text:
Michael Grant (boxer)

Michael Anthony Grant (born August 4, 1972) is an American professional boxer and world heavyweight title challenger. Grant’s pinnacle of his boxing career came in 2000 when he unsuccessfully challenged Lennox Lewis for the IBF, WBC and IBO heavyweight titles. He came in undefeated but was knocked out in two rounds by the eventual champion. He also held fringe titles in the IBC and WBF during this period.

Early life
Before his boxing career, he blossomed into a three-sport star at Chicago's Harper High School. He was a right handed pitcher who drew attention from the Kansas City Royals, an imposing two-way player at tight end and defensive end on the football field and a front court force on the basketball court. Grant graduated in 1991 and went on to play American Football at Mount San Antonio College near Los Angeles, and Fullerton College in Orange County, California.

Amateur career
Grant had just 12 amateur fights. In the Golden Gloves 1994 semi-finals he suffered his only amateur loss to Derrick Jefferson on points.

Early career
In his early career, Grant beat Corey Sanders, Ross Puritty, Lionel Butler, Al Cole, Jorge Luis Gonzalez, David Izon and Obed Sullivan. The 1997 Al Cole win earned him the fringe IBC title. Grant made defenses against Jorge Luis Gonzalez, David Izon and Obed Sullivan. In 1999 Michael beat Ahmed Abdin to earn the NABF title, then defeated Lou Savarese. His last fight before the title shot was against Andrew Golota in a WBC eliminator, touching the canvas twice but winning by stoppage in the tenth round after a knockdown when Golota refused to continue.

World title challenge
Grant's undefeated record and victories against Sullivan, Savarese and Golota earned him an opportunity to challenge newly crowned undisputed heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis. Lewis was coming off a unanimous decision victory against Evander Holyfield and wanted to make a statement with his first title-defence.

Grant started the fight very aggressively but Lewis put him down with a right hand. He got back to his feet and was beaten badly by Lewis, a left hand on the side of the head sending Grant reeling into the corner and counting as a second knockdown. Grant was badly hurt but seemed to recover toward the end of the first round until a vicious right hand sent him down for the third time. Remarkably Grant beat the count. His trainer Don Turner implored him to use his legs. While Grant tried to rally, Lewis took his time in round two before finishing Grant off with an uppercut.

Later career
Sidelined by injuries for fifteen months, in his comeback fight Grant fought and lost to Jameel McCline in 2001. McCline knocked him down in the first round, and Grant had to retire due to a broken ankle. After a brief comeback, then-undefeated Dominick Guinn knocked him out in 2003 in seven rounds. Since the loss, Grant has fought sporadically against limited opposition while having several high-profile trainers, including Don Turner, Teddy Atlas, Buddy McGirt and most recently Eddie Mustafa Muhammad.

On May 7, 2010, Grant fought for the first time in eighteen months and won by first-round technical knockout over Kevin Burnett at Oheka Castle, Huntingdon, NY.

On August 21, 2010, with a 20 kg weight advantage, Grant was physically dominant, but lost on points to Tomasz Adamek by a unanimous decision.

On March 11, 2011, Grant fought Tye Fields at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas. Grant scored a one-punch third-round knockout.

On November 19, 2011, Grant faced Francois Botha for the vacant World Boxing Federation (WBF) Heavyweight title. Grant won by a 12th-round KO, having needed a KO due to being well behind on all three cards. The fight took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, the first time he had fought outside the USA. Immediately after the fight, Grant called out the Klitschko brothers who held all of the major heavyweight titles. After an 18-month layoff, Grant defended the WBF belt against France-based Cameroonian Carlos Takam on May 24, 2013, in Noisy-le-Grand, France, losing by 8th-round technical knockout.

It was announced in July 2017 that Grant would face Dillian Whyte at the Pinnacle Bank Arena in Lincoln, Nebraska on August 19, however the fight was scrapped after a backlash from fans, and Dillian would face Malcolm Tann instead.

Professional boxing record
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" !No. !Result !Record !Opponent !Type !Round, time !Date !Location !Notes WBC heavyweight title eliminator
 * 55
 * Loss
 * 48–7
 * align=left|🇵🇱 Krzysztof Zimnoch
 * KO
 * 2 (8), 1:22
 * Apr 22, 2017
 * align=left|🇵🇱 Legionowo Arena, Legionowo
 * align=left|
 * 54
 * Loss
 * 48–6
 * align=left|🇸🇾 Manuel Charr
 * RTD
 * 5 (10), 3:00
 * Oct 24, 2014
 * align=left|🇷🇺 Olympic Indoor Arena, Moscow, Central Federal District
 * align=left|
 * 53
 * Loss
 * 48–5
 * align=left|🇫🇷 Carlos Takam
 * TKO
 * 8 (12), 0:50
 * May 24, 2013
 * align=left|🇫🇷 Gymnase du Clos de l'Arche, Noisy-le-Grand, Île-de-France
 * align=left|Lost WBF heavyweight title
 * 52
 * Win
 * 48–4
 * align=left|🇿🇦 Francois Botha
 * KO
 * 12 (12), 2:23
 * Nov 19, 2011
 * align=left|🇿🇦 Monte Casino, Johannesburg, Gauteng
 * align=left|Won vacant WBF heavyweight title
 * 51
 * Win
 * 47–4
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tye Fields
 * KO
 * 3 (10), 1:06
 * Mar 11, 2011
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * align=left|
 * 50
 * Loss
 * 46–4
 * align=left|🇵🇱 Tomasz Adamek
 * UD
 * 12
 * Aug 21, 2010
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Prudential Center, Newark, New Jersey
 * align=left|For IBF International & NABO heavyweight titles
 * 49
 * Win
 * 46–3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Kevin Burnett
 * TKO
 * 1 (8), 1:48
 * May 7, 2010
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Oheka Castle, Huntington, New York
 * align=left|
 * 48
 * Win
 * 45–3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Paul Marinaccio
 * UD
 * 12
 * Nov 15, 2008
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel, Niagara Falls, New York
 * align=left|Won vacant NABA USA heavyweight title
 * 47
 * Win
 * 44–3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Demetrice King
 * UD
 * 8
 * Jul 11, 2008
 * align=left|🇺🇸 National Guard Armory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * align=left|
 * 46
 * Win
 * 43–3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Kevin Montiy
 * TKO
 * 7 (8), 1:59
 * Sep 5, 2007
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Cipriani Wall Street, New York, New York
 * align=left|
 * 45
 * Win
 * 42–3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Billy Zumbrun
 * TKO
 * 5 (8), 2:17
 * Jun 27, 2007
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Cipriani Wall Street, New York, New York
 * align=left|
 * 44
 * Win
 * 41–3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Marcus McGee
 * UD
 * 8
 * Jun 24, 2005
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Target Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * align=left|
 * 43
 * Win
 * 40–3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Wallace McDaniel
 * TKO
 * 8, (8) 2:18
 * Apr 8, 2005
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Miccosukee Indian Gaming Resort, Miami, Florida
 * align=left|
 * 42
 * Win
 * 39–3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Charles Hatcher
 * TKO
 * 8 (8), 2:04
 * Feb 21, 2004
 * align=left|🇺🇸 City Center Pavilion, Reno, Nevada
 * align=left|
 * 41
 * Loss
 * 38–3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Dominick Guinn
 * TKO
 * 7 (10), 1:21
 * Jun 7, 2003
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * 40
 * Win
 * 38–2
 * align=left|🇲🇽 Gilbert Martinez
 * TKO
 * 8 (10), 2:23
 * Apr 18, 2003
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Palace Indian Gaming Center, Lemoore, California
 * align=left|
 * 39
 * Win
 * 37–2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Carlton Johnson
 * TKO
 * 5 (10)
 * Jan 24, 2003
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Spectrum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * align=left|
 * 38
 * Win
 * 36–2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 James Walton
 * TKO
 * 4 (10)
 * Nov 7, 2002
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Hilton Hotel, Washington
 * align=left|
 * 37
 * Win
 * 35–2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Robert Davis
 * TKO
 * 3 (10), 2:10
 * Aug 3, 2002
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut
 * align=left|
 * 36
 * Win
 * 34–2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Anthony Willis
 * TKO
 * 2 (10), 2:55
 * Jun 1, 2002
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Stratosphere Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * align=left|
 * 35
 * Win
 * 33–2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Joe Lenhart
 * TKO
 * 5 (8), 2:58
 * Apr 13, 2002
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mountaineer Casino, Racetrack and Resort, Chester, West Virginia
 * align=left|
 * 34
 * Win
 * 32–2
 * align=left|🇧🇸 Reynaldo Minus
 * TKO
 * 4 (8), 2:02
 * Mar 9, 2002
 * align=left|🇺🇸 A. J. Palumbo Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * align=left|
 * 33
 * Loss
 * 31–2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jameel McCline
 * TKO
 * 1 (10), 0:43
 * Jul 21, 2001
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * align=left|
 * 32
 * Loss
 * 31–1
 * align=left|🇬🇧 Lennox Lewis
 * KO
 * 2 (12), 2:53
 * Apr 29, 2000
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York, New York
 * align=left|For WBC, IBF, and IBO heavyweight titles
 * 31
 * Win
 * 31–0
 * align=left|🇵🇱 Andrew Golota
 * TKO
 * 10 (12), 1:31
 * Nov 20, 1999
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Trump Taj Mahal, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|Retained NABF heavyweight title.
 * TKO
 * 1 (10), 0:43
 * Jul 21, 2001
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * align=left|
 * 32
 * Loss
 * 31–1
 * align=left|🇬🇧 Lennox Lewis
 * KO
 * 2 (12), 2:53
 * Apr 29, 2000
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York, New York
 * align=left|For WBC, IBF, and IBO heavyweight titles
 * 31
 * Win
 * 31–0
 * align=left|🇵🇱 Andrew Golota
 * TKO
 * 10 (12), 1:31
 * Nov 20, 1999
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Trump Taj Mahal, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|Retained NABF heavyweight title.
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Trump Taj Mahal, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|Retained NABF heavyweight title.
 * 30
 * Win
 * 30–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lou Savarese
 * UD
 * 10
 * Jun 19, 1999
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York, New York
 * align=left|
 * 29
 * Win
 * 29–0
 * align=left| Ahmed Abdin
 * RTD
 * 10 (12), 3:00
 * Jan 30, 1999
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|Won vacant NABF heavyweight title
 * 28
 * Win
 * 28–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Obed Sullivan
 * TKO
 * 9 (12), 2:16
 * May 30, 1998
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|Retained IBC heavyweight title
 * 27
 * Win
 * 27–0
 * align=left|🇳🇬 David Izon
 * TKO
 * 5 (12), 1:07
 * Jan 17, 1998
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|Retained IBC heavyweight title
 * 26
 * Win
 * 26–0
 * align=left|🇨🇺 Jorge Luis Gonzalez
 * TKO
 * 1 (12), 2:00
 * Nov 7, 1997
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * align=left|Retained IBC heavyweight title
 * 25
 * Win
 * 25–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Alfred Cole
 * RTD
 * 10 (12), 3:00
 * Jun 20, 1997
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bally's Park Place Hotel Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|Won vacant IBC heavyweight title
 * 24
 * Win
 * 24–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lionel Butler
 * DQ
 * 4 (10), 0:38
 * Apr 19, 1997
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Las Vegas Hilton, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * align=left|
 * 23
 * Win
 * 23–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jeff Wooden
 * SD
 * 10
 * Mar 14, 1997
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Pepsi Arena, Albany, New York
 * align=left|
 * 22
 * Win
 * 22–0
 * align=left|🇭🇹 Ray Anis
 * UD
 * 10
 * Dec 6, 1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Claridge Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * 21
 * Win
 * 21–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Louis Monaco
 * TKO
 * 3 (?)
 * Oct 6, 1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California
 * align=left|
 * 20
 * Win
 * 20–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ross Puritty
 * UD
 * 10
 * Jul 21, 1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Teamster's Hall, Baltimore, Maryland
 * align=left|
 * 19
 * Win
 * 19–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ed Donaldson
 * TKO
 * 3 (10), 2:15
 * Jun 11, 1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut
 * align=left|
 * 18
 * Win
 * 18–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Olian Alexander
 * TKO
 * 4 (4)
 * May 10, 1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York, New York
 * align=left|
 * 17
 * Win
 * 17–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Corey Sanders
 * TKO
 * 2 (8), 0:22
 * Mar 15, 1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * 16
 * Win
 * 16–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Rick Sullivan
 * TKO
 * 1 (6)
 * Jan 30, 1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Medieval Times, Lyndhurst, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * 15
 * Win
 * 15–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bradley Rone
 * UD
 * 6
 * Mar 12, 1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York, New York
 * align=left|
 * 14
 * Win
 * 14–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mike Dixon
 * TKO
 * 6 (?), 1:02
 * Dec 7, 1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * align=left|
 * 13
 * Win
 * 13–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tim Noble
 * TKO
 * 2 (6)
 * Nov 10, 1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bally's Park Place Hotel Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * 12
 * Win
 * 12–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Stanley Wright
 * TKO
 * 2 (10)
 * Sep 22, 1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lewiston, Maine
 * align=left|
 * 11
 * Win
 * 11–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lou Turchiarelli
 * TKO
 * 1 (8), 2:30
 * May 20, 1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * 10
 * Win
 * 10–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tyrone Dixon
 * TKO
 * 1 (?)
 * Dec 6, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Memphis, Tennessee
 * align=left|
 * 9
 * Win
 * 9–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Danny Wofford
 * PTS
 * 8
 * Dec 3, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Grundy, Virginia
 * align=left|
 * 8
 * Win
 * 8–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Steve Edwards
 * DQ
 * 5 (6), 0:33
 * Nov 5, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Aladdin Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * align=left|
 * 7
 * Win
 * 7–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 John Basil Jackson
 * UD
 * 4
 * Nov 1, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Omni New Daisy Theater, Memphis, Tennessee
 * align=left|
 * 6
 * Win
 * 6–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Carlton Brown
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * Oct 22, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Grundy, Virginia
 * align=left|
 * 5
 * Win
 * 5–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ed Strickland
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * Oct 4, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Memphis, Tennessee
 * align=left|
 * 4
 * Win
 * 4–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Elvin Evans
 * TKO
 * 6 (?)
 * Sep 23, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Grand Casino, Tunica, Mississippi
 * align=left|
 * 3
 * Win
 * 3–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Frankie Hines
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * Sep 6, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Memphis, Tennessee
 * align=left|
 * 2
 * Win
 * 2–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jerome Jones
 * TKO
 * 2 (?)
 * Aug 7, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Grand Casino, Tunica, Mississippi
 * align=left|
 * 1
 * Win
 * 1–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ernest English
 * TKO
 * 1 (4)
 * Jul 21, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey
 * -align=center
 * 3
 * Win
 * 3–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Frankie Hines
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * Sep 6, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Memphis, Tennessee
 * align=left|
 * 2
 * Win
 * 2–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jerome Jones
 * TKO
 * 2 (?)
 * Aug 7, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Grand Casino, Tunica, Mississippi
 * align=left|
 * 1
 * Win
 * 1–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ernest English
 * TKO
 * 1 (4)
 * Jul 21, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey
 * -align=center
 * Jul 21, 1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey
 * -align=center
 * -align=center

