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Harry Clay Trexler

Henry Clay Trexler (April 17, 1854 – November 17, 1933) was an American industrialist, businessman, and major philanthropist who contributed to the economic development of Allentown, Pennsylvania and the surrounding Lehigh Valley in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He bequeathed the majority of his estate to create the Harry C. Trexler Trust, which has since dispensed more than $150 million in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania.

Early life and education
Trexler was born in Easton, Pennsylvania to Edwin (1826–1900) and Matilda (Sauerbeck) Trexler (1827–1914). In the 1860 U.S. Census, Trexler's full name appears as Henry C. Trexler. But in the 1870 census, his name appears as Harry, the name he would use for the rest of his life.

Trexler was the eldest of four brothers. His siblings were William Trexler (1856–1862), who died in childhood, Edwin Trexler (1858–1939), and Frank Trexler (1861-1947). In 1885, Trexler married Mary M. Mosser. They were married for 48 years until Trexler's death on November 17, 1933, from injuries sustained in an automobile accident. Trexler's wife Mary died one year later. They had no children.

In the 1850s, Trexler's father Edwin moved the family to their ancestral farm near Emmaus, Pennsylvania, where Trexler's father joined his two brothers in starting a lumber business. While in Emmaus, Trexler developed his lifelong interest in agriculture, horsemanship, and nature. In 1866, at age 12, he won a third place honor "for the best corn fed hogs" at the Great Allentown Fair, one the nation's longest-running city fairs.

Trexler acquired his early education at Henninger's School House in Emmaus and later at Allentown High School. During the 1869–1870 school year, Trexler attended the one-year preparatory school Tremont Seminary in Norristown, a non-sectarian private school. The curriculum consisted of "Spelling, Reading, Writing, English Composition, English Grammar, Elocution, Rhetoric, Logic… Arithmetic, Bookkeeping, and Practical Accountantship," according to its documents registered with the county's historical society. It was the capstone of his formal education, and it was probably at this time that Trexler developed a lifelong passion for books, book collecting, and reading on a daily basis.

Trexler Lumber Company
One of Trexler's major business ventures was Trexler Lumber Company, founded by Harry Trexler's father and two uncles in 1856. Eventually the uncles sold out of the company. By 1876, Harry Trexler was working in the firm. Following his father's retirement, Trexler assumed full control of the enterprise. Trexler Lumber was involved in logging, milling, and the retail sale of lumber products.

With headquarters in Allentown, the company maintained branch and sales offices in New York City, Norfolk, Virginia, Sumter, South Carolina, Mississippi, and Jacksonville, Florida. Its major distribution yards were in Newark, New Jersey, and Allentown. Over the duration of its existence, Trexler Lumber conducted lumber operations in Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Prentiss, Mississippi, and several other states. One of their major logging sites was in Ricketts, Pennsylvania, where the company harvested 500 million board feet of lumber over 20 years, from 1890 to 1910.

In 1900, Trexler's father was killed in Emmaus, Pennsylvania, when his horse and wagon were run over by a train, and Harry Trexler inherited his father's fortune.

Lehigh Portland Cement
Trexler served as the first chief executive officer of Lehigh Portland Cement, which was officially incorporated on November 26, 1897. The company was founded with eleven stockholders and 4,000 shares of stock; Trexler owned fifty percent of the stock. Lehigh Portland produced cement during an era of unprecedented economic growth in both Allentown, its surrounding Lehigh Valley region, and the nation. Producing cement for major dams, highways, bridges, and many prominent structures, Lehigh Portland became a major industrial corporation in the nation. By 1925, the company was operating approximately 20 cement plants in numerous states. In 1924, Lehigh Portland Cement set its historical production record, produced 16.5 million barrels of Lehigh Cement, the largest year's output ever produced at that time by any one cement manufacturer.

Trexler Farms
Trexler Farms was one of Harry C. Trexler's many agricultural pursuits. He bought and merged dozens of farms in Lehigh County to acquire acreage for fruit orchards. By 1932, Trexler Orchards included in excess of 1,800 acres in Lehigh County. At the time of his 1933 death, Trexler Orchards included 36,000 apple trees, 30,000 peach trees, and 5,000 cherry, plum, and pear trees.

The orchards represented only a fraction of his farming operation. During the 1920s and 1930s, Trexler Farms was a major producer of potatoes, wheat, corn, and oats. It also raised sheep, cattle, and chickens. Between 1916 and 1933, Harry Trexler purchased an additional 41 farms in Lowhill Township and Trexlertown, which were merged to establish a cattle ranch. Trexler acquired over 200 farms over his lifetime.

Pennsylvania Power and Light
Harry C. Trexler was part of a small group of five founding directors of the Pennsylvania Power and Light Company, later renamed PP&L and now PPL Corporation, in Allentown. At the time of its founding, electric utilities were entering a consolidation phase. In 1920, Pennsylvania Power and Light was formed as a holding company including eight smaller utilities. "Trexler also got involved early in the building of utility infrastructure of the Lehigh Valley," author Bill Beck wrote in his biography on PPL. One of Trexler's ventures was the Lehigh Valley Traction Company, a trolley company that generated more electricity than it used. In 1920, Trexler started Lehigh Light & Power, which was merged into PP&L upon its founding. By 1928, Trexler's stature and influence at PP&L allowed him to assume the lead role in selecting John Wise as the company's second president.

