text:
Battle of Jackson

The Battle of Jackson was fought on May 14, 1863, in Jackson, Mississippi, as part of the Vicksburg campaign during the American Civil War. After entering the state of Mississippi in late April 1863, Major General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union Army moved his force inland to strike at the strategic Mississippi River town of Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Battle of Raymond, which was fought on May 12, convinced Grant that General Joseph E. Johnston's Confederate army was too strong to be safely bypassed, so he sent two corps, under major generals James B. McPherson and William T. Sherman, to capture Johnston's position at Jackson. Johnston did not believe the city was defensible and began withdrawing. Brigadier General John Gregg was tasked with commanding the Confederate rear guard, which fought Sherman's and McPherson's men at Jackson on May 14 before withdrawing. After taking the city, Union troops destroyed economic and military infrastructure and also plundered civilians' homes. Grant then moved against Vicksburg, which he placed under siege on May 18 and captured on July 4. Despite being reinforced, Johnston made only a weak effort to save the Vicksburg garrison, and was driven out of Jackson a second time in mid-July.

Prelude

In early 1863, during the American Civil War, Major General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union Army was planning operations against the strategic Confederate-held Mississippi River city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. After early efforts failed, Grant decided to move south of the city on the opposite side of the river, and then cross the Mississippi to move against the town and its garrison. In late April, 24,000 Union soldiers were landed at Bruinsburg, Mississippi, as part of that plan. Grant's men fought their way inland and then moved east with the intention of later turning to the west and attacking Vicksburg from that direction. The movement was conducted in three columns. Meanwhile, Confederate troops from across the country were dispatched to reinforce the defenders of Vicksburg. The reinforcements gathered at Jackson, Mississippi, and on May 10, General Joseph E. Johnston was sent to command the growing force. Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton, the commander of the Vicksburg garrison, ordered one of the units at Jackson, Brigadier General John Gregg's brigade, to move to the town of Raymond.

On May 12, one of the Union columns, under the command of Major General James B. McPherson, encountered Gregg's Confederates near Raymond. The ensuing Battle of Raymond was a Union victory, although McPherson's poor handling of the battle allowed the badly-outnumbered Confederates to prolong the battle. The fighting at Raymond changed Grant's approach to the campaign. Realizing that the Confederate force in Jackson was stronger than he had believed, Grant was unwilling to leave the enemy force in his rear and decided to send his men against the Jackson position. Unsure if McPherson's XVII Corps was strong enough to take the city, Grant ordered McPherson to attack Jackson from the northwest, while Major General William T. Sherman's XV Corps struck from the southwest.

Johnston, who had a reputation for defeatism, arrived in Jackson on May 13. About 6,000 Confederate troops held the city, including Gregg's recently defeated men, although additional reinforcements were expected. During his journey to Jackson, Johnston had learned that Grant's army had moved into Mississippi, while Pemberton's force was holding a defensive position along the Big Black River. The Union force was between the Confederate positions. Johnston decided that Jackson could not be held in what the historians William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel described as "unseemly haste", sent a telegram to his commanding officers in Richmond, Virginia, stating "I am too late", and ordered the evacuation of the city. While Johnston and his staff made the 25 miles retreat to Canton by rail, the rest of his army made the retreat on foot. Gregg's men were tasked with serving as a rear guard at Jackson. While retreating, Johnston sent Pemberton a misleading message suggesting that Johnston's men would support Pemberton in an offensive movement when he had no intention of doing so. The historian Donald L. Miller believes that this was designed to present the appearance in the official records that he was not abandoning Vicksburg.

Battle
On May 14, the Union soldiers made contact with the Confederate rear guard 5 miles from Jackson during a thunderstorm. Two Confederate officers, Brigadier General W. H. T. Walker and Colonel Peyton Colquitt had formed a roadblock outside of town with their brigades, but the rainfall forced the action to halt. During the respite provided by the rain, the Confederates learned of Sherman's approach, and sent a unit of mounted infantry to confront his column. After the rain stopped, the Union advance resumed. The delay during the rain had been necessary to prevent the paper cartridges used at the time from becoming waterlogged and unusable. McPherson, unsure of the strength of the force he was facing, initially acted cautiously, using artillery fire to probe the Confederate lines. After determining that he was not facing a large force, McPherson ordered Brigadier General Marcellus M. Crocker's division to attack the Confederate lines. Initial Confederate resistance cost McPherson about 300 casualties, but Crocker's attack forced the Confederate pickets back into the fortifications around Jackson, and the Union soldiers soon carried the main defenses as well. By the time McPherson's men had reached the fortifications, all of the Confederate defenders except for the crews of seven cannons had withdrawn.

Sherman's advance met less opposition. Only small amount of artillery fire resisted his advance, and Sherman detached the 95th Ohio Infantry Regiment to test the Confederate fortifications. The Ohio regiment found that the position had been abandoned, and were informed by an African American civilian that only a token Confederate artillery force remained. When Sherman's overall advance occurred not long afterwards, these artillerymen were captured and found to be militiamen and armed civilians. In addition to the seven cannons captured by McPherson's men, Sherman's advance took a further ten.

Aftermath
After taking the town, the Union soldiers, primarily Sherman's men, demolished infrastructure in the city. Factories, warehouses, and other military and economic sites were destroyed. Grant and Sherman personally visited a textiles plant before Sherman ordered its destruction. Iron rails of the Southern Railroad of Mississippi were damaged by bending them into circular shapes known as Sherman's neckties. Despite official orders from Sherman prohibiting such behavior, civilian homes were also plundered and burned. Between fires that had been set by retreating Confederates destroying supplies and those set by Union troops during the occupation, Jackson suffered significant fire damage. For a time, Grant had his headquarters in the same building that Johnston had stayed in while he was in the town.

Estimates of casualties suffered in the battle vary. The historian Shelby Foote stated that the Confederates lost a little over 200 men, while Grant lost 332: 48 killed, 273 wounded, and 11 missing. Historians William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel place Union losses at 300 (42 killed, 251 wounded, and 7 missing), while putting Confederate losses at about 845 men; the National Park Service agrees with both figures. The Civil War Battlefield Guide, edited by Frances Kennedy, gives Union losses as 286 men and Confederate losses as 850. Almost all of the Union losses were suffered by McPherson's corps.

After Jackson was captured, the forces of Johnston and Pemberton were cut off from each other. On May 16, Grant's men defeated Pemberton decisively at the Battle of Champion Hill. By May 18, the Union soldiers had reached Vicksburg and placed the city under siege. The siege of Vicksburg continued until July 4, when Pemberton surrendered. During the siege, reinforcements from across the Confederacy continued to be diverted to Johnston, who eventually amassed 32,000 men. Named the Army of Relief, Johnston's force did not move against Grant until July 1, and then upon reaching the Union lines at the Big Black River two days later, decided that the defenses could not be taken and did not bring on a battle. Johnston ordered a retreat on July 5, and on July 7, Johnston's retreating troops reoccupied Jackson. Grant responded by sending Sherman with 46,000 men to follow Johnston. This movement, known as the Jackson Expedition, reached the city of July 10. The city was soon placed under siege; a limited Union attack that mistakenly occurred was repulsed on July 12. Johnston again abandoned Jackson on the night of July 16/17.

Battlefield preservation
The City of Jackson preserves 2 acres of the battlefield: one in a public park and another on the campus of the University of Mississippi Medical Center.

title: Battle of Jackson


text:
Al-Jubba'i

Abū 'Alī Muḥammad al-Jubbā'ī (أبو على محمد الجبائي; died c. 915) was a Mu'tazili influenced theologian and philosopher of the 10th century. Born in Khuzistan, he studied in Basra where he trained Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, who went on to found his own theological tradition, and his son Abū Hāshīm al-Jubbā'ī.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Al-Jubba'i


text:
Talk:WRFD

from Vfd
On 15 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/WRFD for a record of the discussion.

title: Talk:WRFD


text:
Hospital General metro station (Mexico City)

Hospital General is a metro station along Line 3 of the Mexico City Metro. It is located in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City.

General information
This station transfers to the "S" trolleybus line, which runs between ISSSTE Zaragoza and Chapultepec.

Hospital General serves passengers in the Colonias (neighborhoods) of Doctores and Roma. The station opened on 20 November 1970 when it served as the southern terminus of Line 3. Service southward towards Centro Médico started 10 years later on 7 June 1980.

Name and iconography
The station logo represents the symbol of International Red Cross. Its name refers to the General Hospital of Mexico, which is located above the station.


text:
Talk:Jim Karygiannis

Untitled
http://www.mhrmi.org/news/2007/constitutional_name07_e.asp —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.236.136.2 (talk) 17:40, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

"Skopjan" is a hateful, vulgar term used by Greeks to refer to Macedonians. When a Greek calls a Macedonian a "Skopjan", he is denying ones identity with hateful intent!!!! Jim Karygiannis used this term with hateful intent towards all Macedonians!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Excelcan (talk • contribs) 03:50, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

ETHINC SLUR
ethnic slur - a slur on someone's race or language http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ethnic+slur —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xstatik (talk • contribs) 20:08, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

From the Canadian Criminal Code.

Criminal Code of Canada

Sections 318 and 319 of the Criminal Code make it a criminal offence to:

advocate genocide

publicly incite hatred

wilfully promote hatred against an "identifiable group."