title: Michael Grant (boxer)


text:
User talk:Mjhdime

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Francs2000 | Talk 03:00, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mjhdime


text:
Kuznets curve

The Kuznets curve expresses a hypothesis advanced by economist Simon Kuznets in the 1950s and 1960s. According to this hypothesis, as an economy develops, market forces first increase and then decrease economic inequality. The Kuznets curve appeared to be consistent with experience at the time it was proposed. However, since the 1970s, inequality has risen in the US and other developed countries, which invalidates the hypothesis.

Kuznets ratio and Kuznets curve
The Kuznets ratio is a measurement of the ratio of income going to the highest-earning households (usually defined by the upper 20%) to income going to the lowest-earning households, which is commonly measured by either the lowest 20% or lowest 40% of income. Comparing 20% to 20%, a completely even distribution is expressed as 1; 20% to 40% changes this value to 0.5.

Kuznets curve diagrams show an inverted U curve, although variables along the axes are often mixed and matched, with inequality or the Gini coefficient on the Y axis and economic development, time or per-capita incomes on the X axis.

Explanations
One explanation of such a progression suggests that early in development, investment opportunities for those who have money multiply, while an influx of cheap rural labor to the cities holds down wages. Whereas in mature economies, human capital accrual (an estimate of income that has been achieved but not yet consumed) takes the place of physical capital accrual as the main source of growth; and inequality slows growth by lowering education levels because poorer, disadvantaged people lack finance for their education in imperfect credit-markets.

The Kuznets curve implies that as a nation undergoes industrialization – and especially the mechanization of agriculture – the center of the nation's economy will shift to the cities. As internal migration by farmers looking for better-paying jobs in urban hubs causes a significant rural-urban inequality gap (the owners of firms would be profiting, while laborers from those industries would see their incomes rise at a much slower rate and agricultural workers would possibly see their incomes decrease), rural populations decrease as urban populations increase. Inequality is then expected to decrease when a certain level of average income is reached and the processes of industrialization – democratization and the rise of the welfare state – allow for the benefits from rapid growth, and increase the per-capita income. Kuznets believed that inequality would follow an inverted "U" shape as it rises and then falls again with the increase of income per-capita. Kuznets had two similar explanations for this historical phenomenon: In both explanations, inequality will decrease after 50% of the shift force switches over to the higher paying sector.
 * 1) workers migrated from agriculture to industry; and
 * 2) rural workers moved to urban jobs.

An explanation of the Kuznets curve is the prevention of social unrest and revolutions by the political elites in favor of democratization with economic and political redistribution.

Evidence
Inequality has risen in most developed countries since the 1960s, so that graphs of inequality over time no longer display a Kuznets curve. Piketty has argued that the decline in inequality over the first half of the 20th century was a once-off effect due to the destruction of large concentrations of wealth by war and economic depression.

The Kuznets curve and development economics
Critics of the Kuznets curve theory argue that its U-shape comes not from progression in the development of individual countries, but rather from historical differences between countries. For instance, many of the middle income countries used in Kuznets' data set were in Latin America, a region with historically high levels of inequality. When controlling for this variable, the U-shape of the curve tends to disappear (e.g. Deininger and Squire, 1998). Regarding the empirical evidence, based on large panels of countries or time series approaches, Fields (2001) considers the Kuznets hypothesis refuted.

The East Asian miracle (EAM) has been used to criticize the validity of the Kuznets curve theory. The rapid economic growth of eight East Asian countries—Japan; the Four Asian Tigers South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong; Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia—between 1965 and 1990, was called the East Asian miracle. The EAM defies the Kuznets curve, which insists growth produces inequality, and that inequality is a necessity for overall growth. Manufacturing and export grew quickly and powerfully. Yet, contrary to Kuznets' historical examples, the EAM saw continual increases in life expectancy and decreasing rates of severe poverty. Scholars have sought to understand how the EAM saw the benefits of rapid economic growth distributed broadly among the population. Joseph Stiglitz explains this by the immediate re-investment of initial benefits into land reform (increasing rural productivity, income, and savings), universal education (providing greater equality and what Stiglitz calls an "intellectual infrastructure" for productivity ), and industrial policies that distributed income more equally through high and increasing wages and limited the price increases of commodities. These factors increased the average citizen's ability to consume and invest within the economy, further contributing to economic growth. Stiglitz highlights that the high rates of growth provided the resources to promote equality, which acted as a positive-feedback loop to support the high rates of growth.

Cambridge University Lecturer Gabriel Palma recently found no evidence for a 'Kuznets curve' in inequality:

"'[T]he statistical evidence for the 'upwards' side of the 'Inverted-U' between inequality and income per capita seems to have vanished, as many low and low-middle income countries now have a distribution of income similar to that of most middle-income countries (other than those of Latin America and Southern Africa). That is, half of Sub-Saharan Africa and many countries in Asian, including India, China and Vietnam, now have an income distribution similar to that found in North Africa, the Caribbean and the second-tier NICs. And this level is also similar to that of half of the first-tier NICs, the Mediterranean EU and the Anglophone OECD (excluding the US). As a result, about 80% of the world population now live in countries with a Gini around 40.'"

