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Interstate 195 (Maine)

Interstate 195 (I-195), also known as the Saco Industrial Spur, is a short auxiliary Interstate Highway running 1.55 mi in eastern York County, Maine. The highway, located entirely in the city of Saco, is a nominally east–west route that provides access to downtown Saco and the resort town of Old Orchard Beach from I-95 (Maine Turnpike). The western terminus of I-195 is at a trumpet interchange with the Maine Turnpike in central Saco. The route has numbered interchanges with Industrial Park Road, US Route 1 (US 1), and State Route 5 (SR 5) before terminating at an at-grade intersection with SR 5 near the border between Saco and Old Orchard Beach.

The western terminus with I-95 has the remnants of an abandoned clover ramp, and the eastbound I-195 bridge is wide enough for two lanes and a shoulder but only has one lane. These hinted at a possible future extension westward but is less probable with the recent construction of a subdivision due west of the interchange.

Route description
I-195 begins at a trumpet interchange with I-95 (Maine Turnpike) in Saco, a city in York County; the freeway is accessible from I-95 via exit 36. After the interchange with I-95, I-195 begins to head in a southeastern direction. The freeway passes over an industrial branch of CSX Transportation just before a tollbooth for the entrance to the Maine Turnpike. After the toll barrier, I-195 enters the Saco Industrial Park and interchanges with Industrial Park Road, a local road that is used to access SR 112. The junction, signed as exit 1, is a partial cloverleaf interchange.

After exit 1, I-195 turns slightly to the south, passing through a densely forested region in eastern Saco. After turning again to head in a southeastern direction, I-195 interchanges with US 1 and SR 5 at a partial cloverleaf interchange signed as exits 2A and 2B. Exit 2A serves US 1 south and SR 5 north, which run concurrently into downtown Saco. Exit 2B serves US 1 north, locally known as the Blue Star Memorial Highway, which serves northern Saco and the town of Scarborough. There is no access to SR 5 south from I-195, and no access from either US 1 or SR 5 onto eastbound I-195.

After exit 2B, I-195 continues eastward for another 0.83 mi before terminating at an at-grade intersection with SR 5 on the border between Saco and the town of Old Orchard Beach. The mainline of I-195 east defaults onto SR 5 south, which heads in an eastern direction into downtown Old Orchard Beach. There is no access from I-195 east to SR 5 north or from SR 5 south onto I-195 west.

History
The origins of I-195 date back to the 1950s, when a freeway in Saco was planned as one of the state's original Interstate Highways, along with I-95 and I-295. Construction, however, was delayed for nearly three decades as the state finished construction projects on I-95, I-295, and the originally unsigned portion of the Maine Turnpike. In 1980, construction on I-195 began; the freeway was reenvisioned as a link to the Saco Industrial Park and the resort town of Old Orchard Beach and was named the Saco Industrial Spur.

In 1982, two years after construction began, the Maine Department of Transportation (MaineDOT) opened a 1 mi segment of I-195 from the interchange with Industrial Park Road at exit 1 to the Interstate's eastern terminus at SR 5. Construction west of Industrial Park Road required the demolition of an existing partial cloverleaf interchange off the Maine Turnpike that connected to SR 112. The second segment of the freeway, which also included the construction of a new trumpet interchange with the Maine Turnpike and a toll barrier, opened in 1983. The Maine Turnpike Authority announced plans to reestablish an exit to SR 112 at the location of the demolished trumpet interchange in order to relieve traffic congestion by traffic using I-195 to get to SR 112. This traffic often backs up to the turnpike mainline, creating a hazard with stopped traffic next to 75 mph traffic. Construction is expected to begin in 2023. Extending I-195 westward to meet SR 112 was considered but rejected due to cost and the amount of private property needing to be taken for such a project.

An estimated daily average of over 20,000 motorists utilized I-195 in 2005.

title: Interstate 195 (Maine)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Félag íslenskra þjóðernissinna (0th nomination)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 00:32, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Félag íslenskra þjóðernissinna
It's a group of Icelandic nationalists, with less than a hundred members according to its own description. Approx 100 google hits. Notable or not able? Radiant! 15:18, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Icelandic_nationalism as necessary, then redirect. -- Egil 16:11, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Megan1967 00:05, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. 100 members is big relative to the population of Iceland. Psychonaut 02:21, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Either keep or merge and redirect to Icelandic_nationalism; seems about equal. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:19, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Kevin Lloyd

Kevin Reardon Lloyd (28 March 1949 – 2 May 1998) was a British television actor, who came to prominence in the role of DC Alfred "Tosh" Lines in Thames Television's police drama series The Bill.

Early life
Kevin Reardon Lloyd was born in Derby Hospital on 28 March 1949. His Welsh father, Ellis Aled Lloyd, was a police officer who was killed in the line of duty on 20 February, 1970. Lloyd's grandfather and uncle were also police officers. He suffered from Perthes disease as a child. After leaving grammar school, he initially trained as a solicitor, before deciding that he wanted to be a professional actor. He studied acting at the East 15 Acting School in Loughton, Essex.

Career
Prior to appearing in The Bill Lloyd had already played the high-profile role of nightclub owner Don Watkins in the soap opera Coronation Street. He also appeared in a number of other television shows, including the first series of Starting Out, Boon, Minder, Dear John, Farrington of the F.O., Dempsey and Makepeace, Z-Cars, Andy Capp, Auf Wiedersehen Pet, Blake's 7 and Casualty. His film credits included roles in Trial by Combat (1976), Talent (1979), Britannia Hospital (1982), Don't Open till Christmas (1984), Link (1986) and Billy the Kid and the Green Baize Vampire (1987). He was also active on stage in the 1970s, appearing in a production of Joe Orton’s What the Butler Saw.

In 1992 he was a contestant on Cluedo, teaming up with newsreader Lisa Aziz, conceding to the winning team of Jenny Powell and Nigel Dempster.

Lloyd was one of the most popular cast members of The Bill. In 1996, the show won the award for "Best TV Drama" at the National Television Awards and it was Lloyd who collected it on behalf of the cast and crew. Lloyd spoke of the similarities between himself and his character in the series, namely that he and Tosh were both short, scruffy and slightly overweight, and both had multiple children to support. He also drew on aspects of his late father’s personality and manner for his performance. He had been so popular on The Bill that on 26 February 1992, within four years of joining the show, he was selected as special guest for the TV guest show This Is Your Life.

Death
A chronic alcoholic, he played "Tosh" continuously from 1988 until he was sacked from The Bill on 27 April 1998 after turning up for filming too intoxicated to work. Shortly afterwards, he entered a clinic in Burton upon Trent for medical supervision and a programme of alcohol detoxification, with the administration of antabuse. Whilst receiving treatment, he left the premises to consume alcohol. He returned to the clinic on 2 May 1998 in an intoxicated state, retired to bed, fell asleep, and died of asphyxia. His widow subsequently launched a legal action alleging negligence by the facility's medical staff, but lost the case in court. Lloyd died just one week after recording his final scenes for The Bill, and the character of Tosh was still appearing on-screen for more than a month following Lloyd's death. Tosh's final appearance was in the episode broadcast on 9 June 1998. Lloyd's funeral took place at St Alkmund's Church, Duffield; he was cremated following the church service.

Personal life
Lloyd was the older brother of ITN journalist Terry Lloyd, who was killed whilst reporting in the second Persian Gulf War in 2003.

Lloyd married Lesley in 1973. They had seven children: Mark, Sophie, James, Poppy, Henry, Edward and Chloe. In 1989, James, Poppy and Henry Lloyd appeared in an episode of The Bill as three of Tosh's children. James Lloyd is an actor who later appeared on The Bill as PC Steve Hunter between 2004 and 2006. Chloe Lloyd died from meningitis aged 17 months. In 1991, Lloyd and his wife adopted a Romanian orphan, Ellie. Lloyd lived with his family in Duffield, Derbyshire, from which he regularly commuted a round trip of 270 mi to Notting Hill, West London, where The Bill was filmed. Lloyd separated from his wife in 1995, with his wife blaming his alcoholism and accusing him of violence. He was subsequently in a relationship with Rita Hudson for the next three years, although he had reportedly resumed his relationship with his wife shortly before his death.

He was a lifelong supporter of Derby County. In 1992, he was a subject on This Is Your Life, whereby the Derby County squad paid a video homage to him singing "We want Kevin Lloyd".

His autobiography, The Man Who Loved Too Much, was published in 1997.

title: Kevin Lloyd


text:
Talk:Kundapur

Untitled
I removed this:

History says that "Panchakanya" resided in one place. They are Kubja,Khedaka,Varahi.Souparnika& Chakra-five rivers joined by forming "Pancha Gangavali" resulting as "Gangolli". In the Bottom of this place the city laid is "Kundapura". This is the crown of South kanara (Undivided Dist.) having 4 Kshethras of "Parusharama Srusti"- "Saptha Kshethra" center of golden temple with richest culture & folk lore stayed as unique place in the state.