Trexler's personal aide and secretary for 17 years, Nolan Benner (1893-1980), recorded Trexler's significant role in PP&L history: "The General’s persuasion and engaging manner won the controversy (about locating PP&L’s headquarters) and the new building was constructed on the northwest corner of Ninth and Hamilton." After the PPL Building opened in Allentown as PP&L's corporate headquarters in 1928, Trexler accepted an offer to move his personal offices into the building, occupying half of its twelfth floor.

Pennsylvania National Guard
On June 8, 1895, Trexler enrolled in military service as a lieutenant colonel in the Pennsylvania National Guard and an aide to Pennsylvania governor Robert E. Pattison. During his Pennsylvania National Guard service, Trexler was mustered into federal duty at the Mexican Border on July 9, 1916, and during World War I on July 16, 1917.

Trexler's long-time secretary and personal aide Nolan Benner recorded in his memoir, "The General had a splendid military bearing and was a statuesque figure on his white charger (horse) Jack O’Diamonds." That military bearing was valued on numerous occasions as he was appointed aide-de-camp and lieutenant colonel, then assistant commissary general of subsistence, to full colonel and quartermaster general for the Pennsylvania National Guard on January 24, 1911. Upon retirement Trexler was discharged from the National Guard with the rank of brigadier general on April 22, 1918.

Conservation
Harry Trexler was an early conservationist. He understood the importance of nature and the preservation of wildlife in its natural habitat.

Trexler Game Preserve and bison
After American bison had been nearly driven to extinction, Trexler took an active role in 1911 to save the species. He bought farmsteads in Lowhill Township and North Whitehall Township in Lehigh County and created a game preserve for bison. Eventually, Trexler bought approximately 1,170 acres to devote to the animals’ survival. He soon added elk and deer to the preserve. When Trexler died in 1933, the preserve passed to the ownership of Lehigh County, which assumed title in 1935 and has been in control of the land since.

Allentown Trout Hatchery
Trexler acquired a trout hatchery in Allentown around 1907. His love of the outdoors offered him an opportunity to enhance his interest while developing yet another commercial endeavor. Over the years, Trexler enlarged, modernized, and developed the trout hatchery into a productive enterprise. What started as a hobby developed into a thriving enterprise. With the additional development of Hickory Run streams 50 miles north of Allentown, Trexler was able to sell his trout and had his own private preserve to test and enjoy newer approaches to farming.

Hickory Run State Park
Trexler was an avid outdoorsman; he treasured trout angling and hunting. Fifty miles north of Allentown in Kidder Township, approximately six miles east of White Haven, lies Hickory Run State Park, which Trexler purchased in January 1918. An extensive forested region, the area was once devastated by unregulated logging and bark peeling in the 1820s.

By 1839, there were six lumber mills operating on Hickory Run ("run" is a colloquial term used in its description, meaning stream). Lack of regulation led to overharvesting, wildfires, and destruction of mountainside terrain. The area suffered from erosion, forest fire damage, and land destruction. By 1900, however, the forest started rejuvenating, regrowing, and once again flourishing. In 1920, Trexler told those who questioned his interest: "In the not too distant future, men will be working shorter hours and they will have more leisure time...I would like to see Hickory Run developed into a State Park where the families can come and enjoy wholesome recreation." According to park officials, recent calculations estimate visitation at Hickory Run State Park to average 300,000 visitors annually. The bulk of the lands that constitute the State Park was sold to the federal government in 1937 and 1938 by the Trexler estate. Writing in his memoirs, Nolan Benner, executor of the estate, recorded: "In my letter to the government I stated the following":

The Hickory Run lands would be ideally located for either a government or state park...It took General Trexler 25 years to buy up these various tracts, and it would be impossible for our own state or the government to purchase such a large tract, free of encumbrances so peculiarly suited for public park purposes.

Hickory Run State Park today boasts 15,990 acres of recreational land with over 40 miles of trails and trout streams.

Death
On November 16, 1933, Trexler's automobile collided with a broken down truck on the William Penn Highway in Wilson, Pennsylvania. Trexler died from his injuries the following morning.

Philanthropy
Trexler's philanthropy continues through Harry C. Trexler Trust, which is based in Allentown.

Children
Trexler and his wife Mary sponsored Romper Day, first held in 1914. Held annually, Romper Day marked the close of organized summer activities at Allentown's playgrounds. Children from the city's playgrounds gathered for track events and demonstrations of various dances and drills along with their parents and community members. The Trexlers organized workers to carry out the details and provided funds for transportation and refreshments for thousands of children, parents, and friends. Because of the Trexlers’ support, this event is still held annually in Allentown.

Trexler's financial support of the Boy Scouts dates back to 1916 when Scouting was just beginning its development in the U.S. In one instance, Trexler outfitted an entire troop of 50 boys with "uniforms, tents and other equipment, all first class." He supported Scouting in many ways, including purchasing approximately 800 acres of land that became known as the Trexler Scout Reservation.