An identifiable group is defined as any section of the public distinguished by:

colour

race

religion

ethnic origin Hatred directed against others groups (such as women, or gays and lesbians) is not punishable under sections 318 and 319.

The Criminal Code provisions are intended to prohibit the public distribution of hate propaganda. Private speech is not covered by the provisions.

http://www.reseau-medias.ca/english/issues/online_hate/when_is_hate_a_crime.cfm —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xstatik (talk • contribs) 20:05, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

NPOV
An anonymous poster wrote:

This article sounds like it was written by a Karygiannis official!

Then, I wrote:

What specifically do you have a problem with? I tried to *avoid* anything that would sound POV when I wrote my contributions to the piece.

(Btw, I considered adding the fact that Karygiannis won a Hill Times "worst MP" poll a few years ago, but I couldn't find a weblink.) CJCurrie 20:36, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Does anyone else think the article is biased, in its current form? If not, I plan to remove the NPOV notice in a few days. CJCurrie 29 June 2005 21:03 (UTC)

from Vfd
On 15 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Jim Karygiannis for a record of the discussion.

The Truth About Jim...
Anyone having any information regarding this MP please feel free to post. [unsigned]

Or better yet, don't. This is board for discussing the encyclopedia article, not a place to air personal grievances. CJCurrie 03:04, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Macedonia again
I hope that this edit isn't a sign of things to come on this page. The Manual of Style for Macedonian naming conventions is (i) only a proposed guideline, (ii) focused on general on-wiki naming conventions, and (iii) has nothing whatsoever to do with JK's use of a disputed term. In fact, I see that the MOS makes no comment on whether or not "Skopjan" should be considered offensive. CJCurrie (talk) 00:26, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Karygiannis vs Kenney
How come this article is getting all the attention for something Karygiannis didn't even say? The article on Jason Kenney doesn't even mention this incident. EncyclopediaUpdaticus (talk) 13:15, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Good question. I certainly think the "Karygiannis vs Kenney" section is imperfect in its current form, being too reliant on coverage from a non-neutral and non-objective source (ie. the National Post). I also think we may be devoting too much space to the matter. With that said, JK's defense of the CAF is noteworthy, particularly as he was one of the few politicians to defend this (unfairly demonized, IMO) organization. CJCurrie (talk) 04:01, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Industrial Engineer
Lists profession as "Industrial Engineer", but as far as I know Karigiannis is not registered as an engineer anywhere in Canada. Studying "industrial engineering" does not make one an "industrial engineer", as there are additional specific requirements, in addition to education, that are required before one can call themselves an "engineer" in Canada. I suggest removing reference to Industrial engineer as a profession unless someone else can provide more complete information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WeTim (talk • contribs) 18:30, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Controversies section NPOV
The "Controversies" section of this article is rather obviously in violation of Wikipedia's NPOV policy. I've already removed some of the most egregious problems, but there are still issues having to do with slanted phrasing ("In July 2012, Karygiannis caused a diplomatic scandal [...]"), undue weight, unnecessary detail, and relevance (the details of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, even if accurately reported, are hardly relevant to Karygiannis's biography). On a more fundamental level, I'm not certain that having all of this information in a separate section is (i) necessary, (ii) consistent with NPOV, or (iii) beneficial to the article.

I'll try to improve the section in the near future. CJCurrie (talk) 00:19, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Without providing some insight into the history of the conflict, it becomes unclear why Karygiannis's visit was controversial. As for the relevance, I am positive the section should be kept. Karygiannis has been criticised for controversial actions since the onset of his political career; they have come to define him as a politician and have become an inseparable part of his biography. Parishan (talk) 13:27, 5 April 2014 (UTC)

Queen's Privy Council for Canada
I can't see from this article how Karygiannis gets this designation. Anybody care to enlighten me? EncyclopediaUpdaticus (talk) 13:31, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Jim Karygiannis 's Ward
Someone put Scarborough Centre as his ward, in fact it is Scarborough-Agincourt. JK represented Scarborough-Agincourt Federally, then Scarborough-Agincourt (39) for one term (and Norm Kelly representing Scarborough-Agincourt (40) for a long time) then when Ward Boundaries changed, JK represents all of Scarborough-Agincourt municipally.

Scarborough Centre is Michael Thompson (Municipally).

MiroslavGlavic (talk) 05:22, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

Ward 39 / Ward 22
So I separated, did new sections for Ward 39 then Ward 22, someone put a BR break then put Ward 39. I noted the term dates for Ward 39 and 22 in the separated sections. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MiroslavGlavic (talk • contribs) 05:30, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jim Karygiannis


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Northwestern arch

Northwestern arch
Self-nom. — Dan | Talk 02:10, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Off-center (and I don't think a crop would help); bricks on the left are overexposed; needs perspective correction. —Korath (Talk) 04:22, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose I don't think a University gateway could be a featured pic unless the pic was really exceptional. This one is just ordinary - Adrian Pingstone
 * NOT Promoted. +1/-2 -- BRIAN 0918  15:50, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode

Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode (BOCU) is a MIME compatible Unicode compression scheme. BOCU-1 combines the wide applicability of UTF-8 with the compactness of Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode (SCSU). This Unicode encoding is designed to be useful for compressing short strings, and maintains code point order. BOCU-1 is specified in a Unicode Technical Note. For comparison SCSU was adopted as standard Unicode compression scheme with a byte/code point ratio similar to language-specific code pages. SCSU has not been widely adopted, as it is not suitable for MIME "text" media types. For example, SCSU cannot be used directly in emails and similar protocols. SCSU requires a complicated encoder design for good performance. Usually, the zip, bzip2, and other industry standard algorithms compact larger amounts of Unicode text more efficiently.

Both SCSU and BOCU-1 are IANA registered charsets.

Details
All numbers in this section are hexadecimal, and all ranges are inclusive.

Code points from  to   are encoded in BOCU-1 as the corresponding byte value. All other code points (that is,  through   and   through  ) are encoded as a difference between the code point and a normalized version of the most recently encoded code point that was not an ASCII space. The initial state is. The normalization mapping is as follows:

The difference between the current code point and the normalized previous code point is encoded as follows:

Each byte range is lexicographically ordered with the following thirteen byte values excluded:. For example, the byte sequence, coding for a difference of  , is immediately followed by the byte sequence  , coding for a difference of.

Any ASCII input  to   excluding space   resets the encoder to. Because the above-mentioned values cover line end code points  and   as is, the encoder is in a known state at the begin of each line. The corruption of a single byte therefore affects at most one line. For comparison, the corruption of a single byte in UTF-8 affects at most one code point, for SCSU it can affect the entire document.

BOCU-1 offers a similar robustness also for input texts without the above-mentioned values with the special reset code. When a decoder finds this octet it resets its state to  as for a line end. The use of  reset bytes is not recommended in the BOCU-1 specification, because it conflicts with other BOCU-1 design goals, notably the binary order.

The optional use of a signature  at the begin of BOCU-1 encoded texts, i.e. the BOCU-1 byte sequence , changes the initial state   to. In other words, the signature cannot simply be stripped as in most other Unicode encoding schemes. Adding a reset byte after the signature could avoid this effect, but the BOCU-1 specification does not recommend this practice.

In theory UTF-1 and UTF-8 could encode the original UCS-4 set with 31 bits up to. BOCU-1 and UTF-16 can encode the modern Unicode set from  to. Excluding the thirteen protected code points encoded as single octets BOCU-1 can use $$256 - 13 = 243$$ octets in multi-byte encodings. BOCU-1 needs at most four bytes consisting of a lead byte and one to three trail bytes. The trail bytes encode a remaining "modulo 243" (base 243) difference, the lead byte determines the number of trail bytes and an initial difference. Note that the reset byte  is not protected and can occur as trail byte.

Patent
Prior to 16 November 2022, the general BOCU algorithm was covered by United States Patent #6,737,994, which also mentions the specific BOCU-1 implementation. This patent has now expired.

IBM, which employed both of the inventors of BOCU-1 at the time it was created, stated in the Unicode Technical Note that implementers of a "fully compliant version of BOCU-1" had to contact IBM to request a royalty-free license. BOCU-1 is the only Unicode compression scheme described on the Unicode Web site that is known to have been encumbered with intellectual property restrictions.

By contrast, IBM also filed for a patent on UTF-EBCDIC, but it chose in that case to make the documentation and encoding scheme "freely available to anyone concerned towards making the transformation format as part of the UCS standards", instead of requiring implementers to request a license.

title: Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode


text:
Red River War

The Red River War was a military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to displace the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes from the Southern Plains, and forcibly relocate the tribes to reservations in Indian Territory. The war had several army columns crisscross the Texas Panhandle in an effort to locate, harass, and capture nomadic Native American bands. Most of the engagements were small skirmishes with few casualties on either side. The war wound down over the last few months of 1874, as fewer and fewer Indian bands had the strength and supplies to remain in the field. Though the last significantly sized group did not surrender until mid-1875, the war marked the end of free-roaming Indian populations on the southern Great Plains.

