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Malaclypse the Younger

Gregory Hill (May 21, 1941 – July 20, 2000), better known by the pen name Malaclypse the Younger, was an American author. He is listed as author of the Principia Discordia, which was written with Kerry Wendell Thornley (a.k.a. Lord Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst) and others. He was also adapted as a character in The Illuminatus! Trilogy (1975). During the early years of circulation of the Principia Discordia, rumors claimed that the author of the book was Richard Nixon, Timothy Leary, or Robert Anton Wilson; or that the book and Malaclypse the Younger were both fictional inventions of Robert Anton Wilson, as with Abdul Alhazred's Necronomicon.

Biography
Gregory H. Hill was born in California on Wednesday, May 21, 1941. He worked for Western Union while a young man in the Southern California area of Whittier, California.

Around 1958 or 1959 while still a teenager, he, Kerry Thornley and others began working on the Discordian religion.

In 1965, the first edition of Principia Discordia was printed, allegedly in five copies. The most famous edition was the fourth.

Hill spent much of his life working for Bank of America as a computer programmer, and moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. He had apparently visited there while a child.

Robert Anton Wilson stated, in the lecture "The I in the Triangle" from 1990, that Greg Hill was at the time the head of a large computer facility owned by one of the largest banks in the United States.

A designer of one of the early video games, Hill wrote about computers including editing a computer-oriented newsletter. He also published an article proposing using a computer to transmit signals to remotely control robots.

He was married to Jeanetta Ross; they later separated and may have divorced.

He died in the San Francisco Bay Area of California on the July 20, 2000. A long-time smoker, he died of cancer.

In 1994, he and Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst were inducted into the Order of the Pineapple.

Greg Hill described Mal-2 as a spirit sent into him by Eris that helped him write the Principia Discordia over the course of ten years in his early adulthood. An interview included in the fourth edition of the Principia Discordia by Loompanics Press reveals that Mal-2 left once the book was finished. He claims Mal-2 returned to leave a fifth and final edition consisting solely of a Western Union telegraph form filled with the letter "M". Greg Hill also reveals that he had access to Western Union forms when he worked at Western Union.

Principia Discordia
In 2006, a copy of the first edition of the Principia Discordia was claimed by Rev. DrJon Swabey to have been discovered in the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection in the National Archives, proving Malaclypse the Younger to be Gregory Hill. However, Adam Gorightly, compiler of Historia Discordia which claims to contain the actual first edition, said this was in error. Gorightly said he received the first edition from Dr. Robert Newport who had overseen the estate of Gregory Hill.

Possessing many titles, including "Omnibenevolent Polyfather of Virginity in Gold", Malaclypse's true identity or position within the Erisian religion is completely unknown. He is frequently mentioned in the Principia Discordia, credited with wiring telegrams to God from the Celestial Hotel and decrying the usefulness of prayer. These claims are in the nature of the Principia Discordia.

Very little is known about Malaclypse the Elder, the namesake of Mal-2. The Principia Discordia merely mentions him as a "non-prophet" and that he was mistaken for a doomsayer when carrying a sign that read "DUMB."

Illuminatus!
Malaclypse the Younger also appears in ''The Illuminatus! Trilogy'' by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson. According to Illuminatus!, he founded the Norton Cabal, and then left the cabal to join the very esoteric Erisian Liberation Front. The character Dr. Ignotum P. Ignotius says the last thing Mal-2 wrote before he left for the ELF was, "Everybody understands Mickey Mouse. Few understand Hermann Hesse. Hardly anyone understands Albert Einstein. And nobody understands Emperor Norton." This is the slogan of the Joshua Norton Cabal of San Francisco.

Malaclypse the Elder has an even larger role in ''The Illuminatus! Trilogy''. In fact, he is an important shape-shifting character in the book, posing as Jean-Paul Sartre, Billy Graham, and the Devil. According to Malaclypse the Elder himself, he is a 4th century B.C. Erisian priest (who was also prepared to perform services to Hermes, Dionysus, Heracles, Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera) who achieved "transcendental illumination" in the course of the massacre at Melos in 415 BC. The Illuminati believe that death releases a certain form of energy. Given enough death and a person intent on capturing said energy, a person may be transformed into an immortal, immaterial being, or so the plot element goes. Malaclypse the Elder also posed as Jesus after Jesus was crucified. In the form of Jesus, he introduced Bingo, but asked Luke to not record it.

title: Malaclypse the Younger


text: Portal:Astronomy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Portal:Astronomy


text:
Boot Camp (TV series)

Boot Camp is an American reality competition television series that aired for one season on Fox starting March 28, 2001. The game was won by Jen Whitlow from Atlanta, Georgia.

Format
The show involved sixteen civilian contestants, known as recruits, participating in a real life military style boot camp 24 hours a day. Four drill instructors put the recruits through special training activities and obstacle courses to prepare them for the "missions" which they took part in on each of the first seven episodes. Every week, the squad would elect one of their team as the "Squad Leader" giving this recruit extra responsibilities, most notably that of leading the squad in the weekly mission. If the mission was passed successfully, the squad leader earned immunity from the next elimination, and the squad would gain a luxury prize. If the mission was failed, the squad leader became eligible for dismissal, and the entire squad would receive a punishment.

At the end of each episode, the squad gathered on 'Dismissal Hill,' where players would exit the team. The squad would each vote one player out of the game, and the recruit with the most votes would be dismissed. However, in a second twist, that recruit got the ability to take any other eligible recruit out of the game for any reason. Contestants regularly adapted their voting strategies as a group in order to try to avoid being "discharged" by the recruit they chose to dismiss. Due to two earlier unplanned exits, two dismissed recruits lost the privilege to discharge another from the game. Upon elimination from the game, the Recruits lost their dog tags, symbolising their life in the game.

After seven episodes, only two contestants remained in the game - Recruits Whitlow and Wolf. The format of the show shifted with the final being referred to as "The Gauntlet". The Gauntlet consisted of seven physical and mental events, each named in honor of one of the seven dismissed recruits. The winner of each event won the dog tags of the former recruit that the event was named after. Following these seven events, the final two returned to Dismissal Hill where they faced the six (planned to be seven) discharged recruits, who were able to pledge their votes to the recruit of their choice. The recruit with the most dog tags after the combination of Gauntlet event wins and votes would win $500,000, with the runner-up receiving $100,000.

Participants
There were sixteen participants in the game of Boot Camp, eight male and eight female. Participants were not allowed to be addressed by their first names at any point, and could not refer to themselves in the first person.

The recruits were trained by the following four genuine Drill Instructors:

Episode 1 - "Meet the Recruits"
Sixteen civilians were taken by coach to a military training facility in Florida, and were quickly subjected to the four drill instructors' aggressive induction processing. After receiving haircuts more suitable for the military, the recruits were taken to their Barracks where they would sleep and eat for the rest of the process. Within five hours of arrival, Katherine was already having doubts about being in Boot Camp and after feigning illness, decided to quit the game. Meyer immediately became seen as a troublemaker, finding it hard to take the process seriously, and was soon disliked by most of the squad, but after encouragement from Thomson, prepared a damage limitation speech, apologizing and asking the others for a second chance over breakfast. Although many of the female recruits were convinced by the speech, the males were more skeptical. After a random selection process, Wolf was named as the first Squad Leader. On a 1.5-mile run, Haar's physical limitations became clear to the others, but despite a struggle she pushed through and completed the run. During the mission, the core group of strong males – Wolf, Moretti, Jackson and Park - upset Brown, who felt that they were treating the females as inferiors, and along with Meyer, she rallied the women to vote out Park in order to prevent themselves from being picked off by the stronger members of the squad. Park confronted Meyer, leading to the men agreeing to target him. At Dismissal Hill, the vote was close, but eventually Meyer and Brown's campaigning paid off, and Park became the first to be dismissed in a vote of 7-6-1-1. Due to Katherine leaving the game, Park was not given the chance to discharge any of the remaining members of the squad.

Mission: Operation Z.O.E: Recruits had four hours to carry inflatable boats known as zodiacs through a course of difficult terrain, including artificial obstacles and through a swamp. The squad would receive one hour extra sleep if they passed, and one less hour sleep if they failed. As squad leader, Wolf would gain immunity from elimination if he led the squad to victory. The squad completed the challenged in 2 hours 47 minutes, passing the mission.

Episode 2 - "Antidote"
Realizing that the men had made a mistake in making the women feel undermined, Moretti came up with the strategy of choosing a woman to become the next squad leader, with Recruit Hutak being chosen due to her clear enthusiasm for Boot Camp. During a period of free time, Brown shocked the rest of the squad by revealing that she is a lesbian, but some of the others wondered if she was simply trying to get attention by coming out to the group. Meyer meanwhile revealed his new strategy of making more of an effort and in a dramatic turnaround became perceived as one of the leading recruits. Due to her injury, Haar missed most of the training for the week's mission, leading to resentment from some of the squad, while Pupo and Thomson also found themselves facing trips to the medic, with Thomson experiencing numbness and swelling in his hands and feet, leading to the medic referring Thomson to a local facility for a second opinion. At the mission, Pupo and Haar were left behind at the drop off point because the squad felt they would be a hindrance, but Hutak's grasp on the mission fell apart, and the squad failed a mission for the first time. Pupo's bad attitude upset both the drill instructors and the rest of the squad and she became a clear target for elimination. At Dismissal Hill, Thomson returned to the game, and Recruit Haar was dismissed by a vote of 11-2-1 due to her lack of fitness and injury continuing to be a hindrance to the squad. Given the choice to take another recruit from the game, Haar chose to discharge Pupo, for her bad attitude and for not being a team player.

