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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nattering nabob

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT. dbenbenn | talk 19:16, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nattering nabob
And, of course, what is "genuinely free media" without genuinely free advertising and Google page rank manipulation, courtesy of Wikipedia and its mirrors? Uncle G 01:24, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)

________________________

But how can you include entries for some similar webpages, like Daily Kos and Atrios and disallow others? - Carlo
 * Please sign your comments, User:64.12.116.203. Thanks.  Joyous 01:42, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Generally Wikipedia tries to include webpages which are important, or at least popular. This article has no evidence of either. Kappa 03:08, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Nawab, which mentions the actual origin of the phrase "nattering nabob." Joyous 01:41, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Nawab. Barno 01:51, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Nawab, otherwise Delete. - Mailer Diablo 03:11, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to nawab. Samaritan 04:41, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think a redirect should go to Spiro Agnew, he who actually coined the specific phrase "nattering nabobs of negativity". Or go ahead and redirect to nawab, but credit Agnew in there as the source of that phrase. "Nawab", as written, just mentions the source of the word "nabob", and "nattering nabobs of negativity" is an example of the word in use; the article doesn't claim "nawab" is the actual source of the phrase "nattering nabobs". Bearcat 06:42, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As it now does thanks to Bearcat, so I'm creating nattering nabobs of negativity (and the singular) as redirects to nawab, and adding a wikilink at Spiro Agnew for good measure. Samaritan 14:46, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ...and now I realize his original use was nattering nabobs of negativism. Anyway, all are taken care of now! Samaritan 14:46, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not establish notability, blog advertisement. Megan1967 07:41, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Actually, the phrase "nattering nabobs of negativity" was used by Spiro Agnew, but his speechwriter, William Safire, actually coined the phrase. - Frank P.
 * Delete, blog ad, borderline spam (author may have misunderstood WP's article guidelines). Wyss 20:23, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete or redirect. Actually, I LIKE this blog - I may keep reading it - but it shouldn't be an entry. - Peachallie

 * Delete -the "Nattering Buffoon" would be better name- a vanity puff from a nonabee. Brookie 19:25, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Jabula

Jabula (isiZulu: "rejoice") was a musical ensemble of South African musicians exiled in England during the Apartheid era, led by Julian Bahula.

Background
The four musicians who became Jabula met in London, where they were living after leaving their native South Africa. The group was formed in 1974 and consisted of:
 * Julian Bahula – lead vocals (formerly of Philip Tabane's Malombo Jazzmen)
 * Ernest Mothle – bass guitar
 * Lucky Ranku – guitar and percussion
 * Eddie Tatane – percussion

Between 1975 and 1982, Jabula released five albums. In addition to their own albums, the group also performed with Mike Oldfield for his albums Ommadawn (1975), Incantations (1978), and Amarok (1990).

On 21 July 1979, Jabula appeared at the Amandla Festival along with Bob Marley, Dick Gregory, Patti LaBelle and Eddie Palmieri, among others.

Their second album, Thunder into Our Hearts (1976), is dedicated to the trumpeter Mongezi Feza (1945–1975), with whom the group played in the run-up to its recording, but who had died.

Discography

 * Jabula (1975)
 * Thunder into Our Hearts (1976)
 * Jabula in Amsterdam (1978)
 * Afrika Awake (1978)
 * Jabula With Me (1982)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jabula


text:
Talk:Methodist Episcopal Church

Church History Timeline
Would a timeline of the M.E. Church history be of help of interest? I received one today from the Archives of Ohio United Methodism, located on the campus of Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio while gathering information from primary source material. user: stude62 user talk:stude62 01:26, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This article is missing info on when the M.E. split from the Anglicans. Anyone know? --65.91.102.204 23:30, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Church in Topeka
There is an old M.E. church in Topeka, Kansas The name on the cornerstone is Trinity M.E. Church 1888-1919. It is unique in the fact that the architecture around the top of the building sports upside down crosses. Would anyone know anything about this church, and why they built the upside down crosses? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.180.117.224 (talk) 21:52, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

EUB church
The history of the EUB church before the merger also coincided with the Methodist history. the Evangelical church started and the Evangelical Association by Jacob Albright. Likewise the United Brethren Church was started by Phillip Otterbein. Both of these congregations were German speaking people. They wanted originally to be part of the Methodist church but were told they weren’t welcome if they were going to have services in German so they each started their own church and held their German services. The doctrines of these churches were almost identical. They merged about 1940 to form the Evangelical United Brethren Church and were eventually accepted into Methodism in 1968. Since the merger into The United Methodist Church the original Methodist Conference has made a practice of dropping “United” from the title whenever possible, thus obscuring the origins of the EUB in the merger. Thomas R. Wright - AdmiralTRW@gmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.131.112.18 (talk) 19:52, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Holiness Movement
I feel that the Holiness movement section of this article could be expanded slightly. The Church of the Nazarene is the most well-known and largest of the Holiness denominations, but it is not the only one. The Methodist Episcopal Church was the origin of dozens of other smaller denominations including those as large as The Wesleyan Church or the Free Methodist Church. The movement of course has its own page, but I feel that listing some other churches would more accurately describe the movement. --Littledj95 (talk) 18:23, 4 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I've been working on this article a lot, but my summer is ending soon so I probably won't be making any more additions for awhile. However, I do plan to eventually get to that section, unless you just want to go ahead and try to improve it yourself. That would be great too! There is a lot of great stuff that can be done in this section. I plan to look at what the Holiness movement taught and how people in the MEC (both grassroots and leadership) reacted to it at various times and, ultimately, why the holiness movement was eventually forced out of the MEC. Ltwin (talk) 03:20, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I need to do something productive with my summer before school starts and I certainly enjoy looking through wikipedia pages on denominations. What would you recommend for this section?  Would it be better to mention a few denominations specifically that came about from the movement or talk more about the beliefs that warranted the split? --Littledj95 (talk) 03:38, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I think we can do both. We can discuss the origins of the movement in the MEC (Phoebe Palmer and such) and how it was initially received within the MEC and its beliefs (how it was similar and different from traditional and contemporary Methodist belief). Then we can discuss how the movement grew beyond the MEC.
 * I don't think we have to do this all in one section. It may be better for the flow of the article to treat these as they occur, so the origins of the movement might be discussed earlier and then the later developments in a later section. I don't know, since I haven't done enough preliminary reading on the holiness movement to really make an informed decision about what would be best. But I do know that Phoebe Palmer started her prayer meetings before the Civil War, so we probably need to move mention of the origins of the holiness movement up in the article. The section's current placement gives the impression that the holiness movement was a post-war development which seems to be misleading. Ltwin (talk) 05:20, 6 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't think we have to do this all in one section. It may be better for the flow of the article to treat these as they occur, so the origins of the movement might be discussed earlier and then the later developments in a later section. I don't know, since I haven't done enough preliminary reading on the holiness movement to really make an informed decision about what would be best. But I do know that Phoebe Palmer started her prayer meetings before the Civil War, so we probably need to move mention of the origins of the holiness movement up in the article. The section's current placement gives the impression that the holiness movement was a post-war development which seems to be misleading. Ltwin (talk) 05:20, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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Global Methodist Church
May 1, 2022 the Global Methodist Church was founded as an outgrowth of The Confessing Movement within the United Methodist Church. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Methodist_Church 2604:B080:8380:5500:38E2:EDE1:7601:2C02 (talk) 16:10, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Methodist Episcopal Church


text:
User talk:Eclipse-vvrg

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Carrp | Talk 01:26, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Please stop vandalizing other people's talk page comments. Please familiarize yourself with talk page etiquette. Uncle G 02:22, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)

Advertisement
On Wikipedia, advertising is considered any activity that has the aim of promoting a certain organisation. Also, writing articles about companies in which you yourself work, both profit and non-profit, is frowned upon. Wikipedia is not a place to promote the organization, it's the place to put factual information written in an encyclopedic style. If an organization has received extensive news coverage like for example the UCK it is more likely to be included in an encyclopedia.

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title: User talk:Eclipse-vvrg


text:
Complication (medicine)

A complication in medicine, or medical complication, is an unfavorable result of a disease, health condition, or treatment. Complications may adversely affect the prognosis, or outcome, of a disease. Complications generally involve a worsening in the severity of the disease or the development of new signs, symptoms, or pathological changes that may become widespread throughout the body and affect other organ systems. Thus, complications may lead to the development of new diseases resulting from previously existing diseases. Complications may also arise as a result of various treatments.

The development of complications depends on a number of factors, including the degree of vulnerability, susceptibility, age, health status, and immune system condition. Knowledge of the most common and severe complications of a disease, procedure, or treatment allows for prevention and preparation for treatment if they should occur.

Complications are not to be confused with sequelae, which are residual effects that occur after the acute (initial, most severe) phase of an illness or injury. Sequelae can appear early in the development of disease or weeks to months later and are a result of the initial injury or illness. For example, a scar resulting from a burn or dysphagia resulting from a stroke would be considered sequelae. In addition, complications should not be confused with comorbidities, which are diseases that occur concurrently but have no causative association. Complications are similar to adverse effects, but the latter term is typically used in pharmacological contexts or when the negative consequence is expected or common.

