text:
The Amazing Race 8

The Amazing Race 8 (also known as The Amazing Race: Family Edition) is the eighth season of the American reality competition show The Amazing Race. Hosted by Phil Keoghan, this season of the series, which normally features pairs of adults with a pre-existing relationship, featured ten families of four, including the participation of minors as young as eight years old, competing in a race across North America in order to win US$1,000,000. This season visited twelve states, one federal district, and three additional countries and traveled over 11000 mi. Starting in New York City, racers traveled through New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia, Virginia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Panama, Costa Rica, Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Montana, and Canada before finishing in Lewiston, New York. A new twist introduced in this season includes select Roadblocks performed by two team members. The season premiered on CBS on Tuesday, September 27, 2005, and concluded on Tuesday, December 13, 2005.

Siblings Nick, Alex, Megan, and Tommy Linz were the winners of this season; while father Wally Branson and his three daughters, Beth, Lauren, and Lindsay, finished in second place; and widow Linda Weaver and her three children, Rebecca, Rachel, and Rolly, finished in third place.

Development and filming
The eighth season of The Amazing Race spanned 11000 mi. This season placed much less emphasis on international travel as numerous legs were contained within the continental United States, and all locations were in North America, with Panama and Costa Rica visited for the first time. Filming began on July 7, 2005, with reports of the show at Washington Crossing State Park in New Jersey. From July 12 to July 13, teams were in Alabama. Filming concluded after 25 days on July 31.

Route Markers were colored yellow and white with black lining in contrast to the yellow and red markers used in all other seasons. As with The Amazing Race 7, the winners of this season were revealed in an online betting scandal just before the finale aired.

For this season, the supplied credit card covered not only airfare, but also gasoline, which otherwise would have had to be purchased with cash. This rule change was made necessary by the fact that most of the transportation took place in automobiles rather than airplanes.

The limits on individual Roadblock attempts, introduced in season six, did not apply for this season. Furthermore, some Roadblocks in this edition required the participation of two team members.

During the first leg, Renee Rogers fell at the starting line and suffered a concussion. She did not realize the severity of the injury until she went to a hospital after being eliminated during the next leg.

This season featured a visit to New Orleans in the fourth and fifth legs, where filming occurred about a month before Hurricane Katrina struck the region. The episodes aired after the hurricane had devastated the region. A special message was inserted at the beginning of the episodes, including one spoken by Phil Keoghan, dedicating them to the victims and to those helping with the recovery. The Schroeder family, who were from New Orleans, had befriended the Rogers family from Shreveport in the northern part of Louisiana during the season. As Hurricane Katrina neared landfall, the Rogers family offered the Schroeders safety at their home. Hurricane Katrina wiped out the Schroeders' home and most of their possessions, and after staying with the Rogerses for about two weeks, they were able to find more permanent housing in Baton Rouge, and most of the other teams from this season chipped in to help the family.

According to an interview with Wally Bransen on RFF Radio, producers had originally planned a leg in Belize, but had to cancel it due to Hurricane Emily.

Casting
Casting for this season took place in early 2005 with team members as young as eight allowed to apply. Casting closed on March 11, 2005.

Cast

This season's cast consisted of ten teams of four family members each.

Stassi Schroeder later appeared in the Oxygen reality series Queen Bees. Schroeder later appeared on the Bravo reality series Vanderpump Rules as a part of that cast for eight seasons. In 2011, Brian and Marion Paolo appeared on the HGTV reality show House Hunters. Billy and Carissa Gaghan wrote introductions for My Ox is Broken, a book about The Amazing Race.
 * Future appearances

Results
The following teams are listed with their placements in each leg. Placements are listed in finishing order.
 * A placement with a dagger (†) indicates that the team was eliminated.
 * An placement with a double-dagger (‡) indicates that the team was the last to arrive at a Pit Stop in a non-elimination leg. As a penalty, they were stripped of their money, bags, and possessions other than their passports and the clothes they were wearing upon checking in, and they received no money at the start of the next leg.
 * An italicized placement indicates a team's placement at the midpoint of a double leg.
 * A indicates that the team won the Fast Forward.
 * A indicates that the team used the Yield and a  indicates the team on the receiving end of the Yield.
 * Notes

Leg 1 (New York → Pennsylvania & New Jersey)

 * Episode 1: "Go, Mommy, Go! We Can Beat Them!" (September 27, 2005)
 * Prize: US$20,000 cash (awarded to the Godlewski Family)
 * Eliminated: Black Family
 * Locations
 * New York City, New York (Empire–Fulton Ferry State Park) (Starting Line)
 * New York City (SoHo – Eastern Mountain Sports)
 * New York City (East 91st Street – Hot Dog Stand)
 * Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania (Washington Crossing Historic Park) & Titusville, New Jersey (Washington Crossing State Park)
 * Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Fairmount Park – Belmont Plateau)
 * Mount Joy (Brubaker Family Farm)
 * Lancaster (Rohrer Family Farm)
 * Episode summary
 * Teams set off from Empire–Fulton Ferry State Park and had to drive to Eastern Mountain Sports in SoHo, where they had to pick up camping gear and their next clue. Teams were directed to find a "frank" on East 91st Street between Park and Lexington, where Kevin & Drew from the first season, working as hot dog vendors, handed them their next clue.
 * Teams then drove to Washington Crossing Historic Park in Pennsylvania, where they found their next clue instructing them to recreate George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River by choosing a rowboat to cross the Delaware River to Washington Crossing State Park in New Jersey. Once across, they had to retrieve a 13-star flag, row back to the Pennsylvania shore, and observe a flag-folding ceremony before receiving their next clue.
 * After driving to the Belmont Plateau in Fairmount Park, teams had to pitch a tent as quickly as possible. Once an Eagle Scout approved their tent's assembly, teams were given a departure time for the next morning, when they had to drive to the Brubaker Family Farm in Mount Joy.
 * This season's first Detour was a choice between Build It or Buggy It . In Build It, teams had to use a set of provided materials to construct a functioning scale model of a watermill and then use two buckets of water to power the mill in order to receive their next clue. In Buggy It , two members from each team had to pull a traditional Amish buggy along a 1.5 mi course while the other two rode inside in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the Rohrer Family Farm in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Leg 2 (Pennsylvania → District of Columbia → Virginia)

 * Episode 2: "How Do We Know We Aren't Going to Get Shot?" (October 4, 2005)
 * Prize: A trip to the Fairmont Southampton in Bermuda (awarded to the Weaver Family)
 * Eliminated: Rogers Family
 * Locations
 * Lancaster, Pennsylvania (Rohrer Family Farm)
 * York (Shoe House Road – Haines Shoe House)
 * Washington, D.C. (United States Capitol – Reflecting Pool)
 * Washington, D.C. (3rd Street)
 * Washington, D.C. (West Potomac Park – Tidal Basin)
 * Middleburg, Virginia (Welbourne Manor)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to drive to York, Pennsylvania, and find the Haines Shoe House, where one team member had to climb to the top of the giant shoe in order to retrieve their next clue, which directed them to drive to the Capitol Reflecting Pool in Washington, D.C. Teams then had to find a limousine parked on 3rd Street, where an unseen contact passed them a briefcase, which they had take to the Tidal Basin.
 * In this season's first Roadblock, one team member had to search for one of ten spies among 50 people carrying an identical briefcase around the Tidal Basin. To identify the spy, they had to whisper a code phrase ("The sky is blue"), but only a spy would respond with the counterphrase ("The sea is green"). After they swapped briefcases, team members found their next clue inside, which directed teams to travel to the Welbourne Manor in Middleburg, Virginia.
 * This leg's Detour at an American Civil War reenactment was a choice between Heat of the Battle or Heat of the Night . In Heat of the Battle, teams had to use stretchers to transport five "wounded soldiers" to a surgical tent. In Heat of the Night , teams had to roll a barrel of oil to a workstation, where they had to fill 20 oil lamps. They then had to take the lamps to the quartermaster and light them all in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams were given a Civil War regimental flag, which they had to bring to the nearby Pit Stop.
 * Additional note
 * The task with the briefcase swap was later revisited on season 22 as a Switchback.

Leg 3 (Virginia → South Carolina → Alabama)

 * Episode 3: "I Don't Kiss I Make Out" (October 11, 2005)
 * Prize: Gasoline for life for each team member (awarded to the Bransen Family)
 * Eliminated: Aiello Family
 * Locations
 * Middleburg, Virginia (Welbourne Manor)
 * Washington, D.C. → Charleston, South Carolina
 * Charleston (The Battery)
 * Mount Pleasant (Wando Shrimp Co.) or Ridgeville (Ridgeville Mud Run)
 * Charleston (Charleston Visitor Center) → Huntsville, Alabama (Huntsville Bus Station)
 * Huntsville (U.S. Space & Rocket Center – Edward O. Buckbee Hangar)
 * Huntsville (U.S. Space & Rocket Center – Rocket Park)
 * Huntsville (U.S. Space & Rocket Center – Space Shuttle Pathfinder)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Charleston, South Carolina. Once there, teams had to drive to The Battery and find their next clue at a gazebo.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Forrest Gump or Muddy Waters . In Forrest Gump, teams had to drive 7 mi to the Wando Shrimp Company in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, and board a shrimp boat. They then had to de-head 200 lb of shrimp by hand in order to receive their next clue. In Muddy Waters , teams had to drive 37 mi to Ridgeville and find the Ridgeville Mud Run. There, teams drove an SUV one lap through a mud obstacle course, including a 400 ft gully filled with mud, in order to receive their next clue. If they got stuck, they had to wait to be towed out before beginning the course again.
 * After the Detour, teams were instructed to go to the Charleston Visitor Center and sign-up for one of two charter buses to a mystery destination (Huntsville, Alabama). At the city's bus station, teams found their next clue and were instructed to drive to the Edward O. Buckbee Hangar at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in order to find their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, two team members had to ride in a centrifuge and endure a gravitational pull of 3.2g in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Roadblock, teams walked almost 1 mi to the nearby Rocket Park. There, teams had to enter the space mission, search for a computer, and log in to receive a video clue from Phil, instructing them to travel on foot to the Pit Stop at the Space Shuttle Pathfinder.