Mission: Operation M.E.S.S: The squad were given a scenario where they had one hour to infiltrate an enemy town to find an antidote for a poison from which they were all suffering. The squad had to work their way through a series of tunnels to find an unlocked exit at City Hall where serum, the first part of the antidote was hidden. From there, the squad would have to make their way to the medical facility to find the second part of the antidote, tablets, before mixing them with the serum to win the mission. The squad would receive a beach party in they passed the mission, plus immunity for Hutak, but would receive a punishment of an extreme physical workout if they failed. The squad were unable to finish the mission within an hour, and lost the mission.

Episode 3 - "MOTH and other Acronyms"
Upon his return, Thomson revealed to the squad that during his medical leave, he was told that the doctors were concerned that his mysterious problems were heart related. Moretti was elected as squad leader, and was forced to lead the squad through the most grueling workout yet, during which Thomson was sent back to the medics, with his condition worsening. During mission preparation, Meyer pretended to faint so he could take a break in the extreme heat, while Moretti accidentally hit Brown in the face, leading to her also having to take lengthy time-out. Moretti however wondered about the legitimacy of Brown's sickness due to her profession as an actress, leading to a distrust between the pair. Wolf's cocky behavior saw a target form on his back, but he revealed a secret alliance with Whitlow, who he hoped would be able to gain favor for him amongst the women. The whole squad became emotional upon receiving their immunity items, and Hutak informed the other recruits of her sister's recent death. At the medical center, Thomson was informed that the doctors were seriously concerned for his health and safety, and in an emotional ceremony he was medically discharged from the game. Later, Wolf learned that Meyer and the women were targeting him, and pulled Meyer aside, leading to a heated confrontation between the pair, during which Meyer implicated Brown as the ringleader behind the move. Wolf proceeded to confront Brown, but the other women backed her claims that Meyer was the ringleader, and Brown and Wolf agreed to let the matter drop. Later, Meyer's betrayal of Brown became a major point of discussion for the women, who were concerned that Meyer was too unpredictable to be considered a safe ally. Wolf proceeded to create further panic amongst the women by informing Whitlow that he would only discharge a female recruit should he be voted out, and at Dismissal Hill, his threat paid off, with Meyer being dismissed by unanimous vote.

Mission: Operation M.O.T.H: The squad had one hour to find and repair a jeep, and use it to evacuate three supply crates, and four dummies representing casualties from a mock conflict. If the squad successfully completed the mission, they would receive one item from personal items confiscated for them during induction. If they failed, they would not receive the item, and instead would receive a difficult workout. The squad passed the mission with 29 seconds to spare.

Episode 4 - "Yaney Gets His Chance"
The morning after Meyer's dismissal, the remaining recruits were given the opportunity to select their new squad leader, and after Whitlow, Jackson and Brown refused the role, hoping to remain under the radar, Yaney was pushed into the role, despite the consensus that he was one of the weakest recruits. The physical toughness of Boot Camp began to wear Lauder down, with the age difference between him and the rest of the squad beginning to show. The squad were next taught how to rappel down a building, an experience which proved hardest for Coddington, causing D.I. McSweeney to question her suitability for Boot Camp. In the male barracks, the men speculated about Brown's influence amongst the women, and knowing that if they voted to dismiss her she would take out a man, they made a pact to discharge her should any of them be dismissed, though later Moretti revealed that in reality, that the men planned to vote out Lauder specifically for this purpose. Lauder meanwhile spoke to Hutak, and made it be known that he was open to voting with the women, should the situation benefit him. At the mission, the squad were successful, but Coddington soon found her ankles and feet were swelling, similar to Thomson and she was escorted to the medics. The following day, it became apparent that during the mission, a harness was left behind, and destroyed in the tunnel, leading to the squad being severely punished. Although Yaney returned without a harness, Brown claimed to have seen Wolf take Yaney's harness, and after initially taking the blame himself, Yaney eventually told the drill instructors that Wolf was to blame, leading to Wolf becoming unpopular amongst the squad, as he continued to maintain his innocence while letting everyone be punished. In reality, the harness left in the tunnel belonged to Moretty, who had put it down upon arrival and left the tunnel with Wolf's harness. Wolf left the tunnel with Yaney's harness, while Yaney left the tunnel without one. At Dismissal Hill, the female recruits ignored Lauder's offer to vote with them, and joined the men in voting him out of the game by a vote of 8-1-1. Despite earlier agreeing to discharge Brown should he be dismissed, Lauder instead opted to discharge Hutak, who he felt was bossy and pushy, a trait he did not like in women.

Mission: Operation R.A.D: The squad had 45 minute to infiltrate enemy territory to rescue dummies representing casualties, before rappelling down the side of a building to detonate an enemy watch tower through a series of tunnels. The squad would receive a serving of their favorite food should they win the mission, and squad leader Yaney would be immune. However, if they failed, the squad would only be allowed to eat basic ready to eat meals, and Yaney would be eligible for elimination at Dismissal Hill. The squad passed the mission, and won the reward.

Episode 5 - "The Saddest Episode Ever"
After losing their ally Hutak, the female recruits continued to plot against Wolf. After resisting from taking the role several times, Jackson finally became the squad leader. During a workout session, D.I. McSweeney accused Moretty of making faces at his orders, causing her to start screaming back at him. Later, Moretty was taken aside by D.I. Taylor who helped Moretty calm down by talking to Moretty about her family and by addressing her by her first name. Next, the recruits tackled a difficult obstacle course, resulting in an ankle injury for Whitlow, which earned resentment from Brown and Moretty who were tired of seeing people take time off through injury. After failing their mission, the squad faced a night from hell, with their work-out finishing at 3.30am. The next morning, in spite their mutual dislike for each other, Brown and Wolf called a truce and agreed to vote out an injured recruit, feeling they did not deserve to stay around after doing lighter work-loads than the others, with Whitlow seeming to be their main target. Coddington meanwhile campaigned to eliminate Yaney, in spite of their close friendship, as he had implied he was running out of energy. At Dismissal Hill, the squad voted to dismiss Coddington in a vote of 6-1-1, as she had spent the most time out injured. Upon being given the opportunity to address her squad, Coddington thanked the other recruits and Drill Instructors for everything she had learned about herself from them, but also took the opportunity to insult D.I. McSweeney, stating that she had learned nothing from him other than that she had a dislike for people who spit in her face when speaking to her. In spite of the females' belief that she would take the opportunity to discharge Wolf, she instead decided instead to discharge Yaney, as she believed that was what the squad would have wanted.

Mission: Operation R.E.B.E.L: Recruits had one hour to cross a rope obstacle course without touching the ground. Upon reaching the other side, the squad had to travel up a river, before using only three boards to link planks of wood and cross a minefield. If the recruits touched the ground at any point during this stage of the mission, they earned a minute's penalty. If the recruits passed the mission squad leader Jackson would be immune from elimination, and the squad would earn a night at the movies in the recreation room. If they failed, Jackson would not be immune, and the squad would earn a late night punishment regime in the pit. Recruits failed the mission, after earning six minutes in penalties in the final stage of the mission.

Episode 6 - "Twists and Turns"
The squad gathered to decide their next squad leader, and with Whitlow continuing her under the radar strategy, the choice came down to Brown and Moretty. Despite Brown acknowledging it was risky for her not to take the role, she eventually gave it to Moretty, frustrating Jackson, who felt that Moretty was not a natural leader. The recruits were next taken for water survival training, and after experiencing the icy water, Jackson refused to get back in when ordered to, surprising the squad, as he had been a leading recruit from the start. Later, Brown campaigned against Jackson, but Whitlow was unsure and approached Moretty about voting for Brown. Despite forming a strong friendship with Brown, Moretty conceded that getting rid of her would be a smart move, and agreed to go along with Whitlow's plan. At the male barracks, Jackson targeted Whitlow, feeling that she could not be trusted. During the challenge, Jackson once again riled the squad by undermining Moretty and trying to take over. Later, Wolf informed Brown about the females plot against her, causing Brown to confront the women. After initially lying, Moretty informed Brown that she had plotted against her, but Brown convinced her to go back to their original plan, and after speaking to Whitlow, the three women agreed to reunite, with Brown believing if Jackson was sent home he would discharge Whitlow. Meanwhile, the men agreed to vote for Whitlow, but Moretti was unhappy about the move, and after speaking to Moretty considered joining the female group. At Dismissal Hill, Moretti did just that, going back on his promise to Jackson, who was dismissed by a 4-1-1 vote. Jackson was given the chance to discharge one of the remaining recruits, and despite her earlier belief that Jackson would take out Whitlow, Brown was discharged, as Jackson wanted to look out for the men, and felt they had a better chance against a still-injured Whitlow.

Mission: Operation H.E.L.L: The recruits' objective was to rescue an artificial hostage from an enemy compound within 1 hour 30 minutes. Recruits had to find a way to climb onto the roof of the building, before crossing without detection. Once across the bridge, recruits would have to work their way through a laser labyrinth individually, with time penalties if a laser was broken. Once through the labyrinth, the recruits had to free the artificial hostage and carry it to the roof, before zip-lining back to the ground on the other side of compound for a final sprint to the finishing line. The reward was 1 hour in a Jacuzzi hot-tub, the punishment was an hour in a "Cold hot-tub". Recruits passed the mission with 1 minute 22 seconds to spare, earning amnesty for squad leader Moretty.

