text:
Melissa McIntyre

Melissa Erin McIntyre (born May 31, 1986) is a Canadian former television and theatre actress. She is best known for her role as Ashley Kerwin on the long-running CTV/The N teen drama Degrassi: The Next Generation.

Early life
McIntrye was born and raised in Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada.

Career
McIntyre was a participant in many community theatre plays as a child, including The Wizard of Oz and The Secret Garden. She made her stage debut in 1995 in P.M. Productions' Job and the Snake.

In 1998, she was cast in Discovery Kids TV series, Real Kids, Real Adventures.

McIntyre was also a radio actress, as she played the lead role in Disco Does Not Suck. She took some time off during 1999 to participate mainly in theatre, but in 2000 McIntyre, then 13 years old, returned to television, voicing the character "Cornflower" in the PBS animated series Mattimeo: A Tale of Redwall.

In 2001, she was cast in Degrassi: The Next Generation, a spin-off to the 1980s series Degrassi High. From 2001 until 2008, McIntyre played Ashley Kerwin.

Following her departure, she returned to stage acting, starring in a handful of musicals at Oh Canada Eh Dinner Show in Niagara Falls.

In 2012, she briefly appeared as a singer in former INXS frontman J.D. Fortune's band. She also was part of a jazz duo that played at local venues in Niagara Falls.

In 2018, McIntyre made a cameo appearance in Drake's music video "I'm Upset" with her former Degrassi co-stars. At this time, McIntrye was managing at a Toronto restaurant.

title: Melissa McIntyre


text: User talk:82.208.184.14

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:82.208.184.14


text:
Talk:The 5.6.7.8's

Punctuation
I believe that the band is punctuated as "The 5.6.7.8's"

Can anyone else confirm/change this?

 * Yes, I've always seen it punctuated as you say it is, and the 'allmusic' website lists it as that. It's also like that on their 'Bomb The Twist' album - look at it on allmusic.com. The page needs moving! Dragonfly888 00:48, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Why have they got the rogue apostrophe in their name?  Lugnuts  (talk) 18:07, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That's not rogue. Plurals of numeric numbers get an apostrophe, like 3's and 4's and the B-52's. 50.46.9.120 (talk) 22:20, 11 July 2024 (UTC)dude

search problems
i know this is probably not the place to ask this, but how should i google this band? i'm looking for torrents of its albums, but i just don't know how to input their name on search engines! capi 16:31, 9 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Try this User:zeldamaster3
 * If you do 5.6.7.8's, you'll get about 250,000+ entries. In cases with tricky names, try enclosing in quotes"5.6.7.8's". Inter lingua  talk email 00:43, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

try this one... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_5.6.7.8's Chilkoot 20:44, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

or even better... http://www.the5678s.net/ Chilkoot 20:44, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Japanese script
"The 5.6.7.8's" is an official name. I think that Japanese script is unnecessary in lead text of this article. (If I write it, it will be "ザ・ファイブ・シックス・セブン・エイツ".) --Nightshadow28 18:24, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. I followed the policy of other article. --Nightshadow28 15:05, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 21:42, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:The 5.6.7.8's


text:
Bodiam

Bodiam is a small village and civil parish in the Rother District of East Sussex, England. It lies in the valley of the River Rother, near to the villages of Sandhurst and Ewhurst Green.

The MP of the local UK Parliament constituency is Huw Merriman.

Geography
South of the village of Bodiam and extending to the railway station is the site of a Roman settlement investigated in the 1960s. The site was located within the former Guinness hop gardens and the excavations were undertaken in between the rows of hops. A comprehensive landscape survey was carried out around 2016.

The village is on the line of the Roman road from Rochester to Westfield near Hastings. This road crossed the River Rother at the same position as the present bridge having approached from close to the parish church. At the Kent Ditch to the north at the County boundary the Roman road can be seen in the bank of the present watercourse outcropping as a solid layer of waste material from iron smelting,(slag). This had been recorded in the 1960s and re-examined by later fieldwork in 2000 by Neil Aldridge of the Kent Archaeological Society as part of a project supported by the Romney Marsh Research Trust. The extent of the road surface was found to be wider than previously thought and extends under the present road bridge.

Although famous for its castle, Bodiam was also in a main hop-growing area in the last century and was famous for growing hops for Guinness. Reginald B. Levett of Court Lodge Farm sold part of his land to Guinness to grow hops. A railway was built to provide transport for the hoppers, the Kent and East Sussex Railway (K&ESR), which is a tourist attraction. The village sits almost directly on the 51st Parallel and the same micro-climate that was so ideal for hops has been equally beneficial for the growing of wine grapes. Several local producers including Oastbrook Estates, are now producing English still and sparkling wines.

There is a 12th-century church, which contains a brass of a knight with the arms of the de Bodeham family, one of the first lords of the manor. Originally it was a port and crossing point from Battle to North Kent. During the medieval period a great moated castle Bodiam Castle, was built which is now a visitor attraction. There is a small range of houses, a pub (The Castle), and a restaurant (The Curlew).

Education
It has two schools: Bodiam Primary School, a state school, and Claremont Senior School, an independent. Bodiam Manor School went bankrupt in 2006; consequently Claremont Senior School took over at the start of September 2011.

Notable people
Bodiam was the birthplace in 1881 of Miss A. E. (Ada Elizabeth) Levett, a leading medieval scholar and vice-principal of St. Hilda's College, Oxford. Levett was one of the first female professors of history in England, having been awarded a chair in history at Westfield College, University of London in 1929.

title: Bodiam


text:
San Jorge

San Jorge is Spanish for Saint George.

San Jorge may refer to:

Argentina

 * Autódromo Parque de la Velocidad de San Jorge, a motorsports circuit
 * San Jorge de Tucumán, a football club
 * San Jorge Gulf, a bay opening to the Atlantic

Bolivia

 * Laguna San Jorge, a lake
 * San Jorge, La Paz, a neighborhood in La Paz

Colombia

 * San Jorge River, a river
 * Apostolic Vicariate of San Jorge, former Roman Catholic vicariate in Montelíbano

El Salvador

 * San Jorge, San Miguel

Guatemala

 * San Jorge, Zacapa

Honduras

 * San Jorge, Ocotepeque
 * Estadio San Jorge, a sports stadium
 * San Jorge de Olancho, a former town near Olanchito

Mexico

 * San Jorge Nuchita
 * San Jorge Nuchita Mixtec, a regional language

Nicaragua

 * San Jorge, Rivas

Paraguay

 * San Jorge (Asunción), a neighborhood

Philippines

 * San Jorge, Samar

Puerto Rico

 * Academia San Jorge, a school in San Juan

Solomon Islands

 * San Jorge Island, an island

Spain

 * San Jorge, Castellón, a municipality in Valencia Community
 * Iglesia de San Jorge (Manzaneda), a church in Asturias
 * Iglesia de San Jorge (A Coruña), a church in Galicia
 * Church of San Jorge (Alcalá de los Gazules)
 * Order of San Jorge de Alfama, a former Aragonese order of chivalry
 * San Jorge de Heres, a parish also known as Heres (Gozón)
 * San Jorge, a parish also known as La Peral
 * Castle of San Jorge (Seville)

United States

 * San Jorge, a nickname for St. George, Utah

Uruguay

 * San Jorge, Uruguay

title: San Jorge


text:
Category:Presidents of Dominica

This category is for presidents of Dominica, in the Caribbean.

title: Category:Presidents of Dominica


text:
New Brunswick Railway

The New Brunswick Railway Company Limited (NBR) is currently a Canadian non-operating railway and land holding company headquartered in Saint John, New Brunswick that is part of Irving Transportation Services, a division within the J.D. Irving Limited (JDI) industrial conglomerate. It is not to be confused with another JDI company, New Brunswick Southern Railway (NBSR), established in 1995, which is an operational railway and considered a sister company of the NBR.

The New Brunswick Railway was also a historic Canadian railway operating in western New Brunswick. Its headquarters while an operational railway were in Woodstock. It was acquired by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1890 and its operations and name were subsumed by the CPR. The NBR was maintained by CPR as a non-operating holding company for its land and property in New Brunswick; this company was sold to industrialist K.C. Irving in 1941 that saw all land ownership including timber holdings and railway rights of way transferred to the Irving conglomerate. CPR leased the physical railway assets from NBR and retained the right to operate them until CPR abandoned operations in New Brunswick in late 1994.

The original NBR lines in the Saint John River valley were built to narrow gauge. These tracks were converted to in 1881.

History
New Brunswick industrialist Alexander Gibson commissioned a survey in 1866 for a railway line extending from his mill facilities in South Devon at the junction between the Nashwaak and Saint John Rivers opposite Fredericton, north to Edmundston to service timber lands which he leased from the Crown. A charter for the railway was received from the provincial government in 1870 and the New Brunswick Land and Railway Company was formed. Part of the charter provided for additional timber land based upon construction performance, thereby making Gibson one of the largest landowners in the province.

Narrow gauge lines
The route was envisioned to eventually extend further north along the Madawaska River and Lake Témiscouata to the Saint Lawrence River at Rivière-du-Loup; however, the company never built beyond Edmundston, leaving this connection to be completed by the Temiscouata Railway.

The southern section of the main line ran along the east bank of the Saint John River from South Devon northwest to Keswick where it headed inland (north) away from the Saint John River and followed the Keswick River to Barton before heading west to Millville and northwest to East Brighton and Hartland where it again followed the east bank of the Saint John River. This section was built between 1871 and 1873.

The section from Hartland to Edmundston was much more difficult to construct and was built between 1871 and 1878. The line from Hartland north to Perth remained on the east bank of the Saint John River. At Perth it crossed to the west bank, bridged across the mouth of the Aroostook River, and continued to Grand Falls, where it crossed back to the east bank before continuing to Edmundston.

