text:
Domain/OS

Domain/OS is the discontinued operating system used by the Apollo/Domain line of workstations manufactured by Apollo Computer. It was originally launched in 1981 as AEGIS, and was rebranded to Domain/OS in 1988 when Unix environments were added to the operating system. It is one of the early distributed operating systems. Hewlett-Packard supported the operating system for a short time after they purchased Apollo, but they later ended the product line in favor of HP-UX. HP ended final support for Domain/OS on January 1, 2001.

AEGIS
AEGIS is distinctive mainly for being designed for the networked computer, as distinct from its competitors, which are essentially standalone systems with added network features. The prime examples of this are the file system, which is fully integrated across machines, as opposed to Unix which draws a distinction between file systems on the host system and on others, and the user administration system, which is fundamentally network-based. So basic is this orientation that even a standalone Apollo machine cannot be configured without a network card.

Domain/OS implements functionality derived from both System V and early BSD Unix systems. It improves on AEGIS by providing a core OS upon which the user can install any or all of three environments: AEGIS, System V Unix, and BSD Unix. This was done in order to provide greater compatibility with Unix; AEGIS version SR9, which immediately preceded Domain/OS (itself numbered SR10) has an optional product called Domain/IX available, which provides a similar capability, but with some drawbacks, principally the fact that core administrative tasks still require AEGIS commands. Also, the SR9 permissions system is not fully compatible with Unix behaviour. Domain/OS provides new administrative commands and a more complex permissions system which can be configured to behave properly under any of the three environments. Domain/OS also provides an improved version of the X Window System, complete with VUE (HP's predecessor to CDE), but performance tends to be poor.

User upgrading from AEGIS SR9 to Domain/OS SR10 was slowed by the fact that many users saw no requirement, by increased disk space requirements, by new and more complex administration tools, by SR10's poorer performance, and by the buggy nature of SR10.0, although later versions are more reliable. However, later HP/Apollo machines (the DN10000, DN2500 and 4xx series workstations) can only run SR10.

Unlike many operating systems of the day, which were written in C or assembly language, many Domain/OS components are written in Pascal. Compilers for users are available for C, C++, Pascal, and Fortran.

All of the distributed administration features of Domain/OS are built around a remote procedure call system called NCS RPC. Though RPC was later end-of-lifed with the operating system, HP contributed RPC to the Open Software Foundation, which incorporated its Interface Definition Language (IDL) into their DCE product, from which the same technology was later used for CORBA. One of the original developers went to work for Microsoft, where he developed MSRPC as a fairly compatible clone which today forms a central component of Windows systems. Traces of the history can be seen in protocol names such as ncacn_http.

User interface
AEGIS is similar to other workstations of the time, in that it uses a high-resolution graphics screen and mouse to provide a GUI named DM (Display Manager). DM is integrated with the operating system's own window manager known as wmgr (Window Manager). The DM contains two built-in functions, a text editor and a transcript, which is a kind of virtual terminal. Additional functions can be added by user programs. One of the unique features of the DM is "universal editing". All text in any of the built-in windows can be edited using the same editing language. This includes the history displayed in a transcript window, although that text is read-only. In addition, the history is unbounded. It starts from the birth of the process to which it is attached, and older history is never deleted. Each transcript is attached to a mini-input window where the process input can be edited using the same editing language used elsewhere.

The AEGIS command interface is similar to Unix, in that it has a command line interpreter which understands pipes, redirection, scripting, etc., and invokes other commands as separate programs, but the actual commands themselves are designed to be easier to remember and use than their Unix equivalents, and wildcards are expected to be expanded by individual commands rather than by the command line interpreter itself. The user may embed environment variables in symbolic links, which, for example, allows switching between different versions of Unix by setting the SYSTYPE environment variable accordingly; symbolic links then point to the appropriate versions of the files.

History
Domain/OS incorporates several ideas from Multics, including single-level store and dynamic linking.

title: Domain/OS


text:
Hellenic Petroleum

HELLENiQ ENERGY Holdings S.A., formerly known as Hellenic Petroleum S.A. (Ελληνικά Πετρέλαια Ανώνυμη Εταιρεία), is one of the largest oil companies in Southeast Europe and with its roots dating to 1958 with the establishment of the first oil refinery in Aspropyrgos, Greece.

It adopted its current name in 1998, changing from Public Petroleum Corporation S.A. (Δημόσια Επιχείρηση Πετρελαίου Α.Ε.; DEP) as the result of a corporate reorganization. It is a consortium of 6 subsidiaries and a number of additional companies of which it has varying degrees of management control.

Refineries and gas stations
Hellenic Petroleum operates three refineries in Greece, in Thessaloniki, Elefsina and Aspropyrgos, which account for 57% of the refining capacity of the country (the remaining 43% belongs to Motor Oil Hellas). Also owns OKTA facilities in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia for transportation and marketing of petroleum products. Crude oil for the refineries is supplied from Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Libya and Russia. The company also operates over 1700 gas stations in Greece under the BP and EKO brands, and about 300 gas stations in Serbia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia. It also has a network which sells LPG, jet fuel, naval fuels and lubricants.

Petrochemicals
Being the most important company that produces petrochemicals in Greece, Hellenic Petroleum has a very significant (over 50% in most cases) share of the market. Their basic products are plastics, PVC and polypropylene, aliphatic solvents and inorganic chemicals, such as chlorine and sodium hydroxide. The petrochemicals department is a part of the Thessaloniki refinery.

Electricity
Hellenic Petroleum operates a 390 MW natural gas power station in Thessaloniki. It opened in 2005 and it is operated through a subsidiary, T-Power. The fixed investment for this plant amounted to 250 million Euros.

Oil exploration
The Group has established partnerships with leading companies in the sector, been awarded exploration and production rights for hydrocarbons in a portfolio of areas in Western Greece, both offshore and onshore in various development steps.

Other
Hellenic Petroleum subsidiaries include the engineering company Asprofos and the polypropylene film production company, DIAXON, whose factory is situated in the industrial area of Komotini. The company also controls two shipping companies and has 35% shares in DEPA, the Greek natural gas company, and VPI, which produces PET resin. Since 2002 Hellenic petroleum owns 54.53% of shares in Jugopetrol AD

Ownership
The company is transitioning from a government-owned enterprise to a privately held enterprise. 21.8% of its shares are available to the public through a float on the Athens Stock Exchange, with the Greek government retaining 35.5% and Paneuropean Oil and Industrial Holdings S.A. (a Latsis family holding company) owning the remaining 45.5% of outstanding shares.

The chairman of the board of directors is Mr. Yannis Papathanasiou and the Chief Executive Officer of the company is Mr. Andreas Shiamishis.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hellenic Petroleum


text:
Mount Cotton, Queensland

Mount Cotton is a rural locality in the City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. In the, Mount Cotton had a population of 7,302 people.

The area was colonised by Germans in the late 1860s after possible frontier wars with First Nations peoples. In the 20th century, poultry farms were established and in recent years the number of residential sub-developments has expanded.

Geography
Mount Cotton (the mountain) is in the central part of the locality (-27.6202°N, 153.2182°W), rising to 233 m.

The main road through the locality is Mount Cotton Road which enters from the north-west (Sheldon), passes east of the mountain, and exits to the south (Cornubia).

Mount Cotton is a koala conservation area. In the west, the Venman Bushland National Park preserves a section of bushland along Tingalpa Creek.

To the east, a wildlife corridor goes from the mountain towards Eprapah scout environmental site and Victoria Point, along Eprapah Creek.

History
Mount Cotton is named after the mountain that is in the area. It was named by Robert Dixon, a surveyor in the colony of Queensland. He named it after the commandant of the Moreton Bay penal settlement, Major Sydney Cotton.

In 1872, a Lutheran congregation formed in the area as the nearest Lutheran church was in Beenleigh. The congregation held its first service in the open air under a fig tree on Mr Heineman's land and later in his barn. 10 acre of land were purchased on the corner of the south-western corner of Mount Cotton Road and Wuduru Roads (now within the neighbouring suburb of Cornubia to the south, -27.659°N, 153.2339°W). Three acres were cleared to build a church and establish a cemetery. In December 1875, Pastor Haussman dedicated the church to St Paul. The church was built in a traditional north German style with hand-made brick nogging within a timber frame. By 1941, the church building was showing signs of age and the congregation decided to have a new church, but there was some debate about the location. On Palm Sunday 19 March 1951, the last service was held in the old church, which was demolished. On Sunday 11 November 1951, Pastor M. Lohe (President of the Lutheran Church of Queensland) dedicated the second (and current) St Paul's Lutheran Church on the site where the 1872 first service was held. The cemetery beside the old church continued to be used and is now heritage-listed.

Mount Cotton Provisional School opened on 30 October 1876. On 1 January 1909, it became Mount Cotton State School. Descendants of some of the original students still attend the school.

The first local government in the area was the Tingalpa Divisional Board, established in 1880, becoming the Tingalpa Shire Council in 1903. The shire office was established at Mount Cotton with a new building in 1935. When the Shire or Tingalpa was abolished in 1949, the old Tingalpa Shire office became the Mount Cotton Community Hall.

An extension of the Cleveland railway line to Redland Bay and Mount Cotton was surveyed in 1889. The extension to Redland Bay was recommended by the Royal Commission into Public Works in 1922, but was never built.On Saturday 15 November 1930, the Mount Cotton Public Hall was officially opened. The hall was 60 by 30 ft.

In 1933, the first chicken farm in the area was established.

The Mount Cotton Hillclimb opened in February 1968.

The Mount Cotton Drama Group was established circa 1975 and presented 142 productions in the Mount Cotton Public Hall before the group wound up in May 2018. The Sirromet Winery on Mount Cotton Road opened in 2000. Although some grapes are grown at Mount Cotton, the winery has most of its vineyards on the Granite Belt where the climate is superior for grape growing.

