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Talk:Intellectual rights

Untitled
The need for intellectual property rights is undeniable. They promote research and innovation, encourage and protect investment, and ensure that our scientists, artists and inventors receive a just reward for their dedication and creativity.

Human Knowledge is the heritage and property of all humankind and the reservoir from which new knowledge is created. The primary goal of patents, copyright and trademarks, and other legal and technical monopolies on knowledge granted by society, must be to ensure maximum use of this knowledge and to encourage creativity as widely as possible within society. International agreements and treaties, and national policies concerning creation, sharing and trade of intellectual goods and cultural creations should be aligned according to those principles.

With the dramatic rise in Internet use, especially for e-commerce and information and knowledge exchange, the intellectual property system becomes crucial for the orderly development of the digital society. In turn, the Internet poses many opportunities as well as complex challenges for the intellectual property community.

Countries must ensure that the rights of creators and owners of intellectual property are protected worldwide and that inventors and authors are, thus, recognized and rewarded for their ingenuity. This international protection acts as a spur to human creativity, pushing forward the boundaries of science and technology and enriching the world of literature and the arts. By providing a stable environment for the marketing of intellectual property products, it also oils the wheels of international trade.

These are my personal views pertaining to the topic above. Rebukes are more than welcome; I would like to see the views of other on this increasingly important and influential matter.

Accuracy
I think there is a problem with the accuracy of this article, primarily as regards the following passages:

This notion is more commonly referred to as "intellectual property", though "intellectual rights" more aptly describes the nature of the protections afforded by most nations.

In my opinion the article should explain why the one term is supposedly more 'apt' than the other, and according to whom.

''Both terms were used in Europe during the 19th century as a means of distinguishing between two different views of intellectual protection. "Intellectual property" was generally used to advocate a belief that copyrights and patents should provide rights akin to physical property rights. The term "intellectual rights" was used by those who felt that such protection should take the form of temporary, limited grants.''

This passage tries to elaborate on two different views on intellectual property rights (I use this term because it is the most commonly used) that supposedly existed in Europe during the 19th century. In my opinion this is too vague as both 'in Europe' and 'in the 19th century' fail to indicate the scale of prevalence of this difference in views. What are we talking about? Organised interest groups with thousands of members represented in European countries from Spain to Finland, active from 1840 until well into the 20th century? Or are we talking about two people in 1801 in Paris who shared these different views and then forgot all about it? (the exaggeration is to illustrate) If the latter, the whole story would become quite less relevant to merit a mention in this encyclopedia. The same issue arises where the article talks about '20th century Europe'. We are talking about an era here spanning from before the first human flight and the Russian revolution until after the advent of internet and the collapse of the Soviet Union, not to mention the geographical span.

Furthermore, the difference in views itself is not clear. The 'belief that copyrights and patents should provide rights akin to physical property rights' and the belief 'that such protection should take the form of temporary, limited grants' were supposedly opposed to each other. On first view however, it seems that a 'right akin to physical property rights' could just as well be 'temporary' and 'limited'. I think the article should be more clear on the exact nature of the differences between the two points of view.

Another issue is the use of the word 'modern'. What is meant by it?

--Vunzmstr (talk) 09:43, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Intellectual rights


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Philippa Locke

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 19:19, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Philippa Locke
This looks like a straightforward undergraduate prank. The clues are too numerous to mention; apart from the last paragraph, I'd point to her supposed book, purportedly published when she was eighteen, no details given. Needless to say, Google brings up six hits, none of which supports anything in the article; two are related to a petition she signed, two are about a marathon, one is some photos she took of a dinner, and one actually relates to "Foot, Philippa: Locke...".

 * Delete (and the redirect page Philippa locke) Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:09, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - agree - looks like a prank - Eric Wittgenstein. Brookie 17:35, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this amusing and well-written prank, I can't wait to read her first book on the cell membranes of ducks. Wyss 01:22, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As per Mel Etitis, the clues are all there. Delete. Uncle G 08:50, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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The Witch (play)

The Witch is a Jacobean play, a tragicomedy written by Thomas Middleton. The play was acted by the King's Men at the Blackfriars Theatre. It is thought to have been written between 1613 and 1616; it was not printed in its own era, and existed only in manuscript until it was published by Isaac Reed in 1778.

The manuscript
The still-extant manuscript (since 1821, MS. Malone 12 in the collection of the Bodleian Library), a small quarto-sized bundle of 48 leaves, is in the hand of Ralph Crane, the professional scribe who worked for the King's Men in this era, and who prepared several texts for the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays, as well as two of the surviving manuscripts of Middleton's A Game at Chess, plus other King's Men's works. Since Middleton wrote for the King's Men in this period, the Crane connection is unsurprising. The manuscript bears Middleton's dedication to Thomas Holmes, Esq. There, Middleton refers to the play as "ignorantly ill-fated." This was long taken to mean that the play failed with the audience, but modern critics allow the possibility that the play was pulled from performance for censorship or legal reasons.

Macbeth
Two songs, "Come away, come away" and "Black spirits", occur in both The Witch and William Shakespeare's Macbeth. Middleton's play gives the full lyrics, whereas Macbeth only mentions the song titles in stage cues. Many scholars agree that the songs were interpolated into Macbeth during the printing of the First Folio.

Witches
Middleton's primary source for material on witches was the Discovery of Witchcraft of Reginald Scot (1584), from which the playwright drew invocations, demons' names, and potion ingredients. Middleton, however, ignores Scot's skeptical attitude toward witchcraft lore, and merely mines his book for exploitable elements. He also borrowed the situation of a historical Duke and Duchess of Ravenna, related in the Florentine History of Niccolò Machiavelli and in the fiction of Matteo Bandello.

Witchcraft was a topical subject in the era Middleton wrote, and was the subject of other works like The Witch of Edmonton and The Late Lancashire Witches. Middleton's chief witch is a 120-year-old practitioner called Hecate. Her magic adheres to the Classical standard of Seneca's Medea; she specializes in love and sex magic, giving one character a charm to cause impotence. (In forming this aspect of the play's plot, Middleton may have been influenced by the contemporaneous real-life divorce scandal of Lady Frances Howard and the Earl of Essex, which involved charges of magic-induced impotence.)

Middleton's Hecate has a son (and incestuous lover) called Firestone, who serves as the play's clown. She leads a coven of four other witches, Stadlin, Hoppo, Hellwain, and Puckle. The occult material in The Witch occurs in only three scenes:

 * Act I, scene ii introduces the coven and contains abundant witchcraft exotica, to establish the macabre mood — fried rats and pickled spiders, the flesh of an "unbaptized brat," a cauldron boiling over a blue flame, "Urchins, elves, hags, satyrs, Pans, fawns...Tritons, centaurs, dwarfs, imps...", "the blood of a flittermouse [bat]," and much much more. At one point, a cat enters playing a fiddle (a role filled by a musician in feline costume).
 * Act III, scene iii features the song "Come away" that was added to Macbeth, and deals with the witches' flight through the air: at one point "A Spirit descends in the shape of a Cat," and Hecate is shown "Ascending with the Spirit."
 * Act V, scene ii contains the song "Black spirits," also inserted into Macbeth.

Middleton's witches "are lecherous, murderous and perverse in the traditional demonological way, but they are also funny, vulnerable and uncomfortably necessary to the maintenance of state power and social position by those who resort to them." Middleton's choice to set the play in Italy may reflect an element of satire against witchcraft beliefs and practices in Roman Catholic societies of his era.

Characters

 * Duke
 * Lord Governor
 * Sebastian, contracted to Isabella
 * Fernando, his friend
 * Antonio, husband to Isabella
 * Aberzanes, a gentleman, neither honest, wise, nor valiant
 * Almachildes, a fantastical gentleman
 * Gaspero and Hermio, servants to Antonio
 * Firestone, the clown and Hecate's son
 * Boy
 * Duchess (named Amoretta, like her servant)
 * Isabella, niece to the governor (and wife to Antonio)
 * Francisca, Antonio's sister
 * Amoretta, the duchess's woman
 * Florida, a courtesan
 * An old woman
 * Hecate, the chief witch
 * Five other witches, including Stadlin, Hoppo, Puckle and Hellwain
 * Malkin, a spirit like a cat

Act I
Scene 1: Urbino, Italy; The grounds of the Lord Governor's house; the day of Antonio and Isabella's wedding; a banquet laid out

Sebastian has been absent from Urbino for three years, and has falsely been reported killed in war. His fiancee Isabella has just married the powerful aristocrat Antonio. According to the Renaissance custom of handfast, Sebastian regards Isabella as his wife in the sight of Heaven. Sebastian is distraught at the thought of Isabella consummating her marriage with Antonio that night. Antonio's courtesan Florida enters, upset that Antonio has married another woman. Antonio's servant Gaspero assures her that Antonio will return to her after he has grown tired of his new wife. Almachildes, "a fantastical gentleman," enters and flirts with Amoretta, a lady-in-waiting, but she resists. Almachildes decides to go to "the witches" to procure a charm to make Amoretta fall in love with him. The wedding party, including the Duke, the Duchess, Antonio, and Isabella enter. The Duke has a goblet made from the skull of his wife's father (a defeated enemy) and uses it to make toasts. The Duchess is disgusted, but conceals her disdain. In an aside, she says that she has already decided upon her revenge.

Scene 2: Hecate's cave

Hecate, the chief witch, enters carrying serpents and an "unbaptized brat." The witches plan to boil the baby and use its fat to make a transvection ointment that enables them to fly at night, transform themselves into incubi, and have sex with young men. Sebastian enters and asks Hecate to make Antonio impotent. Hecate gives him a charm made from the skins of lizards and snakes. Sebastian leaves. Almachildes enters, very drunk. He gives Hecate a toad and asks her for a love charm for Amoretta. She obliges, giving him a charm that will make Amoretta instantly fall in love with him, provided it is touching her body. Pleased with the toad, Hecate invites Almachildes to dinner. A cat playing a fiddle (Malkin) enters, followed by spirits bearing plates of fine meat.

