text:
William Sanders Scarborough

William Sanders Scarborough (February 16, 1852 – September 9, 1926) is generally thought to be the first African American classical scholar. Born into slavery, Scarborough served as president of Wilberforce University between 1908 and 1920. He wrote a popular university textbook on Classical Greek that was widely used in the 19th century.

Early life and education
Scarborough was born in Macon, Georgia, in 1852 to Jesse and Frances Scarborough, a free railway employee, and an enslaved mother. Laws prescribed that he inherit his mother's status. His father had been freed in about 1846 but remained in Georgia to be with his mother.

Despite prohibitions against educating slaves, he was educated surreptitiously and had mastered the three R's, geography, and grammar by the age of 10. He became an apprentice shoemaker and served as the secretary of a prominent black association at an early age due to his level of education.

After the end of the American Civil War, he was able to complete his education at Lewis High School in Macon before attending Atlanta University in 1869 for two years before enrolling at Oberlin College. Scarborough completed his degree at Oberlin in 1875. He also completed his degree at Atlanta University - now Clark Atlanta University - in June 1876.

Early career
After graduating from college, Scarborough returned as a teacher in classical languages to Lewis High School, where he met his future wife Sarah Bierce, who was the principal. Arsonists burned Lewis High School in 1876, and the local fire brigade let it burn to the ground. Scarborough briefly became principal of the Payne Institute in Cokesbury, South Carolina, but found the racial environment in South Carolina made it less hospitable than Georgia. He then returned to Oberlin to complete his master's degree.

Wilberforce University
Scarborough became a professor in the classical department at Wilberforce University in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1877. He married the white divorcée Sarah Cordelia Bierce, who had been a missionary in 1881 and also became a teacher at Wilberforce. Professor Scarborough published a popular Classical Greek textbook, First Lessons in Greek, in 1881 and became the first postmaster in Wilberforce in the same year. A second book, Birds of Aristophanes, followed in 1886.

Despite his prominence as a scholar, Scarborough suffered the effects of racial discrimination throughout his career. In 1909 when he had just become the president of Wilberforce, he was prohibited from attending an American Philological Association meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, because the hotel refused to serve dinner if he was present, and they were threatening to sue for breach of contract if the Association canceled the Conference. The paper that he was due to read at the conference was read by someone else. However, in 1892, Scarborough gave a lecture on Plato at the University of Virginia in a room hung with pictures of Jefferson Davis and other confederate leaders and where no other African Americans were allowed except as servants.

In 1908, Scarborough was appointed President of Wilberforce University, serving in that position until 1920. Wilberforce University was the third oldest African American college and Scarborough was considered one of the leading African American scholars. As such, he published a number of papers on Negro education, as well as his works on classical languages.

Final years
In 1921, President Harding appointed Scarborough to a position in the United States Department of Agriculture which he occupied until his death. He was working on an autobiography which wasn't published during his lifetime. However, Michele Ronnick, professor in the Classics Department of Wayne State University, found a copy of the manuscript in the archives of the Ohio Historical Society. Ronnick edited The Autobiography of William Sanders Scarborough: An American Journey From Slavery to Scholarship, which was published in 2005 by Wayne State University Press with a foreword by Henry Louis Gates.

Scarborough was a participant at the London session of the second Pan-African Congress held in 1921.

Associations
Scarborough was the third African American to join the American Philological Association and the first to join the Modern Language Association, the latter of which has named a first-book prize in his honor. He was a member of the American Spelling Reform Association, the American Social Science Association, the American Foreign Antislavery society, a mason of the I. O. Good Templars, and a member of the AME church. In the church, he was a trustee and Sunday School Superintendent. He gave many lectures throughout the country and frequently corresponded for newspapers and journals. He received an LL.D. from Liberia College in 1882.

He was a participant in the March 5, 1897 meeting to celebrate the memory of Frederick Douglass which founded the American Negro Academy led by Alexander Crummell. Scarborough played an active role in the early years of this first major African American learned society, which refuted racist scholarship, promoted black claims to individual, social, and political equality, and studied the history and sociology of African American life.

Works

 * First Lessons in Greek (A.S. Barnes & Co, 1881)
 * Birds of Aristophanes (1886)
 * Questions on Latin Grammar, with Appendix. (University Publication Company of New York 1887)
 * The Autobiography of William Sanders Scarborough: An American Journey From Slavery to Scholarship (Unpublished during his lifetime)

title: William Sanders Scarborough


text:
Ticket balance

In United States politics, balancing the ticket is a practice where a political candidate chooses a running mate, usually from the same party, with the goal of bringing more widespread appeal to the campaign. The term is most prominently used to describe the selection of the U.S. vice presidential nominee.

There are several means by which the ticket may be balanced. Someone who is from a different region than the candidate may be chosen as a running mate to provide geographic balance to the ticket. If the candidate is associated with a specific faction of the party, a running mate from a competing faction may be chosen so as to unify the party. Similarly, running mates may be chosen to provide ideological, age, or demographic balance.

In U.S. presidential elections, balancing the ticket was traditionally associated with the smoke-filled room cliché, but this changed in 1970 with reforms in the primary system resulting from the McGovern-Fraser Commission. According to Douglas Kriner of Boston University, the McGovern-Fraser reforms brought an end to traditional ticket balancing practices. Now, presidential candidates are less concerned with regional and ideological balance, says Kriner, and are more inclined to pick compatible running mates with extensive government experience.

"If it is impossible to find one person who combines within his or her heritage, personality, and experience all the virtues allegedly cherished by American voters, the parties console themselves by attempting to confect out of two running mates a composite image of forward-looking-conservative, rural-urban, energetic-wise leadership that evokes hometown, ethnic, and party loyalties among a maximum number of voters. That is, at least, the theory behind the balanced ticket."

History
In the earliest days of American presidential elections, the President and Vice President were technically elected on the same ballot, with the person receiving the most votes becoming the President and the person with the second most votes becoming the Vice President. When this system proved unwieldy, the Twelfth Amendment was passed in 1804 providing that the President and Vice President be elected on different ballots.

Most elections before the American Civil War featured a Northerner paired with a Southerner or vice versa. After the Civil War, geographical balance between North and South became less critical but would remain a factor well into the 20th century, especially in the Democratic Party. In the 20th century, an increased interest in the Electoral College led many presidential candidates to choose vice presidential candidates from populous states with large numbers of electoral votes. It was hoped that voters in this state could be swayed by having a favorite son on the ticket.

Later in the 20th century, ideological balance became more prominent with a very liberal or conservative presidential candidate often paired with a more moderate vice presidential candidate or vice versa to bring more widespread appeal. Other factors came to prominence in the late 20th century such as gender, religion, age and other issues. The trend has continued in recent times, although it is less of a predictable science. In 1992, Bill Clinton of Arkansas, seen as a more moderate Democrat, chose the more liberal Al Gore of neighboring Tennessee as his running mate. However, they were both white Protestant southerners from the baby boomer generation, and most political analysts saw them as similar in political ideology. This brought little in the way of ticket balancing.

In 2000, Al Gore chose the centrist Joe Lieberman, a Jewish Democrat from Connecticut who had been one of the first people to criticize President Clinton for his scandal with Monica Lewinsky. Four years later, John Kerry of Massachusetts chose John Edwards of North Carolina, which was widely seen as an appeal to Southern voters who traditionally would not have supported a Northeasterner such as Kerry without the geographic balance that Edwards could bring. Also, Edwards, still serving his first term in the Senate, was regarded by many as an "outsider" with a youthful appeal; two characteristics that Kerry, a 60-year-old four-term Senator, was unable to acquire.

Geographic balance
Geographic balance has played an important part of politics since the beginning. Before the Civil War, a Northern candidate was almost always paired with a Southern running mate or vice versa. Since the Civil War, this level of geographical balancing is less critical, but still plays a big role. In modern times, voters in the South, Midwest, and Rocky Mountains region are less inclined to support Northeasterners and West Coasters without some sort of geographic balance and vice versa.

For example, in 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower of New York chose Richard Nixon as his running mate in part because he was from California. In 1960, Nixon chose Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. of Massachusetts to blunt Kennedy's strength in New England. John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts chose Texan Lyndon B. Johnson to appeal to Southern voters.

In elections which are expected to be close, great concern is placed on a running mate's ability to appeal to voters in key states with critical numbers of votes in the Electoral College. In modern times, America is generally split along red state/blue state lines, but these lines are not absolute. Key "blue states" like Pennsylvania and Michigan could be swayed to shift support toward a Republican candidate under the right conditions. Likewise, key presidential "red states" such as North Carolina and Georgia may shift allegiances for the right ticket. A "favorite son" on the ticket from one of these states could garner enough support to swing it from one column to another.

The United States Constitution does not require a president and vice president to be from different states, but does demand some balance, because Electoral College voters cannot vote for two people from their state. For example, in the 2000 election, if Republican vice presidential nominee Dick Cheney, who lived in Texas, had not moved back to his home state of Wyoming and reestablished residency there, then the electors from Texas would not have been able to vote for both Texas Governor George W. Bush for president and Cheney for vice president, and because Texas's 32 electoral votes would have been decisive, no candidate would have received enough votes to become vice president and the Senate would have had to pick one of the top two vote-getters (either Cheney or Joe Lieberman).