Leg 4 (Alabama → Mississippi → Louisiana)

 * Episode 4: "Think Like an Office Chair" (October 18, 2005)
 * Prize: A Universal Orlando Resort package at Orlando, Florida (awarded to the Bransen Family)
 * Eliminated: Schroeder Family
 * Locations
 * Huntsville, Alabama (U.S. Space & Rocket Center – Space Shuttle Pathfinder)
 * Anniston (World's Largest Office Chair)
 * Talladega (International Motorsports Hall of Fame)
 * Talladega (Talladega Superspeedway)
 * Hattiesburg, Mississippi (Southern Colonel Mobile Homes)
 * Richland (BP Gas Station)
 * Madisonville, Louisiana (Fairview-Riverside State Park)
 * New Orleans (Preservation Hall)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to drive themselves to Anniston, Alabama, where one team member had to climb to the top of the World's Largest Office Chair in order to retrieve their next clue. Teams then had to drive to the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in Talladega, where they had to search the museum for their next clue. Teams had to choose a party bike and complete one 2.6 mi lap around the Talladega Superspeedway track in order to receive their next clue.
 * Teams had to find the "Southern Colonel" in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, which they had to figure out was a mobile home dealership. When they arrived, teams had to search through 37 mobile homes for one of three departure times the next morning. They then spent the night in the mobile home and found their next clue on the windshield of their car the next morning.
 * At a gas station in Richland, team had to find their next clue, which instructed teams to drive to the "Pelican State", which they had figure out was Louisiana, and find their next clue at Fairview-Riverside State Park in Madisonville.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Work or Play . In Work, teams had to don flannel clothing and then use a two-man saw to cut four slices 12 in in diameter off a log in order to receive their next clue. In Play , teams had to don traditional New Orleans clothing and travel by canoe to a riverboat, where they had to play a game of blackjack against a professional dealer. When they won three rounds, the dealer gave them their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to drive themselves to New Orleans and check in at the Pit Stop: Preservation Hall in the French Quarter.

Leg 5 (Louisiana → Panama)

 * Episode 5: "We're Getting Out of the Country, Girls" (October 25, 2005)
 * Prize: A Gamboa Rainforest Resort package at the Panama Canal (awarded to the Paolo Family)
 * Locations
 * New Orleans, Louisiana (Preservation Hall)
 * New Orleans → Panama City, Panama
 * Gamboa (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Gamboa Field Station) & Barro Colorado Island (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute)
 * Panama City (Panama Canal – Pier 14)
 * Panama City (Casco Viejo or El Parque Metropolitan)
 * Panama City (Estadio Juan Demóstenes Arosemena)
 * Panama City (Panama Canal – Miraflores Locks)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Panama City, Panama. Once there, teams had to travel to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Gamboa, where they boarded a boat to Barro Colorado Island and had to search for a scientist, who gave them their next clue. Afterward, teams had to return to Gamboa by boat and find a red devil bus, known locally as a diablo rojo, which served as their means of transportation for the rest of this leg.
 * For this season's only Fast Forward, one team had to find a crane at the Pacific side of the Panama Canal in Balboa. Once there, the family had to split into pairs and each perform a tandem bungee jump. The Paolo Family won the Fast Forward.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Rhythm or Coos . In Rhythm, teams had to travel to Casco Viejo and collect four musical instruments from four different locations: a saxophone, a trumpet, a conga drum, and a trombone. They then had to deliver them to Take Five Jazz and Wine, where they received their next clue. In Coos , teams traveled to El Parque Metropolitan, where they had to use binoculars to search the rainforest canopy for wooden replicas of five local bird species shown on a provided bird identification chart. Once they found a bird, they had to circle the correct species on the chart. When they'd circled five correct birds, they had to present the card to a bird expert in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Estadio Juan Demóstenes Arosemena in order to find their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member to had to play baseball against a local little-league champion. If they got a base hit or home run, the umpire gave them their next clue, but if a player failed after three pitches, they had to go to the end of the line in order to try again.
 * After the Roadblock, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the Miraflores Locks of the Panama Canal.
 * Additional note
 * This was a non-elimination leg.

Leg 6 (Panama → Costa Rica)

 * Episode 6: "I'm Sick of Doing Stuff I Can't Do" (November 1, 2005)
 * Prize: A choice of a Segway HT, Vespa, jet ski, or all-terrain vehicle for each team member (awarded to the Paolo Family)
 * Eliminated: Gaghan Family
 * Locations
 * Panama City (Panama Canal – Miraflores Locks)
 * Panama City (Terminal Nacional de Transporte) → San José, Costa Rica
 * San José (Parqueo Publico Adrian)
 * Poás Volcano National Park (Poás Volcano)
 * Alajuela (Doka Estate)
 * Jacó (Roca Loca Surf Shop)
 * Manuel Antonio National Park (Rainmaker Park) or Parrita (Frutas Selectas del Tropico)
 * Quepos (Malecon)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to go to the Terminal Nacional de Transporte, where they had to pull a departure time for one of two charter buses leaving thirty minutes apart to San José, Costa Rica. Once there, teams had to travel to the Parqueo Publico Adrian, where they found their next clue directing them to Poás Volcano National Park in order to find their next clue. Teams then had to drive to the Doka Estate in Alajuela in order to find their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to search through an 800 lb pile of coffee beans in order to find the one red bean, which they could exchange for their next clue.
 * After the Roadblock, teams had to drive to the Roca Loca Surf Shop in Jacó and find a man named Javier in order to receive their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Relic or Ripe . In Relic, teams traveled to a nearby rainforest within Manuel Antonio National Park, where they had to search for four Mayan relics. Once they delivered each of these relics to an archaeologist, they received their next clue. In Ripe , teams traveled to the Frutas Selectas del Tropico banana plantation, where they had to gather fifteen bushels of bananas and load them onto hanging tracks. Teams then had to use a local pulley-system to haul the bananas to the distribution center in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the Malecon in Quepos.
 * Additional note
 * The Paolo Family chose to Yield the Weaver Family.

Leg 7 (Costa Rica → Arizona)

 * Episode 7: "You Look Ridiculous" (November 8, 2005)
 * Prize: A trip to Belize (awarded to the Godlewski Family)
 * Locations
 * Quepos (Malecon)
 * Quepos (Playa Maracas)
 * Grecia (Iglesia de Metal )
 * Sarchí (Taller Eloy Alfaro) or Grecia (Ingenio La Argentina & Fabrica Nacional de Licores)
 * San José → Phoenix, Arizona
 * Chandler (Bondurant SuperKart School)
 * Fort McDowell (Fort McDowell Adventures)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams traveled on foot to Playa Maracas, where one team member had to swim to a buoy in order to get their next clue directing them to the Iglesia de Metal in Grecia, where they found their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Brush or Barrel . In Brush, teams had to travel to Taller Eloy Alfaro in Sarchí. Once there, they had to choose two partially painted cartwheels, and use the provided pattern to fill in the missing section. When they finished decorating the wheel, they received their clue. In Barrel , teams traveled to a sugarcane factory, where they had to load a tractor with 1 t of harvested sugarcane and then transport it 6 mi to a rum factory. Once the sugarcane was delivered, they had to search a warehouse to find a marked barrel-rack hidden among dozens of rum barrels in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams were instructed to fly to Phoenix, Arizona. Once there, teams had to drive to the Bondurant SuperKart School in Chandler in order to find their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to drive a racing go-kart for 50 laps around the race track in order to receive their next clue directing them to the Pit Stop: Fort McDowell Adventures in Fort McDowell.
 * Additional note
 * This was a non-elimination leg.

Leg 8 (Arizona)

 * Episode 8: "I Don't Roll with the Punches, I Punch" (November 8, 2005)
 * Prize: A Jay-Flight 27 B.H. Travel Trailer (awarded to the Godlewski Family)
 * Eliminated: Paolo Family
 * Locations
 * Fort McDowell, Arizona (Fort McDowell Adventures)
 * Mesa (Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport – Fighter Combat International)
 * Grand Canyon National Park (Grand Canyon – Lipan Point)
 * Page (Glen Canyon Dam)
 * Glen Canyon National Recreation Area (Horseshoe Bend)
 * Page (Antelope Point) → Lake Powell (Houseboat)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to drive to Fighter Combat International in Mesa, Arizona.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to fly in a fighter plane and, following the pilot's direction, perform a 360-degree loop in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Roadblock, teams had to drive to the Grand Canyon, where they found their next clue at Lipan Point. Teams then had to drive to the Glen Canyon Dam, where they had to choose a guide, who took them to their next clue atop the dam.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Bearing or Bailing . For both Detours options, teams traveled by motorized raft to Horseshoe Bend along the Colorado River. In Bearing, teams had to choose one of five color-coded cards with unique compass bearings. They then followed the bearing to the next card and repeated the process until they obtained four cards. Once teams had all four cards, they could exchange them for the next clue. In Bailing , teams had to use the provided tools to bail water out of a submerged boat until it was light enough to carry ashore, after which, teams received their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams were directed to Antelope Point, where they headed down a path to Lake Powell and raced on motorboats to their Pit Stop: a marked houseboat.
 * Additional note
 * Legs 7 and 8 aired back-to-back as a special two-hour episode.

