes three members to the Shiga Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Shiga 2nd district and Shiga 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Higashiōmi is centered on agriculture and light manufacturing. There are several industrial parks in the city. Murata Manufacturing, Kyocera, Panasonic, Suntory and Toppan have large factories in the city.

Education
Higashiōmi has 22 public elementary schools and ten public middle schools operated by the city government. There are five public high schools operated by the Shiga Prefectural Department of Education. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped. The Biwako-Gakuin University, a private's university with associated junior college, is also located in Higashiōmi.

Railway
JR West – Biwako Line Ohmi Railway – Main Line Ohmi Railway – Yōkaichi Line
 * Notogawa
 * Gokashō - Kawabe-no-mori - Yōkaichi - Nagatanino - Daigaku-mae - Kyocera-mae - Sakuragawa - Asahi Ōtsuka -  Asahino
 * Yōkaichi - Shin-Yōkaichi - Tarōbōgū-mae - Ichinobe - Hirata

Highway

 * JP Expressway E1.svg Meishin Expressway

Local attractions

 * Eigen-ji, noted Rinzai Zen temple
 * Hyakusai-ji, noted Tendai temple, National Historic Site
 * Yōkaichi Kite Festival

Sister cities and cultural exchange cities
Higashiōmi maintains the following sister city relationships.
 * 🇨🇳 Changde, Hunan, China (since August 15, 1994)
 * Jangam-myeon, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea (since November 2, 1992)
 * 🇺🇸 Marquette, Michigan, USA (since August 13, 1979; renewed 2005)
 * 🇸🇪 Rättvik, Dalarna County, Sweden (since November 1, 1994)
 * 🇨🇦 Taber, Alberta, Canada (since March 27, 1981)
 * Tongyeong, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea (since May 26, 2001)

Noted people from Higashiōmi

 * Masayoshi Takemura, politician
 * Tadayoshi Ichida, politician
 * Mitsunori Okamoto, politician

title: Higashiōmi


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Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog

Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog (יצחק הלוי הרצוג; 3 December 1888 – 25 July 1959), also known as Isaac Herzog or Hertzog, was the first Chief Rabbi of Ireland, his term lasting from 1921 to 1936. From 1936 until his death in 1959, he was Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of the British Mandate of Palestine and of Israel after its creation in 1948. He was the father of Chaim Herzog and grandfather of Isaac Herzog, both presidents of Israel.

Biography
Yitzhak Halevi Herzog was born at Łomża in Russian Poland, the son of Liba Miriam (Cyrowicz) and Joel Leib Herzog. He moved to the United Kingdom with his family in 1898, where they settled in Leeds. His initial schooling was largely at the instruction of his father who was a rabbi in Leeds and then later in Paris.

After mastering Talmudic studies at a young age, Yitzhak went on to attend the Sorbonne and then later the University of London, where he received his doctorate. His thesis (where he coined the term Hebrew Porphyrology ), which made him famous in the Jewish world, concerned his claim of re-discovering Tekhelet, the type of blue dye once used for the making of Tzitzit.

In 1935 he visited the land of Israel for the first time with strong desire to settle there.

Later that same year, Rabbi Kook, the first Chief Rabbi of the Land of Israel died, and Rabbi Herzog was elected as the second Chief Rabbi of the Land of Israel and moved to reside in Jerusalem.

In 1936, he testified in front of the Peel Commission in London and participated in 1939 in the "London Conference of 1939" between Jews and Arabs from Mandatory Palestine, convened by the British government.

During The Arab Revolt, he called, Together with other rabbis, to adhere to the Havlagah policy of the Haganah and to avoid acts of revenge.

He died on July 25, 1959, and was buried in the Sanhedria Cemetery in Jerusalem.

Herzog's descendants have continued to be active in Israel's political life. His son Chaim Herzog was a general in the Israel Defense Forces and later became ambassador of Israel to the UN and sixth President of Israel. His son Yaakov Herzog served as Israel's ambassador to Canada and later as Director General of the Prime Minister's Office. He also accepted an offer to become Chief Rabbi of the British Commonwealth but due to ill health never took up that role.

His grandson Isaac Herzog is the President of Israel. He also previously served as a member of the Knesset, Israel's parliament, and head of the opposition. He previously served as housing and tourism minister and minister of welfare and later was chairman of the Jewish Agency.

Rabbinic career
Herzog served as rabbi of Belfast from 1916 to 1919 and was appointed rabbi of Dublin in 1919. A fluent speaker of the Irish language, he supported the First Dáil and the Irish republican cause during the Irish War of Independence, and became known as "the Sinn Féin Rabbi". He went on to serve as Chief Rabbi of Ireland between 1922 and 1936, when he immigrated to Palestine to succeed rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook as Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi upon his death. He became a supporter of both the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Irgun.

In May 1939, shortly before the Second World War, the British put out the White Paper of 1939 restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine. After leading a procession through the streets of Jerusalem, on the steps of the Hurva Synagogue he turned and said: "We cannot agree to the White Paper. Just as the prophets did before me, I hereby rip it in two." Some 40 years later, on 10 November 1975 Chaim Herzog repeated his father's gesture with the UN resolution that Zionism is equal to racism.

Published works
Herzog was recognised as a great rabbinical authority, and he wrote many books and articles dealing with halachic problems surrounding the Torah and the State of Israel. Indeed, his writings helped shaped the attitude of the Religious Zionist Movement toward the State of Israel. Herzog authored:
 * Main Institutions of Jewish Law
 * Heichal Yitzchak
 * Techukah leYisrael al pi haTorah
 * Pesachim uKetavim
 * The Royal Purple and the Biblical Blue

Awards and recognition

 * In 1958, Herzog was awarded the Israel Prize, in rabbinical literature.

title: Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert Banks (filmmaker)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. dbenbenn | talk 16:20, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Robert Banks (filmmaker)
The contents of the deletion debate have been removed as they relate to a living person. A record of the deletion debate can be found in the deletion history.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Frome Community College

Frome Community College, styled as Frome College, is a comprehensive school in Frome, Somerset, England for students aged 13 to 18. Approximately 1,200 were enrolled in December 2021, within the three tier system. Students' studies at the college lead up to GCSE, GNVQ, AS-Level and A-Level qualifications. Adult learning courses are also offered, as well as a nursery for preschool children.

The college contains two distinct year groups. Pre-16 students are those in Years 9, 10 and 11 who are mostly studying for GCSEs. Post-16 students are part of the school's tertiary sector and so are known as sixth form students; they are for the most part studying AS/A-Levels. The site has a large self-contained sixth form building called Frome Futures.

The school was assessed as 'good' in all categories at its last full Ofsted inspection in January 2014, and this was confirmed by a short inspection in April 2018.

The college campus incorporates the 240 seat Merlin Theatre and Frome Sport and Fitness, both of which are open to the school's use during school hours. Frome Sport and Fitness offers a wide range of activities including swimming, indoor bowls, squash and a gym.

Uniform for Year 9, 10 and 11 students is a navy blue blazer with purple lining bearing the school logo and the word 'Frome' below, a white shirt, a traditional tie in their house colour (red, orange, green or blue), mid grey trousers or purple and white tartan skirt and black shoes.

