text:
User talk:CheeseDreams/February 2005

Entrapment
Hi CheeseDreams,

Would you mind adding the name of at least one author, ancient or modern, who maintains the claimed equation between Osiris, Dionysus, Attis, Adonis and Mithras? Right now the article (Osiris-Dionysus)is full of weaselly "some scholars claim" etc.

Thanks,

Bacchiad 02:19, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Okay, I looked up the sources you gave. Neither of them actually use the literal term Osiris-Dionysus, but Hecataeus does say straightforwardly (frag. 3 FGH) that the Greeks got the worship of Dionysus from the Egyptians, who call him Osiris. Also, as a bonus, Hecataeus is dated between the 3rd and 4th centuries BC, which makes him an earlier source than you claimed.

Leon of Pella seems say that the Egyptians call Dionysus Ammon, and that they call the sun Osiris. His fragments are a bit of a mess, so it's hard to say exactly what he thought. Perhaps it'd be better to leave him out of it. But that's okay: Herodotus (5th cent. BC) says that the Greeks got the worship of Dionysus from the Egyptians - his main evidence is they both use phallic processions.

So no we've got two ancient sources who say that Osiris = Dionysus, and before the 1st century to boot.

Now we need someone to :

 * 1) say that Osiris/Dionysus = Adonis, Attis, Aion and Mithra(s).
 * 2) to corroborate the statement about the inner and outer mysteries.

Thanks for your quick response on this. I think it's developing nicely.

Best,

Bacchiad 13:05, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) You disappeared when CheeseDreams was most active
 * 2) You had knowledge about CheeseDreams' RfAr
 * 3) You asked CheeseDreams to edit an article
 * 4) You asked Grunt to ban CheeseDreams for doing so

So, whose sock puppet are you? CheeseDreams 00:15, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

P.s. I can see what your POV editing is about -

 * (copying to CheeseDreams talk page) This is the second time I've seen you imply that someone is a sockpuppet. The first time you did it for me. I count this as harassment. Will you please stop? - Ta bu shi da yu 05:59, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You should watch more closely then. I accused Rienzo, Nasse, and Lady Tara, amongst others, far earlier. I was right about them, as the arb com agreed. CheeseDreams 03:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'd be careful. It would be a reasonable (if not ironclad) argument to make that this article is "Christianity-related" and subject to the ArbCom ruling against you. Don't get blocked for no good reason. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 08:46, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * As it turns out, Fvw did block for 1 week without noting it here. I've reverted this block because 1 week is meant to represent the maximum penalty for a violation, and this edit is questionably applicable to the ArbCom ruling in my opinion. I'm converting it to a 48 hour block instead, expires 30 hours from now (2 days roughly from original block by Fvw). --Dante Alighieri | Talk 17:40, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * My mistake, the logs obscured this initially, but CD evaded a block by using a sockpuppet and THAT is what resulted in the max penalty. The initial block was for 5 days, which I still feel was slightly excessive. Nevertheless, this in no way excuses CD's evasion of the block. The proper response should have been to petition for another Admin to review the block if she felt it was unreasonable. I am reinstating fvw's 1 week block. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 20:27, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

Trolling
Please don't troll the Administrators' noticeboard page. RickK 21:25, Jan 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't troll user talk pages. CheeseDreams 21:54, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * He doesn't. It seems fairly clear from the context that he is not. Particularly when you see what you posted on the board. - Ta bu shi da yu 22:54, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I am aware of what I posted, I do not need to look at it further. If he wasn't trolling, he wouldnt be commenting about trolling. Accusations of trolling are themselves trolling, see User:Rienzo for a prime example of this.
 * That's crap. Accusations of trolling are not trolling by themselves. Trolling, by its very definition, is to try to get a rise out of a person. RickK wasn't trying to do this, he was asking you not to troll, which he thought you were doing. RickK is not a troll, and I'd advise you to be very careful with what you say. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:14, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * RickK is trolling, not as much as you, but nethertheless doing so, and I'd advise you to be very careful with what you say. CheeseDreams 03:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If you can't understand the difference between "Now, if only someone would ban me. :-)" and an actual request for being blocked, I think you need to work on your reading comprehension. Sheesh. - - Infrogmation 21:56, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems fairly clear from the context. Particularly the reasons given. CheeseDreams 22:05, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, your trolling is fairly clear. RickK 22:24, Jan 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Your trolling is very clear. Darling, if you weren't trolling, you wouldn't be commenting here about whether I am trolling or not. CheeseDreams 23:34, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow! Nice logic. Pity its fundamentally flawed. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:14, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Prove it is fundamentally flawed, or that is just unsubstantiated uncited nonsense. See logic. CheeseDreams 00:26, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not hard. If I ask a user to stop trolling on a page, and that user is actually a troll, this does not make me a troll. This makes me a user who is asking for that other user to stop performing their behaviour. This is extremely basic logic. If you cannot see how this is correct, I wish you the best of luck in the future! - Ta bu shi da yu 06:28, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Darling, it makes you a troll if you engage in trolling. Trolling includes engaging in discussions about trolling, since these are not the purpose at hand, i.e. writing an encyclopedia. If you can't see that extremely basic logic then you will need the best of luck in the future. CheeseDreams 03:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * So in other words, because you are now engaging me in talk about trolling, this makes you a troll. HTH, HAND. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You are the one engaging me, darling. This is my talk page, I am obliged to respond to comments placed here. CheeseDreams 14:25, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * And wow. You just posted that Rienzo is a troll on my talk page. Troll! - Ta bu shi da yu 00:21, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The arbitration comittee formally ruled that Rienzo is a troll. CheeseDreams 00:26, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * CD, why don't you look at your own logic again? You said that those who comment on a user's trolling are in effect trolls themselves. If I apply your own logic back at you, this makes you a troll. Either that, or your argument is fatally flawed. HTH. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:30, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Darling, you are trolling here, this discussion is really rather irrelevant to the editing of an encyclopedia, and by feeding it you are de facto engaging in trolling. Darling. CheeseDreams 03:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have figured Cheese Dreams out!

10 REM CHEESE DREAMS ALGORITHM

20 READ $

30 PRINT DARLING YOUR $

40 GOTO 20

50 END

Slrubenstein 16:34, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

What an awfully antiquated out of date computer language, darling reader. Aside from line numbers, and the actual instruction to end the programme at its end, the most curious feature being the reserved word "Darling", which would have been expected as a string. Still, inaccurate outdated research isn't that unexpected from Slrubenstein, and nor are personal attacks. CheeseDreams 03:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please, do NOT troll user pages on Swedish Wikipedia, darling! We know that you use an open webproxy from the UK... Honey, don't be such a sore loser! ♥ U, fjolla! 67.15.54.16 20:30, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

We know that you use e.g. IP 81.156.180.239 (an open web proxy) to troll user pages on Swedish Wikipedia! Please stop, darling! 67.15.54.16 21:20, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Darling (i.e. banned user Rienzo), I don't use an open web proxy. My technical advantages are far greater. Ask Rhobite. CheeseDreams 03:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Just to let u know, darling: your multiple IP's have been blocked on Swedish Wikipedia. BTW, how was France? Did u get a lot of "baguette"? =) 67.15.54.16 15:32, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Just to let u know, darling: due to a technical limitation, I can't get the same IP twice, even if I tried, so it really serves you no purpose or advantage to block them. BTW, if you are asking if I got a lot of cock, then the answer is that I had no problems in that department. CheeseDreams 19:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, u poor little might! Just to let u know: We will block the entire IP range! So long.....darling! =) 67.15.54.16 21:02, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Älsklingen den hela IP spänner täcker den huvudsakliga internetfamiljeförsörjaren för den hela UK. Till kvarteret kräver den att förbjuda mest UK bidragsgivarear, som är varför, som noterade Rhobite, den inte är ett alternativ för dig. CheeseDreams 00:01, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, my sweet darling! Please check yer grammar, thank ya! 65.161.65.104 03:03, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Min grammatik är fin. Det är den min pojkvänen som du bör klandra. Han har bott i England jumbon 12 år, så han är inte exakt ny, när han är upptagen att göra någonting annat. CheeseDreams 21:31, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Stop reinserting the tag saying that LouiseR is a sock puppet. If you want to insert that link, tell someone in charge to do so. /Grillo 20:14, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Udda, att du bör skriva den i denna, dela upp. Även mer udda att du grundar min samtalsidaraka bort. Mer udda stillbild som du redigerar artiklar som angår kristendom. Jag undrar vad ditt IP address är, Rienzo. CheeseDreams 20:33, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, darling! Nobody understands your gibberish! Got your mouth full of candy? =) 67.15.54.16 21:02, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Älsklingen bor jag inte ett sådan ledset torterat liv som baseras på sådan dödligt defekta propositions, som jag måste att tjata på folk, som har mer väl argument, eller att kräva candyen att hurra sig upp, därför att jag var en öm loser som något liknande Rienzo. CheeseDreams 23:57, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I love Babelfish too. /Grillo 00:29, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * So do I! Apparently it works wonders... =) 65.161.65.104 03:03, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Mig för. Medlidande som det inte översätter mellan svenskt och engelska egentligen. Därför att, om den hade, jag skade för att inte ha krävt att fråga den min pojkvänen att berätta mig stunder, rakade han. CheeseDreams 21:31, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You do realize you're making null sense and an idiot out of yourself, right? /Grillo 22:32, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Älsklingen du realiserar att du är danande den som increadibly är tydlig att du är en annan Rienzo sockpuppet. CheeseDreams 14:24, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The most amusing thing about this section discussing trolling, is that it is the longest section on this page. CheeseDreams 14:24, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nope.
Not sure what you're implying. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:11, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, I had thought you were clever enough to comprehend that. Maybe I will dumb it down for you. After all, you still think the bible is literally true. CheeseDreams 00:27, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow. No personal attacks. Time for arbitration an RFC! - Ta bu shi da yu 05:59, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Its only a personal attack if it is insulting. Are you saying you don't think the bible is literally true? Are you saying that the assumption that you were clever enough was insulting (i.e. that you are thick and proud)?

