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Federal Government of Belgium

The Federal Government of Belgium (Federale regering, Gouvernement fédéral, Föderalregierung) exercises executive power in the Kingdom of Belgium. It consists of ministers and secretary of state ("junior", or deputy-ministers who do not sit in the Council of Ministers) drawn from the political parties which form the governing coalition. The federal government is led by the prime minister of Belgium, and ministers lead ministries of the government. Ministers together form the Council of Ministers, which is the supreme executive organ of the government (equivalent to a cabinet).

Formally, executive power is vested in the king, who formally appoints the ministers. However, under the Constitution of Belgium, the king is not politically responsible for exercising his powers, but must exercise it through the ministers. The king's acts are not valid unless countersigned by a minister, and the countersigning minister assumes political responsibility for the act. Thus, in practice, the ministers do the actual day-to-day work of governing.

Function and composition
At the federal level, executive power is wielded by the federal government, whilst the prime minister is the head of the government. Each minister heads a ministry, and secretaries of state, who are deputy to a minister, help run these ministries. The government reflects the weight of political parties that constitute the current governing coalition for the Chamber. No single party or party family across linguistic lines holds an absolute majority of seats in Parliament. Under current practice, no party family can win enough seats to govern alone, let alone win a majority.

The number of ministers is limited to 15, equally divided between French-speaking and Dutch-speaking ministers, according to Article 99 of the Constitution. Although the prime minister is officially exempt from this quota, no francophones held the post from 1979 to 2011. Some of the ministers are also deputy prime ministers; but in addition to taking the position of acting prime minister, they are also the link between the government and their political parties. A deputy prime minister is the voice of their political party within the federal government, and is also the voice of the federal government within their political party. Government meetings are conducted through simultaneous interpreters.

The prime minister and his ministers administer the government and the various Federal Public Services (Service public fédéral, Federale Overheidsdienst; roughly equivalent to ministries in other countries' administrative organization). As in the United Kingdom, ministers must defend their policies and performance in person before the Chamber.

An important de facto body is the "inner cabinet" (kernkabinet; conseil des ministres restreint or kern), consisting of the prime minister and the deputy prime ministers. They meet to make the most important political decisions.

Formation
After the elections, the prime minister of the former government offers his resignation to the king, and the formation process for a new government starts. The incumbent government remains in office in a caretaker role until the new government is sworn in. This process is based largely on constitutional convention rather than written law. The king is first consulted by the President of the Chamber of Representatives and the President of the Senate. The King also meets a number of prominent politicians in order to discuss the election results. Following these meetings, an Informateur is appointed.

The Informateur has the task of exploring the various possibilities for the new Federal Government and assessing which parties can form a majority in the Federal Parliament. He also meets with prominent people in the socio-economic field to learn their views on the policy that the new Federal Government should conduct. The Informateur then reports to the King and advises him about the appointment of the Formateur. However the King can also appoint a second Informateur or appoint a royal mediator. The task of a royal mediator is to reach an agreement on contentious issues, resolve remaining obstacles to the formation of a Federal Government and prepare the ground for a Formateur. On 5 July 2007 King Albert II appointed Jean-Luc Dehaene as royal mediator to reach an agreement on a new State Reform.

The Formateur is appointed by the king on the basis of the informateur's report. The task of the Formateur is to form a new government coalition and lead the negotiations about the government agreement and the composition of the government. If these negotiations succeed, the Formateur presents a new Federal Government to the king. Usually, the Formateur also becomes the Prime Minister.

In accordance with article 96 of the Belgian Constitution, the king appoints and dismisses his ministers. However, since all royal acts require the countersignature of a minister, the outgoing prime minister countersigns the royal order appointing the new prime minister, who then countersigns the royal order accepting the resignation of his predecessor. The prime minister then countersigns the royal orders appointing the other members of the new Federal Government.

The appointed ministers take the oath of office before the king. After they have taken the oath, the new Council of Ministers meets to draw up the declaration of government, in which the Federal Government sets out the main lines of the government agreement and outlines the government agenda. The prime minister reads the declaration of government to the Chamber of Representatives, which then holds a debate on the declaration of government. Following this debate, a vote of Confidence takes place. If the prime minister obtains the confidence of the majority, he can begin implementing the government agreement.

Recent political developments
Catholics and later Christian Democrats have led most of the governments in Belgian history. However, from 1999 until 2007, liberal Guy Verhofstadt led two "purple" governments of liberals and socialists, the first of which also included greens. Afterwards, after difficult negotiations and an interim third Verhofstadt government, a government was eventually formed in 2008 led by Christian democrat Yves Leterme. New elections were called in 2010 after liberal Open Vld quit the government. After a record-breaking government formation, the Di Rupo Government was formed; Elio Di Rupo was the first francophone to hold the post of prime minister since Paul Vanden Boeynants left office in 1979. The formation of the Di Rupo Government ended the period of political instability between 2007 and 2011. During the 2014 elections, there was political consensus to not repeat this, and the Michel Government was relatively quickly formed, notably excluding socialists and including the Flemish nationalist N-VA.

In May 2019 federal elections in the Flemish-speaking northern region of Flanders far-right Vlaams Belang party made major gains. In the French-speaking southern area of Wallonia the Socialists were strong. The moderate Flemish nationalist party the N-VA remained the largest party in parliament. Belgium’s first female prime minister Sophie Wilmès led the caretaker government since October 2019. The parties finally agreed on federal government 16 months after the elections and The Flemish Liberal party politician Alexander De Croo became new prime minister in October 2020.

Incumbent government
The current De Croo Government, a seven-party cabinet since October 2020, consists of 14 Ministers in a coalition of the Flemish Open Vld, sp.a, CD&V and Groen, and the Walloon Mouvement Réformateur, Parti Socialiste and Ecolo.

title: Federal Government of Belgium


text:
Talk:Aquarium (Aqua album)

Untitled
I (Hedley) have started the article and all chart run and time data is verified from Official UK Chart Documentation and Official Album Listings.

Opinions
This article is riddled all over with opinions that are asserted as facts. Like:

"Calling You is a dance track which finishes off the album well, providing an alternative to some of the more ballady and cheesy tracks. It has an infectious beat and was written by Søren, Claus, René, Hartmann and Langhoff."

First off, I don't think the song "finishes off the album well" because I think's it's a mediocre song on a mediocre album, and anyone who thinks that this is quality music should listen to some Dream Theater or King Crimson. Likewise, I don't think any song on the album has an "infectious beat" because I find all the beats on the album to be overly simplistic, mediocre, and tasteless. But of course, my opinion is wrong, because the article writer's opinion trumps all.

Fair use rationale for Image:Barbiegirlcover1.jpg
Image:Barbiegirlcover1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:24, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:GoodMorningSunshinecover1.jpg
Image:GoodMorningSunshinecover1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:27, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Aquariumcover1.jpg
Image:Aquariumcover1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:20, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Aquarium (Aqua album)


text:
Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski

Bolesław Ignacy Florian Wieniawa-Długoszowski (22 July 1881 – 1 July 1942) was a Polish general, adjutant to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, politician, freemason, diplomat, poet, artist and formally for one day the President of the Republic of Poland.

He was one of the generation that fought for and saw the rebirth of an independent Poland on 11 November 1918 (National Independence Day), only to see that independence lost again after the 1939 division of Poland between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union pursuant to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

Before World War I
Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski was born 22 July 1881 on his family's estate in Maksymówka near Stanisławów in Galicia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, (now Ivano-Frankivsk in the Ukraine), the son of Bolesław Długoszowski (a railway engineer, who built the railway from Tarnów to Krynica-Zdrój via Bobowa) and Józefina, née Struszkiewicz. He had an elder brother Kazimierz and two sisters; Teofila (Michalewska) the grandmother of Inka Bokiewicz, the girl who first adopted Wojtek the bear and Zofia (Kubicka).

In 1877, his family bought the manor house in Bobowa. Bobowa, (Bobov in Yiddish), was a centre of Hassidic life in Poland. There were good relations between the Jews of Bobowa and the Długoszowski family (Kazimierz, the elder brother, appears with Grand Rabbi Ben Zion Halberstam on the cover of the book "Jewish Society in Poland" ). There Bolesław spent his early life. He attended secondary school in Lwów, then he moved to a school in Nowy Sącz, graduating in 1900. Subsequently, he studied medicine at Jan Kazimierz University (currently Lviv University) in Lwów, graduating with high distinction in 1906. In 1906 he married his first wife, the singer Stephania Calvas.

After his studies, he moved to Berlin, where he spent a year studying at the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts. After completing his degree there in 1907, he moved to Paris, where he worked as a private physician.

Between 1907 and 1914, he lived in Montparnasse sharing to the full in the bohemian life of Paris, mixing with the Polish artist living there, many of whom were members of the Young Poland movement. In 1911 he was a founder, with the sculptor Stanisław Kazimierz Ostrowski of the Association of Polish Artists (Towarzystwo Artystów Polskich). In 1912 he formed the "cercle parisien des sciences militaires" with Waclaw Sieroszewski, Andrzej Strug and others. The next year this group joined the main Riflemen's Association (Związek Strzelecki "Strzelec"), where he met Józef Piłsudski in December 1913.