Demographics
In the, Mount Cotton recorded a population of 4,804 people, 50.8% female and 49.2% male. The median age of the Mount Cotton population was 32 years, 5 years below the national median of 37. 76.8% of people living in Mount Cotton were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 7.8%, New Zealand 4.1%, South Africa 2.4%, Scotland 0.7%, Ireland 0.5%. 93.7% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.7% Afrikaans, 0.3% German, 0.3% Dutch, 0.2% Portuguese, 0.2% Japanese.

In the, Mount Cotton had a population of 6,835 people.

In the, Mount Cotton had a population of 7,302 people.

Economy
Several poultry farms are located in Mount Cotton. A Hillview Road chicken farm is developing a biomass power plant which is expected to provide renewable energy to the electrical grid. The project has faced opposition from local residents and delays as the plant was re-designed to encompass improvements in technology. Developers Cleveland Power claim the power plant will be able to supply electricity to 7500 homes annually.

Education
Mount Cotton State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 1246 Mount Cotton Road (-27.6218°N, 153.2356°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 586 students with 43 teachers (38 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (12 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

Amenities
The Redland City Council operates a mobile library service which visits the Mount Cotton Community Park at Bohemia Court.

Mount Cotton Public Hall is at 1249-1251 Mount Cotton Road (-27.6215°N, 153.2346°W).

St Paul's Lutheran Church is at 1257 Mount Cotton Road (-27.6223°N, 153.2351°W).

Attractions
Sirromet Winery is on 850 Mount Cotton Road (-27.5942°N, 153.2299°W). It has vineyards, wine-making facilities and restaurants.

Mount Cotton Hillclimb is a tarmac hillclimbing motor racing circuit at 47 Gramzow Road (-27.6475°N, 153.2327°W). It is 946 m long and offers steep climbs and descents with a variety of cambers on the corners, including hairpin bends.

title: Mount Cotton, Queensland


text:
Talk:Zygovisti

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for

37 35 15 N 22 04 05 E

(Zygovisti)

—62.74.2.207 (talk) 13:23, 24 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I see that you have already made the change in the article. Thanks for dealing with the error. Deor (talk) 17:06, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zygovisti


text:
Schwabing

Schwabing is a borough in the northern part of Munich, the capital of the German state of Bavaria. It is part of the city borough 4 (Schwabing-West) and the city borough 12 (Schwabing-Freimann). The population of Schwabing is estimated at 100,000, making it one of the largest districts of Munich. The main boulevard is Leopoldstraße.

Overview
Schwabing was a village, with a church documented in the 14th century.

Schwabing used to be famous as Munich's bohemian quarter, but has lost much of this reputation due to strong gentrification in the last decades. A popular location is the Englischer Garten, or English Garden, one of the world's largest public parks. Other not so commonly known parks in Schwabing are Leopoldpark, Petuelpark and Biotop am Ackermannbogen.

The main buildings of Munich's largest universities, Ludwig Maximilian University and the Technical University of Munich and Academy of Fine Arts are situated in the nearby Maxvorstadt. A student housing area called "Studentenstadt" (literally, "student city") is located in the north of Schwabing.

The gentrification of Schwabing and various construction projects led to various protests around the year 2011.

Bohemia since 1890
Schwabing became very famous especially during the reign of Prince Regent Luitpold when numerous artists like Ludwig Ganghofer, Heinrich Mann, Thomas Mann, Oskar Panizza, Otto Julius Bierbaum, Frank Wedekind, Ernst von Wolzogen, Gustav Meyrink, Rainer Maria Rilke, Isolde Kurz, Ludwig Thoma, Max Halbe, Annette Kolb, Stefan George, Karl Wolfskehl, Ludwig Klages, Roda Roda, Christian Morgenstern, Max Dauthendey, Mechtilde Lichnowsky, Lion Feuchtwanger, Leonhard Frank, Joachim Ringelnatz, Claire Goll, Oskar Maria Graf, Hugo Ball, Hermann Kesten, Thomas Theodor Heine, Olaf Gulbransson, Bruno Paul, Eduard Thöny and Rudolf Wilke lived or worked there. Lenin was a resident of Schwabing for some years, as was noted psychoanalyst and bohemian Otto Gross. The Countess Fanny zu Reventlow was known as "The Bohemian Countess of Schwabing".

Famous 60s and 70s Scene
In the 1960s and 1970s Schwabing became a hotspot for the flower power and 1968 movements as well as an internationally renowned party district with legendary clubs such as Big Apple, PN hit-house, Domicile, Hot Club, Piper Club, Tiffany, Germany's first large-scale discotheque Blow Up and the underwater nightclub Yellow Submarine, as well as many bars such as Schwabinger 7, Drugstore and Schwabinger Podium. From the active nightlife during this time, the district became known as "Schwabingbang". The Schwabinger Krawalle unrests of 1962 were a prelude for the student protests of 1968. In the last decades Schwabing has lost much of its nightlife activity, mainly due to gentrification and the resulting high rents. It has become the city's most coveted and expensive residential district, attracting affluent citizens with little interest in partying.

title: Schwabing


text:
User talk:Pulkit.jain

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. →Raul654 08:41, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pulkit.jain


text:
Eva-Britt Svensson

Eva-Britt Svensson (born 5 December 1946 in Värnamo) is a Swedish politician and former Member of the European Parliament. She is a member of the Left Party.

Svensson has been vice-chair of the GUE/NGL group, and chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. She was also a member of the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection, a substitute for the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, a member of the delegation for relations with Israel, and a substitute for the delegation to the EU–Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee.

Svensson is known for opposing Europe-wide restrictions on freedom of speech and to prevent perceived gender stereotyping.

She left the Parliament in September 2011.

Career

 * Political secretary of the Left Party (Vänsterpartiet) (1995–2004)
 * Member of County Council for the Left Party (1995–2004)
 * Member of the Left Party's Executive (since 2000)
 * Member of executive committee
 * Tenants' association Sweden (since 2000)
 * Chair of the People's Movement No to the EU, Sweden (1992–2001)
 * Vice-chair of the People's Movement No to the EU, Sweden (since 2001)

title: Eva-Britt Svensson


text:
Jonas Sjöstedt

Tor Jonas Sjöstedt (born 25 December 1964) is a Swedish politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament for the Left Party since 2024. He served as the leader of the Left Party from 2012 to 2020, was a member of the Swedish parliament, the Riksdag, from 2010 to 2020, and was a member of the European Parliament from 1995 to 2006.

Early life and education
Tor Jonas Sjöstedt was born on 25 December 1964 in Gothenburg. His father worked as an engineer at hydroelectric power stations as well as a teacher, while his mother was a psychotherapist. He has one older sister and one younger brother. Due to his father's occupation, his family moved often; from Sundsvall to Västerås, before settling in Vänersborg.

Due to his dyslexia, Sjöstedt could not read until he was nine years old and found schooling difficult. He dropped out twice before moving to Luleå to complete a two-year social studies course at Hermelinsskolan. During this time, he participated in the Sveriges Elevkårer, which was then known as the Student Organisation, becoming its vice chairman.

Sjöstedt worked odd jobs after graduating before moving to Umeå after the birth of his daughter, where he worked at the local Volvo plant's assembly line.

Political career
He became politically active at an early age and was an opponent of the Vietnam War. He recalled feeling a sense of euphoria upon learning of the fall of Saigon at the age of 10.

He joined the Left Party's youth association in Vänersborg at the age of 13, and was the co-editor of the association's newspaper, Röd Press, in the 1980s.

Sjöstedt was opposed to Swedish membership in European Union, but when the "No" side lost the 1994 referendum, he participated in the 1995 European Parliament election in Sweden for the Left Party as part of the European United Left-Nordic Green Left group and was successfully elected. He was re-elected in the 1999 and 2004 European parliament elections and served on the committee on the environment, public health, and consumer policy from 1999 until his resignation from the European parliament in 2006. He supported the "No" side in the 2003 Swedish euro referendum.

He stepped back from politics in Sweden after he found himself on the losing side of an ideological battle within the Left Party in the aftermath of Gudrun Schyman's resignation, having been unsuccessful in moving the party away from its "old revolutionary traditions". He moved to New York City in 2006 and became a member of the Socialist Party USA.

Upon his return to Sweden, he was elected as a member of the Riksdag representing Västerbotten. In the election, he was the number one candidate on the Left Party's electoral list in the constituency, which generally returns at least one representative. He received one third of all preference votes from Left Party voters, the most of any Left Party candidate in the constituency.

Increasingly popular among Left Party members, Sjöstedt announced his intention to stand for the leadership of the Left Party in July 2011. During the campaign, he advocated for a co-leadership system, arguing that a woman needed to be the head of a feminist party. He was nominated by the party's election committee on 10 December 2011 He was challenged by Ulla Andersson, Hans Linde and Rossana Dinamarca.

He was elected on 6 January 2012 at a party congress, receiving 179 votes to Rossana Dinamarca's 39. In a press conference after his election, he promised Dinamarca a leading role within the party before the 2014 general election. He advocated co-operation with the Swedish Social Democratic Party and the Green Party, but decried the 2010 red-green alliance for necessitating too much compromise on the part of the Left.

In August 2018, he criticised the tightening of Swedish immigration laws and rejected what he called a "competition in Europe to have the harshest policies", advocating the reintroduction of permanent residence permits and family reunification rights.

In January 2020, Sjöstedt announced his intention to resign as the Left Party's leader at their congress in May, citing a desire to spend more time with his family who were currently living in Vietnam. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the congress was postponed, and Sjöstedt remained as party leader until the congress could be held on 31 October 2020, when Nooshi Dadgostar was elected as his successor.

