text:
Charles-Joseph Panckoucke

Charles-Joseph Panckoucke (26 November 1736 – 19 December 1798) was a French writer and publisher. He was responsible for numerous influential publications of the era, including the literary journal Mercure de France and the Encyclopédie Méthodique, a successor to the Encyclopédie by Denis Diderot.

Panckoucke was born in the city of Lille, where his father André-Joseph Panckoucke (1700–1753) was a writer and book printer. Charles-Joseph settled in Paris in 1754, and established his own bookshop in 1762. He reused many of engraver Robert Bénard's productions to illustrate the works of his catalog.

His first suggestion of a supplement to the Encyclopédie, in 1769 was turned down by Diderot, but Panckoucke persisted. By 1775, Panckoucke had secured a license to publish his supplement, and it appeared as five volumes in 1776 and 1777. Panckoucke also published two volumes of index to the Encyclopédie, prepared by Pierre Mouchon, and appearing in 1780.

Panckoucke's great effort was the Encyclopédie Méthodique, an expansion and rearrangement of the Encyclopédie, with the subject matter organized by subject area rather than alphabetically. He received the license in 1780, and published a first prospectus in 1782. The work outlived him, with his daughter Thérèse-Charlotte Agasse (widow of Panckoucke's partner Henri Agasse) publishing the last of 166 volumes in 1832.

Shortly before the French Revolution, Panckouke also began publishing the magazine Mercure de France, and established the Moniteur Universel in November 1789. The Mercure de France was a venerable publication of great influence among the French arts and humanities, and it has been called the most important literary journal in prerevolutionary France. He died, aged 62, in Paris.

Panckoucke's son, Charles Louis Fleury Panckoucke, continued in the writing and publishing business as well.

title: Charles-Joseph Panckoucke


text:
Joseph R. Hawley

Joseph Roswell Hawley (October 31, 1826 – March 18, 1905) was the 42nd Governor of Connecticut, a U.S. politician in the Republican and Free Soil parties, a Civil War general, and a journalist and newspaper editor. He served two terms in the United States House of Representatives and was a four-term U.S. Senator.

Early life and career
Hawley, a direct descendant of Joseph Hawley, first of the name in America, through Ebenezer, Joseph and Samuel, was born in Stewartsville, near Laurinburg, North Carolina, where Hawley's father, a native of Connecticut, was pastor of a Baptist church. He was born at the Stewart-Hawley-Malloy House; it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. His father returned to Connecticut in 1837 and Joseph attended and graduated from Hamilton College in New York in 1847. He was admitted to the bar in 1850 and practiced law in Hartford, Connecticut for six years.

An ardent opponent of slavery, Hawley became a Free Soiler, was a delegate to the National Convention which nominated John Parker Hale for the presidency in 1852, and subsequently served as chairman of the party's State Committee and editor of the party's newspaper, the Charter Oak. In 1856, he took a leading part in organizing the Republican Party in Connecticut, and in 1857 became editor of the Hartford Evening Press, a newly established Republican newspaper.

Civil War
Hawley served in the Federal army with distinction throughout the Civil War, rising from the rank of captain to that of brevet major general of volunteers. In April 1861, Hawley helped recruit and organize an infantry company. He was mustered into the three-month 1st Connecticut Infantry with the rank of captain of Company A on April 22. He first saw combat at the First Battle of Bull Run in July, receiving praise from his brigade commander, General Erasmus D. Keyes.

After mustering out, he then assisted Col. Alfred H. Terry in raising the 7th Connecticut Infantry, a three-year regiment, and was named as lieutenant colonel. He participated in the Port Royal Expedition in November, and commanded the forces assigned to garrison two captured forts. He was a part of the four-month siege that culminated in the capture of Fort Pulaski in April 1862. Again, he commanded the garrison force. With Colonel Terry's promotion to brigade command, Hawley succeeded him as commander of the 7th Connecticut, leading the regiment in the battles of James Island and Pocotaligo.

He was in Brannan's expedition to Florida in January 1863, and commanded the post at Ferandina, near Jacksonville. In April, he participated in an unsuccessful expedition to capture Charleston, South Carolina. In the summer, he commanded a brigade on Morris Island during the siege of Charleston, and was involved in the attacks on Fort Wagner in September. During the autumn, he procured enough Spencer breech-loading rifles to outfit his regiment with the rapid-fire weapon.

