text:
User talk:131.116.254.198

March 2012
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November 2013
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December 2013
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June 2014
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at PFA Team of the Year (2010s). Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. Thank you. Mattythewhite (talk) 14:05, 3 June 2014 (UTC)
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title: User talk:131.116.254.198


text:
Talk:Thermal insulation

Building insulation
I removed the fact tag where it said that not having enough insulation is using a large amount of energy. The fact tag is not necessary because the fact that insulation exists makes the statement obvious. If you don't think so, try sleeping outside in the winter without a sleeping bag and clothes. Guess what? You will share your excess photons with the air around you until you don't have any left. Then you're dead. The fact that more insulation means more energy savings and that many places could stand more insulation than what they have now, is equally obvious. The statement did not quantify the matter as that would be an enormous task to back up. But I submit that one has but to look at how government in many places is offering tax incentives for becoming energy-wise, which means more efficient appliances (some with more insulation on the inside.....) but also more insulation so that you keep the energy where you want it, instead of heating or cooling things that you have no interest in heating or cooling (which is a waste of energy, needlessly putting more carbon in the air). If the article's statement had quantified the matter, then I could see the need for a fact tag, but the generic statement in there should be quite obviously true.--Achim 22:58, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Fantastic update done today Sept 28 2006. Couldn't have done better myself. -geniescience.

Please add link to thermal resistance and how to calculate temperature drop across material. Initial material for all entries should be at the 4th grade level followed by more exact definitions at the 8th, 12th and then post doc levels. This will ensure maximum accessibility to the general population. A good source for this entry and thermal conductance is at www.omega.com/temperature/Z/pdf/z119-121.pdf

NOTE these comments now apply to the Building Insulation article, as it was created with the latter 80% of this article. Please move there, as appropriate.

Looks like all the following comments pertain to the NEW building insulation article, and so shoudl be moved there entirely. Will be glad to do so, soon, if no objection. --

Wikify
This article does not conform to several Wikipedia guidlines, and as such is a prime candidate for Wikification. A short to do list to get started with Wikification:
 * Remove or rewrite several sections that read as "how-to"s. Read What Wikipedia is not
 * Remove first- and second-person usage
 * Move material, especially the sections on individual types of insulators, to separate articles to reduce the size of the article and bring focus back to a discussion of what thermal insulation is
 * Rewrite the introduction section to better reflect the article. Read Lead_section
 * Move information about health effects to another article, and replace it with a single paragraph. The primary point of this article is to examine insulation, not human interaction with insulation
 * Reduce the size of the R-values sections. There is already a separate article on R-values, so there is no reason to go into such depth here.

The fact that there is so much that needs fixing does not indicate that this is a bad article—to the contrary, it highlights the ambitious nature of the authors in trying to be a bit too thourough.

Âme Errante 23:11, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

I have started some more re-writing. Today I gave the first few paragraphs a quick bash to get most of the fluff out, but I will get some sensible structure to the article in my next effort. --Slashme 09:02, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Cavity Walling
Can anyone explain to me how cavity walling helps to insulate a home by telling me how it stops conduction, convection or radiation of heat and the advantages it has over a solid wall and a wall with a gap but no insulation inside. I just can't get my head arround this for some reason. There are  different types of insulation.

Cavity wall: Something to know about air and heat transfer in the building envelope...
Heat transfers from warm to cool, it can occur through: conduction, convection or radiation. Conduction is most effective and faster way of transfer; it is the transfer of heat between two objects in contact. Convection occurs though fluids or gases; a cool fluid in contact with a warm solid will heat up through conduction. Radiation is heat moving through space, directly into a solid object (Sun through the atmosphere heating solids).

So what about buildings?... That’s exactly how heat transfers in a building… Heat will be conducted through radiation (through the windows). Convective heat will be driven in and/or out by openings (drafts). And the rest will be transferred through conduction through the walls, floor, ceiling (the building envelope). All these elements are made of materials that have some resistance to heat transfer. The higher the resistance, the longer it takes to the heat to move through the element. If the elements are solid (bricks, slabs, rocks, etc.), then the heat transfer will occur through conductivity. In order to provide resistance to heat transfer, the element thickness can be increased and this will delay the heat transfer (time lag). Another option is to use a material which is poor heat conductor. Insulation… Air is good insulator (low conductivity). If a wall is built with a cavity gap, heat will have to be transferred through convective air currents (except in the studs, which will be through conduction). This will delay the transfer (comparing with a solid wall), so it is good, but sometimes not good enough as heat have a straight path to be transferred from the warmer layer to cooler layer through the air (by convection) and then will reach the other side of the wall. The air provides slower heat transfer but the problem is that it is a direct path. In order to slow down the air currents by providing “non straight paths” the air gap could be split is various enclosed areas.This is what insulation does, in general these materials are made of materials which are very poor conduction of heat enclosing air gaps. In order to maintain its properties it is important to maintain the air gap by not squashing the material. So Air gap (or small enclosed air gaps) are an effective way of delaying heat transfer comparing with a heavy mass wall (like adobe or concrete wall)...

What is cavity walling?
A wall with an air gap in the middle...

This page will be a work-in-progress for a long time
For anyone referencing the Insulation page, please be aware that there's still much work to do in making the page complete, coherent, grammatically-correct, and well-organized. I'm gradually integrating my own notes into the existing entries, trying not to delete anyone else's entries whenever possible, and trying to organize the topics in a logical way. The page might look somewhat chaotic for a while.

Update, 5 Feb 2005
I've completed and cleaned up the Insulation page to the best of my ability. Can someone knowledgeable see if there are any errors, answer the Lingering Question that I left in the spray foam section, and find out the R-value for Dow Chemical's Great Stuff in the typical R-values per inch section? Thanks. - N3362.

It's a lot of good info. Probably needs an intro above the contents, and probably the second person "you" should be changed to third person or whatever the style guide says. Rtdrury 23:32, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks, Rtdrury. I agree with you about not using second person "you". Sometimes, it is difficult to stay in active voice, not use second person, AND not sound stilted and phony. I can't stand when people insist on using passive voice, which encourages vague, imprecise writing. I wrote this article while doing research on how to rescue my circa-1939 uninsulated, broken-roofed cottage sitting on top of an underground river in a mountain swamp. I've spent way too much time on this article (as well as Weatherization, Thermal mass, Vapor barrier, Mold, and other associated articles), so I'll leave the grammatical and style fixes for someone else to take on, while I return to fixing my cottage. You'll notice that I left plenty of references at the end of the article for anyone to look further into any topic. I'd love to come back and insert some JPEG images, showing the different types and different manufacturers of rigid panel insulation, for example, but every image I have is copyrighted. I might have to go to a building supply store and take some pics myself with a digital camera, assuming the store owners let me. N3362 01:57, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Darn good start N3362! I will try to assist by adding some more technical info which is needed. Need: Note about R versus RSI as well.

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 20:51, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Insulation → Thermal insulation – {This move is tied to the moving of the article currently at insulator. The article about electrical insulation is currently at insulator, while thermal insulation is at insulation. This is ambiguous, as electrical and thermal insulation can both be referred to as insulation or insulator. I suggest that they be moved to electrical insulation and thermal insulation. Insulation would be turned into a disambiguation page, while insulator would either redirect to the insulation disambiguation page or be made into a separate disambiguation page.} copied from the entry on the WP:RM page

I suggest that the discussion take place on the Talk:Insulator page.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Isn't this backwards?
Under the typical R-values per inch it says: "Air with no external wind = R-1 (still) to R-5 (with convective currents)." Wouldn't still air have a higher R-value?

Yes, you are correct. Thanks for catching this error! N3362 20:21, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Too much emphasis on construction.
This page is about thermal insulation, but the term seems be used throughout the article to refer to thermal insulation in construction, a less important aspect of thermal insulation than thermal insulation in clothing or body fat. After a large amount of information regarding thermal insulation in construction, there is a sub heading "insulation in construction", with more information. Please put the lot in a separate article.

