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Patrick Francis Healy

Patrick Francis Healy (February 27, 1834 – January 10, 1910) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who was an influential president of Georgetown University, becoming known as its "second founder". The university's flagship building, Healy Hall, bears his name. Though he considered himself and was largely accepted as White, Healy was posthumously recognized as the first Black American to earn a Ph.D., as well as the first to enter the Jesuit order and to become the president of a predominantly White university.

Healy was born in Georgia to a family that produced many Catholic leaders. His mother was one-eighth Black and his father was a White Irish emigrant. Under Georgia law, Healy's father technically owned his wife and children as slaves. Healy and his siblings were sent north by their father to be educated at the College of the Holy Cross, and Healy continued his higher education at the Catholic University of Louvain, where he received his doctorate in philosophy in 1864. He returned to America and started as the chair of philosophy at Georgetown University.

Healy was elected president of Georgetown University in 1873 and appointed rector the following year. Seeking to transform the institution into a modern university, he oversaw a period of extensive growth. He increased the prominence of the sciences, raised the standards of the School of Medicine, and oversaw a rapid expansion of the Law School. He also constructed a grand building that became known as Healy Hall, which left the university in substantial debt. In 1882, he went to live with his brother, James, the Bishop of Portland, Maine, and the two traveled extensively throughout Europe. Afterwards, Healy returned to pastoral work in Rhode Island and New York City, before returning to Georgetown, where he died.

Early life
Healy was born on February 27, 1834, in a log cabin in Macon, Georgia. Patrick's father, Michael Morris Healy, had emigrated from Ireland to the United States, through Canada, in 1818. On land that he won in the Georgia Land Lotteries, he established a cotton plantation on the banks of the Ocmulgee River. He was highly successful and eventually became one of the largest landowners in Jones County, with 1500 acre. He eventually owned 49 slaves, one of whom was Patrick's mother, Mary Eliza Smith. Michael Healy had purchased her in 1829 from a cotton magnate, Sam Griswold, for whom she was a house slave. Eliza was one-eighth Black, known as an octoroon, making her children one-sixteenth Black. One of her parents had fled Saint-Domingue for the United States in the 1790s, during the Haitian Revolution.

As interracial marriage was prohibited by Georgia's anti-miscegenation law, Michael formed a common-law marriage with the 16-year-old Eliza in 1829. While the Catholic Church did recognize interracial marriages, there were no priests in Macon County at that time to officiate. At the time, their marriage was unusual among interracial marriages in the South in that neither had ever married anyone else, and they lived with each other faithfully for the rest of their lives until both died in 1850.

Patrick was the third of 10 siblings, eight of whom would survive into adulthood. His three sisters would go on to become nuns, including Eliza Healy, who became one of the first black mothers superior of a convent. Two of his brothers would become priests; one of them, James Augustine Healy, would become the Bishop of Portland, Maine, and the first Black Catholic bishop in the United States. Another brother, Michael, became a prominent captain in the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service in Alaska. Patrick and all of his siblings were born as slaves, as by the legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem, they inherited the legal status of their mother. Michael Healy was prevented by Georgia law from manumitting his wife or children, which could be done only by an act of the Georgia General Assembly in exceptional circumstances.

Education
As slaves under the law, the Healy children were prohibited from attending school. Wishing to remove them from their conditions of slavery in Georgia, Michael Healy sent all of his children to be educated in the North, and at the time of his death in August 1850, he intended to join them. Healy was at first unable to find a school in the North that would accept his children, but eventually found the Flushing Quaker Academy. The school was associated with the Old Quaker Meeting House in Flushing, New York (now a neighborhood of Queens), which enrolled both Black and White students, including the three eldest Healy sons.

Like three of his brothers, Patrick Healy continued his education at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. He graduated in 1850, at the age of 16, and was awarded a Bachelor of Arts by Georgetown University, since Holy Cross had not yet been chartered and conferred degrees under Georgetown's charter. He placed first in his class at the college, as his brother James had before him. Healy and his brothers had been taken under the tutelage of John Bernard Fitzpatrick, the Bishop of Boston. After graduating, Healy entered the Society of Jesus on September 17, 1850, and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick, Maryland. He worried that his mixed race would present an obstacle to his entrance into the Jesuit order, but this did not prove to be a problem. The fact that Healy's parents were never formally married meant that, under canon law, Healy was born out of wedlock; this required that he obtain a dispensation to join the order, but none was ever sought and he was admitted without issue. With his admission to the Society of Jesus, he became the first Black American Jesuit.

After two years of study, Healy professed his first vows, and was sent to teach at Saint Joseph's College in Philadelphia. In 1853, he was transferred back to the College of the Holy Cross. While teaching there, he found that some students who knew his brothers learned of his racial background and made disparaging comments about him in secret.

In 1858, Healy went to Georgetown University, where he studied philosophy and theology. The Jesuit superiors at Georgetown were impressed by his skill in philosophy and decided to send him to Europe, where he continued his studies. He first went to Rome, but his health declined during the winter, and he transferred to the Saint-Sulpice Seminary in Paris. He eventually went to Belgium to complete his studies at the Catholic University of Louvain. While there, he was ordained a priest on September 3, 1864. He also became fluent in Latin, French, Italian, and German. On July 26, 1865, he received a PhD in philosophy, making him the first Black American ever to earn a PhD.

Racial identity
Throughout his life, Healy's race was the subject of speculation. According to the one-drop rule, which prevailed during his lifetime, he was considered a "negro" because he had at least one black ancestor. The Healy brothers considered themselves White, rather than Black. Of them all, Patrick Healy most readily passed as White. His passport described his complexion as "light", suggesting he passed as a light-skinned White man, rather than as a light-skinned Black man. Though he himself identified as White, knowledge of his mixed race background would not be a secret while he served as president of Georgetown University. His fellow Jesuits knew of his mixed race, but it is unlikely that this was widely known outside of Jesuit circles.

Despite his appearance and self-identity, there was some speculation about his race in his early life. While decrying racism in the United States in an 1862 article, Orestes Brownson, a Catholic convert who knew the Healy family personally, alluded to the Healy brothers who became priests as belonging to the category of "men with large admixture of negro blood, born of slave mothers." Likewise, while in school, Patrick Healy faced rumors among classmates that his White but slightly dark complexion was due to the presence of some "Spanish blood." Of the three Healy brothers who were priests, only Alexander Sherwood Healy appeared Black.

Though Healy's biracial background was not widely known during his lifetime, there was a resurgent interest in his history in the mid-20th century. In the early 1950s, Jesuit sociologist Albert S. Foley began inquiring into the history of the Healy family, culminating in a 1954 book that described their mixed race. In the 1960s and 1970s, Georgetown University began publicly identifying Healy as Black.

Georgetown University
In 1866, Healy returned to Maryland and was appointed the chair of philosophy at Georgetown University, which was recovering from the damage of the Civil War. In 1867, he professed his final vows. The following year, he became the prefect of schools. Healy was briefly stationed at St. Mary's Church in Alexandria, Virginia. He developed a friendship with Julia Gardiner Tyler, the widow of President John Tyler, and with her conversion to Catholicism, acted as her godfather during her conditional baptism in May 1872.

As early as 1869, there was talk of naming Healy to succeed Bernard A. Maguire, who was in his second term as president of the university. The provincial superior, Joseph Keller, had described Healy as the most qualified candidate, but the superiors in Rome decided on John Early due to Healy's race. When Early became ill, Keller proposed to the superiors in Rome that John Bapst succeed him, while Healy would replace Bapst as the president of Boston College, believing that his race would be less of an issue at the New England school. Rome rejected this arrangement, deciding that Bapst should remain in Boston. As president Early's health began to fail, Healy increasingly assumed the duties of the presidency.

Presidency

On May 23, 1873, Early died suddenly, and Keller made Healy the acting rector. The following day, the board of directors took the further step of electing him the president of Georgetown University. His appointment as rector by the Jesuit Superior General, which ordinarily was done around the same time as the selection of a new president, did not come until a year later; the delay was the result of concern in Rome over Healy's mixed-race background. On July 31, 1874, he was officially inaugurated as president and rector of the university. As such, he became the first Black president of a predominantly White university in the United States. In an atypical arrangement, he continued to hold the role of prefect until 1879, simultaneously with the office of president.

In the year following his inauguration as president, Healy described his goal of transforming Georgetown into a modern "university" to the Superior General, Peter Jan Beckx. While Georgetown already fit the contemporaneous American definition of a university—a collection of degree-granting schools under one administration—Healy sought to remake Georgetown in the newly emerging notion of a university—an institution where a person could learn in any of a wide array of increasingly specialized academic fields. In this way, he sought to realize what the nation's bishops, gathered in 1866 at the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, had envisioned: a great Catholic university in the United States that engaged in scholarship in every religious and secular subject.