Leg 9 (Arizona → Utah)

 * Episode 9: "How's That Face Feel?" (November 22, 2005)
 * Prize: A trip for four to the Teton Mountain Lodge in Jackson Hole, Wyoming (awarded to the Linz Family)
 * Locations
 * Lake Powell, Arizona (Houseboat)
 * Monument Valley (John Ford's Point & Elephant Butte)
 * Moab, Utah (Gemini Bridges – Bull Canyon)
 * Green River (Green River State Park)
 * Heber City (970 Little Sweden Road)
 * Park City (Utah Olympic Park)
 * Salt Lake City (Salt Lake City Public Library)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to drive to Monument Valley. At John Ford's Point, two team members from each family had to ride in a helicopter to Elephant Butte, where they retrieved the next clue from the summit. Teams were then directed to drive to Moab, Utah.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Ride Down or Drop Down . In Ride Down, teams had to ride bicycles along a 6 mi course down the mountain and then to Bull Canyon in order to retrieve their next clue. In Drop Down , teams had to complete a two-stage rappel, totaling 270 ft, in order to reach Bull Canyon and their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams drove to Green River State Park in Green River for an overnight rest. Teams' departure times were determined by the order of their arrival. The next day, teams had to drive to Heber City and find Bart the Bear, who had the next clue in his mouth. Teams were then directed to the Utah Olympic Park in Park City.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to put on skis and descend a 60 ft ski-jump training ramp into an Olympic pool in order to receive their next clue directing them to the Pit Stop: the rooftop of the Salt Lake City Public Library in Salt Lake City.
 * Additional notes
 * The Linz Family chose to Yield the Weaver Family.
 * This was a non-elimination leg.

Leg 10 (Utah → Wyoming → Montana)

 * Episode 10: "Don't Talk To Me Like I Was An Animal Or Something" (November 29, 2005) & Episode 11: "The Family Christmas Card" (December 6, 2005)
 * Prize: A 2006 full-size Buick Lucerne luxury sedan (awarded to the Bransen Family)
 * Eliminated: Godlewski Family
 * Locations
 * Salt Lake City, Utah (Salt Lake City Public Library)
 * Park City (Park City High School)
 * Heber City (Heber Valley Railway)
 * Bonneville Salt Flats (Tree of Utah)
 * Garden City (Bear Lake Rendezvous Beach)
 * Big Piney, Wyoming (Dunham Ranch)
 * Yellowstone National Park (Old Faithful)
 * Moran (Pinto Ranch)
 * Dubois (Turtle Ranch)
 * Cody (Irma Hotel)
 * Red Lodge, Montana (Red Lodge Mountain Golf Course)
 * Absarokee (Larry Arnold's Green Meadow Ranch)
 * Episode summary (Episode 10)
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to drive to Park City High School in Park City, Utah. There, teams helped to inflate a hot air balloon and then flew across the Utah countryside. After landing, teams received their next clue directing them to the Heber Valley Railway.
 * This leg's first Detour was a choice between Spike It or Steam It . In Spike It, teams used historic materials and tools to complete a 20 ft section of railway track. In Steam It , teams used buckets to fill the tender of a steam locomotive with nearly 400 lb of coal. In both Detours, teams had to have their work approved by a railway engineer before they could receive their next clue.
 * After the first Detour, teams had to drive to the Tree of Utah sculpture at the Bonneville Salt Flats and search the grounds for their next clue. Teams then drove to Bear Lake Rendezvous Beach in Garden City, where they had to spend the night. Teams' departure times were determined by the order of their arrival. The next morning, teams had to drive to the Dunham Ranch in Big Piney, Wyoming, where they found their next clue.
 * In this leg's first Roadblock, two team members had to mount horses and herd six cattle 1/4 mi from a holding pen into a corral in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the first Roadblock, the teams' clue stated "I'm old, I'm faithful". Teams had to figure out that their next location was Old Faithful at Yellowstone National Park. Teams had to wait for the geyser to erupt before receiving their next clue, which instructed teams to drive to the Pinto Ranch in Moran. There, teams met Phil, who told them that the leg was not over before handing them their next clue.
 * Episode summary (Episode 11)
 * Teams were instructed to drive to the Turtle Ranch in Dubois.
 * This leg's second Detour was a choice between Pioneer Spirit or Native Tradition . In Pioneer Spirit, teams had to attach four wheels to a covered wagon, hook up a team of horses, and drive along a 1/4 mi course in order to receive their next clue. In Native Tradition , teams had to use traditional materials and tools to build a teepee in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the second Detour, teams were given the clue "Do you know the hotel named after Buffalo Bill's daughter?" Teams had to figure out that they needed to go to the Irma Hotel in Cody. At the hotel, teams had to don period clothing and take a picture with a Buffalo Bill impersonator. Once the photo was developed, teams received their next clue, which directed them to drive to Red Lodge, Montana. At the Red Lodge Mountain Golf Course, teams had to find the "Tenth Tee" in order to retrieve their next clue.
 * In this leg's second Roadblock, two team members had to choose a colored flag and attach it to a golf cart. They then had to search the golf course for balls the same color as their flag. Once they found all of the balls, they received their next clue directing them to the Pit Stop: Larry Arnold's Green Meadow Ranch in Absarokee, Montana.
 * Additional note
 * Leg 10 was a double leg that aired over two episodes.

Leg 11 (Montana → Canada → New York)

 * Episode 12: "25 Days, 50 Cities, And More Than 600 Consecutive Hours Together as a Family" (December 13, 2005)
 * Prize: US$1,000,000
 * Winners: Linz Family
 * Second Place: Bransen Family
 * Third Place: Weaver Family
 * Locations
 * Absarokee, Montana (Larry Arnold's Green Meadow Ranch)
 * Billings → Montreal, Canada
 * Montreal (Victoria Square – Square-Victoria Metro Station)
 * Montreal (Underground City – Centre CDP Capital Building Passageway)
 * Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue (McGill University – Glenfinnan Rink or Morgan Arboretum)
 * Montreal (Saint Helen's Island – Montreal Biosphere)
 * Montreal (Trapezium)
 * Montreal (Parc Olympique – Stade Olympique)
 * Montreal (Montreal Saint-Hubert Longueuil Airport) → Toronto (Toronto City Centre Airport)
 * Toronto (CN Tower)
 * Toronto (Polson Pier)
 * Toronto (Queens Quay Sailing and Powerboating & Harbourfront Centre – Kajama or Bata Shoe Museum)
 * Queenston (Queenston Boat Ramp – Whirlpool Jet Boat Tours) → Niagara River (Niagara Gorge)
 * Lewiston, New York (Joseph Davis State Park)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Montreal, Canada. Once there, teams had to travel to the Square-Victoria Metro Station, where they had to enter the Underground City and search the passageways to find the basement of the Centre CDP building in order to find their next clue.
 * This leg's first Detour was a choice between Slide It or Roll It . In Slide It, teams traveled to Glenfinnan Rink at McGill University and participated in the sport of curling. Each team member slid a granite stone 120 ft down the ice to the target. Once a team member got a stone into the house or touched the house with a total of four targets, they received their next clue. In Roll It , teams traveled to Morgan Arboretum and had to use lumberjack tools to roll four wooden logs along the 100 ft course in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the first Detour, teams were told to find the American Pavilion of Expo 67. They had to figure out that the next destination was the Montreal Biosphere. Once there, teams had to climb to the 5th floor in order to find their next clue, which directed them to Trapezium.
 * In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member had to successfully complete a flying trapeze maneuver known as a "catch" in order to receive their clue.
 * After the first Roadblock, teams had to travel to the Parc Olympique, drive a golf cart to the Stade Olympique, and then find the one door wide enough to drive through. Once inside the stadium, teams had to search among the 56,000 stadium seats for tickets on one of three charter flights departing the next morning to a mystery destination (Toronto). After teams found their departure times, they spent the night in the stadium.
 * Once in Toronto, teams found their next clue on a marked car at the airport and then had to drive to the CN Tower. Once there, teams took an elevator to the observation deck and used binoculars to locate their next clue at Polson Pier.
 * This season's final Detour was a choice between Ship or Shoe . In Ship, teams had to sail across Toronto Harbour from Queens Quay to the schooner Kajama, where one team member had to climb 100 ft to the top of the mast and retrieve a nautical flag that they could exchange for their next clue. In Shoe , teams traveled to Bata Shoe Museum, where they had to choose a pair of shoes and search among 100 women for the one woman who fit the shoes in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the second Detour, teams were directed to Whirlpool Jet Boat Tours on the Canadian side of Niagara Gorge, where they had to choose a jet boat and ride up the gorge to a buoy with their next clue. Teams then had to travel by boat to Joseph Davis State Park in Lewiston, New York in order to find their next clue.
 * In this season's final Roadblock, one team member had to assemble a giant 71-piece jigsaw puzzle map of North America and Central America. Once the puzzle was complete, teams could proceed to the nearby finish line.
 * Additional notes
 * Teams were provided tickets for a flight from Billings, Montana, to Montreal, but they were under no obligation to use them.
 * Leg 11 was a double leg that aired as a special two-hour episode.
 * After the season ended, CBS hosted the "Final Amazing Challenge" on the official website where the Bransen and Weaver families competed for a GMC Yukon XL. Using the completed map from the final Roadblock, teams ran out to clue boxes to retrieve cutouts, each representing tasks they performed on the race, and placed them on the associated part of the map. This challenge was won by the Bransen Family.