Background
Prior to the arrival of English American settlers on the Great Plains, the southern Plains tribes had evolved into a nomadic pattern of existence. Beginning in the 1830s, significant numbers of permanent settlements were established in what had previously been the territory of the various Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Attacks, raids, and counter-raids occurred frequently. Prior to the Civil War, the U.S. Army was only sporadically involved in these frontier conflicts, manning forts, but limited to a handful of larger expeditions due to manpower limitations. During the Civil War, the Regular Army withdrew almost completely, and Indian raids increased dramatically. Texas, as part of the Confederate States of America, lacked the military resources to fight both the Union and the tribes. After the war, the military began reasserting itself along the frontier. The Medicine Lodge Treaty, signed near present-day Medicine Lodge, Kansas, in 1867, called for two reservations to be set aside in Indian Territory, one for the Comanche and Kiowa and one for the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho. According to the treaty, the government would provide the tribes with housing, agricultural training, and food and other supplies. In exchange, the Indians agreed to cease raiding and attacking settlements. Dozens of chiefs endorsed the treaty and some tribal members moved voluntarily to the reservations, but it was never officially ratified and several groups of Indians still on the Plains did not attend the negotiations. In 1867, the U.S. Army began hunting buffalo to sabotage the food sources of the indigenous people inhabiting the plains. In 1870, a new technique for tanning buffalo hides became commercially available. In response, commercial hunters began systematically targeting buffalo for the first time. Once numbering in the tens of millions, the buffalo population plummeted. By 1878, they were all but extinct. The destruction of the buffalo herds was a disaster for the Plains Indians, on and off the reservations. The entire nomadic way of life had been based around the animals. They were used for food, fuel, and construction materials. Without abundant buffalo, the southern Plains Indians had no means of self-support. By the winter of 1873–1874, the southern Plains Indians were in crisis. The reduction of the buffalo herds combined with increasing numbers of new settlers and more aggressive military patrols had put them in an unsustainable position.

War
During the winter, a spiritual leader named Isatai'i emerged among the Quahadi Band of Comanches. Isa-tai claimed to have the power to render himself and others invulnerable to their enemies, including to bullets, and was able to rally an enormous number of Indians for large raids. Also, a shift occurred within the political structure of the Kiowa, bringing the war faction (influenced by the head chief Guipago, or Gui-pah-gho, sometimes known, by modern people, as Lone Wolf "the Elder" to prevent confusion with Mamay-dayte, later named Lone Wolf "the Younger") into a greater position of influence than they had held previously.

Early engagements

On 27 June 1874, Isa-tai'i and Comanche chief Quanah Parker led about 250 warriors in an attack on a small outpost of buffalo hunters in the Texas Panhandle called Adobe Walls. The encampment consisted of just a few buildings and was occupied by only 28 men and one woman. Though a few whites were killed in the opening moments of the Second Battle of Adobe Walls, the majority were able to barricade themselves indoors and hold off the attack. Using large-caliber buffalo guns, the hunters could fire on the warriors from much greater range than the Indians had expected, and the attack failed. A second engagement involving the Kiowa took place in Texas. Warriors led by Lone Wolf attacked a patrol of Texas Rangers in July. The Lost Valley fight had light casualties on both sides, but it served to raise tensions along the frontier and push the Army into an aggressive response. The explosion of violence took the government by surprise. The "peace policy" of the Grant administration was deemed a failure, and the Army was authorized to subdue the southern Plains tribes with whatever force necessary. At this time, roughly 1,800 Cheyennes, 2,000 Comanches, and 1,000 Kiowas remained at large. Combined, they mounted about 1,200 warriors.

Army response
General Philip Sheridan ordered five army columns to converge on the general area of the Texas Panhandle and specifically upon the upper tributaries of the Red River. The strategy was to deny the Indians any safe haven and attack them unceasingly until they went permanently to the reservations. Three of the five columns were under the command of Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie. The Tenth Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel John W. Davidson, came due west from Fort Sill. The Eleventh Infantry, under Lieutenant Colonel George P. Buell, moved northwest from Fort Griffin. Mackenzie himself led the Fourth Cavalry north from Fort Concho. The fourth column, consisting of the Sixth Cavalry and Fifth Infantry, was commanded by Colonel Nelson A. Miles and came south from Fort Dodge. The fifth column, the Eighth Cavalry commanded by Major William R. Price, a total of 225 officers and men, plus six Indian scouts and two guides originated from Fort Union, marched east via Fort Bascom in New Mexico. The plan called for the converging columns to maintain a continuous offensive until a decisive defeat had been inflicted on the Indians. As many as 20 engagements took place across the Texas Panhandle. The Army, consisting entirely of soldiers and scouts, sought to engage the Indians at any opportunity. The Indians, traveling with women, children, and elderly, mostly attempted to avoid them. When the two did encounter one another, the Indians usually tried to escape before the Army could force them to surrender. However, even a successful escape could be disastrously costly if horses, food, and equipment had to be left behind. By contrast, the Army and its Indian scouts had access to essentially limitless supplies and equipment, they frequently burned anything they captured from retreating Indians, and were capable of continuing operations indefinitely. The war continued throughout the fall of 1874, but increasing numbers of Indians were forced to give up and head for Fort Sill to enter the reservation system.

Battle of the Upper Washita River
On September 9, 1874, Captain Wyllys Lyman led a wagon train full of rations to Camp Supply in the Indian Territory for Col. Nelson A. Miles' troops when they were confronted by a group of Comanches and Kiowas. In the ensuing battle, Lyman and 95 troops formed a wagon corral and held off their adversaries, numbered at about 400, and a scout was dispatched to send word to Camp Supply. Soon after, the Sixth Cavalry was sent without rest and during a rainstorm to aid the wagon train. Upon their arrival on September 14, the attackers fled. The battle was the longest and one of the most publicized of the War. It is known as both the Battle of the Upper Washita River and the Battle of Lyman's Wagon Train.

Battle of Palo Duro Canyon
Early in September, Tonkawa and Black Seminole Scouts in advance of the Fourth Cavalry were ambushed by Comanche near the Staked Plains and escaped with their lives. The scouts relayed the Comanche position and alerted Col. Mackenzie of their whereabouts.

The largest Army victory came when Mackenzie's scouts found a large village of Comanche, Kiowa, and Cheyenne, including their horses and winter food supply, in upper Palo Duro Canyon. At dawn on September 28, Mackenzie's troops attacked down a steep canyon wall. The Native Americans were unprepared and did not have time to gather their horses or supplies before retreating. Sergeant John Charlton wrote of the battle: "The warriors held their ground for a time, fighting desperately to cover the exit of their squaws and pack animals, but under the persistent fire of the troops, they soon began falling back." Only four Indians were killed, but the effect was devastating. Mackenzie's men burned over 450 lodges and destroyed countless pounds of buffalo meat. They also took 1,400 horses, most of which were subsequently shot to prevent the Indians from recapturing them. Except for its unusually large size, the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon was typical of the war. Most encounters produced little to no casualties, but the Indians could not afford the constant loss of food and mounts. Even if it escaped immediate danger, an Indian band that found itself on foot and with limited options for food generally had no choice but to give up and head for the reservation.

Aftermath
The Red River War officially ended in June 1875 when Quanah Parker and his band of Quahadi Comanche entered Fort Sill and surrendered; they were the last large roaming band of southwestern Indians. Combined with the extermination of the buffalo, the war left the Texas Panhandle permanently open to settlement by farmers and ranchers. It was the final military defeat of the once powerful Southern Plains tribes and brought an end to the Texas–Indian Wars.

title: Red River War


text:
User:Shadowtrooper/temp-pgs

501st Stormtrooper Legion
The 501st Stormtrooper Legion (a.k.a. Vader's Fist) is a wordwide organization of Star Wars fans. The 501st Legion is the worlds largest Imperial costuming organization, spanning the entire United States and 21 other countries. The 501st can often be found at promotional events for almost anything related to Star Wars and frequently put their "fame" to use at numerous charity events throughout the year (ie: Toys for Tots, MDA Telethons, local childrens' hospitals, etc.).

The 501st is divided into a number of garrisons, local "chapters" with jurisdiction over regions of varying size (anywhere from a portion of a state to multiple states). Garrisons with many memebers are subdivided into squads, much more localized versions of garrisons. Separate from garrisons, yet still part of the Legion as a whole, detachments have no regional boundries but are instead made up of members who have similar costumes (ie: a detachment of only Scout Troopers).

==Garrisons (alphabetical order)
 * Alpine Garrison
 * Territory Occupied: Utah, Idaho, Montana

 * Belgian Garrison
 * Territory Occupied: Belgium
 * Squads:
 * FANWARS
 * Flanders Dragon Squad

 * Bloodfin Garrison
 * Territory Occupied: Indiana

 * Brazilian Division
 * Territory Occupied: Brazil

 * Southern California Garrison
 * Territory Occupied: Southern California
 * Squads:
 * San Diego Squad

 * Central California Garrison
 * Territory Occupied: Central California

 * Golden Gate Garrison
 * Territory Occupied: Northern California

 * Canadian Garrison
 * Territory Occupied: Canada
 * Squads:
 * Badlands Squadron

 * Carolina Garrison
 * Territory Occupied: North and South Carolina

 * Central Garrison
 * Territory Occupied: North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota

 * Chilean Outpost
 * Territory Occupied: Chile

 * Terror Australis Garrison
 * Territory Occupied: Australia

title: User:Shadowtrooper/temp-pgs


text:
Talk:Ray, Iran

Untitled
Shahrbanoo's marriage to Hussayn was forced based on the following evidence:

 * According to both Muslim and Zoroastrian claims, she was captured as she was escaping with her entourage.

