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Jens Christian Hauge

Jens Christian Hauge (15 May 1915 – 30 October 2006) was a Norwegian who was leader within the World War II resistance—and one of the two incumbent Milorg Council members in May 1945. He served as Minister of Defence from 1945-1952 and Minister of Justice from January to November 1955.

After 1955 he never held political office, but "continued to exert influence on political processes—sometimes openly", and sometimes less so.

He is also controversial, and has been criticised for not giving more information regarding central parts of the Milorg activities, such as assassinations of Norwegian collaborators.

Early life
He was born at Ljan, and he had an older sister Aase. Their mother was a school teacher of hand craft, and the father was son of a cotter. Jens Chr. Hauge's father was a former non-commissioned officer, who worked in an insurance company.

Military service as a conscript
He was a conscript in Stavern in the summer of 1936, and served 48 days [of recruit training ] at the anti-aircraft regimental recruits' school (Luftvernregimentets rekruttskole), In 1938 he received 15 days of recruit training. He received training as crew on anti-aircraft weapon (luftvernbatterimannskap). In May 1939 he was summoned for the last 14 days of recruit training. He replied to the summons with a medical certificate regarding his varicose veins, adding that he was willing to be checked by military doctors, even though [his schedule] as a magistrate (konstituert sorenskriver) would make it difficult to leave work. He received a medical discharge, according to an annotation dated 10 August 1939, by Hauge.

After law school
He finished his final exams to become a lawyer, in autumn of 1937. He worked as a private lecturer (manuduktør) for law students, for the next year. In November 1938 he started as a dommerfullmektig in Kragerø, to perform his period as a judicial "conscript". In January 1940 he again was working as a manuduktør in Oslo. While still a law student he became a member of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights in 1936.

Arrest, imprisonment and trial during World War II
The military invasion of Norway, resulted in students not coming to his private lectures, so he was without income. On 12 April he applied for work at Oslo Politikammer, and started work the next day. In June, his employer had established Priskontoret ("the price office"), and he applied for a transfer, and became the leader of the office. On 13 August he was arrested for making statements (during private lectures—of which he had resumed, besides his employment with the police) that violated (or were offensive to) Nasjonal Samling.

While imprisoned, the "Milk Strike" occurred in Oslo, including the 10 September execution of two: the leader of a trade union and a lawyer in LO. "[M]ore than anything, it was the justice-scorning executions of these two, that [later] led Hauge to Milorg." (Years earlier Hauge had the lawyer prosecute a case in Kragerø; Hauge had barely known him. )

During the last days of September, he was transferred to "the newly established prison for political prisoners", at Bredtveit Farm.

17 October saw the trial of Hauge. (At the end of the trial, Hauge was granted a release until the next day. ) The verdict of 100 days in prison, whereof 66 days had already been served, was announced the next day—and he was imprisoned. He was released on 30 October, after completing four-fifths of the sentence—eighty days.

In the Resistance
He joined Milorg at the beginning of 1942. (His wife and two children were relocated to Vestre Slidre in the middle of March—to a [vacant] cotter home which belonged to Husaker (a mountain farm). )

In the middle of August 1942 he became inspector for (Milorg district) Østlandet—replacing Knut Møyen.

On 3 October 1942 Operation Bittern landed four commandos in Norway. During the meeting where the leader of commandos showed his orders to Hauge, Hauge confiscated the accompanying list of 62 "that SOE wanted to" assassinate. ("In 1941 - 1942 there was a tense relationship between Milorg and" SOE. "An early example of such a conflict, surfaced in the wake of the controversial Operation Bittern in the autumn of 1942", according to Njølstad. SOE expeditions which followed, improved Milorg's relationship to the British: The Chaffinch-, Thrush- and Pheasant Expeditions.)

One evening between 7 and 14 October he met The Council (of Milorg) for the first time. The meeting resulted in a half-pascifistic message to the High Command, which in turn replied with a reprimand: To abstain from shooting in self-defense "is in opposition to human nature". (Hauge's dissent at the meeting was noticed also by a secretary at SL.)

In January 1943 he was promoted to Stor I—the General Inspector of all Milorg combat groups in the nation.

After promotion to General Inspector
In May 1943, he traveled to Sweden—his first trip abroad for Milorg. (Njølstad says that Hauge's rapidly increasing influence in Milorg—and later in den samlede hjemmefrontsledelsen—was in part because he never feared traveling abroad. Furthermore, "[M]any Resistance leaders were reluctant to such travel, because they feared that, in practice, it would mean the end of their effort in Norway. Or they calculated that their power to influence was greater when they communicated with utefronten—from Norway, rather than meeting its representatives" abroad. ) 7–9 May saw one set of meetings, followed by Hauge's return to Milorg's Council, to be followed by another border crossing for meetings in Sweden's capital. The High Command wanted more operative control of Milorg's units, particularly in the districts. This is in part the reason for the establishment of radio links directly between Milorg's district commands and the High Command, without establishing radio links between Milorg districts; due to security concerns, the districts were only to communicate with each other through Sentralledelsen in Oslo.

In September 1943, he became a permanent member of the Sentralledelsen's top decision making group—The Council (Rådet). "From then on, for all practical purposes, he was Milorg's top chief", according to Njølstad.

After promotion to Milorg's Council
From October 1944, the contact with Frithjof Hammersen (officer in Wehrmacht), was handled by Ingrid Furuseth, Hauge, and Ole Arntzen. Evidence from Hammersen, was the first trustworthy evidence of cancelled plans for moving Hitler's inner circle members—to Festung Norwegen. (In the last months of the war, Hauge had secret talks with Wehrmacht officers that gave information about the German plans for Norway. These talks facilitated the smooth transition to peace when the Germans surrendered in May 1945.)

After the 5 December 1944 directive from SOE
A 5 December 1944 directive (direktiv) from SOE, stating "that it must be a prioritized task, for Milorg and NORIC to obstruct German forces from leaving" Norway. (It was Hauge's understanding that, there was a wish for severing the lines of transportation on land, so that the Germans were forced out to sea—were the British were feeling increasingly stronger. )

On 16 December, the Germans attacked through the Ardennes Forest on the German-Belgian border.

A 31 December failed aerial bombing attack on Gestapo headquarters in Oslo, had originally been requested by Hauge. (77 died, [around] 1000 became homeless, 23 buildings were hit—whereof 6 were leveled. But Victoria terrasse was nearly undamaged. )

After the assassination of the chief of police service Stapo
Karl Marthinsen was assassinated on 8 February 1945. (Months earlier, Hauge was authorized by the government in exile, to have Marthinsen killed. )

Hauge and then General Inspector were arrested for traffic violations on 10 April, and released the next day.

After Germany's capitulation, the fugitive chief of Gestapo in Norway was arrested on 31 May. Hauge met him, to have him report in writing about Fehmer's work in Norway—with a 10-day deadline. (Hauge's official motive was to cut off Gestapo leaders' options of telling lies in court, about everything they knew about hjemmefronten, but did not use against them. )

The only award he chose to receive for his wartime service, was the one that was given to all Milorg's men and women: a silver needle.

Indications of employment with OSS
In August 2008 signs were found of Hauge having been employed by Office of Strategic Services(OSS). His name was found in a directory of personnel files of employees from 1942 to 1945—released by the US National Archives in 2008, according to Klassekampen. (Other Norwegians on the list were Wilhelm Hansteen, Håkon Kyllingmark and Knut Lier Hansen. )

Secretary for prime minister
Paal Berg was asked by C.J. Hambro to form a government. Berg did not become a prime minister.

In 1945 Hauge was asked by Einar Gerhardsen if he would accept a position—after Gerhardsen had formed his cabinet—as a "secretary and judicial advisor at the Office of the Prime Minister". As "Gerhardsen's secretary with responsibility for judicial cases", he became linked to the legal purge of war-time collaborators and the trials against Vidkun Quisling and Knut Hamsun.

After the war, he became a member of the Labour Party.

Minister of defence
On 5 November 1945 he became Defence Minister—the youngest of any [Norwegian] minister until then, 30 years old. (Previously, at the end of October, Andrew Thorne had approved the appointment, in the confidence of foreign minister Lie. )

In the spring of 1946 Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (FFI) was put into service. (In 1945 he suggested measures for preventing Norwegian military scientists from remaining in British service, and in December the cabinet decided to establish FFI. ) In December 1945 Otto Ruge resigned as general. In January 1946 Hauge fired then Chief of the Air Force, and the two agreed that the officer would resign at a later date.

Chief of Defence Halvor Hansson resigned in 1946.

A Norwegian brigade to British-occupied Germany
On 14 May 1946 parliament decided to establish a brigade of 4000 soldiers to be stationed in West-Germany —in line with the ministry's proposal—Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany. (In 1948 the cabinet decided that the brigade's soldiers were to be issued condoms. 400 000 signatures of protest were collected, and Hauge asked advice from Trygve Bratteli about the possibility of having Labour Party employees do partial checks of the lists, and "Should it be done?". (Municipal elections were scheduled for later in 1948, and Hauge thought that the signatures might harm the election campaign of the Labour Party. ) The resulting advice was that the partial checks could be done, but that it was not advisable.

Svalbard Crisis
The autumn of 1946 saw the start of the Svalbard Crisis 1946–1947, involving the Soviet Union.

The Rød Case
On 13 March 1947 he showed a document to then minister of justice, regarding Knut Rød—who was preparing for trial in the appellate court. (The document was a five-day-old report (to Evang) about Rød's participation in a group that collected intelligence on communists and sympathizers; and about Rød having accepted Norwegian kroner 500 for locating the election lists for the Norwegian Communist Party—pertaining to the last election of parliament and the municipal governments; and about Rød having recruited his brother, for the work [of the group]. (His brother was then a secretary in Kommunikasjonsdirektoratet—a government agency. )

Olav Njølstad says that "Before the Rød Case continued, the Defence- and Justice Minister knew that the defendant was concerned about the communist threat and could become a useful man in the communist surveillance that they had started constructing - that is, under the condition that he would not be convicted of Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II, and fired from the police force."