Palma goes on to note that, among middle-income countries, only those in Latin America and Southern Africa live in an inequality league of their own. Instead of a Kuznets curve, he breaks the population into deciles and examines the relationship between their respective incomes and income inequality. Palma then shows that there are two distributional trends taking place in inequality within a country:

"'One is 'centrifugal', and takes place at the two tails of the distribution—leading to an increased diversity across countries in the shares appropriated by the top 10 percent and bottom forty percent. The other is 'centripetal', and takes place in the middle—leading to a remarkable uniformity across countries in the share of income going to the half of the population located between deciles 5 to 9.'"

Therefore, it is the share of the richest 10% of the population that affects the share of the poorest 40% of the population with the middle to upper-middle staying the same across all countries.

In Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Thomas Piketty denies the effectiveness of the Kuznets curve. He points out that in some rich countries, the level of income inequality in 21st century has exceeded that in the second decades of 20th century, proposing the explanation that when the rate of return on capital is greater than the rate of economic growth over the long term, the result is the concentration of wealth.

Kuznets's own caveats
In a biography about Simon Kuznets's scientific methods, economist Robert Fogel noted Kuznets's own reservations about the "fragility of the data" which underpinned the hypothesis. Fogel notes that most of Kuznets's paper was devoted to explicating the conflicting factors at play. Fogel emphasized Kuznets's opinion that "even if the data turned out to be valid, they pertained to an extremely limited period of time and to exceptional historical experiences." Fogel noted that despite these "repeated warnings", Kuznets's caveats were overlooked, and the Kuznets curve was "raised to the level of law" by other economists.

Inequality and trade liberalization
Dobson and Ramlogan's research looked to identify the relationship between inequality and trade liberalization. There have been mixed findings with this idea – some developing countries have experienced greater inequality, less inequality, or no difference at all, due to trade liberalization. Because of this, Dobson and Ramlogan suggest that perhaps trade openness can be related to inequality through a Kuznets curve framework. A trade liberalization-versus-inequality graph measures trade openness along the x-axis and inequality along the y-axis. Dobson and Ramlogan determine trade openness by the ratio of exports and imports (the total trade) and the average tariff rate; inequality is determined by gross primary school enrolment rates, the share of agriculture in total output, the rate of inflation, and cumulative privatization. By studying data from several Latin American countries that have implemented trade liberalization policies in the past 30 years, the Kuznets curve seems to apply to the relationship between trade liberalization and inequality (measured by the GINI coefficient). However, many of these nations saw a shift from low-skill labour production to natural resource intensive activities. This shift would not benefit low-skill workers as much. So although their evidence seems to support the Kuznets theory in relation to trade liberalization, Dobson and Ramlogan assert that policies for redistribution must be simultaneously implemented in order to mitigate the initial increase in inequality.

Environmental Kuznets curve
The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is a hypothesized relationship between environmental quality and economic development: various indicators of environmental degradation tend to get worse as modern economic growth occurs until average income reaches a certain point over the course of development. The EKC suggests, in sum, that "the solution to pollution is economic growth."

Although subject to continuing debate, there is considerable evidence to support the application of environmental Kuznets curve for various environmental health indicators, such as water, air pollution and ecological footprint which show the inverted U-shaped curve as per capita income and/or GDP rise. It has been argued that this trend occurs in the level of many of the environmental pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, lead, DDT, chlorofluorocarbons, sewage, and other chemicals previously released directly into the air or water. For example, between 1970 and 2006, the United States' inflation-adjusted GDP grew by 195%, the number of cars and trucks in the country more than doubled, and the total number of miles driven increased by 178%. However, during that same period certain regulatory changes and technological innovations led to decreases in annual emissions of carbon monoxide from 197 million tons to 89 million, nitrogen oxides emissions from 27 million tons to 19 million, sulfur dioxide emissions from 31 million tons to 15 million, particulate emissions by 80%, and lead emissions by more than 98%.

Deforestation may follow a Kuznets curve (cf. forest transition curve). Among countries with a per capita GDP of at least $4,600, net deforestation has ceased. Yet it has been argued that wealthier countries are able to maintain forests along with high consumption by 'exporting' deforestation, leading to continuing deforestation on a worldwide scale.

Criticisms
However, the EKC model is debatable when applied to other pollutants, some natural resource use, and biodiversity conservation. For example, energy, land and resource use (sometimes called the "ecological footprint") may not fall with rising income. While the ratio of energy per real GDP has fallen, total energy use is still rising in most developed countries as are total emission of many greenhouse gases. Additionally, the status of many key "ecosystem services" provided by ecosystems, such as freshwater provision (Perman, et al., 2003), soil fertility, and fisheries, have continued to decline in developed countries. Proponents of the EKC argue that this varied relationship does not necessarily invalidate the hypothesis, but instead that the applicability of the Kuznets curves to various environmental indicators may differ when considering different ecosystems, economics, regulatory schemes, and technologies.

At least one critic argues that the US is still struggling to attain the income level necessary to prioritize certain environmental pollutants such as carbon emissions, which have yet to follow the EKC. Yandle et al. argue that the EKC has not been found to apply to carbon because most pollutants create localized problems like lead and sulfur, so there are a greater urgency and response to cleaning up such pollutants. As a country develops, the marginal value of cleaning up such pollutants makes a large direct improvement to the quality of citizens' lives. Conversely, reducing carbon dioxide emissions does not have a dramatic impact at a local level, so the impetus to clean them up is only for the altruistic reason of improving the global environment. This becomes a tragedy of the commons where it is most efficient for everyone to pollute and for no one to clean up, and everyone is worse as a result (Hardin, 1968). Thus, even in a country like the US with a high level of income, carbon emissions are not decreasing in accordance with the EKC. However, there seems to be little consensus about whether EKC is formed with regard to CO2 emissions, as CO2 is a global pollutant that has yet to prove its validity within Kuznet's Curve. That said, Yandle et al. also concluded that "policies that stimulate growth (trade liberalization, economic restructuring, and price reform) should be good for the environment".

Other critics point out that researchers also disagree about the shape of the curve when longer-term time scales are evaluated. For example, Millimet and Stengos regard the traditional "inverse U" shape as actually being an "N" shape, indicating that pollution increases as a country develops, decreases once the threshold GDP is reached, and then begins increasing as national income continues to increase. While such findings are still being debated, it could prove to be important because it poses the concerning question of whether pollution actually begins to decline for good when an economic threshold is reached or whether the decrease is only in local pollutants and pollution is simply exported to poorer developing countries. Levinson concludes that the environmental Kuznets curve is insufficient to support a pollution policy regardless whether it is laissez-faire or interventionist, although the literature has been used this way by the press.

Arrow et al. argue pollution-income progression of agrarian communities (clean) to industrial economies (pollution intensive) to service economies (cleaner) would appear to be false if pollution increases again at the end due to higher levels of income and consumption of the population at large. A difficulty with this model is that it lacks predictive power because it is highly uncertain how the next phase of economic development will be characterized.

Suri and Chapman argue that the EKC is not applicable on the global scale, as a net pollution reduction may not actually be occurring globally. Wealthy nations have a trend of exporting the activities that create the most pollution, like manufacturing of clothing and furniture, to poorer nations that are still in the process of industrial development (Suri and Chapman, 1998). This could mean that as the world's poor nations develop, they will have nowhere to export their pollution. Thus, this progression of environmental clean-up occurring in conjunction with economic growth cannot be replicated indefinitely because there may be nowhere to export waste and pollution-intensive processes. However, Gene Grossman and Alan B. Krueger, the authors who initially made the correlation between economic growth, environmental clean-up, and the Kuznets curve, conclude that there is "no evidence that environmental quality deteriorates steadily with economic growth."

Stern warns "it is very easy to do bad econometrics", and says "the history of the EKC exemplifies what can go wrong". He finds that "little or no attention has been paid to the statistical properties of the data used such as serial dependence or stochastic trends in time series and few tests of model adequacy have been carried out or presented. However, one of the main purposes of doing econometrics is to test which apparent relationships ... are valid and which are spurious correlations". He states his unequivocal finding: "When we do take such statistics into account and use appropriate techniques we find that the EKC does not exist (Perman and Stern 2003). Instead, we get a more realistic view of the effect of economic growth and technological changes on environmental quality. It seems that most indicators of environmental degradation are monotonically rising in income though the 'income elasticity' is less than one and is not a simple function of income alone. Time-related effects reduce environmental impacts in countries at all levels of income. However, in rapidly growing middle income countries the scale effect, which increases pollution and other degradation, overwhelms the time effect. For example, Armenia, after gaining its independence from the Soviet Union, has become the country with the least income elasticity in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In wealthy countries, growth is slower, and pollution reduction efforts can overcome the scale effect. This is the origin of the apparent EKC effect".

Kuznets curves for steel and other metals
Steel production has been shown to follow a Kuznets-type curve in the national development cycles of a range of economies, including the United States, Japan, Republic of Korea and China. This discovery, and the first usage of the term "Kuznets Curve for Steel" and "Metal intensity Kuznets Curve" were by Huw McKay in a 2008 working paper (McKay 2008). This was subsequently developed in McKay (2012). A body of work on "Material Kuznets Curves" focused on non-ferrous metals has also emerged as academic and policy interest in resource intensity increased during the first two decades of the 21st century.

title: Kuznets curve


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title: User talk:69.166.166.57


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Garret Anderson

Garret Joseph Anderson (born June 30, 1972) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily for the California / Anaheim Angels / Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He holds Angels franchise records for career games played (2,013), at bats (7,989), hits (2,368), runs scored (1,024), runs batted in (RBI) (1,292), total bases (3,743), extra base hits (796), singles (1,572), doubles (489), grand slams (8), RBI in a single game (10) and consecutive games with an RBI (12), as well as home runs by a left-handed hitter (272). A three-time All-Star, he helped lead the Angels to the 2002 World Series title, and was named Most Valuable Player of the 2003 All-Star Game.