Episode 7 - "Final Four"
Having betrayed Jackson, Moretti was overcome by a sense of guilt and Wolf felt he could no longer trust his long-term ally. With just four recruits left, the drill instructors turned up the pressure on the squad, and revealed that the mess hall was now closed, and recruits would have just three ready-to-eat meals to ration until the next elimination. With everyone else having already held the role, Whitlow became the squad leader by default, and although everyone denied they would be doing so, paranoia rose around the barracks as to whether everyone would try to win the mission, aware that if they won, Whitlow would be guaranteed a berth in the Gauntlet. The recruits were taken for night-time navigation training, and all were given worms from the ground to eat, much to the horror of Wolf in particular. Following their mission success, the recruits were taken to the Ritz Carlton hotel, but upon arriving in their suite, were disappointed to find the drill instructors there, and they were informed that they would not be supplied with any extra food, leading to Wolf and Moretti feeling like they were being punished instead of rewarded. In the morning however, the squad were surprised with an elaborate breakfast spread. Back at the barracks, the positive atmosphere was destroyed when it was discovered that a complimentary mint chocolate had been taken from the hotel against the drill instructors' orders, and after a search, it was discovered amongst Whitlow's possessions, earning the squad a lengthy punishment. Later, the recruits discussed who would face Whitlow in the Gauntlet, and once again Wolf became the target, but he revealed he had faith in his long-term alliance with Whitlow and admitted he had felt closest to her throughout the game. Shortly before heading to Dismissal Hill, the recruits were presented with a flag which the squad buried to represent their time spent at the barracks. At Dismissal Hill, Wolf being dodged a bullet, and Moretti was dismissed by a vote of 3–1. Left with the choice of the two recruits closest to him, an emotional Moretti chose to discharge Moretty, feeling Wolf was more deserving. Recruits Wolf and Whitlow were congratulated for making the final two, before being informed that the Gauntlet would begin immediately.

Mission: Operation H.E.R.O: In the final and most complex mission, the squad had two hours to work their way through five miles of hostile territory in total darkness, first having to make a sandbag bridge over a designated area without touching the ground. Next, the recruits had to rappel down a steep ravine, before crossing a designated area using sand rails, again not being allowed to touch the ground. Finally, the squad had to find a large military installation not identifiable on their map, and once there, had to locate four glow-sticks. The prize for winning the mission was immunity for Whitlow and a guaranteed place in the Gauntlet, and a night in the Ritz Carlton hotel. Punishment for failure would see Whitlow eligible for elimination, and a night spent sleeping in the dirt outside the barracks. Recruits passed the mission successfully with one minute and three seconds to spare.

Episode 8 - "The Gauntlet Part 1"
Episode 8 took place on Day 29, and the early hours of Day 30 of the competition – the first day of the Gauntlet. Immediately following the departure of Recruits Moretti and Moretty, Whitlow and Wolf were informed that they would immediately be beginning the Gauntlet, a series of seven physical and mental events over a 48-hour period. Recruits would not have the opportunity to sleep or eat throughout the Gauntlet. Each of the seven events was named in memory of one of the seven recruits, with the event winner earning that recruit's dog-tags. The first recruit to earn seven sets of dog-tags was to be the winner of Boot Camp.

Lauder's Last Stand: Recruits were presented with podiums on Dismissal Hill, and whichever recruit could remain there the longest would win the event. After five hours and forty minutes of facing off, Recruit Whitlow stepped down from the podium, giving victory and Lauder's dog-tags to Recruit Wolf.

Coddington's Crossing: Recruits were to run a lengthy obstacle course over sand, with obstacles including a mud-pit, a wooden wall, and a final obstacle of kayaking over a lake to the finishing line. Although the recruits originally believed they were involved in a direct race, upon conclusion they learned that in reality, they would be re-running the course later in the Gauntlet, with the recruit who improved on their first time the most winning Coddington's dog-tags. Wolf finished the course in 12 minutes and 42 seconds, while Whitlow finished in 15 minutes and 18 seconds.

Haar's Heartbreak: Recruits were to repeat the 1.5-mile run they had originally run on the second day of Boot Camp. Whichever recruit could improve on their Day 2 time by the most would win Haar's dog-tags. Wolf originally posted a time of 10.05, and posted a new time of 8.55, improving by 1 minute and 10 seconds. Whitlow posted an original time of 12.40, and posted a new time of 10.58, improving by 1 minute 42 seconds, - 32 seconds more than Wolf. Although Whitlow received Haar's dog-tags, neither recruit was informed of the result until the final visit to Dismissal Hill.

Park's Peak: Recruits were to climb to the top of a tower, and had to rappel halfway down the tower where they would find a memorable quote. Recruits had to memorize the quotes perfectly, and repeat them on a white-board at the bottom of the tower. If they made any mistakes in the quote, they would have to return to the top, and keep trying until they had the quote correct, before moving onto a second, and a third quote. The first quote was by George Patton, the second by John F. Kennedy, and the third by former Recruit, Shawn Yaney. The event was won by Wolf, who completed the whole event in 12.08, while Whitlow recorded an overall time of 34.53, though once again, the recruits were not informed of their times until Dismissal Hill. Wolf only took one attempt to correctly repeat Kennedy's quote, and had already completed the event by the time it had taken Whitlow to complete the first quote.

Moretti's Memory: In the early hours of the morning, the recruits were shown a series of images, and after being given a moment to study them, were asked a brief question about something they should have seen in the slide. The winner was the recruit who answered the most questions correctly. Wolf only answered 5/18 questions correctly, but this was still better than Whitlow's 3/18, so he won Moretti's dog-tags. Neither recruit learned their scores until Dismissal Hill.

By the conclusion of the episode, the finalists had gone 48 hours without sleep, leading to Whitlow in particular becoming delirious and struggling to keep her head in the game. Shortly before the next event, Whitlow and Wolf both pondered which of the six discharged recruits would vote for them, while the former recruits returned to the barracks, and discussed the pros and cons of both of the finalists, though in the end, Brown and Moretty both concluded that it ultimately came down to what was worse – being a "weasel" like Wolf, or being a "weasel in disguise" like Whitlow. At the end of the penultimate episode, Wolf unknowingly held a 3–1 lead over Whitlow.

Episode 9 - "The Gauntlet Part 2"
The season finale of Boot Camp all took place on Day 30, the final day at Boot Camp, and the second day of the Gauntlet. It contained the remaining three Gauntlet events, before the final visit to Dismissal Hill, where the six discharged recruits returned to pledge their dog-tags to one of the two finalists. The first recruit to gain seven sets of dog-tags would be the winner of Boot Camp.

Meyer's March: Recruits were both given a bag that weighed 20% of their individual body weight, before being set out in different directions on a ten-mile round course. Recruits could choose whether they wanted to run, jog or walk the course, and would pass each other only once. Wolf completed the course in 2 hours, 4 minutes and 31 seconds while Whitlow took 2 hours 13 minutes and 4 seconds, meaning that Wolf earned Meyer's dog-tags, and a 4-1 overall lead over Whitlow. The recruits were again not informed of the result until Dismissal Hill.

Jackson's Hold: Recruits were each presented with a set of dog-tags, and had to hold them with their wrist within a metal ring over a tank of blood. Recruits lost the task if they touched the metal ring, or if their set of dog-tags touched the blood. After 21 minutes and 22 seconds, Whitlow concluded that due to Wolf's superior upper body strength, she would have little chance of winning the event, and instead chose to preserve her energy for the tasks to come.

Back at the barracks, the former recruits again debated about which way they would be voting at Dismissal Hill later that evening, with Recruit Hutak reflecting upon the harness incident during Week 4, and how Wolf had let the squad take the blame. Heading into the final Gauntlet event – the second attempt at Coddington's Crossing, Whitlow and Wolf had both gone 58 hours without sleep, and Wolf led the Gauntlet by a score of 5–1.

Coddington's Crossing Part 2: In the final Gauntlet event, the recruits had to run the obstacle course for a second time, with the recruit who improved on their first time by the most earning Coddington's dog-tags. Although Whitlow was originally on course to win the event, she became stuck at the wall obstacle. Over an hour later, and after making 47 attempts, Whitlow finally managed to cross the wall, with the entire team of Drill Instructors supporting her, and she moved on to complete the course, with a total time of 1 hour and 27 minutes. Wolf improved on his original time by 28 seconds, winning Coddington's dog-tags.

64 hours after last sleeping, Recruits Whitlow and Wolf were taken to Dismissal Hill where they were reunited with the discharged recruits – Pupo, Thomson, Hutak, Yaney, Brown and Moretty, who each were called forward to cast their votes for a winner in secret. Before their votes were revealed, the discharged recruits were brought up to date with the results of the events of which Whitlow and Wolf already knew the outcome, before the results of the other four events were revealed for the first time. Following the recap, Wolf held a 6–1 lead over Whitlow, requiring just one more set of dog-tags to win Boot Camp.

The discharged recruits were called back to the podium, where they were told to reveal for whom they had cast their vote. Moretty voted for Whitlow, stating that although Wolf was the stronger recruit, she felt that Whitlow had tried harder and had consistently performed to the best of her ability. Next, Hutak also voted for Whitlow, stating that due to Wolf's failure to speak up and stop the squad from being punished during the missing harness incident in Week 4, she felt he did not deserve to win. Brown was next to vote, and she openly admitted she struggled to back either finalist, as she had never liked or trusted Whitlow, and had found Wolf to be overconfident and cocky. In the end however, Brown voted for Whitlow, as when she was discharged from the game, she had stumbled across the rules for Boot Camp in her belongings, and within them, one of the most important rules stated that recruits should never look out for themselves over the benefit of the team, something which Wolf consistently did. Next, Thomson took to the podium, and despite liking both of the finalists, voted similarly to Moretty, choosing Whitlow who had consistently tried harder. Pupo claimed that she had not been in the game long enough to form real opinions on the final two, and despite Wolf's previous hope that them both coming from Philadelphia would have earned him Pupo's vote, she instead claimed to have flipped a coin, that landed in favour of Whitlow. With twelve of the thirteen dog-tags accounted for, the dog-tag count had been levelled at six apiece, with only Yaney's left unaccounted for. Wolf had previously hoped that bunking next to each other for most of the game would earn him Yaney's vote through camaraderie, but in the end, the harness incident cost him another crucial vote, and due to Wolf's failure to be a team player, Yaney pledged his dog-tags to Whitlow, who in a surprise triumph was named the winner of Boot Camp, winning $500,000. After the final, Wolf speculated that Brown had rallied the discharged recruits against him, bitter at being taken from the game, but in the end concluded he was still pleased to have won the second place prize of $100,000. D.I. Francisco ordered all of the non-winning recruits from Dismissal Hill, leaving Whitlow standing alone as the winner.