He criticised the Swedish government for its concessions to Turkey in order to secure NATO membership, accusing it of betraying the Kurdish people in Sweden and Turkey.

Sjöstedt was chosen as the lead candidate for the Left Party's list for the 2024 European Parliament election in Sweden and received the most personal votes in a European parliamentary election in Sweden, surpassing Marit Paulsen's record of 221,489 personal votes in 2009.

Personal life
Sjöstedt moved to New York City in 2006, acompanying his wife, Swedish diplomat Ann Måwe, who was part of the Swedish delegation to the United Nations. During his time there, he was an active member of the Socialist Party USA. He moved to Hanoi in 2020, where his wife works as the Swedish ambassador to Vietnam. He writes for Swedish leftist publications, radio, and print columns, as well as works of history and fiction.

title: Jonas Sjöstedt


text:
User talk:Thc420

Blocked for making personal threats
From Village pump (miscellaneous), directly below a posting of mine in which I indicated that I would block this user if he continues to impersonate other Users:

''I never did like sysops who just feel like they're all big because they can idly threaten users from behind a computer screen in some mildewy basement. If, on the other hand, we ever were to meet in a dark alley.. Thc420 08:43, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC) ''

He then went on to create this article:

A dark alley is an urban area, usually between two buildings, where annoying sysops occasionally run into disgruntled users carrying blunt instruments, right before everything suddenly gets dark.

Image source problem with Image:Marshall.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Marshall.JPG. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 17:05, 30 September 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 17:05, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thc420


text:
Paul Miller

Paul Miller may refer to:

Art

 * Paul Miller (actor) (born 1960), Canadian actor
 * Paul Miller (TV director), television director
 * Paul Miller (theatre director) (born c. 1968), artistic director of the Orange Tree Theatre
 * Paul D. Miller, better known as DJ Spooky (born 1970), American hip-hop musician

Politics and government

 * Paul Miller (North Carolina politician), former Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly
 * Paul Miller (Canadian politician) (born 1951), politician in Hamilton, Ontario
 * Paul David Miller (born 1941), retired Admiral in the United States Navy
 * Paul D. Miller (academic), American academic, blogger, and U.S. government official.
 * Paul W. Miller (1899–1976), Pennsylvania politician

Sports

 * Paul Miller (cyclist) (born 1963), Australian professional road cyclist
 * Paul Miller (defensive end) (1930–2007), NFL player
 * Paul Miller (halfback) (1913–1992), NFL player
 * Paul Miller (American football coach) (born c. 1950), American football coach
 * Paul Miller (baseball) (born 1965), 1990s major league baseball pitcher
 * Paul Miller (basketball) (born 1982), American basketball player
 * Paul Miller (boxer) (born 1978), Australian boxer
 * Paul Miller (footballer, born 1959), English footballer, played for Tottenham
 * Paul Miller (footballer, born 1968), English footballer, played for Wimbledon and Bristol Rovers
 * Paul Miller (ice hockey) (born 1959), retired American professional ice hockey forward
 * Paul Miller (rugby union) (born 1977), former New Zealand rugby union player
 * Paul Miller (racing driver), American former racing driver, in 1982 24 Hours of Le Mans

Other

 * Paul Miller (journalist) (1906–1991), head of Gannett Company and the Associated Press
 * Paul A. Miller (1917–2015), president of the Rochester Institute of Technology, 1969–1979
 * Paul Steven Miller (1961–2010), lawyer, disability rights advocate and professor
 * Paul F. Miller (1932–2012), American sculptor and art educator
 * Paul Miller (author), British digital consultant, author and social entrepreneur
 * Paul Nicholas Miller, better known as GypsyCrusader (born 1988), American white supremacist, convicted felon and former Muay Thai fighter

title: Paul Miller


text:
Talk:June Movement

Untitled
How eurosceptic are they? Do they advocate complete withdrawal from the EU? — Trilobite (Talk) 08:49, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

If only we had a party like this one j.c. is sweet!
Amazing party,Denmark should be proud of themDzoni 08:02, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:June Movement


text: User talk:65.33.237.134

title: User talk:65.33.237.134


text:
Nils Lundgren

Nils Gustav Herman Lundgren (born 13 July 1936) is a Swedish politician and economist, who is a former Member of the European Parliament (MEP). Between 2004 and 2008 he was the leader of the eurosceptical June List, which he had co-founded.

He was elected to the European Parliament in 2004 and was a member of the bureau of the Independence and Democracy group, and vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Budgetary Control. He was also a member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, a substitute for the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, and a member of the delegation to the EU–Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee. He did not stand for re-election as a MEP in the 2009 elections.

Education

 * Doctorate in economics from Stockholm University (1975)

Career

 * University lecturer in economics, Stockholm (1962-1963)
 * Economics expert at EFTA secretariat in Geneva (1964-1965)
 * Research at Institute for International Economic Studies, Stockholm (1966-1971)
 * Researcher, Ministry of Industry (1971-1974)
 * Guest researcher, Reading University (1975)
 * Head of research unit, National Institute of Economic Research (1977-1979)
 * Chief economist, PK-banken subsequently Nordbanken subsequently MeritaNordbanken (1980-1999)
 * Economic adviser Nordea (1999-2001)
 * Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences since 1988.
 * Artillery reserve officer
 * Previously chairman and member of the Board of a number of Swedish and international companies and organisations
 * Editor-in-chief of Ekonomisk debatt
 * Integration i Västeuropa (Integration in Western Europe) (1974), Industripolitikens spelregler (Industrial policy - the rules of the game) (1981) and Europa ja - euro nej (Yes to Europe - no to the euro) (2003), as well as a number of other books, publications and articles

title: Nils Lundgren


text:
Peter White

Peter White may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Peter White (actor) (1937–2023), American actor
 * Peter White (broadcaster) (born 1947), British broadcast journalist and radio presenter
 * Peter White (musician) (born 1954), British smooth jazz guitarist
 * Peter White (professor) (born 1947), professor of Classical Languages and Literature at the University of Chicago
 * Peter Gilbert White (1937–2007), English cathedral organist, who served in Leicester Cathedral
 * Peter V. White, American film editor
 * Peter White (St. Elsewhere), a character on the 1980s hospital drama St. Elsewhere
 * Pete White (The Venture Bros.), a character on the animated television series The Venture Bros.

Politics

 * Peter White (Australian politician) (1936–2005), member of the Australian House of Representatives
 * Peter White (Canadian politician) (1838–1906), Canadian parliamentarian
 * Peter White (Michigan politician) (1830–1908), American businessman and philanthropist from Marquette, Michigan
 * Peter White (Queensland politician), Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, Australia
 * Peter J. White, Senior Policy Advisor to President Trump

Sports

 * Peter White (footballer) (1970–1996), Australian rules footballer
 * Peter White (ice hockey) (born 1969), retired Canadian professional ice hockey player

Other

 * Peter White (professor), professor of Classic Languages and Literature at the University of Chicago
 * Peter White (Royal Navy officer) (1919–2010)

title: Peter White


text: User talk:82.114.67.204

title: User talk:82.114.67.204


text: User talk:129.115.78.241

title: User talk:129.115.78.241


text:
Talk:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

Untitledd
The war was not fought (technically speaking) with the British crown but with the British East-India Company. The Company was taken over only after the First War of Indian Independence in 1857.

Waynad
Waynad was under Pazazzhi Raja. The British had to fight another war with Pazazzhi Raja to gain control of Waynad. Chanakyathegreat 16:39, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 17:56, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Note
Sultanate of Mysore and the Kingdom of Mysore are two totally different dynasties.``` — Preceding unsigned comment added by 182.182.33.151 (talk) 08:25, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:24, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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 * Anglo-Mysore War 4.png

title: Talk:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War


text:
Hélène Goudin

Hélène Goudin (born 25 November 1956 in Brussels) is a Swedish politician and former Member of the European Parliament for the June List; part of the Independence and Democracy group.

Goudin was Vice Chair of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly and Co-President and Treasurer of the EUDemocrats - Alliance for a Europe of Democracies.

title: Hélène Goudin


text:
Lars Wohlin

Lars Magnus Wohlin (24 June 1933 – 24 September 2018) was a Swedish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP). He was elected into the European Parliament as a member of the June List, but later joined Kristdemokraterna.

He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Budgets, a member of the temporary committee on policy challenges and budgetary means of the enlarged Union 2007–2013, and a member of the delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

Career

 * Degree in economics (1960)
 * Ph.D. economics (Stockholm, 1970)
 * Assistant professor, University of Uppsala
 * Head of the Research Institute of Industrial Economics (1973-1976)
 * Undersecretary of State, Ministry of Finance (1976-1979)
 * Head of Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden) (1979-1982)
 * Head of Stadshypotek (mortgage bank) 1982–1996)
 * Member of the Board of Bank for International Settlements
 * Governor representing Sweden on the Board of the IMF

title: Lars Wohlin


text:
Kalevi Aho

Kalevi Ensio Aho (born 9 March 1949) is a Finnish composer.

Early years
Aho began his interest in music at the age of ten, when he discovered a mandolin in his home and began to teach himself how to play it. He soon was taken under the tutelage of Martti Loikkanen, the boy's 4th grade teacher and founder of a local youth mandolin ensemble in Forssa. After learning how to read sheet music, Aho immediately started composing. Aho progressed so fast on the instrument that Loikkanen suggested he study the violin as well, with Loikkanen giving him private lessons. Aho also began to learn violin at an incredible speed, with him later recalling, "Martti taught me at home for free until I started skipping him out of my playing skills and he suggested changing teachers." Aho's parents were quite supportive of his musical hobby, encouraging him to compose and giving him a piano at the age of 15.