The demographics of the student body underwent change during Healy's tenure, Northerners outnumbering Southerners for the first time. Meanwhile, the percentage of students who were Catholic increased to more than 80%, due in part to a growing Irish American middle class in the North that was able to send its sons to Georgetown. Meanwhile, Healy created the first formal scholarship program that paid the tuition of one student from each of Washington's parishes. He also reformed the university's approach to student discipline, bringing it more closely in line with other contemporary American universities; rather than the university acting in loco parentis, it would treat students as being on the cusp of adulthood.

Curricular reform

Healy continued the reform of the curriculum he began as prefect by increasing the breadth of courses offered, and, by 1879, allowing students to study the classical liberal arts curriculum or a new "commercial and scientific" one. Graduates of this new scientific curriculum received a Bachelor of Science degree. Healy recruited new Jesuit faculty with higher academic credentials to support this curricular improvement. Despite the new emphasis on science, Healy revitalized the university's commitment to rhetoric. In 1875, he established the Merrick Debate, hosted by the Philodemic Society, following a donation by alumnus Richard T. Merrick. He also gave the Society a privileged place among student groups by setting aside its own room in Healy Hall. Three graduation medals were created: the Merrick Debating Medal, the Morris Historical Medal, and the Tower Scientific Medal. Healy also discontinued the monastic practice of having one student read aloud in the refectory during meals.

As well as reforming undergraduate science education, Healy sought to bring the School of Medicine up to rigorous, modern medical standards. While the school had previously operated almost entirely autonomously of the rest of the university, Healy dissolved its governing board, bringing the school under his direct control, and replaced the entire faculty (with only the founding faculty remaining as professors emeriti). The length of the curriculum was lengthened from two to three years, which now included clinical education. For the first time, applicants were required to sit for an entrance exam.

During Healy's presidency, the Law School grew, driven in large part by the District of Columbia Bar's decision to require new applicants to the bar to have completed three years of formal legal education. In the early 1880s, the school relocated twice within Downtown Washington, but was financially unable to move to the university's Georgetown campus as it desired.

Constructing Healy Hall
Healy and Keller met in 1874 and determined that Georgetown's most pressing need was to expand its physical facilities. They entertained the possibility of relocating to a new, nearby campus north of New Cut Road (today known as Reservoir Road), or moving the university out of Washington, D.C. entirely. However, the cost of both of these proposals was prohibitive, and they decided instead to improve the existing campus. Replacing plans for the construction of several smaller buildings, Healy undertook to construct the grand building that he envisioned as prefect in an embellished architectural style that contrasted with the city's simple Federal architecture. It would connect Old North and the Maguire Building.

In 1874, Healy commissioned architects John L. Smithmeyer and Paul J. Pelz to design what would later become known as Healy Hall, Georgetown's flagship building. The building would rise five stories, topped by a 200 ft clock tower, and incorporate elements of several architectural styles into a primarily Romanesque facade, evoking the ancient universities of Europe. It would house classrooms, offices, an auditorium (later known as Gaston Hall), laboratories, a library, and students dormitories. Groundbreaking occurred in 1877, after obtaining the reluctant approval of the provincial superior, who was wary of the cost of constructing one large, ornate building, and authorized $100,000 to be spent, equivalent to $ in. By far the largest project Georgetown had ever undertaken, construction of the building required the university, which was already suffering from the Panic of 1873, to finance the entire project on debt.

To sustain the project, in 1880, Healy re-established Georgetown's alumni association, which had gone defunct four years earlier. He also solicited William Wilson Corcoran, the university's oldest living alumnus, to become president of the association and to raise funds. Despite the creation of the alumni association and a donation by Corcoran, after several years, only a small fraction of the $100,000 was raised. Therefore, from 1878 to 1880, Healy left the university to travel the country to raise funds. In 1878, he sailed to San Francisco, California, by way of the Isthmus of Panama, with the president of the College of the Holy Cross, Joseph B. O'Hagan. Though also to engage in fundraising, this voyage was primarily intended to improve Healy's declining health. The following year, he returned by land, crossing the Midwest to New York City and down the East Coast. Despite his extensive efforts, Healy was only able to raise $60,000.

Meanwhile, as construction on the building progressed, so did costs. In November 1879, the building's exterior was complete, at a cost of more than $150,000 (~$ in ). After a halt in construction, work began on the interior in 1880, requiring additional, large loans to be taken out. The building was put to regular use in 1881, and by the following year, almost $440,000 had been expended on the project, equivalent to $ in. Facing a dire financial situation, the university laid off staff, including all its lay faculty, and began leasing and selling properties it owned in Washington, D.C., Virginia, and Pennsylvania.

Later years
Throughout his presidency, Healy experienced poor health, likely a consequence of untreated epilepsy. In 1881, he went to live with his brother, James, in Maine to recover his health. After returning to Georgetown in February 1882, his condition quickly worsened and he resigned the presidency on February 16, being succeeded by James A. Doonan.

After leaving Georgetown, Healy returned to Portland, Maine, to live with his brother. The two traveled extensively throughout Europe, visiting major Catholic institutions in France, Spain, Italy, and Belgium. He was selected to represent the Jesuits of the Northeastern United States as a delegate to the Jesuits' 24th General Congregation, which convened at the Sanctuary of Loyola in Azpeitia, Spain, on September 24, 1892. Despite his travels, Healy's health would never recover. After some time, he went to Providence, Rhode Island, where he performed limited pastoral work. He then returned to New York City, where he was assigned to the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola. Several years later, he moved back to Georgetown University to live out his final years.

Healy died at Georgetown on January 10, 1910. His funeral was held in Dahlgren Chapel, and his body was interred in the Jesuit Community Cemetery on the university's campus. By the time of his death, Healy was frequently referred to as the "second founder" of Georgetown, for presiding over a period of unprecedented growth in the university's history.

In 1969, the Georgetown University Alumni Association created the Patrick Healy Award, which is presented annually to an individual who is not an alumnus of the university but has contributed to it and upheld its ideals and traditions. In 1975, Patrick F. Healy Middle School in East Orange, New Jersey opened.

title: Patrick Francis Healy


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The Dream Palace of the Arabs

The Dream Palace of the Arabs is a 1998 book written by Middle Eastern scholar Fouad Ajami.

Content
Ajami first describes the history of Lebanon from 1920-1982 through the story of poet Khalil Hawi, who committed suicide following the 1982 Lebanon War.

The second chapter follows the careers of the Syrian poets Nizar Qabbani and Adunis, focusing on the socio-political developments in Syria that mirror the lives of Qabbani and Adonis.

Chapter three follows the rise of Saddam Hussein's Iraq and the war with Iran during the 1980s, and the invasion of Kuwait in 1990.

Chapter four, "In the land of Egypt", focuses on socio-political life in Egypt post Sadat. In particular, Ajami follows the at-risk secularists in Egyptian society, such as Naguib Mahfouz, who was almost killed in 1994 by an Islamist assassin.

The last chapter, "An Orphaned Peace", focuses on the peace process in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In particular, Ajami focuses on the response of Arab intellectuals and their united opposition to the peace process.

Published by Vintage Books 1999. ISBN 978-0-375-70474-1.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Dream Palace of the Arabs


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Winter cluster

In beekeeping, a winter cluster is a well-defined cluster of honey bees that forms inside a beehive when the air temperature dips below 10 to 14 C. Honey bees are one of only a few kinds of insects that survive the winter as a colony. As the outside air temperature decreases the winter cluster becomes tighter and more compact. The bees cling tightly together on the combs in the hive. The temperature within the winter cluster remains remarkably warm regardless of the outside air temperature. Larger clusters (basketball size) have a better chance for survival than smaller clusters (softball size). The winter cluster within the hive must move throughout the winter to reach the available honey stored in the combs.

Some die-off is expected during the winter. In extended cold weather periods, the incidence of Nosema disease increases and the cluster may weaken as many bees begin dying off.

Honey bee brood nest
In subtropical climates, bees may not form a winter cluster at all. Worker bees forage and queens lay eggs almost year-round.

In the temperate zones, winter temperatures dip below 12 °C for extended periods. All brood rearing stops for some period during the winter. In early spring, brood rearing resumes inside the winter cluster when the queen starts to lay eggs again. Once a brood nest is established, the cluster must maintain a steady temperature between 34.5 and 36.7 C inside the cluster. If the temperature in areas of the brood nest dips too low the brood could die – also called chilled brood.

title: Winter cluster


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Tosa school

The Tosa school (土佐派) of Japanese painting was founded in the early Muromachi period (14th–15th centuries), and was devoted to yamato-e, paintings specializing in subject matter and techniques derived from ancient Japanese art, as opposed to schools influenced by Chinese art, notably the Kanō school (狩野派). Tosa school paintings are characterised by "areas of flat opaque colour enclosed by simple outlines, where drawing is precise and conventional", with many narrative subjects from Japanese literature and history. However, by the 17th century both Tosa and Kanō artists broadened their range, and the distinction between these and other schools became less clear.

The origins of this school of painting can be traced to Tosa Yukihiro (土佐行広) (fl. first half 15th century), who first used the professional name of Tosa, though unverified claims to earlier origins were made later by Mitsunobu (1434?–?1525) who formally founded the school. Mitsunobu served as the official painter (edokoro-azukari) at the imperial court, specializing in courtly subjects painted in the yamato-e (やまと絵) style.

