text:
Talk:Dopes to Infinity

I remember this being the first CD I had that carried audio and data in a single session. The CD had a (probably less than 2 seconds) video clip of, if I remember correctly, Dave Wyndorf shouting "I talk to planets baby!" I remember being surprised because there was no visible sector gap on the disc.

I have long ago sold my copy, can anyone else confirm this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.8.115.157 (talk) 09:54, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

* The track "Look to Your Orb for the Warning" was featured on The Matrix soundtrack.
Isn't this redundant? It's already mentioned in another section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rattlesnake269 (talk • contribs) 21:02, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dopes to Infinity. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141118064621/http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Monster+Magnet&titel=Dopes+To+Infinity&cat=a to http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Monster+Magnet&titel=Dopes+To+Infinity&cat=a

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:12, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dopes to Infinity


text:
Derek Robinson

Derek Robinson may refer to:

 * Derek Robinson (novelist) (born 1932), British novelist
 * Derek Robinson (trade unionist) (1927–2017), known as "Red Robbo," British trade union spokesman
 * Derek Robinson (physicist) (1941–2002), fusion scientist and director of the Culham Science Center
 * Derek Robinson (sport shooter) (born 1931), British Olympic shooter
 * Derek W. Robinson (1935–2021), British-Australian theoretical mathematician and physicist

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Derek Robinson


text:
Norm Frauenheim

Norm Frauenheim (born 1949) is a sports writer from Arizona. Frauenheim had a weekly boxing column at The Arizona Republic. Apart from his duties as boxing writer, he also reports on Phoenix Suns NBA basketball games, going to every Suns' game throughout the NBA season, and he works on NCAA basketball games. One of his NCAA basketball game reports earned him an award. His work has also appeared in USA Today, Los Angeles Times and New York Times. He covered Canelo Alvarez' victory over Sergey Kovalev in November 2019 and Tyson Fury's win over Deontay Wilder in February 2020 for the Los Angeles Times. He covered Timothy Bradley's controversial decision over Manny Pacquiao in June 2012 for The New York Times.

Frauenheim is best known for his boxing articles. With his column, he helped Arizona boxing fans familiarize themselves with boxers such as Johnny Tapia, Fernando Vargas, Danny Romero and many other non-Arizona residents. He was also important in developing a fan base for local fighters including the then amateur Michael Carbajal and Yvonne Trevino. He has also written columns on the careers of Phoenix residents Jesús González, Vassiliy Jirov, and José Miguel Cotto, who is Puerto Rican.

In 1998, Frauenheim was one of the first boxing writers in Arizona to announce that Mike Tyson had moved there.

Frauenheim was one of the first writers to note that Julio César Chávez allegedly left Phoenix without taking a urine drug test for the Arizona State Boxing Commission after his 2000 bout with Kostya Tszyu. In another of his columns, published on February 1, 2005, he described local trainer Joe Diaz as "volatile".

Frauenheim won the first place award in 2000 from the Arizona Press Club in the category "Sports Deadline Reporting" and the second place award in the same category. Both awards were related to his work as a special reporter for the Republic at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. In 2008, Frauenheim won the Boxing Writers Association of America's Fleischer Award for excellence in boxing journalism.

In 2003, he won the second place award from the Arizona Press Club for his article titled "Arizona humiliated by LSU". He also earned the third place on the "Sports enterprise reporting under 1,000 words" category for his article named "de la Hoya set for defining fight".

That same year, he was named, alongside 35 other boxing reporters from across the US, to vote on a proposition by New York attorney general Eliot Spitzer. The proposition would have introduced a series of measures protecting boxers fighting in the United States. The panel also included Larry Merchant, Wallace Matthews and International Boxing Hall of Fame member, writer Bill Gallo.

Frauenheim is frequently seen at press conferences held before fights in Arizona. He informs his readers when a press conference is free for the public to attend, or when a boxer will have a public workout, so that fans can meet their favorite boxers. He is also sent frequently to Los Angeles and Las Vegas to cover large boxing events for The Arizona Republic.

title: Norm Frauenheim


text:
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC; French: Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime) is a United Nations office that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by combining the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the United Nations Office at Vienna, adopting the current name in 2002.

The agency's focus is the trafficking and abuse of illicit drugs, crime prevention and criminal justice, international terrorism, and political corruption. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group. In 2022–23, it had an estimated biannual budget of US$822 million.

History
The United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the United Nations Office at Vienna were merged to form the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention. This was renamed United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2002.

Organizational structure

The is a network consisting of UNODC as well as many crime-related institutes and other centres around the world. Its aim is to strengthen international co-operation in the areas of crime prevention and criminal justice. The network facilitates the "exchange of information, research, training and public education".

UNODC, which as of 2020 employs around 3400 people worldwide, has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria, with 115 field offices and two liaison offices in Brussels and in New York City. The United Nations Secretary-General appoints the agency's Executive Director. Yuri Fedotov, the former Russian Ambassador to the United Kingdom, held this position from 2010 until 2019, when the United Nations Secretary-General announced that Ms. Ghada Fathi Waly of Egypt would replace him as both executive director of UNODC and Director General of the United Nations Office at Vienna.

UNODC incorporates the secretariat of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB).

UNODC's Terrorism Prevention Branch was headed by International terrorism studies expert Alex P. Schmid from 1999 to 2005.

The agency is a member of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group.

Budget
In 2022–2023 it had an estimated biannual budget of US$822 million.

Aims and functions
UNODC was established to assist the UN in better addressing a coordinated, comprehensive response to the interrelated issues of illicit trafficking in and abuse of drugs, crime prevention and criminal justice, international terrorism, and political corruption. These goals are pursued through three primary functions: research, guidance and support to governments in the adoption and implementation of various crime-, drug-, terrorism-, and corruption-related conventions, treaties and protocols, as well as technical/financial assistance to said governments to face their respective situations and challenges in these fields.

The office aims long-term to better equip governments to handle drug-, crime-, terrorism-, and corruption-related issues, to maximise knowledge on these issues among governmental institutions and agencies, and also to maximise awareness of said matters in public opinion, globally, nationally and at community level. Approximately 90% of the Office's funding comes from voluntary contributions, mainly from governments.

These are the main themes that UNODC deals with: alternative development, anti-corruption, criminal justice, prison reform and crime prevention, drug prevention, treatment and care, HIV and AIDS, human trafficking and migrant smuggling, money laundering, organized crime, piracy, terrorism prevention.

The World Drug Report
The World Drug Report is a yearly publication that presents a comprehensive assessment of the international drug problem, with detailed information on the illicit drug situation. It provides estimates and information on trends in the production, trafficking and use of opium/heroin, coca/cocaine, cannabis and amphetamine-type stimulants. The Report, based on data and estimates collected or prepared by Governments, UNODC and other international institutions, attempts to identify trends in the evolution of global illicit drug markets.

Through the World Drug Report, UNODC aims to enhance member states' understanding of global illicit drug trends and increase their awareness of the need for the more systematic collection and reporting of data relating to illicit drugs.

Treaties
United Nations Conventions and their related Protocols underpin all the operational work of UNODC.

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
The convention is a legally binding instrument that entered into force on 29 September 2003, through which States parties commit to taking a series of measures against transnational organized crime. States that ratify the convention has the duty of creation of domestic offences to combat the problem, the adoption of new, sweeping frameworks for mutual legal assistance, extradition, law enforcement cooperation, technical assistance and training. The convention signifies an important stage in dealing with transnational crime by recognizing the seriousness of the problem that the crime poses, and gaining understanding from the member states of the importance of a cooperative measure. The convention is complemented by three different protocols:

 * the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children;
 * the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; and
 * the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition.

The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children aims to provide a convergence in the states' domestic offences in the investigation and the persecution process. Another objective of the protocol is to protect the victims of trafficking in persons with full respect.

The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air is concerned with the aggravating problem of organized crime groups for smuggling persons. The protocol aims to combat and prevent transnational smuggling as well as to promote cooperative measures for enhancing protective measures for victims.

The Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition was adopted to prevent and provide a cooperative measure for illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, their parts and components and ammunition. By adopting the protocol, the member states commit to adopt domestic criminal offences for illegal manufacturing, providing governmental licensing ammunition, and keeping track of the ammunition.

United Nations Convention against Corruption
In its resolution 55/61, the General Assembly recognized that an effective international legal instrument against corruption, independent of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime was desirable. The text of the convention was negotiated during seven sessions held between 21 January 2002 and 1 October 2003. The convention was adopted by the General Assembly on 31 October 2003. In 2003, the United Nations adopted the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). The Convention came into force in December 2005. 140 countries had signed and 164 countries (States Parties) had ratified the UNCAC. UNODC serves as the Secretariat for the Conference of the States Parties (CoSP) to the UNCAC.

UNCAC is a legally binding instrument (perhaps the only anti-corruption legally binding global instrument). A highlight of UNCAC is the inclusion of a specific chapter on asset recovery which aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners including countries from which they had been taken illicitly.

UNODC, as the custodian of UNCAC, is also one of the main initiators of the establishment of the International Anti-Corruption Academy (IACA), whose main function is to, among other things, facilitate more effective implementation of the UNCAC.

Drug-related treaties
There are three drug related treaties that guide UNODC's drug related programs. These are: The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as amended by the 1972 Protocol; the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988.

These three major international drug control treaties are mutually supportive and complementary. An important purpose of the first two treaties is to codify internationally applicable control measures in order to ensure the availability of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for medical and scientific purposes, and to prevent their diversion into illicit channels. They also include general provisions on trafficking and drug abuse.

Campaigns
UNODC launches campaigns to raise awareness of drugs and crime problems. On 26 June every year, UNODC marks the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking. On 9 December every year, UNODC commemorates the International Anti-Corruption Day.