Democratic Party
Historically, the Democrats have often chosen one candidate from the North, and one from the South. This practice began in 1832 when Andrew Jackson, from Tennessee, selected Martin Van Buren, from New York. After the American Civil War, the practice fell out of favor, but it became common again from the 1920s.

 * 1832: Andrew Jackson (Tennessee), Martin Van Buren (New York)
 * 1836: Martin Van Buren (New York), Richard Mentor Johnson (Kentucky)
 * 1844: James K. Polk (Tennessee), George M. Dallas (Pennsylvania)
 * 1848: Lewis Cass (Michigan), William O. Butler (Kentucky)
 * 1852: Franklin Pierce (New Hampshire), William R. King (Alabama)
 * 1856: James Buchanan (Pennsylvania), John C. Breckinridge (Kentucky)
 * 1860: Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois), Herschel V. Johnson (Georgia)
 * 1868: Horatio Seymour (New York), Francis P. Blair (Missouri)
 * 1872: Horace Greeley (New York), Benjamin Gratz Brown (Missouri)
 * 1904: Alton B. Parker (New York), Henry G. Davis (West Virginia)
 * 1924: John W. Davis (West Virginia), Charles W. Bryan (Nebraska)
 * 1928: Al Smith (New York), Joseph T. Robinson (Arkansas)
 * 1932/1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York), John Nance Garner (Texas)
 * 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York), Harry S. Truman (Missouri)
 * 1952: Adlai Stevenson II (Illinois), John Sparkman (Alabama)
 * 1956: Adlai Stevenson II (Illinois), Estes Kefauver (Tennessee)
 * 1960: John F. Kennedy (Massachusetts), Lyndon B. Johnson (Texas)
 * 1964: Lyndon B. Johnson (Texas), Hubert Humphrey (Minnesota)
 * 1976/1980: Jimmy Carter (Georgia), Walter Mondale (Minnesota)
 * 1988: Michael Dukakis (Massachusetts), Lloyd Bentsen (Texas)
 * 2000: Al Gore (Tennessee), Joe Lieberman (Connecticut)
 * 2004: John Kerry (Massachusetts), John Edwards (North Carolina)
 * 2016: Hillary Clinton (New York), Tim Kaine (Virginia)

Republican Party

North-South ticket balance is practiced to a lesser extent by the Republicans, although what is more common is Northeast-Midwest or Northeast-West balance. The Republicans utilized this strategy in every presidential election from 1872 until 1924, however, it has been used in only three since 1968.

 * 1856: John C. Frémont (California), William L. Dayton (New Jersey)
 * 1860: Abraham Lincoln (Illinois), Hannibal Hamlin (Maine)
 * 1872: Ulysses S. Grant (Illinois), Henry Wilson (Massachusetts)
 * 1876: Rutherford B. Hayes (Ohio), William A. Wheeler (New York)
 * 1880: James A. Garfield (Ohio), Chester A. Arthur (New York)
 * 1884: James G. Blaine (Maine), John A. Logan (Illinois)
 * 1888: Benjamin Harrison (Indiana), Levi P. Morton (New York)
 * 1892: Benjamin Harrison (Indiana), Whitelaw Reid (New York)
 * 1896: William McKinley (Ohio), Garret Hobart (New Jersey)
 * 1900: William McKinley (Ohio), Theodore Roosevelt (New York)
 * 1904: Theodore Roosevelt (New York), Charles W. Fairbanks (Indiana)
 * 1908: William Howard Taft (Ohio), James S. Sherman (New York)
 * 1912: William Howard Taft (Ohio), Nicholas M. Butler (New York)
 * 1916: Charles E. Hughes (New York), Charles W. Fairbanks (Indiana)
 * 1920: Warren G. Harding (Ohio), Calvin Coolidge (Massachusetts)
 * 1924: Calvin Coolidge (Massachusetts), Charles G. Dawes (Ohio)
 * 1940: Wendell Willkie (New York), Charles L. McNary (Oregon)
 * 1944: Thomas E. Dewey (New York), John W. Bricker (Ohio)
 * 1948: Thomas E. Dewey (New York), Earl Warren (California)
 * 1952/1956: Dwight D. Eisenhower (New York), Richard Nixon (California)
 * 1960: Richard Nixon (California), Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (Massachusetts)
 * 1964: Barry Goldwater (Arizona), William E. Miller (New York)
 * 1996: Bob Dole (Kansas), Jack Kemp (New York)
 * 2012: Mitt Romney (Massachusetts), Paul Ryan (Wisconsin)
 * 2016: Donald Trump (New York), Mike Pence (Indiana)
 * 2024: Donald Trump (Florida), J. D. Vance (Ohio)

Ideological balance
Ideological balance is achieved when a candidate chooses a running mate from a different ideological strain to provide more widespread appeal. For example, a liberal candidate might want to choose a moderate or even a conservative running mate rather than another liberal in order to appeal to a broader base of the electorate. When liberal Democrat Michael Dukakis ran for president in 1988 he chose Lloyd Bentsen, a moderate, as his running mate, and the same applied in 2000 when Al Gore a liberal, chose Joe Lieberman, a moderate Democrat. Similarly, John McCain's choice of Sarah Palin as his running mate in 2008 allowed McCain, who many perceived as a moderate, to appeal to more conservative sectors of the Republican Party. Another example was in 2020 when Joe Biden, who was perceived as a moderate Democrat, selected Kamala Harris, who was popular among liberal Democrats and progressive Democrats and regarded as more liberal and progressive than Biden. A running mate may be chosen from a separate party to appeal to swing voters or voters of the other party, creating a unity ticket.

Other factors
Sometimes candidates will try to appeal to a particular demographic group, or will try to make up for a perceived weakness, through the choice of a particular running mate. Walter Mondale's selection of Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 was widely seen as an appeal to female voters, and the same was true in 2008 when John McCain chose Sarah Palin, and in 2020 when Joe Biden picked Kamala Harris. Additionally, Biden's selection of Harris was to gain the appeal of black and Asian voters. Barack Obama's selection of Joe Biden as his running mate was often considered a way to augment Obama's lack of foreign policy experience with Biden, who was the chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. George W. Bush was considered a political novice and outsider when he chose Dick Cheney, a consummate Washington insider, as his running mate in 2000. In 2016, businessman Donald Trump who had no political experience chose a career politician, Indiana Governor Mike Pence.

Occasionally, older presidential candidates have intentionally chosen someone a generation or generations younger as their running mates, mainly to garner younger voters who often see older candidates as "uncool" or "out of touch". George H. W. Bush was 64 when he chose 41-year-old Dan Quayle in 1988. Mitt Romney was 65 years old when he picked Paul Ryan who was 42 years old in 2012. Joe Biden was 77 years old when he chose Kamala Harris who was 55 years old in 2020. Four years later, Donald Trump who is 78 years old picked J. D. Vance who is 40 years old. Conversely, a young presidential nominee might pick an older and more experienced person to be their running mate. One example was in 2008, when Barack Obama, who was 47, chose Joe Biden, who was 65.

Synergy of traits
Most ticket balancing is not limited to a single issue but is a factor of the overall strength that the running mate brings to a campaign. Lyndon B. Johnson was chosen by John F. Kennedy in 1960 not only because he was a Southerner, but for other reasons as well. Johnson was perceived at the time as being more conservative than Kennedy which balanced the ticket ideologically. Johnson was likely to deliver Texas and its critical electoral votes to the Democrats, something that Kennedy and a non-Texan might not be able to accomplish. Kennedy was a Catholic and his religion was a subtle but important issue, especially in the largely Protestant Southern states. The fact that Johnson was a Protestant helped the ticket's appeal in the South. Kennedy was part of an upper class New England family, while Johnson came from more humble and rural beginnings.

In 1952, Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was 61 at the time, chose Richard Nixon, age 39, to be his running mate. Nixon's relative youth and solid anti-communist credentials gave an additional boost to the campaign. When 72-year-old moderate Republican John McCain ran for president in 2008, he chose 44-year-old staunch conservative Sarah Palin as his running mate, in an effort to balance the ticket by age, gender and political philosophy.

Sometimes a candidate that is perceived to be uncharismatic or is known to have gaffes or issues with their own character may pick someone who doesn't have these issues. A good example is in 2020, Joe Biden who was often heavily criticized for being gaffe-prone and uncharismatic chose a charismatic and a critically acclaimed speaker, Kamala Harris.

Even in circumstances where ticket balancing is not overt, there are subtle components that are brought to the ticket. Although Bill Clinton and Al Gore were both white, Protestant, baby boomers, and Southerners, Al Gore was a veteran of the Vietnam War while Clinton was heavily criticized by Republicans because he "dodged" the Vietnam Era draft. Gore's military record helped soften some of the criticism about Clinton's ability to lead the military.

Other political races
In some states, the governor and the lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. In states that allow the governor to choose his running mate, he/she may choose a candidate that provides balance within the state just as in presidential politics. For example, a politician from an urban area may select a running mate from a rural area, or a male politician may select a female running mate.

Although the concept of a running-mate is relatively specific to the United States, analogous patterns could be found in other countries. For example, in proportional representation with party lists, parties will tend to make sure that a variety of factions within the party are represented in the list candidates. Some countries (such as Iraq) enforce balance by legally requiring that a list contain a minimum number of female or ethnic minority candidates, or by requiring (such as Lebanon) that vice presidents or prime ministers be of a different ethnic group than the president.