The following year, Hawley commanded a brigade under General Truman Seymour in the Battle of Olustee in Florida. He and his men were reassigned to the front lines in Virginia as a part of Terry's Division, X Corps, Army of the James. He was in the battles of Drewry's Bluff, Deep Run, Derbytown Road, and other actions near Bermuda Hundred and Deep Bottom. With openings created by battlefield losses and reassignments, Hawley commanded a division during the Siege of Petersburg and was promoted in September 1864 to brigadier general of volunteers. Concerned over keeping the peace during the November elections, Hawley commanded a hand-picked brigade shipped to New York City to safeguard the election process.

In January 1865, Hawley succeeded his mentor Alfred Terry as divisional commander when Terry was sent to command troops in the attacks on Fort Fisher. Hawley later joined him in North Carolina as Chief of Staff for the X Corps. After the capture of Wilmington, North Carolina, Hawley took over command of the forces in southeastern North Carolina. In June, following the surrender of the Confederate armies, Hawley rejoined Terry and served as Chief of Staff for the Department of Virginia, serving until October when he returned home to Connecticut. He was breveted as a major general in September 1865, and mustered out of the army on January 15, 1866.

Postbellum
After the war, Hawley served as governor of Connecticut from April 1866 to April 1867, but was defeated in the 1867 election. A few months after stepping down from that office, he bought the Hartford Courant newspaper, which he combined with the Press. Under his editorship, this became the most influential newspaper in Connecticut and one of the leading Republican papers in the country.

Hawley was the permanent chairman of the Republican National Convention in 1868, was a delegate to the conventions of 1872, 1876 and 1880. He represented Connecticut in the U.S. Congress from December 1872 until March 1875 and again in 1879–81, having lost the two elections in between. From 1873 to 1876, he served as president of the United States Centennial Commission, which planned and ran the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia. He was also a trustee of Hamilton College and received his LL. D. degree in 1875 (and another one from Yale in 1888).

Hawley was a United States Senator from 1881 to 1905, being one of the key Republican leaders both in the House and the Senate. He was chairman of the committee on civil service, and vigorously promoted civil service reform legislation. He also chaired a special committee called to investigate the production of military ordnance and warships. In this capacity, he wrote a detailed report on the heavy steel industry and gun making in the United States and England.

He died in Washington, D.C., two weeks after stepping down from the Senate after his fourth term. At the time, he was the longest serving Senator from Connecticut. A bronze bas relief representation of Hawley was commissioned from Herbert Adams, which was installed in the north portico of the Connecticut Capitol building and dedicated 18 October 1912. He was buried in Cedar Hill Cemetery, Connecticut.

Hawley has a battery named in his honor at Fort Baldwin, in Phippsburg, Maine.

Personal life
Hawley and his wife Harriet Foote Hawley adopted one of her nieces after the girl's parents died; as Margaret Foote Hawley she would go on to achieve some note as a painter of portrait miniatures. Harriet's sister Kate Foote Coe lived with the Hawleys while she was working as a newspaper correspondent in Washington.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joseph R. Hawley


text:
Talk:James Somersett

Inconsistancy
The article on Lord Mansfield states that Lord Mansfield stated "The air of England is too pure for a slave to breathe". The article on Habeas corpus also states this. However this states the opposite, that Lord Mansfield didn't say this. Which is correct?

This article is correct. Tough reading those articles carefully they don't directly quote Mansfield as the origin of the words but the case itself. This much is true as they were the argument of Somersett's legal council.Alci12 17:10, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Slavery in England
"it did not end slavery in England or the British Empire". Clearly not in other parts of the British Empire at that time. But is there any evidence of chattel slavery in England from that point on? --Henrygb 00:06, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I followed the link to --Henrygb 00:20, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I have re-written that paragraph, which is wrong. Somersett's case did not end slavery in England because slavery had already ceased to exist in England centuries before. Somersett was freed because the judge held that only a statute could bring slavery back into existence. Andrew Yong 15:21, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Name
I moved this to James Somerset, as most of the papers I can find about it prioritize that spelling. Hope that's okay. SlimVirgin (talk) 13:46, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Merge?
Should this article be merged with Somerset's case? It is not as if anything historical happened in his life other than being the subject matter of the trial? Legis 16:04, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Somersett


text:
The American Weekly

The American Weekly was a Sunday newspaper supplement published by the Hearst Corporation from November 1, 1896, until 1966.

History
During the 1890s, publications were inserted into Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. Hearst had the eight-page Women's Home Journal and the 16-page Sunday American Magazine, which later became The American Weekly. In November 1896, Morrill Goddard, editor of the New York Journal from 1896 to 1937, launched Hearst's Sunday magazine, later commenting, "Nothing is so stale as yesterday's newspaper, but The American Weekly may be around the house for days or weeks and lose none of its interest."