It's hard to understand. Prater 15:19, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pillar
Pillar means Kunda in Kannada see http://books.google.com/books?id=HBUsaxC61mkC&dq=Kannada+pillar&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s see page no 441, kunda means pillar in kannada. in tulu language pillar means "Kammha" http://books.google.com/books?id=ay8o3cNCPfoC&dq=tulu+english+dictionary&source=gbs_navlinks_s see page no 398. C 21 K talk 13:24, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Untitled 2
is kundapur part of tulunadu? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.93.10.5 (talk) 09:04, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Off course Kundapura is a part of Tulunadu. The Kundapura kannada speaking people have the same culture of Tulu speakers. In the past Tulu was the majority language here.223.237.232.242 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 06:04, 25 May 2018 (UTC)

Kundeswara temple subtopic
The Kundeswara temple subtopic in this article appear more like a personal opinion in a forum. The article should provide information about the place, it location in Kundapura etc. And not reasons it could be a better tourist place and earn more revenue. Please, I would request someone who know the place better to improve it. --Sunny dealmeida (talk) 11:47, 9 February 2011 (UTC) Kundapura is the name derived from kudeshwara temple. The main deity here is Sri kudeshwara I,e Lord Shiva who resides here with his wife Sri parvathiamma and son Sri Ganesha. With them we have Sri Nagadeva and Sri Ayyappa. As we know the temple was built by Raja kundaverma who was from barkur region he wanted a place and fell in love with the beauty and surroundings here and thought of building a temple for his kuldeva Sri kudeshwara here. It's belived that king has heard about this place(kundapura) from some local people that during sunrise and sunset the place shines like gold because when sunrays hit the water the golden reflection fell on the ground and this place is very fertile so soil is also like gold .This place is precious and delicate same as work done on a gold (kundan, work of gold). So here's one more reason why he decided to build a temple for his kuldeva and name it after the god.

language
Kundapura is not a part of tulunadu. Tulu is mother tongue of less than 5% of population and its not used. Kundapura Kannada is mother tongue of all kundapurean ppl. RNM — Preceding unsigned comment added by Neinsun (talk • contribs) 17:26, 3 April 2011

Off course Kundapura is a part of Tulunadu. The Kundapura kannada speaking people have the same culture of Tulu speakers though they speak Kundagannada language. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 223.237.195.135 (talk) 05:44, 25 May 2018 (UTC)

Clean up and moving.
Wikipedia isnt a place for posting tourist guides. I propose the removal of places of interest Djds4rce (talk) 09:04, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

Is Kundapura is part of Tulunadu?
From the point of view of language definately Kundapura is not a part of Tulunadu. Entire Kundapura region right from Brahmavara to Byndoor-Shiroor are purely talking Kunda-Kannada only. But there are similarities in castism, culture, beliefs (Daiwa/Boota/Naaga) etc. Offcourse for give and take (consideration for marriage) amongst the main cast like Bunts, Billavas & Mogaveeras is historically persists. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.130.40.55 (talk) 11:57, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

In the olden days, Tulu language wаs widely spoken іn Kundapur region аnd the historical town оf Barkur served аs the capital city оf Tulunadu. Now, the ethnic Tuluvas, Bunts: Billavas, Mogaveeras living in Kundapur do not speak Tulu they speak Kunda Kannada. In the olden days, Tulu was spoken as far north as Gokarna in Uttara Kannnada, Kasargod district in Kerala. Parts of Shimoga, Chikamagulur, Hassan, Coorg districts as well in Karnataka, Kasargod district in Kerala. People cannot deny the past, you cannot change history. English is becoming more and more popular in Karnataka especially in cities such as Bangalore, In 100 years, are you going to say Bangalore is not part of Karnataka? - — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.91.71.231 (talk) 19:33, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

Very few people in Kundapur speak Tulu and the town is definitely not part of Tulunadu. pdh 20:27, 15 February 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by PuttuHegde (talk • contribs)

Kundapur is part of Tulunadu, its populated by ETHNIC Tuluvas who do not speak Tulu. Language and Ethnicity are two different things. Language, like many things is fluid, it changes over time. Now Kannada is is the main language in the region. Kannada is also mainly spoken in towns like Udupi and Mangalore, and across Udupi and Mangalore districts. Kasargod region is also part of Tulunadu, However, Malayalam is the main language spoken in that region. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.95.191.141 (talk • contribs) 11:59, 13 March 2014

Malayalam is not the main language of Kasargod region. Malayalam has partly become more dominant in Kasargod town due to migration but not in other areas.The areas south of Chandagiri river are mostly Malayalam speaking. Kannada is not main language but administrative language of Mangalore and Udupi districts. 223.237.232.242 (talk)

Bunts, Billavas, Mogaveeras, Shettigars, et all are major communities in Kundapur. Vast majority of them speak Kannada as their first language. But ethnically they are Tuluvas. These communities are a majority spread from Kasargod in South in Kerala, parts of Coorg, Hassan, Chikamagalur, Shimoga, and Uttar Kannada in Karnataka. They speak Kannada, Malayalam, Kodogu, and Tulu. Tulunadu is reference to Ethnic Tuluvas, not the language they speak. Should there be a separate state for Tuluvas - NO. Should the language be protected and nurtured and made as one of the official languages - YES. — Preceding unsigned comment 16:38, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

Tuluvas should have a seperate state. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 223.237.195.135 (talk) 05:39, 25 May 2018 (UTC)

Name of the town
I've moved the page from Kundapur, Karnataka to Kundapura. The disambiguation (Karnataka) is not needed because the town is clearly the primary topic. The previous move of Kundapura, Karnataka to Kundapur, Karnataka (on 3 Feb 2014) has been reversed following the discussion here. The reason given for the previous move (official name) is only one consideration in terms of WP:NAME. In the case of this move, Kundapura seems to be the more common usage, getting more google hits (approx 950k to 900k). If anyone thinks this is wrong, they should raise a discussion here. Imc (talk) 18:46, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Also, I moved Kundapur Taluk to Kundapura Taluk for the same reason. The talk page for the taluk redirects here. The discrepancy in google hits in favour of Kundapura is greater for the taluk, about 110k to 60k. Imc (talk) 18:53, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Hello Imc, you are interpreting WP:NAME selectively. "Kundapur" is more commonly used in the town than "Kundapura" and you need to visit the town to understand it. I have visited the place umpteen number of times and "Kundapura" is used rarely. Pdheg (talk) 06:23, 01 April 2014 (UTC)

 * User Pdheg, you are making no sense at all, not in terms of Wikipedia, not here, and not in the original dicussion on the India related topics noticeboard. It does not matter to anyone else often you have visited the town. It does not matter what the government says the name is (your argument on many other pages), Wikipedia does not deal with naming on the basis of government policy. It does not matter whether you think Kannada is pronounced differently to everyone else (I'm referring to your claim that Kannada ಸಾಗರ is pronounced 'sagar' as you claimed elsewhere). You have to justify the name in terms of Wikipedia naming policy, and this you have not even tried to address here or anywhere else despite quoting it in your above statement. Once you find others disagree with you, you need to address the arguments that they make, to engage in the discussion and try to get a consensus. Imc (talk) 20:38, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Hello Imc, your claims do not make sense either. According to you city names should be written the way they are pronounced in Kannada. You say that it is the Wikipedia naming policy and I object to it saying that we have to use the name Government uses. I am for providing the information as is, which is contrary to the stand you hold. Why are you silent on "Bangalore"? Why is your theory not working in moving the page to "Bengaluru"? Please understand that Karnataka has diversity in culture and education. The naming pattern you are propagating is being used only in the radius of around 200 km from Bangalore and is specific to the education system in the southern districts of Karnataka. It is a different world altogether outside this circle. For example, outside of the southern districts in Karnataka, it is "Ganesh" and not "Ganesha" as you use in and around Bangalore. People from Coastal and North Karnataka do not attach 'a' at the end of a name. Moreover, South Karnataka Kannada is not the standard Kannada either and the rest of the Karnataka need not follow what Bangalore follows. Kindly do not push your nonsensical Kannada theory to the rest of the state.  Pdheg (talk) 03:08, 04 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I note that you have moved the page again, despite it being quite clear now that the name is in dispute. I note also that you still have not responded to my points in the original post. Also, you added an unnecessary disambiguation - was this to avoid going through the appropriate move procedure? Imc (talk) 13:07, 5 April 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus. Moved to Kundapur, as Victor falk notes. --BDD (talk) 18:36, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Kundapur, Karnataka → Kundapura – The most common name, as shown in search results with the disambiguation Karnataka to correspond to the current name. For Kundapura there are 21000 hits, for Kundapur there are 16000 –. With a corresponding google book search the ratio is 82 to 65. The disamb is not needed, at this time anyway. The previous name change has not really been justified yet. --Relisted. Armbrust The Homunculus 18:02, 10 May 2014 (UTC) Imc (talk) 19:10, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose Here is the official website of Kundapur City Municipal Council. The name "Kundapur" is popularly used. Pdheg Talk to me 21:19, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment "Karnataka" is a superfluous disambiguation and should be dropped regardless of which version of the name is chosen. walk victor falktalk 01:01, 3 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Tulu is not an official language of Kundapur
Tulu is the regional language of Kundapur. It is not the official language of this town. Simple-man-everyday (talk) 02:15, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

'Tulu Nadu' is not an official region of Karnataka
Tulu Nadu is not an officially recognized region of Karnataka. Tulu Nadu is not classified under the regions of Karnataka. Simple-man-everyday (talk) 02:15, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

Page not up to date with latest details
I think the page is outdated a lot. There is no new information here. 103.50.20.139 (talk) 02:07, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

Connections to historical Kundaverma/Kundayya?
Understand that the name might have been derived from the original rulers Kundaverma or simply Kundayya. All who descended the throne had to use Kundayya as their second name. Two kings who descended had names as Rudrapparasu Kundayya Hegde and the next two called as Laxmapparau Kundayya Hegde. In the history I have seen that one Laxmapparasu was killed in a battle. His widow settled down somewhere else possibly in a village called Kuthyar in Udupi district and bought nearby villages and ruled the place. The last king of Kuthyar who died in 1983 at the age 84 was known as Laxmapparasu Kundayya Hegde. Kuthyar Palace× is still there who was passed on to the last king’s sister’s eldest son as per matriarchal system. I know them personally because I lived in Kuthyar until I was five and learnt from my parents about the widow who settled in Kuthyar. Lynwood2023 (talk) 17:00, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Please read the core Wikipedia policy No Original Research which explains that all material in Wikipedia must be attributable to a reliable, published source - in other words: personal knowledge is not enough, it must be backed up with documentary evidence. - DarylKayes (talk) 06:59, 1 October 2023 (UTC)
 * DarylKayes above is correct that 'I think I remember reading something somewhere once...' is not a basis for making any changes to any of our articles, and neither is personal supposition that some names of various modern persons or places might be related in some way to an ancient subject.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  07:20, 1 October 2023 (UTC)
 * [End of material moved from the other talk page.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  08:57, 1 October 2023 (UTC)]
 * That's not to say the above ideas aren't worth looking for in published, reliable sources.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  08:57, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kundapur


text:
Talk:Three Days Grace

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Three Days Grace. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/65ias4zoS?url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 to http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Three%20Days%20Grace&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25
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 * The ultimate-guitar.com is not archived. The rest are OK though. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:48, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