UFFI
I think this section is a little off. From what I understand UFFI is still used in Europe, and was found to harmless in some engineering/toxicology stuides precipitated from a lawsuit filed in Quebec. Classic knee jerk reaciton. Will try to clean this up when I can dig up appropriate sources. --Mf135gas 17:21, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Thermal insulation
What is thermal insulation? -- 66.238.170.38 19:09, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I modified the text above. I assumed that this was meant to be a question of what thermal insulation is. Unfortunately, the purpose of talk pages is to discuss the article, not the subject. My first suggestion to help you is to read the article. If that does not help, you can try the references. If that does not work, I suggest finding someone knowledgeable about physical science. -- Kjkolb 19:25, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

moisture
can you please explain or put on the article how moisture compromises insulation?Firestormdb (talk) 19:56, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

I'm back after 54 months away. Here is my beef: any use of the word "prevent" causes misunderstanding for millions because they need to be told that insulation only slows down an inevitable process and does not prevent it. There is a normal creep back to this key word, "to prevent", which we must guard against. Insulation does not prevent pipes from freezing and bursting in your houses. Five years ago, I wrote much about insulation in construction and in buildings in order to help people get their minds around this fact, i.e. that insulation does not prevent pipes from freezing. Yes, I could have written more about clothing and other areas where insulation is important. I maintain that "slowing down inevitable heat loss" or "reducing heat transfer rate" is not the same thing as "preventing" it. Please comment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Geniescience (talk • contribs) 20:05, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Moved Applications section
I've moved the applications section to the beginning of the article (it makes more sense to have the section on calculating requirements at the end). I've also changed "Factors that compromise insulation" to "Factors influencing performance". My justification for this is twofold - the previous section was empty but for a reference to an article on moisture and it seemed to be regularly vandalized because of the word "moisture". I'm sure that this section could be expanded and improved in the future.School of Stone (talk) 15:22, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

History section?
There doesn't seem to be a history section in any of the insulation articles. This being the general article for thermal insulation could be a good place to talk about the historic development of insulation (which I think would provide a greater context to the article). I'll look into writing something and put it up as soon as I can.School of Stone (talk) 15:22, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

Introduction section
Considering there is a Wikipedia article which explains heat transfer is there any objection to the removal of the definition of heat transfer in this article?

Most of the information currently in the introduction is superflous (since it explains in detail things which are explained later on in the article) and I believe the section could be shortened significantly to improve clarity.

Is there a need to explain which are the three best performing insulation materials in the introduction? If this information is to be provided it should be in the main article - not the introduction.

If there are no objections I'll propose a change to this end. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.160.197.23 (talk) 15:42, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

Critical radius is a fallacy
The concept of a critical radius for insulation first came up, AFAIAA, in PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER (p.20) by DQ Kern published in 1950. It was counter-intuitive then, as it is now. You cannot add a resistance in series with another system of resistances and reduce the overall resistance of the system. There were two fundamental problems with Kern's proposal. One is that he ignored the skin temperature at the outside of the insulation, yet heat convective htc is a function of air to skin temperature difference to the power 0.25. Secondly, Kern's calculation for rc = kb/ha only has any significance where the critical radius is extremely small (and therefore standard methods for calculating free convection do not apply), or where free convective heat transfer coefficients are far below what would happen in the real world, or where the conductivity of the insulating material is extremely high relative to the convective htc (i.e., it is not suitable as an insulator). Take a reasonable free convective heat transfer coefficient of 2.25 Btu/h/sqft/degF and a typical conductivity for rock wool of 0.033 and plot 1/k*ln(r/r1) + 1/h/r against r and you will get a logarithmic curve, indicating that, as you add more lagging, the heat loss will decrease, but with diminishing effect, which is as to be expected. You COULD force a kink into the curve, as per Kern, but only by using completely unrealistic values of k or h. To summarize: Kern's theory only holds true for insulating materials that have lower resistance than the convective air that they have displaced - i.e., insulators that are less efficient than free air (!!!) and therefore, for real insulating materials, the concept of a critical radius can be discounted altogether. Hippocrocopig (talk) 19:39, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose that Mechanical insulation be merged into here as it is effectively the same subject. CV9933 (talk) 20:53, 8 October 2017 (UTC)
 * In my eyes, there is nothing to save from Mechanical insulation. The article is exceedingly general, merely listing general areas where insulation is used, and relying on only one low-quality source. I support the merge, although I have a hard time seeing what should be carried over to here. Ariadacapo (talk) 06:50, 10 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. The Mechanical insulation article had two references, but when I checked them out - they were both links to a commercial website. I chopped them as simple spam. Vsmith (talk) 00:45, 13 October 2017 (UTC)
 * If we are agreed, I will make a full copy paste merge, our attribution obligation will have been met and non useful unsourced stuff can be removed, leaving mechanical insulation as a redirect.CV9933 (talk) 10:46, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Support per the aforementioned reasons. --Bayartai (talk) 02:32, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

Thanks go to for carrying out the merge. Ariadacapo (talk) 13:17, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Merge with Thermal break
In my view, thermal break is synonymous to thermal insulation in many if not most instances and should propably be merged into this article.

best regards,

KaiKemmann (talk) 23:43, 30 November 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 17:41, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I've only move some of the content over, as much of it was unreferenced and covered in more detail in sub-articles of the target. One might be syncical and imagine a WP:COATRACK. Klbrain (talk) 17:41, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Thermal insulation


text:
Consider Her Ways

"Consider Her Ways" is a 1956 science fiction novella by English writer John Wyndham. It was republished as part of a 1961 collection entitled Consider Her Ways and Others, where it forms over a third of the book. It initially appeared as one third of the anthology Sometime, Never along with "Boy in Darkness" by Mervyn Peake and "Envoy Extraordinary" by William Golding.

Plot
Jane, a woman from the present day, has taken a drug called chuinjuatin, thought to induce out-of-body experiences. She wakes up not as herself, but in a bloated body unknown to her. Initially she has amnesia. She has mentally time travelled into the future. Society is in this time period made up only of women, organized into a strict hierarchy of caste. She is a member of the mother caste. Jane's initial contacts have not even heard of men; they believe her to be mad.

Doctors consent to take Jane to meet Laura, an aged historian. Jane learns that she has only travelled a little more than a century forward. Not long into her future, a Dr Perrigan unintentionally created a virus which killed all men. A small educated elite, mainly in the medical profession, salvaged the catastrophe-stricken world, and devised a way for women to reproduce artificially. They took inspiration from Chapter 6, verse 6 of the Book of Proverbs's "Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise" and created a caste-based society. Laura is certain that men were oppressors of women and that the world is far better without them. Jane, a happily married woman in her own time, disagrees.

Distressed, Jane requests that she be administered another dose of chuinjuatin, in order to return home. The method works. Jane, in the present, sets out to stop Dr Perrigan at all costs. The story ends on an ambiguous note and suggests that a predestination paradox may doom her efforts.

Adaptations
"Consider Her Ways" was an episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour anthology series in 1964. The series usually presented crime and mystery stories. This was a faithful, if shortened, adaptation, with the action moved to America. The screenplay was written by Oscar Millard, and starred Barbara Barrie as the woman who travels through time and Gladys Cooper as the historian.

title: Consider Her Ways


text: User talk:213.176.161.201

title: User talk:213.176.161.201


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Utah/History of Utah

Outline for History of Utah

 * Prehistory
 * Native Americans
 * Ute
 * Paiute
 * Goshute
 * Navajo
 * Shoshone
 * European exploration
 * Father Escalante
 * Jim Bridger
 * Mormon pioneers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NTC

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. dbenbenn | talk 14:08, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

NTC
Publisher of dictionaries. Notability not established, and we all know that Wiktionary is the only good dictionary around :) Radiant! 15:38, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Basically Keep. Dictionaries are big, how many different publishers can there be? Anyway they publish cds by Michel Thomas who seems notable. "NTC's Dictionary of Everyday American English Expressions" has an amazon sales rank of #10,382, for those who can interpret such figures . Kappa 17:42, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Remove the POV and nonsense and all you have is "NTC makes textbooks." Gamaliel 17:44, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Megan1967 02:26, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I can't imagine that there is anything else to add to this, and as it stands there in nothing notable about NTC--nixie 09:14, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Should be moved to National Textbook Company (or similar) with NTC remaining as a TLA disambig. Alphax (t) (c) (e) 03:57, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, seems notable. JamesBurns 11:09, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NTC


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NMIMS

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 14:26, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

NMIMS
Management institute, POV article, notability not established. Radiant! 15:38, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delee, not notable, POV promo. Megan1967 23:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: promo. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:30, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NMIMS


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NLP practitioner

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 10:07, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

NLP practitioner
POV essay on the alleged worthlessness of the NLP exam. Radiant! 15:40, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Despite the fact that the POV stuff was added to the original article (see the History), the article even in its original form is entirely subsumed by existing material in the Neuro-linguistic programming article. As a matter of fact, even the alleged commercialism of NLP is covered in that very fine article. HyperZonktalk 18:23, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV gripe. Megan1967 23:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - original research (and that's being kind) - David Gerard 23:37, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wolfach

Wolfach (Wolfä) is a town in the Black Forest and part of the Ortenaukreis in Baden-Württemberg (Germany) and borders the Freudenstadt and Rottweil districts.