1914–42
In 1914, he moved to Kraków and joined the First Cadre Company, which fought on the Austro-Hungarian side against Russia. In October 1914 he became a commander of a platoon of a squadron in 1 Pułk Ułanów Legionów Polskich. During the fighting in 1914–1915, he was promoted to lieutenant, and after the war he was awarded the V-Class Virtuti Militari. In August 1915, he moved to the special group in Warsaw. Soon he became an aide-de-camp to Józef Piłsudski. In 1918, he was sent on a mission to Russia. He was given three tasks: persuade General Józef Haller's army, then in the Ukraine, to back Piłsudski (he failed in this task); reach the French military mission in Moscow under General Lavergne (he succeeded in this task); and return from Moscow to Paris to liaise with the government there. Unfortunately, he was arrested by the Soviet Cheka as a member of the Polish Military Organisation while on a French diplomatic train on its way from Moscow to Murmansk (and Paris). He was imprisoned in the Taganka prison. He was freed thanks to the intervention of his future wife, Bronisława Wieniawa-Długoszowska, with the much-feared Cheka operative Yakovleva, then in charge of the prison. Bronisława, née Kliatchkin, was at that time married to the lawyer Leon Berenson, the lawyer of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the head of the Cheka. She was a Lutheran, her family having converted from the Jewish faith when she was eight. He married her in a Lutheran ceremony on 2 October 1919 at Zbór luterański w Nowym Gawłowie zbór in Nowy Gawłów. The marriage register records the details from her false French passport, including "Lalande" as her maiden name.

As aide-de-camp of Józef Piłsudski during the Polish-Soviet War he helped him organize the Vilna Operation and Battle of Warsaw. He was also a commander of 1st Cavalry Division. After the war, Wieniawa was awarded many medals (including the Légion d'honneur, Cross of Valor and Cross of Independence).

Throughout the interwar years, he was a key figure in Warsaw literary and social life. He had a table reserved for him with leading Warsaw literary figures, such as Julian Tuwim and Jan Lechoń, at the mezzanine of the café Mała Ziemiańska. In a famous anecdote, Aleksander Wat recounts how, when Wat was imprisoned, by the government of the Second Polish Republic for his literary activities (he was the publisher of the crypto-communist magazine Miesięcznik Literacki), he received, in prison, a hamper of vodka and caviar from Wieniawa. The purpose of that story, in Wat's memoirs "My century", is to contrast his treatment at the hands of the Second Polish Republic with the vicious and barbaric treatment he was to receive in Soviet prisons during the war.

In November 1921, Wieniawa became the Polish military attaché in Bucharest, Romania. He was associated with making the Polish-Romanian convention which was signed in 1922. In 1926 he passed his exams in High War School. He soon became a commander of 1 Pułk Szwoleżerów Józefa Piłsudskiego, the most prestigious and representative Polish cavalry division, which he commanded until 1930.

During the May Coup of 1926, he was one of Piłsudski's officers who helped him to organise the coup.

In 1930–32, he was commander of I Cavalry Division and, for some time, of II Cavalry Division. In 1932, he was promoted by President Ignacy Mościcki to the rank of Brigadier General. He was commander of the II Cavalry Division, from 1932 to 14 May 1938. In 1938 he was promoted to Major-General, Generał dywizji. From 1938 to 13 June 1940, he was the Polish Ambassador in Rome.

One-day presidency
On 17 September 1939, he was nominated president of Poland by the retiring President Ignacy Mościcki. On the same day, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union, and he took the train from Rome to Paris to take on his new role. His appointment was published in the Official Journal, Monitor Polski, on 25 September 1939. His appointment was blackballed by the French Third Republic and also opposed by Władysław Sikorski. After the capitulation of France, he emigrated to New York City by travelling via Lisbon.

Many sources do not list Wieniawa as president but merely as "designated successor". However, according to the then constitution, when the President cannot execute his powers (as when Mościcki was interned in Romania and it was clear that he would not be released unless he resigned), the designated successor automatically became president.

After receiving appointment or becoming president, Wieniawa-Długoszowski asked Cardinal August Hlond to become Prime Minister. Hlond refused and referred to Wieniawa as "Mr. President".

Also, in a press statement from President Lech Wałęsa's press secretary on 21 September 1994 to Dziennik Polski, Wieniawa-Długoszowski was referred to as one of the legitimate presidents-in-exile.

According to some opinions, Mościcki had meant to pass his office to Wieniawa-Długoszowski as caretaker until the office could be assumed by a candidate acceptable to both Sanacja and opposition circles, General Kazimierz Sosnkowski, whose whereabouts were unknown in September 1939. Finally, after Wieniawa's resignation, a compromise candidate, Władysław Raczkiewicz, was chosen.

Death
Once in the United States, Wieniawa-Długoszowski settled in New York City. Unable to get any position in the Polish Army from Władysław Sikorski since he was part of the Piłsudskiist Sanation Movement, which had ruled Poland from 1926 to 1939, which Sikorski had opposed (Sikorski organised a coup against Wieniawa in 1939). He moved to Detroit, where he was appointed editor-in-chief of Frank Januszewski's Dziennik Polski (Detroit). Finally, on 18 April 1942, Sikorski appointed Wieniawa minister plenipotentiary to the governments of Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Haiti, based in Havana. On 20 June 1942 the National Committee of Americans of Polish Extraction (KNAPP) was founded in New York, with Wieniawa listed as a founder. KNAPP was strongly for retaining Poland's eastern territories, was critical of Sikorski, and was entirely distrustful of Stalin. Wieniawa, after moving back to New York, caught between these two opposing forces, committed suicide on 1 July 1942. Some sources say he committed suicide by leaping from an upper story of his New York city residence (3 Riverside Drive), but the exact details of his death are debated among historians. He left a suicide note. One month later, on 14 August 1942, the Jewish ghetto in his home village of Bobowa was liquidated; about 700 inhabitants were killed in a mass execution in the Garbacz Forest.

Wieniawa's remains were brought back to Kraków for reburial in the Rakowicki Cemetery, on 27 September 1990, where he now lies with his fallen comrades from the World War I Polish Legions.

Polish

 * Order of the White Eagle
 * Order of St. Stanislaus
 * Knight's Cross of the Virtuti Militari, Virtuti Militari class V Silver (November 1921)
 * Cross of Valour, four times
 * Cross of Independence with Swords (May 1931)
 * Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (March 1934), Commander's Cross with star (November 1938) (previously awarded the Officer's Cross)
 * Gold Cross of Merit
 * Decades of Independence Medal Regained
 * Golden Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature Academic merit for literature, (November 1936).

Foreign

 * Imperial Order of Leopold (Austria)
 * Military Order of Max Joseph (Bavaria)
 * Officer (1921) then Commander (1937) of the Legion of Honour (France)
 * Military Order of Maria Theresa (Austro-Hungarian Empire)
 * Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius (Bulgaria)
 * Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)
 * Knight of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (Holy See)
 * Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy) (December 1937)
 * Commander of the Order of the Star of Romania (October 1922)
 * Commander of the Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)
 * Commander of the Order of the White Eagle (Yugoslavia)
 * Commander of the Order of the Three Stars (Latvia), (November 1927)
 * 10th Anniversary Commemorative Medal Fight for Liberation of the Republic of Latvia (July 1928)
 * Grand Commander of the Order of Merit (Hungary), Cross of Merit 2nd class with star (January 1929)

title: Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski


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Perversions of Science

Perversions of Science is an American science fiction/horror anthology television series that ran from June 7 to July 23, 1997, on the premium cable channel HBO, lasting one season. It is a spin-off of the horror series Tales from the Crypt also shown on HBO, and its episodes are based on EC Comics's Weird Science, Weird Fantasy, and Incredible Science Fiction comic book series.

Format
The format of Perversions of Science is similar to Tales from the Crypt; the latter is hosted by the Cryptkeeper, a wisecracking corpse performed by puppeteers, while Perversion of Science is hosted by a computer-generated female robot named Chrome (voiced by Maureen Teefy ). Individual episodes begin with an introduction by Chrome, followed by a main narrative. After the narrative is complete, Chrome concludes the episode by making a comment about the story in question. Unlike the Cryptkeeper, who frequently makes puns revolving around death and macabre subjects, Chrome engages more in sexual innuendo.

Most episodes focused on a part of science fiction such as alien invasion or space/time travel.

The show featured a mix of established talent and young up-and-comers. For instance, "Panic" starred a young Jason Lee and Jamie Kennedy opposite of Harvey Korman.

Home media
The series was released on March 23, 2001, in Japan (Region 2, NTSC) across three individual DVD volumes by Pioneer Entertainment and Tohokushinsha Film.

title: Perversions of Science


text: Category:Phil Ochs albums

title: Category:Phil Ochs albums


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boarders

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:11, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Boarders
Unencyclopedic. There may be some information hiding in there, but it's unclear what it might be. Sounds like dictdef, if anything. Rl 22:19, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It requires notable evidence. Zzyzx11 00:16, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, circular dictionary definition. Megan1967 02:13, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
International Booker Prize

The International Booker Prize (formerly known as the Man Booker International Prize) is an international literary award hosted in the United Kingdom. The introduction of the International Prize to complement the Man Booker Prize, as the Booker Prize was then known, was announced in June 2004. Sponsored by the Man Group, from 2005 until 2015 the award was given every two years to a living author of any nationality for a body of work published in English or generally available in English translation. It rewarded one author's "continued creativity, development and overall contribution to fiction on the world stage", and was a recognition of the writer's body of work rather than any one title.

Since 2016, the award has been given annually to a single work of fiction or collection of short stories, translated into English and published in the United Kingdom or Ireland, with a £50,000 prize for the winning title, shared equally between author and translator.

