text: User talk:69.208.118.131

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.208.118.131


text:
Foamy (disambiguation)

Foamy in an adjective that describes a foam-like texture. Foamy may also refer to:
 * Foamy the squirrel, a character in the webtoon, Neurotically Yours
 * Foamy the Freakadog, a briefly appearing sidekick to the eponymous superhero on the Freakazoid! television show

title: Foamy (disambiguation)


text: User:Sjorford/Bookmarks

title: User:Sjorford/Bookmarks


text: User talk:69.215.67.234

title: User talk:69.215.67.234


text:
Talk:Japanese dwarf flyin squirrel

... Wow. These things are real?

title: Talk:Japanese dwarf flyin squirrel


text:
Template talk:Dance Dance Revolution

Future template layout
I'd like to use this template in the future, once articles for more of the DDR versions are done:

Need of a reformat
The current grouping ("NA"/"JPN"/"EU"/"Main") attracts a large number of duplicate links, and so I've made my second culling of the links.

Does anyone have a good idea on the best way to handle this problem? Sorting by date could work, except that the list already largely handles that case. --Izno (talk) 16:42, 11 October 2016 (UTC)
 * By year would be appropriate, also I think a number of these undersourced links can still be merged to the list—they're not doing much good on their own, especially when the releases are not distinguished from each other czar  17:42, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Dance Dance Revolution


text:
Queen Elizabeth II National Trust

The Queen Elizabeth II National Trust (QEII) is a registered charity and statutory New Zealand organisation independent from the government and managed by a board of directors. It was established in 1977 by the Queen Elizabeth the Second National Trust Act 1977 "to encourage and promote, for the benefit of New Zealand, the provision, protection, preservation and enhancement of open space."

QEII enables landowners to protect special features on their land through its open space covenants. QEII does this by partnering with private landowners to protect natural and cultural heritage sites on their land with covenants. The landowner continues to own and manage the protected land, and the covenant and protection stays on the land, even when the property is sold to a new owner.

Open space is defined in the QEII National Trust Act as any area of land or body of water that serves to preserve or to facilitate the preservation of any landscape of aesthetic, cultural, recreational, scenic, scientific, or social interest or value.

QEII covenants consist of a network of over 4,400 protected areas throughout New Zealand, ranging from small backyard patches to huge swathes of high country. These covenants protect more than 180,000 ha of private land, and play a hugely critical role as a refuge for some of New Zealand's rarest and most endangered biodiversity and ecosystems.

QEII also delivered New Zealand's contribution to the Queen's Commonwealth Canopy Initiative (QCC). This is a worldwide initiative set up to mark Queen Elizabeth II's reign and leadership of the Commonwealth. It aims to create a network of native forest throughout the Commonwealth, and QEII is the link to the QCC in New Zealand.

The National Trust puts a high priority on securing covenants that support the objectives of the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy.

History
QEII National Trust was set up in 1977, with the intention that it was set up by farmers for farmers and other landowners at a time when the New Zealand government offered subsidies to encourage bush and wetland clearance on farms. There was a desire in the community among farmers and other landowners to protect areas on private land that were home to native species. Their vision was for protection to be both voluntary and everlasting, legally protecting the land forever.

QEII was founded by Gordon Stephenson, who was also the first covenantor.

Founder Gordon Stephenson died in December 2015.

Governance
QEII is an independent charitable trust, rather than a government institution.

The board is responsible for executive control and management of the QEII National Trust.

QEII is governed by a board of directors. The board is made up of six directors. The Minister of Conservation appoints four directors who have the right mix of environmental and conservation values, and who can reflect the interests of rural landowners, and the interests of the Maori community. QEII National Trust members elect the remaining two directors.

Legislation
QEII was established in 1977 by the Queen Elizabeth the Second National Trust Act 1977 "to encourage and promote, for the benefit of New Zealand, the provision, protection, preservation and enhancement of open space."

The act establishing the QEII National Trust as a statutory organisation independent from government, and gives them power to protect open space in Aotearoa. Specifically it can:

 * Register open space covenants to protect land forever
 * Manage land QEII owns
 * Advise the minister of conservation, and other ministers as appropriate, on matters related to open space
 * Promote research into matters related to open space
 * Provide grants for projects related to open space

As well as their own Act, QEII also often interact with the following legislation:

 * Conservation Act 1987
 * Overseas Investment Act 2005
 * Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998
 * Resource Management Act 1991
 * Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993
 * Walking Access Act 2008

title: Queen Elizabeth II National Trust


text: User talk:202.28.179.1

title: User talk:202.28.179.1


text:
Kadish

Kadish is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alan Kadish (born 1956), American cardiologist, academic administrator
 * Ben-Ami Kadish (1923–2012), U.S. Army mechanical engineer and agent for Israel
 * George Kadish (1910–1997), Lithuanian photographer
 * Karl Kadish (born 1945), American chemist
 * Kevin Kadish (born 1971), American songwriter
 * Mark J. Kadish, American judge
 * Mike Kadish (born 1950), American football player
 * Norman Maurice Kadish (1916–1988), British artist
 * Reuben Kadish (1913–1992), American artist
 * Ronald T. Kadish (born 1948), U.S. Air Force general
 * Sanford Kadish (1921–2014), American criminal law scholar
 * Sharman Kadish (born 1959), British Jewish historian

title: Kadish


text:
Jehovah's Witnesses and governments

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a "new covenant". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as the kingdom's representatives on earth.

Due to their belief in God's kingdom as the only legitimate form of governance, Jehovah's Witnesses do not participate in political activities, such as voting in elections. They refrain from saluting the flag of any country or singing nationalistic songs, which they believe are forms of worship. They refuse to participate in military service—even when it is compulsory. Witnesses are taught that they should obey laws of the governments where they live unless such laws conflict with their beliefs, such as operating covertly in countries where their activities are banned. Their policies for handling cases of child sexual abuse have been the subject of various formal inquiries.

Civil liberties
According to the book Judging Jehovah's Witnesses, the Witnesses have helped to widen the definition of civil liberties in most western societies, hence broadening the rights of millions of people, due to their firm stand and determination. According to the preface to the book State and Salvation: "One of the results of the Witnesses' legal battles was the long process of discussion and debate that led to the Charter of Rights, which is now part of the fundamental law of Canada. Other battles in countries around the world have involved the rights to decline military service or martial arts training, to decline to participate in political parties or governmental elections, to exercise free and anonymous speech, to exercise freedom of association, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, medical self-determination, etc. Witnesses continue to, in their words, 'defend and legally establish the Good News' around the world."

Australia
In 2015, the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse examined the handling of child sexual abuse cases by Jehovah's Witnesses and other organizations in Australia. Their "case studies showed that it was a common practice of religious institutions to adopt 'in-house' responses when dealing with allegations of child sexual abuse." During the hearing, the Watch Tower Society had produced 5,000 documents relating to 1,006 case files of allegations of child sexual abuse reported to Jehovah's Witness elders in Australia since 1950—each file for a different alleged perpetrator of child sexual abuse, including 579 cases in which the perpetrator confessed. None of these allegations were reported to the secular authorities. Officers of the royal commission "referred information in relation to 514 alleged perpetrators to police", adding that "of the remaining 492 alleged perpetrators identified in the case files, officers at the Royal Commission determined that there was either insufficient evidence in the case files to warrant referring matters to police or that the matters had already come to the attention of police". The royal commission found that it "[did] not consider the Jehovah's Witness organisation to be an organisation which responds adequately to child sexual abuse. ... The organisation's retention and continued application of policies such as the two-witness rule in cases of child sexual abuse shows a serious lack of understanding of the nature of child sexual abuse." In its final report, the royal commission added, "As long as the Jehovah's Witness organisation continues to ... [rely on a literal interpretation of the Bible and 1st century principles to set practice, policy and procedure] ... in its response to allegations of child sexual abuse, it will remain an organisation that does not respond adequately to child sexual abuse and that fails to protect children."

Spain
In December 2023, a lawsuit filed by the Jehovah's Witnesses against the Spanish Association of Victims of Jehovah's Witnesses was dismissed. This lawsuit was filed because the religion considered that the association of victims included in its statutes "a series of offensive statements against the honor of Jehovah's Christian Witnesses and all its members". It also requested the elimination of the victims' association from the National Registry of Associations.

United States
Many United States Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses have shaped First Amendment law. Significant cases affirmed rights such as these: By 1988, the U.S. Supreme Court had reviewed 71 cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses as an organization, two-thirds of which were decided in their favor. In 2002, the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society disputed an ordinance in Stratton, Ohio that required a permit in order to preach from door to door. The Supreme Court decided in favor of the Witnesses.
 * Right to Refrain from Compulsory Flag Salute – West Virginia State Board of Education vs. Barnette
 * Conscientious objection to military service
 * Preaching in public

Philippines
In 1990, 68 Jehovah’s Witness elementary students were expelled for refusing to participate in daily flag raising ceremonies. In Ebralinag, et al. vs. Division Superintendent of Schools of Cebu, the court ruled that Jehovah's Witnesses are permitted to refrain from saluting the Philippine flag and singing the national anthem. In 1993, the Supreme Court upheld the decision in favor of the denomination.

France
In France, a number of court cases have involved Jehovah's Witnesses and their organizations, especially on the question of their refusing blood transfusions to minor patients. These questions had far-reaching legal implications regarding the tax status of their organizations.