Magazine and illustration historian Jim Vadeboncoeur Jr. outlined the contents and detailed the publication's leading illustrators:
 * It was billed as having a circulation of over 50,000,000 readers and was filled with scantily clad showgirls and tales of murder and suspense. It was large—about 21" x 15"—and printed on fragile newsprint, so few copies have survived the ensuing decades... While much of each 12-24-page issue was taken up with sensationalistic photos and text (and even some acknowledged fiction), the illustrations are generally top-notch... Cover artists include Howard Chandler Christy, James Montgomery Flagg, Nell Brinkley, A. K. Macdonald, C. D. Mitchell, Léon Bakst, Erté, Lee Conrey, Fish, Russell Patterson, Henry Raleigh, José Segrelles, G. E. Studdy and lots more. The best (and most) of the interior art is by the amazing Lee Conrey. Our collection runs from 1918 to 1943 and issues from 1923 through 1943 have his work. It's clear to me that he was a major influence on Virgil Finlay and probably on Alex Raymond. Thousands of his sensational pen and ink drawings appear in these issues... If you've seen the book Virgil Finlay in The American Weekly, you have an inkling of the type of work he's done for these issues between the years 1938 and 1943... Nothing was too farfetched to speculate upon if it could offer the possibility of a good picture. Finlay and Conrey both provided lots of imaginative drawings. Other regular contributors included Joe Little, Gordon Ross, Edmund Frederick, Ben Jorj Harris, et al, and I've turned up occasional work by John R. Flanagan, Orson Lowell, Otto Soglow... The ads were often spectacular. Not to imply that the following list is typical, but we have found a couple of large color ads each so far by Willy Pogany, N. C. Wyeth, McClelland Barclay, Matt Clark, Dean Cornwell, Bradshaw Crandell, John Lagatta, Andrew Loomis, Rose O'Neill, Norman Rockwell and others.

The name was changed to Pictorial Living in 1963 before it was finally cancelled in 1966. Due to the low quality of the paper on which it was printed, many issues have been lost despite the large circulation. As a result, it has become a collectors item.

Papers that carried The American Weekly
Here is a partial list of newspapers that carried The American Weekly as a supplement, which often can be viewed archivally online and by microfilm.
 * New York Journal-American
 * Buffalo Courier Express
 * Cincinnati Enquirer
 * Times Union (Albany)
 * Syracuse Herald-Journal

title: The American Weekly


text:
Comes Britanniarum

The Comes Britanniarum (Latin for "Count of the Britains") was a military post in Roman Britain with command over the mobile field army from the mid-4th century onwards. It is listed in the List of Offices as being one of the three commands in Britain, along with the Dux Britanniarum and the Comes litoris Saxonici. His troops were the main field army (comitatenses) in Britain and not the frontier guards (limitanei) commanded by the other two.

Appointment
Archaeologists Timothy W. Potter and Catherine Johns believe that the Comes Britanniarum led an ad hoc force created to deal with a particular situation. They seem to have been appointed during times of crisis. It appears the title was temporary and did not remain for long, and certainly did not have the permanence of the Dux Britanniarum and the Comes litoris Saxonici, but for the duration of the crisis the Comes Britannarum had chief command of Roman military forces in Britain.

The first "Count" in Britain was Gratianus Funarius, the father of emperor Valentinian I. He may have commanded a task force of comitatenses under emperor Constans during his campaign on the island in the winter of 342–3.

During the Great Conspiracy, Count Theodosius, the father of emperor Theodosius I, also served as "Count" in Britain. A permanent office was created later in the fourth or early fifth century, perhaps by Stilicho who withdrew troops from Britain to defend Italy in 402.

According to the Notitia Dignitatum, there was a unit called the Equites Taifali established by Honorius under the Comes Britanniarum in Britannia. This unit may have been the same unit as the Equites Honoriani seniores mentioned around the same time.

According to the List of Offices the count commanded six cavalry and three infantry units, probably a force of no more than 6,000 troops. This small force was charged with supporting the frontier troops in fending off the increasing number of barbarian raids during the period. Some units seem to have been transferred from the Duke of Britain's or Count of the Saxon Shore's armies. The office presumably was extinguished with the Roman withdrawal from Britain by 410.

Counts of the Britains

 * Gratianus Funarius
 * Count Theodosius
 * Magnus Maximus

title: Comes Britanniarum


text:
Comparison of wiki software

The following tables compare general and technical information for many wiki software packages.

General information
Systems listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development.

title: Comparison of wiki software


text:
Shadia

Fatma Ahmad Kamal Shaker (فاطمه أحمد كمال شاكر; 8 February 1931 – 28 November 2017), better known by her stage name Shadia (شاديه, Shādya), was an Egyptian actress and singer. She was the third wife of Salah Zulfikar. She was famous for her roles in light comedies and drama in the 1950s and 1960s. Shadia was one of the iconic actresses and singers in Egypt and the Middle East region and a symbol of the golden age of Egyptian cinema and is known of her many patriotic songs.

