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Hans Albert

Hans Albert (8 February 1921 24 October 2023) was a German philosopher. He was professor of social sciences at the University of Mannheim from 1963, and remained at the university until 1989. His fields of research were social sciences and general studies of methods. He was a critical rationalist, paying special attention to rational heuristics. Albert was a strong critic of the continental hermeneutic tradition coming from Heidegger and Gadamer.

Life and career
Albert was born in Cologne, Germany, on 8 February 1921, the son of a teacher of Latin and history. In 1950 he earned a degree in business administration at the University of Cologne, followed by a PhD in social politics in 1952. From 1952–1958 he worked as an assistant at the research institute for social and administrative sciences at the university, where he also obtained a Dr. habil. in social politics in 1957. As a lecturer he read logic, theory of science and economics of the welfare state. Beginning in 1958 he participated in the Alpbacher Hochschulwochen (a summer conference in the Austrian alpine village of Alpbach), where he met Karl Popper after having studied and mostly embracing his philosophy. After 1955, he had discussions with Paul Feyerabend, who in those times was a critical rationalist and an admirer of Karl Popper. Their letters were later published. In 1963, Albert received the Social Sciences and General Studies of Methods chair (later named Sociology and Studies of Economics) at Wirtschaftshochschule Mannheim (later University of Mannheim).

1961–1969 was the time of the so-called Positivismusstreit (positivism dispute), the debate between Karl Popper and Theodor W. Adorno concerning positivism within German sociology during the 1960s. Albert participated at this meanwhile famous Tagung der deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie (Conference of the German Society of Sociology) in 1961 in Tübingen. In the beginning there was no dispute on positivism, because both Adorno and Popper were opposed to positivism. The debate was more about the differences between social sciences and natural sciences and the status of values in the social sciences. In 1963, the debate was continued by Jürgen Habermas in the Festschrift für Adorno. In 1964, in the Soziologentag (Conference on Sociology) in Heidelberg, the debate grew into an excited discussion between Habermas and Albert. The dispute culminated in a collection of essays, published in 1969 and translated into several languages. This dispute gained a broad audience.

In 1989, Albert retired from active service as a professor emeritus, but continued writing books and giving lectures at many universities, such as the 1990 lectures at the University of Graz on Critical Rationalism, the 1995 Walter Adolf Lectures at Hochschule St. Gallen, and the 1998 Wittgenstein-Lectures at the University of Bayreuth (with Rainer Hegselmann) about critical rationalism.

Personal life
Albert lived in Heidelberg with his Austrian wife; they had a son. On 8 February 2021, Hans Albert reached 100 years of age, thus becoming a centenarian.

Albert died in Heidelberg on 24 October 2023, at age 102.

Critical rationalism
Albert developed Popper's critical rationalism into a concise, broad-ranging maxim, thereby extending it from a method to progress in science to one equally applicable in day-to-day heuristics. To substantiate his approach, he provided evidence for his thesis that there is no field of human activities where one should not be critical. Consequently, he advocated applying critical rationalism to the social sciences, especially to economics, politics, jurisprudence, and religion. In his view, the attitude of criticism is one of the oldest European traditions (going back to the pre-Socratics), in comparison with other less critical traditions.

Before his many books were published, Albert was already known to a broader audience for his contributions to the positivism dispute, arguing against his opponents of the so-called Frankfurt School of Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer at the Frankfurt Institute of Sociology. His contributions included
 * differentiating between critical rationalism and positivism
 * arguing against some strains of sociology opposing the application of methods used in natural sciences
 * suggesting that the role of values and the scientific handling of values has to be given new thought
 * interpreting Max Weber not as supporting value-free science, but as demonstrating that scientists can "be free of any value judgement", even for research in the fields of values.

Albert observed that new insights are often difficult to spread or proliferate. He ascribed this phenomenon's cause to ideological obstacles, for which Albert coined the phrase "immunity against criticism".

Albert's well known Münchhausen trilemma is ironically named after Baron Munchausen, who allegedly pulled himself out of a swamp seizing himself by his shock of hair. This trilemma rounds off the classical problem of justification in the theory of knowledge. It concludes that all attempts to rationally justify or rather ultimately verify a thesis must inherently fail. This verdict concerns not only deductive justifications, as many of his critics believe, but also inductive, causal, transcendental, and all otherwise structured justifications. As Albert reasoned, they all will be in vain, since a justification inevitably faces one of three flaws:
 * 1) All justification in pursuit of certain knowledge simultaneously has to justify the means of justification or rather the validity of its premises – an effort which leads to an infinite regress.
 * 2) One can cut the chain of reasons short, for instance, by pointing to self-evidence or common sense or fundamental principles or another basic premise that shall not be further questioned. But in doing so the intention to arrive at a universally valid justification is abandoned, because the reasoning cannot be accepted, unless one (irrationally) accepts the validity of one premise for its own sake.
 * 3) The third horn of the trilemma is the equally unsatisfying application of a circular argument.

Albert stressed repeatedly that there is no limitation of the Münchhausen trilemma to deductive conclusions. Hence, Albert pointed out, justification is rendered virtually impossible regardless of the specific content of a thesis, justification is impossible at all. From this notion, Albert drew the conclusion that progress in science can only be achieved by means of falsification rather than inductive verification.

To observe and criticize the endeavors made to escape from the quagmire of certain justification became an instructive part of Hans Albert's philosophy. A prominent example of these efforts is his discussion of the ideas of Karl-Otto Apel, one of Germany's leading philosophers, in his book Transzendentale Träumereien (Transcendental Reveries).

Still, Albert argued that critical rationalists have to accept that those attempts of rigorous justification (like Apel's) are not entirely futile, since only as long as alternative methods are without success can critical rationalism be called successful.

Style of writing and criticizing
Albert's plea is for critical rationalism. He avoided solemn preaching in favor of serious, serene discussion with people of different faith and thinking. While Popper always warned not to follow one's opponent into the mire, Albert followed them into their favored field of thinking on their own terms. So he criticized Heidegger's "being in the abyss" ("Sein im Ab-Grund"), Gadamer's "horizons melting together", Habermas's "consensual theoretical truth in the ideal discourse", Karl-Otto Apel's transcendental arguments, and the theologian  Hans Küng's "absolute-relative, this-life-and-hereafter, transcendental-immanent, allconcerning-allcontrolling most real reality in the very heart of things". Hans Albert meticulously followed their arguments to uncover:
 * undiscovered premises
 * new and often fatal consequences
 * new and often better alternatives.

Underlying suppositions and injunctions of Albert's method are:
 * Only if all currently proposed alternatives to critical rationalism are untenable may one live with critical rationalism.
 * There is value in keeping an open mind and learning from discussion. Other people may be right; thus give credit to their thinking.
 * One should keep away from solemn gravity.
 * One should avoid the moralising know-it-all but not conceal one's preferred way of life.

Awards
Albert was honored with the Vits Prize in 1976 and with the Arthur Burckhard Prize in 1984. He was decorated with the Austrian Ehrenkreuz für Kunst und Wissenschaft der Republik Österreich in 1994 and received honorary doctorates from the universities of Linz (1995), Athens (1997), Kassel (2000), Graz (2006), and Klagenfurt (2007).
 * Iron Cross, 2nd class
 * Ernst Hellmut Vits Prize, 1976
 * Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class, 1994
 * Merit Cross 1st Class of the Federal Republic of Germany (Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse), 2008

Biographical literature

 * Hans Albert, "Autobiographische Einleitung", in: Kritische Vernunft und menschliche Praxis, Stuttgart (Reclam) 1977, pp. 5–33.
 * Hans Albert, "Mein Umweg in die Soziologie. Vom Kulturpessimismus zum kritischen Rationalismus", in: Christian Fleck (ed.), Wege zur Soziologie. Autobiographiche Notizen, Leske + Budrich, Opladen, pp. 17–37.
 * Eric Hilgendorf: Hans Albert. Zur Einführung Junius Verlag 1997.
 * Hans Albert, In Kontroversen verstrickt. Vom Kulturpessimismus zum kritischen Rationalismus, LIT Verlag 2007, 264 p. (Hans Albert's autobiography)

Publications
Albert published around 30 books. Some of them are translated into different languages.

English books

 * 1976 (with Adorno, Dahrendorf, Habermas, Pilot, and Popper): The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology, Heinemann London and Harper Torchbook. Review extracts and
 * 1985 Treatise on Critical Reason, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
 * 1999 Between Social Science, Religion, and Politics. Essays on Critical Rationalism, Amsterdam-Atlanta (Rodopi). (Description and chapter-preview links.