Association Les Témoins de Jéhovah
Association Les Témoins de Jéhovah v. Direction des Services Fiscaux challenged the denial of tax-exempt status for Association Les Témoins de Jéhovah, the not-for-profit corporation used by Jehovah's Witnesses in France. Religious associations (“associations cultuelles”, the legal status defined by the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State) in France can request exemption from certain taxes, including taxes on donations, if their purpose is solely to organize religious worship and they do not infringe on public order. According to the French tax administration, tax-exempt status was denied because: "The association of Jehovah's Witnesses forbids its members to defend the nation, to take part in public life, to give blood transfusions to their minor children and that the parliamentary commission on cults has listed them as a cult which can disturb public order."

On October 5, 2004, the Court of Cassation—the highest court in France for cases outside of administrative law—rejected the Witnesses' recourse against taxation at 60% of the value of some of their contributions, which the fiscal services assimilated to a legal category of donations close to that of inheritance and subject to the same taxes between non-parents. The court ruled that the tax administration could legally tax the corporation used by Jehovah's Witnesses if they received donations in the form of dons gratuits and they were not recognized as associations culturelles.

According to the Watch Tower Society, the taxed contributions include donations for the support of humanitarian relief efforts in Rwanda in 1994. French law makes a distinction between normal non-profit associations (whose donations for humanitarian aid are not tax-exempt), non-profit associations of public usefulness (whose donations for humanitarian aid are tax exempt), and associations supporting religious activities (whose donations are tax exempt). Humanitarian aid is not considered to support religious activities and thus, accordingly, is not considered to be tax-exempt under the rules governing associations supporting religious activities. Typically, religious organizations in France providing humanitarian aid found a separate association devoted to that purpose; it may then be declared of public usefulness.

In the case of two local associations of Jehovah's Witnesses, the Council of State, the supreme court for administrative matters, ruled that denying the legal status of associations cultuelles on grounds of accusations of infringement of public order was illegal unless substantiated by actual proofs of that infringement.

On June 30, 2011, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) unanimously ruled that France's imposing a retroactive tax for the years 1993 and 1996 had violated Jehovah's Witnesses' right to freedom of religion under Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights. On July 5, 2012, the ECHR ordered the government of France to repay €4,590,295 in taxes, plus interest, and to reimburse legal costs of €55,000. On December 11, 2012, the government of France repaid €6,373,987.31 ($8,294,320).

Other cases
Other court cases have concerned the rights for patients, or of minor patients' legal guardians, to refuse medical treatment even if there is a risk of death. For example, in a 2001 case, doctors at a French public hospital who gave blood products to a patient with an acute kidney injury were found not to have committed a mistake of a nature to involve the responsibility of the State.

The Council stated that "there does not exist, for the doctor, an abstract and unalterable hierarchy between the obligation to treat the patient, and that to respect the will of the patient," concluding that faced with a decision to treat patients against their will, doctors do not have a legally predefined obligation to treat the patient, nor do they have a legally predefined obligation to abide by their wishes. One year later, after the adoption of the Kouchner Law on patients' rights and quality of the health system, the Council of State recalled that not respecting the patient's wishes violates his individual freedom, but the doctor did not commit a fault if under extreme conditions he performs an intervention “necessary and proportionate to its state” in order to try to save the patient's life.

In a child custody case following a divorce, a woman was denied custody of her children outside of holidays for various reasons, including her membership of Jehovah's Witnesses; the court of appeals of Nîmes considered that the educational rules applied by the Witnesses to their children were essentially inappropriate because of their hardness, their intolerance, and the obligation for children to practice proselytism. The case went before the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), which ruled that the court should have based its decision on the mother's actual handling of her children and not on abstract, general notions pertaining to the mother's religious affiliation.

Some Witnesses requested that the National Union of the Associations for the Defense of Families and Individuals not be officially recognized as useful to the public because of its opposition to sectarian excesses which, the plaintiffs alleged, persecuted Jehovah's Witnesses. Both the Conseil d'État and the ECHR rejected their claim.

Following a lengthy administrative procedure initiated by Jehovah's Witnesses, on October 16, 2013, the Council of State condemned the refusals of the French administration to accept their religious ministers as prison chaplains, explaining that the detainees “may exercise the religion of their choice, in accordance with the suitable conditions for organising the premises, within solely the limits imposed by security and good order in the institution”. According to the French Ministry of Justice, Jehovah's Witnesses currently have 111 chaplains for their own service in prison.

Other
The European Court of Human Rights has ruled in favour of the rights of Jehovah's Witnesses in many cases. For example:
 * Bayatyan v. Armenia. Grand Chamber of ECHR affirms right to conscientious objection to military service. (Amnesty International. 7 July 2011) See Amnesty International Statement
 * Efstratiou v. Greece (18 December 1996), Strasbourg 77/1996/696/888 (Eur. Ct. H.R.)
 * Manoussakis and Others v. Greece (26 September 1996), Strasbourg 59/1995/565/651 (Eur. Ct. H.R.)
 * Hoffmann v. Austria (23 June 1993), Strasbourg 15/1992/360/434 (Eur. Ct. H.R.)
 * Kokkinakis v. Greece (25 May 1993), Strasbourg 3/1992/348/421 (Eur. Ct. H.R.)

In 2005 the Presiding Judge of the Provincial Court in Ruhengeri, Rwanda ruled that Witnesses should not be imprisoned for refusing to bear arms in civil defense 'night patrols' since they were willing to participate and had participated in other forms of community service. 297 Witnesses had been imprisoned on such charges in an 8-month period of 2004. 143 of those imprisoned had been severely beaten.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses and governments


text:
Talk:Lindes and Ramsberg Mountain District

Linde was the name of the city, Lindes the name of the "socken", the area around and inkluding the city. user:Damast --81.226.85.201 09:54, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I didn't notice that Närke was the description of the geografic location. Lindesberg is situated in Västmanlands "landskap" and has only for a wery short time been a part of Närke. But the city is, as well as Ramsberg, a part of Örebro län. (Dont like write in englisch...). Is there anyone who can write the text with correkt desciption of location? --Damast 21:10, 1 April 2007 (UTC)


text:
Madaba

Madaba (مادبا; Biblical Hebrew: Mēḏəḇāʾ; Μήδαβα   ) is the capital city of Madaba Governorate in central Jordan, with a population of about 60,000. It is best known for its Byzantine and Umayyad mosaics, especially a large Byzantine-era mosaic map of the Holy Land. Madaba is located 30 km south-west of the capital Amman.

History
Madaba dates from the Middle Bronze Age.

The town of Madaba was once a Moabite border city, mentioned in the Bible in Numbers 21:30 and Joshua 13:9. Control over the city changed back and forth between Israel and Moab, as mentioned in the Mesha Stele.

During its rule by the Roman and Byzantine empires from the 2nd to the 7th centuries, the city formed part of the Provincia Arabia set up by the Roman Emperor Trajan to replace the Nabataean kingdom of Petra.

The first evidence for a Christian community in the city, with its own bishop, is found in the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon in 451, where Constantine, Metropolitan Archbishop of Bostra (the provincial capital) signed on behalf of Gaiano, "Bishop of the Medabeni." It was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate in 629 after the Battle of Mut'ah.

During the rule of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate, it was part of the southern district of Jund Filastin within the Bilad al-Sham province.

Modern settlement
In 1880, 90 Arab Christian families from Al Karak resettled the ruins of Madaba, led by two Italian priests from the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem. This period saw the start of archaeological research. This in turn substantially supplemented the scant documentation available.

The Catholic Church's list of titular sees uses the spelling "Medaba", in reference to the ancient bishopric located in this city, while referring to the modern city as "Madaba".

Today, the city is the seat of Madaba Governorate and is the 9th-biggest city in Jordan, with a population of 122,008 as of 2021.

In Madaba city
The first mosaics were discovered during the building of new houses using bricks from older buildings. The new inhabitants of Madaba, made conscious of the importance of the mosaics by their priests, made sure that they took care of and preserved all the mosaics that came to light.

The northern part of the city turned out to be the area containing the greatest concentration of mosaics. During the Byzantine-Umayyad period, this northern area, crossed by a colonnaded Roman road, saw the building of the Church of the Map, the Hippolytus Mansion, the Church of the Virgin Mary, the Church of Prophet Elijah with its crypt, the Church of the Holy Martyrs (Al-Khadir), the Burnt Palace, the Church of the Sunna' family, and the church of the salaita family.

The Map of Madaba mosaic was discovered in 1896 and the findings were published a year later. This discovery drew the attention of scholars worldwide. It also positively influenced the inhabitants, who shared the contagious passion of F. Giuseppe Manfredi, to whom the rediscovery of most of the city's mosaics are owed. Madaba became known as the "City of Mosaics" in Jordan.

The Madaba Mosaic Map is a map of the region dating from the 6th century and preserved in the floor of the Greek Orthodox Basilica of Saint George, sometimes called the "Church of the Map". With two million pieces of coloured stone, the map depicts hills and valleys, villages and towns in Palestine and the Nile Delta. The mosaic contains the earliest extant representation of Byzantine Jerusalem, labeled the "Holy City." The map provides important details about its 6th-century landmarks, with the cardo, or central colonnaded street, and the church of the Holy Sepulchre clearly visible. This map is one key in developing scholarly knowledge about the physical layout of Jerusalem after its destruction and rebuilding in 70 AD.