"Do Drugs Control Your Life?" – World Drug Campaign
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) started this international campaign to raise awareness about the major challenge that illicit drugs represent to society as a whole, and especially to the young. The goal of the campaign is to mobilize support and to inspire people to act against drug abuse and trafficking. The campaign encourages young people to put their health first and not to take drugs.

"Your No Counts" – International Anti-Corruption Campaign
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has teamed up with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to run this campaign as a focus on how corruption hinders efforts to achieve the internationally agreed upon MDGs, undermines democracy and the rule of law, leads to human rights violations, distorts markets, erodes quality of life and allows organized crime, terrorism and other threats to human security to flourish.

"Think AIDS" – World AIDS Campaign
Young people aged 15 to 24 account for an estimated 40 per cent of new adult (15+) HIV infections worldwide. In some parts of the world, and in some marginalized sub-groups, the most frequent modes of HIV transmission for these young people are unsafe injecting drug use and unsafe sexual activities.

Because young people are also often more likely to use drugs, The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) targets this population with a campaign to raise awareness about drug use and its connection to the spread of HIV and AIDS. The slogan: "Think Before You Start ... Before You Shoot ... Before You Share" is used to provoke young people to consider the implications of using drugs, and particularly injecting drugs.

Blue Heart Campaign Against Human Trafficking
The Blue Heart Campaign seeks to encourage involvement and action to help stop trafficking in persons. The campaign also allows people to show solidarity with the victims of human trafficking by wearing the Blue Heart. The use of the blue UN colour demonstrates the commitment of the United Nations to combat this crime.

Criticism
In 2007, the five largest donors to UNODC's budget in descending order were: European Union, Canada, United States, the UN itself, and Finland. According to the Transnational Institute this explains why, until recently, UNODC did not promote harm reduction policies like needle exchange and heroin-assisted treatment. (This despite the actions of United Nations bodies (i.e. WHO and UNAIDS), who support these policies.) UNODC promotes other methods for drug use prevention, treatment and care that UNODC sees as "based on scientific evidence and on ethical standards". The UNODC has been criticized by human rights organizations such as Amnesty International for not promoting the inclusion of adherence to international human rights standards within its project in Iran, where there are "serious concerns regarding unfair trials and executions of those suspected of drug offences."

Association with the General Prosecutor of Qatar
UNODC has signed a partnership with the controversial Rule of Law and Anti-Corruption Center, which was founded by Ali Bin Fetais Al-Marri, the General-Prosecutor of Qatar.

Ali Bin Fetais Al-Marri has been accused of ill-gotten gains, corruption and support for Al-Qaeda terrorists by several media. He has also defended the life imprisonment of a Qatari poet and human rights campaigner.


text:
Category:Song stubs

See WikiProject Songs for some guidelines and suggestions.

This category is only for articles about individual songs. When appropriate, please use a more specific template:

title: Category:Song stubs


text:
User:Olearia

Hi there. I'm Olearia and I study science.

title: User:Olearia


text:
Effective temperature

The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation. Effective temperature is often used as an estimate of a body's surface temperature when the body's emissivity curve (as a function of wavelength) is not known.

When the star's or planet's net emissivity in the relevant wavelength band is less than unity (less than that of a black body), the actual temperature of the body will be higher than the effective temperature. The net emissivity may be low due to surface or atmospheric properties, such as the greenhouse effect.

Star

The effective temperature of a star is the temperature of a black body with the same luminosity per surface area ($\mathcal{F}_{Bol}$) as the star and is defined according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law $\mathcal{F}_{Bol} = σT_{eff}^{4}$. Notice that the total (bolometric) luminosity of a star is then $L = 4πR^{2}σT_{eff}^{4}$, where $R$ is the stellar radius. The definition of the stellar radius is obviously not straightforward. More rigorously the effective temperature corresponds to the temperature at the radius that is defined by a certain value of the Rosseland optical depth (usually 1) within the stellar atmosphere. The effective temperature and the bolometric luminosity are the two fundamental physical parameters needed to place a star on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. Both effective temperature and bolometric luminosity depend on the chemical composition of a star.

The effective temperature of the Sun is around $5,778 K$. The nominal value defined by the International Astronomical Union for use as a unit of measure of temperature is $5,772 K$. Stars have a decreasing temperature gradient, going from their central core up to the atmosphere. The "core temperature" of the Sun—the temperature at the centre of the Sun where nuclear reactions take place—is estimated to be 15,000,000 K.

The color index of a star indicates its temperature from the very cool—by stellar standards—red M stars that radiate heavily in the infrared to the very hot blue O stars that radiate largely in the ultraviolet. Various colour-effective temperature relations exist in the literature. There relations also have smaller dependencies on other stellar parameters, such as the stellar metallicity and surface gravity. The effective temperature of a star indicates the amount of heat that the star radiates per unit of surface area. From the hottest surfaces to the coolest is the sequence of stellar classifications known as O, B, A, F, G, K, M.

A red star could be a tiny red dwarf, a star of feeble energy production and a small surface or a bloated giant or even supergiant star such as Antares or Betelgeuse, either of which generates far greater energy but passes it through a surface so large that the star radiates little per unit of surface area. A star near the middle of the spectrum, such as the modest Sun or the giant Capella radiates more energy per unit of surface area than the feeble red dwarf stars or the bloated supergiants, but much less than such a white or blue star as Vega or Rigel.

Blackbody temperature
To find the effective (blackbody) temperature of a planet, it can be calculated by equating the power received by the planet to the known power emitted by a blackbody of temperature $T$.

Take the case of a planet at a distance $D$ from the star, of luminosity $L$.

Assuming the star radiates isotropically and that the planet is a long way from the star, the power absorbed by the planet is given by treating the planet as a disc of radius $r$, which intercepts some of the power which is spread over the surface of a sphere of radius $D$ (the distance of the planet from the star). The calculation assumes the planet reflects some of the incoming radiation by incorporating a parameter called the albedo (a). An albedo of 1 means that all the radiation is reflected, an albedo of 0 means all of it is absorbed. The expression for absorbed power is then:

 * $$P_{\rm abs} = \frac {L r^2 (1-a)}{4 D^2}$$

The next assumption we can make is that the entire planet is at the same temperature $T$, and that the planet radiates as a blackbody. The Stefan–Boltzmann law gives an expression for the power radiated by the planet:

 * $$P_{\rm rad} = 4 \pi r^2 \sigma T^4$$

Equating these two expressions and rearranging gives an expression for the effective temperature:

 * $$T = \sqrt[4]{\frac{L (1-a)}{16 \pi \sigma D^2}}$$

Where $$\sigma$$ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. Note that the planet's radius has cancelled out of the final expression.

The effective temperature for Jupiter from this calculation is 88 K and 51 Pegasi b (Bellerophon) is 1,258 K. A better estimate of effective temperature for some planets, such as Jupiter, would need to include the internal heating as a power input. The actual temperature depends on albedo and atmosphere effects. The actual temperature from spectroscopic analysis for HD 209458 b (Osiris) is 1,130 K, but the effective temperature is 1,359 K. The internal heating within Jupiter raises the effective temperature to about 152 K.

Surface temperature of a planet
The surface temperature of a planet can be estimated by modifying the effective-temperature calculation to account for emissivity and temperature variation.

The area of the planet that absorbs the power from the star is $A_{abs}$ which is some fraction of the total surface area $A_{total} = 4πr^{2}$, where $r$ is the radius of the planet. This area intercepts some of the power which is spread over the surface of a sphere of radius $D$. We also allow the planet to reflect some of the incoming radiation by incorporating a parameter $a$ called the albedo. An albedo of 1 means that all the radiation is reflected, an albedo of 0 means all of it is absorbed. The expression for absorbed power is then:

 * $$P_{\rm abs} = \frac {L A_{\rm abs} (1-a)}{4 \pi D^2}$$

The next assumption we can make is that although the entire planet is not at the same temperature, it will radiate as if it had a temperature $T$ over an area $A_{rad}$ which is again some fraction of the total area of the planet. There is also a factor $ε$, which is the emissivity and represents atmospheric effects. $ε$ ranges from 1 to 0 with 1 meaning the planet is a perfect blackbody and emits all the incident power. The Stefan–Boltzmann law gives an expression for the power radiated by the planet:

 * $$P_{\rm rad} = A_{\rm rad} \varepsilon \sigma T^4$$

Equating these two expressions and rearranging gives an expression for the surface temperature:

 * $$T = \sqrt[4]{\frac{A_{\rm abs}}{A_{\rm rad}} \frac{L (1-a)}{4 \pi \sigma \varepsilon D^2} }$$

Note the ratio of the two areas. Common assumptions for this ratio are $1⁄4$ for a rapidly rotating body and $1⁄2$ for a slowly rotating body, or a tidally locked body on the sunlit side. This ratio would be 1 for the subsolar point, the point on the planet directly below the sun and gives the maximum temperature of the planet — a factor of √2 (1.414) greater than the effective temperature of a rapidly rotating planet.

Also note here that this equation does not take into account any effects from internal heating of the planet, which can arise directly from sources such as radioactive decay and also be produced from frictions resulting from tidal forces.

Earth effective temperature
Earth has an albedo of about 0.306 and a solar irradiance ($L / 4 π D^{2}$) of 1361 W m$−2$ at its mean orbital radius of 1.5×108 km. The planet is a fairly fast rotator so the area ratio can be estimated as $1⁄4$. The calculation with ε=1 and remaining physical constants then gives an Earth effective temperature of 254 K.