Crankstart, the charitable foundation of Sir Michael Moritz and his wife, Harriet Heyman began supporting The Booker Prizes on 1 June 2019. From this date, the prizes were known as The Booker Prize and The International Booker Prize. Of their support for The Booker Prize Foundation and the prizes, Moritz commented: "Neither of us can imagine a day where we don’t spend time reading a book. The Booker Prizes are ways of spreading the word about the insights, discoveries, pleasures and joy that spring from great fiction".

Pre-2016
Whereas the Man Booker Prize was open only to writers from the Commonwealth, Ireland, and Zimbabwe, the International Prize was open to all nationalities who had work available in English including translations. The award was worth £60,000 and given every two years to a living author's entire body of literature, similar to the Nobel Prize for Literature. The Man Booker International Prize also allowed for a separate award for translation. If applicable, the winning author could choose their translators to receive a prize sum of £15,000.

The 2005 inaugural winner of the prize was Albanian writer Ismail Kadare. Praising its concerted judgement, the journalist Hephzibah Anderson noted that the Man Booker International Prize was "fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel".

2016 onwards
In July 2015 it was announced that the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize would be disbanded. The prize money from that award would be folded into the Man Booker International Prize, which would henceforth act similarly to the Independent prize: awarding an annual book of fiction translated into English, with the £50,000 prize split between author and translator. Each shortlisted author and translator receives £2,500. Its aim is to encourage publishing and reading of quality works in translation and to highlight the work of translators. Judges select a longlist of 12 or 13 books in March (“the Booker Dozen”), followed by a shortlist of six in April, with the winner announced in May.

2005
The inaugural Man Booker International Prize was judged by John Carey (Chair), Alberto Manguel and Azar Nafisi. The nominees were announced on 2 June 2005 at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Albanian novelist Ismail Kadare was named the inaugural International Prize winner in 2005. Head judge, Professor John Carey said Kadare is "a universal writer in the tradition of storytelling that goes back to Homer." Kadare said he was "deeply honoured" at being awarded the prize. Kadare was also able to select a translator to receive an additional prize of £15,000. The writer received his award in Edinburgh on 27 June.
 * Winner
 * Ismail Kadare

 * Nominees

 * Margaret Atwood (Canada)
 * Saul Bellow (US)
 * Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)
 * Günter Grass (Germany)
 * Ismail Kadare (Albania)
 * Milan Kundera (Czech Republic)

 * Stanisław Lem (Poland)
 * Doris Lessing (UK)
 * Ian McEwan (UK)
 * Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt)
 * Tomas Eloy Martinez (Argentina)
 * Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan)

 * Cynthia Ozick (US)
 * Philip Roth (US)
 * Muriel Spark (UK)
 * Antonio Tabucchi (Italy)
 * John Updike (US)
 * A. B. Yehoshua (Israel)

2007
The 2007 prize was judged by Elaine Showalter, Nadine Gordimer and Colm Tóibin. The nominees for the second Man Booker International Prize were announced on 12 April 2007 at Massey College in Toronto. Nigerian author Chinua Achebe was awarded the International Prize for his literary career in 2007. Judge Nadine Gordimer said Achebe was "the father of modern African literature" and that he was "integral" to world literature. Achebe received his award on 28 June in Oxford.
 * Winner
 * Chinua Achebe

 * Nominees

 * Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)
 * Margaret Atwood (Canada)
 * John Banville (Ireland)
 * Peter Carey (Australia)
 * Don DeLillo (US)

 * Carlos Fuentes (Mexico)
 * Doris Lessing (UK)
 * Ian McEwan (UK)
 * Harry Mulisch (Netherlands)
 * Alice Munro (Canada)

 * Michael Ondaatje (Sri Lanka/Canada)
 * Amos Oz (Israel)
 * Philip Roth (US)
 * Salman Rushdie (India/UK)
 * Michel Tournier (France)

2009
The 2009 prize was judged by Jane Smiley (Chair), Amit Chaudhuri and Andrey Kurkov. The nominees for the third Man Booker International Prize were announced on 18 March 2009 at The New York Public Library. Canadian short story writer Munro was named the winner of the prize in 2009 for her lifetime body of work. Judge Jane Smiley said picking a winner had been "a challenge", but Munro had won the panel over. On Munro's work, Smiley said "Her work is practically perfect. Any writer has to gawk when reading her because her work is very subtle and precise. Her thoughtfulness about every subject is so concentrated." Munro, who said she was "totally amazed and delighted" at her win, received the award at Trinity College Dublin on 25 June.
 * Winner
 * Alice Munro

 * Nominees

 * Peter Carey (Australia)
 * Evan S. Connell (US)
 * Mahasweta Devi (India)
 * E. L. Doctorow (US)
 * James Kelman (UK)

 * Arnošt Lustig (Czech Republic)
 * Alice Munro (Canada)
 * V. S. Naipaul (Trinidad/UK)
 * Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Kenya)
 * Joyce Carol Oates (US)

 * Antonio Tabucchi (Italy)
 * Dubravka Ugrešić (Croatia)
 * Lyudmila Ulitskaya (Russia)
 * Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)

2011
The 2011 prize was judged by Rick Gekoski (Chair), Carmen Callil (withdrew in protest over choice of winner) and Justin Cartwright. The nominees for the fourth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 30 March 2011 at a ceremony in Sydney, Australia. John le Carré asked to be removed from consideration, saying he was "flattered", but that he does not compete for literary prizes. However, judge Rick Gekoski said although he was disappointed that le Carré wanted to withdraw, his name would remain on the list. American novelist Roth was announced as the winner on 18 May 2011 at the Sydney Writers' Festival. Of his win, Roth said "This is a great honour and I'm delighted to receive it." The writer said he hoped the prize would bring him to the attention of readers around the world who are not currently familiar with his body of work. Roth received his award in London on 28 June; however, he was unable to attend in person due to ill health, so he sent a short video instead. After Roth was announced as the winner, Carmen Callil withdrew from the judging panel, saying "I don't rate him as a writer at all... in 20 years' time will anyone read him?" Callil later wrote an editorial in The Guardian explaining her position and why she chose to leave the panel.
 * Winner

 * Philip Roth

 * Nominees

 * Juan Goytisolo (Spain)
 * James Kelman (UK)
 * John le Carré (UK)
 * Amin Maalouf (Lebanon)
 * David Malouf (Australia)

 * Dacia Maraini (Italy)
 * Rohinton Mistry (India/Canada)
 * Philip Pullman (UK)
 * Marilynne Robinson (US)
 * Philip Roth (US)

 * Su Tong (China)
 * Wang Anyi (China)
 * Anne Tyler (US)

2013
The 2013 prize was judged by Christopher Ricks (Chair), Elif Batuman, Aminatta Forna, Yiyun Li and Tim Parks. The nominees for the fifth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 January 2013. Marilynne Robinson was the only writer out of the ten nominees who had been nominated for the prize before. Lydia Davis, best known as a short story writer, was announced as the winner of the 2013 prize on 22 May at a ceremony at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The official announcement of Davis' award on the Man Booker Prize website described her work as having "the brevity and precision of poetry." Judging panel chair Christopher Ricks commented that "There is vigilance to her stories, and great imaginative attention. Vigilance as how to realise things down to the very word or syllable; vigilance as to everybody's impure motives and illusions of feeling."
 * Winner
 * Lydia Davis

 * Nominees

 * U R Ananthamurthy (India)
 * Aharon Appelfeld (Israel)
 * Lydia Davis (US)
 * Intizar Hussain (Pakistan)
 * Marie NDiaye (France)

 * Josip Novakovich (Croatia/United States)
 * Marilynne Robinson (United States)
 * Vladimir Sorokin (Russia)
 * Peter Stamm (Switzerland)
 * Yan Lianke (China)

2015
The 2015 prize was judged by Marina Warner (Chair), Nadeem Aslam, Elleke Boehmer, Edwin Frank and Wen-chin Ouyang. The nominees for the sixth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 March 2015. László Krasznahorkai became the first author from Hungary to receive the Man Booker award. The prize was given to recognise his "achievement in fiction on the world stage". British author Marina Warner, who chaired the panel of judges that selected Krasznahorkai for the award, compared his writing to Kafka and Beckett. Krasznahorkai's translators, George Szirtes and Ottilie Mulzet, shared the £15,000 translators' prize.
 * Winner
 * László Krasznahorkai

 * Nominees

 * César Aira (Argentina)
 * Ibrahim al-Koni (Libya)
 * Hoda Barakat (Lebanon)
 * Maryse Condé (Guadeloupe)
 * Mia Couto (Mozambique)

 * Amitav Ghosh (India)
 * Fanny Howe (United States)
 * László Krasznahorkai (Hungary)
 * Alain Mabanckou (Republic of the Congo)
 * Marlene van Niekerk (South Africa)

Nominations 2016–present
The chair of each year's judging panel is shown in bold text.

2016
The nominees for the seventh Man Booker International Prize were announced on 14 April 2016. The six nominees were chosen from a longlist of thirteen. Han became the first Korean author to win the prize and, under the new format for 2016, Smith became the first translator to share the prize. British journalist Boyd Tonkin, who chaired the judging panel, said that the decision was unanimous. He also said of the book "in a style both lyrical and lacerating, it reveals the impact of this great refusal both on the heroine herself and on those around her. This compact, exquisite and disturbing book will linger long in the minds, and maybe the dreams, of its readers."

2017
The longlist for the eighth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 14 March 2017, and the shortlist on 20 April 2017. The winner was announced on 14 June 2017. Grossman became the first Israeli author to win the prize, sharing the £50,000 award with translator Jessica Cohen. Nick Barley, who is the director of the Edinburgh International Book Festival, described the book as "an ambitious high-wire act of a novel [that] shines a spotlight on the effects of grief, without any hint of sentimentality. The central character is challenging and flawed, but completely compelling." The novel won over 126 other contenders.