Iatrogenic complications
Medical errors can fall into various categories listed below:
 * Medication: Medication medical errors include wrong prescription, impaired delivery, or improper adherence. The process of prescribing medication is a complex process that relies on the accurate transfer of information through various parties. Prevention methods include increased use of electronic prescription, pre-packaging unit dosing, and ensuring medical literacy among patients.
 * Surgical: Surgery-related medical errors can be anesthesia-related, but most often include wrong-site and wrong-patient procedural errors. Preventive measures include following and double-checking standardized surgical protocol before, during, and after procedures. Universal surgical protocols include verification of patient identity and proper site-marking.
 * Diagnostic: Diagnostic errors include misdiagnosis, wrong diagnosis, and over diagnosis. Diagnostic errors are often the result of patient characteristics and physician bias.
 * Machine interface: Errors in this category refer to mistakes in human interaction with tools or machines. Machine-related errors can be reduced by standardization and clear differentiation in design of products.
 * Transition and handoff: Errors in this category can occur person-to-person or site-to-site during transfer, and can be managed by adhering to proper hand-off protocols.
 * Human factors, teamwork, and communication: Errors in this category highlight the impact of culture and relationships on communication. These concepts can play a role in other categories of medical errors. Preventive measures include cultivating a "culture of safety" which includes creating an environment where people feel comfortable discussing concerns, feedback, and errors without fear of punishment.Diagram showing a urinary catheter in a woman CRUK 085.svg
 * Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs): HAIs are complications of general treatments involving microorganisms or viral infections and are most commonly caused by indwelling devices (urinary catheters, central lines) or previous surgical procedures. Common microbes involved in HAIs are Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Clostridium difficile. The most effective preventive measure is hand-hygiene.

Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia characterized by rapid and irregular heart rhythms due to irregular atrial activation by the atrioventricular (AV) node. In the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation, there is no effective pumping of blood into either the pulmonary or systemic circulation from the left ventricle of the heart. The left and right ventricles (lower chambers of the heart) do not fill properly due to the irregular contraction of the left and right atria (upper chambers of the heart).

A patient with atrial fibrillation may experience symptoms of fatigue, dizziness or lightheadedness, heart palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The heart does not effectively pump blood into the pulmonary or systemic vasculature, and causes the blood to remain within the chambers of the heart. The collection of blood within the heart due to atrial fibrillation can cause and increase the risk of development of a thrombus (blood clot). The thrombus can also develop into an embolus (mobile blood clot) and travel into the systemic circulation. Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increase in risk of having a stroke especially if the embolus travels to the brain.

Other examples
 * Thrombosis in the heart or brain, causing stroke or acute myocardial infarction can be complications of blood coagulation disorders, phlebitis (inflammation of the veins), endocarditis and artificial heart valves.

Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus, also known simply as diabetes, is a disorder of the regulation of blood glucose (a common type of sugar) levels. There are two types of chronic diabetes mellitus: type I and type II. Both lead to abnormally high levels of blood glucose as the body is not able to properly absorb the sugar into tissues. Diabetes requires a life-long consistent monitoring of food intake, blood sugar levels, and physical activity. Diabetes mellitus may present a series of complications in an advanced or more severe stage, such as:
 * Cardiovascular disease. Adults with diabetes are significantly more likely to die from heart disease than are those without diabetes. Diabetes is associated with risk factors for various cardiovascular diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, high blood cholesterol and triglyceride content, and high blood pressure. These conditions increase risk of thrombosis, atherosclerosis (blockage of coronary arteries leading to inadequate supply of oxygen to parts of the heart), and hypertension which can lead to myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease (CAD), and others.
 * Diabetic neuropathy. Hyperglycemia can eventually cause damage to nerves in the distal extremities (peripheral neuropathy), thighs and hips (radiculoplexus neuropathy), face (mononeuropathy), and internal organs (autonomic neuropathy). Initial symptoms may present as numbness, tingling, pain, muscular weakness, loss of reflexes or proper bodily functions, and many others.
 * Diabetic nephropathy. Excessive amounts of certain solutes passing through the kidneys for prolonged periods of time can lead to kidney damage. Diabetic nephropathy is specifically characterized by abnormally high levels of urinary albumin excretion. This affects approximately 40% of patients with type I or type II diabetes.
 * Diabetic retinopathy. Chronic or prolonged type I and type II diabetes can lead to damage in the blood vessels of the retina due to hyperglycemia (excessive blood glucose). Damage and blockage of the vessels causes microaneurysms, tears, and leakage of fluid into the back of the eye. This can eventually lead to abnormal blood vessel growth, nerve damage, or excessive pressure buildup in the eye. Symptoms initially present as blurred vision but can lead to more serious complications such as blindness, glaucoma, retinal detachment, and vitreous hemorrhage.
 * Foot damage. Diabetes mellitus can lead to poor vascular blood flow to the extremities. Injury of the foot with inadequate blood flow can progress to ulcers and become infected. Individuals with diabetic neuropathy may not notice the damage and may develop gangrene (tissue necrosis due to inadequate blood supply).Diabetic foot ulceration.jpg
 * Skin conditions. Insulin insensitivity in the case of type II diabetes can cause prolonged increases in blood insulin. Insulin normally binds to insulin receptors but in excess amounts may bind to insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors in epithelial tissue. This can cause excessive proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This presents as acanthosis nigricans, a thickening and darkening of areas of the skin such as the armpits, necks, hands, and face. Other skin conditions include diabetic dermopathy, digital sclerosis, eruptive xanthomatosis, and others.

Neurologic / psychiatric complications

 * Hepatic encephalopathy is a possible complication of liver cirrhosis.
 * Significant intellectual, physical, and developmental disability are common complications of untreated hydrocephalus.
 * Suicide is a common complication of many disorders and conditions that consistently affect a person's life negatively, such as major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, or substance abuse.
 * Complications of outpatient drugs are very common and many patients experience worry or discomfort due to them.
 * Paradoxical reaction to a drug; that is, a reaction that is the opposite to the intended purpose of the drug. An example is benzodiazepines, a class of psychoactive drugs considered minor tranquilizers with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant effects; paradoxically they may also create hyperactivity, anxiety, convulsions etc. in susceptible individuals.

Pregnancy
Pregnancy is the development of an embryo or fetus inside the womb of a female for the rough duration of 9 months or 40 weeks from the last menstrual period until birth. It is divided into three trimesters, each lasting for about 3 months. The first trimester is when the developing embryo becomes a fetus, organs start to develop, limbs grow, and facial features appear. The 2nd and 3rd trimesters are marked by a significant amount of growth and functional development of the body. During this time, the woman's body undergoes a series of changes and many complications may arise involving either the fetus, the mother, or both.
 * Hypertension. The developing fetus enlarges in the mother's womb, placing pressure on the arteries and vasculature of the mother. This causes a reduction in blood flow and a systemic increase in blood pressure. If the mother had high blood pressure prior to and after pregnancy it is considered chronic hypertension; if it occurs after 20 weeks of gestation or pregnancy, it is gestational hypertension. A previously hypertensive mother who shows signs of gestational hypertension can lead to preeclampsia, a more severe case which can be detrimental to the mother and developing fetus.
 * Gestational diabetes. Appropriate levels of blood sugar is typically maintained by insulin secretion from the pancreas. During pregnancy the placenta surrounding the developing fetus produces hormones that can inhibit the action of insulin, preventing the mother's blood sugar from decreasing. Occurs primarily in the second half of pregnancy and can cause excessive birth weight, preterm delivery, and place the child at greater risk for type II diabetes.
 * Preterm labor. Delivery of the baby prior to 37 weeks of pregnancy is considered preterm. This can cause a variety of issues with the child including underdeveloped viscera (organs), behavioral or learning disabilities, low birth weight, and respiratory issues.
 * Miscarriage. The loss of the developing fetus prior to 20 weeks of pregnancy. Common causes may be related to chromosomal abnormalities (abnormal genetic makeup) of the fetus but can also include ectopic pregnancy, maternal age, and other factors.
 * Stillbirth. The loss of the developing fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Can be due to a variety of reasons including chromosomal abnormalities, developmental issues, or health-related problems of the mother.
 * Hyperemesis gravidarum. Persistent, acute nausea throughout pregnancy that does not go away after the first trimester. Different from morning sickness which is more common and less severe.

Streptococcal pharyngitis
Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as strep throat, is an infection of the respiratory tract caused by group A Strep, Streptococcus pyogenes, a gram-positive, cocci, beta-hemolytic (lyses blood cells) bacteria. It is primarily spread by direct contact and the transfer of fluids via oral or other secretions and manifests largely in children. Common symptoms associated with streptococcal pharyngitis include sore throat, fever, white excretions at the back of the mouth, and cervical adenopathy (swollen lymph nodes underneath the chin and around the neck area). Streptococcal pharyngitis can lead to various complications and recurrent infection can increase the likelihood. In many of these, lack of treatment and the body's immune response is responsible for the additional adverse reactions. These include:
 * Scarlet fever. In addition to the symptoms of strep throat, individuals may experience increased a red rash, increased red tone, and strawberry tongue. The prominent rash generally fades after a few days and may peel for a few weeks. Treatment is the same as for strep throat.
 * Rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever generally develops a few weeks after symptoms of strep throat have passed and is less likely to develop if prompt treatment (antibiotics) is given. Typical symptoms can include polyarthritis (temporary joint pain in multiple areas), carditis or chest pain, rash, subcutaneous nodules, and involuntary jerks. Rheumatic fever is believed to be the result of an autoimmune reaction to various tissues in the body that are similar to toxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes. Rheumatic fever may lead to more serious complications of the heart such as rheumatic heart disease.
 * Glomerulonephritis. Onset of kidney damage that may present a few weeks after strep infection. Rather than being a direct result of infection in the kidneys, It is believed to be caused by an overreactive immune response. Symptoms can include blood or protein in the urine, hypertension, and reduced urine output. Can lead to further kidney damage later in life
 * Otitis media. Infection of the middle ear.
 * Meningitis. Infection of the meninges of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) that leads to swelling. Symptoms vary and differ between adults and children but can include headaches, fever, stiff neck, and other neurological-related issues. Early treatment is important to prevent more serious complications.
 * Toxic shock syndrome. A severe reaction of the body to toxins produced by various bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes. Results from an overactive response by the immune system and can cause hypotension, fever, and in more severe cases, organ failure.