English papers

 * "Social Science and Moral Philosophy. A Critical Approach to the Value Problem in the Social Sciences", in: Mario Bunge (eds.), The Critical Approach to Science and Philosophy. Essays in Honor of Karl Popper, Glencoe/Illinois.
 * Law and State, Vol. 13, Tübingen 1976.
 * "Science and the Search for Truth. Critical Rationalism and the Methodology of Science", in: G. Radnitzky/G. Andersson (eds.), Progress and Rationality in Science, Dordrecht/ Holland 1978, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, R.S. Cohen/M. Wartofsky (eds.), Vol LVIII.
 * "The Economic Tradition. Economics as a Research Programme for Theoretical Social Science", in: Karl Brunner (ed.), Economics and Social Institutions, Insights from the Conferences on Analysis and Ideology, Boston/The Hague/London 1979.
 * "Transcendental Realism and Rational Heuristics: Critical Rationalism and the Problem of Method", in Gunnar Anderson (ed.), Rationality in Science and Politics, Reidel, Dordrecht 1984.
 * "On Using Leibniz in Economics. Comment on Peter Koslowski", in: Peter Koslowski (ed.), Economics in Philosophy, Mohr, Tübingen 1985, p. 68–78.
 * "Law as an Instrument of Rational Practice", in: Terence Daintith/ Günther Teubner (ed.), Contract and Organization. Legal Analysis in the Light of Economic and Social Theory, Berlin/New York 1986, de Gruyter, p. 25–51.
 * "Is Socialism inevitable? Historical prophecy and the possibilities of reason", in: Svetozar Pejovich (ed.), Socialism: Institutional, philosophical and economical issues, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster 1987.
 * "Critical Rationalism. The Problem of Method in Social Sciences and Law", Ratio Juris Volume 1, Number 1, March 1988, p. 1–19.
 * "Hermeneutics and Economics. A Criticism of Hermeneutical Thinking in the Social Sciences", Kyklos, Volume 41, Fasc. 4, 1988, pages 573–602.
 * "Reply to Lord Alford", Newsletter (Editor Fred Eidlin), Vol 3 (No 3 & 4), pages 13–14, July 1988.
 * "Some remarks on reasons in explaining human action", International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 7 No.1, 1993, pp. 25–27.
 * "Religion, Science, and the Myth of the Framework", in: I.C.Jarvie/ N.Laor (eds), Critical Rationalism, Metaphysics and Science. Essays for Joseph Agassi, Vol.I, Kluwer Acad. Publishers, pp. 41–58.
 * "Commentary on Bernholz", in: Gerard Radnitzky/ Hardy Bouillon (eds), Values and the Social Order, Vol. I: Values and society, pages 251–254, Avebury, Aldershot/ Brookfield USA/ Hong Kong/ Singapore/ Sidney.
 * "The Ideal of Liberty and the Problem of the Social Order", in: Dino Fiorot (ed.), Ordino, Conflitto e Libertà nei Grandi Mutamenti del Nostro Tempo, G. Giappichelli Editore, Torino, pp. 1–30.
 * "The Conflict of Science and Religion: Religious Metaphysics and the Scientific World View as Alternatives", Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), Vol.153 (1), 1997, pp. 216–234.
 * "Critical Rationalism and Universal Hermeneutics", in Jeff Malpas, Ulrich Arnswald, Jens Kertscher (ed.), Gadamer's Century. Essays in Honor of Hans-Georg Gadamer (MIT Press, March 2002), pp. 15–24.
 * "Historiography as a Hypothetical-Deductive Science: A Criticism of Methodological Historism", in: Colin Cheyne/John Worrall (eds), Rationality and Reality. Conversations with Alan Musgrave, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 263–272.

German books

 * 1967 Marktsoziologie und Entscheidungslogik. Ökonomische Probleme in soziologischer Perspektive.
 * 1968 Traktat über kritische Vernunft Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck), many later editions.
 * 1971 Plädoyer für kritischen Rationalismus, Piper Verlag, München 1971.
 * 1972 Konstruktion und Kritik. Aufsätze zur Philosophie des kritischen Rationalismus, Verlag Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1972.
 * 1973 Theologische Holzwege. Gerhard Ebeling und der rechte Gebrauch der Vernunft, Verlag Mohr (Siebeck), Tübingen 1973.
 * 1975 Transzendentale Träumereien. Karl-Otto Apels Sprachspiele und sein hermeneutischer Gott, Verlag Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1975.
 * 1976 Aufklärung und Steuerung. Aufsätze zur Sozialphilosophie und zur Wissenschaftslehre der Sozialwissenschaften, Verlag Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg * *1976 'Positivism Dispute', see English books, also in German and other languages.
 * 1977 Kritische Vernunft und menschliche Praxis with autobiographical notes.
 * 1978 Traktat über rationale Praxis.
 * 1979 Das Elend der Theologie.
 * 1982 Die Wissenschaft und die Fehlbarkeit der Vernunft.
 * 1987 Kritik der reinen Erkenntnislehre. Das Erkenntnisproblem in realistischer Perspektive.
 * 1993 Lectures about Rechtswissenschaft als Realwissenschaft. Das Recht als soziale Tatsache und die Aufgabe der Jurisprudenz at the University of Würzburg. – Kritik der reinen Hermeneutik – Der Antirealismus und das Problem des Verstehens, Tübingen (Mohr-Siebeck) 1994.
 * 1997 Paul Feyerabend, Hans Albert, Briefwechsel (ed. Wilhelm Baum), Frankfurt/M. (Fischer) 1997.
 * 2000 Kritischer Rationalismus, Tübingen Mohr-Siebeck (UTB) 2000.
 * 2001 Hans Albert Lesebuch, UTB (Mohr Siebeck) Tübingen 2001.
 * 2003 Kritik des transzendentalen Denkens, (Mohr Siebeck) Tübingen 2003 and in the same year: Erkenntnislehre und Sozialwissenschaft. Karl Poppers Beiträge zur Analyse sozialer Zusammenhänge, Wien (Picus) 2003.
 * 2005 Hans Albert – Karl Popper – Briefwechsel 1958–1994 (Letters from and to Karl Popper); ed. Martin Morgenstern and Robert Zimmer.
 * 2006 Rationalität und Existenz (Reprint of Albert's 1952 dissertation with a new foreword and a self-critical epilogue), 233 p., Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck).
 * 2007 In Kontroversen verstrickt. Vom Kulturpessimismus zum kritischen Rationalismus, LIT Verlag 2007, 264 pages. (Autobiography)

For Hans Albert's scientific articles, see List of Publications maintained by Hans-Joachim Niemann in. See also the Hans-Joachim Niemann- (alias 'hjn') initiated German Wikibook: Studienführer Hans Albert (Study Guide for Hans Albert). It contains a large list of publications with many quotations from English-written articles, as well as articles translated into Italian, Finnish, Korean, Japanese, Polish, Spanish, and Serbo-Croatian.

title: Hans Albert


text:
Achard

Achard is a surname, and was a given name in the Middle Ages

As a surname, it may refer to:

 * Albert Achard (1894–1972), French World War I flying ace
 * Antoine Achard (1696–1772), Swiss Protestant minister
 * Claude-François Achard (1751–1809), French physician
 * Emile Achard (1860–1944), French physician
 * Franz Karl Achard (1753–1821), Prussian chemist
 * Gilbert Achard-Picard (1918–1954), French bobsledder
 * Guy Achard (born 1936), French Latinist
 * Jean Achard (painter) (1807–1884), French painter
 * Jean Achard (racing driver) (1918–1951), French race-car driver and journalist
 * Julien Alexandre Achard de Bonvouloir (1749–1783), secret French envoy to the American colonies
 * Léon Achard (1831–1905), French tenor
 * Louis Amédée Achard (1814–1875), French novelist
 * Marcel Achard (1899–1974), French playwright
 * Michel Jacques François Achard (1778–1865), French general
 * Sophie Achard (born 1977), French statistical neuroscientist

As a given name, it may refer to:

 * Achard of St. Victor (died 1172), French bishop
 * Count Achard of Lecce, Norman count of Lecce

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Achard


text:
Metal Marines

Metal Marines is a real-time strategy video game developed by Namco for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It was ported to Microsoft Windows PCs by Mindscape. It was later released in Japan under the title of Militia. The Super NES version was re-released on the Virtual Console in Japan on July 10, 2007, for the Wii and on March 4, 2015, for the Wii U, and in North America on October 15, 2007, for the Wii.

Plot
The game is set in the year 2117, two years after a cataclysmic Antimatter War. The player leads a military force whose main unit is the Metal Marine: a 16-meter (50 ft) high, 93-plus ton mecha.

The PC and SNES versions of the game feature a number of minor gameplay differences, namely the plot. In the PC version the player controls a commander of the "United Earth Empire" ("Empire" in short) a futuristic version of United Nations. The adversarial Zorguef's force is a dictatorial government. After conquering all space colonies, Zorguef sets his eyes on Earth and the player must take up arms to protect the planet. In the SNES version the player controls a commander of the "Space Colonies Allied Forces" ("SCAF" in short), an alliance formed by the independent space colonies. The primary mission is to take the battle to the Earth, which is currently in the grip of Zorguef's empire. The goal is to save the humans living on Earth who are being oppressed by Zorguef while securing the future of Space Colonies.

A special "Master Edition" of the PC version was released by Mindscape in 1995. In the Master Edition the characters were given voices, the overall look of the GUI changed, and the game featured better sound and warning effects.

In both versions, the game composes of 20 missions where the player will slowly regain the conquered territories of the Earth until the enemy force is defeated. The game is played in an isometrical style when building and in an aerial grid style when planning an attack to the enemy territory. In the PC version both players can attack at the same time, while the SNES version only admits one attack at the time from one of the factions.

Characters

 * The Player: In the PC version the player's character is the commander of the Empire whose mission is to defend the Earth and repel Zorguef's invasion. In the SNES version the player instead is the SCAF commander tasked with the reconquest of the Earth that is now in control of Zorguef's Empire.
 * Ernest Bowman: In the PC version, he is called J.R. Bowman, and acts as both the Sergeant who trains the player in Mission Zero (Training) and as the main advisor for the Empire, also being the former SCAF High Commander. In the SNES version he is called Ernest Bowman instead, while he acts as the Intelligence Advisor for the SCAF, also being the former Earth Federal Force commander.
 * Onaka Kraft: Sergeant Onaka Kraft acts as the communications officer whose duty is to inform the player when an enemy message is being transmitted. In the PC version she works for the Empire while in the SNES version she is a SCAF officer.
 * Harlan Sanders: Sergeant Harlan Sanders acts as the logistics officer of the Empire in the PC version, while also acts as the main engineer in control of the Metal Marine infrastructure and logistics. He doesn't have an equivalent in the SNES version, but it can be supposed that he works in the SNES version as a Sergeant and engineer for the SCAF and the Metal Marines.
 * William "Bill" Garland: Commander Bill Garland is the first enemy the player will face. In the PC version he is the SCAF's North American invasion commander, while in the SNES version he acts as the North American theatre commander for the Empire.
 * Joan Bile: Commander Joan Bile acts as a support enemy commander who commands attacks in some instances where the other commanders can't act as efficiently. In the PC version she works for the SCAF and she is named Joan Rile. In the SNES version she is one of the Empire's commanders instead.
 * Liften Schwaltz: High Commander Liften Schwaltz is the third enemy the player will fight. In the PC version he is the European invasion commander and second in command of the SCAF, while in the SNES version he is the Empire's European theater commander.
 * Nikolai I. Zorguef: The main leader of the enemy faction of the game. In the PC version he is referred as Zorgeuf the Great. In the SNES version he is instead named as General Nikolai Ivanovich Zorguef, the Great.