The actual temperature of Earth's surface is an average 288 K as of 2020. The difference between the two values is called the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect results from materials in the atmosphere (greenhouse gases and clouds) absorbing thermal radiation and reducing emissions to space, i.e., reducing the planet's emissivity of thermal radiation from its surface into space. Substituting the surface temperature into the equation and solving for ε gives an effective emissivity of about 0.61 for a 288 K Earth. Furthermore, these values calculate an outgoing thermal radiation flux of 238 W m$−2$ (with ε=0.61 as viewed from space) versus a surface thermal radiation flux of 390 W m$−2$ (with ε≈1 at the surface). Both fluxes are near the confidence ranges reported by the IPCC.

title: Effective temperature


text:
Greek National Road 76

National Road 76 (Εθνική Οδός 76, abbreviated as EO76) is a single carriageway road in southern Greece that connects the Greek National Road 9 near Krestena with Megalopoli, passing Andritsaina and Karytaina. It traverses through the western and central parts of the Peloponnese, covering regional units of Elis and Arcadia.

Route
The western terminus of the GR-76 is 2 km west of Krestena, where it branches off the GR-9. It runs through the mountains of southern Elis and southwestern Arcadia, passing through the towns Andritsaina and Karytaina. It ends in Megalopoli, where it is connected with the GR-7.

National Road 76 passes through the following places:

 * Krestena
 * Chani Gryllou
 * Graikas
 * Platiana
 * Kallithea
 * Andritsaina
 * Theisoa
 * Karytaina
 * Katsimpalis
 * Megalopoli

title: Greek National Road 76


text:
Wittenoom, Western Australia

Wittenoom is a former town and a declared contaminated site, 1,420 km north-north-east of Perth, in the Hamersley Range in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The declared contaminated site comprises 50,000 ha, making it the "largest contaminated site in the southern hemisphere".

The area around Wittenoom was mainly pastoral until the 1930s when mining for blue asbestos began. By 1939, major mining began in Yampire Gorge, which was closed in 1943 when mining began in Wittenoom Gorge. In 1947, a company town was built and, during the 1950s, it was the Pilbara's largest town. The peak population, as recorded by the Australian census conducted on 30 June 1961, was 881 (601 males and 280 females). During the 1950s and early 1960s, Wittenoom was Australia's only supplier of blue asbestos. The mine was shut down in 1966 due to its unprofitability, and growing health concerns from asbestos mining in the area.

The former townsite no longer receives government services. In December 2006, the Government of Western Australia announced that the town's official status would be removed and, in June 2007, Jon Ford, the Minister for Regional Development, announced that the townsite had officially been degazetted. The town's name was removed from official maps and road signs, and the Shire of Ashburton is able to close roads that lead to contaminated areas.

The Wittenoom steering committee met in April 2013 to finalise closure of the town, limit access to the area, and raise awareness of the risks. Details of how that would be achieved were to be determined but it would probably necessitate removing the town's remaining residents, converting freehold land to crown land, demolishing houses, and closing or rerouting roads. By 2015, six residents remained. In 2017, the number had dropped to four, to three in 2018, and to two in 2021.

, Wittenoom had no remaining residents, and demolition of remaining structures by the Western Australian Government began in May 2023.

Name
Wittenoom was named by Lang Hancock after Frank Wittenoom, his partner in the nearby Mulga Downs Station. The land around Wittenoom was originally settled by Wittenoom's brother, politician Sir Edward Horne Wittenoom.

By the late 1940s, there were calls for a government townsite near the mine, and the Mines Department recommended it be named Wittenoom, advising that adoption of that name was strongly urged by the local people.

The name was approved in 1948, but it was not until 2 May 1950 that the townsite was officially gazetted. In 1951, the name was changed to Wittenoom Gorge at the request of the mining company but, in 1974, it was changed back to Wittenoom.

The mine closed in 1966, and the official abolition of the town was gazetted in March 2007.

Religion
In 1968, Wittenoom was one of only two Catholic parishes in the Pilbara.

History
The area was originally resided on by the Panyjima, also known as the Banjima, an Aboriginal Australian people of the Pilbara region of Western Australia. They hold Native Title over the area.

In 1917, the Mines Department first recorded the presence of blue asbestos in the Hamersley Ranges. In the early 1930s, Lang Hancock discovered Wittenoom Gorge, on the Mulga Downs property.

In 1937, Hancock showed samples of blue asbestos (crocidolite) that he had picked up in the Gorge to Islwyn Walters and Walter Leonard, who were mining and treating white asbestos at Nunyerrie, and at Lionel near Nullagine. When Hancock learned the fibre would fetch £70 per ton, he immediately pegged the best claims in Wittenoom Gorge.

Leo Snell, a kangaroo shooter on Mulga Downs, pegged a claim on Yampire Gorge, where there was a lot more blue asbestos. Walters and Leonard purchased Yampire Gorge from Snell, moved their treatment plant there, and began mining and treating the fibre. When Leonard cabled London that 2 mi of asbestos in sight at Yampire Gorge, they cabled him back saying he should take a holiday. Leonard had to send a photograph before it was believed Yampire Gorge contained that much asbestos.

Walters and Leonard cleared the way into Yampire Gorge by blasting the biggest rocks and pulling them out of the way with a camel team. Even after that, it took them seven hours to drive their lorry the 15 mi from the workings to their treatment plant.

By 1940, twenty-two men were employed at the Yampire Gorge workings and about 375 tons were mined and transported by mule team wagons to the coast at Point Samson. During World War II, communications with England became difficult, and de Berrales acquired an interest in the mines.

In 1943, the Colonial Sugar Company, through its subsidiary, Australian Blue Asbestos Ltd., took over both the Wittenoom and Yampire Mines. Lang Hancock, who watched his station property transform to a town, stated in 1958: "Izzy Walters was the man who stuck it and produced the market that made Wittenoom of today possible." Walter's partner, Len Leonard, put it this way in 1958: "but for his (Islwyn Walters) sheer grit and hard work there would be no such thing as Wittenoom. We have him to thank for that."

Due to a lack of profitability however, the mine at Wittenoom was closed in 1966.

As of 2024, more than 2,000 of the approximately 20,000 former mine workers and residents of Wittenoom had died of asbestos-related diseases.

Closing of the town
As of 2016, Wittenoom had only three permanent residents who defied the Government of Western Australia's announced intention to remove services, disconnect electric power, compulsorily acquire the remaining privately-owned properties and demolish the town. There were still three residents in late 2018 and in September 2022, the last resident was evicted.

In November 2006, a report by consultants GHD Group and Parsons Brinckerhoff evaluated the continuing risks associated with asbestos contamination in the town and surrounding areas, classing the danger to visitors as medium and to residents as extreme. In December 2006, Minister for the Pilbara and Regional Development, Jon Ford, said that Wittenoom's status as a town would be removed and, in June 2007, he announced that the townsite status had been officially removed.

Both the Department of Health and an accredited contaminated sites auditor reviewed the report, with the latter finding that the detected presence of free asbestos fibres in surface soils from sampled locations presented an unacceptable public health risk. The auditor recommended that the former townsite and other impacted areas defined in the report be classified as "Contaminated - Remediation Required". On 28 January 2008, the Department of Environment and Conservation classified Wittenoom as a contaminated site under the Contaminated Sites Act 2003.

However, opinion is not unanimous on the danger posed. Mark Nevill, a geologist and former Labor MLC for the Mining and Pastoral district, said in an interview in 2004 that the asbestos levels in the town were below the detection level of most equipment, and the real danger was located in the gorge itself which contains the mine tailings.

Residents once operated a camping ground, guest house and gem shop for passing tourists. The roof of the gem shop is now caved in and the wood of the guest house is rotten, while the camping ground is nowhere to be found.

It was reported in 2018 that thousands of travellers still visited the ghost town every year, as a form of extreme tourism.

The Australian Mesothelioma Registry (AMR) is a national database that keeps track of information about people who have been diagnosed with mesothelioma after July 2010. It records all new cases in order to help the government develop policies about how to deal with asbestos that still remains in the country and reduce the incidence of mesothelioma in the future.

The Wittenoom Closure Bill was reintroduced to the Western Australian Parliament in August 2021, and was passed on 24 March 2022. The bill enabled the compulsory acquisition and demolition of the 14 remaining privately-owned properties in the former townsite.

The traditional owners of country where Wittenoom is situated, the Panyjima people, have petitioned the Western Australian Parliament to not only remove all of Wittenoom's remaining buildings, but to remediate the land so that it is no longer contaminated.

The Wittenoom Closure Bill was passed by the Western Australian Parliament in March 2022, allowing the government to permanently close Wittenoom by compulsorily acquiring the remaining private properties and remove all infrastructure from the town. In September 2022, the last resident was evicted. As of September 2022, the town was classified as deserted, and closed to the public. A bushfire reportedly hit the area around 26 December 2022, causing damage to remaining buildings and disrupting plans to demolish the site during the 2023 dry season.

Legacy

The 1990 Midnight Oil song, "Blue Sky Mine" and the group's album, Blue Sky Mining, was inspired by the town and its mining industry, as were He Fades Away and Blue Murder by Alistair Hulett. The town and its history are also featured in the novel Dirt Music by Tim Winton.

Digital poet Jason Nelson created the work Wittenoom: speculative shell and the cancerous breeze, an interactive exploration of the town's death. It won the Newcastle Poetry Prize in 2009.

In the thriller novel The Dead Heart, by Douglas Kennedy, the plot involves an imaginary location called Wollanup, which corresponds to Wittenoom. The Dead Heart was adapted as a comic by Kennedy and the illustrator Christian de Metter, under the title Dead Heart.

title: Wittenoom, Western Australia


text:
File:John Morrissey (engraving circa 1860).jpg

Summary
Description: John Morrissey (1831-1878) Source: Leslie's Weekly, 1870


text:
Template:Hiero/nk/bgcolour

palegoldenrod

title: Template:Hiero/nk/bgcolour


text:
Secular state

A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion. A secular state claims to treat all its citizens equally regardless of religion, and claims to avoid preferential treatment for a citizen based on their religious beliefs, affiliation or lack of either over those with other profiles.