Voting history

 * The Recruit won Boot Camp and $500,000
 * The recruit was the runner-up, and won $100,000
 * The contestant was a normal member of the squad, and was eligible to be voted out at Dismissal Hill.
 * The contestant was Squad leader in this episode, and passed the weekly mission, earning personal immunity from being voted out.
 * The contestant was Squad leader in this episode, and failed the weekly mission, becoming eligible to be voted out.
 * The contestant received the most votes at Dismissal Hill, and was dismissed, but was able to discharge the eligible recruit of his or her choice.
 * Having previously been discharged, the recruit was eligible to cast a vote for who she or he wanted to win at the final Dismissal Hill.
 * Having previously been dismissed, the recruit could not cast a vote for who she or he wanted to win, but his or her dog tags were won in a Gauntlet event
 * The recruit had previously been eliminated from the game, and was not present in this episode
 * There was no Dismissal Hill or votes cast in this episode, as the Gauntlet was in progress.

Controversy
The show drew a lawsuit from Mark Burnett due to similarity to his reality show Survivor.

title: Boot Camp (TV series)


text:
Iba, Zambales

Iba, officially the Municipality of Iba (Babali nin Iba; Ili ti Iba; Bayan ng Iba), is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Zambales, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 55,581 people.

Etymology
The municipality was named after the tree Phyllanthus acidus, which bears edible sour fruits. It is locally known as iba, a name which also applies to the similar kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi).

History
Iba was founded by the Order of Augustinian Recollect priests led by Rodrigo de San Miguel in 1611 as the village of Paynauen. The early inhabitants of the town are called Zambals. They were later joined by the Tagalogs and Ilocanos who migrated to the town, which resulted in intermingling of customs and traditions. The Aeta people settled in the hinterlands and the majority of them dwelled in the Mount Pinatubo area. In 1860, the administration of the town was turned over to the Dominican priests until the civil government came to power. There are no available records as to when Paynauen was renamed to Iba.

The permanent capital of Zambales was moved from Masinloc to Iba because of its strategic location being on the central part of Zambales. On August 28, 1901, American Civil Governor William Howard Taft held the historic session of the Second Philippine Commission establishing the Province of Zambales under the American rule held at Roman Catholic Church of Iba.

Cityhood
The League of Cities of the Philippines has disagreed with the proposed conversion of sixteen municipalities into constituent cities. The LCP had tried to influence of former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to certify as call for immediate attention a draft of a law imposing a suspension on the conversion of additional towns into cities.

The Local Government Code states that before a town could be classified as a city, it must have an annual income of at least Php100 million and a land area of at minimum 100 km2 or a population of 150,000.

Senator Sonny Angara advocated for House Bill 24 filed by Zamboanga Sibugay Representative Dulce Ann Hofer giving automatic cityhood to capitals of provinces without cities, and freeing the capital towns of provinces from the income needs of the cityhood.

Geography
The municipality of Iba is bounded by the municipalities of Botolan to the south, Palauig to the north, the province of Tarlac to the east, and the South China Sea to the west. Like most of the municipalities in the province, Iba is geographically bound by the coast in the west with the Zambales Mountains in the eastern portion of the municipality.

As the capital of the province, it is second largest provincial capital in terms of land area in Central Luzon Region after Tarlac City.

Iba is 78 km from Olongapo and 204 km from Manila.

Barangays
Iba is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

There are 9 barangays which are considered urban (highlighted in bold) while the rest are considered rural.

 * Amungan
 * Bangantalinga
 * Dirita-Baloguen
 * Lipay-Dingin-Panibuatan
 *  Palanginan
 * San Agustin
 * Santa Barbara
 * Santo Rosario
 * Zone 1 Pob.
 * Zone 2 Pob.
 * Zone 3 Pob.
 * Zone 4 Pob.
 * Zone 5 Pob.
 * Zone 6 Pob.

Climate
Iba has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am). Iba's climate is no different from the other towns where rainy season begins from May and ends in October, while the dry season is from November to April. An average of 43.15 cm of annual rainfall with a temperature of 22 C is observed during rainy season. The highest temperature recorded is 34 C while the lowest is 19.18 C.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Iba, Zambales, was 55,581 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

The population of Iba has become a mixture of different people over the last twenty years as opportunities in employment and business attracted people from Pangasinan, Bataan, and Batangas. Originally, the population was composed of the Sambal and Ilocano-speaking people. While Sambal and Ilocano are spoken by many of the population, Tagalog has become the common language spoken in Iba. Sambal residents have switched their language from Sambal to Ilocano and Tagalog.

Religion
The majority of the people in Iba, Zambales are Roman Catholics second was the Aglipayan Church, The largest minority religion is Iglesia ni Cristo followed by various Protestant denominations.

Ecclesiastical district
The seat of the Ecclesiastical District of Zambales North of the Iglesia ni Cristo is located in Iba. The INC district administration and district office oversees several locales and extensions from different municipalities in the northern part of Zambales province.

Diocese of Iba
The Cathedral of Iba, also known as the Cathedral of Saint Augustine, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iba. The church of the diocese is a 17th-century Baroque church built by the Augustinian Recollects. It is located adjacent to the Provincial Capitol Building. Currently, the appointed bishop is Bishop Bartolome G. Santos Jr. since Bishop Florentino Lavarias became the Archbishop of San Fernando, Pampanga.

Economy
The population of Iba increases during daytime because of traders, market buyers, students, government and private employees flocking into town. There are currently two malls in the municipality, Iba Town Center Mall - the first community mall in the town, and City Supermarket, Inc. (CSI Mall). Happy Go Shopping Center is also a major shopping destination in town, with Robinsons Place Iba and WalterMart Iba being planned. Several supermarket chains including have branches in Iba. Some national government offices can also be found in Iba, such as the SSS, NBI and PhilHealth.

With a continuously growing number of commercial establishments, banks, and financial institutions in Iba, it contends among the most competitive municipalities in Philippines, and is pushing forward towards a progressive city.

Tourism
Tourism is one of the major economic activity in Iba during the summer period. It has become a popular destination for summer vacationists and tourists due to the pristine and beautiful beaches that line the shorelines of Iba, and adventure trekking to the unique 3-series of Iba waterfalls. Its pollution-free beaches due to the absence of industrial-polluting activities in the locality, make it one of the best places in the Philippines.

In response to the growing number of both local and foreign visitors, investments in beach resorts have increased in the last fifteen years. Today there are about 50 beach resorts in Iba.

Festivals

 * Zambales Mango Festival: The festival is a celebration of a bountiful harvest of mangoes and other agricultural products which the province is known for. It is also aimed to highlight the attractions and places of interest in all of its towns. As a way of promoting and giving thanks for a good harvest, the people of Zambales annually celebrate the six-day Mango Festival in March or April in Iba.

 * Paynauen Festival: A summer festival in Iba featuring local traditional arts and culture first celebrated in the 1980s, Paynauen Festival (also spelled as Paynawen) has become a yearly tradition and a tourist attraction lasting for about seven days. Paynauen's festivities include street dancing, singing competition, boxing events, sports events, sand castle building, carabao race, kite flying contests, Miss Paynauen competition, cooking contest, barangay booth displays, products display and sales, ballroom dancing, traditional parade, concerts and many others.

 * The festival is held late April, during the summer season where thousands of visitors flock to Iba for beach activities. Led by the Iba Tourism Council, Paynauen is supported by the local government, different civic organizations, volunteers and the private business sector.

Transportation

 * By land: Iba is easily reached from Manila and Pangasinan by land transportation. It is 204 km from Rizal Park in Manila via North Luzon Expressway exiting in San Fernando, Pampanga to Olongapo. From Olongapo, Iba is 78 km away.

 * By air: The town can be also reached by small aircraft using the Iba Airport, a small feeder airport with a 900 m runway located along the coast of Iba.

Healthcare
The provincial government administers the President Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Hospital in Bargy. Palanginan to provide convenient medical services at a lower costs to the people of the Zambales. The hospital received a ₱50-million equipment upgrade in 2011 to better serve its patients.

The Santa Cecilia Medical Center is a private institution offering one of the most complete and advance medical facilities in the province.

Saint Pio's Medical Center is also a large medical facility and a private institution located along Govic Highway in Brgy. Dirita.

Tertiary education
The President Ramon Magsaysay State University (PRMSU), formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University (RMTU), is a government-funded higher education institution founded in 1910. The school was merged with two other colleges in the province in 1998 to become the present multi-campus university system. Its main campus is located in the center of Iba with satellite campuses located all over the province.

The provincial office of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) in Zambales is located on Magsaysay Avenue. TESDA was established by the Philippine government to manage and supervise the vocational education and skills development of the country's human resources through training and scholarships.

