text:
Talk:Less Than Jake

Something
I'm removing the UK chart information for the singles without a source. I'd rather have nothing at all than something unverifiable. If anyone can find a legit record of their charting info in UK for albums or singles, they can put them back up. The Rabbit42 05:50, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Do we really the "work history" in trivia? this seems a little too random (or should i say to trivia-l?)

 * I've since incorporated this into Roger's personal info. ✅

I dont know if anyone will want to add this but Chris said, in late 2005 that this album would be the last, as they are breaking up.

 * What are you talking about??? It does'nt look like they would.Chriscool334 17:29, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * They still have one more record left on their contract to do, after that..dunno.

 * In Vinnie's blog, he talked about how he is starting to think about lyrics, and how Chris has shown him some new songs he's working on. This would imply they're working on a new album. Whether it will be their last, nobody can say for certain, but we probably shouldn't assume they're going to break up or disband anytime soon. - The Rabbit42 18:24, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

I'm removing the link on Monkey Vs. Robot; it appears to be pointing to a different "Monkey Vs. Robot" - a musician in Vermont. If anyone has any info on it, suggest created a new article Monkey Vs. Robot (toy company) with it? - user:taskforce

To answer the kid below: Well Dude They have a sax and several other horn players so what are you trying to prove?

 * I think he's talking about how the article says (or use too, I'm not sure that it still does) that they are unique for having those instruments, which isn't true at all as they are a ska band. Although to the guy below, no, ska doesn't nessisarilly need horns. It just generally does have them.

Sorry, maybe I'm being slightly dumb here but I thought the wole point of being a Ska band was that someone played a sax and/or similar instruments - that's what sets it apart from other music, no? Selphie 12:05, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) **

 * Completely wrong. This is WIKIPEDIA.  Go look at the ska article and see how wrong you are.

 * to above person: chill. to above-er person, yeah he's right though. horns are not necessary at all. ska is about off rhythms and lots of other stuff, see ska Philmcl 15:41, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Wasn't there a song (Ghost of You and Me) feat. in a NHL game?

 * It seems that LTJ songs can be found in many different soundtracks. Due to this, I'm going to combine all of the contributions into a paragraph. Wanderer 21:06, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Howie J. Reynolds
No mention of Howie J. Reynolds?? He was an iconic part/act/guy in the early days of the band. I went to shows and loved to hear him 'tell his stories' (i.e. rant?). I ran into him after one of the early albums came out, and he was pretty unhappy that he didn't get anything from being recorded...(must have been Loosing Streak). It might be nice to have a little section about him, since he is part of LTJ's history... OJGanesh 19:31, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Improving This Article
Alright, here's a few things that can be added to make this a better article - I'll be working on some of it, but I am going to need some help.

 * A picture of the band. Nice to know we know their names, but a visual would really help. ✅
 * More information about tours, contributions within the ska punk community (Ska Against Racism, anybody?), and chart positions.
 * Articles for the albums (and do we know if the album Hello Rockview is a story album or concept album of some kind? The comic book layout of the lyric leaflet makes it seem that way).
 * More citations.

LTJ is a really cool band - I think they deserve a decent Wikipedia article. :) Wanderer 21:23, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

matt churchley: hello rockview is a story album theve toured over the years with bands like: ALL, DECENDANTS, TEEN IDOLS, ALLISTER, FRENZAL RHOMB, THE AKAS, CAPDOWN, BOUNCING SOULS, GOLDFINGER, REEL BIG FISH, mest and many others. its chris semakes not demakes sorry,lol. rodger has a side project called rehasher, the vynils that make up losers, kings and things we dont understand are: pez kings, making fun of things we dont understand, smoke spot and unglued. the song help save the youth of america from exploding was featured in the film drive me crazy, theres just a few things seens as they are my most favourite band of all time.

um actually it IS demakes so stop your lol's and anyway, i don't really think they would want their last names. oh well i'm going to make a section on past members--Haberdasher 07:37, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Needs an updated picture of the band --Z2000 00:32, 19 November 2005 (UTC) ✅

I put all of the discography into tables to make it neater (though you did not request it), I added a stub article for "Live From Uranus", but we need a UK chart position for the "Rest of my Life" single and for "The Science of Selling Yourself Short" single. And some US chart positions would be nice, too guys ;) --Snbritishfreak 14:41, August 22 2006 (GMT)

--

I removed the "fact" that the guys have "every Pez dispenser ever made". This is incorrect. There are several dispensers that have only one known example -- I am acquainted with some of those owners, and so I am certain that none of the LTJ members own them. PxT 20:41, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Band's name
Is this story credible? Aside from anything else, it would be a huge coincidence, given the reasonably common phrase "everything's Jake", meaning "everything's fine". --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:42, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is true. On a side note, I have never encountered "Everything's Jake" before! Rlove 13:02, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Try Googling — you'll find about 1,700-1,800 uses of that precise phrase, including the film Everything's Jake, of which I don't think I'd heard before); there are probably variants. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:06, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Check out their official website. The dog was 80 pounds, thus everything in the house was "less than jake." Story here = wrong!

Story here is not wrong. Both stories are correct. Vinnie was well aware of the phrase "everything's jake" and has associated it as mobster lingo. I suspect the story of the name is already complicated enough that this extra bit doesn't get retold as often. Cariaso 01:34, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Ska Punk - Accurate?
A quick look at the band's myspace shows they don't even consider themselves this anymore. Also, their new album is devoid of upchords and horn lines. I propose chaning the genre to the side and saying something akin to the No Doubt and Smash Mouth pages (originally third-wave ska but etc etc.) --Mathew Allen

They are clearly still a ska/punk band. Even though there is less of it, there are obvious ska songs on even their newest album. P.S. Shock the World is clearly a 3rd wave ska song. I think is wrong to just call them a punk band. LessThanClippers 17:37, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Copy-Edit
I saw this was marked for copy-editing, so I jumped on that. Does anyone think I made any mistakes? I would also suggest that the "miscellaneous info" section is a bit bloated in my opinion, but I didn't want to offend anyone by removing stuff. Philmcl 15:40, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Touring with Reel Big Fish?
Does anyone have any official sources (besides AbsolutePunk.net) confirming that LTJ are touring with Reel Big Fish? Check fueledbyramen.com they are currently saying they're touring with Reel Big Fish and Streetlight Manifesto. there in buffalo ny the 7th o0f July and Quebec city Quebec on the 8th I believe. Wish I could go, but no one else could make it this year. :( 70.49.252.14 22:42, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

By the way, wouldn't that tour be over by now? Someone should probably take it off.

Discography/Spoken Idiocy
Does anyone else believe Spoken Idiocy belongs in the discography section under other? They released it in 2002 sold at shows only. It is recordings of the Asian portion of their 2001 A Space Idiocy tour, but only what they say to eachother between songs, no actual music, hence the title. LessThanClippers 17:40, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Greased.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Hello rockview.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Losing streak album cover.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Loserskingsandthings.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Pezcore.jpg
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Picture Caption
The caption only has 5 names, but there are 6 people in the picture. I think either the caption should be modified to include the shirtless guy on the far left or he should be cropped out. Tdogg241 22:00, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

The picture caption still has five names, and I'm pretty sure the order is wrong. It says "From left to right: JR, Roger, Vinnie, Buddy, Chris." I'm pretty sure the third guy with the dreds is Roger. But i'm not so up on the names, so somebody else might want to fix this. Harksaw (talk) 17:01, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Early website
The earliest Less Than Jake website was hosted at http://www.afn.org/~ltj and put together by Adam Marcus. By approx jan 1996 I was primary web maintainer, during that time I had a mirror site. While the afn site seems to be long gone, anyone deeply interested in this article, may find additional material at http://www.waste.org/~ltj and especially in the Less Than Jake newsletter archive. The wayback machine seems to have copies so here is the earliest one from Aug 1 1995 Cariaso 01:52, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20000424214902/http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~cariaso/archive/8-1-95.html

Gay Rights/Parades
I unfortunately don't really know where to begin with this one. I have zero knowledge of them ever playing a gay pride festival (you don't play the parade itself.) I am a long time fan and complete nerd when it comes to LTJ, and I am gay, and I can tell you, I pretty much look at every event they are playing (trying to go to it) and I would have freaked if they played a gay pride. Maybe they played some in early days many years ago? I do know that Vinny's father is gay, but beyond that, the band really has never spoken much on many political ideologies at all. I just dont think, even if it is verifiable, that it adds to the article, or is pertinent to really get who LTJ is. If their lyrics were often pro gay rights, then addidng in their stance on it would be important. But if we start listing every bands different political ideals, its gonna get ugly.LessThanClippers 15:20, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Considering we have no actual source(s) to indicate either their personal ideals or that they've ever played any such festival, I'm going to remove this claim from the article. The Rabbit42 22:48, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Full discography (7" releases etc)
i was wondering if any else thought it was appropriate to try and construct a full less than jake discorgraphy, i guess as a seperate page. they have a nearly complete list on their site http://www.lessthanjake.com/discography/ although i know it's missing quite a few of the recent things, as well as one or two of the older ones, but it's a good starting point. one problem may come from trying to date some of them. but there a re a great number of records, tapes and cds from their past, as well as loads of variations of each, it might be helpful to add them in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paulellinson (talk • contribs) 17:00, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

It might be a clever idea. As a band, they do have far more assorted releases than just full length albums. But it will certainly be difficult to gather sufficient information on a lot of them. I'd say go for it as a separate page, probably Less_Than_Jake_discography. -- The Rabbit42 (talk) 19:32, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

