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Igor Vovchanchyn

Igor Yaroslavovych Vovchanchyn (, Ігор Ярославович Вовчанчин; born August 6, 1973) is a retired Ukrainian mixed martial artist and kickboxer, who competed in early no holds barred MMA contests. After making his professional MMA debut in 1995, he won nine openweight mixed martial arts tournaments (back when tournament format required 3 to 4 consecutive bare-knuckle fights during the same night) and 3 superfights. As of July 2024, Vovchanchyn holds the longest unbeaten streak in MMA history (at 40 fights, shared with Travis Fulton) and is the second most successful MMA fighter ever by number of wins achieved by way of knockout. Vovchanchyn has an MMA tournament named after him, the Igor Vovchanchyn Cup.

Biography
The son of Kladiya (née Michaylovna) and Yaroslav Iosifovich Vovchanchyn, Igor Yaroslavovych Vovchanchyn was born in the settlement of Fesky, in the Zolochivsky district of Soviet Ukraine. Vovchanchyn said that growing up, he caused trouble and got into street fights and different kinds of mischief. Due to his antics, there was a popular story in circulation that whenever Vovchanchyn became upset the villagers would ring a bell in the center of town which would alarm everyone to stay in their houses until he had calmed down. Vovchanchyn later stated that this story was just a joke, although there was a bell in the center of town. At age 17, he moved to Kharkiv and began competing in Track and Field, running the 100m dash and throwing the discus. Due to his love for fighting, he later moved to Boxing under trainer Oleg Ermakov. In 1993, he met Eugenia Borschevskaya, general secretary of the All Eurasian Kickboxing Federation. After taking up Kickboxing, he later went to Denmark to compete at the World Kickboxing Amateur Championships with the Ukrainian national team, where he became the world champion that same year. Vovchanchyn also won the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) kickboxing championship in 1994.

Honour of the Warrior
In late 1995, Vovchanchyn transitioned from a successful kickboxing career to MMA after being invited to participate at Honour of the Warrior in Kharkiv, Ukraine. In this 8-man tournament, Vovchanchyn knocked out his first two opponents before losing via submission to Ukrainian Sambist/Kickboxer Andrey Besedin in the final.

International Absolute Fighting Council
He then fought a month later in a 32-man tournament held at Moscow's Luzhniki Palace of Sports, performing impressively at the inaugural International Absolute Fighting Council event, where he TKO'd Sergei Akinen before defeating Adilson Lima, a Gracie Jiu Jitsu black belt who trained with Ryan Gracie. Vovchanchyn won by knockout via soccer kick 56 seconds into the fight, but Lima's cornerman Renzo Gracie argued to the tournament organisers, complaining that kicks to a downed opponent were unfair and demanded an instant rematch. Unusually, an immediate rematch was granted, and the fight began again only to be stopped a second time after Lima's nose was broken by a punch, giving Vovchanchyn the win by TKO. Vovchanchyn advanced to the quarterfinal, in which he was submitted by Russian sambo champion Mikhail Ilyukhin.

Mr. Strongman SEKAI
With his dominant kickboxing style, Vovchanchyn became famed for being one of the few strictly stand-up fighters to overcome grappling-based opponents, exemplified in his victory in the 8-man Mr. Strongman Sekai tournament in Minsk, Belarus on January 23, 1996, where he knocked out three opponents.

March 1996
In March 1996, Vovchanchyn fought in and won 3 different tournaments: the DNRF: Ukrainian Octagon, the UCMAL: Ukrainian No Rules Championship, and the first ever IFC event: IFC 1: Kombat in Kyiv. Across these three tournaments, he won 9 fights (7 KO/TKO's and 2 submissions) with none of them going past the first round. At the IFC tournament, all three men he faced in the same night (Fred Floyd, Paul Varelans and John Dixon) weighed over 300 pounds/136 kilograms. The fight against Paul Varelans was considered one of the greatest fights in European MMA history. In attendance at this event, was former heavyweight boxing champion Leon Spinks, who was a 'guest of honor'.

UFC Invitation
Vovchanchyn was invited to fight at UFC 11 in September 1996, but could not participate due to visa issues as well as dissatisfaction with the offer.

Subsequent victories
Having achieved much success competing in the former Soviet Union, Vovchanchyn then won the 1st Absolute Fighting World Cup Pankration tournament in Tel Aviv, Israel on 12 November 1997. In the tournament final, Vovchanchyn faced Nick Nutter, an NCAA All-American Wrestler from Ohio State and a protégé of Mark Coleman. Nutter dominated the fight for approximately 25 minutes, until he was stunned by a head butt from Vovchanchyn. Bleeding heavily, Nutter submitted.

World Vale Tudo Championship
As a seven-time winner of various tournaments, Vovchanchyn was invited to compete in the fifth edition of the World Vale Tudo Championship (WVC), organised by Brazilian promoter Frederico Lapenda and hosted by the Fun House Night Club in Recife, northeast Brazil on 3 February 1998. The event featured an elimination tournament of eight fighters – three Americans, four Brazilians, and Vovchanchyn as the sole Ukrainian representative – without gloves and with 10-minute rounds. After forcing Chinese boxing stylist Tulio Palhares to submit to strikes in the quarterfinals, Vovchanchyn was scheduled to face Patrick Smith at the semifinal stage. Smith withdrew, however, after breaking his hand against Marco Selva, and he was replaced by local fighter Elias Rodrigues, also known as Demonio Negro ("Black Devil"). In a back-and-forth encounter that lasted over ten minutes, Vovchanchyn and Rodrigues traded strikes, although the Ukrainian was able to score four takedowns. In one of these opportunities, Vovchanchyn mounted Rodrigues and forced his Brazilian opponent to submit to a barrage of punches. Advancing to the final, he faced the American wrestler Nick Nutter in a rematch and scored a brutal 14-second knockout when he countered a takedown attempt with a well-timed knee strike.

Vovchanchyn won eight MMA tournaments during this stage of his career, and was considered arguably the best heavyweight in the world for several years to come. He returned to the WVC the following year, knocking out Edson Carvalho, a member of the Brazilian national judo team and a Carlson Gracie black belt. Carvalho was a disciple of Sebastião "Master of Death" Lacerda, a wealthy man from the north of Brazil who appeared in Rio de Janeiro in 1996 claiming to have spent a long period of time in Japan learning "the deadly art of yawara." Despite his dubious credentials, Lacerda was able to recruit some established competitors into his sect, including Carvalho and Marco Ruas. While Ruas ultimately parted ways with Lacerda, Carvalho continued to challenge other fighting styles on behalf of Lacerda and his "deadly technique" of yawara.

Early PRIDE career
After winning at World Vale Tudo Championship 5, Vovchanchyn was invited to Japanese promotion PRIDE, fighting Gary Goodridge in his debut. Vovchanchyn was taken down twice by the larger Goodridge and was left behind on points, but he dominated Goodridge during the stand-up exchanges and knocked him out with two left hooks, 5:58 into the first round.

Vovchanchyn returned to the World Vale Tudo Championship, winning two superfights against Aloisio Freitas Neto and Edson Carvalho.

Once again in PRIDE, Vovchanchyn then fought Japanese fighter Akira Shoji. Most of the fight stayed in the standing position, with Vovchanchyn damaging a wary Shoji and throwing him down, while the Japanese circled him and lied on the mat to avoid his hits. At the end Vovchanchyn won the judges decision by damaging Shoji badly with strikes.

In what was Vovchanchyn's last venture for some time outside of PRIDE, he participated in another 4-man tournament called 'InterPride' in his home country of Ukraine, winning the first fight via TKO and the final by submission.

Coming back to PRIDE, he fought Carlos "Carlão" Barreto, a Carlson Gracie team member and reigning IVC Heavyweight Champion. Despite the larger height of Barreto, Vovchanchyn countered him with punches and leg kicks and shut down his takedown attempts for the first two rounds, but action was slow and often saw Barreto as the most active fighter. Come the overtime, they traded hits and Barreto managed to take Vovchanchyn down, ending the fight working ground and pound on him. The decision was given to Vovchanchyn, which was met with a certain controversy.

After the Barreto match, Vovchanchyn made a special appearance in K-1 for a kickboxing rules match, facing multiple champion and established star Ernesto Hoost. The format impaired Vovchanchyn, who often found himself going for takedowns, while Hoost kept attacking his left leg with low kicks. At the end, the Ukrainian fighter fell down thrice due to the damage to his leg, which cost him the match by knockout.

Unofficial #1 Heavyweight Superfight
Vovchanchyn was next matched up with American wrestler Mark Kerr for the unofficial title of #1 heavyweight in the world. Nearly all outlets that covered mixed martial arts considered either Vovchanchyn or the unbeaten two-time UFC Champion and ADCC Champion Mark Kerr as the best heavyweight fighter in the world. Early in the fight, Kerr cut Vovchanchyn with a knee strike to the right eye and secured several takedowns, but he was unable to pass Vovchanchyn's guard or do any more significant damage. In the last round, Vovchanchyn pounced on the now-exhausted Kerr and dominated him with strikes, eventually knocking him out with a series of knees. Vovchanchyn was declared the winner, but the result was later overturned and the result declared a no contest. Knees to the head of a grounded opponent in the four points position had been banned just prior to the event. This fight was also the first time Vovchanchyn's manager, Eugenia Borschevskaya, was seen in his corner.

Bueno knockout
In his next fight, Vovchanchyn fought Brazilian jiu-jitsu master Francisco Bueno. Vovchanchyn knocked Bueno out with a vicious combination, Bueno literally falling face first as he was being punched in the face. This knockout is still to this day considered one of the most brutal knockouts in the history of MMA – it even prompted the promoters of K-1 to give him $1,000 cash in the locker room and propose that he fought K-1 Champion Ernesto Hoost. After this string of victories, Vovchanchyn became a huge favorite going into the Pride Grand Prix 2000.