Career
He moved from the city of Forssa to Helsinki in September 1968 to study at the Sibelius Academy. He studied composition at the Sibelius Academy under Einojuhani Rautavaara, beginning that year and receiving a diploma in 1971. He continued his studies for a year in Berlin with Boris Blacher. His teaching positions include music theory at the University of Helsinki from 1974 to 1988, and a professorship at the Sibelius Academy from 1988 to 1993. He was named composer-in-residence for the Lahti Symphony Orchestra in 1992, and conductor Osmo Vänskä has recorded many of his recent large-scale works with the orchestra. Aho has worked as a freelance composer, with a state scholarship, since 1993. He lives in Helsinki.

Music
Known principally as a composer of large-scale works, Aho has composed eighteen symphonies, thirty-one concertos, five operas and several vocal works. His chamber music includes several quintets, quartets, sonatas and solo works. He first came to fame with his first symphony (1969) and second string quartet (1970).

His works of this time showed such neo-classical traits as a preoccupation with counterpoint (particularly fugues), and stylized renderings of older forms, such as the waltz. In the following decade he wrote in modernist and post-modernist styles. His use of irony and juxtaposition of contrasting moods and musical styles and genres has been compared to Gustav Mahler and Alfred Schnittke.

Literature

 * Korhonen, Kimmo (1999). Kalevi Aho in Profile. Finnish Music Information Centre. Retrieved 8 February 2005.
 * Oramo, Ilkka. "Aho, Kalevi." at Grove Music Online. . Retrieved 21 September 2006.

title: Kalevi Aho


text:
Talk:Anglo-Mysore Wars

Untitled
Technically the British were represented in India by the British East-India company till 1857, and only then did the crown take over.

Hence the chagne

Prashnathns Prashanthns 09:00, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Request to rename this page to 'List of Anglo-Mysore Wars'
I seem to have incorrectly created a new page with the requested title. Since each war is documented seperately, it makes sense to rename this page instead. As well, this allows linking to the Template:Anglo-Mysore Wars page from each individual war.

SpikedZebra 09:30, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:22, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Anglo-Mysore War 4.png

title: Talk:Anglo-Mysore Wars


text:
Talk:Tajweed

Aw, do we all hafta say "peace be upon him" every time Muhammad peace be upon him is mentioned in Wikipedia? That's an awful lot of "peace-be-upon-hims."

No, that's why I deleted it. RickK 09:03, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tajweed


text: User talk:128.39.154.184

title: User talk:128.39.154.184


text: Talk:High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

title: Talk:High-Speed Downlink Packet Access


text:
Charlotte Cederschiöld

Ulla Margareta Charlotte Cederschiöld (born 28 September 1944 in Gävle) is a Swedish politician and was a Member of the European Parliament until 2009. She is a member of the Moderate Party, part of the European People's Party - European Democrats group.

She sits on the European Parliament's Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection. She is also a substitute for the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, a member of the Delegation for relations with Russia and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with the United States.

She has been married to Carl Cederschiöld since 1972, with whom she has two children Sebastian (1974) and Anna (1981).

She is a signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.

Education
She graduated from Stockholm University in 1970, with a degree in political science, law, history and German, and after graduating became an information manager for the Swedish Institute and City of Stockholm Development and Promotion Office.

Career
Attacks against information systems and communication networks, protection against counterfeiting the Euro, fight against drugs, organised crime, police co-operation in relation to synthetic drugs, intellectual property (The WIPO Treaties) and the development of the third pillar during the Intergovernmental Conference 1996-97. Fundamental rights, enhanced corporation, competition, crime prevention, shadow rapporteur on health in the single market, many reports on openness and transparency as well as data protection.
 * Member Moderate Party executive 1990-1995
 * Member Stockholm County Authority 1979-1988
 * Member of Parliament (Riksdag) 1988-1995
 * First vice-chair European Union of Women 1993-1999
 * MEP 1995-
 * Substitute to the Institutional Committee 1995-1999
 * Vice-president European Parliament, bureau member and chairwoman of the Conciliation Committee 2001-2004
 * Member of The Committee on Citizens' Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs 1999-2004
 * Substitute to The Committee on Legal Affairs and the Internal Market 1999-2004
 * Member of The Delegation for relations with the United States 1999-2004
 * Member of the Convention for Fundamental Rights (1999–2000)
 * Member of The Mercosur Delegation 2004-2007
 * Vice-chair of The Internal Market and Consumer Protection Committee 2004-2006
 * Member of The Internal Market and Consumer Protection Committee 2007
 * Substitute to The Delegation for Relations with the United States 2004-
 * Member of the Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs Committee 1995-2006
 * Substitute to the Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs Committee 2006
 * Member of the Russia Delegation 2007
 * Member of the Echelon committee
 * Rapporteur on the following reports:

title: Charlotte Cederschiöld


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Radio Caroline/archive1

Radio Caroline
I found this article extremely informative and easy to follow. The story is a fascinating one with many bits of intrigue. Kingturtle 09:09, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object - Very interesting subject and a fine read, but 1) References? 2) There are no photos of the ships, the DJs or anything to do with the station 3) Summarize the station's history in a paragraph for the lead section. slambo 15:35, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1a) The paragraph about frequency conversion doesn't really fit into the References section as it isn't a reference, more a discussion on how to do the conversion. slambo 15:22, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Agree with the above. Please read the featured article criteria and only nominate articles that meet them.  References are a basic one. Checking the criteria first is simply polite to those who spend their time here. - Taxman 22:12, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree with the established feature article criteria. I don't see references as essential to a feature article. Kingturtle 23:37, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well they are established, and that one for a very good reason. But this is not the place to discuss it. The criteria page or WikiProject Fact and Reference Check or Forum for Encyclopedic Standards are. Short answer: the information could be made up out of thin air if it is not properly cited to its source. - Taxman 00:05, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object: Interesting enough but no references. Some images must be possible if only of DJs etc, needs something to add some colour and life. Giano 22:37, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: for the record, Feature Article Sid McMath does not have any references. How true are we to this "references are a must" rule? Kingturtle 15:11, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Delmas, South Africa

Delmas is a small maize farming town situated east of Johannesburg in Mpumalanga, South Africa. The town is located some 19 km north-east of Springs and 73 km south-east of Pretoria.

History
The town was laid out in 1907 on the farm Witklip (Afrikaans for White Stone) and has been administered by a town council since 1965. The name was given by the Frenchman Frank Campbell Dumat, former owner of Witklip, after his grandfather's farm in France. He originally laid out the town with 192 residential stands, 48 4 ha small holdings and 138 ha of commonage but by 1909 the governments added a further 5,500 ha to the town. This would be divided into 85 small holdings of around 64 ha.

Communities
Bothibelong is a township 3 km north of Delmas. The name is derived from Sotho and means 'protection'. A newer location is named Botleng, which means 'place of beauty' in Sotho.

Agriculture
The farms in the region produce maize, wheat, potatoes and chickens. AFGRI runs a chicken abattoir in the town.

Golf
The Delmas Golf Club is a nine-hole golf course that opened in 1960.

Motorsports
Red Star Raceway is located approximately 15 km (9.2 mi) outside of Delmas, to the North East of the town centre. Opened in 2010, the 4 km (2.4 mi) long circuit was initially designed to house motorcycles but later opened the facilities to cars. Originally developed by the owner, Jaques van Wyngaardt, in conjunction with Andy Farmer and Kevin Owen, the circuit can be run either clockwise or anticlockwise and features a shorter, "Club" circuit, bypassing several of the long circuit's corners. The facility offers a skid pan, recreational facilities as well as overnight accommodation, conference halls and ablution facilities.

In 2022, construction started on a new filling station and convenience store to service both visitors to the track and travellers on the N12 freeway.

Transportation
Delmas is an important railway junction on the Springs to eMalahleni rail-line, a line that connects to the Port of Richards Bay.

Roads
The town is connected by two main roads, the R555 and the R50. The R50 north connects the town to the N12 freeway junction which links Johannesburg to Witbank while the road continues north to Pretoria. The R50 south connects the town to Standerton.

title: Delmas, South Africa


text:
Christofer Fjellner

Gustav Christofer Ingemar Fjellner (born 13 December 1976) is a Swedish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 until 2019. He is a member of the Moderate Party, part of the European People's Party. Fjellner gained national prominence as chairman of the Moderate Youth League from 2002 to 2004.

Fjellner served on the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade and its Committee on Budgetary Control. In that capacity, he drafted the Parliament's review of EU spending in 2010. He was also a substitute for the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, a member of the delegation for relations with Belarus, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Iran.

In September 2016, Fjellner joined more than 50 MEPs from six different political groups – including Ashley Fox, Alojz Peterle, Vicky Ford and Beatrix von Storch – in signing a proposal for a two-term limit of the President of the European Parliament. This move was widely seen as an effort to prevent incumbent Martin Schulz from holding onto the presidency for a third consecutive term.

Career

 * Studied political science and public finance, Uppsala University and Lund University
 * Researcher, Timbro (free-market think tank), 1997
 * Information officer, Svenska arbetsgivare föreningen (Swedish employers association), 1998–2000
 * Editorial writer, Svenska Dagbladet, 1999
 * Consultant, sagt:gjort (public relations firm), 2001
 * Vice-President and co-founder of Look Closer AB (business intelligence company)
 * Chairman, Moderate Youth League, 2002–2004
 * President, Nordisk Ungkonservativ Union (Nordic Young Conservatives), 2002–2004
 * Member of executive board, Moderaterna Swedish Conservatives)
 * Member of Enköping Municipal Council, 1998-2002
 * Member of Uppsala County Council, 1998-2002

title: Christofer Fjellner


text:
Talk:Spirit duplicator

Images
The Ditto and its likes bring nostalgic memories in all of us, but this article really deserves some images! Photos of ditto machines are surprisingly hard to find online, and once I've found a few, I really stumbled on the wiki copyright procedures. (This was my first time trying to post a photo, and after an hour of reading wiki-legalese I was as stumped as before. Are snapshots of products creative works? Are published advertisements in the public domain? Well, that discussion doesn't belong here..)