I certainly support the idea and would love to help. LTJ clearly has a history of soem very interesting special pieces, like the Rock N Roll Pizzaria box, the anniversary birthday cake, the cheese, crash course in being an asshole, etc. Maybe a new page is in order.LessThanClippers (talk) 18:53, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Members
OK, so I always looked at this page and kept thinking to myself, I have no idea who some of these listed former members are, and I've been a fan since freaking pezcore. Chris Campisi was their old roadie, he was in a previous band with Vinny and Chris, but he never was in LTJ. and Shauna nd Matt i have never heard of. ALso they are all unsourced, so I expect to remove.LessThanClippers (talk) 23:45, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

I've never heard of Matt, either, so I'd stand behind you for removing him from the list for lack of a source. I can say with certainty that Shaun was LTJ's first bassist and then roadie, but I've never heard of Chris Campisi. Is it possible you've confused the two? -- The Rabbit42 (talk) 06:14, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

 * You are right, I did confuse the two. I still dont think Shaun ever played in LTJ.  I thought he was the roadie, and played in the precursor band.LessThanClippers (talk) 08:23, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Could anyone make pages for Derron Nuhfer and Pete Anna (I don't personally know enough about them to, otherwise I would)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.97.144.72 (talk) 21:14, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

The only info I really have on pete is that he was the original designer of a lot of the LTJ merch, includng the original EVO KID. Derron was a pretty private guy, so i don't know what is out there about him. I don't find that any of them besides Vinnie, Chris, and Roger notable enough to warrant their own page.LessThanClippers (talk) 22:03, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Hmm... well someone could always make a stub page and see if anything gets added (that's what I did with JR. I just started out with him being in Spring Heeled Jack USA and LTJ, and a few people added quite a bit to it). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.97.159.104 (talk) 00:38, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

I believe it is Shaun Grief playing bass on the 4 track recording of "good time for change" along with Chris and Vinnie. That was eventually released under the name Less Than Jake. Campisi played bass before Roger. Pete who did the merch was Pete W, a fan who sent the images 'more than jake', 'jake', 'less than jake' in a letter. That became the 'evolution kid' merch design. Pete Anna was a trombone player after Derron, before and concurrent with JR. Cariaso (talk) 05:56, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

I dont know any of you guys, and this is my first inclusion to anything in Wikipedia. LTJ would never let Campisi be their roadie after the dick move he pulled. The guys had some friction w/Chris (Campisi) about the direction and type of music they wanted to play. Campisi (if I recall it right) thought Vinny & Chris were too soft, too cheesy, and were overall pussies. Campisi was a fun & funny guy and he could play bass like a madman, but did some pretty dickish things. The final straw was when he got drunk & pissed in Vinny's bass drum.

Chris Campisi eventually joined up w/Clay Smith (gtr/vocals for PasteEater & theMarlon), Dave Frank - (founder of Lumilar records, Smith's bandmate in theMarlon, and formerly of the well respected & hugely popular band Wordsworth), and Bill Clower (from every other damn band in town at the time! e.g. Radon, Wordsworth, etc) and formed Highway 66. Supergroup? lol! They put out a split 7" w/Radon in March of '94.

Since this is my first entry and all, I dont have any sign-in name or whatever. My name is Ken, and I was in a band called PasteEater that played w/LTJ in G'ville when they started, through late summer of '93. Thats when I left town for NYC. I was good friends with Chris' older brother Todd, and I opened up my home in NY for touring G'ville bands to crash @ when they came by on their tour.

Anyway, I am certain that Vinny & Chris as well as Rog are quite satisfied with Campisi's name being erased from their history. The less people know about him, the better. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.175.102.175 (talk) 06:26, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

Influences
The recent suggestion that Less Than Jake could be genre classified as metal made me realize that this page should really have a section for the band's influences. The band as a whole, and individual members: their taking influence from bands like Snuff, and perhaps the Mighty Mighty Bosstones. The genres they grew up listening and playing and how those genres seep into the music, including metal points such as the tapping solo to Help Save the Youth of America, All My Best Friends Are Metalheads, The lead guitar of Gainesville Rock City, etc. The piece in the trivia about individual members fondness of metal could easily be worked into this. I'm sure someone can probably come up with a pretty good start to add on to about this facet of the band. -- The Rabbit42 (talk) 04:53, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd certainly jump in on this, but I would still never classify them as metal.LessThanClippers (talk) 22:14, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

speaking of unknown members, who's kevin fry? he isn't on any of their albums. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.3.19.129 (talk) 07:02, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Updating the Page
Okay, so I saw that under 'recent activity' it still says that LTJ are going to be touring with RBF in December, and I just thought that maybe that tour would be over already, so someone should probably update the section (I don't know enough to do it myself). Barneyandfriendz (talk) 23:58, 30 December 2007 (UTC) ✅

Band Members' Ages
Okay, so besides Chris, does anyone know the ages and/or birthdays of any of the other band members? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.97.159.104 (talk) 00:40, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Trivia

 * Band member haunts have included Eddie C's (now The Backstage Lounge), the Hardback (which was transformed into the Lyric), and Insomnia (which used to be the Covered Dish, and is now the new location of Common Grounds).

 * They are largely responsible for, though unaffiliated with, the Florida Ska Revival Movement in their home state of Florida, which is a movement started by a group of Florida bands to bring ska music back into the mainstream.

 * Many of the band members are known to enjoy heavy metal music (hence the song All My Best Friends Are Metalheads). Roger and JR both list the legendary British heavy metal band Iron Maiden as a favorite, and Chris has frequently been sighted wearing '80s metal band t-shirts such as Poison, Mötley Crüe, Cinderella, and Black Sabbath.

 * The band recently posted a song on their MySpace, which is a medley of the songs Automatic, Throw The Brick, She's Gonna Break Soon, Dopeman, Bad Scene and a Basement Show, and Anchor, although it is not available for play anymore.
 * Most of these are either uncited, trivial or subjective. IMHO, it doesn't belong in the article.  Wisdom89  ( T |undefined /  C ) 22:47, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed, very pointless and random. -Inzweep (talk) 06:48, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Less Than Jake Wiki
I'm not sure if this would be the place to put something like this but I've started up a LTJ Wiki and am looking for editors to help with stuff. DX927 (talk) 20:29, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

help with LTJ 7" records, please
A user has added the following records to the wiki: Birthday Cake 7", Cheese 7", Crash Course in Being an Asshole 7", G-Man Training Target 7", Rock-N-Roll Pizzaria 7", and Muppets 7". The user has identified the album type as "Vinyl and 7", which the Infobox Album template will not accept. Can someone who knows about this subject please either change the Type to EP, or change the infobox template to Infobox Single? Otherwise, they will clutter Category:Album_articles_with_non-standard_infoboxes until someone fixes them. Thanks!--Mike Selinker (talk) 00:24, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * User talk:Mike Selinker, I converted the 2:30 single to Cheese (song), but they may be better deleted. In ictu oculi (talk) 22:59, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

Charity Work
Any chance anyone can do a bit more research on the charity work mentioned at the start of this video? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8X674AHq840 Nerter (talk) 14:08, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.lessthanjake.com/interviews/index.php?id=vinnie_pt1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070812175502/http://www.lessthanjake.com/history/ to http://www.lessthanjake.com/history/
 * Added tag to http://www.lessthanjake.com/contact/FAQ
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110713202405/http://www.lessthanjake.com/shows/ to http://www.lessthanjake.com/shows/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160111055554/http://hangout.altsounds.com/reviews/123900-less-than-jake-manchester-academy-live.html to http://hangout.altsounds.com/reviews/123900-less-than-jake-manchester-academy-live.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120903072912/http://www.lessthanjake.com/home to http://www.lessthanjake.com/home/

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Page Redirection
I just completed making changes to the Chris DeMakes page and for reasons that I cannot understand, the page is being redirected to Less Than Jake. DeMakes is the lead singer of Less Than Jake and is an accomplished artist who should maintain his own page. Moreover, Chris DeMakes is the founding member of the band.

The page was initially set up as Chris Demakes, his proper name appears in the text that I have written and should read Chris DeMakes. The capital M should be changed in the page name. However, I don't have the credentials to do so. I am requesting this change.

Please advise as to what edits or content is missing that is causing the page to revert back to a redirected page to Less Than Jake.

Thank you,

Rick MunroeRickmunroe01 (talk) 01:34, 5 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The subject of this thread is currently up for deletion. Jalen Folf   (talk)  05:29, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Goodbye Blue and White
Why isn't this album mentioned? 2601:248:8280:E3E0:49FB:2671:EA2F:C42C (talk) 13:37, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Less Than Jake


text:
Škoda Fabia

The Škoda Fabia is a series of passenger cars produced by Czech manufacturer Škoda Auto since 1999. It is the successor of the Škoda Felicia, which was discontinued in 2001. The Fabia was available in hatchback, estate (named Fabia Combi) and saloon (named Fabia Sedan) body styles at launch, and from 2007, the second generation was offered in hatchback and estate versions. The third generation Fabia was launched in 2015, and the fourth in 2021.

First generation (Type 6Y; 1999)
The first generation Fabia (given the internal type code 6Y) was officially presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1999 and production of this model started in October the same year. The estate version Fabia Combi was introduced in September 2000 at the Paris Motor Show. It was the first model to use the Volkswagen Group's A04 platform, which it shared with the Volkswagen Polo Mk4 and SEAT Ibiza. In the United Kingdom, for 2000, this car won What Car?'s "Car of the Year". The range started with the 1.0 8v Classic (which was cheaper than Volkswagen's smaller 3-door 1.0 Lupo when it went on sale) to the 1.9 PD TDi RS.