Consequences of the death of a president
Elections have acquired much of the mass media publicity system used for entertainment, but a ticket is not a "buddy picture." Although the vice presidency has only rarely been an office with real political significance, several times American presidents have died in office, either through assassinations or natural causes. These conditions reveal the merits and failures of having a running mate to balance the ticket instead of calling a snap election, as other countries do.

Abraham Lincoln's running mate, Andrew Johnson, was a Southerner who did not share values with the Radical Republicans, so Reconstruction started with Lincoln's point of view being expressed by a Southern Democrat. William McKinley, an old school pro-business Republican, was succeeded by the young, energetic Theodore Roosevelt who actively championed anti-trust laws. Only twice in the twentieth century have vice presidents followed the heritage of their departed presidents fairly well. Harry S. Truman continued Franklin D. Roosevelt's policies, and Lyndon B. Johnson accomplished more in the same general areas than John F. Kennedy.

In 2008, the selection of the conservative Sarah Palin by moderate senator John McCain damaged the ticket (according to some), as people were concerned that the 72-year-old McCain might not live out his term. Many conservatives were energized by the choice of Palin, however.

Nigeria
In Nigeria, it is common for parties nominating candidates for president and vice president to apply both geographic balance (called "zoning"), picking a northerner and a southerner, and religious balance, picking a Christian and a Muslim. As the south is mainly Christian and the north is mainly Muslim, this is the most common geographic-religious permutation. Same-religion tickets, whether a Christian–Christian ticket or a Muslim–Muslim ticket, are controversial and often lead to accusations that such a ticket would disrupt the power balance between Nigeria's religious communities.

When Bola Tinubu, a southern Muslim, was running for the nomination of the All Progressives Congress (APC) as their candidate in the 2023 presidential election, he said that having both geographic and religious balance would be impossible. In Tinubu's opinion there were no qualified northern Christians in the APC, and after winning the party's nomination he ended up picking Kashim Shettima, a northern Muslim, as his running mate, sparking a controversy over religious identity.

Philippines
In the Philippines, which had derived the presidential system from the United States, all presidential tickets from major parties from 1935 to 1969 involved someone from Luzon and someone from either the Visayas or Mindanao, which was popularly known as the North-South ticket (or South-North ticket). That has been abandoned since the 1986 election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ticket balance


text:
Talk:Prithvi

Untitled
I removed this:

 * Prithvi was also the Maharaja of Nepal at the Canton Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland, 13th March 1955

I don't understand it.

And this:

 * Prithvi Narayan Shah was the King of Gorkha who unified small states of around Gorkha to make the current Nepal.

His name is really Prithvinarayan. The 2 belong together. He is never referred to as 'king Prithvi'. (Prithvi is a female name). Prater 19:29, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Proposal to merge
I oppose the proposal to merge this article on the general concept of Prithvi with a specific regional goddess. The two are not equivalent, and since neither article is well-sourced, combining them will not improve them. Buddhipriya 21:20, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Bhudevi or Bhumadevi is not a regional goddess. Bhu, Bhumi (like Dhra, Dhrati, Prithivi) are synonyms of Prithvi in Sanskrit, the suffix devi is added. Thus Prithvi and Bhudevi is the same goddess.--Redtigerxyz 10:48, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Should this article be merged with Bhumadevi and redirected? Shruti14 (talk • contribs) 19:29, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes i feel that Bhumadevi be merged into Prithvi, which is a wider concept - goddess and element and Bhumadevi be ridirected.--Redtigerxyz 13:26, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Then, logically consistent, all goddesses should be merged into one article, they all are forms of the One. But Bhudevi is described totally different from Prithivi, because they are DIFFERENT forms of the earth goddess: Prithivi is spouse of the vedic (from the Vedas) god Dyaus Pita, but Bhudevi belongs to the puranic (from the Puranas) Varaha, avatar of Vishnu. So one article only would be totally wrong. (Sorry for my poor english, Durga from german wp) --80.108.164.202 21:10, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The names distinguish them, but Hinduism is syncretic. Modernly the names are interchangeably used for the same deity. The Varaha avatar story is a later syncretization of the earlier vedic Prthvi with Vaishnav avatar theory. Hence Vishnu absorbs all the qualities of the sky father in texts about Varaha that no longer acknowledge the (essentially defunct) vedic sky god. Originally Varaha was not an avatar of Vishnu either, but that is how he is acknowledged now. Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 15:12, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 19:15, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

half-shells?
Is their some reason this concept should not be simplified to halves? μηδείς (talk) 03:29, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prithvi


text:
Other Backward Class

The Other Backward Class (OBC) is a collective term used by the Government of India to classify communities that are educationally or socially backward. It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with general castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs). The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980 and were determined to be 41% in 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation took place. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.

In the Indian Constitution, OBCs are described as socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC), and the Government of India is enjoined to ensure their social and educational development — for example, the OBCs are entitled to 27% reservations in public sector employment and higher education. The list of OBCs maintained by the Indian Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is dynamic, with castes and communities being added or removed depending on social, educational, and economic factors. In a reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Union Minister Jitendra Singh informed that as of January 2016, the percentage of OBCs in central government services is 21.57% and has shown an increasing trend since September 1993. Likewise, in 2015, at educational institutions, funds meant for OBC students under the reservation policy were not used properly or were underused in cases of upgrading infrastructure as well as in violation of faculty recruitment of OBCs according to the 49% reservation policy.

Until 1985, the affairs of the Backward Classes were looked after by the Backward Classes Cell in the Ministry of Home Affairs. A separate Ministry of Welfare was established in 1985 (renamed in 1998 the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment) to attend to matters relating to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and OBCs. The Backward Classes Division of the Ministry looks after the policy, planning, and implementation of programmes relating to social and economic empowerment of OBCs, and matters relating to two institutions set up for the welfare of OBCs, the National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation and the National Commission for Backward Classes.

Government obligation
Under Article 340 of the Indian Constitution, the government must promote the welfare of the OBCs. "The president may by order appoint a commission consisting of such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC) within the territory of India and the difficulties under which they labour and to make recommendations as to the steps that should be taken by the union or any state to remove such difficulties and as to improve their condition and as to the grants that should be made, and the order appointing such commission shall define the procedure to be followed by the commission. ... A commission so appointed shall investigate the matters referred to them and present to the president a report setting out the facts as found by them and making such recommendation as they think proper."

A 1992 decision of the Supreme Court of India resulted in a requirement that 27% of civil service positions be reserved for members of OBCs. In a reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Union Minister Jitendra Singh informed that as of January 2016, the percentage of OBCs in central government jobs is 21.57%.

Socio-economic status
There existed a huge disparity among various castes and communities classified as Other Backward Class, even before the implementation of the reservation policy in government jobs and educational institutions, as per the recommendation of the Mandal Commission report. While a major section of Other Backward Castes was extremely backward, there existed a section that owned considerable land and employed Scheduled Castes (SC) as agricultural labourers. In the agitation for implementation of the report of Mandal Commission, Scheduled Castes supported the Other Backward Castes, but after the implementation of these recommendations on the direction of Supreme Court of India, the tension between a section of OBCs and SCs increased.

In some states of North India, the Yadavs, Kurmis, and the Koeris, which were called "upper-OBC", were well off, due to ownership of a sizeable amount of land. The abolition of Zamindari system in post-independence India raised many of the members of these communities to the status of landlords. Following the Green Revolution in India, their landholdings and economic prosperity increased further; they acquired education and became an active participant in government jobs. Further, after the Mandal agitation subsided in North India, OBC leaders gained political power to outnumber the upper caste legislators in most of the north Indian states. This led to the formation of the OBC-led government in many states of North India. They also ended up claiming the high ritual status, which is defined as Sanskritisation.

However, the OBC consolidation in some of the states of north India like Bihar, left many other OBC communities away from the development process. The political and economic prosperity was cornered by the dominant Backward Castes like Koeri, Kurmi and Yadav; this was witnessed in the formation of political blocs in the state after 1995, in which, either side was dominated by these three castes.

Within this section of OBCs called upper-OBC, there also exists disparity in educational attainment and political mobilisation. While the Yadavs were the biggest beneficiary in political achievements, their political progress didn't improve their position in the caste hierarchy and the spread of education among them also remained less as compared to more educationally advanced communities like Awadhia Kurmi, Koeri and Bania. Since the Yadavs were associated with cattle herding in contrast to other upper-OBCs, who were owner cultivators, trespassing into field of landlords and regular struggle with the latter was a challenge for their survival. The mobilisation of Other Backward Class for social-economic ascendancy was not observed at the same pace and in the same manner in different north Indian states. In north India, states like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh also have substantial populations of Backward Castes, yet, no movement as seen in states like Bihar took place in these states. Many observers have mentioned that in Bihar, the upper OBCs viz. Koeri, Kurmi, and Yadav's political ascendancy went hand in hand with land reforms and peasant movements, benefitting these three castes. These movements changed not only their political position but also their socio-economic profile. However, in the case of Madhya Pradesh, the national political parties like Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress accommodated the Backward Class in the political structure of the state in a way that socio-political movement of any kind was prevented from taking place.

Kalelkar Commission
Adjacent is the distribution of population of each religion by caste categories, obtained from merged sample of Schedule 1 and Schedule 10 of available data from the National Sample Survey Organisation 55th (1999–2000) and National Sample Survey Organisation 61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey.