So here's what I found:

 Most useful ones are from the Early Office Museum, which claims copyright for all work but does acknowledge fair use. Scroll down Copy Machines, for a photo of a Bell & Howell Ditto E-41 circa 1950, and two ads (also here). And here you can find a self-published R. Crumb comic, a great example of the renown purple look and of the machine's popularity and cultural value..  Hopefully someone that's better-versed in wiki image procedures can conclude their addition. Binba 22:10, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

General
We used these at my school in the early 1980s where we called them "purple perils" regardless of the colour. Ahh, the memories…how they still grate on the brain :-) --Phil | Talk 09:10, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ha, I can still hear the kachunkathoonk, kachunkathoonk, kachunkathoonk of the machine near my 5th grade classroom. Does the 2nd to last paragraph, comparing the mimeograph machine to the spirit duplicator, seem a bit POV to anyone else? To me, it totally reads like a mimeo fan dissing the ditto machine. FreplySpang 07:18, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * One thing I recall was that newly-printed pages on a ditto machine were cold to the touch, which sometimes prompted me to call them "Cold off the press!" *Dan T.* 14:11, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * And let us not forget the heady aroma of freshly printed dittos. 207.93.200.3 16:13, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The spirit duplicator vs. mimeography material seems fairly balanced to me, as a sometime spirit duplicator owner who never owned a mimeo; but of course it's no longer the penultimate paragraph. -- Orange Mike 16:45, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure my schools were using them in the early to mid 1990s. At least, we got a lot of blurry purple copies. I was surprised to learn they were supposed to be mostly out of use by then, but I imagine ours didn't get replaced until it pretty much broke. Persephone Kore 21:26, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * We used them in my school in the early '80s too. I think there was a xerox copier as well, and teachers might use one or the other, but they were in use. The "few were in use by 1985" statement had been tagged with citation needed since February, so I just removed it. It could probably be safely changed to "declined in use through the 1980s," but whatever is said should be factually verifiable, not just extrapolating from someone's personal recollection. -Agyle 12:08, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

These were called something else in australia, a name starting with 'S' or 'C' not unike 'mimeograph'.... anyone who can follow this up, it would be greatly appreciated...Lou777 (talk) 12:48, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * In some schools in Australia the Fordigraph machine was common, and the term Fordigraph more or less became a verb. I am not certain but I believe these were made by a British company, named Ford Industries (the company was called Fordigraph - owned by Frank R Ford) or similar. Walkingmelways (talk) 23:43, 26 April 2009 (UTC)
 * In the UK these were very often known as a Gestetner, and the wikipedia page discusses these. Are they different? The Gestetner was typically an ink duplicator (similar to a Roneo) and was typically not a spirit duplicator like the Fordigraph.  They produced a black ink print on what could be called "fuzzy" paper - a paper with a slightly fluffy texture that was more absorbent to the ink used in the Gestetner process.  The Fordigraph (as like other spirit duplicators tended to use what was called a highly calendared paper (i.e smooth).  The Fordigraph paper was called Special Cream Wove as the paper was off-white (i.e. cream) and the non-printing side was slightly textured due to it being manufactured on a fine steel woven mesh. Many schools however useda very cheap paper that was less smooth and very low WEIGHT (low GSM).    They certainly smelt the same and produced the same awful purple copies!  If they're different there should be a cross-reference somewhere, if they're the same then it should be mentioned here surely? 60.234.169.160 (talk) 00:42, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Gestetner duplicators were not spirit/wax dye, Gestetner made mimeographs that used stencils and greasy ink. Also, they made small offset printers. - In Finland, most common spirit duplicators in the market were made by Danish company Rex-Rotary. 88.112.25.243 (talk) 22:57, 15 July 2013 (UTC)Arsi

These were still occaisionally used when I was at school in the mid or even late 1990s in England and I was intrigued by the antiquated process and smell. It would only be used when the budget for photocopying had been used up. I'll have a look sometime to see if I have anything printed on one to scan in. Booshank (talk) 13:31, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * When I was in grade school in the late seventies and early eighties, I recall them using a cheap duplicating process for some handouts. Although I do recall a strong smell to them, I don't remember the nature of the smell. What I mostly remember was that it used special paper. The paper was very thin, curled up extremely easily if you didn't put something on top of it on your desk, and was much more likely to cause paper cuts. There was also an odd, sticky texture to it, and scratching it gave off an odd vibration. Any ideas whether this was Ditto, mimeograph, or something else? 69.95.233.155 (talk) 15:55, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Scan
If someone has a scan or can scan one of these in, it would be interesting to see what a page from one looked like! Isoxyl 16:35, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Here's one... a school newspaper I published back in 1978. Note the use of multicolored masters in the logo section. The Ted Nelson mentioned there is the famous one who invented hypertext (his son was a classmate of mine), but the "Jimbo" on one of the sports results is not Mr. Wales! (And they ended up buying an Apple II computer instead of the Exidy Sorceror they were contemplating in the news item here.) (Gee, the Sorceror is a redlink! It was briefly considered a contender in the nascent home and hobby computer market.) *Dan T.* (talk) 01:25, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

 * This is super cute! I added the image to the article. Dreamyshade (talk) 08:50, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

 * R from alternative spelling on the Sorcerer, by the way. :) Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 09:10, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Banda
The article explains about the Ditto corporation, which explains the name Ditto machine. What about Banda? Presumably this was a tradename too, at least in the UK. When I was at school in the UK, these were universally called Banda machines. Can anyone shed any light on the Banda company?? Mooncow 19:36, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, I remember them too. Banda was the trademark of a British company called Block & Anderson (see here and here). —MegaPedant 23:39, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Highly toxic substances?
Methanol and isopropanol are toxic at some dose, as for any substance. I don't think they fit the technical definition of "highly toxic", though: A chemical that falls within any of the following categories: a) has an LD50 of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight b) a chemical that has an LD50 ≤ 200 milligrams per kilogram of body weight when administered by continous contact with the skin for 24 hours c) a chemical that has an LC50 in air of 200ppm by volume or less of gas or vapor, when administered by continuous inhalation for one hour so I deleted "highly" from the article.--Joel 00:05, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Good call; thanks. -- Orange Mike 01:22, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

I am terrified to learn that somebody used toxic methanol in spirit duplicators. Throughout the 1970s we had Rex-Rotary spirit duplicators in my school (in Finland), and for some years I used to print my own magazine with a similar duplicator (at the age of 10 to 12). We used only denaturated ethanol. It was denaturated so that no one would want to drink it. The denaturants were not very toxic, they just made the ethanol indigestible or had a very bad taste. - There was a time when I dreamed of finding yellow color for my spirit duplicator. It was nowhere to be found in my country. 88.112.25.243 (talk) 23:13, 15 July 2013 (UTC)Arsi

Color
The link to Aniline Purple says it is a dye. This article calls it a pigment. Which is it?

Jp498 (talk) 02:06, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Whether a colourant is a pigment or a dye depends on whether it is soluble in the vehicle. Pigments form a suspension in the vehicle while dyes form a solution. Since aniline purple is soluble in the alcohol mixture used in the spirit duplicator it is better described as a dye. —MegaPedant 23:48, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

I find it highly unlikely that the dye used was mauveine which was hardly made (if at all) after 1873. In addition it would fade quickly in sunlight. But I am finding it difficult to discover what the dye could have been, except one late reference to methyl violet which strikes me as much more likely. Sadaltager (talk) 15:45, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Trademark
"Ditto" is a trademark of the Ditto corporation, and should be capitalized and only used to refer to that brand of spirit duplicator -- and the first use should have a ®. (Or maybe not. I can't find any evidence that anybody still makes duplicators under the "Ditto" name, and once a trademark goes out of use, it passes into public domain AFAIK.)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bgoldnyxnet (talk • contribs) 19:48, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
 * We don't use R and TM marks in Wikipedia anyway. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  17:04, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The generic use of the word "ditto" was not universal. In the UK, they were generally known as Banda machines. I think that the general use of the uncapitalised word "ditto" in the article should be replaced with the generic term "spirit duplicator". —MegaPedant 00:10, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It would be interesting to know some more trade names for this process. From my schooldays in England in the 60's, I remember the smell, the cold feel of new copies, and the out-of-focus violet text. And there was a name for the process, which was neither "Ditto" nor "Banda". Maproom (talk) 09:05, 1 June 2012 (UTC)
 * They weren’t exclusively called Banda machines in the UK, they were also called Roneo machines here too - there was a terrible pun/ joke which hinged on the exchange, “Can you do it on your Roneo?”/ “No, I’ll need help…”, which played off the colloquial use of “on my/ your own-io” as doing something by yourself… Jock123 (talk) 11:55, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

Smell
Which substances caused the distinctive smell? --Abdull (talk) 10:19, 10 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I believe it was the volatile alchohols involved. -- Orange Mike |  Talk  13:02, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

As used in From Up on Poppy Hill
It looks like a similar but a more primitive techonology was used for printing a school newspaper in From Up on Poppy Hill by Gorou Miyazaki. Here are some screens: 1, 2, 3 — Hellerick (talk) 07:04, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Bell & Howell Ditto E-41 Duplicator
We found this machine in the crawl space of an old Victorian we are renovating. Anybody have any ideas as to how much it might be worth? I can't find any information on them. Obviously, I have no idea how to place these images I uploaded into the body of this post and no time to sit and figure it out.