History
Wolfach was first mentioned in 1084 as Wolphaha and was given a wide variety of names throughout the High and early Late Middle Ages including Wolphaa, Wolua, Wolfacha, Wolva, Wolfach inferius, Wolva, Wolvahe, and Wolffach.

Antiquity and Early Middle Ages
Very little is known about Wolfach before 1000 and there were likely no large settlements in the area. Under Emperor Vespasian, the Roman Empire may have built a trade and military road from Offenburg to Rottweil which passed near the town around 73 AD.

Founding of the Town in the High Middle Ages
The exact age of Wolfach is not known. The noble De Wolphaha family is thought to have lived in the Ruine Wolfach, a hilltop castle that lay north of the town center and was built in the late 11th century.

By the 14th century, the people of Wolfach gained many civil liberties, including the freedom to hold markets. This allowed the town to grow in size and population.

Timber Rafting
As early as the 15th century, the lumber trade was an important source of income for Wolfach because of its location in the Black Forest. The timber trade was aided by timber rafting, which allowed for the cheap and easy delivery of timber to places as far as Strasbourg.

Timber rafting continued until the late 19th century when quicker and more efficient railways deemed the practice obsolete. In 1984, the Wolfach Kinzig Rafers Association (Wolfacher Kinzigflößer) was created to preserve the tradition of rafting. A festival is held biennially where rafts are built and floated down the river to celebrate the town's history of rafting.

Destruction by fires
Major fires have forced many of the buildings in the town center and the nearby suburbs to be rebuilt. The most recent major fire was in 1892, which burned the old town hall, school, and two neighbouring buildings. The town hall was rebuilt in 1892/93 in the neo-Renaissance style.

Modern
On April 21, 1945, before fleeing the town, the Gestapo took the French resistants and political prisoners held in the prison of Wolfach to a forest outside of the town, forced them to dig their own graves, and shot them on the spot, just three hours before the arrival of the French 2nd Armored Division commanded by General Leclerc.

Geographical position
Wolfach lies where the two rivers Wolf and Kinzig meet in the Kinzig valley. The mountains and valleys surrounding the town stretch between 250 and 880 meters above sea level. District villages within the borough of Wolfach include Kirnbach, Halbmeil, Kinzigtal, and St. Roman.

Town Structure
The town center was originally divided into two parts to the north and south of the Kinzig river. The north section was developed as a suburb, where the St. Laurentius–Pfarrei, a Roman Catholic church, still stands today. The south section included a market street and is still lined with shops today. Both sides of the river have been developed to including housing, shops, and other markets. They are connected by a pedestrian bridge and a larger bridge for car traffic.

Due to the harsh topographical location, Wolfach has not received significant expansion. The most significant expansion was the Straßburger Hof, a suburban area which extends to the west of the town center and began construction in 1927.

City council
In the past years the city council consisted of:

Mayor
The current mayor of Wolfach is Thomas Geppert, who was first elected in 2015. He was most recently re-elected in 2022, with 76% of the vote.

The mayoral history of Wolfach can be divided into two time periods. The first, from the founding of the town in the 13th century until 1811, is categorized by the title of "Schultheiß". Although the role was similar to a modern-day mayor, it focused more on tax and debt collection. After 1811, the title was changed to "mayor" and the position became more formalized.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the town of Wolfach displays a golden wolf's hook rod on a blue background and is based on the "Wolfsangel" banner from the "Herren von Wolfach" (Lords of Wolfach) who established their control on the town in 1260. It is believed that they adopted the wolf trap sign as their banner having cleared the area of wolves to establish the town.

International relations
Wolfach is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Cavalaire-sur-Mer, France
 * 🇺🇸 Richfield, Ohio
 * Kreuzlingen, Switzerland

Tourism
In the late 16th century, Wolfach started to become known as a spa town and throughout the following centuries, the people of Wolfach adapted to the increased tourism. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Wolfach received acclaim from the Berlin Magazine.

The First and Second World Wars hurt tourism to Wolfach drastically but in the post-war period, it was able to develop once again.

In 2019, Wolfach had 41,733 tourist visitors.

Swabian-Alemannic Carnival
Wolfach is rich in the tradition of the Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht, where many in the town wear traditional costumes and masks in parades through the town.

Buildings

 * Fürstenberger Schloss, a historic castle in the town center originating around 1180.
 * Ruine Wolfach, the ruins of a castle near the town thought to have originated around 1030.
 * St. Laurentius-Pfarrei, a late Gothic Roman Catholic church near the town center.
 * Dorotheenhütte, a local glassblowing workshop which uses traditional Black Forest methods. Glassworks are blown, cut, and engraved in front of visitors.

Parks

 * Flößerpark, a small park showcasing the history of timber rafting on the Kinzig river.

Regular events

 * Fastnacht or Fasnet (Swabian-Alemannic Carnival), which features parades of Hansele wearing unique, often handmade costumes and masks.
 * Stadtbrunnenfest, an annual festival which often features markets, shows, live music, arts and crafts, and more throughout the town.
 * Biker-Weekend, which takes place on Corpus Christi weekend and sees hundreds of bikers riding through the Black Forest and stopping in small towns for food and to socialize.
 * Flößerfest, a celebration of the town's history of timber rafting with the creation of new rafts and floating them down the Kinzig river.
 * Schlachtfest der Freiwilligen Feuerwehr (Butchers Festival of the Volunteer Fire Department), where firefighters and other volunteers cook meat platters and for attendees.

Natives

 * Ernst Bassermann (1854–1917), lawyer and politician, member of Reichstag
 * Hans Klumbach (1904–1992), archaeologist and scholar of classical and provincial Roman studies
 * Lothar Maier (born 1944), politician, (AfD)
 * Sylvia Wetzel (born 1949), Buddhist feminist
 * Thomas Dold (born 1984), track and field and extreme athlete and tower runner
 * Markus Steuerwald (born 1989), volleyball player
 * Felix Mildenberger (born 1990), a German conductor; principal conductor and artistic director of the Sinfonieorchester Crescendo Freiburg, which he helped found in 2014.

People who are connected to the town

 * Gustav Trunk (1871–1936), politician, member of the German Centre Party; lived in Wolfach from 1897 to 1900 as beadle
 * Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer (1896–1969), racial hygienist in the Third Reich, went to school in Wolfach from 1898 to 1909

Administration and authorities

 * City of Wolfach
 * District Oberwolfach

Associations

 * Historic Association Wolfach
 * Carnival club Wolfach
 * Bike–Park Wolfach

Places of interest, sights

 * Vogtbauernhöfe
 * Mineral and mathematics museum Oberwolfach
 * Information about and images

title: Wolfach


text:
Talk:Ammolite

older comments
The one thing I'd like to see to improve the page would be a picture of some actual ammolite jewelry. Other than that, well done! Good to see another unique FA. Radagast 13:22, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Korite has graciously fulfilled my request for images: the article now includes two images of the company's mining operations and an excellent image of fine ammolite jewellery. Of course, I'm glad you enjoyed the article prior to its embellishment. :) -- Hadal 05:37, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

What was that on the page?! There was a very inappropriate image. Sorry if I broke the page in the editing, but showing that on something linked to the front page is obviously not a good idea. Look in the page's history to see it, and be forewarned. Replaced with text "Eek!" etc. Sorry for sloppy editing.