The First Backward Classes Commission was established by a presidential order on 29 January 1953 under the chairmanship of Kaka Kalelkar and submitted its report on 30 March 1955. It had prepared a list of 2,399 backward castes or communities for the entire country, of which 837 had been classified as the "most backward". Some of the most notable recommendations of the Kalelkar Commission were:

 * 1) Undertaking caste-wise enumeration of the population in the census of 1961;
 * 2) Relating the social backwardness of a class to its low position in the traditional caste hierarchy of Indian society;
 * 3) Treating all women as a class as "backward";
 * 4) Reservation of 70 percent of seats in all technical and professional institutions for qualified students of backward classes.
 * 5) Reservation of vacancies in all government services and local bodies for other backward classes.

The commission in its final report recommended "caste as the criteria" to determine backwardness. However, the report was not accepted by the government, which feared that the backward classes excluded from the caste and communities selected by the commission might not be considered, and those in most need would be swamped by the multitudes, thus receiving insufficient attention.

Mandal Commission

The decision to set up a second backward classes commission was made official by the president on 1 January 1979. The commission is popularly known as the Mandal Commission, its chairman being B. P. Mandal, submitted a report in December 1980 that stated that the population of OBCs, which includes both Hindus and non-Hindus, was around 52 percent of the total population according to the Mandal Commission. The number of backward castes and communities was 3,743 in the initial list of Mandal Commission set up in 1979–80. The number of backward castes in Central list of OBCs has now increased to 5,013 (without the figures for most of the Union Territories) in 2006 as per National Commission for Backward Classes. Mandal Commission developed 11 indicators or criteria to identify OBCs, of which four were economic.

The National Sample Survey puts the figure at 41%. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India, with census data compromised by partisan politics. It is generally estimated to be sizable, but higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or and National Sample Survey.

Twenty-seven percent of reservations were recommended owing to the legal constraint that the total quantum of reservations should not exceed 50 percent. States that have already introduced reservations for OBC exceeding 27 percent will not be affected by this recommendation. With this general recommendation, the commission proposed the following overall scheme of reservation for OBC:

 * 1) Candidates belonging to OBC recruited based on merit in an open competition should not be adjusted against their reservation quota of 27 percent.
 * 2) The above reservation should also be made applicable to the promotion quota at all levels.
 * 3) Reserved quota remaining unfilled should be carried forward for three years and de-reserved thereafter.
 * 4) Relaxation in the upper age limit for direct recruitment should be extended to the candidates of OBC in the same manner as done in the case of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
 * 5) A roster system for each category of posts should be adopted by the concerned authorities in the same manner as presently done in respect to scheduled caste and scheduled tribe candidates.

These recommendations in total apply to all recruitment to public sector undertakings, both under the central and state governments as well as to nationalised banks. All private sector undertakings that have received financial assistance from the government in one form or another should also be obliged to recruit personnel on the aforesaid basis. All universities and affiliated colleges should also be covered by the above scheme of reservation. Although education is considered an important factor in bringing a desired social change, "educational reform" was not within the terms of reference of this commission. To promote literacy the following measures were suggested:

 * 1) An intensive time-bound programme for adult education should be launched in selected pockets with a high concentration of the OBC population.
 * 2) Residential schools should be set up in these areas for backward-class students to provide a climate especially conducive to serious studies. All facilities in these schools including board and lodging should be provided free of cost to attract students from poor and backward class homes.
 * 3) Separate hostels for OBC students with the above facilities will have to be provided.
 * 4) Vocational training was considered imperative.
 * 5) It was recommended that seats should be reserved for OBC students in all scientific, technical and professional institutions run by the central as well as state governments. The quantum of reservation should be the same as in the government services, i.e. 27 percent.

Sub-categorisation
In October 2017, the President of India Ram Nath Kovind notified a five-member Commission headed by Delhi High Court's former Chief Justice G. Rohini under Article 340 of Indian Constitution, to explore the idea of OBC sub-categorisation. The National Commission for Backward Classes had recommended it in 2011 and a standing committee too had repeated this. The committee has a three-point mandate:

 * 1) To examine the "extent of inequitable distribution of benefits of reservation" among various castes and communities that come under the Central OBC list.
 * 2) To work out the mechanism, criteria, and parameters for the actual sub-categorisation. The actual OBC reservation will continue to be 27% and within this, the committee will have to do the re-arranging.
 * 3) Bringing order to the Central list of OBCs by removing any repetitions.

The committee will have to deliver the report within 12 weeks of its constitution. The lower OBCs form around 35% of the population in Uttar Pradesh. OBC sub-categorisation has already been implemented at state level by 11 states: West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir region and Haryana, and the union territory of Puducherry. The term of the commission has been extended to 31 May 2019. Its report stated that prime beneficiaries of 97% OBC reservation include Yadav, Kurmi, Jat (Jats of Rajasthan except those of Bharatpur and Dholpur district are in Central OBC list), Saini, Thevar, Ezhava and Vokkaliga castes. After 13 extensions to its tenure, Rohini Commission submitted its report to President Droupadi Murmu on 31 July 2023. The report is more than 1,000-pages long and is divided in two parts- the first part deals with how the OBC quota should be allocated; and the second part is an updated list of all 2,633 OBC castes across India.

Creamy layer and Indra Sawhney vs Union of India
The term creamy layer was first coined by Justice Krishna Iyer in 1975 in the State of Kerala vs NM Thomas case, wherein he observed that "the danger of 'reservation', it seems to me, is three-fold. Its benefits, by and large, are snatched away by the top creamy layer of the 'backward' caste or class, thus keeping the weakest among the weak always weak and leaving the fortunate layers to consume the whole cake". 1992 Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India judgment laid down the limits of the state's powers: it upheld the ceiling of 50 percent quotas, emphasized the concept of "social backwardness", and prescribed 11 indicators to ascertain backwardness. The nine-judge Bench judgement also established the concept of qualitative exclusion, such as the "creamy layer". The creamy layer is only applicable in the case of Other Backward Castes and not applicable on other groups like SC or ST. The creamy layer criteria were introduced at Rs 100,000 in 1993, and revised to Rs 250,000 in 2004, Rs 450,000 in 2008, and Rs 600,000 in 2013. In October 2015, National Commission for Backward Classes proposed that a person belonging to OBC with an annual family income of up to Rs 1.5 million should be considered as minimum ceiling for OBC. NCBC also recommended sub-division of OBCs into 'backward', 'more backward' and 'extremely backward' blocs and divide 27% quota amongst them in proportion to their population, to ensure that stronger OBCs don't corner the quota benefits. In August 2017, NDA government announced the creamy layer ceiling in the OBC category from getting reservation in jobs, has been raised from Rs 6 lakh a year to Rs 8 lakh.

Supreme Court interim stay
On 29 March 2007, the Supreme Court of India, as an interim measure, stayed the law providing for 27 percent reservation for Other Backward Classes in educational institutions like IITs and IIMs. This was done in response to a public interest litigation — Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs. Union of India. The Court held that the 1931 census could not be a determinative factor for identifying the OBCs to provide reservation. The court also observed, "Reservation cannot be permanent and appear to perpetuate backwardness".

Supreme Court verdict
On 10 April 2008, the Supreme Court of India upheld the government's initiative of 27% OBC quotas in government-funded institutions. The Court has categorically reiterated its prior stand that those considered part of the "Creamy layer" should be excluded by government-funded institutions and by private institutions from the scope of the reservation policy. The verdict produced mixed reactions from supporting and opposing quarters.

Several criteria to identify the portion of the population comprising the "creamy layer" have been recommended, including the following:
 * Children of those with family income above ₹ 250,000 a year, and then ₹ 450,000 a year and now ₹ 800,000 a year, should be considered creamy layer, and excluded from the reservation quota.
 * Children of doctors, engineers, chartered accountants, actors, consultants, media professionals, writers, bureaucrats, defence officers of colonel and equivalent rank or higher, high court and Supreme Court judges, and all central and state government Class A and B officials should be excluded.
 * The Court has requested Parliament to exclude the children of MPs and MLAs as well.

Supreme Court conclusions from Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs. Union of India

 * 1) The Constitution (Ninety-Third Amendment) Act, 2006 does not violate the "basic structure" of the Constitution so far as it relates to the state-maintained institutions and aided educational institutions. The question of whether the Constitution (Ninety-Third Amendment) Act, 2006 would be constitutionally valid or not so far as "private unaided" educational institutions are concerned, is left open to be decided in an appropriate case.
 * 2) The "creamy layer" principle is one of the parameters to identify backward classes. Therefore, principally, the "creamy layer" principle cannot be applied to STs and SCs, as SCs and STs are separate classes by themselves.
 * 3) Preferably there should be a review after ten years to take note of the change of circumstances.
 * 4) A graduation (not technical graduation) or professional course deemed to be educationally forward.
 * 5) Principle of exclusion of creamy layer applicable to OBC's.
 * 6) The Central Government shall examine the desirability of fixing cut-off marks in respect of the candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) to balance reservation with other societal interests and to maintain standards of excellence. This would ensure quality and merit would not suffer. If any seats remain vacant after adopting such norms they shall be filled up by candidates from general categories.
 * 7) So far as the determination of backward classes is concerned, a notification should be issued by the Union of India. This can be done only after the exclusion of the creamy layer for which necessary data must be obtained by the Central Government from the State Governments and Union Territories. Such Notification is open to challenge on the grounds of wrongful exclusion or inclusion. Norms must be fixed keeping in view the peculiar features in different States and Union Territories. There has to be proper identification of Other Backward Classes (OBCs). For identifying backward classes, the Commission set up under the directions of this Court in Indra Sawhney 1 has to work more effectively and not merely decide applications for inclusion or exclusion of castes.
 * 8) The Parliament should fix a deadline by which time free and compulsory education will have reached every child. This must be done within six months, as the right to free and compulsory education is perhaps the most important of all the fundamental rights (Art.21 A). Without education, it becomes extremely difficult to exercise other fundamental rights.
 * 9) If material is shown to the Central Government that the Institution deserves to be included in the Schedule (institutes which are excluded from reservations) of The Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006 (No. 5 of 2007), the Central Government must take an appropriate decision based on materials placed and on examining the concerned issues as to whether Institution deserves to be included in the Schedule of the said act as provided in Sec 4 of the said act.
 * 10) Held that the determination of SEBCs is done not solely based on caste and hence, the identification of SEBCs does not violate Article 15(1) of the Constitution.