Act II
Scene 1: Antonio's house; the morning after the wedding

Antonio is extremely glum because Hecate's charm made him impotent on his wedding night. Francisca (Antonio's younger sister) enters. Left alone on stage, she reveals that she has been receiving secret nighttime visits from Aberzanes, and is now heavily pregnant. She worries that Antonio will kill her if the pregnancy is discovered. Isabella enters, not knowing of the pregnancy, and encourages Francisca to get married so she can discuss matters of a marital nature with her (Antonio's impotency is obviously on her mind). Antonio enters and Isabella sings a song for him; the lyrics of the song slyly allude to the plights of Isabella, Amoretta and Francisca. Aberzanes ("a gentleman, neither honest, wise nor valiant") enters. Francisca takes him aside and asks what they should do about her pregnancy. Aberzanes assures her that he has a plan. Sebastian enters disguised as a servant, "Celio." Isabella introduces "Celio" (not knowing he is actually Sebastian) and says that she has just hired him that very morning. "Celio" announces the arrival of a letter from Antonio's mother in Northern Italy, asking Francisca to come immediately. (The letter is in fact a forgery by Aberzanes; this is his way of getting Francisca out of the house so she can give birth in secret.) Antonio orders Francisca to go to Northern Italy at once. Left alone on stage, Sebastian deduces from Antonio's glum demeanor that Hecate's charm worked. He is pleased, but even more desperate than before to get Isabella back. At the end of the scene, Gaspero enters with the Lord Governor (Isabella's uncle), who has come to pay Antonio a visit.

Scene 2: The Duke's palace

Almachildes regretfully recalls his drunken dinner with the witches. He discovers Hecate's charm in his pocket and decides to try it out. Amoretta enters. Almachildes embraces her and slips the charm into the bodice of her dress. Amoretta pushes Almachildes away; he exits. Then the charm begins to work: Amoretta has a sudden change of heart and declares that Almachildes is "the sweetest gentleman in court." She also reveals that the Duchess has ordered her to get close to Almachildes so he can be used in an undisclosed "employment." Amoretta says she was initially averse to this, but she now looks forward to the task with great relish. The Duchess enters and asks Amoretta if she has arranged with Almachildes yet. Amoretta says that she could never do anything to deceive Almachildes, but declares her willingness to become his honest wife. The Duchess wonders if Amoretta has lost her mind. The charm falls from Amoretta's dress to the floor, and the Duchess (whose name, conveniently, is also Amoretta) picks it up, thereby transferring the love spell from Amoretta to the Duchess. Amoretta immediately declares her complete hatred for Almachildes; the Duchess declares her love for him. Amoretta agrees to deceive Almachildes. The Duchess looks forward to tasting the sweetness of revenge and love combined; she exits. Almachildes enters. Amoretta flirts with him and promises to meet him soon. Almachildes assumes that Hecate's charm has done its trick.

Scene 3: A farmhouse

Francisca has had her baby. Aberzanes pays an old woman for her help delivering the baby, then leaves it on the doorstep of his friend, a tailor, after giving a speech about how the tailor once suggested doing exactly that. Aberzanes and Francisca prepare to return to Urbino. Francisca examines her reflection in a mirror. She is surprised to see how pale and thin she has grown.

Act III
Scene 1: The Duke's palace

The Duchess has tricked Almachildes into having sex with her by blindfolding him and pretending to be Amoretta. The scene begins as she removes the blindfold. She tells Almachildes that she will marry him if he helps her kill the Duke, but threatens to accuse him of rape if he refuses. Almachildes agrees to help her kill the Duke.

Scene 2: The grounds of Antonio's house

Gaspero helps Florida sneak into the house for a rendezvous with Antonio. Sebastian (disguised as "Celio") sees Florida heading off to Antonio's bedroom. Gaspero tells "Celio" that Florida is Antonio's mistress, and that she has visited the house three times in the past ten days (it seems that Hecate's impotency charm only impedes Antonio's ability to have sex with Isabella). Alone onstage, Isabella says she has found a letter that reveals the details of Francisca's affair with Aberzanes. Aberzanes and Francisca enter, supposedly having just returned from Northern Italy. Isabella confronts Francisca with the letter and insists that she leave Antonio's house immediately. In a soliloquy, Francisca decides to protect herself against exposure by spreading lies about Isabella. Francisca tells Antonio that Isabella has been having an affair with Gaspero. Antonio believes her, and decides to try to catch Isabella in the act of cheating on him. "Celio" tells Isabella about Antonio's relationship with Florida. Isabella, who has become dissatisfied with her impotent husband, promises to reward "Celio" handsomely if he can prove that his allegations against Antonio are true. "Celio" says that he can sneak Isabella out of the house and they will catch Antonio cheating on her.

Scene 3: A forest glade

Hecate, Hoppo and Stadlin prepare for a nighttime flight. Hoppo and Stadlin take off. Voices from offstage bid Hecate to hurry up and join the nighttime flight, and sing the song "Come Away, Come Away" (which also appears in Macbeth). A "Spirit like a cat" (Malkin) descends as the voices sing. Hecate ascends with the Cat, extolling the expected pleasures of her nighttime ride.

Act IV
Scene 1: The Duke's palace

In a soliloquy, Almachildes reveals that he has helped the Duchess kill the Duke; but the Duchess's rule is unpopular and an uprising has broken out. Almachildes regrets his role in the Duke's murder and worries that he will become the Duchess' next victim. The Duchess enters and tells Almachildes that she is afraid for his safety. She advises him to lie low for a while and promises to marry him as soon as public sentiment cools down. Almachildes agrees to follow the Duchess' advice, but is privately skeptical of her intentions. In a short soliloquy, the Duchess says she plans to kill Almachildes so that he will not reveal her complicity in the Duke's murder. The Lord Governor enters. The Duchess promises him her love if he will intervene to calm the insurrection. The Lord Governor agrees.

Scene 2: Fernando's house

Sebastian tells Florida and Fernando about his convoluted scheme to lure Isabella into bed and deflower her. Posing as "Celio," Sebastian has told Isabella to go to Fernando's house (a sort-of brothel where Florida has a room) and pose as Florida in an attempt to attain proof of Antonio's adultery. Then, Sebastian will pose as Antonio, go to Florida's room, and have sex with Isabella. Meanwhile, Florida will be at Antonio's house, having sex with him there. Fernando and Florida agree to Sebastian's plan. Florida leaves to go to Antonio's.

Isabella knocks at the door of Fernando's house. Sebastian exits to an adjoining room. Fernando agrees to show Isabella to Florida's room. Isabella curses Antonio and says she would have never found herself in such a miserable situation if her first husband (Sebastian) had lived. Isabella and Fernando exit. Sebastian enters. Moved by Isabella's remembrance of him, he decides that it would be wrong to deceive her. Isabella enters and accuses "Celio" of deceiving her because Antonio was not in Florida's bedroom. "Celio" encourages Isabella to wait; he is reluctant to send her back home for fear she will discover Florida in her bed.

Scene 3: Antonio's house

Francisca expects Antonio to arrive home shortly, and is scheming to have him catch Gaspero and Isabella in bed together. Francisca calls for Gaspero, who enters undressed. Francisca says that Isabella has been calling for help, but none of her ladies-in-waiting have gone to her aid (Francisca drugged all of the ladies to make sure they would stay asleep). She urges Gaspero to go to Isabella's room immediately. Gaspero says that he has to get dressed first but Francisca tells him not to bother. Gaspero goes to Isabella's room. Antonio arrives and Francisca encourages him to search Gaspero's room. Antonio complies, and finds the room empty. Convinced that Gaspero must be sleeping with Isabella, Antonio draws his sword and heads to Isabella's room. He returns with a bloody sword, claiming to have stabbed Gaspero and Isabella (not realizing that "Isabella" was really Florida). Raving, he shouts that he will kill Francisca too, because she was the person who brought him the news of Isabella's adultery and made him a murderer. Fearing for her life, Francisca admits that she made the entire story up to conceal the illegitimate child she had with Aberzanes. This revelation stuns Antonio and plunges him into an even deeper grief. He puts his sword down and sends a servant to fetch Aberzanes.

Act V
Scene 1: Antonio's house

Aberzanes arrives at Antonio's house. Antonio urges him to draw his sword and fight, but Aberzanes refuses. Antonio forces Francisca and Aberzanes to kneel and perform a handfast (engagement) ceremony, ending by making them drink some poisoned wine. He also drinks the wine himself—a suicidal act that is not in fact suicidal because the servant, Hermio, disobeyed Antonio's orders and refrained from poisoning the wine. In a soliloquy, Antonio wonders if his ruined marriage might be retribution for spreading false reports of Sebastian's death so he could marry Isabella. A servant enters and reports that Gaspero and "Isabella" are merely wounded, not dead. Gaspero enters and tells Antonio that the woman in his room was Florida, not Isabella. Assuming that Isabella is out having sex with another man, Antonio prays that the poisoned wine will not take effect until he can find his wife and kill her. Hermio tells him that the wine wasn't actually poisoned. The Lord Governor enters. Antonio tells the Lord Governor that his niece Isabella is an "impudent adulteress." The Lord Governor demands proof. Florida enters and says that Isabella is sleeping with her servant "Celio" at Fernando's house. Antonio rushes off to Fernando's house in a rage. Isabella and "Celio" return to the house. Hermio tells them that there has been a great deal of commotion as a result of Isabella's absence and that Antonio has gone to Fernando's house to find her. Isabella blames "Celio" for staining her reputation. Sebastian worries that his foolhardy scheme has caused Isabella's ruin.

Scene 2: Hecate's cave, a cauldron set

The Duchess goes to Hecate to procure poison for Almachildes. Hecate offers her a portrait of Almachildes that will kill him within a month. The Duchess rejects it because it would take too long. Hecate recites a charm in Latin (quoted from Ovid) and assures the Duchess that Almachildes will die that evening. The Duchess exits. Hecate orders Firestone to bring her various ingredients, including "three ounces of the red-haired girl I killed last midnight." These ingredients are stirred together in a pot; Hecate sings a charm song and the other witches perform a dance for the moon.