PRIDE Openweight Grand Prix 2000
Vovchanchyn had been considered the top fighter in the sport for some years, and as commentators Stephen Quadros and Bas Rutten stated, he was likely the favorite to win the tournament. In the opening round he defeated Japanese professional wrestler Alexander Otsuka by decision and, in a rematch with Gary Goodridge, decisively won by knockout in an entirely stand-up fight. He reached the final of the PRIDE 2000 Openweight Grand Prix.

Vovchanchyn then faced the number one pound for pound fighter in the world, Kazushi Sakuraba of Japan, who had beaten Royce Gracie earlier that night in a 90-minute bout, the longest in recent competitive fighting history. Though Sakuraba took him down and punched him, Vovchanchyn eventually grabbed a waist lock takedown and controlled the Japanese with strikes while Sakuraba covered up. After the fight was declared a draw and needed a second round to determine a finalist, Sakuraba's corner threw in the towel as he had just fought for 105 minutes and could not physically continue. Vovchanchyn won the fight via TKO (corner stoppage) and advanced to the last round.

Vovchanchyn met powerhouse American wrestler Mark Coleman in the final. Coleman had the advantage, coming into the final match, as he bypassed the semi-finals after his opponent, Kazuyuki Fujita, retired due to injury. Coleman kept the visibly tired Igor on the ground, and during the second 20-minute round, finished the fight by gaining a north-south position and repeatedly kneed Vovchanchyn the head, forcing Vovchanchyn to tap out. Igor later said that Coleman was the toughest opponent he faced up to that point.

Post Grand Prix
Facing Japanese gatekeeper Daijiro Matsui at PRIDE 9, Vovchanchyn controlled the bout by sprawling and performing ground and pound on him, until the fight was stopped by eye damage on Matsui.

Vovchanchyn then fought Enson Inoue at PRIDE 10 in what was one of the most one sided fights in MMA history, which resulted in a doctor stoppage after the end of the 1st round. Inoue later recounted of the fight, "I sustained a broken jaw, fractured finger, perforated eardrum, swollen brain, a liver count 2000x the normal person and spent 2 days in intensive care." Vovchanchyn then faced off against Nobuhiko Takada at PRIDE 11, who was the trainer of Sakuraba and Matsui. Vovchanchyn was taken down and met leg kicks and some resistance, but he finished him on the second round via ground and pound.

After three straight victories, Vovchanchyn received a rematch with Mark Kerr at PRIDE 12. Vovchanchyn's advantage in the stand up fighting was countered by Kerr's superior grappling and takedowns, and the fight was ruled a draw after two rounds. After an extra, third round, Vovchanchyn was awarded the victory via unanimous decision. Igor cited both of his fights against Mark Kerr as the most difficult wins of his career.

2001
Although he was scheduled to face Ken Shamrock at Pride 13, Vovchancyn faced Tra Telligman, as Shamrock had sustained a neck injury 2 weeks prior to the fight. Despite Igor being able to counterstrike, Telligman surprised him with a left straight which knocked Vovchanchyn down, allowing Tra control the rest of the fight and win the decision. This was the first time Vovchanchyn had been out-struck.

He later faced another feared striker, former RINGS Openweight champion Gilbert Yvel at PRIDE 14. However, sensing Gilbert was weaker than him on the ground, Vovchanchyn took him down, putting his sambo skills to use and choking Yvel out.

Vovchanchyn would go to defeat another striker, beating world karate champion Masaaki Satake by decision at PRIDE 15.

In PRIDE 17, Vovchanchyn suffered another upset when was submitted in under three minutes by Brazilian Top Team trainer Mario Sperry. After this bout, he was invited to fight at the RINGS promotion, in Lithuania. Vovchanchyn's original opponent pulled out of the event with an injury, and was replaced by a fighter who "hadn't fought for quite a while". This fighter requested that no punches be allowed in the fight, which Igor said was difficult to avoid, but won via leg kicks in the second round.

He ended the year on a high note; showing great grappling expertise against Valentijn Overeem at PRIDE 18, escaping from heel hook attempts and slipping his own heel hook for the tap out, ending 2001 with a mixed record in PRIDE – going 3–2.

2002–2003
At the start of 2002, Vovchanchyn considered moving down to the Middleweight (205lb) division, and stated he thought he had a good chance to become a champion in that weight class. This move did not happen, and he faced Heath Herring at PRIDE 19, struggling in a fight which saw both grappling and striking from the two men, but after Herring accidentally headbutted Vovchanchyn at the third round, he was controlled by him, and judges gave the decision to Heath. Fighting Quinton Jackson would be similarly unfortunate for Vovchanchyn, as the American fighter slammed him twice, getting him submitted due to injury at PRIDE 22.

After beating Bob Schrijber by submission in a Dutch promotion, Vovchanchyn faced off against Mirko Cro Cop in August 2003. Igor was knocked out via left head kick. This fight is considered a 'passing of the torch', as Vovchanchyn had split his last 8 fights in Pride with a record of 3–5 (1–3 in his last 4), and it elevated the newer striking sensation Cro Cop into an Interim Heavyweight Championship fight with Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira.

2004
Starting off the year strong, Vovchanchyn defeated former King of the Cage Super Heavyweight champion Dan Bobish and was announced as one of the participants of PRIDE's upcoming 16-man heavyweight Grand Prix, but withdrew due to injury. After healing, Vovchanchyn went on to fight Katsuhisa Fujii and Sergey Terezimov, Winning against the former by knock out and the latter via Heel hook submission.

Drop to Middleweight (93 kg)
In 2005, Vovchanchyn moved down a weight division - beating former Pancrase Heavyweight champion Yoshiki Takahashi. Takahashi said after the fight, "I've never been knocked out by a single punch until today, I'm still dizzy and have [a] headache." After this victory, he entered PRIDE's 2005 Middleweight Grand Prix. PRIDE commentator Bas Rutten believed that Vovchanchyn was a favorite to win the tournament.

PRIDE Middleweight Grand Prix 2005
Vovchanchyn was matched against Yuki Kondo - the reigning Pancrase Light Heavyweight champion and former two-time Pancrase Openweight champion – in PRIDE Total Elimination 2005. Vovchanchyn controlled the fight, winning a unanimous decision.

He then fought Alistair Overeem in the quarter-finals and lost via submission. Vovchanchyn received a second chance to progress when offered a fight against Kazuhiro Nakamura in PRIDE Final Conflict 2005, with the winner earning the right to be an alternate in the finals of the tournament. After 15 minutes, Vovchanchyn lost a unanimous judges' decision in what would be his last competitive MMA fight.

On his move down to the Middlweight division, Vovchanchyn said, "It's all about training. I was 93 kg only for the last two years in PRIDE when they introduced weight divisions. But actually my natural weight is around 103-104 kg. Losing weight I didn't feel myself as strong as before. But 104 kg is the best weight for me and I am really comfortable about it. I felt strong, powerful, full of energy. Due to losing weight I felt lack of self-confidence. By the way the same goes for Fedor (Emelianenko), when he lost the weight, he felt out of his comfort zone. It's not about the shape and visual muscular performance but it was not his style." Regarding Vovchanchyn's weight, popular nutritionist Mike Dolce stated that he wished he could've helped Vovchanchyn drop to the 170 lb weight-class and make him the 'welterweight Fedor'. Some experts say that Vovchanchyn ideally should have fought at the Welterweight (183) division that PRIDE had, and that he was an undersized heavyweight.

Retirement
Although he was rumored to fight at PRIDE 34 against Wanderlei Silva, Vovchanchyn retired at age 32, citing multiple injuries, including a right hand that remained seriously affected as of 2008. It has been speculated that due to this injury, his last few performances in his career were passive. He finished his career in PRIDE with a record of 18–8 with 1 no contest, having the second most bouts in PRIDE history (27), second most wins in PRIDE history, and third most wins via KO/TKO (10). Vovchanchyn is considered one of MMA's hardest punchers,    one of the best fighters in history to have never competed in the UFC, one of the greatest European mixed martial artists ever, and one of the best mixed martial artists of the 1990s. He was a top 10 heavyweight from April 1996 to January 2001 according to FightMatrix. In 2011 and in 2017, Vovchanchyn received several votes on Sherdog's 'MMA's All-Time Heavyweights' list.

Potential return to MMA
In July 2009, Vovchanchyn was linked to making his return in MMA at the Fighting Mixed Combative event in South Korea, which was scheduled for September 29, 2009. Although Jan Nortje was rumored to be his opponent, Vovchanchyn had just stated one year prior that he had no interest in fighting due to his injuries. The event took place and Igor did not appear on the card.

In September 2016, Rizin Fighting Federation CEO Nobuyuki Sakakibara posted several photos on his Instagram account, showing Vovchanchyn training in his gym back in Ukraine – even hinting that he may invite Igor back to fight in Japan.

Fighting style
Primarily a striker, Vovchanchyn based his MMA game around his punching power, which made him to be considered one of the most devastating strikers of his time. His Kickboxing utilized an ample pattern of looping punches, among them the casting punch, and he specialized in an aggressive counterpunching style in order to make up for his short reach. Vovchanchyn also displayed significant grappling skills, utilizing his Sambo background, and would work a vicious ground and pound offense with short and hard strikes from the top. He was able to surprise many with his defensive guard and dexterity on the ground despite being known primarily as a striker, and displayed this ability against submission fighters such as Carlos Barreto, Mark Kerr and Valentijn Overeem among others.

Despite his small size, Vovchanchyn was known for his toughness and strength, leading Nobuhiko Takada to call him a "strongman". Vovchanchyn would later state that his punching power and fighting skills came naturally, not because of the martial arts, even though martial arts helped him along the way. He also never invited any famous fighters to spar and train with him as he did not see the point in copying their styles. He trained with many of the same coaches his entire career. Vovchanchyn was known to take on any challenger, despite size or rules, even fighting in prison when he was not even a prisoner himself.

Personal life
Vovchanchyn is married and has one daughter. He is close friends with Fedor Emelianenko.

In a 2008 interview, Vovchanchyn stated that since retiring from competition he runs a local café-bar called 'Champion'.