Notable alumni

 * Jenson Button (born 1980), 2009 Formula One World Drivers' Champion
 * Rosa Robson (born 1992), comedian and actress
 * Kerry Wilkinson (born 1980), bestselling author
 * Luke Hood, founder of UKF Music

2022 coach crash
On the afternoon of 2 November 2022, a coach taking 45 History students home from a visit to Chepstow Castle overturned. Several students were taken to hospital and one was reported to have potentially life-changing injuries. Four men were charged in relation to the condition of the vehicle, and were due to appear at Bath Magistrates Court on 9 June 2023.

title: Frome Community College


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Hans Balatka

Hans Balatka (March 5, 1827 – April 17, 1899) was an American conductor and composer. His efforts contributed much to the great increase in popularity of European classical music in the United States during the late 19th century.

Life
Balatka was born in Hoffnungsthal near Olomouc (today the village of Doly, part of the Bouzov municipality, Czech Republic). His parents were noted musicians. He studied law at Olomouc, and after finishing the course was engaged as tutor by a wealthy family in Vienna. There he also perfected his knowledge of harmony and composition under Simon Sechter und Heinrich Proch.

He began his musical career as conductor for singing societies. He became a member of the Academic Legion during the Revolutions of 1848. After the Vienna Uprising was crushed, he decided to emigrate to the United States. In 1849 he reached Wisconsin and, following a romantic impulse, tried rural life for a spell, but soon settled in Milwaukee, where he conducted the Musical Society (Musikverein), founded in 1850, beginning in 1851. He produced several oratorios and operas, and conducted musical festivals in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, Chicago, and Pittsburgh.

In 1860, he left the Musikverein to become leader of the newly founded Philharmonic Society of Chicago. In 1867 he became director of the Germania Männerchor, and in the same year conducted the group at Nord-Amerikanischer Sängerbund held in Indianapolis, where they performed the works of Franz Abt. In 1868, he directed a musical festival at Chicago, which was pronounced the greatest that had been held in this country up to that time. The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed his home, and he went on a concert tour for two years. He organized the Liederkranz Society in 1873, and later the Mozart Club and the Chicago Musical Society. He was also director to the Arion des Westen Musical Society and in 1879 he founded the Balatka Academy of Musical Art, in which his son Christian and his daughter Annie were teachers. He conducted a great Saengerfest in Chicago, with a chorus of 2,200, a mixed chorus of 1,200, and an orchestra of 150. He died in Chicago at the age of 72.

Works
Balatka's compositions are few in number. Besides his addition of a climax to Chopin's "Funeral March," in place of its abrupt ending, he composed a grand aria for soprano with accompaniment, a piano quartet, a sonata, and several songs. He was the author of A Condensed History of Music (1888), A History of Orchestra Music in Chicago, and contributed musical articles regularly to the Chicago Daheim.

title: Hans Balatka


text:
Archaeopteris

Archaeopteris is an extinct genus of progymnosperm tree with fern-like leaves. A useful index fossil, this tree is found in strata dating from the Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous, the oldest fossils being 385 million years old, and had global distribution.

Until the 2007 discovery of Wattieza, many scientists considered Archaeopteris to be the earliest known tree. Bearing buds, reinforced branch joints, and branched trunks similar to today's wood, it is more reminiscent of modern seed-bearing trees than other spore-bearing taxa. It combines characteristics of woody trees and herbaceous ferns, and belongs to the progymnosperms, a group of extinct plants with gymnosperm-like wood but that produce spores rather than seeds.

Taxonomy
John William Dawson described the genus in 1871. The name derives from the ancient Greek ἀρχαῖος (archaīos, "ancient"), and πτέρις (ptéris, "fern"). Archaeopteris was originally classified as a fern, and it remained classified so for over 100 years. In 1911, Russian paleontologist Mikhail Dimitrievich Zalessky described a new type of petrified wood from the Donets Basin in modern Ukraine. He called the wood Callixylon, though he did not find any structures other than the trunk. The similarity to conifer wood was recognized. It was also noted that ferns of the genus Archaeopteris were often found associated with fossils of Callixylon.

In the 1960s, paleontologist Charles B. Beck was able to demonstrate that the fossil wood known as Callixylon and the leaves known as Archaeopteris were actually part of the same plant. It was a plant with a mixture of characteristics not seen in any living plant, a link between true gymnosperms and ferns.

The genus Archaeopteris is placed in the order Archaeopteridales and family Archaeopteridaceae. The name is similar to that of the first known feathered bird, Archaeopteryx, but in this case refers to the fern-like nature of the plant's fronds.

Relationship to spermatophytes
Archaeopteris is a member of a group of free-sporing woody plants called the progymnosperms that are interpreted as distant ancestors of the gymnosperms. Archaeopteris reproduced by releasing spores rather than by producing seeds, but some of the species, such as Archaeopteris halliana were heterosporous, producing two types of spores. This is thought to represent an early step in the evolution of vascular plants towards reproduction by seeds, which first appeared in the earliest, long-extinct gymnosperm group, the seed ferns (Pteridospermatophyta). The conifers or Pinophyta are one of four divisions of extant gymnosperms that arose from the seed ferns during the Carboniferous period.

Description
The trees of this genus typically grew to 24 m in height with leafy foliage reminiscent of some conifers. The large fern-like fronds were thickly set with fan-shaped leaflets or pinnae. The trunks of some species exceeded 1.5 m in diameter. The branches were borne in spiral arrangement, and a forked stipule was present at the base of each branch. Within a branch, leafy shoots were in opposite arrangement in a single plane. On fertile branches, some of the leaves were replaced by sporangia (spore capsules).

Other modern adaptations
Aside from its woody trunk, Archaeopteris possessed other modern adaptations to light interception and perhaps to seasonality as well. The large umbrella of fronds seems to have been quite optimized for light interception at the canopy level. In some species, the pinnules were shaped and oriented to avoid shading one another. There is evidence that whole fronds were shed together as single units, perhaps seasonally like modern deciduous foliage or like trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae.

The plant had nodal zones that would have been important sites for the subsequent development of lateral roots and branches. Some branches were latent and adventitious, similar to those produced by living trees that eventually develop into roots. Before this time, shallow, rhizomatous roots had been the norm, but with Archaeopteris, deeper root systems were being developed that could support ever higher growth.

Habitat
Evidence indicates that Archaeopteris preferred wet soils, growing close to river systems and in floodplain woodlands. It would have formed a significant part of the canopy vegetation of early forests. Speaking of the first appearance of Archaeopteris on the world-scene, Stephen Scheckler, a professor of biology and geological sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, says, "When [Archaeopteris] appears, it very quickly became the dominant tree all over the Earth. On all of the land areas that were habitable, they all had this tree". One species, Archaeopteris notosaria, has even been reported from within what was then the Antarctic Circle: leaves and fertile structures were identified from the Waterloo Farm lagerstätte in what is now South Africa.

Scheckler believes that Archaeopteris had a major role in transforming its environment. "Its litter fed the streams and was a major factor in the evolution of freshwater fishes, whose numbers and varieties exploded in that time, and influenced the evolution of other marine ecosystems. It was the first plant to produce an extensive root system, so had a profound impact on soil chemistry. And once these ecosystem changes happened, they were changed for all time. It was a one-time thing."