Scene 3: Antonio's house

Isabella explains her absence to the Lord Governor. He scolds "Celio" for providing Isabella with false information and leading her into a compromising situation. Hermio enters and announces that Antonio fell through a trap door to his death while searching Fernando's house for Isabella. Florida faints; some servants carry her away. The Lord Governor continues to scold "Celio." "Celio" removes his disguise to reveal that he is actually Sebastian. Isabella expresses joyous disbelief and the Lord Governor welcomes him happily. Gaspero admits that Antonio paid him to give false reports of Sebastian's death. The Duchess enters. The Lord Governor reveals the body of the Duke (it has presumably been concealed in a curtained-off space up to this point) and charges the Duchess with adultery and murder. The Duchess admits to the murder, but denies the adultery. The Lord Governor calls for Almachildes. Almachildes enters and confesses that he had sex with the Duchess while blindfolded. Amoretta enters and testifies that the woman Almachildes slept with while blindfolded was actually a hired prostitute, not the Duchess. The Duchess is thus cleared of the adultery charge, but the murder charge still stands. At that moment, to everyone's great surprise, the Duke sits up from his death bed, perfectly alive (it seems as though Almachildes was not cold-blooded enough to actually kill him). The Duchess is thus cleared of all charges. The Duke is in a very forgiving mood. He thanks Almachildes for sparing his life, pardons his wife's transgressions, and promises to refrain from drinking out of the skull goblet in the future. The play ends on a note of festivity and redemption.

title: The Witch (play)


text: User talk:81.56.165.180

title: User talk:81.56.165.180


text: Template:Climate-stub

title: Template:Climate-stub


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Michèle Morgan

Michèle Morgan (born: Simone Renée Roussel, 29 February 1920 – 20 December 2016) was a French film actress, who was a leading lady for three decades in both French cinema and Hollywood features. She is considered one of the greatest French actresses of the 20th century. Morgan was the inaugural winner of the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival. In 1992, she was given an honorary César Award for her contributions to French cinema.

Early life
Morgan was born Simone Renée Roussel in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, a wealthy suburb of Paris. She grew up in Dieppe, Seine-Maritime, France.

Career
Morgan left home at the age of 15 for Paris determined to become an actress. She took acting lessons from René Simon while serving as an extra in several films to pay for her drama classes. It was then that she took the stage name "Michèle Morgan". She argued that she did not have the body type of a Simone, and "Morgan" sounded more Hollywood-friendly.

Morgan was first noticed by director Marc Allégret, who offered her a major role in the film Gribouille (1937), opposite Raimu. Then came Le Quai des brumes (1938) directed by Marcel Carné (1938), opposite Jean Gabin, and Remorques (1941) directed by Jean Grémillon. Upon the invasion of France in 1940 by the Germans, Morgan left for the United States and Hollywood where she was contracted to RKO Pictures in 1941. Her career there proved rather disappointing, apart from Joan of Paris (1942) opposite Paul Henreid, and Higher and Higher (1943) opposite Frank Sinatra. She was tested and strongly considered for the female lead in Casablanca but RKO would not release her for the amount of money that Warner Bros. offered. Morgan did work for Warners, however, in Passage to Marseille (1944) with Humphrey Bogart.

After the war, Morgan returned to France and quickly resumed her career with the film La Symphonie Pastorale (1946) directed by Jean Delannoy, which earned her the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival. Her other films from this period include; Carol Reed's The Fallen Idol (1948), Fabiola (1949), The Proud and the Beautiful (1953) by Yves Allégret, Les Grandes Manœuvres (1955) by René Clair and Marie-Antoinette reine de France (1956). She continued working in films throughout the 1960s, such as in Lost Command (1966), a version of Les Centurions. In the 1970s, she virtually retired from her acting career, then made only occasional appearances in film, television and theatre.

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Morgan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1645 Vine Street. In 1969, the government of France awarded her the Légion d'Honneur. For her long service to the French motion picture industry, in 1992 she was given an Honorary César Award. In 1996, she also received the Career Golden Lion for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival.

Morgan took up painting in the 1960s. She had a solo exhibition, "Artistes En Lumière à Paris", from 2 March to 30 April 2009, at the Espace Cardin in Paris. In 1977 she released her memoir, titled With Those Eyes (Avec ces yeux-là).

Personal life and death
While in Hollywood, Morgan married William Marshall (1917–1994), in 1942, with whom she had a son, Mike Marshall (1944–2005). Morgan had built and owned a house at 10050 Cielo Drive. Morgan and Marshall divorced in 1948. She married French actor Henri Vidal (1919–1959) in 1950. She remained with him until his death in 1959. She then lived with film director and actor/writer Gérard Oury until his death in 2006.

Morgan died on 20 December 2016, aged 96, in Meudon, France of natural causes. Her funeral was held at the Église Saint-Pierre in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 23 December 2016, and she was buried at the Montparnasse Cemetery.

Despite living to the age of 96, she technically only had 24 birthdays due to being born on February 29.

Trivia
The former President of Chile Michelle Bachelet was named after Michèle Morgan.

She almost played Ilsa Lund in Casablanca.

title: Michèle Morgan


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Gordon G. Gallup

Gordon G. Gallup Jr. (born 1941) is an American psychologist in the University at Albany's psychology department, researching biopsychology.

Early life and education
Gallup received his Ph.D. from Washington State University in 1968, after which he joined the faculty of the psychology department at Tulane University.

Career
He is best known for developing the mirror test, also called the mirror self-recognition test, or MSR, in 1970, which gauges self-awareness of animals. In 1975, Gallup moved to the University at Albany.

During his tenure at Tulane, Gallup also developed a research interest in tonic immobility, or "animal hypnosis," which he continued at the University at Albany. His later work on animal behavior focused on ethological approaches to the study of animal behavior under laboratory conditions, which he pursued with Susan Suarez in the 1980s.

Since the 1990s, Gallup has researched human evolutionary psychology exclusively. Gallup's article entitled "Does Semen Have Antidepressant Properties?" attracted the attention of the media when it was published in 2002. Gallup commented, "I want to make it clear that we are not advocating that people abstain from using condoms. Clearly, an unwanted pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease would more than offset any advantageous psychological effects of semen."

title: Gordon G. Gallup


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Talk:Stavanger

Almost nothing is cited
I don't know what the standards on "city" information are for Wikipedia, but almost nothing on this page is cited. On the other pages I've worked on, the sections would simply be challenged and removed. 129.78.68.110 (talk) 04:35, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

Challenge to Egil for having removed stuff from the article
Hi Egil, on the 11 of february I added a little thing to the history of Stavanger, on the nato joint warfare center and statoils headquarters and Forus og Gausel idrettslag. You removed the whole thing saying that it was not relevant. I DO understand that you think that the information on forus og gausel idrettslag isn't relevant, and I totally accept that you erased it. I also am new to the whole wikipediaconsept so i understand that the information on statoil and the joint warfare center at forus maybee weren't written according to wikipedia standards. Now that i have stated this, I wish to question your opinion that information on norway biggest oil company and the Nato joint warfare center and what impact it has had on the forus and stavanger area are not relevant when it comes to a general article on Stavanger. I would like to have your opinion on this. I have investigated your relentless work on wikipedia, and you have written many interesting article and stayed true to the wikipedia spirit. Thats why I want to throw you a challenge. I challenge you to incorporate information on the Nato joint warfare center and Statoil in the Stavanger article, according to your principles OR explain to me touroughly why it is irrelevant in this context. This might be a frivoulous claim but it might seem that your reluctance to include information on the forementioned points might be fueled by a ideological agenda, taking a far left stand on capitalism on the Statoil issue, while beeing opposed to norwegian Nato membership og Nato joint warfare center-issue by not wanting to let information on these being published, should this. To take this slandering question further, this might lead me to think that you are among the ranks of the Akp (ml) movement. This would maybee explain you blatant revisionism on this particular issue

Reading several of your articles, I has come to my attention that your style of writing reminds me om a Stavanger Aftenblad journalist called Svein EGIL Omdal. Is that name identical with yours? If it isn't I would like to say that it is meant as a compliment as he is one of the most trenchant journalists in norway, and maybee the world.

Yours respectfully Henrik — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.240.158.65 (talk) 17:17, February 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Happy now? PS: You wrote all of the above to complain about one sentence being lost. Why not spend the energy on Stavanger, instead? :-) -- Egil 17:36, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you Egil, for adding that information, I think your editing skills are impresive and that you did a good job with incorporating it. I do now realise that is uncalled for to accuse you of beeing part of the AKP (ml) cult. For that I apologise to you. I do wish to spend time on the Stavanger page, but I sense that anything that I would like to add (relevant or not) would be edited away by you, as it is obvious that you have taken a vigilante approach to this page,(wich I respect since you are an impresive contributor). Therefore I want to humbly ask for your opinion on layout and form before I edit this page. Let us not loose sight of our common goal- spreading Italic textRELEVANTItalic text information on the city of Stavanger.

 * I am very interested in The AKP (ml) movement by the way, to you think it would be relevant as a stub to norwegian political groups site?

 * Yours respectfully Henrik — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.240.158.65 (talk) 17:57, February 13, 2005 (UTC)

Location of NATO Forus or Gausel?
Does anyone really consider NATO to be in Forus? Gausel maybe, but not Forus. 85.19.194.218 08:36, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Rank as third largest metropolitan area
I edited the introduction-part of the article from "the fourth largest metropolitan area, to "the third largest metropolitan area", since the metropolitan stavanger region includes Stavanger, as well as several other municipalities, as shown on the page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Region —Preceding unsigned comment added by Godonnet (talk • contribs) 01:10, July 15, 2007

The meaning of Stavanger (city/metropolitan area/region)
Does anyone think it makes sense to juggle *3* different areas when talking of population ? Currently we have: If I don't get any protests, I'm going to remove the "entire region" distinction, it's unclear what it's supposed to mean and I don't think it adds anything other than confusion. --Eivind Kjørstad 12:05, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Stavanger, the city (but strictly, Stavanger city and Stavanger kommune ain't the same, though the article makes no distinction.)
 * Stavanger the "metropolitan area", including Sandnes and suchlike.
 * Stavanger the "entire region" whatever *THAT* is supposed to mean.

 * Eivind:

 * The stavanger region is not a solid base, but Stavanger, including the surronding municipalities. This is often seen as Stavanger, Sandnes, Sola, Randaberg, Finnøy, Kvitsøy, Klepp, Time, Strand, Forsand, Hå and Gjesdal, as described on http://www.greaterstavanger.com/rogaland/stavanger/srn.nsf

 * The metropolitan area, at least I believe, is the more compact living area, where several of the municipality-driven "companies" have merged into larger companies and there is no obvious border between the differend municipalities. I would classify Stavanger, Sandnes, Sola, Randaberg, and possibly Rennesøy as the metropolitan area.