Supreme Court scrapped Jat Reservations in Central OBCs list
In March 2015, Supreme Court of India scrapped Jat Reservations saying that Jats are not socially and economically backward in reference with National Commission for Backward Classes' (NCBC) opinion. Supreme Court judgement quashed the proposed inclusion of Jats in Central list of OBCs on the basis that Jats are already given OBC status in 9 States. On 21 July 2015, Supreme Court rejected Centre's review plea for its verdict of quashing Jat reservation in OBCs.

Central List of OBCs
Lists of OBCs are maintained by both the National Commission for Backward Classes and the individual states. The central list does not always reflect the state lists, which can differ significantly. A community identified as a nationally recognized OBC in the NCBC central list may be so recognized only in specific states or only in limited areas within specific states. Occasionally, it is not an entire community that is thus classified but rather some parts within it. As of 2023, Maharashtra has the highest number of OBC castes listed under Central List of OBCs, followed by Odisha, Karnataka  and Tamil Nadu.

Christians
The Karnataka State Government has issued notification granting OBC reservation benefits to Brahmin Christian, Kuruba Christian, Madiga Christian, Akkasali Christian, Sudri Christian, Scheduled Caste converted to Christianity, Setty Balija Christian, Nekara Christian, Paravar Christian and Lambani Christian.

The Kerala government grants OBC reservation benefits to Latin Catholics of Kerala, Anglo Indians and Nadar Christians included in South India United Church (SIUC).

The Government of Maharashtra grants OBC reservation benefits to East Indian Catholics.

Politically important social groups listed as OBC

 * Koli in the National as well as state list of Goa, Gujarat, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
 * Rajputs in National as well as State OBC list of Karnataka.
 * Lodhi Rajputs in states of Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana only and except these states they are notified as Forward Caste.
 * Bishnoi/Vishnoi in only State OBC list in Rajasthan State.
 * Goldsmith or Sunar/Soni/Sunar/Swarankar in Central  as well as the State OBC list in Rajasthan.
 * Khatris in the National as well as State OBC list of Tamil Nadu.
 * Aras (Urs) community of the Mysore Wodeyars in Karnataka.
 * Kathis in the central list of Gujarat.
 * Ezhava in the state list of Kerala
 * Ahoms in the central list.
 * Jats in the state list of Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Chhattisgarh. However only the Jats of Rajasthan – excluding those of Bharatpur district and Dholpur district – are entitled to reservation of central government jobs under the OBC reservation.
 * Yadavs in many states list except Punjab.

Listed Brahmins and other priestly communities

 * Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins in the states of Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka.
 * Bhargava Dakaut or Joshi Brahmins in the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, and Delhi
 * Kattaha Brahmin in the state of Rajasthan.
 * Saurashtra Brahmins in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
 * Goswami, Nath, Jogi, Yogi, Giri Brahmin in some states (Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Punjab, Bihar central list in notified general categories) Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Gujarat in OBC.
 * Dhiman and Jangid Brahmins in the states of Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.
 * Bairagi in the states of Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.
 * Gurav or Shaiva Brahmin in the state of Maharashtra.

Caste surveys held in Indian states

 * 1) Socio-Economic Survey of Kerala 1968: In 1968, the Communist government under E. M. S. Namboodiripad ordered a socio-economic survey of each resident in the state of Kerala, to assess caste inequalities. Until the census of 2011, this survey was the only caste-based count conducted in post-independence India. The survey was not very conclusive, since it merged several unrelated castes into one group (for example, Ambalavasis and Tamil Brahmins were grouped along with Malayali Brahmins). The survey found that individuals belonging to higher castes possessed more land and had relatively higher per capita income as compared to the general population. The survey found that 33% of the state's population was forward caste, almost half of whom were Syrian Christians. According to the survey, 13% of the Brahmins, 6.8% of the Syro-Malabar Catholics, 5.4% of the Jacobites and 4.7% of the Nairs owned more than 5 acres of land. This compared with 1.4% of the Ezhavas, 1.9% of the Muslims, and 0.1% of the Scheduled Castes who had that much land in their possession.
 * 2) Telangana's Samagra Kutumba Survey 2014 [published 2022] : The report reveals that Telangana's population of around 36.9 million is distributed among various caste groups. Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) represent approximately 18.48% and 11.74% of the population, respectively. Most of the population belongs to Backward Castes (BCs), making up 51% of the population, although the findings were never made public due to various court cases against it.  Other castes comprise 16.03%, while religious minorities account for 10.65% of the population.
 * 3) Karnataka Caste Census 2015 [status unknown] : The Social and Educational Survey ordered by then Chief Minister Siddaramaiah in 2014 to inform Other Backward Classes (OBC) reservations in Karnataka is yet to be published as of 2023. Initiated by the Karnataka State Commission for Backward Classes, the survey involved 1.6 lakh government employees canvassing around 1.3 crore households, costing the state Rs 169 crore. However, the report remains unpublished despite eight years passing, multiple government tenures, and repeated calls for its release from various political leaders. Controversy surrounds the issue with successive social welfare ministers, including H Anjaneya and Kota Shrinivas Poojary, blaming delays on incomplete tabulation and non-submission by the state BC Commission headed by MP Jayaprakash Hegde. Some sources suggest political pressure and potential upheaval in the state's power dynamics, particularly concerning the traditionally dominant Lingayat and Vokkaliga communities, as reasons for the report's non-disclosure. In June 2023, Siddaramaiah-led Congress government in Karnataka has decided to accept the 2015 socio-economic caste survey report, potentially stirring controversy as it reveals that the population of Vokkaligas and Lingayats is lower than commonly believed, with Dalits being the largest demographic group.
 * 4) Uttarakhand OBC Survey [ongoing] : The ongoing Other Backward Classes (OBC) survey in Uttarakhand has experienced significant delays and issues with accuracy, leading to intervention by the single-member dedicated commission. Various districts have reported non-compliance with survey guidelines, including instances of reliance on outdated data rather than conducting new door-to-door surveys, as seen in Khatima. In response, the commission has cancelled the flawed survey, ordering a redo within 15 days, and transferred the officer in charge. Similar corrective measures have been taken in Champawat and Dharchula. Despite these efforts, the commission has yet to receive any completed data, not even from Dehradun, and the survey's conclusion has been extended to June 2023.
 * 5) Bihar caste-based survey 2022: 2022 Bihar caste-based survey first report was released on 2 October 2023. The report showed that extremely backward classes (EBCs) account for 36.01 percent of the 13.07 crore population of the state.  OBCs, EBCs together account for 63% of the total population of Bihar.  On 9 November 2023, Bihar Assembly Passed Bill For 65% Caste Quota excluding 10% EWS Quota, in government jobs and educational institutions.   The new reservation quota percentages include 20% for Scheduled Castes, 2% for Scheduled Tribes, 18% for Backward Classes, 25% for Extremely Backward Classes, and 10% for the economically weaker section among the Upper Castes.
 * 6) Odisha Backward Classes Survey 2023 [ongoing] : On May 1, 2023, the Odisha government initiated a comprehensive survey targeting state notified 211 Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC), which is expected to conclude by June 29, 2023. Administered across all 314 blocks and 114 urban local bodies of Odisha, the survey is being conducted by the Odisha State Commission for Backward Classes (OSCBC) using both online and offline methods. The survey aims to evaluate social and educational conditions of backwardness, factoring in various indicators such as occupation and educational qualifications. Initially, centers for data submission were established in Anganwadi Kendras and various PDS outlets, but later in the special survey drive the door-to-door data collection method was also adopted. The compiled data is expected to be published after five months of survey completion. It's noteworthy that the survey is being conducted under the OSCBC Act, 1993 and the OSCBC (Amendment) Act, 2020, allowing family heads or senior individuals to provide family data, including ration card, Aadhar card, or voter identity details.
 * 7) UP Backward Classes Commission OBC quota report for ULB  [ongoing] : The final report determining quotas for backward classes in urban local body polls is expected to be available by June 2023. The Backward Classes Commission, established on December 28, plans to submit a preliminary report within three months. The commission aims to collect empirical data on backward classes, following Supreme Court and high court guidelines for OBC reservation in civic body elections. The commission's work involves data collection from district officials, studying processes in other states, and addressing objections from political parties.
 * 8) Haryana Backward Classes Commission Chairman Report

title: Other Backward Class


text:
User talk:Fritz Saalfeld/Archive 1

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 19:32, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Garden State
Sorry. Just been busy and obviouslly forgot to remove the notice. Once I get some free time, i'll do some major edits to it. Thanks anyway.--Matt von Furrie 04:16, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Re: Tracklisting
Thanks for notifying me of the revert, I'm bringing up this issue to the WikiProject talk page so it'll be discussed further. --Andylkl (talk) June 28, 2005 15:12 (UTC)