The Tosa school under Mitsunobu retained the position of (edokoro azukari (絵所領)) for three generations, until 1569, and regained the post 1634 under Mitsunori (See below). Until the 17th century, the Tosa school painted for the court and aristocratic patrons, which favored such painting subjects as scenes from the classic Tale of Genji (源氏絵), but in later years, the school's range expanded to include bird-and-flower painting and other Chinese-inspired themes and styles. In general, the Tosa style is characterized by rather flat, decorative compositions, fine linework, great attention to detail, and brilliant color.

History
It is starting with Tosa Mitsunobu that a definite art school (atelier, workshop) and family line can be established. But Mitsunobu purports that the origins of the school can be traced back further to Fujiwara Tsunetaka (Yukimitsu) (藤原行光) who held the post of edokoro azukari (絵所領) in 1355–1371.

The earliest documentary evidence for an artist using the name Tosa are two early 15th-century references to a man named Fujiwara Yukihiro (藤原 行広) (fl. 1406–1434) who was also known as Tosa Shōgen (土佐 将監), a title derived from his position as governor of Tosa Province. Yukihiro's activity as a painter is known primarily from an inscription on illustrated handscrolls of the Stories of the Origin of Yūzū Nembutsu (融通念仏縁起); 1414, Seiryōji (清涼寺), Kyoto.

A bloodline descent from Yukimitsu to Mitsunobu (father-son?) is speculated, but the family document Tosa Monjo (土佐文書)lacks records covering that period. Mitsunobu's daughter married Kanō Motonobu, head of the Kanō school, which increased the tendency of Kanō artists, already using two distinct styles, to work in a Tosa style when occasion demanded. The surviving paintings that can be attributed to Mitsunobu show less quality than his reputation in historical sources would suggest, but many fine works remain from Mitsunobu's hand. Although he painted both Buddhist paintings and portraits in addition to the standard repertoire of courtly themes, he is best known for his illustrated handscrolls, emaki (絵巻), such as The Legends of Kiyomizu-dera (清水寺縁起).

The Tosa school's art tradition was passed from Mitsunobu to Mitsumochi (土佐光茂) (1496 – c. 1559) under whom the fortunes of the school began to decline, then to Mitsumochi (土佐光元), but Mitsumochi perished in battle in 1569 causing the family to lose their position as head of the painting bureau (edokoro-azukari). The headship of the school passed to Tosa Mitsuyoshi (土佐光吉)(1539–1613), whose relationship with his predecessors is uncertain.

Mitsuyoshi eventually left the capital and his post and settled in the city of Sakai (堺), a port city near Osaka, where he sold paintings to the local townspeople. Mitsumochi also moved away from the traditional Tosa themes to specialize in bird-and-flower paintings. During this period, the stewardship of the imperial painting bureau passed from the Tosa school into the hands of Kanō school painters.

Mitsuyoshi's son, Mitsunori (光則) (1583–1638) continued to live and work in Sakai, painting for townsmen, until 1634 when he moved to the capital with his eldest son, Mitsuoki (光起) (1617–1691) at the invitation of Emperor Go-Mizunoo, where Mitsunori began painting ceremonial fans for the court. Twenty years later, in 1654, Mitsuoki won back the position of edokoro-azukari for the family, which enabled him to revive the school. Mitsuoki rejuvenated the traditional Tosa style by introducing elements from Chinese painting. He is particularly noted for his elegant paintings of quail, as for example, the Chrysanthemum and Quail screens which he painted with the help of his son Mitsunari (光成) (1646–1710).

Mitsuoki's successors headed the Imperial painting bureau until the end of the Edo period, but their reliance on imitating the style of Mitsuoki, rather than developing new techniques or themes, led to the production of works that were increasingly static and conventional. However, Mitsusada (1738–1806), a dedicated practitioner of the Tosa traditions, managed to effect a temporary Tosa revival.

Artists of the school but not the family were more significant, notably Sumiyoshi Jokei (1599–1670), a pupil of Mitsuyoshi, and his son Gukei Sumiyoshi (1631–1705), whose work revitalized the original tradition of small narrative scrolls with emphasis on details of everyday life. Reviving interest in Japanese history in the 18th and 19th centuries kept demand for Tosa style work alive, but the style of the school, with its thin line and reliance on detail was less suited to the larger hanging-scrolls that were now the format preferred by patrons. The interest in painting everyday life of the Tosa school was influential on the ukiyo-e school of paintings and prints, especially on the aristocratic painter Iwasa Matabei (1578–1650), who is regarded as one of the founders of ukiyo-e.

Notable Tosa artists

 * Tosa Yukihiro
 * Tosa Mitsunobu
 * Tosa Mitsuoki
 * (1496 – c.1559)
 * Tosa Mitsumoto (fl. 1530–1569)
 * Tosa Mitsuyoshi (1539–1613)
 * Tosa Mitsunori (1583–1638)
 * Tosa Mitsusada (1738–1806)
 * Tosa Mitsuzane (1780–1852)
 * Iwasa Matabei
 * Awataguchi Takamitsu

title: Tosa school


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Talk:List of Upper Canada College alumni

I don't get why my pt on Brendan Fraser not completing his final yr got changed. There was an article on his move in the Toronto Star a while ago. If that's the case, Conrad Black's note on his expulsion should be removed as well. --Madchester 03:36, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, I don't get the double standard. The person who created the page ism't doing a good job with  :the consistency of the article.

--24.100.186.118 01:06, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Eric Barton is not a medical doctor, although he is quite a prominent businessman, he holds no medical degree. He has an undergrad and did some graduate work in theology. Eric Barton's bio 99.133.161.239 (talk) 00:02, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Irrelevant and misleading inclusion of "..... graduate"
I removed ".... graduate" portions from some alumni's lines. I think it is irrelvant. How important is the fact that a person went on to Harvard? Just graduating from Harvard, Oxford does not guarantee success, and inclusing those lines makes the article look silly and immature. It makes the article look as though it was written by some immature and unthoughtful students. I have visited the wikipedia alumni pages of Eton, Westminster, Choate, Deerfield and so on, and I couldn't find such silly expressions anywhere. (When of course, they produced hundreds of Oxbridge, Harvard, Yale graduates) I don't understand why students at Upper Canada College would want to make themselves look 'cheap'. Of course, if an alumnus became a faculty member at say, Harvard, that should be mentioned, but otherwise, no. Just look at other wikipedia pages of prestigious private schools and think for yourself. Furthermore, many of those alumni who had "... graduate" tags on, in fact received university education from Canadian institutions as well. (very often, undergraduate education from Canadian universities like Toronto, McGill, Queen's) So saying that someone is "an Oxford graduate" when he/she did her undergraduate work at Toronto for instance, is wrong. Is it even the case that Canadian young students themselves view Canadian higher education as much inferior to those of the UK or the States? I hope not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.151.162.141 (talk) 19:28, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Admission to those schools is a greater achievement than receiving entry into other post-secondary institutions. This list also includes the graduates accomplishments; it'd be hard to argue, I imagine, that getting into Harvard, Oxford, Yale, or Cambridge is not a noteworth accomplishment. What's done at other lists isn't terribly relevant to this one.
 * PS- please sign your posts. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  19:47, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * But graduating from the University of Toronto, for instance, I would argue is a great achievement as well, since a huge number of influential Canadians graduated from that university. I guess you really want to make the school look cheap. Is this a Canadian school or an American, British one? "What's done at other lists isn't terribly relevant to this one." Well it is much relevant. I thought Upper Canada College is seen as the Canadian version of Eton College. But viewing this article and your comment, maybe not.
 * Plus, if you're going to keep those silly "... graduate" tags (that are in fact, used for advertising secondary schools mostly), do it properly. Do not state lies. If a person did go to Toronto, McGill or Queen's, say it.
 * How old are you by the way?
 * If you aren't in a secondary school, aren't you too old to judge or praise/honour people based on which university they went to?
 * Furthermore, the alumni often didn't in fact receive their undergraduate education from Oxford, but from other institutions, often Trinity College at Toronto. If the person didn't go on to Oxford for undergraduate education right after graduating from Upper Canada College, how is it even the school's achievement? When the person went to Oxford for postgraduate work, it is the education he/she got at the University of Toronto that enabled him/her to go there. (What did UCC do other than enabling him/her to go to U of T?) (talk) 19:28, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Do you have a point to make? Or are you just here to be condescending and obnoxious? I might be inclined to agree with the removal of mention of the universities. But I'm certainly not going to be convinced by either your bullying disregard for the necessity of consensus, or your entirely truculent attitude. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  05:15, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

 * My point is, (unless you're extremely thick, you must have understood it by now) that the ".... graduate" tages must be removed if this wikipedia page is to be taken seriously.
 * I hope UCC is not that desperate.
 * ".... graduate" is indeed used by some schools for advertising. Even when they do so though, the university mentioned is where the alumnus went to after graduating from their school. (talk) 19:28, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