 * However this is a difficult question, because the municipalities have grown together in several ways, like with Lyse, wich has owners from all the south-rogaland municipalities, and I.V.A.R (the water and sewage company) has owners from more municipalities. There are also talks about zoning and other areas to be merged. 80.86.218.92 17:34, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Since there exists an article on the Stavanger Region, it might be an idea to expand on it. It is just a brief outline with some statistics presently. __meco 07:37, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I am aware of this, I just think it is very confusing. Looking at the rigth of the page we see "Stavanger Kommune", complete with weapon-shield and statistics for the kommune only. It is true that the metropolitan area today exceeds the kommune-borders, and I think it's fine to say something along the lines of "Stavanger is part of a larger metropolitan area which also included Sandnes and Sola, this larger region has XXX people.", but I think it's *really* confusing when we introduce a third region which we then label "the entire region" without qualifying what, exactly, this "entire" refers to, so we end up giving 3 different population-numbers. I am perfectly fine with stating 2, namely the population of stavanger kommune as one, and the population of the larger stavanger-metropolitan-area as a second. It's just the third that confuse me. --Eivind Kjørstad 10:13, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, it certainly adds confusion, and not only to wikipedia. But "Stavanger Regionen" is used, so it should be there, but with a better explanation (if possible) --213.167.96.195 02:03, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Weasel words
I don't like the peppering of this article with weasel words tags. I don't think the reader is corrupted if the author claims a building is a fine example of the type. Adding those tags breaks the flow of the article to little gain. To hide them you can add to your .css file

.noprint { display: none; }

Vicarage 22:16, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Borough
I believe the use of borough in this article is inaccurate. The Norwegian article uses bydel. Dubidub 10:39, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, duh, would you expect the norwegian article to use an English word? Borough is the correct word in English and should be used, not "bydel". --Aqwis 17:06, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with Aqwis. Bring up an alternative please. Simenhjort 18:06, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Bydel literally means part-of-the-city so it can be translated as urban district / quarter (not this case) / borough (why not?) Darkalkemy (talk) 13:53, 15 August 2013 (UTC)

"Metropolition area" population
The number we use in Bergen and Oslo and other articles about Norwegian cities, and that should be used in this article too, is the city area (conurbation) population, which you can find here. As you can see, the population of the Stavanger/Sandnes region is 181,300, not 275,814. The 275,814 number refers to ecomomic regions (read the Talk:Bergen about Bergen's metro area population), not the city area/conurbation population which is the number that is actually useful. If we were going to use the economic regions number in the other articles about the Norwegian cities, the Bergen region would've had a population of 356,000, and the Oslo region a population of 1,283,533. But we don't do that, because those numbers are artifically high. --Aqwis 17:21, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * There is ongoing discussions wether Stavanger kommune should be merged with the other municipalities in the region, into one, large municipality. If that happens, it must be reconcidered if there should be one article for the city, and one for Stavanger Kommune, becouse the population will get an instant growth of about 100,000 people. Simenhjort 12:41, 1 September 2007 (UCT)
 * I know about that discussion. However, if Stavanger, Sandnes and a few other small municipalities in the region are merged, the population of the city area still won't be 275,814, it will be the same as currently, because the city area/conurbation population number is independent of municipality boundaries. --Aqwis 12:56, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Bekkefaret
Hi. I'm attempting to de-orphan the page Bekkefaret. As I understand, Bekkefaret is a small township, located just outside Stavanger (indeed, only 3km away). Bekkefaret is also home to the Starvanger I.F. football team. Would there be room to make reference to Bekkefaret in this article, as a nearby township? I understand if this link would feel superflous or useless, but I am looking for ways to de-orphan Bekkegaret. Thanks =) Lex Kitten 05:07, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Updates
Some of the outdated pictures (the airphoto, for example) should probably be replaced with ones that show the recent developments, like the Millennium plaza —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.108.161.98 (talk) 16:34, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Historical population in 2030?
Why does the table labeled "Historical populations" include the years 2020 and 2030? Since when is the future considered history? In case that might be commonplace in Norway, I checked to see if the Oslo article has such future oddities in its Historical populations table, and it does not.

I am going to remove the future years from this table and remove the question mark from the number given for 2010. Whether that number is correct or not is beyond me, but those future years do not belong in this table, nor does a question mark belong on a past year.

If someone thinks it is important to put such information in an encyclopedia, let them add another table speculating what Stavanger's population might be 10 or 20 or 100 years from now. To me personally, such speculation seems inappropriate for an encyclopedia, regardless of its source.--Jim10701 (talk) 23:16, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Opening -- Paragraphs TWO and THREE are just parrots.
These two paragraphs say the same thing. Hey, Parrotbreath, Don't feed the parrot.

 * "Stavanger is today considered the center of the oil industry in Norway and is one of Europe's energy capitals and is often called the oil capital. Forus Business Park, located on the municipal boundary between Stavanger, Sandnes and Sola, is one of the largest business parks with 2,500 companies and nearly 40,000 jobs. Scandinavia's largest company, Statoil, has its headquarters at Forus in Stavanger, and in addition, several international oil and gas companies have their Norwegian office in the city. As a result, the city is considered to be very international, with an immigrant share of 20.2%. Several state actors such as Petoro, NPD and PSA also have their head offices in Stavanger. Stavanger is also home to several institutions of higher education, where the University of Stavanger (UiS) is the largest. The University offers several PhD programs, including petroleum engineering and offshore technology. The town is also the residence of the city to Stavanger University Hospital (SUS), Western, Norwegian Petroleum Museum, International Research Institute, Rogaland Theatre, the Culinary Institute and boot camp KNM Harald."

 * "The city's rapid population growth in the late 20th century was primarily a result of Norway's booming offshore oil industry. Today the oil industry is a key industry in the Stavanger region and the city is widely referred to as the Oil Capital of Norway.[5] The largest company in the Nordic region,[6] Norwegian energy company Statoil is headquartered in Stavanger. Multiple educational institutions for higher education are located in Stavanger. The largest of these is the University of Stavanger."

143.120.100.106 (talk) 01:18, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

Error?
The opening photo-collage's caption is someway erroneous. Please check. Carlotm (talk) 20:11, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Stavanger


text:
Northern Ireland football league system

The Northern Ireland football league system is categorised into three levels: senior, intermediate and junior. Clubs attain intermediate status by fulfilling certain criteria (e.g. owning or leasing its own enclosed ground). Senior status requires clubs to reach stricter criteria. National leagues exist at senior and intermediate level. All junior leagues and some intermediate are organised on a regional basis.

Regionally, there are four regional football associations: the North East Ulster Football Association (also known as the County Antrim & District Football Association), the Mid-Ulster Football Association, the North West of Ireland Football Association and the Fermanagh & Western Football Association.

Senior
The Northern Ireland Football League, which is the national league of Northern Ireland, has two senior divisions, the NIFL Premiership and the NIFL Championship, which consists of twenty-four semi-professional clubs. Members of the Premiership must possess a domestic licence in order to retain membership and members of the Championship must possess a championship licence. Clubs that wish to be promoted to the Championship from intermediate football must attain a Championship Licence.

At national level there are two senior cup competitions: the Irish Cup and the Northern Ireland Football League Cup, although intermediate teams are entitled to enter both.

At regional level, three of the four regional FAs organise their own senior cup competition. The North East Ulster Football Association runs the County Antrim Shield; the Mid-Ulster Football Association organises the Mid-Ulster Cup and the North West of Ireland Football Association organises the North West Senior Cup.

Intermediate
The national league has one intermediate division: the NIFL Premier Intermediate League. Two clubs are automatically promoted from the Premier Intermediate League to the Championship at the end of each season, and two clubs are relegated to the Premier Intermediate League from the Championship. In the event, however, that either of the Premier Intermediate League teams does not possess a Championship Licence, they are not promoted.

The NIFL Premiership Development League, which is also an intermediate league, comprises the reserve teams of the twelve senior NIFL Premiership clubs.

In 2010-11, a "pyramid" system was introduced, with the possibility of promotion and relegation between the national league and the four regional intermediate leagues, namely:

 * Ballymena & Provincial Football League
 * Mid-Ulster Football League
 * Northern Amateur Football League
 * Northern Ireland Intermediate League (ended in 2023)

Clubs in these leagues may only gain promotion to the Premier Intermediate League if they win their respective league championship and meet the necessary criteria. If more than one league champion meets the criteria, then only one will be promoted, to be decided by a play-off or series of play-offs.

At national level there is one intermediate cup competition: the Intermediate Cup. At regional level, three of the four regional FAs organise their own cup competitions. The North East Ulster Football Association runs the Steel & Sons Cup; the Mid-Ulster Football Association organises the Bob Radcliffe Cup; and the North West of Ireland Football Association organises the Craig Memorial Cup. The Fermanagh & Western Football Association organised the Fermanagh & Western Intermediate Cup for three seasons, but it is now defunct.

In 2023 the Northern Ireland Intermediate League announced that it would cease to exist due to a number of clubs deciding to join other regional leagues within the league system, thus leaving three regional leagues below the Premier Intermediate League.

Junior
There are numerous junior leagues in Northern Ireland, including junior divisions of the Northern Amateur League and the Mid-Ulster League. The term "junior" is not related to the age of the players but the fact that the clubs are at amateur level.

There is one national junior cup competition: the Irish Junior Cup. At regional level, each of the four regional FAs organises its own cup competition. The North East Ulster Football Association runs the County Antrim Junior Shield; the Mid-Ulster Football Association organises the Mid-Ulster Shield, the North West of Ireland Football Association organises the North-West Junior Cup, and the Fermanagh & Western Football Association organises the Mulhern Cup.

The current pyramid system
For each division, its official name and number of clubs is given:

Previous systems
At national level, from 1890 until 1915 there was only one league the Irish Football League, which operated at senior level.

In 1915, the Irish Intermediate League was created at intermediate level.

In 1951, the B Division was also created at intermediate level. By 1954, the Irish Intermediate League had become defunct as many clubs left to join the B Division.

In 1977, the B Division split into Section 1 and Section 2.

In 1995, the Irish Football League split into two senior divisions: the Premier Division and the First Division.

In 1999, the B Division Section 1 was renamed the Second Division and Section 2 was renamed the Reserve League.

In 2003, the Irish Premier League was created as the single senior league in Northern Ireland. The Irish Football League First Division reverted to intermediate status alongside the Second Division.

In 2004, the IFA Intermediate League (First and Second Divisions) replaced the Irish Football League.

In 2008, the IFA Premiership replaced the Irish Premier League, and the IFA Championship and IFA Interim Intermediate League replaced the IFA Intermediate League.

In 2009, the IFA Championship was expanded and divided into two divisions and the IFA Interim Intermediate League folded.

In 2010, a pyramid system was introduced, with the possibility of promotion and relegation between the Championship and the four regional intermediate leagues.