 * The vandalism you saw was actually removed quite some time ago, long before you edited the correct image out; as you're not logged in, you were apparently served an outdated cached copy of the article. I've purged the cache, so you shouldn't see any more inappropriate images. -- Hadal 04:19, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Huh?
What does this mean? (excluding those used primarily as ornamental materials rather than discrete stones)??? I tried to articulate what I think is wrong with it, but it's falling into the "that's not right; it's not even wrong" category of gobbledygook. Could someone who understands the article's subject matter find a way to state whatever these words mean, in a way that a layman can grok? Blair P. Houghton 16:56, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Um.. I can't think of a better way to phrase it succinctly. Ivory can be made into a discrete (distinct) stone (what is traditionally thought of as a gemstone, like the ammolite cabochons used in the jewellery depicted in this article), but it's primarily used to make things like sculptures and scrimshaw. Likewise, mother-of-pearl and tortoiseshell could be carved into discrete (separate, little, round) stones, but they're usually made into things like hair combs and boxes. Jet is usually carved into bracelets and linked necklaces. That's the distinction between an ornamental material and a gemstone, although the line can be a little blurry sometimes. I can't help much beyond explaining as I just have, but I hope it isn't quite "gobbledygook" to you now. -- Hadal 18:51, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * "Jet is usually carved into bracelets and linked necklaces"... This is true, but it has been used (and most likely still is in small amounts) as a gemstone. As there is no "current" or "common" adjective used in the sentence "It is one of the three biogenic gemstones, the other two being amber and pearl.", wouldn't jet qualify as fitting into this category? It's biogenic, and it exists as a gem albeit in small amounts. I would include it in this category. -- Yoimjamie 00:02, 23 Aug 2006 (UTC)

Regarding the three organic gemstones, maybe I'm thick, but isn't diamond organic? It is, after all, a carbon structure... am I missing something? Sorry if this is barking up the wrong tree.

 * You are right. Although ammolite is organic in the sense that it contains carbonates and carbonates contain carbon, I believe what the others truly mean is biogenic  (made by life).   -- — Ŭalabio 23:58, 2005 Mar 5 (UTC)

 * Okay. I think I fixed it up so it says what I think you guys say it says without the statement coming across as a croquet ball on a dinner table.  BTW, there's no actual page for tortoiseshell as a precious material; not even a mention on tortoiseshell, the disambiguation page.  Blair P. Houghton 00:27, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * No, diamond is not organic—unless you synthesize diamond out of peanut butter or your dog (cf. LifeGem). And even then you'd have to qualify it as a synthetic. There are inorganic sources of carbon; diamonds are formed at such great depths that it's unlikely the carbon came from animals or plants. That said, biogenic is perhaps a more precise term, even if organic is a perfectly acceptable qualifier as well. The footnote is a bit of a "croquet ball", but if it helps to dispell confusion, I'll let it be. As for tortoiseshell: I'll get around to writing a decent article on it soon. -- Hadal 02:47, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Organic means carbon-based. All known life is organic, but not all organics are from life.  The diamonds from the ground are probably abiogenic, while the diamonds from LifeGem are biogenic.  All diamonds are organic.  Ammolite, along with amber, et al, is best described as biogenic. -- — Ŭalabio 02:26, 2005 Mar 7 (UTC)

 * Nobody has removed your change to biogenic, despite the fact that a major definition of organic is, in fact, "of or relating to or derived from living organisms". (Not to mention that this definition was pretty clearly meant, when one considers context.) So I'm not sure what you're driving at; your change won't be reverted. As for your claim of diamond being organic simply because it contains carbon, you should be careful with whom you tell that to: check Wikipedia's own articles on organic compound and inorganic compound. You'll notice there are quite a few exceptions to the "carbon = organic" rule, and one exception is (usually) elemental carbon—i.e., diamond or graphite. It seems calling diamond "organic" isn't quite NPOV in chemistry circles. :) -- Hadal 02:50, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

There is yet another biogenic gemstone that you missed: coral. It has no article on Wikipedia — the Coral article is about coral reefs, and contains one (inaccurate) mention of coral as a gem. However, it is listed under Gemstone, and Googling for (coral gemstone -reef) brings up a plethora of jeweller's pages. And BTW, it is used primarily as a distinct stone :-) Freederick 02:04, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

I'll wait a few days for responses (this being a featured page and all that), and then edit the page to say: “...one of the four biogenic gemstones, the other three being amber, coral, and pearl...” Freederick 02:04, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * If you are really going to make a point about biogenic gemstones you need to forget about trying to number them, because there are numerous other biogenic materials used as gemstones (taking a broad definition of gem). Off the top of my head, I can think of at least five others - ivory, bone, teeth, mother-of pearl, ebony (and other wood types). Of course this assumes the broadest view of what a gem is. SauliH 04:24, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

From Article: These gemstones are differentiated from other precious, organically produced, ornamental materials such as ivory, jet, mother of pearl, tortoiseshell, etc., primarily by the ways in which they are used. Pearls, amber, and ammolite are considered to be jewels, while the others are treated more as textural objects. This note seems to me some original research. Where is the source for this differentiation? Ammolite is a fossilized biogenic material. If one were to maintain that it belongs as a biogenic material along with amber, pearls, and coral, we need to be careful - after all much opal is from a fossilization process of seashells - which on the rationale of the article would make a major proportion of that gem - biogenic, petrified wood would also be biogenic - along with others also. This whole point in my opinion should be either cut from the article, or refined to state something factual. SauliH 04:40, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * BTW - can the author of this note please state what is meant by textural object? Also, WHO is considering pearls amber and ammolite to be jewels over the other materials? Please state your source!SauliH 04:45, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Some Questions
Hello, currently I'm translating this article into German (de:Ammolit). However, I have some questions. --Elwe 09:33, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Does ammolite is really found only in the Bearpaw formation in Alberta and surrounding countries? What about the iridescent Ammonite from madagascar? [[Image:IridescentAmmonite.jpg|thumb|150px|Iridescent Ammonite from madagascar]] What about the lumachella from Italy? Of course, it has a brigther substrate, so the iridescence isn't visible as well.
 * 2) What has happened with the proteins in the nacre of the shells? Is it still there? If not, what material has replaced it? There must be a difference in the refractive index, so that the boundaries can reflect the light. Why is the aragonite not modified into clacite?
 * 3) What is the meaning of small, crawling stone?  Is there a differnce between iniskim ans aapoak?
 * 4) What does negative in refractive index of Canadian material ..... 1.676-1.679; biaxial negative mean?
 * 5) Are the blue ammolites really more seldom beacus of the greater fragility of the finer layers responsible for the blues or because the ammonites hadn't produced small enough aragonit platelets?
 * 6) Why can prolonged exposure to sunlight also lead to bleaching? They are fully mineralized and containing no water.
 * 7) Through diagenesis, the shells were impregnated by trace elements present in these sediments, the most common of these being iron and magnesium, the former of which accounts for the predominance of the green colors. Really? The colours stem from inteference of reflected light, what is the iron for?
 * 8) What does crush material mean? majority or waste?