All Asia Aviation Academy is a flying school offering flight and ground training located in Iba Airport between Brgy. LDP and Brgy. Sto. Rosario.

Micro Asia College of Science and Technology located in Brgy. Zone 1.

Marasigan Technological College located in Brgy. Zone 1.

Hopeful Beginnings Institute located in Brgy. Palanginan.

Popular culture

 * The movie Apocalypse Now (shot in 1976; released in 1979) was about to be filmed by Francis Ford Coppola in Iba when Typhoon Olga (Didang) destroyed the sets constructed for the movie. The sets were recreated in Pagsanjan, Laguna and the beach scenes were filmed in Baler, Aurora.

Notable personalities

 * Ramon Magsaysay, former Philippine President

title: Iba, Zambales


text:
Covenant (biblical)

The Hebrew Bible makes reference to a number of covenants (בְּרִיתוֹת) with God (YHWH). These include the Noahic Covenant set out in Genesis 9, which is decreed between God and all living creatures, as well as a number of more specific covenants with Abraham, the whole Israelite people, the Israelite priesthood, and the Davidic lineage of kings. In form and terminology, these covenants echo the kinds of treaty agreements existing in the surrounding ancient world.

The Book of Jeremiah, verses says that YHWH will establish a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah. Most Christians believe this New Covenant is the "replacement" or "final fulfilment" of the Old Covenant described in the Old Testament and as applying to the People of God, while some believe both covenants are still applicable in a dual covenant theology.

Ancient Near Eastern
The Hebrew term בְּרִית bĕriyth for "covenant" is from a root with the sense of "cutting", because pacts or covenants were made by passing between cut pieces of flesh of an animal sacrifice.

There are two major types of covenants in the Hebrew Bible, including the obligatory type and the promissory type. The obligatory covenant is more common with the Hittite peoples, and deals with the relationship between two parties of equal standing. In contrast, the promissory type of covenant is seen in the Abrahamic and Davidic covenants. Promissory covenants focus on the relationship between the suzerain and the vassal and are similar to the "royal grant" type of legal document, which include historical introduction, border delineations, stipulations, witnesses, blessings, and curses. In royal grants, the master could reward a servant for being loyal. God rewarded Abraham, Noah, and David in his covenants with them. As part of his covenant with Abraham, God has the obligation to keep Abraham's descendants as God's chosen people and be their God. God acts as the suzerain power and is the party of the covenant accompanied by the required action that comes with the oath whether it be fire or animals in the sacrificial oaths. In doing this, God is the party taking upon the curse if he does not uphold his obligation. Through history there were also many instances where the vassal was the one who performed the different acts and took the curse upon them.

Terminology
Weinfeld believes that similar terminology and wording can connect the Abrahamic and Davidic covenants with ancient Near Eastern grants, as opposed to being largely similar to the Mosaic covenant, which, according to Weinfeld, is an example of a suzerainty treaty. He goes on to argue that phrases about having a "whole heart" or having "walked after me [God] with all his heart" strongly parallels with Neo-Assyrian grant language, such as "walked with royalty". He further argues that in Jeremiah, God uses prophetic metaphor to say that David will be adopted as a son. Expressing legal and political relationships through familial phraseology was common among Near Eastern cultures. Babylonian contracts often expressed fathership and sonship in their grants to actually mean a king to vassal relationship.

Further underlying the idea that these covenants were grant-like in nature is the similar language used in both. In the grant of Ashurbanipal, an Assyrian, to his servant Bulta, he describes Bulta's loyalty with the phrase "kept the charge of my kinship". Abraham similarly kept God's charge in Genesis 26: 4–5: "I will give to your descendants all these lands...in as much as Abraham obeyed me and kept my charge, my commandments, my rules and my teachings."

Dissolution
According to Mendenhall, pressures from outside invaders led the loosely bound Israelite tribes to converge into monarchical unity for stability and solidarity. He also argues that during this consolidation, the new state also had to unify the religious traditions that belonged to the different groups to prevent dissent from those who might believe that the formation of a state would replace direct governance from God. Therefore, Mendenhall continues, these loosely bound tribes merged under the Mosaic covenant to legitimize their unity. They believed that to obey the law was to obey God. They also believed that the king was put into power as a result of God's benefaction, and that this accession was the fulfillment of God's promise of dynasty to David. Mendenhall also notes that a conflict arose between those who believed in the Davidic covenant, and those who believed that God would not support all actions of the state. As a result, both sides became relatively aloof, and the Davidic covenant and the Mosaic covenant were almost entirely forgotten.

Biblical
Students of the Bible hold differing opinions as to how many major covenants exist (or did exist) between God and humanity, with numbers ranging from one to at least twelve. (See covenant theology and dispensationalism for further information on two of the major viewpoints.) Some scholars classify only two: a covenant of promise and a covenant of law. The former involved an oath taken by God – a word of promise instead of command – while the latter is known in the Bible as "the Law".

Noahic

The Noahic covenant recounted in Genesis 9:9-17 applies to all of humanity and all other living creatures. In this covenant with all living creatures, God promises never again to destroy all life on Earth by flood and creates the rainbow as the sign of this "everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth".

Ahead of the covenant (in Genesis 9:1-7), Noah and the generations of his posterity were required by God to procreate, and not to shed human blood (murder), because mankind was made in the image of God. Jews are forbidden to consume meat with the blood in it, but Bnei Noah Noahidism are allowed the blood of a living animal (Maimonides, Laws of Kings and Wars, Chapter IX Law 10). Alexander Maclaren notes that while the term covenant "usually implies a reciprocal bond, both parties to which come under obligations by it, each to the other. But, in this case, there are no obligations on the part of man or of the creatures. This covenant is God's only."

Abrahamic
The covenant found in is known as the Brit bein HaBetarim, the "Covenant between the parts" in Hebrew (also translated as the "Covenant of the pieces"), and is the basis for brit milah (covenant of circumcision) in Judaism. The covenant was for Abraham and his seed, or offspring, both of natural birth and adoption.

With Abraham multiple promised lands were given to his innumerable descendants (Gen 15:18-21; 17:1-9, 19; 22:15-18; 26:2-4, 24; 28; 35:9-13; Gal 3; Abr 2:6-11), with special 'gathering' and leadership roles assigned to the descendants of Joseph and his son Ephraim (Gen 48 and 50; Deut 33:17; 1 Chron 5:1-2; Psalm 80:2; Isaiah 11:13; Jer 31:6, 9; Ezek 37:15-19; Zech 10:6-12), and circumcision marking them as a peculiar people set apart (Gen 17:10-13).

In Genesis chapters 12, 15, and 17, three covenants can be distinguished based on the differing Jahwist, Elohist and Priestly sources. For the first two covenants, God grants Abraham land and a multitude of descendants but does not place any stipulations (meaning it was unconditional) on Abraham for the covenant's fulfillment:
 * Genesis 12: To make of Abraham a great nation and bless Abraham and make his name great so that he will be a blessing, to bless those who bless him and curse him who curses him and all peoples on earth would be blessed through Abraham.
 * Genesis 15: To give Abraham's descendants all the land from the river of Egypt to the Euphrates. Later, this land came to be referred to as the Promised Land (see map) or the Land of Israel.

By contrast, the third covenant (called the covenant of circumcision) is conditional:
 * Genesis 17: To make Abraham the father of many nations and of many descendants and give "the whole land of Canaan" to his descendants. Circumcision is to be the permanent sign of this everlasting covenant with Abraham and his male descendants and is known as the brit milah.

Covenants in biblical times were often sealed by severing an animal, with the implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate. In Hebrew, the verb meaning to seal a covenant translates literally as "to cut". It is presumed by Jewish scholars that the removal of the foreskin symbolically represents such a sealing of the covenant.

According to Weinfeld, the Abrahamic covenant represents a covenant of grant, which binds the suzerain. It is the obligation of the master to his servant and involves gifts given to individuals who were loyal serving their masters. In the covenant with Abraham in Genesis 15, it is God who is the suzerain who commits himself and swears to keep the promise. In the covenant there are procedures for taking the oath, which involve a smoking oven and a blazing torch. There are many similarities between Genesis 15 and the Abba-El deed. In Genesis 15 and similarly in the Abba-El deed, it is the superior party who places himself under oath. The oaths in both, moreover, involve a situation wherein the inferior party delivers the animals while the superior party swears the oath.

The Abrahamic covenant is part of a tradition of covenantal sacrifices that dates to the third millennium BC. The animals that are slaughtered in the covenant in Genesis 15 are considered a sacrificial offering. And it is that covenant which preserves the sacrificial element alongside the symbolic act.

Mosaic

The Mosaic covenant made with Moses and the Israelite people at Horeb-Sinai, which is found in and the book of Deuteronomy, contains the foundations of the written Torah. In this covenant, God promises to make the Israelites his treasured possession among all people and "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation", if they follow God's commandments. As part of the terms of this covenant, God gives Moses the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:1-17); these are later embellished or elaborated on in the rest of the Torah. The blood of sacrificial oxen is thereafter sprinkled on the altar (Exodus 24:6) and on the people (Exodus 24:8) to seal the covenant.

Beyond its central religious purpose, the Mosaic covenant was also political. It established Israel as a holy nation, God's special possession (Exod 19:5-6), with its chosen guardian-angel and shepherd, Yahweh/El-Elyon.

The form of the covenant resembles the suzerainty treaty in the ancient Near East. Like the treaties, the Ten Commandments begins with Yahweh's identification and what he had done for Israel ("who brought you out of the land of Egypt"; Ex 20:2) as well as the stipulations commanding absolute loyalty ("You shall not have other gods apart from me"). Unlike the suzerainty treaty, the Decalogue does not have any witness nor explicit blessings and curses. The fullest account of the Mosaic covenant is given in the book of Deuteronomy.