Names
As someone who has been following your career on Wikipedia with some interest, and wondering who you might be a non-obvious sockpuppet of, I was intrigued by the posting from User:Tigermoon here (since removed). At the very least, I'm relieved that it turns out that your name is not Angela or Theresa .-Mr Adequate 00:44, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Just because I have a certain name, doesn't mean that my middle name isn't Angela or Theresa, or that theirs isn't my name. CheeseDreams.

IP lookup
As I'm not a dev, I lack the ability to answer your question. If you want to try asking a dev they may be able to do this lookup for you, although I suggest you have a compelling set of diffs to back up your request as they're rather busy and really don't like doing that sort of thing.

That being said, I had assumed that that IP was associated with Rienzo. My guess is either that it IS Rienzo, or else someone else wants people to think it is Rienzo. I don't know which. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 08:36, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

Hi!
Hi! Cheesedreams. Are you banned/blocked/sentenced to the chair etc. at the moment? I can't keep track of the works of the masters of this madhouse. Remember there's a vast number of sites out there that; want our contributions, let us keep the copyright for them, and treat us with normal freindly politeness, work properly instead of seizing up- not saving our edits- being down- or working so slooooooooooow it's not worth the massive effort and goodwill we give this place just to be abused and then banned. So this site needs us, not the other way around. If you check my [history] you'll see that, as a reward for spending a month writing over forty articles that were requested and no one else was interested in doing, and taking a lot of time to reseach and do them with care, they are to "ban" me "long term". How kind. A great example of noble "jimbo"'s statement on here somewhere that The Wikipedia is "sworn to do good in the world" or some such claim. And paragon userChrisO is leading the efforts [one example of his kindness]. And 'cos I mentioned that their abusing me was so bad it'd had made me feel suicidal on occasion, which it has, and would they therefore stop; lovely userVioletriga is bringing a formal complaint. I thought it was leagal to say one has felt depressed? It's a wonder they get anyone in 'ere the way they behave. You see I spent a month doing the above crimes and being nice to people. But they then started abusing me again and I'm back in the middle of being their scapegoat. Regards from me.WikiUser 21:49, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You have to remember that Jimbo Wales is quite right wing, and designed the admin system to perpetuate a right wing bias, when he had the choice of not doing so and implementing a system like slashdot, where admin rights are granted on a rotating randomly assigned basis, and users are granted points by admins, rather than being subject to summary discussion. It would be more neutral to have a forum where admins are not allowed, e.g. an "this admin has comitted admin abuse/needs review" page which could only be commented on by non-admins, CheeseDreams

 * Yes, another suggestion; and a counter on Admins' user page where people could leave a 'no confidence' vote anonymously. Say once a month only for registered users. The software is possible to get I should think. Admins with too many black marks could be deselected. Don't forget all those other writing site out there though.WikiUser 19:29, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi! again. I wanted to send you an e-mail. If you wish, set up an e-mail address on your options page and I'll send it. (You can of course remove the e-mail option any time.)WikiUser 18:43, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately there is something wrong with the software on my machine and I haven't been able to get any incoming e-mails for the last half year, so I haven't set up any e-mail address. CheeseDreams 03:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

There never has been a bureaucracy that voted for its own dissolution.

 * Actually the Irish parliament voted for its dissolution, allowing the Act of Union of 1801 to be passed, and the apartheid parliament of South Africa also voted itself out of existence, jguk 20:09, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bureaucracy is really very different from parliaments. Part of the problems with bureaucracies is that they think they have the authority of a parliament. CheeseDreams 20:15, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Europe Poll
Hi. At Template talk:Europe you voted Oppose to the Explanatory footers poll with the statement: "Again not in europe - east of bosphorus=asia." This statement seems unrelated to the poll in question. Could you please clarify if this is what you intended, or I may be forced to withdraw your vote. Thanks. —Cantus… ☎   03:43, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * My vote stands. Do not remove people's votes. You cannot remove a vote based on grounds only of their reason. Reasons are irrelevant to their decision. Otherwise we could overturn national elections by going "oh, but they voted for bush because they thought he was clever, not because he was any good" or "Blair was elected because people thought they could trust him. Not good enough, no evidence, sorry your votes don't count."

CheeseDreams 03:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * But it looks like you're just trolling. And it could be removed on grounds of vandalism. —Cantus… ☎   04:48, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you do that I will remove your vote on the grounds of vandalism. CheeseDreams 19:39, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Cantus, CD is currently under a block. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:04, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, the block expired two days ago, but Id gone to a meeting in france, so couldn't really do anything about it at the time. CheeseDreams 03:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Cokehabit

 * (from User page)

What has been you most controversial edit? I see you getting banned all the time... cokehabit
 * I'll let you know once I have made it. CheeseDreams 03:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This one - CheeseDreams 13:49, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You brought arbritration to the whole arbritration committee?!?! Go Girl!!!!

Jesus
Since this talk page contains the word Jesus, I am not allowed to edit it (Because of an Arb Com ruling about Osiris-Dionysus), so can't reply here, sorry. CheeseDreams 04:01, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't be ridiculous. You know exactly what they meant. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:05, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * According to David Gerard of the Arb Com, the article Osiris-Dionysus (about greek/egyptian mythology) was clearly Christianity-related because it contained the word Jesus. CheeseDreams 04:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Care to provide a link to the diff where he said that? - Ta bu shi da yu 00:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * . It is also of interest to note that the edit by me in question was my reverting the deletion of an article, and consequently "putting in a section named Jesus", which only occurred due to the reverting. The section was there previously. I did not edit it, but the thing with Cabals is that they don't bother looking at evidence, they just pretend to. CheeseDreams 21:20, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that as you reverted it back in, and then there was an entire section given to Jesus, that I would agree with David Gerard. You're the one who got yourself into this mess, incidently, so I have little sympathy for you. - Ta bu shi da yu 12:49, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Darling, you took against me because I showed you a truth that highlights the foundation of your religious views as being held up by a twig. That's extreme religious bias against me, darling, not a neutral opinion of an innocent bystander. CheeseDreams 13:58, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Arbitration Committee case opening
The request for arbitration against you has been accepted and the case is now open for submission of evidence. Please bring evidence to Requests for arbitration/CheeseDreams 2/Evidence. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 16:38, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)

Dear CheeseDreams! I'm so very sorry to hear this...darling! MahBoys 12:19, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'm not. Darling. I had planned for it in september. Admittedly its about 2 or 3 days later than I was intending, but I got a bit distracted a few weeks ago. CheeseDreams 13:39, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CheeseDreams/February 2005


text: User talk:66.211.223.200

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:66.211.223.200


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matrixism

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge. The page has been tagged for merging with The Matrix. Joyous 06:39, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Matrixism
A religion based on The Matrix? I seems rather like a hoax, or like people listing themselves as Jedi on a national census. I could be wrong, though. -- Curps 19:27, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comment: claims to have 400 adherents, probably not notable. -- Curps 19:30, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, let's wait for 5,000 victims, shall we? Wyss 19:40, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * merge&redirect to The Matrix. Not enough content and notability to warrant a full article. Mikkalai 19:47, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to The Matrix. The Matrix article currently mentions Matrixism. Zzyzx11 19:55, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sure the Agents will not approve of the spreading enlightenment. Delete so that Wikipedia can avoid their wrath. Lacrimosus 20:44, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect as above. HyperZonk 20:58, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect as per Zzyzx11's vote. Luis Dantas 12:26, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to The Matrix, and add redirect. Megan1967 06:46, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect Chamaeleon 19:55, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. TheProject 20:53, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Matrixism, take 2
Since it's been recreated, but seems somewhat different, and because it won't stay dead, I'm listing this for deletion once again. - UtherSRG (talk) 16:33, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Matrixism is now mentioned in widely published books both scholarly and popular. It is therefore what one normally considers notable. - D166ER 16:55, 10 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Not sufficiently different; db-repost.--Fuhghettaboutit 17:24, 10 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as per Fuhghettaboutit. -- stubblyh ea d | T/c 18:08, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bell 407

The Bell 407 is a four-blade, single-engine, civil utility helicopter. A derivative of the Bell 206L-4 LongRanger, the 407 uses the four-blade, soft-in-plane design rotor with composite hub developed for the United States Army's OH-58D Kiowa Warrior instead of the two-blade, semi-rigid, teetering rotor of the 206L-4.

Design and development

In 1993, Bell began the development of the New Light Aircraft as a replacement for its Model 206 series. The program resulted in the 407, a development of Bell's LongRanger. A 206L-3 LongRanger was modified to serve as the 407 demonstrator. The demonstrator used hardware for the 407 and added molded fairings to represent the 407's wider fuselage then under development.

The demonstrator was first flown in 1994, and the 407 program was publicly announced at the Heli-Expo in Las Vegas, Nevada, in January 1995. The first 407 prototype (C-GFOS) accomplished its maiden flight on June 29, 1995, and the second prototype (C-FORS) followed on July 13, 1995. After a short development program, the first production 407 (C-FWQY/N407BT) flew on November 10, 1995.

The Bell 407 features the four-blade main rotor developed for the OH-58D (Model 406). The blades and hub use composite construction without life limits, and provide better performance and a more comfortable ride. The 407's fuselage is 8 in wider, increasing internal cabin space, and includes 35% larger main cabin windows. The more powerful Rolls-Royce/Allison 250-C47 turboshaft allows an increase in Maximum Takeoff Weight and improves performance at hotter temperatures and/or higher altitudes. The helicopter has standard seating for two crew and five cabin seats.