Unjustified and flawed edit session revert by User:Walter Görlitz
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

Hello, you recently reverted several edits I made on the Three Days Grace page, and even though they were not all of the same nature, the only explanation you provided was "We're repeating the band's name too often. Use prepositions instead." Can you please provide justification for reverts not involving the use of the band's name, as well as explaining how you determined that the band's name had been used excessively? I have tried to alternate the terms "Three Days Grace", "the band", and "they" on the page in order to provide variety, and I found the use of "the band" repetitive, especially in close succession, this is why I changed it to "Three Days Grace" in several places. I am open to reverts if they are reasonable, and I am certainly not set on my edits remaining if they are inappropriate. Additionally, and please believe that I do not mention this out of spite or vindictiveness, but neither "the band" nor "they" are prepositions or preposition phrases, so your reason for reverting my edits doesn't make grammatical sense. Your confusion on this point should be taken into consideration both by yourself and any other editor who will review this issue should it devolve into a disagreement. werewolf (talk) 05:05, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I only reverted one of your sessions. Can you please provide justification for any of your changes as they were all unexplained? And this discussion should probably be on the article's talk page. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:53, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I can see that you reverted one of my sessions, but you haven't justified doing so. Your only explanation was grammatically flawed, which potentially disqualifies it. I am happy to move this discussion to the article's talk page, but I'm curious to know, do you intend to justify your revert in any coherent manner? werewolf (talk) 06:05, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing this conversation here, again, in a flawed way. You didn't explain any of your edits either. Care to explain why any of the set that I reverted were needed? Also, putting this all on my is flawed logic, so knock it off. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:38, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Walter, if the issue is the fact that I didn't explain my edits, I can certainly go back and do that, but this in no way justifies you reverting an entire session of my work without proper explanation. I do believe this is on you, as you have mishandled the issue. You should have sent me a message requesting that I explain my edits rather than single-handedly reverting an entire session, using an improper grammatical justification, and being rude about it. I have not received a satisfactory response from you as to why you decided to revert my edits, and unless you make an attempt to do so, I will escalate this dispute further. werewolf (talk) 14:46, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * No, the issue is that the changes were not needed. Walter Görlitz (talk) 20:23, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * For the same reason that we don not repeat the subject in headings, we don't repeat the subject's name incessantly through the article. Walter Görlitz (talk) 01:23, 7 January 2019 (UTC)
 * And yet, when I fully explain the revert, you simply knee-jerk revert it. Time to stop friend. Walter Görlitz (talk) 15:30, 7 January 2019 (UTC)
 * , I have gone ahead and replaced each of my edits, adding a brief description of my reasoning for each one. Your response was to change each edit back without providing any adequate reason. The sole explanation you offered was the onerous exhortation not to use the band's name over and over and over...(ad nauseam). This is not only an inaccurate description of the edits I have been attempting to make, it is also a rude and immature approach to editing on your part. Currently, the article, as any reader can see, uses "the band" repetitively and consecutively, making for awkward reading. This, according to you, is preferable to the varied use of the band's name, "the band", and an appropriate pronoun, which I have tried to put implement. Your intransigence on this issue makes it clear that you are uninterested in either resolving this in a professional manner, or at least achieving some kind of compromise. If you continue in this manner, I will request a third opinion and proceed with further means of dispute resolution, as necessary.
 * I have gone ahead and reverted again. I have provided the rationale here and in my initial summary. We do not need to list the subject's name each time. It goes against other guidelines, most notably MOS:HEADING. Your lack of understanding on this issue makes it clear that you are uninterested in either resolving this in a professional manner. Walter Görlitz (talk) 19:55, 7 January 2019 (UTC)

Saw the 3O posting. Seemed at first like an edit war with some party not understanding WP:BRD, but it's more complicated than that, and I wonder how much the edit summaries might've caused some miscommunication. In this month's flurry of edits:
 * 1) Werewolf changed 7 instances of "the band". Four to "they", one to "TDG", and two to "Three Days Grace". Aside from the album title (which should be treated as distinct from the band title, even if the same name), there were no other changes to "Three Days Grace".
 * 2) Walter's first revert did not revert all of these changes. He changed two instance of "Three Days Grace" to "the band", changed their to "the band", "they" to "the band", and once instance of "band" to change "the second single" "the band's second single." In other words, this was not a wholesale revert at this point, but a partial pushback.
 * 3) In Werewolf's next edits, two instances of "the band" changed back to "Three Days Grace" and one other instance of "the band" was removed, changing the sentence to say that [album] "included a few" rather than "On [album] the band included a few".
 * 4) Walter's next revert wasn't really much of a revert. It changed many instances of "Three Days Grace" that Werewolf did not add: 11 changes of "Three Days Grace" to "the band" and 8 changes of "Three Days Grace" to they/them/their.
 * 5) Then Werewolf reverted that edit in entirety and Walter restored.

Then here we are. Please let me know if I'm misreading. To read the edit summaries, I would've assumed that Werewolf added a whole bunch of instances of "Three Days Grace" that Walter kept reverting. It looks like Werewolf made a few of those changes, and Walter responded by undoing them and changing many more instances of the band name at the same time. The result is that there are far fewer, not more, instances of "Three Days Grace" than when we began, and more instances of "the band." None of this is to say that anyone acted in bad faith, necessarily. Communication seems more likely to blame. In addition to edits being labeled as edit summaries and partial reverts characterized as full reverts, I'm unclear what MOS:HEADING has to do with text outside of headings and outside of heading-like material; also unclear why we would use prepositions, as mentioned in an edit summary. I presume these are typos, or perhaps refer to specific instances I didn't notice? Fundamentally, the issue seems like less of a black and white MOS issue and more of a good writing issue.

Question: do sources support common use of the acronym "TDG"? There is a single instance of that in the article. If not regularly used, it should be removed. If it is, it should be explained via parenthetical early on and then used with more frequently. Part of the issue with repeating the band's name is that, especially because it's three words, it hurts the writing of the article to have it repeated often. That said, too many instances of "the band" can also hurt. Reverting back to the starting point in terms of that particular issue may be a good idea, and then request the WP:GUILD take a pass. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 23:01, 14 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Not sure about consistent use of the initialism, but it's not good writing style.
 * As for MOS:HEADING, the specific concern is "section headings should ... "Not redundantly refer back to the subject of the article (Early life, not Smith's early life or His early life), or to a higher-level heading, unless doing so is shorter or clearer.}}" The idea is that repeating the subject's name is not needed throughout the article as we know who the subject is since we've landed on the page.
 * If the GUILD wants to take a stab at copy edits, I'd be happy with a full revert. Walter Görlitz (talk) 23:13, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Whether use of the initialism makes sense depends on its usage in the sources. Many, many articles are better off for using common acronyms, like typical government agencies, companies, etc. Pop Will Eat Itself comes to mind as an example of a band. I disagree it's always going to be poorer writing, though could see many instances when it would indeed hurt rather than help. I don't know that this is one of them, but again, I think it would depend on the sources.
 * I understand the guideline about the heading, but it doesn't seem like the major disagreement above is about the headings, and MOS:HEADING doesn't apply to other text beyond heading-like text, which likewise doesn't seem to be the major point of contention here, unless I've misread something.
 * Werewolf, would you be fine restoring the older version, too, and deferring to the judgment of the guild on this particular issue? That would be a pretty good assurance that whoever comes in has a good grasp of wiki guidelines and has the quality of writing as first priority. As an aside, I must say it feels strange to refer to "the judgment of the guild" -- sounds like they wear black robes and have the king's ear. Hmm.... :) — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 00:04, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

Groundswell again
The article already discusses Groundswell in the early years sub-section, but there is no consensus that this was the same band. Updating the lede and infobox with this information is not appropriate. There are similar examples with other bands where previous bands are not included in ledes or infoboxes but the facts are discussed in the articles. Walter Görlitz (talk) 15:52, 7 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Are you the only one who opposes this again? Because I support it.  danny music editor  oops 05:51, 12 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I also don't see that there is a consensus in the archives. So let's make one. What are your similar examples?  danny music editor  oops 05:54, 12 March 2019 (UTC)
 * As long as there are reliable sources that state they are the same band, feel free to add it. Without RSes, it's WP:OR, and as we know, WP:NOR. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:06, 12 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Nevermind. For some reason, I thought that Sanderson, Gontier, and Brad Walst were the only official members of Groundswell, I did not see the others. I'm sleep deprived, Rockstar runs through my veins, and I am supposed to be doing work due this morning, but I have an addiction to this website. The bands are not the same.  danny music editor  oops 06:50, 12 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I've been there. Walter Görlitz (talk) 14:48, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

Picture in infobox
I'd be cool with moving it to the body of the article for the appropriate time period, but I think an active band should have a leading photograph more recent than 13 years ago. Anyone got one? Zeke, the Mad Horrorist  (Speak quickly) (Follow my trail) 05:33, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

Former band member Error
Under the list of former members it shows the following; Adam Gontier – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1997–2013); lead guitar (1997–2003)

Adam quit the band in 2013, not 2003. I do not seem to be able to edit the article, so I'm leaving this info hear hoping someone can fix it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.55.94.122 (talk) 19:16, 15 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Did he play lead until 2013 as well or did he stop a decade earlier, like when Barry Stock joined? Walter Görlitz (talk) 19:18, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

No Adam has never played lead guitar Barry has been lead since 2003 and has never played rhythm guitar — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:E901:C001:B01A:23CB:6FD:8AA2 (talk) 18:44, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

Adam was the guitarist until Barry joined in late 2003, after the release of their debut album

Explosions
Their seventh studio album has been released 86.178.206.188 (talk) 15:44, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Three Days Grace


text:
Interstate 195 (Rhode Island–Massachusetts)

Interstate 195 (I-195) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway running a combined 44.55 mi in the US states of Rhode Island and Massachusetts. It travels from a junction with I-95 in Providence, Rhode Island, east to a junction with I-495 and Massachusetts Route 25 in Wareham, Massachusetts. It runs east–west and passes through the cities of Fall River, Massachusetts, and New Bedford, Massachusetts. The portion of I-195 in East Providence is also known as the East Providence Expressway.