Increased possibility of war sensed
In the middle of January 1948 he received a secret memo from Vilhelm Evang that stated that the Western military superpowers sensed an increased possibility for war with the Soviet Union.

In January 1948, Koordinasjonsutvalget ("the coordination board") was established, to coordinate and gather information from the intelligence services—military and civil. Its creation is largely credited to Hauge.

After the coup in Czechoslovakia
On 25 February 1948, a coup in Czechoslovakia was completed, and it was followed by the "Winter Crisis". The same month the Soviet Union proposed to Finland a combined friendship and military pact.

During the first days of March 1948 messages were received from the Foreign Ministry's stations abroad and embassies of Western nations, that Norway could be the next nation to be invaded by the Soviets.

A front page of Norwegian daily Dagbladet insinuated that Hauge had never been a Norwegian soldier, because he in 1936 had been "discarded by den militære legenemd" ("the military board of doctors"). (He had served as a conscript before the war.)

The "Winter Crisis" resulted in a more encompassing political surveillance in Norway, in particular in the Armed Forces, and also within corporations and the civilian administration. On 13 March 1948 a meeting was held in the prime minister's residence, regarding "what could be done to raise the level of preparedness against sabotage and coups within corporations and Norway's administration". (The attendees were Arnfinn Vik, Haakon Lie, Rolf Gerhardsen, Tor Skjønsberg and Hauge [and the prime minister]. )

On 11 May 1948 Winston Churchill came to Norway (with Oslo "on its head" ) and was a guest at Slottsmiddag. (A proposed visit in 1946 was cancelled, in the wake of the Fulton Speech. ) After the guests had been excused from the table, Churchill invited the prime minister over, for a conversation, and the prime minister asked Hauge to join. During the conversation, Churchill said that it was in Norway's interest to obtain a security guarantee from the United States. Furthermore, 'You ought not to follow Sweden. Sweden ought to follow Norway.' Furthermore, "Norway interests the Americans because they think a lot about the defense of the Atlantic and about an Atlantic Treaty." (Hauge had conversations with Churchill the next day (at Det runde bords klubb—"the round table club"), and at the farewell dinner held by Britain's ambassador—on 14 May. )

On 17 June 1948 parliament started its deliberations about the Helset Case. Later in 1948 Olaf Helset resigned. (Njølstad says that the military and political opposition that were wishing to evict Hauge from his post as minister—through the Helset Case—ended up tethering him to the same. )

The Norwegian Base Declaration of 1 February 1949 was created after Soviet signalled that it would not passively watch that the Western Powers established forward bases in Norway.

Founding member of NATO
On 4 April 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty was signed, and Norway became a (founding) member of NATO. (When early in January the same year, "it became clear" that Sweden would not accept Norwegian conditions for a defence union of Denmark, Sweden and Norway——Hauge "became a forceful pådriver (a person who pushes things ahead) for Norway's joining the Atlantic Treaty. - No one person [alone] can be credited" for the joining. (Bergens Tidende has said that then Labour Party secretary and Hauge "were decisive forces behind Norway's entry into NATO - against strong resistance within the Labour Party". )

Olav Njølstad says that points, about Hauge's contributions, deserving attention are: 1) "Through his British and American connections he contributed in fetching, for the government, a realistic understanding of the conditions under which Norway would be able to receive krigsmateriell ("war material") and other help from the Western powers." Furthermore, "this was a corrective to the wishful thinking" ... "in discussions with the Swedes, and in the discussions within the Labour Party". 2) "Hauge exerted great influence on the prime minister, who step by step reasoned and felt his way, to the standpoint which became Norway's choice." 3) "[H]e was an effective spokesman (for membership in the A Treaty)"—to the rest of the cabinet, as well as the party's parliamentary group, and the party's leading organer (organs)."

After becoming a member of NATO
During the first days of 1951, Labour Party opplysningssekretærer ("education secretaries") had already become kommunistovervåkere ("overseers of communists").

NATO membership discussions wished by Israeli politicians
Around 1950 leading Israeli politicians contacted Haakon Lie, wishing to discuss the possibility of Israel becoming a member of NATO. Lie sent them on to minister of defense Hauge, knowing that Hauge would reject the idea.

After General Eisenhower's visit
General Eisenhower's visit to Oslo in February 1951, according to Hauge, resulted in something that doubtfully otherwise could have occurred: minister Brofoss accepted the doubling of expenses for the Armed Forces.

Plans for Stay-behind were made, and "Rocambole" was the section pertained to sabotage and commando operations. His policy about appointing Resistance leaders, in advance of a future military occupation, included: "the total occupation must produce its own leaders".

At the end of October 1952 Norway's second nuclear reactor (which later was shut down in 1967) was officially opened by dignitaries.

On 12–13 November 1951, then prime minister forced the party leadership to accept his own upcoming resignation, and he named his replacement, who thereafter was approved: Oscar Torp.

On 5 January 1952 he resigned as minister of defense.

After resigning from office
At Labour Party headquarters he held a position as information secretary. The party gave him extra work, and his income from the party surpassed the income he had as a minister. Njølstad says that after the first days, "an enthusiastic and unusually productive cooperation arose within the triumvirate"—Gerhardsen, Haakon Lie and Hauge.

In 1954 his law office was established.

Minister of Justice, and candidacy for office in NATO
He became Minister of Justice in 1955.

He lied—while addressing parliament—"about the eavesdropping (romavlytting) of the Communist Party's national convention".

He resigned as minister at the end of October the same year—or 1 November.

On 6 February 1956 his candidacy for vice secretary general of NATO, was shot down by then secretary general. (Previously, French NATO diplomats had insisted that the next vice secretary general must speak French perfectly, which ruled out Hauge.)

Launching Hauge as a candidate, according to Njølstad, might have been motivated by a wish to keep Hauge from becoming Foreign Minister.

Israel's purchase of heavy water for plutonium production
Hauge helped facilitate the sale of heavy water—for use in plutonium production —to the Israeli nuclear programme, while he was a board member at Noratom and judicial advisor at Institutt for atomenergi.

Letter from a corporation to the Foreign Ministry
On 10 May 1958 Odd Dahl (the acting director of Noratom) wrote to the Foreign Ministry that the company had authored "a draft for a contract regarding the construction and building of a 40 megawatt heavy water reactor for the production of plutonium". Njølstad says, "Then came the difficult point, that Dahl in no way tried to underplay: Israel wished to follow an independent national direction, regarding the field of atomic energy, and was therefore not set on accepting the strict stipulations of control (kontrollbestemmelsene) that the US" had on their export of heavy water. Furthermore, "For this reason the Israelis preferred "to buy water from Norway at a higher price than it can be bought from the United States"." Furthermore Dahl said that, the Israeli plans were unrealistic, but "hardly unrealistic enough that they can be circumvented with plans of producing atombombs in the foreseeable future". Furthermore, Dahl said that of course one could not rule out that the Israelis one day would want to go in that direction, but the help that Norway eventually might have given Israel to get started "with legitimate civilian applications today, presumably can hardly be viewed in [a] relation to such remote possibilities".

Leading up to the transportation to Israel
On 21 August 1958 Hauge suggested to chargé d'affaires Miron that Israel might want to buy heavy water from Great Britain. Miron replied that if Noratom purchased the water back from Great Britain, and sold it to Israel—with Norwegian stipulations of control—then that would seem okay, in principle.

Njølstad says that "State Secretary Engen became more and more convinced that the heavy water was to be used for producing nuclear weapons", and in several memos he advised then foreign minister to not go through with the [proposed] agreement.

On 20 February 1959 the government authorized the deal, by royal decree (kongelig resolusjon). Noratom took possession of [20 tons of] heavy water in the first quarter of 1959—from Britain's Atomic Authority —and it was loaded onto a ship, that departed a British port. (Before being shipped out of Britain, Norwegian authorities saw no need for an export license, since the shipment was outside of Norway's borders. ) After sailing out of British jurisdiction, the ship was to be ordered to sail directly for Israel.

Inspection in Israel
On 8 April 1961 Hauge was taken to the Negev Desert for a private meeting with then prime minister of Israel.

On 14 April 1961 Hauge conducted Norway's first and only inspection of the shipment of heavy water to Israel, as a result of US' impetus. (This was done at Rehovot. )

He [later] told the foreign ministry that he had not been to the Dimona facility—thereby disinforming the ministry.

Cancelled purchase of 3 tons of heavy water
On 1 September 1971 Hauge—vice chairman at Noratom-Norcontrol —was informed that Noratom-Norcontrol [the same year] had purchased three tons of heavy water—at the request of Norsk Hydro—on behalf of Israel. Hauge demanded that the chairman be informed immediately, and that the chairman inform the foreign ministry that the sale had not been preceded by discussions by the board of directors. He resigned from the board of directors, in part because of how the leaders of Noratom and Norsk Hydro had handled the purchase.

By 30 September, the [1971] purchase of heavy water was cancelled.

1979 uncovering of the original transaction
The 1959 transaction was uncovered in 1979, by Sverre Lodgaard. Hauge told media that he had made a report to the government after the inspection, and that he declined further comment to the media.

Nine tons (of the original twenty, later augmented by one ton) were purchased back by the Norwegian government.

Bilderberg Group
Frequent correspondence between Hauge and founder of the Bilderberg Group (released after Hauge's death) showed that Hauge was a central figure on the board of the group. Olav Njølstad says that Hauge described attending the group's conferences as "interesting, cheerful and comfortable".

Hauge attended the 1955, 1956 and the 1957 conference at St. Simons Island, US. According to the official website of the group, he was a member of the steering committee.

Airline SAS
In August 1961 then minister of transportation asked him to participate in a Scandinavian committee to deal with the economic crisis in the airline Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). (In 1946, as minister of defence, he had participated in "picking [national airline] Det Norske Luftselskap (DNL) up from the ground and placing on its feet, after the war". )

Establishment of a state-owned oil company
Hauge was involved in the establishment of a state-owned oil company, which became Statoil.