Although secular states have no state religion, the absence of an established state religion does not mean that a state is completely secular or egalitarian. For example, some states that describe themselves as secular have religious references in their national anthems and flags, or laws that benefit one religion or another.

Origin and practice
Secularity can be established at a state's creation (e.g., the Soviet Union, the United States) or by it later secularizing (e.g., France or Nepal). Movements for laïcité in France and separation of church and state in the United States have defined modern concepts of secularism, the United States of America being the first explicitly secular government in history. Historically, the process of secularisation typically involves granting religious freedom, disestablishing state religions, stopping public funds being used for religion, freeing the legal system from religious control, freeing up the education system, tolerating citizens who change religion or abstain from religion, and allowing political leaders to come to power regardless of their religious beliefs.

In France, Italy, and Spain, for example, official holidays for the public administration tend to be Christian feast days. Any private school in France that contracts with Éducation nationale means its teachers are salaried by the state—most of the Catholic schools are in this situation and, because of history, they are the majority; however, any other religious or non-religious schools also contract this way. In some European states where secularism confronts monoculturalist philanthropy, some of the main Christian sects and sects of other religions depend on the state for some of the financial resources for their religious charities. It is common in corporate law and charity law to prohibit organized religion from using those funds to organize religious worship in a separate place of worship or for conversion; the religious body itself must provide the religious content, educated clergy and laypersons to exercise its own functions and may choose to devote part of their time to the separate charities. To that effect, some of those charities establish secular organizations that manage part of or all of the donations from the main religious bodies.

Many states that are nowadays secular in practice may have legal vestiges of an earlier established religion. Secularism also has various guises that may coincide with some degree of official religiosity. In the United Kingdom, the head of state is still required to take the Coronation Oath enacted in 1688, swearing to maintain the Protestant Reformed religion and to preserve the established Church of England. The UK also maintains seats in the House of Lords for 26 senior clergymen of the Church of England, known as the Lords Spiritual. In Canada the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms affords secular freedoms of conscience and religion, thought, belief, opinion and expression, including communication, assembly and association yet the Charter's preamble maintains the concept of "the supremacy of God" which would appear to disadvantage those who hold nontheistic or polytheistic beliefs, including atheism and Buddhism. Italy has been a secular state since the enactment of the Constitution in 1948 (stressed by a Constitutional court's decision in 1989), but still recognizes a special status for the Catholic Church. The reverse progression can also occur, however; a state can go from being secular to being a religious state, as in the case of Iran where the secularized Imperial State of Iran was replaced by an Islamic Republic. Nonetheless, the last 250 years has seen a trend towards secularism.

List of secular states by continent
This is the list of countries that are explicitly described as secular in their constitutions or other official state documents.

Africa

 * 🇦🇴 Angola
 * 🇧🇯 Benin
 * 🇧🇼 Botswana
 * 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso
 * 🇧🇮 Burundi
 * 🇨🇲 Cameroon
 * 🇨🇫 Central African Republic
 * 🇹🇩 Chad
 * 🇰🇲 Comoros
 * 🇨🇮 Côte d'Ivoire
 * Congo DR
 * 🇨🇩 Congo
 * 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea
 * 🇪🇷 Eritrea
 * Eswatini
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * 🇬🇦 Gabon
 * 🇬🇲 Gambia
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea
 * 🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau
 * 🇰🇪 Kenya
 * 🇱🇸 Lesotho
 * 🇱🇷 Liberia
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar
 * 🇲🇼 Malawi
 * 🇲🇱 Mali
 * 🇲🇿 Mozambique
 * 🇳🇦 Namibia
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda
 * 🇸🇹 Sao Tome and Principe
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal
 * 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * 🇸🇸 South Sudan
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * 🇹🇿 Tanzania
 * 🇹🇬 Togo
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia
 * 🇺🇬 Uganda
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe

Americas

 * 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina
 * 🇧🇸 Bahamas
 * 🇧🇧 Barbados
 * 🇧🇿 Belize
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * 🇩🇲 Dominica
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador
 * 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 🇬🇹 Guatemala
 * 🇬🇾 Guyana
 * 🇭🇹 Haiti
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * 🇯🇲 Jamaica
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * 🇵🇾 Paraguay
 * 🇵🇦 Panama
 * 🇵🇪 Peru
 * 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * 🇱🇨 Saint Lucia
 * 🇻🇨 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * 🇸🇷 Suriname
 * 🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela

Asia

 * 🇨🇳 China
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
 * 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan
 * Laos
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon
 * 🇲🇳 Mongolia
 * 🇳🇵 Nepal
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore
 * Republic of Korea
 * Syria
 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan
 * 🇹🇯 Tajikistan
 * Timor-Leste
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan
 * 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan
 * Vietnam

Europe

 * 🇦🇱 Albania
 * 🇦🇩 Andorra
 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * 🇧🇾 Belarus
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * Czechia
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia
 * 🇫🇮 Finland
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Kosovo
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg
 * 🇲🇩 Moldova
 * Kingdom of the Netherlands
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine

Oceania

 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * 🇫🇯 Fiji
 * 🇰🇮 Kiribati
 * 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands
 * 🇫🇲 Micronesia
 * 🇳🇷 Nauru
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * 🇵🇼 Palau
 * 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea
 * 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands
 * 🇻🇺 Vanuatu

Transcontinental countries

 * 🇦🇲 Armenia
 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * Georgia
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
 * Northern Cyprus
 * 🇷🇺 Russia
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey

Formerly secular states

 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh (1972–1977)
 * Bangladesh was de facto a secular state from 1972 to 1977, when secularism was removed from the constitution by a Martial Law and the Parliament of Bangladesh declared Islam as the state religion in 1988.
 * People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1993)
 * Kampuchea was a secular state from 1979 until the restoration of its monarchy in 1993.
 * Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979)
 * Iran became a de facto secular state following the 1921 Persian coup d'état with the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty as the ruling house of the country in 1925, until the Islamic Revolution in 1979.
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq (1932–1993)
 * Iraq became a secular state in 1932 after its independence. However, the Ba'athist regime led by Saddam Hussein launched the Return to Faith campaign in 1993 and placed significant emphasis on Islam within all sectors of state and public life.
 * Myanmar (formerly Burma) (1885–1961; 1962–2008)
 * Myanmar was a secular state during the colonial period and post-independence period until 1961 and again under the socialist regime, and the military regime until 2008.
 * 🇼🇸 Samoa (1962–2017)
 * In 2017, the Samoan legislative assembly approved a constitutional amendment that instituted Christianity as the state religion.

Ambiguous countries

 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh
 * There is constitutional ambiguity whether Bangladesh is a secular country or an Islamic country. In 2010, the high court of Bangladesh reinstated secularism as a part of the Bangladesh constitution after terming the 1977 constitutional amendment done by then Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman as illegal. Political leaders and experts have expressed uncertainty if Bangladesh is a secular state or an Islamic state.

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia
 * In Article 3 of the Constitution of Malaysia, Islam is stated as the official religion of the country: "Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation." In 1956, the Alliance party submitted a memorandum to the Reid Commission, which was responsible for drafting the Malayan constitution. The memorandum quoted: "The religion of Malaya shall be Islam. The observance of this principle shall not impose any disability on non-Muslim nationals professing and practicing their own religion and shall not imply that the state is not a secular state." The full text of the Memorandum was inserted into paragraph 169 of the Commission Report. This suggestion was later carried forward in the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals 1957 (White Paper), specifically quoted in paragraph 57: "There has been included in the proposed Federal Constitution a declaration that Islam is the religion of the Federation. This will in no way affect the present position of the Federation as a secular State...." The Cobbold Commission also made another similar quote in 1962: "....we are agreed that Islam should be the national religion for the Federation. We are satisfied that the proposal in no way jeopardises freedom of religion in the Federation, which in effect would be secular ." In December 1987, the Lord President of the Supreme Court, Salleh Abas described Malaysia as governed by "secular law" in a court ruling.

title: Secular state


text: Category:Algae

title: Category:Algae


text:
Talk:Kindred Healthcare

Conflict of Interest Disclosure
Hello, I'm Ryan Squire, Director of Social Media at Kindred Healthcare. I plan to update facts as they relate to the business and no other information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ryansquire (talk • contribs) 20:12, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Hi Wikipedia audience! I'm another intern at Kindred. Since Kindred's article was flagged as being too advertistment-like, I have worked to eliminate some of the biased language and external links that may have caused this flaggint to occur. However, I realize that many of the references are to Kindred's SEC filings. These, however, I believe to be non-biased since they are reflected on other websites on the Internet. If there is anything else that should be modified to create a more neutural tone of voice, please let me (and Kindred) know. Kindredwiki (talk) 15:27, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Hello, fellow Wikipedia editors. I'm Amy, an intern at Kindred Healthcare's corporate office, and as part of my work I have been enlisted to help fatten-up Kindred's Wikipedia page.

I wish to fully disclose my conflict of interest before I begin editting. I have no wish to breach Wikipedia's guidelines and fully intend to maintain neutrality (especially on controversial issues within the company, such as our previous bankruptcy).

Any and all feedback and discussion is welcome—please let me know if you feel my language becomes biased or if there are holes in my perspective. This is in no way an operation to exhault Kindred or its facilities. I personally believe it is important for the company to have accurate and detailed information on Wikipedia, for it has become an important resource in this generation.

Once again, please contribute to discussion and editting - it can only serve to benefit the purpose of this page. Thanks for your consideration.

Windhorsta (talk) 12:35, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

I am an intern at Kindred Healthcare at the Kindred Support Center. I am attempting to make this page about Kindred at Home as neutral as possible. Feedback is always appreciated. KindredEdit (talk) 8:45, 29 May 2014 (UTC)

Areas to Improve
After a quick look at this article I have noted several points that I will implement.