Looking roughly like a top-heavy Christmas tree, Archaeopteris may have played a part in the transformation of Earth's climate during the Devonian before becoming extinct within a short period of time at the beginning of the Carboniferous period.

title: Archaeopteris


text:
User:Jguk/policy proposal/table of origins

This is a table of origins for the policy proposal.


text: User talk:83.103.235.83

title: User talk:83.103.235.83


text:
User:65.161.65.104

 * This IP address was sometimes used as a sockpuppet of User:Rienzo, who was banned until September 2005 by order of the arbitration comittee – 1.

title: User:65.161.65.104


text:
Talk:Neofunctionalism (sociology)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 January 2019 and 18 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alexisarnett.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:44, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neofunctionalism (sociology)


text:
Shadows of P'Jem

"Shadows of P'Jem" is the fifteenth episode (production #115) of television series Star Trek: Enterprise, and was written by Rick Berman and Brannon Braga. Mike Vejar served as director for the episode.

Captain Archer and Sub-Commander T'Pol are kidnapped while en route to a planet in the Coridan system, which results in a confrontation between Vulcan and Andorian forces.

The events of this episode (coupled with that of "The Andorian Incident") proved to be the basis for many future occurrences and plot devices in the following three seasons of Star Trek: Enterprise. These included many reprisal attempts against both Archer and T'Pol by the Vulcan High Command, and the developing trust and respect between Archer and the Andorian Commander Shran. There would also be long-ranging implications for T'Pol and for her family, as revealed in the fourth season episode, "Home".

Plot
A Vulcan delegation, headed by Ambassador Soval, complains to Admiral Forrest about the recent diplomatic incident at P'Jem. Soval blames Captain Archer: in response, joint fleet operations are suspended, and Sub-Commander T'Pol is to be recalled from her post. Enterprise is already on its way to Coridan, a planet which has a mining agreement and the largest starship construction yards in the sector. As Archer and T'Pol head to the capital city, their shuttlepod is captured. Later, they try to escape, but are soon recaptured by Traeg, an anti-government leader, who then sends a ransom request of weapons to Enterprise.

After refusing to co-operate with the Vulcans (sent by Soval to return T'Pol to Vulcan) and their rescue mission, Commander Tucker and Lieutenant Reed mount their own, leaving Sato to somehow distract them. The pair are soon 'captured' by Commander Shran and Tholos of the Andorian Imperial Guard, who want to repay Archer for his interventions at P'Jem. The humans and Andorians covertly break into the rebel compound where Archer and T'Pol are being held, while the Vulcans, led by Captain Sopek, attempt a more direct rescue mission.

The rival groups then confront one another amid the wreckage of the compound. As they argue about treaty violations, T'Pol notices Traeg targeting the group. She pushes Sopek out of the way and takes the phaser blast meant for him. Archer gathers her up and leaves with his away-team. In Sickbay, Doctor Phlox treats her, and Sopek arrives to ask about her condition. Archer asks that T'Pol be given a second chance, and he agrees to lobby the Vulcan High Command on her behalf. As they leave, Phlox revives T'Pol with a hypospray, and Archer says that she will be on Enterprise for a while longer.

Production
The events of "The Andorian Incident" are referenced in this episode, and Jeffrey Combs returns as the Andorian Commander Shran.

The episode included a sight gag in which T'Pol and Archer, tied back-to-back, try awkwardly to get themselves free, their efforts ultimately resulting in Archer momentarily being smothered by T'Pol's breasts. Blalock commented that one time during rehearsals the crew played "Love Shack" by The B-52s and gathered around them singing and clapping, while she and Bakula were stuck unable to move. When asked if he enjoyed the scene Bakula responded: "Oh, sure. If you've got to be tied up with somebody, it might as well be her".

Reception
Shadows of P'Jem was first aired in the United States on UPN on February 6, 2002. According to Nielsen Media Research, it received a 3.8/6 rating share among adults. It had an average of 6.1 million viewers.

Aint It Cool News gave the episode 2.5 out of 5. The review was critical of the episode for repeating what had already been made clear, that T'Pol had become part of the crew. He said the scene where T'Pol and Archer were tied up does "at times skirt the realm of crude and jarringly inappropriate slapstick". Television Without Pity gave the episode a grade C+. Keith DeCandido of Tor.com gave it 7 out of 10 in his 2022 rewatch.

In a 2004 interview with Cinefantastique, Blalock criticized this episode as an example of the inconsistency and discontinuity that undermined the series: "In 'Shadows of P'Jem,' they made this huge story about how Vulcans were undermining Starfleet and had some kind of agenda, but they never went to readdress it."

Home media
This episode was released as part of Enterprise season one, which was released in high definition on Blu-ray disc on March 26, 2013; the release has 1080p video and a DTS-HD Master Audio sound track.

title: Shadows of P'Jem


text:
Talk:Renzo Gracie

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 00:16, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Birthday?
Can someone verify Renzo's birthday? Every website has a different date. (MgTurtle 18:50, 21 March 2007 (UTC))

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090430094433/http://www.charlesgracie.com:80/cms/ to http://www.charlesgracie.com/cms/

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External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Renzo Gracie. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090420130747/http://evolve-mma.com:80/index.php/instructors to http://evolve-mma.com/index.php/instructors#ins2
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100130054213/http://www.ufc.com:80/index.cfm?fa=news.detail&gid=51590 to http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa=news.detail&gid=51590

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External links modified
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RfC about entry in "controversial" section
Should the entry by Axeonator2 stating, "In June 2020, Renzo tweeted his defense of his quotations of the main architect of the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler. In response to a Twitter user critical of his tweet, Renzo claimed, "it’s not my fault that your grandparents let them March through your country without a fight."" be removed from this BLP article? BasicsOnly (talk) 19:23, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Remove - Summoned by bot. The WP:UNDUE] content should be removed. Meatsgains (talk) 16:44, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Remove - BasicsOnly (talk) 10:54, 12 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Remove - the entry ought to be removed. Idealigic (talk) 16:28, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Removed content after waiting 7 days with RfC up on talk page with unanimous consensus BasicsOnly (talk) 00:21, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

Addition of information regarding Renzo Gracie's links to/support of Nazi personalities/ideas
As a public person and coach of children, it is important for the public to know about Renzo's position regarding Nazi ideas and his links to Nazi sympathizers. I request that this kind of information, when sourced, isn't deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2804:14D:7E80:8378:8972:8E4E:85B3:6CFE (talk) 20:45, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

 * @2804:14D:7E80:8378:8972:8E4E:85B3:6CFE There's really no problem with a brief note, but your edits are written like attacks and I keep reverting them because you're already partially blocked for personal attacks/harassment.