2018
The longlist for the ninth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 12 March 2018. The shortlist of six books was announced on 12 April 2018 at an event at Somerset House in London. The winner was announced on 22 May 2018 at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. Tokarczuk is the first Polish author to win the award, and shared the prize with Croft. Lisa Appignanesi described Tokarczuk as a "writer of wonderful wit, imagination, and literary panache."

2019
The longlist for the Man Booker International Prize was announced on 13 March 2019. The shortlist was announced on 9 April 2019. The winner was announced on 21 May 2019; Jokha Alharthi is the first author writing in Arabic to have won the Man Booker International Prize. Bettany Hughes said of Celestial Bodies that, "We felt we were getting access to ideas and thoughts and experiences you aren’t normally given in English. It avoids every stereotype you might expect in its analysis of gender and race and social distinction and slavery."

2020
The longlist for the prize was announced on 27 February 2020. The shortlist was announced 2 April 2020. The winner announcement was originally planned for 19 May 2020, however due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was postponed to 26 August 2020.

2021
The longlist was announced on 30 March 2021, the shortlist on 22 April, and the winning author and translator on 2 June 2021.

2022
The longlist was announced on 10 March 2022; the shortlist on 7 April 2022 and the winner on 26 May 2022. Tomb of Sand is the first Hindi-language novel to receive a nomination, and the first novel in an Indian language to win the International Booker Prize.

2023
The longlist was announced on 14 March 2023, the shortlist on 18 April 2023, and the winner on 23 May 2023. Gospodinov's Time Shelter is the first Bulgarian-language book to have won the prize.

2024
The longlist was announced on 11 March 2024, the shortlist on 9 April 2024, and the winner on 21 May 2024, at a ceremony at Tate Modern in London, sponsored by Maison Valentino. The judging panel for this year's prize is chaired by Canadian writer and broadcaster Eleanor Wachtel, and consists of Mojave American poet Natalie Diaz, Sri Lankan British novelist Romesh Gunesekera, South African artist William Kentridge, and American writer, editor and translator Aaron Robertson. On choosing the six shortlisted books, Eleanor Wachtel said, "Our shortlist, while implicitly optimistic, engages with current realities of racism and oppression, global violence and ecological disaster." The winner was Jenny Erpenbeck for her novel Kairos, translated from the German by Michael Hofmann. The judges' decision marked the first occasion the prize was won by either a German writer or a male translator.

title: International Booker Prize


text:
Talk:London Bridge station

chronology
The railway "chronology" appears twice. I think it would be better if it was written in continuous prose. 13:42 15th May 2006

1836, 1838 or 1839?
The article currently states that the station opened in 1838, then goes on in the chronology to detail the two stations dating from 1836 and 1839. If the chronology is correct (citation???) then the summary above it is wrong. Does someone have access to some reliable (and citable) information? StephenDawson 14:31, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Some good data at kent rail, never had a chance to amke full use of the excellent site across wikipedia. Pickle 19:20, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

"easy walking distance" seems like a very debatable phrase
"London Bridge is one of three rail termini in London not to have either a direct connection to, or within easy walking distance of, the Circle Line, the others being Marylebone and Waterloo."

You come out of the station, you're at the southern end of the bridge, you cross the bridge, you're at the north end of the bridge, you're at Monument, voila, circle line. From an admittedly rough squint at Multimap, it's maybe 7-800m. From memory, maybe 5-6 minutes. Do we really live in an age where 700m is considered too far to be easy walking distance!?

Now, before anyone jumps in... I realise it's not going to be so easy, and you don't cover 700m in 6min, if you're of low mobility (eldery, disabled, wearing stupid shoes, etc).

Which I suppose brings me to my point that this phrase is sufficiently subjective to be arguably meaningless in an encyclopaedic context. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.86.7.47 (talk) 19:24, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

I think it best to reword this, as I have done, to say that these stations have no direct connection to the Circle Line, and leave it at that. 79.75.17.137 (talk) 17:01, 23 December 2008 (UTC) Tony S

Revisions of 5th.December 2008
My understanding is that the station was originally called Tooley Street. Also Deptford is, or was, outside London. Chevin (talk) 09:30, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

 * This is the old problem of the use of the word 'London' being anachronistic. I have reworded this so that it does not create the misunderstandig. 79.75.17.137 (talk) 17:10, 23 December 2008 (UTC) Tony S

Thameslink serving at London Bridge after 2011
I have changed the comments about not stopping after 2011 as they are complete rubbish. I know that this is what is stated on the Thameslink Programme website but the website is wrong. After lots of emails to both FCC and Networkrail I believe have established that the true situation. Nothing will change prior to October 2012. No final decision has been made as to whether Thameslink will serve London Bridge in the off-peak between 2012 and 2015. This is consistent with Network Rail's RUS for South London.

FCC did subsequently correct the website but only in one place. I pointed out the other reference but they have not changed it.--Pedantic of Purley (talk) 04:17, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

National Rail - Train services
The train services provided are definitely out-of-date and inconsistent with the list for Charing Cross station which appears to be more up-to-date. I know for a lamentable fact that the 2 tph to Smitham have been withdrawn but am not sufficiently knowledgeable to update the list. Ideally it should be correct. Failing that we should state that this was prior to 14 December 2008 or just remove it.--Pedantic of Purley (talk) 19:04, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Station Design
This page (and all descriptions of stations) could be greatly strengthened if knowledgeable parties would add facts about locations of elevators/lifts and escalators. Can be crucial for those with significant luggage or mobility problems to reach, leave or change platforms or train levels. john henne hennejon@aol.com June 21, 2009

Busiest platform in Europe
There is a section which has repeatedly been removed by IP editors - possibly all the same person -, ,. Each time I have reverted because it's a referenced statement, and according to WP:V our policy is verifiability, not truth. The latest removal suggests "reference - http://www.mvv-muenchen.de/de/home/fahrgastinformation/index.html S-bahn Munich, 30 tph per platform in the Sbahn tunnel, more then platform 6 in london bridge.", but that page has nothing of the sort on it, so cannot be used for verification. -- Red rose64 (talk) 10:29, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Answer: it's a Journey planner, you can check it between "Hauptbahnhof" and "MarienPlatz" in 7:00-8:00. you will count 30 tph per direction.
 * here is the english version: http://www.mvv-muenchen.de/en/home/timetable/journeyplanner/index.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.113.121.159 (talk) 10:58, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
 * That is a blank form. Further, even if I do fill it in with the above selections (which I shouldn't have to do in order to verify a claim), it still doesn't give any information about how often trains use a given platform; and even if trains only use one platform (how am I to know that?), counting trains within a time period constitutes original research, which is inadmissible. I shall again revert your edit, until you can produce a reliable source. -- Red rose64 (talk) 11:10, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with Redrose. What is needed is a verifiable source that is independent of the subject. Failing the provision of this, the article should remain as it is. Mjroots (talk) 11:14, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Once again I have a similar content removal, with the user this time suggesting that de:S-Bahn München is a reliable source, which I believe that it is not, see WP:CIRCULAR.
 * If reliable evidence is available regarding these claims that the Munich S-bahn has a busier platform, I think the first thing to do would be to get it added to the English language page for the Munich S-Bahn, preferably by having it discussed at it's talk page first. Once it has been accepted there, then, and only then, can we consider removal from this article. -- Red rose64 (talk) 19:36, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

Architects
This article says "The wedge-shaped building in Tooley Street was designed by Charles Barry Jr"; could someone work that into the relevant part of the article, please? Can anyone add other architects?

External links modified
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November 1954 incident
Does anyone have any further details or a better source for this incident in November 1954? Mjroots (talk) 07:03, 19 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Car no. 10943 of unit 4102 was "damaged, London Bridge, 12.54 and repaired". -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 08:10, 19 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Would you be so kind as to add the incident to this and the 4 SUB articles please|#? Mjroots (talk) 13:08, 19 May 2018 (UTC)
 * That's all there is... -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 19:38, 19 May 2018 (UTC)
 * That's all there is... -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 19:38, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:London Bridge station


text: File:Samuel W. Alderson.jpg

title: File:Samuel W. Alderson.jpg


text:
Talk:Early Christian writings

This page is a place to link any finds or ancient Christian related writings before 500 CE/AD. I think it would be nice to list what year they were found.

Any writings by Arius, Marchion, Timothy, Origen, etc. or other finds of the past two centuries welcome...

Merge
Everything here should be merged into New Testament apocrypha. Some of it is just repeated, but I didn't check everything. Hujjat 09:01, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Early Christian writings


text:
Fishlake National Forest

Fishlake National Forest is a U.S. National Forest located in south central Utah. The namesake for the forest is Fish Lake, the largest freshwater mountain lake in the state.

Wildlife
Animals that inhabit this forest are elk, shrews, deer, black bears, coyotes, various species of bats, moose, raccoons, two species of skunks, badgers, turkey vultures, two species of eagles, pika, snowshoe hares, various species of woodpeckers, pine marten, porcupines, four species of hummingbirds, beavers, kestrels, pronghorn, various species of owls, bobcats, minks, three species of fox, cougars, mountain lions, bighorn sheep, wild turkeys, and mountain goats.