Gorillaz albums infoboxes
I am beginning to agree with you that overfilling the Infoboxes with Catalog numbers and release dates is perhaps overwhelming to the casual reader. I realize this is a complete reversal of what my position was. In any case, perhaps we can come to an agreement as which release date to consider as first. As for the catalog numbers, I don't know what to do in that regard. It's obvious there needs to be some heavy trimming, but I am unclear how to proceed. My first thought is to simply include the British release dates and catalog numbers for the albums since the primary members are British. Let me know what you think and we can work from there. Thanks, Cbing01 1 July 2005 19:37 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comment about the Let It Be... Naked release box. I'm glad we could come to an agreement, and look forward to working with you again in the future. Thanks for starting the discussion on this topic. Thanks, Cbing01 2 July 2005 16:54 (UTC)
 * The changes you made on "19-2000" look pretty cool. I guess I just got tired of looking at those cluttered Infoboxes. Anyway, I like the revision, the catalog numbers do look better before the particular formats track listing. Thanks also for helping remove that Rate Your Music review from the articles. I do not understand why that particular editor continues to revert edits to remove the non-prof reviews. Anyway, thanks for getting involved. Cbing01 3 July 2005 17:36 (UTC)

Letitia Lerner!?!?
Who is this Letitia Lerner? When did she join the Superman cast of characters that have the initials, L.L.? Michael 17:49, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

That was Quick!!
Hi, Fritz! Michael Reiter here. Listen, That was Quick! Thanks for telling me. Ciao! Michael 18:03, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Re:Black Cat image

 * Why did you tag Image:Black Cat.jpg with a no source tag? It says in the describtion that it's the cover of the Marvel Must Haves: Spider-Man/Black Cat: The Evil That Men Do #1-3 and has a proper fair use tag. I don't this Wiki requires anything else.

You need to say where you got the scan, like crediting the photographer who photographs a famous-yet-copyrighted picture (and subst Marvel-Comics-trademark-copyright while you're at it. - SoM 12:28, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought (and still think) giving the issue the image is taken from and the artist would be enough... (isn't listing the artist the same as crediting a photographer?!)

No, because if you upload a picture of the Mona Lisa, you're not going to credit the photog and not Leonardo DiVinci. I'm trying to get everyone to play safe on these things. BSTS.

And I checked - the Newsarama copy of that image doesn't match the copy you've uploaded (it being 458×686px @ 488.26kB, whereas the copy you uploaded is 400×595 @ 87.18kB). Don't add a source just to fob me off. - SoM 14:05, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Forgot about this. Image_use_policy - SoM 13:41, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Regarding I"s
"cur) (last) 16:58, 11 September 2005 Fritz Saalfeld m (revert double listing of character names) "

No, we add the "double listing" to show how the names are ordered in Japan. WhisperToMe 14:22, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

It's done in almost every single Japanese name article... Junichiro Koizumi, and the list could go on and on. A formal vote on how to deal with the Japanese name issue did not reach consensus, but for now the "repeating" name is the de facto standard. WhisperToMe 15:00, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Comics collaboration
Hi. Forgive the cut and paste briskness of this message, but you voted at the Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight for Comics, which has now become the current collaboration. Please help to improve it in any way you can. First up we have discovered it might be best to discuss improvements on the talk page, and perhaps create a To-do list. Anyway, thanks for your help. Steve block talk 19:44, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Apple Mighty Mouse
Good work on that image of the Apple Mighty Mouse. It looks good while still being pd. --huwr 00:55, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Its a lovely picture, I like the red background, works very well. You might consider uploading it to Wikimedia Commons so it can be used by other language projects. Justinc 01:25, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

New Rads song articles
Sure. M.C. Brown Shoes 22:32, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Re : Articles for deletion/List of music videos by year
Hi Fritz Saalfeld,

These articles are to be nominated seperate from Articles for deletion/List of music videos by year. You may nominate the articles as a single VFD group, but each of these articles must be tagged with the VFD tag. Hope that answers your question.

And my apologies for the late reply, cos' I was on vacation. If you have any questions, let me know! :)

- Greetings!, Mailer Diablo 15:40, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Quote
I don't know, having "to hide his" as a non-quoted thing just feels wrong. Also who says he was wearing his hat in the video to hide his lack of enthusiasm? wasn't he referring to live performances? and he wore the hat basically everywhere before that... M.C. Brown Shoes 13:20, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

new infomovie box
HI there. I see they've fixed infomovie box so I've been changing Infomovie box 2 and 3 pages to just be the first one. I see you've volunteered to help... thanks for your assistance. Steve-O 13:48, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Reunion
I'm still not getting it to work - it was working the way I had it. I think it may have something to do with to many "|'s " in your external link (wiki might be interpreting to be something else). Drdr1989 18:45, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem... your recent edit worked and it looks good now. Drdr1989 21:39, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Ben Garmisa's Pictures
I don't know how many times I can say this. I only uploaded photos by request to specific band pages. As you can see at my site, I have shot countless other bands and did not upload those photos. I could care less if they stay on the band's wiki entry, but you have no right to suggest them for deletion, as I can upload whatever pictures I want. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bgarmisa (talk • contribs).

minutes and seconds
I am delighted that you are updating the format to mm:ss. I did not like the previous abbreviation of 'sec'. I see now that it has been discussed at some length and I like the outcome.

I don't like the use of ?? for unknown or null values. Unfortunately it is common in Wikipedia articles. But that is a different matter. Keep up the good work. Bobblewik 23:26, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd just like to add my appreciation for this monstrous (and monotonous) task you've undertaken. The old format, complete with silly links to minute and second is just not right. So, thank you, and here is a flower :) Qirex 14:38, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks (both for the nice words and for the flower). It's good to see the work is noticed and appreciated. --Fritz S. 16:40, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

reply
Hi, I implemented the ability to get more than 5000 this morning, that version will be available later today ;) I'll consider some type of way of saving settings for future revisions, thanks Martin 14:46, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Happy Crimbo!
Have a Proper and Merry Crimbo. , in fact here is a pressie from the Doctor to you. Ho. Ho. Ho! Dr. McCrimbo 22:34, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Joe Madureira
Thanks for the correction. I'm still learning newer things about WP here and there, and I'll incorporate that into my contributions from now on, and I even went back and changed the dates on the Judd Winicik article, which was the last big contribution I made. I have two questions though:

 * First, why is this? What's wrong with a month or year being linked, if other words in articles are linked too?  I don't understand why this is considered a bad thing.

 * Second, I seem to be having some trouble with a possible vandal on the Union City, New Jersey page, who keeps inserting a non-sourced, irrelevant, and redundant passage that I keep having to remove. The 411 on this matter is on that article's Talk page, under the heading "Geography."  (It's the second of only two headings on that page anyway).  Can you advise?  How can I contact an administrator about speaking to this person or possibly blocking them? Nightscream 21:44, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

1. I understand this, which is why I wonder why the same does not hold for other linked articles that do not pertain to the article's subject, at least directly. The mention of Wizard magazine, for example, doesn't pertain to it, because clicking on that link only takes you to the article that explains what Wizard is, but not the specfic mention of their ranking of JoeMad. Again, I'm only pointing out what I see as an inconsistency, but I'm not challenging the policy. Personally, I think linking months and years would be no different, but I think I'll drop it for now. :-)

2. He/she doesn't have a user page, which is precisely the problem. Up until recent, he/she was only identified by his IP number. Today I noticed that someone who reinserted the text in question (which may or may not be the same one) has a username, but it's a red link, which means he/she isn't registered. I brought this up on the Discussion page for that article, in which I explained my arguments in detail with another user who tried to justify the vandal's activity. Any ideas? Do you know how I can contact an Admin? Thanks again. :-) Nightscream 23:21, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Ah, I didn't know that. Thanks. Nightscream 01:08, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Awesome infobox!
Thanks a bunch. :D M.C. Brown Shoes 01:55, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

RE: New Radicals lead
"is" not "are" (also, "was" not "were) correct usuage of collective nouns http://ace.acadiau.ca/english/grammar/s_v.htm