Thanks! --Elwe 09:33, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Let's see if I can answer your questions satisfactorily:
 * That's a good point; the article should read "Significant deposits of gem-quality ammolite is only found in...". I'll fix this oversight. The status of lumachella is already mentioned in the == Imitations == section.
 * I presume the proteins have been mineralized. What exactly they've turned into, however, my references don't say. I'm not sure what you mean by "there must be a difference". In life, the nacreous proteins are there to hold the aragonite layers together; AFAIK they don't normally contribute significantly to light absorption, or at least don't affect the overlying iridescence of the shell. The aragonite is not modified into calcite due to the unusual geophysical environment of the ammolite deposits; as the references and the article state, this is owing to the protective bentonite sediments and resultant diagenesis.
 * From what I've read, "small, crawling stone" refers to the iridescence, which (presumably in the eyes of the Blackfoot) made the stone appear to move. Iniskim and aapoak are different words with different meanings, both from the same language, each used by a different Blackfoot Confederacy tribe to refer to the same stone. The former is used by the Blackfeet and the latter by the Kainah, as defined in the article.
 * In this context, negative refers to the optic sign; see Crystal optics.
 * That's what the references say, but you bring up an interesting point. In any event, the article doesn't mean to imply that there is less ammolite with blue iridescence; rather, that gem-quality blue ammolite is more uncommon due to its inherent fragility. Does that make sense?
 * I'm not entirely sure why, but again, that's what the references say. Perhaps the upper layers are rehydrated in some fashion following exposure, and the later evaporation causes damage to the microstructure? *shrug* I do know that unprocessed ammolite that's been soaked in water and left to dry in the sun will begin to flake.
 * This sentence could also use clarification; the "green color" in this case could be the base colour of the nacre itself, or the iron could be affecting the layers of nacre. The reference I got this from (IGS) does not elaborate, so I cannot clarify until I've located more data.
 * Most of it is waste, but a large portion is still good enough for commercial (low-end) jewellery. The word "crush" refers to the compaction of the material, which gives rise to tessellated cracks, etc. This article's lead image is crush material, for example.

 * Did the above help you? -- Hadal 08:11, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

copyvio
This is a featured article. Why are we copying and pasting garbage from http://www.bernardine.com/gemstones/ammolite.htm onto here? Tuxide 22:37, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

may be the page should be proposed for protection.--BMF81 00:28, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I reverted the article to the last version that I believed was good and removed the copyvio tag, per discussion on IRC. The full article isn't a copyright violation, only part of it was.  Tuxide 00:41, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Propose addition of infobox
Being a featured article I was less apt to barge in like I normally do... I have been adding some infoboxes as a part of trying to provide some consistent lokk to gemology pages. If there are no objections I would add an infobox to the page giving an overview of mineralogical and gemological details. Much like Spessartite, and Grossular. SauliH 07:30, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

This is what I would add -

 * Source for data is GIA handbook. SauliH 07:40, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

"official gemstone of the Province of Alberta."
Does someone have a reference for "official gemstone of the Province of Alberta"? Neither the Legislature page nor the Executive Council booklet mention this. Thanks. --Qyd 01:03, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the ref. --Qyd 20:43, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Ammolite as one of "three" biogenic gemstones
It is one of the three biogenic gemstones, the other two being amber and pearl. Why three? There are other biogenic substances used as gemstones, like jet and coral. If anyone is going to argue that they "aren't stones" or "aren't minerals," then neither pearl nor amber belong on that list. I think "three" should be changed to "several," and I am doing so. --♦♦♦Vlmastra♦♦♦ 15:47, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Edit: I just spotted the note, but coral is used quite commonly as a gemstone, and jet was previously common as a gemstone much in the same manner as amber. Therefore, I still support my change. --♦♦♦Vlmastra♦♦♦ 15:50, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

huh? source of color
Huh? 1) In "Properties" the color comes from interference (thickness of plates); in "Formation ...", the green color comes from iron. 2) In Wikipedia "aragonite", this polymorph is stable 10^7 to 10^8 years at standard temperature and pressure. How do bentonite layers prevent alteration to calcite? Jahigginbotham (talk) 03:07, 18 April 2008 (UTC)jahigginbotham 18apr2008

Mineral/chemical composition
What is the chemical/mineralogic composition of this? Is is like opal... and a mineraloid gel, or is it actually a mineral? The article is unclear... 130.39.191.251 (talk) 21:24, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Ammolite


text: File:Train Train.jpg

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Natasha Grippaldi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 14:46, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Natasha Grippaldi
Vanity. Model, 2nd place for miss swiss. Not notable. Radiant! 15:44, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Perhaps if Miss Switzerland 2004 is unable to perform her duties, and thus Ms. Grippaldi becomes the actual Miss Switzerland, she might then be notable. We would then have to translate the article into English. However, not yet sufficiently notable. Oh, and it appears to be a CV instead of an article. HyperZonktalk 18:29, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not an article. Not a notable subject. Very possibly good looking though. -R. fiend 21:32, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, though it's hard to imagine it would be anything else, given that it is about a beauty pageant contestant. Jayjg (talk) 23:19, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 23:45, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Participation in beauty pageant does not confer notability on the participants. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:28, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, 2nd place for miss swiss makes her adequately famous. Kappa 22:16, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, seems notable. JamesBurns 11:11, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Narduwar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE (created redirect after deletion, as some voters asked). jni 10:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Narduwar
Alleged cult of murderer/rapists with no substantiation. Likely a hoax. Radiant! 15:44, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Appears to be crypto-vanity or crypto-band vanity. Or just nonsense. HyperZonktalk 18:33, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur. Couldn't find anything. Kappa 20:27, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - zero google hits. Megan1967 23:46, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe a redirect to Nardwuar the Human Serviette? Seems a likely enough misspelling. That's probably where someone got the idea for the name. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:30, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds good (But a human serviette? What the flip? :) ) Radiant! 11:54, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to notable human serviette, optionally deleting first. Kappa 22:18, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, delete optional. Alphax (t) (c) (e) 03:50, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)


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Demographics of Paris

The city of Paris (also called the Commune or Department of Paris) had a population of 2,165,423 people within its administrative city limits as of January 1, 2019. It is surrounded by the Paris unité urbaine, or urban area, the most populous urban area in the European Union. In 2018 the unité urbaine had a population of 10,816,803 in 2854 km2. The Paris Region, or Île-de-France, covers 12012 km2, and has its own regional council and president. It has a population of 12,213,447 as of January 2018, or 18.3 percent of the population of France. The metropolitan or functional area (aire d'attraction) of Paris covers 18941 km2 and has 13,064,617 inhabitants (2018).

The population of the city of Paris reached a historic high of 2.9 million in 1921 but then declined; between 1954 and 1999 it declined at every census, falling to 2,125,246 in 1999. After that it began to climb again, reaching 2,240,621 in 2012, but falling to 2,187,526 in 2017.

The city's population loss reflected the experience of most other core cities in the developed world that have not expanded their boundaries. The principal factors in the process were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included deindustrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss was one of the most severe among international municipalities and the largest for any that had achieved more than 2,000,000 residents. Since then, an influx of younger residents and immigrants has contributed to the growth of the city.

Density
According to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 persons per square kilometre. According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over ten thousand persons per square kilometre, ranking among the ten most densely populated areas of the EU.

Paris is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of Boulogne and Vincennes, was 24448 PD/km2 in the 1999 official census, which could be compared only with some Asian megapolises and the New York City borough of Manhattan. Even including the two woodland areas, its population density was 20755 PD/km2 in 2017, the sixth-most-densely populated commune in France after Levallois-Perret, Vincennes, Le Pré-Saint-Gervais, Saint-Mandé and Montrouge, all of which border the city proper.

The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focused arrondissements. The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the 11th arrondissement had a density of 40,672 PD/km2 in 1999, and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000 /km2 in the same year.
 * Notes: Without the Bois de Boulogne and the Bois de Vincennes.
 * References: INSEE

Paris agglomeration
The city of Paris covers an area much smaller than the urban area of which it is the core. At present, Paris's real urbanisation, defined by the pôle urbain (urban cluster) statistical area, covers 2845 km2, or an area about 27 times larger than the city itself. The administration of Paris's urban growth is divided between itself and its surrounding departments: Paris's closest ring of three adjoining departments, or petite couronne ("small ring") are fully saturated with urban growth, and the ring of four departments outside of these, the grande couronne departments, are only covered in their inner regions by Paris's urbanisation. These eight departments form the larger administrative Île-de-France région; most of this region is filled, and overextended in places, by the Paris aire urbaine, which, in 2017, was populated by over 12 million people.

The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th century French Wars of Religion, save brief setbacks during the French Revolution and World War II. With an estimated total of 12.2 million inhabitants for 2017, the annual population growth rate of the Île-de-France région lied between 0.3% and 0.9% over the past 50 years.

Immigration
By law, French censuses do not ask questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning one's country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that Paris and its metropolitan area is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: According to the 2011 census, 456,105 residents of the municipality of Paris, or 20.3 percent, and 2,117,901 residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France), or 17.9 percent, were born outside France. At the 1999 census, 4.2% of the population in Paris metropolitan area were recent immigrants (people who had immigrated to France between 1990 and 1999), the majority from Asia and Africa. 37 % of all immigrants in France live in the Paris region.