You even included some plain lies in the list. Quaadri never went to Oxford, but went to U of T Medical School. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT WHERE YOU DO WHATEVER YOU WANT BASED ON YOUR EMOTIONS AND VOLITIONS NOR IS IT WHERE YOU DEMONSTRATE FALSE AND POINTLESS ACADEMIC BOOSTERISM! (talk) 19:28, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * First, read WP:BRD; once you have been reverted, leave the article alone and discuss the changes you wish to make. If you keep reverting, you'll be blocked for edit warring. If it's a matter of an incorrect statement, provide a source that proves your correction to be valid and the error can be quickly rectified.
 * And, one more time: sign your posts. There's a button at the top of your edit window that does the task for you, properly. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  05:39, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Do you even read my comments? Do you even ever listen other people?
 * "Provide sources"? Why don't you do it for your "... graduate" lines first? Quaadri for instance, never even went to Oxford. And when a person went to University of Toronto as well (especially for undergraudate studies), that needs to be mentioned.
 * If proper inclusions aren't going to be done (which I wouldn't necessarily do), "... graduate" thing better be eliminated.
 * Why do you want to degrade your alma mater, University of Toronto so much by the way? --142.151.162.141 (talk) 05:48, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The whole article needs sources, in case you didn't notice the banner at the head of the page in your haste to revert and throw tantrums. That doesn't mean you're excluded from being required to provide one. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  14:16, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

References for Jay Hodgson
http://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Records-Field-Recording-Practice/dp/1441156070/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1282229913&sr=8-1

http://www.amazon.ca/Rock-Canadian-Perspective-Larry-Starr/dp/0195427610/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1282229997&sr=8-1

http://www.fieldguidetorecordingpractice.com/

http://www.music.uwo.ca/faculty/bios/jHodgson.html

http://communications.uwo.ca/com/western_news/profiles/pop_goes_the_%27jazz_great%27_dream_20070201436127/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.250.17.65 (talk) 15:01, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you for those. But, again, why is he notable? -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  16:58, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Changed my mind on how to approach this. In order to answer your question to the best of my ability, please define "notable" within the parameters of this alumni page?  What criteria does each person on the list meet?  Thx
 * I imagine we follow WP:SPIP: "The barometer of notability is whether people independent of the topic itself (or of its manufacturer, creator, author, inventor, or vendor) have actually considered the topic notable enough that they have written and published non-trivial works of their own that focus upon it – without incentive, promotion, or other influence by people connected to the topic matter." Admittedly, I'm no music expert; but, I can't find any sources that really meet the above criteria; some university newsletters is about all. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  23:51, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Notability (aka WP:NOTE, of which WP:SPIP is a section) gives guidelines for whether a topic deserves its own Wikipedia article. Professor Hodgson need not meet those guidelines merely to be put on this list. To suggest or insist that he must is a misapplication of them.

That said, I think that a reasonable case could be made that Hodgson is "notable" in Wikipedia's special sense -- that an article on him would be warranted. It takes only a trivial amount of googling to discover that he is a fairly stellar young Canadian academic: at 30, a full professor at a major Canadian university, author of an award-winning Ph.D dissertation and two books. That considered, I don't see any good cause why his mere inclusion in this list is meeting resistance. I think, though, that he rightly belongs among the academics, given that it is as an academic that he has made a mark. -- 205.250.69.234 (talk) 02:52, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

Inconsistencies with other articles
I randomly looked up the articles on 4 men listed under visual arts, all notable figures. In every case, the date of birth information shown in this list was inconsistent with that listed in their individual biographical articles, to a difference as great as 18 years. It's possible many other listees are affected. 75.172.173.78 (talk) 21:42, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Who said the dates in this article are dates of birth? Odd that 18 years old is just about the age one graduates from high school. Hmm... -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  22:47, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

I strongly recommend organising this page by decade and not by field. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Agathotychus (talk • contribs) 18:40, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

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notability
this list was a mess. please source and cite notable additions before re-adding.

be best, Augmented Seventh (talk) 05:29, 10 February 2024 (UTC)


text:
I Ain't Marching Any More

I Ain't Marching Any More is Phil Ochs' second LP, released on Elektra Records in 1965.

History
Ochs performs alone on twelve original songs, an interpretation of Alfred Noyes' "The Highwayman" set to music (much as Poe's "The Bells" had been set to music on the previous album) and a cover of Ewan MacColl's "The Ballad of the Carpenter".

Of the twelve originals, probably the most noted was the title track, with its distinctive trilling guitar part, that spoke of a soldier sick of fighting. Also of note was the album closer, "Here's to the State of Mississippi", a biting criticism of that state's lack of civil rights and generally bigoted attitude. Other important songs include "Draft Dodger Rag" (assailing those "red blooded Americans" who were in favor of US participation in the Vietnam War but did not fight because they were just summertime soldiers and sunshine patriots), "That Was The President" (a tribute to John F. Kennedy written soon after his assassination), "Talking Birmingham Jam" (which used the traditional talking blues form to assail the racist leaders of Birmingham) and "Links on the Chain" (attacking labor unions for excluding African-Americans and failing to support civil rights).

Ochs showed great thematic versatility on the album, including not just blatantly anti-war or protest songs but also poetry (Alfred Noyes, John Rooney, and Ewan MacColl) and songs less in lock-step with the contemporary American radical left. He noted, for instance, in the liner notes that his Marxist friends couldn't understand why he wrote "That Was the President," dryly adding that that was one of the reasons he wasn't a Marxist. However, Ochs backed away from the song's hero worship of John F. Kennedy by explaining that "after the assassination, Fidel Castro aptly pointed out that only fools could rejoice at such a tragedy, for systems, not men, are the enemy." Ochs showed more socialist sympathies with the songs "The Men Behind the Guns" and "Ballad of the Carpenter," with its memorable lyric "Jesus was a working man." (Ochs wrote in the liner notes that "songs like this" were one of the reasons the State Department blocked Ewan MacColl from entering the U.S., adding that this was unwise given "the quality of culture in America.")

Among more traditional protest songs, the most pointed might be "Iron Lady," about the death penalty, with the memorable line "And a rich man never died upon the chair." (The "iron lady" in the title referred to the electric chair.) Ochs wrote that "in the future, intelligent men will read in amazement about the murder of Caryl Chessman." But hard-hitting songs like that and the title song were softened with sentimental and even romantic songs like "That Was the President" and Noyes' "The Highway Man." And while critical, songs like "Draft Dodger Rag" and "Talking Birmingham Jam" used humor rather than harsh rhetoric to make their points. Commenting on "Draft Dodger Rag," Ochs compared the Viet Cong soldier who screamed his hatred of Americans while being shot by a firing squad, to his American counterpart who stayed "up nights thinking of ways to" escape the army.

On the 2001 CD reissue, an alternative electric version of "I Ain't Marching Any More" follows "Here's to the State of Mississippi". Released as the A-side of a British 45, it had previously appeared in the United States on the 1976 compilation Chords of Fame and the 1997 box set Farewells & Fantasies, both out-of-print.

Track listing
All songs by Phil Ochs unless otherwise noted.
 * 1) "I Ain't Marching Any More" – 2:37
 * 2) "In the Heat of the Summer" – 3:08
 * 3) "Draft Dodger Rag" – 2:13
 * 4) "That's What I Want to Hear"  – 3:10
 * 5) "That Was the President" – 3:26
 * 6) "Iron Lady" – 3:37
 * 7) "The Highwayman" (Alfred Noyes, with musical interpretation by Phil Ochs) – 5:42
 * 8) "Links on the Chain" – 4:20
 * 9) "Hills of West Virginia" – 3:21
 * 10) "The Men Behind the Guns" (John Rooney, with musical interpretation by Phil Ochs) – 3:03
 * 11) "Talking Birmingham Jam" – 3:13
 * 12) "The Ballad of the Carpenter" (Ewan MacColl) – 3:54
 * 13) "Days of Decision" – 3:14
 * 14) "Here's to the State of Mississippi" – 6:02
 * 15) "I Ain't Marching Any More" (electric version) – 2:50 +

 * + = bonus track on 2002 CD reissue

Personnel

 * Phil Ochs – vocals, guitar
 * Jac Holzman – production supervisor
 * Paul A. Rothchild – recording director
 * with the Blues Project:
 * Roy Blumenfeld – drums on "I Ain't Marching Any More" (electric version)
 * Danny Kalb – guitar on "I Ain't Marching Any More" (electric version)
 * Steve Katz – guitar on "I Ain't Marching Any More" (electric version)
 * Andy Kulberg – bass on "I Ain't Marching Any More" (electric version)
 * Al Kooper – piano on "I Ain't Marching Any More" (electric version)

title: I Ain't Marching Any More


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Expectro-Realism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:26, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Expectro-Realism
This page is original research (even by its own admission). According to Google, the term doesn't appear anywhere but Wikipedia (on the dead-end page) and on an apparent link farm (that appears to be mining Wikipedia). The subject matter of the article is highly dubious, dare I say patent nonsense. This should be deleted. -- Cleduc 03:38, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Original research. Even trying for different spellings, no connects on Google. HowardB 05:49, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete "new topic under research" clearly makes it original research. --Deathphoenix 06:34, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 10:45, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:45, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research.  Jayjg (talk)  05:24, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No evidence of being factual. Unless verified, delete as patent nonsense. - Mike Rosoft 13:49, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/StarCraft Players