Geography
Established in 1908 from the merging of Fish Lake National Forest and Glenwood National Forest, the forest covers 1.5 e6acre and is split into four districts. The forest lies in parts of nine counties. In descending order of forestland area, they are Sevier, Millard, Piute, Beaver, Wayne, Juab, Garfield, Iron, and Sanpete counties. Forest headquarters are located in Richfield with local ranger district offices in Beaver, Fillmore, Loa, and Richfield. The national forest is the headwaters of Otter Creek, a tributary of the East Fork Sevier River. It is also home to the Chalk Creek Hieroglyphics.

Pando, a clonal quaking aspen stand, that, according to some sources, is the oldest (80,000 years) and largest (106 acres, 13 million pounds) organism on Earth, is located in the Fremont River Ranger District of the National Forest, 1 mile southwest of Fish Lake on Utah route 25.

Acquisition
Native water rights to Fish Lake were sold to the Fremont Irrigation Company on March 10, 1889, for nine horses, 500 pounds of flour, one steer, and a suit of clothes. Ten years later President William McKinley created a Forest Reserve which included Fish Lake.

title: Fishlake National Forest


text: User talk:137.205.28.161

title: User talk:137.205.28.161


text:
User:Sawyerman

Sawyerman is cool. I play runescpape at www.runescape.com. I have 50000 k.

If you want tips, put me on your friends list. I have a black long sword hahahahahahahahaaha.

My favorite god is Sardomin. He's awsome.

My username is the same. I'm level 32.

title: User:Sawyerman


text:
Neysa McMein

Neysa Moran McMein (born Marjorie Frances McMein; January 24, 1888 – May 12, 1949) was an American illustrator and portrait painter who studied at The School of The Art Institute of Chicago and Art Students League of New York. She began her career as an illustrator and during World War I, she traveled across France entertaining military troops with Anita P. Wilcox and Jane Bulley and made posters to support the war effort. She was made an honorary non-commissioned officer in the United States Marine Corps for her contributions to the war effort.

McMein was a successful illustrator of magazine covers, advertisements, and magazine articles for national publications, like McClure's, McCall's, The Saturday Evening Post, and Collier's. McMein created the portrait of a fictional housewife "Betty Crocker" for General Mills. She was also a successful portrait painter who painted the portraits of presidents, actors, and writers.

Algonquin Round Table members were entertained at her West 57th Street studio, where she was known for her active parties. Life magazine wrote an article about adult party games, which featured stories about McMein's parties. She had an open marriage to John G. Baragwanath, during which she had affairs with Charlie Chaplin and George Abbott. Baragwanath described their marriage as a successful one based upon a deep friendship.

She was inducted into the Society of Illustrators' Hall of Fame in 1984, 35 years after her death. McMein was one of 20 Society of Illustrators' artists to have their work published on a United States Postal Service Collectible Stamp sheet in 2001.

Early life and education
Marjorie Frances McMein was born in Quincy, Illinois on January 24, 1888. She was the daughter of Harry Moran and Isabelle Parker McMein. Harry McMein was a reporter before he worked for the McMein Publishing Company, a family business. Due to his alcoholism, his relationship with his wife was strained.

McMein had musical, acting, and artistic talent. After graduating with honors in 1907 from the Quincy High School, she attended The School of the Art Institute of Chicago. McMein worked at a large millinery firm, where she became lead designer. In 1911 or 1913, she went to New York City and after a brief stint as an actress in several of Paul Armstrong's plays, she turned to commercial art. On the advice of a numerologist, she adopted the name Neysa. John Baragwanath, her husband, stated that she chose the name Neysa after meeting one of Homer Davenport's fillies at his stables. Whatever the original impetus for the change, McMein thought that the name Neysa "had a commercial value" above that of her birth name. McMein studied at the Art Students League of New York in 1914.

Career
McMein sold her first drawing to the Boston Star in 1914. However, an earlier illustration by McMein was used in 1912 by Associated Sunday Magazines, dated November 10, 1912. She created Harry Horowitz's portrait in 1915 before he was executed for Herman Rosenthal's murder. That year, she sold an illustration for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post and her Misinformation illustration appeared on the May 8, 1915, cover of Puck magazine. She became known for her portrayal of "All American Girls."

McMein made posters for French and United States governments during World War I, as did Thelma Cudlipp, Helen Hyde and Mary Brewster Hazelton. Posters that she made also were used by the American Red Cross in its fund-raising campaigns.

She traveled across France to entertain the troops in 1918. Of her time at the Western Front, McMein said, "Since I have lived through air bombing I never will be frightened by anything on earth. The terror of air raids cannot be imagined. They are heralded by the blowing of sirens and the ringing of church bells, and amid this din the lights are extinguished and then suddenly come the bombs, falling no one knows where. The noise they made is worse than that of the battles."

McMein made portraits of some of the soldiers, drew cartoons, and colored the design of the Indian head insignia that was then used by the 93rd Bomb Squadron to denote the number of German planes that a given plane shot down by drawing a German black cross over one of the bear teeth in a necklace worn around the Indian head. She returned to the United States to care for her mother after her father died. While in Quincy, she spoke at two fund-raising drives. "[McMein] was the main attraction. The theater was filled. She was an excellent speaker; very witty and clever," according to Sarah Carney. For her efforts supporting the U.S. war effort, McMein was appointed an honorary non-commissioned officer in the United States Marine Corps, one of only three women to be so honored.

Her illustrations appeared on the covers and within articles for McClure's magazine by 1919. By the 1920s, McMein and Jessie Willcox Smith were two of the major women magazine illustrators of their time. Together, they created hundreds of covers for McCall's and Good Housekeeping magazines. Joseph Bernt, author of the article "The Girl on the Magazine Cover: The Origins of Visual Stereotypes in American Mass Media" found that both women and Norman Rockwell generally portrayed women in covers and illustrations as mothers, with scenes centered around children, during the 1920s and 1930s. Within the covers of the magazine were illustrations made by the three artists to sell consumer products, like Orange Crush, Ivory soap, Chesterfield cigarettes, and Holeproof Hosiery. Following World War I, increased emphasis of family life was presented in mass media following a period when woman's suffrage and the New Woman were depicted in publications from the late 1800s according to Bernt. Carolyn Kitch, author of the book The Girl on the Magazine Cover, finds, however, that McMein created illustrations of confident, modern New Women for her magazine covers, while Jessie Wilcox Smith concentrated more steadily on children.

From 1923 through 1937, McMein created all of McCall's covers. She also supplied work to National Geographic, Woman's Home Companion, Collier's, and Photoplay. McMein earned up to $2,500 (estimated ) per cover illustration. She created advertising graphics for Cadillac, Lucky Strike cigarettes and Palmolive soap.

Together with artists Howard Chandler Christy and Harrison Fisher, McMein constituted the jury for Motion Picture Classic magazine's "Fame and Fortune" contest of 1921/1922, which discovered the It girl Clara Bow. Other promotional activities including judging Coney Island beauty contests or opening movie houses. McMein designed silk textiles in the mid-1920s, three examples of which are in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In December 1929, she consulted with Studebaker's design department, with five other women artists and decorators.

General Mills commissioned her to create the image of Betty Crocker, a fictional housewife in 1936. She created an official portrait of Betty Crocker by combining features of the home economists employed by the company, which helped reinforce that Crocker was a real person. The image of the "ageless" 32-year-old was used in advertising and on packaging until 1955 when Hilda Taylor painted an updated Betty, who also wore bright red and white clothing. Like the Betty Crocker image, "Miss McMein was herself a kind of American demigoddess: the most courted of commercial artists, hostess in her New York studio to all of the 'Algonquin wits'—Benchley, Parker, Franklin P. Adams—a wit herself. Sophistication lay rouge-deep upon the personalities of her cover girls; beneath lay reassuring testimonials to health and wholesomeness," wrote James Gray, author of Business Without Boundary: The Story of General Mills.

In 1942, McMein collaborated with Alicia Patterson Guggenheim to create a comic strip, called "Deathless Deer." The strip starred a "deathless" Egyptian princess who awakens in modern New York City. McMein, while talented, was unfamiliar with comic strip drafting and conventions, and Guggenheim's writing suffered with the format. The strip was a commercial and critical failure; it was discontinued in 1943.

In April 1938, McCall's Magazine did not renew McMein's contract to produce illustrations for the magazine. By then, magazines could cost-effectively publish color photographs using four-color machines. McMein entered the field of portraiture, at first using pastels to depict Dorothy Parker, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and Helen Hayes. She painted portraits of presidents Herbert Hoover and Warren G. Harding, author Anne Morrow Lindbergh, and actors Charlie Chaplin and Beatrice Lillie. McMein also painted Katharine Cornell, Kay Francis, Janet Flanner, Dorothy Thompson, Anatole France, Charles Evans Hughes and Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. She mentored photographer Lee Miller.

Personal life
Her father died in 1918 while McMein was overseas entertaining the troops. She moved her mother Belle from Quincy, Illinois to live with her in New York. She was an "ardent supporter" of women's political, sexual, and economic rights. By 1920, McMein had walked in suffrage parades, traveled overseas extensively, and had ridden in Count Zeppelin's dirigible. She rode across an Arab desert with a woman journalist and friend and was proposed to by an Arab sheik in Algiers. McMein, who was a talented musician, had written an opera by that time, too. In 1921, McMein was among the first to join the Lucy Stone League, an organization that fought for women to preserve their birth names after marriage in the manner of Lucy Stone.