Expansion by NBR
The NBR system expanded significantly in the late 1870s and early 1880s. One of the first expansions was the acquisition of the Aroostook River Railroad which had built up the south bank of the Aroostook River from its connection with the NBR at Aroostook, New Brunswick to Caribou, Maine. This line was built between 1873 and 1876 and was leased to the NBR in 1878. As a result, Aroostook became a major division point for the NBR's northern system and had extensive yard facilities.

In 1881, the New Brunswick Land and Railway Company changed its name to the New Brunswick Railway Company. That same year the narrow gauge lines from South Devon to Edmundston as well as the line from Aroostook to Caribou were converted to.

The following year on July 1, 1882, the NBR acquired control of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway (NBCR) under a 999 year lease. The NBCR traced its history to the St. Andrews and Quebec Railway (SA&Q) which had a charter to build from Passamaquoddy Bay at St. Andrews north to McAdam and on to Quebec City across much of what is now northern Maine; construction plans in the 1840s from southwestern New Brunswick to Canada East halted due to uncertainty over the location of the Canada–United States border. The border was subsequently resolved in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty and the SA&Q began construction in the early 1850s, however, the delays saw the competitive advantage of St. Andrews disappear with the opening of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad in 1853 that connected the Canadian rail network at Montreal, Quebec with the Atlantic coast port of Portland, Maine. In 1856 the SA&Q declared bankruptcy and its assets and charter were purchased and reorganized as the New Brunswick and Canada Railway with track extended north to Richmond Corner near the newly defined border. Although the NBCR intended to complete construction across Maine to Quebec City, it would never extend beyond Richmond Corner due to the political situation in the United States during the 1860s (American Civil War) as well as the financial situation NBCR faced with the competing European and North American Railway project.

The 1881 conversion of the NBR to standard gauge track, followed by the 1882 purchase of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway saw a 9.5 mi section of the NBR's original narrow gauge line between Shewan and Hartland abandoned. A new line was built from Shewan west to the east bank of the Saint John River at Newburg where it joined a new line being built from the NBCR at Debec via Woodstock where it crossed to the east bank of the Saint John River and on to Hartland.

The final major expansion of the NBR took place in 1883 when it acquired the European and North American Railway's (E&NA) "Western Extension" and the Fredericton Branch Railway. The "Western Extension" line was built from 1865-1869 from South Bay on the west side of the Saint John River opposite Saint John to the International Boundary at St. Croix. The Fredericton Branch Railway was built from 1867-1869 from Hartt's Mills to Fredericton.

Acquisition by Canadian Pacific Railway
Beginning in 1886, the Canadian Pacific Railway began looking to expand its presence east of Montreal. Typical of much of its expansion in southern Ontario, CPR looked to purchase or lease existing lines rather than survey and build itself. CPR president George Stephen was a shareholder with Gibson in the NBR and looked to extend the CP system to New Brunswick or Nova Scotia to gain access to ports in the Maritimes.

Between 1886 and 1888, CPR built the International Railway of Maine, also referred to as the "Short Line", across a gap between Quebec's Eastern Townships and the Maine Central Railroad at Mattawamkeag, Maine (on the European and North American Railway "Maine" section). From Mattawamkeag to the International Boundary at Vanceboro-St. Croix, CPR gained trackage rights from the Maine Central.

CPR sought, and was given, a lease on the New Brunswick Railway for a period of 990 years beginning on July 1, 1890, resulting in a mainline from Montreal to Saint John and the feeder network of NBR branchlines to St. Stephen and St. Andrews as well as Fredericton and the upper Saint John River valley. This development gave CPR access to the port of Saint John and until the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in the 1950s and subsequent expansion of government ice breaking services for shipping, Saint John would become CPR's winter port on the Atlantic coast when Montreal was ice-bound.

In 1912, a section of the government-built and operated National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) opened between Moncton and Lévis. Part of the NTR closely paralleled Canadian Pacific's original NBR narrow gauge line between Cyr (just north of Grand Falls) to Edmundston, along the east bank of the Saint John River. In the 1930s, CPR abandoned a 26 mi section of the former NBR between Cyr and Iroquois (approximately 1 mi east of Edmundston) and used trackage rights over Canadian National Railways, which the NTR had been merged into in 1918.

Expansion by CPR
Following its acquisition of the NBR in 1890, CPR undertook several expansions to the system. These were acquired by the CPR as separate companies and were not merged with the NBR company:

 * Tobique Valley Railway—This line was built between 1891 and 1894 from the connection with the CPR (ex-NBR) line at Perth up the south bank of the Tobique River to Tobique Valley. Acquired by CPR in 1897.
 * Central Railway—This line was built in stages by several companies between 1886 and 1913 from the connection with the CPR (ex-NBR) line at South Devon along the north shore of Grand Lake to Chipman and south to the Intercolonial Railway at Norton. Acquired by CPR in 1913.
 * Southampton Railway—This line was built between 1911 and 1912 from the connection with the CPR (ex-NBR) line near Millville west to the Saint John River at Otis. Acquired by CPR in 1912.
 * Carleton, City of Saint John Branch Railroad—This line was built between 1870 and 1871 from the connection with the "Western Extension" line at Fairville (part of Lancaster) to the western side of Saint John Harbour. Acquired by CPR in 1890s after the Reversing Falls Railway Bridge opened in 1885.
 * Grand Southern Railway—This line was built between 1876 and 1881 from the connection with the "Carleton, City of Saint John Branch Railroad" at Lancaster to St. Stephen, connecting with the NBCR near Elmwood and at St. Stephen. Acquired by CPR in 1911.

Sale of NBR to K.C. Irving
In the 1940s, CPR sought to reduce non-railway properties in New Brunswick and entered into an agreement with industrialist K.C. Irving, whereby the entire NBR was sold to his forestry subsidiary J.D. Irving Limited. CPR leased the railway tracks and other surface assets from J.D. Irving Ltd. which owned the land including the railway rights of way. In this fashion, Irving was able to secure some of the most extensive timber holdings in the province during a period at the beginning of the Second World War when JDI had entered into major contracts to supply wood veneer for defence contracts, particularly for construction of the de Havilland Mosquito.

Abandonment by CPR
In 1988, citing declining traffic, CPR grouped all of its lines east of Montreal into a new internal marketing and business unit called Canadian Atlantic Railway (CAR). Also beginning in 1988 and extending through to 1993, CAR began the process of abandoning much of the trackage of the former NBR system, citing declining traffic and bridges at Woodstock and Perth-Andover which were washed away in the spring freshet and ice jams of 1987. CPR completely removed itself from operations east of Montreal in 1994 when CAR trackage was sold to shortline operators. The only remnant of the original NBR system is a short segment of trackage in Grand Falls, operated by Canadian National.

Continuation as holding company
J.D. Irving Ltd. continues to retain ownership of the NBR to this very day. The NBR functions in two different but inter-related ways:

 * It functions as a land holding company, owning the railway rights of way and timber holdings in New Brunswick that were part of the NBR when it was sold by CPR to K.C. Irving in 1941.
 * NB&M Railways functions as a railway holding company for the various railway subsidiaries within the "Irving Transportation Services" division of J.D. Irving Ltd.; these being the New Brunswick Southern Railway, the Eastern Maine Railway, Maine Northern Railway.

Interchange points
At its height in the early 20th century, the CPR's ex-NBR system interchanged with other railways at the following locations:

 * South Devon - Canada Eastern Railway, later part of Canadian National Railways (CNR)
 * Woodstock - Saint John and Quebec Railway, later part of CNR
 * Cyr - National Transcontinental Railway, later part of CNR
 * Iroquois - National Transcontinental Railway, later part of CNR
 * Edmundston - Temiscouata Railway, later part of CNR
 * Minto - National Transcontinental Railway, later part of CNR
 * Chipman - National Transcontinental Railway, later part of CNR
 * Norton - Intercolonial Railway, later part of CNR
 * Saint John - Intercolonial Railway, later part of CNR
 * St. Stephen - Maine Central Railroad
 * St. Croix - European and North American Railway, later part of Maine Central Railroad

Narrow gauge locomotives
The following narrow gauge locomotives were operated on the NBR until conversion to standard gauge in the early 1880s.

title: New Brunswick Railway


text:
Sears Modern Homes

Sears Modern Homes were houses sold primarily through mail order catalog by Sears, Roebuck and Co., an American retailer.

From 1908 to 1942, Sears sold more than 70,000 of these houses in North America, by the company's count. Sears Modern Homes were purchased primarily by customers in East Coast and Midwest states, but have been located as far south as Florida, as far west as California, and as far north as Alaska and Canada. No complete record of their locations was left by Sears when they closed the Modern Homes program, but modern-day researchers are compiling a database of those that have been found so far, and the list continues to grow.

Sears Modern Homes offered more than 370 designs in a wide range of architectural styles and sizes over the line's 34-year history. Most included the latest comforts and conveniences available to house buyers in the early part of the twentieth century, such as central heating, indoor plumbing, telephone, and electricity.

Primarily shipped via railroad boxcars, these kits included most of the materials needed to build a house. Once delivered, many of these houses were assembled by the new homeowner, relatives, friends and neighbors, in a fashion similar to the traditional barn-raisings of farming families. Other homeowners relied on local carpenters or contractors to assemble the houses. In some cases, Sears provided construction services to assemble the homes. Some builders and companies purchased houses directly from Sears to build as model homes, speculative homes, or homes for customers or employees. Although most shipments came by rail, newspaper advertisements in the late 1920s and early 1930s showed Sears offering truck delivery to buyers living within a 35 mile radius of their Newark, New Jersey, plant, or their Norwood, Ohio, Sash & Door company.