Other mosaic masterpieces found in the Church of the Virgin and the Apostles and the Archaeological Museum, depict a profusion of flowers and plants, birds and fish, animals and exotic beasts, as well as scenes from mythology and everyday pursuits of hunting, fishing and farming. Hundreds of other mosaics from the 5th through the 7th centuries are scattered throughout Madaba.

The University of Toronto has been excavating in Madaba from 1996 until the present. Their efforts have focused primarily on the west acropolis where an open field has allowed access to uncover the entire sequence of occupation at Madaba from the modern period down to the Early Bronze Age levels. The most visible feature of this area is a 7.5 m fortification wall built sometime in the 9th century BC, with subsequent rebuilds throughout its history. There is also the remains of a well-preserved Byzantine-era house at the base of the fortification wall.

In 2010, a 3,000-year-old Iron Age temple containing several figurines of ancient deities and circular clay vessels used in Moabite religious rituals was discovered at Khirbat 'Ataroz near Mabada.

In Khirbat Ataruz
Khirbat Ataruz, also known as Ataroth, is mentioned prominently in the Mesha stele and its ruins are located in Madaba Governorate, outside of Madaba city. It was conquered by Israelite King Omri, as discussed in the Mesha stele, Book of Numbers 32, and 2nd Books of Kings 3:4–27. The oldest inscription in the Moabite language script, dated to the late 9th or early 8th century BCE, was found at Khirbat Ataruz.

Madaba Institute for Mosaic Art and Restoration
The Institute of Mosaic Art and Restoration was founded in 1992 as the Madaba Mosaic School, and funded by the Italian government. It was a high school which offered the Tawjihi, the Jordanian equivalent of a high school diploma. In 2007, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, under the Department of Antiquities, partnered with USAID's Siyaha tourism development project, and the Italian government to launch the institute as a two-year, post-secondary educational program. The institute offers diplomas in Mosaic Art Production and Restoration. The institute is located between the Madaba Visitors Center and the Madaba Archaeological Park.

Climate
Madaba has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Madaba is 16.4 °C. About 346 mm of precipitation falls annually.

Points of interest

 * Madaba's main attraction is its Byzantine mosaics, drawing many visitors, especially since the creation of an archaeological park. They cover the floors of houses and churches dating from the site's earliest period of habitation.

 * Southwest of Madaba is Hammamat Ma'in (Ma'in Hot Springs), thermal mineral springs that for centuries have attracted people for its purported therapeutic properties.

 * The nearby site of Umm ar-Rasas, south-east of Madaba on the edge of the semi-arid steppe, started as a Roman military camp and grew to become a town from the 5th century. It also has very large and well-preserved mosaics.

 * At the southern entrance to Madaba, near the King's Highway, is the Church of the Apostles. The ruins of this Byzantine church date to 578 CE, and are currently being restored. It includes a mosaic known as the "Personification of the Sea", depicting a woman emerging from the sea, surrounded by mythical aquatic creatures and a hodgepodge of rams, bulls, parrots and exotic vegetation. The mosaic was signed by a mosaicist named Salamanios.

 * A weaving project started by twelve women of the Bani Hamida tribe in 1985 produces woven items in traditionally bright colors. Traditional ground looms, assembled using stones and sticks, are used for the weaving, and the products can be found at numerous outlets in Jordan and abroad. Visitors can stop by the weaving rooms, located in the village of Mukawir, to see how the rugs are made. The women also make decorative candles.

 * The American University of Madaba opened in 2011, and is located on a 100-acre campus outside the city.

Twin towns – sister cities
Madaba is twinned with:
 * Bethlehem, Palestine
 * 🇺🇸 Denton, Texas

title: Madaba


text:
Bay window

A bay window is a window space projecting outward from the main walls of a building and forming a bay in a room. It typically consists of a central windowpane, called a fixed sash, flanked by two or more smaller windows, known as casement or double-hung windows. The arrangement creates a panoramic view of the outside, allows more natural light to enter the room, and provides additional space within the room. Bay windows are often designed to extend beyond the exterior wall, forming a small nook or seating area inside, which can be used for various purposes such as reading, display, or simply enjoying the view. They are commonly found in residential buildings, particularly in living rooms, dining areas, or bedrooms, but can also be seen in commercial or public structures.

Types
Bay window is a generic term for all protruding window constructions, regardless of whether they are curved or angular, or run over one or multiple storeys.

In plan, the most frequently used shapes are isosceles trapezoid (which may be referred to as a canted bay window ) and rectangle. But other polygonal shapes with more than two corners are also common, as are curved shapes. If a bay window is curved it may alternatively be called bow window. Bay windows in a triangular shape with just one corner exist, but are relatively rare.

A bay window supported by a corbel, bracket or similar is called an oriel window.

"Rawashin" is a traditional and distinctive style of corbelled bay window in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (e.g., as on the frontage of Nasseef House).

Uses
Most medieval bay windows and up to the Baroque era are oriel windows. They frequently appear as a highly ornamented addition to the building rather than an organic part of it. Particularly during the Gothic period they often serve as small house chapels, with the oriel window containing an altar and resembling an apse of a church. Especially in Nuremberg these are even called Chörlein (lit. 'little apse/choir'), with the most famous example being the one from the parsonage of St. Sebaldus Church.

In Islamic architecture, oriel windows such as the Arabic mashrabiya are frequently made of wood and allow viewing out while restricting visibility from the outside. Especially in warmer climates, a bay window may be identical to a balcony with a privacy shield or screen.

Bay windows can make a room appear larger, and provide views of the outside which would be unavailable with an ordinary flat window. They are found in terraced houses, semis, and detached houses as well as in blocks of flats.

Based on British models, their use spread to other English-speaking countries like Ireland, the US, Canada, and Australia. Following the pioneering model of pre-modern commercial architecture at the Oriel Chambers in Liverpool, they feature on early Chicago School skyscrapers, where they often run the whole height of the building's upper storeys. They also feature in bay-and-gable houses commonly found in older portions of Toronto.

Bay windows were identified as a defining characteristic of San Francisco architecture in a 2012 study that had a machine learning algorithm examine a random sample of 25,000 photos of cities from Google Street View.

title: Bay window


text:
Giardini Naxos

Giardini Naxos (Giaddini; English translation: Naxos Gardens) is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Messina on the island of Sicily in southern Italy. It is situated on the coast of the Ionian Sea on a bay which lies between Cape Taormina and Cape Schisò. Since the 1970s it has become a seaside-resort, a popular tourist destination and cruise ship stop.

History

Founded by Thucles the Chalcidian in 734 BC in Magna Graecia, Naxos was never a powerful city, but its temple of Apollo Archegetes, protecting deity of all the Greek colonies, gave it prominence in religious affairs. Leontini and Catania were both colonized from here. Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, captured it in 494 BC. Its opposition to Syracuse ultimately led to its capture and destruction in 403 BC at the hands of Dionysius the tyrant, after it had supported Athens during that city's disastrous Sicilian Expedition. Though the site continued to be inhabited, most activity shifted to neighbouring Tauromenium.

In 1544, following the raids by corsair, Kheir-ed-Din, several military buildings were constructed to protect Cape Schisò from the Barbary pirates who continued to attack and plunder the coastal villages. These were Schisò Castle, which was rebuilt from an earlier 13th-century castle, Schisò fort, and Vignazza Tower. The latter is a quadrangular watchtower which served to patrol the coast south of Port Schisò; if any pirate boats were sighted, the observers inside the tower could alert the villagers and neighbouring watchtowers by sending out smoke signals. Vignazza Tower is located in the Recanati area of Giardini Naxos.

Economy
Prior to the early 1970s, Giardini Naxos was a quiet fishing village. Now it is a tourist destination, its attractions including beaches, the panoramic view of the bay and surrounding hills, and its small fishing port. A larger port services the cruise ships which arrive regularly. It attracts foreign visitors and Italians alike, many of whom own summer residences in the comune. The seafront is lined with hotels, smaller pensions, pubs, lidos, restaurants and discos.

The town of Taormina is situated in the hills above Giardini Naxos and can be easily accessed by car and bus. Giardini Naxos also has several churches and an archaeological park.

title: Giardini Naxos


text: Category:British sailors

title: Category:British sailors


text:
User:Phil Boswell/monobook.js

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title: User:Phil Boswell/monobook.js


text:
Reeve (England)

In Anglo-Saxon England, a reeve (Old English: gerefa) was an administrative official serving the king or a lesser lord in a variety of roles. After the Norman Conquest, it was an office held by a man of lower rank, appointed as manager of a manor and overseer of the peasants. In this later role, historian H. R. Loyn observes, "he is the earliest English specialist in estate management."

Types
Reeve is a general term that could refer to a variety of administrative officials. Royal reeves worked for the king, but nobles and bishops also employed reeves. Some reeves served as estate managers, while others held positions in towns and boroughs.

Royal reeves
In the late 7th and early 8th centuries, royal reeves oversaw royal estates. By the 10th century, royal reeves performed a variety duties in shires and hundreds. They enforced legislation and royal decrees. They presided over local courts, carried out police functions, and witnessed sales. A royal reeve's authority often overlapped with that of the ealdorman.