Part of the Fabia's success was the fact that all of its mechanical parts were developed by or in conjunction with Volkswagen, but were offered in a package that is priced to undercut other models in the Volkswagen Group. The only traces of non-VW Škoda left in the Fabia are the 1.0 and 1.4 8v "MPI" engines, which were modifications to Škoda's own 1.3 engine, and were used in pre-Volkswagen Škodas such as the Estelle and Favorit.

In 2004 the Fabia received a facelift, with changed front fog lights and grille, slightly different rear lights, new steering wheel and revised specification levels. The RS also had its final gearbox ratio changed. Most importantly, the Sport model was added, with the 75 PS 1.4 petrol being offered with a manual transmission. This engine was quickly dropped for the 1.2 HTP, which while not as powerful, was a much more free revving engine giving a more sporty feel and flexible drive. The Sport also had its specification changed to include red seat belts and sunset privacy glass from the B pillar to the rear.

Again in 2006, the Fabia range was shown at the Geneva Motor Show had minor specification revisions. These include a center rear headrest, a central three-point seatbelt and an additional four bodywork colours. The 1.4 16v 75 PS petrol engine was replaced with a more powerful 1.4 16v 80 PS engine.

Trim levels
At launch, the Fabia was available in three trim levels: Classic, Comfort, and Elegance. Later in the Fabia's life the mid-range Comfort model was dropped for the name Ambiente to fit in with the rest of the range. Other models available throughout the car's lifespan included Ambiente SE, Blackline, Silverline, Sport, Bohemia (estate only, run-out model) and RS. Various safety features and minor changes were made over time. Easy and Junior models were sold in Eastern European markets where the buying power is lower. Some of these Fabias do not have painted bumpers, side mirrors or gloveboxes. The Junior didn't have power steering and the steering wheel was 'borrowed' from Octavia I. Because of that, it was slightly bigger, with a diameter of 380 mm instead of the regular 370 mm found on all the other Fabia models. Also sold in such markets is the Fabia Praktik, which is a panel van version of the Fabia with the rear windows and seats removed. A lesser powered version of the 1.4 MPI with just 60 PS is also sold in Eastern Europe. The downfall of this weaker engine was that it struggled to shift the weighty car. Unless on flat surfaces it struggled to achieve higher than 30MPG.

Fabia RS
Introduced in 2003, the Fabia RS (vRS in the UK), while not the first diesel hot hatch, was the first exclusively diesel hot hatch, having no petrol equivalent. The engine is Volkswagen Group's 1.9-litre Pumpe-Düse Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engine, producing 130 PS and 310 Nm at 1900 rpm, with a six-speed manual gearbox. It was named the "Diesel Car of the Year 2003" in the Scottish Car of the Year Awards. It also falls in a low tax band (Band C) in the UK, further increasing its cost benefits over its (chiefly petrol-powered) counterparts.

Official figures state 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) takes 9.6 seconds, but several motoring magazines and websites have measured faster times (around the 7.0–7.5 seconds range) (Autocar: 7.1 seconds, Auto Express: 8.1 seconds, and FastHatchbacks.com: 8.5 seconds ). The in gear acceleration times are 50–70 mph in 5.6 seconds, quicker than BMW's 330i which takes 6.0 seconds. 20–40 mph in 2.4 seconds is as quick as the Lotus Elise 111R. Despite this the Fabia RS can achieve better than 6.2 L/100 km. The Fabia RS has a top speed of 128 mi/h.

The RS was shown to be quicker than a similarly priced MINI Cooper around Top Gear's and Fifth Gear's test tracks.

In 2007 1,000 Special Edition Fabia RS models were produced featuring individually numbered black leather seats with blue piping, sporty red brake callipers, "Race Blue" metallic paint, cruise control, darkened rear windows and a six CD autochanger. This model was known as the Fabia vRS SE.

The last Mk1 Fabia RS came off the production line in March 2007 – being UK 2007/07 registered. There is also a 2009 version, which is believed to be a late registration.

According to Škoda UK, there were only 22 of these 2007 registered marks (not including the 1000 Special Edition RS SEs).

Engines
The term MPI (Multi-Point Injection) is used by Škoda to differentiate from 16v models and (in the case of the Octavia Mk2) FSI engines. The 75 PS version of the 1.4 16v was only mated to Volkswagen's four-speed automatic transmission with fuzzy logic operation until the addition of earlier Sport models which mated it with a manual transmission. The 1.4 8v was dropped in 2003. The Fabia's overall performance and fuel consumption figures fall behind other city cars and small family cars as it is larger and heavier. However, the 1.2 HTP (High Torque Performance) engine was developed specifically for the Fabia and offers better performance and fuel economy, and was later used in Volkswagen's own Polo due to its high acclaim. It was also the highest displacement 3 cylinder petrol engine until 2014 and BMW's 1.5-litre 3 cylinder turbo engine.

Second generation (Type 5J; 2007)
The second generation Fabia (internal type code 5J) was officially presented at the Geneva Auto Show in March 2007 and was sold from April 2007. It still uses the PQ24 platform. The car is however slightly larger than its predecessor and takes styling cues from the Roomster, Škoda's small MPV. The exterior of the two cars, Roomster and Fabia, were designed simultaneously to create synergies by Thomas Ingenlath and Peter Wouda.

The estate variant was officially announced in August 2007 and was introduced at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007. Compared with the first generation the new Combi is 7 mm longer, 46 mm higher and the boot has grown by 54 litres (to 480 litres total). The engine portfolio is the same as the hatchback version, without the 1.2 44 kW one.

The initial petrol engine line-up was a mixture of newer engines from Audi and some carry-overs from the outgoing model. In comparison to the 1st-generation Fabia, both basic 1.2-litre 3-cylinders gained 4 kW each: new power peak was 44 kW (60 PS), and 51 kW (70 PS). There was only a single 1.4-litre 16v petrol on this model, producing 63 kW (86 PS). The range-topping petrol engine was the 1.6-litre 4-cylinder with variable valve timing producing 77 kW (105 hp). There was also an option to mate this engine with a 6-speed tiptronic transmission sourced from Aisin.

The diesel range featured the same 51 kW (70 PS) and 59 kW (80 PS) 1.4-litre Pumpe-Düse 3-cylinders from the predecessor model. The top-of-the-range diesel was a 1.9-litre Pumpe-Düse 4-cylinder producing 77 kW (105 PS).

The second generation Fabia trim levels were Classic, Ambiente, Sport and Elegance. In the UK the trim levels were called 1, 2, Sport, 3, and GreenLine (later S, SE, Elegance, and GreenLine). In India, the trim levels were Active, Classic, Ambiente and Elegance. All models sold within the EU were equipped with ABS, front passenger, driver and side airbags. Curtain airbags and ESC were available as an option.

Though the sedan body, and the VRS version were discontinued (the latter until facelift in 2010), the 2nd-generation Fabia offered variety of new choices. The GreenLine model was the most environmentally-friendly Fabia, with 59 kW 1.4-litre diesel 3-cylinder consuming 4.1 L/100 km, which is 109 g of per km. At the Frankfurt International Motor Show (IAA) 2007 Škoda presented near-production-state design study of the Fabia Scout: a rugged version of the Fabia Combi. However, it was until May 2009 when this car finally started to roll off the production line in Mladá Boleslav. The new-generation Fabia featured a specific design element: a roof in different colour than the rest of the body was available as an option.

Facelift

The facelifted Fabia and Fabia Combi (estate/wagon) were premiered at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. The updated version can be easily distinguished from prior versions by the different shape of the front bumper and front fog lights. The facelift to the second-generation Fabia also brought Xenon headlights as standard on higher end models. Inside, new steering wheels were a noticeable difference. Though their shape remained the same, headlights with a projector module underwent technical changes: for full beam, a separate reflector is fitted on the inner side of the lamp, while the projector module (providing a dimmed beam) is on the outer side.

The engine line-up was updated along with a facelift, too. 1.2-litre TSI turbocharged petrol engines came as a replacement of the previous 1.4 and 1.6-litre MPI engines, providing significant improvements to fuel consumption and corresponding reductions in emissions. The Aisin automatic transmission previously used was also replaced with the 7-speed DSG dual-clutch gearbox (optional on 77 kW (105 PS; 103 hp) 1.2 TSI models), providing a reduction of over 30% in emissions for the 77 kW (105 PS; 103 hp) automatic derivative (compared to the previous 1.6-litre). Diesel engines were updated to the common rail system and four-valve technology.

With the facelift a sports VRS version returned to the range, now available as both hatchback and estate. This model features the same 1.4-litre twin-charged petrol engine as the Volkswagen Polo Mk5 GTI, producing 132 kW (180 PS) and is mated with a 7-speed DSG dual-clutch transmission as standard. With top speed 226 km/h (Fabia Combi VRS), this is the fastest production Fabia ever. The VRS had its own version of the cake advertisement – "Mean Green", with a darker rock version of "My Favourite Things".

The GreenLine model received new technology, as well. Manufacturer's combined consumption for the Fabia GreenLine with brand-new 55 kW 1.2-litre 3-cylinder diesel engine is 3.4 L/100 km, which is 88 g per km. Gerhard Plattner, Austrian economy driver, managed to reach 2,006 km on a single tank of fuel, that is 2.21 L/100 km (127.8 mpg imp / 106.4 mpg US).

New to the lot was Monte Carlo version for both Fabia and Fabia Combi, using design features from the Škoda Fabia Sports Design Concept presented at 2009 Geneva Motor Show.