After influencing changes in law, to allow tax exemption "when social considerations" dictate
He had contacted officials in the Finance Ministry about the possibility of having changes in law, to allow tax exemption "when social considerations" dictate. (In autumn of 1972, Jens Henrik Nordlie contacted Hauge about converting a corporation (Kioskkompaniet) into a foundation. ) In 1973 the financing of Fritt Ord (a foundation) became a reality, and the foundation was established in 1974.

Death of a former prime minister, after reconciliation of former comrades
The September 1987 death of Einar Gerhardsen, according to Njølstad, "marked the beginning of the end of Hauge's political influence within the Labour Party". (Before that, Gerhardsen wrote a letter of reconciliation to Haakon Lie, dated 15 April 1985; Hauge authored its redemptive wording: "For a long time, I [Gerhardsen] have been aware of, that I back then should not have tatt ordet ("taken the word") and said what I said.". (In 1967 at the national convention, according to Hauge, Gerhardsen "broke the staff over Haakon Lie". )

Inferred withholding of info about the 1945 death of Kai Holst
On 27 September 1994 two publishers called in a press conference, with the authors of two books about Resistance fighter Kai Holst. The invitation said "Who killed Kai Holst?" and "Was Holst a risk factor? What were they afraid of? Why did he have to die? Why is everyone holding their tongues?"

In 2008 Olav Njølstad said that Tore Pryser and Espen Haavardsholm during the launch of the books, the two went "very far in accusing Hauge of sitting on important information about Holst's death".

Hauge has been in question in relation to the strange circumstances regarding the death of the Milorg member Kai Holst in Stockholm just after the war.

Parliamentary hearings about surveillance of communists and others
In January 1997 he refused to testify in an open hearing of the Parliamentary Oversight Committee, regarding the conclusions of the Lund Commission. (Previously Ronald Bye had told the committee that would not testify, if Haakon Lie and Hauge did not.)

Board of directors
Hauge also became a monumental figure in the Norwegian war industry. He became board member of several state-owned companies, especially within nuclear power and defence systems, including member of board of directors of Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk, and chairman of Statoil 1972–75.

In Scandinavian Airlines System he was a board member for more than 20 years.

Transfer of documents in his possession
Norway's Resistance Museum received from him documents that he had about his work in Milorg. Later he agreed with Professor Olav Riste—employed at Institute for Defence Studies—that the institute would receive documents about his work as minister of defense. In 2003 Riksarkivet and he agreed about the establishment of ''Jens Chr. Hauges Privatarkiv, which resulted in more than 60 or 65 hyllemeter'' ("meters of shelf") of documents.

"The greatest treasures, were the last that he relinquished. Some where first found", according to Njølstad, when Hauge's two youngest sons and Njølstad, went thru the residence at Bjørnveien [at Slemdal ], autumn of 2005—before it was put up for sale.

Interviews with his biographer
During 2004 and most of 2005 he regularly met with biographer Olav Njølstad and the main consultant of the book project, Olav Riste.

The book's other consultants were Arnfinn Moland, Even Lange and Helge Ø. Pharo.

Death
On 30 October 2006 he died at a retirement home in Vinderen, Oslo.

On 7 November a service was held at Ris Church, på statens bekostning. Attendees included then king of Norway, prime minister, leader of LO, mayor of Oslo and other politicians; Haakon Lie, Gunnar Sønsteby, Knut Haugland.

Some weeks later his ashes were interred.

Media commented his death: The Times said Hauge's willpower and resolve—including to implement unorthodox ideas, with authoritarian means—was doomed to make him [into] a controversial figure in a society "that normally adorns itself with being egalitarian and unanimous".

Family
Hauge was survived by six children.

His father died in 1940. His mother died in 1957. His second wife Liv Grannes died 30 November 2004. His ex-wife Lillann died on 2 March 2005.

He married Anne Sophie "Lillann" Dedekam in 1938.

Frank Rossavik has referred to "Hauge's many women in and outside marriage, and his betrayal to his own family".

Cover names
During World War II he had cover names: Tor Aas was his identity at his cover apartment at Colbjørnsens Street 8.

Documentary film
On 10 April 2012 NRK broadcast a documentary about Hauge —Nasjonens skygge ("the nation's shadow"), part one of two.

Books

 * Njølstad, Olav, Fullt og helt - en biografi om om Jens Chr. Hauge. (2008)

title: Jens Christian Hauge


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Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis is a medical condition characterized by the growth of cells that proliferate on the inside of the uterus (endometrium) atypically located among the cells of the uterine wall (myometrium), as a result, thickening of the uterus occurs. As well as being misplaced in patients with this condition, endometrial tissue is completely functional. The tissue thickens, sheds and bleeds during every menstrual cycle.

The condition is typically found in women between the ages of 35 and 50, but also affects younger women. Patients with adenomyosis often present with painful menses (dysmenorrhea), profuse menses (menorrhagia), or both. Other possible symptoms are pain during sexual intercourse, chronic pelvic pain and irritation of the urinary bladder.

In adenomyosis, basal endometrium penetrates into hyperplastic myometrial fibers. Unlike the functional layer, the basal layer does not undergo typical cyclic changes with the menstrual cycle. Adenomyosis may involve the uterus focally, creating an adenomyoma. With diffuse involvement, the uterus becomes bulky and heavier.

Adenomyosis can be found together with endometriosis; it differs in that patients with endometriosis present endometrial-like tissue located entirely outside the uterus. In endometriosis, the tissue is similar to, but not the same as, the endometrium. The two conditions are found together in many cases yet often occur separately. Before being recognized as a distinct condition, adenomyosis was called endometriosis interna. The less-commonly-used term adenomyometritis is a more specific name for the condition, specifying involvement of the uterus.

Signs and symptoms
Adenomyosis can vary widely in the type and severity of symptoms that it causes, ranging from being entirely asymptomatic 33% of the time to being a severe and debilitating condition in some cases. Women with adenomyosis typically first report symptoms when they are between 40 and 50, but symptoms can occur in younger women.

Symptoms (viz., heavy bleeding and pain) and the estimated percent affected may include: Clinical signs of adenomyosis may include: Women with adenomyosis are also more likely to have other uterine conditions, including:
 * Heavy menstrual bleeding (40–60%), which is more common in women with deeper adenomyosis. Blood loss may be significant enough to cause anemia, with associated symptoms of fatigue, dizziness, and moodiness.
 * Abnormal uterine bleeding
 * Chronic pelvic pain (77%)
 * Painful cramping menstruation (15–30%)
 * Painful vaginal intercourse, uncommon (7%)
 * A 'bearing' down feeling
 * Pressure on bladder
 * Dragging sensation down thighs and legs
 * Uterine enlargement (30%), which in turn can lead to symptoms of pelvic fullness.
 * Tender uterus
 * Infertility or sub-fertility (11–12%) – In addition, adenomyosis is associated with an increased incidence of preterm labour and premature rupture of membranes.
 * Uterine fibroids (50%)
 * Endometriosis (11%)
 * Endometrial polyp (7%)

Causes
The cause of adenomyosis is unknown, although it has been associated with any sort of uterine trauma that may break the barrier between the endometrium and myometrium, known as the junctional zone, such as a caesarean section, surgical pregnancy termination, and any pregnancy. It can be linked with endometriosis, but studies looking into similarities and differences between these two conditions have conflicting results.

The pathogenesis of adenomyosis still remains unclear, but the functioning of the inner myometrium, also called the junction zone (JZ), is believed to play a major role in the development of adenomyosis. It is also a matter of discussion whether the link between reproductive disorders and major obstetrical disorders also lies here. Parity, age, and previous uterine abrasion increase the risk of adenomyosis. Hormonal factors such as local hyperestrogenism and elevated levels of s-prolactin as well as autoimmune factors have also been identified as possible risk factors. As both the myometrium and stroma in an adenomyosis affected uterus show significant differences from those of a non-affected uterus, a complex origin that includes multifactorial changes on both genetic and biochemical levels is likely.

The tissue injury and repair (TIAR) theory is now widely accepted and suggests that uterine hyperperistalsis (i.e., increased peristalsis), during early periods of reproductive life will induce micro-injury at the endometrial-myometrial interface (EMI) region. That again leads to elevation of local estrogen in order to heal the damage. At the same time, estrogen treatment will increase uterine peristalsis again, leading to a vicious circle and a chain of biological alterations essential for the development of adenomyosis. Iatrogenic injury of the junctional zone or physical damage due to placental implantation most likely results in the same pathological cascade.

Pathophysiology
Misplaced endometrial tissue proliferation in the myometrium causes symptoms through different mechanisms. Uterine menstrual contractions are caused by prostaglandin, which is produced by normal endometrial tissue. Dysmenorrhea is the main characteristic for this disease which are the result for high prostaglandin levels. Endometrial proliferation is also led by estrogen; some treatments try to reduce its levels in order to decrease symptoms. Adenomyosis patients present with heavy menstrual bleeding due to the increase of endometrial tissue, greater degree of vascularization, atypical uterine contractions and increased levels of prostaglandins, estrogen and eicosanoids.

Histopathology
The diagnosis of adenomyosis is through a pathologist microscopically examining small tissue samples of the uterus. These tissue samples can come from a uterine biopsy or directly following a hysterectomy. Uterine biopsies can be obtained by either a laparoscopic procedure through the abdomen or hysteroscopy through the vagina and cervix.

The diagnosis is established when the pathologist finds invading clusters of endometrial tissue within the myometrium. Several diagnostic criterion can be used, but typically they require either the endometrial tissue to have invaded greater than 2% of the myometrium, or a minimum invasion depth between 2.5 and 8mm.