Shadia's films and songs are popular in Egypt and all the Arab world. Critics consider her the most successful comprehensive Egyptian and Arabic artist of all time. Her first appearance in a film was in "Azhar wa Ashwak" (Flowers and Thorns), and her last film was "La Tas'alni Man Ana" (Don't Ask Me Who I Am).

She is also known for her patriotic song "Ya Habibti Ya Masr" (Oh Egypt, My Love) and her breakthrough leading role came in the 1959 Egyptian film "Al Maraa Al Maghoula" (The Unknown Woman) directed by Mahmoud Zulfikar. Six of her movies are listed in the top 100 Egyptian movies of the 20th century.

In April 2015, Shadia became the first actress to be awarded an honorary doctorate by the Egyptian Academy of Arts. She was given the nickname "Idol of the Masses" following her successful movie "Ma'budet el Gamahir" (Idol of the Masses). Other notable nicknames include "The Guitar of the Egyptian Singing" (جيتارة الغنا) and "The Golden Guitar"  (الجيتاره الدهبيه).

Early life
Shadia was born "Fatma Ahmad Kamal Shaker" in 1931, in Elhelmiyya Elgedida, in Cairo, Egypt, to an Egyptian father Ahmed Kamal Sahker from Sharqia and a mother of Turkish origin. In 1947, she fell in love with an Egyptian officer from Upper Egypt, and was heartbroken by his death during the 1948 war. Shadia had five sisters and brothers. She was the youngest of her sisters and the second youngest among all her siblings. Since her childhood, Shadia loved to sing and was encouraged to pursue music at primary school.

Career
Shaker gave herself the stage name "Shadia", after the name of a newborn of one of her family's friends. She began acting at the age of fifteen. In her heyday during the 1950s and 1960s, Shadia acted in numerous melodramas, romance, and comedy films. However, it was her singing talent that established Shadia as one of the most important Egyptian cinema stars of her era. Overall, as "Shadia", she performed in more than 100 films. Shadia is credited for acting alongside leading man Salah Zulfikar in his film debut, "Oyoun Sahrana" (Wakeful Eyes, 1956). Later, she paired with Zulfikar in six films, forming a famous duet, achieving major commercial and critical success, and becoming an Egyptian cinema classic. She also starred in more than 30 films with the actor Kamal El Shennawy, and sang opposite Farid El Atrash and Abdel Halim Hafez, such as in "Ma'boudat El Gamaheer" (The People's Idol, 1967). She appeared with Faten Hamama in Ezz El-Dine Zulfikar's "Mawe'd Ma'a El Hayah" (Appointment with Life, 1954), and in "El Mar'a El Maghula" (The Unknown Woman, 1959) by Mahmoud Zulfikar, she played the role of Fatma in a heavy melodrama.

Other films she starred in include "El les we El Kelab" (The Thief and the Dogs, 1962) with Shoukry Sarhan, where she played the role of a prostitute for the first time. She starred in comedy roles in films such as "El Zouga raqam 13" (Wife Number 13, 1962). Her famous trilogy alongside Salah Zulfikar; "Merati Modir 'Am " (My Wife, the Director General, 1966), "Karamat Zawgaty" (My Wife's Dignity, 1967) and "Afrit Merati" (My Wife's Goblin, 1968), were huge successes. Shadia was often cast in cunning and cheeky roles, however, she also played serious roles, such as in Salah Zulfikar Films production; "Shey Min El Khouf" (A Taste of Fear, 1969) and "Uyoon Sahranah" (Wakeful Eyes, 1956) by Ezz El-Dine Zulfikar and "El Tareeq" (The Road, 1964) based on a book by Naguib Mahfouz, and "Lamset Hanan" (A Toutch of Tenderness, 1971), her last film opposite Salah Zulfikar.