The 407 was certificated by Transport Canada on February 9, 1996, with the FAA following shortly after on February 23. Full production began in 1996 at Bell's Mirabel, Quebec, Canada plant and produced 140 airframes in 1997, to fill the initial orders.

In 1995, Bell tested a shrouded tail rotor on the 407, but did not proceed with it. For a time, Bell studied developing the Model 407T twin-engine variant, but instead chose to develop the essentially all-new twin-PW206D powered Bell 427.

Bell began deliveries of the 407 in 1996. The 1,000th helicopter was delivered on June 15, 2010. 1,400+ by Dec 2017, and over 1600 were produced by early 2023.

ARH-70 and Bell 417
The ARH-70 armed reconnaissance helicopter, developed for the U.S. Army was based on the 407, but was later canceled on October 16, 2008.

The Bell 417 was a growth variant of the Bell 407, in essence a civil version of the Bell ARH-70. The 417 made its first flight on June 8, 2006. The 417 was to be powered by a Honeywell HTS900 turboshaft engine, producing 970 shp and includes full FADEC controls. The cabin sat five passengers in club-seating configuration, in addition to the crew of two. The civilian 417 was canceled at Heli-Expo 2007 in Orlando.

Bell 407GX and 407GT

On March 4, 2013, Bell unveiled a new armed version of the Bell 407GX, named the 407GT. It incorporates the Garmin G1000HTM flight deck to easily provide flight information. It can include infrared cameras, various armaments, and equipment to perform different missions such as armed transport, search-and-rescue, reconnaissance, and medical evacuation. The GT version uses the universal weapons pylon (UWP), derived from the Bell OH-58 Kiowa, to carry different weapons including machine guns, rockets, and anti-armor missiles.

Operational history
Bell made delivery of the first production 407 at Heli-Expo, in Dallas, Texas in February 1996. Launch customers for the aircraft were Petroleum Helicopters International (PHI), Niagara Helicopters, and Greenland Air.

On 23 May 2007, Colin Bodill and Jennifer Murray completed a record pole-to-pole around the world flight using a standard Bell 407. The flight originated from Bell's facility at the Fort Worth Alliance Airport on December 5, 2006. The team flew about 36000 mi over 189 days and 300 flight hours, through 34 countries. The project, named Polar First, was performed in partnership with the Royal Geographical Society to provide educational outreach to 28 international schools, which were visited during the trip. The project also served as a fundraiser for the SOS Children's Villages.

In 2009 the Iraqi Air Force ordered three Bell 407 armed scout helicopters (similar to the canceled ARH-70). A contract for 24 additional Bell 407s with an option for 26 more was awarded in April of that same year. The U.S. Army is managing modifications and installation of military equipment on the helicopters. Three training T-407s were delivered to the Iraqi Army in 2010. Armed IA-407s were delivered in eight batches of three aircraft from August 2012 to April 2013. The final Bell 407 for Iraq was delivered on 3 April 2013. There are 30 in service; 24 armed scouts, three gunships, and three trainers.

Iraq is using the IA-407 in operations against Islamic State militants. On October 8, 2014, militants shot down an IA-407 using a shoulder-fired ground-to-air missile, killing the pilot and co-pilot.

In December 2017, more than 1,400 were operating.

Variants

 * Bell 407: A civil utility helicopter, a derivative of the Bell 206L-4.

 * ARH-70: An upgraded 407 version to serve as an armed reconnaissance helicopter.

 * Bell 417: Planned civil version of the ARH-70, was canceled.

 * Bell 407 Light Observation Helicopter: A military reconnaissance version.

 * Eagle 407 HP: Version from Eagle Copter (Alberta, Canada) with a more powerful Honeywell HTS900 engine, rated at 1021 shp.

 * Northrop Grumman MQ-8C Fire Scout: An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) version being developed by Northrop Grumman and Bell Helicopter as a cargo resupply demonstrator.  The test aircraft flew on 10 December 2010 at the Yuma Proving Ground. In February 2011, the US Navy's budget request for 2012 included funds to buy 12 Fire-X helicopters under the designation MQ-8C.
 * Bell 407AH: An armed civil-certified version for use with government and security forces.

 * Bell 407GX: Version of the 407 that features the new Garmin G1000 H-model glass cockpit along with improved avionics and improved flight controls.

 * Bell 407GT: Armed version of the 407GX.

 * Bell 407GXP:Marketing designation for the 407 with Rolls-Royce 250-C47B/8 engine and Garmin G1000H avionics.

 * Bell 407GXi:Marketing designation for the 407 with Rolls-Royce 250-C47E/4 engine and Garmin G1000H NXi avionics.

Operators
The Bell 407 is in civil service around the world with airlines, corporations, hospitals, government operators, and private individuals. It is also in service with several military operators.

Military

 * Argentine Air Force
 * Argentine Army
 * Guatemalan Air Force
 * Guatemalan Air Force
 * Guatemalan Air Force
 * Iraqi Army
 * Jamaica Defence Force
 * Mexican Air Force
 * Nepalese Army Air Service
 * National Aeronaval Service
 * United Arab Emirates Air Force
 * Nepalese Army Air Service
 * National Aeronaval Service
 * United Arab Emirates Air Force
 * National Aeronaval Service
 * United Arab Emirates Air Force
 * United Arab Emirates Air Force

Accidents
On June 4, 2022, Bell 407 GXP, N98ZA, was substantially damaged in an accident near Fairfield, New Jersey. The commercial pilot was seriously injured. Investigation by the US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found that the tail rotor crosshead drive plate was not bolted to the tail rotor crosshead. The tail rotor had been installed the day before; it was suspected that the bolts were not properly torqued.

On June 8, 2022 a Bell 407 had an inflight separation of its tail boom while in cruise flight near Kalea, Hawaii. The pilot and two passengers sustained serious injuries, while three other passengers had minor injuries. The helicopter was substantially damaged during the crash. The US NTSB determined that the upper-left tail boom attachment hardware was not installed, leaving only three of four attachment points connected. Wreckage markings indicated that the bolt had been present at one point but had fallen out, resulting in progressive fatigue cracking. The NTSB requested immediate action from the US FAA and Transport Canada in the form of an urgent airworthiness directive.

title: Bell 407


text:
Annetta Schwartz

Annetta Schwartz was one of the first distinguished female performers in Yiddish theater. She and her sister Margaretta shared prima donna duties in Abraham Goldfaden's troupe in Romania beginning in 1877. Jacob Adler described the sisters as "absolutely respectable" women with classical training as singers. He also writes that when they performed in Odesa, Ukraine in the late 1870s, they had Paris dresses of a quality that had never been seen in that city.

She eventually married actor/impresario Moishe Finkel and came with him to New York City in 1886. She eventually divorced him and went back to Europe. Lulla Rosenfeld writes that we know little about her outside of the "bitter reminiscences" of rival prima donna Bessie Thomashefsky, wife of Boris Thomashefsky. [Adler, 1999, 85-86 (commentary)]

title: Annetta Schwartz


text:
Seu Jorge

Jorge Mário da Silva, more commonly known by his stage name Seu Jorge (Seu, an abbreviation of "Senhor"; born June 8, 1970; ), is a Brazilian musical artist, songwriter, and actor. He is considered by many a renewer of Brazilian pop samba. Seu Jorge cites samba schools and American soul singer Stevie Wonder as major musical influences. Jorge is also known for his film roles as Mané Galinha in the 2002 film City of God and as Pelé dos Santos in the 2004 film The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou. His musical work has received praise from many of his fellow musicians including Beck and David Bowie.

Biography
The first-born of four children (the others being Charles, Vitório and Rogério), Seu Jorge had a tough childhood in the neighborhood of Gogó da Ema, in Belford Roxo. He started working in a tire shop when he was only 10 years old, the first of various jobs such as courier, joiner, and potato peeler in a bar. Seu Jorge served in the Brazilian Army from 1989 to 1990 in Rio de Janeiro, but did not adapt to the military lifestyle and ended up being expelled, in January of 1990.

The various professions never hindered Seu Jorge's dream of becoming a musician. Since his adolescence, he would frequent samba circles and funk parties with his dad and brothers, and early on started to perform singing at such events. It was there that, in 1990, the murder of his brother Vitório tore his family apart, and Seu Jorge ended up being homeless for around three years. The turnaround happened when Gabriel Moura, nephew of clarinetist Paulo Moura, invited him to participate in a spectacle called The flour saga (known in Portuguese as A saga da farinha), in which Gabriel was the musical director. He ended up participating in more than 20 shows with the Companhia de Teatro TUERJ, as singer and actor. Since he had no place to sleep, Seu Jorge slept in the theater, between 1993 and 1997 – the year where he joined the band Farofa Carioca.

He's cousins with Brazilian singer Dudu Nobre, and is of Cape Verdean descent.

Career
Seu Jorge has gained exposure through his work as an actor and soundtrack composer. He appeared in the critically acclaimed 2002 film City of God as Mané Galinha, directed by filmmakers Fernando Meirelles and Katia Lund, and then played Pelé dos Santos in Wes Anderson's The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, for which he provided much of the soundtrack in the form of Portuguese language cover versions of David Bowie classics.

In June 2006, he performed at Bonnaroo music festival in Manchester, Tennessee and at the Festival Sudoeste TMN in Portugal. He also performed at the Harbourfront in Toronto, Ontario. Jorge's performances are known for their excitement as well as for getting the crowd moving. In January 2010 he performed with Thievery Corporation at Austin City Limits.

His album 'América Brasil' had a limited Brazilian release in 2007 under his label Cafuné Gravadora, distributed in the UK by Proper Music Distribution. In May 2010, Now-Again Records announced that Jorge's new album, Seu Jorge & Almaz, a collaboration with drummer Pupillo and guitarist Lucio Maia from Nação Zumbi and bassist and composer Antonio Pinto would be released in North America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand on July 27 and in Europe on September 14. The album has been described as "how powerful Brazilian soul music can be."