Allentown public parks
Trexler is acknowledged as a father of Allentown's public parks. The Allentown Planning Commission in a detailed 1964 report on their parks wrote that, "...these parks are a living memorial to General Harry Clay Trexler." Allentown's park system was launched with West Park in Allentown's West End, which opened in 1908 and was developed with funding from Trexler and landscaping by Philadelphia architect J. Franklin Meehan. In 1931, Trexler donated over 31 acres of his trout hatchery property, which eventually formed part of Allentown's Little Lehigh Parkway, and additional landowners followed Trexler's lead.

Allentown eventually received additional Trexler properties that enlarged the city's park system. Since Trexler's death, the Harry C. Trexler Trust has awarded more than $50 million to support Allentown's parks and is a support for ongoing private funding of the city's sizable public park system.

Legacy
In 2001, the National Commission on Entrepreneurship issued a report recognizing "entrepreneurial giants" of 1917. Trexler was included on the list due to role in the forming the Lehigh Portland Cement Company, once ranked as the largest cement manufacturer in the world. The listing of 27 American entrepreneurs also included such business icons as George Eastman, Henry Ford, and Harvey Samuel Firestone, all of whom were designated "entrepreneurial giants of American business."

Harry C. Trexler Trust
Since its creation, the Trexler Trust has granted in excess of $150 million in funding, "including more than $51 million to the City of Allentown for 'improvements, extension and maintenance of all its parks.'" With more than $130 million in assets, the trust distributes several million dollars annually. Trexler's longtime aide and secretary Nolan Benner once recorded, "He will be cited as the man who—with a generous spirit and a sagacious foresight—bequeathed for the improvement of his fellowmen the accumulated earnings of his life."

title: Harry Clay Trexler


text:
Talk:Capetian dynasty

Minor edit
I changed this:

Current countries under Capetian leadership:

 * Juan Carlos, King of Spain (since 1975)
 * Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (since 2000)

To this

Current Capetian rulers:

 * Juan Carlos, King of Spain (since 1975)
 * Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (since 2000)

As I would expect a list of countries in the first case rather than a list of people. Matthieu 11:07, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Naming
Perhaps the best titles would be Capetian dynasty, Valois dynasty, Bourbon dynasty, instead of the mixture. Or is there a better way still? --Wetman 02:23, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Proposed merge with House of Capet
I oppose the proposed merge. I think that it is worth having a separate article on the the very broadly defined House of Capet, which includes all descendants of Robert the Strong, including families that have ruled many parts of Europe other than France, including the present-day monarchs of Spain and Luxembourg. This article can and should focus instead on the narrowly defined dynasty that ruled France from 987 to 1328. It would be worth expanding this article to really cover monarchs in the dynasty and events and processes that occurred under their rule, as the article Carolingians does. Marco polo 01:55, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I can see no difference in scholarly usage between "Capetian dynasty" and "House of Capet", so whatever you propose, I can't see why the merger should be opposed. I have created a redirect, as this page had no unique information. Srnec 06:59, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with Srnec. IMHO the two are synonyms that can either be used narrowly (987-1328) or broadly (France 987-1830 and anywhere else). Both terms exclude the ancestors of Hugh Capet. Capetians can be used for the main line ending in 1328 as well as including other branches down to the Bourbons (who in turn may or may not include the Orleans line).
 * Two (or more) articles might be justified, one dealing with the French main line of the House and others with other branches. However, I think the predecessors of Hugh should be covered in the Capetian article here as well. A sub article on Robertians might be in order, but a broad overview should be present here. I guees that all later subbranches are from the Capetians ruling France and not from the earlier Robertians. Str1977 (smile back) 13:22, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Bourbons and Capetians
The list of Capetian kings here goes from the end of the Carolingians up to the Revolution (and beyond!). According to the House of Bourbon article, the Bourbon dynasty took over with Henry IV.

So which is it? Did the Capetians rule in unbroken succession until 1792?

I would hasten to add that this should probably be explained in the article (or perhaps the Bourbon one). It's not clear as it's currently written. I'm obviously not an expert on this subject, so I can't fix it myself. Cheers --DarthBinky 22:20, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Bourbon are a cadet line of Capet family. See my new edition Aubisse

 * Ok, well then what does "cadet line" mean? --DarthBinky 15:36, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * cadet line : males coming from a son who wasn't the first born.--Aubisse1:20 22 décember 2006 (Greenwich)

 * The article should mention that too then. I've never heard that term before.   Cheers --DarthBinky 05:52, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Capet
Hugh Capet's surname is described on his article as of unknown origins. This article claims, rather strangely, that it comes from his habit of wearing a cape. Unless someone can source this, I am removing it. Michaelsanders 14:52, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

While I know that the origin of the word "Capet" is not for certain, it would make more sense, if we were to consider that it did, indeed mean "big head", which is but a variation of "The Great!" I would suggest that this moniker is the most correct! It would make more sense if one were to consider "Ier", as a moniker, that is "the first?". I.e. "Premier" or "ultimate leader", or even "War Commander", or even "Caesar?" 69.92.23.64 (talk) 02:29, 27 January 2010 (UTC)Ronald L. Hughes