 * According to Shia claims (all Ulama as well as Shia hadith is unanimous on this) her captors wanted to sell her in Madina, but Ali stepped in and said since she is daughter of a king, it is inappropriate to sell a princess as a slave, so give her a chance to choose a husband for herself.

 * According to same claim, he [Ali] then speaks to her and convices her that Islam is the right path, and then she chooses his son Husayn as her husband!! Again, accordign to unanimous Shia claim, she converts to Islam willingly and chooses Husayn on her own will. But they forget to mention a simple little fact:  that Shahrbanoo didn't speak Arabic, and Ali didn't speak Persian.  And somehow I doubt they both knew Esperanto.  So in what language did Ali speak to this little girl to not only convince her (philosophically or otherwise) that "Islam is the right path" but also to "opt for" a husband?

 * Finally, what evidence to you have that she was not forcefully taken and given as a "gift" to Husayn? That part would be quite consistent with the rest of the history of Islam and their practices.

--Martin2000 02:16, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) You did not provide any evidence that she was forced.
 * 2) Ali did not need to know Esperanto. He knew Persian. This can be argued from several perspectives.
 * 3) Click on Shahr Banu's name for the sources I had already provided.--Zereshk

Calm down, don't exert pressure when you can talk in normal tone. Anyhow, I did provide evidence, but I guess your idea of evidence is a photograph or a video tape showing Shahrbanoo being dragged on sand by the Arabs. So Ali knew Persian, eh? I suppose you have evidence for this? The page you asked me to click says Ali knew persian and furthermore it quotes a Shia hadith which claims the following masterpiece of comedy:
 * Ali, then came up to the princess and asked: "What is your name?" The princess replied: "The daughter of Jahan-shah". Ali said: "and so Shahr-banuyeh you will be called" ("the bride of the land").

Do you honestly believe that?! That claim is embarrassingly stupid. So what evidence you have that Ali knew Persian? And what evidence you have that Shahrbanoo, who was clearly captured by the Arabs, married Hussayn willingly? Oh, and for your good information, there is plenty of solid historical evidence that her name was Shahrbanoo, and the Arabs didn't gave her that name. Even if an Arab knew some Persian, what are the chances he knew the subtle difference between the double meaning of "land/country and city" for "shahr"? At any rate, the Zoroastrians also call her Shahrbanoo, and if her name was given by Ali to her, the Zoros would have referred to her by her original name not by her allegedly Arab given name. Besides, didn't it occur to your brilliant mind that if Ali was going to give her a name, he would have given her an Islamic name not  a Persian name? --Martin2000 06:52, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Martin, you are the one who is applying pressure by insisting on changing the article based only on your personal beliefs. I provided specific references and documentation. Now if it seems "stupid" to you, that is simply unfortunate.
 * 2) My idea of evidence is precisely like what I provided: Source name, author, volume, page number. I can even give you an ISBN number, because I translated the passage myself.
 * Yes, according to the sources, not only did Ali and Hosein know Farsi, but there is also hadith that Mohammad knew it too. Now I apologize if European historians were not around to back up these "Shia" claims.
 * 1) Even disregarding those documentations, this can still be seen from a pure analytical point of view by considering the following:
 * 2) We well know that Mohammad was eager to learn the customs, ways, language of Persia from Salman Farsi during the course of many years. This can easily be seen by how Islam borrows many of the same worldview concepts of zoroastrianism, such as Harut and Marut. (see A.Bausani. Persia Rligiosa (Milan 1959), p138-147. for further detail.)
 * 3) Mohammad and Ali had clear motivation to learn Farsi: They were well aware of the relatively higher cultural elevation of Persia, hence the numerous hadiths from them advising fellow arabs to highly regard Persians.
 * 4) Ali lived in the same household that fostered and valued these Farsi teachings.
 * 5) Ali is known to have participated in the conquests to Persia. He came in contact directly with the people. And it is well documented that he was sympathetic to the Persians during the conquest.
 * 6) Al-Kufah is quite close to "Madaen" and "Anbar". All are on the tigris/euphrates. That enough is good reason to accept that the peoples of that time in that vicinity had to be bilingual to be able to converse with neighboring villages.
 * 7) One of the five Shia principles is "Imamat". It means that "Ali" is fit to rule because of "esmat". A person who possesses esmat has access to esoteric and metaphysical knowledge. Knowing Farsi would thus be no formidable task for him. The Sunni Sufis also regard him likewise.
 * 8) Correct: The Arabs didnt give "Shahr-banoo" her name. Indeed, the reason she chose Hosein was that, accoring to the sources I mentioned, according to herself, she had previously had a dream in Madaen in which Fatima had called her with that exact name giving her tidings of this marriage. I had to shorten the text while translating for reasons of conciseness. When Ali used that name many years later, which supposedly he had no way of knowing, it illustrated to Shahr-Banu that these people were indeed the people she had seen in her dream before the fall of Madaen. Therefore Ali did not give her that name, but was actually introducing her with that name to the crowd.
 * 9) Yes. the fact that Ali didnt give her an Arabic name says alot. Doesnt it! Like I said, Ali, like Mohammad, was highly sympathetic to Iranians. See the following articles for more examples of Ali and Mohammad's sympathy toward Persians:
 * 10) Ali in fact eventually lost his life partly because of this pro-Iranian tendency. Things actually go much deeper than the popular Ebne Moljam account.
 * 11) Interestingly, a similar account exists for the Bizantine princess Narges (Melika), the descendant of Simon the apostle, who became the mother of Mahdi (12th Imam).--Zereshk 16:53, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

If you really beleive all that Shia crap, then good luck to you, cuz you're gonna need it in life. You don't seem to have a solid grip on reality. You seem to live in your own world. Anyhow, I will give you a bit of clue free of charge. The reason there are some favourable Hadiths for Iranians is, surprise surprise, because out of the 6 main Hadith authors, 4 were Iranians, including the 3 most authoritative ones: Bukhari, Termezi and Hajjaj. Nasai was also Iranian. The first 3 were Khurasani, and Nasai was from Pars. The other 2 Hadith authors are not as major and their works are basically a copy-and-paste from the Hadith of the Iranian authors. Hajjaj was from Neyshapour but claimed to be of Qushayri origin, so that he was better accepted as some "real Arab" from an authentic Arabic origin, but there is academic information that he was indeed of Khorasani origin, and his claim of "al-Qushayri" roots is unverifiable. The most authoritative of the Hadiths is al-Bukhari (from the city of Bukhara). Having read what you wrote for me, I have reason to believe that someone like you is out of touch with reality and I am not even going to accept an edit war with someone like you. So I let you be happy by deleting the "forced" out of the article, and stay happy with your romanticism and keep thinking that Shahrbanoo indeed chose Husayn and they "lived happily ever after!", and both Ali and Muhammad knew Persian, and "Shahrbanoo realized that they had special knowledge"!! hehe no wonder your nation is the way it is today, their "educated" people are like you, I can imagine what the uneducated ones are like!! :-) --Martin2000 22:15, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I see that you have resorted to name calling. Not surprising of course.

 * Yes, I too dont understand why there were no European historians in 8th century Persia. Hmmm...all the historians in Iran were of Iranian stock. How strange!

 * I provided specific documentation. Now if you think Shia beliefs and documentation are "stupid" and "un-educated", then too bad. Either provide similar documentation, or live with it.--Zereshk 22:46, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You have no right to display such aggressive behavior toward fellow Wikipedia contributors as to constantly revert whatever your don't like and act like a bully. Your claim that both Muhammed and Ali knew Persian langauge will only make you the laughingstock of people.  Shahr Banu was by definition (by Islam's definition, that is) a slave of her Arab captors and they could do whatever they wanted with her, including using her as a sex slave.  As Martin correctly indicated, she was a gift for Hussein. You wrote "Yes, according to the sources, not only did Ali and Hosein know Farsi, but there is also hadith that Mohammad knew it too." -- well, according to "sources" there is also Bigfoot and some "sources" have also reported that they saw a UFO pick up Elvis long after Elvis died.  I am sure there are even books with ISBN numbers to support such claims. --Paul Chiu

 * Please provide those books with ISBN numbers. I will check them to verify, and I will be happy to include your view as well. Until then, I will revert back your deletion of the text, because I have provided documentation and you havent. Gossip is unacceptable as a source of Encyclopedia.--Zereshk 09:49, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I am on Zereshk's side, since the opposing party use nothing more than their own pov and original research, something whitch is against wikipedia policies, whereas Zereshk is using outside sources. If the opposing side where right, they would have no problem sourcing their pov to an outside source.

--Striver 11:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

To "Paul Ciu",

I have been monitoring your posts. You have 14 posts in total ever since you came to Wikipedia. Of those, 13 were written in attacking or questioning the integrity of Zereshk, and one was a revert of his text on this page. Other than that, you have had no contributions at all to Wikipedia. I strongly advise you to stop your smearing campaign against Zereshk, as he is one of Wikipedia's most active editors.