Critical response
Fans, critics, and racers were negative over the format changes implemented in this edition of The Amazing Race. The main issues were the lack of international travel and watered-down challenges tailored to families, and the expanded cast also made it more difficult to develop individual story lines. Dalton Ross of Entertainment Weekly commented that "Half the fun of The Amazing Race has always been watching the inter- and intra-couple bickering that goes with being chronically late and lost in a foreign land. Seeing parents yell at their children in exotic New Jersey? Not so fun". Robert Bianco of USA Today shared similar opinions, adding that "the idea of being trapped in the back seat for a forced cross-country family drive comes closer to a nightmare relived than a dream come true." Linda Holmes of Television Without Pity called the decision to have 40 contestants "baffling" and was disappointed with the tasks and locations on this season. Scott Pierce of Deseret News wrote "this 'Family Edition' of 'Amazing Race' is by far my least favorite. None of the families really seemed worth rooting for and the competition has been watered down to something less than scintillating to accommodate the family element." In 2016, this season was ranked last out of the first 27 seasons by the Rob Has a Podcast Amazing Race correspondents. Conversely in 2021, Val Barone of TheThings ranked the Family Edition as the show's 10th best season. Racers were also disappointed that they did not have a chance to travel to more exotic locations; in one episode Marion Paolo commented "What are we going to Phoenix, Arizona for? I want to go to New Zealand!" – a statement that also summed up the general opinion of the season.

In hindsight, the production team has admitted that the concept of a Family Edition "looked good on paper" but failed in execution, since child racers limited foreign travel for that season. Producers Bertram van Munster and Jonathan Littman doubt that the family format will be revived in the future.

Ratings

 * Canadian ratings

title: The Amazing Race 8


text:
Ann Powers

Ann K. Powers (born February 4, 1964) is an American writer and popular music critic. She is a music critic for NPR and a contributor at the Los Angeles Times, where she was previously chief pop critic. She has also written for other publications, such as The New York Times, Blender and The Village Voice. Powers is the author of Weird Like Us: My Bohemian America, a memoir; Good Booty: Love and Sex, Black & White, Body and Soul in American Music, on eroticism in American pop music; and Piece by Piece, co-authored with Tori Amos.

Early life and education
Powers was born and raised in Seattle, Washington. During elementary school, her first poem was published in the Our Lady of Fatima school newspaper.

Powers earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in creative writing from San Francisco State University, and a Master of Arts degree in American literature from the University of California, Berkeley. Powers studied literary theory. She also wrote about music, feminism, film, and religion.

Career
Powers' professional writing career began in 1980 while she was still in high school, when she started writing for the Seattle music weekly magazine The Rocket. After college, in 1986, Powers started writing about popular music and pop culture as a columnist at the San Francisco Weekly. After moving to New York City, she wrote for The New York Times from 1992 to 1993, then was an editor at The Village Voice from 1993 to 1996. From 1997 to 2001, Powers was the pop critic at The New York Times.

From 2001 until May 2005, Powers was senior curator at the Experience Music Project (EMP) in Seattle, which later became Museum of Pop Culture (MoPOP). Powers and her husband Eric Weisbard have helped organize the annual EMP Pop Conference (now MoPOP Conference) since its inception in 2002.

After a brief tenure as Blender magazine's senior critic, in March 2006, she accepted a position as chief pop critic at the Los Angeles Times, where she succeeded Robert Hilburn. Powers wrote regularly for Pop & Hiss, the Los Angeles Times ' music blog, in addition to other features and news articles. She remained in this position until March 2011, when she departed for NPR, though she continued as a contributor for the Los Angeles Times afterward. Since 2011, Powers has been NPR Music's critic and correspondent. Powers has written for The Record, NPR's blog about finding, making, buying, sharing, and talking about music, since April 2011. In 2017, Powers spearheaded a multi-platform project at NPR called Turning the Tables. The project sought to reconstitute the canon of American popular music by publishing a list of the 150 greatest albums by women and a related series of essays, audio features, and events. Powers is also the Nashville correspondent for World Cafe, regularly recording sessions with local and regional Southern musicians.

Powers' work often critiques the perceptions of sex, racial, and social minorities in the music industry. She has written about topics such as religion, feminism, and film.

Books
Powers co-edited the 1995 anthology Rock She Wrote: Women Write About Rock, Pop, and Rap, and was the guest editor of the Da Capo Press Best Music Writing 2010.

In 2000, Powers published the memoir Weird Like Us: My Bohemian America. The book focuses on Powers' time living in Seattle, San Francisco, and Brooklyn. Joshua Klein of the A.V. Club described the project as "us[ing Powers'] personal experiences to define how youth culture (what she calls bohemianism) has changed over the years (though she lingers mostly on the '80s)."

In 2005, Powers co-wrote the book Piece by Piece with musician Tori Amos. The book discusses the role of women in the modern music industry and features information about composing, touring, performance, and the realities of the music business.

Powers wrote a proposal for a book on Kate Bush's album The Dreaming that was slated to be published in 2007 as part of the 33⅓ series; however, the project was abandoned when Powers started her job at the Los Angeles Times, and the book was never written.

In August 2017, Powers published the book Good Booty: Love and Sex, Black & White, Body and Soul in American Music. The book reconsiders the history of American popular music through the lens of sexuality and eroticism. It was positively reviewed and was chosen as one of the best books of 2017 by The Wall Street Journal, NPR, No Depression, and BuzzFeed.

Other works
Powers has appeared in various TV shows and documentaries. She was in the film The Punk Singer as an interviewee discussing the influence of Kathleen Hanna on punk music. She also appeared in the documentaries The Gits and Undeniably Donnie in addition the Behind the Music Remastered episode on Heart.

Personal life
Powers is married to Eric Weisbard, a music critic and professor of American studies at the University of Alabama. They were married in 1998. They moved to Tuscaloosa, Alabama, in 2009, later moving to East Nashville, Tennessee, in 2015. They have a daughter.

Honors and awards

 * 2008: Artist in Residence, The Popular Music Project at USC Annenberg Norman Lear Center
 * 2010: ASCAP, Deems Taylor Award for "The Cultural Critic: Lady Gaga, It's Time for Idol to Open the Closet Door" and "My Night with Prince" for the Los Angeles Times

Selected writing

 * – Da Capo Best Music Writing 2007
 * – Da Capo Best Music Writing 2009
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me
 * – Da Capo Best Music Writing 2007
 * – Da Capo Best Music Writing 2009
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me
 * – Da Capo Best Music Writing 2007
 * – Da Capo Best Music Writing 2009
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me
 * – Da Capo Best Music Writing 2009
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me
 * – on PJ Harvey's album Rid of Me

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ann Powers


text:
Laughing falcon

The laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans) is a medium-sized bird of prey in subfamily Herpetotherinae of family Falconidae, the falcons and caracaras. It is found from Mexico south through Central America and in every mainland South American country except Chile and Uruguay.

Taxonomy and systematics
The laughing falcon was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the falcons and eagles in the genus Falco and coined the binomial name Falco cachinnans. Linnaeus based his account on information from one of his students, Daniel Rolander, who had visited the Dutch colony of Surinam in South America. The laughing falcon is now the only species placed in the genus Herpetotheres that was introduced in 1817 by the French ornithologist Louis Vieillot. A 2015 molecular phylogenetic study by Jérôme Fuchs and collaborators found that the laughing falcon was sister to the forest falcons in the genus Micrastur.

Major taxonomic systems place the laughing falcon in the subfamily Herpetotherinae with the forest falcons. Earlier it had been placed in the subfamily Falconinae with the "true" falcons. Though up to six subspecies have been proposed, only two have widespread acceptance: the nominate H. c. cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) and H. c. fulvescens (Chapman, 1915).

The laughing falcon's generic name Herpetotheres refers to its preferred food; it is Latinized Ancient Greek, derived from [h]erpeton (ἑρπετόν, "reptile") + therizein (θερίζειν, "to mow down"). Its English name comes from its loud voice, as does the specific epithet cachinnans, Latin for "laughing aloud" or "laughing immoderately".

Description
The laughing falcon is 45 to 56 cm long and has a wingspan of 79 to 94 cm. Females are slightly larger than males and significantly heavier. Males of the nominate subspecies weigh 408 to 686 g and females 590 to 800 g. Subspecies H. c. fulvescens is slightly smaller than the nominate.