High school career
Garret Anderson attended Kennedy High School in Granada Hills, California. He was a three-sport star in baseball, football, and basketball. In baseball, he won two All-Los Angeles City honors and two All-League Honors, and as a junior, helped his team win the Los Angeles City Championship. In basketball, as a senior he won All-Los Angeles City honors and All-League honors.

Anaheim Angels
Anderson was selected by the California Angels in the fourth round of the 1990 MLB Draft and made his major league debut on July 27, 1994. He had two hits in four at bats in that game, recording his first career hit on a single to right field off Oakland Athletics pitcher Ron Darling in the bottom of the third inning. He appeared in only five games with the Angels in 1994, getting five hits in 13 at bats.

In 1995, he was called up to the team on April 26 and spent the rest of the year in the majors. He hit his first career home run on June 13 against Kevin Tapani of the Minnesota Twins. He batted .321 in 106 games with 16 home runs and 69 RBIs, and finished second in the Rookie of the Year voting to Marty Cordova of the Twins. From that point forward, Anderson became a mainstay in the Angels lineup.

Over the next eight seasons, he accumulated at least 600 at bats every year, breaking 90 RBIs and 20 home runs five times while compiling a batting average near .300.

While Anderson hit a career-high 35 home runs in 2000, he drew few walks. He became only the second player to conclude a 30-homer season with more homers than walks (35 HR, 24 BB), joining Iván Rodríguez (35–24 in 1999); the dubious feat has since been duplicated by Alfonso Soriano (39–23 in 2002), Javy López (43–33 in 2003), José Guillén (31–24 in 2003), Joe Crede (30–28 in 2006) and Ryan Braun (34–29 in 2007).

In 2002, when the Angels won their first World Series championship, Anderson finished fourth in the Most Valuable Player voting after compiling a .306 average with 29 home runs and 123 runs batted in, including a 3-run double in the third inning of Game 7 which would turn out to be the series-winning hit. Anderson also scored a career-high 93 runs; however, the fact that he never scored 100 in a season was a result of his main weakness as a player – an inability to draw walks and achieve a high on-base percentage. Anderson had a similarly strong performance in 2003, and was named an American League All-Star. That All-Star weekend, he stole the show by becoming the Home Run Derby Champion and voted the Most Valuable Player in the All-Star Game, the first player to win both since Cal Ripken Jr. in 1991. In 2002 and 2003, Anderson tied for the American League lead in doubles with Nomar Garciaparra and Vernon Wells, respectively.

On April 13, 2004, Anderson agreed to a $48 million, four-year contract extension through 2008. The deal included a team option for 2009 with a $3 million buyout.

Anderson began experiencing chronic ailments in 2004 that limited his playing time and production, including an arthritic condition and plantar fasciitis in his feet. In 2005, he began to see more regular time as a designated hitter to ease the wear and tear on his body. Anderson's production in 2006 was roughly on par with his 2005 production, with both seasons seeing him hit 17 home runs and drive in at least 85 runs.

On August 21, 2007, he drove in a team-record 10 runs, including a grand slam and a three-run homer, in the Los Angeles Angels' 18–9 win over the New York Yankees. Anderson became the 13th player in Major League history to have 10 RBIs in a game. Anderson now holds the team record for grand slams with eight and RBIs in a game with ten. This performance has been part of a general resurgence in the second half of the 2007 season, a relief to Angels fans who may have wondered if Anderson's career was near its end after a mediocre, injury-plagued first half. Instead, Anderson has led the majors in RBIs in the latter part of 2007. On September 7, Anderson drove in a run on an RBI single, to set a franchise record for most consecutive games with an RBI with 11. The streak lasted for 12 games, during which time he drove in 22 runs.

On October 28, 2008, the Angels announced they would decline their $14 million option on Anderson's contract and exercised a $3 million buyout.

Atlanta Braves
On February 24, 2009, Anderson agreed to a one-year deal with the Atlanta Braves for $2.5 million. On April 5, 2009, in the Braves' first game of the season, Anderson collected the 2,369th hit of his career, and the first he had with any franchise besides the Angels.

On July 2, 2009, Anderson hit the first career pinch-hit home run of his career.

On October 1, 2009, Anderson became the 89th player to reach 2,500 base hits, getting a single off Washington Nationals pitcher Garrett Mock.

Los Angeles Dodgers
On March 3, 2010, Anderson agreed to a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He made the 25-man opening day roster as a reserve outfielder. In his first at bat with the Dodgers, he hit a pinch-hit single off Brendan Donnelly, his former Angels teammate. His first home run with the Dodgers came on April 22, when he hit a pinch-hit 2-run homer against the Cincinnati Reds.

Anderson was designated for assignment August 8, 2010 after hitting only .181 in 155 at bats, and was granted his release on August 10.

Retirement
On March 1, 2011, Anderson announced his retirement in a statement issued by the Angels.

As of 2012, Anderson was an Angels pregame and postgame reporter during home games and some road games on Fox Sports West, along with former teammate Tim Salmon.

He appeared on the ballot for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 2016 election and earned one vote.

In 2016, Anderson was inducted into the Angels' Hall of Fame.

Career statistics
In the postseason, in 5 American League Division Series, 2 American League Championship Series and 1 World Series covering 36 games from 2002 to 2008, Anderson batted .245 (36-for-147) with 17 runs, 5 doubles, 1 triple, 5 home runs and 22 RBI.

Awards

 * Three-time All-Star (2002–2003, 2005)
 * All-Star Game MVP (2003)
 * The Sporting News Rookie of the Year (1995)
 * Two-time Silver Slugger Award winner (2002–03)
 * Top 10 in voting for MVP (2002, 4th)

Championships and accomplishments

 * From 1997 to 2003, was second only to Derek Jeter in hits among all Major League players
 * On the 2002 World Series championship team
 * Won the Home Run Derby and All Star Game MVP known as the Ted Williams Award in 2003
 * Led the American League in doubles in 2002 and 2003
 * Holds the club record for RBIs (broke the old mark held by Tim Salmon in 2005)
 * Holds the club-record for most RBI in a single game, 10 (August 21, 2007)
 * Holds the club-record for most consecutive games with an RBI, 12 (September 7, 2007)
 * Collected his 2,000th career hit on July 1, 2006.

title: Garret Anderson


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Comma (music)

In music theory, a comma is a very small interval, the difference resulting from tuning one note two different ways. Strictly speaking, there are only two kinds of comma, the syntonic comma, "the difference between a just major 3rd and four just perfect 5ths less two octaves", and the Pythagorean comma, "the difference between twelve 5ths and seven octaves". The word comma used without qualification refers to the syntonic comma, which can be defined, for instance, as the difference between an F♯ tuned using the D-based Pythagorean tuning system, and another F♯ tuned using the D-based quarter-comma meantone tuning system. Intervals separated by the ratio 81:80 are considered the same note because the 12-note Western chromatic scale does not distinguish Pythagorean intervals from 5-limit intervals in its notation. Other intervals are considered commas because of the enharmonic equivalences of a tuning system. For example, in 53TET, B♭ and A♯ are both approximated by the same interval although they are a septimal kleisma apart.

Etymology
Translated in this context, "comma" means "a hair" as in "off by just a hair". The word "comma" came via Latin from Greek $κόμμα$, from earlier *$κοπ-μα$: "the result or effect of cutting". A more complete etymology is given in the article $κόμμα$ (Ancient Greek) in the Wiktionary.

Description
Within the same tuning system, two enharmonically equivalent notes (such as G♯ and A♭) may have a slightly different frequency, and the interval between them is a comma. For example, in extended scales produced with five-limit tuning an A♭ tuned as a major third below C5 and a G♯ tuned as two major thirds above C4 are not exactly the same note, as they would be in equal temperament. The interval between those notes, the diesis, is an easily audible comma (its size is more than 40% of a semitone).

Commas are often defined as the difference in size between two semitones. Each meantone temperament tuning system produces a 12-tone scale characterized by two different kinds of semitones (diatonic and chromatic), and hence by a comma of unique size. The same is true for Pythagorean tuning.

In just intonation, more than two kinds of semitones may be produced. Thus, a single tuning system may be characterized by several different commas. For instance, a commonly used version of five-limit tuning produces a 12-tone scale with four kinds of semitones and four commas.

The size of commas is commonly expressed and compared in terms of cents – $1/1200$ fractions of an octave on a logarithmic scale.

Commas in different contexts

In the column below labeled "Difference between semitones", min2 is the minor second (diatonic semitone), $aug$1 is the augmented unison (chromatic semitone), and S$1$, S$2$, S$3$, S$4$ are semitones as defined here. In the columns labeled "Interval 1" and "Interval 2", all intervals are presumed to be tuned in just intonation. Notice that the Pythagorean comma ($κ$$𝜋$) and the syntonic comma ($κ$$S$) are basic intervals that can be used as yardsticks to define some of the other commas. For instance, the difference between them is a small comma called schisma. A schisma is not audible in many contexts, as its size is narrower than the smallest audible difference between tones (which is around six cents, also known as just-noticeable difference, or JND).