In 2013, the Northern Ireland Football League (NIFL) took control of the senior league and the two intermediate divisions below, as well as the Reserve League.

In 2016, Championship 1 acquired senior status and was renamed the 'Championship'; Championship 2 was renamed the 'Premier Intermediate League'; the Reserve League became the Development League.

National league system since 1890
† Senior clubs' reserve teams have intermediate status and compete against other intermediate teams in many competitions.

Women's system
The women's system currently has six steps. Each step has only one division. There is promotion and relegation between all levels. They are:
 * 1: Women's Premier League
 * 2: Women's Championship
 * 3: Women's Divisions North 1–2 and South 1–2

title: Northern Ireland football league system


text:
Talk:Anglophile

Dictionary
This seems a better candidate for a Dictionary--Tydaj 17:18, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. Sweetfreek 22:45, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree, there is much more that could be written on this. Not a candidate for a dictionary.
 * It still looks like a dictionary entry to me, and it's a over year since Tydaj's comment. Dancarney 10:50, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Dittophbbt107 22:21, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Antisemitism
What does this have to do with antisemitism? Bastie 02:25, 17 September 2005 (UTC) ewer

Stanley Kubrick
"And although he never confessed to being an anglophile it can be claimed that Stanley Kubrick was a noted one." - could somebody please add some justification for this claim? --Idont Havaname 17:17, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Examples of Anglophiles - references? or just an editor's POV?
Have the people on our unofficial "list of Anglophiles" actually said that they are Anglophiles, or is that just POV interpretations? Please give references. Also, is it necessary to have a list? Asiaphile doesn't have any such list. --Idont Havaname 23:50, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree these all seem random? Maybe celebrities that have homes in England, doesn’t make them an Anglophile though 207.237.224.186 (talk) 15:03, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

Celts/Irish
Does anyone know if there is such a thing as a "Celtophile" (or something to that effect)? Obviosly it wouldn't be "Celtophile" but someone who loves Ireland would be called what? Lady Eowyn

 * "celtophile": 27,000 Google hits
 * "hibernophile": 260 Google hits (the top hit is Wikipedia) - 12 Feb 2006

Im not sure "Celtophile" would be suitable (for one thing not all Irish are decended from Celts. Celts were not even the first people in Ireland. They were just one of many groups who invaded/settled on the island. Besides what has this got to do with Angliphiles (unless of course one is a Celtic Anglophile !) 80.229.222.48 15:23, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Does Anglophile also refer to those who like all of Great Britain in general? 71.136.240.129 23:36, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

I would say it refers to people who like the United Kinddom (not just Great Britain) in general and England in particular but it really depends on context. If one used the term in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland it would be referring to someone with a particular attachment to England 80.229.222.48 16:31, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Tarantino?
Why is Quentin Tarantino an anglophile? Watching his films, I don't see any influence or connection. Even in his private life there is, as far as I can tell, nothing especially english. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.133.218.198 (talk) 09:52, 26 January 2007 (UTC).
 * I deleted Tarantino from the list. I have no idea why anyone would say he's an anglophile. -Wutschwlllm 11:34, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Needs more info!
ok look ate anglophobe. now look at anglophile. obviously this article needs to be expanded. Wikipedia is supposed to be neutral, but looking at these 2 articles and comparing them makes it seem otherwise. --Nick Scratch 21:44, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Appropriateness (or otherwise) of including the term "Pom"
I got accused for vandalism of including "Pom" to external links ? Im a bit mystified given that its an widely used Australian term for an anglophile and while it may at onetime have been considered derogotory I had been given to understand that this isint really the case nowadays. Nobody seems has a problem with the inclusion of the Irish equivalent "West Briton" which is still regarded by many as derogotary despite the attempts of some of us to reclaim the expression. 80.229.222.48 15:23, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Article
Someone vandalised this article and made it little more than a definition. The subject deserves treatment in an article. There are correponding articles in the French, Russian, and German wikis. It is a stub. It needs someone to spend more time on it.

Nicolas Sarkozy
I have removed Sarkozy from the list; he has never had a reputation as an anglophile. If anything he has a reputation as an americanophile. This list seems a bit random.Thermaland 18:16, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The list has been removed as WP:OR and per WP:BLP. I've also fixed up the puzzling conflation of "British" and "English". They are certainly not the same thing. - Francis Tyers · 18:55, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

This Page Should Be Moved
Anglophilia described the phenomena; anglophile merely describes someone is a grip of anglophilia. On other pages, it is socialism, not socialist, Anglophobia rather then Anglophobe, Communism instead of Communist, and so on, and so on. For this reason, I think the page should be moved. Any objections? --A.S. Brown 18:04, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Section regarding spelling
In the section regarding spelling, it suggests that an Anglophile (i.e. an American living in America) would write 'realise' instead of 'realize', thus suggesting that 'realize' is the American way of spelling the word. It's funny, because I've always thought that American English used the S where the British used the Z in these circumstances. I'd like an opinion(s) before I change it round though. SPTimoshenko 11:04, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

I'm feeling bold. I'm gonna correct it. SPTimoshenko 23:52, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You're wrong I'm afraid. See e.g.,  ,  , . Without meaning to be brusque, you might want to check your facts before reverting good faith edits on a hunch in future. It took me all of 10 seconds to come up with these sources. All the best, Badgerpatrol 05:43, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Oh, yes I see now, how foolish of me. Please forgive me, I've had a lot on my mind recently. We have a recurring problem with nocturnal pests in my area which is coming close to bankrupting me. I shall try to heed your advice. Many thanks. SPTimoshenko 09:57, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * No worries, it's no big deal. My advice - if it's rats, then shoot them. If it's local kids - then shoot them. If you're lucky, no court in the Kingdom will convict. Badgerpatrol 11:29, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Sourced examples
These can be restored when sources backing them up are provided:

 * Anglo-Irish journalist Kevin Myers, a controversial critic of Irish nationalism.
 * Philanthropist Paul Getty, who became a British citizen
 * Brothers Ron & Russell Mael of the band Sparks
 * Madonna, singer/songwriter
 * Courtney Love, singer/songwriter
 * Johnny Depp, a fan of The Fast Show
 * Science fiction/horror writer H. P. Lovecraft
 * Australian-born UK citizen Germaine Greer
 * The modernist poet and essayist T. S. Eliot, who became a British citizen
 * American born writer Henry James, who became a British citizen
 * Travel writer Bill Bryson
 * Stanley Kubrick, who lived in England for many years
 * Alexander Hamilton, American statesman and founding father
 * Kevin Spacey, now living in London
 * Tori Amos
 * Carmen Electra has said in many interviews that she likes British culture
 * Gwyneth Paltrow (married to English musician Chris Martin)
 * Gwen Stefani (married to English musician Gavin Rossdale)
 * Daryl Palumbo, lead singer of Head Automatica
 * American band The Killers were accused of sounding too English on their first album Hot Fuss after saying that one of their influences was English band Oasis.
 * Stanley Ho, Hong Kong business entrepreneur
 * Nirad Chaudhuri, Bengali writer
 * David Soul Hutch from Starsky and Hutch, now a British citizen
 * Joseph Conrad, notable Polish author
 * Gillian Anderson, American actress who grew up and now lives in London
 * Annie Oakley, American sharpshooter, equestrian and actress
 * Canadian comedian Mike Myers considers himself British - he has British, as well as Canadian, citizenship. His parents are both from Liverpool
 * Guy Mollet, former French Prime Minister who proposed that France merge with Britain or failing that, be allowed to join the British Commonwealth.
 * Hayao Miyazaki, director of Japanese animated films (it should be noted here that, generally speaking, popular opinion in Japan seems to be very pro-British, particularly English.)
 * Alexander Marion, religious historian and collector of British Royal Commerative China
 * Paul Mellon, American philanthropist and scion of the Mellon family.
 * Kevin Sabo, American student who referred to the current reigning monarch of the United Kingdom as his King/Queen.
 * Evan Rachel Wood was described as an Anglophile by The Guardian, an English newspaper, due to her dating English actor Jamie Bell.
 * James Huff-Miller, American law office case manager who frequently attempts to speak with a British accent
 * François Fillon, French Prime Minister is said to be Anglophile. He is also married to British citizen Penelope Fillon (born Clarke).
 * Bob Tullius, American racing driver and founder/owner of Group 44 Inc. He is noted for his association with British cars which has they has always feature a line of British racing green at the side, as well as in 2004, donating his P-51 Mustang fighter plane to the RAF Museum at Hendon.
 * Tunku Abdul Rahman, first Malaysian Prime Minister.
 * Lee Kuan Yew, a former President of Singapore.
 * Amanda Palmer, known anglophile, uses many (if not all) British pronunciations throughout her vocabulary, and currently engaged to English writer Neil Gaiman.

Utter crap
this page is awful it is basically a list of british people in popular culture who americans have heard of The Almightey Drill (talk) 18:44, 12 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Despite your language, I'm tempted to agree. The examples given seem to mainly mention current celebrities (omg where is Simon Cowell). Since Anglophilia redirects here, the article needs a historical perspective as well, for instance (wrt. Americans) the late 1800s, post WW1, WW2 and more recent military adventures, and play less on the hollywood infatuation with whichever film star some editors can think of linking to - heck even Beatlemania and Duran Duran are not mentioned.1812ahill (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Add Alan Rickman to that celebrity list!
Most Anglophiles love Alan Rickman too. And Alan Rickman is Celtic British. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.78.228.228 (talk) 18:32, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. User:BDD has recommended that the articles in cultural appreciation should be made consistent. That might be discussed elsewhere. EdJohnston (talk) 16:05, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

 * The article is about a phenomenon, not a type of person. Anglophilia redirects to Anglophile, which is currently protected. Spylab (talk) 14:56, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment This does not seem to me to be uncontroversial. It has not been flagged for discussion on any talk page that I have found. The article would require a total rewrite to make this move valid, and also requires consensus. If consensus has been built we need to see where that is. Fiddle   Faddle  15:07, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