The sexes of the laughing falcon have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have creamy white underparts that vary somewhat among individuals, seasonally, and with feather wear. They have a broad dusky black face "mask" that continues around the neck as a narrow collar. Their crown has dusky black feather shafts that show as narrow streaks, and the rear of the crown has a small bushy crest. Their wings and back are dusky black. Their tail is also dusky black, with four or five white bands, though some individuals have white spots instead. The uppertail coverts are pale buff to cream. The underside of their wing is pale buff, sometimes with some dusky spotting on the underwing coverts, and the flight feathers have cinnamon rufous bases and darker bars. Their iris is dark brown or hazel, their bill is black with a pale yellow to orange-yellow cere, and their feet are usually dull yellow.

Immature laughing falcons differ little from adults; they have lighter margins to the back feathers, producing a scalloped effect. Some individuals have cinnamon buff or dusky streaks and spots on their underparts.

In flight, the laughing falcon shows a rufous patch at the base of the wing's underside and a shape more like an Accipiter hawk than most of its falcon relatives, with short, rounded wings and a long tail.

Subspecies H. c. fulvescens has the same plumage pattern as the nominate but is darker and richer colored overall; its underside is more cinnamon buff than creamy white.

Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of the laughing falcon is by far the more widespread. It is found from southern Sonora and San Luis Potosi south through Central America, "exiting" through northeastern Panama into northern Colombia. In South America its range continues east through Venezuela, the Guianas, and northern Brazil to the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south, east of the Andes through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay into northeastern Argentina, and in most of Brazil. Subspecies H. c. fulvescens is found from Panama's Darién Province south through western Colombia and western Ecuador into northwestern Peru as far as the Department of Lambayeque.

The laughing falcon inhabits a wide variety of semi-open treed landscapes, shunning the interior of dense forests. It is found in primary evergreen and deciduous forests, gallery forests, secondary forests, palm groves, savannas, and other open areas with some trees or forest patches. It is generally a bird of the lowlands, from sea level up. It reaches 1500 m in most of Central America though it occurs locally to 1850 m in Costa Rica. It reaches 2400 m in Colombia but usually is much lower. It occurs mostly below 800 m in Ecuador, 1000 m in Peru, and 900 m in Bolivia.

General
The laughing falcon's flight is slow, with quick, shallow wingbeats interspersed with glides; the bird rarely if ever soars. It flicks its tail up and down when it lands. It frequently perches conspicuously on a branch for hours, sitting upright and observing the ground alertly, sometimes flicking its tail or nodding, or moving around a bit on its perch with slow steps.

Movement
The laughing falcon is a year-round resident throughout its range.

Feeding
The laughing falcon mainly feeds on snakes, including venomous ones such as coral snakes, and some large ones as well. In secondary forest and other disturbed habitats, it also feeds on lizards, small rodents, bats, and fish; there are a few records of its feeding on birds and centipedes. It usually hunts from a perch, dropping or pouncing on its prey "with an audible thud". It carries the food to a perch to eat, with small snakes in its bill and large ones in one foot. Small prey is swallowed whole and larger items torn apart.

Breeding
The laughing falcon's breeding season varies geographically. Eggs are laid early in the dry season (February and March) in Guatemala and Costa Rica. Breeding activity has been reported during September (the rainy season) in Venezuela, in January in Argentina, in May in southwestern Colombia, in July in northwestern Peru, and in September in central Brazil. It usually nests in tree cavities as high as 30 m above the ground, but also uses a tree crotch, rock crevices, and abandoned nests of other raptors. It adds little or no material to the site. The clutch is usually one egg but sometimes two. The female alone incubates; the period is about 40 to 45 days and fledging occurs about 55 to 59 days after hatch. Both parents care for the nestlings and fledglings.

Vocalization
The laughing falcon is highly vocal. Its "advertisement call" is a "long rhythmic far-carrying series of loud hollow notes...often after bubbly laugh at outset, series of wah notes that gradually increase in pitch and loudness...into series of wah'-co phrases." This vocalization has also been described as a song and rendered as "a fairly steady wah wah or w-hah w-hah or ha...ha...ha". Nesting pairs duet, with the female's "au-au-auu" call answered by the male's "wah-koh, wah-koh, wah-koh". "Fully developed duets will often turn into syncopation, which is very important when forming pair bonds."

These vocalizations give rise to common names such as acauã in Brazilian Portuguese and halcón macagua, guaco, halcón guaco, and guaicurú in various Spanish-speaking countries.

In culture
The Ch'ol Maya of Chiapas, Mexico, believe that the laughing falcon can kill venomous snakes because the birds are healers that can cure themselves if they are bitten. Tzotzil healers imitate the call of a laughing falcon in order to cure a snake bite. Some folklore says that the species is capable of predicting rain.

Status
The IUCN has assessed the laughing falcon as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range and an estimated population of at least a half million mature individuals, though the latter is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. "Populations are larger in disturbed forests than they [are] in primary forest."

title: Laughing falcon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Load balance a group of internal computers accessing internet through a gateway

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:32, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Load balance a group of internal computers accessing internet through a gateway
Even if it weren't an unsalvageable how-to, I'd support deleting this article just because of its title. Szyslak 08:15, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Merge to Load balancing or delete. Gazpacho 08:20, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Load balancing, no redirect. Megan1967 09:56, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't see anything merge-able, but if someone else does and wants to take the time be bold, I guess. HyperZonktalk 17:10, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Zonk. – flamurai (t) 17:44, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing mergable, and a redirect would be pointless. --Carnildo 06:32, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Do not merge or redirect. No meaningful content. jni 13:06, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:61.242.178.231

title: User talk:61.242.178.231


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Narutard

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:34, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Narutard
It is a the combed word play of the words: naurto and retarded (sprinkle sic to taste). Terminally trivial. Absolutely unnotable. -- Hoary 08:18, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not notable, poorly written, and I can even detect a POV against Naruto fans. 193.167.132.66 08:37, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Rewritten. I've run into some of these 'narutards' and I think I understand the author's intent here. 147.11.37.11 09:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Neologistic insult. Scores about 1700 on google, but it seems too limited in scope to put on WP. I'd suggest merge with Naruto. Radiant! 12:12, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I can't imagine why a neologism insult deserves a merge. --InShaneee 16:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism, may deserve wiktionary entry if the series gets big. I've never heard of Naruto, but then again I prefer Futurama to anime. Why doesn't Fox bring that back? :) HyperZonktalk 17:15, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed. – flamurai (t) 17:45, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 17:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Naruto is a kids' series that is expected to be the next Dragonball; Narutard has already been submitted many times to urbandictionary. 147.11.37.11 23:45, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, then the article should come back once they actually become the next Dragonball. Radiant! 10:13, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. just a slam against people who like naruto. it's not that everyone who likes naruto is a retard, it's just that a lot of people are stupid, and a lot of people like naruto, thus ensuring that many of them are "narutards".  might be better as part of the naruto page (if rewritten properly). --gb 03:10, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I suggest that the article be rewritten, though. But this is a word that is openly used on the internet, regardless of it being an insult or not. 201.130.174.64 03:40, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Edited. Reason: I was not logged in, my apologies. I'm editing this comment to make my opinion a bit more believable. David Silva 03:42, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * -Keep its all true ...05:12, 2005 Feb 20 144.133.99.95 forgot to hit the twiddle key
 * Delete. Neologism. --Carnildo 06:34, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep. It only contains disputed information and requires cleanup. It is still an informative article, and once it is properly amended, will formalize and prevent further corruption of the term among its relevant contexts. ...at 07:07, 2005 Feb 20 64.180.8.148 refrained from hitting the twiddle key
 * Delete, neologism. And I'm diddling my twiddle button Ashibaka tlk 07:11, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Its a real term, and they exist. The only people who want it to be deleted are who it applies too unsigned attack from 82.34.89.143
 * Delete--User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:47, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a dictionary.  This might make more sense in Wiktionary -- with a lot of cleanup. Yipdw 09:46, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. IMO, not really of any cultural significance (then again, I don't care for Naruto either). It does not belong on Wikipedia. Wikitonary, maybe. Urbandictionary, most definitely. Ghost Freeman 17:56, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Term is being widely used throughout internet forums and is likely to be found in Anime-related discussions. Although "Narutard" clearly shows relation to Naruto anime, this phenomenon was evident in the times Dragon Ball series were popular. "Narutard" might be considered as descriptive term for a certain type of fans of Anime series that grew extremely popular, yet are not necessarily very sophisticated. Fans, who are fully devoted to the fandom yet completely lacking skills to express their devotion in an intelligent way, thus reverting to pointless discussions, trolling, lame cosplay and intolerant points of view.unsigned vote from 84.188.255.127
 * Delete. Shanes 19:40, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. While the term exists, the article is completely uncalled for. It should be deleted, or at the very least, completely rewritten by someone with a neutral stance on the series. at 20:26, 2005 Feb 20 67.82.228.189 refrained from hitting the twiddle key
 * Keep * This term has significance in the anime fan subtitling subculture. Have a wikipedia.org entry allows users of the term to just paste a link the explain their insult. at 22:11, 2005 Feb 20 128.220.43.225 added this to the top but failed to hit the twiddle key
 * Keep I say keep it. It's insulting to plenty of people. Sure, it should be rewritten somewhat, but some on. Anyone can see the HUNDREDS AND THOUSANDS of name remakes from Naruto. If you have a problem with it, stop being one then. at 23:26, 2005 Feb 20 68.230.161.229 refrained from hitting the twiddle key
 * Comment: if you want your vote to count, you have to log in -- and your username had better have some history of contributions elsewhere to Wikipedia. Also, please add your vote to the foot of this list, not the top. Thank you. -- Hoary 23:50, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)
 * That is not, in fact, what the rules of VfD say. Newbies' votes are not automatically discarded. Redxiv 06:22, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK. But they're not taken seriously. -- Hoary 07:53, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Longhair 01:21, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Naruto or delete. Wikipedia is not UrbanDictionary.   — Gwalla | Talk 01:48, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a dictionary, Urban or otherwise. Redxiv 06:22, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect -- Definitely a notable term, but how this is applied outside of Naruto fandom is beyond me. The article is accurate, but could definitely be shortened and rewritten from a more 'Naruto friendly' perspective. SnowPuma 6:28, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Total number of contributions, including that directly above, by SnowPuma: zero. The edit above was actually made at 07:31, 2005 Feb 21 by 69.41.97.173, who also changed "naurto" (sic) in what I quoted at the very top to "naruto" (I've changed it back). -- Hoary 07:53, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Keep I'm sure this article can be saved to be made less POV. Aknorals 08:25, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The word is used all the time in the manga anime community. --Elvisrules 07:46, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: This is Elvisrules' only edit. --InShaneee 15:31, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I don't see anything wrong with the definition, it's all perfectly accurate. Although I would add that one of the steps of Purists in the wake of the liscensing of Naruto is that they're begging ShoPro to 'unliscense it'.
 * Note: Comment by 67.183.120.178. This is his only edit. --InShaneee 15:46, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Sockpuppets and unregistered users may love it, but editors with a history here hold this encyclopedia to much, much higher standards than this insulting, pointless, nonnotable neologism. DreamGuy 09:27, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --nixie 09:32, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I am too a naruto-fan, and I think they should keep the word, but it was unnecessary for them to say that anime fans spend hundreds of dollars on cosplaying outfits, and that we camp out in front of offices.Lenna 04:14, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: edit made by unregistered user 172.194.37.136. This is his only edit. --InShaneee 15:46, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Robert Dunsmuir