In 2011, he collaborated with Beck on the Mario C. remix of "Tropicália" for the Red Hot Organization's most recent charitable album "Red Hot+Rio 2."

In 2012, he collaborated with American fashion designer Rachel Roy on a line of sportswear, footwear, jewelry and handbags.

In 2015, he was nominated for the 16th Latin Grammy Awards in the Best Brazilian Contemporary Pop Album category.

On September 8, he performed after lighting the cauldron in the 2016 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony in Rio de Janeiro.

According to a DNA test, Seu Jorge is 85.1% African, 12.9% European and 2% Amerindian. He belongs to haplogroup R1b, suggesting that his paternal lineage probably derives from Western Europe.

In 2023, Jorge appeared in a minor role in Wes Anderson's film Asteroid City.

Solo discography

 * Samba Esporte Fino (2001)
 * Cru (2005)
 * The Life Aquatic Studio Sessions (2005)
 * América Brasil O Disco (2007)
 * Seu Jorge & Almaz (2010)
 * Músicas para Churrasco, Vol. 1 (2011)
 * Músicas para Churrasco, Vol. 2 (2015)

Filmography

 * City of God (2002) as Mané Galinha - Knockout Ned
 * Moro no Brasil (2002) as Himself
 * The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004) as Pelé dos Santos
 * House of Sand (2005) as Massu - 1910-1919
 * Elipsis (2006) as Coyote
 * Sleepwalkers (2007)
 * The Escapist (2008) as Viv Batista
 * Carmo (2008) as Amparo de Jesús
 * The Elite Squad 2 (2010) as Beirada
 * Anderson Silva: Like Water (2011, Documentary) as Himself
 * Reis e Ratos (2012) as Américo Vilarinho
 * E Aí... Comeu? (2012) as Seu Jorge, o Garçom
 * City of God - 10 Years Later (2012)
 * Pelé: Birth of a Legend (2016) as Dondinho
 * Soundtrack (2017) as Cao
 * Paraíso Perdido (2018) as Teylor
 * Abe (2019) as Chico
 * Marighella (2019) as Carlos Marighella
 * Brotherhood (2019, TV Series) as Edison
 * Executive Order (2020) as Andre
 * Pixinguinha, Um Homem Carinhoso (2021) as Pixinguinha
 * Asteroid City (2023) as Cowboy
 * Anderson Spider Silva (2023) as Benedito

DVDs

 * MTV Apresenta Seu Jorge (2004)
 * Ana & Jorge: Ao Vivo with Ana Carolina (2005)
 * Seu Jorge – Live at Montreux (2006)
 * América Brasil Ao Vivo (2009)
 * Músicas para churrasco ao vivo (2012)

title: Seu Jorge


text:
August Willich

August Willich (November 19, 1810 – January 22, 1878), born Johann August Ernst von Willich, was a military officer in the Prussian Army, later enlisting and receiving a commission in the United States Army. Born into Prussian nobility, he formally discarded his title in 1847 actively participated in the Revolutions of 1848. Willich's militant attitudes towards revolution made him a leading early proponent of communism. Although these revolutions were unsuccessful, he remained an ardent communist. Disagreements with Karl Marx as Willich saw Marx as unacceptably conservative swayed his decision to emigrate to the United States alongside many German radicals. His political beliefs greatly influenced his decision to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Willich saw combat in several high profile battles including the Battle of Shiloh and Chickamauga. After the war's conclusion and Lincoln's assassination, Willich left the Union Army and offered his expertise to the Prussian military during the Franco-Prussian War but was refused on account of his political beliefs. Willich returned to the United States and lived the remainder of his life quietly in Ohio until his death in 1878. Following his death he was eulogized by his rival Marx and the First International.

Early life and career
Willich was born in Braunsberg, Province of East Prussia. His father, a captain of hussars during the Napoleonic Wars, died when Willich was three years old. With an elder brother, Willich found a home in the family of Friedrich Schleiermacher, a theologian, whose wife was a distant relative. He received a military education at Potsdam and Berlin. Initially an officer in the Prussian Army, serving in the 7th (1st Westphalian) Field Artillery Regiment, he resigned from the army in 1846 as a convinced republican. Willich was not the only republican emerging from that regiment. One of his fellow officers in Münster and Wesel was Fritz Anneke, who also was to become a revolutionary commander in Palatinate 1849 and later a commander in the Union Army. Willich tendered his resignation from the army in a letter written in such terms that, instead of its being accepted, he was arrested and tried by a court-martial. He was acquitted and was permitted to resign.

With Karl Schapper, he was the leader of the left faction of the Communist League. He took an active part in the Revolutions of 1848–49. In 1849, he was leader of a Free Corps in the Baden-Palatinate uprising. Revolutionary thinker Friedrich Engels served as his aide-de-camp. Among his revolutionary friends were Franz Sigel, Friedrich Hecker, Louis Blenker, and Carl Schurz. After the suppression of the uprising, he emigrated to London via Switzerland. He had learned the trade of a carpenter while in England, and so earned his livelihood. In 1850, when the League of Communists split, he (together with Schapper) was leader of the anti-Karl Marx grouping.

In London, Willich became an associate of the French revolutionary and political exile Emmanuel Barthélemy. According to Wilhelm Liebknecht, Willich and Barthélemy plotted to kill Karl Marx for being too conservative. Willich publicly insulted Marx and challenged him to a duel, which Marx refused to fight. Instead Willich was challenged by a young associate of Marx, Konrad Schramm. The pistol duel was fought in Belgium with Barthélemy acting as Willich's second; Schramm was wounded but survived the encounter. Barthélemy was hanged in London in 1855 after shooting and killing his employer and another man.

Coming to the United States in 1853, Willich first found employment at his trade in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Here his attainments in mathematics and other scientific studies were soon discovered, and he found more congenial work in the coastal survey. In 1858, he was induced to go to Cincinnati as editor of the German Republican, a German-language free labor newspaper, which he continued until the opening of the Civil War in 1861. Willich became known as one of the "Ohio Hegelians" (followers of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel), along with John Bernhard Stallo, Moncure Daniel Conway, and Peter Kaufmann.

Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War in early 1861, Willich actively recruited German immigrants in the southwestern Ohio region. He joined the 9th Ohio Infantry ("Die Neuner") as regimental adjutant with the rank of first lieutenant, and was promoted to major in August of that year. He served in western Virginia, seeing action at the Battle of Rich Mountain. Willich then returned to the Ohio River valley over the winter and resumed his recruiting activities. Governor Oliver P. Morton commissioned Willich a colonel of the 32nd Indiana Infantry Regiment, also called the First German, (an all-German regiment).

At the request of Governor Oliver P. Morton, he assumed command of the Thirty-second Indiana. Willich drilled his regiment, in German, to a high degree of professionalism. It made a favorable impression wherever it served. An innovative officer, he suggested construction of special wagons convertible to pontoon boats by removal of wheels. To speed up troop movement and assure combat condition of troops upon arrival on the battlefield, he recommended wagon transport of troops. His superiors rejected both ideas. Yet, Willich's concern for his men's well-being earned him the nickname "Papa". When possible, he ordered bakery ovens constructed so that troops would have fresh bread.

The 32nd gained nationwide recognition for its stand against Confederate forces at Rowlett's Station, Kentucky. A detachment of 500 men under Lt. Col. Henry von Trebra fought off 1,300 men of Terry's Texas Rangers and infantry under General Hindman. The 32nd formed the "hollow square", and drove the attackers back, losing 10 troopers and 22 wounded, but killing 33 of the enemy, including Col. Terry, and wounding fifty others.

The 32nd saw action at Shiloh on the second day, during which Col. Willich displayed great leadership. When his troops became unsteady under fire, he stood before them, his back to the enemy, and conducted the regiment through the manual of arms. He had the regimental band play "La Marseillaise", the anthem for all republican movements in Europe. Recovering its stability, the 32nd launched a bayonet attack. Afterwards Willich was given command of the Horn Brigade. The 32nd remained in his brigade, under command of von Trebra and, later, Frank Erdelmeyer.

Rewarded by a promotion to brigadier general of volunteers in July 1862, Willich fought at the Battle of Perryville under Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell in Kentucky. He commanded the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIV Corps in December at the Battle of Stones River. He was captured by the Confederates when his horse was shot out from under him. He was sent to Libby Prison for four months, but was paroled and exchanged in May 1863. Returning to the federal army later that year, he was assigned to command of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps and served with distinction during the Tullahoma Campaign, where his brigade played a key role in holding Liberty Gap. He led a division at the Battle of Chickamauga and saw additional action during the Chattanooga Campaign.

During the Siege of Chattanooga, the 32nd played a conspicuous part, as Willich's Brigade captured Orchard Knob. Despite only having orders to clear the base of the ridge, Willich ordered the assault up Missionary Ridge that routed the Confederate forces, breaking the siege and clearing the way for the invasion of Georgia. The 32nd Indiana and the 6th Ohio were the first to reach the top. The 32nd participated in the Atlanta campaign with General William Tecumseh Sherman. Before the fall of Atlanta, the 32nd was pulled back and sent via Nashville, Tennessee to Indianapolis. En route, the 32nd was assigned to counter Confederate guerrilla forces in Kentucky. After three days fighting, the 32nd returned to Indianapolis. Willich, who had been wounded at Resaca, Georgia, was promoted to brevet major general and put in command of Cincinnati.