RonnaMe (talk) 16:05, 15 January 2014 (UTC)RonnaMe

Tattoo usage?
The claim about use by tattoo artists in the "History" section doesn't make much sense. It says that "the master copies these machines produce" are frequently used for tattooing, and so the machines have all been snapped up by tattoo artists. But Ditto machines don't "produce" masters at all; masters are a consumable resource used by the machines. If you want a Ditto master for some other purpose, then you don't need a machine, you can make it with paper and the right kind of ink, which is still available; so there's no reason for tattooing to result in a shortage of Ditto machines. My guess is that maybe someone heard a second-hand story about tattooists using Ditto masters and didn't entirely understand what they had heard. It is true that there used to be carbon-paper-like material available for making Ditto masters with an ordinary ballpoint pen, and it's probably difficult or impossible to find nowadays. Maybe that's what has really been used up by tattooists. But even if true, that would need a source. 188.182.238.181 (talk) 15:06, 20 April 2016 (UTC)
 * It is also mentioned in Thermofax, which might be what is meant. Ditto (spirit) masters are created from carbon based in originals, such as xerographic copies. I suspect Thermofax machines are also hard to find now. I am not sure how easy it is to find the masters, either. Gah4 (talk) 02:53, 8 July 2021 (UTC)
 * It is also mentioned in Thermofax, which might be what is meant. Ditto (spirit) masters are created from carbon based in originals, such as xerographic copies. I suspect Thermofax machines are also hard to find now. I am not sure how easy it is to find the masters, either. Gah4 (talk) 02:53, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

mimeograph
The article doesn't mention that mimeograph was commonly used as the term for spirit duplicators or their product. I am not so sure why, though both involve ink, transfer, and a rotating drum. That is, similar to the way Xerox is commonly used to describe the machine, process, and product of such machines produced by others. Gah4 (talk) 01:41, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

Thermofax
There was also, very common in schools, a process to make spirit masters directly from carbon based ink originals using a Thermofax machine. Easiest way is with a xerographic copier. So, one can take a book, make one xerographic copy, and then usually about 30 spirit duplicator copies. Much less ink is transferred than with the usual masters, and they only come in purple. Gah4 (talk) 02:51, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spirit duplicator


text:
Gunnar Hökmark

Anders Gunnar Hökmark (born 19 September 1952) is a Swedish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 until 2019. He is member of the Moderate Party, part of the European People's Party. He previously served as Secretary of the Moderate Party from 1991 to 1999 and Member of the Riksdag (MP) for Stockholm County from 1982 to 2004.

Early life and education
Hökmark was born on 19 September 1952 in Ystad, Sweden, the son of major general Gösta Hökmark and his wife Anne-Marie (née Forneborg). Hökmark finished a B.A. in business administration and economics at Lund University in 1975 and joined Swedish Unilever in 1976 as trainee and became product manager in 1977. After his military education, parallel with his university studies, he became an officer in the Swedish Armoured Troops of the Swedish Army and is today a captain in the reserve.

Political career
In 1979 Hökmark was elected Chairman of the Moderate Youth League, a position he held till 1984. From 1981 to 1983 he was Chairman of the Democratic Youth Community of Europe (DEMYC).

Member of the Swedish Parliament, 1982–2004
Hökmark was elected to the Swedish Parliament in the 1982 elections. He served in the Swedish Parliament from 1982 to 2004 as a representative for the Stockholm region. In the Parliament he was the spokesman on privacy policy, energy policy and economic affairs, as well as President of the Standing Committee on Constitutional Affairs.

In 1986 he became managing director of Timbro Idea and developed the think tank division of Timbro, which is today the leading think tank in Sweden. During the time at Timbro he headed the think tank and research activities and took also the initiative to and launched the City University in 1988.

In 1989 Hökmark started the so-called Monday movement, a popular movement supporting the independence of the Baltic States that spread all over Sweden, which today is manifested by a monument at the main meeting place in Stockholm, Norrmalmstorg. He is awarded with Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian orders. In 2013 he was also awarded with the Georgian Order of Excellence, for his support for freedom and democracy in the county.

He was the Secretary-General of the Moderate Party between 1991 and 2000, during which time he led a number of election campaigns as well as the referendum campaign about Sweden's membership in the European Union. He was responsible for the process of the Moderate Party joining the European People's Party as full member.

In 2000 Hökmark left his office as Secretary General and took the initiative to establish the think-tank Institute of Reform, where he was managing director, with a clear agenda to prepare policies for a shift of government after the general elections 2002, policies that could not be launched as the Social Democrats stayed in power.

In 2002 Hökmark became President of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs in the Swedish Parliament, a position he held until being elected Member of the European Parliament in 2004.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2019
In parliament, Hökmark served as Vice Chairman of the EPP Group from 2007 until 2014. EPP is the largest group in the European Parliament with 265 members. He was the leader of the Swedish delegation to the EPP and active in the Committee of Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Committee of Industry, Energy and Research. He was also a member of the Special Committee on the Financial, Economic and Social Crisis as well as the Special Committee on the Policy Challenges and Budgetary Resources for a Sustainable European Union after 2013 and the Special committee on financial crimes, tax evasion and tax avoidance.

From 2012 to 2014, Hökmark led the Parliament's work on the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD).

From 2014 to 2019, he was the parliament's rapporteur on the banking structure reform.

From 2016 to 2019, Hökmark led the Parliament's work on the Insolvency Hierarchy, the introduction of Total Loss Absorbing Capacity (TLAC) into European legislation and the revision of the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive as well as the Single Resolution Mechanism Regulation (SRMR)

As active in the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, Hökmark negotiated, among others, the proposal to establish EU:s first multi-annual Radio Spectrum Policy Programme (2012) which laid the ground for developing more mobile broadband capacities, which was instrumental for European competitiveness and for the phasing out of roaming fees in EU. He was the rapporteur for a number of reports and legislation aiming for a more rapid deployment of broadband, higher capacities and speeds and the direction to a Gigabit society. As the EPP-group rapporteur he managed to deregulate the rules for participation in the 7th framework programme for research and innovation (2006).

As rapporteur for the EPP-group, he was able to achieve a majority supporting increased competition in the electricity market and rules for separation between producers and distributors, a principle that also was adopted in the gas market legislation. He also represented the EPP group in the energy markets legislative process and the establishment of the governance for the energy union and climate action (2018)

In addition to his committee assignments, Hökmark was the chairman of the Parliament's delegation to the EU-Croatia Joint Parliamentary Committee and active in the delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly. He was Chairman of the European Friends of Israel and the Sweden-Israel Friendship Association. He was also a member of the Reconciliation of European Histories Group and affiliated with the Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism.

In 2007, Hökmark narrowly lost against Joseph Daul after three rounds of voting in the election of the chairman of the centre-right European People's Party Group.

Political positions
Hökmark co-sponsored the European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009 on European conscience and totalitarianism.

Gunnar Hökmark is still working for the implementation of a European Magnitsky act and in 2015, news media reported that Hökmark was included in a Russian blacklist of prominent people from the European Union who are not allowed to enter the country.

Hökmark is also a member of the European Leadership Network (ELN)

Personal life
In 1979, Hökmark married Agnetha Jönsson (1951–2009), the daughter of Albert Jönsson and Else (née Mattsson). In 2014, he married Isabella Lehander.

title: Gunnar Hökmark


text:
Anna Ibrisagic

Anna Ibrisagic (born 23 May 1967 in Sanski Most, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Swedish politician for the Moderate Party.

She was a Member of the Swedish Parliament from 2002 to 2004, and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 to 2014. She sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs, and was a member of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence as well as a substitute for the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.

Career

 * Interpreter, German, Russian, and English (1985)
 * Studies at the Faculty of Economics (1988-1991)
 * Solo singer (opera) (1991)
 * Authorised interpreter Swedish/Bosnian (1994)
 * Music teacher's diploma (1998)
 * Music teacher (since 1988)
 * Self-employed (since 1990)
 * Export manager (1998-2001)
 * Managing Director of Norrbotten Chamber of Commerce (2001-2002)
 * Member of Luleå Municipal Council, executive board, children's and education committee (1998-2002)
 * Chairman of the Moderate Party in Luleå (2000-2001)
 * Member of the Moderate Party's executive board (2001-2011)
 * Member of the Swedish Parliament (2002-2004)
 * Member of the Committee on Education
 * Substitute member of the Committee on Cultural Affairs (2002-2004)
 * Member of the executive of Paneuropa Sverige (2003)

title: Anna Ibrisagic


text:
Turlough O'Neill

Turlough O'Neill may refer to:

 * Turlough Luineach O'Neill (1532-1595), head of the O'Neill Dynasty of Ulster
 * Turlough MacShane O'Neill (died 1608), an Irish landowner killed during O'Doherty's Rebellion

title: Turlough O'Neill


text:
Talk:Lung volumes

First sentence
"The average pair of women's lung can hold only about 4.5 litres of air; when comparing to men's lung which can hold up to about 5 litres of air" - This is not a suitable way to open the article. Besides, the difference in lung capacity between males and females is already mentioned in the second paragraph; it is completely unsuitable as a first sentence. Owen× ☎  04:22, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Factors affecting lung volume: Altitude
I believe there is a misleading comment in this section of the article. As it stands, the article states that "there is less oxygen in the air at altitude". However, this comment is misleading, as there is still, to my knowledge, the same proportion of oxygen versus other gases in the atmosphere at all altitudes (at least within the troposphere); the air just becomes less dense as you go up. So, while the comment is technically correct, it is still misleading, as it suggests it is only oxygen that decreases in amount, when in reality the lower density would lower the amount of all gases entering the lungs.