Robert Dunsmuir (August 31, 1825 –April 12, 1889) was a Scottish-born Canadian businessman and politician.

He was recognized as a National Historic Person by the government of Canada in 1971.

Early life
Dunsmuir was born in Hurlford, Scotland, to 20-year-old James Dunsmuir and his wife Elizabeth in 1825. At the time of his birth, his family was engaged in the coal business in his native Ayrshire. Dunsmuir's grandfather, Robert, had leased coal properties and bought out local competitors in the days before the arrival of the railway in the 1840s permitting him to increase prices. In 1832, in the midst of this prosperity, Robert's mother, father, grandmother and two of his three sisters died within days of each other in a cholera epidemic which swept the area. Three years later, grandfather Robert died a relatively wealthy man, leaving a third of his estate in trust for his orphaned grandchildren. Dunsmuir was schooled locally at the Kilmarnock Academy and then at the Paisley Mercantile and Mechanical School, a training helpful in the coal business. He then went to work in local coal mines under his Aunt's husband Boyd Gilmour.

On September 11, 1847, at the age of 22, Dunsmuir married 19-year-old Joan White. Eight days later, their first child, Elizabeth Hamilton was born. Their second child, Agnes, was also born in Scotland in 1849.

At the end of 1850, Dunsmuir's mentor, and his aunt's husband, Boyd Gilmour, had signed on with the Hudson's Bay Company to exploit a coal finding on the northeast coast of Vancouver Island at Fort Rupert (near present-day Port Hardy). Because some of those who were to travel with him decided not to go upon hearing news of the conditions and prospects there, Gilmour sought replacements for his party at the last moment. On 24 hours' notice of this opportunity, Dunsmuir signed on. They sailed on the Pekin, for Fort Vancouver, via Cape Horn, on December 19, 1850. It took 191 days for them to arrive. Eight days later, on July 8, 1851, Joan Dunsmuir gave birth to their third child, James Dunsmuir.

Early years in British Columbia
On July 18, 1851 they set sail for Fort Rupert, and when they arrived on August 9, the three-year term on the contract with the Hudson's Bay Company began. Gilmour struggled unsuccessfully to develop a producing coal operation at Fort Rupert until August 24, 1852 when Governor Douglas instructed them to move on to Nanaimo where a coal seam had been discovered. Work proceeded but living conditions were difficult. In 1854 when the term of their HBC contracts came up and Governor Douglas refused to increase their pay rates, Gilmour left to return to Scotland. Dunsmuir stayed on. He went on to propose to Douglas that he carry on personally with the operation of a seam that Gilmour had thought was played out. On October 12, 1855, Dunsmuir commenced work on his own account and within a month was producing seven tons of coal a day. This venture was a modest success, but as the seam ran out, Dunsmuir was again employed to operate a new pit that the HBC opened in 1860.

Coal
The lease from the crown that gave the HBC the rights to all of the coal found on Vancouver Island ran out in 1859, requiring the company to purchase the 6193 acre that made up its Nanaimo operation. With the new pit operational, the HBC sold its entire Nanaimo operation to the Vancouver Coal Mining and Land Company in September 1862 for $200,000. Dunsmuir worked from time to time as Superintendent of that company and, as well, for the Harewood Coal Company of his friend Dr Alfred Benson, which failed to raise the capital it needed to exploit its claim.

Once the crown lease the HBC held expired in 1859, it had become possible for claims to be staked by others. In October 1869 Dunsmuir was fishing for trout at Diver Lake, a few miles north and west of Nanaimo, when he found a coal outcrop. He staked a claim to 1600 acre in a band 1000 yd wide and 4 mi long including the north half of Diver Lake and running right to Departure Bay in the area known as Wellington. In order to stake a claim of this size, he was required to form a company, to be known as Dunsmuir, Diggle & Company. His sons James and Alexander and some others were partners but signed off once the legal requirement of partners in the venture had been met. Wadham Diggle, commander of the naval vessel Boxer, one of the first to use Dunsmuir's coal, invested $8,000 in the venture. Rear Admiral Arthur Farquhar, Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet invested a further $12,000. The two investors left the operation of the company to Dunsmuir. By 1873 the Wellington colliery was producing 16,000 of the 40,000 tons produced on Vancouver Island. By the end of 1875, Dunsmuir was producing 50,000 tons per year. Its two principal markets were San Francisco and the Royal Navy. The company bought out Farquhar in 1879 and in 1883 Diggle was paid $600,000 for his half share of the business, then producing a profit of $500,000 per year.

Railway
Dunsmuir was one of the founders of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Company which built the rail line from Esquimalt to Nanaimo, later extended to Wellington, Victoria and Courtenay. His company received a grant of land comprising 20% of Vancouver Island as an incentive to build and equip the railway line to be owned and operated by the company. The Dunsmuir railway station was named after him.

Politics
Dunsmuir was elected to the BC Legislature representing Nanaimo in the 1882 election while away on a European holiday, and was re-elected in 1886. Shortly after election to the legislature, he entered the cabinet. Dunsmuir died at Victoria, British Columbia while still in office.

Craigdarroch
The home he built for his wife Joan Olive (White) Dunsmuir in Victoria, British Columbia is called Craigdarroch Castle and is today a popular tourist destination and National Historic Site of Canada.

Family
He and Joan had the following children together:
 * Elizabeth Hamilton (1847–1901)
 * Agnes Crooks (1849–1889)
 * James (1851–1920)
 * Alexander (1853–1900)
 * Marion (1855–1892)
 * Mary Jean (1862–1928)
 * Emily Ellen (1864–1944)
 * Jessie Sophia (1866–1946)
 * Annie Euphemia (1868–1952)
 * Henrietta Maude (1872–1950)

His son James Dunsmuir became premier of British Columbia and later, lieutenant governor of the province.

His daughter Effie (Anne Euphemia) Dunsmuir was married at St. George's, Hanover Square in London, England on February 27, 1900, to Captain Somerset Gough-Calthorpe, R.N., Naval Attache to the British Embassy, St. Petersburg. He was the son of Lieut-General Hon. S. J. Calthorpe, and grandson of the 6th Lord Calthorpe.

His daughter Maud Dunsmuir was married, in London, Eng., June, 1898, to Captain Reginald Spencer Chaplin, 10th Royal Hussars, only son of Col. J. W. Chaplin, V.C., C.B., of Kenilworth Hall, Leicestershire. He served as an A.D.C. to Field Marshal Lord Roberts and served in South Africa.

Jessie Sophia became Lady Musgrave on her marriage to Sir Richard Musgrave.

Legacy
Thirty-eight years after arriving at the Colony of Vancouver Island as an indentured $5 a week miner for the Hudson's Bay Company, he died the richest man in British Columbia in sole control of an empire estimated to be worth $15 million ($ million today). His obituary in the Vancouver News-Advertiser said of him "he was neither a politician nor a statesman, as judged by the usual standards applied to such, but was a very practical, hard-headed and level-headed legislator who knew what he wanted and usually took the shortest route to its accomplishment.