God gave the children of Israel the Shabbat as the permanent sign of this covenant.

Priestly
The priestly covenant (ברית הכהונה brith ha-kehuna) is the covenant that God made with Aaron and his descendants, the Aaronic priesthood, as found in the Hebrew Bible and Oral Torah. The Hebrew Bible also mentions another perpetual priestly promise with Phinehas and his descendants.

Davidic
The royal covenant was made with David (2 Sam 7). It promised to establish his dynasty forever while acknowledging that its original royal-covenant promises had been given to the ancestor of the whole nation, Abraham.

The Davidic covenant establishes David and his descendants as the kings of the united monarchy of Israel (which included Judah). The Davidic covenant is an important element in Jewish messianism and Christian theology. In Jewish eschatology, the messiah is believed to be a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who will be anointed with holy anointing oil, gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel, usher in an era of peace, build the Third Temple, have a male heir, re-institute the Sanhedrin and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age.

The tablets of the Ten Commandments were kept in the Ark of the Covenant, and this became the symbol of the Israelite nation, and of God's presence with His people. Thus when King David wanted to establish Jerusalem as his own capital city he brought the Ark there (2 Sam 6).

"It is this picture of the covenant which colours most of our thinking about covenant in the Old Testament, and in the expression 'Law and Gospel' it represents the old covenant of the law [of Moses] in contrast with the new covenant of the gospel [of Jesus Christ]. But older than the Mosaic covenant was the royal covenant [of Abraham extended through David], which promised stability to the royal house."

Old
Christian theologian John F. Walvoord maintains that the Davidic covenant deserves an important place in determining the purposes of God and that its exegesis confirms the doctrine of a future reign of Christ on earth. While Jewish theologians have always held that Jesus did not fulfill the expectations of a Jewish messiah, Dispensational (historically grammatically literal) biblical theologians are almost unanimous that Jesus will fully fulfill the Davidic covenant, the provisions of which Walvoord lists as:
 * 1) David is to have a child, yet to be born, who shall succeed him and establish his kingdom.
 * 2) A son (Solomon) shall build the temple instead of David.
 * 3) The throne of his kingdom shall be established forever.
 * 4) The throne will not be taken away from him (Solomon) even though his sins justify chastisement.
 * 5) David's house, throne, and kingdom shall be established forever (2 Samuel 7:16).

New
The New Covenant is a biblical interpretation originally derived from a phrase in the Book of Jeremiah, in the Hebrew Scriptures. It is often thought of as an eschatological Messianic Age or world to come and is related to the biblical concept of the Kingdom of God.

Generally, Christians believe that the New Covenant was instituted at the Last Supper as part of the Eucharist, which in the Gospel of John includes the New Commandment. A connection between the Blood of Christ and the New Covenant is seen in most modern English translations of the New Testament with the saying: "this cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood".

Christians see Jesus as the mediator of this New Covenant, and that his blood, shed at his crucifixion is the required blood of the covenant: as with all covenants between God and man described in the Bible, the New Covenant is considered "a bond in blood sovereignly administered by God". It has been theorized that the New Covenant is the Law of Christ as spoken during his Sermon on the Mount.

In the Christian context, this New Covenant is associated with the word 'testament ' in the sense of a 'will left after the death of a person', the instructions for the inheritance of property (Latin testamentum), the original Greek word used in Scripture being diatheke (διαθήκη) which in the Greek context only meant 'will (left after death)' and virtually never 'covenant, alliance'. This fact implies a reinterpreted view of the Old Testament covenant as possessing characteristics of a 'will left after death' in Christian theology and has generated considerable attention from biblical scholars and theologians. The reason is connected with the translation of the Hebrew word for covenant, brit (בְּרִית), in the Septuagint: see 'why the word Testament' in the New Testament article.

Islam
The Mosaic covenant is referred to in a number of places in the Quran   as a reminder for the Jews, of whom two tribes inhabited Medina at the time of Muhammad. The verses also mention particular commandments of the Decalogue and, in God's words, admonishes the Jews for being insolent about it and displaying violence against the prophets – a group of them they called liars, and other prophets among them they killed –, even though they agreed to keep them at the time the covenant was made.

The Quran also states how God cursed the Children of Israel and made them suffer for breaking the covenant, while also mentioning other covenants such a prophetic covenant with the Israelites in, the Noahic and Abrahamic covenants in , and in and  a covenant made with the followers of Jesus (apparently very different from how Christians interpret it), who likewise failed to observe it following their own desires.

title: Covenant (biblical)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Worldwithoutwalls

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 21:38, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Worldwithoutwalls
Besides the problematic title, this appears to be original research: From article, "by Ruchira Bajaj", one of two contribs from User:Ruchirabajaj. Niteowlneils 06:01, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV original research. Megan1967 06:53, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete what Megan1967 said. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:02, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, essay, original research. Wyss 19:41, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A couple of lines are coming through as semi-copyvios.  It's plagiarized. - Lucky 6.9 23:43, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. All of the above are good reasons. Carrp | Talk 03:50, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, looks copyvio. Author also blanked, making it look as if it deserves deletion. --Bart133 (t) 04:43, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I'm going to try to turn it into a better article right now... Beta_M talk, |contrib ( Ë-Mail )
 * OK, this article was shit, after starting to edit i realised that i could use 1 (one) sentence out of it... i still keep my vote, but if you wish to delete it, go for it. Beta_M talk, |contrib ( Ë-Mail )

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Karlštejn

Karlštejn Castle (hrad Karlštejn; Burg Karlstein) is a castle in the Czech Republic. It is a large Gothic castle founded in 1348 by King Charles IV. The castle served as a place for safekeeping the Imperial Regalia as well as the Bohemian Crown Jewels, holy relics, and other royal treasures. Karlštejn is among the most famous and most frequently visited castles in the country.

Location
Karlštejn Castle is located about 16 km southwest of Prague in the Beroun District of the Central Bohemian Region, above the market town of the same name.

Tourism
Karlštejn is one of the most famous and most frequently visited castles in the Czech Republic. As of 2019, it was the 5th most visited castle with more than 200,000 visitors per year.

History
Founded in 1348, the construction works were directed by the later Karlštejn burgrave Vitus of Bítov, but there are no records of the builder himself. Some historians speculate that Matthias of Arras may be credited with being the architect, but he had already died by 1352. It is likely that there was not a progressive and cunning architect, but a brilliant civil engineer who dexterously and with a necessary mathematical accuracy solved technically exigent problems that issued from the emperor's ideas and requests. Instead, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV personally supervised the construction works and interior decoration. Construction was finished nearly twenty years later in 1365 when the "heart" of the treasury – the Chapel of the Holy Cross situated in the Great tower – was consecrated.

Following the outbreak of the Hussite Wars, the Imperial Regalia were evacuated in 1421 and brought via Hungary to Nuremberg. In 1422, during the siege of the castle, Hussite attackers used biological warfare when Prince Sigismund Korybut used catapults to throw dead (but not plague-infected) bodies and 2,000 carriage-loads of dung over the walls, apparently managing to spread infection among the defenders.

Later, the Bohemian crown jewels were moved back to the castle and kept there for almost two centuries, with some short breaks. The castle underwent several reconstructions: in late Gothic style after 1480, in Renaissance style in the last quarter of the 16th century. In 1487, the big tower was damaged by fire and during the 16th century there were several adaptations. During the Thirty Years' War in 1619, the coronation jewels and the archive were brought to Prague, and in 1620, the castle was turned over to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. After having been conquered in 1648 by Swedes, it fell in disrepair. Finally, a neo-Gothic reconstruction was carried out by Josef Mocker between 1887 and 1899, giving the castle its present look.

The nearby village was founded during the construction of the castle and bore its name until it was renamed to Buda in the wake of the Hussite Wars. Renamed to Budňany in the 18th century, it was merged with Poučník and called Karlštejn. There is a golf club named after the castle nearby.

Architectural description
The castle was built upon a promontory from the south side of Kněží Hora hill, divided from it by a narrow sag. The first gate, a square, two-storey tower with a tall hip roof, stood above a moat at the western slope of the promontory. It was connected with the rampart traverse by means of a small portal. The traverse was protected by battlement and divided by a covered bastion in the middle. The second gate led to the Burgrave House courtyard. Drawbridges closed both entrances. The Burgrave House formed the Karlštejn settlement, it was fortified with a two meters wide rampart, the Well Tower stood slightly lower. In the burgraviate's rampart a third gate was staved – the main entrance into the inner castle.

The core of the castle consisted of three parts placed on three levels-differentiated terraces; every level express different importance. On the lowest terrace there stood the Imperial Palace, above it there was the Marian Tower and the Big Tower stood the highest. The Palace is a single-tract building, about 12.5 m wide and 46 m long, closed in the east by a semi-cylinder tower, had – aside of the cellar dug in the rock – the ground floor and two walled floors; the third floor under the roof was built from half-timbered work. The ground space is open to the courtyard, the rest was occupied by a granary. Three rooms form the first floor; largest is the central room, the so-called Knight Hall. The emperor inhabited the second floor of the palace; the floor was divided into four rooms by self-supporting partitions. A spiral staircase connected it with the third floor in which – according to the record from the 16th century – there was a residence of the "empress with her female retinue". The layout and equipment of the second and third floor was approximately the same: bedrooms on the eastern side, then the stateroom, a hall and the rooms in the west.