I-195 provides a direct highway route to Cape Cod from Rhode Island and, via I-95, from New York and Connecticut as well.

Route description

 * RI
 * 3.82 mi
 * MA
 * 40.73 mi
 * Total
 * 44.55 mi
 * }
 * Total
 * 44.55 mi
 * }

Rhode Island
I-195 begins at I-95 at a semi-directional T interchange, which along with a new bridge over the Providence River, was part of the large Iway construction project. At this point, US Route 6 (US 6) is also signed along I-195. The complex Iway interchange includes several ramps for local streets (labeled exits 1A and 1B) and an interchange with I-95, which is unnumbered. US 44 and US 1A join at the next interchange with Gano and Main streets, labeled exits 1C, 1D, and 1E. The road crosses the Washington Bridge over the Seekonk River into East Providence. US 44 leaves the freeway at exit 1C in East Providence. Exit 1D is a partial interchange with Route 103 while exit 2A provides access to several local streets in East Providence. Exits 2B and 2C provide access to Route 114, which is also where US 6 and US 1A leave the freeway. I-195 then leaves Rhode Island, having gone 3.82 mi.

Massachusetts
I-195 enters Seekonk, Massachusetts, and interchanges with Route 114A at exit 1. There are two interchanges in Swansea, exit 5 for Route 136 and exit 8 for US 6. Access to the town of Somerset and the village of Ocean Grove in Swansea is via exit 10 (Route 103). I-195 crosses the Charles M. Braga Jr. Memorial Bridge over the Taunton River, entering Fall River. The bridge passes over Battleship Cove and USS Massachusetts, after which exit 11 provides access to Route 79 and Route 138. Exits 12 and 13 provide access to downtown Fall River streets, while a brief concurrency with Route 24 exists between exits 14A (Route 24 south) and 14B (Route 24 north). Passing the Watuppa Ponds, I-195 enters Westport, where exit 15 is a partial interchange with Sanford Road, and exit 16 marks the northern terminus of Route 88. Exits 19 and 22 provide access to local roads in Dartmouth, while, shortly after entering the port city of New Bedford, there is a full cloverleaf interchange with the Route 140 freeway (exits 24A and 24B). Exits 25 to 29 are partial interchanges with several local New Bedford city streets. A bridge over the Acushnet River takes I-195 to the town of Fairhaven, where there is the northern terminus of Route 240 freeway at exit 29. Exit 31 is for North Street in Mattapoisett, exit 35 is Route 105 in Marion, and exit 39 is Route 28 in Wareham. I-195 ends at trumpet interchange with I-495 (exit 40B) and Route 25 (exit 40A) in Wareham, having 40.73 mi in Massachusetts.

History
Predating I-195 were two sections of road—Fox Point Boulevard and the Washington Bridge. The Washington Bridge, crossing the Seekonk River between Providence and East Providence, was opened on September 25, 1930, replacing an 1885 swing bridge with a higher bascule bridge. A new westbound bridge opened in November 1968.

Fox Point Boulevard, later George M. Cohan Boulevard, was a surface boulevard connecting the Washington Bridge west to the Point Street Bridge and Downtown, Providence. It was built with no cross traffic by using U-turn ramps in the median to reverse direction. This was the last part in Providence to be built as a freeway, opened in December 1968.

The first freeway section came off the west end of Cohan Boulevard and over the Providence River, ending at the one-way pair of Pine and Friendship streets, which opened in November 1958. The ramp to Pine Street has been closed, but the entrance from Friendship Street still exists. The I-95 interchange at this end opened in fall 1964; the Pine Street ramp was kept for a while.

The next section to be constructed was the part in East Providence. It opened to the last exit before the state line on December 15, 1959, and was extended into Massachusetts by August 1960.

I-195 cut through the center of Watchemoket Square, which, about 30 years earlier, was the heart of downtown East Providence but was on the decline in the 1950s. Half of the square was demolished to make way for the highway.

Before the Interstate Highway System numbering was decided upon, I-195 was planned as a relocation of US 6; in fact, all but the last section was signed as US 6 when built (the first section only eastbound though). In 1957, the number Interstate 95E (I-95E) was assigned, as all intercity routes were numbered before the auxiliary Interstate numbering was chosen, and the Providence–New Bedford, Massachusetts, route was too long to be considered intracity. The I-195 designation was assigned in 1959 with the final numbering. At some time after 1976, the definition of I-195 was extended east to I-495 (which was itself extended).

I-195 still carries US 6, now in both directions, from I-95 to the last interchange before Massachusetts. It also carries US 1A and US 44 over the Washington Bridge and its approaches, though the former has almost no signs. The Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) started reconstructing the westbound Washington Bridge in October 2021, following years of delays.

Iway
I-195's stretch through Providence was reconstructed with a $610-million (equivalent to $ in ) project by RIDOT to relocate the I-195 and I-95 intersection. The relocation made the segment safer for traffic, reunified the Jewelry District with Downtown, and freed up more space. In the process, some 35 buildings, housing over 80 businesses and six residences, were demolished. The new stretch of highway is called the Iway by RIDOT and includes a signature bridge over the Providence River as well as a landscaped pedestrian walkway over the highway. It connects India Point Park to the Fox Point neighborhood. It involved renovating India Point Park and constructing a 50 ft pedestrian bridge; building a signature arch bridge over the Providence River; and improved highway flow, access, and safety, as the original intersection was not built for modern traffic standards. The previous lane alignment was dangerous and created congestion, as lane shifts were often required to avoid a left exit; moreover, the concrete supports had deteriorated to the point that steel shoring were needed to reinforce the intersection's many bridges. In the 1980s, RIDOT reviewed many plans to deal with the aging section of I-195 in Providence, which was built in the 1950s. Along with having to complete numerous repairs on one of the busiest stretches of highway in Rhode Island, traffic volumes had increased tremendously over the years. The highway, designed for 75,000 vehicles a day, carried more than 160,000 cars daily at the time. The old design also had tight curves, left-hand exits, and closely spaced exits, which had contributed to excessive congestion on I-195 and nearby streets. RIDOT worked on the Iway's environmental impact statement (EIS) in the early 1990s, finding that the existing highway deteriorated bridges, substandard roadway alignments, sharp curves, and substandard shoulder widths. The department looked at three alternatives, including a no-build option in which the existing route would be reconstructed. RIDOT ultimately chose an alignment south of the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier, which would allow safety problems and congestion issues to be addressed, while also allowing for significant redevelopment of the Providence waterfront.

The 400 ft center span of the new Providence River Bridge was built offsite at the Quonset Business Park and floated up to Providence in August 2006. The span was placed on self-propelled modular transporters, rolled onto two large barges, and floated up the bay. The opening of the Iway was preceded by a public walk on the Iway on October 20, 2007.

On November 4, 2007, the new Iway bridge opened to eastbound traffic from I-95 north to I-195 east. The new alignment of I-195 opened in stages over the next two years. The old I-195 eastbound roadway was completely closed at the end of 2008. On June 18, 2009, the new Iway bridge opened to westbound I-195 traffic to I-95 south. By October 2009, all westbound traffic on I-195 was using the new highway; the onramps to the old I-195 were closed completely, but some of the old alignment's ramps remained open. The last major ramp of the project opened in October 2011.

Washington Bridge closure
The Washington Bridge on the westbound side of I-195 was closed in December 2023 due to a critical failure of a number of pins which were designed to brace the bridge. On December 13, 2023, Rhode Island officials announced that two lanes would be restored westbound using two eastbound lanes sometime during the weekend of December 16, but the full repair of the westbound span is still expected to take three months pending any additional findings.

Exit list
Massachusetts interchanges were to be renumbered to mileage-based numbering in a project scheduled to begin in 2016, until the project was indefinitely postponed by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). On November 18, 2019, MassDOT announced the project would begin in late mid-2020. The exit numbers were changed starting on October 25, 2020, and the work was completed on November 6, 2020. Rhode Island interchanges were renumbered to a mileage-based system early in 2020 in a plan announced by RIDOT in September 2017 and scheduled to begin on January 28, 2020.

Awards
In June 2008, RIDOT nominated the Iway bridge float for the America's Transportation Award on the basis that the project "demonstrate[d] innovative management". The Iway bridge float was one of 10 finalists for the national award, receiving an Innovative Management award in the large project category. The Publicity Club of New England also gave RIDOT its annual "Bell Ringer" award for the Iway logo.

Light pollution
One of the key features of the Iway, the new Providence River Bridge, is illuminated by architectural lighting, making it visible from many points in the city and on the Providence River. There has been criticism that this lighting has caused a considerable amount of light pollution, which has made it difficult for astronomers in the Providence area to view the night sky. Complaints have been made to the state and in response, lights are turned off at 11:00 pm to save energy and reduce light pollution.


text:
Littorio-class battleship

The Littorio class, also known as the Vittorio Veneto class, was a class of battleship of the Regia Marina, the Italian navy. The class was composed of four ships—ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Littorio, ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Vittorio Veneto, ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Roma, and ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Impero—but only the first three ships of the class were completed. Built between 1934 and 1942, they were the most modern battleships used by Italy during World War II. They were developed in response to the French Dunkerque-class battleship s, and were armed with 381 mm guns and had a top speed of 30 kn. The class's design was considered by the Spanish Navy, but the outbreak of World War II interrupted construction plans.