We have no idea if your sources are impartial or reliable, as most of them I've never heard of, and in Portuguese. Additionally Roberto Alvim has likewise never identified as a "neonazi" (and you calling him one was reverted on his page). Lastly in regards to Helio Gracie's politics, they really have nothing to do with Renzo, it's already on his page, it doesn't need to be copied into here. Nswix (talk) 21:14, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

 * There was no attack. The information is written objectively and without any adjectives, only the facts. Two of the sources are from bloodyelbow, which is used as source at least three other times in this same article.
 * The other ones include publications focused in Jiu-Jitsu in general, they're not even political publications.
 * The information about Helio Gracie is important to substantiate that this isn't some isolated incident, but actually the Gracie clan in general tends to support fascist/nazi ideas.
 * Roberto Alvim published an institutional video impersonating Goebbels, even paraphrasing him, and we're here discussing if he's a Nazi or not.
 * Renzo Gracie has quoted Himmler and mocked the Nazi invasion of France, and we're here discussing if he supports Nazi ideas or not.
 * The facts speak for themselves, denying them is being biased. 2804:14D:7E80:8378:8972:8E4E:85B3:6CFE (talk) 21:36, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

RfC about inclusion of information on the subject's political opinions
Should the "Personal Life" section include the subject's political opinions? 03:05, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Question Is this RfC meant to address the contents of ? --N8wilson 13:14, 10 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment I think a brief 1-2 sentence summary of the events should be sufficient. I'm not sure if the detail initially provided is necessary, especially given the fact that many of the sources seem to be tabloids and social media outlets. Coolcactus04 (talk) 20:57, 10 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I understand you're suggestion a two-sentence limit for information regarding the subject's political positions. Is this limit to be applied to MMA fighters only or to the pages of all fighters of any sport? Or is it to be applied to all pages of all athletes? Or to all pages of any personality? Also, you'd need to be more specific: which of the sources you're mentioning are tabloids (thus unreliable) and social media outlets? 00:10, 11 June 2022 (UTC) 179.215.126.48 (talk) 00:10, 11 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi! My 1-2 sentence suggestion is for this specific instance, and I think each article should be analyzed individually based on the scope of the event and the strength of the evidence available. In regards to the sources, I was referring to The Independent, The Daily Beast, etc and Twitter. Let me know if you have any other questions. Thanks! Coolcactus04 (talk) 00:25, 16 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Twitter is exactly where he has published part of his statements and he's a verified member, making himself the source. I can understand the claim that DailyBeast is a tabloid, but not the Independent. It's as a reliable source as any major media outlet. Nevertheless, there are other articles with the same content by major media outlets and I'd be happy to add them to the sources.
 * This is relevant information because he's an athlete who children and society in general look up to and he competes in a sport with a worldwide audience. Why would it be of the public interest to suppress evidence that an athlete quotes and associates with Nazis? 179.215.126.48 (talk) 05:59, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The RfC is meant to address any sourced content regarding the subject's political positions. 00:07, 11 June 2022 (UTC) 179.215.126.48 (talk) 00:07, 11 June 2022 (UTC)
 * All contributions are subject to WP policies. In the case of the edits I linked above, the changes are dangerously close to violating (if not in direct conflict with) the policy against original research. Specifically, they appear to synthesize a claim about political opinions, positions, or viewpoints that may not exist. The policy reads, Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any source. (emphasis added) As best I can tell, no source has indicated that the subject endorses, condones, adheres to, or espouses the political viewpoints or opinions of Himmler, Helio Gracie, or other prominent figures named in these edits. In fact, the source material acknowledges that Renzo specifically denied foreknowledge of Himmler's history despite quoting him. WP's policy on biographies of living persons further indicates that content which is contentious (such as this) must be immediately removed if it is poorly sourced or is an interpretation, analysis, or synthesis of sources. --N8wilson 19:41, 17 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Pinging &  for awareness. Based on page history, these users may have further comments to make here. --N8wilson 19:41, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

I don't have a problem with a couple sentences of inclusion from a neutral POV, but paragraphs of attacks about Nazis is a little over the top for an athlete. Nswix (talk) 01:16, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

A number of these claims appear to be in the form of guilt by association.

1. That his father was a fascist doesn't mean he is. There's no reason to mention his father unless we are trying to imply that Renzo is fascist too. Implying someone is a fascist or even claiming it is true through guilt by association goes against Wikipedia policy, so I'm not sure how to justify mentioning it.

2. Pointing out his association with politicians by itself isn't meaningful. That the claim is being made that these are "authoritarian" and that this is a problem for Renzo is original research and violates BLP.

3. Claiming that Alvim is a neonazi is not supported by sources and is original research that also violates BLP. That this somehow means anything about Renzo is entirely unsupported.

As for things that might be ok to include

1. I can't verify the source, but I would be inclined to agree that he had a verbal spat with Macron.

2. His quoting Himler might be acceptable except that it is being used to imply that he did so in order to endorse Nazism, and given that he denied the connection it's not clear how to go about mentioning it without original research and BLP issues and, once again, implying something in violation of BLP.

In the end, there isn't much that doesn't come across as a smear campaign in direct violation of WP:OR and WP:BLP. Look, I don't know who this person is nor do I care, but I do recognize Wikipedia violations when I see them and these edits are full of them. Like I said, mentioning the fight with Macron might be fine as it seems well supported as long as we don't use it to try to prove he is a fascist or neonazi or anything like that. The rest of it appears to entirely too problematic. If I'm missing some critical elements then please point them out but for now this edit has serious problems. SQGibbon (talk) 19:03, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:53, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
 * RENZO tiger eye.jpg

title: Talk:Renzo Gracie


text:
Talk:Old Friends: Live on Stage

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title: Talk:Old Friends: Live on Stage


text:
Isdera

Isdera or Ingenieurbüro für Styling, Design und Racing (English: Engineering Company for Styling, Design and Racing) is a privately run German specialty service provider based in Saarbrücken, with a design subsidiary in Shanghai, China. The company was founded and formerly based in Leonberg, Germany. Each high-performance sports car was hand-built by a small team of craftsmen, and the only way to purchase a brand new Isdera was to call the CEO directly. Each vehicle was custom built for its original buyer.

History
In order to seek a job at one of the automotive companies of Germany, Eberhard Schulz built his own car in the garage of his home in 1969 called the Erator GTE. He drove the car to Porsche's and Mercedes-Benz's headquarters and was subsequently offered a job at Porsche in the design department in 1970. In 1978, Schultz left Porsche and joined the b&b company where he would go on to design the Mercedes-Benz CW311 concept which was touted as the successor to the Mercedes-Benz 300SL. The concept was built and promoted by b&b and had Mercedes badging after approval from the manufacturer.

Isdera was founded in 1982 in Leonberg, Germany with the intent to put the CW311 into production after a deal with Mercedes-Benz. Its first car, called the Spyder which was an open top sports car based on the CW311, was presented in the same year. The Spyder was powered by a modified Mercedes-Benz Inline-4 engine generating 185 PS. A new variant having an uprated 3.0-litre Inline-6 engine was introduced in 1987. The Spyder was renamed as the Spyder 033i and the Spyder 036i to indicate the difference between the offered engines and the use of electronic fuel injection in the engines (with the "i" designation).

John Delorean and Fred Dellis met with Eberhard in 1983 to license production in the United States. Here is the picture taken in 1983 with Fred Dellis and Eberhard Schulz in Loenburg, Germany when they signed the agreement to license production of the Isdera, as a new Delorean. Fred Dellis /JZD had negotiated a funding package with the Current Louisiana Governor,Dave Treen. The plant was to be located in Monroe,Louisiana on a 425,000 square foot plant on a 182 acre site. Fred Dellis /JZD had negotiated a funding package with the Current Louisiana Governor, Dave Treen. But then politics got in the way. From 1984 to 1988, Edwin Edwards, became the governor and was repeatedly accused of corruption. In 1988, a new governor, Buddy Romer,was elected and canceled everything.