At the 30th Wörthersee GTI Treffen, Škoda revealed Fabia VRS 2000 design study based on Super 2000 rally car.

4 May 2012 Škoda produced 3-millionth Fabia.

In total, 1,790,900 1st-generation Fabia and 1,704,100 2nd-generation Fabias have been produced.

United Kingdom
For the launch of the new Fabia, Škoda UK commissioned an advertising campaign called Cake, featuring the making of a Fabia car out of cake which swapped rivets for raisins, metal for marzipan and spark plugs for sugar.

China
Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive introduced the new Fabia to the public at the 2008 Guangzhou Motor Show. It was launched in China for the 2009 model year.

India
Škoda India launched the latest version of Fabia in 2008. The car was well praised by Indian motor magazines, but it couldn't live up to the hype created by the previous generation Octavia. Fabia has not succeeded in this market due to dealer problems, steep prices and Škoda trying to position itself as a luxury marque. Škoda India has decided to bring in more powerful engines at better prices and taken strict measures to improve dealer quality levels and curb excessive service costs.

Engines
The initial petrol engine lineup was a mixture of newer engines from Audi and some carry overs from the outgoing model. The base 1.2 remains the same (44 kW) while the higher powered version has its power output upped to 70 PS. There was only a single 1.4-litre 16v petrol on this model, producing 85 PS. The range topping petrol engine was the 1.6 16v engine producing 105 PS. There was also an option to link this engine to a six speed tiptronic transmission sourced from Aisin.

Diesel engines consisted of the same 70 PS and 80 PS 1.4 TDI units from before. The range topping diesel was a 1.9 TDI producing 105 PS.

The top-of-the-line RS model (vRS in the UK) features the same 1.4-litre engine as the Volkswagen Polo Mk5 GTI, producing 180 PS and is fitted with a seven-speed DSG semi automatic transmission as standard. The vRS had its own version of the cake advertisement, with a darker rock version of "My Favorite Things".

Overview of engines available for the 2nd-generation Fabia (A05, Type 5J), incl. facelifted model.

Petrol engines

Diesel engines

Related models
The Škoda Roomster is a multi-purpose vehicle, also available as a panel van, that is based on the same platform and that also features the same front end design.

In 2011, the Škoda Rapid was launched in India, a four-door sedan car featuring the same front end design as the second generation Fabia, but based instead on the newer PQ25 platform. It is related with the 2010 Volkswagen Vento, also developed in India, which is essentially a three-box version of the Volkswagen Polo Mk5. It is produced by Škoda India exclusively for the Indian market. It also has a slightly different interior.

Motorsport
The Motorsport division of Škoda AUTO builds Škoda Fabia Super 2000 rally car. Since its debut in 2009, the Fabia Super 2000 won 14 international titles and 22 national championships. Lars Larsson won the FIA European Rallycross Championship in 2007. Sergey Zagumennov did the same in 2014

Third generation (Type NJ; 2014)
The third generation Fabia was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in October 2014, with sales starting in the following month. Production was launched prior to the end of August 2014 in Mladá Boleslav, with manufacturing of the estate version first occurring in December 2014. Due to the low sales of RS models from the previous model generation, a hot hatch variant is not planned for production.

The Mk3 Fabia - like the facelifted Mk5 Volkswagen Polo starting 2014 - underwent a major technical revision, being based on the PQ26 platform: a mixture of the PQ25 platform (Volkswagen Polo MK5 pre-facelift, 2009–2014) and the MQB platform, which is currently used by seven Volkswagen Group models. The chassis has been modified to "revert to the Fabia’s original, first-generation design" by becoming 90 mm wider and 30 mm lower, resulting in more interior and boot space. Despite being 8 mm shorter, the Mk3 Fabia still offers more passenger room due to its extended wheelbase. Simultaneously, its weight has been reduced by 65 kg. A similar approach was applied to the styling, according to Škoda designer Marko Jevtic: "It [the Mk3 model] has the qualities of the first Fabia, [...] We wanted its simplicity; we did not want to overload the design."

The Mk3 Fabia won the "Overall winner" and "Best small car" categories of the 2015 What Car? Car of the Year awards.

Safety
The 3rd generation Fabia now comes equipped with the Front assist safety system. It gathers data from a radar sensor to automatically warn the driver and apply the brakes at the possibility of a collision at certain speeds.

Engines
The powertrain selection for the Mk3 Fabia was borrowed from the current Mk5 Polo, although the missing 1.2-litre TDI engine was slated to be included in the fuel economy-oriented Greenline model that was due for release in late 2015. Instead, the Greenline name was dropped, in favour of using the TDI nameplate, and a newer inline-three 1.4-litre engine was put to use in the Diesel model instead, with two different levels of power output available. The 1.2-litre inline-three petrol engines from the Mk2 model were replaced by smaller but more efficient 1.0-litre engines, introduced from June 2017.

Facelift
The Mk3 Fabia and Fabia Combi were facelifted for the 2019 model year. The trim levels for the Fabia have been reorganised, with the S model continuing as the entry level trim level, with the Monte Carlo now being the range topping model, with the SE, the Colour Edition, and the SE L bridging the gap in between respectively. Revisions included a redesigned front-end, with a new wider grille and redesigned headlights, with the option of Full LED headlights now available. The rear of the car was also given a slight update with new bumper-mounted reflectors, and the option for Full LED rear lights, which are now included as standard on the range-topping Monte Carlo trim level. On the Interior of the car, the trim inserts and central transmission tunnel housing can now be customised with coloured trim. Also included on the interior of the vehicle, the Swing radio system on lower trim levels now includes a larger 6.5 inch display offered on the S model, with the SE model having the Swing Plus system included, with the 7 inch Amundsen system being offered on the SE and above.

In terms of engines, the Diesel engines have been removed from the line-up, which means the model range consists of petrol engines only. The 1.0 MPI is offered on the lower spec S and SE models, with the more powerful 1.0 TSI being offered on the SE model and above.

As of 2020, Skoda manufactured 1 million 3rd-gen Fabia.

Motorsport
The Škoda Fabia R5 is a Group R rally version of the car and it has been competing in the European Rally Championship since the 2015 edition, as well as in the World Rally Championship-2, also since the 2015 edition.

Concept cars
The Funstar (stylised as FUNStar) is a pick-up concept car based on the Mk3 Fabia. It was designed by Škoda Auto University students as a throwback to the Felicia Fun, a compact pick-up car produced during the 1990s. It was shown at the annual 2015 Wörthersee GTI fan meeting.

The exterior received a unique paint make-up, complemented with green day-running lights, 18-inch wheels from the Octavia RS and bonnet vents. The pick-up bed required the removal of the C-pillars, necessitating wider B-pillars and stiffened side panels to retain structural strength. The Funstar is powered by a 1.2-litre TSI petrol engine, paired with a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission. A 1.8-litre engine was originally planned for use but could not be implemented due to its size.

Fourth generation (Type PJ; 2021)
The fourth generation Škoda Fabia went on sale towards the end of 2021. The new Fabia sports an updated design more consistent of other models in the Škoda range. The fourth generation will also be based upon the MQB-A0 platform, Volkswagen Group's shared vehicle platform currently used to produce the Škoda Scala and Kamiq. The dimensions of the new hatchback have changed when compared to its predecessor. With a wheelbase which is 94 mm longer compared to the Mk 3, an increase in length of 115 mm, an increase in width of 50 mm but a decrease in height of 7 mm, extended interior room will be available.

The car has received aerodynamic adjustments which have achieved a reduction in drag coefficient from 0.32 to 0.28, which Škoda claim makes it "the best in the small car segment".

Detailed information about the model's engine range has been revealed. All engines will be from the Volkswagen Group's Evo engine range, with power outputs ranging from 65PS up to 150PS.

Mid-2021, Skoda cancelled its project to renew the Fabia Combi due to Euro 7 standards. By the end of 2022, Fabia entered the Egyptian market.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Škoda Fabia


text: User talk:194.36.155.251

title: User talk:194.36.155.251


text:
Talk:Rømer scale

Article Name
The Wikipedia articles for all of the other scales are simply titled "Fahrenheit," "Celsius," etc. This is the only article with "scale" following it. Is there a reason for this seeming inconsistency, or should it simply be changed to match the others? --— Poga — 06:29, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Delisle · Leiden · Newton · Rankine · Réaumur · also have scale. Jɪmp 06:43, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Mistake
There is a mistake in the last paragraph: Fahrenheit increased the number of divisions by a factor 4 and not 8, and then adjusted the values. (see in page Fahrenheit, and one can simply verify that the Fahrenheit temperature for freezing water is 32°F (4 times 7.5 equal 30, when 8 times 7,5 equal 60))

Still a Mistake
I've never used Wikipedia for giving feedback so forgive me if this is the wrong way to do it (and also tell me how to do it properly). Anyway, I think there is still a mistake, the whole thing about the factor is that it's a factor of *divisions*, meaning how many divisions you divide the temperature between freezing 0 C and boiling 100 C. Fahrenheit divides it to 180 degrees, Celsius 100 degrees, and Rømer 60 degrees. So should it not be by factor of 3 (not 4), that is, 3 x 60 = 180 degrees? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.94.59.110 (talk) 01:45, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I may be misinterpreting your wording, but 60°Rø=100°C≠180°F; 60°Rø=100°C=212°F; 50.667°Rø=82.222°C=180°F --Fewmenleft (talk) 05:21, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * This seems to be an oversimplification on the part of the source (a medical book, not a physics book). The real history seems to be somewhat more complicated than that, I'll see if I can't improve it with a better source. However, the factor is greater than three because the zero of the Rømer scale does not correspond to the zero of the Fahrenheit scale.  Spinning  Spark  17:20, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

Rømer scale = ... What Celsius?
In the article, it says -

 * "Thus the unit of this scale, a Rømer degree, is 40/21 of a kelvin (or of a Celsius degree)."