The first two ships, Littorio and Vittorio Veneto, were operational by the early months of Italy's participation in World War II. They formed the backbone of the Italian fleet, and conducted several sorties into the Mediterranean to intercept British convoys, though without any notable success. The two ships were repeatedly torpedoed throughout their careers: Littorio was hit by a torpedo during the attack on Taranto in November 1940 and again in June 1942; Vittorio Veneto was torpedoed during the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941 and while escorting a convoy to North Africa in September 1941. Roma joined the fleet in June 1942, although all three ships remained inactive in La Spezia until June 1943, when all three were damaged in a series of Allied air attacks on the harbor.

In September 1943, Italy capitulated and signed an Armistice with the Allies. Littorio was then renamed Italia. The three active battleships were transferred to Malta before they were to be interned in Alexandria. While en route to Malta, German bombers attacked the fleet with Fritz X radio-guided bombs, damaging Italia and sinking Roma. Nevertheless, Italia and Vittorio Veneto reached Malta and were interned. The incomplete Impero was seized by the Germans after Italy withdrew from the war and used as a target, until she was sunk by American bombers in 1945. Italia and Vittorio Veneto were awarded to the United States and Britain, respectively, as war prizes. Italia, Vittorio Veneto, and Impero were broken up for scrap between 1952 and 1954.

Design
The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 allotted Italy an additional 70000 LT of total capital ship tonnage, which could be used in 1927–1929, while other powers were observing the "holiday" in battleship construction prescribed by the treaty. France, which was given parity with Italy, also possessed 70,000 tons of capital ship tonnage. Both countries were put under significant pressure from the other signatories to use their allotted tonnage to build smaller battleships with reduced caliber main batteries. The first Italian design, prepared in 1928, called for a 23000 LT ship armed with a main battery of six 381 mm guns in twin turrets. They opted for this design because this allowed three ships under the 70,000-ton limit. This would have allowed the Italian fleet to keep at least two units operational at any given time. Protection and radius of action were sacrificed for speed and heavy armament, though the Italians did not value range, as they operated primarily in the confined waters of the Mediterranean.

Later in 1928, the design staff prepared another ship, with a displacement of 35000 LT, armed with six 406 mm guns and protected against guns of the same caliber. At least one of these ships would have followed the three 23,000-ton ships once the building holiday expired in 1931. Funding was not allocated to begin construction, however, as the Italian Navy did not want to instigate an arms race with the French Navy. The London Naval Treaty of 1930 extended the building holiday to 1936, though Italy and France retained the right to build 70,000 tons of new capital ships. Both countries rejected British proposals to limit new battleship designs to 25000 LT and 305 mm guns. After 1930, the Italian Navy abandoned the smaller designs altogether. By 1930, Germany had begun to build the three Deutschland-class cruiser ships, armed with six 280 mm guns, and France had in turn laid down two Dunkerque-class battleship s to counter them. The French vessels were armed with eight 330 mm guns. In late 1932, Italian constructors responded with a design similar to the Deutschland class, but armed with six 343 mm guns in triple turrets on a 18000 LT displacement.

The Italian Navy decided that the smaller design was impractical, and that a larger design should be pursued. A 26500 LT design was then prepared, which mounted eight 343 mm guns in twin turrets. This was ultimately abandoned in favor of a 35,000 ton design to be armed with 406 mm guns. The 406 mm gun in turn was abandoned in favor of the 381 mm gun because there were no designs for the larger gun, which would delay construction; a 381 mm gun had already been designed for the canceled Francesco Caracciolo-class battleship. Ultimately, nine 381 mm guns in three triple turrets were adopted as the primary battery for the ships, on a displacement in excess of 40000 LT, despite the fact that this violated the established naval treaties. Nevertheless, by the time these ships entered service, the international arms control system had fallen apart and the major naval powers had invoked the "escalator clause" that allowed for ships up to 45000 LT displacement.

General characteristics
The ships of the class varied slightly in dimensions. Littorio and Vittorio Veneto were 224.05 m long between perpendiculars and 237.76 m long overall, while Roma and Impero were 240.68 m long overall. All four ships had a draft of 9.6 m and a beam of 32.82 m. Littorio displaced 40724 MT as designed and 45236 MT at full load. Vittorio Veneto displaced 40517 MT and 45029 MT, respectively. Roma's displacement increased slightly as compared to the other ships, to 40992 MT and 45485 MT, respectively. As Impero was not completed, her final displacement is unknown. As built, the ships were fitted with bulbous bows to increase their speed, but they were found to cause serious vibration, which forced a modification to the bow.

Littorio and Vittorio Veneto had a standard crew of 80 officers and 1,750 enlisted men; while serving as a flagship, the crew was increased by a command staff of between 11 and 31 additional officers. The standard crew for Roma and Impero was increased by 100 enlisted men. Aircraft facilities were located on the quarterdeck, where it was initially planned to base six La Cierva autogyros. Instead, a single catapult was fitted. The ships were equipped with three Ro.43 reconnaissance seaplanes or navalized Re.2000 fighters. The Re.2000 fighter was a wheeled aircraft and had to land on an airfield.

The ships' propulsion system consisted of four Belluzzo geared steam turbines powered by eight oil-fired Yarrow boilers. The engines were rated at 128200 shp and a top speed of 30 kn. On sea trials, both Littorio and Vittorio Veneto exceeded the design specifications for their power plant. Littorio reached 137649 shp and 31.3 kn, while Vittorio Veneto made 133771 shp and 31.4 kn, both at light loadings. In service, however, the ships averaged 28 kn. Figures for Roma's speed trials have not been recorded. The ships carried 4140 MT of fuel oil, which enabled a maximum range of 4580 nmi at a cruising speed of 16 kn. At 14 kn, the ships' range increased slightly to 4700 nmi. The entire machinery system accounted for about 5.6 percent of the total displacement.

Armament

The ships' main battery consisted of nine 381 mm L/50 Ansaldo 1934 guns in three triple turrets, two in a superfiring pair forward and one aft. These long-barrel, high-velocity guns were chosen to compensate for the smaller 381 mm shell as compared to the 406 mm gun originally desired. The 381 mm guns had a maximum elevation of 35 degrees, which allowed them to engage targets out to 42260 m. The guns fired a 885 kg armor-piercing (AP) shell at a muzzle velocity of 870 m/s. However, this was reduced to 850 m/s in order to reduce dispersion and increase barrel service life. The 824.3 kg semi-armor piercing shells formed the secondary ammunition of the 381mm/50, which had a 29.51 kg bursting charge. Although high explosive shells weighing 774 kg were developed for the 381 mm guns, they never saw service on the Littorio-class. Shell rooms were located below the propellant magazines beneath the gun house in the turret structure. The guns' rate of fire was one shot every 45 seconds. Their ammunition load was 495 AP shells and 171 SAP shells, with 4,320 propellant charges (666 rounds total, or 74 rounds per gun split 55 AP & 19 SAP).

The ships' secondary battery consisted of twelve 152 mm L/55 Ansaldo Model 1934 guns in four triple turrets. Two were placed abreast the No. 2 main battery turret and two on either side of the rear turret. These guns fired a 50 kg AP shell at a muzzle velocity of 910 m/s. They could elevate to 45 degrees, permitting a maximum range of 25740 m. They had a rate of fire of slightly better than four rounds a minute. Four 120 mm L/40 guns were mounted on each ship in order to fire illumination rounds. Able to elevate to 32 degrees, they fired a 29.3 kg semi-fixed round out to an effective range of 5000 m. The ships' anti-aircraft armament was composed of a powerful battery of twelve 90 mm (3.5 in) L/50 guns closely arranged amidships, twenty 37 mm L/54 guns, and sixteen 20 mm L/65 guns. The 90 mm guns provided long-range anti-aircraft protection, and were mounted in quadriaxially stabilized single turrets. They had a rate of fire of 12 rounds per minute and had a ceiling of approximately 10800 m. The 37 mm and 20 mm guns were designed for close-range defense and had effective ranges of 4000 m and 2500 m, respectively.

Armor
The main belt armor of this class was designed and tested to resist 381 mm armor-piercing shells at ranges down to 16000 m, which was considered the inner edge of optimal combat range. The belt consists of a 70 mm homogeneous armor outer plate and the 280 mm cemented armor belt placed 250 mm behind the outer plate; the 250 mm gap was filed with a cement foam called "Cellulite" to keep the water out of the gap and assist in de-capping armor piercing shells. The main armor belt was mounted on 150 mm of oak timber and 15 mm steel backing plate, and the entire belt structure was inclined at 11-15º, depending on the section of the hull. A 36 mm homogeneous armor plate was placed 1.4 m behind the belt, followed 4 m behind by another 24 mm plate sloped 26º in the opposite direction. The main citadel was closed off by 100-210 mm forward and 70-280 mm aft traverse bulkheads. The hull space above the citadel was an armored casemate with 70 mm plating. The bow was protected by a 130 mm belt that extends 35 m ahead of the main belt before terminating in a 60 mm transverse bulkhead. The propeller shafts, aft diesel generator groups, and steering gear were protected by 100 mm homogeneous armor plating and a separate 200 mm bulkhead aft of the citadel.

The weather deck over the citadel consists of 36 mm homogeneous armor over 9 mm plating; the main armor deck varied depending on the space it was protecting. Over the magazines, the main armor deck was 150 mm homogeneous armor laminated on a 12 mm deck plating inboard and 100 mm on 12 mm plating outboard. Over the machinery spaces, the main armor deck was 100 mm on 12 mm plating inboard and 90 mm on 12 mm plating outboard. The main armor deck extends to the bow and stern, where it thinned to 60 mm over 10 mm plating and 36 mm over 8 mm plating respectively.

The main battery turrets were protected by 380 mm cemented armor faces, 200 mm forward sides and roof, 130 mm rear sides, 150 mm rear roof, and 350 mm rear. The barbettes were 350 mm above the upper deck and 280 mm below deck. The 152-mm secondary battery turrets were protected by 280 mm faces, 80-130 mm sides, 80 mm rear, and 105-150 mm roof, while their barbettes were 150 mm above deck and 100 mm below deck. Below the third deck, neither the primary nor secondary barbettes were protected by armor. The 90-mm heavy anti-aircraft mounts were protected by 12-40 mm shield and barbette plating.