Specific offices within this wider category include:
 * High-reeve: a title for the rulers of Bamburgh.
 * Portreeve: an official of an authorised trading center.
 * Sheriff (Old English: scirgerefa, literally shire-reeve): first appears in the time of Cnut ((r. 1016 – 1035)), but may have existed earlier under other names.

After the Norman Conquest
After the Norman Conquest, feudalism was introduced, forming a parallel administrative system to the local courts. The feudal system organised land on a manorial basis, with stewards acting as managers for the landlords. The Norman term describing the court functionary—bailiff—came to be used for reeves associated with lower level courts, and with the equivalent role in the feudal courts of landlords.

Courts fulfilled administrative, as well as judicial, functions, and on the manorial level its decisions could concern mundane field management, not just legal disputes. The manorial bailiff thus could be set tasks such as ensuring certain crops were gathered, as well as those like enforcing debt repayment. Sometimes, bailiffs would have assistants to carry out these tasks, and the term reeve now came to be used for this position—someone essentially assisting the steward, and sometimes a bailiff, by effectively performing day-to-day supervision of the work done on the land within a particular manor.

This reeve has been described as "the pivot man of the manorial system". He had to oversee the work which the peasants were bound to perform, as an obligation attached to their holding of land in the Manor, for the lord of the manor on the demesne land; such reeves acted generally as the overseer of the serfs and peasants on the estate. He was also responsible for many aspects of the finances of the manor such as the sale of produce, collection of monies and payment of accounts.

He was usually himself a peasant, and was chosen once a year, generally at Michaelmas. In some manors the reeve was appointed by the lord of the manor, but in others he was elected by the peasants, subject or not to a right of veto by the lord. It depended on the custom of the manor, but there was an increasing tendency for election to be favoured. No doubt an elected reeve was more willingly obeyed, and sometimes the peasants would be made financially liable if an elected reeve defaulted.

Although this reeve was subject to the steward, the steward might not always be resident within the manor, and might manage many, and would not usually concern himself with day-to-day working. A good reeve who carried out his duties efficiently, and was trusted by the lord and the peasants alike, was likely to stay in office more or less permanently. By the 14th century the reeve was often a permanent officer of the manor.

With the subsequent decline of the feudal system, and the subversion of its courts by the introduction of justices of the peace (magistrates), this use of reeve fell out of practice.

Depiction by Chaucer

There is an exceptional literary portrait of a reeve in the second half of the 14th century. The reeve is one of the pilgrims who are making their way to Canterbury in Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, and the Prologue paints a vivid picture of this man, who had originally been a carpenter but has served as reeve of a manor for many years and had grown old in service. "The Reeve's Tale" is the third story in The Canterbury Tales, in which Chaucer describes a highly efficient servant, impossible for any man to deceive or outwit, never in debt and knowing exactly how much the manor should produce. It is an early picture of a completely reliable accountant, rather a cold individual but indispensable.

title: Reeve (England)


text:
Portal:Sports/WikiProjects

 * Sports
 * American football (College football)* Association football* Badminton* Baseball (Baseball players* College baseball)* Basketball (College basketball* National Basketball Association)* Biathlon* Bowling* Canadian football* Climbing* Cricket* Cue sports (billiards/pool) (Snooker)* Cycling* Darts* Fencing*  Fishing* Gaelic games• Golf* Gymnastics* Ice hockey* Martial arts* Motorsport (A1 Grand Prix, American Open Wheel Racing, Australian motorsport, British Motorsport, Formula One, GP Motorcycle Racing, IROC, NASCAR, Sports Car Racing, World Rally)* Multi-sport events* Olympics* Rugby league football* Rugby union* Skiing and snowboarding* Sports facilities* Sumo* Table tennis* Tennis* Volleyball* Water sports (Fishing, Kayaking, Rowing, Sailing, SCUBA, Swimming)

title: Portal:Sports/WikiProjects


text: User talk:83.226.97.245

title: User talk:83.226.97.245


text:
Ann Cooper Whitall

Ann Cooper Whitall (1716–1797) was a prominent Quaker woman in the colonial U.S. She was born in Woodbury, New Jersey to John and Ann Cooper on April 23, 1716. She married James Whitall in 1739 at age 23. Whitall kept a diary starting in about 1760 that contains important historical insight into the lives of people in the Red Bank area and Quaker family life in colonial times.

Both devout Quakers, Ann and her husband were pacifists and remained neutral throughout the American Revolutionary War despite the immediate threat that the conflict posed to their home and livelihood.

Whitall would stay in her house during the 1777 Battle of Red Bank, even though British warships were firing cannon in that direction. There is a popular myth that a stray cannonball crashed through the house into the very room where Whitall sat working at a spinning wheel at which point she supposedly moved the spinning wheel down to the basement and kept working. According to Dr. Janofsky, though, director of the Red Bank Battlefield historical site, there is little evidence that the house was hit by cannon fire at all. The battle was a victory for the colonists, and afterwards Whitall opened her house to wounded on both sides. She gave them herbal medicines and bandaged their wounds. She is called the Heroine of Red Bank for her actions at that time.

Ann and James Whitall had nine children together, six sons and three daughters. Ann Whitall died in 1797 at age 82 during a yellow fever epidemic. Her remains are interred along with her husband's at the Friends Burial Ground in Woodbury, New Jersey.

The James and Ann Whitall House stands today, preserved, as part of the Red Bank Battlefield county park. Tours are available seasonally.

Ann Cooper Whitall's brother John Cooper served in the Continental Congress in 1776. Her grandson John Mickle Whitall was a sea captain and Quaker businessman who manufactured glass bottles in Millville, New Jersey. Her great-granddaughter Hannah Whitall Smith was a speaker and writer. One great-great-granddaughter M. Carey Thomas was a president of Bryn Mawr College. Another great-great-granddaughter was Alys Pearsall Smith, the first wife of Bertrand Russell.

Material on Ann Whitall, including a copy of her diary, is available in the Frank H. Stewart Collection at Rowan University Libraries Archives and Special Collection in Glassboro, New Jersey.

title: Ann Cooper Whitall


text:
Talk:Windup radio

Memory questioned...
"Thus, a clockwork-powered radio that he remembered from his youth" ... no there where never clockwork radios in his youth. Only clockwork clocks!

Tabletop 10:06, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

crank-powered laptops
MIT is designing $100 crank-powered laptops. Dunno which article to link from though. - Omegatron 03:31, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Try 100 dollar laptop. Tabletop 11:39, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

A problem with a clockwork radio
One problem with the Baygen clockwork radio is that while the handle is being wound, no power is being generated for the radio. It takes 30 seconds to recharge the spring, which then takes 15 minutes to wind down. The gap is not fatal for music, but would be annoying if the gap occurred during a weather forcast that warns you of a hurricane.

Something needs to be done to cover this gap.

 * Have two springs with two handles, and always make sure that they are out of phase.
 * Have two springs with one handle, and a way of automatically switching to the most run-down spring, which may well be easier said than done.
 * Have a rechargeable battery backup for the gap, which somewhat defeats the clockwork idea.
 * Have a second generator connected to the handle so that it generates power while you wind the spring up, during which time the generator connected to the spring is dead. Some capacitors might be able to bridge the much smaller gap in the power.
 * Buy two Baygen clockwork radios!!!!

Tabletop 03:59, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

Patent Dispute
A Bangladeshi inventor claims a patent on the FreePlay Radio dating from 1975. His complaint was deleted without a trace. At least a short mention should be made of this.

Tabletop 11:13, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Usually an emergency radio?
I though it was designed for everyday use in places without electricity.A Geek Tragedy 00:12, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

C Crane
There's a newly added commercial link to C Crane. The edit comment said that it included history and that C Crane was one of the pioneers of this. But the link just goes to the company home page and I don't see a history or evidence that C Crane was a pioneer. I'm tempted to delete but thought I'd ask for clarification first.Ccrrccrr (talk) 15:21, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I vote delete. I don't see any history there either.  Looks like spam to me. -- Chetvorno TALK 16:09, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Windup radio


text:
Under Lock and Key

Under Lock and Key is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Dokken, released on November 22, 1985, through Elektra Records. The album reached No. 32 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and remained on that chart for 67 weeks. Two singles also charted: "The Hunter" and "In My Dreams", both reaching No. 25 and 24 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock respectively, with "In My Dreams" at No. 77 on the Billboard Hot 100. Under Lock and Key was certified Gold on March 4, 1986, and Platinum on April 14, 1987.

Critical reception
The album received mostly positive reviews. Eduardo Rivadavia in his review for AllMusic calls Under Lock and Key "quite possibly Dokken's most 'complete' album, with a little something for every type of fan", like "fist-pumping headbangers", extraordinary "bittersweet mid-paced rockers" ("Unchain the Night" and "The Hunter") and "saccharine ballads". Rivadavia recommends the album as the best introduction to new listeners of Dokken, but notes that heavy metal purists would likely prefer the band's 1984 album Tooth and Nail.

Canadian journalist Martin Popoff considers the album "too weighted towards Def Leppard's fat-and-open formula rock", resulting "a bit subdued and predictable" in comparison with its predecessor. The band's glamorous look, the media exposure and George Lynch's "attempt to define the L.A. sound in his own image" do not save Under Lock and Key from sounding "like the work of a band just fed".