Gross Findings: Microscopic Findings: Differential Diagnosis:
 * 1) Enlarged uterus
 * 2) Thickened uterine wall with trabeculated appearance
 * 3) Hemorrhagic pinpoint or cystic spaces throughout wall
 * 1) Endometrial glands and stroma haphazardly distributed throughout myometrium
 * 2) Concentric myometrial hyperplasia frequent around adenomyotic foci
 * 3) Variants: Gland-poor, stroma-poor, intravascular
 * 1) Adenomyoma
 * 2) Myo-invasive endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (vs. stroma-poor adenomyosis)
 * 3) Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (vs. gland-poor and intravascular adenomyosis)

Imaging
Adenomyosis can vary widely in the extent and location of its invasion within the uterus. As a result, there are no established pathognomonic features to allow for a definitive diagnosis of adenomyosis through non-invasive imaging. Nevertheless, non-invasive imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can both be used to strongly suggest the diagnosis of adenomyosis, guide treatment options, and monitor response to treatment. Indeed, TVUS and MRI are the only two practical means available to establish a pre-surgical diagnosis.

Transvaginal ultrasonography
Transvaginal ultrasonography is a cheap and readily available imaging test that is typically used early during the evaluation of gynecologic symptoms. Ultrasound imaging, like MRI, does not use radiation and is safe for examination of the pelvis and female reproductive organs. Overall, it is estimated that transvaginal ultrasonography has a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 85% for the detection of adenomyosis.

Common transvaginal ultrasound findings are defined by the European MUSA group in 2015 and are defined in 2022 by the MUSA group. The ultrasound characteristics can be divided in direct and indirect features.

Direct features:

 * myometrial cysts - pockets of fluid within the smooth muscle of the uterus
 * Hyperechogenic islands - usually white endometrium islands within the myometrium
 * Echogenenic subendometrial lines and buds - usually white lines and knobs attached to the endometrium, prtruding into the myometrium.

Indirect features: The power Doppler or Doppler ultrasonography function can be used during transvaginal ultrasonography to help differentiate adenomyomas from uterine fibroids. This is because uterine fibroids typically have blood vessels circling the fibroid's capsule. In contrast, adenomyomas are characterized by widespread blood vessels within the lesion. Doppler ultrasonography also serves to differentiate the static fluid within myometrial cysts from flowing blood within vessels.
 * Globular, enlarged, and/or asymmetric uterus
 * Fan shaped shadowing - differentiating from fibroids with linear shadowing
 * Anterior/posterior wall asymmetry
 * Translational vascularity - diffuse spread of small vessels within the myometrium
 * Irregular or interrupted junctional zone - the borderline between the endometrium and myometrium

The junction zone (JZ), or a small distinct hormone-dependent region at the endometrial-myometrial interface, may be assessed by three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (3D TVUS) and MRI. Features of adenomyosis are disruption, thickening, enlargement or invasion of the junctional zone. There is no consensus about the actual histology of the junctional zone and a recent review showed that the ultrasound, MRI and histology all define and describe the junctional zone differently.

Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides slightly better diagnostic capability compared to TVUS, due to the increased ability of MRI to differentiate objectively between different types of soft tissue. This is possible with MRI's higher spatial and contrast resolution. Overall, it is estimated that MRI has a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 91% for the detection of adenomyosis. Diagnosis through MRI focuses predominately upon investigating the junctional zone. The uterus will have a thickened junctional zone with darker/diminished signal on both T1 and T2 weighted sequences.

Three objective measures of the junctional zone can be used to diagnose adenomyosis. Interspersed within the thickened, darker signal of the junctional zone, one will often see foci of hyperintensity (bright spots) on the T2 weighted scans representing small cystically dilatated glands or more acute sites of microhemorrhage.
 * 1) A thickness of the junctional zone greater than 8–12 mm. Less than 8 mm is normal.
 * 2) A junctional zone width being greater than 40% of the width of the myometrium.
 * 3) Variability in the width of the junctional zone being greater than 5 mm.

MRI is limited by other factors, but not by calcified uterine fibroids (as is ultrasound). In particular, MRI is better able to differentiate adenomyosis from multiple small uterine fibroids.

Treatment
Adenomyosis can only be cured definitively with surgical removal of the uterus. As adenomyosis is responsive to reproductive hormones, it reasonably abates following menopause when these hormones decrease. For women in their reproductive years, adenomyosis can typically be managed with the goals to provide pain relief, to restrict progression of the process, and to reduce significant menstrual bleeding.

Medications

 * NSAIDs: Nonsterioidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, are commonly used in conjunction with other therapies for pain relief. NSAIDs inhibit the production of prostaglandins by decreasing the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase. Prostaglandins have been shown to be primarily responsible for dysmenorrhea or the cramping pelvic pain associated with menses.

Hormones and hormone modulators

 * Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices or hormonal IUDs, such as the Mirena, are an effective treatment for adenomyosis. They reduce symptoms by causing decidualization of the endometrium, reducing or eliminating menstrual flow. Additionally, by helping downregulate estrogen receptors, hormonal IUDs shrink the clusters of endometrial tissue within the myometrium. This leads to reduced menstrual blood flow, helps the uterus contract more properly, and helps to reduce the menstrual pain. The use of hormonal IUDs in patients with adenomyosis have been proven to reduce menstrual bleeding, improve anemia and iron levels, reduce pain, and even result in an improvement of adenomyosis with a smaller uterus on medical imaging. At least in the short term, patients who can tolerate hormonal IUDs for the treatment of adenomyosis result in equivalent improvement of symptoms and better quality-of-life and social well-being as compared to women who undergo a hysterectomy. Hormonal IUDs are particularly well suited for individuals needing effective treatment of their adenomyosis while still maintaining future fertility potential. The most common negative side-effect of hormonal IUDs is irregular menstrual bleeding or spotting.
 * Oral contraceptives reduce the menstrual pain and bleeding associated with adenomyosis. This may require taking continuous hormone therapy to reducing or eliminating menstrual flow. Oral contraceptives may even lead to short-term regression of adenomyosis.
 * Progesterone or Progestins: Progesterone counteracts estrogen and inhibits the growth of endometrial tissue. Such therapy can reduce or eliminate menstruation in a controlled and reversible fashion. Progestins are chemical variants of natural progesterone.
 * Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and danazol have been tried in order to relieve adenomyosis related symptoms and show some effect, but the studies are few, mainly with a retrospective study design and have small sample sizes. Long-time use of GnRH-analogues is often associated with heavy side effects, loss of bone density and increased risk of cardiovascular events, and therefore not feasible for young women. Furthermore, all present treatment options are irrelevant options for women trying to conceive. Exogenous progestogenic treatments have been found to be ineffective. In IVF-settings long down-regulation prior to IVF might have a positive effect on pregnancy rates.

Surgery
Broadly speaking, surgical management of adenomyosis is split into two categories: uterine-sparing and non-uterine-sparing procedures. Uterine-sparing procedures are surgical operations that do not include surgical removal of the uterus. Some uterine-sparing procedures have the benefit of improving fertility or retaining the ability to carry a pregnancy to term. In contrast, some uterine-sparing procedures worsen fertility or even result in complete sterility. The impact of each procedure on a woman's fertility is of particular concern and typically guides the selection. Non-uterine-sparing procedures, by definition, include surgical removal of the uterus and consequently they will all result in complete sterility.

Uterine-sparing procedures

 * Uterine artery embolization (UAE): In this minimally-invasive procedure, doctors intentionally block two large arteries that supply the uterus, called the uterine arteries. This is performed in order to dramatically reduce the blood supply to the uterus. By doing so, there is insufficient blood and thus oxygen present for the adenomyosis to develop and spread. 57-75% of women who undergo UAE for adenomyosis typically report long-term improvement in their menstrual pain and bleeding. However, there is a recurrence rate of symptoms in 35% of women following a UAE. Also, UAE has the risk of causing major complications in 5% of women who undergo the procedure. Major complications include infection, significant bleeding, and needing an additional surgery. UAE has also been shown in some cases to reduce ovarian function. Finally, 26% of women who undergo UAE ultimately end up requiring a hysterectomy.
 * Myometrium or adenomyoma resection: In this procedure, surgeons remove a focal consolidation of adenomyosis known as an adenomyoma. To be successful this procedure requires that the adenomyosis is relatively focally isolated and with a minimal diffuse spread. Unfortunately, adenomyosis is commonly diffuse and the operation is successful only 50% of the time. The procedure is performed with either a laparoscope or hysteroscope. Additionally, it can be a difficult surgery to perform as diffuse adenomyosis physically weakens the myometrium and surgical sutures can tear through the muscle with minimal force. When successful, the procedure significantly improves menstrual pain and bleeding. Additionally, it can result in improved fertility with pregnancy rates as high as 78% in women trying to conceive after the operation with successful delivery occurring in as many as 69% of those pregnancies. On the other hand, there is an increased miscarriage rate (as high as 39% of pregnancies), which is higher than the general population. This is likely due to increased uterine scar tissue formation caused by the surgery.
 * Myometrial electrocoagulation
 * Myometrial reduction
 * MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery

Endometrial ablation and resection

 * Endometrial ablation techniques are only for people who do not want to bear any children after having the surgery. The techniques either include physical resection and removal of the endometrium through a hysteroscope, or focus on ablating or killing the endometrial layer of the uterus without its immediate removal. Endometrial ablation and resection techniques are most appropriate for shallow adenomyosis. The efficacy of the procedures is reduced if the adenomyosis is too widespread or deep. Furthermore, deep adenomyosis may become trapped behind a scarred region that was ablated, leading to further bleeding and pain. Endometrial resection is also limited to relatively shallow adenomyosis as significant bleeding may result from damage to large arteries that are present 5 mm deep within the myometrium.
 * Non-hysteroscopic procedures: These techniques do not require a hysteroscope, are relatively fast, and many can be performed as an outpatient procedure.
 * High-energy radiofrequency ablation: Using a small expandable mesh placed within the uterus, providers use high-energy radio waves to ablate the endometrium.
 * Thermal balloon: Using a thin expanding balloon placed within the uterus, providers can introduce heated fluid and ablate the endometrium. This procedure has been shown to result in amenorrhea or complete cessation of menstrual bleeding for 12 months in 23% of patients. 16% of patients eventually experience treatment failure with pain or bleeding requiring additional treatments or a hysterectomy. Women older than 45 and those with milder adenomyosis were more likely to experience successful amenorrhea following the procedure. In contrast, women younger than 45, with multiple childbirths, a history of a prior tubal ligation, and/or a history of menstrual pain were more likely to experience treatment failure.
 * Cryo-endometrial ablation (CEA): A form of cryotherapy whereby using a small probe, providers can directly apply sub-zero temperatures within the uterus to freeze and ablate the endometrium.
 * Circulating Hot Water: Heated water directly introduced into the uterus is used to thermally ablate the endometrium.
 * Microwave ablation: Using a small probe introduced into the uterus, a provider uses microwave energy to ablate the endometrium.
 * Hysteroscopic procedures: These techniques all require the use of a hysteroscope to perform.
 * Wire-loop resection: Under direct visualization through a hysteroscope, a wire loop instrument charged with an electric current permits a provider to carefully remove the endometrium in strips.
 * Laser ablation: Under direct visualization through a hysteroscope, lasers are used to vaporize and ablate the endometrium.
 * Rollerball ablation: Under direct visualization through a hysteroscope, a metallic ball on the end of a probe is charged with electricity and rolled across the surface of the endometrium. This has been shown to have a coagulative effect to the depth of 2–3 mm into the myometrium. This destroys the endometrium and the nearby growth of dysfunctional smooth muscle. Deeper adenomyosis escapes this coagulative effect.