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 17:04, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

StarCraft Players
I'm not 100% sure this article needs to be deleted, but at the very least it needs to be retitled, merged, cleaned up or a combination of those. Also, deciding who is a notable player is subjective. If there are official Starcraft rankings, use those. As it exists right now, I vote to delete StarCraft Players. Carrp | Talk 03:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

As for the subjectivity of notability, the choice of notable players is based on a combination of rankings, past success and fan popularity. All players described are commonly talked about in English-language Starcraft progaming fan discussions, and all on the list that are still active are within the top 20 of the offical rankings. ShardPhoenix 05:58, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Voted keep, but clean up and modify into a general "Professional Starcraft Playing" article to give the subject more context.
 * Keep and cleanup. I agree, since these seem to be professional players with a fan following. BTW, I like your name, ShardPhoenix. --Deathphoenix 06:36, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm... after reading other votes about this sending a dangerous precedent for future articles written about "top" players of video games, I change my vote to Neutral. I think since these guys have a fan following, they might be notable, but at the same time, this could set a precedent for future articles that would otherwise be vanity articles. --Deathphoenix 21:37, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 06:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete unless some significant substantiation can be done. It's very easy for any l33t player to add himself to the list, and we don't really want that. Radiant! 09:54, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * No no no! Extremely Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 10:47, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There are currently a whole lot of changes going on at StarCraft, with StarCraft Players and StarCraft storyline branching out of the sections on that page as people variously disagree on what should be kept and what should remain. I suggest that rather than nominating individual pages for deletion piecemeal, people go over to Talk:StarCraft and actually come to some agreement as to if and how the article is going to be split up.  (There appears to be no consensus about StarCraft universe versus StarCraft storyline, for example.) Provisional Delete pending a consensus being reached at Talk:StarCraft. Uncle G 12:00, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)
 * No vote Please stop submitting "StarCraft"-related articles for VfD for now; understand me, I know no policy prevents you from doing so, but I'm asking you do so out of courtesy as we're trying to get things sorted out in that category. As I see it, this will eventually become a redirect to a "Multiplayer (StarCraft)" article. Have some patience please. Phils 13:15, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm sorry, the Wikipedia is a work in progress, but it is not a construction site, with "under construction" signs all over the place.  People coming to the Wikipedia should be able to find it always in a reasonable state -- although perhaps not in the ideal state for which editors are aiming.    The main article space is not your hard drive or even your User space. If you are working on a set of articles and they are not yet in a reasonable state keep them out of the main article space until they are in a reasonable state; otherwise, you are going to find other editors trying to restore Wikipedia to a reasonable state -- by means of cleanup, VfD, and other means.    By the way, how does this article make sense even as a redirect to Multiplayer (StarCraft)?  And shouldn't that be StarCraft (Multiplayer), anyway? --BM 14:57, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I am working to restore the crapload of preexistent StarCraft articles. I don't really see how it makes sense to delete them all now and restore them later, once someone is done working on them. Following your suggestion, we should trash all articles marked for cleanup because some uninformed outsider might see them and be shocked or whatnot. I am not taking the main space for my hard drive, I'm asking for a few days to make decrepit articles worthy of Wikipedia again. Phils 16:45, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That is laudable. However, the only one that has been nominated for VfD yet (afaik) is the list of notable players, since some Wikipedians hold that the criteria for inclusion are too subjective, meaning that any wannabe could add a cool story there and claim to be the best in his area. Please take that into consideration. Radiant! 18:41, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well Phils, you have 5 days, which is the amount of time this will be on VfD before it is decided.  You can't expect other editors to decide this on the basis of what you are planning to do when you have not told anyone what that is.  How about at least explaining where an article entitled "StarCraft Players" makes sense in your planned scheme of articles?   Because I can't see where a list of StarCraft players would be a reasonable article to have, or even a reasonable redirect.   --BM 19:02, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like User:Phils and User:Coolcat do not agree on the future of this article. I have no idea what Phils plans for the article since he hasn't said, but I suspect I don't like it.   But, as for what Coolcat has done with the article, making it a miscellaneous list of supposedly notable StarCraft players, I know I don't like it. Delete, delete, for pity's sake, delete.  (Admin: please count this as three votes.)  --BM 22:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ok, let me state my case: I never wanted to maintain this article, but I am currently in disagreement with User:Coolcat over how the article should be split (see Talk:Starcraft, User_talk:Coolcat, and User_talk:Phils), with him reverting my edits on sight as vandalism. I have requested comment of WP:RFC and have faith that the dispute will be resolved (as we do not really disagree - as I see it - it's just a misunderstanding). It's that at the time this VfD was submitted, the main article linked to Notable Players, so I feared the dispute might escalate as a result of any further VfDs. It was just to give a sign that we know there's a lot of work to be done on StarCraft articles, and we're working as quickly as possible to do the appropriate merges and edits, making many VfDs unnecessary as the problems will be addressed anyway. That being said, this article can die, although it would make sense to make it a redirect to StarCraft Gameplay, which also covers professional play. Phils 11:51, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * STRONGEST POSSIBLE DELETE! Not only is it highly unenecylopedic, crufty, unverifiable, and far too subjective/impossible to NPOV, it would set a terrible precident for skilled players of any video game/board game/RPG wanting articles. Absolutely not.  This kind of nonsense is exactly why Wikipedia is rarely taken seriously by academics and researchers.  Kill it, for the good of us all. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  19:49, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * An execelent idea! And while we are at it we can delete every sports person, actor, director, president, senetor, famous person, and heck even our own names becasue God forbid a person with outstanding qualities in any profession should be acknowlaged, and as you so blantedly put it, such articles are "highly unenecylopedic, crufty, unverifiable, and far too subjective/impossible to NPOV". Keep the article. If need be we can move it to a special page. The top players in any field need to be reckognized, even if you don't believe for one moment that its worth the effort.  If we need to develope a system for deciding who gets mentioned than we can place the top players of the year up.TomStar81 06:48, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete gcbirzantalk 20:57, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Starcruft. I have so many problems with this article. Firstly, this article could get pretty huge if being the #1 Starcraft player AT ONE TIME is reason enough for inclusion. These things do change multiple times daily, after all. Secondly, this could set a precedent that any player in any game could argue that his high standing makes him/her worthy of wiki notability. Remember, there is no Starcraft World Cup. This would mean any MVP of a college soccer game could argue he's worth inclusion. Merge the truly noteworthy few from this page into Starcraft. --InShaneee 21:25, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This should be deleted--nixie 23:42, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Longhair 09:31, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Just a collection of short bios of non-notable gamers. Regardless of how the Starcraft articles are rearranged, this information will not be missed.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Subtrivial fancruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trivial Starcruft. Jayjg (talk) 05:23, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with prejudice. Fancruft; absolutely not noteworthy; trivalizes Wikipedia. jdb ❋ (talk) 07:15, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutralitytalk 07:35, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh dear, it's worse than I imagined. Delete. -R. fiend 05:48, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In the past, I have been among the strongest anti-StarCruft (craft is good, cruft is bad) Wikipedians (see Talk:StarCraft for evidence). However, I must reluctantly vote keep on this one (though the page should also be renamed so that it fits naming conventions and the word "Players" is not capitalized). The players listed are actually quite notable in the StarCraft gaming community, which was during the late 1990s possibly the largest gaming community for any single computer game in the world. We do have articles on, for example, chess players after all. —Lowellian (talk) 22:48, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Reluctant keep. Though terrible in its current state, we need quality articles on professional gaming.  Top players are not changed daily.  There is a Starcraft World Cup in the WCG: people like Slayers_Boxer are enormously popular.  MOST IMPORANTLY, however, WE SHOULD NOT be deleting these until we reach a consensus on Talk:Starcraft on how to deal with all these Starcraft articles and where to place them.-- Etaonish  01:32, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Upon further review, I'm changing to strong keep. This article is not as inherently subjective as many suggest: The WCG is an excellent standard of top players.  Among all Starcraft players, Slayers_Boxers' skill is as undisputed as Muhammad Ali in boxing.  The list has room for objectivity and certainly doesn't warrant immediate deletion.  I'm as strong an opponent of cruft as the next person, but this isn't cruft.-- Etaonish  01:37, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I can see the arguements of those who vote keep and could almost do so myself, but this would not be a good precedent.  Starcraft is a great game, but listing the best players of various computer games is not a good direction to go in my opinion.  There is just too small a segment of the world population that actually care about this, making notability questionable.  I myself was an avid Starcraft player back in the day, but I never particularly cared who the top ranked people were. Not claiming that this means no one should find it interesting or important, just that not even all Starcraft fans feel this topic is important. Indrian 04:54, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: We have lists of professional game players of other sports and games, such as chess world champions, and we even have something of a disambig page for American football players. Who is to say whether or not computerized games call for the same attention?  Are there specific criteria that have been agreed on by the community?  If not, why not?  If we're going to say that computer games aren't notable enough, then we need to have criteria saying what kinds of games ARE notable enough to have player lists.
 * I said the same thing earlier; we either have to include this article for the sake of maintaining a neutral point of view or delete every article that mentions noteworthy players in any field. TomStar81 00:53, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, quality article on gamers. JamesBurns 10:07, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Vote posted 3 days after end of 7-day VfD period. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 16:11, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Atom Smasher (DC Comics)

Albert Rothstein (known by the aliases Nuklon and Atom Smasher) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Atom Smasher is known for his power of growth and super strength.