However, in the conversion table, it says -

 * 1 °Rø = 21⁄40 °C

So ... Which is it? Again, this may be an misinterpretation on my part, but it looks a bit confusing. --Fewmenleft (talk) 05:41, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * The table has never said that, it says 1 °Rø = 40/21 °C. What it does say is that to convert Celsius to Rømer [°Rø] = [°C] × 21⁄40 + 7.5 which is also correct.  That does not mean 1 deg Rø = 21/40 deg C.  It means that 1 deg Rø will result if [deg C] = 40/21, which it will after multiplying by 21/40.  Spinning  Spark  17:05, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

Fiduciary?
The "Importance" section includes the text "The idea of using two fiduciary points..." (italics mine). I am unfamiliar with this use of fiduciary and can't find a definition that makes sense of it here. I would change the word if I knew what it was meant to mean! Claudia (talk) 20:31, 3 November 2017 (UTC)

 * I suppose it means "trusted point" in the sense that mp of ice can be trusted to always occur at the same temperature whereas lowest winter temperature cannot. A gbboks search turns up a few uses of the term in science (both physics and medicine) to describe a reliably repeatable reference point of some kind, but I didn't find any in connection with a temperature scale. SpinningSpark 09:04, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

I just reverted your change of fiduciary to fixed. This does not really have the same meaning. For instance, the earlier practice of calibrating thermometers between the highest and lowest temperatures of the year could be described as "fixed points" since the process can be repeated, but they are not trusted points in a thermodynamic sense. By the way, I don't think the word is quite as rare as you think – this ngram shows that in some recent years it has been more common than trusted. SpinningSpark 17:58, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

One further point, according to Wiktionary, fiduciary is an error (for this meaning) and it should be fiducial. Not entirely convinced they are right on that because I'm seeing "fiduciary points" in a lot of textbooks, but fiducial points is certainly much more common than fiduciary points. SpinningSpark 18:08, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

Primary source for basis of zero as the reference point of brine?
I can find no source that says Rømer used the freezing point of brine as a reference for zero. Nysus (talk) 13:34, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

Degree measurements
The 'Degree measurements' section in its current form doesn't make sense, as it refers to 'these two points' without establishing what those points are. 1.40.150.55 (talk) 21:29, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rømer scale


text:
Sandra Howard

Sandra Howard, Lady Howard of Lympne (born August 1940) is an English novelist, former model and the wife of Michael Howard, a former leader of the Conservative Party.

Life
She was trained at the Lucy Clayton Modelling Agency and as Sandra Paul, she was a well-known model in the 1960s and was featured on the cover of American Vogue for two months in a row. She was photographed by David Bailey and Norman Parkinson and was acquainted with John F Kennedy, Frank Sinatra and Bob Dylan.

She has been married four times, the first of which was when she was 18 to jazz pianist Robin Douglas-Home, the nephew of the former Prime Minister, Alec Douglas-Home. She has a son, Sholto, from this marriage. She was later married to David Wynne-Morgan, a publicist, whom she also divorced. She then married advertising executive Nigel Grandfield.

It was while married to Grandfield that she met Michael Howard at a Red Cross Ball. She and Howard subsequently married in 1975. They have a son and a daughter.

She has written five novels, the most recent, Tell the Girl, was published on 3 July 2014. She made a brief foray back to her modelling career in the 1990s by posing for Marks & Spencer catalogues.

Publications

 * Glass houses, Simon & Schuster, 2006. ISBN 9781416521983
 * Ursula's Story, Simon & Schuster, 2008. ISBN 9781416521990
 * Ex-wives, Simon & Schuster, 2010. ISBN 9781847392619
 * A Matter of Loyalty, Simon & Schuster, 2012. ISBN 9781847392602
 * Tell the Girl, Simon & Schuster, 2014. ISBN 9781471111358

title: Sandra Howard


text:
Mahanubhava

Mahanubhava (also known as Jai Krishni Pantha) refers to Krishnaite Hindu denomination in India that was founded by Sarvadnya Shri Chakradhar Swami (or Shri Chakradhara Swami), an ascetic and philosopher who is considered as a reincarnation of Krishna by his devotees   Some sources list the founders as Chakrapani (Chāngadeva Rāuḷ) and Govinda Prabhu (Gunḍama Rāuḷ) with Chakradhara as the first "apostle" and propagator of Mahanubhava Pantha. Mahanubhava Sampradaya was formally formed in modern-day Varhad region of Maharashtra in 1267 CE. It has different names such as Jai Krishni Pantha in Punjab and Achyuta Pantha in Gujarat. Mahanubhava Pantha was also known as Paramarga by its followers in 13th century. Nagadevacharya, also known as Bhatobas, became the head of Sampradaya after Chakradhara.

In Mahanubhava, all members are accepted, irrespective of their castes, and the traditional ritualistic religion is rejected. Mahanubhava survives to the present. It teaches that Krishna is the supreme god.

Mahanubhava Sampradaya has 13 different Amnaya (it is ancestral big family tracing their roots backwards). These traditions were founded by 13 different acharyas which include some disciples of Nagadevacharya and various successors in their lineages.

Sarvajna Shri Chakradhar Swami
Shri Chakradhar Swami propounded the philosophy of Mahanubhava Sampradaya for the first time. He theorized the idea of "Five Krishnas" as the main figures for Mahanubhavas to worship which includes (Shri Gopala Krishna, Shri Dattatreya Prabhu, Shri Chakrapani, Shri Govinda Prabhu and Shri Chakradhar Swami himself.

Shri Chakradhar Swami was born in Bharuch, Gujarat in 1194 CE. Though he was a Gujarati by birth, he had excellent command over Marathi language. He moved among all sections of society. He discoursed his philosophy to the people in their own language. He used formulaic language full of meaning in a compact style. He exhorted his disciples to write only in Marathi.

Philosophy
According to the Mahanubhava Philosophy, there are 4 permanent realities in the universe which are Paramesvara (god), Jiva (soul), Devata (deities and supernatural beings) and Prapancha (world). These 4 entities are uncreated, eternal and independent from each other. Prapancha is of 2 types - Suksma (matter) or Karana Prapancha and Sthula (material) or Karya Prapancha. Karana Prapancha is immortal but Karya Prapancha is perishable. Paramesvara is the supreme entity in this universe. Paramesvara is one, unique, perfect, omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, impersonal and absolute.

There are innumerable souls (Jiva) and material worlds (Sthula Prapancha) existed in the universe. Devata (deities) are 810,125,010 in number including Maya. The purpose of Jiva is to attain Moksha and the Devata is a powerful impediment to Jiva. All Devata are subject to Paramesvara (supreme god) and they help him to create material world with Maya as their main contributor. Material world is composed of Panchatattva viz. Akasha, Vayu, Tejas, Apas, Prithvi and Triguna viz. Sattva, Rajas & Tamas. Mahanubhava teachings mainly concerned with the relationship between Jiva and Paramesvara. One can practice bhakti by memorising deeds of the almighty. The aspirant for salvation must sacrifice his country, village and his relations and offer his life to god. Chakradhara also taught the followers of Mahanubhava Sampradaya; when, where, how and how much alms they should be beg for.

Mahanubhava philosophy states that only Paramesvara can give Moksha (ultimate salvation from the cycle of birth and death) to every living creature in the material world. Jiva therefore should worship only Paramesvara rather than minor deities or nature spirits. Mahanubhavas worship Paramesvara in the form of its 5 Avatara (incarnations) to personify its original Nirguna (indeterminate) form. One of the most important aspects of Mahanubhava philosophy is asceticism. The fourfold teachings are: non-violence, celibacy, asceticism and bhakti. The essential concept to be included in the reverence for 5 incarnations is memorising the several aspects of them, i.e. name, appearance or form, activities, deeds, words spoken by them (Shruti), memories about them (Smriti) and blessings given by them. Other beliefs involved in Mahanubhava doctrine are Nitya Puja of Panchavatara for 3 times every day and recitation of the names of Panchavatara. Mahanubhava followers also do Smarana (remembrance) of the five incarnations including incidents and objects related to their lives as well as the places connected with them. Mahanubhava followers visit pilgrimage sites like Ruddhipur (Ridhapur), Jalicha dev, Domegram, Paithan, Mahur, Phaltan and Panchaleshwar.

The central theme of Mahanubhava doctrine is, "Feel the soul and not the body". Living the life of mendicant and practicing asceticism severely, the devotee should live according to principle, "God is mine and I am god's". The core of his code of behavior is summed up in the following line for the benefit of his followers: "Even if the head is cut off, the body should worship god".

Besides teaching stern vegetarianism, Mahanubhava Pantha forbids the use of alcohol and teaches non-violence. Theft, gambling, hunting, promiscuity etc. are strictly prohibited and considered as great sins. Mahanubhava doctrine rejects Vedic rituals but not the Vedic philosophy. Mahanubhavas follow the teachings of Shri Chakradhar Swami. Mahanubhavas totally reject the caste system, hegemony of Varna and any kind of social discrimination. They believe that every person has right to attain Moksha, regardless of varna and castes.