I hope this issue can be cleared up easily. I'd do it myself, but I'm too busy to find a source for my statements. (I know them from my high school curriculum.) Keith Davies Lehwald 00:49, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Lung capacity under pressure
What happens to lung capacity under pressure? Under water, for divers, for instance, does ERV+RV and TV decrease? (assume shallow 10 m dive, with air mixture)

 * I don't think so. The higher pressure outside is more-or-less matched by pressure inside. If the pressure inside remained at one atmosphere, the diver would find it very difficult to breathe. --Ihope127 23:57, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

FRC
In the article is seems as though there are two definitions of FRC. Near the top it says it is ERV + RV and near the end of the article it says it is IRV + RV. Which is the correct one? 64.81.186.50 23:29, 7 December 2006 (UTC)Erik Henne 7 December 2006

Liter abbreviation
Whoops, seems that you indeed use L in some places of the world. Feel free to revert my changes if you wish :) --SLi 22:59, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Change Rate
''Another value that can be calculated is the "Respiratory quotient". RQ = rate of CO2 production/rate of O2 consumption. RQ can vary with diet and exercise, but under typical conditions, RQ = 0.8.

Only approximately 7.5% of lung air is changed over on one breath at rest.''

Could someone cite and further explain the relationship between those two points. if 20% of the air is taken away then how is the change only 7.5%? 216.84.45.194 15:38, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Volumes don't match: according to the table in 'Measurement and values' (changed to Values) TLC = 6 liters and TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV As well according to the table: thus TLC = 6.5 liters
 * IRV = 3.6
 * TV = 0.5
 * ERV = 1.2
 * RV = 1.2

 * Regarding the table in the Values section, sometime previous to this date the IRV was changed to 3.0, so the TLC would be 5.9 liters, and it is still listed as 6 liters. At least it's quite a bit closer, if not precise.  As I am no expert, I have no clue as to what should be altered to bring this to precision.  As it is, we must question all the values and seek the help of an expert.
 * — Paine ( Ellsworth's   Climax )  06:35, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
 * PS. Hope you all have the happiest of holidays this season! —  Paine ( Ellsworth's   Climax )
 * PPS. An expert on the subject has been asked to help on the Medicine Project talk page. —  Paine ( Ellsworth's   Climax )

 * The first thing to do is to review the sources. It looks like the values in the table are derived from Palsson in Tissue Engineering. I am not familiar with that publication. In my opinion, there are several publications that are both more accessible and equally if not more authoritative/reliable.

 * Physiology textbooks that have these criteria include Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology (my personal favourite physiology text), Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, and West's Respiratory Physiology. My favourite respiratory text is Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders, which has a list of physiological values in the back.

 * Spirometric values are relatively easy to find, such as this guideline from the British Thoracic Society. However this will only describe FEV1 and FVC.

 * I shall look through the various texts that I have and I'll find one with all of the required information, while remaining as accessible as possible. It may take me a few days. Axl  ¤  [Talk]  10:50, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

Old table
These values vary with the age and height of the person. For males the values below are averages for a healthy, 70 kg (154 lb) adult male; for females the data listed are estimates obtained by reducing the male values by 22.5%:

Litres
i noticed most of the measurements are either in Litres or Millilitres i was wondering wat temperature and pressure these were recorded at, as if these variables change the true consumption of atmoshphere changes. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.164.194.243 (talk) 11:47, 13 March 2007 (UTC).

"Yahoo answers" item about smoking
In http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070419113731AAz33un a pseudonymous poster "Matt A" (who claims to have a degree in respiratory science and be a registered respiratory therapist) claims that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by smoking results in *increases* in total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume (RV), but decreases in functional capacity. That smoking increases TLC is confirmed by, for example, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8966368&dopt=Abstract, the abstract to which mentions in passing that they are using large TLC as an operational definition of emphysema caused by smoking. (That paper is entitled "Alcohol consumption modifies the total lung capacity in smokers", and it's by Strom et al., in Respiration, 1996;63(2):66-72.)

I don't feel that I'm qualified to edit the facts of this Wikipedia article, but in light of this somewhat paradoxical effect, perhaps the "heavy smokers" item being in the "decreases lung capacity" column is somewhat misleading?

Kragen Sitaker 22:42, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree on the point above. From my own measurements as a medical student, and form several literature sources (used a long time ago) I know for sure that smoking doesn't lower the total volume of the lungs. It does severely affect the capacity to extract oxygen from the air, but that's something different. I've seen indications that smoking during adolescence even leads to higher lung volumes due to a compensation effect. But I have no proof on this statement. When nobody objects I will chance the content within a few weeks. --Frodo Muijzer (talk) 12:27, 30 November 2009 (UTC):

Citation needed
who has the largest lung capacity on record? Does any one know the answer to this particular question?
 * The largest total lung capacity recorded was that of British rower Peter Reed, with a volume of 11.68 l. is listed in the article, no citation is given. Demantos 18:29, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, most search results, like this say 9.38 l for him. And his record category appears to be "biggest lungs on a British athlete", rather than "world's biggest lungs". Quite impressive nontheless, as even with athletes, slightly above 8 seems to be the upper limit; and most spirometers measure only up to 7. I once met a free diver at a party, who said his lung capacity was 8.2 l, and that the record for a Finnish diver was 8.8 l. I wonder how people with gigantism fare on this one... --Anshelm '77 01:01, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Use of the terms Volume and Capacity in lung measurement
Each of these terms has a specific meaning. There are four volumes that are distinct and that do not overlap. These four volumes can be combined to form the capacities. While it is quite easy to fall into the trap of sloppy language, it will lead to endless confusion. Docdave (talk) 02:58, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Comments from TOP
The comments from the TOP of this talk page have been moved to this section. I am not certain which comment that editor Vihsadas is in agreement with. — Paine ( Ellsworth's   Climax )  03:13, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

"I agree with the poster below. If I new how to post that a piece of information is in dispute, I would post that on the part that states that lung volume is affected by altitude. In fact, it is ventilation, and hematocrit that are affected by high altitude. Even though the air is less dense, The body will compensate by regulating the pressure of the chest wall, pleural pressure, and lung pressure, thereby causing the lung volume to be regulated. Vihsadas 18:19, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Hey, I'm new to talk pages but as far as I've learned throughout multiple exercise science and physiology courses, Lung Capacity is almost entirely genetic. (Height, age, gender all play roles along with just an individual genetic basis.) I have never read ANYWHERE that living at higher altitudes increases lung capacity nor being an athlete. I know as a fact that living at higher altitudes increases the volume of BLOOD in your body (and hemoglobin concentration), allowing people to make better use of the oxygen available, but never have I heard altitude affects lung capacity at all. Also, athletes tend to be able to breathe less and have a lower heart rate because of increased stroke volume of the heart, and increased max VO2 (muscle efficiency at using oxygen in the bloodstream). I checked through the sources listed (except for the book) and none of them say ANYTHING about altitudes or being athletic affecting MAXIMUM LUNG CAPACITY. In fact, one source says "age, gender, height" and nothing else. As for the highest lung capacity ever recorded being an athlete (as an argument against), cause and effect. Does he have a huge lung capacity because he's an athlete, or is he a great athlete because he has a huge lung capacity?

As far as I know, the alveolar and arteral oxygen partial pressure are the same which are both 100mmHg. Human lung is able to let incoming blood reach oxygen partial pressure equalibrium with alveolus within the first one third of the path with contact with alveolar air. Source: Essential erspiratory physiology, J. West."

 * You're correct that the alveolar and arterial oxygen tensions are usually very close, although there is typically a small gradient which increases with age (see alveolar-arterial gradient, which incidentally could use some love). I also agree that our presentation of the effects of altitude on lung volumes is confusing, somewhat dubious, and (most importantly) unsourced. Maybe we can find a good source and go from there? MastCell Talk 19:04, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

Residual volume
"Residual volume" redirects to this article, but nowhere in the article does it explain what, exactly, residual volume is. I'm not sure where this explanation should go, but here is a short description of the subject. If there is already an article that discusses residual volume, then the redirect should be pointed there.

216.99.210.236 (talk) 21:20, 29 May 2011 (UTC)Michael P.

Confusing - needs clarification
I find this article bewildering.

In part this is because some sentences are made hard to understand because of poor grammar, eg "Tidal breathing is normal, resting breathing; the tidal volume is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in a single such breath.". Replacing the semi-colon with a full-stop would give: "Tidal breathing is normal, resting breathing. The tidal volume is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in a single such breath." which I assume is closer to the intended meaning.

However the main reason for bewilderment and frustration is that no model is decribed in the article of the various lung capacities and terms used. There is no straightforward, clear and simple explanation of what is being referred to. The article instead addresses itself immediately to more detailed discussion and provides a side-bar list of abbreviations which does not suffice. To understand the subject the article concerns, the reader needs to assemble their own model.

As the only place the terms used are defined is in a list of abbreviations, the only means of constructing this model is to search the article for references to the terms in question one at a time; to locate them in the text associated with the list of abbreviations; and to make a note of their meaning. Once the key terms and definitions have been so deduced a model of their use can be assembled (by the reader) and with this model the figures given (and explanation of variations between demographics etc) can then be understood (or not, I didn't have time to complete the necessary work).