Sears discontinued its Modern Homes catalog after 1940, though sales through local sales offices continued into 1942. Years later, the sales records related to home sales were destroyed during a corporate house cleaning. As only a small percentage of these homes were documented when built, finding these houses today often requires detailed research to properly identify them. Because the various kit home companies often copied plan elements or designs from each other, there are a number of catalog and kit models from different manufacturers that look similar or identical to models offered by Sears. Determining which company manufactured a particular catalog and kit home may require additional research to determine the origin of that home.

History

1908-1940
In 1906, Frank W. Kushel, a Sears manager, was given responsibility for the catalog company's unwieldy, unprofitable building-materials department. Sales were down, and there was excess inventory languishing in warehouses. Kushel is credited with suggesting to Richard Sears that the company assemble kits of all the parts needed and sell entire houses through mail order. That year, the Aladdin Company of Bay City, Michigan, offered the first kit homes through mail order.

In 1908, Sears issued its first specialty catalog for houses, Book of Modern Homes and Building Plans, featuring 44 house styles ranging in price from US $360–$2,890. The first mail order for a Sears house was filled that year. As its mail-order catalogs were already sent to millions of homes, Sears had a distinct advantage over other kit-home competitors.

As sales grew, Sears expanded its production, shipping, and sales offices to locations across the U.S. To provide the materials needed for the Modern Homes division, Sears operated a lumber mill in Cairo, Illinois. In 1912, Sears purchased the Norwood Sash and Door Company in Norwood, Ohio (primarily used for fabrication of doors, windows, and other millwork), and, in 1926, opened their large lumber yard in Port Newark, NJ. The ability to mass-produce the materials used in Sears homes reduced manufacturing costs, which allowed Sears to pass along the savings in lower prices for customers.

Precut framing lumber pieces, an innovation pioneered by Aladdin, were first offered by Sears in 1916. Precut lumber was cut to the appropriate lengths and angles based on where the framing lumber would be used in the house, and letter/number codes were stamped on the pre-cut lumber pieces, coordinating with labels found on the blueprints for the house. Before 1916, the home builder had to cut their Sears-supplied lumber to appropriate lengths. These pre-1916 houses are generally considered catalog houses, not kit houses. Pre-cut lumber reduced construction time by up to 40%, according to Sears. Sears' use of "balloon style" framing systems did not require a team of skilled carpenters, as did previous methods. Balloon frames could be built faster and generally only required one carpenter. This system used precut lumber of mostly standard sizes (2"x4" and 2"x8") for framing. Balloon framing systems rely only on nails to make connections between joints, whereas previous methods used heavier members and pegs. The method was originally named in the sense that the structure was light and could be lifted away like a balloon. Early balloon structures were very basic, to enable home buyers to assemble them independently and also because designers had yet to see the implications the method held.

Shipped by railroad boxcar, and then usually trucked to a home site, the average Sears Modern Home kit had about 25 tons of materials, with more than 30,000 parts. Plumbing, electrical fixtures, and heating systems were options that could be ordered at additional cost; they were many families' first steps to modern HVAC systems, kitchens, and bathrooms. During the Modern Homes program, large quantities of asphalt shingles became available. Asphalt shingles were cheap to manufacture and ship, and easy and inexpensive to install. Sears also offered a plasterboard product similar to modern drywall (under the name Goodwall) as an alternative to the plaster and lath wall-building techniques which required skilled carpenters and plasterers. This product offered the advantages of low price, ease of installation, and added fire protection. Local building requirements sometimes dictated that certain elements of the house construction be done professionally and varied depending on where the house was constructed.

Economic aspects
Sears began offering financing plans around 1912. Early mortgage loans were typically for 5 to 15 years at 6% to 7% interest. Sales peaked in 1929, just before the Great Depression. While financing through Sears helped many homeowners purchase homes, a number of those purchasers defaulted during the ensuing Great Depression. The company was forced to liquidate $11 million in defaulted debt. The mortgage program was also a public relations disaster, as many of the families Sears foreclosed upon refused to do further business with the company.

Sears stopped offering mortgages at the end of 1933. In 1935, some newspaper reports stated that Sears had "discontinued" the "modern homes department". However, there's no evidence that Sears actually stopped selling homes and it continued to issue a new "Modern Homes" catalog throughout the 1930s. Home sales slowly recovered as the United States emerged from the Great Depression.

After 1940
The last "Modern Homes" catalog was issued in 1940. Although it is sometimes claimed that no Sears kit homes were built after 1940, Sears continued to offer pre-cut kit homes through 1941 and into early 1942. Advertisements for Sears Modern Homes appeared through May 1942. Many of these post 1940 homes were based on models from the 1940 and earlier Sears catalogs but not all were, leading to debate over whether these homes qualify as "Sears Modern Homes". Because these homes were constructed using pre-cut lumber and plans provided by Sears, these homes can be considered to be "Sears Modern Homes". Many of these homes were built in Sears planned "Home Club Plan" developments in New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania.

Models
Sears offered roughly 370 models over the 32 years it sold houses by catalog, with an average of 80 to 100 models in each catalog. The models offered in each catalog varied each year, with some models remaining over long periods, and others appearing in only a few catalogs. In the early years, the models were identified with numbers. In 1918, Sears began assigning names to the various models. Some models were offered with variations, the most common of those being expanded floor plans and additional finished living spaces. Sears houses could also be ordered with reversed floor plans. While the vast majority of models were for single-family house designs, Sears offered some duplex house designs and even a few larger multiple-family buildings.

The most popular models appeared in the catalog for multiple years. Other models only appeared for one year. No built examples have been found of some of the least popular models. Some models were offered in both wood siding and brick veneer versions with different names attributed to the same or almost identical home plan. Some of the most popular models were:

 * Alhambra
 * Argyle
 * Avondale
 * Barrington
 * Conway/Uriel
 * Cornell
 * Crafton
 * Crescent
 * Dover
 * Elsmore
 * Gladstone/Langston
 * Hampton
 * Hathaway
 * Lewiston
 * Lynnhaven
 * Maplewood
 * Osborn
 * Starlight
 * Sunlight
 * Vallonia
 * Westly
 * Willard
 * Winona

The largest and one of the most expensive Sears models was the Magnolia. Only seven Magnolias are known to be still standing. One Magnolia built in Lincoln, Nebraska, was demolished in 1985.

In addition to houses, the 1908 Sears catalog offered a kit schoolhouse with the model name "Schoolhouse No. 5008". The two-story schoolhouse was priced at $11,500 (equal to $ today) and its design included six classrooms, a library, an auditorium, and a superintendent's office. 1908 was the only year the schoolhouse appeared in the catalog. It is unknown whether any were purchased or built.

There was no single architect for the Sears designs. Many of the famous designs were commandeered from other sources and/or purchased from architects but given just enough change to be advertised as their own. Later on in the Modern Homes timeline, Sears had in-office designers but titled them as "experts" rather than actual architects.

Identifying Sears Modern Homes

Identifying Sears Homes has become a pastime among history enthusiasts because of their sturdy structure, the do-it-yourself nature of construction, and the popular architectural design concepts. However, many houses described as Sears Homes are not true Sears Homes, being either the product of another kit home manufacturer or not a kit home at all. National and regional competitors in the catalog and kit home market included Aladdin, Bennett, Gordon-Van Tine, Harris Brothers, Lewis, Pacific Ready Cut Homes, Sterling and Montgomery Ward (Wardway) Homes.

Sears houses can be identified or authenticated using the following methods:

 * 1) Sears Modern Homes were sold between 1908 and 1942. There is some debate about whether some homes from Sears that were built in 1941 and 1942 qualify as Sears Modern Homes. Some of these homes were based on models offered in the Sears Modern Homes catalog. Others were not, but were still pre-cut kit homes built from plans and materials from Sears. Researchers have provided support for the end-date of 1942 in some areas of the country, however.
 * 2) Original paperwork for the house including blueprints and letters of correspondence from Sears.
 * 3) Public records: From 1911 to 1933, Sears offered home mortgages and Sears company officials or the Sears, Roebuck corporation may be named on the mortgage or deed associated with the property where the home was constructed. Sears company officials most commonly listed on mortgages and deeds include:
 * 4) * Edwards D. Ford (starting in 1929)
 * 5) * Walker O. Lewis (primarily before early 1930)
 * 6) * John M. Ogden
 * 7) * E. Harrison Powell (starting in 1930)
 * 8) * William C. Reed (primarily from 1922 - 1929)
 * 9) * F. C. Schaub (starting in 1932)
 * 10) * Nicholas Wieland (sometimes spelled Weiland)
 * 4. Cities that have records of building permits may list Sears, Roebuck as the original architect. Homes in and around southern Ohio may have financing documents through the "Norwood Sash and Door Company" of Norwood, Ohio. Some Home Club homes have deeds from the "Port Newark Lumber and Material Company".
 * 5. Shipping labels: Often found on the back of millwork like baseboard molding or door and window trim, shipping labels associated with Sears may indicate that the home is a Sears Modern Home. Beginning in 1912, most of the millwork was fulfilled by the Sears-owned Norwood Sash and Door Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, however, the 1926 opening of Sears' Port Newark lumber yard, expanded their framing lumber and millwork supply locations. Wording on shipping labels varied, and may mention Sears Roebuck, or simply the Sears Roebuck Company address at 925 Homan Avenue in Chicago, or the Norwood Sash & Door company. It's important to remember that building materials like millwork could be purchased separately from Sears so millwork with shipping labels is not, by itself, a definitive indicator of a Sears Modern house.
 * 6. Stamped lumber: Most easily found in unfinished spaces like a basement or attic, framing members were stamped with a letter and a number. These stamps are normally located on or near the ends of pieces of framing lumber. However, these stamps were not used on lumber shipped before 1916, when Sears first started offering pre-cut lumber. Additionally, other kit-house companies also marked their pre-cut lumber, so marked lumber does not necessarily tie the house to Sears.
 * 7. Goodwall sheet plaster was an early drywall-like product offered by Sears and may be an indication of a Sears Modern Home.
 * 8. Compare house designs to original catalog images. Some models of Sears homes were very similar in design to models offered by other kit home manufacturers or through plan books. Designs may have been modified but generally should match in layout and dimensions.
 * 9. Sears Modern Homes built in the 1930s may have a small circled "SR" cast into the bathtub in the lower corner (furthest from the tub spout and near the floor) and on the underside of the kitchen or bathroom sink. However, since Sears sold bathtubs and sinks separately, if the house does not match a model offered by Sears, this would not reliably authenticate a home as being from the Sears Modern Homes program.