 * {| class="wikitable"

!rowspan=3|Name of comma !rowspan=3|Alternative name !colspan=4|Definitions !colspan=2|Size !rowspan=2|Difference between semitones !rowspan=2|Difference between commas !colspan=2|Difference between !rowspan=2|Cents !rowspan=2|Ratio ! Interval 1 !! Interval 2
 * schisma || skhisma ||align="center"| $aug$1 − min2 in $1⁄12$ comma meantone || align="center"| 1 $κ$$𝜋$ − 1 $κ$$S$ || 8 perfect fifths + 1 major third || 5 octaves || align="right"| 1.95 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 32805\ }{ 32768 }$$
 * septimal kleisma || || || || 3 major thirds || 1 octave − 1 septimal comma || align="right"| 7.71 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 225\ }{ 224 }$$
 * kleisma || || || || 6 minor thirds || 1 octave + 1 perfect fifth  ("tritave") || align="right"| 8.11 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 15625\ }{ 15552 }$$
 * small undecimal comma || || || || 1 neutral second || 1 minor tone ||align="right"| 17.40 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 100\ }{ 99 }$$
 * diaschisma || diaskhisma || align="center"| min2 − $xxvi$1 in $aug$ comma meantone, S3 − S2 in 5-limit tuning || align="center"| 2 $1⁄6$$κ$ − 1 $S$$κ$ || 3 octaves || 4 perfect fifths + 2 major thirds || align="right"| 19.55 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 2048\ }{ 2025 }$$
 * rowspan=2| syntonic comma ($𝜋$$κ$) || rowspan=2| Didymus' comma || align="center" rowspan=2|S2 − S1 in 5 limit tuning ||rowspan=2| || 4 perfect fifths || 2 octaves + 1 major third ||rowspan=2 align="right"| 21.51 ||rowspan=2 align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 81\ }{ 80 }$$
 * major tone || minor tone
 * 53 comma ($S$$κ$) || 1 step (in 53 ) ||align="center"| $53$ major tone (in 53 ) ||align="center"| $1⁄9$ minor tone (in 53 ) || major tone (in 53 ) || minor tone (in 53 ) ||align="right"| 22.64 ||align="center"| $$\bigl( 2 \bigr)^\tfrac{\ 1\ }{ 53 }$$
 * Pythagorean comma ($1⁄8$$κ$) || ditonic comma || align="center"| $𝜋$1 − min2 (in Pythagorean tuning) || || 12 perfect fifths || 7 octaves || align="right"| 23.46 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 531441\ }{ 524288 }$$
 * septimal comma || Archytas' comma ($aug$$κ$) || || || minor seventh || septimal minor seventh ||align="right"| 27.26 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 64\ }{ 63 }$$
 * diesis || lesser diesis diminished second || align="center"| min2 − $A$1 in $aug$ comma meantone, S3 − S1 in 5 limit tuning || align="center"| 3 $1⁄4$$κ$ − 1 $S$$κ$ || octave || 3 major thirds ||align="right"| 41.06 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 128\ }{ 125 }$$
 * undecimal comma || Undecimal quarter-tone || || || undecimal tritone || perfect fourth || align="right"| 53.27 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 33\ }{ 32 }$$
 * greater diesis || || align="center"| min2 − $𝜋$1 in $aug$ comma meantone, S4 − S1 in 5 limit tuning || align="center"| 4 $1⁄3$$κ$ − 1 $S$$κ$ || 4 minor thirds || octave || align="right"| 62.57 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 648\ }{ 625 }$$
 * tridecimal comma || tridecimal third-tone || || || tridecimal tritone || perfect fourth ||align="right"| 65.34 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 27\ }{ 26 }$$
 * }
 * 53 comma ($𝜋$$1⁄12$) || 1 step (in 53 ) ||align="center"| $99⁄98$ major tone (in 53 ) ||align="center"| $128⁄125$ minor tone (in 53 ) || major tone (in 53 ) || minor tone (in 53 ) ||align="right"| 22.64 ||align="center"| $$\bigl( 2 \bigr)^\tfrac{\ 1\ }{ 53 }$$
 * Pythagorean comma ($648⁄625$$q$) || ditonic comma || align="center"| $q$1 − min2 (in Pythagorean tuning) || || 12 perfect fifths || 7 octaves || align="right"| 23.46 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 531441\ }{ 524288 }$$
 * septimal comma || Archytas' comma ($n$$n$) || || || minor seventh || septimal minor seventh ||align="right"| 27.26 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 64\ }{ 63 }$$
 * diesis || lesser diesis diminished second || align="center"| min2 − ⇭⇭⇭1 in ⇭⇭⇭ comma meantone, S3 − S1 in 5 limit tuning || align="center"| 3 ⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭ − 1 ⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭ || octave || 3 major thirds ||align="right"| 41.06 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 128\ }{ 125 }$$
 * undecimal comma || Undecimal quarter-tone || || || undecimal tritone || perfect fourth || align="right"| 53.27 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 33\ }{ 32 }$$
 * greater diesis || || align="center"| min2 − ⇭⇭⇭1 in ⇭⇭⇭ comma meantone, S4 − S1 in 5 limit tuning || align="center"| 4 ⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭ − 1 ⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭ || 4 minor thirds || octave || align="right"| 62.57 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 648\ }{ 625 }$$
 * tridecimal comma || tridecimal third-tone || || || tridecimal tritone || perfect fourth ||align="right"| 65.34 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 27\ }{ 26 }$$
 * }
 * undecimal comma || Undecimal quarter-tone || || || undecimal tritone || perfect fourth || align="right"| 53.27 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 33\ }{ 32 }$$
 * greater diesis || || align="center"| min2 − ⇭⇭⇭1 in ⇭⇭⇭ comma meantone, S4 − S1 in 5 limit tuning || align="center"| 4 ⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭ − 1 ⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭⇭ || 4 minor thirds || octave || align="right"| 62.57 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 648\ }{ 625 }$$
 * tridecimal comma || tridecimal third-tone || || || tridecimal tritone || perfect fourth ||align="right"| 65.34 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 27\ }{ 26 }$$
 * }
 * tridecimal comma || tridecimal third-tone || || || tridecimal tritone || perfect fourth ||align="right"| 65.34 ||align="center"| $$\tfrac{\ 27\ }{ 26 }$$
 * }

Many other commas have been enumerated and named by microtonalists.

The syntonic comma has a crucial role in the history of music. It is the amount by which some of the notes produced in Pythagorean tuning were flattened or sharpened to produce just minor and major thirds. In Pythagorean tuning, the only highly consonant intervals were the perfect fifth and its inversion, the perfect fourth. The Pythagorean major third (81:64) and minor third (32:27) were dissonant, and this prevented musicians from freely using triads and chords, forcing them to write music with relatively simple texture. Musicians in late Middle Ages recognized that by slightly tempering the pitch of some notes, the Pythagorean thirds could be made consonant. For instance, if you decrease the frequency of E by a syntonic comma (81:80), C–E (a major third) and E–G (a minor third) become just: C–E is flattened by a just ratio of

 * $$ \frac{\ 81\ }{ 64 } \cdot \frac{\ 80\ }{ 81 } = \frac{\ 1 \cdot 5\ }{ 4 \cdot 1 } = \frac{\ 5\ }{ 4 }$$

and at the same time E–G is sharpened to the just ratio of

 * $$ \frac{ 32 }{\ 27\ } \cdot \frac{ 81 }{\ 80\ } = \frac{ 2 \cdot 3 }{\ 1 \cdot 5\ } = \frac{ 6 }{\ 5\ }$$

This led to the creation of a new tuning system, known as quarter-comma meantone, which permitted the full development of music with complex texture, such as polyphonic music, or melodies with instrumental accompaniment. Since then, other tuning systems were developed, and the syntonic comma was used as a reference value to temper the perfect fifths throughout the family of syntonic temperaments, including meantone temperaments.

Alternative definitions
In quarter-comma meantone, and any kind of meantone temperament tuning system that tempers the fifth to a size smaller than 700 cents, the comma is a diminished second, which can be equivalently defined as the difference between:
 * minor second and augmented unison (also known as diatonic and chromatic semitones), or
 * major second and diminished third, or
 * minor third and augmented second, or
 * major third and diminished fourth, or
 * perfect fourth and augmented third, or
 * augmented fourth and diminished fifth, or
 * perfect fifth and diminished sixth, or
 * minor sixth and augmented fifth, or
 * major sixth and diminished seventh, or
 * minor seventh and augmented sixth, or
 * major seventh and diminished octave.

In Pythagorean tuning, and any kind of meantone temperament tuning system that tempers the fifth to a size larger than 700 cents (such as ⇭⇭⇭ comma meantone), the comma is the opposite of a diminished second, and therefore the opposite of the above-listed differences. More exactly, in these tuning systems the diminished second is a descending interval, while the comma is its ascending opposite. For instance, the Pythagorean comma (531441:524288, or about 23.5 cents) can be computed as the difference between a chromatic and a diatonic semitone, which is the opposite of a Pythagorean diminished second (524288:531441, or about −23.5 cents).

In each of the above-mentioned tuning systems, the above-listed differences have all the same size. For instance, in Pythagorean tuning they are all equal to the opposite of a Pythagorean comma, and in quarter comma meantone they are all equal to a diesis.

Notation
In the years 2000–2004, Marc Sabat and Wolfgang von Schweinitz worked together in Berlin to develop a method to exactly indicate pitches in staff notation. This method was called the extended Helmholtz-Ellis JI pitch notation. Sabat and Schweinitz take the "conventional" flats, naturals and sharps as a Pythagorean series of perfect fifths. Thus, a series of perfect fifths beginning with F proceeds C G D A E B F♯ and so on. The advantage for musicians is that conventional reading of the basic fourths and fifths remains familiar. Such an approach has also been advocated by Daniel James Wolf and by Joe Monzo, who refers to it by the acronym HEWM (Helmholtz-Ellis-Wolf-Monzo). In the Sabat-Schweinitz design, syntonic commas are marked by arrows attached to the flat, natural or sharp sign, septimal commas using Giuseppe Tartini's symbol, and undecimal quartertones using the common practice quartertone signs (a single cross and backwards flat). For higher primes, additional signs have been designed. To facilitate quick estimation of pitches, cents indications may be added (downward deviations below and upward deviations above the respective accidental). The convention used is that the cents written refer to the tempered pitch implied by the flat, natural, or sharp sign and the note name. One of the great advantages of any such a notation is that it allows the natural harmonic series to be precisely notated. A complete legend and fonts for the notation (see samples) are open source and available from Plainsound Music Edition. Thus a Pythagorean scale is C D E F G A B C, while a just scale is C D EHE syntonic comma - natural down.png F G A HE syntonic comma - natural down.png BHE syntonic comma - natural down.png C.

Composer Ben Johnston uses a "−" as an accidental to indicate a note is lowered a syntonic comma, or a "+" to indicate a note is raised a syntonic comma; however, Johnston's "basic scale" (the plain nominals A B C D E F G) is tuned to just-intonation and thus already includes the syntonic comma. Thus a Pythagorean scale is C D E+ F G A+ B+ C, while a just scale is C D E F G A B.