Shadia performed in the 1985 stage version of "Raya and Sakina", which was based on the 1953 film and true story of two Alexandrian serial killers, directed by Salah Abu Seif. She produced two films, and appeared in several films in Japan. As a singer, Shadia was called "the voice of Egypt". During hard and war times, she was famous for her Egyptian patriotic songs, especially "Ya Habibti Ya Masr" (Oh Egypt, My Love) and "Aqwa Mn El Zaman" (Stronger Than Time). She participated in many operettas about Egypt and the Arab world along with other Egyptian and Arabic singers, including: "Al Watan Al Akbar" (The Great Nation), "El Geel El Sa'ed" (The Rising Generation), and "Soot El Gamaheer" (The Voice of the Masses). Her mega hit song "Ya Habibti Ya Masr" (Oh Egypt, My Love), was considered one of the best patriotic songs ever. During a TV-interview, Shadia said regarding her famous patriotic song: "When I am singing to my homeland, it is even way more romantic and more honest than any romantic song. Here I am singing to my home, my land. There was a period when Egypt's name was erased (Nasser's era), Egypt’s name will never get erased from our hearts". After almost 25 years of retirement, Shadia's song became an anthem of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Upon returning from the premiere of "Raya and Sakina", Shadia stated that she gave serious thought that night to the idea of repentance. The following morning, she informed her producers that she wanted no part in the play from then on, but eventually promised to finish her work when they insisted that she do so. Thereafter, Shadia retired from the film and music industry, and went on a Umrah to Mecca, where she met the popular Egyptian Azhari scholar Sheikh El Shaarawy. Her meeting with El-Shaarawy influenced Shadia to reach her final decision to start wearing the hijab.

Retirement
Shadia retired at the age of 50, citing the reason for her retirement as religious. She explained that she had been through many hard periods and rough circumstances throughout her life including struggling with cancer and depression that had veered her from her career. She decided to dedicate the rest of her life to caring for orphan children, stating that was her life's greatest joy. She also donated to charities, a decision she said she never once hesitated to make.

Personal life
Shadia fell in love with an army officer who was killed during the battles of the 1948 Palestine War. Years later, In 1953, she was married to actor Emad Hamdy. This marriage lasted for 3 years and ended with divorce on good terms. In 1958, Shadia married Aziz Fathi, who was a radio engineer. He was several years younger than Shadia, and it did not take long until problems arose between Shadia and her husband. She filed a lawsuit that continued for a long time in courts and was sentenced to divorce after a marriage that lasted 3 years. Shadia's third and final marriage came after a highly publicized love story with actor and producer Salah Zulfikar. She fell in love with Zulfikar in 1964 while filming Dearer than my Life (1965) and they married in the same year. Zulfikar, who was a box office mogul, shared the lead with Shadia in highly successful ventures mid-1960s. In one of her press interviews, she stated that he was the love of her life and he was the only man with whom she wished to have children. Unfortunately, she became pregnant three times and suffered a miscarriage each time. This turned out with depression though Zulfikar who already had children from his first marriage, tried to help her overcome her depression and produced A Taste of Fear (1969) with Shadia in the lead, the film turned out to be one of her cinematic masterpieces. Her depression lead to the end of this marriage and they got divorced in 1970. Shadia never remarried.

Illness and death
Shadia was hospitalised on 4 November 2017 after suffering a massive stroke in Cairo. She was placed under intensive care. Her nephew, Khaled Shaker, said during a televised phone conversation that she recovered from the stroke and could identify her relatives and the people around her. He added, however, that her illness was complicated by pneumonia, despite her recovery. Shadia's condition stabilised on 9 November, and President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi visited her that day at Al-Galaa Hospital. Shaker later said that the first words she spoke after recovering were "I want to go home", but had speech difficulties in general.

On 28 November, Shadia died from respiratory failure caused by the pneumonia.

Tribute
On February 8, 2021, Google celebrated her 90th birthday with a Google Doodle. The Doodle was displayed in Egypt, Israel and Sweden.

Filmography

 * Source:

title: Shadia


text:
Appel reaction

The Appel reaction is an organic reaction that converts an alcohol into an alkyl chloride using triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride. The use of carbon tetrabromide or bromine as a halide source will yield alkyl bromides, whereas using carbon tetraiodide, methyl iodide or iodine gives alkyl iodides. The reaction is credited to and named after Rolf Appel, it had however been described earlier. The use of this reaction is becoming less common, due to carbon tetrachloride being restricted under the Montreal protocol.

Drawbacks to the reaction are the use of toxic halogenating agents and the coproduction of organophosphorus product that must be separated from the organic product. The phosphorus reagent can be used in catalytic quantities. The corresponding alkyl bromide can also be synthesised by addition of lithium bromide as a source of bromide ions. A greener, more sustainable Appel reaction, free from chlorinated solvents and requiring only a catalytic amount of phosphine reagent, has also been reported.

Mechanism
The Appel reaction begins with the formation of the phosphonium salt 3, which is thought to exist as a tight ion pair with 4 and therefore is unable to undergo an alpha-elimination to give dichlorocarbene. Deprotonation of the alcohol, forming chloroform, yields an alkoxide 5. The nucleophilic displacement of the chloride by the alkoxide yields intermediate 7. With primary and secondary alcohols, the halide reacts in a SN2 process forming the alkyl halide 8 and triphenylphosphine oxide. Tertiary alcohols form the products 6 and 7 via a SN1 mechanism.