 * SInce I oppose this move, I have moved this to the contested requests section. Fiddle   Faddle  21:56, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I would suggest including the other -phile articles listed at cultural appreciation as well. No sense in having them be inconsistent. --BDD (talk) 18:43, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Support The move would not require a total rewrite. What's the basis for this claim? Only the lead sentence would have to be changed from "An Anglophile is a person who is fond of English culture." to "Anglophilia is a fondness of English culture." or something along those lines. What's the controversy?Spylab (talk) 00:59, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Anglophile sounds like an anthropological boffin, while Anglophilia sounds like a disease.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 04:50, 30 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment One's personal opinion about what a word "sounds like" is not a logical argument for either side of this debate.Spylab (talk) 22:13, 30 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Disagree. This appears to be question of nothing more than preference.  -philes and -phobes are quite commonly heard terms.  Whether the article is couched in terms of the person or the condition, seems nothing more than preference.  As a matter of preference, I think it sounds better, sounds more usual, to be describing the lovers of something, and on the other side, to describe the condition of hating/fearing something.  Slightly inconsistent, maybe, but sorry.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 02:03, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Support; seems a more logical resting place for the article. Red Slash 03:35, 17 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

English ≠ British, British ≠ English
I removed a couple of mentions to Britain - a New York Times piece stating; "Three unique and valuable institutions the British have that we in America have not ...” and something on “British music and other aspects of British culture” - as this article purports to relate to English matters. Other syntheses remain e.g. “Anglophilia might also be characterized by fondness for the British monarchy and the English system of government (e.g. Westminster system of parliament), institutions (e.g. Royal Mail), as well as nostalgia for the former British Empire and the English class system.” and both images (“The James, an English-style pub in Münster, Germany, sporting the British flag and the sign of James II” - a British flag, whatever that is, is not English and James II, was King of England, Scotland and Ireland; “A German telephone box in Bielefeld run by German Telekom which is an homage to traditional English design.” - the red telephone box was introduced, owned and operated by the United Kingdom Government, through the Post Office. If Anglophilia is synonymous with liking all things British as well as English, the article should say so, using well-cited, reliably-sourced references, which currently, it does not. Daicaregos (talk) 14:39, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Technically you're right, but the problem is that people in the US (and elsewhere) do confuse England and Britain, and in practice do use the term "Anglophile" with the meaning of "lover of things British". That's no more "wrong" than British people calling US residents "Americans", but not using the same word for (say) Brazilians.  The third paragraph of the Description section makes that point, but only briefly.  My preference would be to highlight the England/Britain confusion (and hence inaccurate but widespread use of the word Anglophilia) in the lead section, correct clear errors where they exist, but allow mentions of British features, such as:
 * “Anglophilia may also be characterized by fondness for the British monarchy and system of government (e.g. Westminster system of parliament), institutions (e.g. Royal Mail), as well as nostalgia for the former British Empire and the British class system.”
 * “The James, an English-style pub in Münster, Germany, sporting the UK flag and the sign of James II”
 * “A German telephone box in Bielefeld run by German Telekom which is an homage to traditional British design.”
 * ...though, of course, referencing needs to be improved throughout. I'd also suggest reinstating the paragraph you deleted, for similar reasons.   Ghmyrtle (talk) 13:22, 6 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, I see the problem. Although I'm not sure saying America is an example of similar confusion, as no other country uses that actual word as part of its name. Nevertheless, if well-cited, reliably-sourced references can be found to show that saying one word (British) really means another (English) then, problem solved. Even so, we cannot know that they didn't intend to mean they were fond of British instiitutions (in which case it would not belong here), unless they say so. Wouldn't that be sythesis? I would have no objections to any examples, or even this entire issue, being raised at the WP:NORN. Daicaregos (talk) 13:50, 6 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I've tweaked the existing text, though of course a properly sourced article would be much better. Personally, I suspect that opening up a wider debate might stir up more dust, rather than shed light on the issue.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 14:38, 6 January 2015 (UTC)
 * You may well be right, although I have always found the editors on that type of noticeboard to be unfailingly helpful. Your changes have improved the page. Thank you. Daicaregos (talk) 15:13, 6 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I stand corrected. This, from the OED, is what we need. "A. A supporter or admirer of England (or Britain), its people, customs, etc. B. Friendly to, or favouring, England (or Britain), its people, customs, etc.". Would you like to do the honours? Daicaregos (talk) 16:39, 6 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I'd rather you made the change. Ghmyrtle (talk) 23:31, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

Anglophilia as the love for the English-language culture
The larger context of Anglophilia is the attraction for the planar-coded language English culture as against social cultures connected to feudal languages.

Apart from that, a very important and as yet, unmentioned Anglophile was Adolf Hitler in his formative years. His book Mein Kampf contains enough wordings to define him as an Anglophile. English Monarchy, English parliamentary system, English buildings, English patriotism, English military skills, and even English colonialism (and much else) are mentioned in total eulogising terms in his book. CHECK THIS. This was many years before he started a war on England.

A sample QUOTE: I had, without myself realising it, been inoculated with a certain admiration for the British Parliament, of which I was not easily able to rid myself. The dignity with which the Lower House there fulfilled its tasks (as was so touchingly described in our press) impressed me immensely. Could a people have any more exalted form of self-government? END OF QUOTE. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.97.3.69 (talk) 09:14, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

Credit ...
... to the titling of the subheadings, as they add a certain lyrical theme, like wot you see in books innit.

title: Talk:Anglophile


text:
Dyadic transformation

The dyadic transformation (also known as the dyadic map, bit shift map, 2x mod 1 map, Bernoulli map, doubling map or sawtooth map ) is the mapping (i.e., recurrence relation)

 * $$T: [0, 1) \to [0, 1)^\infty$$
 * $$x \mapsto (x_0, x_1, x_2, \ldots)$$

(where $$[0, 1)^\infty$$ is the set of sequences from $$[0, 1)$$) produced by the rule

 * $$x_0 = x$$
 * $$\text{for all } n \ge 0,\ x_{n+1} = (2 x_n) \bmod 1$$.

Equivalently, the dyadic transformation can also be defined as the iterated function map of the piecewise linear function

 * $$T(x)=\begin{cases}2x & 0 \le x < \frac{1}{2} \\2x-1 & \frac{1}{2} \le x < 1. \end{cases}$$

The name bit shift map arises because, if the value of an iterate is written in binary notation, the next iterate is obtained by shifting the binary point one bit to the right, and if the bit to the left of the new binary point is a "one", replacing it with a zero.

The dyadic transformation provides an example of how a simple 1-dimensional map can give rise to chaos. This map readily generalizes to several others. An important one is the beta transformation, defined as $$T_\beta (x)=\beta x\bmod 1$$. This map has been extensively studied by many authors. It was introduced by Alfréd Rényi in 1957, and an invariant measure for it was given by Alexander Gelfond in 1959 and again independently by Bill Parry in 1960.

Relation to the Bernoulli process
[[Image:Exampleergodicmap.svg|thumb|The map T : [0, 1) → [0, 1), $$x \mapsto 2x \bmod 1$$ preserves the [[Lebesgue measure]].]]

The map can be obtained as a homomorphism on the Bernoulli process. Let $$\Omega = \{H,T\}^{\mathbb{N}}$$ be the set of all semi-infinite strings of the letters $$H$$ and $$T$$. These can be understood to be the flips of a coin, coming up heads or tails. Equivalently, one can write $$\Omega = \{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$$ the space of all (semi-)infinite strings of binary bits. The word "infinite" is qualified with "semi-", as one can also define a different space $$\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{Z}}$$ consisting of all doubly-infinite (double-ended) strings; this will lead to the Baker's map. The qualification "semi-" is dropped below.

This space has a natural shift operation, given by
 * $$T(b_0, b_1, b_2, \dots) = (b_1, b_2, \dots)$$

where $$(b_0, b_1, \dots)$$ is an infinite string of binary digits. Given such a string, write

 * $$x = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{b_n}{2^{n+1}}.$$

The resulting $$x$$ is a real number in the unit interval $$0 \le x \le 1.$$ The shift $$T$$ induces a homomorphism, also called $$T$$, on the unit interval. Since $$T(b_0, b_1, b_2, \dots) = (b_1, b_2, \dots),$$ one can easily see that $$T(x)=2x\bmod 1.$$ For the doubly-infinite sequence of bits $$\Omega = 2^{\mathbb{Z}},$$ the induced homomorphism is the Baker's map.

The dyadic sequence is then just the sequence
 * $$(x, T(x), T^2(x), T^3(x), \dots)$$

That is, $$x_n = T^n(x).$$

The Cantor set
Note that the sum
 * $$y=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{b_n}{3^{n+1}}$$

gives the Cantor function, as conventionally defined. This is one reason why the set $$\{H,T\}^\mathbb{N}$$ is sometimes called the Cantor set.

Rate of information loss and sensitive dependence on initial conditions
One hallmark of chaotic dynamics is the loss of information as simulation occurs. If we start with information on the first s bits of the initial iterate, then after m simulated iterations (m < s) we only have s − m bits of information remaining. Thus we lose information at the exponential rate of one bit per iteration. After s iterations, our simulation has reached the fixed point zero, regardless of the true iterate values; thus we have suffered a complete loss of information. This illustrates sensitive dependence on initial conditions—the mapping from the truncated initial condition has deviated exponentially from the mapping from the true initial condition. And since our simulation has reached a fixed point, for almost all initial conditions it will not describe the dynamics in the qualitatively correct way as chaotic.

Equivalent to the concept of information loss is the concept of information gain. In practice some real-world process may generate a sequence of values (xn) over time, but we may only be able to observe these values in truncated form. Suppose for example that x0 = 0.1001101, but we only observe the truncated value 0.1001. Our prediction for x1 is 0.001. If we wait until the real-world process has generated the true x1 value 0.001101, we will be able to observe the truncated value 0.0011, which is more accurate than our predicted value 0.001. So we have received an information gain of one bit.

Relation to tent map and logistic map
The dyadic transformation is topologically semi-conjugate to the unit-height tent map. Recall that the unit-height tent map is given by

 * $$x_{n+1} = f_1(x_n) = \begin{cases}

x_n  & \mathrm{for} x_n \le 1/2 \\ 1-x_n & \mathrm{for} x_n \ge 1/2 \end{cases}$$

The conjugacy is explicitly given by
 * $$S(x)=\sin \pi x$$

so that

 * $$f_1 = S^{-1} \circ T \circ S$$

That is, $$f_1(x) = S^{-1}(T(S(x))).$$ This is stable under iteration, as
 * $$f_1^n = f_1\circ\cdots\circ f_1 = S^{-1} \circ T \circ S \circ S^{-1} \circ \cdots \circ T \circ S = S^{-1} \circ T^n \circ S$$

It is also conjugate to the chaotic r = 4 case of the logistic map. The r = 4 case of the logistic map is $$z_{n+1}=4z_n(1-z_n)$$; this is related to the bit shift map in variable x by

 * $$z_n =\sin^2 (2 \pi x_n).$$

There is also a semi-conjugacy between the dyadic transformation (here named angle doubling map) and the quadratic polynomial. Here, the map doubles angles measured in turns. That is, the map is given by
 * $$\theta\mapsto 2\theta\bmod 2\pi.$$

Periodicity and non-periodicity
Because of the simple nature of the dynamics when the iterates are viewed in binary notation, it is easy to categorize the dynamics based on the initial condition:

If the initial condition is irrational (as almost all points in the unit interval are), then the dynamics are non-periodic—this follows directly from the definition of an irrational number as one with a non-repeating binary expansion. This is the chaotic case.