The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing an agricultural crisis in their homeland. Several waves of immigration followed continually until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the revolution of 1917 and Armenians fleeing genocide in the Ottoman Empire; colonial subjects during World War I and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then.

The Paris metropolitan region or "aire urbaine" is estimated to be home to some 1.7 million Muslims, making up between 10–15 per cent of the area's population. However, without official data, the margin of error of these estimates is extremely high as it is based on one's country of birth (someone born in a Muslim country or born to a parent from a Muslim country is considered as a "potential Muslim"). According to the North American Jewish Data Bank, an estimated 310,000 Jews also live in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region, an area with a population of 11.7 million inhabitants. Paris has historically been a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe today.

Immigrants and their children in departments of Île-de-France (Paris Region)
Anch National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, responsible for the production and analysis of official statistics in France, 20 per cent of people living in the city of Paris are immigrants and 41.3 per cent of people under 20 have at least one immigrant parent. Among the young people under 18, 12.1 per cent are of Maghrebi origin, 9.9 per cent of Subsaharan African origin and 4.0 per cent of South European origin. In 2020-2021, about 6 million people, or 49% of the population of Paris, are either immigrants (21%) or have at least one immigrant parent (28%), these figures do not include French people born in Overseas France and their direct descendants.

(source: Insee, EAR 2006) Reading: 436 576 immigrants live in Paris, representing 20% of Parisians and 22.4% of immigrants in Île-de-France. 162 635 children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent live in Paris, representing 41.3 per cent of the total of children under 20 in Paris and 15.4 per cent of the total of children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent in Île-de-France.

Expatriates
As of 2005 many expatriates settle in the western portion of Paris. Western Paris is in close proximity to many international schools and the La Défense area.

Many international students living in Paris live in the large dormitory complex of Cité Université Internationale de Paris, located just on the edge of the city in the 14th arrondissement.

Africans
As of 2012 tens of thousands of people of African origins live in Paris. This group includes those born in France who had African parents and naturalized French citizens born in Africa. The majority come from the Maghreb, including Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Other countries with populations in Paris include Burkina Faso, the Congo, Guinea, Mali, and Senegal.

Asians
As of 1998 Île-de-France has half of the Asian population of France. As of 1990 the majority of Asians living in France are ethnic Chinese originating from several countries.

In 1974 France stopped allowing foreign workers into its borders. The Asian population of France increased despite the closure. In 1975 there were 20,000 Asians in Île-de-France. In 1982 the region had 59,000. This increased to 108,000 in 1990.

In France the "Asians" are defined as people originating from the East Asian cultural sphere. The term does not include people from the Indian subcontinent. The usage of "Asians" differs from that of Anglo-Saxon countries.

Geography of the Asian population
For the entire Île-de-France region, there were a total of 108,511 persons who held or formerly held Cambodian, Chinese, Laotian, Taiwanese, and Vietnamese citizenships as of 1990. This included 64,361 current citizens of those countries and 44,150 former citizens who became naturalized as French citizens.

As of 1990, there were a combined total of 31,773 persons who held or formerly held Cambodian, Chinese, Laotian, Taiwanese, and Vietnamese citizenships in the City of Paris. This included 21,655 current citizens of those countries and 10,118 former citizens who became naturalized as French citizens.

As of 1990 fewer than 10,000 persons of East/Southeast Asian origin resided in six communes of Marne-la-Vallée. 26% of the population of Lognes was Asian, and other percentages were 8% in Noisiel, 5-6% in Noisy-le-Grand, and 5-6% in Torcy. In 1982 there were 6,000 Asians in Marne-la-Vallée, making up 3-4% of the area's population. In 1987 the number increased to 9,000.

As of circa 1998 Ivry-sur-Seine and Vitry-sur-Seine had a combined Asian population of 3,600.

As of circa 1998 there were about 6,000 East/Southeast Asians in and around Aulnay-sous-Bois, and there were 3,000 persons of East and Southeast Asian origin in Aulnay proper. Most of them were of Cambodian origin, including those with and without Cambodian citizenship. The commune also had an above-average number of persons of Laotian origin, including those with and without Laotian citizenship. Ethnicities included Khmer people, Lao people, and Overseas Chinese.

Cambodians
As of 1990, in the City of Paris there were 7,950 Cambodian citizens and 3,279 former Cambodian citizens who became naturalized as French. The combined total is 11,229.

That year, in the Île-de-France region there were 26,553 Cambodian citizens and 13,068 former Cambodian citizens naturalized as French. The combined total was 39,421.

Chinese
As of 1990 the majority of Asians living in the Paris area are ethnic Chinese originating from several countries. The largest group includes ethnic Chinese from Indochina, and a smaller group originates from Zhejiang.

Japanese
As of 2013 the official number of Japanese residents in Paris was 16,277.

Laotians
As of 1990, in the City of Paris there were 2,185 Laotian citizens and 1,376 former Laotian citizens naturalized as French, making a combined total of 3,561.

As of that year, in the Île-de-France region there were 10,110 Laotian citizens and 8,177 former Laotian citizens, making a combined total of 18,287.

Vietnamese
In periods before 1975 several Vietnamese arrived in Paris, including intellectuals, those who worked as civil servants in colonial times, and those who came to Paris to study and did not return home. Ethnic Vietnamese arriving after 1975 became a part of an ethnic network established by those that came before them. Many Vietnamese achieved proficiency in the medical, scientific, and computer science fields.

As of 1990, in the City of Paris there were 3,802 Vietnamese citizens and 4,155 former Vietnamese citizens naturalized as French, making a total of 7,957.

As of that year, in the Île-de-France region there were 16,387 Vietnamese citizens and 20,261 former Vietnamese citizens naturalized as French, making a total of 36,648.

Romani
There is a Romani community in Paris.

Historical population
Population density of Paris

Notes for the table:
 * until the 1830s, urbanization was contained within the administrative borders of the City of Paris; urban area figures before 1835 are thus the same as the city proper figures
 * the phenomenon of long commutes did not appear until the 1960s; metropolitan area figures before 1968 are thus essentially the same as the urban area figures
 * time comparisons should be exercised with care, as statistical borders vary year after year. E.g., the metropolitan area figure for 1968 is within the 1968 borders of the metropolitan area, whereas the metropolitan area figure for 1975 is within the 1975 expanded borders of the metropolitan area.