The character made its live-action debut in The Flash, played by Adam Copeland. The character appears in the DC Extended Universe film Black Adam (2022), portrayed by Noah Centineo.

Publication history
Created by Roy Thomas and Jerry Ordway, he first appeared in The All-Star Squadron #25 (September 1983). Thomas chose his name as a tribute to his friend and fellow comic book fan Allan Rothstein.

Creation
Thomas Spoke in the character's genesis stating,

In All-Star Squadron #21, I'd had the non-super-powered Atom of 1942 knocked around by an atomically-charged villain I called Cyclotron. (An "atom-smasher," get it?) The artists were a couple of guys named Ordway and Machlan. It was hinted that radiation absorbed from Cyclotron would act slowly on The Atom--a subtle (?) foreshadowing of the atomic strength the Mighty Mite would gain in Flash and All-Star in 1948. Cyclotron was given a capeless costume otherwise nearly identical to The Atom's '48-'51 duds, thus retroactively establishing that Al adapted it from Cyclotron's.

By the time All-Star Squadron introduced Cyclotron's newborn daughter Terri in its first Annual, the new teen-group's comic was well in the works; the Squadron connection was done to establish that Terri's radiation-altered genes would be passed on to her children. It had already been long enough since World War II that one of our new stars was going to be the grandson of a costumed character of that period--and a villain, to boot.

Cyclotron--Dr. Terry Curtis, who had been a supporting character in a very early Superman/Ultra-Humanite story--thus became the grandpa of Albert Rothstein, whom Dann and I named after science-fiction/comics fan (and friend) Alan Rothstein out in L.A. We thought it high time comic books had an overtly Jewish super-hero. (Maybe we were first with that bit, maybe we weren't; we didn't know and didn't much care.) And so was born Nuklon, who ultimately got his strength from the same source as The Atom--and whom we made a virtual giant to contrast with his godfather's short stature.

Of course, Nuklon, too, was not strictly a son or daughter of a JSAer. Why didn't we make him the son of The Atom? I can't remember, but maybe Al and Mary Pratt had been depicted as childless in one of those "Whatever Happened to...? backup features I had hated in DC Comics Presents.

Origin
The godson of Al Pratt, the Golden Age Atom, Albert Rothstein acquired his metahuman powers of super strength and control over his molecular structure, allowing him to alter the size and density of his body, from his grandfather, a reluctant supervillain known as Cyclotron. This allowed him to fight crime first as Nuklon, and then, later, as Atom Smasher. As Nuklon, Albert was a charter member of Infinity, Inc. and subsequently served in the Justice League. He was considered a dependable, but rather insecure and indecisive superhero while in Infinity, Inc. During this time he had a mohawk haircut. While in the JLA, he forged a strong friendship with fellow former Infinity Inc. teammate Obsidian.

The Justice Society
Albert finally gets his dream and is invited to join the reunited JSA under his new name and identity, Atom Smasher. For years, Atom Smasher cherishes his role in upholding Pratt's legacy and constantly seeks to prove himself worthy to his Golden Age idols – especially when many of them became his teammates in the JSA. He looks up to the elder JSA members, but is himself looked up to by young rookie member Stargirl. When Albert's mother is murdered in a plane crash engineered by the terrorist Kobra, he becomes consumed by vengeance, nearly crushing Kobra in his hands before he is talked down by his teammate Jack Knight, who convinces him that he should not taint the memory of his mother by associating it with Kobra's murder. Not long after the fatal crash, Albert – with the aid of Metron of the New Gods – goes back in time and forces the weakened villain Extant into a position where he takes the place of Albert's mother on the plane. This ends up saving her life but makes Albert a murderer, even if there was no other way to contain Extant and to stop him from causing further harm, and also ensures that history is preserved in terms of the number of deaths on the plane.

Black Adam
When Captain Marvel's longtime adversary Black Adam reforms and joins the JSA, he and Rothstein develop a rivalry at first as Al refuses to believe Adam has reformed. This soon turns to kinship after Adam justifies Al's murderous actions towards Extant. Indeed, Black Adam comments that he thinks of Atom Smasher as the brother he never had. Encouraged by Adam, Atom Smasher grows frustrated with the JSA's moral boundaries, especially when Kobra blackmails authorities into granting his release. Albert and Adam promptly quit the JSA after Kobra's escape.

Shortly thereafter, the unlikely duo settle each other's personal scores. Adam kills Kobra, while Rothstein kills the dictatorial president of Khandaq, Adam's home country. Atom Smasher helps lead a team of rogue metahumans (including former Infinity Inc. teammates Brainwave and Northwind) in an invasion of Khandaq and overthrow its oppressive regime. Atom Smasher initially fights against his JSA teammates in Khandaq before deciding instead to help forge an uneasy truce—Black Adam and his compatriots can remain in power so long as they never leave the country.

Atom Smasher remains in the Middle Eastern nation for a time, although he eventually begins to question Adam's motives. Rothstein perishes in JSA #75 while fighting against the Spectre, but is revived by Black Adam's lightning, and carried back to JSA headquarters.

He is later put on trial for his actions in Khandaq and pleads guilty to all charges. Teammate Stargirl promises to "be there for him" when he gets out. Whilst in jail, he is approached by the founder of the Suicide Squad, Amanda Waller. In 52, he is seen assembling a new Suicide Squad under Waller's orders, instructed to fight Black Adam, and, unbeknownst to Atom Smasher himself, push his family to overreact. They succeed, and Osiris is disgraced and exposed for having killed a Squad member, as Amanda Waller was filming the events, leading to the downfall of the whole Black Marvel Family, and a murderous rampage of Black Adam, dubbed World War III.

He then sides with the Justice Society, trying to apprehend Black Adam, but refuses to condemn him in any way, not even believing him guilty of the genocide in Bialya. When Adam is robbed of his powers by Captain Marvel, and is about to plunge to his death, it is Atom Smasher who saves him, though no character ever sees this, and Al keeps it hidden.

In the Black Adam: The Dark Age series, Albert is shown searching for his former friend, who is intent upon resurrecting his dead wife Isis. In Black Adam #5, Albert brings Adam a bone from Isis' remains and tries unsuccessfully to persuade his friend to go into hiding.

Modern-day JSA issues
In the Justice Society of America: The Kingdom special, Stargirl recruits Atom Smasher to knock some sense into Damage, who has become an evangelist of sorts for the Third World god Gog after the cosmic being (temporarily) healed his scarred face. He views Pratt's son as a brother figure, since he was brought up by Pratt in the first place.

Atom Smasher finally returns to the JSA during the "Black Adam and Isis" arc printed in Justice Society of America #23–25. Asking the team for a second chance at honoring the memory of Al Pratt, Atom Smasher joins the Justice Society in battling Black Adam and Isis, who have robbed Captain Marvel of his powers and his throne at the Rock of Eternity. At the conclusion of the story, despite Wildcat's distrust, Atom Smasher is readmitted into the JSA as a full member, along with all the other members of the team who had acted poorly in recent issues. He vanishes for several issues, but he reappears in the JSA: All-Stars book as a victim of kidnapping.

In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Atom Smasher returns to the DC Universe alongside the rest of the Justice Society of America when Doctor Manhattan, inspired by Superman, undoes the changes that he made to the timeline that erased the Justice Society of America and the Legion of Super-Heroes.

Powers and abilities
Already super strong at his normal size — 7 ft 6 in, or 2.3 m (though recently he has been depicted as being of a more normal height when not using his powers), Atom Smasher's strength and density increase proportionately to whatever size he chooses (it was explained in JSA #75 that his muscles and bones actually break and reform as they grow to achieve these great heights).

In the DC Encyclopedia, it is stated that he could grow up to 60 feet tall in new earth. However in Prime earth his max is stated to be only 15 feet tall and 700 lbs in the DC comics encyclopedia: All-new edition. Whether there is a limit to the heights he can grow to is unknown. At 60 feet, he was strong enough to knock out Power Girl with one stomp, and easily decimated most of the JSA during "Black Reign", but he is vulnerable to super-strong punches from the likes of Black Adam, being knocked unconscious with one blow several times. During his time as Nuklon, Albert was able to phase through walls; he has not been shown using this power in recent years, but it is unclear whether it has been retconned away. Rothstein is also a skilled pilot and mechanic. In the first few years of JSA, he could be seen piloting the JSA's jet, the Steel Eagle, as well as the Star Rocket Racer in JSA: Our Worlds at War, and earlier being Infinity, Inc.'s primary pilot.