Surgical / procedural complications

 * Puerperal fever was a common complication of childbirth, contributing to the high mortality of mothers before the advent of antisepsis and antibiotics.
 * Erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence which may follow prostatectomy.
 * Malignant hyperthermia can be a reaction to general anesthetics, as a complication in a surgery.
 * Fractured ribs and sternum may be a complication of cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts.

Other examples of complications

 * Sepsis (infection of the blood) may occur as a complication of a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection.
 * Miscarriage is the most common complication of early pregnancy.
 * Eczema vaccinatum is a rare and severe complication of smallpox vaccination in people with eczema.

title: Complication (medicine)


text: Category:High schools in Rhode Island

title: Category:High schools in Rhode Island


text:
Les Ours du Scorff

Les Ours du Scorff (The Bears of Scorff) are a mainly Breton folk group with a generally young audience.

The singers Gilbert Bourdin and Laurent Jouin formed the group with the encouragement of the producer of their first album, on which the group was called Gigi Bourdin et la Rouchta, although the album's title, Les Ours du Scorff, has become their better-known name.

Singers of traditional music at heart, they have surrounded themselves with instrumentalists well known on the Breton folk scene: Fanch Landreau, Soïg Sibéril, Jacques Yves Réhault, and others.

Their music melds Breton, Cajun, and Irish traditions. Their lyrics may bring to mind those of Boby Lapointe, Pierre Perret, or poets such as Norge, all this without sacrificing too much for the simplicity demanded of music for children.

Discography

 * 1994 Les Ours du Scorff (The Bears of Scorff)
 * 1995 La Maison des bisous (The House of Kisses)
 * 1998 Le grand Bal (The Grand Ball)
 * 2000 Le Retour d'Oné (Oné's Return)
 * 2002 Le plus-mieux (compilation)

title: Les Ours du Scorff


text:
Abdullah Khan II

Abdullah Khan (Abdollah Khan Ozbeg) (1533/4–1598), known as "The Old Khan", was an Uzbek ruler of the Khanate of Bukhara (1500–1785). He was the last uncontested Shaybanid Khan of Bukhara from 1583 until his death.

Abdullah Khan initiated a war with Iran which lasted from 1587 to 1598. He was able to focus on this thanks to a non-aggression pact with the Mughal Emperor, Akbar, through which Abdullah Khan recognized Akbar's right to rule in the territory of Kabul.

During the reign of Abdullah Khan, Bukhara was also diplomatically hostile to the Khan of Yarkent, Abdul Karim Khan.

Biography
Abdullah Khan was born in 1533 or 1534, in the town of Afarinkent, Samarkand Province.

The ascent to the throne
After the death of Abdulaziz Shaybanid there was a struggle for the throne. Khan Abdullatif, who ruled Samarkand, sought to rule Bukhara through his two grandchildren: Shaibani Khan Yar Muhammad Sultan and Burhan-Sultan.

However, after the death of Abdullatif Khan in 1551, Barak Khan, who ruled Tashkent, took Samarkand and established himself as ruler there under the name of Newroz Ahmed Khan. He was declared the supreme khan of the Uzbeks. Shaybanid Abdullah Sultan, who was then governor of Kermine, led the resistance against Newroz Ahmed Khan. He was assisted by his uncle, the governor of Balkh, Pir Muhammad Khan. In 1556 Newroz Ahmad died. With his death, Pir Muhammad Khan was proclaimed the supreme ruler of the Uzbeks.

The struggle for the unification of the state
In 1557, Abdullah Sultan captured Bukhara with the support of Sufi sheikhs and became its ruler. In 1561, he was bold enough to proclaim his father Iskander as supreme khan of the Uzbeks. He had previously ruled Kermine and Miankal. Abdullah's father was more interested in religious rites, so he entrusted the conduct of state affairs to his son Abdullah Sultan.

Abdullah set out to combine all four of the Shaybanids: Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent and Balkh in one single state. This took many years and it was only in 1582 that he was able to create a single state out of the four Shaybanids.

To achieve unification, he had to fight a long war to take possession of Tashkent. He then took control of Fergana and in 1573 took Balkh after a long siege.

In 1574, he attacked Qarshi and Hisar, adding them to his possessions. In 1576, he fought off armies from Samarkand and took Tashkent. In the service of Abdullah Khan were Kazakh sultans Sheehan and his son Tauekel.

In 1582, Abdullah Khan marched to Dasht-i-Kipchak. Bobo Khan was killed and his fortresses at Shohruhiya Sairam and Ahangeran were captured. In 1583, his son Abd al-Mumin captured and plundered Mashhad. In the same 1583, after the death of his father, Abdullah Khan was declared ruler of the Uzbeks and his state was called the Bukhara khanate.

Abdullah Khan's monetary reform
Abdullah Khan II managed, in several stages, monetary reform. To redress the lack of silver metal and silver coins, with his father he organised the regular production of gold coins and controlled their stamp in Bukhara, paying particular attention to maintaining a high standard. The reforms introduced by Abdullah Khan were primarily aimed at changing the content of silver coins in accordance with the rise in prices of silver. At a time when the formal head of the dynasty was still Iskandar Khan (1560-1583), the minting silver coins remained decentralized. However, coins with the name of Iskandar were issued in Bukhara, Samarkand, Balkh, Tashkent, Andijan and Ahsi Yasse (Turkestan).

In 1583, Abdullah Khan made another monetary reform. This reform was centred around the capital, Bukhara (which minted silver coins). For everyday urban trade of consumer goods, Abdullah Khan minted copper coins.

The monetary reforms Abdullah Khan II initiated were successful. They brought to an end the monetary crisis and ceased the mass leakage of currency outside the state. This reform was part of Abdullah Khan II's aim of creating favourable conditions for all types of trade within and to areas outside his state's borders.

Expanding the boundaries of the state
Combining the Shaybanid state had opened up new opportunities to expand its territorial boundaries. In 1584, Abdullah Khan seized Badakhshan. In 1588 he seized Khorasan.

In the latter period of his reign Abdullah waged a war for the conquest of Khorezm. In 1593-94 Khorezm was finally conquered by Abdullah's troops. Abdullah marched to Khiva and their sultans were captured and executed.

Soon relations soured with the Kazakh khans, who learned about the uprising by Abdullah Khan's son Abdulmumin. Abdullah Khan was forced to go to war with his own son. He prepared an army for the battles ahead, but died before the battle with the Kazakh Chinggisid. The Kazakhs would take advantage of the situation and take Turkestan, Tashkent, Samarkand and Andijan. However, they were unable to take Bukhara and retreated to the Steppe, abandoning all the newly taken territories.

Foreign policy
During the reign of Abdullah Khan the khanate maintained close diplomatic relations with the Mughal Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. In a letter dated 1577 Akbar informed Abdullah Khan Uzbek about his intention to expel the Portuguese from India.

Russian ties with Bukhara soured in the early 1580s due to Abdullah Khan's support for the Siberian Khan Kuchum.

Tribal composition of troops
Abdullah Khan's army consisted of detachments of soldiers from various Uzbek tribes including the: Shirins, Utarchs, Bishyuzs, Jalairs, Keralas, Katagans, Tan-Yaruks, Alchins, Hitays, Bahrin, Naimans, Manghud, Kushchis, Arguns, Mings, Karluks, Kungrats, and Tubais (tuvas).

Cultural policies
Abdullah Khan was not only a talented warrior, but also an outstanding statesman. He cared about strengthening Bukhara's trade ties abroad (especially with Russia and India) and paid great attention to the construction of public buildings and structures - madrassahs and khanqahs, shopping malls and caravanserais, reservoirs and bridges. During Abdullah Khan II's reign, the Kosh-Madrasah was erected in Bukhara. It consists of two madrassas. First, there was the Modarikhan madrasah, built around 1567 in honour of Abdullah Khan's mother. Then there was the Madrasahs named after Abdullah Khan, which was built between 1588 and 1590.

Abdullah Khan was also a patron of education and a philanthropist. He surrounded himself with scholars, writers and chroniclers. Court poets and historians praised him. Among the poets was Mushfiki, author of laudatory odes, lyric poems and epigrams. He was also an able diplomat. On behalf of Abdullah Khan, Mushfiki provided grandiloquent labels for buildings. Court historian Hafiz Tanysh provided a rich chronicle of facts about Abdullah's rule. Literature continued to develop in Persian, Turkish and Arabic. According to the observations of Russian academic V V Bartold "historical literature produced by the Uzbeks was even higher in quality and quantity than in the previous century."

Abdullah Khan II wrote poems and left his legacy under the pseudonym "'Avaz Gazi".

Death and Succession
Abdullah Khan died in 1598 and was buried at the mausoleum of Bahauddin Naqshbandi near Bukhara.