title: Demographics of Paris


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Ammolite/archive1

Ammolite
Found this through a "what links here". Well-written, comprehensive and interesting. Rmhermen 15:46, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * A sleeper. Support -- ALoan (Talk) 16:20, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Impressive. Support. —Charles P. (Mirv) 16:29, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, with the proviso I know nothing about this so I don't know if it is missing anything. One thing I saw was inconsistent British and American spelling. Shouldn't it be consistent one way or the other? Or does Canada use the British spelling. Ex's: uncompromised and Aluminium, mixed with fossilized and pyritized, etc. - Taxman 19:48, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * I can say in confidence that the article contains more information than any gemmological treatise, if one excludes the book produced by Korite International (which I suspect is not scholarly). I don't have the book, so I cannot use nor judge its content. But as you can see from the references I included, I've tried to collect all published data. As for the spelling discrepancies, that's my fault: I (a Canadian) was working with DanielCD's original material when I expanded the article, and tried to preserve his spellings. The one exception is aluminium, which is spelt the British way because that's its official IUPAC spelling (see Aluminium). If you see any British spellings, please Americanize them. :) -- Hadal 03:30, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain for the moment - There are photos of the raw material and there's mention of processing it into finished products (such as jewelry) in the article I'd like to see some photos of the mineral either during (maybe some of the machinery or someone working with it) or after processing (like a stone set in an item of jewelry). I don't think this is enough for an objection, but it's holding my vote right now.  slambo 20:33, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Since there is only one commercial supplier of the material, it'd be kind of tricky to get images of the processes—especially since they may consider some of it (e.g. the impregnation process) to be a trade secret. I might take up lapidary some day, but until then I can only offer what I have. I don't have any ammolite jewellery on hand, but as soon as I do I'll take a photo for the article. That won't likely happen soon or within this nomination period, and I regret that. I'll try asking Korite for an image; perhaps they'll oblige, since they seem keen on promoting their product through any avenue. -- Hadal 03:30, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I confess to writing most of this article, so I'm not sure if I'm allowed to support it (but if so, I do). I would however like to thank Rmhermen for nominating it, DanielCD for his solid start to the article, and for everyone's supportive feedback. I've expanded the article even further since the nomination, including more details on extraction (which will hopefully compensate for a lack of images concerning the process). Cheers, -- Hadal 06:42, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. slambo above raises a good point, although I don't believe images should be a reason for an article not to be featured (except in the case of grossly inappropriate or complete lack of images). Phils 08:47, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Hadal has done a great job again. Just a couple of comments. First the ironstone mentioned leads to an ill-defined article, maybe goethite or limonite concretions would be better - I'm not familiar with the geology of the area though. Second, if there is only one commercial supplier, then this is free advertizing - especially if featured. I assume Hadal and DanielCD aren't connected to this company ;-) -Vsmith 05:08, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I found a mention of "ironstone (siderite)" so perhaps that is the mineral? Rmhermen 01:59, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * After again looking over every source I used, I've replaced "ironstone" with siderite as that seems to be the only ironstone-type mineral (besides pyrite) mentioned. As for the "free advertising" angle: perhaps it is, but I'm in no way involved with the company. And honestly, a complete article on ammolite must mention Korite and its operations prominently. I did ask Korite if they'd donate images for the article, but as of writing they've not responded.-- Hadal 04:59, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. This article, like all of his others are a parragon of encyclopaedic entry. Methylsoy 05:54, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, a-stone-ashing article! Mgm|(talk) 10:19, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 10:51, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
Notability not established. Verify or delete. Radiant! 15:47, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. According to their homepage it is "a facility of the New York State Office of Mental Health". An search of a few databases of articles in peer-reviewed journals finds a number of authors affiliated with this institute. Obviously needs expansion, but I can't see any reason to delete it. / Uppland 17:23, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As Uppland notes, an actual facility with faculty, published researchers, and all those trappings of academic validity. I believe the consensus is that accredited post-secondary institutions are encyclopedic. HyperZonktalk 18:41, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nathan Kline was reasonably famous (Results 1 - 100 of about 843 for "nathan kline" -institute); I think he pioneered the early antidepressives, particularly MAO inhibitors. And the Nathan Kline Institute is quite famous (Results 1 - 100 of about 7,140 for "nathan kline institute"). Important research center on Alzheimer's and dementia. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:44, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Notable. Megan1967 23:49, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. 23skidoo 05:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Train (album)

Train is the self-titled debut studio album from the American rock band Train, released in 1998. The album was self-produced for $25,000 and three singles from the album were released. The first single released, "Meet Virginia", peaked at No. 20 on the Billboard Hot 100. The second, "Free", was largely a hit on rock stations, and the third single from the album was "I Am". The album has been certified platinum by the RIAA.

Original track listing
The original independent release, released on December 6, 1996, had a different track listing.

 * 1) "I Am"
 * 2) "Free"
 * 3) "Homesick"
 * 4) "Blind"
 * 5) "Eggplant"
 * 6) "Meet Virginia"
 * 7) "Train"
 * 8) "Rat"
 * 9) "Swaying"
 * 10) "Days"
 * 11) "Idaho"
 * 12) "Sorry For"
 * 13) "The Highway" (hidden track)

Personnel
Train
 * Pat Monahan – lead vocals, percussion
 * Jimmy Stafford – lead guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
 * Rob Hotchkiss – rhythm guitar, harmonica, backing vocals
 * Charlie Colin – bass
 * Scott Underwood – drums, percussion

Additional personnel
 * Grandma E. Bishop – art design
 * David Bryson – mixing
 * Gary Cirimelli – mixing assistant
 * Tommy Dougherty III – art direction
 * Charlie Gillingham – piano, organ, mellotron
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Mike McHugh – engineer
 * Curtis Mathewson – moog synthesizer, producer, melodica
 * Nick DiDia – engineer
 * Charles Quagliana – engineer
 * Stephen Saper – authoring
 * Richard Stutting – artwork, design, illustrations
 * Train – producer
 * Matt Wallace – producer, engineer, mixing on "If You Leave"
 * Alan Yoshida – mastering
 * Joel Zimmerman – art director

title: Train (album)


text:
Gaizka Mendieta

Gaizka Mendieta Zabala (, ; born 27 March 1974) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

A versatile player, with good technique, offensive capabilities and tackling skills, who was capable of creating goals both for his teammates and himself, he played mainly for Valencia, where he won three titles as well as reaching the final of the Champions League in 2000 and 2001 (being voted European Midfielder of the Season in both years), and finished his career with Middlesbrough in England. Over the course of ten seasons, he amassed La Liga totals of 263 games and 48 goals.

Mendieta played 40 times for Spain, appearing for the country at Euro 2000 and the 2002 World Cup.

Valencia
Born in Bilbao, Basque Country, Mendieta made his professional debut at just 17 with CD Castellón in the Segunda División, featuring mostly as a full-back.

After just one season he moved to La Liga after signing with Valencia CF for 30 million pesetas, but spent the vast majority of his first year with the reserves, making his first-team debut on 13 June 1993 against Cádiz CF; he played 34 of 42 games during 1995–96 as the latter finished second, their best result since 1990.

The 1997–98 campaign was Mendieta's breakthrough season, under new manager Claudio Ranieri. Moving to a central midfield role he played 30 league matches and scored ten goals, soon making his debut for the national team. In June 1999 he won his first trophy with the club, beating Atlético Madrid in the Copa del Rey; he found the net in wins over Levante UD, FC Barcelona (both legs) and Real Madrid during the run to the final, where he scored a memorable goal: controlling a cross on his chest, he flicked the ball over his own head and two defenders before turning to volley past the goalkeeper.

Mendieta had an even better year in 1999–2000, with Héctor Cúper now as the coach. He helped Valencia to beat Barcelona 4–3 on aggregate to win the Supercopa de España, and netted a career-best 13 goals on the domestic front as the Che finished third. However, their biggest triumph of the season was to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, a 3–0 loss to fellow Spaniards Real Madrid; later, he was awarded the "European Midfielder of the Season" award.

Valencia went to the final of the Champions League the following year and lost it again, this time to FC Bayern Munich after a penalty shootout. Mendieta scored an early penalty in normal time to give his team a 1–0 lead, and also converted his attempt in the shootout, being again named "UEFA Best Midfielder of the Year".

Moving abroad
Mendieta was one of the most sought-after players in the 2001 off-season, eventually earning a €47.7 million transfer (or a reported 8 billion pesetas) to Italian club SS Lazio, being at the time the sixth most expensive player of all time. However, he disappointed in Serie A, spending only one year in Rome while failing to match the performances of departed playmakers Pavel Nedvěd and Juan Sebastián Verón.

Mendieta was loaned to Barcelona for the 2002–03 season – he started most of the fixtures, but the Catalans could only finish sixth – and subsequently he moved to Middlesbrough, choosing the Premier League club over offers from his homeland (Atlético Madrid and Athletic Bilbao) due to a desire to play in England.

Middlesbrough
In his first season at Middlesbrough, Mendieta was part of the side that won the Football League Cup, bringing the Teesside club its first ever silverware. In July 2004, the move was made permanent with no transfer fee involved.

In his last two years, a string of injuries (including one which caused him to miss the 2006 UEFA Cup final) and long spells of regaining match fitness relegated Mendieta to the substitutes bench. He fell out of favour with manager Gareth Southgate, who made it clear that the player no longer featured in his plans. Reports suggested that Real Sociedad, Athletic Bilbao and Málaga CF were interested in purchasing the midfielder in the January 2007 transfer window, however no concrete agreement was ever made, and the transfer deadline passed amid speculation that the player was set for a move to Los Angeles Galaxy; towards its end, he was quoted to have said that he would fight for his place at Middlesbrough. A day later, Boro's chief executive Keith Lamb disregarded his comments saying that there was "no chance" of him featuring in the first team. He played his last game on 26 December 2006, against Everton.