Gameplay
Inside the game the player focuses on building both offensive and defensive structures to be able to attack the enemy territory and defend his own. Every structure except the I.C.B.M. silo occupies one square into the map. The list of buildings disponible to both factions are:

 * Bases: Bases are the most important building in the game. The player builds three bases in the island before starting the operation. The enemy can have one, two or three bases per mission. Bases can't be rebuilt, and the loss of all the bases in the player island is an automatic Game Over. The loss of every base of the enemy commander permits the player to advance to the next operation.
 * Missiles: The standard long-range weapon against the enemy structures, it costs 4K energy to launch. The missile attack damages a 3x3 square area from where it impacts. It can be upgraded to a double missile which requires 8K energy instead per attack. Both the player and the enemy can launch a maximum of 4 missiles per attack.
 * Anti Air Batteries (A.A Missile): The only way to defend your island against enemy missiles and enemy transport ships. They launch a single missile against enemy missiles and transports with a starting 50% chance to hit. A missile requires one hit to be destroyed while transports require eight hits instead. It can be upgraded to a double A.A Missile launcher which launches two missiles at once.
 * Metal Marine: The game's namesake, it is a robot that can be used to attack the enemy territory or to defend the player ones. The standard unit is called Gunner-I, has 40HP and does 8HP of damage per attack. An upgraded Metal Marine is called Gunner-II and gets golden decorations, a bit more walking speed, 60HP and does 9HP damage instead. Only three Metal Marines can be selected to attack the enemy territory being transported in a transport aircraft. Also only three Metal Marines at once will defend player's island from enemy Metal Marines. Metal Marines have three different weapons to attack:
 * Normal Gun (NORMAL): Does the same damage against Metal Marines and Gun Pods (100%-Marine/100%-Pod). The long range gun is a gatling gun and the short range gun is a blue sword.
 * Anti Metal Marine Rifle (Anti MMR): Does 50% more damage to an enemy Metal Marine but instead does 50% less damage to Gun Pod bunkers (150%-Marine/50%-Pod). The long range gun is a rifle and the short range gun is an axe.
 * Anti Gun-Pod Bunker (Anti POD): Does 50% more damage to Gun Pod bunkers but instead does 50% less damage to enemy Metal Marines (50%-Marine/150%-Pod). The long range gun is a bazooka-like howitzer and the short range gun is a purple electric whip.
 * Gun Pods: The standard land defense unit. It has the same resistance as a Metal Marine and does almost the same damage. Only a Gunner-I AT-MMR Metal Marine in full HP or less will succumb to a Gun Pod bunker. AT-POD and NORMAL Metal Marines in full HP can destroy a Gun Pod bunker while surviving.
 * Land mines: Land mines are invisible to the enemy faction in the map. They can be destroyed by enemy missiles and activated by enemy Metal Marines. Every land mine causes 30HP damage to a Metal Marine.
 * Anti-Air Radar: Every radar station built in island increases the hit chance of every A.A Missile per 5% to a max of 100% effectiveness.
 * I.C.B.M. Silo: Most expensive building, slowest to build and biggest in size, as it occupies a 3x3 square landzone. The I.C.B.M. silo needs to have all of its nine squares intact to be able to work, and if a single square is destroyed it can't launch the I.C.B.M. weapon. The launch cost is 950K energy and uses the same anti-matter resource that started the 2117 incident. I.C.B.M. weapons cannot be taken down by A.A. batteries as they do not get in range for them, so it is a guaranteed destruction of a 3X3 diamond radius for a total of 25 squares of enemy land.
 * Supply Headquarters (Supply-HQ): Every Supply-HQ building the player has will provide one more money fund flow per second (+$1/s).
 * Energy Plant: Every energy plant the player has will provide one more energy kilowatt per second (+1K/s).
 * Factory: Every factory the player has speeds the building and upgrading time of every structure in island.
 * Dummy Base: Dummy bases look like bases, but have less HP. They are used as decoys to trick the enemy.
 * Dummy Unit: Dummy units are square terrains that cover player's bases and make them get undetected by the enemy. The attack of a single missile or Metal marine with any weapon destroys it immediately, so they are better used as base concealments.

title: Metal Marines


text: Category:Kings of Egypt

title: Category:Kings of Egypt


text:
Fagus orientalis

Fagus orientalis, commonly known as the Oriental beech, is a deciduous tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It is native to Eurasia, in Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

Description
Fagus orientalis is a large tree, capable of reaching heights of up to 45 m tall and 3 m trunk diameter, though more typically 25 - 35 m tall and up to 1.5 m trunk diameter.

The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire or with a slightly crenate margin, 7 - 15 cm long and 5 - 9 cm broad, with 7–13 veins on each side of the leaf (6–7 veins in F. sylvatica). The buds are long and slender, 15 - 30 mm long and 2 - 3 mm thick, but thicker, till 4 - 5 mm, where the buds include flower buds.

The flowers are small catkins which appear shortly after the leaves in spring.

The seeds are small triangular nuts 15 - 20 mm long and 7 - 10 mm wide at the base; there are two nuts in each cupule, maturing in the autumn 5–6 months after pollination. The cupule differs from that of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) in having flattened, slightly leaf-like appendages at the base (which are slender, soft spines in European beech).

Taxonomy
Fagus orientalis is closely related to Fagus sylvatica (the European beech), and hybridises with it in the Balkans and northwestern Turkey. These hybrids with European Beech are named Fagus × taurica.

Distribution and habitat
The tree's natural range extends from southeastern Bulgaria's Strandja mountain range and Greece through northwest Turkey, and east to the Caucasus Mountains in Georgia and Russia, as well as the Alborz Mountains in Iran.

Use
The wood of Fagus orientalis is heavy, hard, strong and highly resistant to shock. These features makes it suitable for steam bending. The wood is also a source to fuelwood and can be used for constructions particleboard, furniture, flooring veneer, mining poles, railway tiles and paper.

title: Fagus orientalis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scott Cody

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE. —Korath (Talk) 13:36, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Scott Cody
Substub about some 15 year old kid, claims he is an architect. Delete. jni 15:42, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maybe in 10 years' time, who knows? :p Phils 15:56, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, author refers to 2014 as the past, so the whole article is probably untrue. If he has a degree at his age (interesting) can he source this? If he can I might change my mind. Otherwise totally unnotable. --SqueakBox 17:04, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lets try this again in 2014. Tygar 17:41, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete ludicrous example of far-flung future predictions. I hope this is a joke, but who knows? Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  17:55, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quite funny though.  Put the "Works" section in BJAODN, and mention when the article was written. --Idont Havaname 18:33, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a fortune teller. Zzyzx11 19:38, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rather pretentious...perhaps this kid would care to help me pick my lottery numbers next week? Nick04 19:55, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, I know it should be on here instead but for the love of sweet christ it should be a speedy. Inter\Echo 20:45, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted as future history. (He graduated college in 2014).  RickK 00:31, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Paul Watson

Definition of captain
Within the description there is a reference of Paul Watson not having a captains title, yet it is also stated that he had been a skipper. I ask for the text to be amended, as it seems that Paul Watson is indeed a captain, according to this definition found on Wikipedia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_captain#Skipper. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.84.205.181 (talk) 11:36, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Intro
Shouldn't we have more of the technical nitty-gritty details about his "red flagging" and "extradition requests" later on in the article? Lord David, Duke of Glencoe (talk) 01:11, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paul Watson


text:
Marty Cordova

Martin Kevin Cordova (born July 10, 1969) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Toronto Blue Jays, Cleveland Indians, and Baltimore Orioles. He was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. Before embarking on a major league career, Cordova played six seasons in the minor leagues.

Baseball career
Marty began his pro career in the minors in 1989 with the Elizabethton Twins of the Appalachian League. After a season in rookie ball, Cordova moved up to Single–A and spent the 1990 season with the Kenosha Twins of the Mid West League. Cordova would then go onto spend the next two seasons with the Visalia Oaks of the Advanced-A California League 1991-1992. After spending two years in High–A, Cordova made the move up to Double–A. In 1993 Cordova joined the Nashville Xpress of the Southern League. In 1994, Cordova moved up to Triple–A and played the season for the Salt Lake Buzz of the Pacific Coast League.

A promising and talented player, Marty was named the American League Rookie of the Year in 1995. He took the honor over, among others, Garret Anderson, Andy Pettitte, Troy Percival and Shawn Green, after hitting .277 with 24 home runs and 84 RBI for the Twins. His second season saw career-highs in batting average (.309), RBI (111), runs (97) and doubles (46).

Marty had the potential to hit for average and power, but was often bothered by back injuries over his career. Between 1997 and 2000, he missed 240 games while on the injured list. In January 2000, the Boston Red Sox signed Cordova to a minor league contract after he became too pricey for the small-market Twins, especially considering his history of injuries. The 30-year-old asked for his release from the Red Sox before the season even began, clearing the way for him to eventually sign with the Toronto Blue Jays.

He returned in good form with the Indians in 2001, hitting .301 with 20 home runs, and in 2002, with the Orioles, he belted 18 homers. Marty appeared in just nine games in 2003 and missed all of 2004 and after two operations on his right elbow. In January 2005, Cordova signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He retired a day after he was scheduled to report to spring training. In a nine-season career, Cordova was a .274 hitter with 122 home runs and 540 RBI in 952 games.

He is also known for having fallen asleep in a tanning bed, which prevented him from playing several day games with the Orioles.