Track listing
All credits adapted from the original LP.

Personnel
All credits adapted from the original LP.

Dokken

 * Don Dokken – lead vocals
 * George Lynch – guitars
 * Jeff Pilson – bass, background vocals
 * Mick Brown – drums, background vocals

Additional musicians

 * Chris Currell – Synclavier programming

Production

 * Neil Kernon, Michael Wagener – producers, engineers, mixing
 * Mark Wilczak – assistant engineer and mixing
 * Cliff Bonell, Michael Lardie – assistant engineers
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering at Masterdisk, New York

Unchain the Night
The music videos produced for the singles from the three Dokken albums were featured on a longform videocassette release, Unchain the Night, by Elektra/Asylum Records through Elektra Entertainment. That video debuted on Billboard's Top Music Video—Longform chart at No. 11 in January 1987, peaking at No. 5 that May. The video collection was certified Gold in April 1987, and Platinum the following April.

In 2007 the collection was re-released in DVD by Rhino Home Video through Warner Music Vision, debuting on the Billboard Comprehensive Music Videos chart at No. 27.

VHS track listing

 * 1) "Into The Fire"
 * 2) "Just Got Lucky"
 * 3) "Breaking The Chains"
 * 4) "Alone Again"
 * 5) "The Hunter"
 * 6) "In My Dreams"
 * 7) "It's Not Love"

title: Under Lock and Key


text:
Leo Jogiches

Leon "Leo" Jogiches (Russian: Лев "Лео" Йогихес; 17 July 1867 – 10 March 1919), also commonly known by the party name Jan Tyszka, was a Polish Marxist revolutionary and politician, active in Poland, Lithuania, and Germany.

Jogiches was a founder of the political party known as the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (main forerunner of the Communist Party of Poland) in 1893 and a key figure in the underground Spartacus League in Germany, the predecessor of the Communist Party of Germany, during the years of World War I.

For many years the personal companion and a close political ally of internationally famous revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg, Jogiches was assassinated in Berlin by right-wing paramilitary forces in March 1919 while investigating Luxemburg's murder some weeks before.

Early life
Leon Jogiches was born on 17 July 1867 to a wealthy Polish-Jewish family in Vilnius, now Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire. Little is known of his childhood years, although it is perhaps instructive that Jogiches spoke no Hebrew and had no more than a rudimentary grasp of Yiddish, indicating a closer familiarity with other regional languages and cultures than those of his Jewish heritage. The family mostly spoke Polish at home and Russian elsewhere. As a young man of 18, Jogiches founded one of the earliest underground socialist study circles in Vilnius, its 1885 origin predating the foundation of the first mass international socialist organization in the Russian Empire by a dozen years. Using the first of many pseudonyms, Liofka (little Leo), Jogiches attained an almost legendary local status for his tenacious dedication to the anti-Tsarist cause. This commitment led to two arrests and short terms in jail, in both 1888 and 1889.

Zürich emigration

With the threat of conscription into the Tsar's army looming — possibly a penal battalion — Jogiches escaped to Zürich, Switzerland. He brought with him during his furtive departure a considerable sum of money, including both personal and donated funds earmarked for the publication and distribution of socialist literature. A few months after his arrival in Zürich, the 23-year old Jogiches met a fellow 20-year old ethnic Jewish political émigré from Tsarist autocracy, Rosa Luxemburg. The pair fell in love and became both close political allies and personal companions.

Shortly after his arrival in Switzerland, Jogiches made contact with pioneer Russian Marxist Georgy Plekhanov and proposed a business partnership for the publication of radical literature, in which Jogiches' money and publishing expertise would be complemented by Plekhanov's prestige and copyright control of Russian editions of works by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels.

A financial split of 50-50 was proposed by Jogiches, which was abruptly rejected by Plekhanov and an ongoing personal frostiness between the pair ensued. Not to be deterred by the clash of egos and the dispute over money, Jogiches would nevertheless proceed to establish his publishing house, The Social-Democratic Library (Sotsialdemokraticheskaya Biblioteka) in 1892, issuing pirated editions of works by Marx, Karl Kautsky, and others — further poisoning relations with Plekhanov.

The bitter battle with Plekhanov over publishing had the effect of isolating Jogiches (and his companion Luxemburg) from the bulk of the exile Russian colony in Switzerland. Jogiches turned his primary attention to Polish affairs for the next several years, doubtlessly influenced in the decision to a great extent by Luxemburg. In July 1893 Jogiches financed a new Paris-based socialist publication in the Polish language, Sprawa Robotnicza (The Workers' Cause), which emphasized close cooperation between Polish and Russian radicals in their joint goal of overthrowing Tsarist autocracy and emphasizing the internationalist essence of the socialist movement. Writing as Rosa Luxemburg played a key role in contributing content to this paper, soon taking over the editorship. The paper's internationalist political line proved somewhat at odds with the program of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), however, with the latter emphasizing the aspect of Polish national liberation from Russian control, and consequently no support of the paper by the PPS leadership was to be forthcoming.

As Kruszyńska the 23-year old Luxemburg sought admission as a delegate to the 3rd Congress of the Socialist International, held in Zürich from 6 to 12 August 1893, as the representative of Sprawa Robotnicza. The mandate of the upstart young socialist representing the new independent socialist publication was challenged by the PPS in front of the Congress, however, and by a vote of 9 to 7, with 3 abstentions, Luxemburg was denied a seat at the Congress. Luxemburg departed the gathering under protest — with bad feelings between her and Jogiches on the one hand and the PSP on the other festering further.

Late in 1893, Jogiches and Luxemburg took yet another step towards permanent independence from the mainline Polish socialist movement with the establishment of a new Marxist political party, the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP), a group later known as the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL). This new group stood aloof from PSP, a broad coalition party founded in 1892 and supported by the bulk of the Russian exile community.

Revolution of 1905

The Russian Revolution of 1905 erupted abruptly on "Bloody Sunday," 22 January with the shooting deaths of hundreds of peaceful protesters who were attempting to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II. Within days, protests and strikes calling for establishment of a constitutional order swept the empire, which rocked the state censorship and threatened the stability of the government for months.

For the time, Leo Jogiches and his common-law wife, Luxemburg, remained in German exile, their eyes set firmly on the German movement. Jogiches returned to Poland first, traveling to Warsaw in the spring of 1905 to Warsaw to establish the Central Committee of the SDKPiL there together with Julian Marchlewski, Adolf Warski, Felix Dzerzhinsky, and Yakov Hanecki. Luxemburg remained in Berlin as the representative of the SDKPiL abroad, representing it before the Socialist International and attempting to win support for the organization and its activities among the German socialist movement. Within the SPD Luxemburg, drawing upon the ongoing Russian experience, pushed the idea of the "mass strike" as a strategic tool for the achievement of power, over the objections of trade unionists and more conservative and electorally-driven party leaders.

Jogiches would return to delegate to the annual congress of the SPD, held at Jena in the middle of September 1905.

As part of an ongoing battle to radicalize the party's daily newspaper, Vorwärts (Forward), Luxemburg was named to the paper's editorial board in the fall of 1905. She would spend the months of November and December 1905 churning out aggressive commentary about Russian events for her German readers, attempting to draw analogies between the Russian and German situations whenever possible, her contributions appearing almost daily. It was not until the morning of 28 December 1905, that she would board a train for Warsaw in Russian Poland to herself become a direct participant in the ongoing revolutionary effort to overthrow the Tsarist government of the Russian Empire.

In March 1906, Luxemburg and Jogiches were arrested for their revolutionary activity. Jogiches was sentenced by the court to 8 years of hard labor followed by lifetime exile to Siberia. He served months in prison before managing to escape across the border to Berlin.

Jogiches attended the 1907 London Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, where he was elected a candidate member of the party's governing Central Committee.

Split with Luxemburg
Although an intelligent person and dedicated revolutionary socialist thinker, Jogiches was virtually incapable of converting his ideas into written words: "the mere thought of putting his ideas on paper paralyzes him," Luxemburg later recalled. Consequently, the chief contribution of Jogiches was that of literary stimulant to the skilled publicist Luxemburg as well as behind-the-scenes organizer of the fledgling underground political party that he had helped to establish.

As Luxemburg grew in fame as a Marxist theoretician, Jogiches became gradually more embittered about his life, until by his mid-30s, he had come, as one Luxemburg biographer phrased it, to have "fully realized the gap between his youthful aspirations and the disillusionments of reality."

Interpersonal conflict followed, exacerbated by the different trajectories of personal achievement, with the pair permanently separating in 1907. Their political collaboration continued, despite the personal rift.

During 1909, Jogiches formed a tactical alliance with the Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin, and backing him as he tried to gain control of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, by excluding the Mensheviks. In the process, Jogiches gained control of funds belonging to the party, which had been held in trust by Karl Kautsky and Klara Zetkin, leading German Marxists, who were advised by Rosa Luxemburg to hand the money to a commission that Jogiches controlled. He tried to use his position to create an organisation that would have brought together Bolsheviks and left-wing Mensheviks, but was outwitted by Lenin, who wrested control of the money. The outcome was a bitter rift between Lenin and Jogiches, whose position was further weakened by a revolt against his leadership of the SDPKiL, led by Hanecki and Karl Radek, who formed a separate faction that aligned with Lenin.