The conning tower was in the same style as the others designed by General Pugliese. The uppermost level was protected by 255 mm on the front and sides and 175 mm rear, all mounted on 25 mm plating. The lower two levels had 250 mm and 200 mm respectively, all mounted on 10 mm plating. The roof 90-120 mm on 10-mm plating. An internal 200 mm armored tube protected important electrical cables and pipes for hydraulic systems.

Pugliese torpedo defense system
All four ships incorporated a unique underwater protection system named after its designer, Umberto Pugliese. A 40 mm thick torpedo bulkhead extended inboard from the base of the main belt before curving down to meet the bottom of the hull. This formed a void which housed an empty drum 3800 mm wide with 6 mm thick walls; the rest of the void was filled with liquid. The drum ran the length of the torpedo defense system, and was designed to collapse to contain the explosive pressure of a torpedo hit. The torpedo bulkhead would prevent any splinters or explosive effects from entering the ships' vitals. The system was designed to protect the ship from torpedo warheads up to 350 kg.

The system did not perform as effectively as expected, however. This was due to two major defects in the design. The riveted joint that connected the interior torpedo bulkhead to the bottom of the hull was not strong enough to sustain the tremendous shear loadings associated with direct contact explosions. The joints failed even in cases of non-contact explosions, which prevented the hollow drum from collapsing as designed and resulted in massive flooding. The fineness of the hull shape prevented the 3800 mm thickness from being maintained for the entire central citadel; the width of the drum was reduced significantly abreast of the main battery, down to 2280 mm. The ability of the drum to absorb explosive shock correspondingly fell in relation to its size.

Construction

The keels for Vittorio Veneto and Littorio were laid on the same day, 28 October 1934, at the Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico shipyard in Trieste and the Ansaldo shipyard in Genoa, respectively. Vittorio Veneto was launched on 22 July 1937, with Littorio following exactly one month later on 22 August. While incomplete, Vittorio Veneto went to sea on 23 October 1939 to conduct machinery trials. She was delivered to the Italian Navy in Trieste, still incomplete, some six months later on 28 April 1940. She departed Trieste on 1 May for final fitting out at the dockyard in La Spezia. After completion on 15 May 1940, she went to Taranto to join the fleet. Littorio underwent the same pattern of machinery trials prior to completion; she was delivered to the fleet on 6 May 1940.

Two additional ships were laid down four years later. Roma was built by the CRDA shipyard, starting on 18 September 1938. She was launched on 9 June 1940 and was completed on 14 June 1942, after which she joined the fleet in La Spezia and replaced Littorio as the fleet flagship. Impero was laid down at the Ansaldo shipyard on 14 May 1938. She was launched on 15 November 1939, but she was never completed. After the entrance of Italy to World War II, the Italian Navy moved the unfinished ship from Genoa to Brindisi, out of fears of French attacks on the vessel. Work was not resumed.

Service history

Littorio and Vittorio Veneto were declared operational on 2 August 1940, and were assigned to the 9th Division of the 1st Squadron. On 31 August, the two ships, along with three of the older battleships steamed with a force of ten cruisers and thirty-one destroyers to engage the Operation Hats convoy, but poor reconnaissance prevented the Italian force from engaging the British ships. The ships made another unsuccessful sortie to attack another Malta convoy on 29 September. During the attack on Taranto on 12 November 1940, Littorio was hit twice by torpedoes, suffering serious damage. Significant flooding caused the ship to settle by the bow. The ship was dry-docked on 11 December, with repairs completed by 11 March 1941. Vittorio Veneto, however, emerged from the attack undamaged. While her sister was being repaired, she took over flagship duties and was transferred to Naples.

Vittorio Veneto sortied on 26 November and encountered British forces south of Sardinia. During the resulting Battle of Cape Spartivento, Swordfish torpedo bombers from the carrier HMS Ark Royal (91) attacked Vittorio Veneto, though she evaded the torpedoes. She briefly engaged British cruisers with her rear main battery turret, without scoring any hits. During the engagement, one of her Ro.43 reconnaissance planes was shot down by a Skua fighter. On the night of 8–9 January 1941, the Royal Air Force attacked Naples with heavy bombers, but failed to hit the ship. In February, Vittorio Veneto, ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Andrea Doria and ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Giulio Cesare attempted to attack what was believed to be a Malta convoy. The British squadron was in fact Force H, steaming to bombard Genoa. The two fleets did not make contact, however, and the Italians returned to port.

On 26 March 1941, Vittorio Veneto departed port to attack British convoys to Greece. Germany pressured the Italian Navy to begin the operation, under the impression that they had disabled two of the three battleships assigned to the British Mediterranean Fleet. This resulted in the Battle of Cape Matapan the following day, during which Vittorio Veneto engaged British cruisers. She was then attacked by torpedo bombers from HMS Formidable (67); the first wave failed, but the second scored a single hit each on both Vittorio Veneto and the heavy cruiser ITALIAN CRUISER Pola. Vittorio Veneto shot down one aircraft, but the battleship was flooded with some 4000 MT of water, though she got underway after ten minutes and eventually reached Taranto on 29 March. Repairs lasted until July.

Littorio and Vittorio Veneto had both returned to active duty by August 1941, and on the 22nd the two ships sortied to attack a convoy. They returned to port without encountering any British forces, however. On 26 September, the two battleships attempted to intercept the Operation Halberd convoy, but they broke off the operation without attacking the convoy. While escorting a convoy to North Africa, Vittorio Veneto was torpedoed by the British submarine HMS Urge; repairs lasted until Spring, 1942. Shortly thereafter, on 13 December, Littorio escorted another convoy to North Africa. This operation resulted in the First Battle of Sirte, which ended inconclusively. She provided distant cover to another convoy on 3–6 January 1942. On 21 March, Littorio sortied to attack a British convoy, which led to the Second Battle of Sirte. During the engagement, she badly damaged the destroyers HMS Havock (H43) and HMS Kingston (F64).

Repairs to Vittorio Veneto were completed in time for her to join Littorio on attacks on the convoys Vigorous and Harpoon, which had departed Alexandria and Gibraltar to reinforce Malta simultaneously in mid-June. Combat was limited to the opposing light forces, and Littorio and Vittorio Veneto did not see action; the British nevertheless broke off Operation Vigorous due to the battleships' presence and heavy air attacks. While returning to port, Littorio was hit by a bomb from an American B-24 Liberator heavy bomber; the bomb struck the forward gun turret, though it did minimal damage. Before returning to port, a British Wellington bomber torpedoed the ship. The torpedo struck her starboard bow, though she returned to port. Repairs were completed and on 12 December, both ships were moved from Taranto to La Spezia in response to the Allied landings in North Africa. Roma joined the fleet shortly after the attacks on the two convoys, and joined her sisters for the move to La Spezia. There, she replaced Littorio as the fleet flagship.

In June 1943, a series of Allied air raids attacked La Spezia in an attempt to neutralize the three battleships. On 5 June, Vittorio Veneto was hit by two large bombs that struck her port side. She was transferred to Genoa for repairs, which were not completed before the Armistice that ended Italian participation in the war. Littorio was hit by three bombs on 19 June, a week after her sister was damaged. She was renamed Italia after Benito Mussolini's regime collapsed. Roma was damaged during the 5 June attack and again in a third attack on 23 June. In September 1943, following the withdrawal of Italy from the war, all three ships and a significant portion of the Italian fleet left port to be interned in Malta. While en route, German bombers laden with Fritz X radio-guided bombs attacked the formation. One hit Italia in the bow forward the main battery turrets, causing serious damage. Two hit Roma; one passed through the ship and exploded under her keel, and the second hit near the forward magazines. The bomb detonated the magazines, causing a massive explosion that destroyed the ship with heavy casualties.

Italia and Vittorio Veneto reached Malta, where they remained until 14 September, when they were transferred to Alexandria. They remained at the Great Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal for the rest of the war. On 6 June 1946, Vittorio Veneto steamed to Augusta in Sicily, where, under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, she was allocated to Britain. On 14 October 1946, she was moved to La Spezia, paid off on 3 January 1948, and broken up for scrap. Italia left Great Bitter Lake on 5 February 1947, to join her sister in Augusta. Allocated to the United States, she was stricken on 1 June 1948 and scrapped in La Spezia. The incomplete Impero had meanwhile been seized by the retreating Germans in 1943, who used her as a target, until she was sunk by American bombers on 20 February 1945. In October 1947, the ship was raised and towed to Venice, where she was broken up.

The Littorio design in foreign navies
In 1939, Spain's General Francisco Franco briefly considered a naval building program after seizing power in the Spanish Civil War. Franco concluded several agreements with the Italian government that would have seen the building of four Littorio-class battleships in Spain. The Italians promised to provide all necessary technical and material support for the construction of the ships. The Italian Navy pushed to modernize and enlarge the existing shipyards in Spain, so that they could handle a vessel as large as the Littorio class. The project was abandoned after Italy became involved in World War II, and as a result of limited Spanish industrial capacity.

In the early 1930s, the Soviet Navy began a naval construction program, and sought advice from foreign shipbuilders for a new class of battleships. On 14 July 1939, Ansaldo completed a design proposal for the Soviet Navy, for a ship largely based on the Littorio class, designated U.P. 41. The design was for a 42000 MT ship armed with nine 406 mm guns in triple turrets. The Italians did not disclose the specifications of the Pugliese system and instead used a multiple-torpedo-bulkhead system. Regardless, the Soviet Navy did not use the U.P. 41 design as the basis for the Sovetsky Soyuz-class battleships they laid down in the late 1930s. They were, however, equipped with the Pugliese system, the details of which were revealed through Soviet espionage.

In preparing the design for the Design 1047 type of battlecruisers in early 1940, the Dutch Navy inspected Vittorio Veneto, then under construction, in hopes of gathering some experience on the underwater protection system. The Italians refused to disclose the details of the Pugliese system.

title: Littorio-class battleship


text:
Accumulatio

Accumulatio is a figure of speech, part of the more general group of enumeratio, in which the statements made previously are presented again in a compact, forceful manner. It often uses a climax for the summation of a speech.