Existing Sears Homes
Because the Modern Homes division sales records were destroyed, there is no way to definitively verify the number of Sears houses that still exist. Documented Sears houses have been found across the United States and in a few locations in Canada. Cities with large numbers of documented Sears Modern Homes include:

 * Aurora, Illinois, with 117.
 * Arlington County, Virginia, with 162
 * Carlinville, Illinois, with 149 in the Standard Addition neighborhood as well as several other Sears houses elsewhere in the city. Carlinville is said to have "the highest concentration of contiguous Sears homes in the nation."
 * Cincinnati, Ohio, and surrounding communities in southern Ohio and Northern Kentucky with over 700.
 * Downers Grove, Illinois, with 67.
 * Elgin, Illinois, with 213.
 * Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and surrounding suburbs, with 1,000 (540 in Pittsburgh itself).
 * Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and surrounding communities.
 * Prince George's County & Montgomery County, Maryland, with over 225.
 * Rockford, Illinois with 144.
 * Washington, D.C., with over 300.
 * Wood River, Illinois, with 23.
 * Yonkers, New York, with 111

The Carlinville, Illinois, concentration consists of houses bought in bulk by the Standard Oil Company in 1918 to house its mineworkers at a total cost of about US $1 million. The houses, comprising eight models, were all built in a 12-block area known as the Standard Addition. Construction of the houses took nine months which were completed in 1919. The bulk order is the largest known order for Sears Modern Homes and led to Sears, Roebuck naming their "Carlin" model after the city.

Not all Sears houses became private residences. At Greenlawn Cemetery, near the Hampton Roads waterfront in the Newport News, Virginia, area, the cemetery office building is a 1936 Sears Modern Home.

Like the Standard Addition in Carlinville, neighborhoods of Sears houses still hold a sense of identity and community. Due to reviews by homeowners then and now, it would appear that Sears Modern Homes are just as appreciated now as they were then. According to a review written by Mary Ann O'Boyle of Takoma Park, Maryland, her Sears home feels "unabashedly American, the kind of house you see in movies about the good old days" and "allows me to connect with the past". Another homeowner, Erskine Hogue Stanberry, states that his Saratoga model was the "first house in Chelsea to have electric lights" and that they "are using the original plumbing and wiring".

National Register of Historic Places
Several Sears Modern Homes are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Among those are:

 * Alhambra: At Triangle Ranch near Philips, South Dakota
 * Saratoga: The Hogue House in Chelsea, Oklahoma
 * Strathmore: Chester Valentine House in Saranac Lake, New York

Sears Modern Homes can also be found in historic districts listed in the National Register of Historic Places:

 * Eastwood Historic District: 10 Sears Modern Homes of various models in Cincinnati, Ohio
 * Old Town College Park: Includes a Sears Alhambra and Sears Sheridan in College Park, Maryland

Modern interpretations of Sears Modern Homes
There are examples of modern homes built based on the design of Sears Modern Home. In some cases, homeowners used plans from original Sears homes to recreate a modern version of a Sears home. In other cases, the home followed the general design of a Sears house without being an exact duplicate.

One well-known replica of a Sears house is at the "Farm at Prophetstown" museum in Battle Ground, Indiana, which features a replica of a Hillrose model. The house forms part of the farmstead at the museum.

title: Sears Modern Homes


text:
USS Epervier

USS Epervier has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship or proposed ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Epervier (1814) was a British Cruizer-class brig-sloop that the US Navy captured in 1814 and that disappeared at sea in 1815.
 * USS Epervier was a screw gunboat that the Secretary of the Navy authorized the construction of in November 1864 but which was never actually constructed.

title: USS Epervier


text:
Talk:Algerian Civil War

Orphaned references in Algerian Civil War
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Algerian Civil War's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "CFR": From Islamic terrorism:  From Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present):  From Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 01:14, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

Algeria
Algeria ok 2A00:23C5:3187:5C01:18E4:1A9A:9C97:ABA7 (talk) 20:54, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

Algeria vs Morroco
Algeria is better than morroco, Algeria is better in everything For example: football People are better Good is better Algeria is tenth largest country in the world And morroco is tiiiiiiny it’s 58th 2A00:23C5:3187:5C01:18E4:1A9A:9C97:ABA7 (talk) 20:55, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Are you ten years old ? Grow up 82.64.0.195 (talk) 12:17, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
 * turk 31.94.36.46 (talk) 08:04, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

Remove French translation from this article.
French has no official status in Algeria. Remove the French name for the war from the article. Kurdish Elf (talk) 00:57, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * This discussion is one of four essentially identical discussions (1, 2, 3, 4) started today. All of them are on the same theme as previously discussed at length at Talk:Algeria. Unless there is something essentially unique or different pertaining to this article from any of the others, in order to prevent fragmentation and duplication, imho this discussion should continue at Talk:Algeria where it began. Mathglot (talk) 17:32, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Algerian Civil War


text:
Lady's Bridge

Lady's Bridge is the oldest bridge across the River Don in the City of Sheffield, England. It is located in the central section of the city, linking the Wicker to the north with Waingate to the south.

The first bridge
The original wooden bridge at this point was constructed close to Sheffield Castle sometime after 1150 under the orders of William de Lovetot, the Norman baron who had also built the castle along with the town's first church, hospital (at Spital Hill), and corn mill (at Millsands).

Lady's Bridge
In 1485 the Vicar of Sheffield, Sir John Plesaunce, and William Hill, who was a master mason, both agreed to build a bridge of stone "over the watyr of Dune neghe the castell of Sheffeld" at a cost of about £67. The bridge had five arches, and was 14.5 ft wide. A small chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was built close to the bridge, and the bridge became known as 'Our Lady's Bridge'. When built it could only be crossed by pedestrians as there were steps at either end of the bridge. The chapel was converted for use as a wool warehouse in 1547, to prevent its demolition as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries during the reign of Henry VIII, and was subsequently used as an Alms house.

Modifications
In 1760 the bridge was widened on the upstream side, and the Alms House (formerly the chapel to Our Lady) was demolished to make way for the new structure. The bridge was widened on the downstream side in 1864, virtually obscuring the remaining original structure from view, and again in 1909, to allow trams to cross the bridge. It was restored in the late 20th century, and has been a Grade II listed structure since 1973.

The Great Sheffield Flood
On the night of 11 March 1864 Lady's Bridge narrowly avoided destruction when the waters of the Great Sheffield Flood poured over it. Nearly every other bridge upstream in the path of the flood had been smashed by the waters and the debris that they carried. A contemporary account described the scene: "When the flood was at its height the scene on the Lady's Bridge at the top of the Wicker was most extraordinary. The water came rushing down between the buildings on each side with a force that made the Lady's Bridge quake and tremble. Against the bridge were piled up trees, logs of timber, broken furniture, and debris of every description. The light from street gas lamps revealed to spectators, of whom they were a good many, some of the horrors of the scene. The arches of the bridge were nearly choked by the accumulation of rubbish, and the impeded waters rose to a fearful height, breaking over the parapets of the bridge, and rushing across Mr. White's slate yard over the broad thoroughfare of the Wicker."

- Samuel Harrison

2007 flooding
During the 2007 United Kingdom floods, Sheffield was badly hit, and Lady's Bridge and the Wicker in particular. Lady's Bridge was overwhelmed with water as it, the Wicker and the Blonk Street Bridge were flooded, and Lady's Bridge itself was at one point reported to be in danger of collapse.

title: Lady's Bridge


text:
Outer Ring Road (Tianjin)

The Outer Ring Road in Tianjin, China is a city express road, 71.322 kilometres in length, which encircles Tianjin municipality.

Although its distance markers indicate its status as an expressway-grade road, it is not, strictly speaking, an expressway, as it has at-grade crossings, a low speed limit (60 km/h or 80 km/h), and even traffic lights.

The Jinghu, Jinbin, Jingjintang, Baojin and Jinji Expressways are all linked by this ring road. Major China National Highways and roads to Zibo, Tangshan, Wuxi and other nearby localities, as well as to other regions in the municipality, are also linked.

title: Outer Ring Road (Tianjin)


text:
International Railway of Maine

The International Railway of Maine was a historic railroad constructed by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) between Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, and Mattawamkeag, Maine, closing a key gap in the railway's transcontinental main line to the port of Saint John, New Brunswick.

Winter alternative to Montreal
The CPR completed its route from Montreal, Quebec, to Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1885. In the decades prior to the use of ice-breaking ships in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and St. Lawrence River, the port of Montreal was closed from December to May, limiting any advantage that the railway might have over its competitors.