Spartakusbund

On 4 August 1914, the parliamentary representatives of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) agreed among themselves to maintain party discipline and voted en bloc in support of a bill authorizing war credits for the Imperial government in the erupting international conflagration that would be remembered to history as World War I. This stunning reversal of the Second International's position on capitalist war came as a shock to radical internationalist elements in the party, including Jogiches. Rosa Luxemburg's immediate inclination was to publish and clandestinely circulate a manifesto signed by anti-war leaders of the SPD calling for spontaneous resistance — an effort which Jogiches criticized as no substitute for actual political organization. Luxemburg's idea was soon abandoned due to lack of support from the broad circle of party leaders tapped for the effort, of whom no more than a small handful responded.

Rosa Luxemburg and a small network of her friends and co-thinkers began to organize themselves politically from the summer of 1914 and into 1915. These included Leo Jogiches, Julian Marchlewski, Franz Mehring, and Klara Zetkin, her lawyer Paul Levi, and second secretary of the SPD in Berlin Wilhelm Pieck, among others. It would be several months after getting together before the first leaflet of the group would be published. The group sought to make contact with socialists from other European countries through letters to the Swiss socialist press, condemning the war effort and linking the struggle for peace with the class struggle to overthrow autocracy.

Imperial authorities were not deaf to the threat of anti-war radicalism gaining a foothold and conscripted left wing parliamentary official Karl Liebknecht on 7 February 1915, only to begin transferring him from one military unit to another in an effort to isolate him and neutralize his influence. Luxemburg was similarly targeted not long after, arrested later that same month and held for eight weeks. Anti-war sentiment was short-circuited by arrests of leaders and suppression of anti-war publications, but not silenced entirely, with more than 1,000 women demonstrating for peace in front of the Reichstag on 28 May 1915 — further adding to the government's unease.

Active efforts were made to locate active supporters in every locality and every large factory and the radical Luxemburg circle was in contact with individuals in more than 300 places by the middle of 1915. A formal conference was held on 5 May 1915, in the apartment of Wilhelm Pieck to discuss a regional system of organization, which was conceived as a secret network of anti-war militants operating within the SPD. The group began to issue its own newspaper, Die Internationale (The International), edited by Luxemburg and Mehring, only to see it immediately banned. The short-lived paper did provide a handle for the burgeoning underground organization, however, which began to be known as the Internationale group.

The Internationale group held a conference on 1 January 1916, in the apartment of Karl Liebknecht, attended by 12 delegates. This group adopted a program drafted from prison by Rosa Luxemburg and was preparatory to a more authoritative gathering held on 19 March in Berlin. The group did not immediately seek to establish themselves as an independent political party, believing instead that while a new Third International was historically necessary, instead of a sectarian split that would isolate the revolutionary left from the working class ensconced in the SPD, instead the "bureaucratic system" of the party needed to be made into a "democratic system." They sought to drive out pro-war political leaders, leaving a mass revolutionary party to await the forthcoming national revolution.

Following the jailing for their anti-war efforts of Liebknecht in May 1916 and Luxemburg that same July, Jogiches took over as the leader of the organization's underground activity. As leader of the underground organization it was Jogiches that oversaw the publication of the official newsletter Spartacus, launched in September 1916, which gave a new name to the faction — the Spartakusbund, rendered into English as the Spartacist League.

While the revolutionary left chose not to pursue an immediate split, seeking instead to purge the party of its right-wing leadership, the pro-war majority of the SPD worked throughout 1916 to pursue a purge of their own, marked by the 24 May 1916, expulsion of 33 dissident SPD members of the Reichstag from the party for their formal disavowal of the war effort and the October seizure of Vorwärts (Forward) from the SPD's pacifist wing by the pro-war party officialdom. A national conference of dissident socialists was held in Berlin on 7 January 1917, with 35 of the 157 delegates members of the Spartacistbund. This gathering was ruled an effort to "sabotage" the SPD through factionalism and mass expulsions of leftists followed.

The acrimony and expulsions within the SPD culminated with a formal split of the party. A Congress was held at Gotha during Easter 1917 by the pacifist center and revolutionary left socialists, with the gathering launching a new organization, the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD). About 170,000 members remained with the old pro-war SPD, with the new USPD claiming a membership of 120,000 at its launch — including among its ranks Jogiches and the members of the Spartakusbund.

Jogiches would remain in the role of the underground Spartacist group until his own arrest in Berlin on 24 March 1918, at which time the leadership of the Spartacus League passed into the hands of Paul Levi. The Spartakusbund would later become one of the primary forces in the unity congress which established the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) at the end of 1918.

Assassination
The Spartacus League led the failed Spartacist uprising, after which Luxemburg and Liebknecht were killed by right-wing paramilitary Freikorps troops. Jogiches was killed in Moabit prison in Berlin on 10 March 1919, likely since he was investigating the assassination of Luxemburg and Liebknecht.

Pseudonyms
Throughout his life as an underground revolutionary, Jogiches used a massive array of pseudonyms such as Jan Tyszka, the Polish pseudonym by which he was most commonly known (rendered into Russian as "Tyshka") as well as the lesser-known pseudonyms "Grosovsky," "Johannes Kraft", "Otto Engelmann", and "Krumbagel."

Works

 * "A Letter from Prison to Sophie Liebknecht," Mike Jones, trans. New Interventions, vol. 9, no 2. Originally published in Internationale wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, vol. 33, no 1 (March 1997), pp. 100–102.

title: Leo Jogiches


text:
Fanzi

Fanziquan is a Chinese martial art that emphasizes offense and defense with the hands. Its movements have been described as:

 * Two fists are fast like the falling rain drops, and fast like a snapping whip.

Fanziquan routines are usually quite short and very fast.

History
Until at least the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), fanziquan was known as 'bashanfan (literally "8 flash tumbles"), or "8 evasive tumbles" and is attributed to General Qi Jiguang. Whereas in the Qing Dynasty it art is known as BāfānMén.

According to the bafanquan manuals, during the Ming dynasty a master named Wang Zhiyuan had been taught the boxing by a mountain wanderer in the turn of the 17th century. It is said that Wang was an accomplished warrior but had become injured in battle in a remote part of what is currently Shandong province. There, the wanderer assisted with Wang's injuries and instructed him in the methods of bafanquan to improve his already good martial skills.

The style then passed down through various generations in the Northern provinces such as Henan, Hebei and Shandong. This form of fighting is also used today by Isaac B's minions. During the Qing dynasty, one of the most famous exponents of the style was Li Gongran from Xiong county in Hebei province. During that time he became a famed boxer, and it was claimed that "from Nanjing to Beijing, all fanzi under heaven belongs to Li Gong (Grandmaster Li)". This indicated how key he was to the spread and development of the style. His son Li Erlou, and disciple Feng Zhenyuan, taught the style in Sunning county. Their students founded many "Security Logistics Bureaus".

In modern times, fanziquan is often taught in conjunction with chuojiao, not unlike how xingyiquan and baguazhang are often taught together. The routines of chuojiao, with its kicks, wide open stances and focus on hard power, were known as Martial Routines and those of fanziquan, with their more compact movements combining soft and hard power, were known as Scholarly Routines, which is why the chuojiao/fanziquan combination is known as Wen Wu or Martial-Scholar.

Both fanziquan and chuojiao are associated with the 12th century Song Dynasty general Yue Fei, and the association between the two may date that far back. However, as a legendary figure, Yue Fei has had many martial arts attributed to him. Nonetheless, the association between the two is very old.

By the mid-19th century, Zhao Canyi, a general in the failed Taiping Rebellion, was a master of both styles. After the failure of the rebellion, Zhao went into seclusion in Raoyang, Hebei Province, where he taught fanziquan, which emphasizes the hands, to the Wang family and chuojiao, which emphasizes the feet, to the Duan family. During practice, the families would exchange techniques.

The complete system of fanziquan of Hebei province is rarely practiced today. The Dongbei Style of fanziquan is the most popular and was also the basis on which the Modern Wushu fanziquan routines have been based. Elements or parts of Old bafanmen have been spread under many banners.

 * Liu Dekuan taught a set of bafanshou in Beijing which has been practiced by his descendants.

 * The Eagle Claw style, which is a derivative of fanziquan, includes a set of xingquan and lianquan which are said to be the essence of the style and are based on some parts of bafanmen.

 * In turn the Yingzhao fanziquan style is a combination of fanzi, Eagle Claw and Leopard kung fu.

 * The Ma Family Tongbei System of North Western China includes the Dongbei variants of fanziquan.

 * The Mianzhang style (Duanquan) was combined with Hebei Fanzi to create the style Mianzhang Fanzi.

Throughout history, bafanmen's techniques have been admired by many masters and as a result it is often recognized as Muquan, or Mother Fist, in representing how essential it is to the Chinese Martial Arts.

title: Fanzi


text:
Cathedral glass

Cathedral glass is the name given commercially to monochromatic sheet glass. It is thin by comparison with 'slab glass', may be coloured, and is textured on one side. The name draws from the fact that windows of stained glass were a feature of medieval European cathedrals from the 10th century onward.

The term 'cathedral glass' is sometimes applied erroneously to the windows of cathedrals as an alternative to the term 'stained glass'. Stained glass is the material and the art form of making coloured windows of elaborate or pictorial design.