Due to the anti-German sentiment in the nation, and the army in particular, veterans of the 32nd did not re-enlist. Nor did most other all-German regiments. It rankled the German-American soldier that General Joseph Hooker had blamed German troops of the 11th Corps for his defeat at Chancellorsville. The New York Times labeled the 11th Corps "Dutch cowards." Actually, of the corps's 12,000 men, 7,000 were American. Of the remaining 5,000, only one-third were German, these having been the units offering the stiffest resistance to the Confederate attack made by Stonewall Jackson.

In 1864, Willich led his brigade through Tennessee and Georgia during the Atlanta Campaign. He suffered a severe wound in the Battle of Resaca that forced him to leave the field. For the rest of the war, he served in various administrative roles, commanding Union posts in Cincinnati, Covington, Kentucky, and Newport, Kentucky. He received a brevet promotion to major general of US Volunteers on October 21, 1865, then resigned from the army to return to civilian life.

The three-year veterans were mustered out on September 7, 1864. The remaining 200 replacements whose terms had not expired were organized into a battalion of four companies under Hans Blume. At war's end they were stationed with General Sheridan's occupation forces in central Texas. They returned to Indianapolis and were mustered out on December 4, 1865.

Postwar career
After the war, Willich returned to Cincinnati and went into government service. He held a series of responsible positions, including auditor of Hamilton County. His home at 1419 Main Street still stands in Cincinnati.

In 1870, he returned to Germany, offering his services to the Prussian army during the Franco-Prussian War. His age, health, and communist views caused him to be refused, however. He stayed in Germany long enough to receive a college degree in philosophy, graduating from the University of Berlin at the age of sixty. Returning to the United States, he died in St. Marys, Ohio, and was buried there in Elmgrove Cemetery.

In his concluding note to the Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne, Marx wrote: "In the Civil War in North America, Willich showed that he is more than a visionary".

Notes/References/Sources
Notes

References

Sources

 * available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
 * available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
 * available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
 * available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
 * available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.

Further reading
 * Heinrich A. Rattermann: General August Willich. In: Der Deutsche Pionier. 9. Jg. Februar, März 1878, pp. 439–445, 488–495.
 * August von Willich: Im preußischen Heere!: ein Disciplinarverfahren gegen Premier-Lieutnant von Willich. Heinrich Hoff, Mannheim 1848. MDZ Reader
 * Joseph R. Reinhart (Ed.): August Willich's gallant Dutchmen. Civil War letters from the 32nd Indiana Infantry. Kent State Univ. Press, Kent, Ohio 2006.
 * Rolf Dlubek: August Willich (1810–1878). Vom preußischen Offizier zum Streiter für die Arbeiteremanzipation auf zwei Kontinenten. In: Helmut Bleiber, Walter Schmidt, Susanne Schötz (Hrsg.): Akteure eines Umbruchs. Männer und Frauen der Revolution von 1848/49. Trafo Verlag, Berlin 2003, S. 923–1004.
 * Daniel Nagel: Von republikanischen Deutschen zu deutsch-amerikanischen Republikanern. Ein Beitrag zum Identitätswandel der deutschen Achtundvierziger in den Vereinigten Staaten 1850–1861. Röhrig Universitätsverlag, St. Ingbert 2012, ISBN 978-3-86110-504-6, p. 593 ff.

title: August Willich


text: Category:Brazilian actors

title: Category:Brazilian actors


text:
M. Christian

M. Christian is an author and anthologist working in a variety of genres including horror, science fiction, erotica and crime. Much of his work combines sexual themes with the horror or science fiction genre.

Selected bibliography
Among his works are:

 * The Bachelor Machine (collection, 2003),
 * Amazons: Tales of Strong Women
 * Blood Lust: Erotic Vampire Tales (Paperback)
 * Confessions: Admissions of Sexual Guilt (Paperback)
 * More Extreme Stories about Extreme Sex, Vol. 2

Plot summaries

 * Running Dry (novel, 2006) (ISBN 1-55583-807-3)
 * Running Dry concerns a painter, who receives a letter he last saw in 1913, at current moment of his death.

 * Amazons: Tales of Strong Women (ISBN 9781560257608)
 *  Tales of Strong Women examines "the common thread of women exhibiting strength and power".

 * Blood Lust: Erotic Vampire Tales (Paperback)
 * Who would know vampires have other things on their mind other than blood?

 * Confessions: Admissions of Sexual Guilt (Paperback) (ISBN 9781560257585)
 * Confessions: Admissions of Sexual Guilt looks at several writers' exploration of sexual confessions' impact.

title: M. Christian


text:
Margaretta Schwartz

Margeretta Schwartz was one of the first distinguished female performers in Yiddish theater. She and her sister Annetta shared prima donna duties in Abraham Goldfaden's troupe in Romania beginning in 1877. Jacob Adler described the sisters as "absolutely respectable" women with classical training as singers. He also writes that when they performed in Odesa, Ukraine in the late 1870s, they had Paris dresses of a quality that had never been seen in that city.

title: Margaretta Schwartz


text: Category:242 deaths

title: Category:242 deaths


text: Category:386 births

title: Category:386 births


text: Category:439 births

title: Category:439 births


text:
The Bachelor Machine

The Bachelor Machine is a collection of erotic science fiction short stories by M. Christian. It was first published in 2003 (ISBN 1-931160-16-3) by Green Candy Press; the book is introduced by Cecilia Tan. It was republished in 2010 by Circlet Press (ISBN 978-1-885865-58-8) with a new foreword by Kit O'Connell. The stories take place in a wide variety of settings, with an assortment of themes and widely differing tone, from grim to humorous. There is also a wide variety of sexual acts depicted in the work, including many which are not possible with modern technology, involving a wide variety of partners in heterosexual, bisexual, homosexual and sometimes non-human couplings.

Plot summaries
Some of the short stories in this collection include,
 * "State", about a prostitute who is trained to behave like an expensive robot designed for sex.
 * "Bluebelle" is about a police officer and his police vehicle (for which the story is named). His vehicle is also his sex partner.
 * In "Winged Memory," a prostitute wears "whoreware," wearable computing equipment which includes a bracelet that charges cash cards and eyewear that cycles from green to red when a client's time is up. A man sells his memories (not unlike Strange Days)) in exchange for money to hire the prostitute.
 * "Eulogy" is set in a future where humans are effectively immortal. In the story, a woman wants to perform oral sex on a man with a rare illness which is still actually fatal because the participants are bored with eternal life and miss their deceased friend.
 * "Butterflie$" is the story of a computer hack which drains a victim's bank account while seducing them in virtual reality.
 * "Everything But the Smell of Lilies," which concerns Justine, an expensive prostitute who has been surgically altered: thanks to extensive implants and modifications (such as rerouting of arteries and internal oxygen tanks), she can have her throat slit by a client who can then fulfill necrophilic fantasies on a body that can wake up again, save them from criminal charges, and collect a hefty fee. In this story, her pimp asks her to stage a distraction from a crime and act as a real victim, placing her in the hands of a paramedic with a taste for actual corpses.
 * Lines of sexual orientation are blurred in "Fully Accessorized, Baby," where two women have sex, both using fully functional prosthetic penises (one also has a cybernetic arm made of teak).
 * "The New Motor" is erotic historical fiction about the spiritualist John Murray Spear and a mystical machine he is led to build.
 * "Guernica" depicts the behavior of BDSM enthusiasts in a dystopian future where only procreative heterosexual sex is legal.
 * "Hackwork" is about a future where a high-tech form of possession allows a woman to hire her body out for sexual pleasure to clients that will feel her every sensation remotely.
 * "Heartbreaker" is about a cyborg police woman who has a sexual encounter with an equally artificial criminal.
 * In "Switch", a woman is a prostitute for a sex club where the prostitutes' memories are erased at the end of each working day, allowing them to cater to extremely private clientele.
 * "Intercore" is about a futuristic amateur pornography photography session.
 * An example of the humor in the volume occurs in "Technophile," which opens with the line, "I almost lost my virginity at fifteen, but his batteries ran low." It is about a young man whose attempts at his first sexual encounter with another man is made more awkward when he discovers that his lover's cybernetic genitalia is incompatible with the wiring in his home.
 * "Skin-Effect" concerns two android lovers, one of whom is a soldier that has been completely replaced by artificial, robotic parts.

title: The Bachelor Machine


text: Category:489 deaths

title: Category:489 deaths


text: Category:498 deaths

title: Category:498 deaths


text:
Bilar

Bilar can refer to:

 * Bilar, Bohol, a municipality in the province of Bohol, Philippines
 * Bilär, a village in Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
 * Bilars, a medieval Turkic tribe, founders of Bilär
 * Elvillar/Bilar, a town and municipality in Basque Country, Spain
 * Punta Bilar, northernmost point of Mindanao Island, Surigao City, Philippines
 * Bilar, Swedish title of Cars (film)

title: Bilar


text: Category:604 births

title: Category:604 births


text:
Clyde N. Wilson

Clyde Norman Wilson (born 11 June 1941) is an American retired professor of history at the University of South Carolina, a paleoconservative political commentator, a long-time contributing editor for Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture and Southern Partisan magazine, and an occasional contributor to National Review.

Wilson is known for his work on the life and writings of John C. Calhoun, having compiled all his papers in twenty-eight volumes. He has been the M.E. Bradford Distinguished Chair of the Abbeville Institute, an adjunct faculty member of the paleolibertarian Ludwig von Mises Institute, and an affiliated scholar of the League of the South Institute, the research arm of the League of the South.

In 1994 Wilson was an original founder of the League of the South, which advocates a "natural societal order of superiors and subordinates", using as an example, "Christ is the head of His Church; husbands are the heads of their families; parents are placed over their children; employers rank above their employees; the teacher is superior to his students, etc." The League of the South has been described as a white supremacist and white nationalist organization.