Vovchanchyn runs an MMA gym for Ukrainian youth in Kharkiv. Vovchanchyn took a pro-Ukrainian stance since the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2014, stating that "year 2014 made it clear for me who the Russians are and in what way we, Ukrainians, are different. After the 24 February 2022, the rift between us became huge". In the aftermath of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, Vovchanchyn setup a foundation that helps and supports Ukrainian Armed Forces, as well as civilians in the Kharkiv oblast.

Mixed martial arts

 * Ukrainian Combat Martial Arts League
 * Honour of the Warrior Runner-up (1995)
 * Ukrainian No Rules Championship Champion (1996)
 * Mr. Strongman SEKAI
 * Mr. Strongman SEKAI Champion (1996)
 * Donetsk No Rules Fighting
 * Ukrainian Octagon Champion (1996)
 * Ukrainian Octagon 2 Champion (1996)
 * International Fighting Championship
 * International Fighting Championship 1 Champion (1996)
 * International Absolute Fighting Council
 * 1st Absolute Fighting World Cup Pankration Champion (1997)
 * Absolute Fighting Championship 2 Superfight Champion (1997)
 * Absolute Fighting Russian Open Cup 3 Champion (1997)
 * World Vale Tudo Championship
 * World Vale Tudo Championship 5 Tournament Champion
 * WVC 6 Super Fight Champion (one time)
 * WVC 7 Super Fight Champion (one time)
 * InterPride
 * InterPride 1999: Heavyweight Final Champion (1999)
 * PRIDE Fighting Championship
 * 2000 PRIDE Openweight Grand Prix Runner-Up
 * Second most bouts in PRIDE history (27)
 * Second most wins in PRIDE history (18)
 * Third most wins via KO/TKO in PRIDE history (10)

Kickboxing
63 Fights, 61 Wins, 2 Losses
 * World Kickboxing Amateur Championships Winner - Denmark (1993)
 * Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Kickboxing Champion (1994)

Kickboxing record (incomplete)

 * July 18 1999
 * Loss
 * Ernesto Hoost
 * K-1 Dream '99
 * Nagoya, Japan
 * TKO (low kicks/3 knockdowns)
 * style="text-align:center;"|3
 * style="text-align:center;"|0:51
 * 61–2
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:

title: Igor Vovchanchyn


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Multicollinearity

In statistics, multicollinearity or collinearity is a situation where the predictors in a regression model are linearly dependent.

Perfect multicollinearity refers to a situation where the predictive variables have an exact linear relationship. When there is perfect collinearity, the design matrix $$X$$ has less than full rank, and therefore the moment matrix $$X^{\mathsf{T}}X$$ cannot be inverted. In this situation, the parameter estimates of the regression are not well-defined, as the system of equations has infinitely many solutions.

Imperfect multicollinearity refers to a situation where the predictive variables have a nearly exact linear relationship.

Contrary to popular belief, neither the Gauss–Markov theorem nor the more common maximum likelihood justification for ordinary least squares relies on any kind of correlation structure between dependent predictors  (although perfect collinearity can cause problems with some software).

There is no justification for the practice of removing collinear variables as part of regression analysis,  and doing so may constitute scientific misconduct. Including collinear variables does not reduce the predictive power or reliability of the model as a whole, and does not reduce the accuracy of coefficient estimates.

High collinearity indicates that it is exceptionally important to include all collinear variables, as excluding any will cause worse coefficient estimates, strong confounding, and downward-biased estimates of standard errors.

Perfect multicollinearity
Perfect multicollinearity refers to a situation where the predictors are linearly dependent (one can be written as an exact linear function of the others). Ordinary least squares requires inverting the matrix $$X^{\mathsf{T}}X$$, where

 * $$ X = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & X_{11} & \cdots & X_{k1} \\

\vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\

1 & X_{1N} & \cdots & X_{kN}

\end{bmatrix}$$

is an $$ N \times (k+1) $$ matrix, where $$ N $$ is the number of observations, $$ k $$ is the number of explanatory variables, and $$ N \ge k+1 $$. If there is an exact linear relationship among the independent variables, then at least one of the columns of $$ X $$ is a linear combination of the others, and so the rank of $$ X $$ (and therefore of $$X^{\mathsf{T}}X$$) is less than $$ k+1 $$, and the matrix $$X^{\mathsf{T}}X$$ will not be invertible.

Resolution
Perfect collinearity is typically caused by including redundant variables in a regression. For example, a dataset may include variables for income, expenses, and savings. However, because income is equal to expenses plus savings by definition, it is incorrect to include all 3 variables in a regression simultaneously. Similarly, including a dummy variable for every category (e.g., summer, autumn, winter, and spring) as well as an intercept term will result in perfect collinearity. This is known as the dummy variable trap.

The other common cause of perfect collinearity is attempting to use ordinary least squares when working with very wide datasets (those with more variables than observations). These require more advanced data analysis techniques like Bayesian hierarchical modeling to produce meaningful results.

Numerical issues
Sometimes, the variables $$ X_j $$ are nearly collinear. In this case, the matrix $$X^{\mathsf{T}}X$$ has an inverse, but it is ill-conditioned. A computer algorithm may or may not be able to compute an approximate inverse; even if it can, the resulting inverse may have large rounding errors.

The standard measure of ill-conditioning in a matrix is the condition index. This determines if the inversion of the matrix is numerically unstable with finite-precision numbers, indicating the potential sensitivity of the computed inverse to small changes in the original matrix. The condition number is computed by finding the maximum singular value divided by the minimum singular value of the design matrix. In the context of collinear variables, the variance inflation factor is the condition number for a particular coefficient.

Solutions
Numerical problems in estimating can be solved by applying standard techniques from linear algebra to estimate the equations more precisely:

 * 1) Standardizing predictor variables. Working with polynomial terms (e.g. $$x_1$$, $$x_1^2$$), including interaction terms (i.e., $$x_1 \times x_2$$) can cause multicollinearity. This is especially true when the variable in question has a limited range. Standardizing predictor variables will eliminate this special kind of multicollinearity for polynomials of up to 3rd order.
 * 2) * For higher-order polynomials, an orthogonal polynomial representation will generally fix any collinearity problems. However, polynomial regressions are generally unstable, making them unsuitable for nonparametric regression and inferior to newer methods based on smoothing splines, LOESS, or Gaussian process regression.
 * 3) Use an orthogonal representation of the data. Poorly-written statistical software will sometimes fail to converge to a correct representation when variables are strongly correlated. However, it is still possible to rewrite the regression to use only uncorrelated variables by performing a change of basis.
 * 4) * For polynomial terms in particular, it is possible to rewrite the regression as a function of uncorrelated variables using orthogonal polynomials.

Effects on coefficient estimates
In addition to causing numerical problems, imperfect collinearity makes precise estimation of variables difficult. In other words, highly correlated variables lead to poor estimates and large standard errors.

As an example, say that we notice Alice wears her boots whenever it is raining and that there are only puddles when it rains. Then, we cannot tell whether she wears boots to keep the rain from landing on her feet, or to keep her feet dry if she steps in a puddle.

The problem with trying to identify how much each of the two variables matters is that they are confounded with each other: our observations are explained equally well by either variable, so we do not know which one of them causes the observed correlations.

There are two ways to discover this information:

 * 1) Using prior information or theory. For example, if we notice Alice never steps in puddles, we can reasonably argue puddles are not why she wears boots, as she does not need the boots to avoid puddles.
 * 2) Collecting more data. If we observe Alice enough times, we will eventually see her on days where there are puddles but not rain (e.g. because the rain stops before she leaves home).

This confounding becomes substantially worse when researchers attempt to ignore or suppress it by excluding these variables from the regression (see ). Excluding multicollinear variables from regressions will invalidate causal inference and produce worse estimates by removing important confounders.

Remedies
There are many ways to prevent multicollinearity from affecting results by planning ahead of time. However, these methods require researchers to decide on a procedure and analysis before data has been collected (see post hoc analysis and ).

Regularized estimators
Many regression methods are naturally "robust" to multicollinearity and generally perform better than ordinary least squares regression, even when variables are independent. Regularized regression techniques such as ridge regression, LASSO, elastic net regression, or spike-and-slab regression are less sensitive to including "useless" predictors, a common cause of collinearity. These techniques can detect and remove these predictors automatically to avoid problems. Bayesian hierarchical models (provided by software like BRMS) can perform such regularization automatically, learning informative priors from the data.

Often, problems caused by the use of frequentist estimation are misunderstood or misdiagnosed as being related to multicollinearity. Researchers are often frustrated not by multicollinearity, but by their inability to incorporate relevant prior information in regressions. For example, complaints that coefficients have "wrong signs" or confidence intervals that "include unrealistic values" indicate there is important prior information that is not being incorporated into the model. When this is information is available, it should be incorporated into the prior using Bayesian regression techniques.

Stepwise regression (the procedure of excluding "collinear" or "insignificant" variables) is especially vulnerable to multicollinearity, and is one of the few procedures wholly invalidated by it (with any collinearity resulting in heavily biased estimates and invalidated p-values).

Improved experimental design
When conducting experiments where researchers have control over the predictive variables, researchers can often avoid collinearity by choosing an optimal experimental design in consultation with a statistician.

Acceptance
While the above strategies work in some situations, they typically do not have a substantial effect. More advanced techniques may still result large standard errors. Thus the most common response to multicollinearity should be to "do nothing". The scientific process often involves null or inconclusive results; not every experiment will be "successful" in the sense of providing decisive confirmation of the researcher's original hypothesis.

Edward Leamer notes that "The solution to the weak evidence problem is more and better data. Within the confines of the given data set there is nothing that can be done about weak evidence"; researchers who believe there is a problem with the regression results should look at the prior probability, not the likelihood function.

Damodar Gujarati writes that "we should rightly accept [our data] are sometimes not very informative about parameters of interest". Olivier Blanchard quips that "multicollinearity is God's will, not a problem with OLS"; in other words, when working with observational data, researchers cannot "fix" multicollinearity, only accept it.

Misuse
Variance inflation factors are often misused as criteria in stepwise regression (i.e. for variable inclusion/exclusion), a use that "lacks any logical basis but also is fundamentally misleading as a rule-of-thumb".