After the death of Abdullah, the throne passed to his only son Abd al-Mumin, but he was soon killed by the rebels. As the son of Abd al-Mumin was only two years old, the first cousin of Abdullah Khan II, Pir Muhammad II, was chosen as new Khan. This appointment was contested by several other rulers, like Tauekel Khan of the Kazakhs, Kasim Sultan and Baqi Muhammad, son of Abdullah Khan's sister, and a prince from Astrakhan named Djani Beg. Baqi Muhammad was victorious and Pir Muhammad II was killed in battle. With his death, the Shaybanid dynasty ended, and Baqi Muhammad became the first Khan of the Janid or Ashtarkhanid dynasty.

title: Abdullah Khan II


text:
Leafs Nation Network

Leafs Nation Network (formerly Leafs TV) was a Canadian English language Category B regional specialty channel owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd. Leafs Nation Network broadcasts programming related to the Toronto Maple Leafs National Hockey League club and its American Hockey League affiliate, the Toronto Marlies.

Leafs Nation Network was only available within the Maple Leafs' "home market" of Ontario, excluding the Ottawa Valley (which is in the home market of the Ottawa Senators).

History
In November 2000, MLSE (Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment), was granted approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a television channel called Maple Leaf Channel, described as "a regional English-language Category 2 specialty television service devoted to the Toronto Maple Leafs. Programming was to include historical events, profiles of players, panel and call-in shows, classic Maple Leaf hockey games, interviews with Maple Leaf players, coaches and management, statistics, insights and analysis of the current hockey scene from a Maple Leaf perspective, and information as to the purchase of merchandise, tickets and collectibles. There was also to be a small amount of programming related to general hockey matters, including minor hockey league hockey and hockey instruction." The channel was launched on September 7, 2001 as Leafs TV. The channel was valued at $19 million on behalf of the CRTC in 2012.

From the channel's launch until the 2014–15 season, the Leafs retained a small number of regional telecasts for broadcast on Leafs TV, typically around 12 games per season. That changed going into the 2014–15 NHL season when regional rights formerly held by the channel went to Sportsnet Ontario and TSN4.

On October 7, 2017, Leafs TV was renamed as Leafs Nation Network and re-launched as a multi-platform iteration of Leafs TV, with most of its programming shifting to the team's website and mobile apps and the television network slowly becoming an overall afterthought with the shift of content over to streaming and a lack of live games. It continued to carry pre-game and post-game coverage and other documentary programming.

On August 16, 2022, Toronto Sun's Lance Hornby reported that MLSE announced that the channel would go off the air on August 31. At MLSE's request, the CRTC formally revoked Leafs Nation Network's license on September 1. Immediately after that, the channel space created in 2001 by Leafs TV ceased to exist.

Programming
Programming on Leafs Nation Network included re-airings of recent and past games (both in entirety, and edited), pre- and post-game shows, biographies of players and other personalities and other related programming.

Leafs Nation Network broadcast all Toronto Marlies home games. The channel broadcast the 2014 Calder Cup Finals between the Texas Stars (Dallas Stars AHL team) and the St. John's Ice Caps (Winnipeg Jets AHL team) which simulcasted in the U.S. on NHL Network.

Hosts

 * Jody Vance - lead anchor 2006 to 2009
 * Bob McGill - Former Leafs Defenceman and current Leafs Nation Network reporter
 * Joe Bowen - Toronto Maple Leafs play-by-play voice
 * Brian McFarlane - Toronto Maple Leafs color commentator/studio host
 * Todd Crocker - Toronto Marlies play-by-play voice

Former Analysts

 * Mark Osborne - Toronto Maple Leafs analyst
 * Greg Millen - Toronto Maple Leafs colour commentator
 * Harry Neale - Toronto Maple Leafs colour commentator

Leafs Nation Network HD
In November 2006 Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd. launched an HD simulcast of Leafs TV. Originally, the channel was only available during live Maple Leafs' games that broadcast in HD; however, in June 2011, the channel began broadcasting on a full-time basis. Despite being a full-time feed, Leafs Nation Network pregames, post-games and live Leafs are only carried on satellite providers such as Bell Satellite TV and Shaw Direct.

title: Leafs Nation Network


text: Template:History of Ireland sidebar

title: Template:History of Ireland sidebar


text:
Groove Coverage

Groove Coverage is a German dance music group which consists of Axel Konrad, DJ Novus, Melanie Munch, better known as Mell (lead singer), and Verena Rehm (former stage performer, backing singer, occasional lead singer). Producers of the band are Ole Wierk and Axel Konrad. The project was founded in the summer of 2001 by DJ Novus, in co-operation with Suprime Music (Konrad). With eleven singles in the German Top 50 and over 13 million records sold worldwide, Groove Coverage is one of the most successful German dance artists.

Covergirl (2001–2002)
Groove Coverage released a few dance singles, most notably "Are U Ready" and "Hit Me" before going on to release the breakthrough single "Moonlight Shadow" (a cover of the Mike Oldfield song) peaking at #3 in the German media control charts in June 2002. At the end of 2002, the band released their debut album Covergirl, with the follow-up single "God is a Girl". Mell was pregnant during the production of the Moonlight Shadow music clip, which was filmed in Budapest, and was replaced by model Henrika Spillner. "Million Tears", while not released as a single, became a sleeper hit particularly popular in Singapore, where it became associated with the outlawed Salakau secret society.

7 Years and 50 Days and international breakthrough (2003–2004)
After the success of the singles "Moonlight Shadow" and "God Is A Girl", Groove Coverage went on to release a new single titled "The End", which was released in April 2003, peaking at #14 in the German Media Control Charts. In late 2003 came the next top 10 hit single, a cover of Alice Cooper's hit "Poison", followed by the second studio album 7 Years and 50 Days in March 2004, which spawned five top 20 singles in Germany: "The End", "Poison", "7 Years and 50 Days", "She" and "Runaway".

21st Century and Greatest Hits (2005–2007)
In 2005, 7 Years and 50 Days reached platinum sales in Asia, as well as being hugely successful in Indonesia. In the UK and Ireland, the band's cover of "Poison" became a top 40 hit, peaking at #32 in the Official UK Singles Chart which helped the band reach new territories such as Spain and China, where "God Is a Girl" became the most successful song of 2007, having been downloaded more than 1.5 million times.

In July 2006, the band released their third studio album 21st Century, which included their recent singles "Holy Virgin", "On the Radio" and "21st Century Digital Girl".

With only moderate success with their third album, Groove Coverage did not release any more music until late 2007, when they released the single "Because I Love You" to promote their first Greatest Hits compilation. Again the band only experienced moderate success with the new single and album, and were dropped by their label Universal Music Germany.

Riot on the Dancefloor (2010–2012)
In 2010, Groove Coverage celebrated their new music contract with Sony Music / Columbia. For this, they released the highly anticipated new single "Innocent", another Mike Oldfield cover. The single became the highest new entry in the German Media Control Charts, peaking at #38.

In Spring 2011, the single "Angeline" was released, peaking at #22 in the German Media Control Charts; the single proved to be a massive success for the band, staying in the German top 50 Charts for over 16 weeks, as well as peaking at #1 in both the DJ Top 100 International charts, and the MusicLoad digital charts.

In March 2012, the highly anticipated fourth studio album Riot On The Dancefloor was released.

"Tell Me", "Wait", and "Million Tears" (2013–2016)
On 1 December 2013, the band launched their new website, where they announced that they had finished work on the new single and that it would be out soon. "Tell Me" was released on 31 January 2014. The music video premiered a few days before its release and features many guest appearances including Rameez, DJane HouseKat, Verena Rehm, Micaela Schaefer and Shaun Baker.

On 19 December 2014, Groove Coverage surprised fans with the release of their single "Wait". A music video for the release was published on 17 December 2014.

On 29 May 2015, the band released their eighteenth single, "Million Tears". The track was originally featured on their 2002 album Covergirl, but it was never released as a single for it. The single version has been re-recorded with a new production.

"Wake Up" (2017)
On 1 June the group changed their Facebook picture with the message "Our next single is ready, and now we're looking for fresh re-mixers." Seeking re-mixers or producers caring to try their own version of the track 110 to 130 bpm in any kind of genre. No title or release date was given yet. fans expected release fall of 2017.

The group wrote on their official Facebook-page that the new single would be out in autumn and they premiered their video for "Wake Up" on their Facebook-page 11/16/17.

"Wake Up" includes a vocal loop, inspired/resembling a similar melody and lyrics of Spice Girls 1998 song "Viva Forever". Covers are a common theme often found in their production, in respect to the band's name Groove Coverage. Some of their songs, not all, are exact or partial covers re-created in the electronic dance style. The instrumental of "Wake Up" is reminiscent of their own classic aesthetics. The song runs at 128 BPM, layered in synths, melancholic melodies, and topped with 4 on the floor drumbeats. Production of this track is similar to "God Is A Girl" (a song Groove Coverage released 15 years prior) "Moonlight Shadow" and "The End" as well as the majority of their discography.

20th anniversary (2021–2022)
In anticipation for the 20th anniversary, Groove Coverage released two new singles in November 2021: “Higher Energy” and a re-release of “Moonlight Shadow” in collaboration with W&W.

On 31 January 2022, the band posted new press pics for their 20th anniversary. A third single “Monsters In My Head” was released on 11 February 2022. Mell shared a teaser clip on her Instagram account the week before its release.

On 1 April 2022, the band began their 20th anniversary world tour. A teaser for the next single “The Truth” was posted on 11 April 2022. The single was set for release on 15 April 2022.