Tempering of commas
Commas are frequently used in the description of musical temperaments, where they describe distinctions between musical intervals that are eliminated by that tuning system. A comma can be viewed as the distance between two musical intervals. When a given comma is tempered out in a tuning system, the ability to distinguish between those two intervals in that tuning is eliminated. For example, the difference between the diatonic semitone and chromatic semitone is called the diesis. The widely used 12 tone equal temperament tempers out the diesis, and thus does not distinguish between the two different types of semitones. On the other hand, 19 tone equal temperament does not temper out this comma, and thus it distinguishes between the two semitones.

Examples:
 * 12 tempers out the diesis, as well as a variety of other commas.
 * 19 tempers out the septimal diesis and syntonic comma, but does not temper out the diesis.
 * 22 tempers out the septimal comma of Archytas, but does not temper out the septimal diesis or syntonic comma.
 * 31 tempers out the syntonic comma, as well as the comma defined by the ratio ⇭⇭⇭, but does not temper out the diesis, septimal diesis, or septimal comma of Archytas.

The following table lists the number of steps used that correspond various just intervals in various tuning systems. Zeros indicate that the interval is a comma (i.e. is tempered out) in that particular equal temperament. All of the frequency ratios in the first column are linked to their wikipedia article.

 * {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right;"

!style="text-align:center;"| Interval (frequency ratio) !style="text-align:right;"| 5 !style="text-align:right;"| 7 !style="text-align:right;"| 12 !style="text-align:right;"| 19 !style="text-align:right;"| 22 !style="text-align:right;"| 31 !style="text-align:right;"| 34 !style="text-align:right;"| 41 !style="text-align:right;"| 53 !style="text-align:right;"| 72
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 2\ }{ 1 }$
 * 5 || 7 || 12 || 19 || 22 || 31 || 34 || 41 || 53 || 72
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 15\ }{ 8 }$
 * 5 || 6 || 11 || 17 || 20 || 28 || 31 || 37 || 48 || 65
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 9\ }{ 5 }$
 * 4 || 6 || 10 || 16 || 19 || 26 || 29 || 35 || 45 || 61
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 7\ }{ 4 }$
 * 4 || 6 || 10 || 15 || 18 || 25 || 28 || 33 || 43 || 58
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 5\ }{ 3 }$
 * 4 || 5 || 9 || 14 || 16 || 23 || 25 || 30 || 39 || 53
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 8\ }{ 5 }$
 * 3 || 5 || 8 || 13 || 15 || 21 || 23 || 28 || 36 || 49
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 3\ }{ 2 }$
 * 3 || 4 || 7 || 11 || 13 || 18 || 20 || 24 || 31 || 42
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 10\ }{ 7 }$
 * 3 || 3 || 6 || 10 || 11 || 16 || 17 || 21 || 27 || 37
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 64\ }{ 45 }$
 * 2 || 4 || 6 || 10 || 11 || 16 || 17 || 21 || 27 || 37
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 45\ }{ 32 }$
 * 3 || 3 || 6 || 9 || 11 || 15 || 17 || 20 || 26 || 35
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 7\ }{ 5 }$
 * 2 || 4 || 6 || 9 || 11 || 15 || 17 || 20 || 26 || 35
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 4\ }{ 3 }$
 * 2 || 3 || 5 || 8 || 9 || 13 || 14 || 17 || 22 || 30
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 9\ }{ 7 }$
 * 2 || 2 || 4 || 7 || 8 || 11 || 12 || 15 || 19 || 26
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 5\ }{ 4 }$
 * 2 || 2 || 4 || 6 || 7 || 10 || 11 || 13 || 17 || 23
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 6\ }{ 5 }$
 * 1 || 2 || 3 || 5 || 6 || 8 || 9 || 11 || 14 || 19
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 7\ }{ 6 }$
 * 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 12 || 16
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 8\ }{ 7 }$
 * 1 || 1 || 2 || 4 || 4 || 6 || 6 || 8 || 10 || 14
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 9\ }{ 8 }$
 * 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 9 || 12
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 10\ }{ 9 }$
 * 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 6 || 8 || 11
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 27\ }{ 25 }$
 * 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 8
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 15\ }{ 14 }$
 * 1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 7
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 16\ }{ 15 }$
 * 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 7
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 21\ }{ 20 }$
 * 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 4 || 5
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 25\ }{ 24 }$
 * 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 4
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 648\ }{ 625 }$
 * −1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 4
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 28\ }{ 27 }$
 * 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 4
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 36\ }{ 35 }$
 * 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 3
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 128\ }{ 125 }$
 * −1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 3
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 49\ }{ 48 }$
 * 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 2
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 50\ }{ 49 }$
 * 1 || −1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 64\ }{ 63 }$
 * 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 531441\ }{ 524288 }$
 * 1 || −1 || 0 || −1 || 2 || −1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 81\ }{ 80 }$
 * 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 2048\ }{ 2025 }$
 * −1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 126\ }{ 125 }$
 * −1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 1728\ }{ 1715 }$
 * 0 || −1 || −1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || −1 || 1 || 0 || 1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 2109375\ }{ 2097152 } $\tfrac{\ 2109375\ }{ 2097152 }{{nobr|  $\tfrac{\ 2109375\ }{ 2097152 }$  }}thinsp;thinsp;
 * 3 || −2 || 1 || −1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || −1 || 0 || −1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 15625\ }{ 15552 }$
 * 2 || −1 || 1 || 0 || −1 || 1 || 0 || −1 || 0 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 225\ }{ 224 }$
 * 1 || −1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 32805\ }{ 32768 }$
 * 1 || −1 || 0 || −1 || 1 || −1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || −1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 2401\ }{ 2400 }$
 * −1 || 2 || 1 || −1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 4375\ }{ 4374 }$
 * −1 || 0 || −1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0
 * }
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 49\ }{ 48 }$
 * 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 2
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 50\ }{ 49 }$
 * 1 || −1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 64\ }{ 63 }$
 * 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 531441\ }{ 524288 }$
 * 1 || −1 || 0 || −1 || 2 || −1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 81\ }{ 80 }$
 * 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 2048\ }{ 2025 }$
 * −1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 126\ }{ 125 }$
 * −1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 1728\ }{ 1715 }$
 * 0 || −1 || −1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || −1 || 1 || 0 || 1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 2109375\ }{ 2097152 } $\tfrac{\ 2109375\ }{ 2097152 }{{nobr|  $\tfrac{\ 2109375\ }{ 2097152 }$  }}thinsp;thinsp;
 * 3 || −2 || 1 || −1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || −1 || 0 || −1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 15625\ }{ 15552 }$
 * 2 || −1 || 1 || 0 || −1 || 1 || 0 || −1 || 0 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 225\ }{ 224 }$
 * 1 || −1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 32805\ }{ 32768 }$
 * 1 || −1 || 0 || −1 || 1 || −1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || −1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 2401\ }{ 2400 }$
 * −1 || 2 || 1 || −1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 4375\ }{ 4374 }$
 * −1 || 0 || −1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0
 * }
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 225\ }{ 224 }$
 * 1 || −1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 32805\ }{ 32768 }$
 * 1 || −1 || 0 || −1 || 1 || −1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || −1
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 2401\ }{ 2400 }$
 * −1 || 2 || 1 || −1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 4375\ }{ 4374 }$
 * −1 || 0 || −1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0
 * }
 * style="text-align:center;"|  $\tfrac{\ 4375\ }{ 4374 }$
 * −1 || 0 || −1 || 0 || 1 || −1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0
 * }
 * }

The comma can also be considered to be the fractional interval that remains after a "full circle" of some repeated chosen interval; the repeated intervals are all the same size, in relative pitch, and all the tones produced are reduced or raised by whole octaves back to the octave surrounding the starting pitch. The Pythagorean comma, for instance, is the difference obtained, say, between A♭ and G♯ after a circle of twelve just fifths. A circle of three just major thirds, such as  A♭ C E G♯, produces the small diesis ⇭⇭⇭ (41.1 cent) between G♯ and A♭. A circle of four just minor thirds, such as  G♯ B D F A♭, produces an interval of ⇭⇭⇭ between A♭ and G♯, etc. An interesting property of temperaments is that this difference remains whatever the tuning of the intervals forming the circle. In this sense, commas and similar minute intervals can never be completely tempered out, whatever the tuning.

Comma sequence
A comma sequence defines a musical temperament through a unique sequence of commas at increasing prime limits. The first comma of the comma sequence is in the ⇭⇭⇭-limit, where ⇭⇭⇭ is the ⇭⇭⇭‑th odd prime (prime 2 being ignored because it represents the octave) and ⇭⇭⇭ is the number of generators. Subsequent commas are in prime limits, each the next prime in sequence above the last.

Other intervals called commas
There are also several intervals called commas, which are not technically commas because they are not rational fractions like those above, but are irrational approximations of them. These include the Holdrian and Mercator's commas, and the pitch-to-pitch step size in 53.

title: Comma (music)


text: User talk:80.58.36.107

title: User talk:80.58.36.107


text:
Talk:Rochefort

I suspect many of the links to here (especially all the ones with a naval connection) are actually to Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, but I don't have time to research them all to verify that. I did a number of the links here, I'll leave these few for someone else to do. Noel (talk) 03:05, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The link to Rochefort cheese points to Roquefort. I've deleted this link because this might cause confusion with the cheese made by the monks of the Rochefort monastery which is entirely different.81.242.235.214 (talk) 07:15, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rochefort


text:
Jimmy Spencer

James Peter Spencer (born February 15, 1957) is an American former racing driver, team owner, talk show host and television commentator. He is best known for competing in NASCAR. He hosted the NASCAR-inspired talk show, What’s the Deal?, on Speed, and was co-host, with John Roberts and Kenny Wallace, of Speed's pre-race and post-race NASCAR shows NASCAR RaceDay and NASCAR Victory Lane. Before retiring, Spencer had a segment on Speed's NASCAR Race Hub offering commentary and answering viewer questions (on Tuesdays and Thursdays). During his days racing modifieds, he was nicknamed "Mr. Excitement" for his aggressive racing style. Spencer is one of the few drivers to have won a race in all three of NASCAR's top series: the NASCAR Cup Series, the Xfinity Series, and the Truck Series.