Development of Mahanubhava philosophy may have started in 12th century during the lifetime of Chakrapani Prabhu. Chakradhar Swami officially described it in a well-integrated manner in the latter half of 13th century

Literature
Mahanubhava literature generally comprises rhetoric and commentaries. Mahanubhavas authored numerous treatise that describe about the 5 incarnations of god, they compiled various hagiographies and wrote memoirs about the history of the sect. Mahanubhavas composed numerous literary works in Marathi during the medieval period like commentaries on Bhagavad Gita, Leela Charitra and Sutrapatha; epics narrating stories from the life of Shri Krishna; various reference works viz. lexicons, chronicles, biographies, itineraries and genealogies. Mahanubhava Marathi literature covered various literary forms like anecdotes, allegories, ballads, prayers, hymns, verses as well as chants. Mahanubhava writers wrote grammatical and etymological works related to the Old Marathi language. They also wrote many treatise based on the Puranas, that are deemed useful to explain the philosophy of Mahanubhava Sampradaya. The Mahanubhava were the earliest writers to use Marathi as a literary language. Mahanubhavas can be called as the pioneers of Marathi prose; they introduced many prose forms in Marathi for the first time. Prose literature in Old Marathi was almost exclusively composed by the Mahanubhava writers. The Mahanubhavas have contributed enormously to the Old Marathi literature. Purest form of Marathi language can be seen everywhere in the Mahanubhava literature. Marathi is the liturgical language for Mahanubhavas. Non-Marathi speaking Mahanubhavas also read Sutras in Marathi and chant Marathi prayers.

Leela Charitra (Lilacharitra) is thought to be one of the earliest biographies written in Marathi language. The Lilacharaitra is the first scripture of Mahanubhava Sampradaya, it was composed by Mhaimbhat. Mhaimbhat's second important literacy creation was Shri Govindaprabhucharitra or Ruddhipurcharitra, a biography of Swami's guru, Shri Govinda Prabhu, in the form of 325 deeds. This was probably written in 1288, soon after the death of Shri Prabhu.

Apart from Lilacharitra, Keshavaraja Suri (Keshiraja Vyasa) also known as Kesobas, collected Chakradhara's aphoristic Vachana or actually spoken words, known as Siddhanta Sutrapatha. Keshavaraja Suri translated the "deeds" from Lilacharitra into Sanskrit in his work called Ratnamala. His another work is Drushtantapatha which was composed in 1280 CE, similarly he has also written a Sanskrit version of it known as Drushtantastotram. Nagadevacharya as the first chief acharya of Sampradaya, encouraged many of his disciples and companions to compose treatise on the teachings of Sarvajna Chakradhara. memoirs of Nagadeva were compiled by Narendra, Malobas and Parasrambas in 1312 CE, they are known as Smrutisthala. Baidevabas wrote Pujavasara which describes the daily routine of Chakradhara.

In this manner, the seven works have been written, which are known as Sati Grantha and they are accepted by the follower of the sect. These works and their writers are:
 * 1) Narendra : Rukminiswayamvara (1292 CE)
 * 2) Bhāskarabhatta Borikar : Shishupalavadha (1312 CE)
 * 3) Bhāskarabhatta Borikar : Uddhavagita (1313 CE)
 * 4) Damodara Pandita : Vachhaharana (1316 CE)
 * 5) Ravalobas : Sahyadrivarnana (1353 CE)
 * 6) Narobas Bahahaliye : Ruddhipurvarnana (1418 CE)
 * 7) Vishwanatha Balapurkar : Jnanaprabodha (1418 CE).

Narendra and his brothers, Sala and Nrusinha were the court poets of Ramadevarao Yadava. Damodara Pandita and Bhaskarabhatta Borikar (Kavishwarabas) were one of the earliest Mahanubhava poets. Mahadamba (also known as Mahadaisa) was the leading poetess of Sampradaya and she is considered as first known poetess in Marathi language of the 13th century. Mahanubhava poetry is rich of various styles and metres. Many Mahanubhava poets have composed their works in Sanskrit as well.

During the later period, Hayagrivacharya wrote Gadyaraja based on the 'Dashama Skandha' of Bhagavata. Pandita Bhishmamuni wrote the oldest available grammar of Old Marathi language known as Panchavartika in 14th century. Nyayabas wrote Hetusthala (purpose of the deeds) on Lilacharitra and Bhishmacharya Vaindeshkar wrote Niruktashesha describing Prasanga Mahatmya in Lilacharitra during the second half of 14th century. Itineraries like Sthanapothi and Tirthamalika were composed between 14th and 15th centuries. A Gujarati acharya called Gurjara Shivabas compiled 3 commentaries on Siddhanta Sutrapatha during 15th century; their names are Acharasthala, Vicharasthala and Lakshanasthala. He also wrote Mahavakyaprameya and Thorli Prasadaseva. Songobas (Sangapala), nephew of Gurjara Shivabas wrote Anvayasthala describing the history of Mahanubhava tradition till his era with the help of Siddhante Haribas. Medieval Mahanubhava writers composed many prose works and philosophical texts in Marathi language. Chalhana, one of the most prominent Mahanubhava writers of 15th century wrote the masterpieces like Sattvanuvada, Jnanaprakasha and Shastrasambodhini Tika. His disciple Nrusinha Pandita wrote Sanketagita. Anantamuni Karanjkar aka Aemuni, who was from Kavishwar Amnaya (lineage) composed most celebrated Vruddhachara (reminiscences) of Sampradaya. Further, many Mahanubhava philosophers wrote commentaries on Siddhanta Sutrapatha like Vishwanathabas Bidkar wrote Acharaband, Avadhutamuni Vaindeshkar wrote Vicharaband and Dattaraja Marathe wrote Lakshanaband.

Krushnamuni Dimbha was the prominent Mahanubhava poet of 16th century. He wrote Phaltan Mahatmya, which describes the biography of Chakrapani Prabhu. His other works include Sadhanamrutasotra and Bhagvadgita Mahatmya. He also composed several verses praising the Panchakrishnas in various metres. Chakrapani Vyasa wrote Drushtantasthala and Nityadini Lilastotra during late 16th century. He was a Saraswat Brahmin from Rajasthan, he took initiation from an acharya of Bidkar Amnaya and then settled at Ruddhipur. Other important poets of the 16th century were Lakshadhira, Murarimalla, Navarasa Narayana and Elhana. Lakshadhira's works are Jnanadarpana, Jnanamartanda and Maharashtra Kavyadipika. His Maharashtra Kavyadipika is a monumental work. It describes various poetic metres of Marathi and types of Ovi, the most prevalent metre in Marathi. Murarimalla wrote Darshanaprakasha. Navarasa Narayana composed Mahabharata in Marathi. But unfortunately, only one chapter of his work is available today. Elhana's works include Shrikrushna Ashta Swayamvara (Athai Sainvare) and Balakrida. Ashta Swayamvara describes the episodes of eight marriages in the life of Shri Krishna and Balakrida describes about childhood pranks of his life. A Muslim acharya named Shahmuni wrote a treatise called Siddhantabodha in 18th century for elucidating the principles of Mahanubhava philosophy.

Mahanubhava writers also composed many works in Hindi, Punjabi and Gujarati languages. Nagraj Vyas, Vidhichandra Sharma and Gaurswami are some of the important Mahanubhava writers of North India during the medieval age. Hariraj Mahatma 'Musafir', Chakradhari Bezar, Gopirajbaba Mahanubhav and Mukundraj Mahanubhav etc. were prolific North Indian Mahanubhava writers during British era.

Mahanubhavas created many code-scripts like 'Sakala Lipi', 'Sundari Lipi', 'Shunya Lipi', 'Aankapallavi Lipi' etc. to protect and preserve their literature.

Mahanubhava poets have written numerous prayers and psalms devoted to the Pancha Krishna Avatara (5 incarnations) in Marathi, Sanskrit and other languages.

History
Mahanubhava doctrine originated during the late 12th century. Chakradhara was the first preceptor who organized the separate denomination called Mahanubhava on the basis of its doctrine.

Nagadevacharya systematized the tradition of disciples in Mahanubhava Sampradaya after Chakradhara. He initiated several disciples to upbuild the sampradya. During the period of Nagadeva, many followers joined the Sampradaya.

Acharya Munivyasa established many temples and shrines of Mahanubhava Sampradaya in Maharashtra during the early 15th century. Munivyasa was originally a Veerashaiva from Telangana, his original name was Kamalakara Ayachita Kothi. He left his former faith, entered in Mahanubhava Sampradaya and became disciple of Tapasvini Mhalaisa from Kumar Amnaya. It's recorded in texts like Kumar Vansaval by Raghava Kavi and Paithancha Vruddhachara that Bahmani Sultan Ahmed Shah Wali provided financial support to Munivyasa for constructing the shrines.

Mahanubhava Sampradaya has remained a flourishing religious sect in Maharashtra till date. It has millions of followers in Maharashtra, perticularly in Vidarbha, Marathwada and Khandesh regions.