Post-baseball life
Marty is a personal friend of UFC President Dana White and can be seen in several of White's video blogs. He was shown on Dana White's video blog trying to enter Canada after he forgot his passport as he flew in Dana White's private jet. When asked about the incident White joked that Cordova (despite having played for the Blue Jays) had not realized Toronto was not in the United States. Cordova formerly served as the COO of Bent Pixels, a digital media network focused around YouTube creators.

title: Marty Cordova


text:
Laker

Laker or Lakers may refer to:

 * Los Angeles Lakers, an NBA basketball team from Los Angeles, California, United States
 * A Laker, a Sasquatch-like creature said to frequent the Lake Tahoe Basin.

Collegiate

 * Clayton State Lakers, the NCAA Division II athletic program of Clayton State University in Morrow, Georgia
 * Grand Valley State Lakers, the athletic program of Grand Valley State University, an NCAA Division II school in Allendale, Michigan
 * Iowa Lakes Community College Lakers, located in Estherville, Iowa
 * Lake Superior State Lakers, the athletic program of Lake Superior State University, an NCAA Division II school in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan that fields an NCAA Division I men's ice hockey team
 * Mercyhurst Lakers, the athletic program of Mercyhurst University, an NCAA Division I school in Erie, Pennsylvania
 * Nipissing Lakers, competing in Ontario University Athletics, in North Bay, Ontario
 * State University of New York at Oswego (Oswego State) Lakers, an NCAA Division III school, in Oswego, New York

High school

 * Bonneville High School (Washington Terrace, Utah) Lakers
 * Calloway County High School Lakers, Murray, Kentucky
 * Danbury High School Lakers, Marblehead, Ohio
 * Detroit Lakes High School Lakers, Detroit Lakes, Minnesota
 * Indian Lake High School Lakers, Lewistown, Ohio
 * Mercyhurst Preparatory School Lakers, Erie, Pennsylvania
 * Cazenovia High School Lakers, Cazenovia, New York
 * Skaneateles High School Lakers, Skaneateles, New York
 * West Bloomfield High School Lakers, West Bloomfield, Michigan
 * Penticton Secondary School Lakers, Penticton, British Columbia

Professional

 * Doncaster Lakers, a British rugby league club
 * Hutt Valley Lakers, a former basketball team based in Wellington, New Zealand
 * Laguna Lakers, a defunct basketball team based in Laguna, Philippines
 * Penticton Lakers, a Canadian ice hockey team
 * Peterborough Lakers Jr. A, a box lacrosse team from Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
 * Rapperswil-Jona Lakers, a Swiss ice hockey team
 * South Bay Lakers, a team in the NBA G League
 * Växjö Lakers, a Swedish ice hockey team in Swedish Hockey League

Other uses

 * Laker (surname)
 * Lake freighter or laker, a type of cargo ship
 * Laker Airways, an airline company
 * Laker Beer, a brand of beer sold in Canada

title: Laker


text:
Rhode Island Route 10

Route 10 is a numbered state highway connector in the U.S. state of Rhode Island, traveling along the Huntington Expressway, the first freeway in the state. It connects Route 12 (Park Avenue) on the Cranston–Providence city line with Interstate 95 (I-95), U.S. Route 6 (US 6), and Memorial Boulevard in downtown Providence, passing just east of the Olneyville area of Providence. It provides an alternate route to I-95 south of downtown, and connects it with the US 6 freeway west from Olneyville towards I-295 and Connecticut.

Route description
Route 10 begins at an incomplete interchange with Route 12 (Park Avenue) on the Cranston-Providence border. The bridge that carries Route 12 over Route 10 has enough space for a four-lane freeway underneath, but only the ramp from Route 12 east to Route 10 north passes under it. Until around 2000, the ramp from Route 10 south to Route 12 east instead passed under the bridge; that movement is now made with a left turn onto Route 12. There were once plans to extend Route 10 south, in conjunction with an eastern extension of the Route 37 freeway.

Route 10 heads north through Providence, turning west before crossing U.S. Route 1 (Elmwood Avenue) at a partial interchange. There is no ramp to Route 10 south, and traffic exiting from Route 10 north must turn north on US 1. After crossing US 1, Route 10 crosses over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and enters Cranston.

Route 10 crosses Interstate 95 at a full interchange, sometimes known as the "Friendly Interchange" for the community of Quakers it partially destroyed. It then heads northwest, crossing under Pontiac Avenue and then junctioning Route 2 (Reservoir Avenue) just after crossing back into Providence. After the Route 2 interchange, Route 10 again crosses back into Cranston, running west of the parallel Niantic Avenue, which is on the city line. The final crossing, back into Providence, is just after the Cranston Street interchange, where Niantic Avenue ends.

Upon crossing into Providence Route 10 passes over and parallels the Northeast Corridor as well as interchanging with Huntington Avenue. From this interchange north to Olneyville, Huntington Avenue was upgraded to become the Huntington Expressway. Within this stretch of expressway, there is only one interchange (Union Avenue).

The junction and merge with U.S. Route 6 at Olneyville is part of the Olneyville Bypass, the first freeway in Rhode Island. In the early 2020s, this current interchange was upgraded to conform to modern highway standards, most notably providing direct access from Route 10 North to US 6 West via a flyover ramp (Exit 3B). The flyover ramp officially opened on November 19, 2021. Exit 3B is a left-lane exit to US 6, while mainline traffic remains on the right heading into Downtown Providence.

The combined Route 10 and US 6 - known as the Route 6-10 Connector - is the newest part of the Huntington Expressway. It heads northeast and east from Olneyville, interchanging with Dean Street (which provides access to Providence Place Mall). East of Dean Street, the freeway ends at a complicated interchange with Interstate 95. Route 10 ends there, while US 6 turns south with I-95 to reach Interstate 195. Access to downtown Providence is provided by ramps to the west end of Memorial Boulevard at Francis Street (U.S. Route 1).

History
Despite the first section opening in 1953, the Route 10 designation was not used until 1966, when the freeway south of Route 2 (Reservoir Avenue) opened. The 1953 section was the Olneyville Bypass (also known as the Dennis J. Roberts Expressway, now also applied to U.S. Route 6 west of the bypass). Construction began in 1950 on the bypass of the congested Olneyville neighborhood, which the east–west US 6 and Route 14 passed through (on Westminster Street, Hartford Avenue and Plainfield Street). The bypass ran from Hartford Avenue west of Olneyville around the south and east sides of Olneyville, junctioning with Plainfield Street, Huntington Avenue, Westminster Street and Broadway, and ending at Harris Avenue northeast of Olneyville.

Once the bypass opened in 1953, it carried US 6. Eastbound US 6 exited at Westminster Street to follow its old alignment towards downtown, but westbound US 6 was completely rerouted between downtown and Olneyville, following Kinsley Avenue, Eagle Street and Harris Avenue to reach the Olneyville Bypass.

The next section, from Olneyville south to Reservoir Avenue in Cranston, was built partially along the existing Huntington Avenue, and opened in 1960. It ended at a temporary trumpet interchange with Reservoir Avenue, which at the time carried both Route 2 and Route 3. (Route 3 has since been truncated to its intersection with Route 2 in West Warwick.) Route 2 was rerouted onto the new Huntington Expressway to end at US 6 at Olneyville, while Route 3 continued to run to U.S. Route 1 in Providence.

The rest of the early Huntington Expressway, from Route 2 southeast across Interstate 95 and US 1 to Route 12, was completed in 1966. It was then that the Route 10 designation was applied, and Route 2 was moved back to its present alignment. However, Route 10 did not end at Olneyville - it continued to the end of the bypass at Harris Avenue, and then took Harris Avenue, Eagle Street, Valley Street, River Avenue, Oneil Street (which is now one-way “eastbound,” or what would have been northbound RI 10), Veazie Street, and Branch Avenue to end at Route 146.

The Route 12 interchange was not the planned end of the freeway; it was to continue roughly parallel to Route 117 and Route 117A, meeting Route 37 and ending near the south end of Route 117A.

For a time, Interstate 84 was planned to enter Providence via Olneyville. One plan by the state designated the Huntington Expressway south of Olneyville as Interstate 184 (I-184), but this was rejected by the Federal Highway Administration.

The first section of the Route 6-10 Connector, from the east end of the Olneyville Bypass to Dean Street, opened in 1972. At that time, Route 10 was removed from its former surface alignment to a temporary end at Dean Street. The ramp it had taken northbound to Harris Avenue was cut by the new construction, but the abutments for the bridge over the Northeast Corridor and northbound Harris Avenue remained until the early 2020s, when the Route 10/US 6 interchange was rebuilt. US 6 westbound was not moved in 1972, but left to continue to enter the Olneyville Bypass from Harris Avenue at that time. A new ramp from Tobey Street to the bypass was added, however, replacing a removed left entrance from Broadway. The ramp from US 6 east to Westminster Street was also closed around this time, leaving its ramp to Broadway.

The other part of the Connector opened in 1988, connecting the Huntington Expressway and Olneyville Bypass to Interstate 95 in downtown Providence. US 6 was rerouted along the Connector and I-95 to reach Interstate 195. The ramps to downtown, connecting to Memorial Boulevard, did not open until 1993, as part of the redevelopment of downtown.

In November 2021, as an early stage of reconstructing the Route 10/US 6 interchange, a new ramp was opened, allowing direct movements from northbound Route 10 to westbound US 6 for the first time. The following year, the ramp in the opposite direction (US 6 eastbound to RI 10 southbound) was temporarily removed, so for over 12 months, traffic was required to use a temporary ramp to Westminster Street and drive along the left side of the bridge, contrary to most of the United States. The rebuild is expected to be completed in 2023.