 * Capet looks more like 'little head' from where I sit. —Tamfang (talk) 07:31, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Portugal
I have removed the successors to Ferdinand I of Portugal. His successor was an illegitimate son of Peter I of Portugal, and is not, therefore, Capetian. Michaelsanders 15:00, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I am re-adding the successors of Ferdinand because illegitimacy does not remove you from a dynasty, it simply is not socially accepted. The House of Avis is a successor branch of the House of Burgundy, through an illegitimate cadet branch.  And both are members of the House of Capet. – Whale  y  land  (  Talk  •  Contributions  ) 18:26, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No. Dynasties only continue through direct legitimate male lines, unless they specifically specify otherwise (e.g. Elizabeth II, who has specified that her children are of the House of Windsor). It is an (illegitimate) offshoot of the Capetian Burgundians, but it is not Capetian itself. Michaelsanders 19:10, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * What's with that Elizabeth II example? Though the name of the House (Windsor) would not be changed, the name of its parent house would: the House of Oldenburg (from their father's line), as opposed to the House of Wettin (from their mother's line), as membership to European royal houses is strictly counted through the male line, without regard to legitimacy of descent. Thus, in the above example, the Windsors from George V were members of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, a cadet branch of the House of Wettin. The Windsors who were descended from Elizabeth II would be members of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg, being the children of Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Having been descended from an illegitimate line, however, the House of Avis does not have any claim to the throne of France as heirs of Hugh Capet, though they are at the very least entitled to be named members of the Capetian Dynasty. To sum, membership to houses is more a matter of genealogy rather than legitimacy of birth. Emerson 07 (talk) 04:23, 15 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I have added the successors to the throne of Portugal under the "illegitimate" heading. Aviz and Braganza are illegitimate branches of the Capetian dynasty, a "continuation" of it, but barred from succeeding under normal circumstances. Membership to a dynasty is inalienable from an individual, unless you can prove that they are not natural descendants of their royal ancestors. Emerson 07 (talk) 11:42, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Capets and Capetians
There has been a proposal to merge House of Capet with Capetians, but it seems to me useful to have separate articles on the House of Capet, which covers a wide range of dynastic lines, and on the narrowly defined Capetian dynasty that ruled France from 987 to 1328. The latter article should cover monarchs in that dynasty and events in the history of France that occurred under their rule, whereas the article "House of Capet" can be a general introduction to the broader nexus of aristocratic families sharing a descent from the early Capets. In order to avoid confusion between the Capetians of France, narrowly defined, and other members of the House of Capet, I think that it would help to reserve the term "Capetians" for the French kings and their immediate family members and to use the term "Capets" for members of the broader network of families. Do others think that this would be a good way to avoid confusion? Marco polo 01:51, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Surely it would be the other way round - 'The House of Capet' to describe the Kings of France (as opposed to 'The House of Burgundy', 'The House of Dreux'), and 'Capetian' to denote the ultimate stemming of these Houses from the Capets (thus, 'The Capetian Dukes of Burgundy' to contrast with 'The Valois Dukes of Burgundy'). The main idea sounds good, though.Michaelsanders 09:37, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Please tell me it there is a source for Robert and Eudes of Paris being maternal grandsons of Louis the Pius. And if so, what it is? Another source says "Their mother was Adelheid of Tours, an Etichone and sister-in-law of Lothar I of Lorraine -- not a Carolingian."144.160.98.31 05:31, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Incestuous
"it also is one of the most incestuous, especially in the Spanish Monarchy." I think the author mistaken the Capetian and the Spanish branch of the Habsburg dynasty, more known for their intermarriage than the Capetian dynasty. As there is no source for this statement, i propose to simply remove it. 86.206.111.109 (talk) 13:48, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Salic law; succession of dynasties
The English claim was not the first time female succession became an issue, so it's oversimplification to say that "Without Salic Law, ... the crown would have passed to Isabella ... and her heir, Edward III of England." Under modern British rules, the French succession in 1328 would apparently be:
 * Joan II of Navarre, daughter of Louis X and sister of John I, the first king with no surviving son
 * Joan III, Countess of Burgundy, daughter of Philip V
 * Philip of Burgundy, Count of Auvergne
 * Margaret I, Countess of Burgundy, daughter of Philip V
 * Isabelle of France (1312–1348), daughter of Philip V
 * Blanche, posthumous daughter of Charles IV
 * Isabella, dowager queen of England
 * Edward III of England
 * John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall
 * Eleanor of Woodstock
 * Joan of the Tower
 * issue of Charles of Valois
 * issue of Louis d'Évreux
 * Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk
 * Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent

 * The English had accepted that no female could ever inherit the French crown. Due to the failure of Matilda to secure the English throne for herself many generations before, it was de facto established that no female could inherit the English crown either. However, Matilda succeeded in securing the kingship of her son, Henry II of England, creating a precedent in the English monarchy whereby no female could become queen regnant, but a king may succeed through the female line (This would change later, during the reign of the Tudor dynasty, many centuries after). In 1328, Edward III applied this rule of English succession to that of France, as a male heir of the French Kings through a female line. The French nobles refused to recognize an English monarch as its king, and backed Philip of Valois instead.Emerson 07 (talk) 14:01, 15 July 2010 (UTC)
 * So why doesn't Philip of Burgundy come before Edward? —Tamfang (talk) 19:32, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Are you referring to Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, son of King John II of France? He wasn't born yet at that time. Even if he was alive then, Edward would still precede him. The list above refers to the succession according to cognatic primogeniture. Cognatically, Edward is senior to the House of Valois (descendants of a younger brother of Philip IV), as a descendant of Philip IV. However, Salic Law forbade the succession of females. Agnatically, the House of Valois had the best claim to the crown, and no non-Capetian (such as Edward) would ever become King of France. Emerson 07 (talk) 12:24, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