The CW311 would finally see production in 1984 as the Imperator 108i. The Imperator 108i was offered with a choice of Mercedes-Benz V8 engines having different displacements, ranging from 5.0-litres to 6.0-litres. Some engines were also tuned by AMG. The car received a facelift in 1991 which added changes in ventilation to improve cooling, some visual changes and changes to the exhaust system to pass stringent safety tests. A total of 30 Imperator 108is would be made before production ended in 1993.

In 1993, Isdera designed the Commendatore 112i, which was to be a successor to the Imperator 108i. It had many advanced and unique features at the time such as two sets of gull-wing doors, a velocity-sensitive electronic chassis that lowers the car at high speeds, and an automatic air brake. The Commendatore 112i could accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h in 4.0 seconds, and had a top speed of 342 km/h. The car had a mid-mounted Mercedes-Benz 6.0 L V12 engine generating 408 PS and a 6-speed manual transmission. The car weighed 1450 kg. The 112i was featured in the 1997 video game Need for Speed II.

Isdera planned a limited production run of the Commendatore 112i like its predecessor and quoted that each car would take six months to complete. The car was not functional when it was introduced. The development of the car reportedly cost a total of €4,000,000. This combined with the ongoing economic recession in South Asia, particularly the bursting of Japan's bubble economy, pushed the company into bankruptcy shortly after the car's introduction as the major investments came from Japan. The company was then bought by Swiss investors under whom Schultz completed the car in order to make it driveable on the road.

In 1999, the Commendatore 112i was updated and renamed to "Silver Arrow C112i" by the new management. On the exterior, the updated car had conventional side-view mirrors and had silver five-spoke Mercedes-Benz alloy wheels instead of the gold BBS units. The engine was a 6.9-litre Mercedes-Benz M120 V12 unit, which generated a total of 455 kW. Interestingly, there was no Isdera badging on the car and it had Mercedes-Benz badging instead. The Silver Arrow C112i was unveiled at the 1999 Frankfurt Motor Show.

The Silver Arrow was bought by a Swiss businessman Albert Klöti at a price of €1,500,000 in 2000. Albert kept the car for 5 years after offering it on eBay for sale in October 2005 for US$3,000,000. The car failed to sell at the auction.

In 2006, Isdera introduced the Autobahnkurier AK116i, a retro-styled vehicle based on the Mercedes-Benz W126 S-Class and powered by two Mercedes-Benz V8 engines – one for each axle – from the W126 series 500 SE. The resulting powerplant is a 10-litre unit rated at 600 PS and 900 Nm of torque. The top speed was limit to 242 kph due to excessive fuel consumption of the massive engine over speeds of 250 kph. The design which resembled a touring car from the 1930s, was inspired from the Bugatti Royale and the one-off 1936 Mercedes-Benz 540K Autobahn Kurier. The car featured a full leather interior with creature-comforts and a marble dashboard.

In 2016, Isdera bought back the Silver Arrow C112i from Albert Klöti, restored the car back to its original form and name and made appearances at motor shows. Subsequently, on 13 February 2021, the Isdera Commendatore 112i was sold at auction at Sotheby's France in Paris for 1,113,125 EUR.

In 2017, Isdera entered into a partnership with Chinese electric vehicle startup WM Motor to design and produce electric cars. In 2018 the Isdera Commendatore GT was developed to support the marketing activities of WM Motors for the EX5 Pro which was designed by Isdera and co-branded Isdera. Both cars were unveiled together at the Auto China 2018. Like preceding Isdera automobiles, the GT also employs gull-wing doors. The co-branded Isdera EX5 Pro was produced in a small batch of only a few hundred cars and sold at the Chinese market. In 2020 the cooperation with WM Motor ended due to the financial difficulties of WM Motor.

Models

 * 1969: Isdera Erator GTE
 * 1982: Isdera Spyder 036i
 * 1984: Isdera Imperator 108i
 * 1993: Isdera Commendatore 112i
 * 2006: Isdera Autobahnkurier AK116i
 * 2018: Isdera Commendatore GT

title: Isdera


text:
Royal Road

The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great (Darius I) of the first (Achaemenid) Persian Empire in the 5th century BC. Darius I built the road to facilitate rapid communication on the western part of his large empire from Susa to Sardis. Mounted couriers of the Angarium were supposed to travel 1677 mi from Susa to Sardis in nine days; the journey took ninety days on foot.

Course
The course of the road has been reconstructed from the writings of Herodotus, archeological research, and other historical records.

History
Because the road did not follow the shortest nor the easiest route between the most important cities of the Persian Empire, archeologists believe the westernmost sections of the road may have originally been built by the Assyrian kings, as the road plunges through the heart of their old empire. More eastern segments of the road, identifiable in present-day northern Iran, were not noted by Herodotus, whose view of Persia was that of an Ionian Greek in the West; stretches of the Royal Road across the central plateau of Iran, such as the Great Khorasan Road, are coincident with the major trade route known as the Silk Road.

However, Darius I improved the existing road network into the Royal Road as it is recognized today. A later improvement by the Romans of a road bed with a hard-packed gravelled surface of 6.25 m width held within a stone curbing was found in a stretch near Gordium and connecting the parts together in a unified whole stretching some 1677 miles, primarily as a post road, with a hundred and eleven posting stations maintained with a supply of fresh horses, a quick mode of communication using relays of swift mounted messengers, the kingdom's pirradazis.

In 1961, under a grant from the American Philosophical Society, S. F. Starr traced the stretch of road from Gordium to Sardis, identifying river crossings by ancient bridge abutments. It was maintained by personal guards.

Legacy
The Greek historian Herodotus wrote, "There is nothing in the world that travels faster than these Persian couriers." Herodotus's praise for these messengers—"Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds"— was inscribed on the James Farley Post Office in New York and is sometimes thought of as the United States Postal Service creed.

A metaphorical "Royal Road" in famous quotations
Euclid is said to have replied to King Ptolemy's request for an easier way of learning mathematics that "there is no Royal Road to geometry", according to Proclus. The same sentence is also attributed to Menaechmus replying to Alexander the Great.

Charles Sanders Peirce, in his How to Make Our Ideas Clear (1878), says, "There is no royal road to logic, and really valuable ideas can only be had at the price of close attention."

Sigmund Freud famously described dreams as the "royal road to the unconscious" ("Via regia zur Kenntnis des Unbewußten").

Karl Marx wrote in the 1872 Preface to the French Edition of Das Kapital (Volume 1), "There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of its steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits."