Exit list
Exits were previously unnumbered, but RIDOT numbered exits between the southern terminus and the U.S. Route 6 concurrency in late 2010 to conform with federal highway standards. "Old" (2010-2020) exit numbers courtesy of RIDOT. In 2020, RIDOT renumbered the exits as part of a statewide project to convert to mileage based numbering.

title: Rhode Island Route 10


text:
Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics/2

From the Nuttall encyclopedia (Project Gutenberg):

Navigation
<> Done!!!

title: Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics/2


text:
User:Alba/Workspace

This is the workspace of User:Alba. On the desk you see the following articles:

In front of the chair:
 * User:Alba/Workspace/Clyde S. Kilby

Filed neatly for reference purposes:
 * User:Alba/Workspace/Cleanup sorting proposal
 * User:Alba/Workspace/Cleanup tag proposal
 * User:Alba/Workspace/Cleanup help proposal
 * User:Alba/Workspace/attention1 proposal
 * User:Alba/Workspace/attention2 proposal

Strewn to the side, probably to be worked on later:
 * User:Alba/List of Wettins
 * User:Alba/Workspace/Variation and selection
 * User:Alba/Workspace/List of the rulers of Rome
 * User:Alba/Workspace/Cleanup cleanup

In the trash can:
 * User:Alba/Workspace/Poincare

title: User:Alba/Workspace


text:
Crunchy Frog Records

Crunchy Frog is a Danish independent record label, established in 1994 in Copenhagen, Denmark. The idea for Crunchy Frog came from the four members of the band Thau. The daily operations are handled by Jesper "Yebo" Reginal Petersen, drummer of Thau.

From the beginning, Crunchy Frog has signed bands on a 50/50 basis. The company also operates a publishing and syncing company, a booking agency, and is partners in two of Copenhagen’s drinking establishments, The Mudhoney and Whammy Bar. The name of the record company is taken from a Monty Python sketch.

Bands signed or formerly signed

 * 18th Dye
 * Apparat Organ Quartet
 * Beta Satan
 * Düreforsög
 * EPO-555
 * First Floor Power
 * Heavy Trash
 * I Am Bones
 * Junior Senior
 * Learning From Las Vegas
 * The Malpractice
 * Mew
 * The Mopeds
 * Powersolo
 * The Raveonettes
 * Shiny Darkly
 * Sista Bossen
 * Superheroes
 * THAU
 * Tothe International
 * The Tremolo Beer Gut

title: Crunchy Frog Records


text:
Crimthann Coscrach

Crimthann Coscrach ("the victorious"), son of Fedlimid Fortrén, son of Fergus Fortamail, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing his predecessor, Énna Aignech, and ruled for four or seven years, after which he was killed by Rudraige mac Sithrigi. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy VIII Physcon in Egypt (145–116 BC). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 191–184 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 293–289 BC.

title: Crimthann Coscrach


text: User talk:69.91.71.247

title: User talk:69.91.71.247


text:
Brevort, Michigan

Brevort ( is an unincorporated community in Mackinac County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The community is located along the northern shores of Lake Michigan along U.S. Route 2 within Moran Township.  As an unincorporated community, Brevort has no legally defined boundaries or population statistics of its own.

History
Brevort was originally named for early explorer Henry Brevort (or Brevoort), who surveyed the area in 1845. Brevort was assigned to subdivide the undeveloped area, and therefore, many features were named after him. In 1867, Charles Gustafson bought three parcels of land in the area, and many Swedish followers moved to the area.

In 1875, the Mackinac Lumber Company built a large storage supply depot in the area for its lumber stock to be shipped along the Great Lakes. Because of the lumber company's presence, the area was known as "the Warehouse" during the 1880s. A community grew around the depot, and Brevort was first settled in 1884 as a fishing village. The community received its first post office on June 25, 1890 with Hattie Vought serving as the first postmaster. By 1893, the population of the community was recorded at 75.

When the railway industry began constructing lines through the Upper Peninsula near the end of the century, Brevort did not have railroad access and continued to rely on shipping for the exportation of its lumber resources. Road access was also limited until the creation of M-12 in 1919. In 1926, M-12 was replaced with early segments of the present-day U.S. Route 2. After the lumbering industry declined, the population of the community also declined, but commercial fishing continued. Road and lake access allowed Brevort to sustain, and the community's population increased to 100 by 1927.

In 1961, Moran Township erected a historic marker near Trinity Lutheran Church to commemorate the historic community of Brevort. The post office in Brevort was discontinued on December 30, 1964. While Brevort no longer contains any industries, the community contains a small population and relies as a tourist destination along U.S. Route 2 between St. Ignace and Naubinway. The Western Cemetery (also known as Brevort Cemetery) is located along U.S. Route 2 just northwest of the community center. The cemetery's oldest grave dates back to 1893, and the cemetery remains active.

Geography
Brevort is located within Moran Township in the state's Upper Peninsula about 15 mi northwest of the Mackinac Bridge. The Hiawatha National Forest is just to the east of the center of the community. Portions of the surrounding area are also included in the Sault Ste. Marie section of the Lake Superior State Forest. The community sits at an elevation of 597 ft above sea level.

The community of Brevort is not actually located in Brevort Township, which is to the east. Also, the community of Moran is not located in Moran Township but is within Brevort Township. The nearest sizable community is the city of St. Ignace about 15 mi to the southeast. Other smaller communities nearby include Engadine, Epoufette, Garnet, and Naubinway to the northwest, as well as Gros Cap to the southeast and Trout Lake to the north. Brevort no longer contains its own post office and uses the Moran 49760 ZIP Code. The community is served by Moran Township School District, which is conterminous with the township itself.

Along with Lake Michigan, other nearby geographic features include Brevoort River, Little Brevoort Lake, and Brevoort Lake, which are spelled differently than the community and township. Brevort is also notable for containing several miles of scenic lakefront and sand dunes along the shores of Lake Michigan, which run parallel to U.S. Route 2 at this point. These dunes and easy public access are popular tourist destinations along the Lake Michigan Circle Tour.

title: Brevort, Michigan


text:
Achen

Achen may refer to:

 * Achen (surname)
 * Achen, Moselle, a commune in the Grand Est region of France
 * Tiroler Achen, a river in Austria
 * Achen Lake, a lake in Tyrol, Austria
 * Achen Pass, a pass in the Alps between Austria and Germany
 * Achen, Malayalam word for Father, also used for addressing Christian priests and presbyters in Malayalam

title: Achen


text: Category:Presidents of Lebanon

title: Category:Presidents of Lebanon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Future State

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:30, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Future State
Short and contextless entry, author removed. Various versions of this have been speedily deleted several times, but the anon does not get the message. Delete. jni 15:52, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Being speedy'd before is a good reason for being speedy'd again. delete Radiant! 17:55, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no reason to crush it in the shredder either, the concept is interesting, although not very original, but therefore perfectly encyclopedic. Thus keep. --Pgreenfinch 07:49, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This is a sentence fragment not a topic. Redirect to future. --Lee Hunter 12:18, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Mozilla Foundation

Yahoo Deal
see 375 mio. $ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.14.65.157 (talk) 14:12, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

Corporate Sponsors
Re
 * Funding for the foundation comes from donations from corporations and individuals.

Is there a list of corporate sponsors? I heard Google and Nokia are "involved". A-giau 15:53, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Filed this (implicit) request as mozilla.org bug report #329678 Zak Greant 22:46, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Funding
May also be worth mentioning the ten thousand the MF donated to OpenBSD for OpenSSH developement, which came from money earned through the Google search income. Janizary 23:43, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

MoFo?
Come on... is it REALLY sometimes abbreviated MOFO?--XMBRIAN 02:59, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. With Google you can find examples of Mozilla employees using that abbreviation and an entry for MoFo in an acronym dictionary. -- Schapel 13:12, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Alright, I'll put it back in then.--XMBRIAN 16:03, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

The use of 'MoFo' is restricted to a few insiders. It is not a common abbreviation - the top 100 Google results for 'Mofo' show zero results (other than this page). I've taken it out from the introductory sentence. Perhaps it could be mentioned later in the piece. Earthlyreason (talk) 05:09, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Logo and Godzilla links?
There's no section about the name Mozilla being a play on words on Godzilla? And the dinosaur logo? Where did the name Mozilla come from? --24.249.108.133 18:24, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Take a look at the Mozilla_(mascot) page. Earthlyreason (talk) 05:22, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Historic and current relationships
One thing that has never been clear (to me) is Mozilla's relationship to Netscape/AOL/Time Warner. Can somebody answer explicitly and unambiguously the following questions and add the info to the article?

Ham Pastrami 08:12, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * What relationship does the current Mozilla Foundation have with Netscape (or any of its other former "parent" entities)?
 * Who provides principal funding for MF?
 * In what way were Netscape and Mozilla different entities prior to the founding of Mozilla as an NPO?
 * When Netscape originally released the browser code as open source, who was assigned the copyright to that source?
 * Is the relation of Netscape browsers to Mozilla/Firefox privileged in any fashion, or are Netscape's browsers simply a third-party modification to the Mozilla source?

Historic and current relationships problematic

 * is is true programmers "gift" their code to AOL (=Netscape)??