The next sentence is also more than a little bit misleading:
 * Thus instead of the above succession [i.e. Edward], the French crown passed from the House of Capet after the death of Charles IV to Philip VI of France of the House of Valois, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, then to Louis XII of Valois-Orléans, a cadet line of the Valois, then to Francis of Angoulème (who became Francis I), belonging to a cadet line of the Valois-Orléans, then to Henry of Navarre (who became Henry IV of France), from the House of Bourbon, a cadet line of the Capetian Dynasty.

This reads as if Valois, Valois-Orléans and Angoulême each lasted only one reign! —Tamfang (talk) 21:46, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

 * "So why doesn't Philip of Burgundy come before Edward?" Maybe because it doesn't suit well with the English claims to the French throne. And also the fact that Philip of Burgundy was not born in 1328. And we cannot forget that in 1332, Joan II of Navarre gave birth to a child, the future Charles II of Navarre, what would have happen to him if we follow a part of the so-called modern british rule applied to the French succession ? The both Philip anf Charles would have been in good position to claim the throne too...92.157.195.132 (talk) 11:01, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

 * At the death of Charles IV in 1328, the only living male descendant of Philip IV is Edward III of England. Edward's problem is that he is the English king, and England was the greatest rival of France. Also, it was argued that since Isabella herself does not have a right to succeed to the French throne according to Salic Law, then it followed that Edward, her son, had no such right either. "One cannot give what one does not have." As pointed out above, Edward interpreted the French law of succession according to the English one (at that time): Though a female cannot succeed, her male heirs could. I think that in the viewpoint of medieval English nationalists, Edward was the legitimate heir, since he was the "heir" in 1328, as opposed to Philip VI. Charles the Bad's claim cannot be enforced, since he was born four years after the death of Charles IV. If he was the rightful king, who was the one whom he succeeded? Charles IV? Of course not... There should have been an heir to Charles IV at that time already. Even if France had a succession law similar to England's, there cannot have been a four-year interregnum waiting for the birth of the male heir of Philip IV's most senior descendant, Joan of Navarre. Emerson 07 (talk) 12:24, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Salic law – and on top of that, Salic law!
Recently added:
 * The French lords were opposed to the succession of an English monarch, and produced an addition to the Salic Law whereby a male heir cannot succeed to the throne through a female line.

Two paragraphs above, we say the Salic Law specifies strictly agnatic succession. So how is this an addition? —Tamfang (talk) 19:36, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I think that, at first (or at least according to medieval English jurists), Salic Law is not strictly agnatic. It simply meant that a female cannot succeed to the throne. Thus, Edward III's claim to the French throne, since he was, for all purposes, male. According to some histories I read, it was only later that the French added the tenet that succession to the French throne cannot be transmitted by females. Emerson 07 (talk) 12:28, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The whole salic law thing was a bit dubious, but kind of unnecessary. It is not just that the French lords didn't want the English monarch as king, but preferred Philip of Valois, and why not he was one of them. Plus, it did follow precedent. Tinynanorobots (talk) 06:20, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

Brazil
I made a few changes to the article on subjects related to Brazilian history. --Lecen (talk) 19:19, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

Merovingians
The introduction claims the Capetians were descended from the Merovingians. Where did that claim come from? Can anyone show a line of descent from the Merovingians? Emerson 07 (talk) 13:56, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Well the claim is not 100% sure.

 * The Capetians descend from the Carolingians in the female line by daughters of some Counts of Vermandois (an illegitimate Carolingian line).
 * By the way, the Carolingians claim also to descend from the Merovingians in the female line by Bertrada of Prüm (possible daughter of Theuderic III) who is the great-grandmother of Charlemagne. 86.197.13.46 (talk) 21:36, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

This is a more sure line of descent: Clovis I Chlothar I Sigebert I Ingunda Atanagild Ardabastus Peter of Cantabria several generations to Blanche of Castile, mother of Saint Louis King of France — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.60.138.156 (talk) 15:45, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

 * How about a published source?? --Kansas Bear (talk) 17:44, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

Controversy
Some people think the Capetians are too powerful and have made a monopoly of Europes Kingdoms. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.111.116.197 (talk) 22:17, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
 * So what's your point? Emerson 07 (talk) 13:23, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Portugal
I revert Cristiano Tomás's which said "House of Capet did not hold the Portuguese throne, members of its cadet branches did, quite different; illegitamate descent from cadet branches, very different" since this is not an article about the House of Capet which is about the Direct Capetian line. This is an article about all the male-line descendants of Hugh Capet, period. --The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 07:32, 5 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I just saw the illegitimacy argument above with the same section heading. But I think Cristiano Tomás meant to remove all reference to Portugal since he remove the title from the infobox. The title King of Portugal should remain in the infobox since 9 Kings of Portugal were legitimate male-line descendants of Hugh Capet.--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 19:10, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Cadet Branches
I changed the cadet branches section to a link to the section of the article about cadet branches since it ignore most of the cadet branches. At first I thought it was just listing existing lines, but the fact that the House of Valois is on it makes that assumption negelible. I think it is much tidier this way. --The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 07:32, 5 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Since Capetian dynasty includes two illegitimate branches, should illegitimate branches of the Valois and Bourbons be included as well. There was an illegitimate Valois branch that lasted until the 17th century.--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 07:44, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