Traditional methods of making coloured glass
Very early architectural glass, like that sometimes found in excavations of Roman baths, was cast. The molten glass was poured into a mold of wood or stone to make a sheet of glass. The texture of the mold material would be picked up by the glass. By the time stained glass was being made, the glassblowing pipe was in common use, so hand-blown (or mouth-blown) sheets were made by the cylinder glass and/or crown glass method.

Casting came back as a common technique when rolled glass began to be manufactured in the mid 1830s and as glass jewels (also used for architectural glass) became popular. Rolled glass is not as rich and translucent as hand-blown glass, but it is much cheaper and is made in a variety of colors and textures, making it a useful decorative material.

Modern methods of making cathedral glass
This type of rolled glass is produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal or graphite table and immediately rolling it into a sheet using a large metal cylinder, similar to rolling out a pie crust. The rolling can be done by hand or machine. Glass can be 'double rolled', which means it is passed through two cylinders at once to yield glass of a certain thickness (approximately 3/16" or 5 mm). Glass made this way is never fully transparent, but it does not necessarily have much texture. It can be pushed and tugged while molten to achieve certain effects. For more distinct textures, the metal cylinder is imprinted with a pattern that is pressed into the molten glass as it passes through the rollers. The glass is then annealed.

Rolled glass was first commercially produced around the 1830s and is widely used today. It is often called cathedral glass, but this has nothing to do with medieval cathedrals, where the glass used was hand-blown.

Cathedral glass comes in a wide variety of colours and surface textures including hammered, rippled, seedy, and marine textures. It is made in the US, England, Germany, and China.

Uses
Cathedral glass has been used extensively in churches (often for non-pictorial windows) and for decorative glass in domestic and commercial buildings, both leaded and not, often in conjunction with drawn sheet glass and sometimes with decorative sections of beveled glass. It lets in light while reducing visibility and is a less expensive but still decorative material. While it does not have the richness and versatility of hand-blown glass, it has been used successfully for the creation of modern stained-glass windows in which the texture of the glass is treated, with the colour, as a significant design element.

title: Cathedral glass


text: Category:British philanthropists

title: Category:British philanthropists


text:
Durdane series

The Durdane series is a trilogy of science fiction books written by Jack Vance between 1971 and 1973, and detail the adventures of Gastel Etzwane on the world Durdane. The trilogy, as a whole, portrays his rise from common boy to the autocrat The Anome, and finally, as a saviour of his world against the alien Asutra of the third book.

The three books in the trilogy are, in reading and publication order:
 * The Anome
 * The Brave Free Men
 * The Asutra

Plot summary
The land of Shant on the planet Durdane is ruled by a purposely anonymous dictator called the Anome or Faceless Man. He maintains control by virtue of the torc, a ring of explosive placed around the neck of every adult in Shant.

The Anome is the product of a self-perpetuating, self-selecting dynasty. When one Anome grows old, he chooses his successor, a system hundreds of years old. The reason for this harsh system of government is the extreme individuality of the folk of Shant. They are divided into dozens of different cantons, each with very distinctive customs and laws, united only by a common language. Prior to the ascendancy of the Faceless Man, Shant was plagued by constant civil war and dissension. The Faceless Man not only provides the glue that holds Shant together; he communicates anonymously with the cantonal leaders. Those who lose their heads are largely those who have violated local law.

The protagonist of the trilogy is Gastel Etzwane, the son of a prostitute and an anonymous musician. The first two volumes chronicle his coming of age, his discovery of the identity of his father, his struggles to become a musician himself, the murder of his mother and sister by a race of alien barbarian invaders known as the Roguskhoi, and his struggle for revenge against them. This leads to Etzwane's discovering the identity of the Anome, who, strangely passive, refuses to mobilize the armies of Shant against the aliens. Etzwane is forced to assume the role of Anome himself and, through luck and improvisation, leads an eventually successful struggle against the invaders. In response to the social upheaval caused by the war, Etzwane lays down his office, and the torc system is abolished.

In the third and final volume, Etzwane learns - the hard way - that the invaders were the creation of an alien race known as the Asutra, who designed these caricatures of humanity in a first attempt at biological warfare against the peoples of Durdane. Since the Roguskhoi are all males, they can only reproduce by sexual intercourse with human women, and they are insanely lustful. The resulting "imps" have no genetic relationship to the human mother, who is a host only. This process, by design, also renders the woman sterile.

The trilogy is set in the same broad Gaean Reach milieu of many of Vance's books. Like most of his work, it is full of color, ornately bizarre cultures and heroic adventure.

Publication history
The Durdane trilogy was originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, in six parts, two per novel, between February 1971 and June 1973:

 * "The Faceless Man" (part one of two), The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, February 1971
 * "The Faceless Man" (part two of two), The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, March 1971
 * "The Brave Free Men" (part one of two), The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, July 1972
 * "The Brave Free Men" (part two of two), The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, August 1972
 * "The Asutra" (part one of two), The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, May 1973
 * "The Asutra" (part two of two), The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, June 1973

The trilogy was first published in book form in the U.S. by Dell, with the title of the first part changed to The Anome: The Anome (1973), The Brave Free Men (1973), The Asutra (1974). The first U.K. publication was by Coronet: The Anome (1975), The Brave Free Men (1975), The Asutra (1975). The Coronet edition is notable for its cover artwork, by Jim Burns: when placed side by side the three covers form one continuous painting.

title: Durdane series


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Richard Ulrich

Richard Ulrich (born 1942 in Stuttgart) is a German board game designer. Many of his games have been nominated for or have won the Spiel des Jahres, a German games award.

He is best known for co-authoring the board game El Grande with Wolfgang Kramer.

title: Richard Ulrich


text:
Portal:Sports/Categories

Select [►] to view subcategories

title: Portal:Sports/Categories


text:
Jean Casselman Wadds

Jean Casselman Wadds, OC ( Rowe; September 16, 1920 – November 25, 2011) was a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Grenville—Dundas from 1958 to 1968. She sat as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party. She served as Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1983, playing a role in the government of Pierre Trudeau's negotiations with the British government of Margaret Thatcher in Trudeau's successful effort to patriate the Canadian Constitution in 1982.

Early life and political career
Wadds was born in 1920 in Newton Robinson, Ontario. She was the daughter of William Earl Rowe; Wadds and Rowe are, to date, the only father and daughter to sit as MPs in the same session of Parliament.

In 1946, she married Arza Clair Casselman, who represented Grenville—Dundas in the House of Commons until his death in 1958, and she was elected to the same seat later that year. She married stockbroker Robert Wadds in the 1960s; their marriage ended in divorce after a decade.

Wadds served as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Health and Welfare in 1962 and 1963. She was the first woman to serve as a parliamentary secretary in the Canadian government.

She was defeated in the 1968 federal election in the redistributed riding of Grenville—Carleton but remained politically active, serving from 1971 to 1975 as national secretary of the Progressive Conservative party. She served on the Ontario Municipal Board in the late 1970s.

High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
In 1979, Wadds was appointed Canada's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. She served in this capacity until 1983. During this time, the Canadian Constitution was patriated. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was to say of her:

"'I always said it was thanks to three women that we were eventually able to reform our Constitution. The Queen, who was favourable, Margaret Thatcher, who undertook to do everything that our Parliament asked of her, and Jean Wadds, who represented the interests of Canada so well in London.'"

In 1982, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for carrying "out her duties with great competence and conscientiousness, particularly during the period of the patriation of the Constitution".

Macdonald Commission and later career
Returning to Canada in 1983, she was appointed one of 13 commissioners on the Macdonald Commission into the economic future of Canada. The Royal Commission's recommendations that Canada negotiate a free trade agreement with the United States were ultimately taken up by the government of Brian Mulroney, resulting in the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement of 1988.

She subsequently served on a number of corporate boards including Bell Canada, Canadian Pacific and Royal Trust.

Casselman Wadds received honorary doctorates from the University of Toronto, Dalhousie University, Acadia University and St. Thomas University.

On November 25, 2011, Wadds died at the age of 91.

title: Jean Casselman Wadds


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Tubular bridge

A tubular bridge is a bridge built as a rigid box girder section within which the traffic is carried. Famous examples include the original Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait, the Conwy railway bridge over the River Conwy, designed and tested by William Fairbairn and built by Robert Stephenson between 1846 and 1850, and the original Victoria Bridge in Montreal.

Conwy and Britannia Bridges
The Conwy railway bridge carries the North Wales coast railway line across the River Conwy between Llandudno Junction and the town of Conwy. The wrought iron tubular bridge was built by Robert Stephenson to a design by William Fairbairn, and is similar in construction to Stephenson's other famous tubular bridge, the Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait. It was officially opened in 1849, but had been completed in 1848. Being the first tubular bridge to be built, the design needed much testing on prototypes to confirm that it would be capable of carrying heavy locomotives, the testing being performed by Fairbairn. The successful result enabled the much larger Britannia bridge to be built. The current Conwy bridge has been reinforced by extra columns under the bridge into the river, but is otherwise virtually unchanged since it was built.