IMO the article ought to begin by setting out the terms used so as to describe the model and should only then proceed to more detailed discussion. LookingGlass (talk) 21:03, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

There is a slightly better article at ask dr wiki - Lung volumes but while the explantion seems clear there the arithmetic doesn't add up correctly for the values given LookingGlass (talk) 21:17, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Lung Capacity-Wind Players
Lung capacity/volume is the same whether you are a wind player or a drummer. Lung Capacity-Wind Players should be merged to Lung volumes on that basis Fiddle   Faddle  17:37, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

Of Air
Is there a reason to put "of air" after expressing a volumetric measurement? e.g. "The average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air." Shouldn't the sentence just end with "Litres" ? 64.211.58.60 (talk) 20:47, 28 November 2016 (UTC)

 * I think "about 6 litres of air" is better for the average reader (even though it might be redundant etc).-73.61.15.12 (talk) 15:07, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

Weight of Breath

 * How much does a Breath of Air weigh?
 * (maybe we should do something to feature this question and answer, since currently google search is surprisingly unhelpful)
 * basic simple answer -- about a gram

A Litre of air weighs about 1.25 grams (1.2-1.3 Kg per cubic metre). Let's find a way to include this in the article, so that curious readers can figure out how much a Breath weighs (half Litre ordinary tidal breath would be just over half a gram; full 5L max vital breath would be just over 6 grams, less than a quarter ounce).-73.61.15.12 (talk) 15:52, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lung volumes


text:
Grasmoor

Grasmoor is a mountain in the north-western part of the Lake District, northern England. It is the highest peak in a group of hills between the villages of Lorton, Braithwaite and Buttermere, and overlooks Crummock Water.

Grasmoor is distinguished by its steep western flank, dropping dramatically to Crummock Water. This face is however not suitable for rock climbers as there is little clean rock, although Alfred Wainwright describes a challenging route up the face in his Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells. To the east the fell is linked to others by Crag Hill and Coledale Hause. Grasmoor is also home to the most extensive scree slopes in the North Western Fells.

Name
Grasmoor takes its name from the Old Norse element grise, meaning wild boar. This element appears in other Lake District place names, including Grisedale Pike and Grizedale Forest.

Topography
The North-Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north–south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. The central sector, rising between Whinlatter Pass and Newlands Pass, includes Grasmoor.

The highest ground in the North-Western Fells is an east–west ridge in this central sector, beginning with Grasmoor above Crummock Water and then gradually descending eastwards over Crag Hill, Sail, Scar Crags and Causey Pike. Grasmoor has the greatest elevation, although Crag Hill stands at the hub of the range.

From the valley floor near Little Town at the eastern end, the ridge requires 4 mile of gradual ascent to attain the summit of Grasmoor. Starting at the shores of Crummock Water in the west, the same is achieved by a single slope of scree in less than a quarter of the distance. Grasmoor is Lakeland's terminal height par excellence.

The summit is at the west end of a broad, gently domed promenade of moss and short grass, with a narrowing in the middle where the deep bowl of Dove Crags bites into the northern face. To the east of this plateau are broad smooth slopes descending to a wide unnamed col at 2368 ft. This connects onward to Crag Hill. At the western end the summit area narrows, culminating at the subsidiary top of Grasmoor End (2445 ft) which crowns the western face. Great fans of scree descend to the lakeside road below. Grasmoor has one minor ridge which descends south-westward over Lad Hows (1397 ft) before a steeper fall to the valley floor.

To the south of Grasmoor is the valley of Rannerdale, which flows to Crummock Water between Lad Hows and the neighbouring Wandope. This drainage is supplemented by Cinderdale Beck, separating Lad Hows from the main body of the fell. The northern flank of the ridge stands above Liza Beck, in the valley of Gasgale Gill. This stream also makes due west for Crummock Water, but is diverted northward by the low top of Lanthwaite Hill to join the Cocker after its exit from the lake. An area of lowland to the north-west is thus annexed to Grasmoor from the natural territory of Whiteside.

Geology
The surface rocks of Grasmoor are composed primarily of the Ordovician Kirkstile Formation. These are laminated mudstone and siltstone, typical of the Skiddaw range. There is no history of mining beneath the slopes of Grasmoor. The bowl of Dove Crags is one of the largest glacial combs or cirques in the Lake District, yet has no tarn, but dry hollows noted as curious by. This cavity has originated or been enlarged by a very large landslip (rock slope failure)which over at least the last 20,000 years has been displacing the Liza Beck northwards, narrowing Gasgale Gill valley and provoking the unusually extensive scree slopes of Whiteside.

Summit
The top of the fell lies toward the western end of the summit plateau, marked by a huge sprawling cairn. There are many smaller cairns and the top is characterised by sheep-mown grass. The view is extensive although robbed of some foreground by the extent of the summit. All of the major Lakeland ranges are in sight with the exception of the Far Eastern Fells, with High Stile above Crummock Water perhaps the highpoint. This is best seen from the western end of the plateau.

Ascents
The obvious way is direct up the screes from Lanthwaite on the Crummock Water road, picking through the rock scenery above to appear on Grasmoor End from the north west. This involves 2000 ft of ascent in about half a mile. From the same starting point a detour along Liza Beck/ Gasgale Gill can be used to give access to the northern slopes. A way can then be found almost direct to the summit around the rim of Dove Crags. From Rannerdale a choice of routes arises, either climbing the Lad Hows ridge or following Red Gill a little to the west. Finally Coledale Hause can be used to gain the main ridge between Crag Hill and Grasmoor. This can be reached from Lanthwaite or as the first objective of a longer march from Braithwaite in the east. Coledale Hause connects to Hopegill Head and the fells to the north, providing further indirect possibilities.

title: Grasmoor


text:
Greylingstad

Greylingstad (Afrikaans for Greyling City), officially Nthorwane, is a small farming town west of Standerton in Mpumalanga, South Africa.

Early 20th century
The town was founded in 1909 by the Dutch Reformed Church and was named after PJ Greyling, stepson of Piet Retief. A new town was laid out 5 km away in 1913 on the farm Willemsdal owned by Willem Bezuidenhout. In 1914 its name became Greylingstad and everyone moved to the new location.

During the Boer War the Scottish Rifles built a number of small forts overlooking the town and the farms beyond the hills. The Scottish Rifles laid out the initials "SR" on the hill overlooking the town, and it was always clearly visible from the main street of Greylingstad.

Late 20th century
In the 1950s and 1960s the town had a flourishing farming community.

A major change came about in 1962 when ESCOM (now called ESKOM) erected a 88kV substation and the town, which had about 300 residents at the time, was connected to the main electricity grid.

When the main road between Johannesburg and Durban was upgraded in the 1960s, a bypass was built around Greylingstad which hurt the small businesses in town.

Present
The farming community is still big and growing and the town not booming, but constantly doing business.

title: Greylingstad


text:
List of composers and their preferred lyricists

Most (classical) composers had one or a few lyricists with whom they preferred to work:

 * Bach: Picander
 * Mozart: Da Ponte, Schikaneder
 * Sullivan: Gilbert
 * Giuseppe Verdi: Arrigo Boito in his later works
 * Isaac Albéniz: Francis Burdett Money-Coutts
 * Richard Strauss: Hugo von Hofmannsthal
 * Puccini: Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa
 * Satie: Contamine, Plato (when composing Socrate: Platon s'avère comme un collaborateur parfait, très doux, jamais importun - "Plato shows himself a perfect coworker, very soft, never out of line")
 * Amadeo Vives: Federico Romero and Guillermo Fernández Shaw
 * Rodgers: Hammerstein
 * Gershwin: Ira Gershwin
 * Andrew Lloyd Webber: Tim Rice, followed by Don Black
 * Bertold Hummel: Hermann Hesse
 * Handel: Charles Jennens

Composers that preferred to write their own libretti

 * Richard Wagner
 * Arrigo Boito
 * Modest Mussorgsky
 * Leoš Janáček
 * Olivier Messiaen
 * Cole Porter
 * Gian Carlo Menotti
 * Irving Berlin
 * Stephen Sondheim
 * Michael Tippett


text:
Anders Wijkman

Anders Ivar Sven Wijkman (born 30 September 1944 in Stockholm) is a Swedish politician (Swedish: Kristdemokraterna, KD) who was Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2009. As a member of the European Parliament, he focused on issues related to climate change, environment, development cooperation and humanitarian affairs. He is a member of the Christian Democrats, part of the European People's Party - European Democrats group.

He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Development, a member of the delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with the United States.

Anders has been a member of the Swedish parliament, secretary general of the Swedish Red Cross, and president of the International Red Cross Disaster Relief Commission. Anders Wijkman is Co-President of Club of Rome and the Tällberg Foundation, and is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He is also a councillor for the World Future Council.

Career

 * University degree (1967)
 * Secretary-General of the Swedish Red Cross (1979–1988) and the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (1989–1991)
 * Director-General of the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (1992–1994)
 * Ambassador, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (since 1998)
 * Member of the Swedish Parliament (1971–1978)
 * Vice-Chairman of Committee on Development and Cooperation (2002–2004)
 * Assistant Secretary-General of United Nations and Policy Director of UNDP (1995–1997)
 * Member of the Club of Rome
 * Member of International Factor 10 Club
 * Member of the World Academy of Art and Science
 * Member of the Board of Lead International
 * Member of the Board of the World Resources Forum
 * Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
 * Member of the Royal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Sweden
 * Chairman of the board of the National Museum of Natural History
 * Chairman of the board of the ZERI Foundation
 * Member of the European Parliament (1999–2009)
 * Chair of the Governing Board of Climate-KIC since 2017
 * Member of the board of Think-thank Tankesmedjan Global Utmaning

title: Anders Wijkman


text:
Boulenger

Boulenger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Benjamin Boulenger (born 1990), French footballer
 * Edward George Boulenger (1888–1946), British zoologist, director of aquarium at London Zoo
 * George Albert Boulenger (1858–1937), Belgian-British zoologist and botanist, described over 2,000 species
 * Hippolyte Boulenger (1837–1874), Belgian landscape painter
 * Marcel Boulenger (1873–1932), French fencer

title: Boulenger


text: User talk:222.7.139.141

title: User talk:222.7.139.141


text:
Bale sling hitch

The bale sling hitch (or strap hitch) is a knot which traditionally uses a continuous loop of strap to form a cow hitch around an object in order to hoist or lower it. In practice, a similar arrangement can also be formed using a fixed loop at the end of a rope. This loop could be formed at the end of a line with a knot, such as the bowline, or a large eye splice.

title: Bale sling hitch