[Page of Andcon http://www.courageunfettered.com/stuf/mozilla2/] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.6.31.73 (talk) 14:27, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

 * That article is from year 2003.
 * Mozilla Public License is a free software license allowing that -- although unlike BSD, it's copyleft, though weak.
 * You could say that they shouldn't gift their code to proprietary browsers, but then Time Warner would go back to using IE's rendering engine in their browser, thus giving an advantage to sites designed solely for Internet Explorer.
 * You still can drop any license when creating a derivative of a Mozilla tri-licensed product. IIRC, Flock is doing that.
 * --AVRS 17:46, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Board size
The article says the board has 7 members, and then lists 6. Any word on who the secret illuminati representative is? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.172.93.221 (talk) 20:03, 19 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Secret illuminati? They only appear to have six members. They may have had seven at one time and it appears their constitution allows up to seven  but one of the board members must have left and they never bothered to get another one (nor are they required to) so they only have six at the current time. Someone forgot to change the number when removing the name I guess Nil Einne (talk) 13:18, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Lucrative?
4 employees, and they're pulling in 66 million dollars per year? What happened to the notion of sharing the wealth...? They should set up offices in some beautiful picturesque tourist town, and add to the local economy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.201.218.65 (talk) 18:29, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

All the employees are paid through the Mozilla Corporation (100+ employees). Additionally the Mozilla Foundation provides funding for various open source projects. See |Mozilla Foundation grants and related expenditures for 2007 Kbrosnan (talk) 18:34, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

TimeWarner
Is the foundation owned by Time Warner? Because I think it's part of AOL. --172.206.85.126 (talk) 09:24, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

It is not. AOL did provide the foundation 2 million USD donation, released the trademarks and some physical assets to the fledgling foundation. Kbrosnan (talk) 18:42, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Four employees?
The infobox on this page says that the Mozilla Foundation has 4 employees. The history indicates that it has been this way for quite some time. While I can't find any source indicating that it doesn't indeed have 4 employees, I just find it very unlikely that a company of this much importance would have only 4 employees. --Sauronjim (talk) 03:07, 13 April 2009 (UTC) The article itself lists six members of the Board of Directors, as well as at least four other employees, which I would take to mean that the Foundation must have a minimum of ten employees. --Sauronjim (talk) 03:20, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

More references?
This article only has one reference. seems like some more details could be sourced. any takers? -Tracer9999 (talk) 16:57, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

International Affiliates
Would anyone be opposed to combining Mozilla Japan, Mozilla China, and Mozilla Europe into one article such as User:EvilHom3r/International_Mozilla_Organizations (or perhaps "Mozilla Affiliates")? I have also merged Mozilla Online into this article since it seems pointless to link to a one-line article. Mozilla Messaging could potentially be merged into this article too given its short nature. EvilHom3r (talk) 04:45, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

Mozilla Foundation branding
According to Mozilla, the current branding for the Mozilla Foundation is their wordmark, set in Meta Bold, which has replaced the classic Mozilla dino head logo. So, I'm swapping out dino head with the wordmark in this article. (See: ) —Waldhorn (talk) 07:00, 11 September 2014 (UTC)

Governance unclear
I cannot understand the Mozilla Foundation's corporate governance from this article.

The "open source bona fides" of Mozilla's Firefox had me assume that it was a non-profit organization, as this article states, so I was surprised to find from a link in the latest release notes to its free video chat service: Firefox Hello that Mozilla's parent company is the for-profit Telefónica.

In the History section, the article also notes that the Mozilla Organization (a term switched for the Mozilla Foundation later in the same para - no explanation given) was initially set up by Netscape (a for-profit), a subsidiary of AOL (a for-profit), with AOL's funding.

The Mozilla Organization was initially either a wholly owned subsidiary, of AOL or of both AOL and Netscape, or it was set up as a non-profit. If it was set up as a non-profit then it could not later have been purchased by a for-profit - Telefonica - as Mozilla states is the case. There can only be one parent company, the applicable term for more is simply: shareholder, but in any case a non-profit organization cannot have shareholders or owners (see e.g: Nonprofit organization. I therefore find it hard from the literature to see how a non-profit can be bought or owned by a for-profit, yet apparently we are to understand that Mozilla (non-profit) has been or is. To make matters worse, the article's introduction states that: "The subsidiary (the Mozilla Corporation) is 100% owned by the parent, and therefore follows the same non-profit principles", however if a subsidiary of a parent that is non-profit is non-profit then as Mozila is non-profit AOL is also non-profit, a clearly absurd conclusion.   Also the same principle would presumably hold in the case of for-profit companies.  This would mean that as AOL and Netscape are for-profit, then Mozilla and its offspring are also for profit.

Can an expert in company law help to clarify this muddle?

LookingGlass (talk) 13:18, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Here's your error. That press release is on tokbox.com - the parent company of _Tokbox_ is Telefonica, not Mozilla. The Mozilla Foundation was set up as a non-profit (US 501(c) 3) and still is. 86.142.123.251 (talk) 19:06, 12 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks, good catch! I didn't notice that I was being transferred to tokbox when I clicked the link on the Mozilla page. The Firefox logo on the article dominated the bland black banner and I assumed I was on Mozilla still!  D'oh!  LookingGlass (talk) 22:13, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

 * I'd quibble with "set up by"; Netscape sacked all the people but consented to transfer the servers and trademarks. And AOL did provide some initial funding. But it's perfectly possible for for-profit organisations to set up or make donations to non-profit organizations. What rule says that can't happen? Mozilla is a 501(c)3. See https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/about/governance/organizations/, https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/about/history/details/ , and you can find all of the legal documents and official non-profit tax filings here: https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/foundation/documents/. Hopefully that should be enough to convince you that this is all actually very clear :-) Gerv 18:57, 13 December 2014 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gerv (talk • contribs)
 * Doesn't seem like a "quibble". I'm not an expert but I suggest the key point is that while a for-profit can "set-up" a non-profit organisation, once it has done so there cannot then be any contractual link between the two.  I am guessing that Netscape didn't simply change its name to Mozilla but that: Netscape was dissolved/liquidated (as you say all Netscape contracts were terminated), that a new organization, Mozilla, was set up, and that various of Netscape's assets were donated to Mozilla (I assume a number of Netscape employees were re-hired by the new organization.
 * LookingGlass (talk) 22:13, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, you can read the sources I linked to if you want to read what happened. But Netscape was not dissolved/liquidated to form Mozilla - it continued then, and still exists today. The people who were employed by Mozilla were previously laid off by Netscape. A very small number of assets (a few servers, a trademark or two) were donated, plus $2M over 2 years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gerv (talk • contribs) 17:20, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Could and maybe even should ... but my wish was for the article to stand without a need for going somewhere else. So, Netscape didn't dissolve.  Ok, that makes no difference to the substance of my guess which now seems to be correct.  I would now try and tidy up the article to make the story clear from the off, but you're the one doing the explaining not vice versa.  The intro for instance, even in light of what I now understand remains confusing:

It (the Foundation) owns a taxable subsidiary: the Mozilla Corporation, .... The subsidiary  is 100% owned by the parent, '''and therefore follows the same non-profit principles'''. I am guessing that taxable = for-profit, and that a non-profit can own a for-profit, even if I can't get my head around this, but what seems clear is that there is no need for a for-profit to follow "the same principles" as its non-profit owner. Their relationship is just an accounting issue. The rest is up to the parent to decide, ansd they can change their mind anytime. So although thanks to you I now get the rough idea, the article could be made a great deal clearer without the need for any DIY research, at least in terms of the "family-tree" and history. LookingGlass (talk) 19:29, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

 * "The rest is up to the parent to decide" -- and the parent is constrained to operating in line with its founding principles as a non-profit. So the subsidiary is constrained exactly as far as the parent is. Speaking frankly, given the history of discussion above, you might want to refrain from using the phrase "it seems clear" for a while, as things which seem clear to you often turn out not to be the case :-) Mozilla's structure is not all that common in the USA, but there are other examples, it's pretty common in the UK, and it works exactly as the article says it does. I surmise that the reason the article doesn't go into great detail about the "family tree" is that, contrary to your initial assertion, the greater detail is simply not relevant to the organization's operating principles today.

 * "a non-profit can own a for-profit, even if I can't get my head around this" -- there are many organizations structured this way; the usual reason is that they are charities which have sources of income which do not fit within charitable rules, and so must be taxed. Oxfam in the UK, which runs a network of shops, is another example. Gerv 07:42, 22 December 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gerv (talk • contribs)

 * Hmm, interesting reply. So, I should refrain from certain phrasiology whereas you .... ?  Our exchange has descended into the mud.  Owning a shop (Oxfam) doesn't relate to the issue at hand.  The phrase "getting my head around" - referred to the "principles" involved and we appear to be using different interpretations/definitions of this word.  If you re-interpret what I have been writing with this in mind you may engage with it, and if you do you may also realize that I couldn't disagree more with your conclusion regarding the article.  For the record, I am aware of the situation in the UK as, while I am not a lawyer or barrister (hence my request for expertise) I am nonetheless legally trained and qualified.  I have worked both to set up charitable entities as well as consulted to them.  So, drop the attitude?  Smilies don't cut it.   LookingGlass (talk) 11:14, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

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Merely a front

 * Yahoo! Search, however, is merely a front for Microsoft's search engine Bing, and Microsoft takes a 12% cut of all revenue from the search business.

Found this in the financing section. Holy Bias, Batman! How is this relevant to Firefox? And with the wording "merely a front", I am picturing an anti-"m$" open source guy saying that with clenched teeth. I get Firefox/OSS people aren't fans of Microsoft but this just seems like a pointless, unrelated jab. Anybody else agree?

MatttK (talk) 12:43, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

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Mozilla Firefox
Is there another Firefox web-browser, than Mozilla Firefox? Does it really needed to be (re)highlighted? (Pleonasm?) --Alien4 (talk) 17:48, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

Dubious Focus
I found this article: https://lunduke.locals.com/post/4387539/firefox-money-investigating-the-bizarre-finances-of-mozilla and i think the doubts on the focus and finances of this organization while claim they need donations to further firefox and related topic deserves a mention here Informalinquirer (talk) 20:23, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mozilla Foundation


text:
Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish

"Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish" is the fourth episode of the second season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It is actually the first episode of that season in the production order. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on November 1, 1990. In the episode, Bart catches a three-eyed fish in a river downstream of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. After an inspection of the plant reveals numerous safety violations, Mr. Burns runs for governor to prevent the plant from being closed. The night before the election, Burns has a televised dinner with the Simpsons to show his appeal to the common voter. Marge sabotages Burns' political stunt and dooms his campaign by serving him the head of Blinky, the three-eyed fish.

The episode was written by Sam Simon and John Swartzwelder, and directed by Wes Archer. It was the first episode produced for season two and was intended to air as the season premiere, but was replaced with "Bart Gets an 'F' due to Bart's popularity in the early 1990s. The episode features cultural references to several American films, mostly the 1941 film Citizen Kane, with Burns in the role of the character Charles Foster Kane. Mary Bailey shares her name with George Bailey's wife in the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life.