McMein—described as a tall, athletic, grave, and beautiful red-head—became a regular member of the Algonquin Round Table set, formed after the end of the war. Her West 57th Street studio in New York City became an "outpost" to the Algonquin Hotel, which appealed to the "Bohemian" nature of its members, which included Dorothy Parker, Alexander Woollcott, Edna Ferber, Irving Berlin, Robert Sherwood, Franklin Pierce Adams, Robert Benchley, Alice Duer Miller, Harpo Marx, and Jascha Heifetz. She was prone to working in her smock at an easel as her guests enjoyed lively discussions and piano playing. Berlin finished composing What'll I Do at McMein's piano during one of her Round Table parties. McMein provided the cover illustration of Berlin's biography by Alexander Woollcott. Walt Disney, Ethel Barrymore, Cole Porter, George Gershwin, H. G. Wells, and George Bernard Shaw were friends. Dorothy Parker moved in with McMein in 1920 before renting an apartment in the same building.

McMein's mother died in 1923. The same year, McMein married John G. Baragwanath, a mining engineer and author, whom she met at a party given by Irene Castle. Baragwanth was interested in the striking, fine-featured woman playing the piano while others danced and sang around her. McMein and Baragwanath had a daughter Joan in 1924.

Theirs was an open marriage, and though the proprieties generally were observed, there were exceptions. In his memoirs, the lyricist and publicist Howard Dietz recalled hearing that on one occasion, when Neysa noticed that her model for the day was impatient to leave, she asked: "Have you got a heavy date?" Model: "Yes, with a great guy, Jack Baragwanath." Meanwhile, Neysa was involved for several years with the Broadway director George Abbott, leading Alexander Woollcott to say that "we now call Neysa’s place in Port Washington the 'Abbottoir.'" She also had affairs with Robert Benchley, Charlie Chaplin, who had a house near her cottage in Port Washington, and a platonic relationship with Irving Berlin. This occurred during a period when "[w]omen are for the first time demanding to live the forbidden experience directly and draw conclusions on this basis," according to Beatrice Hinkle in an article for The Nation.

McMein lived a varied life in search of fun. She interspersed her life as an artist with riding on the back of an elephant in a parade, taking a swim on a whim, and enjoying parties. She hosted parties with games for adults to entertain artists, writers, actors and other celebrities. Her guests—like Bing Crosby, Anne Shirley, Robert Young, and Bennett Cerf—engaged in games like a quickfire, multiple team version of charades called "The Game", that is sometimes attributed to McMein. The spelling game, where each person on a team wore a sign with one letter and played against another team so see who could arrange themselves the fastest in the proper order to spell a word, was played at her parties. McMein and the games that she employed at her parties were featured in a Life magazine article in 1946. McMein also entertained at the house she bought with Baragwanath on the North Shore of Long Island in Sands Point.

In 1942, she broke her back by falling downstairs during a sleepwalking episode. McMein was then required to have surgery to graft part of her hip to her spine.

Death
McMein died of cancer on May 12, 1949, in New York City and was survived by daughter Joan and her husband John Baragwanath.

In her will, McMein bequeathed monies to purchase works of arts annually by the Whitney Museum of American Art. The museum bought 72 purchases from 1956, none of which were McMein's works. Like other illustrators' works, her illustrations were not considered fine art. In 1984, McMein was inducted into the Society of Illustrators' Hall of Fame.

The United States Post Office released a 20-stamp collection in February 2001 that are based upon works created by 20 Society of Illustrators' artists, including McMein, Rockwell Kent, Al Parker, Howard Pyle, Jessie Smith, and Joseph Leyendecker.

Collections

 * Central School of Speech and Drama – Beatrice Lillie, c. 1948–1949
 * Delaware Art Museum – Possibly a Cover Illustration, pastel on paper, 1919
 * Library of Congress – One of the thousand Y.M.C.A. girls in France. Y.M.C.A., poster, 1918
 * Alice Marshall's Women History Collection, Penn University, Harrisburg
 * McCall's, June 1925
 * McCall's, August 1929
 * Advertisement for San-Tox Preparations, The American Magazine, 1919
 * Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * American Print: Birches, silk textile, 1925
 * American Print: Hollywood, silk textile, 1925
 * Piece, silk textile, 1927
 * Museum of the City of New York, Theatre Collection – Miss Katharine Cornell
 * Princeton University Poster Collection 1863–1948
 * One of the thousand Y.M.C.A. girls in France. Y.M.C.A., poster, 1918
 * Woman in cape and robe holding a sword and an oar, Grand Military Naval Meet and Ball, Benefit of Women's Oversea Hospitals, poster, 1917
 * Quincy Art Center, Illinois

Published works

 * Illustrator

 * Author

In popular culture
McMein was portrayed by actress Rebecca Miller in the film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994).

title: Neysa McMein


text:
Ring ditch

In archaeology, a ring ditch is a trench of circular or penannular plan, cut into bedrock. They are usually identified through aerial photography either as soil marks or cropmarks. When excavated, ring ditches are usually found to be the ploughed‐out remains of a round barrow where the barrow mound has completely disappeared, leaving only the infilled former quarry ditch. Both Neolithic and Bronze Age ring ditches have been discovered.

The term is most often used as a generic description in cases where there is no clear evidence for the function of the site: for instance where it has been ploughed flat and is known only as a cropmark or a geophysical anomaly. The two most frequent monument types represented by ring ditches are roundhouses (where the 'ditch' is actually a foundation slot or eaves drip gully) and round barrows. The term is not normally used for larger features than these. Larger features would instead be described as 'circular enclosures'.

Also related to ring ditches, is the causewayed ring ditch, which is a roughly circular ditch with a central area and multiple causeways which cross it. The causewayed ring ditch is a subcategory of the ring ditch.

Context
O. G. S. Crawford was the first to contemplate the secrets of these crop and contour marks in the ordnance survey. This resulted in the exploration of a double ring ditch in 1931, although most ring ditches are true circles with only one ditch. However, ditches have been known to overlap and, in two cases, three concentric circles have been discovered.

Occupation
Ring ditches are a form of earthwork that are associated with human occupation of a place. These height and width of these earthworks vary depending on where they're located and the culture that was responsible for their creation.

Pre-Columbian ring ditches
Found in eastern Bolivia, the pre-Columbian ring ditches have often been interpreted as evidence of cultural development and population movement in Amazonian archaeology. Ring ditches in this area were found near raised fields, unlike their counterparts in the East, where they were first described.

Measurement and records
There are multiple ways to measure and record ring ditches. One such project, centered on Santa Ana del Yacuma (near the Yacuma River) used the following methods to measure and record ring ditches:

First, ASTER, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, was used in combination with GPS data to help guide field survey. Second, these earthworks were individually mapped using GPS. Third, visible ceramics on the surface of these earthworks were collected. Finally, the collected ceramics were described using a modal analysis.

Caucasian ring ditches
The analysis of CORONA satellite images, as well as satellite and aerial photos of the 1970s and 1980s, revealed more than thirty ring-shaped structures. Most of these structures are located between Stavropol and Pyatigorsk in northwestern Caucasus. The sites resemble circular ditches around a large central place without any sign of an entrance. The structures resemble the size and shape those of the well known Neolithic ring-ditches from Slovakia, Austria, Southern Bavaria and England.

Walton Court ring ditch
An excavation team determined the nature of the ring ditch located in Radnorshire's Walton Basin, near Walton Court Farm in September 2009. It was identified as a crop mark via aerial photography. The measurements of the ring ditch include a 100m diameter and a somewhat narrow ditch.

This ring ditch is the largest site in mid and northeast Wales to date. The sections excavated allowed dating of the ring ditch but did not reveal any artifacts or archaeological evidence, with the exception of charcoal recovered from the base which was dated at 2570-2300 cal. BC.

title: Ring ditch


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/How to tell if your child is a hacker

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY. jni 15:13, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

How to tell if your child is a hacker
All I can say is, wtf? -- Riffsyphon1024 22:29, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a repost of an Adequacy troll. Speedy deleting. silsor 22:31, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * What is the name of this article? Vellocet Malchickawick 27:36, Feb 19, 2005 (EST)
 * If you're smart enough to copy and paste the article into Wikipedia I'm sure you can figure it out. Please check the giant copyright warnings at the bottom of every edit page. silsor 22:37, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see your point. Although I do, I'm just wondering: since this is an open letter then why does it violate copyright laws? (sorry to be a dumbass) Vellocet Malchickawick 27:39, Feb 19, 2005 (EST)
 * It's not an open letter. silsor 22:42, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Silsor. Adequacy articles aren't encyclopedia articles. I guess a um... YHBT is in order. Rhobite 23:04, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Andrew Weatherall

Andrew James Weatherall (6 April 1963 – 17 February 2020) was an English musician, DJ, songwriter, producer and remixer. His career took him from being a DJ in the acid house movement of the late 1980s to being a remixer of tracks by Happy Mondays, New Order, Björk, the Orb, the Future Sound of London, My Bloody Valentine, Saint Etienne, Primal Scream, Moby and James.

His production work on Primal Scream's album Screamadelica, adding samples, loops and creating an influential mix of hard rock, house and rave, helped the record win the first ever Mercury Music Prize in 1992 and become one of the most celebrated albums of the 1990s.

Biography
Andrew James Weatherall was born on 6 April 1963, in Windsor, Berkshire, England, to Robert Weatherall and Carol (Spires) Weatherall. During his teenage years, he started going to Funk & Soul Weekenders and disco parties. After leaving the local grammar school, he left home at the age of 18, and worked in a variety of jobs including on building sites, as a carpenter and moving furniture.

He moved to London in the late 1980s, where his record collection and musical knowledge brought him requests to DJ at parties. Terry Farley hired him to play at the Trip club, Weatherall playing mostly northern soul and indie records. Weatherall started writing as a freelance music journalist (using both his own name and the pseudonym "Audrey Witherspoon"). Together with Terry Farley, Cymon Eckel and Steve Mayes, they started Boy's Own, initially as a fanzine commenting on fashion, records, football and other issues.