The central area of the 60 m high and separately fortified Big Tower, with walls 4 to 7.5 m thick, is the Chapel of the Holy Cross; it has no analogy in concept elsewhere in the world. In the safety of the chapel, behind four doors with nineteen locks to each key was guarded independently, the valuable documents of the state archive were kept along with the symbols of the state power – the Imperial Regalia, later the Czech Crown Jewels.

The Well Tower, being the logistical centerpiece the castle could not function without, was the first part of the castle to be built. Miners were brought in from the mining town of Kutná Hora, however, water was not encountered even after the depth of the well was 70 m, well below the level of the nearby Berounka river. An underground channel was therefore excavated to bring in water from a nearby stream, yielding a water column of 25 m, sufficient to last for several months. The reservoir had to be manually refilled roughly twice a year by opening a floodgate. Considering the significant strategic weakness incurred to the castle by the lack of an independent water source, the existence of the underground channel was a state secret known only to the Emperor himself, and the burgrave. The only other persons aware of its existence were the miners, who were however allegedly massacred on their way from the castle after the construction, leaving no survivors.

Trivia
A miniature replica of the castle was built by a Czech immigrant in Batchelor, Northern Territory, Australia.

title: Karlštejn


text:
Rhéal Bélisle

Rhéal Bélisle (July 3, 1919 – November 3, 1992) was a Canadian politician in Ontario. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1955 to 1963 who represented the northern Ontario riding of Nickel Belt. From 1963 to 1992 he was a member of the Senate.

Born in Blezard Valley, Bélisle worked as a farmer and businessman before entering politics.

He left the provincial legislature in 1963, when he was appointed to the Senate of Canada by John Diefenbaker. He served in the Senate until his death in 1992. From 1991 until his death, he was speaker pro tempore of the Senate.

title: Rhéal Bélisle


text:
Atmospheric focusing

Atmospheric focusing is a type of wave interaction causing shock waves to affect areas at a greater distance than otherwise expected. Variations in the atmosphere create distortions in the wavefront by refracting a segment, allowing it to converge at certain points and constructively interfere. In the case of destructive shock waves, this may result in areas of damage far beyond the theoretical extent of its blast effect. Examples of this are seen during supersonic booms, large extraterrestrial impacts from objects like meteors, and nuclear explosions.

Density variations in the atmosphere (e.g. due to temperature variations), or airspeed variations cause refraction along the shock wave, allowing the uniform wavefront to separate and eventually interfere, dispersing the wave at some points and focusing it at others. A similar effect occurs in water when a wave travels through a patch of different density fluid, causing it to diverge over a large distance. For powerful shock waves this can cause damage farther than expected; the shock wave energy density will decrease beyond expected values based on uniform geometry ($$1/r^2$$ falloff for weak shock or acoustic waves, as expected at large distances).

Supersonic booms
Atmospheric focusing from supersonic booms is a modern occurrence and a result of the actions of air forces across the world. When objects like planes travel faster than the speed of sound, they create sonic booms and pressure waves that can be focused. Atmospheric factors present when these waves are created can focus the waves and cause damage.

Planes can also create boom waves and explosion waves that can be focused. Consideration for atmospheric focusing in flight plans is critical. The wind and altitude during a flight can create environments for atmospheric focusing, which can be determined through reference to a focusing curve. When this is the case, supersonic flight may cause damage on the ground.

Meteor impacts
Meteors can also cause shock waves that can be focused. As the meteor enters Earth’s atmosphere and reaches lower altitudes, it can create a shock wave. The shock wave is impacted by what the meteor is made of, temperature, and pressure. Because the meteors need to have a large size and mass, there is only a small percentage of meteors that can create these shock waves. Radar and Infrasonic methodologies are able to detect meteor shock waves. These tools are used to study these shock waves and can help create new methods of learning about meteor shock waves.

Nuclear explosions and bombs
Nuclear explosions and bombs can also lead to atmospheric focusing. The effects of focusing may be found hundreds of kilometers from the blast site. An example of this is the case of the Tsar Bomba test, where damage was caused up to approximately 1,000 km away. Atmospheric focusing can increase the damage caused by these explosions.

title: Atmospheric focusing


text:
Justas Vincas Paleckis

Justas Vincas Paleckis (born 1 January 1942 in Kuybyshev, current Samara) is a Lithuanian ex-communist and politician, signatory of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, and Member of the European Parliament for the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania.

He is also a member of the Party of European Socialists. Justas was born in Samara, Russia where his family resided during the Second World War. His father Justas Paleckis served as the Acting President of Lithuania in 1940 and later as the head of state of the Lithuanian SSR until 1967. After the war, the family returned to Lithuania, where he finished school in 1959 and then went on to study journalism at Vilnius University in 1964.

Personal life
J. Paleckis is married and has two sons and one daughter, Algirdas and Rimvydas and Justina respectively.

title: Justas Vincas Paleckis


text:
Talk:Coleco Telstar series

This should be moved to Coleco Telstar, because the article refers to the series of Telstar units and not the cartridges for the Telstar Arcade --24.114.252.183 06:10, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC).

Hmm, just doing a bit of undisambiguating, and have moved the handball link to American_handball. I've never seen the game, so I thought it best to check it's the right one. Please correct if not. LeeG 16:07, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Coleco Telstar varaints=color
If I am not wrong the Coleco Telstar color variants like the Telstar Colormatic, Telstar Colortron and Telstar Gemini are some of the first consoles which show color, and the only first generation consoles which show color. mcjakeqcool Mcjakeqcool (talk) 12:29, 26 December 2008 (UTC)
 * No, Atari's Pong's were color as well. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 14:09, 26 December 2008 (UTC)
 * What?! Atari's Pong was in color, how I thought that game was in black and white! mcjakeqcool Mcjakeqcool (talk) 17:34, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Telstar Alpha variant?
I had a Coleco Telstar unit that looked identical to the Telstar Alpha except it had a jai alia game substituted for squash. Wouldn't doubt the game was the same, just named differently. Internet research leads me to believe it was a (possibly rare) model 6030. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xot (talk • contribs) 12:51, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

I may need to look this up. mcjakeqcool Mcjakeqcool (talk) 15:21, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Jai Alai
I, too, had the variant on the Alpha, which can be found on the Pong site mentioned at the bottom of the article:

http://www.pong-story.com/coleco_alpha.htm

Here is text from the above link: "The Telstar Alpha (model 6030) was released in 1977. It is a classic from Coleco, and uses the AY-3-8500 game chip. The system plays 4 games in three difficulty levels. It is the successor of the three older models (Telstar, Telstar Classic and Telstar Ranger), and only differs by its case and fourth game (JAI-ALAI, also known as SQUASH). Like the first Telstar, this system was sold in large quantities as it was cheap. It was also released in Europe as the "Telstar Alpha Europa"." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.74.252.74 (talk) 18:58, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Missing informations
The article is missing a few informations, mostly about history. You could take over a few informations from the French article. Maxeto0910 (talk) 22:02, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coleco Telstar series


text:
Periaqueductal gray

The periaqueductal gray (PAG, also known as the central gray) is a brain region that plays a critical role in autonomic function, motivated behavior and behavioural responses to threatening stimuli. PAG is also the primary control center for descending pain modulation. It has enkephalin-producing cells that suppress pain.

The periaqueductal gray is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain. It projects to the nucleus raphe magnus, and also contains descending autonomic tracts. The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic tract (so-named because the fibers originate in the spine and terminate in the PAG, in the mesencephalon or midbrain).

This region has been used as the target for brain-stimulating implants in patients with chronic pain.

Role in analgesia
Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain activates enkephalin-releasing neurons that project to the raphe nuclei in the brainstem. 5-HT (serotonin) released from the raphe nuclei descends to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where it forms excitatory connections with the inhibitory interneurons located in Laminae II (aka the substantia gelatinosa). When activated, these interneurons release either enkephalin or dynorphin (endogenous opioid peptides), which bind to mu and kappa opioid receptors, respectively, on the axons of incoming C and A-delta fibers carrying pain signals from nociceptors activated in the periphery.

The activation of the mu-opioid receptor inhibits the release of substance P from these incoming first-order neurons and, in turn, inhibits the activation of the second-order neuron that is responsible for transmitting the pain signal up the spinothalamic tract to the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. The nociceptive signal is thus inhibited before reaching the cortical areas that interpret the signal as pain, such as the anterior cingulate. This is sometimes referred to as the gate control theory of pain and is supported by the fact that electrical stimulation of the PAG results in immediate and profound analgesia. The periaqueductal gray is also activated by viewing distressing images associated with pain.

Notably, the anterior cingulate cortex is thought to be responsible for emotional responses to pain, including perceived social or emotional pain. Reducing nociceptive signaling to this area not only reduces overall pain signaling, but appears to also reduce sensitivity to pain. Furthermore, activation of mu-opioid receptors has been shown to provide an "analgesic" effect for emotional pain.

Role in defensive behavior
Dorsal PAG neurons are activated during various defensive behaviors. Stimulation of the dorsal and lateral aspects of the PAG can provoke defensive responses characterised by freezing immobility, running, jumping, tachycardia, and increases in blood pressure and muscle tonus. In contrast, stimulation of the caudal ventrolateral PAG can result in an immobile, relaxed posture known as quiescence, whereas its inhibition leads to increased locomotor activity.

Lesions of the caudal ventrolateral PAG can greatly reduce conditioned freezing, whereas lesions of the dorsal aspect can reduce innate defensive behavior, virtually "taming" the animal.