The driving force behind this and similar reactions is the formation of the strong PO double bond. The reaction is somewhat similar to the Mitsunobu reaction, where the combination of an organophosphine as an oxide acceptor, an azo compound as a hydrogen acceptor reagent, and a nucleophile are used to convert alcohols to esters and other applications like this.

Illustrative use of the Appel reaction is the chlorination of geraniol to geranyl chloride.

Modifications
The Appel reaction is also effective on carboxylic acids; this has been used to convert them to oxazolines, oxazines and thiazolines.

 * Oxaz-via-Appel2.png

title: Appel reaction


text:
Gratianus Funarius

Gratianus "Funarius" ( 4th century AD) was an Illyrian soldier of the Roman Empire who flourished in the 4th century. He was the father of Roman emperors, Valentinian I and Valens, founders of the Valentinianic dynasty.

Life
Gratianus originated from the town of Cibalae (Vinkovci), in southern Pannonia Secunda (modern Croatia), possibly in the 280s. During his youth, he obtained the nickname Funarius, meaning "the rope-man" because he was a rope salesman. Gratianus joined the army and rose through the ranks to become protector domesticus during the reign of Constantine the Great. A protector domesticus named "...atianus" is attested at Salona (Split) during this time, leading some to think Gratianus could have been stationed there. Gratian's first independent command was as a tribune, probably in the mobile field army of Constantine. During the late 320's or early 330's he was made comes of Africa, possibly to supervise the frontier. However, Gratianus was soon accused of embezzlement and was forced to retire. Gratianus was recalled during the early 340s and was made comes of Britannia. He may have been recalled to command a unit of comitatenses under emperor Constans I during his campaign on the island in the winter of 342/3. After his military career ended, Gratianus returned to his birthplace and lived as a private citizen with good reputation.

In Gratian's retirement, the emperor Constantius II confiscated all of his estates because of his suspected support of the usurper Magnentius. Nevertheless, he was still popular within the army; this popularity could have contributed to the successful careers of his sons.

His death is not mentioned in literary sources. The PLRE cites as inscription dedicated to him, dated to the year 367 at the latest, and presumes he was dead by that time. Drijvers additionally observed that, since his grandson of the same name was not named in the inscription, the elder Gratian must have died before his grandson’s accession in August 24, 367. After his son Valens became emperor, the Senate in Constantinople decreed a brass statue of him.

title: Gratianus Funarius


text: User talk:200.50.88.163

title: User talk:200.50.88.163


text:
Talk:Becquerel

So how is a becquerel different from a hertz? 203.82.183.147 14:56, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * becquerel are used only in the field of (ionizing) radiation AnyFile 15:37, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

"Reciprocal second"?
The article says:
 * It was designated, in the SI, to use the becquerel rather than the reciprocal second for the activity measure unit. This unit was specifically introduced because of the dangers to human health which might arise from mistakes involving the units reciprocal second. Using the becquerel unit a more active (and so, all the other things fixed, more dangerous) source has a higher number. Using 1/s or s as a second instead may lead to confusion.

How so? How would using a unit like, for example, "Emissions per second" (or "eps") result in confusion? A higher number would still indicate greater radioactivity. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.181.75.84 (talk • contribs).
 * That's exactly what a becquerel is; a shorthand for "the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second". The sentence about proportionality wasn't very clear in the article - I've edited it so it's a bit better, I hope.  --Hugh Charles Parker (talk - contribs) 11:51, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Example of "typical" levels?
The article does not give any feeling how much is one becquerel? One giga-becquerel? and such.

An example can be one kg of granite (which is a bit more radioactive rock than average), approximately how many becquerels is in it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.176.40.79 (talk) 16:44, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1 Bq = 1 decay per second. 1 GBq would be 109 decays per second. Radioactivity can be measured directly with Geiger counters. Background radiation levels are measured in terms of absorbed doses (see the sievert). To calculate the radioactivity of granite, you would have to know its isotopic composition. -- 99.233.186.4 (talk) 16:52, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * That is clear, but how do its values correspond to real life? How much an environment radiation of 1 GBq convert to Grays/hour or Rems/hour? What Bq counts of, say, beta radiation are harmless, dangerous to health, lethal? . To calculate precise radioactivity of granite, you would have to know its isotopic composition, but what orders of magnitude should you expect? If you have a Geiger Counter callibrated in Bq, what level displayed on it should get you worried? 195.150.60.18 (talk) 21:39, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