A lot of the articles regarding bands are incorrect, using "are" and "were" RJN 17:19, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * A band's name acts as one entity, therefore, we use singular. If the sentence were to say, The members of the band "were"... Then that would be correct. Collectively, these members form a band. <---singular This band is called XXXXX. RJN 17:43, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * For example, "hair" is a collective noun. "My hair is brown" or "my hair was brown" are correct. "My hair are brown" would be incorrect. Sorry, it's hard to explain things online. RJN 17:44, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The names of bands have nothing to do with it the grammar of the sentence. Just because a band's name has "s" does not mean the sentence have to be plural because it is one band. For example, five members make up Good Charlotte, an American pop-punk band. <---singular because it is a band, not more than one. This would be the same if they were to have "s" at the end of their name because it would still be one band, correct? New Radicals is one band is it not? Collectivelly referred to as "the band." <---singular RJN 18:49, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * A "band" is singular. Within this band, there are X amount of members. RJN 18:51, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know what kind of English you were taught, but this is not how we use it in the United States. (I am a speaker of American English by the way.) I had a conversation with a liguistics instructor yesterday from the university and he confirmed to me that this is correct. He also explained to me that a lot of people (even native speakers) do not know how to use collective nouns correctly and/or not really aware how to use it. I now understand that a lot of people get confused with this and it is okay. Maybe you should consult with your English instructor at where you study or a native speaker who is advanced with linguistics.
 * The name of a band does not denote its plurality and therefore does not effect the style/construction/grammar of the sentence. Yes, if the name of the band is "The Muppets" then "The Muppets is happy." If it is not a band, then "The muppets are happy." It does not matter what the name of the band is, the subject of this is singular. The name of the band is used collectively and this is where collective noun steps in. I am done with this conversation. RJN 17:33, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, if you were to read a section under our discussion on my talk page. You would find that there are differences between American and British English. I just went and asked a fellow Wikipedian who is a linguistics expert. So yes, in the U.S., what I am using is correct. What you are using is also correct under British English. I did not realized there were differences in usage between the two. Since the New Radicals was an American rock band, we should use American spelling and grammar. RJN 18:20, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Did you read what Angr wrote on my talk page. He said there are differences in usage between American and British English. We are both right. In the U.S., we don't learn British English so I was unaware of this. RJN 18:23, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

We use things differently and the U.S. and you can't say that I am wrong. I just said that you are also right, but in British English. This article is U.S. related so it should be in U.S. spelling and grammar. Please consult with User:Angr if you have futher question with linguistics as he is an expert. RJN 18:28, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * In case you did not read what another user had put on my talk page, I'll copy and pasted it for you.
 * The thing is, there's an American-British usage difference going on here, which you can read about at American and British English differences. In British English it's correct to say not only "New Radicals are" but also "Aerosmith are". Likewise "The audience are listening" and even "My bank are just awful!". "Liverpool is" and "England is" refer to the places, but "Liverpool are" and "England are" refer to soccer teams. --Angr (t·c) 17:56, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

I live in the U.S., so what I am using is correct by American English standards—so respect that. So yes, in the U.S., we say "My bank is," "The audience is," etc. I understand that you don't agree with this because you were taught British English, but this is not what we use in the U.S. RJN 18:47, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Okay, yes, using "New Radicals were" is correct in British English but is not in American English because in American English, it is singular because it is a collective noun. Again, the name of the band is not plural because they have "S"—it's just a name and names do not follow how the sentence will be constructed. Why don't you discuss this with Angr—someone who is more of an expert than I am. Please discuss it with him. RJN 18:52, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Collective nouns are used differently in the U.S. I have talked to many people about this because you are so penchant for changing it to the British version since this article is about an American group—therefore we should use American grammar and spelling. I, however, won't change British bands articles. RJN 18:54, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

"New York Yankees are" and "New York Yankees is" are both correct. The latter is correct in American English. RJN 19:09, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This is really not worth edit warring over. I haven't even looked at the article to see which version is there at the moment, but my advice to both of you is just leave it how it is. --Angr (t·c) 19:17, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

You just agreed that "New York Yankees is" is also correct and now you call my changes "strange"? I told you many times that there are differences in usage between American and British English. Yes, your usage is also correct. You see it as strange because it is only used in the U.S. It is okay if you think it is strange but that is the rule of American English. I think British English is strange as well. It is okay for you not to accept the American English usage. Sometimes, rules are strange and does not seem correct, but this is what most Americans use over here. RJN 19:35, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Well please wait while I get in touch with a professional American copyeditor who is a journalist. You have no idea that the concept of collective noun is very tricky and confusing (even most native speakers don't know how to use it correctly). Here is another shot at explaining. You can replace "New York Yankees" with "the team." Now using "the team," is that singular or plural? Or do you argue that "New York Yankees" transfer over to "the teams" or "the team are". RJN 20:11, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

I said it over many times that yes, what you are using is correct in British English, but we have differences here in the U.S. that you were never introduce to it because you are not an American. For example, in British English, this sentence is correct, "I went to hospital." In the U.S., we say, "I went to the hospital." Is this strange to you? Well the British version is strange to me. In the U.S., all of us say "We are going to the hospital." not "We are going to hospital." RJN 20:20, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

The reason why I said they are singular because "New Radicals" is one collective entity is it not? Just like "New York Yankees" is one collective entity. That is why this is very tricky. The name of a band or a team is a collective entity. I also changed back to "were" on the article for the time being. However, both are correct. "New Radical" or "New Radicals" both are still a single collective entity, regardless if they have "s" in their name or not. Their name can be anything and is not a meaning. RJN 21:43, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I haven't looked at the article itself (yet), but RJN is correct. In American English, references to a singular representation of a group is generally considered singular.  For instance, if I were speaking about my family, I would say "My family is great."  I would use the singular verb, even though many individual people make up my family.  It's no different when referencing a band's name, since it is composed of several people.  I have no idea if Brits do things differently; it's largely immaterial in this instance, since the article is referencing an American band.  Articles on American subjects should use American English; similarly, articles on British subjects should use British English, per Wikipedia's policies. · Katefan0(scribble)/ mrp 16:43, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * In any case, it's a rather silly dispute, and I agree with Angr that it's not worth edit warring over. We'll have to agree to disagree. · Katefan0(scribble)/ mrp 16:52, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That's good to hear. Thank you for your hard work! · Katefan0(scribble)/ mrp 17:01, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

There you have it, a confirmation of usage from an experienced writter/journalist above. Also, I emailed a former English professor of mine yesterday and she confirmed today that it is correct in American English (I even gave her an example of "New Radicals"). I have gone out of my ways to prove to you that my copyedit was correct. Both academians from my university confirmed that the usage is correct and also an experienced writter above. I know rules don't make sense to people at times. Remember, these rules are made by humans—it doesn't have to make sense. Now if you don't mind, I will be copyediting some of the U.S. band-related articles that are grammatically incorrect. I won't mess with non-U.S. articles as I am not familiar with their usage. Just know that because certain band articles are written incorrectly does not mean that they are right. I ran into some U.S. band articles that use "singular," as not all U.S. bands use "were" or "are". Not everyone is able to catch grammar, especially hard ones. Also know that not everyone in the U.S. know how to write correctly (especially on Wikipedia). There are several U.S. articles that use collective nouns correctly (look at Philadelphia Eagles, Chainsaw Kittens, and among many others). Other than that, good luck with your studies in American literature and language! I find it interesting that someone outside of the U.S. is studying American literature since British English and its literature are "standard" outside of the U.S. RJN 23:57, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

I found a sentence on the RCA Records website that you would be interested in. "New Radicals, led by young liability/singer/songwriter/producer Gregg Alexander, is chomping at the bit." Hope this helps. Sorry to bother you with this. http://www.mcarecords.com/ArtistAbout.asp?which=bio&selected=1&aboutid=38819&artistname=New+Radicals&artistid=62 RJN 06:07, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Yes, dropping "the" would be correct for "New Radicals was". If it bothers you that much, feel free to change it back to "The New Radicals were" and I won't change it again. I am sure it must be bothering you a whole lot as I noticed you have been the major contributor to this article (good job!). I am fascinated by German culture and language as well. I took a year of German when I was in secondary school and wanted to make more but I was criticised for wanting to learn German and so I stopped. I am sure it wasn't that hard for you to learn English since it's also a Germanic language (well not all the way Germanic). English is hard to learn, even for people here in the U.S. (too many rules—some are quite tricky and doesn't make sense). I hope we didn't get off to a bad start because of that whole debate above as I am also a fan of New Radicals. I also feel bad for trying to force the usage of American English into articles since British English are more standardize worldwide. I apologize if I have offended you. RJN 21:37, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

IPA
I don't care what the alleged "standard" for wikipedia is, that IPA gibberish is useless to the average reader. I shouldn't have to learn a new language construct just to be able to provide English-speaking readers with a usable pronunciation guide and to satisfy the pretentious standards some Ph.D. in linguistics supposedly set up in this so-called enyclopedia. If you want to insert your IPA stuff, go ahead, but DO NOT DELETE my user-friendly English pronunciations in the process. Ya dig? >:( Wahkeenah 11:49, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedians/Germany is being replaced by a category
Hello! You were listed on the Wikipedians/Germany page as living in or being associated with Germany. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, or one of the Bundesland-based subcategories, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Germany for instructions. --Angr ( tɔk ) 15:38, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Peer review/Lindsay Lohan/archive2
I have to say, I've reviewed the suggestions that "year in x" not be piped, and I vehemently disagree. As I note on the talk page, "[s]ee Lindsay Lohan for a good example of why piping is a good thing (a simple [[2003 in film]] in line would create clunky, hard-to-follow writing—better to use no links at all)." Comment? Radio Kirk   talk to me  22:13, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, when these are piped they are "easter egg links", links you have hover over to see where they actually lead, and I find that very unhandy. Also, when they're used in a full date (as they are in the Lohan article) the date formating preferences won't work. It is very common to put these in parenthesis (as in "In 2004 (see 2004 in music), Lohan released [...]") although I find that usually there isn't much relevant information on the "year in x" articles anyway, and personally just don't link them at all. --Fritz Saalfeld (Talk) 23:06, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll see what I can do. As far as relevant information on the pages, I would argue that anyone following the link wants some information, comprehensive or otherwise; a good excuse for the article's maintainers to make them more comprehensive. :) Radio  Kirk   talk to me  23:22, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Quick note on the comma between dates, if I may: Wikipedia now defaults to Euro style, which does not use a comma ("23 January 2006 is today's date."). In American style, two commas are used because the year is a parenthetical phrase ("January 23, 2006, is today's date."). The same rule applies to cities and states, states and countries, and so on ("JFK was shot in Dallas, Texas, in 1963."). Of course, some people say that looks clunky, so almost no one does it correctly any more... ;) Radio  Kirk   talk to me  18:50, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