Excluding collinear variables leads to artificially small estimates for standard errors, but does not reduce the true (not estimated) standard errors for regression coefficients. Excluding variables with a high variance inflation factor also invalidates the calculated standard errors and p-values, by turning the results of the regression into a post hoc analysis.

Because collinearity leads to large standard errors and p-values, which can make publishing articles more difficult, some researchers will try to suppress inconvenient data by removing strongly-correlated variables from their regression. This procedure falls into the broader categories of p-hacking, data dredging, and post hoc analysis. Dropping (useful) collinear predictors will generally worsen the accuracy of the model and coefficient estimates.

Similarly, trying many different models or estimation procedures (e.g. ordinary least squares, ridge regression, etc.) until finding one that can "deal with" the collinearity creates a forking paths problem. P-values and confidence intervals derived from post hoc analyses are invalidated by ignoring the uncertainty in the model selection procedure.

It is reasonable to exclude unimportant predictors if they are known ahead of time to have little or no effect on the outcome; for example, local cheese production should not be used to predict the height of skyscrapers. However, this must be done when first specifying the model, prior to observing any data, and potentially-informative variables should always be included.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Multicollinearity


text:
User:The Ragman

A dedicated Wikipedia reader rather than a contributor. As such I tend to look at topics I'm interested in but don't necessarily know that much about, so you'll find I don't make that many edits.

Why make an account then, you ask? So that the random spell-checking I do gets credited perhaps. And because I hope to learn stuff and stuff over the next few years, at which time I will hopefully begin doing some proper contributing.

Feel free to write stuff here if you are bored, at work, or both (yes, that's when I spend most of my time on Wikipedia...).

title: User:The Ragman


text:
Talk:Timeline of Quebec history (1774 to 1790)

Letter of Grenville to Dorchester
The private letter that Grenville wrote to Dorchester on October 20, 1789, clearly refered to the loss of the 13 British American colonies. The first paragraph read:

"I am persuaded that it is a point of true Policy to make these Concessions at a time when they may be received as matter of favour, and when it is in Our own power to regulate and direct the manner of applying them, rather than to wait 'till they shall be extorted from Us by a necessity which shall neither leave Us any discretion in the form, nor any merit in the substance of what we give."

-- Mathieugp 21:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Ucchaishravas

The vfd discussion on Votes for deletion/Uchhaishravas has resulted in a keep decision and is now archived as a historical record. Also, a alternate spelling (Uchaishravas) note the missing 'h', has been suggested. Mgm|(talk) 21:42, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ucchaishravas


text:
Talk:Geneva Bible

Bias
The introduction reads like advertising copy. It positively glows with admiration. Would someone please address this? If there's one thing I can't stand, it's Wikipedia having biased verbiage. --Aaronchall (talk) 07:55, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

I just re-flagged this for the same reasons. The piece is very well written, so it is especially worth cleaning up. Please cite serious scholarly sources to alleviate the current appearance of NPOV & bias. 7 August 2011

I put up two citations (both to Metzger) for the assertions about historical influence and about who used it (which can be proved by how they quoted it, as Smerdis comments below). BUT I agree that the introduction overall reads like advertising copy... in fact, I think I saw the same text on an Amazon summary. So I too would love to see it re-written if someone had time. But, the facts and the judgement about historical influence are pretty solid I'd say.Megercliff (talk) 19:07, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

POV
"This was the Bible read by William Shakespeare, by John Donne, and by John Bunyan, author of Pilgrim's Progress. It was the Bible that was brought to America on the Mayflower and used by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War. Because the language of the Geneva Bible was more forceful and vigorous, most readers preferred this version strongly over the Bishops' Bible, the translation authorised by the Church of England under Elizabeth I."

POV-o-rama. I'm glad the author has the psychic power to read the minds of dead authors and tell me what they did and didn't read.

 * Anon Faultfinder strikes! The Geneva Bible was massively circulated in both English printed and imported editions during the reign of Elizabeth I.  The Bishops' Bible was not reprinted very often.  If those authors read an English bible, the Geneva Bible is what they would have read. In fact, Shakespeare, Donne, and Bunyan quote the Geneva Bible.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 22:46, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The Bishop's Bible was a specific Reaction on Elizabeth's part to the Geneva. The official Bible of the Church of England was the Greate up to the creation of the creation of the Bishop's. Elizabeth was so alarmed at the popularity of a "non-authorized" version that she mandated the Bishop's translation. Not withstanding the official nature of the Bishop's Bible in the Anglican Church, the Geneva was the most widely published Bible up to the KJV version. 173.76.228.28 (talk) 12:38, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, from the mouth of an idiot, it is pretty ovious the they read the Geneva Bible when the directly quote it. Oh, and another idiot added a link to his website claiming that it was the entire Geneva Bible with pictures, but when you go to the link, it was nothing what it claimed:(http://reactor-core.org/geneva1560.pdf).

The idiot who put up the link to reactor core simply wrote the link incorrectly, but that site really does have what it claims. http://reactor-core.org/geneva/ --207.156.196.242 14:31, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ahh, I see that it does now. When I originally look, I browsed the website to try to fix the link before I removed it.  After I couldn't find the page I assumed that it was someone just linking for the extra traffic.  I cleaned up the links section, Facsimiles -> Text -> Articles.

"used by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War." -- that sounds pretty surreal, suggesting that Cromwell actually 'used' the Bible in warfare, for the thumping of royalist skulls or something :) 130.60.142.65 16:17, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Quoting from a specific edition of a bible does not prove that the person doing the quoting actually read the entire bible or was even educated in the bible. About the only thing that Shakespeare's quotes from the bible prove is that he read those quotes from the bible.  Did he PROBABLY read the Geneva Bible?  Yes probably.  But probably isn't proof.  Collectively, his bible quotes show he most likely did have access to and read a Geneva Bible.  I've quoted liberally from several books that I have never read in their entirety.  The article as written gives the vague impression that Shakespeare studied the Geneva Bible.  I would like to see a little better evidence to support this claim  Surely if he did read the Geneva bible some one witnessed it.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.144.213.97 (talk) 20:47, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

Page layout issue
I just moved the frontispiece image tag lower, since it was interfering with the clomn thing showing the two excerpts, they were overlaying each other and unreadable. Now, however, the image runs down beside the links section, which I think appears rather sloppy. This might be avoided if the Genesis 1 and John 3 quotes were not also stacked up on the right side. I am wondering why they are there at all, since without memorized familiarity with other versions they "mean" nothing. Could, or should, they be moved down below the other comparison column thing and presented with the Bishop's or KJ version of the same text? human 23:41, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Translator
Who translated the Geneva Bible. Here in the English Wikipedia I can read it was translated by William Whittingham and in the French Wikipedia I can read it was translated by Pierre Robert Olivétan. What is correct? -- MarkusHagenlocher (talk) 21:07, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

 * There are two bibles called Geneva Bible. Both were translated in Geneva. The first one was a French translation by Olivetan and the second was an English translation by Whittingham and others. The French translation was also called French Geneva Version. -- 87.144.113.229 (talk) 20:58, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Apocrypha
Does this translation of the Bible contain the Apocrypha?--Kencaesi (talk) 22:08, 10 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Authorized translations of this Bible contained the Apocrypha. I have numerous of them in my collection. However, this is only true with the authorized versions until their final printing in 1616 in small folio Herbert 348. After this edition, printing of the Geneva version was prohibited by James in England. Because of the demand for the version by the Puritans, copies were printed in the low countries that did not contain the Apocrypha. The most infamous of these is the "1599" It is a copy of the 1599 Geneva by Barker printed in the low countries and lacks the Apocrypha. Due to the fact that it was typeset by non English speakers, all sorts of typos made it into the volume. A great number of variants are known. The use of the 1599 date allowed Puritans in England to claim that their Bible was printed in 1599 and so legal. As a general note, Bibles at the time were almost often obtained from the printer as a set of leaves and then taken to a bookbinder to be bound in the manner the customer wanted. The lack of an Apocrypha would not have been of prima facia evidence that the book was printed after the date that James set as the last official printing. 173.76.228.28 (talk) 12:38, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Someone who knows his/her Bible history should emphasize how the Geneva Bible's printing was banned in England by officials of the Anglican Church. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.209.80.88 (talk) 03:20, 27 December 2014 (UTC)

Dead links
This article has dead links in the External Links section. e.g.

http://www.thedcl.org/bible/gb/index.html

http://www.bibles.org.uk/pdf/bibles/

Have indicated ‘dead links’ in the main text.--Lepton6 (talk) 17:09, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Surviving copies?
Does anyone know how many copies survive in America?