The Royal Road to Romance (1925) is the first book by Richard Halliburton, covering his world travels as a young man from Andorra to Angkor.

title: Royal Road


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Talk:Ghost (Hamlet)

Ghost's identity
I don't think that Shakespeare ever says that the ghost is in fact the former King Hamlet. Anyone see something I missed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Spacecase610 (talk • contribs) 23:29, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It's correct that Shakespeare left the Ghost's identity ambiguous. The article departs greatly from the play by treating it as a fact. 68.118.52.34 (talk) 05:19, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The Ghost tells Hamlet: "I am thy father's spirit..." Who was Hamlet's father? He's referred to elsewhere as 'old King Hamlet'. Did Shakespeare have to spell out everything, as if he was writing for five-year-olds? O Murr (talk) 20:10, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

 * I couldn't edit my previous reply. By 'old King Hamlet' I wasn't quoting directly from the play text. There are two references in the text to "young Hamlet'", the first by Horatio, the second by the First Gravedigger. If there was a young Hamlet there must also have been an old Hamlet. Who could he have been? Horatio has been discussing the "king that's dead", the Gravedigger has been discussing "our last king, Hamlet". Go figure. O Murr (talk) 21:41, 6 July 2018 (UTC)
 * And perhaps more to the point here, all the reliable sources treat it as fact so it would be original research for us to say anything else. The play itself is a primary source and must be filtered through secondary sources like critical editions like The Arden Shakespeare or The Oxford Shakespeare.PS. You should be able to edit everything on the talk page just as on the article, including your previous reply (although it is sometimes preferable to make additional thoughts in a new message as you have done here).PPS. It's a good idea to put some effort into getting indentation in discussion threads right ( at the start indents a line,   indents it further, and so forth). It's important for keeping track of who is replying to who. A bit tedious compared to some other systems, I know, but it's what we have. I've fixed the indentation of your messages above for illustration purposes. See Help:Talk for details. --Xover (talk) 06:56, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

@Xover Thanks for all the tips. I'm still a relative novice in the big world of Wikipedia. O Murr (talk) 15:25, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

The Overview, problems
The Overview has serious factual problems. 1) The time is explicit in the dialogue, and it is 1 a.m., not "midnight." 2) The Ghost does not "strike terror" into Gertrude's heart, since she can't see him. 3) This statement, "all that is known is that it is night" is obviously wrong, since it's known to be after midnight. 4) Then, Francisco is not there when Barnardo et al see the Ghost. 5) It's explicit in the dialogue that the men have partisans, not swords. 6) It is only hinted the Ghost may be in purgatory, that is not a fact in the play. 7) Mention of the Catholic Church is wrong, since the Church of England had similar practices at the time, and other Protestant churches may have also. 8) Hamlet does not talk to Gertrude in her "bedroom," the room is her "closet," but a bedroom would have been called a "chamber." The room is Gertrude's parlor/sitting room (despite what one might see in some movies.) 9) The "nightgown" needs footnoted, or explained, since that's only in Q1.  10) Nor is it stated in the play that Fortinbras Sr was the King of Norway, that idea is only the opinion of some interpreters. In sum, it's a very bad overview, with lots of problems. 68.118.52.34 (talk) 05:37, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Changing Article Name
No one has discussed this for about a year, but it has been brought up. King Hamlet is not a correct way to refer to the Ghost of Hamlet's Father, either with reference to the dramatis personae or the text of the play itself. I think the article should be titled Ghost (Hamlet.) Lo, i am real  23:48, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Images and technical representation
I came across the image of Irving's prompt-book, which I thought would make an interesting addition to the article. I was surprised to find there was no image of the ghost in the article when I arrived, so I added one from the commons. If memory serves, it's an illustration from a Shakespeare Collected Works, showing the actor Thomas Betterton as Hamlet, but I might be wrong about that. I went ahead and said it was, so please correct if I'm mistaken. The Irving picture suggests that it might be appropriate to expand the article at some point with a section on the various technical innovations that have been employed historically in the theatre and cinema to depict the ghost.  • DP •  {huh?} 19:37, 5 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Having left this note, I then remembered I'd seen the image in Brockett and Hildy, so have corrected the caption. It may well be Betterton, but Brockett doesn't say so.  • DP •  {huh?} 19:42, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

Article sourcing
Regarding 's addition of a tag (using Twinkle, without an edit summary); my revert with the edit summary Nope, the refs are fine as they are. If you have specific concerns, please either tag them individually or bring them up on the talk page.; and Kishfan's re-revert with the edit summary Needs more citations. If you have any issue, discuss it on talk page.

First, per WP:BRD and WP:BURDEN, once you've been reverted and asked to discuss the proposed change on the talk page, further reverts are usually considered edit warring (except in some limited circumstances).

Second, the sourcing for the article as a whole looks just fine. Most things are cited, and the sources cited are reliable (scholarly articles in PMLA and Modern Language Review; an edition of the play; a university-run website; a published collection of essays on the play; etc.). The only exception is the section that discusses the character's role in the play (which has citations, but thinner ones), and such sections are implicitly cited to the work itself (cf. plot summaries and synopses). In other words, the article as such has perfectly fine sourcing for what it is. I am therefore going to remove the tag again.

If you have specific concerns with specific citations, or with specific claims which are not currently cited, please address those with specific and actionable maintenance tags (or, even better, explain your concerns here) rather than clicking the big automated Twinkle button to add a general maintenance tag with no information or explanation of what your concern is. --Xover (talk) 09:17, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Xover, you are clearly engaged in edit war because you can not just remove the citation template from the article. If you are a fan, please feel free to open a fan site but you can not remove the tags until and unless the issue is addressed. You must provide reliable sources for the claims you have included. Now please do not remove tag and provide references otherwise I have to report you for edit warring.Kishfan (talk) 12:53, 28 August 2018 (UTC)
 * The edit-warring noticeboard is right there; and the reliable sources noticeboard too. I really rather encourage you to make use of them. Until then I would appreciate it if you would refrain from personal attacks.Meanwhile, please provide some kind of policy-based argument for why the tag is needed, or, at a minimum, explain what your concern with the article's sourcing is. --Xover (talk) 19:12, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Xover, instead of wasting your energies for baseless arguments and harassments, why don't you resort to a little positive behavior and try to find out more references? I strongly recommend you must assume good faith and please read about basic policies of Wikipedia so that you can differentiate between a fan site and a well sourced article. Remember editors may not add their own views to articles simply because they believe them to be correct and please also read WP:NOTTRUTH Thank you.-Kishfan (talk) 19:20, 28 August 2018 (UTC)
 * For the third time: please provide some kind of policy-based argument for why the tag is needed, or, at a minimum, explain what your concern with the article's sourcing is. --Xover (talk) 19:41, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Xover, sure I am always there to help you understanding the policies. Please read impartiality of tone, undue weight, peacocking, Harassment and assuming good faith. Rest you can leave message at help desk for further learning. Let me know if you have more queries. Regards.-Kishfan (talk) 19:52, 28 August 2018 (UTC)
 * For the fourth time: please provide some kind of policy-based argument for why the tag is needed, or, at a minimum, explain what your concern with the article's sourcing is. If you cannot or will not provide such, the tag will just be removed again. Listing random essays and guideline pages does not constitute a policy-based argument. --Xover (talk) 20:31, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Xover, You really are that ignorant? Really? Telling you for the fifth time that you are suppose to provide references for every claim you made in the article. And if you want to remove the tag, go a head. You have already been warned for edit warring.-Kishfan (talk) 20:39, 28 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Well, at least that can stand in for a policy-based argument if you squint and try really really hard to see it. With a lot of good will, I take it your argument is based on WP:V and boils down to "Somewhere in there there's at least one statement that is not cited". The counter-argument is that the tag is for articles where the article overall has significant deficiencies in sourcing. As I explained in my first message above, that is not the case here. The vast majority of the article is cited to reliable sources.  is thus inappropriate here. I'm sure there are weaknesses in sourcing in there, but those need to be tagged individually (with, , , etc. as appropriate). And, no, you can't just hit the big automated Twinkle button once and be done: you do need to put in the effort to evaluate and correctly tag each instance. "I don't like it" is not a policy-based rationale. --Xover (talk) 06:14, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Hey Xover.. Man you never rest. This article has serious issues. I think this article is in a dire need of rewriting and more references. Just relax and let it go man. I will try to find more sources. Kishfan, you should also leave this conversation. Template of extra citations is OK but Xover is not in a listening mood.103.255.7.48 (talk) 08:30, 29 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Oh, I absolutely agree the article is in need of improvement. What text is there needs to be copy-edited and expanded, and there are many relevant aspects that are not covered in the current article. It is, in Wikipedia parlance, a Start-class article. However, the one aspect that is not in particularly bad shape is the referencing. The vast majority of claims in the article are covered by a citation, and the cited sources are of acceptable quality. PS. If you edit while logged in it makes conversations like this much easier to conduct. --Xover (talk) 08:52, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