In 1888, Alexander Dunsmuir was passing through Siskiyou County, California, and according to contemporary accounts, was so taken with the beauty of the area that he offered to donate a fountain to a new town, if they would name the town in his honour. The offer was accepted, and Dunsmuir's fountain remains operational near the City Park in Dunsmuir, California.

title: Robert Dunsmuir


text:
User talk:Hemsath

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:Hemsath


text:
User talk:SS88

Your username is highly offensive and violates the No offensive usernames policy. That policy does not require a discussion of whether or not the username is offensive, as usernames are for identication purpose and are not a discussion forum. Request a change to your username or you will be blocked and soon. Additionally, now that you have been appraised of the policy, any future similar usernames you pick will be blocked. DanKeshet 08:20, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SS88


text:
User talk:Somairotevoli

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:Somairotevoli


text:
Oakville Transit

Oakville Transit is the public transportation provider in Oakville, Ontario, Canada since 1972. It is a department of the town and a member of the Canadian Urban Transit Association. It offers the typical conventional bus service, a para-transit service called care-A-van, and two on-demand shared ride services in North and Southeast Oakville; Home to Hub and the Ride On-Demand Pilot program. The care-A-van and Ride On-Demand services take riders directly to a specific address while the Home to Hub service takes riders to designated transit hubs near their location.

The original logo for Oakville Transit, no longer in use, was by renowned designer Stuart Ash.

Services
Oakville Transit operates mainly fixed-route bus services, but has slowly grown its on-demand service offerings since 2022.

The Oakville GO rail and bus station, located at 214 Cross Avenue, is the main bus terminus. Oakville Transit connects with Burlington Transit in Burlington to the west, and MiWay in Mississauga to the east. Bus routes service Oakville, Bronte, Appleby, and Clarkson GO stations, along with Via Rail and Amtrak services that operate out of Oakville GO Station. Bus services also service Highway 407 carpool parking lots at Trafalgar Road and Walkers Line in Burlington. East–west routes terminate service at their destination while loop routes maintain their service until returning to their starting terminal.

School Specials
Oakville Transit operates several routes known as 'School Specials'. School specials operate weekdays only based on the start and finish times of local schools.

Routes do not run on holidays, March Break or during the summer.

Senior Specials Routes
Before March 2020, Oakville Transit operated Senior Specials routes that travelled between local nursing homes and commercial centres throughout Oakville.

Fleet
Oakville Transit has a fleet of 101 low-floor, fully accessible conventional buses and 24 home to hub/care-A-van (para transit) buses. All conventional busses are wheelchair-accessible with capacity for up to two wheelchair passengers per bus. All buses are equipped with Wi-Fi access and real-time bus tracking. By 2028, 50% of the Oakville Transit bus fleet will be converted to electric vehicles to help the Town of Oakville's meet its goal of net-zero emissions by 2050.

Fares
As of 1 May 2023, cash fare is $4.00 for everyone ages 13 and older. Passengers using GO Transit can transfer onto Oakville Transit free of charge so long as the passenger can show the driver their single, multi-ride GO ride ticket or by swiping the Presto card or contactless credit or debit card. Children ages 0–12 can ride all Oakville Transit bus services free of charge as long as the child is accompanied by a fare-paying passenger. Children travelling alone - even though they ride fare-free - however are required to swipe their "child" Presto card when boarding the Oakville bus. Students/youths (13–19 years of age), and seniors (65 years of age and older) can ride fare-free when using their student, youth or senior Presto card, (these customers travelling without a Presto card are required to pay a fare). Customers can also pay their Oakville Transit bus fares through the Presto e-tickets mobile application via smartphone or by using a contactless credit/debit card (VISA, Mastercard, American Express and Interac) and their associated mobile wallets and pay the equivalent of the current Oakville Transit cash fare price by tapping it onto a PRESTO fare reader. Oakville Transit also issues time-based transfers, valid for any direction of use for 2 hours from the time of boarding (including transfers to/from Burlington Transit and Miway (Mississauga Transit) services.

Facilities
=== Terminals & Junctions ===

Oakville Terminals

 * Oakville GO Station (with connections to Via Rail and Amtrak rail services in the United States).
 * Bronte GO Station
 * South Oakville Centre (formerly known as Hopedale Mall).
 * Uptown Core, located near the intersection of Trafalgar and Dundas Street.
 * Sheridan College, Trafalgar Road Campus.

Mississauga Bus Terminals
All Mississauga bus terminal stops connect to Mississauga's MiWay bus service.
 * Clarkson GO Station
 * Via Routes 4, 11, and 12
 * Connects with MiWay routes 13, 14/14A, 23, 29, 45/45A, and 110
 * South Common Centre Bus Terminal
 * Via Route 24
 * Connects with MiWay routes 1C, 13, 26, 29, 36, 48, 101, and 110
 * Laird & Ridgeway
 * Via Route 6 & 12
 * Connects with MiWay routes 1 and 36

Burlington Bus Terminals
All Burlington bus terminal stops connect to Burlington Transit bus services.
 * Appleby GO Station (with connections to Burlington Transit service)
 * Via Route 14/14A
 * Connects with Burlington Transit routes 1, 4, 10, 11, 25, 80, and 81
 * Dundas & 407 GO Carpool Lot
 * Via Route 5/5A
 * Connects with Burlington Transit routes 2, 3, 6, 11, and 25

Routes and connections
=== Regular fixed routes ===

School Specials
=== Late Night Service Routes === Late-night routes are on-demand and drop-off only. Departs from Oakville GO Station.

=== Former Routes ===

Senior Specials Routes
Senior Special routes were discontinued indefinitely due to the Covid-19 Pandemic.

title: Oakville Transit


text:
John Brophy (ice hockey)

John Duncan Brophy (January 20, 1933 – May 23, 2016) was a Canadian ice hockey coach and hockey player who spent most of his career in minor professional leagues, including 18 years as a player in the Eastern Hockey League and 13 seasons as a coach in the East Coast Hockey League. From 1986 to 1988 the native of Antigonish was head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League.

Playing career
Brophy was a tough defenceman who played 18 seasons in the Eastern Hockey League, racking up nearly 4,000 career penalty minutes between 1955 and 1973—the most in EHL history playing parts of nine seasons with the Long Island Ducks and retiring at the age of 40.

On August 5, 1967, Brophy was involved in a car crash. He survived but his passenger, Dorothea Schiavone, was killed.

He had a part as a referee in a Schaefer Beer commercial which aired for about five years on various New York television stations.

Early coaching career
Brophy had briefly been player-coach with the Ducks in the 1968–69 season, and became a full-time coach following his retirement as a player. He coached the Hampton Gulls for four seasons until the team folded during the 1977–78 season. He then joined the Birmingham Bulls of the World Hockey Association as assistant to coach Glen Sonmor, becoming head coach in 1978–79 when Sonmor joined the Minnesota North Stars. His team finished last in the league, but included several future NHL stars at the beginning of their professional careers: Rick Vaive, Michel Goulet, Rob Ramage, Craig Hartsburg, and Gaston Gingras, as well as a 36-year-old Paul Henderson. For the 1978–79 WHA season, even though his team was the only one in the league not to make the playoffs, Brophy was awarded the Robert Schmertz Memorial Trophy as the WHA's coach of the year. After the collapse of the WHA, Birmingham moved to the Central Hockey League and Brophy coached the team for another two seasons. In 1981, Brophy was hired by the Montreal Canadiens to return home and coach their AHL affiliate, the Nova Scotia Voyageurs. He held the job for three seasons.

Toronto Maple Leafs
Brophy then joined the Toronto Maple Leafs organization, first as an assistant coach with the Leafs, then briefly as head coach of the Leafs' AHL team, the St. Catharines Saints, and then as head coach of the Leafs for the 1986–87 season. The Leafs showed some promise during Brophy's first season as coach, despite finishing the year with a losing record, but it all went downhill from there with an embarrassing season in 1987–88. However, the Norris Division was so weak that year that the Leafs actually made the playoffs despite having the second-worst record in the league. Brophy feuded with general manager Gerry McNamara, who tried to have Brophy fired but ended up being fired himself. After an equally poor start to the 1988–89 season, and despite being a favorite of Leafs owner Harold Ballard, Brophy was fired in December 1988, 33 games into the season.

ECHL
Brophy then found a home in Norfolk, Virginia, with the Hampton Roads Admirals of the East Coast Hockey League. He coached the team for 11 seasons, from 1989 to 2000, winning the league championship in 1991, 1992, and 1998. The Admirals did not have a losing season with Brophy behind the bench.

After a game in January 1999, a fight broke out on the ice, and fans were throwing batteries. Brophy was accused of assaulting two security guards, but the guards said they were trying to keep him away from the Roanoke fans. In the end, Brophy pleaded guilty, was fined $1,000, and suspended for six games.

On June 25, 2000, Brophy was badly injured in a car accident near New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. He was listed in critical condition with a broken leg and a head injury. Brophy had fallen asleep at the wheel while driving.

After a successful recuperation, Brophy returned to the ECHL in 2001 as coach of the Wheeling Nailers for two seasons and retired. The ECHL's coach of the year award was renamed the John Brophy Award in 2003. As of 2006, Brophy is the all-time leader among ECHL coaches in regular season wins (480), playoff games (94) and playoff wins (55) and was inducted into the ECHL Hall of Fame in 2009.

Later coaching career
In 2004–05, he coached his hometown junior team, the Antigonish Bulldogs of the Maritime Junior A Hockey League. For 2006–07, at age 73, he went back to Virginia as head coach of the Richmond Renegades of the Southern Professional Hockey League.