If x0 is rational the image of x0 contains a finite number of distinct values within [0, 1) and the forward orbit of x0 is eventually periodic, with period equal to the period of the binary expansion of x0. Specifically, if the initial condition is a rational number with a finite binary expansion of k bits, then after k iterations the iterates reach the fixed point 0; if the initial condition is a rational number with a k-bit transient (k ≥ 0) followed by a q-bit sequence (q > 1) that repeats itself infinitely, then after k iterations the iterates reach a cycle of length q. Thus cycles of all lengths are possible.

For example, the forward orbit of 11/24 is:

 * $$\frac{11}{24} \mapsto \frac{11}{12} \mapsto \frac{5}{6} \mapsto \frac{2}{3} \mapsto \frac{1}{3} \mapsto \frac{2}{3} \mapsto \frac{1}{3} \mapsto \cdots, $$

which has reached a cycle of period 2. Within any subinterval of [0, 1), no matter how small, there are therefore an infinite number of points whose orbits are eventually periodic, and an infinite number of points whose orbits are never periodic. This sensitive dependence on initial conditions is a characteristic of chaotic maps.

Periodicity via bit shifts
The periodic and non-periodic orbits can be more easily understood not by working with the map $$T(x)=2x\bmod 1$$ directly, but rather with the bit shift map $$T(b_0,b_1,b_2,\dots) = (b_1, b_2,\dots)$$ defined on the Cantor space $$\Omega=\{0,1\}^\mathbb{N}$$.

That is, the homomorphism
 * $$x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{b_n}{2^{n+1}}$$

is basically a statement that the Cantor set can be mapped into the reals. It is a surjection: every dyadic rational has not one, but two distinct representations in the Cantor set. For example,
 * $$0.1000000\dots = 0.011111\dots$$

This is just the binary-string version of the famous 0.999... = 1 problem. The doubled representations hold in general: for any given finite-length initial sequence $$b_0,b_1,b_2,\dots,b_{k-1}$$ of length $$k$$, one has
 * $$b_0,b_1,b_2,\dots,b_{k-1},1,0,0,0,\dots = b_0,b_1,b_2,\dots,b_{k-1},0,1,1,1,\dots$$

The initial sequence $$b_0,b_1,b_2,\dots,b_{k-1}$$ corresponds to the non-periodic part of the orbit, after which iteration settles down to all zeros (equivalently, all-ones).

Expressed as bit strings, the periodic orbits of the map can be seen to the rationals. That is, after an initial "chaotic" sequence of $$b_0,b_1,b_2,\dots,b_{k-1}$$, a periodic orbit settles down into a repeating string $$b_k,b_{k+1},b_{k+2},\dots,b_{k+m-1}$$ of length $$m$$. It is not hard to see that such repeating sequences correspond to rational numbers. Writing
 * $$y = \sum_{j=0}^{m-1} b_{k+j}2^{-j-1}$$

one then clearly has
 * $$\sum_{j=0}^\infty b_{k+j}2^{-j-1} = y\sum_{j=0}^\infty 2^{-jm} = \frac{y}{1-2^{-m}}$$

Tacking on the initial non-repeating sequence, one clearly has a rational number. In fact, every rational number can be expressed in this way: an initial "random" sequence, followed by a cycling repeat. That is, the periodic orbits of the map are in one-to-one correspondence with the rationals.

This phenomenon is note-worthy, because something similar happens in many chaotic systems. For example, geodesics on compact manifolds can have periodic orbits that behave in this way.

Keep in mind, however, that the rationals are a set of measure zero in the reals. Almost all orbits are not periodic! The aperiodic orbits correspond to the irrational numbers. This property also holds true in a more general setting. An open question is to what degree the behavior of the periodic orbits constrain the behavior of the system as a whole. Phenomena such as Arnold diffusion suggest that the general answer is "not very much".

Density formulation
Instead of looking at the orbits of individual points under the action of the map, it is equally worthwhile to explore how the map affects densities on the unit interval. That is, imagine sprinkling some dust on the unit interval; it is denser in some places than in others. What happens to this density as one iterates?

Write $$\rho:[0,1]\to\mathbb{R}$$ as this density, so that $$x\mapsto\rho(x)$$. To obtain the action of $$T$$ on this density, one needs to find all points $$y=T^{-1}(x)$$ and write
 * $$\rho(x) \mapsto \sum_{y=T^{-1}(x)} \frac{\rho(y)}{|T^\prime(y)|}$$

The denominator in the above is the Jacobian determinant of the transformation, here it is just the derivative of $$T$$ and so $$T^\prime(y)=2$$. Also, there are obviously only two points in the preimage of $$T^{-1}(x)$$, these are $$y=x/2$$ and $$y=(x+1)/2.$$ Putting it all together, one gets
 * $$\rho(x) \mapsto \frac{1}{2}\rho\!\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\rho\!\left(\frac{x+1}{2}\right)$$

By convention, such maps are denoted by $$\mathcal{L}$$ so that in this case, write
 * $$\left[\mathcal {L}_T\rho\right](x) = \frac{1}{2}\rho\!\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\rho\!\left(\frac{x+1}{2}\right)$$

The map $$\mathcal{L}_T$$ is a linear operator, as one easily sees that $$\mathcal{L}_T(f+g)= \mathcal{L}_T(f) + \mathcal{L}_T(g)$$ and $$\mathcal{L}_T(af)= a\mathcal{L}_T(f)$$ for all functions $$f,g$$ on the unit interval, and all constants $$a$$.

Viewed as a linear operator, the most obvious and pressing question is: what is its spectrum? One eigenvalue is obvious: if $$\rho(x)=1$$ for all $$x$$ then one obviously has $$\mathcal{L}_T\rho=\rho$$ so the uniform density is invariant under the transformation. This is in fact the largest eigenvalue of the operator $$\mathcal{L}_T$$, it is the Frobenius–Perron eigenvalue. The uniform density is, in fact, nothing other than the invariant measure of the dyadic transformation.

To explore the spectrum of $$\mathcal{L}_T$$ in greater detail, one must first limit oneself to a suitable space of functions (on the unit interval) to work with. This might be the space of Lebesgue measurable functions, or perhaps the space of square integrable functions, or perhaps even just polynomials. Working with any of these spaces is surprisingly difficult, although a spectrum can be obtained.

Borel space
A vast amount of simplification results if one instead works with the Cantor space $$\Omega=\{0,1\}^\mathbb{N}$$, and functions $$\rho:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}.$$ Some caution is advised, as the map $$T(x)=2x\bmod 1$$ is defined on the unit interval of the real number line, assuming the natural topology on the reals. By contrast, the map $$T(b_0, b_1, b_2, \dots)=(b_1, b_2, \dots)$$ is defined on the Cantor space $$\Omega = \{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$$, which by convention is given a very different topology, the product topology. There is a potential clash of topologies; some care must be taken. However, as presented above, there is a homomorphism from the Cantor set into the reals; fortunately, it maps open sets into open sets, and thus preserves notions of continuity.

To work with the Cantor set $$\Omega=\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$$, one must provide a topology for it; by convention, this is the product topology. By adjoining set-complements, it can be extended to a Borel space, that is, a sigma algebra. The topology is that of cylinder sets. A cylinder set has the generic form
 * $$(*,*,*,\dots,*,b_k,b_{k+1},*,\dots, *,b_m,*,\dots)$$

where the $$*$$ are arbitrary bit values (not necessarily all the same), and the $$b_k, b_m, \dots$$ are a finite number of specific bit-values scattered in the infinite bit-string. These are the open sets of the topology. The canonical measure on this space is the Bernoulli measure for the fair coin-toss. If there is just one bit specified in the string of arbitrary positions, the measure is 1/2. If there are two bits specified, the measure is 1/4, and so on. One can get fancier: given a real number $$0 < p < 1$$ one can define a measure
 * $$\mu_p( *,\dots,*,b_k,*,\dots) = p^n(1-p)^m$$

if there are $$n$$ heads and $$m$$ tails in the sequence. The measure with $$p=1/2$$ is preferred, since it is preserved by the map

 * $$(b_0, b_1, b_2, \dots) \mapsto x = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{b_n}{2^{n+1}}.$$

So, for example, $$(0,*,\cdots)$$ maps to the interval $$[0,1/2]$$ and $$(1,*,\dots)$$ maps to the interval $$[1/2,1]$$ and both of these intervals have a measure of 1/2. Similarly, $$(*,0,*,\dots)$$ maps to the interval $$[0,1/4]\cup[1/2,3/4]$$ which still has the measure 1/2. That is, the embedding above preserves the measure.

An alternative is to write
 * $$(b_0, b_1, b_2, \dots) \mapsto x = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \left[b_n p^{n+1} + (1-b_n)(1-p)^{n+1}\right]$$

which preserves the measure $$\mu_p.$$ That is, it maps such that the measure on the unit interval is again the Lebesgue measure.

Frobenius–Perron operator
Denote the collection of all open sets on the Cantor set by $$\mathcal{B}$$ and consider the set $$\mathcal{F}$$ of all arbitrary functions $$f:\mathcal{B}\to\mathbb{R}.$$ The shift $$T$$ induces a pushforward
 * $$f\circ T^{-1}$$

defined by $$\left(f \circ T^{-1}\right)\!(x) = f(T^{-1}(x)).$$ This is again some function $$\mathcal{B}\to\mathbb{R}.$$ In this way, the map $$T$$ induces another map $$\mathcal{L}_T$$ on the space of all functions $$\mathcal{B}\to\mathbb{R}.$$ That is, given some $$f:\mathcal{B}\to\mathbb{R}$$, one defines
 * $$\mathcal{L}_T f = f \circ T^{-1}$$

This linear operator is called the transfer operator or the Ruelle–Frobenius–Perron operator. The largest eigenvalue is the Frobenius–Perron eigenvalue, and in this case, it is 1. The associated eigenvector is the invariant measure: in this case, it is the Bernoulli measure. Again, $$\mathcal{L}_T(\rho)= \rho$$ when $$\rho(x)=1.$$

Spectrum
To obtain the spectrum of $$\mathcal{L}_T$$, one must provide a suitable set of basis functions for the space $$\mathcal{F}.$$ One such choice is to restrict $$\mathcal{F}$$ to the set of all polynomials. In this case, the operator has a discrete spectrum, and the eigenfunctions are (curiously) the Bernoulli polynomials! (This coincidence of naming was presumably not known to Bernoulli.)