Compilations

 * Best of Groove Coverage (CD + DVD) (2005)
 * Best of Groove Coverage: The Ultimate Collection (3 CD) (2005) (Hong Kong)
 * Greatest Hits (2006) (U.S.)
 * Greatest Hits (2 CD) (2007)
 * Poison (The Best of Groove Coverage) (Rare Japan CD)
 * The Definitive Greatest Hits & Videos (Singapore) (2008)

Remixes

 * Chupa - "Arriba" (2001)
 * DJ Valium - "Bring the Beat Back" (2002)
 * X-Perience - "It's a Sin" (2002)
 * Special D - "Come with Me" (2002)
 * Silicon Bros - "Million Miles from Home" (2002)
 * Seven - "Spaceman Came Traveling" (2003)
 * DJ Cosmo - "Lovesong" (2003)
 * Sylver - "Livin' My Life" (2003)
 * Alice Cooper - "Poison" (2003)
 * Mandaryna - "Here I Go Again" (2004)
 * Sylver - "Love Is an Angel" (2004)
 * Baracuda - "Ass Up!" (2005)
 * Melanie Flash - "Halfway to Heaven" (2006)
 * N-Euro - "Lover on the Line" (2006)
 * Max Deejay vs. DJ Miko - "What's Up" (2006)
 * Baracuda - "La Di Da" (2007)
 * DJ Goldfinger - "Love Journey Deluxe" (2008)
 * Arnie B - "Another Story" (2008)
 * Arsenium - "Rumadai" (2008)
 * Master Blaster - "Everywhere" (2008)
 * N.I.N.A - "No More Tears" (2008)
 * Ayumi Hamasaki - "Vogue" (2011)
 * Kim Wilde - "It's alright" (2011)
 * Within Temptation - "Sinéad" (2011)
 * DJane Housekat feat. Rameez - "My Party" (2012)

Members

 * Axel Konrad (producer)
 * Ole Wierk (producer)
 * DJ Novus – DJ (1999–present)
 * Melanie Munch (Mell) – lead singer (2002–present)
 * Verena Rehm – backup singer (2002–present)

title: Groove Coverage


text:
John Aylmer

John Aylmer may refer to:

 * John Aylmer (bishop) (1521–1594), English bishop, constitutionalist and Greek scholar
 * John Aylmer (classicist) (died 1672), Greek and Latin poet
 * John Aylmer (politician) (1652–1705), Irish MP
 * Jack Aylmer (John Francis Aylmer, 1934–2018), American politician and college president

title: John Aylmer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vvrg

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 19:20, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Vvrg
Carrp | Talk 01:29, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC) User:Eclipse-vvrg 01:51, 2005 Feb 8 (according to history Uncle G 02:28, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)) User:Eclipse-vvrg 01:58, 2005 Feb 8 (according to history Uncle G 02:24, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)) User:Eclipse-vvrg 02:05, 2005 Feb 8 (according to history Uncle G 02:24, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)) User:Eclipse-vvrg 02:15, 2005 Feb 8 (according to history Uncle G 02:24, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)) User:Eclipse-vvrg 02:18, 2005 Feb 8 (according to history Uncle G 02:24, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)) Uncle G 02:24, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * This is an advertisement and is neither notable (4 Google hits ) nor encyclopediac. The external link is in Russian Macedonian.
 * It's not an advertisement because we're non-profit organization. What do I advertise? The external link is in Macedonian.
 * (there is a notice that it is in Macedonian. Any problems w/ that?)
 * (if this is an advertistment, then what BMW Z4 (for example) is??) (you offend me!)
 * (UCK is terroristic organization and it is encyclopediac!??)
 * oh I thought you were searching yahoo. sorry! :)
 * Comment User:Eclipse-vvrg, the author, has been vandalising this page. I've put it down to unfamiliarity with talk page etiquette, left a note on the user's talk page, and refactored the comments.
 * Delete. Self-interested publicity relating to a non-notable organisation HowardB 05:07, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If terroristic organisations like UCK can have page in wikipedia, why we could not? I don't know. Can you please tell me what's my point of "advertising" here?

Delete if you want to do it so much.

User:Eclipse-vvrg 08:53, 8 Feb 2005 (CET)
 * Delete Except if it gets rewritten in a encyclopedian manner, like without the word 'we'. JimmyShelter 09:18, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Local concerns of a small group, not encyclopedic. jni 13:18, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Article was rewritten in a encyclopedian manner, without the word 'we' Eclipse-vvrg 20:08, 8 Feb 2005 CET
 * There's still the issue of notability. 4 hits on Google is pretty non-notable in my opinion. Carrp | Talk 19:12, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Your user (Eclipse-vvrg) is trying to enhance Wikipedia project, to spread the word to the whole planet, that there on the Earth is one non-profit organization called V.V.R.G.. Like they said ... " V.V.R.G. ... devoted in education and aiming the youth to the genuine social, cultural and intelectual values and principles". They are good example for their environment. Someone will see their info at Wikipedia, and maybe this will stoke this viewers/readers to found similiar organization, to activate their young friends, to start some projects for the good of their community. Maybe V.V.R.G. and this new organization will have some together projects from which the whole and the only benefit will see our mother Earth, our global network, your local community Mr. Admin, your children Mr. Carrp (or Mr. Crap, I'm sorry but can't see too clear your name without my glasses),... Or, maybe Wikipedia is oriented to promote bad things, to encourage wars in the future? It must be that I missed that when I became a member of this community.
 * Delete, press release. Wyss 20:21, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non notable - kaal 01:18, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, please!! DELETE! Whatever, it doesn't matter anymore. Eclipse-vvrg 11:46, 10 Feb 2005 (CET) OK s- let's not throw our toys from the pram and then disappear as a User! Brookie 19:30, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:29, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - shallow nonsense of no merit and written badly! Brookie 19:27, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --- Hey, admins of Wikipedia?! Are you online? Listen to me really carefully.

Try to read between the lines Mr. Admin. Aren't this "DELETE bunch" just a friends of Mr.Carrp? Or,.. maybe Mr. Carrp is an admin itself? God save Wikipedia if this is true! There are lot of intriguers all around. They just want to put their hands in every dish. Get your hands of V.V.R.G.! They are not English people, they are Macedonians, but however they want to spread their ideas to the world. They spread their ideas in English, the language that is not their native one. This is not a plus for them, to their contribution to Wikipedia?! They are not all so English-perfect like Mr. Carrp, but 99% they are. Let me see few sentences from some of this "DELETE buch" to write in Macedonian (the sentences can be no perfect, I will take them as correct). V.V.R.G. want their ideas/projects to be understandable for the bigger part of the earth's citizens, so are you have some problem with that?!

And what about Google? I think this is another project than Google Mr. Whatever! Are you an employee in Google Ltd? Aren't you promoting online search engine of a PROFIT ORGANIZATION here?! Is Wikipedia prohibiting new terms to be presented, other that Mr. Whatever, Mr. Howee Bee, Miss Broke E. knows ?! Greenpeace was BIG/notable organization from the first moments (seconds is better term) of it founding?! Hah! V.V.R.G. is not notable?! So?! From when Google DOT COM is relevant factor to present some new term to Wikipedia?! Say "power to the big companies, smash the new non-profit organizations". That's your silent words "DELETE bunch"! I can smell that, and my respiration tract is clear as summer sky in Vratnica, Macedonia, believe me.

People, take the information (if you want it) and go further. This article about V.V.R.G. is just a plus for Wikipedia, not a minus. However, if my words wasn't enough to convince you to keep the article - then simply delete it. And don't put this kind of "voting pages" in future. Simply push the button (DELETE of course, not the one from the Chemical Brother's song "Galvanize" :) ). For sure You got the power (not that of "Snap", but however you got it). Another :).

I'll monitor this page to see what will be the conclusion of the Wikipedia Crew. Just for info (nothing more, I swear): if V.V.R.G. 's page will be deleted, Wikipedia's links at few of my web sites will be not there anymore. I don't want to support someone who don't want to present earth's "things" to the human kind (V.V.R.G. don't ask to link back, they just point to their own web site to inform the world about their news/realized/and new projects in future - A NON-PROFIT WEB SITE, A NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION; I don't ask to link me back neither, I am your user and I am enhancing O-U-R project ... Wikipedia).

V.V.R.G. (Vratnica Virtual Reality Group) will continue to exist whether it is on Wikipedia (DOT ORG?,.. Hmm?) or not.

Peace! DeeJay 16:36, 14 Feb 2005 CET
 * Comment:That's quite the message. I know how I'd like to respond, however I'm a calm and reasonable person that has great respect for the policy of don't bit the newbies:
 * I have nothing against the V.V.R.G. organization. When I posted a VfD on the VVRG article, I was only stating my opinion on the article, not the organization. I'm sure it's a wonderful organization, but it does lack notability. When a user believes that an article's subject is non-notable, they may choose to post a Vote for Deletion. This gives other members of the Wikipedia community a chance to express their opinions on whether the article should be included or removed from the encyclopedia. If it turns out that the subject is notable, the article is kept. It's a very common process and as you can see from Votes for deletion, there are many other articles nominated for deletion. From the voting thus far, other users seem to agree that VVRG is not yet notable enough for inclusion. I wish you happy editing, although I do suggest you try to observe the guideline of No personal attacks. Thanks. Carrp | Talk 17:03, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: --- Yes, Mr. Carrp you just noticed that there are newbies at Wikipedia, so give them support. They'll return to all of us with some new articles/stories for the things we don't even know they exited. And by the way I am not making any personal attack at Wikipedia users, that's my style of writing. No offense word was used in my "Support the V.V.R.G." article. They are all in function of my support to V.V.R.G. (to present better my viewpoint for this "case"). There is present "playing with the words thing", but that doesn't mean that I am attacking someone. Have a nice day/night! DeeJay 20:00, 14 Feb 2005 CET
 * I fully support the newbies of Wikipedia, after all, everyone here was once a newbie (except perhaps Jimbo). This support does not extend to letting newbies add any page they wish. This is an encyclopedia and there's standards that an article must meet. When a user believes an article doesn't meet these standards, procedures such as this VfD come into play.
 * As for the "no personal attacks" comment, I was referring to when you wrote "...Mr. Carrp (or Mr. Crap...". Now, I wasn't very offended, but some people would have been. Insults don't help you to "present better my viewpoint for this 'case'". I do hope you enjoy editing here at Wikipedia and wish you the best. Carrp | Talk 19:23, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: --- I am not an expert in English language, but in colloquial way (language) 'Crap' means 'whatever thing/things, anyone,...' (besides the bad meanings, that for sure I was not alluding to). In my sentence Mr. Crap means Mr. Whatever, like you can see in the rest of the comment. Happy Valentine (holiday in Catholic church) & St. Trifun (in Orthodox)! DeeJay 00:45, 15 Feb 2005 CET

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vvrg


text:
2-4-4T

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, 2-4-4 is a steam locomotive with two unpowered leading wheels followed by four powered driving wheels and four unpowered trailing wheels. This configuration was only used for tank locomotives; no tender locomotives with this wheel arrangement were made.