I've have changed House of Vermandois to Capetian House of Vermandois since there were two. It seems there were many of these branches that were Capetian House of ... since there were older lines from different family. --The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 00:14, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

Oldest male lineage
French wiki page: "Selon l’historien Karl Ferdinand Werner, les Capétiens constituent la plus ancienne dynastie royale en succession masculine du monde"

Approximately translated by: "According to the historian Karl Ferdiand Werner, Capetian are the oldest royal dynasty in the world by male lineage." Would be interesting to mention it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:8A8D:FE80:5F5:C0B6:6A84:361E (talk) 10:20, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

Article title
It think the article should be moved from Capetian Dynasty to simply Capetians. To use the term dynasty, especially in reference to monarchs across europe who never used it as a self-identifier, implies a unity of the various descendants under a single family, which is not the case. While Felipe VI is a Capetian (a malé line descendant of Hugh Capet), his family is the House of Bourbon; while Manuel II of Portugal was a Capetian, his family was the house of Braganza, which incidentally often is referred to as the Braganza dynasty, which goes to the point of my suggestion: it's not incorrect to refer to all these different descendants as individual capetians but using the term dynasty implies a unity which is non existent amongst the royal families of Spain, Luxembourg, Portugal, France, etc. I'd like to gage thoughts before opening a move request, so please comment below. Cristiano Tomás (talk) 02:58, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Capetian dynasty


text: User talk:195.194.86.93

title: User talk:195.194.86.93


text:
Race to the courthouse

"Race to the courthouse" is an informal name used to describe the rule in some jurisdictions that the first conveyance instrument, mortgage, lien or judgment to be filed with the appropriate recorder's office, will have priority and prevail over documents filed subsequently, irrespective of the date of execution of the documents at issue.

title: Race to the courthouse


text:
Talk:Farrah (band)

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This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Farrah. The final result was Keep. --Deathphoenix 02:24, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Farrah (band)


text: User talk:65.13.15.137

title: User talk:65.13.15.137


text:
List of state routes in Tennessee

The Tennessee state routes do not follow a systematic numbering system unlike the U.S. Highway System and some other states' highway systems. The routes are separated into primary and secondary routes though. Many of the routes are hidden in that they are overlaid on U.S. Routes and not signed. The mile markers throughout Tennessee, however, show the state route number for these hidden routes.

The Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) maintains these routes under the "State Highways" title of state law, but designates them as "state routes". The triangle marker design was the only design until November 1983, when Tennessee divided its routes into primary routes and secondary or "arterial" routes with the adoption of a functional classification system, creating a primary marker and making the triangle marker the secondary marker; primary marker signs were posted in 1984.

title: List of state routes in Tennessee


text: User talk:24.30.73.63

title: User talk:24.30.73.63


text:
Torvill and Dean

Torvill and Dean (Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean) are British ice dancers and former British, European, Olympic, and World champions.

At the Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics the pair won gold and became the highest-scoring figure skaters of all time for a single programme, receiving twelve perfect 6.0s and six 5.9s which included artistic impression scores of 6.0 from every judge, after skating to Maurice Ravel's Boléro. One of the most-watched television events ever in the United Kingdom, their 1984 Olympics performance was watched by a British television audience of more than 24 million people. The couple went on to record an even higher score at the 1984 World Championships, thirteen 6.0s and five 5.9s.

The pair turned professional following the 1984 World Championships, regaining amateur status briefly ten years later in 1994 to compete in the Olympics once again. The pair retired from competitive skating for good in 1998 when they toured one last time with their own show, Ice Adventures, before rejoining Stars on Ice for one more season. Their final routine was performed to Paul Simon's "Still Crazy After All These Years", a routine they had devised a few years earlier for competition. Although remaining close friends, the pair did not skate together again until they were enticed out of retirement to take part in ITV's Dancing on Ice. Their career was portrayed in the 2018 biographical film Torvill & Dean.

Both are from Nottingham, England, where the National Ice Centre is accessed through a public area known as Bolero Square, in honour of the pair's Olympic achievements. There is also a housing estate in the Wollaton area of the city with streets named 'Torvill Drive' and 'Dean Close', with many of the surrounding roads named after coaches and dances associated with the pair. In a UK poll conducted by Channel 4 in 2002, the British public voted Torvill and Dean's winning performance at the 1984 Winter Olympics as Number 8 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments.

Partnership and the Olympics
Around 1975, Jayne Torvill was a British Junior Pairs champion, and Christopher Dean and his partner had won a British Junior Ice Dance competition. Nottingham coach Janet Sawbridge put them together, and shortly afterwards, they started their ice dancing history. They took their first trophy in 1976. They changed coaches to Betty Callaway in 1979. After a 5th-place finish at their first Olympic Games, in Lake Placid in the 1980 Winter Olympics, and 4th place in the Worlds that year, they never took lower than first place in any competition they entered except the 1994 Winter Olympics.