It is likely that there are thousands of copies of 16th century editions in America. At this moment there are more than 30 copies of 1560-1598 editions and 20 copies of the "1599" edition being offered for sale.Virginia Faulkner (talk) 13:30, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

Readership
Can anyone speak to readership issues? How widely circulated was this? Could we have citations regarding the very interesting claims in the introduction (re: Cromwell, etc.)? There's no meaningful citations in the current piece, so I don't even know where to start. I greatly appreciate the efforts of whoever can tidy up this very well-written and informative but currently very unhelpful and dubious entry. Isaac, 7 August 2011

Bold & bald-faced assertion
The idea that the KJV Dan 4:1-3 was just ordered to be included by Elizabeth I (?!) or James I is literaly presented in boldface without any supporting footnote or any other discernable support. It hardly was actually put in a 1611 translation of the Bible by order of a monarch who was then deceased for a decade; the project did not even begin until over five years after her demise. I think that someone should either provide credible support for this incredible assertion ASAP or it should be removed from the article. 75.200.37.120 (talk) 05:14, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Other Geneva Bible Translations
I think the article is thorough. I would like to make a suggestion regarding Wikipedia organizational method. The title of the article is "Geneva Bible," but it does not differentiate between the English Geneva Bible and other Bibles that were printed in the 1500's in Geneva. My understanding is that these Bibles were printed in Geneva because the governments of the home countries (such as England and France) forbade the translation of the Bible from Latin or Greek into other languages, a result of various papal edicts. The English Geneva Bible was begun in 1560. The French Geneva Bible, based primarily on the translation of Olivetan, was highly influenced by Protestant French reformer Calvin. Several French Geneva Bibles were printed under the supervision of Robert Estienne (in Latin, Robertus Staphanus), as well as his four sons, and are known as the Stephanus Bibles. I think early Spanish Bibles, known as the Biblia del Reina Valera (a/k/a biblia del oso (the Bear Bible)) was first printed in Basel in 1569 -- not sure it's considered a "Geneva" Bible, but it neverthless was printed in Switzerland. So perhaps the title should be changed to Geneva Bible (English) with at least one new article, such as Geneva Bible (French), etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.204.248.73 (talk) 13:29, 21 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is time ago that I have made an simple english article to it: Bible de Genève with friendly greeings, Soenke Rahn --Soenke Rahn (talk) 18:06, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

Translation sources
Quote "the Geneva Bible was translated from scholarly editions of the Greek New Testament and the Hebrew Scriptures" Does anyone know which? For example, we know that the King James translators used Beza and Stephanus for the New Testament. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.162.19.98 (talk) 06:15, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Breeches Bible
So, not a single word on this Bible being referred to as the Breeches Bible? And why not? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.7.244.51 (talk) 21:15, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Edit the article by telling us what the reference means.98.110.35.22 (talk) 23:51, 26 February 2013 (UTC)Hans Wurst
 * I looked in vain for reference to the rendering of Genesis 3 verse 7, which caused the nickname of "Breeches Bible" in that it stated Adam and Eve sewed fig leaves together to make themselves "breeches" ("aprons" in King James version, "coverings" in more modern translations). Cloptonson (talk) 08:07, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

I am revising the paragraph on the Breeches Bible. As written, it suggests that the word "breeches" was added in 1579. https://archive.org/details/TheGenevaBible1560/page/n8/mode/1up However, the 1560 printing (scanned and visible at the above url) shows that the word "breeches" is original in the 1560 Geneva Bible at Genesis 3:7. It is not a variation that appeared in 1579. I will be making an edit accordingly. Thanks. Rlvaughn (talk) 01:13, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

Inclusion of TOC and other thoughts
Hello everyone. Thanks for this article and knowledge.

As I was reviewing the path/history of the bible, the way I logically arrived at this article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Bible was that one factor of difference among the various versions of the bible is the table of contents.

For example - the apocrypha is basically a segment that some versions include or not. So I am thinking that in this article it includes information about this version in the logical path/history of the book, perhaps a TOC could make the article more easily accessible/useful for those coming from that angle?

A matter in the times of these translations - seemed to be the table of contents of the bible (apocrypha or not)? Either way I saw the table used in this article here - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Bible, to be an insightful direction in approaching the whole matter

The table - shows a good approach that at a glance can show - which versions have "what" in common. I also think a TOC for the Geneva Bible may also be useful to reflect that it was or was not a version with an "integrated apocrypha" vs whatever form that took.

Thanks for your time and any feedback. Best regards psalmuel (talk) 03:27, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

Explanation of John Bunyan edit
I have removed "John Bunyan, author of The Pilgrim's Progress (1678)", and the citation that went with it. The citation merely references one of many places on the internet that makes this claim without documentation. While Bunyan knew and sometimes made reference to a reading in the Geneva Bible, it was not his primary Bible, as this sentence in the Wikipedia article would indicate. His primary Bible was the King James Version, which can be established by quotations and other references.

Leland Ryken's The Legacy of the King James Bible (p. 188) says, "It might be expected that as a Puritan Bunyan (1628-1688) would have used the Geneva Bible, but the evidence points to the King James Bible instead. This is easy to establish from the occasional direct Bible quotations in The Pilgrim's Progress..."

In addition to the direct Bible quotations in his writings, on occasions Bunyan makes references to marginal readings -- which are found in the 1611 King James Bible rather than Geneva. More could be said, but hopefully this will be enough to explain the edit. Thanks. Rlvaughn (talk) 13:48, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

Robert Barker and Geneva Bible printing
The last paragraph has this sentence: “However, Robert Barker continued to print Geneva Bibles even after the ban, placing the spurious date of 1599 on new copies of Genevas which were actually printed circa 1616 to 1625.” Footnote 11 credits this to God’s Secretaries by Adam Nicolson (no page given). I found the following:

“But the appetite for the Geneva text could not be so easily denied. Presses in Amsterdam and Dort started to roll, producing Geneva Bibles for the English market well into the 1630s. All too significantly, Robert Barker, printer to the king, a chaotic man who would end up in debtors’ prison, bought up the Dutch Geneva editions, added a title page with the fraudulent date 1599 clearly stamped on it, and flogged them to a ready market.” God’s Secretaries: The Making of the King James Bible, Adam Nicolson. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2003, p. 228.

That sounds like that Barker was buying and selling already printed Bibles (with an added title page), rather than actually printing them. Does anyone have any other information on this? Thanks! Rlvaughn (talk) 00:23, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

Geneva Bible v. King James Version sample comparisons section
This section appears to serve no purpose. I have looked at several other Bible pages (KJV, NKJV, Tyndale, Great Bible, Matthew Bible, Bishops Bible) and none of them have a similar section. Without WP:RS's it clearly violates WP:OR and is essentially space filler. I recommend either removal or someone reworking it to have RS's and to contribute something to the article. Vyselink (talk) 22:26, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

 * thanks for noticing. I have removed the section. Veverve (talk) 22:36, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

Wrong link in picture caption
Rowland Hill links to someone born 150 years later. Not the same person. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.138.194.20 (talk) 20:51, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

Good catch. I have fixed both instances to link to the correct Sir Rowland Hill. Vyselink (talk) 05:29, 16 September 2022 (UTC)

Verses with Commentary and Monarchy Objection
Text currently in article:

Previous edits made had to address heavy anti-Protestant bias unsure if this is the case with this topic…

Example of the commentary in conflict with the monarchy in the Geneva Bible (modern spelling) include:

 * Daniel 6:22 — “For he [ Daniel] disobeyed the king’s wicked commandment in order to obey God, and so he did no injury to the king, who ought to command nothing by which God would be dishonoured.”
 * Daniel 11:36 — “So long the tyrants will prevail as God has appointed to punish his people: but he shows that it is but for a time.”
 * Exodus 1:19 — To the Hebrew midwives lying to their leaders, “Their disobedience herein was lawful, but their dissembling evil.”
 * 2 Chronicles 15:15-17 — King Asa “showed that he lacked zeal, for she should have died both by the covenant and by the law of God, but he gave place to foolish pity and would also seem after a sort to satisfy the law.”

List already cut down from source material https://founders.org/2011/10/12/the-geneva-bible-and-its-influence-on-the-king-james-bible/ While I am apperciatve of the edits made by this user providing context, requesting citations, and fixing syntax. There are objections from --Veverve could you provide justification for “edit war”? Especially removing links to original text and continuously removing the citation for Exodus 1:19 commentary, even though the source states that this verse in particular is especially objectionable to governance? Providing more clarity and support for the reader? Ep289 (talk) 14:28, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

 * List already cut down from source material: no, the following are not quoted in the secondary source given:
 * ":*Exodus 1:19 — To the Hebrew midwives lying to their leaders, “Their disobedience herein was lawful, but their dissembling evil.”
 * 2 Chronicles 15:15-17 — King Asa “showed that he lacked zeal, for she should have died both by the covenant and by the law of God, but he gave place to foolish pity and would also seem after a sort to satisfy the law.”"

 * removing links to original text: WP:EL
 * Veverve (talk) 16:30, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

Type
What is the relevance of the blackletter/Roman type comparison image? If Geneva was notable for using one or the other, it's not stated in this article. Dirkwillems (talk) 19:53, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geneva Bible


text: Talk:Polyphase coil

title: Talk:Polyphase coil


text:
Delicious Library

Delicious Library is a digital asset management app for Mac OS X, developed by Delicious Monster to allow the user to keep track and manage their physical collections of books, movies, CDs, and video games.

The software was initially released in November 2004, with $250,000 in sales in its first month. Delicious Library 2 was released officially on May 27, 2008, although the final version was available from March 25. Delicious Library 3 is available from the Mac App Store and the developers website for Macintosh systems running OS 10.8 or higher.

The software is no longer supported by the authors.

Features

 * Enter media items in the following ways:
 * Manually
 * Inputting the ISBN or UPC
 * Importing the library from another application (like Bookpedia)
 * Drag-and-dropping an Amazon.com URL
 * Scanning barcodes using a Bluetooth scanner, an iSight camera, or a USB-keyboard-type barcode scanner (such as a modified CueCat)
 * Integration with Mac OS X's Address Book application to allow "lending management"
 * Voice Search
 * iPod syncing
 * Spotlight compatibility
 * Mini Bookshelf Dashboard widget
 * Printouts of specific shelves or entire libraries
 * Custom Collections allow the user to create their own "shelves" to organize their media.

Easter eggs

 * When a Star Wars item is added, Delicious Library says, "I am your father", in the whisper voice
 * When a Harry Potter item is added, Delicious Library says "Voldemort", in the whisper voice
 * When A Brief History of Time is added, the library talks about science concepts in a mock-synthesized voice
 * When Rock Band is added, Delicious Library sings a portion of "Run to the Hills" by Iron Maiden in the whisper voice

Mobile apps
The only Delicious Library app was withdrawn from the iOS App Store in July 2009. Amazon had asked for the app to be removed due to violation of the Amazon API terms and conditions section 4e "(e) You will not, without our express prior written approval requested via this link, use any Product Advertising Content on or in connection with any site or application designed or intended for use with a mobile phone or other handheld device." NB: The terms and conditions have since been updated.