 * It reads too much like an advertisement; third party sources need to be found and added.
 * Remove content like the 'Mission Statement' - unencyclopedic.
 * Add content, possibly a history section.

I added an NPOV tag in the meantime until I find time to edit. KingHiggins (talk) 22:15, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

I've worked on the content a bit to add third-party references where available and I've taken out content that can't be verified in a public filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission or by a third part resource. Very little is published about the history of Vencor, but there is some information here, though it admits many details are left out and that it's written with bias: http://www.bmartin.cc/dissent/documents/health/access_vencor.html Ryansquire (talk) 16:21, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Kindred Healthcare. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192904/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2013/snapshots/10748.html to http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2013/snapshots/10748.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140416205807/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/most-admired/2014/snapshots/10748.html to http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/most-admired/2014/snapshots/10748.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:47, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kindred Healthcare


text:
Primitive Irish

Primitive Irish or Archaic Irish (Gaeilge Ársa, Gaeilge Chianach), also called Proto-Goidelic,   is the oldest known form of the Goidelic languages, and the ancestor of all languages within this family.

This phase of the language is known only from fragments, mostly personal names, inscribed on stone in the Ogham alphabet in Ireland and western Great Britain between the 4th and the 6th century AD, before the advent of Old Irish. These inscriptions are referred to as Orthodox Ogham, although scholastic use of the script continued residually until the early 19th century.

Written records
Primitive Irish is the oldest recorded form of the Goidelic languages. It was written in the Ogham alphabet, the usage of which can be divided into two phases, Orthodox Ogham and Scholastic Ogham. The former represents the original Druidic tradition of memorials, whereas the latter resulted from a tradition of scholarly restoration of the writing system as part of the development of a Celtic style of Catholic art, in parallel with the use of the Latin alphabet in ordinary writing. Primitive Irish is known only from Ogham fragments, usually personal names, the earliest being dated by academics to the 4th century, although some estimates for the earliest inscriptions range between the 1st and 5th centuries. Scholars agree that the orthodox written tradition is older than the surviving inscriptions. The latest inscriptions of the orthodox tradition appear to come from the 6th century. The scholastic use of Ogham continued until the early 19th century, the last inscription being found on the tomb of Mary Dempsey at Ahenny in County Tipperary, which is written in both Irish and English.

Transcribed Ogham inscriptions, which lack a letter for, show Primitive Irish to be similar in morphology and inflections to Gaulish, Latin, Classical Greek and Sanskrit. Many of the characteristics of modern (and medieval) Irish, such as initial mutations, distinct "broad" and "slender" consonants and consonant clusters, are not yet apparent.

More than 300 ogham inscriptions are known in Ireland, including 121 in County Kerry and 81 in County Cork, and more than 75 found outside Ireland in western Britain and the Isle of Man, including more than 40 in Wales, where Irish colonists settled in the 3rd century, and about 30 in Scotland, although some of these are in Pictish. Many of the British inscriptions are bilingual in Irish and Latin; however, none show any sign of the influence of Christianity or Christian epigraphic tradition, suggesting they date from before 391, when Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Only about a dozen of the Irish inscriptions show any such sign. There is speculation about the orthodoxy of one inscription in Hampshire and two in Scotland, but there is no academic consensus on the matter.

The majority of ogham inscriptions are memorials, consisting of the name of the deceased in the genitive case, followed by, "[the stone] of the son" (Modern Irish mic), and the name of his father, or , "[the stone] of the grandson", (Modern Irish uí) and the name of his grandfather, e.g. , "[the stone] of Dalagnos son of Dalos". Sometimes the phrase, "of the son of the tribe", is used to show tribal affiliation. Inscriptions demonstrating additional information are rare, such as, "[the stone] of the priest Ronán son of Comgán". Some inscriptions appear to be border markers.

Grammar
The brevity of most orthodox ogham inscriptions makes it difficult to analyse the archaic Irish language in depth, but it is possible to understand the basis of its phonology and the rudiments of its nominal morphology.

Morphology
Surviving Ogham inscriptions are written exclusively with nouns. It is possible to deduce some morphological features of Primitive Irish nouns from these inscriptions. With the exception of a few inscriptions in the singular dative case, two in the plural genitive case and one in the singular nominative case, most known inscriptions of nouns in orthodox Ogham are found in the singular genitive, so it is difficult to fully describe their morphology. The German philologist Sabine Ziegler, however, drawing parallels with reconstructions of the Proto-Celtic language's morphology (whose nouns are classified according to the vowels that characterize their endings), limited the archaic Irish endings of the singular genitive case to, , and.

The first ending,, is found in words equivalent to the so-called Proto-Celtic category of *o-stem nouns. This category was also recorded in the dative case using, with an inscription possibly in the nominative case also using. , in turn, is equivalent to Proto-Celtic *i-stems and *u-stems, while corresponds to *ā-stems. The exact function of remains unclear.

Furthermore, according to Damian McManus, Proto-Celtic nasal, dental, and velar stems also correspond to the Primitive Irish genitive, attested in names such as, , and.

Phonology
It is possible, through comparisons with other languages, to reconstruct a phonemic inventory for the properly attested stages of the language using the names used in the scholastic tradition for each letter of the Ogham alphabet, which are recorded in the Latin alphabet in later manuscripts.

Vowels
There is a certain amount of obscurity in the vowel inventory of Primitive Irish: while the letters Ailm, Onn and Úr are recognized by modern scholars as representing, and  respectively, there is some difficulty in reconstructing the values of Edad and Idad. They are poorly attested, and scholars believe the distinction between them might be arbitrary, in the same way as the runes peorð and cweorð in the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, but they are transcribed as and, respectively, and probably had the respective pronunciations of  and. There were also two diphthongs, transcribed as and.

In later stages of the language, scholastic Oghamist traditions incorporated five new letters for vowels, called forfeda (supplementary), corresponding to digraphs of the orthodox spelling, but these no longer corresponded to Primitive Irish sounds.

Consonants
The consonant inventory of Primitive Irish is reconstructed by Celticist Damian McManus as follows:

The letters Cért, Gétal and Straif, transliterated as, (or ) and , respectively, were known by the ancient scholastic Oghamists as foilceasta (questions) due to the obsolescence of their original pronunciations: the first two,  and , had merged with plain velars in Old Irish, and the third, probably , merged with. However, evidence of the original distinction between straif and sail was still present into the Old Irish period, as the séimhiú (lenition) of produced  (< Primitive Irish ) for lexemes originally represented by Straif but  for lexemes originally represented by Sail.

The letter Úath or hÚath (transliterated as ), although not counted among the foilceasta, also presented particular difficulties due to apparently being a silent letter. It was probably pronounced as in an early stage of Primitive Irish, disappearing before the transition to Old Irish.

Consonant lenition and palatalisation, which feature heavily in later stages of the language, may already have existed in an allophonic form, i.e., they were not phonemically contrastive yet.

Transition to Old Irish
Old Irish, written in the Latin alphabet, has its earliest recorded texts possibly in the late 6th century; this is the traditional date of composition for the Amra Coluim Chille, a poetic elegy to St Columba of Iona by St Dallán Forgaill, the first identifiable author in the Irish language. This work, however, survives only in heavily annotated manuscripts from a later time, in an old-fashioned form of the Irish language bearing little similarity to formal Old Irish. The first texts which are widely accepted to have been written in Old Irish date from the 7th century, at the inception of a national textual tradition which was cultivated alongside that of Latin by the Catholic Church in Ireland, and which supplanted the archaic literary traditions.

The radical changes that characterize the transition from Primitive Irish to Old Irish are not uncommon in the development of other languages, but appear to have occurred rapidly in the case of Irish. John T. Koch, an American Celticist, theorized that these changes coincide with the conversion of the island to Christianity and the introduction of Latin as a literary language. The Irish language would then have derogated from the formal register of the language used by druids in their ceremonies and teachings. Koch believed that with the decline of paganism and the corresponding loss of influence by the druids, the language of the Irish Christian nobility would have supplanted the ancient Primitive Irish register of the pagan priests, eclipsing it completely in the 7th century. This would give the impression of rapid linguistic development, while actually representing a shift in literature to a vernacular register which had previously been obscured by the conservative influence of the druidic language. This new phase of the language shows influence from Latin, the latter having been introduced to pre-Christian Ireland, which influence became more pronounced following St Patrick's ministry.

Features
Primitive Irish has a morphology similar to other Indo-European languages, however it did not display the most distinctive characteristics of other phases of the language including velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants (such consonant alterations may have existed, but they would have been allophonic), initial mutations, some loss of inflectional endings, but not of case marking, and consonant clusters. Old Irish does carry with it these distinctive features, as well as the loss of grammatical suffixes, the introduction of the letter p through loanwords and proper names, the simplification of the inflectional system, the alteration of some short vowels through vowel harmony, and, most notably, vowel elisions which resulted in distinctive consonant clusters.

This last phenomenon, especially marked in the genesis of Old Irish proper, began with an application of secondary stress to the third syllable of most words with four or more syllables, and also to the fifth syllable of words with six or more, in addition to the primary stress, which fell on the first syllable, as is typical of Celtic languages. This caused apocope of (final) syllables, syncope of stressless (internal) syllables, and the shortening of all long vowels in non-initial syllables, around 500 AD and the middle of the 6th century, respectively. This loss of vowels caused consonant clusters to develop.

As an example, a 5th-century king of Leinster, whose name is recorded in Old Irish king-lists and annals as Mac Caírthinn Uí Enechglaiss, is memorialised on an Ogham stone near where he died. This gives the late Primitive Irish version of his name (in the genitive case), as. Similarly, the Corcu Duibne, a people of County Kerry known from Old Irish sources, are memorialised on a number of stones in their territory as. Old Irish filed, "poet (gen.)", appears in ogham as. In each case the development of Primitive to Old Irish shows the loss of unstressed syllables and certain consonant changes.