CPR's primary Canadian competitor, the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR), managed to avoid the winter ice problems in Montreal by using the ice-free port of Portland, Maine, accessed by a route constructed by the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad which the GTR had purchased in the mid-1850s.

The Delaware and Hudson Railway ran a feeder route down the valleys of Lake Champlain and the Hudson River to New York City. The Maine Central Railroad operated an arduous route over the White Mountains from St. Johnsbury, Vermont, to Portland.

Looking 350 miles directly east from Montreal however, CPR surveyors saw the Canadian port of Saint John, New Brunswick, was underutilized and Saint John was accessible by a route across northern Maine which was less mountainous than other options for reaching the Atlantic coast.

Existing railways
Some sections of a direct railway route between Montreal and Saint John already existed in the 1880s:

 * The International Railway began operating in 1875 between Sherbrooke and Megantic in Quebec to service the forest industry. As suggested by the name of the company, its builders envisioned extending further east into Maine. This company was the successor to an original charter granted to the St Francis and Megantic International Railway.
 * The European and North American Railway was constructed as part of a plan to link the Maritime provinces with the North American rail network at Portland. Organized as separate companies, the E&NA had built a section from Shediac, New Brunswick, west to Saint John in the late 1850s but had gone bankrupt and the colonial government had assumed its operation. The E&NA built a western extension from Saint John to the International Boundary at St. Croix, New Brunswick, and Vanceboro, Maine, during the 1860s, while the E&NA in Maine had built from Bangor up the Penobscot River valley to the hamlet of Mattawamkeag at the confluence with the Mattawamkeag River before turning east across the lowlands of eastern Maine to the border at Vanceboro-St. Croix; this section having opened in 1869. Another bankruptcy at the E&NA saw the New Brunswick portion from Saint John to the border purchased by the New Brunswick Railway and the Maine portion from Bangor to the border leased by the Maine Central Railroad.

Building the International of Maine
A roughly 100 mile / 160 km gap between Mattawamkeag and Megantic required new construction to complete the Montreal-Saint John direct route.

The CPR acquired the International Railway in the mid-1880s and surveyed a line running directly from Megantic to a point on the E&NA (then leased by the Maine Central) at Mattawamkeag. This portion of new railway would cross the International Boundary between Megantic, Quebec and Jackman, Maine, thus the CPR organized two separate companies:

 * The International Railway was incorporated federally in Canada for the portion between Megantic and the border. In 1886 it was sold to the Atlantic and North-West Railway, a CPR subsidiary.
 * The International Railway of Maine was incorporated in the state of Maine to cross the sparsely populated Appalachian Mountains between the Quebec-Maine border and Mattawamkeag and assumed the charter of a previous company of the same name that had been organized in 1871. It was also sold to the Atlantic and North-West in 1886. A little known 374-meter (1227-foot) long steel trestle 38 meters (124 feet) above Ship Pond Stream near Onawa was replaced by a viaduct in 1931. Until 6 July 1960, railway employees along this remote line were paid from the last pay car operating in the United States or Canada.

Construction under Chief Engineer James Ross began in 1886–1887 and proceeded in both directions from various points on the route. The new line opened in June 1889 and CPR obtained trackage rights over the Maine Central from Mattawamkeag to Vanceboro, and purchased the New Brunswick Railway to acquire control of the route from Vanceboro to Saint John, as well as a branch line network in western New Brunswick and northern Maine.

Interchange points
The new CPR line across Maine to Saint John was the last link in creating a transcontinental railway, although the section from Mattawamkeag to Vanceboro was operated under trackage rights. In 1955, the Maine Central purchased the E&NA shares for approximately $3 million USD and in 1974, CPR purchased the Mattawamkeag-Vanceboro portion from the Maine Central, finally securing ownership and operation of its entire transcontinental network.

The CPR operated its new line across Maine as its International of Maine Division (Canadian Pacific Lines in Maine) for many years; the International Railway of Maine existing on paper for operating purposes, however the track and all operations became seamless in the CPR system.

The Quebec Central Railway anticipated that the new CPR main line across Maine to its winter port of Saint John would result in traffic to Quebec City, thus the QCR built a line from the CPR at Megantic north to Tring Junction and thence on to Vallee Junction in the Beauce River valley.

The north-south oriented Bangor and Aroostook Railroad created an interchange with CPR at Brownville Junction, Maine, and had an earlier interchange where Bangor and Aroostook predecessor Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad reached the south end of Moosehead Lake at Greenville Junction. Bangor and Aroostook dismantled the Greenville branch in 1961.

In addition to interchanging with CPR at Vanceboro and Mattawamkeag, the Maine Central had an interchange with the CPR from 1906 to 1933 west of Greenville Junction where the Kineo branch crossed at Somerset Junction en route to Kineo Station connections with steamboats serving the Mount Kineo House.

Two logging railroads also interchanged with the International of Maine Division. There was an interchange at Jackman with Jackman Lumber Company's Bald Mountain Railroad from 1915 to 1926, and with the Ray Lumber Company (later Indian Lake Lumber Company) railroad at Ray Siding near Caribou Stream in Bowerbank Township from 1912 to 1929.

Passenger and freight service
The new route was served by CPR's passenger rail service between Windsor Station in Montreal and Union Station in Saint John, where passengers could continue on the Intercolonial Railway to Moncton and Halifax.

Until the early 1960s, traffic on the International of Maine Division was extremely heavy and the railway was well-used.

The 201 mile section of railway across the state of Maine was operated directly by CPR from 1889 to 1988. The opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958 and the provision of icebreaking services for the port of Montreal by the new Canadian Coast Guard after the 1960s saw the importance of a winter port at Saint John diminish.

World Wars
During World War I, the CPR line became infamous for being the sabotage target of a German army officer. The United States was still a neutral country at that point and CPR was not permitted to transport war material and troops across US soil on the way to Saint John; most war goods for Canada's war effort were transported entirely in Canada on the government-owned Intercolonial Railway route instead. However Imperial Germany was convinced that CPR's route across Maine was being used for the war effort and sought to destroy the Saint Croix–Vanceboro Railway Bridge over the St. Croix River between Vanceboro, Maine, and St. Croix, New Brunswick. The officer travelled to Vanceboro on a Maine Central passenger train and stayed several nights in the local hotel, then laid explosives which detonated but did not destroy the bridge. He was arrested and then jailed by the United States before eventually being extradited and jailed in Canada.

A year after the armistice, 23 died in an Onawa train wreck when a freight train collided head on with the third of four passenger trains carrying immigrants recently arrived on a liner from Europe. The crew of the 26-car freight train became confused about the number of trains required to carry all the passengers. All were operating as sections of a single regularly scheduled passenger train, but the last was 8 hours late.

Traffic declines
In 1955, CPR created a limited stop express passenger train named The Atlantic Limited. This daily train operated overnight from Montreal to Saint John and vice versa, with full service diner, observation and coach/sleeper cars.

Government investment in the 1970s for an intermodal container terminal and various improvements at Saint John resulted in some freight traffic increases and CPR invested in infrastructure improvements over the route, however by the 1980s, it was in severe decline as changes in shipping patterns and cargo logistics saw CPR make less and less return on the line.

In 1978, Via Rail Canada took over operation of CPR passenger services and The Atlantic Limited was changed to become the Atlantic and service was extended east from Saint John to Halifax. Passenger traffic increased but government cutbacks in 1981 saw the train discontinued, removing passenger service from the Montreal-Saint John route for the first time since the route opened in 1889. The Atlantic was restored in 1985 and remained in daily service until 1990 and then tri-weekly service thereafter.

In 1988, CPR organized all its lines east of Montreal into Maine and the Maritimes (including its Dominion Atlantic Railway subsidiary in Nova Scotia) under a new subsidiary called the Canadian Atlantic Railway (CAR). The CAR experiment was short-lived as its lines were still losing money, despite abandoning many of its small rural branch lines in western New Brunswick and northern Maine. CPR applied in 1993 to abandon the mainline from Montreal to Saint John but was refused by government regulators.

Abandonment and sale
In 1994 it applied again for abandonment and permission was granted for the end of that year. Shippers and communities along the route were upset and urged CPR to sell the line, which it finally did in sections on January 1, 1995. In advance of the pending abandonment and later sale of the line, Via Rail discontinued passenger service with the Atlantic on December 17, 1994, and the line has not had dedicated passenger service since then.

The section from Saint John to the Maine–New Brunswick border was purchased by New Brunswick Southern Railway, a subsidiary of J. D. Irving Limited, an industrial conglomerate and major traffic source in Saint John. The section from the Maine-New Brunswick border west to Mattawamkeag (where it interchanges with Guilford Rail System) and on to Brownville Junction (where it interchanges with Bangor and Aroostook Railroad) was also sold to a JDI subsidiary, Eastern Maine Railway. West of Brownville to Montreal, the route was purchased by Iron Road Railways, the corporate owner of the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad.

The bankruptcy of Iron Road in the early 2000s saw the western part of the system taken over by the newly organized Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway (which filed for bankruptcy protection in August 2013), while JDI continues at the eastern end of the route.

Fortress Investment Group purchased the trackage owned by the Montreal Maine and Atlantic out of bankruptcy. This includes the portion of the International Railway of Maine from Brownville Junction to the west. Operations began in 2014 as the Central Maine and Quebec Railway.