Awards

 * Apple Design Award Best Mac OS X Leopard Application 2007 Winner
 * Apple Design Award Best Mac OS X user experience 2005 winner
 * Apple Design Award Best product new to Mac OS X 2005 runner-up
 * Macworld SF 2005 showtime award winner
 * Macworld 2005 Eddy winner
 * O'Reilly Innovators Award 2004 (First place winner)

title: Delicious Library


text:
User:Austrosearch/sandbox

Austrosearch's sandbox

Comment
Here is a comment on a talk page to add your reply just put it below this. -- sannse (talk) 21:44, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Very cool Austrosearch 21:46, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Indenting and stampingAustrosearch 21:50, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I am not certain for how long this will remain on as a top result, but I did a check for websites that link to Austria - Wikipedia and my website was the first search result on msn 1-10 of 1,423 containing link:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria -site:wikipedia.org.  Today I discovered the #wikipedia irc channel and found folks to be very informative and more than willing to let me know what got my site initially removed.  I acknowledge now after those discussions that it would not be appropriate if I were to submit the link to the Austria - Wikipedia page.  Nevertheless it is my hope that someone find it of merit to be added as Austrosearch works hard at it's mission as a non partisan source and record of information and fact directly pertaining to Austria.  Regards, Austrosearch 23:06, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Austrosearch/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikicite/syntax

 * 1) Temporary Main Page: WikiProject Wikicite
 * 2) Project purpose and original proposal: Wikicite project purpose
 * 3) Feature Requests: Wikicite feature requests
 * 4) Technical Background: Wikicite technical background
 * 5) Wikicite Syntax: Wikicite syntax
 * 6) Wikicite Outreach Wikicite outreach

Adopted syntax
Until there is software support for Wikicite features, the use of citation templates is encouraged.

Formal syntax
The formal syntax is designed around to make the semantics comprehensible. The semantics in turn derive from the project's purpose.

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikicite/syntax


text:
William Norris

William Norris or Norreys may refer to:

Law and politics

 * William Norris (1501–68) (1501–1568), English politician, Member of Parliament for Liverpool
 * William Norreys (Berkshire MP) (c. 1548–1579), English politician and soldier; Member of Parliament for Berkshire
 * Sir William Norris, 1st Baronet (c. 1658–1702), English politician, Member of Parliament for Liverpool
 * Sir William Norris (judge) (died 1859), English jurist, Chief Justice of British Ceylon, father of William Edward Norris
 * William Albert Norris (1927–2017), American jurist, judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
 * William Norris III (1936–2016), American judge

Military

 * William Norreys (c.1441–1507), English Lancastrian soldier during the War of the Roses
 * William Hutchinson Norris (1800–1893), American military officer and politician who founded the city of Americana in Brazil
 * William Norris (Confederate signal officer) (1820–1896)
 * William C. Norris (general) (born 1926), United States Air Force general

Other

 * William Norris (antiquarian) (1719–1791), English clergyman and antiquarian
 * William Norris (locomotive builder) (1802–1867), American steam locomotive builder
 * William Norris (English cricketer) (1830–1889), English clergyman and cricketer
 * William Edward Norris (1847–1925), British author
 * William Foxley Norris (1859–1937), English clergyman, Dean of York
 * William Norris (Wellington cricketer) (1908-1988), New Zealand cricketer
 * William Norris (CEO) (1911–2006), American business executive, CEO of Control Data Corporation

title: William Norris


text:
Talk:Technological and industrial history of the United States

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 31 August 2021 and 7 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mohammadali Khalifa.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:46, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I think this can be merged into economic history article. Rjensen 13:15, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * There's a difference between industry and economy. Salty! 22:09, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Article Expansion
I am beginning a drive to expand this article as it is woefully and embarrassingly incomplete. While I don't want to get into debates about technological determinism, I will submit that industry and technology have played a more dominant role in the history of the US than in any other country. It all fake 2.26.134.89 (talk) 14:36, 30 March 2020 (UTC) I will primarily be integrating, paraphrasing, and citing Cowan's Social History of American Technology, Thomas Hughes's American Genesis, and Smith & Claney's Major Problems in the History of American Technology as the basis for this article since they are well-recognized scholars with a broad survey of topics. If you believe these scholars represent extreme or minority perspectives or that there are other scholars who should be included, I will happily welcome your contributions and discussion.

I have begun to use the Harvard citation template for book citations as it is well-supported by Wikipedia for same-source in-line citations. For other citations, please use complimentary reference templates on Citation templates for journal articles, conference proceedings, dissertations, etc.

A major problem I foresee is a conflict between organizing this article by either topic or timeline. As the organization stands now, it is more topical as I believe technological developments and advances overlap substantially and usually do not fit within tidy temporal boundaries of Presidential administrations, periods of conflict, etc. Nonetheless, I believe the organization I have introduced follows the arc of well-established American historical eras: pre-colonial, pre-revolution, ante-bellum expansion & industrialization, Civil War & Reconstruction, early 20th century Imperialism-World Wars-Depression, Cold War & globalization.

My goals in the context of wikipedia are in this order:
 * 1) Evaluated by History of Science WikiProject as a GA or higher by March 1, 2007 April 1, 2007.
 * 2) Evaluated by United States WikiProject as a GA or higher by April 1, 2007.
 * 3) Submit to broad peer-review and FA-review by May 1, 2007.

I look forward to your help and contributions.Madcoverboy 20:17, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Proposed Merger
I had originally tagged this article to be merged with Science and technology in the United States as this article is generally written about history. However, I removed the tag and would like to keep the articles separate because:

 * 1) Science & technology article should attempt to convey some of the history of American science and technology, but also the roles of social institutions (universities, government organizations, companies) and policy decisions that have shaped the current landscape.
 * 2) This article should attempt to provide some sort of bridge between this article and the other histories of the US by describing the turning points and emergence of technological systems that shaped American history. Industrial systems, methods of production, and infrastructure, impact on economy, etc.

Madcoverboy 18:50, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Do not merge. Science and technology are distinctly different subjects. Technology is about methods, machines and materials that go into production of goods or, to a lesser extent, services.  Science is about principles of nature.  Engineering is a link between the two, but engineering is much more closely related to technology than science. Science developed as an offshoot of technology much more so than in the reverse direction.Phmoreno (talk) 02:54, 30 June 2014 (UTC)

When I first saw this merger proposal I was unaware that there was an Economic history of the United States article. Economic histories include technology and industry, so that should be where this information should be.Phmoreno (talk) 03:15, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

A service not an industry.
The problem with these improvement drives is that they may cause unnecessary additions to articles. I just deleted a couple of sections about services because this article is about technology and industry. I feel like the article has lost a lot of focus and needs to be refocused on a history of technology and industry precisely. Scifiintel 01:03, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * If you can "precisely" define what "technology" and "industry" are, then you would have surpassed decades of academic literature and thought. Technology and industry are not just physical artifacts like steam engines and smokestacks. "New" topics like media, banking, and leisure are can be constructed in terms of innovation, production, consumption just like "old" traditional topics like steel, oil, and railroads. These "new" topics are certainly far from unnecessary and since Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia, the role of these "old" systems declined in social and cultural importance in the 20th century (relative to new systems in banking, media, and leisure), and there is a sizable body of literature about media, banking, and leisure in the history of technology and industry, "new" topics warrant inclusion. Madcoverboy 06:25, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Dolly
Why is there a picture of a cloned Scottish sheep in an article on U.S. technological progress? 81.159.185.63 18:14, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Unintentional causality
While the admission that the article is embarassingly imcomplete remains on the table, may we examine, at least in part, more of the bad news (i.e., the Long Depression and the Financial crisis of 2007–2010)? Presently, the article very nearly assumes a subjective and protagonistic position. -Mccsecurity (Richard Ervasti) (talk) 18:47, 22 February 2010 (UTC)
 * A legitimate criticism that is largely an artifact of the fact that the article is largely sourced (by me) from undergraduate textbooks rather than more critical accounts. I support adding more content about financial crises, but keeping an eye toward avoiding undue weight. Madcoverboy (talk) 17:56, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Proposed rearrangement
I am proposing a rearrangement and regrouping of all transportation under 'Transportation' with sub grouping 'Infrastructures' (canals and inland waterways, railroads, roads and highways, pipelines) and another sub group trains and internal combustion transport. Move telegraph and telephone from 'Infrastructure' to a new section called 'Communications' where we can add teleprinter, radio, satellite, fiber optics. Put all industry under one major heading.

Put a timeline at the beginning of each major heading. From the major heading time lines we can make an overall timeline.Phmoreno (talk) 14:42, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * An interesting idea, but I think such a reorganization should be similarly propagaged such that all content is grouped either by time or by topic. As it stands, I worry about having some topics be stand alone. Nevertheless, I think some content can definitely be summarized or condensed into fewer sections. Madcoverboy (talk) 17:54, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

 * It would be relatively easy for me to rewrite most of this and fill in a lot of missing detail because I have already done the reading and have all the notes and references. But looking at it now I would not know how to start without a reorganization. It can either be chronological or by category; however, I am leaning to chronological.Phmoreno (talk) 19:37, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm glad that you're willing to help contribute to this neglected article! I'd suggest let's keep the moving parts to a minimum by having you add content into a sandbox article like Technological and industrial history of the United States/Sandbox first. Then we can evaluate how to add the content into the existing structure or re-organize the article to fit the sandbox. Madcoverboy (talk) 02:15, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

Missing info?
I read this article for the first time today and found myself wondering why there is no mention of relevant events that occurred in New Jersey starting with Alexander Hamilton's "S.U.M" corporation - the "Society for establishing Useful Manufactures" - being granted a operating charter in 1791 by Governor William Paterson. With the charter in hand, the S.U.M. corporation went on to develop a manufacturing complex at "The Great Falls of the Passaic River". Within a couple of decades the town of Paterson was easily the most important manufacturing town in the middle states, if not the entire country. There are several website and Wikipedia pages that discuss these and related facts. For example, www.patersongreatfalls.org.