 * To give slightly more insight in what values correspond to 'real life', I've added a section about how to calculate the radioactivity in Bq, with an example of 'real life' Potassium radioactivity. Hope this helps. Also I don't think a 'Geiger Counter callibrated in Bq' exists, as it can only count particles that enter the counter itself, and that would depend on the distance between the sample and the counter (and other things). I think what you're looking for is the Sievert. -- joosteto (talk) 17:53, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

 * What about the Banana equivalent dose? - a banana contains roughly 15 Bq of Activity. PRONIZ (talk) 15:31, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

 * How a given Bq translates to say, Sv, is... complicated. The short answer is that it doesn't: they measure two entirely different things! You can't say in general that x Bq is harmless and y Bq is dangerous or lethal. The longer answer is that you can in certain cases determine the dose rate (dose per time: Gy/h, Sv/h) or even dose (for internal exposure) per becquerel, but it's different from nuclide to nuclide and situation to situation. Different nuclides do not just emit different types of radiation, they do so at different energies. You can through experimentation and computer simulation determine the dose rate (dose per time: Gy/h or Sv/h) per Bq of a specified nuclide at a specified distance from a certain specified source geometry (the dose rate at 1 m from an ideal point source of x Bq of a certain nuclide is different than the dose rate at 1 m from a flat 1 m2 surface contaminated with x Bq of the same nuclide). When an emitter enters the body, it gets even more complicated. Besides the type and energy of the emitted radiation, the dose it delivers will now also depend on where in the body it's absorbed, how long it stays there (biological half-life) and so on, and those factors in turn depend on how it enters the body (e.g. ingestion VS inhalation), and in which chemical form (radioactive atoms form compounds just like stable ones) and physical form (different particle sizes behave differently when inhaled, for example) it's in. Again, though, experimentation and simulation can give estimates on the total dose received in Sv/Bq upon, say, ingestion of nuclide X in chemical form Y. Sound complicated? It is! It's a whole field of science. Kolbasz (talk) 22:53, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

The Wiki entry on banana equivalent dose states this: "A banana equivalent dose (abbreviated BED) is a unit of radiation exposure, defined as the additional dose a person will absorb from eating one banana". According to this it is an absorbed equivalent dose measured in Sv, (78 nSv) so is not relevant to a discussion of activity. The activity of one banana is supposed to be 15Bq, but this is not the BED. AJS77.96.59.93 (talk)

Activity in the case of cascading decay
Say you have a certain quantity of substance A, half-life 10 years, which decays into substance B, half-life 10 seconds. The total activity is about double the activity of A, since each disintegration of an atom of A is almost immediately followed by a disintegration of the newly formed atom of B.

Is there any standard way to express such a situation, which I think is quite common? If you just say "I have 1000 Bq of A", counting only the disintegrations of atoms of A, that is misleading, since you actually have about 2000 disintegrations per second.

--David Olivier (talk) 09:17, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Check out the wiki articles on secular equilibrium and transient equilibrium. But you're absolutely right - if any of the daughter nuclides are also radioactive, the total activity of the sample you're looking at will become higher. Whether you bother to state the daughter nuclides' activities as well or just the mother nuclide's depends on the application. Kolbasz (talk) 20:04, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

4400 becquerels from decaying potassium-40
I was looking for a source for this statement, but all I can find are internet postings that seem to be a copy-paste of this wikipedia article.

However, doing some simple math the average human body contains 160 grams of potassium-40 at 31 becquerels / gram gives an average of 4960 becquerels. However, it would be nice to find a formal source. The banana equivalent dose article could use a similar source.--RaptorHunter (talk) 21:47, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

 * That's 160 g (and 31 Bq/g of ) of natural potassium, not potassium-40 - the specific activity of potassium-40 is 2.54·105 Bq/g . And TBH, the spread is such that the potassium-40 content of the human body should probably just be stated as "around 4-5 kBq". Kolbasz (talk) 19:22, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

The Wiki article on Potassiunm gives a reference quoting 120g of potassium in a 60kg adult. In these days of galloping obsesity this might seem to be unrepresentative in some countries, but multiplying by 31Bq gives 3.72kBq for a rather light-weight adult. AJS 77.96.59.93 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:58, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

Example in article appears incorrect
The article states:

"For instance, one gram-mole of potassium contains 0.0118 gram of 40K (all other isotopes are stable) that has a t1/2 of 1.248×109years=39.38×1015 seconds, and has an atomic mass of 39.963 g/mol, so the radioactivity is 3.2 kBq."