Role in reproductive behavior
Neurons of the PAG are excited by endorphins and by opiate analgesics. It also plays a role in female copulatory behavior (see lordosis behavior) via a pathway from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Role in maternal behavior
The PAG may be specifically involved in human maternal behavior. The PAG contains a high density of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors, and it has direct connections with the orbitofrontal cortex, which might mediate the role of the PAG in maternal love. The lateral orbitofrontal cortex is activated by pleasant visual, tactile, and olfactory stimuli. Its response depends on pleasantness rather than on intensity of stimulation. Here, its activity is likely to reflect one aspect of the pleasant emotions associated with motherly love.

title: Periaqueductal gray


text:
Aloyzas Sakalas

Aloyzas Sakalas (6 July 1931 – 18 July 2022) was a Lithuanian politician, signatory of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, and Member of the European Parliament with the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania. Aloyzas Sakalas was also a part of the Socialist Group and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs.

Aloyzas Sakalas was a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the Delegation for relations with Belarus.

Education

 * 1960: Degree in Engineering from the Kaunas Polytechnic Institute
 * 1970: Doctorate
 * 1972: Associate Professor
 * 1977: Qualification as a Professor of Physics and Mathematics
 * 1980: Professor at the University of Vilnius

Career

 * 1960–1962: Engineer at the Institute for Electrographics
 * 1982–1990: Lecturer of the Associate Professor and Professor at the University of Vilnius
 * 1989–1991: Member of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LDSP)
 * 1991–1999: Chairman of the LSDP
 * since 1999: Honorary Chairman of the LSDP
 * 1990–1992: Chairman of the Committee on the Verification of Credentials of the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania
 * 1992–1996: Deputy President of Parliament
 * 1996–2004: Member of Parliament
 * 2000–2004: Chairman of the Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs
 * 1993–2004: Chairman of the organisation 'Help Lithuanian Children'
 * Honours

title: Aloyzas Sakalas


text:
Land Act of 1820

The Land Act of 1820 (ch. 51, ), enacted April 24, 1820, is the United States federal law that ended the ability to purchase the United States' public domain lands on a credit or installment system over four years, as previously established. The new law became effective July 1, 1820 and required full payment at the time of purchase and registration. But to encourage more sales and make them more affordable, Congress also reduced both the minimum price (from $2.00 to $1.25 per acre ($495 to $309/km2)) and the minimum size of a standard tract (from 160 to 80 acres (647,000 to 324,000 m2)). The minimum full payment now amounted to $100, rather than $320. At the time, these lands were located on the frontier within the Congress Lands of Ohio and elsewhere in the Northwest Territory and Missouri Territory, in what was then "The West".

With the high cost of transporting their produce and lack of internal improvements, the law was considered necessary because many farmers were having trouble paying off loans due to the additional economic hardships brought by the Panic of 1819. The previous Land Act of 1804 still included a minimum purchase (160 acres) too large for many individuals, and the price that was established by the Land Act of 1785. This was too expensive for the average family moving west. Squatters too were breaking the laws by trying to get land more cheaply; this was accomplished by moving onto the land before it was acquired by the government and put up for auction. Congress did not like these encroachments on Indian Treaties and had to do something about it. The act was instrumental in ushering in a new age of Western influence. The low price made it possible for settlers to move to the West, thus increasing the population in the west, and with it, Congressional states.

Although the Land Act of 1820 was good for the average American it was also good for the wealthy investors, who had sufficient money to buy the lower cost land. The Land Act helped create a new age of Western growth and influence, but it also increased the confiscation of land from Native Americans. For earlier buyers of public lands however, and although helped by the eight-year credit extension, more than time was required to alleviate their situation. On February 16, 1821, the Relief Act of 1821 was passed to adjust debt repayment schedules for people who had bought public land prior to the Land Act of 1820, when the federal government changed its method of selling public lands.

title: Land Act of 1820


text: User talk:67.184.136.181

title: User talk:67.184.136.181


text:
Karlstein

Karlstein may refer to places in:

 * Germany:

 * Karlstein am Main, a municipality in Landkreis Aschaffenburg, Bavaria
 * part of Bad Reichenhall, Bavaria
 * a rock with a ruin there
 * Karlstein bei Hornberg, a rock in Hornberg, Baden-Württemberg
 * part of Regenstauf, Landkreis Regensburg, Bavaria
 * Schloss Karlstein, the castle there
 * Aussichtspunkt Karlstein, a site above Weinstadt, Baden-Württemberg

 * Austria:
 * Karlstein an der Thaya, a municipality in Lower Austria, Austria
 * Schloss Karlstein, the castle there
 * Internierungslager Karlstein an der Thaya, a former internment camp there

 * Czech Republic:
 * Karlštejn Castle, a 14th-century castle in Central Bohemia
 * Karlštejn (Beroun District), městys named after the castle
 * Karlštejn, nature reserve nearby the castle
 * Hunting castle Karlštejn nearby village Svratouch in Pardubice Region (Chrudim District)
 * Karlštejn, administrative part of village Svratouch, named after the hunting castle
 * Karlštejn, hill in Žďárské vrchy where the hunting castle is situated

Karlštejn (rozcestník)

title: Karlstein


text: User talk:64.168.14.242

title: User talk:64.168.14.242


text:
Gaston Demers

Gaston Joseph Clément Demers (November 23, 1935 – February 7, 2004) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1963 to 1971 who represented the northern Ontario riding of Nickel Belt.

Before entering politics, Demers had worked as a journalist for the North Bay Nugget and as a town clerk in Chelmsford. At the time of his election, he was the youngest Member of Provincial Parliament ever elected to the provincial legislature.

After leaving politics, he served on the boards of FedNor and of Sudbury's Laurentian Hospital, and was a key lobbyist behind the creation of Collège Boréal.

title: Gaston Demers


text:
Category:San Diego Rockets players

This is a list of basketball players who played with the NBA's San Diego Rockets, now known as the Houston Rockets.

title: Category:San Diego Rockets players


text:
Category:Vancouver Grizzlies players

This is a list of basketball players who played for the NBA franchise now called the Memphis Grizzlies when it was known as the Vancouver Grizzlies.

title: Category:Vancouver Grizzlies players


text:
User talk:Tooluser

Talk, curlydarkhair, blue eyes.

nowhereville.org

title: User talk:Tooluser


text:
Talk:Acadia Advantage

A non-copyright infringed version of this article is now on the temporary subpage. Apologies.

It's been a long time ... a perfectly acceptable page is available ... does anyone want to update this?

title: Talk:Acadia Advantage


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joseph F. Sahid

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 21:41, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Joseph F. Sahid
Vanity article. Not notable enough for an encyclopedia. — Brim 06:21, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Note that the anon creator of that page has repeatedly added himself to University of Pennsylvania and Phillips Exeter Academy, and has re-added them after being removed without discussion.  He also blanked this vfd page, after which I reverted and warned him on his talk page.  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 14:36, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:59, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, bad-faith, abusive self-promotion. Wyss 19:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wyss above says it all Brookie 15:18, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - This person is not worth listing on Wikipedia. I've met him. 19:41, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Tallmadge Amendment

The Tallmadge Amendment was a proposed amendment to a bill regarding the admission of the Territory of Missouri as a state, under which Missouri would be admitted as a free state. The amendment was submitted in the U.S. House of Representatives on February 13, 1819, by James Tallmadge Jr., a Democratic-Republican from New York, and Charles Baumgardner.

The measure passed the House 87-76, with northern Representatives voting 86-10 for it and southern Representatives voting 66-1 against it. The amendment, however, was rejected in the U.S. Senate, because of growing Southern opposition to slavery that was joined by five northern Senators: Harrison G. Otis of Massachusetts, Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois, and two others.

In 1820, the Missouri Compromise was passed without the Tallmadge Amendment. The Compromise attempted to appease both sides of the debate by admitting Missouri as a slave state in exchange for the admission of Maine as a free state and by the complete prohibition of slavery in all of the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory north of the 36˚30' parallel.

Background
In response to the ongoing debate in Congress concerning the admission of Missouri as a state and its effect on the existing balance of slave and free states, Tallmadge, an opponent of slavery, sought to impose conditions on Missouri's statehood that would provide for the eventual termination of legal slavery and the emancipation of current slaves:

"And provided, that the further introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude be prohibited, except for the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been fully convicted; and that all children born within the said State, after the admission thereof into the Union, shall be free at the age of twenty-five years."

There were two senators from each state, regardless of its population. The number of seats in the House of Representatives, however, was based on the population of the state, and to complicate matters further, slave states were allowed to count three fifths of their slave population, which increased their number of representatives. The population of the North had grown more rapidly than that of the South, which also had a large percentage of slaves and so resulted in a lower countable populace. Thus, the proposed Tallmadge Amendment was seen as a way to restrict the weight of the slaveholding South in Congress further.

Tallmadge delivered an impassioned speech on February 16 in support of his amendment and of abolitionism in general. By a close vote on the same day, the House adopted the Tallmadge Amendment, but the Senate promptly rejected it. Congress adjourned on March 4, 1819 without acting on Missouri's request for statehood. Heated discussions on the Tallmadge Amendment and Missouri statehood continued through the summer and the fall.

Southerners in Congress asserted that the Tallmadge Amendment was unconstitutional because it put restrictions on states as a condition of admission to the Union. They argued that it was the decision of Missouri, not of Congress, to allow slavery there. The proponents of the Tallmadge Amendment argued that "slavery itself was a moral and political evil that was contrary to the spirit of the Declaration of Independence, and that it had been tolerated in the Constitution only by necessity and ought to now be restricted."

"Passions ran high, and the words "disunion" and "civil war" were boldly uttered. The aged Jefferson wrote that the sudden strife woke him like the alarm of a fire-bell in the night. And Thomas W. Cobb of Georgia warned Tallmadge on the floor of Congress that he had kindled "a fire which only seas of blood could extinguish.""

title: Tallmadge Amendment