Equivalent classifications
Other equivalent classifications are:
 * UIC classification: 1B2 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
 * French classification: 122
 * Turkish classification: 25
 * Swiss classification: 2/5

The equivalent UIC classification is 1′B2′ t (or (1′B)2′ t  for a Mason Bogie).

Examples
This unusual wheel arrangement does not appear to have been used on the mainline railways in the UK. It was however one of the configurations used on the Mason Bogie articulated locomotives, in the USA during the 1870s and 1880s. Five examples were constructed at the Mason Machine Works for the narrow gauge Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad 1883–1887. The railway subsequently received twenty-one further examples between 1900 and 1914, constructed by the Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company, Manchester Locomotive Works, and ALCO. Developmentally, there are two logical ways of reaching this wheel formula: to add a forward axle to a Forney locomotive to improve its ability to negotiate curves, or to add a second trailing axle to a Columbia design, notably in a 2-4-4(T) configuration to expand its coal capacity.

Four 2-4-4T passenger locomotives were built by the Czechoslovak Škoda for Lithuania in 1932 and marked as Tk class. They were seized by the USSR in 1940, then by the Germans. One was used after World War II in Poland as OKf100-1 until 1950.

Other tank locomotives with 2-4-4T arrangement:
 * Bavarian D XII
 * French T5 6601 - 6637 of AL railway

title: 2-4-4T


text:
Wrong-side failure

A wrong-side failure describes a failure condition in a piece of railway signalling equipment that results in an unsafe state. A typical example would be a signal showing a 'proceed' aspect (e.g. green) when it should be showing a 'stop' or 'danger' aspect, resulting in a "false clear". (The converse is a right-side failure, where even with any reduction the resulting state is safe overall.)

Example of how a wrong-side failure may occur
Consider a relay that has to energize to show a green light.

If a wire breaks, or the battery is drained, then the relay will de-energize and the signal will show a red light, which is fail-safe.

If a stray wire from another circuit touches the wire connected to that same relay, then that would be a wrong side failure, which is potentially dangerous. This stray wire can be guarded against by ensuring that the insulation on the relay wire is of good quality, and that all terminals are locked away.

In addition, the relay may be double-switched, also known as double-cut, that is to say that it only energizes if a positive circuit and a negative circuit are both complete. That would then require two stray wires to cause a wrong-side failure, which is much less likely than a single stray wire.

Accidents
While accidents from the problem are rare, they do occur:
 * 1876 – Abbots Ripton rail disaster (England) – signals frozen by blizzard in 'clear' position (signal arm hidden in a slot in the post).
 * 1915 – Rockledge, Tennessee – Relocation of a Western Union telegraph line from old alignment to new alignment causes a false clear signal indication when the Western Union wire comes in contact with the signal wire for the automatic block signal at the south end of the siding at Rockledge. A southbound freight train departed Rockledge on the false clear indication and collided with a northbound passenger train that had entered the block at Tantallon on a proper clear indication two minutes before the freight train departed Rockledge. A contributing factor was that the tower operator at Rockledge only controlled the signals, the track switches being operated by the train crews themselves.
 * 1927 – Marrar (NSW, Australia) – lightning damage meant that the single line train tablet system incorrectly released two tablets simultaneously putting two trains on a collision course; fortunately they saw each other and were able to stop in time.
 * 1938 – Charing Cross (Northern line) tube crash (London) – signal linesman rewires a faulty signal incorrectly, so that it shows green too soon; two Underground trains collide as a result, injuring twelve. Also Charing Cross (District line) tube crash, signal linesman makes wiring error in cabin, two Underground trains collide, killing six.
 * 1953 – Sydenham Rail Disaster (NSW, Australia) – five killed
 * 1976 – Glenbrook, New South Wales (Australia) Automatic signal in rear of a stationary EMU at "caution" when it should have been at "danger". Following goods train enters occupied signal section and collides with EMU; 1 passenger killed. Cause attributable to deteriorated wiring which allowed a false feed.
 * 1979 – Invergowrie rail crash (Scotland) – signal was at "wrong" (i.e. indistinct indication) yet taken by driver to be a 'proceed' signal.
 * 1982 – Valley Heights train collision (NSW, Australia) – electrician wrongly replace out clear glass lenses with coloured glass causing false colour with reflected sunlight.
 * 1988 – Clapham Junction rail crash (London) – single stray wire causes false green signal and collision killing 35.
 * 1990 – Cowan rail disaster (NSW, Australia), which occurred when sand on the rails insulated the wheels from the rails, causing a failure to shunt that allowed a trailing block signal to improperly display a clear aspect, resulting in a rear-end collision.
 * 2005 – Deelfontein (South Africa) – solder splatter bridges a relay contact. Most testing is done with the relays unplugged which would not detect the splatter, while the solder splatter is likely to lead to a difficult to trace phantom problem.
 * 2009 – On March 26, two trains collided near Arévalo, Spain while engineers were testing a new signalling system. Lack of safeguards and testing on an active line led to the collision of two freight trains. One of the train drivers died.
 * 2009 – Ft Totten crash Washington DC Metro (WMATA). An inbound Red Line train stopped short of Ft. Totten station; the following train failed to stop and impacted at about 42 mph. Nine dead, 80 injured. Preliminary NTSB reports were that the AC track circuit transmitter was breaking into parasitic oscillation, and that coupled across the rack cabinet to the receiver.
 * 2020 – On the Italian high speed rail network, maintenance workers during the night left a  faulty point to the reverse position, but disconnected its network connection and its link to the safety signalling system (ETCS L2); the first morning high speed train received a green signal to proceed at full speed and hit the point at 181 mph, resulting in the Livraga derailment which killed 2 and injured 31.
 * 2024 - 2024 Cicalengka railway collision. An uncommanded signal displaying a false clear aspect due to aging hardware causes two trains to collide near Cicalengka Station in Bandung Regency, Indonesia, killing four rail employees and injuring 42 others.

False alarms
Railway authorities usually give the drivers and signalmen the benefit of the doubt and investigate whether a wrong-side failure is the cause of an accident. This occurred with the Hinton train collision, but investigations soon showed that a wrong-side failure was not the cause.

The 2008 Chatsworth train collision was determined to be human error, not wrong-side failure as a few initially said.

Wrong-side failures to be reported
In the United States there is a rule that wrong-side failures are to be reported to the Federal Railroad Administration.

title: Wrong-side failure


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Minami-morimachi Station

Minami-morimachi Station (南森町駅) is a railway station on the Osaka Metro in Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan.

Lines
Minami-morimachi Station is served by the following two Osaka Municipal Subway lines.

Tanimachi Line
There are an island platform and a side platform with two tracks on the second basement level.

The station was originally built with an island platform, but overcrowding prompted construction of a second platform (construction was completed on 10 October 1997). As of 2017, the side platform is used for northbound trains, and the northbound side of the island platform is fenced off.

Sakaisuji Line
There are two side platforms with two tracks on the first basement level.

History
The station opened on 24 March 1967, served by the Tanimachi Line. The Sakaisuji Line platforms opened on 6 December 1969.

Surrounding area

 * Osaka-Temmangu Station (on the JR Tōzai Line)
 * Osaka Temmangu Shrine
 * National Route 1 (Sonezaki-dori)
 * Osaka Prefectural Route 14 Osaka Takatsuki Kyoto Route (Tenjimbashisuji)
 * Osaka Prefectural Route 102 Ebisu minami-morimachi Route (Tenjimbashisuji)
 * Japan Mint
 * Temma Tenjin Hanjotei
 * Daiwa Minami-morimachi Building
 * Tenjimbashisuji Shopping Arcade
 * Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
 * The Yomiuri Shimbun Osaka

title: Minami-morimachi Station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Korpos Mohol

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 02:54, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Korpos Mohol
A VfD notice was added 7 February, but no VfD entry was created. This is part of a series of Bangladesh place articles created by anon 194.199.119.17 on 5 February. See Arvumi and Bandorbon, both VfD'ed on 7 February. See also Gongkabor, Hagracuri, Chengmi, and Chakma by same anon user. Barno 01:32, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Expand or delete. Not nonsense, but notability isn't established in these substubs.  Barno 01:32, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not an article, no evidence of encyclopedic content. Wyss 19:21, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Seems like nonsense to me JimmyShelter 20:51, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, one sentence article does not establish notability, dictionary definition. Megan1967 01:23, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all. See also my comments on the Arvumi vfd. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:58, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or expand Brookie 11:31, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Battle of Waxhaws

The  Battle of Waxhaws (also known as the Waxhaws Massacre and Buford's Massacre) was a military engagement which took place on May 29, 1780 during the American Revolutionary War between a Patriot force led by Abraham Buford and a British force led by Banastre Tarleton near Lancaster, South Carolina. Buford's men consisted of Continental Army soldiers, while Tarleton's force was mostly made up of Loyalist troops. After the two forces sighted each other, Buford rejected an initial demand to surrender. Tarleton's cavalrymen launched a charge against the Patriot troops, which led many of Buford's men to throw their arms down in surrender. However, as Tarleton was shot under his horse during the charge, his infuriated soldiers attacked their Patriot opponents, killing several.