Non-uterine-sparing procedures
Hysterectomy, or surgical removal of the uterus, has historically been the primary method of diagnosing and treating adenomyosis. It was especially popular in women who had completed their childbearing or in cases where fertility was not desired. Today, there are many more medical and surgical interventions available. These treatments, such as hormonal therapy and endometrial ablation, have significantly reduced the number of women who require a hysterectomy. That being said, hysterectomies remain as the final treatment option for women in whom the other treatments have failed. Typically viewed as definitive treatment for the bleeding and pelvic pain associated with adenomyosis, a hysterectomy will always result in sterility and cessation of menstrual bleeding. Pelvic pain, on the other hand, can persist after a hysterectomy in as many as 22% of women.

There are many different types of hysterectomy, with varying options existing to removal the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and cervix. Also, the varying types of hysterectomy can be performed by many different surgical techniques.

A hysterectomy can be performed: Variants also exist which combine several of these techniques and surgeries can even change during the operation from one technique to another in response to unforeseen obstacles or individual anatomy considerations. For example, adenomyosis can increase the size of the uterus to such an extent that it physically cannot be removed through the vagina without first being cut into smaller pieces.
 * laparoscopically through small holes in the abdomen
 * robotically in a manner similar to the laparoscopic procedure
 * entirely by route of the vagina with no abdominal incisions
 * through a larger abdominal incision

Epidemiology
Recent data suggest a prevalence of 20 to 35%.

Prognosis
Adenomyosis is an often progressing condition. It is advocated that adenomyosis poses no increased risk for cancer development. However, both entities could coexist and the endometrial tissue within the myometrium could harbor endometrioid adenocarcinoma, with potentially deep myometrial invasion.

Fertility
Preterm labour and premature rupture of membranes both occur more frequently in women with adenomyosis.

In sub-fertile women who received in-vitro fertilization (IVF), women with adenomyosis were less likely to become pregnant and subsequently more likely to experience a miscarriage. Given this, it is encouraged to screen women for adenomyosis by TVUS or MRI before starting assisted reproduction treatments (ART).

Etymology
The term adenomyosis is derived from the Greek terms adeno- (meaning gland), myo- (meaning muscle), and -osis (meaning condition).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Adenomyosis


text:
Hazyview

Hazyview is a sub-tropical farming town in Mpumalanga, South Africa, renowned for its large banana and macadamia nut industries, contributing about 20% of South Africa's bananas and 30% of macadamia output. Bordering the Kruger National Park, the town's name is derived from the shimmering haze that occurs during the heat of summer. Most of the province of Mpumalanga's private game reserves are found just east of Hazyview.

History and demography
This is one of the ancient Mapulana kingdoms under Kgoshi Magashula. Magashula used to command authority in the area before colonisation. It was he (Magashula) who gave Joao Albasini and thousands of his Tsonga followers permission to settle in the area in 1840 in what is known today as Numbi gate and PretoriusKop. For the land at Numbi on the banks of the Sabie River, Albasini gave kgoshi Magashula 200 herd of cattle as a purchase price for the land for chief Manungu his friend, this was after Kgoshi Magashula was satisfied that Albasini and his Tsonga people were settling on his land with good intentions, that is, to join him in fighting off invading Swazi impis. Joao Albasini, a warmonger and a master of modern warfare, used his Tsonga followers to prevent Swazis from conquering Magashula's land, pleasing Kgoshi Magushula and reassuring him that the Swazis had met their match. Albasini and his Tsonga followers planted wheat on the banks of the Sabie river and established a bakery where fine white bread was produced, which made Magashule's kraal famous in the entire lowveld.

Albasini's Tsonga settlement in the lowveld was known collectively as Magashula's kraal. While at Magashula's kraal, Albasini's homesteads was based in what is known today as Numbi gate and his Tsonga followers defended his home against invading Swazi impis. The remains of Albasini's home can still be seen today at Numbi gate and is known as 'Albasini Ruins'.

Kgoshi Magashula gave the Tsonga people land to settle at Numbi gate and Pretoriuskop with strict rules, that is, the Tsonga people had to help him to expel and defeat the invading Swazis sent by King Mswati. As the Tsonga settlements spread from Pretoriuskop, Skukuza, Numbi, and other areas east of the current town of Hazyview, the Swazis' plan of conquering Magashula's land failed, because the Tsonga people prevented them from carrying out their military expedition. One such important figure that taught Swazis a lesson was a Tsonga chief known as Manungu, Manungu was a general in Joao Albasini's army and was placed in Pretoriuskop as an Induna. Pretoriuskop was a highly populated area by Tsonga people whose job, as agreed with kgoshi Magashule, was to block the Swazis from entering Magashula's land, Manungu was successful as an induna in safeguarding the land against Swazi invaders. When the Voortrekker leader Pretorius died at Josekhulu, it was Joao Albasini and his followers who conducted the funeral and buried him next to a hill and named the place Pretoriuskop in honour of this brave Voortrekker leader.

With the help of Joao Albasini and thousands of his Tsonga followers, the Swazi's invading tactics were dealt a great blow, the Tsonga's sprawling settlement, starting from Pretoriuskop managed to push back the invading Swazing back to where they came from. With Mission accomplished and the Swazi impis pushed backed by Albasini and his Tsonga followers, Albasini left Magashula's kraal in 1843 for Luonde ( in Venda) and became a powerful Warlord there, he established a powerful army of 2000 armed Tsonga men whom he used to harass the Venda and their chiefs. As a Warlord in Luonde, Albasini became a white chief of his Tsonga people in the entire area where Tsonga people live and brought in extra thousands of Tsonga settlers from southern Mozambique to take up vast tracts of land starting from Elim Hospital down the escarpment, he also appointed all Tsonga chiefs in the Elim area in order to strengthened his power base at Luonde. He was a feared warlord even the Venda king Makhado did not provoked him because he knew that Albasini possessed thousands of ammunition which he and his Tsonga followers will not hesitate to use at any time against anyone who provoke him.

However, when Albasini departed Magashula's kraal in 1843, many of his Tsonga followers remained behind and continue to support kgoshi Magashula's struggles against invading Swazis. As more and more Tsonga people started to flood Pretoriuskop, Skukuza, and Numbi, the Swazi gradually withdrew their invading tactics due to casualties. The Swazis gave up their fight against kgoshi Magashula because they realized that they can never win the war, for the enemy was now to big to defeat, because the Tsonga people were giving kgoshi Magashula a lot of military support. Tsonga settlements of Manungukop, Pretoriuskop, Skukuza, Numbi, Satara and many more in the southern Kruger were forcibly removed when the colonial government created the Kruger national park between 1899 and 1902.

Today, Hazyview is a home of the Tsonga people, who occupy the north-eastern part of this beautiful town along the banks of the Sabie River. To the south of Hazyview, the Swazi people call this their home. While to the north-western part of this town, the Mapulana people and their cultures are to be found. Sepulana, their language, one of the Northern Sotho language, this is what makes the Mapulana an interesting cultural group in Hazyview.

White Africans also reside in Hazyview. With four cultural groupings in one town, Hazyview is a melting pot of diverse cultures in South Africa's lowveld region.

Land claims
The Mapulana people are currently claiming the whole north-western part of the town until the town of Sabie, from Hazyview to Sabie. While the Tsonga people, the custodian of South Africa's big five game, are claiming the whole north-eastern part of Hazyview, in particular all the game reserves east of Hazyview and southern Kruger, such as Skukuza, Pretoriuskop, Satara, Protea Hotel Kruger Gate etc. While the Swazi people are claiming the whole southern part of the town.

Geographical information
Hazyview is 12 kilometres from the Phabeni Gate and 40 kilometres from Paul Kruger Gate which leads into the world-renowned Kruger National Park nature reserve home of big 5. Hazyview is also a stop on the Panorama Route, a scenic road. Hazyview is situated 60 km from Mbombela. Nelspruit Town. KMIA, Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport is 56km from Hazyview Town.

title: Hazyview


text:
Talk:Environmental disaster

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 January 2021 and 7 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Liv Davis. Peer reviewers: Siperez, Hnworth, Weilh, HRVEF, Savlatt.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:46, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 January 2019 and 1 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Aileenxgui.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:41, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

NPOV comments
Why are no natural environmental disaster's mentioned? Volcano's, hurricane's, tsunami's, that sort of thing. At least on a regional scale, natural environmental disasters often far exceed what people have managed to do. Where people seem to excel at creating problems is with an accumulation of relatively small environmental insults that add up over time. Surely not as dramatic, as worthy of the word disaster, as the natural ones.