Relationships with women
Albert has had complicated relationships with women during his tenure on various super-hero teams. While on Infinity, Inc., he was shown to be clearly in love with teammate Fury, despite her engagement to his friend Silver Scarab. Many other characters make note of this, though none of them begrudge Al, and actually feel sorry for him because he will inevitably have his heart broken. Looking up to her even as children, he eventually proposes when Hector is killed and she is left pregnant, so that she will not be alone. She turns him down, saying that she prefers them to be friends. He also has a brief flirtation with the second Wildcat Yolanda Montez, but things never developed between them. During his time with the League, he dates Fire, but he discontinues the relationship because she is not Jewish — even though this did not stop his earlier or later crushes. During JSA All-Stars, he shown to be flirting and interested in Anna Fortune during the All-Stars' beach volleyball hangout.

His relationship with Stargirl is even more complex. While Stargirl has shown some romantic feelings for Atom Smasher in the past, there is never any reciprocation on his part. Later issues clearly establish Stargirl's true feelings, as various friends (such as Billy Batson (Captain Marvel) or her friend Mary) accuse her of liking Al, and she promises to wait for him upon his return from prison. When Al is killed temporarily by The Spectre, she reveals the depths of her feelings for him, weeping over his dead body. Albert finally acknowledges his own feelings when he rejoins the JSA to fight Black Adam, admitting that Billy Batson deserves her far more than Al himself does, in a regretful tone. Al's teammates realize the couple's mutual attraction once they start openly fawning over each other in public, and while Power Girl is supportive ("Go rescue your fair maiden"), the elder members force Al to turn Courtney down due to the age difference. This leaves Al melancholy, and Courtney runs off crying. Later issues of JSA: All-Stars reveal the two still love each other, but after Johnny Sorrow mimics Al to force a kiss from the young girl, they both recognize the need for "space."

In Injustice: Gods Among Us, Year 5 Annual, (Injustice is outside of the regular DC universe continuity) he's revealed to be in a relationship with Giganta, but they both frequently argue and bicker, leading to them getting into huge fights. According to Green Lantern, they argue and bicker a lot, but they always end up making up. While cleaning up Metropolis, the 2 of them argue over a metal girder and start fighting, trashing half of the city.

Other versions
Al Rothstein / Atom-Smasher appears in Kingdom Come as a member of Superman's Justice League.

Television

 * A character partially based on Albert Rothstein / Atom Smasher named Tom Turbine appears in the Justice League two-part episode "Legends", voiced by Ted McGinley. Turbine is a superhero from an alternate universe and member of the Justice Guild of America. During his time as a superhero, he battled the Injustice Guild and died alongside the rest of the JGA during a war that destroyed most of their world. Years later, psionic metahuman Ray Thompson recreated the JGA as part of an illusion before the heroes "die" a second time to defeat him. According to series producer Bruce Timm, Turbine was based primarily on Al Pratt, with elements of Atom Smasher and Superman as well.
 * Albert Rothstein as Atom Smasher makes non-speaking cameo appearances in Justice League Unlimited as a member of the Justice League.
 * A villainous Earth-2 incarnation of Albert Rothstein / Atom Smasher appears in The Flash episode "The Man Who Saved Central City", portrayed by Adam Copeland. While Eobard Thawne listed the Earth-1 version of Rothstein as a casualty of his particle accelerator accident in a previous episode, the latter was retroactively stated to have been in Hawaii at the time and thus never acquired powers. The Earth-2 Rothstein kills his Earth-1 counterpart before attempting to do the same to the Flash on Zoom's behalf, having been promised that he will be able to return to his native Earth, only to be defeated and killed by the Flash.

Film
Albert Rothstein / Atom Smasher appears in Black Adam, portrayed by Noah Centineo. This version is a member of the Justice Society who received his suit and mantle from his uncle Al Pratt.

Video games
Atom Smasher makes a background appearance in Injustice: Gods Among Us via the Hall of Justice stage.

Merchandise

 * Atom Smasher received an action figure in Mattel's Justice League Unlimited toyline in the summer of 2005.
 * In February 2009, Atom Smasher received a Collect-and-Connect figure of the DC Universe Classics line.
 * In December 2023, Australia's National Basketball League (NBL) held an event called the "DC Multiverse Round", wherein the teams wore stylized jerseys based on DC Comics characters, which were also made available to the public. Atom Smasher was featured on the Perth Wildcats' jersey.

title: Atom Smasher (DC Comics)


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Patrick Friesacher

Patrick Friesacher (born 26 September 1980) is an Austrian racing driver. He is the longest-serving Red Bull driver, and also drove for the Minardi Formula One team during the first half of the 2005 season.

After his departure from Formula One, Friesacher became an exhibition driver for Red Bull Racing and a instructor at the Red Bull Ring. Between 2017 and 2018, he was one of the drivers of the two-seater F1 Experiences cars.

Early career
Friesacher started out racing motocross at the age of 5, but switched to kart racing in 1990, after watching a race at the A1-Ring. He became the first Red Bull junior driver in 1994. In 1995, Friesacher raced in the Torneo delle Industrie, finishing in the 11th position.

A crash at Schwarzlhalle in 1997 resulted in severe leg injuries that left him in the hospital for six weeks and in a wheelchair for seven weeks, meaning Friesacher had to learn how to walk again.

The next year, he moved to the French Formula Campus series, finishing third in the season. In 1999, Friesacher advanced to the French Formula 3 'B' class, coming third. He moved to the German Formula 3 series in 2000, securing two wins at Sachsenring and Oschersleben to finish sixth in the standings.

In 2001, Friesacher jumped to Formula 3000, where he scored three top-six finishes for the Red Bull Junior team, finishing 13th. He stayed with Red Bull for the 2002 season, achieving his maiden podium at Monaco and improving his Drivers' Championship record to 10th place.

He finished 5th in 2003 season, winning the Hungarian round after recovering from a broken arm sustained during a race earlier in the year. For the 2004 season, he joined the Super Nova squad. After a bad start to his fourth Formula 3000 season, Friesacher switched to Coloni after four races. He again finished fifth in the standings, with another race win at the Hungaroring.

At the end of 2004, Friesacher was dropped from the Red Bull Junior Team, after refusing to move to Formula Nippon.

Formula One
His Formula 3000 win in Hungary impressed Minardi principal Paul Stoddart, who promised Friesacher a test with the Faenza team. The Austrian driver also had talks with Jordan for a test in Jerez.

On 22 November 2004, Friesacher drove his first Formula One test for Minardi, running 41 laps at the Misano circuit in Italy. He was the fastest driver of the day, going over two seconds faster than second-placed Tiago Monteiro. He also drove one of the team's two-seaters three days later.

Friesacher's test performance convinced Stoddart to sign him, but the financial backing brought by the Austrian didn't seem to be enough for a seat. He then signed to become the team's third driver for the 2005 season, as Nicolas Kiesa was slated to race alongside Christijan Albers. However, Kiesa failed to raise the required sponsorship, and on 14 February 2005, Friesacher was announced as the titular driver.

On 19 February 2005, Friesacher drove his first test session as Minardi's titular driver at Imola. He completed 59 laps and was faster than his teammate Albers by 0.1 second. Due to a legal battle between Stoddart and the FIA regarding the use of the PS04B with 2004 specs, the team missed the Friday free pactice sessions for the Australian Grand Prix. Friesacher then drove a total 18 laps in the two Saturday Free Practice sessions, spinning off the wet track and with his best lap time being 4 seconds slower than his teammate. Unpredictable weather and track conditions meant some drivers couldn't set competitive times during both qualifying sessions. Friesacher started the race in 16th place, last among the drivers who set times at both sessions, but ahead of his teammate nonetheless.

He was down to 19th after the start, with only Albers behind. By lap 14, Friesacher was already one lap behind the frontrunners. While being lapped by Coulthard, he made contact with the Red Bull and lost a piece of his car. He pitted following the incident, falling to last place. He remained at the back of the pack for the remainder of the race, finishing 17th following retirements, four laps behind winner Fisichella. Frisacher said he was happy to be able to finish the race. ITV's Martin Brundle noted during his debut race that he felt Friesacher had never looked like a potential F1 driver.

In Malaysia, Friesacher started at the back of the grid. He had a good start, overtaking Albers by lap 2, but spun off on oil left on track and was unable to continue. The following race at Sakhir, Friesacher started behind Albers but finished in front of him as the Dutchman had to pit on the first lap to repair his nose. With the new PS05 at Imola, Friesacher retired after only eight laps due to a broken clutch shaft. Another retirement came in the following race in Spain, when he spun into a gravel trap on lap 13.

At the Monaco Grand Prix, Friesacher had his highest Formula One grid position at 13th place, setting faster times than Albers and both Jordan drivers in qualifying, He was running in front of the other backmarkers on Sunday, but on lap 29 he lost control of the car and crashed at Nouvelle Chicane, effectively ending his race.

Friesacher outqualified his teammate again at the European Grand Prix, also starting in front of Jordan's Karthikeyan. His race pace was lacking however, and he finished last, one lap behind Albers and three behind the leaders. He was behind Albers when he retired again in Canada due to a power steering failure.