Singer-actor Michael Crawford was the fourth member of the team, along with their trainer. He became a mentor to them around 1981, and went on to help them create their 1983 and 1984 Olympic routines, and "taught them how to act". Crawford said of them, "I found them to be delightful young people, the kind you want to help if you can." (The Times November 1982). He was present with their trainer at the ringside, when the team won their perfect Olympics score with their Boléro routine.

Going professional
Although Torvill and Dean had been able to leave their jobs as an insurance book clerk and policeman, respectively—thanks to grants from the City of Nottingham—they were not allowed to earn any money from skating as long as they wished to remain eligible for the Olympics. Turning professional in 1984, they took advantage not only of the financial but of the artistic possibilities of their new status. They worked with Australian dance choreographer Graeme Murphy at first, and they were able to create not only routines for themselves but entire ice shows with a thematic coherence, which toured Australia, the U.S., and Europe. Their projects included a filmed fairy tale "Fire and Ice." In general, Dean would imagine the sequence he wanted to perform, and Torvill would work with him to refine it technically. They choreographed, as a team, for other ice dancers and skaters, particularly the Canadian brother–sister team Isabelle and Paul Duchesnay, who skated for France at the Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics, taking the silver medal with their West Side Story routine.

Return to the Olympics
After ten years as professionals, Torvill and Dean decided to return to the amateur arena for the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway (along with other great skaters of the 1980s, such as Brian Boitano and Katarina Witt, following a change in eligibility rules). The couple moved to Hamar, Norway, in 1993 to practise at the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre which hosted the figure skating events. Their free dance was designed to re-establish some of the ideas about ice dance which they themselves had been instrumental in dismantling; "Let's Face The Music and Dance" had no swooning lovers, theatrical accessories, or strong ideological message; instead, the emphasis was upon pure, light-hearted dance in the Astaire and Rogers tradition.

The routine did have one move, an assisted lift, which pushed the envelope of the rules, though they had danced the routine at the European Championships with no indication from the judges of any problems. According to their joint autobiography, Facing the Music, the lift was technically legal because the rule prohibited lifts "above the shoulders," and the lift they used was not above the shoulders. The judges placed Torvill and Dean third, giving the second to perennial silver medalists Usova and Zhulin, and the gold medal to Grishuk and Platov, who continued to win gold through the next four years.

Life after the Olympics
After the disappointing finish at Lillehammer, Torvill and Dean "retired from competitive skating" on 2 March 1994. Instead, they continued with their planned and very successful "Face the Music" tour, to be followed by numerous other projects: Dean choreographed a suite of dances to the songs of Paul Simon for the English National Ballet, professional competitions, touring with Stars on Ice, and collaborating with cellist Yo-Yo Ma and director Patricia Rozema on the video Inspired by Bach: Six Gestures. In late 1998, they produced an ice show at Wembley Stadium in London, "Ice Adventures," which included a "flying" ice ballet and other wonders. In the meantime, they were still choreographing, notably for the dynamic French Ice Dance team, Anissina and Peizerat, who won first place in the World Championships in 2000.

In 1998, the pair officially retired, each continuing to coach and choreograph separately. Since 2006, they have acted as coaches, choreographers and performers in ITV's Dancing on Ice and its Australian version Torvill and Dean's Dancing on Ice. The ITV show returned for a fifth series in January 2010. After the 2007 and 2008 UK series of Dancing on Ice, Torvill and Dean took the show on the road for a British tour; a similar tour, the "25th Anniversary" (of their Sarajevo Olympic success) took place in 2009.

In 2014, Torvill and Dean returned to Sarajevo to dance the Bolero one more time, celebrating the 30-year anniversary of their Olympics performance. Invited by the mayor of Sarajevo ahead of the Youth Olympic Games in 2017, the event helped raise funds for a permanent ice rink and reminded the world of their efforts to bring back the Olympics to Sarajevo. 2015 saw Torvill and Dean make their pantomime début at the Manchester Opera House, performing in "Cinderella".

Since 2018, they have been Head Judges on Dancing on Ice, alongside Judges Ashley Banjo and Oti Mabuse.

On 14 February 2024, it was announced that 2025 would be their final time skating together, before they would be retiring at the end of their final UK tour which runs from April-May 2025.

Use of narrative and thematic music
After winning the 1981 World Figure Skating Championships (which brought the distinction of MBEs), and with three more years before the Olympics, they began to plan routines which used a single piece of music and had some narrative or thematic element. At that time, Ice Dance "long" routines typically used several pieces of music, often with different rhythms to show off the command of different steps (thus their Free Dance in 1981 used "Fame", "Caravan", "Red Sails in the Sunset", and "Sing, Sing, Sing"); the Original Set Pattern dance used only one piece of music, but the entire routine had to be performed three times in sequence, exactly the same way.

In 1982, they presented a long programme to the overture from the musical Mack and Mabel, which evoked the emotions of a sweet but stormy romance; at the World Championships in 1983, they enacted a visit to the circus with music from Barnum, a performance which brought them the honour of receiving the world's first perfect score, with help from the stage show's star, Michael Crawford; in 1984, at the Olympics, they stunned the world with Boléro, and also with their dramatic Paso Doble (Capriccio Espagnol) short routine, in which Torvill was the bullfighter's cape. They had learned to choose and edit music carefully and design routines that were appealing both technically and imaginatively, and their completeness of presentation included thematically appropriate costumes.