Mahanubhava Pantha followers worship Lord Krishna and other 4 gods namely Dattatreya, Chakrapani, Govinda Prabhu and Sarvajna Shri Chakradhara.
 * 1) Shri Dattatreya (श्रीदत्तात्रेय) – Avatara of Treta Yuga. Son of Atri and Anasuya. Dattatreya is considered as initial inspiration for the Mahanubhava doctirne.
 * 2) Shri Krishna (श्रीकृष्ण) – Avatara in Dvapara Yuga. Supreme form of Paramesvara. He preached Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna.
 * 3) Shri Chakrapani Prabhu (श्रीचक्रपाणि) – According to the Mahanubhava doctrine, he is the first Avatara of Paramesvara in Kali Yuga. Born at Phaltan in 1121 CE to a Karhade Brahmin family. His Father was named Janakanayaka and mother Janakaisa. Dattatreya transmitted initiation to him when he was at Mahur. He then lived in Dvaraka for 37 years. He gave divine knowledge to 52 purushas. Govinda Prabhu was his foremost disciple.
 * 4) Shri Govinda Prabhu (श्रीगोविंदप्रभु) – He is considered as second Avatara in Kaliyuga. Govinda Prabhu was born on Bhadrapada Shukla Trayodashi, 1187 CE at Katsur, Amravati in a Kanva Brahmin family. His father was named Anantanayaka and mother Nemaisa. Shri Chakradhar Swami was disciple of him. He lived in Ruddhapur, Amravati district. He is still alive.
 * 5) Sarvajna Shri Chakradhara Prabhu (श्रीचक्रधर) – Final Avatara in Kaliyuga. He is regarded as an incarnation of Shri Krishna. Mahanubhava believe that Shri Chakradhar swami is still alive in Badarikashrama, Himalayas.

Krishnaraj aka Krishnamuni, a Punjabi trader of Khatri caste from Kot Sarang, was the first preacher of Mahanubhava Pantha in Northern India. He was born in 15th century. He used to visit Berar (Varhad) for his business, there he met Madheraj Buwa from Kavishwar Amnaya and became his disciple. His colleagues and disciples like Santraj and Vidhichandra Sharma activated the dissemination of Mahanubhava doctrine in Punjab. Mahanubhava Pantha soon became well established in Northern India during 16th to 17th century. Mahanubhavas had set up many temples, mathas, pathashalas in Punjab, Upper Doab, Kangra, Kashmir, Northwest Frontiers and as far as Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan. Majority of Mahanubhavas migrated to India after the partition of India. Still the major cities in North India like Delhi, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Pathankot, Jammu, Ambala, Saharanpur, Meerut, Solan etc. have many Mahanubhava temples and mathas with thousands of followers. Mahanubhava temples are also located at the important holy sites related to Krishna such as Dvaraka, Mathura, and Kurukshetra.

Publications
The Mahanubhava Panth publishes Mahanubhav Sandesh, a newspaper in Marathi and Hindi languages. There are plans to eventual expand the publication to an English edition.

title: Mahanubhava


text:
Talk:Vigan

I don't think Vigan is the "oldest surviving Spanish colonial city"? Maybe the author intended to say the oldest in the Philippines?

 * I have replaced "oldest surviving Spanish colonial city" with something more appropriate. 212.99.255.42 15:35, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Move to Vigan City
I'm not personally familiar with Vigan, but generally the convention for Philippine cities is to have city articles titled in the form "Vigan City". This article may have been created at Vigan by someone not familiar with the convention. I'm putting this through Requested moves. TheCoffee 6 July 2005 04:46 (UTC)
 * Move done. TheCoffee 16:24, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Expansion
How about adding some details about the history of the city? Not to mention pictures this this place is constantly being promoted by Philippines as a tourist spot, not to mention being a World Heritage Site. Joey80 06:37, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

There is a discussion regarding the removal of the word "city" from the article titles of Philippine cities. This may imminently affect the article name for . For city names which are not unique, disambiguation alternatives are also being presented. Formal request for page move may follow after a reasonable time of discussion. If you wish to participate, please post your comments here. --JinJian (talk) 04:41, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Tagbilaran City which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 07:30, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Gregorian (band)

Gregorian is a German band headed by Frank Peterson that performs Gregorian chant-inspired versions of modern pop and rock songs. The band features both vocal harmony and instrumental accompaniment. They competed in Unser Lied für Stockholm, the German national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016, and placed 5th in the first round of public voting with the song "Masters of Chant", failing to make the Top 3 with 9.06% of the public vote.

Band history
Originally, Gregorian was conceived as a more pop-oriented group in the vein of Enigma. Under this concept, Peterson together with Matthias Meissner and Thomas Schwarz, recorded the 1991 album Sadisfaction, with lead vocals provided by The Sisters of Oz: Susana Espelleta (Peterson's wife at the time) and Birgit Freud. However, this was the only album by the trio in that style.

In 1998, Peterson and his team of Jan-Eric Kohrs, Michael Soltau and Carsten Heusmann re-invented the project to perform popular songs in the Gregorian style. The criteria for song selection were strict; in order to be considered, a song needed to be translatable into the 7-tone scale. For each album, songs were carefully chosen in addition to original songs written by Jan-Eric Kohrs, Amelia Brightman and Carsten Heussman. Twelve vocalists - previously acclaimed session and choir singers - were then hired to record the tracks.

Each Gregorian album was initially digitally tracked at Nemo Studios, Peterson's Hamburg studio. The vocalists then record their parts in a church atmosphere with dimmed lights and candles, in order to escape what Peterson referred to in a 2001 interview as the "cold and technical" studio atmosphere.

The concept proved to be successful, and the group proceeded to record several more albums in the same style as Masters of Chant. Known as the ten "Chapters", said album releases primarily featured covers of well-known or popular songs (ex. Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight", Alphaville's "Forever Young"; Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On", etc.) done in the group's chant-inspired style, though occasionally the group would release original compositions as well. Their 2004 album, The Dark Side, was a slight departure from the others, featuring a darker repertoire; similarly, the group has released themed albums such as the Christmas-themed Christmas Chants, another dark-repertoire album with The Dark Side of the Chant (2010), and the themed Epic Chants (2012). In 2005, The Masterpieces, a compilation album accompanied by a live DVD, was released.

Tours
Gregorian has toured parts of Europe, China, Russia and Japan; according to one report, the band has performed over 3,000 concerts in 106 countries to 12 million fans. Live concert DVDs have also been released.

Discography
Gregorian has released ten albums in their Masters of Chant series and a number of other albums, including a Christmas album and several compilations. They have also released two types of video album; live concerts and music video albums featuring the singers in various surroundings.

Initial project

 * 1991: Sadisfaction (album)
 * 1991: "So Sad" (single)
 * 1991: "Once in a Lifetime" (single)

Masters of Chant albums

 * 1999: Masters of Chant
 * 2001: Masters of Chant Chapter II
 * 2002: Masters of Chant Chapter III
 * 2003: Masters of Chant Chapter IV
 * 2004: The Dark Side (called Masters of Chant V in Oceania but distinct from the 2006 album of that name)
 * 2006: Masters of Chant Chapter V
 * 2007: Masters of Chant Chapter VI
 * 2009: Masters of Chant Chapter VII
 * 2010: Dark Side of the Chant
 * 2011: Masters of Chant Chapter VIII
 * 2012: Epic Chants
 * 2013: Masters of Chant Chapter IX
 * 2014: Winter Chants
 * 2015: Masters of Chant X: The Final Chapter
 * 2017: Holy Chants
 * 2021: Pure Chants
 * 2022: Pure Chants II

Other albums/compilations

 * 2005: The Masterpieces (Best of CD and live DVD)
 * 2006: Christmas Chants
 * 2007: Masters of Chant (Curb Records)
 * 2011: Best of 1990–2010
 * 2016: Live! Masters of Chant – Final Chapter Tour
 * 2017: Masters of Chant – The Platinum Collection
 * 2019: 20/2020

Singles

 * "Masters of Chant" (1999)
 * "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" (2000)
 * "Losing My Religion" (2000)
 * "Moment of Peace" (2001)
 * "Voyage Voyage" (2001)
 * "Join Me" (2002)
 * "The Gift" (2003)
 * "Angels" (2003)
 * "Where the Wild Roses Grow" (2004)
 * "O Fortuna" (2010)

Video albums

 * 2001: Masters of Chant in Santiago de Compostela
 * 2001: Moments of Peace in Ireland
 * 2002: Masters of Chant Chapter III
 * 2003: Gold Edition
 * 2005: The Masterpieces
 * 2007: Masters of Chant: Live at Kreuzenstein Castle
 * 2008: Christmas Chants & Visions
 * 2011: Masters of Chant Chapter 8 (Gregorian Live in Europe 2011: The Dark Side of the Chant) – Limited Edition (CD & DVD)
 * 2012: Epic Chants "Dark Side of the Chants Live in Zagreb" – Limited Edition (CD & DVD)
 * 2013: Epic Chants Tour 2013 "Live in Belgrade" – Deluxe Edition (CD & DVD)
 * 2016: Masters of Chant – Final Chapter Tour (CD & DVD, blu-ray) (Limited Fan Edition including 4 additional music videos and the complete concert on double CD)

title: Gregorian (band)


text:
User talk:Eblis

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Eblis


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brian Howe (murder victim)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE. The only thing to merge was the date of the murder. dbenbenn | talk 18:42, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Brian Howe (murder victim)
Although his murder was undoubtedly extremely tragic, when you strip out all the stubs tags, the cleanup tag and headings all you are left with is the year he was born, the date he was murdered and the date he was burried. If this info is worth having put it in the Mary Bell article (his murderer). He was only 2 years old and so not notable for anything else. Thryduulf 12:15, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge any data not already in the Mary Bell article. The case is significant in UK law, but sadly Brian Howe did not have the opportunity to become notable in his own right. Average Earthman 13:16, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, as per Average Earthman. Katefan0 18:04, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-4 20:39 Z
 * Redirect to Mary Bell. There's more information about him on that article. --Idont Havaname 23:42, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, apart from his murder he wasn't notable himself. Wikipedia is not a crime database. Megan1967 01:45, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, delete and redirect to [Mary Bell]. Does not warant a separate entry HowardB 08:27, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, I must agree.  Delete. DS 00:31, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Berlin Codex

Contradictory?
Papyrus bound or leather/wooden boards? Presumably the codex cannot be both?