At the infamous United States Grand Prix, Friesacher picked up his only three Formula One Championship points after coming sixth out of the six Bridgestone-equipped drivers who competed. He started the race at the back of the grid and did not pose a threat to his teammate, In France, an 18th place start came to nothing as a puncture took him out of the race.

The British Grand Prix turned out to be his final career Formula One race. He finished last, one lap behind his teammate and four laps behind the race winner Montoya. Due to a lack of payment from his sponsors, Friesacher was replaced in the lineup by Robert Doornbos, who completed the rest of the season for Minardi. According to his then agent Thomas Frank, Friesacher declined an offer from Coloni to race in the 2005 GP2 season.

Sponsorship controversy
Friesacher's Minardi seat was primarily backed by unnamed sponsors, mediated by Carinthia governor Jörg Haider, who agreed to pay US$2 million to Minardi. In return, the state's tourism board also featured its logos on the car. Days before the start of the season, however, the sponsorship money was not raised, putting Frisacher's seat in jeopardy. An unsecured loan of US$500,000 by the state-owned Hypo Alpe Adria helped secure his seat for the Australian Grand Prix.

On 19 July 2005, it was announced that Friesacher had been dropped from the Minardi team due to the failure of his personal sponsors to pay Minardi the amounts agreed at the start of the season.

In 2013, during the trial of Haider's former personal assistant Franz Koloini, it was revealed that the Hypo transfer of US$500,000 was made from an account in the name of Friesacher, without his signature and acknowledgement. That money was allegedly part of a US$1 million and €900,000 bribe from Russian businessmen to Haider, in order to obtain Austrian citizenship.

A1GP commitments
In 2006, Friesacher joined the A1 Grand Prix of nations racing for his home country, Austria for the Mexican Grand Prix, clinching 18th in his first A1GP qualifying session. He then went on to finish tenth and ninth, scoring a total of three points for the team. He has also been a test driver of the new A1 GP chassis scheduled for introduction in the 2008–09 season. During a test session at the Magny-Cours circuit in August 2008, a suspension failure caused the car to crash. Friesacher sustained three crushed vertebrae in the accident.

Re-emergence in ALMS
In early 2008, American Le Mans Series team Risi Competizione announced that Friesacher had been hired to co-drive the team's second Ferrari F430 racing car. Partnered with the young Harrison Brix, Friesacher made his series debut at the Acura Sports Car Challenge of St. Petersburg, a sprint event held on a street-course in Saint Petersburg, Florida. He missed part of the season due to his back injury sustained in A1 GP testing.

Personal life
Patrick was born to Doris and Johann Friesacher. He has a sister named Nicole and a younger brother named Kevin, who is also a race driver. Friesacher had Ayrton Senna as his role model growing up, his favorite bands are Green Day and Blink-182. He is a La Filière alumni.

Friesacher drove one of Minardi's two-seater cars in the Thunder at the Rock event at Rockingham, on 30 August 2003. He finished 3rd in the 10-lap-race, with footballer Teddy Sheringham riding alongside him. He would again drive a two-seater one month later at Kyalami, finishing third with Robby Wray as his passenger.

Helmet design and sponsors
Friesacher's helmet design is blue with silver flames painted from the visor. Upon his return to Red Bull, his helmet design changed to dark blue with the company's logo. He also ran a Red Bull-themed helmet while a member of their Junior Team. His helmet is manufactured by Arai.

Austrian exhaust manufacturer Remus has backed Friesacher's career since 1998.

Complete German Formula Three results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key)

title: Patrick Friesacher


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Bardo Pond

Bardo Pond are an American psychedelic rock band formed in 1991, and who are currently signed to London-based label Fire Records. The current members are Michael Gibbons (guitar), John Gibbons (guitar), Isobel Sollenberger (flute and vocals), Clint Takeda (bass guitar) and Jason Kourkounis (drums). Bardo Pond's music is often classified as space rock, acid rock, post-rock, shoegazing, noise or psychedelic rock. Some Bardo Pond album titles have been derived from the names of esoteric psychedelic substances. Their sound has been likened to Pink Floyd, Spacemen 3 and My Bloody Valentine amongst others.

Allmusic describes Bardo Pond as having "lengthy, deliberate sound explorations filled with all the hallmarks of modern-day space rock: droning guitars, thick distortion, feedback, reverb, and washes of white noise." Bardo Pond are a taper-friendly band who encourage fans to make recordings of their shows.

Early years
According to guitarist Michael Gibbons, the band members came together post-university: "...we were basically just out of college, actually, and we just got really interested in free music, and that’s where it started. And we were artists too [a number of the band are visual artists]. So were just started playing free improvised sounds – it was really just kind of that love of making noise and sounds that got us together. Basically we didn’t really learn how to play songs until after about four years, and that’s when things started clicking, and we actually made up songs. But it’s still the same thing”. Joining with guitarist Clint Takeda, they began jamming, and Takeda gave the trio the name Bardo Pond, from the Tibetan Book of the Dead. At the same time, school chums Sollenberger and Sentz joined the group. The group released the first of several self-distributed cassettes, Shone Like a Ton, in 1992, before releasing Bufo Alvarius on Drunken Fish Records in 1995. Their next record, 1996's Amanita, marked the band's transition to Matador Records and international distribution.

Side projects
The members of Bardo Pond also operate a number of side projects.

500 mg is Michael Gibbons' solo project.

Alasehir is a psychedelic/stoner rock trio featuring Michael Gibbons, John Gibbons and Jason Kourkounis.

Alumbrados produces psychedelic folk/drone music and consists of Michael Gibbons, John Gibbons, Michael Zanghi and Aaron Igler.

Prairie Dog Flesh is more improvisational and rearranges the members of Bardo Pond with Takeda on vocals.

Hash Jar Tempo is a collaboration between Bardo Pond and Roy Montgomery. A pun on Ash Ra Tempel, this project resulted from two "marathon jam/recording sessions" between the two parties and produced two albums: Well Oiled (released in 1997, recorded in 1995) and Under Glass (released in 1999, recorded in 1998).

LSD Pond is a collaboration between Bardo Pond and Japanese psychedelic rock band LSD March. A self-titled album was released in 2008 and contains two discs with live recordings of two nights of jamming.

Moon Phantoms is a collaboration between Bardo Pond and Japanese psychedelic rock band Suishou No Fune. Their self-titled album was released in 2009.

Third Troll features Michael and John Gibbons (guitars), Sollenberger (flute), and includes Kevin Moist (saxophone) and Aaron Igler (synths).

Baikal conducts free form psych experiments. The band consists of John Gibbons, Michael Gibbons, Clint Takeda and Jason Kourkonis. They have released a self-titled album on Important Records.

Vapour Theories is a duo of Michael and John Gibbons. They have released three albums: 'Decant' (self-released), 'Joint Chiefs' (The Lotus Sound), and 'Celestial Scuzz' (Fire Records).

Jason Kourkounis participated as drummer 72 in the Boredoms' 77 Boadrum performance which occurred on July 7, 2007, at the Empire-Fulton Ferry State Park in Brooklyn, New York. He is also currently in Hot Snakes and The Night Marchers, and previously played drums for The Delta 72, The Burning Brides, and Mule (band).

Studio albums

 * Shone Like a Ton (1992)
 * No Hashish, No Change Money, No Sake Sake (1993)
 * Bufo Alvarius (1995)
 * Amanita (1996)
 * Lapsed (1997)
 * Set and Setting (1999)
 * Vol. 1 (2000)
 * Dilate (2001)
 * Vol. II (2001)
 * Vol. 3 (2002)
 * Vol. IV (2002)
 * Tigris/Euphrates split 12" with Subarachnoid Space (2002)
 * On the Ellipse (2003)
 * 4/23/03 with Tom Carter (2004)
 * Vol. 5 (2004)
 * Vol. 6 (2005)
 * Ticket Crystals (2006)
 * ''Batholith (2008)
 * Circuit VIII (2008)
 * Vol. 7 (2009)
 * Peri (2009)
 * Gazing at Shilla (2009)
 * Bardo Pond (2010)
 * Yntra (2012)
 * Peace On Venus (2013)
 * Parallelogram with Yo La Tengo (2015)
 * Acid Guru Pond with Acid Mothers Temple and Guru Guru (2016)
 * Under the Pines (2017)
 * Vol. 8 (2018)
 * Peel Sessions (2023)
 * Vol. 9 (2024)

EPs

 * Big Laughing Jym (1995)
 * Slab (2000)
 * Purposeful Availment (2002)
 * Bog split with Buck Paco (2005)
 * Adrop (2006)
 * Keep Mother - Volume 5 split with PRE (2007)
 * Split with Carlton Melton (2011)
 * Rise Above It All (2013)
 * Looking For Another Place (2014)
 * Is There a Heaven? (2015)

Compilations

 * Cypher Documents I (2004)
 * Selections: Volumes I-IV 2005)
 * Refulgo (2014)

title: Bardo Pond