As of June 4, 2020, Canadian Pacific has purchased the entire Central Maine and Quebec Railway and has begun the process of integrating the former CM&Q lines. This includes the former Bangor and Aroostook lines owned by the Central Maine and Quebec which had no prior ties to Canadian Pacific.

title: International Railway of Maine


text:
Talk:Mouse-like hamster

Image Request
It would be great to have a picture of one of these critters, especially as so much of the article discusses their appearance. --PJF (talk) 11:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

pets
What are they called when they are sold in pet stores? Mouse-like hamsters (which seems a bit unwieldy, especially for kids) or just "hamsters"? After all, the American robin is not a true robin (like the European robin), but a species of thrush which just happens to have a red breast and reminded European settlers of the "original" robin.

title: Talk:Mouse-like hamster


text:
User:Wiki-vr

wiki-vr

w i k i q u o t e / c o m m u n i s m

als:Benutzer:Wiki-vr cs:Wikipedista:Wiki-vr de:Benutzer:Wiki-vr sk:Redaktor:Wiki-vr

title: User:Wiki-vr


text:
Fully Integrated Robotised Engine

The FIRE (for "Fully Integrated Robotised Engine") is a series of automobile engines from Fiat Powertrain Technologies, built in FCA's Termoli, Betim and also in Dundee, MI (only in 1.4 Multiair versions) plants. It was designed by Italian design firm Rodolfo Bonetto. It is constructed by robot assembly plants ("Robogate") to reduce costs.

The FIRE series replaced the old Fiat 100 series overhead valve engines in the mid-1980s. Mechanically, they are simple inline-four engines with five main bearings crankshaft and overhead cam heads.

Since 1985, it has been constructed in different versions. Displacements range from 769 to 1368 cc. In addition to the 8 valve versions, there are "Super-FIRE" 1242 and 1368 cc 16 valve versions.

The "Super-FIRE" which uses 16 valves and is available in 999 cc (Brazil) and 1242 cc (Brazil & Europe) displacements.

The 1368 cc variation introduced in 2003 is available in both 8 and 16 valves. In 2005 Fiat introduced a version of the 16v incorporating port deactivation (PDA) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This unit is frequently referred to as the "StarJet" engine. One year later, a turbocharged variety of the StarJet was introduced under the name "T-Jet", and a MultiAir (adding electro-hydraulic intake valve driving, with variable timing, lift and profile) version was added in 2009, available in either naturally aspirated and turbocharged forms. It reached 190 PS on the Abarth 695 Biposto.

The FIRE was originally a carbureted engine, and later progressed to single-point injection (SPI), then to multi-point fuel injection (MPI), using sequential multi-port fuel injection (SMPI) today. It is now used in the 750 Formula in a slightly modified state.

Brazilian production started in 2000 with the "Super-FIRE" 1.2 16V (80 PS), was extended until 2006 with 1.0 8V (54 PS), 1.0 16V (69 PS), 1.2 8V (66 PS) and 1.4 8V (80 PS). By 2016, the two "last Super-FIRE" being produced in Brazil were the reworked (New pistons and crankshaft) 1.0 8V (77 PS) and the 1.4 8V VVT (90 PS), both running on petrol or ethanol fuels.

Starting in 2016, it is being replaced by the GSE (FireFly) engine family.

List of FIRE engines
The FIRE engine has been available in the following displacements:

 * 769 cc - 65x58 mm bore x stroke
 * SOHC 8V 34 PS (1986 - 1992)
 * 999 cc - 70x64.9 mm bore x stroke
 * 8V 45 PS (1986 - 1993)
 * 8V SPI 45 PS (1987 - 2003)
 * DOHC 16V SMPI 60 PS (1998 - 2003, Brazil only)
 * 8V SMPI Flex-fuel 77 PS (2005 - current, Brazil only)
 * 1108 cc - 70x72 mm bore x stroke
 * 8V 55 PS (1983 - 1993)
 * 8V SPI 50-55 PS (1993 - 2000)
 * 8V SMPI 55 PS (2001 - 2010)
 * 1242 cc - 70.8x78.9 mm bore x stroke
 * 8V SPI 60 PS (1993 - 1999)
 * 8V MPI 75 PS (1993 - 1999)
 * 8V SMPI 60 PS (1993 - 2009)
 * 8V SMPI VVT 69 PS (2007 - 2020)
 * 16V SMPI 80-86 PS (1998 - 2009)
 * 1368 cc SMPI - 72x84 mm bore x stroke
 * 8V SMPI 77 PS (2003 - current)
 * 8V SMPI VVT 77 PS (2005 - current)
 * 8V SMPI Flex-fuel 90 PS (2005 - current, Brazil only)
 * 16V SMPI 95 PS (2005 - current)
 * 16V SMPI StarJet VVT – PDA 90-95 PS (2005 - current)
 * 16V T-Jet 105-120-155-180-190 PS (2006 - current)
 * 16V MultiAir 105 PS (2009 - current)
 * 16V MultiAir Turbo 130-170 PS (2009 - current)

Applications

 * Autobianchi Y10 (1985) 999-1108 cc — 54 PS (40kW)
 * Fiat Uno (1986) 999-1108 cc
 * Fiat Panda (1986) 750-999-1108 cc
 * Fiat Tipo (1988) 1108 cc
 * Fiat Punto (1993) 1108-1242 cc
 * Fiat Cinquecento (1994) 1108 cc — 54 PS (40kW)
 * Fiat Bravo/Brava (1995) 1242 cc
 * Lancia Y (1996) 1108-1242 cc
 * Fiat Palio (1997) 1242 cc
 * Fiat Seicento (1998) 1108 cc — 54 PS (40kW)
 * Fiat Punto (1999) 1242-1368 cc — 60-95 PS
 * Fiat Stilo (2001) 1242-1368 cc
 * Fiat Panda (2003) 1108-1242-1368 cc — 54-60-69-77-100 PS
 * Fiat Idea (2003) 1242-1368 cc — 80-95 PS
 * Lancia Ypsilon (2003) 1242-1368 cc — 60-95 PS
 * Lancia Musa (2004) 1368 cc — 95 PS
 * Fiat Grande Punto (2005)/Punto Evo (2009)/Punto (2012) 1242-1368 cc — 65-69-77-95 PS
 * Fiat Bravo (2007) 1368 cc
 * Fiat 500 (2007) 1242-1368 cc — 69-100 PS
 * Lancia Delta (2008) 1368 cc
 * Alfa Romeo MiTo (2008) 1368 cc — 78-95-105-120-135-155-170 PS
 * Ford Ka (2008) 1242 cc — 69 PS
 * Tata Indica Vista (2008) 1242 cc
 * Fiat Linea (2009) 1.368 — 77 PS
 * Tata Indigo Manza (2009) 1368 cc
 * Alfa Romeo Giulietta (2010) 1368 cc
 * Fiat Panda (2011) 1242 cc — 69 PS
 * Fiat 500L (2012) 1368 cc
 * Dodge Dart (PF) (2013–2016) 1368 cc
 * Jeep Renegade (2015–present) 1368 cc
 * Jeep Compass (2018-present) 1368 cc
 * Fiat 500X (2015) 1368 cc
 * Fiat Tipo (2015) 1368 cc
 * Fiat 124 Spider (2017–2020) 1368 cc MultiAir
 * Tatuus FA010 1368 cc

Production
As part of the June 10, 2009 Operating Agreement, Chrysler's commercial production of Fully Integrated Robotized Engine began in its Dundee, Michigan facility. Chrysler's first FIRE engine model, a 100 hp 1.4-liter FIRE with Multiair engine, was first introduced in Fiat 500 starting in 2010.

title: Fully Integrated Robotised Engine


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Banjo-Kazooie/archive1

Banjo-Kazooie
Haven't worked on this in a while, it's fairly complete but needs some reading over. —Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 11:38, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dilan shah

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 03:40, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Dilan shah
Vanity. Inter\Echo 11:46, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. utcursch | talk 12:12, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. --NewAtair Δ 12:48, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Deb 13:05, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Why is he notable? Zzyzx11 18:49, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, reads more like a personal attack than vanity. Megan1967 03:09, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Note that the votes here were deleted twice by the same IP who also posted the article andy 15:10, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable (and annoying...). gren 00:08, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This seems to be some kind of personal attack. Has no place on Wikipedia.
 * Delete. Amusing, but we don't need any more articles by people fixated on "buggery of the anal variety."
 * Delete. Dumb and useless. Deadcorpse 22:23, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:JRiver Media Center

Caution Required here. MC was one of the best. However it seems lack of interest or new Talent as in Others could be lacking. In my own experiences from many versions Prior. A simple mixing audio Tool was removed with my playlists. And as such destroyed memories. They will keep prompting you to upgrade to release functions that where previously available, however they now block unless you pay. Humm?==Untitled== Below is a very old Comment ---

I'm sorry, but M$ is not the only one working with this concept.

Is it true that there are more products running over Windows systems (MediaPortal, XBOX MediaCenter...) but the there are also developments for GNU/Linux (MythTV media), so I don't feel confortable with this appropiation of the term.

What about defining this as the abstract concet it is instead of a single product?

Cheers, Marc Bria

I absolutely agree! As a Media Center I understand a PC with special Multimedia support and a Media Center frontend like one of those: http://www.mythtv.org, Windows MCE, http://www.myhtpc.de, http://www.sceneo.tv --Velociraptor 09:23, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not quite sure I understand what either of you are getting at. To Marc: You understand that this article refers to a specific program called "Media Center", right? Microsoft (I assume that's what you mean by M$) has nothing to do with the program, aside from developing the operating system that it runs on. Also, do you mean to say "It is true ..."? Either way I'm kind of confused. --Kine 05:28, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There is a difference between Media Center and Media center – the application should remain here and information about media centres in general should be at the latter (or with the "correct" re spelling). violet/riga (t) 18:28, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've added a notice with a link to Media center at the top of the page to avoid confusion.
 * I've moved this page, updated all references to it, then changed the old name to be a redirect to Media center. Capitalization is not a way to disambiguate articles, so I've gone with the standard "pair" way to do it which is crossreferences at the top of both pages and bracketing to distinguish the less common use. -- cmh 21:31, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Theater View.png
Image:Theater View.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:44, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Skins.PNG
Image:Skins.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 08:48, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NoireSkin.PNG
Image:NoireSkin.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:13, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MCLogo.png
Image:MCLogo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 06:24, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MCMini.png
Image:MCMini.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 06:25, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Adding Release History for JRiver MC
So I made an initial attempt at adding the release history for JRiver Media Center. Unfortunately it was really hard to find out the actual release versions and dates for the software. I also had a hard time narrowing down the new features. Maybe it would be better to put even more of the features listed out?