ALRIGHT ALREADY!!
I'm sorry fritz. I just got ahead of myself but i wanna know, What licence can I use for my Gorillaz pics? I keep trying to find the right licence but what?? (PS I won't ruin your pics)

(Micoolio101 12:14, 23 January 2006 (UTC)micoolio101Micoolio101 12:14, 23 January 2006 (UTC))

Fair use image galleries
I took the liberty of turning your gallery of fair use images at User:Fritz Saalfeld/images into a list of links to the images instead. Wikipedia policy doesn't allow fair use images to be displayed on userpages, and sub-pages thereof. See Fair use. --Sherool (talk) 16:40, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

New Radicals
I've left an evaluation at PR (looks good!), but I didn't do anything to the ongoing status page -- I'm not sure how I want to do that, and will probably change the format soon. Tuf-Kat 17:43, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

New-radicals.com
Hey Fritz, can we have new-radicals.com taken off the spam list? I want to link to it as a discography page as I feel it's a very well-compiled source of information that would be a great external link, despite its dubious origin. M.C. Brown Shoes 03:15, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Alan Moore
Alan Moore has been selected as the comics collab of the month. Please stop by and see what you can contribute! ike9898 02:35, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Jim Mahfood
Can you please post the notability claim on the talk page? I admit I know little about this fellow, or comics in general, but the tag was on for a while. If you could post some explanation of his notability in the section on the talk page, then there will be both a record, and an area for discussion should anyone disagree. Thank you. -- Avi 15:42, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Alex Proyas Videos Entry
Hello. I'm sorry if I may have replaced an error you have already corrected. I received that bit of information on Alex's IMDB page. Again, I apologize if it is incorrect. Artemisboy 16:23, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Mother single
So what do we do now? Add Mother to the discography? Reinstate the seperate page? M.C. Brown Shoes 08:26, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure, but can't we keep "Why MCA would even consider the notion of a third single given that the band only begrudgingly released a second is unknown"? M.C. Brown Shoes 19:30, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Katie Holmes
Thank you very much for your help with this article. I've nominated it as a FAC and would appreciate your comments at Featured article candidates/Katie Holmes. PedanticallySpeaking 16:10, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

apnet
the site is the number one site for punk related news. I don't understand how it's not notable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Myxomatosis (talk • contribs)

Gallery on frog
Hi Fritz,

Thanks for the suggestion of a gallery. To explain why your change was initially reverted: we had originally discussed using the pragma, but then found that it produces severe rendering problems on some screen resolutions when other pictures or taxoboxes are near it. This is why we sought an alternative solution, more unusual at that. However, since we have expanded the page so much recently, it does not now seem to be a problem, so we gratefully accept your suggestion with apologies for the reversion.

MfG,

Samsara contrib talk 12:05, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

FMP
Hi, I'd like to invite you to participate in the Featured Music Project by signing up on the status page. What you'd do is sign up for one (or more) of eight categories, such as the discography or lead section. No more than once a month, you'd be given an article which is getting close to being ready for WP:FAC, and is only deficient in a few categories. You'd do what you can in your section (and, of course, anything else you like). If a couple of people specialize in each category, we should be able to take some concrete steps towards improvement on a wide range of articles. In addition, you can sign up as a "shepherd" to take articles that meet all the criteria through a peer review and (hopefully) successful candidacy. Tuf-Kat 04:07, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Joe Madureira
Fine by me. Sorry if I misinterpreted the attribution of that tag. Incidentally, I fixed that sentence for punctuation and syntax. :-) Nightscream 11:30, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Date links
Since you have previously taken an interest in links. Please be kind enough to vote for my new bot application to reduce overlinking of dates where they are not part of date preferences. Thanks. bobblewik 20:49, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for your review of Books of Magick: Life During Wartime
I'd just like to thank you for your critical analysis of this article. I've been busy for the past week, but I've now made changes to that article based on what you wrote.

Thanks again. :-) (Stephen Day 23:31, 25 February 2006 (UTC))

you're fast!
Wow you're fast! Good on you. Yeah it was pourely mechanical mistake, fixed. Herostratus 17:38, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Spymate
IMDB made a mistake about Spymate. It was released, this weekend, in Canada. It will be out on video in the US in April. However, the filmography is the same format (including the year links and the newest films at the top) as it is in the featured article Lindsay Lohan, so the format for the filmography is appropriate. Random links, no, but there's no problem with linking to interviews, they are first hand sources (see the interviews in the featured article Julia Stiles).JackO'Lantern 23:18, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't notice that you did keep some of my edits. But just to explain:

JackO'Lantern 23:40, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Birth date is usually mentioned only once, and in the header, not the early life text.
 * "Just" seven months old is sort of POV
 * I sourced the New York birth place because there are a lot of web sites that incorrectly contradict it (IMDB), so it's good to show where we got our info from there
 * And the rest (filmography format, interviews) I explained above.
 * Here is a source for Spymate . I wouldn't trust the IMDB for anything. They're wrong more often then they are right.

ok, as for the others:
 * I put in the Eric/Julia reference at the top.
 * Please check the featured articles in the media section [], none have the birth date listed twice (it's always in the header but not under early life).
 * "Selected" is just a choice of words, I'll make it a full filmography but in the same format as Linsday Lohan or Julia Stiles (i.e. dark shading in header, most recent at the top).
 * I don't see how interviews are less relevant then the sites linked under "Web sites", but I can cut them down.
 * I've properly formatted the citations (I.e. birth place, etc.) JackO'Lantern 00:17, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

New Radicals
Just want to give you some props on your work for the New Radicals FAC, I've gone through an FAC for a favourite band myself, I know how harrowing it can be at times, and you're doing a great job addressing the (minor) concerns brought up. Hope it makes it. - dharmabum 10:38, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fritz Saalfeld/Archive 1


text:
Talk:9/11 Aftermath

Sanjay, could you supply references for these edits of yours, please? "Other schools did not immediately tell students about the attacks, especially understanding how children reacted to the bombing in Oklahoma City in 1995" and "In Sarasota, Florida, students at Emma E. Booker Elementary School learned of the attacks from President George W. Bush. " Many thanks, SlimVirgin 19:32, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:9/11 Aftermath


text:
Talk:Lower Morden

Schools
Confusingly, I think that the school with the funny spelling, Hatfeild Primary School is on the site of Lower Morden Farm. Morden Farm Primary School and Morden Farm Middle School are are both further south in Aragon Road. -- RHaworth 19:34, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)

Morden Farm School
Thanks for the comment on Morden Farm and Hatfeild Schools. In my defence: I did say 'close' to Morden Farm School.

I have added a comment about Gilliat Hatfeild (pesky spelling - my fingers always want to type it the "correct" way) and a link to the Morden Hall Park article where I have written about him previously.

Thanks for providing an example of how to link to the Old Maps site. I had been trying to do this for ages for the Morden article but wasn't aware Wiki had a template for this. I'll follow your lead.

--DavidCane 23:43, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * You are excused for not knowing - I only created the template on Feb 27. Delighted to see you have already used it. -- RHaworth 06:41, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lower Morden


text:
Talk:Buyūzan Takeyoshi

I cleaned this up a bit, but I have no idea what 'kaden: speaker' means, or what "tsuki, oshi" is doing there.

'seiseki' looks like 'results' and they might be wins vs losses from different seasons. Kappa 19:35, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Buyūzan Takeyoshi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070220074700/http://www.musashigawa.jp/rikishi.php?q_number=4 to http://www.musashigawa.jp/rikishi.php?q_number=4

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:46, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buyūzan Takeyoshi


text:
Artemision

Artemision may refer to:

 * Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
 * Artemisium, another name of the ancient city of Hēmeroskopeion
 * Artemisium, a cape in northern Euboea, Greece
 * Artemision Bronze
 * Battle of Artemisium

title: Artemision


text:
Cuggiono

Cuggiono (Cugiònn ) is a small Italian town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan, 50 km west of Milan on the Motorway A4 to Turin, gate of Marcallo-Mesero.

American baseball player Yogi Berra's parents were from Malvaglio, just outside Cuggiono. Italian singer and composer Angelo Branduardi was born there.

Cuggiono is the sister city of Herrin, Illinois. Many Italians from Cuggiono, emigrated to Southern Illinois to work in the coal mines with hopes of the American Dream in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They formed neighborhoods in towns throughout Southern Illinois.

Cuggiono borders the following municipalities: Castano Primo, Buscate, Arconate, Robecchetto con Induno, Galliate, Mesero and Bernate Ticino.

title: Cuggiono