The word is Latin, from a verb meaning "to amass".

Examples

 * "Your organization, your vigilance, your devotion to duty, your zeal for the cause must be raised to the highest intensity." Winston Churchill, Speech, 14 July 1941. (This sentence comes after a lengthy passage in which Churchill warns the public that their courage and effort are still needed to defeat the enemy).
 * "He is the betrayer of his own self-respect, and the waylayer of the self-respect of others; covetous, intemperate, irascible, arrogant; disloyal to his parents, ungrateful to his friends, troublesome to his kin; insulting to his betters, disdainful of his equals and mates, cruel to his inferiors; in short, he is intolerable to everyone." (Suae pudicitiae proditor est, insidiator alienae; cupidus intemperans, petulans superbus; impius in parentes, ingratus in amicos, infestus cognatis; in superiores contumax, in aequos et pares fastidiosus, in inferiores crudelis; denique in omnes intolerabilis.) Attributed to Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, IV.52

title: Accumulatio


text:
Geoff McQueen

Geoffrey McQueen (24 July 1947 – 6 July 1994) was a British television screenwriter. He is best known for creating Thames Television's long-running police procedural The Bill and the popular comedy-dramas Give Us a Break, Big Deal and Stay Lucky.

A carpenter and joiner by trade he worked abroad for many years before he began writing in 1978. His first success was in 1982 when an episode of The Gentle Touch he had written was broadcast.

He wrote for other shows, including Boon, and two Jim Davidson sitcoms.

He died on 6 July 1994, aged 46, from an aneurysm. He was survived by his wife Jan and their two children.

title: Geoff McQueen


text:
Talk:Astros, Greece

Untitled
Excellent job! You did great work with that little stub. The only problem is that we seem to have two articles smashed into one: Northern Kynouria and Astros, which are related, but not the same thing. We need to create a Northern Kynouria template. --Jpbrenna 15:28, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Astros, Greece


text:
User talk:Scohn

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
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 * Brilliant prose
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 15:30, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scohn


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fiddien

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep --BM 00:36, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Fiddien
Wikipedia is not a genealogy database. Radiant! 15:31, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

The discussion Deletion_policy/Maltese_nobility has been started to deal with this article and the half a dozen related ones. Please do not vote below, but go to that discussion so that a consensus can be reached on the group, rather than having to repeat arguments on each individual article.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete -- Genealogy research article Longhair 18:40, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — article about nobility family line; notable. — RJH 20:18, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * More of the original research Maltese nobility stuff created by User:Tancarville. We need a standard policy on all of his articles.  RickK 21:29, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Rick. Tancarville has made dozens of similar pages, although they seem copy/pasted from his webpage. Should we create a subpage at VfD to discuss his work, and whether it belongs here, or in wikisource, or neither? Radiant! 09:05, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Important historical data. --Centauri 12:36, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fiddien


text:
Semender

Semender (Семендер) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of Kirovsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 13,677.

History
It was established as an urban-type settlement in 1999.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement of Semender is in jurisdiction of Kirovsky City District of the City of Makhachkala. Within the framework of municipal divisions, Semender is a part of Makhachkala Urban Okrug.

title: Semender


text:
John Edwards Holbrook

John Edwards Holbrook (December 31, 1796 – September 8, 1871) was an American zoologist, herpetologist, physician, and naturalist, born in Beaufort, South Carolina, the son of Silas Holbrook, a teacher, and Mary Edwards. Although Holbrook's memoir, written by his medical partner, and his tombstone both give the date 1794 for his birth, this is incorrect. Holbrook received his A.B. degree from Brown University in 1815, and his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1818. In 1827, he married Harriott Pinckney Rutledge, granddaughter of John Rutledge and a member of the Middleton-Rutledge-Pinckney family.

He provided the first comprehensive illustrated account of North American amphibians and reptiles in the two editions of his North American Herpetology; or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. The first edition in four volumes (1836–1840) is very rare because Holbrook attempted to destroy all copies in a bonfire in his backyard over unfavorable criticism of the colored plates. Because of its rarity, the first edition has been digitized and made freely available by the Biodiversity Heritage Library. The second edition in five volumes (1842) was better received and is still an important benchmark reference work. Among the new species which he described in these works are the brown water snake (Nerodia taxispilota), the brown snake (Storeria dekayi ) and the ornate chorus frog (Pseudacris ornata).

The eastern spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus holbrookii ), the earless lizard genus Holbrookia, the speckled kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula holbrooki ) and the spottail pinfish (Diplodus holbrookii ) are named in his honor.

"Also in the 1840s, in Charleston, South Carolina, a physician, John Edwards Holbrook, who had nearly completed his magnum opus, North American Herpetology, continued an interest in fishes which finally led to production of a beautifully illustrated Fishes of South Carolina."

Holbrook was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1845. In 1855, he commenced the publication of the '"Ichthyology of South Carolina" in parts, and ten of these were issued when the further publication was interrupted by a fire which destroyed the "Artists' Buildings" in Philadelphia, where the pictorial portion of the work was being prosecuted. The original drawings, as well as plates and stones, were all destroyed. Holbrook took advantage of this loss to better his work in various ways. He explained the circumstances which led to the new edition in his "preface," here reproduced in part: "The great delay in the publication of the Ichthyology of South Carolina has been caused by the destruction of all the plates, stones, and original drawings in the burning of the 'Artists' Buildings,' in Philadelphia, several years since.' This made it necessary to have new drawings made of all the different fishes, which has been done at great expense, so great, indeed, that the work could not have been carried on without the aid of the State, which has been freely given. The new drawings are from nature, and have been made by the best artists, as A. J. Ibbotson and A. Sonrel. The color of the fish has been, in almost every instance, taken from living specimens by J. Burkhardt, an artist of great merit. The delay in the publication of the work has, however, enabled me to give more accurate and highly finished plates, and to correct some errors in the letter press. As but few numbers of the work were distributed previous to the destruction of the original plates, &c, and the present edition is so much improved, I have decided to recall the former numbers and to replace them by those of the new edition." Thus an entirely new work was published. The artistic efforts of Richard were superseded by the superior results of Ibbotson and Sonrel, both excellent artists trained under Agassiz, and T. Sinclair's lithographic establishment of Philadelphia was selected for reproducing the illustrations instead of Tappan & Bradford's of Boston the printing was done by Welch, Bigelow and Company, of Cambridge, in place of Metcalf and Company, and the publishers were "Russell & Jones," in succession to "John Russell," of Charleston, S. C."

He was eccentric in several ways. "One of his eccentricities was followed by a remarkable result. A young waitingman about the house was very liable to fainting fits. In brushing flies at the table he would often exclaim, ' I am going to faint,' and would, if not assisted, fall down in a swoon. The Doctor one day, whilst dissecting the digestive apparatus of a young alligator, called this boy to hold the parts for him, so as to keep the fibers stretched. Just as the Doctor was most interested in tracing some minute muscular fibers, the boy cried out, ' I am going to faint,' and altered the position of his hand, and thus interrupted the dissection at a most important point. The Doctor immediately gave him a sharp slap on the side of his head, saying, ' Well, go faint then, and come back quickly.' The boy did as he was bid, and never fainted after this. He said he ' was cured by holding the alligator.' "

In 1863 his wife died, and he was left childless and alone. When the forces of the Union took possession of Charleston, the medical college in which his collections were preserved was taken for hospital purposes, and his specimens were wantonly thrown away or seized upon for what they were supposed to be worth; his books were stolen, and finally his drawings and manuscripts were lost or destroyed. An old man now, bereft of most of his fortune, discouraged by adversities, and recognizing that a new order of scientific procedure had begun, he reluctantly ceased to even plan for his work. He continued, however, to go in summer to New England, where he had spent his happy youth. Holbrook was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1839 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1868. In the early fall of 1871 (8 September), stricken by apoplexy, saw the end of life, at his sister's residence in Norfolk, Massachusetts, "breathing his last amidst kind and devoted relatives."

Holbrook died in Massachusetts on September 8, 1871 and is buried in Magnolia Cemetery in Charleston, South Carolina.

Publications

 * Holbrook, John Edwards (1842). North American Herpetology; or A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. Philadelphia: J. Dobson. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k970920.
 * Holbrook, John Edwards (1847). Southern Ichthyology; or, a Description of the Fishes inhabiting the Waters of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. New York: Wiley & Putnam. 1847. [4to, pp. 1–32, colored plates i-iv. ]
 * Holbrook, John Edwards (1860). Ichthyology of South Carolina [Reproduction]. Charleston, South Carolina: Russell. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k989901.
 * Holbrook, John Edwards (1855). "Fish observed in Florida, Georgia, &c." J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3 (5): 47–58 + plates v, vi.
 * Holbrook, John Edwards, and Reese E. Griffin (1818). John Edwards Holbrook papers, 1819-1860. Travel memoir in two volumes re Holbrook's two years touring Great Britain, 1819-1820, during his four-year visit to Europe; and transcribed letters, 1832-1860. Memoir, 1819-1820, written as a series of lengthy letters in a literary style, addressed to his brother, reporting details of stops at various scientific, educational, and charitable institutions in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, as well as meetings with physicians, educators, politicians, clergymen, and other learned individuals; other portions of the account describe landscapes and natural phenomena, with references to mineral specimens collected en route, and observations re the native population of each locale. Also includes volume, "A Selection of Letters of or Pertaining to John Edwards Holbrook, 1832-1860," transcribed by Reese E. Griffin, Jr., Department of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania, typed transcripts from original manuscript collections held by the American Philosophical Society, and the Academy of Natural Sciences, containing correspondence with Achille Valenciennes, Samuel George Morton, Samuel S. Haldeman, George Ord, John E. Gray, Joseph Leidy, John LeConte, Louis Agassiz, and John Vaughan.
 * Holbrook, John Edwards, and Reese Edwards Griffin (1900). A selection of letters of or pertaining to John Edwards Holbrook, 1832-1860. S.l: s.n. "The manuscripts on which these transcripts are based are from the collections of the American Philosophical Society (APS), and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP)".
 * Holbrook, John Edwards (1965). Fishes of Florida, Georgia, etc. Charleston: Russell & Jones. Detached from the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

title: John Edwards Holbrook


text:
Talk:Northern Westchester

[Untitled]
Why does this "article" exist? Why can't you spell Chappaqua? Nelson Ricardo 15:33, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

Corrections
The bulk of this article is inaccurate, opinion based information. I have revised the article accordingly. It has also been formatted to match the 'Southern Westchester' article. --FlanneryFamily (talk) 12:26, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northern Westchester


text:
User:Tasiel/Sandbox

So lets get this straight: The following should be my name, follwed by the date. (4 tildas): Tasiel 15:34, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) The following is a horizontal rule. (4 hyphens):

The following is indented text (line starts with a colon):
 * Indented text

The following may be double indented text, but may not (line starts with 2 colons):
 * Indented again

The following, rather bizarely, is text in a box (line starts with a space): Text in a box The following is an experiment to see what happens if I start two lines with spaces Text in a box More text in a box This is just more text.