Xover, you don't own Wikipedia and it's articles. Please see WP:OWNERSHIP. So it's not about liking. Just take some time off to get your self acquainted with basic policies.-Kishfan (talk) 17:57, 29 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I'll give you half a point because WP:OWN is, indeed, a policy. But only half of one because you failed to take onboard the other part of my point: it can't be just any random policy. You actually need to find some policy justification for why the citations currently in the article are problematic and then construct a legible argument based on that. WP:V is a good start, but you need to explain which part of it you think applies here, and make some kind of argument as to why that part justifies inserting a tag.PS. I appreciate that you logged in to edit. If you could also try to maintain proper threading that would be very helpful for keeping track of the discussion. It's getting kind of hard to follow with the random indentation. Thanks. --Xover (talk) 19:08, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Xover, now I honestly think that you are getting some sick pleasure out of it. You are either confused about the policy of reliable sources or you simply do not want to understand. I think you must calm down and search for some more references if at all you want this template to be removed else start reading and understanding the above mentioned basic policies. I do not see this discussion going anywhere because you appear desperate for not reaching to any sort of consensus. Regards.-Kishfan (talk) 20:18, 29 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Ok, and now we're back to unfounded accusations again. And here I thought we were making some kind of progress. Oh well.
 * I have repeatedly (five times? six?) asked you to engage with the issue and provide some kind of policy-based argument. So far all that you have provided are personal attacks, transparent attempts at deflection, and a long litany of plainly unfounded accusations of various policy violations. If you do not engage with the actual topic at hand with some kind of policy-based argument—or, at the very minimum, an explanation of what your concern with the article's sourcing is—I am going to remove the tag again.
 * If you then restore it without engaging in constructive discussion I am going to refer the issue to the edit-warring noticeboard. If you keep making unfounded accusations and personal attacks—and that includes further unwarranted user warning templates on my talk page—I am going to request intervention from administrators at the administrators noticeboard. Your insistence on placing the tag without engaging in discussion about it constitutes edit-warring, which is sanctionable behaviour all on its own. Unwillingness to engage in discussion, unfounded accusations of policy-violations, name-calling, personal attacks, deflection as a general rethorical strategy, and attempts to intimidate (transparent and ineffective though they were) are all disruptive behaviour and sanctionable.
 * If you really want to try your luck with those tactics with a wider audience, and in front of a group of administrators that deal with that kind of thing on a daily basis, you're quite welcome to, but I really don't recommend it. Your alternative, and my very strong recommendation, is that you actually engage in a constructive and policy-based discussion of your concerns here. --Xover (talk) 06:28, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Xover, Oh dear now you resort to below belt tactics of personal attacks. please read harassment and assuming good faith in order to educate your self on the subject. If you want to report me, go a head, what you are waiting for? But you can't remove this tag till the time you don't provide some reliable citations. You have actually gone to childish ways. Please think and act like a grown up and you can't remove any template simply because you want to do it. You are trying to hide behind quoting a number of policies and continuously harassing me for good and constructive edits. Remember, Wikipedia encourages a civil community: people make mistakes, but they are encouraged to learn from them and change their ways. Harassment is contrary to this spirit and damaging to the work of building an encyclopedia. Regards.-Kishfan (talk) 15:50, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Ok, since you plainly refuse to provide any kind of policy-based justification for the addition of the maintenance tag, in spite of my repeated requests that you do so, I have removed it from the article. Please do not restore it without providing a policy-based rationale and addressing the points I raised above. Also, please refrain from making further unfounded accusations and personal attacks. It is considered sanctionable behaviour and persisting in such may get you blocked from editing (and as I've now warned you about that several times you can't exactly claim ignorance of the rules). --Xover (talk) 16:12, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Xover.. You must have gone insane.. I am restoring the tag.. You are continuously harassing other users.43.245.9.100 (talk) 16:37, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Xover, since you are not ready to resolve the issue and continuously engaging in disruptive editing and edit war, you are about to be reported at edit-warring. You are negating all the policy based arguments and not only removing templates placed by me but you are also harassing and removing other editor's tags also. So you have to seriously reconsider your abusive behavior and do not bite newcomers as per WP:DONOTBITE otherwise you might face a block soon. Regards.-Kishfan (talk) 17:25, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Oh, excellent. I was just writing this up for WP:ANI, but since you're already bringing scrutiny to the situation I'll save myself the trouble. Do let me know how that works out for you. --Xover (talk) 18:01, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Oh, and since I see from your rather random links above that you're having trouble figuring out where the noticeboards are, please let me know if you need any help. The edit-warring notice board is at WP:EWN, and the administrators noticeboard is at WP:ANI. Both of them include instructions for how to report new issues. --Xover (talk) 18:08, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Xover, oh really? Please read my above text again and get it translate also if anything you do not understand. I repeat please violate the 3RR rule and I am just waiting for you to do that since you have some serious behavioral issues. Told you to calm down and read civil community to educate your self more on the subject. Please do not behave in this way and also read disruptive behaviour. I am still waiting for your another personal attack if it gives you pleasure. Regards.-Kishfan (talk) 18:56, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Do I then take it you would prefer I write it up for ANI? Not that I particularly enjoy that kind of thing, but since you have made clear we will not make any progress here I feel it is now the only avenue to resolve the situation. --Xover (talk) 19:26, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Xover, sure why not but I think you are just beating about the bush. And you did not reply me regarding your harassing behavior towards newcomers. Did you read WP:DONOTBITE? Regards.-Kishfan (talk) 20:04, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * You've been editing WP for almost a year, you're not exacly a newcomer. And please see WP:INDENT Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 20:09, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