Spencer's Cup wins both came in summer 1994 at the restrictor plate races at Daytona and Talladega.

Early years
Jimmy Spencer followed his father, Ed Spencer Sr., commonly known as "Fast Eddie", in racing. Spencer started driving Late Models in Pennsylvania. He captured his first win in the Late Model division at Port Royal Speedway in 1976. He moved to NASCAR Modifieds at Shangri-La Speedway (Owego, New York), then branched out to bigger events throughout the Northeast. In 1984, Spencer was one of the top contenders for NASCAR's National Modified Championship, at a time when all sanctioned races counted toward that title; after running over sixty races, he was second to Richie Evans in the final standings. When NASCAR changed the National Modified Championship into the smaller-schedule Winston Modified Tour (now the Whelen Modified Tour) in 1985, Spencer continued to run, and won the title in 1986 and 1987.

Spencer debuted in the Busch Series in 1985, finishing 19th at North Carolina Motor Speedway in the No. 67 Pontiac for Frank Cicci Racing, which was also his Modified team. The team ran twice in 1987 with a best-finish 36th, then ran the full season in 1988, finishing seventh in the point standings with 5 top-5's and 13 top-10's in the No. 34. In 1989, Spencer won his first career Busch race, the Mountain Dew 400 at Hickory Motor Speedway. Spencer later won another two that season at Orange County and Myrtle Beach, finishing 15th in the final standings.

1989–1994
In 1989, he moved to the Winston Cup Series, driving the No. 88 Crisco-sponsored Pontiac for Buddy Baker's team in 17 of the 29 races. He posted three top 10's and finished 34th in points. He then ran full-time in 1990, finishing in the top 10 twice for Rod Osterlund Racing in the No. 57 Heinz-sponsored Pontiac and finished 24th in points. In 1991, Spencer moved to the No. 98 Banquet Foods Chevrolet for Travis Carter Motorsports. Despite six top-10 finishes, Spencer dropped one position in the standings due to twelve DNFs. He began 1992 with Carter, but moved down to the Busch Series to drive the No. 20 Daily's 1st Ade-sponsored Oldsmobile for Dick Moroso after Carter's team folded early in the season. He responded with his second career wins at both Myrtle Beach Speedway and Orange County Speedway.

Late in the 1992 season, Spencer joined Bobby Allison Motorsports' Cup team and posted three top-fives in the last four races of the season. He signed to drive Allison's No. 12 Meineke-sponsored Ford Thunderbird full-time in 1993, and finished in the top 5 five times, resulting in a career-best 12th-place in the final standings. In 1994, he drove the No. 27 McDonald's-sponsored Ford for Junior Johnson and won his first two and only career Cup races, the Pepsi 400 at Daytona, and the DieHard 500 at Talladega. On the final lap at Daytona, Spencer won his first career Cup race passing Ernie Irvan for his only scored lap lead. He also won his first career pole award for the Tyson Holly Farms 400 at North Wilkesboro Speedway. Other than that, the season was a huge disappointment, as he would only score two further Top 10 finishes and finished the season 29th in the standings.

1995–2001
After finishing 29th in the standings in 1994, Spencer left to reunite with Travis Carter, who was then fielding the No. 23 Smokin' Joe's-sponsored Ford. He finished in the Top 10 four times in 1995 and in 1996, Spencer had two Top 5's en route to a 15th-place finish in points. He fell to 20th in 1997.

In 1998, Winston/No Bull became his team's new primary sponsor and he was 11th in points when he suffered injuries at the Brickyard 400, forcing him to sit out the next two races to recover and fall to 14th in points. During the season, Spencer formed his own NASCAR team, Spencer Motor Ventures, which fielded the No. 12 Zippo-sponsored Chevrolet Monte Carlo in the Busch Series for himself and Boris Said, Steve Grissom, and Rick Mast. The team expanded to two cars in 1999, fielding the No. 12 and the No. 5 Schneider National-sponsored Chevy for Dick Trickle. In 2000, he moved his team up to Cup to run the road course races with Boris Said in the No. 23 Federated Auto Parts-sponsored Ford Taurus. The team ceased operations at the end of the season.

After a 20th-place finish in 1999, Winston left the team, and Kmart became the team's new sponsor, causing Spencer to switch to the No. 26 to accommodate the new sponsor, who was already backing the No. 66 car driven by Spencer's teammate, Darrell Waltrip. Spencer had two Top 5's and in 2001 won the pole positions at Indianapolis Motor Speedway and Lowe's Motor Speedway and advanced to 16th in points.

2002–2004
For the 2002 season, Spencer would join Chip Ganassi Racing and drive the No. 41 Target-sponsored Dodge Intrepid. He began the season by failing to qualify for the Daytona 500, then had a streak of four top-5 qualifying efforts, including at Bristol Motor Speedway, where he started fourth and was leading the race when he was bumped by Kurt Busch to win, starting a long rivalry between the two. After another DNQ at Watkins Glen International, Spencer was released from the ride at the end of the season, causing him to file a lawsuit against the Ganassi organization, saying his dismissal was a violation of his contract. Also in 2002, Spencer won his last career Busch Series race, the Food City 250 at Bristol driving for Phoenix Racing.

Spencer joined Ultra Motorsports in 2003, piloting the No. 7 Sirius Satellite Radio-sponsored Dodge. After some on-track incidents with Kurt Busch, Spencer confronted Busch after the GFS Marketplace 400 while Busch was still in his car. He was suspended for the next week's race, the Sharpie 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway while Busch was placed on probation. Despite the events that took place at Michigan, he had four top 10s and ended the season 29th in points. He was also hired to drive three races for in the No. 2 Team ASE Racing Dodge Ram for Ultra's Truck Series team, winning the pole and the race in his second start at New Hampshire International Speedway. He became a part-owner of the Cicci organization that season, when he put Stuart Kirby in Cicci's No. 34 United States Air Force-sponsored Chevy, but that partnership soon dissolved. He continued to remain involved as a part-owner, when he leased his shop to Bang! Racing in the Craftsman Truck Series in 2004.

He began 2004 with Ultra's Cup team at the Daytona 500, but when the team closed down due to a lack of sponsorship, he replaced Kevin Lepage at Morgan-McClure Motorsports, which had also been running unsponsored. Spencer's best finish that season had been 17th at Dover after gaining sponsors in Featherlite Trailers and Lucas Oil, when on October 25, he was arrested after trying to interfere with the police, who had a warrant to arrest his son for vandalism. The incident cost Spencer his job at Morgan-McClure, and he sat out the rest of 2004.

2005–2013
Spencer returned to the No. 2 Ultra truck in 2005. While he failed to win a race, he had nine top-10 finishes and finished 12th in points. He came close to a victory, however, in the season opener at Daytona. He held the lead late in the race and held off 2004 series champion Bobby Hamilton until just before the caution came out on the last lap. Assuming he was in the lead when NASCAR froze the field, he completed the caution lap then pulled into victory lane, only to be told by an official that, in fact, he had finished second. He also ran part-time in Cup, running nine races in the No. 50 Arnold Motorsports Dodge, and one race apiece for Peak Fitness Racing and R&J Racing.

Broadcasting career
When Arnold was unable to locate a sponsor and Ultra closed its doors following a fallout with the Ford Motor Company, Spencer began working on the Speed TV network. He had run both Cup races at Pocono Raceway for Furniture Row Racing in 2006, finishing 32nd and 36th, respectively, which ended up being his last NASCAR starts as a driver. Spencer then worked full-time as an analyst for NASCAR on Speed on the NASCAR RaceDay pre-race show and NASCAR Victory Lane post-race show. In 2010, he was also was the host of his own show What's The Deal? along with Ray Dunlap. The show only lasted one year.

Spencer also became a co-anchor on NASCAR Race Hub on Tuesdays and Thursdays. In his television commentary, Spencer talked about the NASCAR highlights while he often feigning sobs with his gag called "The Crying Towel", for which a driver gets the crying towel and a fake cigar if they complain about something that cannot be punishable. In 2012, Spencer named his "Crying Towel" segment as "(Driver) Radio Sweetheart."

In a tweet on May 16, 2012, Spencer stated that he was retired from driving. He continued to co-host Race Hub, mainly alongside Steve Byrnes and Danielle Trotta, until the end of 2013.

2014–present
Spencer quietly left NASCAR on Fox (Speed became Fox Sports 1 in August 2013) and NASCAR Race Hub after the 2013 season. Spencer has been largely inactive in the NASCAR community since then aside from an appearance on The Dale Jr. Download in 2021 and appearing on the last episode of Race Hub on June 11, 2024.

Personal life
Spencer is married to his wife Pat and has two children and five dogs. He also had a sister, Chrissy, who died of ovarian cancer in 2010. His father, Ed, died of Alzheimer's in 2014. His first grandchild, Hudson, was born in 2016. Spencer and his wife split time between their two residences in North Carolina (where NASCAR teams are based) and Pennsylvania (his home state).

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

ARCA Hooters SuperCar Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: Jimmy Spencer


text:
Chris Gatling

Chris Raymond Gatling (born September 3, 1967) is an American former professional basketball player. Gatling played for many National Basketball Association (NBA) teams from 1991 to 2002. He played for the US national team in the 1990 FIBA World Championship, winning the bronze medal.

College career
Gatling played three years at Old Dominion University after transferring there from the University of Pittsburgh. He is ODU's sixth all-time scorer with 1,811 points. He also hauled down 859 career rebounds which rank him ninth all-time. Gatling is the school's all-time field goal percentage leader at .606 (697–1150), and is second all-time at ODU with (12) 30-point games. He shot .620 (251–405) from the field in 1991.

Gatling scored 36 points in a game against UNC Charlotte in 1991 and against Alabama-Birmingham in March 1989. He earned honorable mention All-American honors in 1990 and 1991. Gatling was named sophomore of the year in 1988, and then Sun Belt Conference Player of the Year in both 1990 and 1991. In 1991, he was named the Sun Belt Conference tournament Most Valuable Player as he led the then seventh seeded Monarchs to the finals before losing to South Alabama.