This section is important for people like me who like to reminisce about how far Media Center has come in its development. Please feel free to fix my first attempt.

Also, I didn't know in which release native Bluray playback was introduced (with AnyDVD HD support).

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on JRiver Media Center. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151014011237/http://wiki.jrmediacenter.com/index.php/Upgrade_to_MC15 to http://wiki.jrmediacenter.com/index.php/Upgrade_to_MC15

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:39, 18 November 2017 (UTC)

Notability
I've removed the nomination for deletion section. It's been there several years.

The software has been in active development for more than twenty years, has more than 1,000,000 users and more than 900,000 references on Google.

There are long threads on the software at avsforum.com, audiophilestyle.com, head-fi.org, and stevehoffman.tv, among others.

Please re-instate the images. Anything from jriver.com may be used.

Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jriver44 (talk • contribs) 19:19, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

 * It wasn't a "nomination for deletion" section but a notice about shortcomings of the article. The sources are all unreliable sources (forums, official website, etc, see WP:RS) and don't establish subject's notability as required by WP:GNG.
 * If it's as important as you state it is, there should be some good reliable sources that could be used. As painful as it sounds, for it to become a decent article, everything not supported by reliable secondary sources should be removed, which means basically starting from scratch.
 * But note that if you have personal connections with JRiver, you shouldn't be editing this in the first place (WP:Conflict of interest). -- intgr [talk] 16:31, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

Would any of these be "reliable"? https://wiki.jriver.com/index.php/Reviews

title: Talk:JRiver Media Center


text:
Brodsworth Hall

Brodsworth Hall, near Brodsworth, 5 mi north-west of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, is one of the most complete surviving examples of a Victorian country house in England. It is virtually unchanged since the 1860s. It was designed in the Italianate style by the obscure London architect, Philip Wilkinson, then 26 years old. He was commissioned by Charles Sabine Augustus Thellusson, who inherited the estate in 1859, but the original estate was constructed in 1791 for merchant and slave owner Peter Thellusson. It is a Grade I listed building.

History
George Hay, 8th Earl of Kinnoull, bought the Brodsworth estate from Sir John Wentworth in 1713 and rebuilt the house in the Georgian style, but lost his money in the South Sea Bubble crash of 1720 and was obliged to take the position of Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. His second son Robert, later Archbishop of York, took up residence on the estate instead and made a number of improvements to the house and grounds. On his death in 1777, the house was left empty, and, after his eldest son became the 10th Earl of Kinnoull in 1787, he sold the estate in 1790 to Peter Thellusson (1737–1797) of the Swiss banking family.

Peter Thellusson had come from Geneva and settled in England, becoming a director of the Bank of England. This role saw him provide loans to slave ship and plantation owners. As these slave owners defaulted on debts, Thellusson amassed interests in Caribbean plantations and became a tobacco and sugar importer. He wrote an unusual will, unsuccessfully challenged by his family in the Thellusson Will Case, whereby his fortune was put in trust to be untouched for three generations. Peter Thellusson's grandson Arthur Thellusson, married the daughter of another Antigua slave owner, Sir Christopher Bethell-Codrington. The Thellussons were slave owners in Grenada and Montserrat as late as 1820.

One of the two eventual beneficiaries was the 5th Baron Rendlesham. The other was Peter's great-grandson Charles Sabine Augustus Thellusson who, in 1859, inherited half the bequest plus the Brodsworth estate with its Georgian house. He demolished the existing house and commissioned the present one, which was built in two years between 1861 and 1863. A keen yachtsman, he also commissioned four yachts, the last two being, successively, the largest in the world. He was appointed High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1866–1867. He and his wife Georgiana left four sons, all of whom died childless, and the house therefore passed to each son in turn. The third son, Charles Thellusson, leased the mineral rights to the Brodsworth Colliery Company and also rented them the land for the construction of Woodlands model village to accommodate the miners. In addition he paid for the construction of All Saints Church (1913) for the village. He was also responsible for the introduction of electric light to the hall.

After the First World War, spiralling costs resulted in the owners closing off parts of the house. On the death of the youngest son, Augustus Thellusson, in 1931, the house passed to his nephew, Captain Charles Grant-Dalton (1882–1952). He was High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1942–1943.

The last resident of the house was Sylvia Grant-Dalton (wife of Captain Grant-Dalton), who fought a losing battle for 57 years against leaking roofs on the mansion and land subsidence from nearby coal mining. After her death in 1988, Her daughter, Pamela Williams, gave the Hall and gardens to English Heritage in 1990. The contents of the house were purchased by the National Heritage Memorial Fund and transferred to the ownership of English Heritage. It was decided to conserve the interiors "as found" rather than replacing or restoring them. They demonstrate how a once opulent Victorian house grew "comfortably" old.

The House
Designed in the Italianate style by Philip Wilkinson, the Hall is constructed in ashlar limestone, some quarried on the estate, with lead and slate roofs. Stonework, windows and interior fittings were reused from the older building. The building is T-shaped with the servants quarters forming the upright. The main block, forming the cross-bar, is 2-storey rectangular range having 9-bay frontage. The house has more than 30 rooms, ranging from grand reception rooms with original furnishings to the servants' quarters. The house is surrounded by Victorian period gardens, which are used for special events throughout the summer.

The house is noted for Charles Sabine Thellusson's collection of paintings and sculptures, including a large collection of Italian sculptures bought at the Dublin International Exhibition of 1865.

title: Brodsworth Hall


text:
Molecular knot

In chemistry, a molecular knot is a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture that is analogous to a macroscopic knot. Naturally-forming molecular knots are found in organic molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins. It is not certain that naturally occurring knots are evolutionarily advantageous to nucleic acids or proteins, though knotting is thought to play a role in the structure, stability, and function of knotted biological molecules. The mechanism by which knots naturally form in molecules, and the mechanism by which a molecule is stabilized or improved by knotting, is ambiguous. The study of molecular knots involves the formation and applications of both naturally occurring and chemically synthesized molecular knots. Applying chemical topology and knot theory to molecular knots allows biologists to better understand the structures and synthesis of knotted organic molecules.

The term knotane was coined by Vögtle et al. in 2000 to describe molecular knots by analogy with rotaxanes and catenanes, which are other mechanically interlocked molecular architectures. The term has not been broadly adopted by chemists and has not been adopted by IUPAC.

Naturally occurring molecular knots
Organic molecules containing knots may fall into the categories of slipknots or pseudo-knots. They are not considered mathematical knots because they are not a closed curve, but rather a knot that exists within an otherwise linear chain, with termini at each end. Knotted proteins are thought to form molecular knots during their tertiary structure folding process, and knotted nucleic acids generally form molecular knots during genomic replication and transcription, though details of knotting mechanism continue to be disputed and ambiguous. Molecular simulations are fundamental to the research on molecular knotting mechanisms.

Knotted DNA was found first by Liu et al. in 1981, in single-stranded, circular, bacterial DNA, though double-stranded circular DNA has been found to also form knots. Naturally knotted RNA has not yet been reported.

A number of proteins containing naturally occurring molecular knots have been identified. The knot types found to be naturally occurring in proteins are the $$+3_1, -3_1, 4_1, -5_2, $$ and $$+6_1 $$knots, as identified in the KnotProt database of known knotted proteins.

Chemically synthesized molecular knots
Several synthetic molecular knots have been reported. Knot types that have been successfully synthesized in molecules are $$3_1, 4_1, 5_1 $$and 819 knots. Though the $$-5_2 $$ and $$+6_1 $$ knots have been found to naturally occur in knotted molecules, they have not been successfully synthesized. Small-molecule composite knots have also not yet been synthesized.

Artificial DNA, RNA, and protein knots have been successfully synthesized. DNA is a particularly useful model of synthetic knot synthesis, as the structure naturally forms interlocked structures and can be easily manipulated into forming knots control precisely the raveling necessary to form knots. Molecular knots are often synthesized with the help of crucial metal ion ligands.

History
The first researcher to suggest the existence of a molecular knot in a protein was Jane Richardson in 1977, who reported that carbonic anhydrase B (CAB) exhibited apparent knotting during her survey of various proteins' topological behavior. However, the researcher generally attributed with the discovery of the first knotted protein is Marc. L. Mansfield in 1994, as he was the first to specifically investigate the occurrence of knots in proteins and confirm the existence of the trefoil knot in CAB. Knotted DNA was found first by Liu et al. in 1981, in single-stranded, circular, bacterial DNA, though double-stranded circular DNA has been found to also form knots.

In 1989, Sauvage and coworkers reported the first synthetic knotted molecule: a trefoil synthesized via a double-helix complex with the aid of Cu+ ions.

Vogtle et al. was the first to describe molecular knots as knotanes in 2000. Also in 2000 was William Taylor's creation of an alternative computational method to analyze protein knotting that set the termini at a fixed point far enough away from the knotted component of the molecule that the knot type could be well-defined. In this study, Taylor discovered a deep $$4_1 $$ knot in a protein. With this study, Taylor confirmed the existence of deeply knotted proteins.