Weatherall's DJ career started to take off when he met Danny Rampling at skater Bobby's (Bobby Collins) party that he played at in Chapel Market, Islington, and Rampling invited him to play at his club night Shoom. Farley and Weatherall became regular Shoom DJs, playing the upstairs room, and also at Paul Oakenfold's Future/Spectrum nights and Nicky Holloway's Trip. They also did their own parties and started a record label under the name of Boy's Own Recordings. Along with Pete Heller (who was also a Shoom DJ), engineer Hugo Nicolson and singer Anna Haigh, they released two singles as Bocca Juniors on the label, "Raise (53 Steps to Heaven)" and "Substance".

Weatherall's first studio work was alongside Paul Oakenfold on the club remix of "Hallelujah" for the Happy Mondays. Other remixes followed, notably "World in Motion" for New Order, "Loaded", a hit remix of Primal Scream's earlier track "I'm Losing More Than I'll Ever Have", and the widely acclaimed 'A Mix of Two-Halves' version of Saint Etienne's cover of Neil Young's "Only Love Can Break Your Heart". His remix of My Bloody Valentine's "Soon" was ranked at number 1 in NME's list of "The 50 Best Remixes Ever". He produced Primal Scream's album Screamadelica.

In 1992, Weatherall left Boy's Own. He formed the electronic music trio the Sabres of Paradise in 1993, starting a record label under the same name. The Sabres of Paradise released three albums between 1993 and 1995. In early 1996, after shutting down Sabresonic, Weatherall and Keith Tenniswood became Two Lone Swordsmen, signing to Warp. His production of Beth Orton's album Trailer Park helped establish the mix of hip hop and electronica that would later become trip hop. He set up the Rotters Golf Club label in 2001.

Weatherall produced for artists Beth Orton, Primal Scream and One Dove, and remixed the work of Björk, Siouxsie Sioux, the Orb, the Future Sound of London, New Order, Manic Street Preachers, My Bloody Valentine and James. He produced the album Tarot Sport for Fuck Buttons to "vast acclaim" and assisted the Twilight Sad with the production of their third studio album, No One Can Ever Know.

In 2006, he released his debut solo EP The Bullet Catcher's Apprentice, followed by his debut solo studio album A Pox on the Pioneers in 2009. Both were released on his Rotters Golf Club imprint. His music has soundtracked commercial advertisements for vehicles; Weatherall's "Feathers" was used for the Volkswagen Tiguan in 2007 and Two Lone Swordsmen's "Shack 54" was used for the Ford Fiesta in 2009. In 2013, the Asphodells, formed by Weatherall and collaborator Timothy J. Fairplay from Battant, released the album Ruled by Passion, Destroyed by Lust on Rotters Golf Club. On 1 July 2014, Weatherall began hosting a monthly radio show, Music's Not For Everyone, on NTS Radio in London. In 2016, he released a studio album Convenanza, as well as a remix album Consolamentum. In 2017, he released a studio album Qualia on Höga Nord Rekords.

Weatherall cited humour as an important component in his musical ideology. He was known as the Chairman or the Guv'nor.

Death
Weatherall died from pulmonary embolism on 17 February 2020 at Whipps Cross University Hospital in London, aged 56.

Selected discography
This lists works on which Weatherall appeared directly.

Studio albums

 * A Pox on the Pioneers (2009)
 * Ruled by Passion, Destroyed by Lust (Rotters Golf Club, 2013) (with Timothy J. Fairplay, as the Asphodells)
 * The Phoenix Suburb (and Other Stories) (2015) (with Nina Walsh, as the Woodleigh Research Facility)
 * Convenanza (Rotters Golf Club, 2016)
 * Qualia (Höga Nord, 2017)

EPs

 * The Bullet Catcher's Apprentice (2006)
 * Kiyadub EP (2017)
 * Merry Mithrasmas EP (2017)
 * Blue Bullet EP (2018)

Singles

 * "Unknown Plunderer" / "End Times Sound" (2020)

Compilation appearances

 * Nine O'Clock Drop (2000)
 * Hypercity (2001)
 * Machine Funk Specialists (2002)
 * From the Bunker (2004)
 * Fabric 19 (2004)
 * Sci-Fi-Lo-Fi Vol. 1 (2007)
 * Watch the Ride (2008)
 * Andrew Weatherall vs the Boardroom (2008)
 * Andrew Weatherall vs the Boardroom Volume 2 (2009)
 * Masterpiece (2012)
 * Consolamentum (2016)

title: Andrew Weatherall


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Rugby Europe International Championships

The Rugby Europe International Championships is the European Championship for tier 2 and tier 3 rugby union nations.

The tournament is split into 4 levels, each with 4-8 teams. Its highest level is now called the Rugby Europe Championship and, unofficially, referred to as the Six Nations B. All levels play on a one-year cycle, replacing the old format of a two-year cycle, with the teams playing each other both home and away. From September 2016, there will still be an annual champion, however a format change means each year sees teams promoted and relegated between the levels.

International championships before 2000
Following the exclusion of France from the Five Nations Tournament after the 1931 edition, France joined with Italy, Romania, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Netherlands, and Catalonia to create the International Amateur Rugby Federation (FIRA, now Rugby Europe) as an alternative to the International Rugby Football Board (now World Rugby). Three tournaments were held from 1936 to 1938, with France winning all three. Following the Second World War, France was readmitted into the Five Nations Championship, but they also competed in the only two tournaments organised by FIRA, the Rugby Union European Cup, held in 1952 and 1954, winning them both.

From 1965, FIRA attempted to revitalise the European competition by creating the FIRA Nations Cup (1965-1973) and then the FIRA Trophy (1973-1997); however, France fielded a France A side made up mostly of university students. While the French students won many of the tournaments, Romania also had their share of tournament titles. In the late 1990s, the championship became irregular, with some editions not taking place because of qualifications for the World Cup. Finally, the European Nations Cup began in 2000, no longer including France and Italy, as they now played in the reformed Six Nations Championship.

European Nations Cup: initial format (since 2000)
After the setup of the divisional system in 2000, Romania won the first competition with maximum points, The initial season also included Morocco.

Russia then replaced Morocco in 2001 when Georgia secured the title and were crowned champions after a 31–20 win over Romania in Bucharest. As the competition format changed from a one-year tournament to two-years, the Netherlands were not relegated after this season.

Romania started 2002 trailing Georgia after the 2001 results, but managed to win all of the remaining five games, including a 31–23 victory in Tbilisi.

Portugal were 16–15 winners over Romania in Lisbon and installed themselves at the top of the 2003–04 table. In the second half of the competition, Romania won 36–6 against Portugal in Constanța, but went down 24–33 to Russia in Krasnodar. Then Portugal clinched their first title with a last-minute 19–18 home win over Russia. The Russia – Czech Republic game was rescheduled due to bad weather and was eventually cancelled.

The 2005–06 championships also served as a qualifying pool for the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Romania triumphed finishing level on points with Georgia, while Ukraine were relegated after losing all matches.

The 2007–08 edition saw the return of the Spanish to the top division. The winners were Georgia, following their display at the 2007 Rugby World Cup. The Russians recorded their best ever placement, finishing in second. The Czech Republic were the team to finish on the bottom of the table, losing all of their matches, relegating them back to Division 2A.

A new format was decided at the beginning of 2009. Each calendar year had its own champion, but the cumulated ranking over two years determined which team was relegated. The 2009–10 edition was also basis for European qualification to the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The 2009 season saw the début of Germany in the top division, Georgia defended their title, and there were wins for Portugal and Russia in Bucharest.

Faced with the possibility of missing a Rugby World Cup for the first time, Romania were managed the 2010 title. This feat was however not enough to overtake Georgia and Russia, who helped by their good results from the previous year, gained the automatic qualification for the 2011 RWC, leaving Romania to go through the Play-Off Qualification Rounds. Germany were relegated after failing to win any games.

Georgia won the 2011 edition, after beating Romania 18–11 in Tbilisi. The promoted team, Ukraine, lost all but one of their matches, single win over Portugal.

European Nations Cup: second format (from 2010 to 2016)
For the 2010–2012 competition (and promotion and relegation between groups going forward to successive competitions), the top two divisions (previously 1 and 2A) were redefined as 1A and 1B, both having six teams (previously six and five). The next four levels (previously 2B, 3A, 3B and 3C) become 2A-2D, under the new system, with the remnants of Division 3D making up the initial group of teams labelled as Division 3. In principle, each division is to encompass a different type of competition.

In Division 1, groups have six teams (meaning more matches and thus more travel), a significant fraction of the players are assumed to be professional or semi-professional (meaning that fixtures are, as often as possible, scheduled within the IRB's international fixtures time windows when clubs must release players for national duty), and only one team is promoted and one relegated every two years (meaning that the competitions are more stable).

In Division 2, groups have only five teams each (usually meaning one home match and one away match in the Autumn, and the same in the Spring, for each team), it is assumed that the majority of players are amateurs (meaning scheduling is not as limited), and in addition to the traditional automatic first-promoted-last-relegated system, fourth place from the higher pool will play second place from the lower pool after every two-year competition, with the winner taking the position in the higher pool. From a five-team group, one team is promoted, one team is relegated and two teams play in playoffs. Thus, a maximum of four of a pool's five teams could change from one two-year competition to the next.