Journalists have described the episode as a satire on both American politics and environmentalism. It won an Environmental Media Award in 1991 for being the best television episode of the year with an environmental message. Since the episode first aired, the three-eyed fish Blinky has been mentioned several times in news articles regarding nuclear waste and mutation.

The episode was positively received by television critics for its satire on American politics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 15.8, and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired.

Plot
Bart and Lisa go fishing downstream of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. Springfield Shopper reporter Dave Shutton arrives just as Bart catches a three-eyed fish. After the fish, nicknamed Blinky by the media, makes headlines, the incumbent governor Mary Bailey sends a government inspection team to the plant, suspecting nuclear waste may have caused the mutation. The plant's owner, Mr. Burns, is presented with a list of 342 violations which will cost $56 million (approximately $129 million in 2023) to rectify. Distraught, Burns takes up Homer's suggestion that he run for governor to prevent the plant from being closed.

Burns' political advisers inform him that he is greatly despised by most people, while Bailey is beloved by all. To quell the controversy over Blinky, Burns appears on television with an actor portraying Charles Darwin who claims Blinky is an evolutionary leap, not a "hideous genetic mutation". After Burns vows to lower taxes and runs a smear campaign against Bailey, his campaign ties hers in the polls. Burns' advisers suggest that he have dinner at the home of one of his employees the night before the election. After scanning the plant's video monitors for the most average man he can find, Burns chooses Homer.

The upcoming dinner with Burns divides the Simpson household. With Homer supporting Burns's campaign simply to not antagonize his boss, Marge and Lisa are appalled that Homer has allowed Burns to use their home as a campaign tool, only agreeing to it after Homer begs. For dinner, Marge serves Blinky, placing the fish's head on Burns's plate. Unable to swallow the fish, Burns spits it out. Cameras flash as the expelled bite flies through the air and hits the floor, dooming his gubernatorial campaign. Bailey wins the election. Burns destroys the Simpsons' furnishings in a fit of rage, but Lisa prevents any major damage by saying that “I don’t see what destroying our possessions will accomplish.” Burns warns that he will ensure Homer's dreams will go unfulfilled as long as he lives. However, Marge happily reassures Homer that his ambitions are so meagre nobody could possibly thwart them.

Production
The episode was written by Sam Simon and John Swartzwelder, and directed by Wes Archer. Blinky had previously made a brief appearance in the season one episode "Homer's Odyssey", in which he was seen swimming in the lake outside the plant. The writers liked the design of the fish and decided to devote an episode to him.

Mary Bailey and Springfield Shopper reporter Dave Shutton made their first appearance on the show in this episode. Dave Shutton, voiced by Harry Shearer, was named after a friend of Swartzwelder. Dave Shutton's roles have since become less relevant and have been reduced to cameos and appearances in crowd scenes. Mary Bailey would later appear briefly in episodes such as "Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade" and "The Seven-Beer Snitch". Nancy Cartwright ad-libs Bart's blasphemous prayer at the dinner with Mr. Burns (which takes place during the episode's climax) and she records it in one take. It was so funny that the crew was laughing during the prayer, and immediately after she finished, Cartwright and the rest of the voice cast also broke into uncontrollable laughter. Producer Matt Groening says it was fortunate she could do it in one take, as a second would have been impossible to do.

During the Tracey Ullman Show and the first season of The Simpsons, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed "Bartmania". Due to the success of the first season, the Fox network decided to switch The Simpsons ' timeslot in hopes that it would steal ratings from NBC's "powerhouse" line up. The show was moved from its 8:00 p.m. EST Sunday night slot to the same time on Thursday, where it would compete with NBC's The Cosby Show, the number one show at the time. "Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish" was the first episode produced for the second season, but "Bart Gets an 'F' aired first because of Bart's popularity and the producers wanted to premiere with an episode involving him in hopes of stealing viewers from The Cosby Show.

Cultural references

The name of the episode comes from the slogan in a political advert used in Herbert Hoover's presidential campaign in 1928, "A Chicken In Every Pot", which the advert later amplifies with "And a car in every backyard, to boot.". Several parts of the episode are inspired by the 1941 film Citizen Kane, all with Mr. Burns in the role of Charles Foster Kane. The campaign rally scene where Burns speaks in front of a giant poster of himself is a reference to a scene from that film. The scene where Burns trashes the Simpson family's dining room after the dinner is similar to the scene in which Kane destroys his ex-wife's room. Mary Bailey shares her name with George Bailey's wife in the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life. Burns hires an actor to portray the nineteenth-century scientist Charles Darwin to help in his claim that the three-eyed fish was the result of evolution. Darwin was a naturalist who presented compelling evidence that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors, through the process he called natural selection. The clip of Burns driving a military tank in his campaign montage is similar to a clip featured in Michael Dukakis's 1988 United States presidential campaign, in which he can be seen driving a tank. A re-run of the episode that aired on June 25, 1992, included a new chalkboard gag in the opening credits that featured Bart writing "It's potato, not potatoe" on the chalkboard. This is a reference to a spelling blunder by the then-Vice President of the United States Dan Quayle, who corrected a student's correct spelling of "potato" to "potatoe" at an elementary school spelling bee in Trenton, New Jersey, on June 15, 1992.

Themes and impact

Journalists have described "Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish" as a satire on American politics. Joanne Ostrow, a reviewer for The Denver Post, said only a cartoon could get away with "such pointed satire" of American political campaigning and advertising that is featured in the episode. She compared it to the "counter-cultural posture" television shows such as Second City Television and Saturday Night Live took in the mid-1970s: "In those days, this sort of alternative viewpoint was kept out of prime time. [In The Simpsons case], it's still relegated to the (distant) fourth network, but at least the time is prime." Jeremy Kleinman of DVD Talk wrote: "The writers of The Simpsons have often come across as unabashedly liberal and this episode is no exception as political/social commentary takes a step closer to the foreground during this episode." Al Jean, current show runner of The Simpsons, has himself admitted in an interview that the show is of a "liberal bent". In the DVD commentaries, creator Matt Groening and the majority of people who work on the show state several times that they are very liberal, but some, such as John Swartzwelder (one of the writers of this and many other The Simpsons episodes), are libertarian. The show portrays government and large corporations as callous entities that take advantage of the common worker. Thus, the writers often portray authority figures in an unflattering or negative light. In The Simpsons, politicians are corrupt, ministers such as Reverend Lovejoy are indifferent to churchgoers, and the local police force is incompetent.

The episode also features an environmentalism theme. This theme is present in the nuclear power plant's polluting Lake Springfield, which causes the fish in the lake to mutate. University of the Sciences in Philadelphia physics and mathematics professor Paul Halpern discussed the episode in his book What's Science Ever Done for Us?: What the Simpsons Can Teach Us About Physics, Robots, Life, and the Universe. He comments: "Considering the fact that [Charles Darwin's theory of] natural selection takes generations and that successful varieties must sustain a survival advantage over others, the only way Mr. Burns can prove his assertion [that the fish is the next step in evolution through natural selection] is by tracking Blinky over time to see if the third eye allows the mutant fish to find food more quickly or dodge predators." Mark Meister and Phyllis M. Japp discuss the environmental theme of the episode in their book Enviropop: Studies in Environmental Rhetoric and Popular Culture. The authors think human pollution is characterized in the episode as an improvement on nature, and human progress is viewed as an "integral" part of human evolution. They add: "These references articulate specific criticism of current environmental regulations, specifically the lax enforcement of the regulations concerning the dumping, safe storage, and disposal of nuclear waste. Furthermore, this episode condemns the manipulation of political and economic power to disguise ecological accountability and to shift blame for environmental problems." The authors also say the episode comments on the lack of adherence to safety standards for the plant, and criticizes the "apathetic acceptance" of unforced environmental inspections. In addition, they comment that the episode "explicitly criticizes media spin-doctors who distort the impacts of ecological degradation caused by wealthy corporations such as the nuclear power plant."

On February 13, 1991, a local group in Albany, New York, fought the government's plan to create a nuclear waste dump in their neighborhood. It was staged by Citizens Against Radioactive Dumping (CARD) at the monthly meeting of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Siting Commission in Albany. Here four children dressed up as Homer, Marge, Bart, and Lisa, and presented a three-eyed fabric fish, which looked like Blinky, to the commission. In addition to that they performed a rap song, which explained the plot of the episode.

Since the episode's initial airing, Blinky has been mentioned several times in news articles regarding nuclear waste and mutation. A reporter for the Lincoln Journal Star compared Blinky to a rainbow trout with two mouths caught in Lincoln, Nebraska, in 2005. The fish was mentioned in a National Review article discussing a legislation which would make it illegal to import, possess or release alive into California any live transgenic fish: "Sounds like someone watched one too many episodes of The Simpsons with Blinky, the three-eyed fish that swims by the nuclear-power plant." Matt Smith of SF Weekly compared Blinky to a type of fish found in San Francisco Bay, which, according to a study by the University of California, Davis, had a shrunken brain and misshapen body that had been caused by the dumping of toxic chemicals into the bay. In an article about the now closed nuclear weapons production facility Rocky Flats Plant, Brian Park of The Rocky Mountain Collegian joked that after its closure, "years of cleanup ensued and now the area is a wildlife refuge; no word yet if Blinky has been spotted." Barbara Taormina of the North Shore Sunday wrote in her article about the new liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipeline in Massachusetts Bay: "Will Blinky, the mutant three-eyed fish from The Simpsons be showing up in Massachusetts Bay? Probably not, but local environmentalists are worried that digging for the new LNG pipeline may stir up radioactive waste dumped decades ago." In his article about the nuclear power plant operator Exelon, Thomas M. Anderson of Kiplinger wrote: "The thought of more nuclear power may conjure up images of the Three Mile Island accident or Blinky [...], but a growing number of policymakers and even environmentalists are coming to appreciate the advantages of atomic energy." The episode was mentioned when a three-eyed Atlantic wolffish was caught in 2011 in Córdoba, Argentina near a local nuclear power plant.