This significant omission along with many others suggest to me that perhaps the article ought to be organized on a state by state basis with an overview being developed only after the state by state components reach maturity. Wrrsimone (talk) 19:38, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

 * This seems significant to Paterson, NJ article and probably the county. Maybe even New Jersey history. That it was significant to the United States would need a pretty good WP:RS IMO. The ref above has an axe to grind, which is fine, but not really good enough for this article, again, IMO. Student7 (talk) 21:22, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Industrial revolution needs to mentioned in first paragraph.
There would be little 'industrialization' of the United States without the Industrial Revolution, that it wasn't mentioned in the first paragraph (timeline) is shocking. Twobells (talk) 12:16, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

Changes needed in first paragraph
I think the first paragraph needs work:

''The technological and industrial history of the United States describes the United States' emergence as the most technologically advanced nation in the world. The availability of land and literate labor, the diversity of climate and a large easily accessed upscale and literate free market all contributed to America's rapid industrialization. The availability of capital, development by the free market of navigable canals, rivers, and coastal waterways, and the abundance of natural resources owned by businesses facilitated the cheap extraction of energy all contributed to America's rapid industrialization.''

...could be better expressed as:

The technological and industrial history of the United States describes the United States' emergence as the most technologically advanced nation in the world. The availability of land and literate labor, the diversity of climate and a large easily accessed upscale and literate free market all contributed to America's rapid industrialization. The availability of capital, development by the free market of navigable canals, rivers, and coastal waterways, and the abundance of natural resources owned by businesses facilitated the cheap extraction of energy all contributed to America's rapid industrialization.

The crossed out sections seem more like libertarian cant than part of a reasonable summary, and the last crossed-out section renders the sentence that contains it pretty clunky and incoherent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.185.20.30 (talk) 20:42, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree that "upscale" sounds pov-ish. And "owned by businesses" seems unnecessary here. The "extraction of energy" seems peculiar to me. Early on, energy was mostly hydro, or lumber. The first mention of "free market" seems essential to the material IMO. The second should read something like the "availability of canals, etc." Canals were often private but not important here IMO. Student7 (talk) 21:33, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

Suggested outline
I know most of the technological history and have the notes and references. The question is: do I have the time? The major problem I have with this article is that the topic is too broad. This topic really requires a book if names and dates are to be included.

Here are my thoughts in a brief outline :

Using long economic cycle terminology to separate U.S. techno-economic history into a half five periods, but regardless of how the periods are labeled or divided, a technological and industrial history should include these: 1.	1776-1842-Early industrial period 1.1.	Low population 1.2.	U.S. is predominantly agricultural with cotton, tobacco the most important export crops. 1.3.	Iron industry 1.4.	Water power 1.5.	Federal roads 1.6.	Cotton textile industry 1.7.	Lumber 1.8.	Electrical science: Franklin proves lightning is electricity, Joseph Henry discovers magnetic inductance 1.9.	Interchangeable parts and the American system of manufacturing 1.9.1.	Thomas Jefferson promotes interchangeable parts based on French ideas 1.9.2.	Hall and North at Federal armories 1.10.	Practical high pressure steam engine developed and manufactured by Oliver Evans 1.10.1.	Steamboats 1.10.2.	Locomotive 1.10.3.	Steam factories 1.11.	Interchangeable parts achieved at Federal armories 1.12.	Canals and inland waterways 2.	1842-1897-Railroad and steam engine era 2.1.	Diffusion of interchangeable parts to other industries 2.2.	Telegraph 2.3.	Machine tool industry 2.4.	Machinery industry 2.5.	Mechanized shoe production 2.6.	Diffusion of railroads 2.7.	Steam powered factories 2.8.	Telegraph network 2.9.	Reapers and threshing machines 2.10.	Sewing machine 2.11.	Petroleum 2.12.	Bessemer steel 2.13.	Steam engine improvements 2.14.	Otto engine 2.15.	Steam shipping 2.16.	Steel industry 2.16.1.	Open hearth steel 2.16.2.	Structural steel replaces wrought iron 2.16.3.	Alloy steel 2.16.4.	Armor 2.16.5.	High speed tool steel 2.17.	Meat packing industry and refrigerated railcars 2.18.	Petroleum industry 2.19.	Diesel engine 2.20.	Glass blowing machine 2.21.	Early electrification 2.21.1.	Lighting 2.21.2.	Electro-chemicals such as chlorine, sodium compounds, aluminum, magnesium 2.22.	Beginning telephone system 3.	1897-1939-Steel, electricity and internal combustion 3.1.	Factory electrification 3.2.	Mass production of automobiles 3.3.	Highway system 3.4.	Factory automation 3.5.	Tractors and harvesters 3.6.	Chemicals, synthetic fibers, polymers 4.	Post war 4.1.	Factory automation 4.2.	Chemical fertilizers 4.3.	Combine harvesters 4.4.	Green revolution 4.5.	Commercial aviation 4.6.	Computers 5.	Post industrial economy 5.1.	Diffusion of business computers 5.2.	Personal computers 5.3.	Internet Phmoreno (talk) 02:58, 4 July 2014 (UTC)
 * good idea--go for it Rjensen (talk) 07:11, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

Role of Government
The idea of "limited government" having been a major factor in helping the USA industrialize is so historically inaccurate as to amount to propaganda of a specific political slant. Almost every major technological development, and its diffusion through the economy, has been promoted and fostered by government programs at all levels. In the 1800s, most canals and railroads were assisted by local and state funding and programs. The development of steam power in general was promoted by awards at agricultural fairs funded in part by local and state governments. Especially important in the application of steam power to maritime vessels was the U.S. Navy's experiments in the 1850s under the direction of Admiral Benjamin Isherwood, the results of which were translated into numerous languages around the world. The most important technological developments for the creation of modern industry capable of mass production - metal working machine tools - were developed at the U.S. armories, and their spread to other industries and into private companies was consciously and deliberately fostered by armory and War Dept. officials. Samuel Morse's telegraph received direct funding from the Congress. Railroads were given land grants, and the services of US Army engineers. The development of radio was funded by the Weather Bureau and the Navy. The first radio company, RCA, was established at the behest of the Navy. Aviation was promoted by NACA, the forerunner of NASA. Computers and modern electronics come directly out of the government research conducted during World War Two. Finally, the internet itself was the result of a conscious and deliberate effort by the US government to promote and diffuse the technology of ARPANET. The work of Merritt Roe Smith, Nathan Rosenberg, and Vernon Ruttan needs to be included in any history of technology in the USA. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TonyWikrent (talk • contribs) 23:42, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I encourage you to revise the article accordingly. See Be bold. The assertions about "limited government" do not appear to be backed up with references, and should be revised or deleted. Caseyjonz (talk) 03:37, 2 June 2015 (UTC)
 * "limited" means very little government ownership, with only a few major exceptions such as the post office & dams. Other major countries, for example, nationalized their railroad & airline systems (with a tendency since 1980 of de-nationalizing them). "limited

also means, generally, low taxes and minimal controls on business. The US much more than most countries has placed the emphasis on $$$ government support for high technology. The early 19c arsenals for example; nowadays, $$$ for research in medicine & science). In munitions, the tendency over two centuries has been a strong move away from government arsenals toward cash purchases by the Pentagon from private industry. (Nuclear weapons are major exception here-- the government makes them. But it no longer builds warships.)  The high-tech economy is then operated not by the government but by private businesses. The land grants to the railroads Were profit-making scheme whereby the government could keep taxes low by making huge profits from land sales; land grants applied to Western lands, which had no economic value before the railroads arrived. Rjensen (talk) 03:59, 2 June 2015 (UTC)


text:
Vintage (disambiguation)

Vintage is a process or quality in wine-making.

Vintage may also refer to:

Design

 * Vintage (design), a term describing manmade objects representative of or dating from an earlier period

Places

 * Vintage, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community in the United States

In businesses and organizations

 * Vintage Books, an American book publisher, an imprint of the Random House Group
 * Vintage FM, a radio station in Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
 * Vintage High School, Napa, California, U.S.

Music

 * Vintage dance, authentic recreation of historical dance styles
 * "Vintage", a song by Allie X from the album CollXtion II

 * Artists
 * Vintage (band), a Russian pop band

 * Albums
 * Vintage (Canned Heat album), 1970
 * Vintage (East West album), 2003
 * Vintage (Michael Bolton album), 2003
 * Vintage (Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin album), 2008
 * Vintage: The Very Best of Moby Grape, a 1993 album

Other

 * The Vintage, a 1957 American crime drama film
 * Vintage, a "Magic: The Gathering" card game tournament format sanctioned by the DCI

title: Vintage (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Jedi Sentinel

Is this applicable to the entire Star Wars universe, or just KOTOR? In particular, the part about the yellow lightsaber seems a bit too specific. --Geoffrey 21:47, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jedi Sentinel


text:
Robert Seaman

Robert Livingston Seaman (1822 – March 11, 1904) was an American industrialist who was the husband of investigative journalist Elizabeth Jane Cochran (better known as Nellie Bly).

Born in Catskill, Greene County, New York to William and Ellen Seaman, Robert made his fortune in the wholesale grocery business and in 1869 started the Ironclad Manufacturing Company, manufacturing cans for shipping milk on trains, riveted boilers, tanks, and “The Most Durable Enameled Kitchen Ware Made.”

Marriage to Elizabeth Cochran
In March 1895, Seaman met journalist Elizabeth Jane Cochran, better known by her pen name Nellie Bly, at a dinner party, or on a train, and on April 5, 1895 married her. An article announcing their marriage called him one of the most carefully dressed men in New York. Seaman's loved ones were suspicious, sure that she had married him for his money. One magazine even wondered if it was an example of her "stunt reporting" in which Bly would pretend to be married and then write about it. After their marriage, they resided in his home on West 37th Street in New York City. In 1896, they traveled to Europe, returning to New York in 1899 to take care of problems with his business.

Death
On February 6, 1904, Seaman was struck by a horse and wagon while crossing a street and on March 11, 1904, he died of heart disease brought on by his injuries.