In Division 3, a single-location, short-time-period (one week or 10 days) tournament is organised once per year. This minimises travel costs for teams and time-off-work requirements for players, and allows the flexibility of having a different membership every year, rather than requiring the membership to be constant over two years. The best performing team over two years of tournaments is promoted to Division 2.

In the year of transition to the new system (2010), there were no relegations from any division below the highest, because the second-highest (old 2A, new 1B) was expanded by one team.

International Championships: third format (from 2016 to 2022)
From September 2016, the European Nations Cup became the Rugby Europe International Championships, made up of five levels or divisions:
 * Level 1 - Championship. The top six ranked European teams outside the Six Nations contest the annual title. Replaces the former Division 1A.
 * Level 2 - Trophy. The next six ranked European teams bid for the Trophy title. Replaces the former Division 1B.
 * Level 3 - Conference 1. Division 2, A through to D, becomes the new Conference level, where twenty teams are separated into two Conferences made up of ten teams each, based on their previous year rankings. Each conference is then split into two, North and South, where teams could change each year depending on the competing teams - nations closest to boundary moved from North to South and vice versa each season as necessary to geographically balance the conferences.
 * Level 4 - Conference 2
 * Level 5 - Development. Replaces Division 3.

The Trophy, Conference and Development divisions have normally been held across the turn of the year, in the autumn and winter of one year and the spring of the next. The Championship has usually been held in the spring, concurrent with the second half of the lower three divisions (and also concurrent with the Six Nations Championship).

A promotion and relegation play-off system is maintained across all levels every year, moving away from the two-year system in place since 2003, meaning teams will be promoted and relegated every year.

In the 2020-2021 season, due to the worldwide COVID-19 epidemic, the lower divisions were not held, and much of the 2021 Championship division was delayed, being held over the whole of 2021 (thus, its last matches overlapped with the following 2021-2022 season of the lower divisions). Thus, there was no promotion/relegation between the divisions, including between the Championship and Trophy, following the 2020-2021 season: promotion/relegation resumed following the 2022 Championship (which was held on-time) and the 2021-2022 Trophy, Conference and Development divisions. The structure was slightly changed after 2022, to increase the Championship division to eight rather than six teams: furthermore, Russia (who had played, and lost, their first two matches), were disqualified and banned from the 2022 Championship and from all international rugby until further notice, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine after having played two matches of the 2022 season: their three remaining matches in the 2022 Championship were awarded to their opponents (Portugal, Georgia and Netherlands), by walkover.

Qualification for three European spots in the 2023 Rugby World Cup was determined by the collective results of the 2021 and 2022 Championships added together, which (thanks to the fact of no promotion and relegation following the 2021 season, and the lower divisions not being played at all) formed a full home-and-away round-robin between the six nations of the Championship. The top two teams would qualify as Europe 1 and Europe 2: the third-place team, as Europe 3, would enter the final qualification tournament along with Africa 3 (Kenya), Americas 3 (USA) and the loser of the Asia/Pacific play-off (Hong Kong). Russia's expulsion mattered little, since they had lost all but two of their matches anyway (both in the 2021 season). However, the issue of ineligible players raised its head again, though not to the extent it had in the 2019 qualification: Spain, who had been fourth in 2021 but second in 2022 and were in fact in second place over the collective two years, were penalised 10 points - five in each season - for fielding an ineligible player in two matches. Georgia were far ahead in first place, with 9 wins and 1 draw over the two years: Spain's discomfiture resulted in Romania qualifying directly from the Championship in second place, and Portugal being in third place for the final intercontinential qualifier. Portugal won that tournament to qualify for the World Cup.

Addittionaly, Rugby Europe made changes to the bonus points system. The standard system, that is applied in the Six Nations Championship was discarded in favour of the French system. The main difference is that where previously a team would be awarded 1 try bonus point for scoring (at least) 4 tries, regardless of the outcome, and whereas now, a team would be awarded 1 "bonus" point for winning while scoring at least the equivalent of 3 or more tries than their opponent.

International Championships: third format (2022)
From October 2022, the Rugby Europe International Championships, made up of five levels or divisions: A statement was released by the Polish Rugby Union in December 2021 confirming that the Rugby Europe Championship, will expand to 8 teams in 2022/2023 season. To accommodate this expansion, no team will be relegated from the top tier, while two teams from the second tier Trophy Championship will be promoted following the completion of the 2021/2022 Championship. The serpentine system is applied to allocate each team to their respective groups. Each team will play a total of five games (three round robin group matches to detremine the team's path and two play-off matches). Seeding (for group) and relegation is calculated over a two year cycle, as is the promotion from Trophy competition.
 * Level 1 - Championship. The top eight ranked European teams outside the Six Nations contest the annual title.
 * Level 2 - Trophy. The next six (originally intended, ended up as five) ranked European teams bid for the Trophy title.
 * Level 3 - Conference 1
 * Level 4 - Conference 2
 * Level 5 - Development

This was further altered by Russia's expulsion from international sport following the invasion of Ukraine, which left only five teams from those who had contested the 2022 Championship. Three teams, rather than the originally intended two, were promoted from the Trophy - Belgium, Germany and Poland: and the Trophy, in 2022-23, thus contained only five teams rather than the previous six, even with the promotion of Sweden and Croatia from the Conference to join Ukraine, Lithuania and Croatia.

A relegation system is maintained across all levels two-year, moving away from the one-year system in place since 2016, meaning teams will be promoted and relegated every two year.

International Championships: new format (from 2023)
From 2023, the Rugby Europe International Championships, made up of four levels or divisions:

 * Level 1 - Championship. The top eight ranked European teams outside the Six Nations contest the annual title. For the 2024 Championship, these were the same eight teams as in 2023.
 * Level 2 - Trophy. The next six ranked European teams bid for the Trophy title. (The five teams from the 2022-23 season were joined by the previous year's Conference champions, the Czech Republic.)
 * Level 3 - Conference. Former Conference 1 and Conference 2 combined to one level, in four groups.
 * Level 4 - Development

A statement was released by the Polish Rugby Union in June 2023, confirming that the Rugby Europe Conference 1 and Conference 2 will be combined to one level. Teams with ambitions of climbing up the rugby pyramid can compete in a play-off to the Trophy after submitting their intentions to Rugby Europe where an assessment on various aspects will be made after winning their respective pool.

Current divisions and standings (2023–24)
Updated through 11 May 2024

Records (since 2000)
Updated as of 19 March 2023 Division 1A
 * Titles
 * Most titles: 16 – (2001, 2007–2008, 2008–2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024)
 * Most consecutive titles: 7 – (2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024)

 * Top division appearances
 * 27 (joint record) – (2000–present),  (2000–present)

 * Wins
 * most wins overall: 106 –
 * most home wins overall: 53 –
 * most away wins overall: 51 –
 * most consecutive wins overall: 20 – (10 February 2018 – 26 June 2021)
 * most consecutive home wins: 31 – (14 March 2009 – 26 June 2021)
 * most consecutive away wins: 17 – (8 February 2014 – present)

 * Draws
 * most draws overall: 5 –

 * Losses
 * most losses overall: 64 –

 * Points
 * most points scored in a season: 389 – (10 games – 2005–2006) 225  (5 games –  2023)
 * fewest points conceded in a season: 75 – (10 games – 2015–2016) 33  (5 games – 2016)
 * most points conceded in a season: 556 – (10 games – 2005–2006) 359  (5 games – 2018)
 * fewest points scored in a season: 58 – (10 games – 2008–2009) 34  (5 games – 2018)
 * most points scored in a match: 101 – ( 98–3 7 April 2007)
 * most points scored in a match by one team 98 ( 98–3  7 April 2007)
 * biggest winning margin: 97 – ( 97–0  19 March 2005)
 * most points scored by losing team: 38 (joint record) –, ; matches ( 38–40 , 30 March 2003, 41–38 , 11 February 2017)
 * biggest draw: 25 – ( v 6 February 2022)
 * fewest points scored in a match: 12 (joint record) – 9–3  19 March 2000,  6–6, 22 February 2004,  9–3 , 6 March 2004)
 * fewest points scored by winning team: 8 ( 8–7, 19 March 2017)

 * Games without a loss
 * Longest unbeaten run: 35 – (10 February 2018  – present)
 * Most consecutive games without a loss home: 52 – (6 March 2004 – present)
 * Most consecutive games without a loss away: 16 – (17 February 2018 – present)

 * Games without a win
 * 17, joint record – (20 November 2004 – 17 March 2012),  (15 November 2009 – 27 February 2016)

Other trophies
Several other trophies are contested within the main competition, mostly as long-standing fixtures between pairs of teams.
 * Antim Cup: Romania versus Georgia. The most recent Antim Cup match was won by Georgia (2024)
 * Viriato Cup: Portugal versus Spain. The most recent Viriato Cup match was won by Portugal (2024)
 * Trophy of the Two Iberias: Georgia versus Spain. The most recent Trophy of the Two Iberias match was won by Georgia (2024)
 * Coltan Cup: Portugal versus Belgium. The most recent Coltan Cup match was won by Belgium (2024)
 * Trajan's Column: Spain versus Romania. The most recent Trajan's Column match was won by Spain (2024)
 * Kiseleff Cup: Romania versus Russia. The most recent Kiseleff Cup match was won by Romania (2022)
 * Moscow Gold: Russia versus Spain. The most recent Moscow Gold match was won by Spain (2022)
 * Treasure of Lipovens: Romania versus Russia. The most recent Treasure of Lipovens match was won by Russia (2021)
 * Suebi Bowl: Germany versus Portugal. The most recent Suebi Bowl match was won by Portugal (2019)