Early life and education
Clyde Norman Wilson was born on June 11, 1941, in Greensboro, North Carolina, where he was raised. His father, Clyde Sr., a fireman, was a leader in the state Firefighters Union and was chosen to train and command the first African-American fire company in Greensboro. Clyde Jr. was editor of the Greensboro High School newspaper in his senior year, receiving a special commendation from the Columbia University Scholastic Press Association for editorial writing. During that year, 1958–1959, the high school was the first in North Carolina to be integrated.

Wilson graduated BA from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1963, proceeding to an MA in 1964. While a student he worked for the Greensboro Daily News, The Greensboro Record, the Winston-Salem Journal, and the Chapel Hill Weekly, and wrote a regular column for the campus Daily Tar Heel. From 1964 he spent several years as a reporter for the Richmond News Leader and the Charlotte News, covering police, courts, and other matters.

In 1971 Wilson took a PhD in History from the University of North Carolina. As a post-graduate student he published articles in historical journals such as The North Carolina Historical Review and Civil War Times, and in opinion journals like Modern Age, Intercollegiate Review, and National Review.

Career
Wilson became Assistant Professor of History at the University of South Carolina in 1971; Associate Professor, 1977; Professor, 1983. In 1977 he became editor of The Papers of John C. Calhoun, producing volumes 10 through the completion of the edition with volume 28 in 2003. Wilson's work on Calhoun drew praise such as "shows high ability in the field of intellectual history" (Journal of American History), "plows new ground by the acre" (Virginia Magazine of History & Biography), and many others of similar import.

In 32 years at the University of South Carolina, Wilson taught a variety of courses and directed 16 doctoral dissertations, four of which became books.

Wilson early identified himself as an intellectual heir of Richard Weaver and the Southern Agrarians. In 1980 he assisted Thomas Fleming in founding Southern Partisan magazine, and subsequently became a contributing editor of Chronicles when Fleming became editor of that journal. In 1981, Wilson brought together the book Why the South Will Survive, by Fifteen Southerners, a restatement of the Agrarian message of I'll Take My Stand on its fiftieth anniversary. The volume included contributions by Cleanth Brooks, Andrew Lytle, George Garrett, and others. In 1993 he was active in the formation of the League of the South and served on its board of directors for the first ten years. He has stated reasons for his role in creation of the League, alleging that it was necessary to preserve the unique features of Southern culture and to promote devolution from an over-centralized U.S. government.

The Southern Poverty Law Center has listed Wilson among the ideologues of the neo-Confederate movement. He told Gentleman's Quarterly in 1998 that "We don't want the federal government telling us what to do, pushing integration down our throats... We're tired of carpetbagging professionals coming to our campuses and teaching that the South is a cultural wasteland." Condemning what he perceives as a positive representation of people of color in the media, Wilson lamented that the "established forces of 'American' society have been promoting the glory of the non-white and the foreign for two generations now."

In a 2007 article addressing a debate exchange between presidential candidates Ron Paul and Rudy Giuliani, Wilson condemned the Voting Rights Act of 1965, writing: "Remember that since 1965 our elections have been controlled by commissars from the U.S. Justice Department—an oppression carried by the votes (several times repeated) of "conservative" Republicans. One of the highest comedic points of 20th century American politics came in the mid-sixties when the windbag Republican leader, Senator Dirksen of Illinois, announced his support for the second Reconstruction of the South. It seems that during a lonely midnight stroll in the deserted Capitol, the ghost of Abraham Lincoln appeared to the Senator and instructed him how to vote."

Published work
Wilson has contributed more than 400 articles, essays, and reviews to a wide variety of academic and popular books and publications. He has lectured to scholarly, heritage, and political groups.

Books include Carolina Cavalier: The Life and Mind of James Johnston Pettigrew, an American Civil War biography that has gone through three editions; From Union to Empire: Essays in the Jeffersonian Tradition; and Defending Dixie: Essays in Southern History and Culture. In addition, he has contributed to a number of influential books, including The New Right Papers, (Robert W. Whitaker, Ed.). He has edited a number of books, including three volumes of The Dictionary of Literary Biography on American historians; The Essential Calhoun; John C. Calhoun: A Bibliography; and A Defender of Southern Conservatism: M.E. Bradford and His Achievements. He has also written for Telos.

Wilson is recipient of the Bostick Medal for Contributions to South Carolina Letters, the first annual John Randolph Club Award for Lifetime Achievement, and the Sons of Confederate Veterans Medal of Meritorious Service. In 2005 he was the founding Dean of the Stephen D. Lee Institute, an educational arm of the Sons of Confederate Veterans.

title: Clyde N. Wilson


text: Category:734 deaths

title: Category:734 deaths


text: Category:909 births

title: Category:909 births


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dan Bullard

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:50, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dan Bullard
This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Vanity page. - Mailer Diablo 19:35, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete #2, user test. Wyss 19:38, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. User was on a vandalism and vanity article rampage.  Has since stopped and apologized for his actions on the talk page. - Lucky 6.9 19:45, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Not useful. Zzyzx11 19:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, user has apologized for having created the article, which I take as a request to remove the material. — Ливай | ☺ 17:45, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. See also ARC Story. -- Curps 19:53, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 06:45, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, vanity page - Wikipedian231 15:21, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity until he become a well-know author. HyperZonk 17:49, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:988 deaths

title: Category:988 deaths


text:
Talk:Poisson process

Early discussion
How come there is no mention of how to *sample* a Poisson process (of any kind)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.64.68.49 (talk) 03:17, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

I've taken quite a few liberties on my last set of edits so a justification would probably be in order. The major change I made was to treat spatial processes as an extension of Poisson processes instead of treating temporal Poisson processes as a special case of multi-dimensional Poisson processes. I believe this change is justified, as a Poisson process is after all a stochastic process which is tradiationally a random function of time. I believe multidimensional Poisson processes are worth mentioning, but perhaps would warrant their own article as there are characteristic differences about them that aren't done justice in this article. For example, the number of events in a given time interval is given as N(b)-N(a), but the formulation for the number of events in a (not necessarily rectangular) region of space based on the function N(x,y) is not nearly as straightforward. Also, the memorylessness property of multidimensional P.P. is not well motivated. (I omitted further discussion on spatial P.P. to keep from pushing this important concept of memorylessness even further down the article.) Until and unless this separation proposition reaches some consensus, I've left spatial P.P. as a subsection. (See also comments on the bomb analogy below.) Willem 22:23, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I felt the introduction was a bit hard to understand for somebody with no prior knowledge (see also the comments further below on this talk page). I hope I was able to improve this point. I agree with the separation if we have something like Poisson process (real line) and Poisson process (spatial) with a redirect from Poisson process to the first. Being a probabilist myself I would say that there is only one Poisson process with points on a fairly arbitrary set (it's on Wikipedia as Poisson random measure, this term however is very rare in the literature of point processes and random measures). The spatial Poisson process and the one on the real (half-)line are just special cases then. But since Poisson processes on the real line have many particularities and are ubiquitously used in various natural sciences to model random events in time, I think it is a good idea to provide direct access to them and not confuse those readers who are only interested in the one-dimensional version with excessive technicalities. Slartibarti 15:57, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

I've also substantially shortened the intro, moving most of the material into the body of the article. I removed the discussion on memorylessness up through and including the bus analogy as it duplicates material covered in said article. Last, I noticed that this article treated certain processes (e.g. the stars in the sky example) as multi-dimensional Poisson processes that could be more simply characterized by an equivalent probability density function. Using a 1-D case as an example, it can be shown that sampling N events from an i.i.d. uniform distribution on an interval is equivalent to sampling a homogeneous Poisson process on that interval given that there are N points. A similar result holds for more general distributions by modifying the rate function. However these things may be better represented using a spatial probability density function instead of some cooked up rate function for a multi-dimensional Poisson process. Willem 22:23, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

This article seems to have got somewhat confused between Poisson Process and Poisson Distribution. The bombs in areas of London is certainly not a Poisson process (for a start, they were likely to fall at night more than in the day and if a bomb had just arrived there was a good chance of an air-raid being on so a good chance of another soon).

 * You misunderstand. It's a 2-dimensional spacial Poisson process; there is no time involved!  Think of just ONE bombing raid: the number of bombs hitting a particular square mile has a Poisson distribution; the number hitting another, non-overlapping square mile also has a Poisson distribution, and they are independent of each other.  The number of bombs falling during any specified time period has nothing at all to do with this. Michael Hardy 20:17, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * And now I've read it again, and it seems perfectly clear: it says "two-dimensional" and it talks about non-overlapping plots of ground, so I don't understand how you got so confused. The number of bombs falling during any particular time period was not one of the random variables in this process at all. Michael Hardy 20:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I removed the bomb analogy. For the most part, it is a fine analogy, but I thought the rainfall example worked better. After all, the number of bombs is often set a priori, as is sometimes the intended bomb distribution. I also removed the stars analogy for the reasons discussed above relating the uniform distribution to the Poisson process. Willem 22:23, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

It is a classic (and well known) example of a Poisson distribution. I know that classical telephone models are Poisson Processes but the stars example I am not certain of --- surely this is a Poisson distribution again? Have I misunderstood or is there a couple of genuine errors here? If these are errors would anyone mind me rectifying this page?

I think it would also be worth adding the derivation of a Poisson Process as a pure Birth process. Any thoughts?

--Richard Clegg 19:36, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * If I may chime in here... It may help to think in terms not of the arrival times, but the interarrival times.

 * Imagine a spatial Poisson process in one dimension. The distances between the 'bombs' should be exponential, just like the interarrival times of the Poisson process.  Instead of making a cumulative count of the number of 'bombs' up to distance x, we just mark down the points at which they dropped, but otherwise the characteristics of this spatial 'process' are just the same.  What seems to be the trick here is separating the concept of a stochastic process from the procession in time of a random variable.  Think of a stochastic process, instead, as simply a random variable indexed by a (non-random) variable, the latter potentially indicating time, but equally validly, space or some other dimension.