By the way, Martin2000 was banned by Wikipedia administrators for his attacks, by Iranian admins. --CJ Wren

Arguing about who's fairy tale is superior is comedic, but unproductive.. 96.31.218.103 (talk) 13:25, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Historical fact is not the point. A cultural tradition is being presented. It has a definite form, and sourcing is the whole story. 84.227.250.30 (talk) 23:08, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

5,000 Years Old ?
How can this city be 5,000 years old if the article says it was built during the Median Empire? That would put the Median Empire at the same time as the Sumerian Empire. Something needs to be reconciled... Stevenmitchell 14:30, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * This date seems to refer to the earliest archaeologically recoverable settlement traces, which can well predate the founding of the city in the historical sense. However, all these extraordinary early dates need clarification or more precise qualification and, most importantly, good sources. (Encyclopaedia Iranica would be the first place to go.)
 * Particularly jarring, and betraying a serious lack of education about prehistory, is the claim of inhabitation by "Aryans" 6,000 years ago. There were no Indo-Europeans in the region at the time, let alone Indo-Iranians (according to just about any hypothesis of Indo-European origins I can muster). There seems to be general agreement that any group of people which could conceivably or at least reasonably be called Indo-Iranians or Aryans didn't even exist prior to the (late) 3rd millennium BC, and wherever their origins are to be sought, the region in question isn't exactly a popular candidate (to put it mildly). This is pure jingoistic projection of historical ethnicities back into the remote past, akin to claiming Anglo-Saxons settled in Bronze-Age Britain. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 17:16, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

Correction of 1934-1936 Excavation
I also corrected the reference to a "Dr. Smith" from Philadephia University to Dr. Erich Schmidt University of Pennsylvania. I suppose it is easy to confuse "Smith" which is the most common last name in the U.S. with "Schmidt," especially if you are not as familiar with the English language. Apparently, most of information for this article was garnered almost verbatim from the www.iranchamber.com website where that information is posted. Unfortunately, upon further research much of the information on that website is in error. It too is also a Wiki-like website where anyone with or without knowledge can post to. Stevenmitchell 15:20, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

inhabitants
250.000 (1996) --Englishazadipedia (talk) 01:46, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

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Ray not Rey
The true pronunciation is Ray.

Requested move 19 May 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (closed by non-admin page mover)  SITH   (talk)   11:20, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Rey, Iran → Ray, Iran – The most common spelling in English by a huge margin. Here are just some of the sources that use this variant. Hell, even the university of the city uses the variant. --HistoryofIran (talk) 18:27, 19 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Per provided sources. Stefka Bulgaria (talk) 12:54, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Ray, Iran


text:
User talk:Jannadem

I put two of the Images you uploaded to the Fort Mcmurray article on WP:IFD because I didn't think they had anything to do with the article. If I am wrong I'm sorry and plese corect me. The two images were:
 * Image:0406030006.jpeg
 * Image:TrikeWebPage.jpeg

Bawolff 02:18, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jannadem


text:
Talk:Magnetohydrodynamic generator

Are magnets really needed?
I have a question to those who are really proficient in MHD generation. There exist some claims that degree of interaction between flowing molecules (gases) and ions on one hand and flowing molecules (gases) and electrons on other hand is vastly different. Therefore movement of ions in a gas flow will occur much faster than movement of free electrons. If this is correct then why we need to use a strong magnets to separate ions and electrons in MHD generator? If speed of the ions and electrons movement in the same gas flow is vastly different then doesn't charge separation suppose to occur by itself just due to a gas flow? Shouldn't majority of electrons concentrate at the beginning of the duct while many more ions at the end? Then only thing we need to generate current is to put an electrode at the beginning of the duct and another one at the end and let electrons flow from the inside of the duct through the external load to the end of the duct and recombine with ions there? And no need for a magnets. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.222.146.79 (talk) 10:45, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

I'd expect the ions (positive charge) to drag free electrons with them. Gas flow is probably insufficient to separate the charges. Interactions of free electrons with the flow gas needs to be defined. If they are creating negative gas ions temporarily, then they are traveling just as fast with the flow as the positive ions. If they are just colliding with the gas, (more frequently because of higher velocity than the ions) the net collisions will still stay with the gas velocity on average due to the electron's tiny mass it will be pushed along with the flow. WikiSlothBlobThing (talk) 03:55, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

todo

 * Done:wikilink elements and pivotal words in sentences
 * Done:unify terminology of 'tube' 'pipe' 'channel' 'cylinder' (I used the terminology of the Messerle reference).
 * have others help with grammar and wording ...
 * Done: look for an 'efficiency' for throughput for coal power plants (from amount of energy in fuel to amount of electricity produced from same fuel) (USed the Messerle reference)
 * efficency of nuclear power plants from amount of fuel consumed to amount of energy produced.
 * Done, sort of...: do the math to verify efficency of MHD generator ... 10 to 20% came from the babelfish german version and needs to be verified. (I didn't do the math, I shamelessly imported Messerle's results, whcih were from actual experiments).
 * (Oops; I'll try to add it) please check: power generation example lacks any mention of a magnetic field, isn't this required?

 * Comments by Ray Van De Walker 19:34, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

The piece I couldn't fit in anywhere that merged from MHD dynamo; "In some cases, anomalous magnetic field production in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch has been shown to be caused by the MHD dynamo."

I've tried to fix this up as best I can. To the best of my knowlage there must be a magnetic field at all times for this to work. cc24.137.78.34 21:20, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Current developments?
I can't find any current examples of MHD generators in use for production of electric power. It's my impression that this ship has sailed...that the steady development of, eg. combined-cycle gas turbines with steam bottoming cycles have gained all the efficiency advantages that were once supposed for MHD, without the heart-breaking difficulty of trying to make a gas conduct electricity. Can anyone point at an MHD experiment more recent than the early '70s, which is all my "Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers" has ? --Wtshymanski 01:50, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

I have to agree with you that this hasn't really caught on, but I am not an authority on the topic. It seems to me that the there could be a revival however by adding some new technology. The bit about the alkaline salts and plasma generation seems a bit out of date however. With the recent developments in cold one atmospheric glow plasma these would seem to be unnecessary as they are supposed to be quite efficient, although I could be mistaken. I have heard of one being used backwards once on an industrial scale, but that was for a niche application pumping liquid metal in a refinery or something along those lines. Also, shouldn't the formula about how much energy can be extracted include a variable for the strength of the magnetic field? The MHD propulsor formula used in the real world is (thrust)= (current) X (magnetic field strength) X (the distance between the electrodes) cc24.137.78.34 21:35, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Being an enthusiast, I had a more recent reference work, the Messerle reference. I wrote the more recent history from that.  I hope it's helpful.  I bought Messerle some time ago, and I was surprised to find that it is not available at either A Libris or Amazon.  However, many research libraries have copies, because many subscribed to the UNESCO energy series. Ray Van De Walker 19:38, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

generator types?
I was surprised to find no mention of the different generator types, so I added that information. The Faraday generator has been obsolete for more than forty years. I believe the AVCO Mk. V (1965) was a Hall generator. Ray Van De Walker 19:41, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Magnetic Field Strength (no citation)
I was looking into why the magnetic field strength was stated to increase with the 7th power of the distance, and while I didn't exactly find a citeable source, I did come across this tidbit:

It would seem that since the electromagnetic field in the fluid is induced by the coils, the strength would indeed depend on the field strength produced by the coils, and would be subject to the same strength increase/decrease due to distance as normal magnets on top of that. So this would result in $$(1/x^3)*(1/x^4)=1/x^7$$.

-- AfroThundr3007730 (talk) 03:51, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Magnetohydrodynamic generator


text:
User:Jennifer Grubb

I am a graduate student at Berkeley studying structural engineering materials ~ concrete.

Although I've only done minor edits so far, I plan to make more significant improvements to:
 * concrete
 * reinforced_concrete
 * green_building

I also intend to improve the interconnections between:
 * construction
 * T._Y._Lin
 * prestressed_concrete
 * post-tensioned_concrete
 * rebar
 * steel
 * cement
 * list_of_construction_topics

And create an article on:
 * Plastic Lumber

title: User:Jennifer Grubb


text:
User:Xiong Chiamiov

Hello!  If I could speak all the languages of earth and of angels, but didn’t love others, I would only be a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal.

 Love is patient and kind. Love is not jealous or boastful or proud or rude. It does not demand its own way. It is not irritable, and it keeps no record of being wronged. It does not rejoice about injustice but rejoices whenever the truth wins out. Love never gives up, never loses faith, is always hopeful, and endures through every circumstance.

- excerpts from 1 Corinthians 13, NLT

Looking for help?

Want to know what you can do?

Current task: Category:Articles_to_be_merged, Euphemism, Love 146 (LOVE146,love146), Media for cleanup, jpegoptim

If you're bored, take a look through Category:Wikipedia backlog and Category:Wikipedia maintenance.

I would say that I'm half WikiOgre and half WikiGnome.

Useful links: my links page - John Broughton's Editor Index - ArielGold's bookmarks

eh, blah

title: User:Xiong Chiamiov


text:
Clementinum

The Clementinum is a historic complex of buildings in Prague which houses the National Library of the Czech Republic.