 * The word "environmental" usually impies the negative effects of human activity on the environment. There is a seperate article for Natural disasters Alan Liefting 20:28, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

This article is hardly NPOV. As the above post says, natural disasters aren't even mentioned. Furthermore, Environmental degradation, which is actually a scientific term, redirects to this article, despite the fact that it is really a slightly different thing. I recommend that we heavily re-write this article and undo the redirect on Environmental degradation, and make that into a newer, better article. Bonus Onus 02:34, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Thats probably because the article starts with: "Man-made negative alteration of the ecosystem that has widespread or long lasting consequences." I would disagree with this as I believe that Environmental Disasters can be caused by things other than Humans. --Dumbo1 17:23, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

I have added a few natural disasters and tries to make it more NPOV. Alan Liefting 10:11, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The article should be rewritten to be specific disasters that are of concern to environmentalists. Alan Liefting 20:28, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh.

 * Arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh appears to be natural. See   Alan Liefting 20:38, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

How is Arsenic poisoning natural? By the way, that source you provided is no longer available. Mr Pigeon (talk) 05:05, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

POV Disaster
I have reinstated the POV as the title alone is inflammatory.

Define 'environmental'. To the 'environment' of whatdoes this refer? Define 'disaster'. What standards are to be applied? How do we objectively measure 'disaster'? Disastrous to whom, or what, and how?

This article really needs to be a subsection of something larger concerning the negative impacts (both natural and 'man-made') on the Earth's environment. My initial reaction would be to tag AFD but there could be something worthwhile. Eddie.willers 01:24, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Eddie.willers environmental disasters should be about disasters that occurred in the environment, not just man-made disasters. Maybe we can create a link to an article about natural disasters to better improve the readers' understanding. Mr Pigeon (talk) 05:23, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

Environmental vs. Natural
What is the difference between environmental and natural disasters and who is going to clean the mess in links and categories? Right now I am lost to which one should I link the Bulgarian articles and categories but will go for "natural" as being closer to our Bulgarian term and meaning.

As I am not a native English-speaker I can only guess that one may consider natural ones to be nature-driven (not human-made), and the environmental to be affecting somehow the nature. If there is natual "revenge", it is a subset of natural disasters. Am I right, or totally wrong? Cheers, Goldie (tell me) 11:15, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

environmental disasters are disasters that occur in the environment. The fact that only man-made disasters are on this page is quite confusing since natural disasters are also environmental. Mr Pigeon (talk) 15:42, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

Added new sections, links, and fixed grammar
Hi everyone, I added two new sections, especially one called "Difficult in Categorization" to point the debate around what can be considered an environmental disaster. However, this whole article leans toward human created environmental disasters so maybe someone should change the title to "Man-made environmental disasters" or something better. --205.250.250.154 21:04, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Classification issues
A hazard is the geophysical agent that can lead to disaster, e.g. an earthquake. A disaster is a case of a hazard impact, e.g. the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. See Emergency management.

Hazards and their resulting disasters are classified according to their main driving forces: natural, technological, or sociological. Human involvement is pivotal in all three classes for a hazard impact to be seen as a disaster. Earthquakes in uninhabited deserts cannot become disasters. However, natural hazards strike without human involvement whereas sociological hazards (like riots and stampedes) cannot strike without human involvement. What is in between, like this article is a greyzone. What is clear is that for instance, an oil spill, is a Environmental hazard, whereas the Exxon Valdez oil spill was an Environmental disaster.

The rest is open for discussion. --  rxnd  ( t  |  €  |  c  ) 16:53, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Well said, but I would differ on some minor points... An 'emergency' is any unexpected event which poses an immediate threat of loss to life, property, or the environment. A 'disaster' is an emergency which overwhelms the local response capability. That's an important distinction to keep in mind within the Disaster/Emergency Management Project.
 * An earthquake in an uninhabited desert is (also) not a disaster because the emergent threat to the environment does not overwhelm the local response capability -- which absent a human presence would be a geologic/ecologic response, and measured in eons. Thus earthquakes are never really any hazard at all without people -- there is no vulnerability to be expressed in the Risk equation. To be thorough, earthquakes are a natural part of the planetary geology and thus don't actually pose an environmental threat, because in the course of nature, the event is planned -- so to speak. (okay, I'm not a geologist...)
 * Spilling oil is a hazard to be avoided, but an oil spill is an emergency with an environmental impact. (Certainly the Exxon Valdez emergency was a disaster, but it was man-made, not environmental!) ...See the new topic below, I'm on a roll... Parradoxx 08:58, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Rename as Environmental calamity?
The word calamity has less emotive and negative connotations than disaster. It could be used on this article as well as List of environmental disasters and Category:Environmental disasters. Alan Liefting 00:06, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

List of doomsday scenarios
Could use votes to save this article, thanks MapleTree 22:24, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Cause vs. Effect
The problem here is simply a matter of perspective. In Emergency Management, emergencies and disasters are categorized by the cause  (man-made, technical, natural) not the effect (environmental, financial, human). However, as people, we are drawn to the pathos of the effect: the impact, the damage, the devastation. In Emergency Management, the effect is known as loss. Loss of life. Loss of property. Loss to the enviroment. It is what mitigation seeks to prevent, and what preparedness seeks to minimize.

This article appears to be about a specific kind of loss: diminuation of the natural environment. If viewed from that perspective, it becomes clear that disaster is just one of several causes of Environmental Loss along with illegal dumping and introduction of non-native species for example. I agree with Alan Liefting's suggestion above in NPOV comments that this article should be rewritten to be about specific losses that are of concern to environmentalists.

As an example: the Three Gorges Dam is not a disaster under Emergency Management because it is neither unexpected nor immediate. However, if it were to collapse due to poor construction, people would probably call it both an environmental and a financial disaster (identifying the type of loss). Emergency Management would call it a man-made disaster (because of the unexpected and overwhelming emergent context).

Therefore, I recommend the following: Parradoxx 10:03, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This page be removed from the Disaster Management Project.
 * The word "Disaster" be removed from the title,
 * and replaced with the word "Loss", "Losses", "Diminuation", or whatever word an environmentalist would indicate be a better fit.

No results of disasters
I noticed that there is a list of man-made disasters, but why are the results of those disasters not provided (Like an oil spill poisoning sea life, or something like that)? Mr Pigeon (talk) 05:16, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

Time for an Update
Many disasters have occurred; however, the most recent disaster displayed is from 2010. We should dig into some more recent disasters. Mr Pigeon (talk) 05:20, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

Changing Structure
The intro section would benefit from much added detail on how exactly an environmental disaster differs from natural disasters and war disasters. Perhaps there is a more concrete definition out there. The article also suffers from lack of relevance, making its structure contingent on the listing and linking of environmental disasters. This could maybe be moved to a sub-focus of the article, and the article could detail instead how environmental disaster came into the political conversation, trends in advocacy, interest groups, movements related to environmental disasters, etc. Aileenxgui (talk) 18:52, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

Kapish Singh
Kapish Singh is a creative person who always says something different from others or I had gotten him the different person ever born on this planet. Some of the thought by kapish Singh are as, {the world is not which one can see by her eyes but is is only the part which you are able to understand till now.}

Please
Please do something for better tomorrow the Creation which you are creating would be you habbit after some days and you habbit makes you mentally and the mentally make your nature of response and it makes your fortune so if there is a man who is great then it is you the you within you makes you infinite and the infinite is the best.

He is all rounder for the proof some links are given below --Shivwati (talk) 16:11, 23 November 2017 (UTC)youtube--Shivwati (talk) 16:11, 23 November 2017 (UTC) --^. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRNmKAsJFlbpUjjYixqz-vw

https://mobile.twitter.com/kapishsingh8

https://www.google.co.in/search?source=hp&ei=y_AWWuLhF8SFvQTn446gCw&q=kapish+Singh&btnG=

http://kapishsingh.blogspot.in/?m=1

I think a lot more could be said about environmental disasters, such as how are the EPA and grassroots organizations battling these types of natural disasters? How are we using policy to prevent natural disasters from reoccuring? Savlatt (talk) 18:31, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Minor Addition in regards to Social Vulnerability
This article is very clear and neutral in tone, which are excellent! I think an important part of environmental disasters are how different populations are either more or less vulnerable based upon their social class and standing. I added a brief section discussing this topic along with a few sentences on Hurricane Katrina. I also added sources and made some very minor edits to grammar. Overall this article is a great start, I would love to see just a little more detail. Keep up the excellent work! Mggale (talk) 21:12, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Assignments
environmental disaster vs migration 41.210.146.252 (talk) 10:30, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Environmental disaster


text:
Talk:2004 Hamburg state election

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what were the main themes that surrounded this election

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title: Talk:2004 Hamburg state election


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Hixon

The name Hixon, Hixson or Hixton may refer to:

Hixon

 * Hixon (surname)
 * Hixon, British Columbia, an unincorporated community in Canada
 * Hixon, Staffordshire, a village and a civil parish in England
 * RAF Hixon, a Royal Air Force station in Hixon, Staffordshire
 * Hixon railway station
 * Hixon rail crash in 1968
 * Hixon, Clark County, Wisconsin, a town in the United States
 * Curtis Hixon Hall in Tampa, Florida, U.S.
 * Curtis Hixon Waterfront Park in Tampa, Florida, U.S.
 * Gideon C. Hixon House in La Crosse, Wisconsin, U.S.
 * Hixon Green in Hove, East Sussex, UK
 * Orval Hixon (1884-1982), photographer

Hixson

 * Hixson (surname)
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 * Hixson High School
 * Hixson–Lied College of Fine and Performing Arts in Nebraska
 * Hixson–Mixsell House, listed on the NRHP in Warren County, New Jersey
 * Hixson–Skinner Mill Complex, listed on the NRHP in Warren County, New Jersey

Hixton

 * Hixton, Wisconsin (village)
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title: Hixon


text:
Category:Tampere

Articles relating to the city of Tampere (Tammerfors), Finland.

title: Category:Tampere


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Talk:Order statistic

I created the page on order statistics. Let us see if we can merge these pages together..