 * Now think about the pattern of bombings in two dimensions. If the distances between the bombs are described by two-dimensional (independent) exponential distributions (if I recall correctly), we have a two-dimensional Poisson 'process'—it doesn't involve time, but otherwise is Poisson.  The number of bombs in a particular area is of course described by a Poisson distribution.

 * I don't agree that the text as it stands is "perfectly" clear, except perhaps to those with a decent amount of training in the area; no doubt even some of those would disagree. It seems to me that a little more detail would benefit the lay-reader, perhaps by referring back to the introductory comments about Poisson processes in general.  Ben Cairns 22:48, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC).

 * What you are saying (I think) is that the number of bombs N(x,y) in some notional area defined by x,y and an aribtrary origin is a two dimensional Poisson process? I agree.  You must admit that this intent is hard to guess from the text.  Indeed the text positively argues against that interpretation by saying the number of bombs "on a specified area" which heavily implies to me a constant area.  I wouldn't say I was untrained in this area, I just finished teaching a masters class about Poisson processes.  I have come across the bombs example and the stars example before as examples of Poisson distributions.  Obviously these can be summed to Poisson processes but it is in no way clear from the text that this was what was intended hence my thinking it was the classic confusion of Poisson distribution and process.  The text given does nothing to clear up the distinction between a Poisson process and a Poisson distribution and, I would say obfuscates it.  However, I don't want to be too pushy about this.

 * --Richard Clegg 00:45, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I was referring to Michael's comment about it being "perfectly clear", which would only be so if it already made perfect sense to someone before they read it. I did not intend to imply anything about any particular person's training in the area, except that of a 'typical' reader of the Wikipedia. I think that the introductory text does give a definition of a Poisson process that is sufficient to support the bombs example, but it seems too formal for the likely audience.  At least, a more intuitive definition could be added to the text for those who just want an idea of what's going on.  However, Michael's point is, I think, that the reference to non-overlapping areas and Poisson distributions relates back to the introduction where this stuff is explained.  Some of the lack of clarity may be due to this reference, which does no good if a reader is looking at the examples to try and understand the introduction (which, let's say, they largely skipped over).  Ben Cairns 02:57, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC).

Proposed edits
OK. For what it's worth I think the introduction does little to clarify the situation. "The number of arrivals in each interval of time or region in space..." from the word arrival one strongly gets the impression of a fixed space and a change over time which is misleading. The introduction is technically correct but I think it manages to give the conditions for a Poisson Process without actually saying what a Poisson Process is. However, I'm very reluctant to make a change now since the opinion here seems to be against. How about this text very early in the introduction:

A one dimensional Poisson process is a stochastic process defined on some interval. The Poisson process can be thought of as defining the number of occurrences of some event within a subset of this interval. The process A(t) is a Poisson process if the probability of arrivals in some subset of the interval is given by

 * $$ P [(A(t+ \tau) - A(t)) = k] = \frac{e^{-\lambda \tau} {(\lambda \tau)}^k}{k!},$$

where k is the number of events occurring within [t, t + τ] and λ is a parameter known as the rate parameter. It can be seen that the probability defined is a Poisson distribution with parameter λ τ.

I would also like to slightly edit the examples to at the very least try define "This" in the sentence "This is a two-dimensional Poisson Process"... perhaps to "The number of bombs falling in some area A is Poisson process defined over the area A as it varies.  (Though I'm not sure about the last three words, I want to clarify the idea that the area is varying.)

Looking further, this equation is already given on the page for Poisson distribution. Indeed I think the page for Poisson distribution is somewhat clearer to a novice about what a Poisson Process is than this page. However, I am new to wikipedia and reluctant to be too heavy handed. --Richard Clegg 10:21, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I like your text above, although the second sentence is a bit vague and doesn't seem to clarify the distinction between Poisson processes and distributions much more effectively than what is already there. The rest is quite clear.  I am coming around to thinking that the whole article could use some rearranging, such as the division of examples into 1-D and multi-D sections, the latter coming after most of the article.  Find a place to fit your text in, delete and/or rearrange superceded content, and we'll take it from there.  For your suggestion about changes to the bombs example, it seems to me that 'this' needs to be clarified in the rest of the article first, so that the example is clearer, rather than the other way around.  Ben Cairns 12:16, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC).

 * I have made the edit but I am not wholly sure it is clear though I think it does improve clarity, particularly for people not too familiar with the subject. Further editing would be gratefully welcomed. --Richard Clegg 17:10, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Clarity, examples
There are a few things that are not stated clear enough in the article.

This is what I understand, though I may be wrong in some aspects:

Poisson processes are stateless, that is, the occurrence of past events at particular moments in time has no effect on the chances of new events occurring.

Events are distributed in an uniform manner (assuming constant λ, this should also be explained better in the beginning), but without enforcing uniformity. The uniformity is just a result of randomness. There must be no rule linking different occurrences.

I do not believe stars are distributed by a Poisson law, as they tend to form clusters. This is because they interact with each other by gravitational attraction, which has an effect on the way they are distributed.

For the falling bombs to be distributed according to a Poisson process, they would have to be fired independently. If they were dropped in an air raid, they would fall more or less along a straight line. Now, if the trajectory of the plane and the point of drop are known facts you can still consider this a Poisson process in which the random variable is the deviation caused by the aerodynamics of the bombs and wind, but when the plane trajectory is a random variable, this is no longer a Poisson process.

The rest of the examples I think are OK, but a common characteristic should be pointed out. In general you obtain the Poisson distribution/Poisson process when the events are produced by many independent sources.

I would really like feedback on this, at least to find out if I'm right.

Radu124 11:19, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

==There is an innate lack of knowledge of astronomy in the above, as well as a lack of knowledge of Poisson processes. As for the visible starts in the night sky, with very few exceptions, the appearance of stars clost to one another has NOTHING to do with physical clustering of stars in space. When two stars appear to be close to each other in the sky, almost always they are at drasticly-different radial distances from the Earth and from each other. Hence, their "closeness" is merely an illusion. Let me repeat myself: it had nothing to do with gravitational attractions, physical clustering, etc.

The only known exceptions to this are the Pleiades, which really are a star cluster in our Galaxy, and the two Magellanic Clouds, which are close to our Galaxy, and are also only visible in the Southern Hemisphere, anyway.

Also, when it comes to one-dimensional Poisson processes, a feature of their very nature is that "clusters" of events occur. This follows from the definitions of the Poisson process, and namely from the independence of non-overlapping time intervals. Your mind may rebel against this notion, but this is the way that it is.

Likewise, in two-dimensional (spatial) Poisson processes, the number of events occurring in any non-overlapping areas is independent, and from the very nature, clusters occur. These clusters aren't made by any cause: they just happen, and looking for reasons is a useless exercise.

 * First of all, although I do not agree with you, thank you for the feedback.

 * I do not know why you made the assumption that my observation was based on the visible starts in the night sky. I believe that we both should be past that level of education by now. My comment was based mostly on common sense rather than knowledge in astronomy, and my reasoning was that, since the stars interact through gravity, the independence assumption is not met. Of course you don't have to believe me, but you could look for a paper called "Cosmological Distances and Fractal Statistics of Galaxy Distribution". Although not specifically about stars it could prove my point.

 * Also I didn't do the calculations to prove it, I believe you are also wrong about Poisson Processes. Although clustering may occur on the small scale, averaging over large intervals should decrease the variance. Think about noise reduction in digital photography for example.

 * By the way, innate means "existing in one from birth; inborn". You didn't expect me to be born with a knowledge in astronomy, did you?

 * Radu124 13:05, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

sorry, by mistake I have removed something:

Under the "Examples" section, you list "The number of photons hitting a photodetector". This is misleading and produces paradoxes. A better wording would be "The number of times a photodetector discharges when exposed to light." 67.188.93.81 (talk) 19:56, 30 June 2010 (UTC)J. Justice

Mistake in one of the examples
I think the blue path sample given has zero probability: one of the jumps seems to have twice the height of the others... Is this correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.152.170.5 (talk) 05:52, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Good call, you're the first person to notice this in years. Actually, you'll find that sample Poisson process paths have many events that are very close to one another, and the low resolution image made them to appear simultaneously, so there's nothing fundamentally wrong, but for illustrative purposes it would be better to remove this apparent discrepancy. I generated enough samples until I found one that looked nice. FYI, the Matlab code I use to generate it is... Willem (talk) 17:58, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

Original text: A common assumption in the study of simple queueing systems is that the times-of-arrival of "customers" is a Poisson process, and that the "service time" for each "customer" is exponentially-distributed. This sees application in a wide range of queueing systems, including computer communication networks.

As far as I know "service times" are not exponentially distributed as the exponential distribution is generally inappropriate for modelling process delay times (you could use Erlang or Weibull for this). It's the inter-arrival time that is exponentially distributed (inter-event time of random arrivals).

Is this correct?

Posiebers 04:07, 08 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it often makes sense to model interarrival times as exponentially distributed. It's far less plausible for service times.  In some cases it may be true of service times.  That wouldn't necessarily be considered a reason not to use exponentially distributed service times in a mere math exercise to assign to students. Michael Hardy 17:13, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Criticism from a non-expert
I read this article, & am still unclear just what is a "Poisson process", beyond a vague sense that it is a process somehow based on random distribution -- & that the term can be categorized under a number of different groups with their own labels. As it reads at the moment, it is clearly an article written by experts for other experts.

It would help me immensely to understand the subject if an example were used in the opening paragraph to explain just what this process is. For example, how is "the number of web page requests arriving at a server" a Poisson process? Are we talking about the volume of requests alone? How the number is determined as some function of the number or a quality of their sources? Or how the number of requests is related to the content or visibility of the server? Or is it about the nature of this number of requests to fluctuate in bursts & pauses over time?