In 1989, during the duo's visit to Australia, they recorded an album Here We Stand, produced by Kevin Stanton with arrangements by Warwick Bone and Derek Williams, and recorded while Christopher Dean was laid up in Sydney, recuperating from a torn ligament. Sales of the album were poor, and this may have been due to the fact that the album featured the dancers singing the material ghosted by backing vocalists, instead of the music they danced to, however it survives on iTunes.

Complying with Olympic rules
Torvill and Dean's 1984 Olympic free dance was skated to Maurice Ravel's Boléro. Ravel's original Boléro composition is over 17 minutes long. Olympics rules state that the free dance must be four minutes long (plus or minus ten seconds). Torvill and Dean went to a music arranger to condense Boléro down to a "skateable" version. However, they were told that the minimum time that Boléro could be condensed down to was 4 minutes 28 seconds, 18 seconds in excess of the Olympics rules. Torvill and Dean reviewed the Olympic rule book and found that it stated that actual timing of a skating routine began when the skaters started skating. Therefore, they could use Boléro if they did not place their skates' blades to ice for the first 18 seconds. They timed the performance so that when Torvill first placed a blade on the ice, they would have the maximum skating time remaining.

Professional dance routines
Source:

Dancing on Ice performances
Torvill and Dean have performed several times during each TV series.

 * Series One (2006)
 * "Let's Face the Music"
 * Mack and Mabel & Barnum tributes
 * "Viva Las Vegas"
 * "Let Me Entertain You"
 * "Foot Loose"
 * "Angels"
 * "Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)"
 * Boléro

 * Series Two (2007)
 * "A Kind of Magic"
 * "Imagine"
 * "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend"
 * "I Like The Way (You Move)"
 * "These Boots Are Made For Walkin'"
 * "Shine"
 * "Puttin' On the Ritz"
 * "Moondance"
 * "Over the Rainbow"
 * Boléro Unplugged
 * "Gold"

 * Series Three (2008)
 * "Get the Party Started" (Shirley Bassey version)
 * "Feelin' Good" (Michael Bublé version)
 * "World of our Own"
 * "One" (Jayne with ensemble)
 * "Fields of Gold"
 * Sixties-themed Group Number:- "Twist and Shout" (The Beatles version), "Dancing in the Street", "Hippy Hippy Shake" & "Shout!"
 * "Valerie"
 * "Sway" (The Pussycat Dolls version)
 * "Footprints in the Sand"
 * Boléro revisited (with Julian Lloyd Webber)
 * "The Best Is Yet to Come"

 * Series Four (2009)
 * "Swing with Me"
 * "From A Distance" (with Bette Midler)
 * "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" (Group Number)
 * "Spice Up Your Life"
 * "Let It Go" (with Will Young)
 * "It's Raining Men" (Group Number)
 * "Save the Last Dance for Me" (Michael Bublé version)
 * "Untouchable" (with Girls Aloud)
 * Boléro

 * Series Five (2010)
 * Love Never Dies (with Katherine Jenkins)
 * "Use Somebody" (with Pixie Lott)
 * "Your Song" (with Ellie Goulding)
 * "Haven't Met You Yet"
 * Boléro

 * Series Six (2011)
 * "Let's Get It Started"
 * "Copacabana" (pros number)
 * "Yellow" (with sand artist David Myriam)
 * Argentine tango to "Dance With Me"
 * "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" (The Overtones version)
 * "What The World Needs Now Is Love" (sung by Rumer)
 * Boléro (with David Garrett)

 * Series Seven (2012)
 * "The Edge of Glory"
 * "What Makes You Beautiful" (with One Direction)
 * "Jar of Hearts" (with Christina Perri)
 * Boléro

 * Series Eight (2013)
 * "Spectrum (Say My Name)" (Calvin Harris remix)
 * "Better Together"
 * "Accentuate the Positive" (with Jools Holland's Rhythm Blues and Blues Orchestra and Rumer)
 * "Never Tear Us Apart" (INXS version)
 * Boléro

 * Series Nine (2014)
 * "In My Life" (with Rebecca Ferguson)
 * "The Power of Love"
 * "Let's Face the Music and Dance"
 * Boléro

 * Series Ten (2018)
 * "The Impossible Dream (The Quest)"

 * Series Eleven (2019)
 * "You've Got a Friend in Me"
 * "Bridge Over Troubled Water"

 * Series Twelve (2020)
 * "Just the Two of Us"
 * "One Day Like This"

 * Series Thirteen (2021)
 * "Me and My Shadow"
 * "Stand by Me"
 * "Fly Me to the Moon"

 * Series Fourteen (2022)
 * "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
 * "Come Dance with Me"

Docudrama
In July 2018, it was announced that Torvill & Dean, a biographical film docudrama, had been commissioned by ITV, written by William Ivory and produced by Darlow Smithson. The movie was broadcast on 25 December 2018, with Will Tudor playing Dean, and Poppy Lee Friar playing Torvill. Nottingham actress Cassie Bradley performed as Leanne, Dean's first partner. Bradley performed all her own skating for the role.

title: Torvill and Dean