„However, we know from the preceding discussion that the probability that this interval actually contains the population median is...“ I have absolutely no idea why the probability should be equal to the magic number shown below this sentence. There has been no preceding discussion that would prove (or at least show) a formula from which the magic number is derived. A result of this importance would definitely require some clarification. In many practical cases, you can get data sets from software benchmarks that fail in normality tests. Computing confidence intervals based on order statistics is a very important topic, probably worth a separate article, not just one single magic number for one special case of six measurement values. — Andrej, 2010-11-30 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Andrejpodzimek (talk • contribs) 15:26, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

No offence, but for how important this topic is in statistics and how elegant its theory is, the article does an atrocious job. — Miguel 14:07, 2005 May 1 (UTC)

Not done yet, but at least now the article does not just dump a pile of equations on the reader without explanation or context. — Miguel 15:04, 2005 May 1 (UTC)

Old derivation saved for reference
Let be iid continuously distributed random variables, and $$X_{(1)}, X_{(2)}, \ldots, X_{(n)}$$ be the corresponding order statistics. Let f(x) be the probability density function and F(x) be the cumulative distribution function of Xi. Then the probability density of the kth statistic can be found as follows.

 * $$f_{X_{(k)}}(x)={d \over dx} F_{X_{(k)}}(x)

={d \over dx}P\left(X_{(k)}\leq x\right)={d \over dx}P(\mathrm{at}\ \mathrm{least}\ k\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{the}\ n\ X\mathrm{s}\ \mathrm{are}\leq x)$$

 * $$={d \over dx}P(\geq k\ \mathrm{successes}\ \mathrm{in}\ n\ \mathrm{trials})={d \over dx}\sum_{j=k}^n{n \choose j}P(X_1\leq x)^j(1-P(X_1\leq x))^{n-j}$$

 * $$={d \over dx}\sum_{j=k}^n{n \choose j} F(x)^j (1-F(x))^{n-j}$$

 * $$=\sum_{j=k}^n{n \choose j}

\left(jF(x)^{j-1}f(x)(1-F(x))^{n-j} +F(x)^j (n-j)(1-F(x))^{n-j-1}(-f(x))\right)$$

 * $$=\sum_{j=k}^n\left(n{n-1 \choose j-1}F(x)^{j-1}(1-F(x))^{n-j} - n{n-1 \choose j} F(x)^j(1-F(x))^{n-j-1} \right)f(x)$$

 * $$=nf(x)\left(\sum_{j=k-1}^{n-1} {n-1 \choose j}

F(x)^j (1-F(x))^{(n-1)-j} - \sum_{j=k}^n {n-1 \choose j} F(x)^j (1-F(x))^{(n-1)-j}\right)$$

and the sum above telescopes, so that all terms cancel except the first and the last:

 * $$=nf(x)\left({n-1 \choose k-1} F(x)^{k-1} (1-F(x))^{(n-1)-(k-1)}

- \underbrace{{n-1 \choose n} F(x)^n (1-F(x))^{(n-1)-n}}\right)$$

and the term over the underbrace is zero, so:

 * $$=nf(x){n-1 \choose k-1} F(x)^{k-1} (1-F(x))^{(n-1)-(k-1)}$$

 * $$={n! \over (k-1)!(n-k)!} F(x)^{k-1} (1-F(x))^{n-k} f(x).$$

COMMENT BY an actuary (knows prob + stat, not academic) The section "Distribution of each order statistic of an absolutely continuous distribution" would be clearer if it went like this:

1. Explain that you will derive the CDF and then take its derivative to get the pdf. 2. Derive the CDF. 3. Take the derivative.

The section Probability Distributions of Order Statistics should (optimally) reference another article for why F(X) ~ uniform. It is not obvious to newbies.

The interpolatory comments (such as the one about time series) should be distinguished somehow (i.e., with parentheses) so that the reader knows that they are not central to the argument of the article.

---End last guy's comment---

I disagree with your first point. It's easy to get an expression for the CDF, so it's the obvious starting point for a proof. But by far the easiest way to get the sum for the CDF into closed form is by differentiating it, fiddling with it until it's in closed form, then integrating it - which gives you the PDF along the way. It makes for a slightly confusing proof, but the alternatives - either trying to find an expression for the PDF from first principles, or trying to deal with that sum without differentiating it - seem deeply unpleasant. (Plus, at least according to Mathematica, the CDF's closed form seems to involve hypergeometric functions - making it a lot more complicated than the PDF.)

86.3.124.147 (talk) 22:53, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Attention needed
I have placed an "expert needed" tag on this article partly because of the empty sections but mainly because of the relation between the parts that derive the distributions of the order statistics. The first part of what is there might be considered a direct approach and is probably OK for that. But a more advanced approach would be to start from the uniform distributiuon case, and to derive the more general case from this, which involves less complicated formulae. I am slightly unhappy about the 'du' approach taken for the uniform case. I do think the "uniform" part needs to be finished off by giving an expicit statement for the distribition function, possibly using an incomplete beta function, but certainly as an integral ... from which the density for the general case could then be derived. Melcombe (talk) 08:51, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Figure
The caption of the figure for the exponential example ("Probability distributions for the n = 5 order statistics of an exponential distribution with $$\theta$$ = 3") needs clarification.
 * 1) I assume the order statistics are for a sample of $$n=5$$ exponential random variables
 * 2) What is $$\theta$$?  Is it $$\lambda$$, the parameter used on the exponential distribution page?  It looks more like $$1/\lambda$$. —Preceding unsigned comment added by LachlanA (talk • contribs)
 * Perhaps the best way to avoid this question is to replace the plot with one referred to the standard exponential distribution (i.e., with unit scale). The plot should also use notation consistent with that used in the article. It's a rasterized picture, and so needs replacement anyway. I'll see what I can come up with. Lovibond (talk) 15:07, 21 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I've redrawn the pdfs, changing the distribution to have unit scale and hazard rate. The picture is now vector, as well. I've updated the caption to reflect the change of scale, as well as clarify things a little (I hope!), identifying the functions as pdfs, rather than simply distributions. Lovibond (talk) 20:53, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

Equation error?
I don't believe the last equation in the "Dealing with discrete variables" section is correct. If the equation above it in terms of p1, p2 and p3 is correct, then the last equation should have a (1 - F(x) + f(x))^j as the first element of the second term in the summation (p2+p3)^j, rather than the existing (1 - f(x))^j. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.188.33.26 (talk) 16:22, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

Probabilistic Analysis
Before I say anything; I am fairly new to order statistics so bear with me as some of my comments are likely to be because of a lack of experience with them. However, I would consider myself to be an excellent representative of the kind of person that would come to this article in search of a better understanding of order statistics.

Basically, I think the "probabilistic analysis"-section is very confusing.

Firstly, the last subsection here is more measure theoretic than probabilistic. Secondly, it makes a few sort of detailed claims on the substitution to be used but makes no effort at describing how the formula of interest is derived. In my opinion, this formula;

 * $$f_{X_{(k)}}(x)\,dx = {n!\over(k-1)!(n-k)!}[F_X(x)]^{k-1}[1-F_X(x)]^{n-k}f_X(x)\,dx$$

is what most readers seek a better understanding of but that is left out. A proof, some intuition or at least a reference to where that might be found would really be great. Moreover, the section about the uniform is not motivated. I see that someone else has commented that some property exists that "might not be obvious to newbies", well, that's me! Please elaborate.

I propose that instead that the section would start with a simpler formula. One idea would be to reference e.g. Wackerly, Mendenhall & Schaeffer, 2008; "Mathematical Statistics with Applications", Duxbury, 7th edition: theorem 6.5, p. 336;

The pdf of the $$k$$'th order statistic is given by

 * $$f_{X_{(k)}}(x) = \frac{n!}{(k-1)!(n-k)!}[F_X(x)]^{k-1}[1-F_X(x)]^{n-k}f_X(x)$$

To me, the formula makes a lot of sense intuitively;

 * $$f_{X_{(k)}}(x) = \Pr [k-1\mathrm{below}\, x] \cdot \Pr[1 \mathrm{obs close to }\, x]\cdot \Pr [n-k\mathrm{obs above}\, x] \cdot \#\lbrace \mathrm{ways we can do this} \rbrace $$

(I don't know if it's completely wrong but) maybe a motivation like this would be more useful to most readers? At least some form of introduction to the whole thing about the uniform. And some form of conclusion, what does that section prove? What have we shown?

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Superpronker (talk • contribs) 13:53, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

About Order Statistic of Uniform Distribution
"why F(X) ~ uniform" please refer to "Probability Integral Transformation" — Preceding unsigned comment added by BChenyu (talk • contribs) 16:18, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Expectaion of Ordered Statistics
What is the expectation of the nth order statistic? E[X(n)] Or for that matter E[X(1)] or for any kth order statistic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.119.232.221 (talk) 01:47, 26 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Useful to know, so I don't blame you for asking! Unfortunately, the answer depends upon the distribution. If your RV is continuous, obtain the density function of the kth order statistic. Once you have that, computing the expectation is in theory simple (though, in practice, it might not be!). Lovibond (talk) 21:10, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

Error in section "The joint distribution of the order statistics of an absolutely continuous distribution"?
I don't believe the equation that gives the joint pdf of two order statistics k and j. In particular for uniform [0,1] random variables and k = n, j = n-1, it doesn't seem to reduce to the equation given earlier (I get a 2 in the denominator which isn't present in the other equation).

I would like to add to this the following.

The joint density of all the order statistics of n independent and uniformly distributed random variables is given as n! over A=[0,1]x[0,1]x...x[0,1]. The integral of n! over A is not 1. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.236.187.133 (talk) 21:53, 16 October 2015 (UTC)

128.151.210.203 (talk) 17:32, 8 July 2013 (UTC)

Extension to section: Probability distributions of order statistics
General formulas are known for the cumulative distributions of the smallest and largest samples, provided IID samples. The formulation for the maximum of n random-variables (for both the continuous and discrete cases) is listed here (http://www.math.ucsd.edu/~gptesler/283/slides/longrep_f13-handout.pdf). A very similar formulation works for the minimum.