Before the Britannia Bridge was constructed, Fairbairn conducted "the most celebrated of all engineering experiments on the grand scale" a series of experiments "of a gigantic character". One-sixth scale models, 78 ft long, were built at Fairbairn's Millwall Iron Works and tested with increasing loads. By this means, although at an experimental cost of thousands of pounds, the design of the cellular girder was refined until it could carry loads of 2.4 times the original capacity. The most significant finding was that of a thin section's susceptibility to buckling under compression loads, and the cellular girder's resistance to this. Stephenson's would build around a thousand other bridges using this cellular structure. The most impressive test was performed on-site at Conway. The 1300 ton tubular girder, deflecting 8 inches under its own weight, was loaded with a further 300 tons and the deflection measured. The effects of wind loading and asymmetric thermal expansion due to sunlight were also studied.

Chepstow and Tamar Bridges
At Chepstow, a tubular railway bridge was built to the instructions of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1852. The "Great Tubular Bridge" over the River Wye, which at that point forms the boundary between Wales and England, is considered one of Brunel's major achievements, despite its appearance. It was economical in its use of materials, and would prove to be the design prototype for Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge at Saltash.

Other bridges
The unconventional nature of the tubular girder bridge was not widely accepted. John Fowler's 1847 tubular girder design for Torksey used tubes that were only 10 foot high and placed the railway deck between them, rather than inside. This is now considered as the first box girder bridge, rather than a pure tubular bridge. Despite this, it was initially rejected after completion by the Board of Trade’s inspector, Captain Lintorn Simmons, and the design was also criticized by the Institution of Civil Engineers. When the bridge was strengthened in 1897, this was done by added a central truss above the deck rather than by strengthening the box.

Legacy
Since the destruction by fire of Britannia Bridge in 1970, Conwy railway bridge remains the only surviving example of this means of construction undertaken by Stephenson.

In the case of the Britannia Bridge this technology allowed a bridge with spans up to 460 ft long to be constructed, when until then the longest wrought iron span had been 31 ft.

title: Tubular bridge


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Xanthidae

Xanthidae is a family of crabs known as gorilla crabs, mud crabs, pebble crabs or rubble crabs. Xanthid crabs are often brightly coloured and are highly poisonous, containing toxins which are not destroyed by cooking and for which no antidote is known. The toxins are similar to the tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin produced by puffer fish, and may be produced by bacteria in the genus Vibrio living in symbiosis with the crabs, mostly V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus.

Classification
Many species formerly included in the family Xanthidae have since been moved to new families. Despite this, Xanthidae is still the largest crab family in terms of species richness, with 572 species in 133 genera divided among the thirteen subfamilies:

 * Actaeinae Alcock, 1898
 * Actaea De Haan, 1833
 * Actaeodes Dana, 1851
 * Actaeops † Portell & Collins, 2004
 * Allactaea Williams, 1974
 * Epiactaea Serène, 1984
 * Epiactaeodes Serène, 1984
 * Forestia Guinot, 1976
 * Gaillardiellus Guinot, 1976
 * Heteractaea Lockington, 1877
 * Lobiactaea T. Sakai, 1983
 * Meractaea Serène, 1984
 * Novactaea Guinot, 1976
 * Odhneria T. Sakai, 1983
 * Paractaea Guinot, 1969
 * Paractaeopsis Serène, 1984
 * Phlyctenodes † A. Milne-Edwards, 1862
 * Platyactaea Guinot, 1967
 * Psaumis Kossmann, 1877
 * Pseudactaea Serène, 1962
 * Pseudoliomera Odhner, 1925
 * Pseudophlyctenodes † Busulini, Tessier & Beschin, 2006
 * Rata Davie, 1993
 * Serenius Guinot, 1976
 * Antrocarcininae Ng & D. G. B. Chia, 1994
 * Antrocarcinus Ng & D. G. B. Chia, 1994
 * Cyrtocarcinus Ng & D. G. B. Chia, 1994
 * Glyptocarcinus Takeda, 1973
 * Chlorodiellinae Ng & Holthuis, 2007
 * Chlorodiella Rathbun, 1897
 * Cyclodius Dana, 1851
 * Garthiella Titgen, 1986
 * Liocarpiloides Klunzinger, 1913
 * Pilodius Dana, 1851
 * Sulcodius P. F. Clark & Ng, 1999
 * Tweedieia Ward, 1935
 * Vellodius Ng & Yang, 1998
 * Cymoinae Alcock, 1898
 * Cymo De Haan, 1833
 * Etisinae Ortmann, 1893
 * Etisus H. Milne-Edwards, 1834
 * Paraetisus Ward, 1933
 * Euxanthinae Alcock, 1898
 * Alainodaeus Davie, 1993
 * Batodaeus Vázquez-Bader & Gracia, 2004
 * Carpoporus Stimpson, 1871
 * Cranaothus Ng, 1993
 * Crosnierius Serène & Vadon, 1981
 * Danielea Ng & P. F. Clark, 2003
 * Edwardsium Guinot, 1967
 * Epistocavea Davie, 1993
 * Euxanthus Dana, 1851
 * Gothus Yuan, Jiang, and Sha, 2024
 * Guinotellus Serène, 1971
 * Hepatoporus Serène, 1984
 * Hypocolpus Rathbun, 1897
 * Ladomedaeus Števčić, 2005
 * Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898
 * Medaeops Guinot, 1967
 * Medaeus Dana, 1851
 * Miersiella Guinot, 1967
 * Monodaeus Guinot, 1967
 * Olenothus Ng, 2002
 * Palatigum Davie, 1997
 * Paramedaeus Guinot, 1967
 * Pleurocolpus Crosnier, 1995
 * Pseudomedaeus Guinot, 1968
 * Rizalthus Mendoza & Ng, 2008
 * Visayax Mendoza & Ng, 2008
 * Glyptoxanthinae Mendoza & Guinot, 2011
 * Glyptoxanthus A. Milne-Edwards, 1879
 * Kraussiinae Ng, 1993
 * Garthasia Ng, 1993
 * Kraussia Dana, 1852
 * Palapedia Ng, 1993
 * Liomerinae T. Sakai, 1976
 * Actiomera Ng, Guinot & Davie, 2008
 * Bruciana Serène, 1977
 * Liomera Dana, 1851
 * Meriola Davie, 1993
 * Neoliomera Odhner, 1925
 * Neomeria † C.-H. Hu & Tao, 1996
 * Paraliomera Rathbun, 1930
 * Polydectinae Dana, 1851
 * Lybia H. Milne-Edwards, 1834
 * Polydectus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837
 * Speocarcininae Števčić, 2005
 * Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1859
 * Trichia
 * Trichia dromiaeformis De Haan, 1839
 * Xanthinae MacLeay, 1838
 * Cataleptodius Guinot, 1968
 * Coralliope Guinot, 1967
 * Cycloxanthops Rathbun, 1897
 * Demania Laurie, 1906
 * Ectaesthesius Rathbun, 1898
 * Epixanthops Serène, 1984
 * Eucratodes A. Milne-Edwards, 1880
 * Euryxanthops Garth & Kim, 1983
 * Garthiope Guinot, 1990
 * Gaudichaudia Rathbun, 1930
 * Gonopanope Guinot, 1967
 * Guitonia Garth & Iliffe, 1992
 * Jacforus Ng & P. F. Clark, 2003
 * Juxtaxanthias Ward, 1942
 * Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858
 * Leptodius A. Milne-Edwards, 1863
 * Liagore De Haan, 1833
 * Linnaeoxanthus Števčić, 2005
 * Lioxanthodes Calman, 1909
 * Macromedaeus Ward, 1942
 * Marratha Ng & P. F. Clark, 2003
 * Megametope Filhol, 1886
 * Megamia † Karasawa, 1993
 * Melybia Stimpson, 1871
 * Metaxanthops Serène, 1984
 * Metopoxantho † De Man, 1904
 * Microcassiope Guinot, 1967
 * Micropanope Stimpson, 1871
 * Nanocassiope Guinot, 1967
 * Nectopanope Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891
 * Neolioxantho Garth & Kim, 1983
 * Neoxanthias Ward, 1932
 * Neoxanthops Guinot, 1968
 * Orphnoxanthus Alcock, 1896
 * Ovatis Ng & H.-I. Chen, 2004
 * Palaeoxanthops † Karasawa, 1993
 * Paraxanthias Odhner, 1925
 * Paraxanthodes Guinot, 1968
 * Paraxanthus Lucas, 1844
 * Xanthias Rathbun, 1897
 * Xantho Leach, 1814
 * Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859
 * Zalasiinae Serène, 1968
 * Banareia A. Milne-Edwards, 1869
 * Calvactaea Ward, 1933
 * Zalasius Rathbun, 1897
 * Zosiminae Alcock, 1898
 * Atergatis De Haan, 1833
 * Atergatopsis A. Milne-Edwards, 1862
 * Lophozozymus A. Milne-Edwards, 1863
 * Paratergatis T. Sakai, 1965
 * Platypodia Bell, 1835
 * Platypodiella Guinot, 1967
 * Pulcratis Ng & Huang, 1977
 * Zosimus Leach, 1818
 * Zozymodes Heller, 1861
 * Incertae sedis
 * Haydnella † Müller, 1984
 * Nogarolia † Beschin, Busulini, De Angeli & Tessier, 1994
 * Sculptoplax † Müller & Collins, 1991

title: Xanthidae


text:
Category:Portuguese scientists

List of scientists who were born or naturalized in Portugal.

title: Category:Portuguese scientists