Of the 420 soldiers serving under Buford during the battle, 113 were killed, 150 were injured and 53 were captured. The British suffered 5 men killed and 12 wounded. Patriots subsequently coined the term "Tarleton's quarter" to refer to the practise of giving no quarter during battles, though he had not ordered his men to attack the surrendering Patriots. In subsequent engagement in the Carolinas, it became rare for either side to take significant prisoners. The battle became the subject of an intensive propaganda campaign by Patriots to bolster recruitment and incite resentment against the British.

Background
Following the British defeat at Saratoga in 1777 and French entry into the American Revolutionary War in early 1778, the British embarked on a "southern strategy" to regain control over their North American colonies. The British believed they had more supporters in the South due to the close business and trading relationships, and that they might concentrate power in the South and later retake the North. They began the campaign in December 1778 with the capture of Savannah, Georgia. In 1780, General Sir Henry Clinton brought an army south and captured Charleston, South Carolina on May 12, 1780, after a siege.

Prelude
Colonel Abraham Buford commanded a force of about 380 Virginian Continentals (the 3rd Virginia Detachment, composed of a mixture of new recruits and veteran soldiers) and an artillery detachment with two six-pounders). Most of his men were raw recruits with little battle experience, although Buford had experienced officers under his command. Because of delays in outfitting his command, Buford had been unable to reach Charleston and participate in its defense. Charleston's commander, General Benjamin Lincoln, had ordered him to take a defensive position near Lenud's Ferry on the Santee River outside the city, but Lincoln surrendered around the time Buford reached this position. Buford was eventually joined by about 40 Virginia Light Dragoons who had escaped the siege or during battles outside the city, and by Richard Caswell's North Carolina militia. Receiving news of the surrender, Buford was ordered by General Isaac Huger to return to Hillsborough, North Carolina. He turned his column around and headed north. At Camden, Buford and Caswell parted ways, with Buford marching north into the Waxhaws region. Buford was accompanied for a time by South Carolina Governor John Rutledge, who had been actively recruiting militia in the backcountry. When Buford stopped to rest his troops at Waxhaw Creek, Rutledge rode ahead toward Charlotte, North Carolina.

General Clinton learned of Huger's and Rutledge's forces and on May 15 ordered Lord Cornwallis to bring the South Carolina and Georgia backcountry under British control. His army moving too slowly to keep up with Buford, Cornwallis on May 27 sent Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton in pursuit with a force of about 270 men. Tarleton commanded the British Legion, a primarily Loyalist provincial regiment. The force he took in pursuit of Buford consisted of 170 Legion and British Army dragoons, 100 mounted British Legion infantry, and a three-pounder cannon. Tarleton reached Camden late on May 28, and set off in pursuit of Buford around midnight early the next day. By that afternoon, his advance force of 60 dragoons from the 17th Light Dragoons and the British Legion cavalry, 60 mounted infantry from the British Legion, and an additional flanking force of 30 British Legion dragoons and some infantry, had reached Buford's resting place. Warned of Tarleton's pursuit, Buford had begun moving north, and was 2 mi up the road.

Battle
Tarleton sent Captain David Kinlock forward to the rebel column, carrying a white flag, to demand Buford's surrender. Upon his arrival, Buford halted his march and formed a battle line while the parley took place. Tarleton greatly exaggerated the size of his force in his message—claiming he had 700 men—hoping to sway Buford's decision. The note also said, "Resistance being vain, to prevent the effusion of human blood, I make offers which can never be repeated", indicating that Tarleton would ask only once for Buford to surrender. Buford refused to surrender, responding: "I reject your proposals, and shall defend myself to the last extremity." Buford reformed his troops into a column, and continued the northward march, with his baggage train near the front of the column.

Around 3:00 pm the leading edge of Tarleton's force caught up with Buford's rear guard. Forty years after the event, Robert Brownfield, a Patriot surgeon’s mate at the time, said the five dragoons of the rear guard were captured, and their leader, Captain Pearson, was "inhumanely mangled" by saber cuts, some inflicted after he had fallen. Buford stopped the column (except for the artillery and the baggage, which he ordered to continue on), and formed a single battle line near some open woods. Tarleton, some of whose horses were so tired from the pursuit that he was unable to bring his field artillery into range, established a command post on a nearby hill, and organized his forces for the attack. According to his account of the battle, he arrayed 60 British Legion dragoons and a like number of infantry on the right, the dragoons of the 17th along with some additional British Legion dragoons in the center, and he personally took command of the left, commanding "thirty chosen horse and some infantry". Stragglers were to form a reserve corps atop the hill.

What happened next is the subject of much debate; there are significant inconsistencies in the primary accounts. Tarleton's line charged, and Buford waited until the enemy was within 10 yd before giving the order to fire. This was a tactical mistake on Buford's part, for it enabled Tarleton's formations to hold, while giving Buford's men time to fire only a single volley before Tarleton's force attacked their line. As Tarleton's cavalry tore Buford's line to pieces, many of the Americans began laying down their arms and offering to surrender. According to Patriot accounts, Buford, realizing the cause was lost, dispatched a white flag—indicating a desire to stop fighting and negotiate surrender—toward Tarleton. They differ on who carried it, when it was sent, and how its messenger was treated, but they agree that the flag was effectively refused.

None of the British accounts of the battle mention a flag. Tarleton was trapped beneath his dead horse, following the mount being shot from under him during the battle. So, if sent, a flag might have gone astray. Some Loyalists were incensed that the rebels had (they thought) killed Tarleton. Fighting continued on both sides.

Buford and some of his cavalry were able to escape the battlefield. According to Tarleton's report of the battle, the American rebel casualties were 113 men killed, 147 wounded and released on parole, and 2 six pounders and 26 wagons captured. The British losses were 5 killed, 12 wounded, with 11 horses killed and 19 horses wounded. Tarleton's men also captured the American baggage train and artillery.

Historians in the 19th century blamed Tarleton for the massacre, but most contemporary references to it do not describe it as such. Tarleton, in a version published in 1787, said that the battle was a "slaughter"; he said that his horse had been shot from under him during the initial charge and his men, thinking him dead, engaged in "a vindictive asperity not easily restrained". William Moultrie noted that the lopsided casualty count was not unusual for similar battles in which one side gained a decided advantage early in a battle. Historian Jim Piecuch argues that the battle was no more a massacre than similar events led by Patriot commanders. David Wilson, on the other hand, holds Tarleton responsible for the slaughter. He notes that it represented a loss of discipline, something for which Tarleton was accountable. He had already been reprimanded for transgressions by his men at the Battle of Monck's Corner in April. Charles Stedman, a aide-de-camp to Charles Cornwallis, wrote regarding the battle at Waxhaws that "the virtue of humanity was totally forgot."

Aftermath
After the battle, the wounded were treated at nearby churches by the congregants, one of whom was a young Andrew Jackson. Tarleton reported that after the battle ended, the wounded of both sides were treated "with equal humanity" and that the British provided "every possible convenience". Due to the large number of wounded, people from all over the countryside came to assist in their care. When they learned what had happened from the wounded they were treating, albeit one-sidedly, a belief in an apparent violation of quarter on Tarleton's part spread rapidly through the region.

The battle, at least temporarily, consolidated British control over South Carolina, and Patriot sentiment was at a low ebb. General Clinton, among other acts before he left Charleston for New York, revoked the parole of surrendered Patriots. This affront, and reports of this battle, decisively changed the direction of the war in the South. Many who might have stayed neutral flocked to the Patriots, and "Tarleton's Quarter!" and "Remember Buford" became rallying cries for the Whigs. News of the massacre directly inspired the creation of volunteer militia forces among the over-mountain men (from the Wataugan settlements at, and near Sycamore Shoals). These militia participated in actions against Loyalist forces at both the Battle of Musgrove Mill on August 18, 1780, (near present-day Clinton, South Carolina) and in the decisive defeat of a Loyalist army led by Major Patrick Ferguson on October 7, 1780 at Kings Mountain (near present-day Blacksburg, South Carolina).