Until recently the complex hosted the National, University and Technical libraries; the City Library was also nearby on Mariánské Náměstí. In 2009, the Technical library and the Municipal library moved to the Prague National Technical Library at Technická 6.

History
Its history dates from the existence of a chapel dedicated to Saint Clement in the 11th century. A Dominican monastery was founded in the medieval period, which was transformed in 1556 to a Jesuit college. In 1622 the Jesuits transferred the library of Charles University to the Clementinum, and the college was merged with the University in 1654. The Jesuits remained until their suppression in 1773, when the Clementinum was established as an observatory, library, and university by the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.

The National Library was founded in 1781 and from 1782 the Clementinum was a legal deposit library. In 1918 the newly established Czecho-Slovak state took over the library. Since 1990, it has been the National Library. It contains a collection of Mozartiana, material pertaining to Tycho Brahe and Comenius, as well as historic examples of Czech literature. The architecture is a notable example of Baroque architecture and the Clementinum, covering 20,000 square metres, is the second largest complex of buildings in Prague after Prague Castle.

For several years before 2006, there was an ongoing debate on the possibilities of expanding the space for future library collections, as space in the current Clementinum buildings was expected to reach its limit by 2010. On 10 Jan 2006, the Prague authorities decided to sell the city-owned property located in the area of Letná, near the centre of Prague, to the National Library. In Spring 2006, an international architectural design competition for the new building was put up. The architect who won the competition was Jan Kaplický, but the decision was overruled, so the Czech National Library is still waiting for its final project.

In 2005, the Czech National Library received the UNESCO Jikji prize (Memory of the World).

Curiosities

 * At one time the Clementinum was known as the third largest Jesuit college in the world.
 * The oldest weather recording in the area of the Czech lands started in Clementinum in the year 1775. The recording continues through the present day.
 * The Clementinum is mentioned in "The Secret Miracle" by Jorge Luis Borges. The main character has a dream of the library of Clementinum where the librarians look for God in the books of the library. One of the librarians says: God is in one of the letters of one of the pages of one of the four hundred thousand books of Clementinum. My fathers and the fathers of my fathers have looked for this letter; I myself have gone blind looking for it. So, a reader enters and delivers an atlas for the main character, saying that this atlas is useless. The main character opens the book at random, and find a map of India, touching one of its minimum letters and, then, finds God.
 * The Baroque library hall inside Clementinum is known for its beautiful interior, including ceiling artwork by Jan Hiebl.

title: Clementinum


text:
Talk:Robert Newman (actor)

from Vfd
On 15 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Robert Newman (actor) for a record of the discussion.

Either expand it or delete it. It’s pathetic the way it is now.

title: Talk:Robert Newman (actor)


text:
Talk:John David Crow

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text:
Holy oil

Holy oils are used in religion and magic, and include:

 * Holy anointing oil, to anoint priests and articles of the Jewish Tabernacle
 * In Christianity:
 * Chrism
 * Oil of catechumens
 * Holy oil from pilgrimage sites, see Monza ampullae
 * Oil of the sick, used in the anointing of the sick
 * Holy Oil of Aspiration, a ceremonial magic oil

title: Holy oil


text:
Speedy Claxton

Craig Elliott "Speedy" Claxton (born May 8, 1978) is an American former professional basketball player and the current head coach of the Hofstra University men's basketball team. Claxton won an NBA championship in 2003 as a member of the San Antonio Spurs. In 2013, he was named as a special assistant to the head coach for the Hofstra University men's basketball program, before being hired as head coach in 2021.

College
Prior to his NBA career, Claxton played at Hofstra University under future Villanova University coach Jay Wright. At Hofstra, Claxton led the Flying Dutchmen to the America East Championship, where they defeated the University of Delaware in the championship game at Hofstra Arena. The team was defeated in the first round of the 2000 NCAA tournament by an Oklahoma State team led by Desmond Mason, Claxton's future NBA teammate with the New Orleans Hornets.

Claxton donated money to help build the 5,000-seat arena in which the Hofstra team plays, and his number 10 was retired by Hofstra on January 31, 2009. Claxton was inducted into the Hofstra Hall of Fame on January 29, 2011.

NBA career
Claxton was selected by the Philadelphia 76ers with the 20th overall pick of the 2000 NBA draft. His rookie-scale contract was worth four years and $4.68 million; he opted out of the fourth year to become a free agent.

Claxton missed his entire rookie season due to a knee injury suffered during the preseason. In 2002, Claxton was traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Mark Bryant, Randy Holcomb, and John Salmons, where he played on the Spurs' 2003 championship team as the backup to starting point guard Tony Parker.

In 2003, Claxton was signed by the Golden State Warriors to a three-year contract worth $10 million.

On February 24, 2005, Claxton and Dale Davis were traded from the Warriors to the New Orleans Hornets for Baron Davis.

On July 12, 2006, Claxton signed a contract worth approximately $25 million over four years with the Atlanta Hawks. Claxton only played 44 games with the Hawks, as he was injured every year after he signed with the team. During the 2006–07 season, he averaged 5.3 points and 4.4 assists per game.

On June 25, 2009, Claxton and Acie Law were traded to the Golden State Warriors for Jamal Crawford. Claxton never reported to the Warriors and was waived by Golden State on February 6, 2010, without appearing in a game for them.

Post-playing career
Claxton served as a college scout with the Golden State Warriors before joining the Hofstra University men's basketball staff in 2013. On April 7, 2021, he was hired as head coach at Hofstra.

For the 2022–23 season, Claxton led the Pride to the CAA regular season title and was named CAA Coach of the Year.

Personal life
Claxton's parents are from Antigua and Barbuda. His sister, Lisa, played for the St. John's Red Storm women's basketball team. His brother Michael (M. Buckets) played college basketball for the Villanova Wildcats. Claxton has two daughters, Aniya and London, with ex-wife Meeka. The couple announced their divorce in July 2014.

title: Speedy Claxton


text:
User:Mrsteve100

This is a page for me to test wikipedia and its editing tools. Please don't edit - it could be helpful to others if they happen to stumble across it. Thank you.

Most importantly, if you want to start a new line you need to put a carraige-return between the two consecutive lines. A new paragraph involve needs two carraige-returns.

How... are you?

Bold

It truly is:

Italic

Highlight and click on appropriate internal-link icon

Internal link to Borehamwood

Same as above but with external-link icon. Remember the http:// part, and separate the name of the website with a space, obviously. Note well the nowiki formatting (within edit function) of http:// previously, compared to this one just typed.

External link to OnArt

Title headline font. Also, if anyone knows how to put in a Contents list at the start of the page, please let me know - I've a feeling that they only work with normal wiki-pages, not user-pages.

How do I get this to be the second title in Contents list?
For images, you have to upload them to the central file-server of wikipedia. Give it a really unique file-name so that it won't copy over someone else's picture, unless you are feeling like a complete bastard. Then link the name of the file.

Titling pictures: lots of ' 's if you want to space out the picture from the text Or you could put a list of items here:
 * Monkey
 * Super Monkey

Ditto for media files, I suspect. This is their example (if you just click on the icon without anything highlighted): [[Media:Example1.ogg|name of video clip here]]

I wonder where the space has gone from between 'Math' and 'formula'...

$$Math formula$$

Horizontal line:

title: User:Mrsteve100


text: User talk:69.209.156.86

title: User talk:69.209.156.86


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Onion Dome

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep as rewritten. —Korath (Talk) 23:25, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

Onion dome
Website promo. No evidence of notability. Googling for "theoniondome.+com" yields about 100 hits. Delete, or maybe redirect? "Onion dome" is a term used in English for an architectural feature of Orthodox churches, but we don't have an article on that topic, apparently. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:29, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC) Update: The article has been rewritten. Vfd withdrawn. Thanks a lot to TenOfAllTrades for stepping in! Wile E. Heresiarch 03:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity. Delete and redirect as Wile suggests. Radiant! 10:12, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Get rid of the website promo, but I've created a substitute article on the architectural feature on the talk page. Thoughts? --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 17:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, how about if we move the new page to onion dome (lowercase letters) and redirect Onion Dome to that. I guess if you're willing to do that then I'll just withdraw this vfd. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:24, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right; I missed the capitalization. I'll make the move, since it doesn't seem that anyone is going to miss the old version of the article.  Checking the 'what links here' reveals that there were a few redlinks waiting for the architectural onion dome article to appear and no references to the Onion Dome website. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 00:53, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless it can be somehow proven that this website affects a number of Orthodox Christians, delete. History21
 * History21, you can sign and date your name with four tildes ( ~ ). Hope this helps, Wile E. Heresiarch 00:24, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The article has been rewritten, and replaced with content about onion domes, the distinctive architectural features of Russian Orthodox churches. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 00:54, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, n. —RaD Man (talk) 04:47, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with Radiant. Megan1967 05:56, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. TenofAllTrades has done a good job. Notable feature of Russian architecture. Capitalistroadster 09:53, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Without Face

from Vfd
On 15 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Without Face for a record of the discussion.