Gradually, the grammaticalization of consonant mutations introduced a new characteristic that Irish would eventually share with all other modern Celtic languages. Old Irish phonetic conditions generated different allophonic mutations over time, and with the diachronic loss of the conditions which caused the mutations, those mutations became the only way to distinguish between different grammatical forms. Thus, the mutations became differentiated phonemes with their own morphosyntactic functions. For example, in the Primitive Irish phrase ("of the son",  being a form of the definite article), originally pronounced, the initial  would have lenited to  due to the influence of the  ending of the preceding word. The variation in the pronunciation of the word would not have caused a difference in meaning; it would be allophonic. In a later stage of the language, the Primitive Irish word became Old Irish in, losing the final vowel which caused the lenition. However, in the Old Irish phrase in maicc ("of the son"), the m is still lenited, so the pronunciation would be. The lenition was 'reinterpreted' as being caused by the fact that maicc follows the definite article in, a rule of morphosyntax (grammar) rather than phonology. What was originally a phonological feature of the language therefore became grammaticalized.

title: Primitive Irish


text:
Robert Baer

Robert Booker Baer (born July 11, 1952) is an American author and a former CIA case officer who was primarily assigned to the Middle East. He is Time's intelligence columnist and has contributed to Vanity Fair, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post. Baer speaks eight languages, won the CIA Career Intelligence Medal and is a frequent commentator and author about issues related to international relations, espionage, and U.S. foreign policy. He hosted the History reality television series Hunting Hitler. He is an Intelligence and Security Analyst for CNN. His book See No Evil was adapted by the director Stephen Gaghan and used as the basis for the film Syriana, with George Clooney playing Baer's character.

Early life
Baer was born in Los Angeles. At the age of 9, his parents divorced and he moved to Aspen, Colorado, where he aspired to become a professional skier. After a fairly poor academic performance during his first year at high school, his mother, a wealthy heiress, took him to Europe where they traveled throughout Europe including Paris during the 1968 riots, Germany, Prague during the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, and Russia.

Career
Baer worked field assignments, starting in Madras and New Delhi, India; and subsequently in Beirut, Lebanon; Damascus, Syria; Khartoum, Sudan; Paris, France; Dushanbe, Tajikistan; Morocco; the former republic of Yugoslavia, and Salah al-Din in Iraqi Kurdistan during his 21 years with the CIA. During the mid-1990s, Baer was sent to Iraq with the mission of organizing opposition to Iraqi President Saddam Hussein but was recalled and investigated by the FBI for allegedly conspiring to assassinate the Iraqi leader.

Baer wrote the book See No Evil documenting his experiences while working for the Agency. The C.I. Desk: FBI and CIA Counterintelligence As Seen From My Cubicle, by Christopher Lynch (Dog Ear Publishing), describes parts of the contentious CIA pre-publication review process for Baer's first book. In a blurb for See No Evil, Seymour Hersh said Baer "was considered perhaps the best on-the-ground field officer in the Middle East." In the book, Baer offers an analysis of the Middle East through the lens of his experiences as a CIA operative.

In 2004, he told a reporter of the British political weekly New Statesman, regarding the way the CIA deals with terrorism suspects, "If you want a serious interrogation, you send a prisoner to Jordan. If you want them to be tortured, you send them to Syria. If you want someone to disappear – never to see them again – you send them to Egypt."

He retired to Silverton, Colorado.

Commentary
In January 2002, Baer wrote about the events of the September 11 attacks in The Guardian: "[D]id bin Laden act alone, through his own al-Qaida network, in launching the attacks? About that I'm far more certain and emphatic: no." He later stated, "For the record, I don't believe that the World Trade Center was brought down by our own explosives, or that a rocket, rather than an airliner, hit the Pentagon. I spent a career in the CIA trying to orchestrate plots, wasn't all that good at it, and certainly couldn't carry off 9/11. Nor could the real pros I had the pleasure to work with."

In 2008, video interviewed 'live' by 'We Are Change.org' in Los Angeles about pre-9/11 intel, Baer exclaimed: "I know the guy that went into his broker in San Diego (on September 10th) and said, 'Cash me out, it's going down tomorrow'...His brother worked at the White House!"

In June 2009, Baer commented on the disputed election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as Iranian President and the protests that accompanied it. "For too many years now, the Western media have looked at Iran through the narrow prism of Iran's liberal middle class—an intelligentsia that is addicted to the Internet and American music and is more ready to talk to the Western press, including people with money to buy tickets to Paris or Los Angeles; but do they represent the real Iran?" Following reports of an attempt by Iranian agents to assassinate the ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States, Baer told Die Zeit that he doubted that Iran was behind the attempt since there seemed no obvious motive and Iran had been more careful in past collaboration with terrorists.

Baer has long been a supporter of the theory that the PFLP-GC brought down Pan Am Flight 103. Later he began to promote the theory that Iran was behind the bombing. On August 23, 2009, Baer claimed that the CIA had known from the start that the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 had been orchestrated by Iran, and that a secret dossier proving this was to be presented as evidence in the final appeal by convicted Libyan bomber Abdelbaset al-Megrahi. According to Baer, this suggests that Megrahi's withdrawal of the appeal in return for a release on compassionate grounds was encouraged to prevent this information from being presented in court.

Personal life
Baer has been married twice. He has two daughters and a son from his first marriage, to a State Department secretary. His second marriage was to fellow CIA operative Dayna Williamson.

Books and media
In 2015–2017, Baer has appeared on Hunting Hitler (2015–2017), and JFK Declassified: Tracking Oswald.

Robert Baer has never written or promoted a book with the title "The Secret of the White House", but a fabricated interview with him about promoting this book in Canada has been circulating on the web since 2012. In this fabricated interview the USA was accused of having caused the collapse of Yugoslavia.

Books

 * See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism, Crown Publishing Group, January 2002, ISBN 0-609-60987-4.
 * Sleeping With the Devil: How Washington Sold Our Soul for Saudi Crude, Crown Publishing Group, July 2003, ISBN 1-4000-5021-9.
 * Blow the House Down: A Novel, Crown Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 1-4000-9835-1.
 * The Devil We Know: Dealing with the New Iranian Superpower, Crown Publishing Group, September 2008 ISBN 0-307-40864-7
 * The Company We Keep: A Husband-and-Wife True-Life Spy Story, Crown Publishing Group, March 8, 2011
 * The Perfect Kill: 21 Laws for Assassins, 2014
 * The Fourth Man: The Hunt for a KGB Spy at the Top of the CIA and the Rise of Putin's Russia, Hachette Books, May 2022 ISBN 978-0-306-92560-3

Films

 * The Cult of the Suicide Bomber
 * Cult of the Suicide Bomber II
 * Cult of the Suicide Bomber III
 * Car Bomb
 * Syriana

Television

 * Hunting Hitler, History (2015—2018)
 * JFK Declassified: Tracking Oswald, History (2017)

title: Robert Baer


text: Category:Aquatic organisms

title: Category:Aquatic organisms


text:
Talk:Betweenness

Would be useful to add Bandes' algorithm here.

Ulrik Brandes (2001) A faster algorithm for betweenness centrality. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25 (2) 163--177.

http://ella.slis.indiana.edu/~katy/L579/brandes.pdf

Is the formula correct
See Wasserman & Faust, page 190. CB = Sum(Gjk(n)/Gjk) This can be normalized by dividing by (g-1)(g-2)

 * (Please sign your messages, it makes it easier for everyone to know who is talking to whom!) The answer is I believe you are correct, and I wrote the formula in the article!  The article formula assumes that there is one and only one shortest geodesic path between s and t.  Thus, the correct formula should include a division by the number of shortest paths between s and t.  My formula uses the same notation as Brandes (now here ), and is clearly wrong.  I will now correct on the article page. --stochata 09:03, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

I have now changed the formula to that found in Brandes (and other sources online) as well as Wasserman & Faust. However, I cannot find my copy of Freeman from which I wrote the original, so I am wondering if there was some difference in interpretation. Could someone please check it if you have it? (I've also removed 'approximately' from my above posting -- the formulae look the same now!) --stochata 10:40, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Requested additions
Anyone want to add Edge Betweenness? Maybe I'll come back, but I don't have a lot of time.

We also need an entry for Geodesic (graph theory) to link to. No mention of graph geodesics on the geodesic page.

Walt 13:41, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It's unclear what is meant by "geodesic path". Is this by any chance what rest of the world calls a shortest path? If not please define.

title: Talk:Betweenness


text:
First Army (Serbia)

The Serbian First Army (Српска Прва Армија / Srpska Prva Armija) was a Serbian field army that fought during World War I.

August 1914

 * First Army - staff in the village Rača
 * I Timok Infantry Division - Smederevska Palanka
 * II Timok Infantry Division - Rača (reserve)
 * II Morava Infantry Division
 * Branicevo detachment - Požarevac

Early World War I
Following the Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia, the First Army was put under the command of General Petar Bojović. It acted as a strategic reserve in the area of Aranđelovac during the Battle of Cer, but most of its divisions were sent to support the Second and Third armies actively engaged in the battle. The army conducted a successful crossing of Sava and performed an offensive into Syrmia (then part of Austria-Hungary) but was recalled when Second invasion of Serbia (also known as the Battle of Drina) began. The army had the decisive role in the battle conducting a strong counterattack against the Austro- Hungarian 6th army. It was engaged in some of the fiercest fights of the whole Serbian theatre at Mackov kamen, which ended in a bloody stalemate. After a month-long period of trench warfare, in November 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Army began the third invasion of Serbia (also known as the Battle of Kolubara). During the defensive part of this battle this army was in the most difficult situation due to heavy casualties from the Battle of Drina and acute lack of artillery ammunition. It was at this point that general Živojin Mišić, who was previously the Aide of Commander in Chief of Serbian Army, (Vojvoda/Duke -equivalent of Field Marshal Radomir Putnik), was made commander of this army, as Bojović was wounded. He restored morale and discipline (which had started to waver) in the army, by insisting on a deeper withdrawal before the Austro-Hungarians, all the way to Gornji Milanovac.