 * you must bother to read the full conversation before jumping in. I am talking about the Ip user who placed another template. Just slow down, you seem to be in hurry.-Kishfan (talk) 20:28, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * My mistake. That IP may or may not be a new editor, newcomers don't bother with templates that often. But still, WP:INDENT. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 20:39, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Per MOS:PLOTSOURCE I don't see any glaring sourcing issues in this article. The Overview section is a partial description of the plot, what is the problem? Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 18:19, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * "However, due to his over-analytical mind and the complexity of the ghost's conditions," seems more analytical than descriptive though. Things like that need sourcing or rewriting. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 18:37, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree. And I don't think you should fret much about just plain removing any such instances that you find if they aren't easily fixable (that the article isn't bad does in no way imply that it's actually good). I also have access to most of the relevant journals (and some books) if you need me to check anything. Thanks for giving the article some TLC! I'd offer to help, but I'm busy with other projects just now and, frankly, fairly unmotived to put in much effort in working on this article at the moment (I'll get over it). --Xover (talk) 19:28, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Oh, incidentally, the "essential to the plot" quote is Miriam Joseph's opinion (it's the very first sentence of the article; you can see it in the preview on JSTOR). I don't know who Joseph is, so their authority on the matter is uncertain. It is, however, not inaccurate to say that the Ghost is pivotal: even those that think it a figment of Hamlet's imagination spend a lot of effort arguing about what that means for the plot. Without having looked into that in particular, I can't recall anyone quietly ignoring or actively arguing the insignificance of the Ghost in relevant articles. My suggestion short term would be to simply attribute it ("According to Miriam Joseph, ") and leave it. I'd need to read the whole article to see if they actually make that argument, or perhaps even cite enough sources that we could drop the quote and just write it in Wikipedia's voice (i.e. as accepted fact). --Xover (talk) 19:53, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * It sounds like accepted fact to me, so in WP:s voice with a good cite would be my choice. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 19:55, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Sister Miriam Joseph, probably. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 11:25, 31 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I can't read it, but The Importance of the Ghost in Hamlet (Classic Reprint) might be good for something. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 09:24, 1 September 2018 (UTC)
 * That's a title-squatting cheap reprint of The Importance of The Ghost in Hamlet (1910) by William Strunk Jr. (yes, that William Strunk!). It's available to read on Wikisource: The Importance of The Ghost in Hamlet. --Xover (talk) 09:58, 3 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Hmm, perhaps not that helpful for this particular point, but I sofar only skimmed it. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 10:13, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

Excessive plot summary
[ misplaced comment moved here and given its own heading. --Xover (talk) 18:41, 28 August 2018 (UTC) ]

I think article needs more references as it appears to be a plot summery. Can some one also add another template for this?.43.245.9.29 (talk) 13:00, 28 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree that the "Overview" section is a bit excessive as the article stands. However, the article can, and should, be expanded; at which point the length of the "Overview" section would again be balanced (see WP:PRESERVE). While somewhat ill organized and bordering on original research in places, it's not a particularly bad summation of the Ghost's role in the play. It needs improvement, not pruning. --Xover (talk) 18:47, 28 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I've read (and renamed) this section, and it seems ok (but of course improvable) to me. This sentence could perhaps be made more plain-language:

 * "Seeing the Ghost arrayed in a military aspect, and aware that the Norwegian crown prince Fortinbras is marshalling his forces on the frontier, Horatio recognises that the appearance of the Ghost must portend something regarding matters of state." Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 12:19, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

This article or section may fail to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction.
I don't see this in the article, can someone explain? Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 18:56, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree - I don't see any blurring between fact and fiction, it makes it very clear that this is a character in a play, even mentioning how he is referred to in the stage directions. I was going to remove that tag myself, but since this has gone to ANI I didn't want to get caught up in any edit warring. The article needs a bit of work on the text, but I don't see the need for the citation tag at the top of the page - specific tags for any worrisome assertions ought to be sufficient. Girth Summit  (blether)  08:48, 31 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I see the ANI case is closed. That makes me feel bolder - I've removed the tags. Girth Summit  (blether) 09:52, 31 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Wow, that was a quick one. And thanks for your edits. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 10:50, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

Ghost One
(or anyone interested), if you know about some other sourceable hypothesis about who originally played the Ghost, that could be interesting to add. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 10:56, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

Essential to the plot
Regarding the issue discussed above, about the "essential to the plot" quote in the article.

I've read through the cite and it boils down to arguing that Shakespeare in Hamlet exhibits familiarity with, and deliberately follows, Acquinas' thesis about ghosts and a three point list of tests to detrmine whether they are good (sent by God) or evil. It's a good discussion on its own, and incidentally gives a good overview of the Ghost's relevance to the question of whether the play exhibits Catholic, Protestant, or just supernatural perspective. The article's lens is fundamentally theological. That is, apart from the article's first sentence, we cannot really say it discusses or argues about the Ghost's significance to the plot.

I am also not familiar with Sister Miriam Joseph, which means she isn't routinely cited in the sources I've read, which in turn means I cannot justify stating this as fact based on her brief assertion.

It is, I believe, pretty universally held; but we may have trouble sourcing it because modern scholars tend to shy away from this sort of analysis, and avoid directly addressing such questions. There are a couple of obvious source that may address it, or help support it, so I'll try to have dig in those when time allows. --Xover (talk) 09:47, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I could go with "The Ghost is an important part of the plot." without a cite for now, per WP:BLUESKY. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 11:13, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Added another source that generally agreed. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 16:28, 12 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ghost (Hamlet)


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User:Lethe/spr links and quotes

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title: User:Lethe/spr links and quotes


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User talk:Benctr

Family blessing Oh young lives, granted from heaven to us parents and who painfully suffer with us and because of us, the discovery of spiritual maturity! The difficult upbringing that we’re being through, has been and will forever be inexcusable in our own eyes and in the eyes of the world. It is so, that we may all be trained in God’s power to forgive and to free us from what He forgives, as we learn to pray, to praise, to be thankful and to rejoice no matter what, in the blossom against and because of all odds. May we each live on by ongrowingly knowing God’s Fatherhood to us, where we each seek Him from, to where He seeks to be hosted within and amongst all of His own, in the quietning stillness of His Holiness to adore Him from! Dear spouse and children, the present of our lives comes to us from a specific dictation, grooved in the people of our past, and scripted in a future of the Life, as we radiate the spiritual-organic journey of the… …Spheric Knighthood of                   Humanity’s Round Table In British terms, the knights represent the noblest of chivalry. They are the ones who are sovereignly appointed to serve and to protect with all the passion of their personal devotion to God and king or queen as the case may be. Since Camelot, the British monarchy and the knights of the round table have been adapting to the deeper calling of justice and of peace, while chivalry went on a quest of its own, looking for new ground to grow roots with. It reached beyond the realm of the Empire, and has now covered the whole sphere of the Earth. Having been forced to survive the underground rule, chivalry is sprouting back from upon the Land of Emmanuel, with knights who are equipped to serve and to protect the universal completion of personal and mutual community care. The round table we work from, is to inspire and to ease in the consensus of living freely with and for all who choose to host chivalry’s sprouting Royalty. The torch of Faith we carry is ignited to radiate the peace caused from the Solemn beauty of Being human who answers the ancient voice of humanity’s youth in the fluid adaptation of common sense in Christ-Jesus by His Spirit in the Glory of our Father in heaven...amen! Benctr

title: User talk:Benctr