Legacy
The community in which the battlefield is located is now called Buford, and the nearby high school is named Buford High School, after Colonel Buford. The battlefield is owned by Lancaster County, and is preserved as a local park. In 1990 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Buford's Massacre Site. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 51 acres of the battlefield surrounding the local park as of mid-2023.

title: Battle of Waxhaws


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ben sobelione

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:18, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ben sobelione
This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. This is the fake name that a movie character assumes for a few scenes in the movie Analyze This.  I wouldn't even vouch that it's spelled correctly.  I don't think it's even worth a redirect.  Joyous 01:33, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Carrp | Talk 01:37, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I doubt even the people who claim notability isn't a reason for deletion would be sad to see this one go. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 02:23, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - 1 Google hit from a web dictionary. Megan1967 07:44, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable by a long shot. JimmyShelter 09:19, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The correct spelling is Sobeleone anyway, with which one finds a full five Google hits. (Please don't take this as an invitation to create that article.) --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 14:02, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as cruft. Wyss 20:19, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete um....because everyone else says so??????
 * Delete pointless. Christopher Welsh 04:46, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Tooth Cave spider

The Tooth Cave spider, formerly Neoleptoneta myopica, now Tayshaneta myopica, is a 1.6 mm long spider in the family Leptonetidae. It is endemic to limestone caves near Austin, Texas in the United States and is considered an endangered species.

Taxonomy
The Tooth Cave spider was first described in 1974 by Willis J. Gertsch, as Leptoneta myopica. At the time it was only known from Tooth Cave in Travis County, Texas, 15 miles northwest of Austin. The specific name myopica is from the Greek myopia, "nearsighted". In 1977, Paolo Brignoli transferred the species to the genus Neoleptoneta. A 2011 phylogenetic study of Neoleptoneta and other North American genera in the family Leptonetidae showed that Neoleptoneta was not monophyletic. Several new genera were erected, including Tayshaneta, to which the Tooth Cave spider was transferred, as Tayshaneta myopica.

Description
Tayshaneta myopica is a small spider, about 1.6 mm in total body length. Relative to its body, it has long legs: the first leg, the longest, is about 4.3 mm, the third leg, the shortest, about 2.9 mm. It is generally whitish in color with some yellower parts. It has six eyes, a group of four at the front and two behind. The eyes were initially described as "obsolescent" and without dark pigment. Later it was discovered that the species occurs in a range of forms, from depigmented, blind individuals to darkly pigmented, large-eyed individuals.

Little is known of the life history of any of the species in the family Leptonetidae.

Distribution and habitat
In 2012, Tayshaneta myopica was known from caves in Travis County and Williamson County to the northwest of Austin, Texas. Six locations were given on a distribution map for the species, although precise details of the locations have not been given, partly for conservation reasons. The caves occur in Edward's Plateau, a limestone ("karst") region of Central Texas. Tayshaneta spiders appear to spend most of their lives in their web, except for mature males. However, individuals of T. myopica from four nearby caves (Tooth Cave, Root Cave, Gallifer Cave and Tight Pit) have been shown to have identical mitochondrial and nuclear DNA haplotypes, suggesting that movement between the sites does take place. Individuals were seen suspended beneath low sheet webs, from which they dropped when disturbed.

Conservation
Tayshaneta myopica was listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1988 because of its very limited distribution in an area outside of Austin, Texas, that is rapidly urbanizing. Conservation efforts have been focused on "karst faunal regions".

title: Tooth Cave spider


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Nicholas Confessore

Nicholas Confessore is a Pulitzer Prize-winning political correspondent on the National Desk of The New York Times.

Early life
Confessore grew up in New York City and attended Hunter College High School. He was a politics major at Princeton University, class of 1998. While at Princeton, he wrote for the weekly student newspaper the Nassau Weekly.

Career
Confessore was previously an editor at the Washington Monthly and a staff writer for The American Prospect. He has also written for The New York Times Magazine, The Atlantic Monthly, Rolling Stone, the Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, Salon.com, and other publications. At the age of 28, he won the 2003 Livingston Award for national reporting.

He was part of a team of reporters who covered the downfall of New York governor Eliot Spitzer. He also won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting and the 2008 Sigma Delta Chi Award for deadline reporting from the Society of Professional Journalists as part of the New York Times staff covering the Spitzer scandal.

He shared three Gerald Loeb Awards: the 2015 award for Beat Reporting for the story "Lobbying in America", the 2016 award for Images/Graphics/Interactives for the story "Making Data Visual", and the 2019 award for Investigative reporting for the series "Facebook, Disinformation and Privacy".

title: Nicholas Confessore


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Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl

Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl (between 1568 and 1580, died in 1648) was a nobleman of partial Aztec noble descent in the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain, modern Mexico; he is known primarily for his works chronicling indigenous Aztec history.

Life
Born between 1568 and 1580, Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl was a direct descendant of Ixtlilxochitl I and Ixtlilxochitl II, who had been tlatoque (rulers) of Texcoco. He was descended from an indigenous grandparent and three Spanish grandparents. He was also the great-great-grandson of Cuitláhuac (Cuitláhuac was the eleventh son of the ruler Axayacatl and a younger brother of Moctezuma II, the previous ruler of Tenochtitlan.), the penultimate Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan and victor of La Noche Triste. On the death of his eldest brother in 1602, he was declared by a royal decree heir to the titles and possessions of his family. The property, however, does not appear to have been large, as he complained in 1608 of the deplorable state of misery to which the posterity of the kings of Texcoco were reduced.

He was a distinguished student at the Imperial Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, where he was educated in both Nahuatl and Spanish. He lived in San Juan Teotihuacán from 1600 to 1604.

In 1608, he was employed as interpreter by the viceroy, which appointment he owed to his learning and skill in explaining the hieroglyphic pictures of the ancient Mexicans. He had also a profound knowledge of the traditions of his ancestors which were preserved in the national songs, and "was intimate with several old Native Americans famous for their knowledge of Mexican history." He turned his own labors and those of his friends to account in composing works on the history of his country. They remained unknown until their importance was revealed by Clavijero, and afterward by Humboldt. The former says that they were written in Spanish by command of the viceroy, and were deposited in the library of the Jesuits in Mexico. There were copies also in other libraries.

In 1612 he was governor of Texcoco, and in 1613 governor of Tlalmanalco. In spite of his illustrious birth, good education and obvious ability, he lived most of his life in dire poverty. Most of his works were written to relieve his wants. He died in Mexico City in 1648.

Works
He was commissioned by the Spanish viceroy of New Spain to write histories of the indigenous peoples of Mexico. His Relación histórica de la nación tulteca (usually called Relación) was written between 1600 and 1608. This was an account of many events in New Spain, and many events of the Toltec people. The Relación and most of his other accounts and compilations contain writing fragments and songs, with much repetition and little organization. He gives a detailed account of the important part played by his great-grandfather Don Fernando Ixtlilxóchitl II in the conquest of the Aztec Empire and the pacification of the Indigenous of New Spain, praising him in every possible way and condemning the ingratitude of the conquerors.

Later (1610 to 1640, according to Chavero), Alva wrote the Spanish work Historia chichimeca, which refers to the same events, but with more organization. Historia chichimeca is not the original title, which is unknown, but was supplied by Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora when the manuscript was in his possession. Lorenzo Boturini Bernaducci, who owned the same manuscript later, called it Historia general de la Nueva España. There are indications it was part of a larger work, the rest of which has been lost, or perhaps was unfinished. It ends with the siege of Mexico. The work gives the Texcoca version of pre-Columbian history and the conquest, in contrast to the work of Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc, which gives the Mexica version. The Historia chichimeca is considered Alva's best work.

His works contain very important data for the history of Mexico, but except for Historia chichimeca, they are written without order or method, the chronology is very faulty, and there is much repetition.

Alfredo Chavero published his works, annotated, with the title of Obras históricas (Historical Works) in 1891-1892. José Ignacio Dávila Garibi reproduced that edition with a new prologue in 1952.

The Codex Ixtlilxochitl is attributed to him.

He wrote two memorials, Sucinta and Sumaria, addressed to Viceroy Luis de Velasco, hijo, and Fray García Guerra. These were attempts to recover some of the property and privileges of his royal ancestors. Partly owing to these appeals, and partly to the favor of Fray García Guerra, who afterwards became archbishop of Mexico and viceroy of New Spain, some land concessions were granted him, and in the last years of his life he was appointed interpreter in the Indian judiciary court. He was still working there when he died in 1648, poor and forgotten. His son, Juan de Alva Cortés, inherited his documents and before his death were given to Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora.

title: Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl


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Messerschmitt Me 609

The Messerschmitt Me 609 (alternatively Me 309 Zwilling) was a World War II German project which joined two fuselages of the Me 309 fighter prototype together to form a heavy fighter.

Design and development
The project was initiated in response to a 1941 Reich Air Ministry requirement for a new Zerstörer (destroyer) to replace the Bf 110 in a minimum time and with a minimum of new parts. Messerschmitt's response was the Me 609, which would use the failed Me 309 project to form the basis of the new fighter. The Me 609 would have joined the two Me 309 fuselages with a new centre wing section. Only the two inner wheels of the joined Me 309's main landing gears would have been used and would retract into the centre section. This resulted in an unusual four-wheel arrangement. The pilot would have sat in a cockpit located in the port fuselage, with the starboard being smoothed over.

Two versions were planned: a heavy fighter with four or six 30 mm MK 108 cannons, and a Schnellbomber (fast bomber) variant with two 30 mm MK 108 cannons and a bomb load of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) carried beneath the fuselages. However, by late December 1942, Messerschmitt Me 609 project was cancelled at the drawing board.

Designation
One source claims that the Me 609 was actually a cover designation for test-ready, late-war Me 262s, not the twin-fuselage Me 309. However, this claim contradicts most other sources.

title: Messerschmitt Me 609


text:
Talk:New Connecticut

According to the Vermont article, it was January 18, not the 15th as this article states. Which is correct? Nik42 01:39, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Connecticut


text:
Talk:X-Treme

This is the stage name for an active recording artist, therefore it should not be deleted. Perhaps moving it to X-Treme (music) may suffice?

title: Talk:X-Treme