Seaman's business prospered during his lifetime and for a number of years after his death under his wife's management. At the 1901 Pan-American Exposition, Iron Clad factories were promoted as being, "Owned exclusively by Nellie Bly – the only woman in the world personally managing industries of such a magnitude." After his death in 1904, his wife became the energetic and innovative president of his Iron Clad Manufacturing Company. Later, however, embezzlement on the part of employees destroyed the company. At its peak, Iron Clad employed 1,500 and could produce 1,000 steel barrels daily, but then charges of fraud led to bitterly contested bankruptcy proceedings, beginning in 1911. The Iron Clad Manufacturing Company eventually succumbed to debt, and Bly returned to newspaper reporting, covering women's suffrage events and Europe's Eastern Front during the war. Bly died in 1922.

title: Robert Seaman


text:
Coroner (band)

Coroner is a Swiss thrash metal band from Zürich formed in 1983, better known for the lineup formed in 1985. They garnered relatively little attention outside of Europe. The band broke up in 1996, but reformed 14 years later. The band has performed at multiple live venues and festivals around worldwide since 2011, and as of 2023, they are working on their first studio album in more than three decades.

Coroner's music combines elements of thrash, classical music, avant-garde music, progressive rock, jazz, and industrial metal with suitably gruff vocals. With their increasingly complex style of progressive rock-infused thrash, they have been called "the Rush of thrash metal", and along with Voivod and Watchtower, the band has been credited for helping pioneer the subgenre of "technical thrash metal" (also called "progressive thrash metal") during the mid-to-late 1980s. Coroner's sound then progressed and the production became more refined, resulting in a more progressive sound on their last three albums, No More Color (1989), Mental Vortex (1991) and Grin (1993).

Career and breakup
The Swiss thrash trio Coroner were originally road crew for Celtic Frost. They eventually cut their own songs, recording their demo Death Cult in 1986 with Tom G. Warrior of Celtic Frost on vocals. Their first full-length album R.I.P., released in 1987, featured bass player Ron Broder on vocals and he assumed the role for the rest of the group's existence. The meaning of the band name Coroner is related to the crown or officer of the crown that is referenced by some of their songs.

Coroner released four more studio albums within next decade: Punishment for Decadence (1988), No More Color (1989), Mental Vortex (1991) and Grin (1993), as well as the compilation album Coroner (1995), which also included some new and unreleased material; each release was acclaimed by critics and the public alike. Other than having toured relentlessly for more than half a decade (including the US three times), and all of their music videos receiving airplay on MTV's Headbangers Ball ("Masked Jackal", "Last Entertainment" and the cover version of the Beatles' "I Want You (She's So Heavy)"), Coroner did not achieve much commercial success, which had contributed to the band slowly falling apart during the mid-1990s. Coroner officially disbanded after a farewell tour consequent to the self-titled album in January and February 1996.

Reunion
In March 2005, talks of a reunion were in the works, but later retracted. The main reason was that neither Marky, Ron, nor Tommy had the time it would require to do this properly, and also that none of them liked to "reheat things, except spaghetti sauce." In June 2010, however, Coroner announced that they would reunite for next year's installments of Maryland Deathfest, Hellfest and Bloodstock Open Air. The band was asked if they were planning to write a new album. Guitarist Tommy Vetterli replied, "you know, making a new album is kind of difficult... (Pause) Well, you never know. Maybe after four or five shows we'll get into it and say, 'Hey! Let's do an album!' Nobody knows what's going to happen. We don't have a master plan".

In April 2011, drummer Marky Edelmann was asked why Coroner decided to reunite after their 15-year break up. He replied, "It was a total trip; it was really like a time warp. It was totally strange. Sometimes you could play the songs automatically; it was still somehow programmed. It was really funny; your arms go left and right, and you don't know why. 'Oh, wow, that's why. I have to hit this cymbal right now.' [Laughs] So that was really quite a trip. It makes me feel like being [brought] back [in time] 15 years or more. And I missed playing drums, totally. That was also something I'm very happy about now — to just play drums." Marky also stated that a new Coroner album was not in the cards, but he also stated that the band could reissue their back catalog.

In June 2011, Vetterli told RadioMetal.com that Coroner has been recording shows for a future live album and also plan to release a career spanning DVD in the future. Asked about new material, he mentioned that they might record one song or two. Tommy also stated that if Coroner makes a new album he would have to "try to convince" Marky and Ron and would not do it without them.

On 12 February 2014, drummer Marky Edelmann announced that he would be leaving Coroner at the end of the month, citing a disinterest in new material, as opposed to Broder and Vetterli. On 24 May 2014, Diego Rapacchietti was announced as the new drummer for Coroner.

Despite their earlier decision not to release new material, guitarist Tommy Vetterli stated that Coroner plans to work on a potential follow-up to Grin. In June 2015, Ron revealed in an interview (released on Italian webzine "Artists and Bands") that: "We are still individually in the process of collecting songwriting ideas. We have not started recording yet, but once we come together, it will probably proceed quickly. We are planning on hitting the studio towards the end of this year, hopefully." On 26 July 2016, it was announced that Coroner had entered the studio to begin recording their new album, which was initially set for release in 2017; however, it did not surface in 2017 and there had been no news about the album until April 2020, when Coroner announced via Twitter that they were "going to record a NEW album this year." In a May 2021 interview with Agoraphobic News, former drummer Markus "Marky" Edelmann (who has remained in contact with his former bandmates since leaving Coroner in 2014) stated that the band was planning to "finally go to the studio this fall" to work on their new album. In a May 2022 interview, Vetterli said, "We've actually started the recording, we have started recording drums, six songs are recorded and two more songs are ready, but Ron's part is missing and then we have to write another one, and then we hit the studio and record it."

November 2020 saw work begin on the official band biography. Undertaken by writer Kriscinda Lee Everitt, this book will draw on extensive internationally sourced press from 1986 to the present and equally substantial personal interviews with Marky Edelmann, Ron Broder, and Tommy Vetterli, plus musicians, producers, promoters, managers, myriad fellow travelers, and fans. As of 2022, the book has an Instagram and Facebook presence where fans can stay updated on its progress.

Evolution and style
Musically, Coroner evolved from a speed metal band with gothic and classical overtones like Celtic Frost and Bathory into a technical metal band. Coroner's first album, R.I.P., was based on neoclassical lines and was technical and classically influenced.

The second album, Punishment for Decadence, saw a progression into a more complex sound with a unison of bass and guitar. Tempo changes interspersed mid-paced sections and the odd slow passage between the faster passages started to emerge. Lyrically, Coroner began to write about themes such as politics and personal introspection. The album contains some of their more well-known songs, including "Skeleton on Your Shoulder" which appears in the video game Brütal Legend.

No More Color was produced by Pete Hinton and the band. Coroner's music became more technical on No More Color as the guitar work was characterized by intricate modes and arpeggios, solo work that was chromatically colorful, as well as the de rigueur crunchy chords and speed runs; the drumming went beyond the 4/4 time of Coroner's two previous albums to incorporate unusual time signatures which became their trademark. Ron Royce's bass playing is also worth a mention as having an advanced three-finger technique which enables him to double the rhythm line as well as perform more intricate riffs. Prime examples of this are the opener "Die By My Hand" with its vicious riffing and the harmonic minor inspired riff in the middle of "Mistress of Deception". The closer "Last Entertainment" is a prescient take on TV. The opening track "Die By My Hand" is a classic piece of prog come thrash metal. It is technical but also brutal.

Mental Vortex continued the evolution over No More Color. Continuing with the previous album's technical formula, the speed metal formula was re-integrated into Coroner's sound on this album but with a tone that made it sound not at all like R.I.P. or Punishment for Decadence. There were slower songs but none of the songs on Mental Vortex stayed the same speed for very long. The songs on Mental Vortex ranged from four to eight minutes. The last track "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" is a cover of the Beatles song, and a video was shot of it. Overall, the tone was a shift from the thrash/technical of No More Color which showed them gravitating towards their opus Grin.

Grin saw a much more industrial and groovy sound and was a natural progression from Mental Vortex but was different from most of their previous material. It involved reflective guitar riffs and underlying bass line. It was a slower record and more refined in its metal sensibility. Brooding guitar over Royce's bass produced an almost hypnotic trance-like sound on some tracks. The lead guitar still shone on all tracks.

Their self-titled album, Coroner, was a compilation which contained unreleased material, a selection of hits from previous albums, and a remix of the title song from the previous album Grin.

Band members
Current
 * Ron Broder (as Ron Royce) – bass, lead vocals (1985–1996, 2010–present)
 * Tommy Vetterli (as Tommy T. Baron) – guitars, backing vocals (1985–1996, 2010–present)
 * Diego Rapacchietti – drums (2014–present)

Former
 * Pete Attinger – vocals (1983–1984)
 * Phil Puzctai – bass (1983–1984)
 * Tommy Ritter – guitars (1983–1984)
 * Oliver Amberg – guitars (1984–1985)
 * René Schmidt – guitars (1986)
 * Marky Edelmann (as Marquis Marky) – drums (1983–1996, 2010–2014)

As of 2014, no founding member has remained in Coroner, since founding drummer Marquis Marky abandoned the band that year after a 31-year duty. Bassist/vocalist Ron Royce and guitarist Tommy T. Baron have been the only continual members of Coroner since 1985.

Timeline

Studio albums

 * R.I.P. (1987)
 * Punishment for Decadence (1988)
 * No More Color (1989)
 * Mental Vortex (1991)
 * Grin (1993)

Compilations
Includes two demo tracks, two remixes, the soundtrack for an unreleased documentary, and a record of one of their last concerts before the reunion.
 * Coroner (1995)
 * The Unknown: Unreleased Tracks 1985–95 (1996)

Singles

 * "Die By My Hand" (1989)
 * "Purple Haze" (1989)
 * "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" (1991)

Demos

 * Depth of Hell (1983)
 * Death Cult (1986)
 * R.I.P. demo (1987)
 * Punishment for Decadence (1988)

Videography

 * No More Color Tour '90: Live in East Berlin (1990, VHS/LaserDisc)
 * "Masked Jackal" (music video)
 * "Last Entertainment" (music video)
 * "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" (music video)

title: Coroner (band)


text: User talk:68.89.75.0

title: User talk:68.89.75.0