Professional career
Gatling was drafted 16th overall by the Golden State Warriors in the 1991 NBA draft. He spent the first four years of his career with the Warriors, and averaged 13.7 points and 7.6 rebounds per game in his final full season with the Warriors, 1994–95. That same year, Gatling led the NBA in field goal percentage at 0.633-one of the ten highest percentages in NBA history.

Gatling was traded, along with Tim Hardaway, to the Miami Heat halfway through the 1995–96 season, and also played for the Dallas Mavericks and New Jersey Nets during the 1996–97 season (representing the Mavericks in the 1997 NBA All-Star Game only a few days before being traded to the Nets).

He played 78 games in slightly more than two seasons with the Nets before requesting a trade. He played next with the Milwaukee Bucks for the final thirty games of the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season. He split the 1999–2000 season with the Denver Nuggets and the Orlando Magic. His final two NBA seasons saw him with the Cleveland Cavaliers and again, the Heat. Gatling retired from the NBA following the 2001–02 season with career averages of 10.3 points and 5.3 rebounds per game, and a .513 field goal percentage.

After his NBA career ended in 2002, he played one season in Russian League with CSKA Moscow.

Personal life
Gatling attended Elizabeth High School in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Gatling is known for his frequent use of the headband as an accessory to his NBA uniform. In 2001, he stated that he started the practice as a reminder that he is lucky to be alive after suffering a serious head injury as a teenager.

In December 2017, Gatling was sentenced in Maricopa County, Arizona to two and a half years in prison for fraud.

title: Chris Gatling


text:
Eastland Mall (Charlotte, North Carolina)

Eastland Mall was a shopping mall in Charlotte, North Carolina. The center opened on July 30, 1975, as the then-largest mall in North Carolina with three anchor department stores, Belk, J.C. Penney, and Ivey's. A Sears, Roebuck and Company store joined four years later. The mall was owned by Glimcher Realty Trust and the City of Charlotte. Glimcher requested the mall be put into receivership due to heavy debt, and there were reports of the mall entering foreclosure. LNR sold the interior space in the mall to Boxer Properties of Houston for $2 million. It ceased operations on June 30, 2010, and was purchased by the city of Charlotte from Boxer Properties, and the owners of the vacant anchors in hopes of selling it to a developer.

After its takeover, the mall was maintained by the city of Charlotte. By a 10–1 vote on May 28, 2013, the Charlotte city council formally voted to demolish the mall for $871,520, as possible developers stated they had no use for the building. A large percentage of materials were recycled or preserved, including the mall's four entrance signs which will become part of a public art exhibit. Demolition began on October 1, 2013.

The Eastland Community Transit Center, a planned stop on the LYNX Rapid Transit Services Center City Corridor, is in the parking lot at the mall.

A thriving mall: 1975–1990s
Development began on a shopping center in east Charlotte in the early 1970s after seeing the success of SouthPark Mall about 6 miles (10 km) away. Henry Faison, the developer, recalls planning the mall with a team of only six people. On July 30, 1975, Eastland Mall opened to much fanfare as the biggest mall in North Carolina at that time. Eastland Mall had an ice skating rink and the first food court in North Carolina. The food court was the East Coast's first in-mall food court at the time. Additionally, the mall included an outparcel convenience center with a Harris Teeter grocery store. Miller & Rhoads had a small specialty store at the mall, which was closed in 1986. In the early 1990s, Ivey's became Dillard's and the store expanded, and the mall's interior was renovated and updated as well.

Demographic changes
By the late 1990s, Eastland Mall's image and physical appearance began to degrade. Adding to the retail shift in Charlotte, demographic changes to the surrounding areas changed the retail makeup of the mall. Crime rates also increased around the mall. In 1997, The Coffee Beanery Inc., a tenant at the mall, sued ownership claiming its sales decline was a result of the increase in crime.

In 1998, Glimcher Realty Trust acquired the mall for $54 million.

In 2000, Foot Locker and Waves Music doubled the sizes of their stores. That year, the mall had 12 kiosks.

In 2001, the city commissioned a study on redeveloping the mall.

In 2002, Belk considered closing its store, claiming a decline in the mall.

In 2003, Glimcher bought out its partners for $4.75 million to acquire full ownership of the mall.

In late 2005, there was a shooting inside the mall near the Gourmet Gardens food court and also a shooting outside in the parking lot. Another shooting took place in 2006 near the food court. A bullet smashed one of the glass doors and one person was shot.

Retail changes
The first original anchor store to depart the mall was J.C. Penney, which left in 2002, a few years after becoming a J.C. Penney Outlet store. In 2004, the anchor space was split up and a Burlington Coat Factory store took the upper level, while the bottom space was subdivided between a Fred's discount store and Prime Time store. Dillard's closed off one level of its store in 2005, and operated a Dillard's Clearance Center on the other level.

In 2005, Glimcher Realty Trust tried to sell the mall, but could not find an interested buyer.

The Harris Teeter store on the periphery closed on June 26, 2006, after being in operation since 1975. The store cited underperformance as the cause for its closure; however, changing demographics and lack of investment in remodeling may have contributed to this store's demise.

Belk closed in February 2007, becoming the third anchor to leave the mall.

One day after the announcement of Belk's departure, Eastland Mall officials announced the original movie theater showing first-run films would reopen after closing in 1996. It had reopened in the last few years but was only specializing in foreign language films and 'G' and 'PG' rated films.

On March 8, 2007, the Urban Land Institute Advisory Council shared its recommendations: to tear the mall down and make it into a vibrant community center with mixed-use shopping and an amusement park.

In early 2008, Limited Brands closed all five of its stores inside the mall, which included Bath & Body Works, The Limited and Victoria's Secret. Fred's and Prime Time closed as well, followed by the Dillard's Clearance Center and movie theater in October 2008.

The City of Charlotte had acquired an option to buy the vacant Dillard's anchor space.

In an earnings press release dated July 23, 2008, Glimcher Realty Trust announced that it "will not fund any further cash deficits at the property." The company also requested court-appointed receivership and liquidation for the property.

In February 2009, the former Ice House ice skating rink, which had been closed the previous year, was replaced with a soccer field.

However, these retail changes were accompanied by a degradation of the mall's physical appearance, which had deteriorated to the point that its owner, Glimcher Realty Trust, labeled the mall a "fixer-upper".

In 2007, Charlotte's then-mayor Pat McCrory labeled the area "corridors of crap" due to its inexpensive and aging retail structures.

In October 2008, the theater closed, one year after opening.

On February 26, 2009, Sears Holdings announced that the Sears store at Eastland would close on May 31, another major blow to the beleaguered mall.

In October 2009, ownership of the mall was transferred to the lender.

In 2010, Burlington Coat Factory, the mall's sole remaining anchor closed

In October 2009, Renovatus, a Christian local church took up residence in the mall's long shuttered theater. Renovatus, which calls itself "A Church for people under renovation", hoped to help reverse the decline in fortunes of the mall and its surrounding area, and clear Eastland of the violent, dangerous stigma that surrounds it. However, with the mall's closure, the church vacated its space and relocated.

Ownership by Boxer Properties
In September 2009, the mall's owner said that if the city of Charlotte did not purchase the mall, it would be shuttered. The council decided against that in November 2006. On April 16, 2010, the remaining tenants were given notice to vacate by June 30, 2010, because of a foreclosure action filed against the mall. According to a letter sent to tenants dated April 16, 2010, "it is understood that the lender or any other party that acquires title to Eastland Mall at foreclosure will close the mall."

On June 28, 2010, ownership of the inner stores, parking lot and a few of the smaller outside buildings surrounding Eastland Mall were sold by LNR, the loan servicer, to Boxer Properties for $2.2 million. The outstanding principal balance on the loan was $42.2 million. The fate of the anchor stores, however, were left hanging in the balance. Boxer was expected to bring in retail and small-office tenants that fit with the diverse nature of Charlotte's east side, similar to the company's redevelopment of La Gran Plaza in Fort Worth, Texas. The mall was planned to reopen by Christmas 2011; however, nothing ever came out of it.

City ownership
On August 31, 2012, the city of Charlotte purchased the entire mall, as well as some of the outlying properties, for $13.2 million.

Potential redevelopment options included hotels and specialty shops. A studio known as Central Avenue Studios, expressed interest in purchasing the entire property for film uses, and as use as a film school, in conjunction with local education institutes like Central Piedmont Community College, Queens University of Charlotte, and the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools.

Demolition and redevelopment
On May 28, 2013, the city council voted to spend $800,000 to demolish Eastland Mall. Demolition began on October 1, 2013, with the Burlington Coat Factory Store the first to be torn down.

In 2016, the city sold 11.4 acres of the site to Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools for $650,000, to construct a school. The sale left 69 acres of the site under control of the city. The city government plans to use its land as a catalyst for neighborhood redevelopment, envisioning a mixed-use district with housing and offices. The site was also planned to host the headquarters and training facilities of Major League Soccer team Charlotte FC, which would occupy 29 acre but the team eventually chose another location.

Developer Crossland Southeast was chosen as the master developer of the property. Construction started on 39 acres in August of 2022 which include 155 single-family homes and townhomes, 280 multi-family units, 17,500 square feet of office and retail space, and a five-acre Mecklenburg County park. Future phases will include a grocery store.

Two proposals were presented to city council in June of 2023 for the remaining 30 acres. The first is a 115,000 square foot indoor sports complex with outdoor soccer field, playground and jogging trail. The second is an outdoor sports facility, including six multi-use athletic fields with a 20,000 square foot Esports center and event space.

In Popular Culture
Eastland Mall was a key filming location for the movie The Lookalike (1990) starring Melissa Gilbert, Thaao Penghlis, Diane Ladd and Jason Scott Lee.

Season 1, Episode 3 of the TV series The Righteous Gemstones was filmed at Eastland Mall.


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User:Hard Raspy Sci

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 Hard Raspy Sci

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