In December 1914, after receiving a badly needed supply of 75mm artillery ammunition, the whole Serbian army launched a counterattack. The First Army played the decisive role in this having affected the breakthrough against the 16. corps of Austro-Hungarian 6th army. It subsequently pursued that army all the way to the Drina, while the other two armies were engaged in expulsing the Austro-Hungarian 5th army. After the battle, Mišić promoted to Vojvoda.

When the fourth, combined German, Austro-Hungarian, and Bulgarian invasion force attacked Serbia in 1915, the First Army was tasked with defence of the western border of Serbia (along the river Drina). It faced mostly units of Austro-Hungarian Third Army and was mostly under less pressure then other Serbian units facing Germans or Bulgarians. Perhaps as a consequence of this Mišić was in favor of halting and making a final stand against the Central Powers forces when the High Command ordered retreat across Montenegro and Albania to Italian-held Durrës and Vlorë (at the time Serbian Army was defending itself in Kosovo from three sides and was in danger of becoming surrounded). However, he was overruled by other army commanders at their meetings at Peć, who decided to carry on the order of High Command.

Retreat
The First Army took part in the epic retreat of the Serbian Army through the Albanian mountains during the winter of 1915 and 1916, during which it suffered heavy casualties due to hunger, frostbite, attack from Albanian bands (Albania officially supported the Entente) and exhaustion. From the Italian-held ports the Serbian Army was transported by Allied ships to Corfu, and a smaller part to French-held Bizerte to recuperate and reorganise. During the retreat of the Serbian army (along with civilians) a few Serbian soldiers would be assigned to "guard" large groups of civilians of 300 to 500 persons.

Vardar Offensive
Mišić was recalled to command the First Army in September 1916 initially at Monastir and then at Thessaloniki. The First Army (again commanded by Bojović) took part in the Allied Vardar Offensive of 1918 that effectively knocked Bulgaria out of the war. During this offensive, this army advanced far ahead of the Allies and performed a maneuver near Niš which broke the last serious German attempt to halt the offensive by superior numbers. For his merit in this feat, Gen. Bojović was promoted to Vojvoda. This army liberated Belgrade, and subsequently crossed into Vojvodina and advanced as far as present-day border between Serbia and Hungary by the time of the Armistice.

Army composition
The numerical strength and unit composition of all Serbian armies varied greatly during the war not only because of the heavy casualties, but also because of the very flexibile strategy employed by the Serbian High command, with armies often trading regiments and even divisions if needed. Serbian unit organisation did not include brigades and corps. The regiments directly formed the divisions (mostly four), and divisions formed the armies.

Commanders

 * Petar Bojović (August 1914 - September 1914)
 * Živojin Mišić (October 1914 - December 1915)
 * Miloš Vasić (acting) (January 1916 - April 1916)
 * Živojin Mišić (April 1916 - ? 1917)
 * Miloš Vasić (acting) (? 1917 - April 1917)
 * Živojin Mišić (April 1917 - June 1918)
 * Petar Bojović (June 1918 - 1919)

title: First Army (Serbia)


text:
Template:Hiero/nk/bordercolour

crimson

title: Template:Hiero/nk/bordercolour


text:
Identity Crisis (Thrice album)

Identity Crisis is the debut studio album by American rock band Thrice, released on Greenflag Records on June 6, 2000. Following the release of their debut EP First Impressions and a brief break in touring, frontman Dustin Kensrue became an employee at Greene Records. Owner Andy Greene was interested in funding the band's debut album; sessions were held at For the Record in Orange, California with the band and Paul Miner as producers.

Identity Crisis received generally positive reviews from music critics, some of whom praised the album's mix of styles. After the album's release, the band gained manager Nick Bogardus and was put in contact with Louis Posen of Hopeless Records. He signed them to the Hopeless imprint Sub City Records. The label re-issued the album on March 6, 2001, when it was promoted with tours with Samiam and Midtown.

Background and recording
Vocalist Dustin Kensrue met guitarist Teppei Teranishi at school through mutual friends; they quickly formed a band with bassist Eddie Breckenridge, who Teranishi was friends with. After a period of not having a drummer, Breckenridge suggested his brother Riley. Thrice recorded their debut EP First Impressions at a warehouse; the songs that featured on had been written over three months. Eddie Breckenridge was critical of its production, not aided by their producer opting to play video games instead of working. Kensrue's father funded the CD pressing of it via a loan; copies were sold at early shows and to classmates. The band took a four-month-long break before they decided to play shows again, supporting the likes of BoySetsFire, Death by Stereo, and the Ataris.

Kensrue regularly visited the Tustin, California-based record store Greene Records, which was run by Andy Greene and Ron Martinez. Martinez later learned that Kensrue was in a band that played a venue that Martinez would book shows at. Kensrue eventually got a job at the store. The band gave Greene a copy of First Impressions, he was dismissive of the release but the pair thought they had potential. He said if the band could find someone to help make a better-sounding, full-length album, he would be willing to release it. Identity Crisis was recorded and mixed at For the Record in Orange, California in December 1999 and March 2000. Death by Stereo bassist Paul Miner and the band acted as producers, with Miner also serving as the engineer; Charley Watts mastered the album at Mondophonix.

Composition and lyrics
Musically, the sound of Identity Crisis has been described as hardcore punk and melodic hardcore, compared to acts such as Good Riddance and Lagwagon. Punk Planet Kyle Ryan said it recalled the work of the Movielife "in that it jumps back and forth between hardcore and melodic punk that's poppy". The staff at Impact Press said it was "heavy on harmonies and melody blended together perfectly to balance the hardcore aggression of the music". Brian Manning of Punk Planet said it combined "Cali-style skate punk and screaming hardcore, with just a bit of metal edge thrown in". In a retrospective piece for BrooklynVegan, writer Andrew Sacher said on Identity Crisis the band were creating a form of post-hardcore that took inspiration from "SoCal skate punk and Bay Area thrash". In a 2004 interview, Eddie Breckenridge dismissed the album, saying that he "can't listen to that album and be excited about it" anymore, noting that Kensrue's "voice was a lot higher pitched". Kensrue is credited with writing all of the lyrics bar "In Your Hands" (which was written by Riley Breckenridge) and "Under Par" (which was co-written with their friend Ian Stift). In an interview, Kensrue said "As the Ruin Falls" was a piece by C. S. Lewis that they added music to. "A Torch to End All Torches" and "Under Par" deal with depression in youth.

Release
Martinez said Nick Bogardus would often call the store, which he thought was a good opportunity to promote the upcoming Thrice album. Bogardus took a copy to his office and heard it over the course of a few days, and eventually visited the store to meet Kensrue. Bogardus told him that Greene and Martinez would be in Europe around the album's planned release, and told him that he would be willing to help the band. Identity Crisis was released on Greenflag Records on June 6, 2000, with distribution being handled by No Idea, Revelation Records and Sound of California. The label was purposely made for the band; it evolved out of Greene Records. The album was limited to 1,000–2,000 copies. During one show at the Chain Reaction club in California, it dawned on the band that Bogardus was taking on a managerial role, so they decided to formally ask him to be their manager.

Through the local fanzine Skratch Magazine, the band were put in contact with Louis Posen from Hopeless Records, who was interested in licensing the album. Thrice had a sense of familiarity with the label, as it was based an hour-and-a-half away from where the band was located. The members of Thrice grew up listening to several acts on Hopeless Records, such as 88 Fingers Louie and Against All Authority. Identity Crisis was subsequently re-released on March 6, 2001 by Sub City Records, a branch of Hopeless Records. Sub City's policy of donating a portion of each sale was one of the reasons the band signed with them. A portion of the proceeds went to the charity Crittenton Services for Children and Families; they selected this one as it was local. That same month, the band embarked on their first full US tour with Samiam, and then a few shows with Midtown. Identity Crisis was pressed on vinyl for the first time by Animal Style Records in 2010 with a slightly different cover.

Reception
Identity Crisis was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics. The staff at Impact Press saw it as "really amazing stuff" as the "[r]apid-fire delivery, sing-a-long parts, swirling guitar work, chunky riffs, amazing tempo changes and infectious grooves push this album near the top of my current playlist". Manning said there was a handful of "great vocal harmonies (when they're not screaming), which I'd like to hear more often". Modern Fix writer Brian Greenaway said that Thrice "may be the only band I have ever heard of (save the Beatles, of course) where all four members lend their voices to the tracks, allowing for soaring melodies and anthem choruses that will keep this one spinning for a long, long time".

Scott Hefflon of Lollipop Magazine complimented the band for sticking to the album's title as they " flip-flops amidst hardcore roar (West Coast Revelation-style, not East Coast metalcore-style), melodic punkpop (though a little harder and with more, er, metal riffery), and, well, just plain fuckin’ metal". Ox-Fanzine Elmar Salmutter thought that despite the "diverse influences, there is no reason to sink into an identity crisis, on the contrary" as the "end result is extremely explosive and innovative". Sacher echoed a similar sentiment, stating that while he could "spend all day picking apart the various ingredients of Thrice's sound, [...] they showed off the ability to fuse them all into something that was wholly unique". AllMusic reviewer Erik Hage said the blending was "not entirely convincing", especially as the "ordeal is anchored by oddly verbose, emo lyrics".

Track listing
All lyrics written by Dustin Kensrue, except for "In Your Hands" (Riley Breckenridge) and "Under Par" (Ian Stift/Kensrue); all music composed by Thrice.