I'm sure those who know what a Poisson process actually is are probably laughing their asses off at these questions -- however, there is nothing in this article to keep a reader from asking stupid questions like these, & becoming disappointed (or worse) at the response. -- llywrch 18:24, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * To the comment author just above (Llywrch): the comment seems to be extremely unprofessional from your side. Instead of inspiring or advising a reader (to read more introductory literature or follow the links) you deride him/her. Is Wikipedia being created only for experts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.118.217.167 (talk • contribs) 22:12, 21 February 2007

 * Wikipedia is not written for experts; it is intended as an introduction. My comments were directed at those who forget that, & may consider responding in an adversarial manner. If I sound adversarial, it is because of my frustration with this article, & the fact it is written beyond the comprehension of a mere college graduate, self-described omnivorous reader & long-time Wikipedian. -- llywrch 17:02, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I am frustrated that the mathematical articles in Wikipedia presuppose a certain level of training, in apparent disregard for Wikipedia's being a general encyclopædia. For those of you who say "you only need to spend the effort to study the article carefully and understand it," bear in mind this is a Wikipedia article--not a college textbook.  In my experience, the authors of college textbooks seem to spend more effort making the content of their works accessible to a "lay" reader than the average Wikipedia math article.  And college courses, unlike Wikipedia, have "prerequisites."  Reading Wikipedia has no prerequisites; therefore, the articles ought to be written in a manner as to be accessible by any reader with a high-school education.  69.140.164.142 05:32, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

It would probably help if someone included the motivation of the Poisson process as the limit of the binomial distribution, which is an intuitive way to understand many of the properties of the Poisson process (particularly the whole memoryless / stationary thing). GAdam 04:29, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

The remark of llywrch is certainly valid, but at some level of scientific articles it is also difficult for the author to find the right "entrance point" to make it adapted to those readers who know less, while keeping it concise enough to be still helpfull and efficient for those who know already more. A concrete example from critics, what exactly is difficult to understand, would certainly help. (Commenting more below the following paragraph by LeeHarrison.) DirkHoffmann (talk) 18:54, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

I would like to add a derivation of the homogenous Poisson process equation ... with some discussion. The derivation isn't that hard actually, it requires only some very basic combinatorics of permutations, and a limit to infinity ... which then requires a variable substitution to produce a limit to zero, and using L'Hopital's rule. It isn't something that a typical high-schooler can do, but it still should be informative. Does anybody object? —Preceding unsigned comment added by LeeHarrison (talk • contribs) 19:08, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Did you do anything like that? (Didn't find LeeHarrison in edit history, maybe other account / unsigned edit?) What is missing in my opinion is the link to the Poisson distribution, which is easier to grasp for readers without knowledge of statistics. I am trying to add such a link in the introductory paragraph. (That would also avoid to repeat parts of the Poisson distribution article in this one.) DirkHoffmann (talk) 18:54, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

lead para contradiction

 * A well-known example is radioactive decay of atoms. Many processes are not exactly Poisson processes, but similar enough that for certain types of analysis they can be regarded as such; e.g., telephone calls arriving at a switchboard (if we assume that their frequency doesn't vary with the time of day), page view requests to a website, rainfall or radioactive decay.

So is it or isn't it? 83.146.15.165 (talk) 01:23, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Concerns
I have a concern about the definition: it states that the increments are stationary, but that is true only w.r.t. homogeneous Poisson process, not in general. Sorry if my comment is misplaced. (Oct 29, 2009)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.2.90.104 (talk) 19:26, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Added minor rewording that I hope deals with this point. Melcombe (talk) 10:08, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Another user: I noticed the same issue. It should be clarified somewhere that the stationary increments property in the definition applies to only the Homogeneous case. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.251.251.192 (talk) 20:07, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

"Discrete-time counterpart"
The text currently states: "The Poisson process is a continuous-time process: its discrete-time counterpart is the Bernoulli process."

But the Poisson process is a counting process whereas the Bernouli Process is not.

Correct me if I'm wrong but I think it would be more accurate to state that "its discrete-time counterpart is the Binomial counting process" and perhaps also add in parentheses for non-experts: (the cumulative sum of a Bernoulli process)

watson (talk) 00:52, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I see your point. But when I think of a two-dimensional Poisson process, I think of those little blips scattered randomly about the plane.  Viewed as a "counting process", the two-dimensional Poisson process assigns a count to every set of positive measure in the plane (and the probability distribution of the count is of course a Poisson distribution).  This count is not "cumulative" as I usually think of that term.  So I think you're right if you're talking about a one-dimensional case, but definitely your parenthetical remark should be included for clarity. Michael Hardy (talk) 03:08, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process
I am not an expert, but reading scientific articles using non-homogeneous poisson processes I often see an alternative definition: instead of using an integral over lambda to the power of k, they use a product over all events:

 * $$ P [t_1, t_2, ..., t_k] = \frac{e^{-\lambda_{a,b}} \prod_{j=0}^{k} \lambda(t_j) }{k!} $$

Here of course the time the events occured has to be known. Maybe someone knowledgable could integrate this formulation into the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Moritz.blume (talk • contribs) 08:34, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Generating time intervals
I think the article should also contain a generator which defines a random variable distributed like the interval between two events from a uniform random variable. Similar to the way the Box–Muller_transform generates normal distributed variables. I think the formular looks like this, but you need to verify it/find a source: t=-tau*ln(1-u) --- W —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.151.207.53 (talk) 21:25, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

Possible Error in Definition
The definition starts out by stating four properties viz. N(0)=0, independent increments, stationary increments and no simultaneous occurrences. I seriously doubt if the Poisson distribution on N(t) and the exponential waiting time are consequences of this definition. A better definition in my view should say the following:

A counting process N(t) is called a Poisson process when the following conditions hold:

(1) $$N(0) = 0$$

(2) For any times $$0 \leq t_1 < t_2 \leq \infty$$, $$N(t_2)-N(t_1)$$ has a Poisson distribution with parameter proportional to the time difference $$t_2 - t_1$$.

(3) Given any collection of disjoint time intervals $$(t_1, t_2), (t_3, t_4), \cdots, (t_{k-1},t_k) $$, the Poisson counting increments $$N(t_2)-N(t_1), N(t_4)-N(t_3), \ldots, N(t_k)-N(t_{k-1}) $$ are independent random variables.

Now, as a consequence of this definition, one can actually show that the interarrival times are exponentially distributed and location of occurrences on any fixed interval is uniformly distributed on that interval. (See, for instance, Sidney Resnick, Adventures in Stochastic Processes, Birkhauser.) Ingle.atul (talk) 06:13, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

 * The position seems to be that there are several different ways of characterizing a Poisson process that, with some additional mathematics, can be shown to be defining essentially the same stochastic process. One that is closer to that in the article but not identical is given by Cox & Lewis (1966) The Statistical Analysis of Series of Events, Methuen (Section 2.1). Clearly your proposal relies on a pre-existing definition of the Poisson distribution, which at least some of the others do not (Cox & Lewis's does not). There is also the question of starting the article with things that are understandable by a general reader, per WP:MOSMATH, where your proposal (as it stands) relies on a maths-symbol-heavy approach. It is unfortunate that previous editors have not included a source for the basic definition in the article. The question of whether the specific thing "Poisson distribution" appears in the definition of the Poisson process is important in the context of Wikipedia because the Poisson distribution article uses the example of its occurence (as on outcome of, not defining) in the Poisson preocess as a reason why the distribution is important, so there is a danger of the these arguments becoming circular. Melcombe (talk) 07:50, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

 * In think I see your point. The current definition is perhaps paraphrasing an alternative (and mathematically precise) definition of the Poisson process that says the following: In a small time interval [t, t+h) the probability of seeing 1 hit is a constant times h plus some negligible higher order terms in h. Also, the probability of seeing zero hits is one minus that. And the probability of seeing more than 1 hit decays to zero faster than a linear function of h.

Ingle.atul (talk) 16:59, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

Characterisation via Orderliness and Memorylessness
In the Characterisation section, there was a proof and a comment pointing out the flaws of the proof. I agree with the comment that the proof does not seem correct, but since that doesn't belong in the article, I removed both.

If anyone knows how to fix, this please go ahead. It seems that the original author of the proof meant the density instead of the distribution. However I don't understand the step in line 3, since there was no mention of lamba beforehand. Similarly I don't understand why the author could replace $$Pr[N_x=0]$$ with $$\exp(-\lambda x)$$.

I have reproduced proof and comment below.

Proof : Let $$\tau_1$$ be the first arrival time of the Poisson process. Its distribution satisfies

\begin{align} Pr[\tau_1=x]=&\lim_{dt\to 0}\frac{Pr[N_{x+dt}>0,N_x=0]}{dt}\\ =&\lim_{dt\to 0}\frac{1-Pr[N_{dt}=0]}{dt}Pr[N_x=0]\\ =&\lim_{dt\to 0}\frac{1-(1-\lambda dt +O(dt^2))}{dt}\exp(-\lambda x)\\ =&\lambda\exp(-\lambda x) \end{align} $$ Note that $$Pr[\tau_1 = x]$$ must be equal to zero for any $$x$$, since this is always the case for continuous random variables. Thus, the reasoning above is wrong! For instance, the probability that $$\tau_1 = 0$$ is equal to $$\lambda$$ which could be greater than one! This raises the question, of course, why such a result would be presented at all, instead of sound and correct statements. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.77.25.252 (talk) 09:30, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

Citation needed?
In Poisson_process, is the "citation needed" really sound, as there are two references to the Markov processes, which contain the explanation of the statement (relationship between Poisson, memoryless, random and Markov). I suggest to remove the request for a citation there. DirkHoffmann (talk) 18:29, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poisson process