Indeed, one can easily verify that
 * $$\mathcal{L}_T B_n= 2^{-n}B_n$$

where the $$B_n$$ are the Bernoulli polynomials. This follows because the Bernoulli polynomials obey the identity
 * $$\frac{1}{2}B_n\!\left(\frac{y}{2}\right) + \frac{1}{2}B_n\!\left(\frac{y+1}{2}\right) = 2^{-n}B_n(y)$$

Note that $$B_0(x)=1.$$

Another basis is provided by the Haar basis, and the functions spanning the space are the Haar wavelets. In this case, one finds a continuous spectrum, consisting of the unit disk on the complex plane. Given $$z\in\mathbb{C}$$ in the unit disk, so that $$|z|<1$$, the functions

 * $$\psi_{z,k}(x)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty z^n \exp i\pi(2k+1)2^nx$$

obey
 * $$\mathcal{L}_T \psi_{z,k}= z\psi_{z,k}$$

for $$k\in\mathbb{Z}.$$ This is a complete basis, in that every integer can be written in the form $$(2k+1)2^n.$$ The Bernoulli polynomials are recovered by setting $$k=0$$ and $$z=\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{4}, \dots$$

A complete basis can be given in other ways, as well; they may be written in terms of the Hurwitz zeta function. Another complete basis is provided by the Takagi function. This is a fractal, differentiable-nowhere function. The eigenfunctions are explicitly of the form

 * $$\mbox{blanc}_{w,k}(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty w^n s((2k+1)2^{n}x)$$

where $$s(x)$$ is the triangle wave. One has, again,
 * $$\mathcal{L}_T \mbox{blanc}_{w,k} = w\;\mbox{blanc}_{w,k}.$$

All of these different bases can be expressed as linear combinations of one-another. In this sense, they are equivalent.

The fractal eigenfunctions show an explicit symmetry under the fractal groupoid of the modular group; this is developed in greater detail in the article on the Takagi function (the blancmange curve). Perhaps not a surprise; the Cantor set has exactly the same set of symmetries (as do the continued fractions.) This then leads elegantly into the theory of elliptic equations and modular forms.

Relation to the Ising model
The Hamiltonian of the zero-field one-dimensional Ising model of $$2N$$ spins with periodic boundary conditions can be written as

 * $$H(\sigma) = g \sum_{i\in \mathbb{Z}_{2N}}\sigma_i\sigma_{i+1}. $$

Letting $$C$$ be a suitably chosen normalization constant and $$\beta$$ be the inverse temperature for the system, the partition function for this model is given by

 * $$Z = \sum_{\{\sigma_i=\pm 1,\, i\in \mathbb{Z}_{2N}\}}\prod_{i\in \mathbb{Z}_{2N}}Ce^{-\beta g \sigma_i\sigma_{i+1}}. $$

We can implement the renormalization group by integrating out every other spin. In so doing, one finds that $$Z$$ can also be equated with the partition function for a smaller system with but $$N$$ spins,

 * $$Z = \sum_{\{\sigma_i=\pm 1,\, i\in \mathbb{Z}_{N}\}}\prod_{i\in \mathbb{Z}_{N}}\mathcal{R}[C]e^{-\mathcal{R}[\beta g] \sigma_i\sigma_{i+1}}, $$

provided we replace $$C$$ and $$\beta g$$ with renormalized values $$\mathcal{R}[C]$$ and $$\mathcal{R}[\beta g]$$ satisfying the equations

 * $$\mathcal{R}[C]^2= 4\cosh(2\beta g)C^4,$$

 * $$e^{-2\mathcal{R}[\beta g]}= \cosh(2\beta g).$$

Suppose now that we allow $$\beta g$$ to be complex and that $$\operatorname{Im}[2\beta g]=\frac{\pi}{2}+\pi n$$ for some $$n\in \mathbb{Z}$$. In that case we can introduce a parameter $$t\in[0, 1)$$ related to $$\beta g$$ via the equation

 * $$e^{-2\beta g}= i\tan\big(\pi(t-\frac{1}{2})\big),$$

and the resulting renormalization group transformation for $$t$$ will be precisely the dyadic map:

 * $$\mathcal{R}[t]=2t \bmod 1 .$$

title: Dyadic transformation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gateef

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 19:14, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Gateef
The vfd tag wasn't posted by me, and no reason was ever given (that I can find), but I'll finish this. Very few, if any Google results at all, for 'Gateef' and 'Ali Gateefi'. Probably a joke. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-13 17:21 Z
 * Delete - hopelesly inept - even the poster says its not notable! Brookie 19:13, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 9 googles for Gateef, none of them for a town. If it is a town then we don't know where it is.  Delete as nonsense. RJFJR 21:57, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 00:23, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, some sort of joke, could be a speedy 'cause it's patently nonsense and sarcastic. Wyss 01:19, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Unsure. Possibly a joke by an anon, or possibly just a newbie's first efforts. Humour doesn't necessarily mean bad faith. No vote as yet. Andrewa 01:24, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gateef


text:
The Iraqis (party)

The Iraqis (حزب العراقيون) is an Iraqi political party led by Vice-president Ghazi al-Yawar. It was the largest Sunni party to participate in the January 2005 Iraqi election. During the election campaign, al-Yawar was President of Iraq, a then largely symbolic but still prominent position.

The party consists of an alliance of Sunni tribal leaders, led by those of al-Yawar's Shammar tribe. Its eighty-candidate list contains several prominent Shi'ites. Due in large part to the low Sunni turnout, the party received only 150,000 votes in the election, placing them fourth in overall support, at 1.78% of votes cast, earning them five seats in the transitional National Assembly of Iraq.

Prior to the December 2005 elections The Iraqis agreed to merge their list with the Iraqi List of Iyad Allawi, forming the Iraqi National List.

The party took part in the 2010 parliamentary election as part of the Iraqi National Movement coalition, and won 6 seats. In the 2014 parliamentary election the party didn't win any seats.

title: The Iraqis (party)


text:
Rex Navarrete

Rex Lasat Navarrete (born May 27, 1969 in Manila, Philippines) is a Filipino American comedian whose material is geared toward Filipino audiences.

Early life
Sometime after his birth in 1969, his parents left the Philippines and immigrated to the United States, settling in Chicago. Navarrete, on the other hand, was raised by his grandparents in the provinces of Cavite and Batangas. He later reunited with his parents and his baby sister at the age of three. Eventually, the Navarrete family moved to South San Francisco, California where he spent the rest of his childhood.

Education
Navarrete graduated from San Francisco State University, majoring in film and Asian American studies.

Career
He started his career in 1989 with a performance at University of California Santa Cruz. He has since performed in many colleges and universities all over the world as well as various comedy clubs and festivals, including headlining a sold-out performance at The Warfield in San Francisco as well as the Wiltern LG in Los Angeles. As of December 2006, he has toured extensively throughout North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. These include performances in San Francisco, New York, Montreal, Manila, London, Dubai, Geneva, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Sydney.

In 2003, he released his first DVD entitled Hella Pinoy, in 2005, he released "Badass Madapaka" and in 2010, he released the DVD titled "Komik Organik".

In 2004-2005, he released a 13-episode series on MTV Philippines titled "Rex in the City".

In 2007, an animated series featuring Filipino-American characters known as The Nutshack, Navarrete would be voicing many of the characters.

Discography

 * Badly Browned (1998)
 * Husky Boy (1999)
 * Bastos (2001)

Filmography

 * Hella Pinoy (2003)
 * Badass Madapaka (2005)
 * Komik Organik: The Comedy of Rex Navarrete (2010)

Television

 * Rex in the City on MTV Philippines.
 * Rex Files: Pinoy Undercover segment on ABS-CBN's Stateside.
 * The Nutshack (Jack Colero, Tito Dick and Cherry Pie)
 * Lopez Tonight (2011)

Internet

 * Maritess vs. the Superfriends
 * SBC Packers

title: Rex Navarrete


text:
Society of Saint Anne

"La Société de Saint Anne" is a New Orleans Mardi Gras marching krewe that parades each Mardi Gras Day. La Société de Saint Anne was founded in 1969 by residents of the French Quarter and nearby Faubourgs who recognized the need for a return to earlier traditions of "walking krewes" which at one time were more prevalent but which had been overshadowed by the development of larger float parades in the early 20th Century. As the float parades grew in scale and number, they were forced to move out of the narrow streets of the French Quarter and onto broader avenues uptown and in mid-City. The walking krewes were groups of neighbors from various wards of the city who took to the streets on foot, in celebration of their common love for the City of New Orleans and the food, music, drink, spirituality, and lifestyles that developed there during the 18th, 19th & 20th centuries. La Société de Saint Anne was formed to bring the celebration back down to street level and to revive this old tradition of celebration in the residents' own area. In the ensuing years, as the more bohemian elements of the French Quarter were forced to move further downriver to the Marigny and Bywater neighborhoods by rising property values and rents in the French Quarter, the krewe grew in size and inspired many other such walking krewes to form as subkrewes or as separate krewes altogether. The original krewe now can be identified by the cluster of crabnets (beribboned hoops carried aloft on long poles) and the presence of the Storyville Stompers.

Known for the very elaborate and beautiful costumes of its members, the core group gathers in the Bywater neighborhood of New Orleans each Mardi Gras morning, with the Storyville Stompers brass band providing the music. As they pass through the Faubourg Marigny and French Quarter, additional costumed marchers join the parade at various coffee-shops and bars along the route. The marchers continue to Canal Street to watch the Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club Parade and Rex Parade, then return into the French Quarter where they perform private rituals to honor those members who have passed during the previous year, then disperse to continue the celebration of those still living at private house parties, along the levee, and in the streets.

title: Society of Saint Anne


text: User talk:84.149.216.150

title: User talk:84.149.216.150