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

Thrice
 * Eddie Breckenridge – bass
 * Riley Breckenridge – drums
 * Dustin Kensrue – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Teppei Teranishi – lead guitar

Production and design
 * Paul Miner – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Thrice – producer
 * Charley Watts – mastering
 * Dustin Kensrue – layout
 * Ian Stift – photos

title: Identity Crisis (Thrice album)


text:
Template:Hiero/3ip/bgcolour

lightcoral

title: Template:Hiero/3ip/bgcolour


text: Template:United States C class submarine


text: Template:United States D class submarine


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 February 3


text:
Template:Hiero/3ip/bordercolour

red

title: Template:Hiero/3ip/bordercolour


text:
USS Octopus

USS Octopus may refer to:

 * USS Octopus (SS-9), a United States Navy submarine in commission from 1908 to 1919 and renamed USS C-1 (SS-9) in 1911
 * USS Octopus, a fictional World War II United States Navy submarine in Edward L. Beach's 1955 novel Run Silent, Run Deep

title: USS Octopus


text:
USS C-1

USS C-1 (SS-9) was the lead ship of her class of submarines built for the United States Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

Description
The C-class submarines were enlarged versions of the preceding B class, the first American submarines with two propeller shafts. They had a length of 105 ft overall, a beam of 13 ft and a mean draft of 10 ft. They displaced 240 LT on the surface and 273 LT submerged. The C-class boats had a crew of 1 officer and 14 enlisted men. They had a diving depth of 200 ft.

For surface running, they were powered by two 240 bhp Craig gasoline engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 115 hp electric motor. They could reach 11 kn on the surface and 9 kn underwater. On the surface, the boats had a range of 776 nmi at 8.13 kn and 24 nmi at 8 kn submerged.

The boats were armed with two 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow. They carried two reloads, for a total of four torpedoes.

Construction and career
C-1 was laid down by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Massachusetts, under a subcontract from Electric Boat Company, as Octopus. Octopus was launched on 4 October 1906 sponsored by Miss F. Webster, and commissioned on 30 June 1908. She was renamed C-1 on 17 November 1911. Assigned to Submarine Flotilla 2 (SubFlot 2), Octopus operated out of Newport, Rhode Island and New York City until 9 October 1908. Tests and experiments, of both submarine design and the tactical use of her type, continued from Norfolk, Virginia and Newport until she was placed in reserve at Charleston, South Carolina on 14 February 1910. Recommissioned on 15 April, the submarine conducted experiments and served as training vessel at Newport until 10 May 1913. C-1 was reassigned to Submarine Group 1, Torpedo Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet, and from 29 May – 7 December operated out of Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. She served in Panamanian waters in training, and later, on patrol during World War I until 4 August 1919, when she was decommissioned at Coco Solo in the Panama Canal Zone. Here, she was sold on 13 April 1920.

title: USS C-1


text:
USS C-2

USS C-2 (SS-13) was one of five C-class submarines built for the United States Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

Description
The C-class submarines were enlarged versions of the preceding B class, the first American submarines with two propeller shafts. They had a length of 105 ft overall, a beam of 13 ft and a mean draft of 10 ft. They displaced 240 LT on the surface and 273 LT submerged. The C-class boats had a crew of 1 officer and 14 enlisted men. They had a diving depth of 200 ft.

For surface running, they were powered by two 240 bhp Craig gasoline engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 115 hp electric motor. They could reach 11 kn on the surface and 9 kn underwater. On the surface, the boats had a range of 776 nmi at 8.13 kn and 24 nmi at 8 kn submerged.

The boats were armed with two 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow. They carried two reloads, for a total of four torpedoes.

Construction and career
C-2 was laid down by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Massachusetts – under a subcontract from Electric Boat Company – as USS Stingray. She was launched on 8 April 1909 sponsored by Ms. Elizabeth Stevens, and commissioned on 23 November 1909. She was renamed USS C-2 on 17 November 1911. C-2 – assigned to the Atlantic Torpedo Fleet and later the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla – cruised along the East Coast until 20 May 1913, when she cleared Norfolk, Virginia, for six months of operations from Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. In December, she reported at Cristóbal, Colón, Panama, and began an operating schedule of torpedo practice, exploration of anchorages, and harbor defense duty at ports of the Panama Canal Zone. During the latter part of World War I, C-2 patrolled the Florida coast. The submarine was placed in ordinary at Coco Solo, Canal Zone on 22 August 1919, and was decommissioned on 23 December 1919. She was sold for scrap on 13 April 1920.

title: USS C-2


text:
File:Catshank.jpg

Photo of a catshank I tied into a piece of elastic cord, taken by me on February 2, 2005 and released under the GNU Free Documentation License.

title: File:Catshank.jpg


text:
USS C-4

USS C-4 (SS-15) one of five C-class submarines built for the United States Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

Description
The C-class submarines were enlarged versions of the preceding B class, the first American submarines with two propeller shafts. They had a length of 105 ft overall, a beam of 13 ft and a mean draft of 10 ft. They displaced 240 LT on the surface and 273 LT submerged. The C-class boats had a crew of 1 officer and 14 enlisted men. They had a diving depth of 200 ft.

For surface running, they were powered by two 240 bhp Craig gasoline engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 115 hp electric motor. They could reach 11 kn on the surface and 9 kn underwater. On the surface, the boats had a range of 776 nmi at 8.13 kn and 24 nmi at 8 kn submerged.

The boats were armed with two 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow. They carried two reloads, for a total of four torpedoes.

Construction and career
C-4 was laid down by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Massachusetts, under a subcontract from Electric Boat Company, as Bonita. She was launched on 17 June 1909 sponsored by Mrs. J. C. Townsend, and commissioned on 23 November 1909. On 11 July 1910 she collided with Submarine tender USS Castine while practicing attack maneuvers, USS Castine was beached near North Truro, Massachusetts. Castine was later refloated, repaired and returned to service. She was renamed C-4 on 17 November 1911. Assigned first to the Atlantic Torpedo Fleet, and later to the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla, Bonita plied east coast waters until May 1913, when she cleared Norfolk, Virginia for Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. Her tactical exercises and development operations continued here and from Cristobal, Panama Canal Zone, where she reported on 12 December 1913. In August 1917, sailing with two other submarines, she explored the suitability of Panamanian ports as advance submarine bases. Laid up at Coco Solo Canal Zone from 12 November 1918, C-4 was decommissioned there on 15 August 1919, and sold on 13 April 1920.

title: USS C-4


text:
USS C-3

USS C-3 (SS-14) was one of five C-class submarines built for the United States Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.

Description
The C-class submarines were enlarged versions of the preceding B class, the first American submarines with two propeller shafts. They had a length of 105 ft overall, a beam of 13 ft and a mean draft of 10 ft. They displaced 240 LT on the surface and 273 LT submerged. The C-class boats had a crew of 1 officer and 14 enlisted men. They had a diving depth of 200 ft.

For surface running, they were powered by two 240 bhp Craig gasoline engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 115 hp electric motor. They could reach 11 kn on the surface and 9 kn underwater. On the surface, the boats had a range of 776 nmi at 8.13 kn and 24 nmi at 8 kn submerged.

The boats were armed with two 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow. They carried two reloads, for a total of four torpedoes.

Construction and career
C-3 was laid down by Fore River Shipbuilding in Quincy, Massachusetts, under a subcontract from Electric Boat Company, as Tarpon. She was launched on 8 April 1909 as Tarpon sponsored by Katherine E. Theiss, and commissioned on 23 November 1909. She was renamed C-3 on 17 November 1911. The boat cruised along the east coast with the Atlantic Torpedo Fleet and the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla through the early 1913, operating in tests and exercises. From May to December 1913, she was based at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and on 12 December reported at Cristóbal, Panama Canal Zone. Her operations included exploration of anchorages, tactical drills, and harbor defense patrol at Canal Zone ports. In the summer of 1918, she patrolled off Florida, then returned to Panamanian waters. C-3 was placed in ordinary at Coco Solo, Canal Zone, on 22 August 1919, decommissioned there on 23 December 1919, and sold on 12 April 1920.

title: USS C-3


text:
USS D-1

USS D-1 (SS-17) was the lead ship of the D-class submarines of the United States Navy. Her keel was laid down by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Massachusetts, under a subcontract from Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut, as Narwhal, making her the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the narwhal, a gray and white arctic whale which averages 20 feet in length, the male of which has a long, twisted ivory tusk of commercial value. Narwhal was launched on 8 April 1909 sponsored by Mrs. Gregory C. Davison, and commissioned on 23 November 1909.

Service history
Narwhal joined the Atlantic Torpedo Fleet, based at Newport, Rhode Island. These pioneer submarines operated very actively in diving grounds in Cape Cod and Narragansett Bay, Long Island Sound and Block Island Sound, and Chesapeake Bay, and off Norfolk, Virginia; on target ranges proving torpedoes; experimental operations; and cruises along the East Coast. Narwhal was renamed D-1 on 17 November 1911.

From 20 January – 11 April 1913, the submarine flotilla cruised to the Caribbean Sea, and from 5 January – 21 April 1914 visited Gulf of Mexico and Florida ports.

During World War I, D-1 trained crews and classes of officers and served in experiments in the Third Naval District. After overhaul, D-1 was placed in reserve commission on 9 September 1919, continuing her work of training new submariners along with experimental and development work.

On 15 July 1921, she was placed in commission, in ordinary. She was towed to Philadelphia Navy Yard arriving on 30 January 1922. Decommissioned on 8 February, her hulk was sold on 5 June.

Whale encounter
The New York World quoted Lt. Chester Nimitz, in command of Narwhal in August 1911, with regards to an encounter with whales that the submarine had. This encounter is not referenced anywhere else and may be journalistic hyperbole.

title: USS D-1