Metal Hammer interview
For some reason someone thought it relevant to copy and paste an entire interview from Metal Hammer into the body of the article. This is not in keeping with how an encyclopedic article should be formed. A link to the article would have been sufficient, rather than taking up the majority of the page with it.

title: Talk:Without Face


text:
Randolph Street

Randolph Street is a street in Chicago. It runs east–west through the Chicago Loop, carrying westbound traffic west from Michigan Avenue across the Chicago River on the Randolph Street Bridge, interchanging with the Kennedy Expressway (I-90/I-94), and continuing west. It serves as the northern boundary of Grant Park and the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Several large theaters, as well as city and state government buildings are on and adjacent to Randolph. Metra's Millennium Station is located under Randolph Street.

History
Randolph Street was named for Randolph County, Illinois, in turn named after Edmund Randolph (1753–1813), Governor of Virginia, Secretary of State, and the first United States Attorney General. The street was part of the original plat of Chicago in the 1830s, originally ending at Michigan Avenue. In the 1850s and 1860s, gambling was a favorite pastime at the saloons on Randolph, and there were so many gunfights in the vicinity that downtown Randolph Street became known as "Hairtrigger Block."

In 1937, in conjunction with the building of Lake Shore Drive, a double-decker viaduct was built over the Illinois Central Railroad's rail yard, connecting Michigan to Lake Shore (which was where Field Boulevard is now). This viaduct still exists west of Columbus Drive as the upper level; it intersected LSD (Field) at the current upper level. The lower level of the viaduct was never used.

In 1963 the upper level was built east of Field to serve the new Outer Drive East building. Between 1970 and 1980, the viaduct was demolished east of Columbus; this probably happened after the extension of Wacker Drive to Lake Shore opened in December 1975. By 1988 the new Randolph had been completed, including a new upper level west of Columbus. East of Columbus, this level was built to slope down to the old upper level, which was orphaned by the move of Lake Shore Drive in 1986. The old viaduct was kept west of Columbus, and it slopes down to a middle level east towards the new Lake Shore Drive.

East Randolph
East of Michigan Avenue, Randolph Street is a two-way street taking traffic to Lake Shore Drive. Just east of Michigan, Randolph crosses over the Metra Electric/South Shore Line and splits into two levels, an upper level (via the outer lanes) and a middle level (via the inner lanes). The upper level carries local traffic to the Illinois Center, Aon Center and Prudential Plaza developments, and was built in conjunction with them; it also takes traffic to the new Lakeshore East development. Intersections with the upper level are provided with Stetson Avenue (which only heads north, and only intersects westbound Randolph) and Columbus Drive (which only heads north). The middle level, which takes traffic to Lake Shore Drive, intersects the middle level of Columbus. A lower level also exists between Stetson and Columbus, intersecting lower Columbus (and ramps to middle Columbus). The middle level East of Columbus Drive is known as Randolph Drive.

East of Columbus, Randolph continues as a triple-decker street. The lower level intersects with a short piece of Field Boulevard; at that point, the upper level narrows to lie only over the north side of the middle level. Field Boulevard was the original Lake Shore Drive, and crossed the upper level of Randolph (which was the only level at the time). Old Lake Shore Drive (Field Boulevard) south of Randolph is now the Cancer Survivors Plaza; north of Randolph it was a viaduct at the level of current Upper Randolph and has been demolished. A new Upper Field Boulevard was recently built as part of the Lakeshore East development; it ramps down to ground (lower) level.

After Field Boulevard, the narrowed upper level and service level continue east to the double-decker Harbor Drive, where they end. Harbor Drive provides access to several buildings and then itself dead ends. The middle level then continues east to an interchange with Lake Shore Drive and a dead end just beyond.

Buildings
Buildings on Randolph include the following:
 * City View Tower (720-726W)
 * Randolph Place Lofts (~485W)
 * Boeing International Headquarters (~450W)
 * Franklin and Randolph Office Building (~250W)
 * Randolph Tower (188W)
 * Hotel Allegro (171W)
 * Cadillac Palace Theatre (151W)
 * Michael A. Bilandic Building (~150W)
 * Chicago Title and Trust Center (~80W)
 * James R. Thompson Center (100W)
 * Richard J. Daley Center (55W)
 * Nederlander Theatre (24-32W)
 * Joffrey Tower (8E)
 * FYE Superstore (formally Coconuts) (26E)
 * The Heritage at Millennium Park (~50E)
 * Smurfit-Stone Building (~90E)
 * Millennium Park Plaza (~100E)
 * One Prudential Plaza (130E)
 * Two Prudential Plaza and Millennium Station (~150E)
 * Aon Center (200E)
 * Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance (205E)
 * McDonald's Cycle Center (239E)
 * Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower (300E)
 * Daley Bicentennial Plaza (337E)
 * 340 on the Park (340E)
 * The Buckingham (360E)
 * Outer Drive East (400E)
 * Harbor Point (155 N Harbor Dr.)

title: Randolph Street


text:
Iowa Stubborn

"Iowa Stubborn" is a song by Meredith Willson from his 1957 musical The Music Man. It is the first sung number in the show, following the show's unusual spoken opening, "Rock Island". The piece is sung in a schottische or "soft-shoe" rhythm. In the lyrics, the reserved and stoic citizens of River City, Iowa seek to persuade a visitor (who turns out to be the musical's protagonist, Professor Harold Hill) to "give Iowa a try." They sing of their "chip-on-the-shoulder attitude we've never been without that we recall. ... And we're so by God stubborn we can stand touchin' noses for a week at a time, and never see eye to eye."

References to Iowa and Iowan characteristics
Wilson lived in Iowa until he was 16 years old, and in his autobiography, he describes the concept of Iowa stubbornness this way: "My brother is a very smart man in the industrial field.  Light aggregate concrete.  In fact, he is an expert.  I don't mind telling that to you, but it's the first time I've ever told it to him.  That's what we call Iowa-stubborn."

Eight Iowa cities are named near the end of the song, in the following order: The song has been praised for representing both the service-oriented friendliness and the irrefragable conservativism characteristic of Iowans.
 * 1) Dubuque
 * 2) Des Moines
 * 3) Davenport
 * 4) Marshalltown
 * 5) Mason City (Willson’s birthplace )
 * 6) Keokuk
 * 7) Ames
 * 8) Clear Lake

title: Iowa Stubborn


text:
User:Dragonmorph

LOL INTERNET

title: User:Dragonmorph


text:
AHM

AHM may refer to:

Arts and media

 * Atom Heart Mother, a 1970 album by Pink Floyd
 * "Atom Heart Mother" (suite), the title song of the album
 * All Hail Megatron, a series of Transformers comics by IDW Publishing; see The Transformers (IDW Publishing)

People

 * Ahm (surname), list of people with the surname

Other uses

 * Adventist Heritage Ministry
 * American Home Mortgage
 * American Honda Motor Company
 * Ashland Municipal Airport, Ashland, Oregon, US
 * Asset health management
 * Attribute Hierarchy Method
 * Mobu language
 * All-Hands Meeting (typically in a corporation)

title: AHM


text:
Born into Brothels

Born into Brothels: Calcutta's Red Light Kids is a 2004 Indian-American documentary film about the children of prostitutes in Sonagachi, Kolkata's red light district. The widely acclaimed film, written and directed by Zana Briski and Ross Kauffman, won a string of accolades including the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2005.

Plot
Briski, a documentary photographer, went to Kolkata to photograph prostitutes. While there, she befriended their children and offered to teach the children photography to reciprocate being allowed to photograph their mothers. The children were given cameras so they could learn photography and possibly improve their lives. Their photographs depicted a life in the red light district through the eyes of children typically overlooked and sworn off to do chores around the house until they were able to contribute more substantially to the family welfare. Much of their work was used in the film, and the filmmakers recorded the classes as well as daily life in the red light district. The children's work was exhibited, and one boy was even sent to a photography conference in Amsterdam. Briski also recorded her efforts to place the children in boarding schools although many of the children did not end up staying very long in the schools they were placed in. Others, such as Avijit and Kochi, not only went on to continue their education but were graded well.

Aftermath
There is debate about the extent to which the documentary has improved the lives of the children featured in it.

The filmmakers claim that the lives of children appearing in Born into Brothels have been transformed by money earned through the sale of photos and a book on them. Ross Kauffman, co-director of the documentary, says that the amount earned is $100,000 (about Rs.4.5 million), which will pay for their tuition and for a school in India for children of prostitutes. Briski has started a non-profit organization to continue this kind of work in other countries, named Kids with Cameras. A film is being made on the life story of a high-profile trio of call girl sisters, Shaveta, Khushboo and Himani, born in one of the brothels of Haryana.

In November 2006, Kids with Cameras provided an update on many of the children's conditions, asserting that they had entered high schools or universities in India and the United States or found employment outside of prostitution. Kids with Cameras continues to work toward improving the lives of children from the Calcutta red light district with the plan to build a Hope House. Updates for 2010 and 2009 were also published.

In 2004, REACT to FILM organized a screening for Born into Brothels at the SoHo House in Manhattan, NY. In 2010, the film's director, Zana Briski, joined the advisory board of REACT to FILM.

Criticisms
The Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, a prostitutes' organization active in Sonagachi, has criticized the film for presenting the children's parents as abusive and for ignoring the prostitutes' efforts to provide education programs and career building activities for their children. In addition, the film has been criticized in India for perceived racist stereotyping, and has also been viewed as exploiting the children for the purposes of Indophobic propaganda in the West. A review in Frontline, India's national magazine, summarized this criticism, remarking: "IF Born Into Brothels were remade as an adventure-thriller in the tradition of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, its posters might read: 'New York film-maker Zana Briski sallies forth among the natives to save souls."