Reception
In its original broadcast, "Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish" finished nineteenth in the ratings for the week of October 29–November 4, 1990, with a Nielsen rating of 15.8, equivalent to approximately 14.7 million viewing households. The Simpsons was the highest-rated show on Fox that week, but was beaten by The Cosby Show which got a 20.2 rating. The episode won an Environmental Media Award in the "Best Television Episodic Comedy" category, which has been awarded every year since 1991 to the best television episode with an environmental message. It was The Simpsons first Environmental Media Award, but the show has won six more since then.

The episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics since airing. The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, called the episode a "superb example" of political satire, "demonstrating the lengths people will go to to win votes. Marge, of course, sees straight through Burns and uses Blinky the three-eyed fish to demonstrate his lack of conviction." Phil Rosenthal of the Los Angeles Daily News called the episode a "wonderful stab" at American politics and the "media machine that drives it", and added: "The message is so subtle, the makers of The Simpsons might deny it is there at all for fear of turning off a portion of its audience. Truth is, you may very well be so busy laughing and taking in the fine details, such as the references to Citizen Kane, to notice."

Hal Boedeker of The Miami Herald said the episode took "some well-aimed satirical jabs at American politics and the publics' short attention span. The episode has the wit of the best of All in the Family, and benign mother Marge becomes a force for good, in the Edith Bunker tradition." Virginia Mann of The Record called the episode "terrific", though she believed its social and political "overtones" were more likely to appeal to adults than children. Tom Shales of the Washington Post described the episode as "a bull's-eye political satire". Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described the episode as "masterful".

Doug Pratt, a DVD reviewer and Rolling Stone contributor, thought the episode's story was "nicely composed, so you don't have to recognize the Citizen Kane references to appreciate the effort, but it adds to the fun." He also noted that it begins the exploration of Mr. Burns "in earnest, the first of many characters who will receive elaborate coverage as the series advances." Jeremy Kleinman of DVD Talk thought both Lisa's "tremendous intellect" and Marge's "moral compass" were "probed" in the episode, and he thought one "clear highlight" of the episode was Burns's attempts to explain away Blinky's mutation by turning to an actor portraying Charles Darwin who proceeds to give a speech suggesting that Blinky is merely advanced.

DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson wrote: "The episode took an unusual approach for an early show, as it focused largely on a secondary character. One could argue that season one's 'Krusty Gets Busted' did the same, but 'Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish' provided a heavier emphasis on Burns than that prior program did Krusty. This helped make it a fairly good episode. It fleshed out Burns's character a little better and gave us a reasonably entertaining experience. The episode fell short of greatness, but it worked nicely for the most part."


text: Category:Sultans of Egypt

title: Category:Sultans of Egypt


text:
Talk:Mast (sailing)

Ships had three masts, built in three parts?
It is my belief that, technically, only a sailing vessel with 3 masts can be called a "ship". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Deant (talk • contribs)

 * Questionining the statement that "Until the 20th century, a ship's masts would be wooden spars, originally constructed from a single straight tree trunk." While I have limited knowledge of this, I regularly see the USS constitution, built in 1797.  Her masts are not a single spar, but 3.  She was a large frigate for her time, but I am not sure that the construction was unusual.--Scrod98 16:42, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It's my understanding that a ship-rigged sailing vessel is one with three or more masts, all carrying square sails. A three (or more) masted vessel carrying square sails on all but the aftmost mast would be a barque. A three-masted vessel carrying square sails only on its foremast would be a barquentine. Alan Villiers said (I think), that the naming of the masts on vessels with five masts tended to be unstandardised. One naming scheme he gave consisted of fore, main, mizzen, [edited: ZScarpia (talk)] middle, mizzen and jigger masts. For an example of a ship where the masts were made from steel, see the Preussen (completed in 1902).  -- ZScarpia (talk) 17:35, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

 * From Austin M Knight, "Modern Seamanship", 8th edition, United States Navy, 1921 (which may be downloaded as a PDF file:
 * p.765: A ship may have more than three masts. Four-masted ships are common, and five-masters are occasionally seen. In a fourmaster the after-mast is called the jigger-mast. In a five-master, the masts are usually called "fore," "main," "middle," "mizzen," and "jigger."
 * p.769: Lower masts in modern ships are usually built up of steel plates stiffened in various ways by steel shapes. Built-up masts of wood are no longer used, although lower masts made of single pine sticks are not uncommon in sailing ships of moderate size. Topmasts and topgallant-masts are still made of wood, usually of pine. The mast rests on a step, placed as low as possible ; usually on the keelson. At the lower end is a tenon fitting into a mortise at the step. Where the mast passes through the successive decks, timbers are built in from beam to beam, forming partners; the space between these and the mast being filled by tightly fitting wedges. The masthead is smaller than the body of the mast, and at the shoulder, called the hounds, where the reduction in size is made, heavy knees or bibbs, are bolted on, widening the shoulder and forming a secure support for the trestle-trees; stout fore-and-aft pieces which, in their turn, support the cross-trees, the top, the topmast, and the eyes of the lower rigging. The cross-trees are athwartship pieces crossing the trestle-trees forward and abaft the masthead, and forming the principal part of the framing of the top. They are jogged down into the trestle-trees, and with the latter form a skeleton to which the comparatively light planking of the top is secured. The lower masthead terminates in a square tenon, to which the cap is fitted. This may be of wood, iron-bound, or built up of steel. The topmast passes through a round hole in the forward part of the cap, which thus binds the two masts together. In the heel of the mast is a thwartship hole, square in section, through which is placed an iron fid, with its ends projecting and resting on the trestle-trees on either side. Two sheaves placed diagonally in the heel of the topmast furnish a lead for the top pendants, by which the mast is sent up and down. The over-lapping parts of the lower masts and topmasts are the doublings. The topmast head is fitted in practically the same way as the lower masthead, and the heel of the topgallant-mast "doubles" upon it similarly. Cross-trees are used here as spreaders for the. topgallant rigging, but without a top.
 * Topgallant and royal masts are in one, but the diameter is reduced at the topgallant masthead forming hounds, upon which rests the topgallant funnel; a composition cylinder, with two thwartship arms forming the "Jack." At the royal masthead is a similar shoulder, with an iron band for the rigging, and above this is the pole terminating in a tenon to which the truck is fitted. The truck usually carries the point of a lightning conductor, the lower end of which makes contact with the hull, or, in the case of a wooden ship, with the copper well below the water-line. Trysail masts are fitted up and down abaft the lower masts, being stepped on deck and secured at the head by bands connecting by a key to corresponding bands on the lower mast.
 * -- ZScarpia (talk) 16:31, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

 * From Naval warfare: an international encyclopedia, editor Spencer C. Tucker, ISBN 1-57607-219-3 (hardcover), ABC-CLIO, Inc., Santa Barbara, California, 2002:
 * Barque (Ship Type) (entry written by Walter W. Jaffee):
 * British spelling of "bark." A sailing vessel of three or more masts, all of which are square-rigged except the after mast, which is fore- and aft-rigged. The earlier strict definition of a bark referred only to a three-masted sailing vessel. However, modern usage encompasses all vessels of such rig, regardless of the number of masts. The masts, from forward to aft, are the foremast, mainmast, mizzenmast, and, if a fourth is carried, jigger mast. On five-masted barks the center mast becomes the middle mast, the fourth mast is termed the mizzenmast, and the after mast is referred to as the jigger mast. A variation of the type was the jackass bark in which a fore-and-aft sail was rigged on the lower mainmast and square sails were rigged on the top and topgallant masts. Three-masted barks were the most common vessels in northern European merchant fleets at the end of the nineteenth century. To become competitive with steam, the type evolved into the barkentine, which carried fewer square sails and more fore-and-aft sails and consequently was less costly to operate due to the smaller crews needed with fore-and-aft rigs. The word "bark" comes from the French barque and before that the Portuguese and Latin barica.
 *       ZScarpia  16:43, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

The definition has varied over time, and also depending on who is speaking. In the early 19th Century, for instance, to a sailor, a ship was a three-masted vessel, whose masts were all in threes (lower, topmast, and topgallant), though royals might also appear. But at the time, carrying more than three masts was uncommon. This gets further complicated by the fact that sailors also spoke of "ship-rigged" vessels, which were not ships but carried a similar sail plan. To a landsman, though, such niceties would have been lost - if it was a larger sailing vessel it risked being called a ship. Two hundred years later, we still have the USS Constitution and HMS Victory, but we also have (or had) the RMS Titanic, HMS Hood, (letters unknown to me)Andrea Dorea, and RMS (?)Queen Mary, none of which carried any sail, but all of which are/were ships. (My references are in boxes at the moment (I'm moving) but I'll be back next week with them) --Badger151 (talk) 17:59, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Seven-masted ship
Fore, main, mizzen, jigger, then kicker, spanker and pusher. Okay, there weren't a lot of 7-masted ships! Suggest the section on masts be merged from Full rigged ship.Student7 (talk) 20:05, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Globalize tag
Contact me if you have problems with the addition of the tag, or, even better, you should add information about masts and sailing from other cultures apart from Europe. The mayor of Yurp (talk) 15:34, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

waR
referencing pirate ships in this day and age is a debatable subject, perhaps 15 minutes of your time is useful in discerning succesful pirate ships

waR
referencing pirate ships in this day and age is a debatable subject, perhaps 15 minutes of your time is useful in discerning succesful pirate ships — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.72.239.247 (talk) 12:04, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

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Freight ship mast with cargo gear
What is missing here and as far as I can tell in all other articles, is a description of a mast with loading booms and other cargo handling gear, as was standard on general freight ships before containerization came in the 1960s, as shown in this great old film: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PJ4zTvNwwQ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cancun (talk • contribs) 10:22, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Mast Steps?
Mast step redirects here. But there's no discussion of what mast steps are. Please add something. Will (Talk - contribs) 00:24, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mast (sailing)