Discrepancies?
The Apocryphon of John is not listed as part of the Berlin Codex in the texts section of the Gnosticism entry. The articles need bringing into line? Sophia of Jesus presumably = Wisdom of Jesus but there is a small discrepancy between the two articles. Which should be prefered?

Please can someone clarify what is correct. What pages of the Gospel of Mary survived? Here it states that 1-6 and 11-14 survived (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary) but above it states that these pages are missing.

Thanks

External links modified
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Quik Internet (NZ) Ltd

Quik Internet (NZ) Limited was a New Zealand based ISP, which began trading in 1998. It offered dialup, broadband and toll services nationwide. On 4 September 2006 it merged with the larger New Zealand ISP Ihug.

Quik Internet currently employs around 23 people. Its general manager is Scott Bartlett.

title: Quik Internet (NZ) Ltd


text:
Alaknanda River

The Alaknanda is a turbulent Himalayan river in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and one of the two headstreams of the Ganges, the major river of Northern India and a river considered holy in Hinduism. In hydrology, the Alaknanda is considered the source stream of the Ganges on account of its greater length and discharge; while, in Hindu tradition and culture, the other headstream, the Bhagirathi, is considered the source stream.

Course
The Alaknanda rises at the confluence and foot of the Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in Uttarakhand. From its origin, it travels to the village of Mana, meets with the Saraswati River, a right bank tributary, and continues downstream through narrow valleys. It reaches the Badrinath valley, arrives at Hanumanchatti, and meets with the Ghrit Ganga, a right bank tributary. From Hanumanchatti, the river goes to Pandukeshwar and flows through wide valleys and steep terrains. At Vishnuprayag it meets Dhauliganga, a left bank tributary, and travels west to the town of Joshimath. From Joshimath, the Alaknanda crosses the Main Central Thrust near Helang. It then meets with Birahi Ganga, a left bank tributary at Birahi. The river reaches the town of Nandprayag and joins with the Nandakini River, a left bank tributary. At Karanprayag, the Pindar River, a left bank tributary, meets with the Alaknanda River. At Rudraprayag, it meets with the Mandakini River, a right bank tributary. As the Alaknanda flows past Rudraprayag, it enters a wide valley near Srinagar, Garhwal. At Devprayag the Alaknanda River converges with the Bhagirathi River and travels onward as the Ganges River.

The Alaknanda contributes a significantly larger portion to the flow of the Ganges than the Bhagirathi. The Alaknanda system drains parts of Chamoli, Tehri, and Pauri districts.

Religious significance
The Alaknanda is of special interest to the pilgrims who visit the important pilgrimage places in Uttarakhand. The Ganges as Alaknanda rises in the southern Himalayas on the Indian side of the Tibet border with China. On the Satopanth Glacier 6 km up from Alaknanda's origin at its snout, the triangular Lake Satopanth is found at a height of 4350 m. It is named after the Hindu trinity, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.

Badrinath Rishi Ganga River meet Alaknanda

Badrinath, one of the holy destinations for Hindus in India is located near to the bank of the Alaknanda River. This place is surrounded by two mountain ranges of Nar and Narayan on either sides and Neelkanth peak located at the back of Narayan range.

 * 1) Govindgath :.  LaxmanGanga meet Alaknanda

Panch Prayag

Several rivers in the Garhwal region merge with the Alaknanda at places called prayag or 'holy confluence of rivers'. These are:
 * 1) Vishnuprayag, where the Alaknanda is met by the Dhauliganga River
 * 2) Nandaprayag, where it is met by the Nandakini River
 * 3) Karnaprayag, where it is met by the Pindar River
 * 4) Rudraprayag, where it is met by the Mandakini River
 * 5) Devprayag, where it meets the Bhagirathi River and officially becomes the Ganges

Recreation
The Alaknanda river is among the best for river rafting in the world due to its high rafting grade.

Dams
There are 37 hydroelectric dams in operation, under construction or planned to harness the energy of the Alaknanda river and its tributaries and generate electricity.

There are 23 other proposed projects in the Alaknanda river basin through which the power-potential of the Alaknanda and its tributaries can be harnessed. The proposed 23 hydel-projects are as follows -
 * 1) Alaknanda (Badrinath) (300 MW)
 * 2) Bagoli (72 MW)
 * 3) Bowla Nandprayag (132 MW)
 * 4) Chuni Semi (60 MW)
 * 5) Deodi (60 MW)
 * 6) Devsari Dam (255 MW)
 * 7) Gaurikund (18.6 MW)
 * 8) Gohana Tal (60 MW)
 * 9) Jelam Tamak (60 MW)
 * 10) Karnaprayag (160 MW)
 * 11) Lakshmanganga (4.4 MW)
 * 12) Lata Tapovan (310 MW)
 * 13) Maleri Jelam (55 MW)
 * 14) Nandprayag Langasu (141 MW)
 * 15) Padli Dam (27 MW)
 * 16) Phata-Byung (10.8 MW)
 * 17) Rambara (24 MW)
 * 18) Rishiganga I (70 MW)
 * 19) Rishiganga II (35 MW)
 * 20) Tamak Lata (280 MW)
 * 21) Urgam II (3.8 MW)
 * 22) Utyasu Dam (860 MW)
 * 23) Vishnugad Pipalkoti (444 MW)

Towns along the river
As the river flows, the towns along its banks are Badrinath, Vishnuprayag, Joshimath, Chamoli, Nandaprayag, Karnaprayag, Rudraprayag, Srinagar and Devprayag. At each town with suffix prayag, Alaknanda meets another river.

title: Alaknanda River


text:
User talk:Gamelan wants 2 know

Gamelan wants to know what Gamelan actually is help me I need it for my poster. JOrdan please reply if u on here.

title: User talk:Gamelan wants 2 know


text: File:Lynch Bages Label.jpg

title: File:Lynch Bages Label.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christine Jessop

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Joyous 02:36, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Christine Jessop
Although her death was extremely tragic, this article doesn't establish why she or her murder was sufficiently notable to become encyclopedic. Thryduulf 12:23, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unfortunately, unsolved murders are not sufficiently rare to make this notable. Wikipedia is not suitable as a memorial. Average Earthman 13:13, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that most murder victims are below the bar. The Jessop case is in the top levels of national fame in Canada, and subject of one of and perhaps the most famous wrongful conviction in Canadian history. Strong keep. Samaritan 13:26, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You've convinced me that Guy Paul Morin deserves his article, but that is not the topic of this vote. Was this case referred to in the Canadian media as the Morin trial/inquiry or the Jessop case? Google doesn't help, there aren't many hits at all for a variety of names, and 'Jessop case' refers more to a trial in India than this one. Average Earthman 13:38, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Household names in large countries are encyclopedic. Samaritan 13:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That would depend on how the trial was presented - English people know about the Yorkshire Ripper, but would be very hard pressed to name one of his victims off the top of their heads. This means the Ripper is the subject of an article, but his victims are not. Average Earthman 17:34, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Highly notable in Canadian law, and (unfortunately) virtually a household name.  Jessop's murder and Morin's subsequent arrest, aquittal, conviction, appeals, and aquittal were a staple of Canadian news for more than a decade.  Though I agree that unsolved murders are tragically common, this particular unsolved murder clears the notability bar.  If the article isn't kept, then the material should definitely be merged into Guy Paul Morin with a redirect. --TenOfAllTrades 13:54, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The reasons here are valid, but the article should make it clear why they are notable, not the VfD page. Thryduulf 15:10, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Samaritan. Keep. --YUL89YYZ 17:11, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. While Wikipedia is not a memorial, this death was particularly notable and newsworthy. Jayjg (talk)  19:16, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-4 20:37 Z
 * I've added a link to wrongful conviction, which should make the significance of the case a bit more clear. I've also taken out the bit about the tree (which, while touching, is not encyclopedic in the slightest). And yes, it is an unqualified keep; Jessop is a household name in Canada, and people are, if not more likely to search for her specifically than for Morin, certainly equally likely. Bearcat 21:00, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. From what I gather here, it's a very notable case of wrongful conviction. --Idont Havaname 23:37, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, apart from her murder she wasn't notable herself. Wikipedia is not a crime database. Megan1967 01:45, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Spinboy 04:43, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Samaritan. -- Curps 05:12, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep given its apparent significance in Canada. Capitalistroadster 06:58, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Is notable in its own right (not as an example of an unsolved murder) TigerShark 00:29, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. Yuckfoo 01:14, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. -- Necrothesp 03:53, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. GRider\talk 18:57, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "Organic growth"? What more could be added?? HowardB 08:32, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything not there to Guy Paul Morin and redirect to that article HowardB 08:32, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Tragically, as with Brian Howe (murdered at the age of three), Christine Jessop never got the chance to be notable herself.

Sharon Tate gets an article, because she was notable even outside of the manner of her death. George Lawrence Price is notable, because of the manner of his death. Christine Jessop... I don't think so. Incidentally, what about Nicole Simpson? DS 00:39, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Important in Canada. --Westendgirl 09:01, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Hinaf

Hi there - please don't copy and paste material in straight from other websites, as this violates copyright. All material contributed to Wikipedia must either be your own work, or come from a non-copyrighted source (e.g. the US Federal Government). If you want to write new articles in your own words to replace the ones you have pasted in, you would be most welcome. Thanks, sjorford// 12:23, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hinaf