On 5 December 2007, according to a Spanish newspaper, Mendieta announced his retirement from professional football when his Middlesbrough contract expired at the end of the 2007–08 campaign, He was finally released on 13 May 2008, ending a successful 17-year professional career.

Mendieta said in an interview with the BBC on 3 November 2009 that he might be interested in football management: "A part of me can see the excitement and challenge of being a manager, definitely". After retiring, he settled with his family near Middlesbrough, in Yarm.

International career
In March/May 1996, Mendieta was part of the Spain under-21 team which were runners-up in the UEFA European Championship. He made his senior debut on 27 March 1999, coming on as a substitute for Juan Carlos Valerón in a 9–0 rout of Austria for UEFA Euro 2000's qualifying stages; he was included in the list of 22 for the competition in Belgium and the Netherlands, helping the national side to reach the last eight.

Despite his form slump at Lazio, Mendieta was picked for the squad at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring one goal in three matches for the eventual quarter-finalists, against South Africa (3–2 win). The last of his 40 caps was earned in a friendly with Bulgaria in Granada, four months after the World Cup.

Mendieta also featured and scored for the unofficial Basque Country regional team.

Media
Mendieta was sponsored by sportswear company Nike, and appeared in commercials for the brand. In a global advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan, he starred in a "Secret Tournament" commercial (branded "Scorpion KO") directed by Terry Gilliam, appearing alongside footballers such as Luís Figo, Thierry Henry, Hidetoshi Nakata, Roberto Carlos, Ronaldinho, Ronaldo and Francesco Totti, with former player Eric Cantona the tournament "referee".

Mendieta also worked as a pundit on Sky Sports' UK television coverage of Spanish football.

Personal life
Mendieta's father Andrés was also a footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Originally from Lekeitio, Biscay, he spent his final years as a player at Castellón and later worked on the club's staff, raising his family in the region. Thus, Gaizka emerged through their youth system despite his Basque birthplace.

Fellow Bilbao-born Spain internationals Ander Herrera and Roberto Ríos had similar origins, learning their skills in the cities where their footballing fathers (Pedro and Eusebio respectively) were based professionally. However, both later signed for Athletic Bilbao, while Mendieta never featured for a Basque club; him and his father both represented Spain at the Olympic Games tournament, the latter in 1968 and the former in 1996.

Mendieta was a talented athlete as a youth and came close to pursuing middle-distance running as a career over football. He was a fan of music, and in particular had a passion for DJing; he also appeared on-stage at the Benicàssim festival in 2015 during a set by the band Los Planetas, whose song "Un buen día" referenced him in its lyrics.

Mendieta stated that Ruud Gullit was his footballing hero as an adolescent, due to the Dutchman's unconventional style.

International

 * Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Mendieta goal.

Honours
Valencia
 * Copa del Rey: 1998–99
 * Supercopa de España: 1999
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 1999–2000, 2000–01

Middlesbrough
 * Football League Cup: 2003–04
 * UEFA Cup runner-up: 2005–06

Spain U21
 * UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 1996; Third place 1994

Individual
 * UEFA Club Football Awards: Best Midfielder 1999–2000, 2000–01
 * ESM Team of the Season: 2000–01

title: Gaizka Mendieta


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/National Bureau for Students With Disabilities

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 13:41, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

National Bureau for Students With Disabilities
Charity organization. Notability not established. Radiant! 15:48, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable UK charity, known in the US. 21,800 hits at Google. entry by DialUp restored from page history by HyperZonk
 * Keep as noted by DialUp. HyperZonktalk 18:45, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Spinboy 21:23, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Notable. Megan1967 23:49, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. 23skidoo 05:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/National Center for Missing and Exploited Children

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 14:50, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
Verbatim copy of mission statement, likely copyvio. The aim of this organization is laudable, but is it actually active? Radiant! 15:49, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Radiant, what's with all these pages you're adding to VFD? A simple click on the link provided on the page would have led you to their web site and a Google check would have shown 107,000 hits. Keep, or list as CV . DialUp 17:52, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I was of the opinion that, regardless of whether there should be an article about the NCMEC, it should certainly not be this article. Writing a decent article on them would, I think, have to start by deleting the entire current article. Since this is a lot worse than cleanup, I'd nominated it for VfD. I do usually google-test, but not if I believe that a blank page would be better than the current one. IMHO, of course. Radiant! 18:45, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * The main reason for using WP:CV for copy vios is that it creates a temp page for anyone wanting to start a clean copy of the article (assuming it's a worthwhile subject). It's a lot harder to attempt to save edits and history if a page fixed on VFD must later be deleted because the origial edit was a CV. It'll eventually be deleted anyway if no one takes an interest fixing it. Sorry for the sharp words. DialUp 19:38, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. However I have been unable to verify that it is in fact copyvio. Radiant! 21:19, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it is a straight copy & paste from . NCMEC appears to be a private organization chartered under a congressional act. It's possible that it might not be copyrightable as a work of the U.S. government, but I doubt it. (see their Reprint Policy for NCMEC Publications). There seems to some confusion here as to what this organization is. As best I can tell, it's federally funded to carry out public policy and doesn't appear to be religious—its board members belong to many well-known public companies plus governmental and private secular organizations. DialUp 22:36, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep unless copyvio, of course. Probably does, in fact, need some cleanup tags, which I will go ahead and add. ;) HyperZonktalk 20:13, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The mere fact that this organization considers sex with children, no matter how voluntary, to be abuse is POV. Jesse's Girl 20:18, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Only 24 minutes after your first edit, you were already voting in Votes for deletion, and you found the User:Anthony DiPierro/Shawn Mikula page very quickly too. Just saying. -- Curps 22:37, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I presume that Curps is referring to someone other than me, since these statements would be untrue in my regard. You can check out my contribution list to verify (when I wrote this, 16:20, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC), I had over 100 entries, so you'll have to look at more than just the first page). I know that Curps isn't attacking me, just wanted to disambiguate for others. HyperZonktalk 16:20, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, naturally, I was referring to the original post by Jesse's Girl. To clarify this, I'm moving my original comment up (along with these followups). -- Curps 05:41, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Certainly, however the POV of an organization is no reason to delete it. Otherwise we'd have to delete the article on every single political party and religion, just for starters. EggplantWizard's suggestion below would be one way to deal with any problems you have with the POV, particularly if you feel that it is not widely known (that is, it probably isn't necessary to note that a given political party is biased towards its own views, but many may not know that a given anti-drug abuse program is affiliated with a controversial religious group). HyperZonktalk 20:41, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (qualified) While offensive conceptually to many, Jesse Girl's opinion is valid (there are many cultural differences with regard to the age of consent)- but it's no reason to remove the article in its entirety - It should merely be noted in the article's body as a known bias held by the organization. EggplantWizard 20:21, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Your first edit was today, and it was an edit to a Vote for deletion (not this one). -- Curps 23:59, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, list as copyvio if it is such. --Carnildo 21:06, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and list as copyvio. I've heard of this organization on the national news more than once. I bet there's a very encyclopedic article to be made here. --InShaneee 21:35, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Mark as copyvio. Neutralitytalk 22:36, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please follow proper copyright procedures. RickK 23:32, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, copyright violation. Megan1967 23:50, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Notable organization. Keep if the copyvio is replaced with actual content.  -Sean Curtin 01:14, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A copyvio is not grounds for deletion. A simple rewrite is all that's needed. (Also, I don't believe mission statements of non-profits can be copyrighted but I might be wrong. 23skidoo 05:40, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If copyright problems are fixed of course. Notable child protection organisation. Capitalistroadster 10:30, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, spurious notability. JamesBurns 11:12, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
User:Eden Cogan

my details
I'm Eden Cogan, a user like the others. I would like to write here about ancient Greek history, ancient Rome, the Bizantinian empire, and the Dark Ages.

I like Democracy.

I am in the hebrew Wikipedia, too.

I just started to write here, but I've already written lots of pages in the hebrew Wikipedia.

I write here:
Nothing in this time.

my pages:
To talk with me click here.

so nice day and let's get to work,                 & from Eden.

title: User:Eden Cogan