Some critics joined the Sonagachi prostitute-advocacy groups in condemning the film for exploitation of the plight of the prostitutes for profit. Other criticisms were raised about "ethical and stylistic" problems, by Partha Banerjee, interpreter between the filmmakers and the children.

Critical response
Born into Brothels has an approval rating of 95% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 108 reviews, and an average rating of 7.83/10. The website's critical consensus states, "A powerful and uplifting documentary". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Awards

 * 2004 Bermuda International Film Festival Audience Choice Award - Briski, Kauffman; Documentary Prize - Briski, Kauffman
 * 2004 Cleveland International Film Festival Best Film - Briski, Kauffman
 * 2004 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival Audience Award - Briski, Kauffman (tied with Word Wars)
 * 2004 International Documentary Association Award for Feature Documentaries - Briski, Kauffman, Geralyn Dreyfous-White, Pamela Boll (tied with Fahrenheit 9/11)
 * 2004 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards for Best Documentary/Non-Fiction Film - Kauffman, Briski
 * 2004 National Board of Review Award for Best Documentary Feature - Zana Briski and Ross Kauffman
 * 2004 Seattle International Film Festival Golden Space Needle Award for Best Documentary - Briski, Kauffman
 * 2004 Sundance Film Festival Audience Award, Documentary - Kauffman
 * 2005 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Briski, Kauffman
 * 2005 Raindance Film Festival Closing Night Film

Nominations

 * 2005 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Documentary - Briski, Kauffman
 * 2005 Golden Satellite Award for Best Motion Picture, Documentary
 * 2004 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize, Documentary - Kauffman, Briski
 * 2013 Calcutta Film Festival (funded by Walt Disney Pictures), Documentary - Spielberg, Steven. Lucas, George. Abrams, J. J.

Preservation
Born into Brothels was preserved and restored by the Academy Film Archive and the UCLA Film & Television Archive in conjunction with the Sundance Institute from a D5, a DigiBeta, a 35mm print and a Magneto Optical Disk. Restoration funding provided by the Sundance Institute and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The restoration had its U.S. West Coast premiere at the UCLA Festival of Preservation in 2022.

title: Born into Brothels


text:
Willo the Wisp

Willo the Wisp is a British cartoon series originally produced in 1981 by the BBC and narrated by Kenneth Williams. It became popular with children and adults, as it bridged the gap between the end of weekday children's programming and the early evening news. A second series was produced in 2005.

First series (1981)
The series was written and directed by Nick Spargo and produced by Nicholas Cartoon Films, in association with the BBC and Tellytales Enterprises. The character of Willo the Wisp originated in an award-winning educational animation created by Spargo for British Gas in 1975 and the stories were set in Doyley Woods, a small beech wood in Oxfordshire, near the director's home.

Kenneth Williams provided voices for all of the characters. The principal narrator, Willo the Wisp, was a blue floating creature drawn as a caricature of Williams, while the name refers to the ghostly light will-o'-the-wisp from folklore. The other main characters were Arthur the caterpillar, as a gruff cockney; Mavis Cruet, a plump, clumsy fairy with an erratic magic wand; and the principal antagonist, Evil Edna, a witch in the form of a walking, talking television set, who could zap people with her aerials.

Other characters included Carwash, a snooty bespectacled cat who was based on Noël Coward with the catchphrase "My eyes are not first-class, you know"; The Moog, a supposed dog who is not allowed to think for himself; Twit, a small bird; The Beast, a former human prince turned into a hairy shambling creature by Evil Edna; the Astrognats, a group of bugs who explore outer space by means of their toadstool rocket; the Bookworm; gnomes; and a regiment of toy soldiers.

Each of the original 26 episodes lasted approximately five minutes and was broadcast at 5:35pm on BBC1. This continued a tradition of short cartoons, such as The Magic Roundabout and The Wombles, being shown on weekdays between the end of the main children's programming for that afternoon and the BBC Early Evening news at 5:40pm. The series was repeated on satellite channel Galaxy in 1989 and on Channel 4 during the early 1990s.

Episodes

 * 1) "The Bride-Groom"
 * 2) "Edna's Secret"
 * 3) "Food For Thought"
 * 4) "Holidays"
 * 5) "The Dragon"
 * 6) "The Wishbone": The Moog encounters a magic wishbone by chance and uses it to wish for the power of thinking so he can make all kinds of wishes.  When the Moog wishes that Evil Edna was nice, Edna decides to take the wishbone from the Moog, only for the Moog to make one more wish.
 * 7) "The Chrysalis": Inspired by the moths that appear in the Doyley Wood at night, Arthur builds a chrysalis and purchases a moth suit in order to become a moth himself.  When his first time flying encounters a technical hitch, Evil Edna decides to "help" him with an evil spell.
 * 8) "The Magnet"
 * 9) "Wugged Wocks"
 * 10) "The Flight of Mavis"
 * 11) "The Thoughts of Moog": When the Moog starts thinking for the very first time, he thinks about throwing a tomato in Evil Edna's face.  Rather than turn him into a frog for such a thought, Edna decides to use the Moog's inexperience with thinking to her advantage.
 * 12) "The Joys of Spring"
 * 13) "Games With Edna": When Evil Edna turns Mavis into a weeping willow tree, Arthur orders Edna to remove the spell and vows to use "Caterpillar Magic" on Edna as payback if she does not comply.  The "magic" comes soon enough when Arthur purchases a video game controller from a traveling salesman, hooks it up to Edna, and uses her to play tennis.
 * 14) "The Hot Hot Day"
 * 15) "Halloween": Halloween in the Doyley Woods just also happens to be Evil Edna's birthday.  In order to prevent her from turning them all into frogs for the occasion, Mavis conjures up a witch kit so Edna can join the other witches up in the sky.  The catch with Edna's present is that everyone (including Arthur) must think positive thoughts to keep Mavis' spell working, but when Edna, in gratitude for her birthday present, casts a "Stay as you are forever" spell on everyone (while they still have their Halloween masks on), it does not last long.
 * 16) "The Gnome"
 * 17) "Boring Old Edna"
 * 18) The "You Know What"
 * 19) "The Bean-Stalk"
 * 20) "Cats and Dogs": Evil Edna makes it "rain cats and dogs" quite literally, when she floods the forest with replicas of Carwash and the Moog.
 * 21) "The Midas Touch"
 * 22) "The Viqueen"
 * 23) "The Potion"
 * 24) "The Beauty Contest"
 * 25) "Magic Golf"
 * 26) "Christmas Box": Christmastime arrives in Doyley Woods and everyone is in a festive mood, even Evil Edna. But when Santa doesn't appear Arthur and Mavis think Edna has done something to him.

On the Kult Kidz Gold DVD, there was an extra video "Do Not Touch" which featured the last part of "Cats and Dogs", where Evil Edna makes the screen blank.

In January 2008, a promotional DVD containing all 26 episodes from Season 1 was distributed by The Times newspaper.

Credits

 * The Voices of: Kenneth Williams
 * Music by: Tony Kinsey
 * Script and Direction: Nicholas Spargo
 * Animation: Ron Murdoch, Ted Percival, Mike Pocock
 * Devised and Designed by: Nick Spargo
 * Editor: Michael Crane
 * Backgrounds: Mary Spargo
 * Camera: Chris King
 * Production Assistant: Andrea Fontaine
 * Trace & Paint: Lynne Sachs & Ian Sachs
 * Produced by: Nicholas Cartoon Films Ltd
 * Processed by: Rank Film Laboratories Ltd

Second series (2005)
A second series of 26 episodes (5 minutes each) was produced by Bobbie Spargo in 2005, and voiced by James Dreyfus. Although it maintains the style of the original, alterations include:
 * Willo no longer being a caricature of Williams, but rather one of Dreyfus.
 * Mavis being slimmer (although still too heavy to fly).
 * Evil Edna being a widescreen television, with a wheeled stand instead of the original's metal legs, and many more channels, and had more powers, one example is using her electricity to grab somebody, similar to Emperor Palpatine from Star Wars.

The second series aired on Playhouse Disney UK.

Episodes

 * 1) "Moon on a Stick"
 * 2) "The Toothache"
 * 3) "The Nature Walk"
 * 4) "Feed the Birds"
 * 5) "The Magic Bone"
 * 6) "The Knotted Handkerchief"
 * 7) "The Little Cloud"
 * 8) "The Mind Reader"
 * 9) "The Fancy Dress Ball"
 * 10) "Bowling for Carwash"
 * 11) "The Knee-Knocking Tree"
 * 12) "The Best Friend"
 * 13) "The Tiddle Me Wink"
 * 14) "The Makeover"
 * 15) "The Miracle"
 * 16) "The Love Bug"
 * 17) "The Wobbly Wood"
 * 18) "The Doyley Hunt"
 * 19) "The Cocoa Demon"
 * 20) "The Beauty Spot"
 * 21) "The Curse of Celebrity"
 * 22) "The Lost City of Polenta"
 * 23) "The Woodwind"
 * 24) "The Vegetable Garden"
 * 25) "The Art Class"
 * 26) "Here Comes the Judge"

title: Willo the Wisp