As a professional hockey coach, Brophy has accumulated 1,027 victories, the second highest amount in all of professional hockey, behind only Scotty Bowman.

After one season with the Richmond Renegades, it was announced that Brophy would be released from his contract. His replacement in Richmond was former team captain Brian Goudie.

Death
Brophy died in his sleep at his home in Antigonish on the morning of May 23, 2016, from a long illness, aged 83.

title: John Brophy (ice hockey)


text: User talk:212.213.178.10

title: User talk:212.213.178.10


text:
Nadvirna

Nadvirna, also referred to as Nadwirna or Nadvorna (Надвірна, Nadwórna, נאַדוואָרנאַ, Nadvorna) is a city located in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of Nadvirna Raion. Nadvirna hosts the administration of Nadvirna urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population:

From the mid-14th century until 1772 (see Partitions of Poland) Nadvirna, known in Polish as Nadwórna, was part of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1772, it was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, and remained in the province of Galicia until late 1918. In the inter-war years, the borders changed and the town became part of the Second Polish Republic. Following the 1939 Invasion of Poland, it was annexed into the Ukrainian SSR (see also Molotov–Ribbentrop pact). Nadvirna was occupied by the Germans in 1941 during World War II. After the war it was once again absorbed into the Ukrainian SSR. Since its independence in 1991, the city has been part of Ukraine.

The town is located in a slightly hilly, verdant area twenty miles (20 mi) northeast of the Carpathian mountains. Major exports and raw materials from the town include salt, oil and petroleum products, and timber. The town was popular at the start of the 20th century as a summertime resort, with restaurants and hotels.

History
Evidence of the early settlement in the region around Nadvirna dates back to 2000 BC. Numerous finds of Bronze Age artifacts attest to a vibrant culture. The town was built around the Pniv castle. The Pniv (Pniów) Castle was probably built in the second half of the 16th century by the Stolnik of Halych (Halicz), Paweł Kuropatwa, as a residence of his family. The castle was successfully defended in 1621, in 1648, and in 1676, during the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76). Abandoned in the 18th century, it turned into a ruin. The town itself is first mentioned in chronicles dating back to 1589, in an act describing an attack on the inhabitants by Tatars. In the second half of the 16th century the town received self-governing status. In the period of Halych, the town was situated on a major trading route and a taxation office was located there. The shield of the Kuropat family has been adopted for use by the town of Nadvirna. After an attack by the Tartars, the Kuropat family built a more inaccessible fortress in 1589. In 1621, the Opryshky under the leadership of Hrynia Kardash had their base of operations close by. In 1648 the inhabitants took part in the Cossack insurrection under Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Soldiers from Nadvirna joined the forces of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in his drive to Lviv. In the 17th century the town became an important centre for the building professions and also an important centre for trade. Trade from Hungary to central Ukraine traveled through Nadvirna.

In 1805, a court was set up in the town. In the 19th century the trades began to be replaced by factory manufacturing. One of the largest factories in Galicia for the construction of farm machinery was built in 1843. These machines were demonstrated at the second world exhibition held in Vienna in 1844. In 1870 a match factory was built in the town. In 1886 deposits of oil were discovered locally. In 1893 a railway line was built to Stanislaviv. The first train traveled the line on October 21, 1894. In the late 18th century, Count Ignacy Cetner founded here a tobacco field, excavated local salt deposits, and invited German settlers. After World War I and the Polish–Ukrainian War, Nadwórna returned to Poland, where it remained until the 1939 Invasion of Poland.

During World War I, the 2nd Brigade of the Polish Legions operated in the area of Nadvirna. In the winter of 1914/1915, the brigade faced here the Imperial Russian Army, which planned to cross the Carpathian Mountains, and enter Hungary. In 1929, in a nearby village of Starunia, almost complete Woolly rhinoceros was found, preserved in ozokerite. This unique trove, one of its kind, is now kept at Kraków’s Nature Museum. Altogether, in 1907 – 1932, four rhinoceroses and one mammoth were found in the area of Nadvirna. In the interbellum period, the mammoth and one of the rhinoceroses were kept at the Dzieduszycki Nature Museum in Lviv (then Lwow). After World War II, they remained in the city, and are still kept in the now-Ukrainian museum.

In June 1941, some 80 inmates of the local NKVD prison were murdered along the Bystrytsya river, their bodies were unearthed and properly buried in July 1941. Among the victims were women and children (see NKVD prisoner massacres). During the war, almost all of the 4500 Jewish residents of Nadvirna, men, women, and children, were murdered by Germans and by Ukrainian townspeople and police. In 1945, Polish residents of the town were forced to leave the area and the handful of survivors of the Jewish population did not return. Most of the Poles later settled in Prudnik and Opole.

Nadvirna has a Greek-Catholic church and a Roman Catholic Cathedral in the name of the Trinity built in 1599. A Roman Catholic parish was formed in 1609.

In the 16th and 17th centuries most of the population of 2233 was illiterate. In the 18th century a school was built to serve 100 students using a German and a Jewish curriculum.

Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

Jewish population
Nadvirna once had a large Jewish population, whose recorded history in the city dates from at least 1765. The city is still known for its Hasidic dynasty and rabbinical families, many of whom now live in Israel.

In 1880, a census showed that there were 6,552 people living in Nadvirna, of whom 4,182 (64%) were Jewish. But by 1890, there were 7,227 inhabitants, 3,618 (50%) of them Jewish, and by 1921, there were 6,062 inhabitants, 2,042 (34%) of them Jewish. By the end of 1942 all but a very few of the Nadvirna Jews had been murdered in the Holocaust, some in ghettos created in the city, but many killed in the Belzec concentration camp.

There is a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust from Nadvirna in the Baron Hirsch Cemetery Staten Island, New York where the Nadworna landsmanshaft has a section. A photo can be found here.

The emblematic blue box of the Jewish National Fund was invented by a bank clerk from Nadvirna named Haim Kleinman. Kleinman visited Israel in the 1930s and planned to make aliyah, but was murdered in the Holocaust.

On August 12, 2018, the Nadworna Shtetl Research Group dedicated a monument to the victims of the Holocaust from Nadvirna in the Nadvirna Jewish Cemetery.

Jewish genealogical records
As of late 2006, the following vital records of the town's former Jewish community were known to have survived, and were available for genealogical research:

This is only a partial list of available records, and it only references records from the actual town of Nadvirna proper. There are also records available from the "Nadworna Poviat", which is the larger administrative district that included several smaller local villages.
 * Birth records: early 1850 – late 1865 – stored at the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine, in Lviv, Ukraine
 * Birth records: 1866–1897; 1903 – stored at the Central Archives of Historical Records (a.k.a. AGAD), in Warsaw, Poland
 * Birth records: 1898–1938 – stored at Urzad Stanu Cywilnego, Warszawie Archiwum (a.k.a. the Warsaw USC Office), in Warsaw, Poland
 * Marriage records: 1890–1939; 1942 – stored at Urzad Stanu Cywilnego, Warszawie Archiwum (a.k.a. the Warsaw USC Office), in Warsaw, Poland
 * Death records: 1868–1892 – stored at the Central Archives of Historical Records (a.k.a. AGAD), in Warsaw, Poland
 * Death records: 1893–1940; 1942 – stored at Urzad Stanu Cywilnego, Warszawie Archiwum (a.k.a. the Warsaw USC Office), in Warsaw, Poland
 * Kehilla (Jewish community) records: 1924–1939 – stored at the State Archive of Ivano-Frankovsk Oblast, in Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
 * Kehilla (Jewish community) records: 1933–1935 (Registry of local Zionist organization) – stored at the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine, in Lviv, Ukraine
 * Holocaust records: 1941–1944 – stored at the State Archive of Ivano-Frankovsk Oblast, in Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
 * Property records: 1785–1788; 1819–1820; 1847–1879 – stored at the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine, in Lviv, Ukraine
 * Police and KGB records: 1920–1932 – stored at the State Archive of Ivano-Frankovsk Oblast, in Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
 * All Galicia Database Search for Jewish Genealogy Records Gesher Galicia
 * Nadworna Shtetl Research Group

Note that records less than 100 years old stored in Poland — which in this case means either AGAD or the Warsaw USC office — are not open to the public due to strict Polish privacy laws. This does not affect records stored in Ukraine.

Some of these vital records, particularly the ones stored at AGAD in Warsaw, have been microfilmed by the Mormons (LDS Church) and the microfilms are available to research at their Family History Centers, free of charge.

Notable people

 * Volodymyr Luciv – Ukrainian Bandurist and tenor
 * Zygmunt Antkowiak – Polish historian and journalist
 * Roman Korban – Polish athlete, olympian
 * Jozef Oktawiec – Socialist politician, a deputy to the Polish Sejm in 1927.
 * Jadwiga Woloszynska – Polish scientist, professor of biology.
 * Mariyka Pidhiryanka – Ukrainian poet
 * Manfred Joshua Sakel, Polish neurophysiologist, psychiatrist
 * Abraham David ben Asher Anshel Buchach, rabbi
 * Mordechai of Nadvorna, rabbi
 * Olena Saiko – Sambo and judo international competitor

Twin towns — Sister cities
Nadvirna is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Prudnik, Poland
 * 🇨🇿 Krnov, Czech Republic

title: Nadvirna