So for some reason ~ followed by an enter overwrites the enter: Tasiel 15:34, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) Text on a new line

Actually, I can't even get my name to show up on a new line. Maybe it works with blank lines in between:

Tasiel 15:34, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

A blank line preceded both my signature and this

title: User:Tasiel/Sandbox


text:
File:Eberron cs book cover.jpg

Summary

 * Description: This flatbed scan of the book cover for the Eberron role-playing game campaign setting was reduced in size by 80% and a drop shadow added using Paint Shop Pro.
 * Size: 262 × 339 pixels.

Original uploader information
15:34, 21 February 2005

title: File:Eberron cs book cover.jpg


text:
Saga of the Noble Dead

Saga of the Noble Dead (also known as The Noble Dead Series), written by Barb Hendee and J. C. Hendee, is a set of chronological books in series, and chronological series in a saga that tells the story of protagonists drawn together in a struggle against the little-known and little believed-in Noble Dead (higher undead such as vampires) that herald the return of a long forgotten age in a fantasy world. It begins with an unlikely trio drawn together as charlatans who use their skills to cheat peasants by the common superstitions concerning the undead. Soon enough they find that not all superstitions are completely false; the bits of truth they hold could lead to something far worse that has been long forgotten.

Series 1
Composed of six novels, it tells the story of Magiere (a dhampir: a vampire/human hybrid), Leesil (a half-elf, an elf/human hybrid, with a dark past), and Chap (an elemental Fay born into the body of a majay-hì, elven hounds of a wolf lineage). In Series 1, Book 1, S1B2: Dhampir, Magiere is unaware of her inner nature, the discovery of which leads the trio into a tangled path that uncovers hints of the Forgotten History and of what may be coming by the end of Series 1.

At the start of the story, the two "half-breeds", together with Chap, make a reasonable living pretending to be 'vampire-hunters'. Eventually the inevitable happens; they cross paths with genuine vampires, one form of the Noble Dead or highest form[s] of the undead. These charlatans are plunged unwillingly into a dark reality of true undead and into their own dark fates as well as other personal secrets they kept hidden (even from each other). Much as they want nothing to do with this, and only to settle down somewhere quiet, they are soon driven from their home on a quest to learn the truth of their pasts and why they've been drawn together. The answers are bigger than any of them wish to acknowledge, aside from a wandering nobleman named Welstiel Massing who shadows their movements and is always too eager to goad Magiere out of hiding and force her onward.

Series 2
Comprising three novels, it centers on a new trio composed of two secondary characters from Series/Phase 1 and one new character: Wynn Hygeorht (the young journeyer "sage"), Chane Andraso (a "young" vampire obsessed with Wynn), and a two-year-old majay-hì named Shade (daughter of Chap, from series/phase 1, and Lily, a wild majay-hì female). This series also introduces readers to the second (spiritual) form of the three major forms of Noble Dead, the first being the vampire (physical) form as encountered previously. Book 1 of this series begins about a year after the end of Series/Phase 1 on a different continent in the city of Calm Seatt, royal city of the nation of Malournè and home to the founding branch of the Guild of Sagecraft.

Wynn has returned to her guild branch, escorted to the city limits by Magiere, Leesil, and Chap. There they part ways as the central trio of Series/Phase 1 heads off on their own secret purpose, leaving their young sage friend behind along with a treasure of recovered ancient texts likely penned by long forgotten undead. But upon Wynn's arrival at guild, both the texts and her travel journals are seized and locked away, for the guild leaders do not want what they contain to become public knowledge. To make matters worse, without the proof of her journals no one believes her tales of the undead, for such things are unknown in her part of the world.

Wynn sets out to recover the texts and her journals in the hope of uncovering why a mythical war of a past age left humanity with an unknown Forgotten History. For those texts were written by long gone Noble Dead from the time of that war, a war which might come again. But she does so under the protection of two who are innate enemies and have followed her from across the world: Chane Andraso, a vampire, and Shade, a very young majay-hì whose kind are known to hunt and eradicate the undead.

To complicate matters all the more, something is hunting Wynn as well. It wants the answers she seeks before she can get to them. And it is not seeking that knowledge just for itself.

Series 3
Wynn is reunited with Magiere and Leesil and Chap, and other old characters of note return as well. The notion of who is an enemy or an ally becomes more complicated, for the number of those around Magiere seeking to stop a coming conflict and the return of a thousand year old adversary has grown... and not to her liking.

Novels

 * Noble Dead Saga
 * Series/Phase 1
 * 1) S1B1: Dhampir (2003, ISBN 0-451-45906-7)
 * 2) S1B2: Thief of Lives (2004, ISBN 0-451-45953-9)
 * 3) S1B3: Sister of the Dead (2005, ISBN 0-451-46009-X)
 * 4) S1B4: Traitor to the Blood (2006, ISBN 0-451-46090-1)
 * 5) S1B5: Rebel Fay (2007, ISBN 0-451-46143-6)
 * 6) S1B6: Child of a Dead God (2008, ISBN 0-451-46221-1)
 * Series/Phase 2
 * 1) S2B1: In Shade and Shadow (2009, ISBN 0-451-46302-1)
 * 2) S2B2: Through Stone and Sea (2010, ISBN 0-451-46318-8)
 * 3) S2B3: Of Truth and Beasts (2011, ISBN 0-451-46402-8)

 * Series/Phase 3
 * 1) S3B1: Between Their Worlds (2012, ISBN 0-451-46435-4)
 * 2) S3B2: The Dog in the Dark (2012, ISBN 978-0451464934)
 * 3) S3B3: A Wind in the Night (2014, ISBN 978-0451465672)
 * 4) S3B4: First and Last Sorcerer (2015, ISBN 978-0451469304)
 * 5) S3B5: The Night Voice (2016, ISBN 978-0451469328)

 * Sidestories

 * Tales from the World of the Saga of the Noble Dead

 * Homeward
 * Homeward (March 2014, ISBN 978-0615981307) by Barb Hendee — compendium edition containing "The Keepers", "The Reluctant Guardian", "Captives", "Claws", "The Sleeping Curse", "Silent Bells"
 * 1) The Game Piece (April 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-0-4) by Barb Hendee
 * 2) The Feral Path (June 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-2-8) by Barb Hendee
 * 3) The Sapphire (July 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-3-5) by Barb Hendee
 * 4) The Keepers (August 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-4-2) by Barb Hendee
 * 5) The Keepers
 * 6) Captives (April 2013, ISBN 9780985561680) by Barb Hendee — Sequel to "The Keepers"
 * 7) Claws (June 2013, ) by Barb Hendee  — Sequel to "Captives"
 * 8) The Sleeping Curse (July 2013, )
 * 9) Silent Bells (August 2013, )
 * 10) The Reluctant Guardian (September 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-5-9) by Barb Hendee

 * Bones of the Earth
 * Nameless (February 2015, ) by J.C. Hendee — compendium edition containing "Karras the Kitten", "Karras the Cat", "Karras the Nameless"
 * 1) Karras the Kitten (May 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-1-1) by J.C. Hendee
 * 2) Karras the Cat (October 2012, ) by J.C. Hendee
 * 3) Karras the Nameless

 * Tales of Misbelief
 * 1) The Forgotten Lord (February 2013, ISBN 9780985561673) by Barb Hendee
 * 2) The Forgotten Mistress (September 2013, ) by Barb Hendee
 * 3) The Forgotten Village (June 2014, ) by Barb Hendee

 * Sagecraft
 * 1) Puppy Love (June 2013, ) by J.C. Hendee

 * Spin-offs

 * Codex of the Noble Dead (planned) by J.C. Hendee

 * Mist Torn Witches series
 * 1) The Mist-Torn Witches (May 2013, ISBN 978-0451414151) by Barb Hendee
 * 2) The Witches in Red (May 6, 2014, ISBN 978-0451414168) by Barb Hendee
 * 3) Witches with the Enemy (5 May 2015, ISBN 978-0451471338) by Barb Hendee
 * 4) To Kill A Kettle Witch (May 2016, ISBN 978-0-451-47134-5) by Barb Hendee

Characters
A dhampir (half-human half-vampire), protagonist and primary character of the saga as a whole.
 * Magiere

A half-human half-Elf (an'Croan), protagonist and primary character of the saga as a whole.
 * Leesil (Leshil)

A fay-hound (majay-hi), protagonist and primary character of the saga as a whole.
 * Chap

A human scholar (sage) as an additional character of the first series/phase and a protagonist of the saga as a whole as of the second series/phase.
 * Wynn Hygeorht

A vampire, main antagonist of the first series/phase in the saga.
 * Welstiel Massing

A vampire, antagonist in the first series and a main character in the second series/phase and beyond in the saga.
 * Chane Andraso

A fay-hound (majay-hi), a main character of the second series/phase and beyond in the saga.
 * Shade

A dwarf, a main character of the second series/phase of the saga.
 * Ore-Locks Iron-Braid

title: Saga of the Noble Dead