In 2007, Eric Yeates reported the identification of a molecular slipknot, which is when the molecule contains knotted subchains even though their backbone chain as a whole is unknotted and does not contain completely knotted structures that are easily detectable by computational models. Mathematically, slipknots are difficult to analyze because they are not recognized in the examination of the complete structure.

A pentafoil knot prepared using dynamic covalent chemistry was synthesized by Ayme et al. in 2012, which at the time was the most complex non-DNA molecular knot prepared to date. Later in 2016, a fully organic pentafoil knot was also reported, including the very first use of a molecular knot to allosterically regulate catalysis. In January 2017, an 819 knot was synthesized by David Leigh's group, making the 819 knot the most complex molecular knot synthesized.

An important development in knot theory is allowing for intra-chain contacts within an entangled molecular chain. Circuit topology has emerged as a topology framework that formalises the arrangement of contacts as well as chain crossings in a folded linear chain. As a complementary approach, Colin Adams. et al., developed a singular knot theory that is applicable to folded linear chains with intramolecular interactions.

Applications
Many synthetic molecular knots have a distinct globular shape and dimensions that make them potential building blocks in nanotechnology.

title: Molecular knot


text: Category:Irish designers

title: Category:Irish designers


text:
Yamantaka Eye

Yamataka Eye (山塚アイ) (born Tetsurō Yamatsuka (山塚徹郎), 13 February 1964) is a Japanese vocalist and visual artist, best known as a member of Boredoms, Hanatarash and Naked City. He has changed his stage name three times, from Yamatsuka Eye, to Yamantaka Eye, to Yamataka Eye, and sometimes calls himself eYe or EYヨ. He also DJs under the name DJ 光光光 or "DJ pica pica pica" ("pica" means "bright" or "shiny"), and has used numerous other pseudonyms.

Boredoms
Born in Kobe, Eye is a founder of the influential rock band, Boredoms, whose first major label release came out in the early '90s. They were signed to Warner Bros. (Chocolate Synthesizer era) by David Katznelson, then A&R VP of Warner Bros. The closest thing Boredoms have to a frontman, Eye offers a variety of vocal techniques: gurgles, screams, grunts and occasionally, relatively conventional singing. In the later days of Boredoms and in today's V∞redoms he plays electronics and open reel tapes.

Other
Yamantaka Eye is also a member of the bands Hanatarash, UFO or Die, Puzzle Punks, Noise Ramones and Destroy 2. He is notorious for his vast, confusing discography and countless guest appearances. In 1993, he recorded an EP with Sonic Youth called TV Shit for Thurston Moore's label, Ecstatic Peace. He also collaborated with Yamamoto Seiichi & Yamazaki Maso in the project "(Triple) Yama's" which was titled for their shared namesake. He released two albums, Live! and Live!!, with Japanese turntablist/improviser Otomo Yoshihide, under the moniker "MC Hellshit & DJ Carhouse". He formed a music and art group called Puzzle Punks, with Shinro Ohtake.

Other notable collaborations include his work with Bill Laswell's Praxis and with John Zorn's groups Naked City and Painkiller. Eye and Zorn also recorded the album Zohar as the "Mystic Fugu Orchestra." This latter compilation, which both commemorates and satirizes Jewish culture, also draws strength from Eye's earlier influence from the Oomoto religion in Japan, a sect claiming to possess visions of an emerging world order. Several generations of Eye's family belonged to Oomoto, which was at times brutally suppressed by the Japanese government. Yamantaka participated in the Boredoms 77 Boadrum performance which occurred on July 7, 2007 at 7:07 PM at the Empire-Fulton Ferry State Park in Brooklyn, New York, and the 88 Boadrum performance which occurred on August 8, 2008 at 8:08 PM at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California.

Art
As well as his music, Eye is famous for his mixed-media style of art that utilises airbrush, marker pen and collage, amongst other materials. This work has adorned a number of records, including the majority of Boredoms releases. Similar to the Boredoms' musical direction, Eye started incorporating a much more psychedelic, calmer approach into his work, evident on the covers of many of the later Boredoms albums. Drawing as much from Japanese mythology as it does from his musical influence, such as early punk imagery, his work aims to complement the music as well as to provide another dimension to the sound. Eye also drew a comic strip in 1991, titled Frogleg Burning-X Comix Death.

Eye worked on the covers of the Beck albums Sexx Laws, Midnite Vultures, and Stray Blues - A Collection of B-Sides.

When discussing Eye's unique art style, Stylus Magazine writer Mike Powell commented: It’s worth talking about Eye’s art not simply because, like Paul McCartney, he makes it, but because it’s an extension of the same creative brain that propels the Boredoms.

Eye has presented his work at MoMA/PS1 in New York, in the Music is a Better Noise, and the Volume: Bed of Sound exhibitions.

Audio Sports

 * 3-6-9 (Bron Records) (EP) (1991)
 * Eat+Buy+Eat (All Access) (EP/CD) (1992)
 * Era of Glittering Gas (All Access) (CD) (1992)

Boredoms

 * Osorezan no Stooges Kyo (1988)
 * Soul Discharge (1989)
 * Pop Tatari (1992)
 * Chocolate Synthesizer (1994)
 * Super æ (1998)
 * Vision Creation Newsun (1999)
 * Seadrum/House of Sun (2005)

Destroy 2

 * We Are Voice and Rhythm Only (1996)

DJ Chaos X

 * Live Mixxx (2006)

DJ Pica Pica Pica

 * Planetary Natural Love Gas Webbin' 199999 (1999)

Hanatarashi

 * Hanazumari (1984)
 * Take Back Your Penis!! (1984)
 * Live Axtion 84.4.20 & 1.29 (1984)
 * Noisexa (1984)
 * Bombraining (1984)
 * The Hit Parade 1 (1984)
 * The Hit Parade 2 (1984)
 * Hane Go Go (1984)
 * Man Of Noise Noise Kyojin (1984)
 * Live! 1984 3.24 (1984)
 * 8448-412 (1984)
 * Live Action 84.1.29 (1984)
 * Live Act 16.Dec.1984 at Zabo Kyoto (1984)
 * Merzbow & Hanatarashi (1985) (with Merzbow)
 * Worst Selektion (1985)
 * Worst Selektion (1985)
 * Hanatarashi 1 (1985)
 * Hanatarashi 2 (1987)

Hanatarash

 * 3: William Bennet Has No Dick (1990)
 * The Hanatarash and His Eye (1992)
 * Live!! 1984 Dec. 16: Zabo-Kyoto (1993)
 * Total Retardation (1995)
 * 4: Aids-a-delic (1995)
 * 5: We are 0:00 (1996)

The Lift Boys

 * Anarchy Village b/w Anarchy Way (2005)
 * Lift Boyz (2005)
 * Tide Y Edit (2012)
 * Jukey Lift (2014)

MC Hellshit & DJ Carhouse

 * Live!
 * Live!!

Puzzle Punks

 * Pipeline - 24 Smash Hits by 24 Puzzle Punk Bands (1996)
 * Budub (1996)
 * Puzzoo (2006)

Tribal Circus

 * Tribal Circus (2000) (with Hifana)

Yamataka Eye

 * Re...Remix? (2008) (remix compilation)

 * Sky Size Sea (2010)

Noise Ramones

 * Rocket To DNA (1999)

with Battles

 * Gloss Drop (2011)

with John Zorn

 * Nani Nani (1995)
 * Zohar (as Mystic Fugu Orchestra) (1995)
 * Naninani II (2004)
 * 50th Birthday Celebration Volume 10 (2005)

with Naked City

 * Naked City (1989)
 * Torture Garden (1990)
 * Grand Guignol (1992)
 * Heretic (1992)
 * Leng Tch'e (1992)
 * Radio (1993)

with Praxis

 * Sacrifist (1994)

with Sonic Youth

 * TV Shit (1994)

with Ween

 * Z-Rock Hawaii (1997)

title: Yamantaka Eye


text:
Category:Mountain ranges of Australia

Mountain ranges of Australia.

title: Category:Mountain ranges of Australia


text: User talk:82.109.193.226

title: User talk:82.109.193.226


text:
Antonín Janoušek

Antonín Janoušek (22 August 1877 – 30 March 1941) was a Czech journalist and communist who was the leader of the short-lived Slovak Soviet Republic.

Life and career
Originally an engine fitter, in 1895, Janoušek became a member of the Czechoslavonic Social Democratic Workers' Party. In 1906, he became a workers journalists and a functionary of workers associations in Austria-Hungary.

Communist activities
In 1919, Janoušek led the Czech and Slovak section at the central committee of the Hungarian Communist Party. He was the only “chairman of the revolutionary committee” (predseda revolučného výboru) of the short-lived Slovak Soviet Republic, proclaimed in Prešov on 20 June 1919. The republic was created with military support from the Hungarian Soviet Republic. After the Hungarians were pushed out by troops of the First Czechoslovak Republic following the Hungarian–Czechoslovak War of 1918–1919, the Slovak Soviet Republic ceased to exist on 7 July 1919.

Later life
Janoušek was imprisoned by the regime of Miklós Horthy in Hungary in 1920, and subsequently handed over to Czechoslovak authorities. In 1922, he moved to Soviet Russia, where he became a functionary of the International Workers Aid Council. He lived in Cheboksary, Chuvashia where he established an orphanage.

Janoušek died "in bed" of natural causes as reported by the historian V. Nálevka. After cremation, his remains were buried at the Jan Žižka National Monument at Vítkov. In 1990, his ashes were moved to Olšany Cemetery, together with those of about 20 other communist leaders which had also originally been placed in the Jan Žižka National Monument.

title: Antonín Janoušek