Allow $$Y_1, Y_2, \ldots, Y_n$$ to be i.i.d. random variables. The maximum is given by:

$$ Y_{max} = \max(Y_1, Y_2, \ldots, Y_n) $$

meaning the CDF of $$Y_{max}$$ is given by

$$ \begin{align} F_{Y_{max}} =& P(Y_{max} \le y) \\ =& P(Y_1 \le y, Y_2 \le y, \ldots, Y_n \le y) \\ =& F_{Y_1}(y) \cdot F_{Y_2}(y) \cdot \ldots \cdot F_{Y_n}(y) \\ =& F_Y(y)^n \end{align} $$

Similarly, the minimum is given by: $$ Y_{min} = \min(Y_1, Y_2, \ldots, Y_n) $$

meaning the CDF of $$Y_{min}$$ is given by

$$ \begin{align} 1-F_{Y_{min}}(y) =& P(Y_{min} \ge y) \\ =& P(Y_1 \ge y, Y_2 \ge y, \ldots, Y_n \ge y) \\ =& (1-F_{Y_1}(y)) \cdot (1-F_{Y_2}(y)) \cdot \ldots \cdot (1-F_{Y_n}(y)) \\ =& (1-F_Y(y))^n \\ F_{Y_{min}}(y) =& 1 - (1-F_Y(y))^n \end{align} $$

A similar trick can be used to prove the general formulation which works on the probability density/mass function.Mouse7mouse9 00:02, 14 December 2013 (UTC)

Flipped textual description in section "Dealing with discrete variables"?
I noticed that in the section "Dealing with discrete variables," two textual descriptions of functions seem to have a problem. The expression on the left side of the equals does not match the textual description on the right side of the equals in both cases (i.e., with respect to whether it is "greater than or equal" or just "greater than"):

\begin{align} P(X_{(k)}\leq x)& =P(\text{there are at most }n-k\text{ observations greater than }x) ,\\ \end{align} $$

\begin{align} P(X_{(k)}< x)& =P(\text{there are at most }n-k\text{ observations greater than or equal to }x) ,\\ \end{align} $$

The original editor of this section should know how to properly fix this. I can't vouch mathematically for which expression belongs with greater than and which belongs with greater than or equal to so I probably shouldn't be the one to fix it. - PuercoFantastico (talk) 20:36, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

 * It was correct with the "flipped textual description", since "Less than or equal to" is the negation of "greater than" (similarly "Less than" is the negation of "greater than or equal to"). I have undone the edit from 9/2018 that tried to "fix" it, and added one more line to each in order to clarify the logic and [hopefully] stop well-meaning people from thinking it's wrong again.  2603:9008:2102:49D8:89A2:8F44:8122:D3AA (talk) 19:19, 16 February 2020 (UTC)

Please be explicit re: the handling of independent but not identically distributed variables
In the introduction to "Probabilistic analysis" I read:

"Then they are independent, but not necessarily identically distributed, and their joint probability distribution is given by the Bapat–Beg theorem."

That is an awesome pointer for those of us who are looking to learn about exactly such a scenario. What I find not clear is the preceding text:

"When the random variables X1, X2..., Xn form a sample they are independent and identically distributed. This is the case treated below."

Well yes it is, but it's rather dense material and what I would like here is a clear indication of there ONLY this case is treated below or if you also treat the Bapat-Beg case. I conclude not, by the reference but suggest an explicit statement would be more pleasing, like:

"When the random variables X1, X2..., Xn form a sample they are independent and identically distributed. This is the only case treated below. In general, the random variables X1, ..., Xn can arise by sampling from more than one population. Then they are independent, but not necessarily identically distributed, and their joint probability distribution is given by the Bapat–Beg theorem which is not discussed further here."

I cannot propose an edit directly on the page for the very reason that I'm not actually sure that's a true claim. I am presuming it from the text I read. If the presumption is solid, the explicit text is ore pleasing. If it is not, then I read it as an invite to try and digest something further below but would like to find what.

For example the next sentence:

"From now on, we will assume that the random variables under consideration are continuous and, where convenient, we will also assume that they have a probability density function (PDF), that is, they are absolutely continuous." is again undlear and tempting as it doesn't state clearly that from now on IID is assumed. Which I am presuming it is.

Anyhow a simple polite all for a more explicit introduction here. --60.242.67.249 (talk) 11:00, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Order statistic


text:
Methazole

Methazole (C9H6Cl2N2O3) is an obsolete herbicide in the family of herbicides known as oxadiazolones. It was used as a post-emergent treatment for controlling weeds.

title: Methazole


text:
PFD

Science, technology, and medicine

 * Personal flotation device
 * Pelvic floor dysfunction
 * Phase frequency detector in electronics
 * Primary flight display, in an aircraft
 * Probability of Failure on Demand, see Safety integrity level
 * Process flow diagram, in process engineering
 * Prepared for dyeing
 * Professional Disc, recordable optical disc format
 * PFD allowance in work systems
 * Partial fraction decomposition
 * Perfluorodecalin, a molecule capable of dissolving large amounts of gas
 * Pediatric feeding disorder, a unifying diagnostic term encompassing medical, nutrition, feeding skill, and psychosocial domains

Organizations

 * Philadelphia Fire Department
 * Pigespejdernes Fællesråd Danmark, Guiding federation of Denmark
 * Peters, Fraser & Dunlop, an English literary and talent agency

Other uses

 * Permanent Fund Dividend of Alaska Permanent Fund
 * A prevention of future deaths report issued by a coroner in the United Kingdom

title: PFD


text:
Kirby Krackle

The Kirby Krackle (also known as Kirby Dots) is an artistic convention in superhero and science fiction comic books and similar illustrations, in which a field of black is used to represent negative space around unspecified kinds of energy. It is typically used in illustrations of explosions, smoke, blasts from ray guns, "cosmic" energy, and outer space phenomena.

History
The effect is named after its creator, comic artist Jack Kirby. While the Kirby Krackle in its mature form first appeared in Kirby's work during 1965–1966 (in Fantastic Four and Thor), comics historian Harry Mendryk of the Jack Kirby Museum & Research Center has traced the earliest version of the stylistic device as far back as 1940 to Jack Kirby and Joe Simon's Blue Bolt #5. As Joe Simon was the inker on that comic, he may have been partially responsible for look of the proto-Kirby Krackle. Examples of a transitional form of the Kirby Krackle appear in two of Kirby's stories from the late 1950s: The Man Who Collected Planets from 1957 (pencils and inks by Kirby) and The Negative Man from 1959 (inks attributed to Marvin Stein). The effects were used during the transformation sequences in the Ben 10 franchise.

Kirby Krackle is incorporated into the design of the Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! attraction in Avengers Campus at Disney California Adventure, and Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur.

Analysis
Philosophy professor and author Jeffrey J. Kripal wrote:

"For Kirby, the human body is a manifestation or crystallization of finally inexplicable energies—a superbody. [...] What Mesmer called animal magnetism, Reichenbach knew as the blue od, and Reich saw as a radiating blue cosmic orgone becomes in Jack Kirby a trademark energetics signaled by "burst lines" and a unique energy field of black, blobby dots that has come to be affectionately known as the "Kirby Krackle" [...]. The final result was a vision of the human being as a body of frozen energy that, like an atomic bomb, could be released with stunning effects, for good or for evil. These metaphysical energies, I want to suggest, constitute the secret Source of Kirby's art."

title: Kirby Krackle


text:
Template talk:DuneSeries

Just a quick note to say that the presence of the "Edit this" link in the template makes a real mess of the Printable version of the article.

Take a look

Hunters + Sandworms
I'm taking out the two new "Dune 7" books by BH and KJA. Since the template says "by Frank Herbert", these two shouldn't be in there. Maybe they could be included somehow with text and/or formatting to somehow set them apart from the others?

--Staecker 13:11, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I think they should not be added into template at all. Just because BH + KJA want to sell more of their products doesn't extend the original serie. Pavel Vozenilek 22:00, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * There should probably be a template that includes this template, sort of a "complete" Dune series, but no, I agree that the BH and KJA books should be kept out of this one.   ℬ  astique  ▼  par ℓ er  ♥  voir  ♑  20:17, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Hunters & Sandworms (2)
If the titles of the two upcoming sequels are to be added, the name of the two authors should be as well.

SandChigger 12:43, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Dune 7 again
I think we should go all or nothing with the extended series. I'm for keeping this template to the original 6, and having a larger one (which I created at Template:Extended Dune series) with all 14. If nothing else, this larger one is really needed on the prequel book articles. Please beautify the new one- it's not too pretty. Staecker 18:41, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * No objections here. I merely made the earlier change (addition of names) to avoid a revert war. SandChigger 19:12, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Redirect
As this template has now been removed from all original series articles, I've gone ahead and redirected it into the more expansive and useful extended Dune series. By the way, I support its removal because it is redundant not only of the larger template but of the "succession" info in the infoboxes as well. TAnthony 15:06, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:DuneSeries


text:
Hectorspruit

Hectorspruit, officially Emjejane, is a small farming town situated between Kaapmuiden and Komatipoort on a southern tributary of the Crocodile River in Mpumalanga, South Africa. The farms in the region produce sugarcane, subtropical fruit and vegetables. The stream is named after a dog belonging to S de Kock, chief surveyor of the Pretoria - Delagoa Bay railway line.

Hamlet some 30 km west of Komatipoort and 80 km north-east of Pigg's Peak. The hamlet is named after a tributary of the Crocodile River, the Hectorspruit, which is said to take its name from a hunting dog that died there after being bitten by a tsetse fly.

The hamlet was officially renamed in 2005 to Emjejane (SiSwati) after late Chief Mjejane Ngomane.

title: Hectorspruit


text:
User talk:Translatumgr

Welcome!

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