The calculation using these figures is correct, but I think that the quantity of potassium-40 is incorrect. Other Wikipedia pages, e.g. "Banana equivalent dose" and "Potassium" give 0.0117% K-40. Using that figure I get 0.00457 gram K-40 per gram-mole potassium, giving 1.14 kBq.

As this is not my area of expertise I would like someone else to check this and make any necessary corrections.

81.135.32.137 (talk) 19:54, 6 January 2013 (UTC)Michael Barnes

"Radiant exposure" seems more appropriate than "Fluence"
In the section "Radiation Related Quantities" the table's row for the quantity Fluence (Φ) seems inappropriate, due to imprecision and inaccuracy. Fluence in physics is a flow during time, but in medicine it's a flow through an area. Becquerels of radiation are more relevant to medicine, but in that field the measurement is "more properly referred to as radiant exposure". Radiant exposure in photometry is visible light, which becquerels of radiation usually are not; the radiometric metric is more appropriate. So the precise "fluence" of radiation that's measured in becquerels is "radiant exposure", not the ambiguous "fluence". Radiant exposure is symbolized by He, indicating joules per square meter (J/m2). The table instead gives reciprocal area (cm-2 or m-2), which is radiometry's concern, but missing the energy component.

So I propose changing that row to instead document Quantity: radiometric exposure; Name: radiant exposure; Symbol: He; Unit: joule per square meter. That rendering is consistent with the radiant exposure article's table of SI radiometry units. However, since it's a derived quantity and unit rather than one with a proper name, I haven't found a year in which it was introduced, so I'd leave that blank.

Any reason not to make this change? — Preceding unsigned comment added by DocRuby (talk • contribs) 15:37, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Becquerel. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050316054529/http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/derived_units/2-2-2.html to http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/derived_units/2-2-2.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:01, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

Repeated phrase
In what sense is it useful to repeat the phrase "For practical applications, Bq is a small unit."? Dondervogel 2 (talk) 14:22, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * many people don't read the entire article, and jump to specific sections. As this point is quite fundamental, I don't think it is a problem to repeat it in two different sections. I agree that perhaps phrasing can be changed to avoid exact repetition. --Ita140188 (talk) 14:50, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * It's not such a long article, and any serious reader could easily read it from beginning to end. That serious reader would likely be annoyed by the repetition. It's not such a big deal, but I'm curious to learn what other editors think. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 15:11, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

Re. potassium 40
Method of sustained energy release from naturally occuring radioactive materials by electromagnetic means

Essentially back in 2011 I theorised that it was possible to generate conditions that would cause a long lived radioactive isotope to decay along a predetermined channel in a shorter time than observation in nature would suggest, but not inconsistent with thermodynamics. More recently I tested this theory using off the shelf components and it appears that my reasoning was correct. The energy release was not considerable but on par with Becquerel's early experiments. I had to concentrate the material but this turned out to be simple. It appears that in order for this to work technology would need to be invented from scratch, but its not as hard as it looks.

I am now testing it with a larger setup, using a tube amateurs have also utilized for its unusual effects along with a piece of technology invented by Nakamura and other external components. Intriguingly none of the parts are restricted in any way at present. The secret is to use a reflex method that "tunes" the band looking for a spike so energy production is exponentially increased. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.81.156.165 (talk) 07:39, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Becquerel


text:
Slip Anchor

Slip Anchor (1982–2011) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1985 Epsom Derby by seven lengths. After showing some promise as a two-year-old, he showed substantial improvement in the spring of 1985, winning the Derby Trial at Lingfield Park Racecourse by ten lengths before recording a rare start-to-finish win in the Derby. He was rated the best racehorse in Europe in 1985. His subsequent career was disrupted by injury, and he finished second in his other three races before being retired to stud. He had some success as a breeding stallion and died in 2011.

Slip Anchor was the fifth Epsom Derby winner whose sire (Shirley Heights) and paternal grandsire (Mill Reef) were themselves winners of Britain's premier classic.

Background
Slip Anchor, was a "tall, rangy" bay horse with an irregular white star on his forehead in the shape of a lightning bolt. He was bred by Lord Howard de Walden in whose apricot colours he competed throughout his racing career. Slip Anchor was sent into training with Henry Cecil at his Warren Place stable in Newmarket and was ridden in all of his major races by the American jockey Steve Cauthen.

Slip Anchor was sired by the 1978 Derby winner, Shirley Heights. His dam was Sayonara, a German-bred mare who produced several other winners including Lancashire Oaks winner Sandy Island.

Racing career
As a two-year-old in 1984, Slip Anchor finished fourth on his debut. In October, he ran in a ten furlong race at Nottingham Racecourse, and, despite showing inexperience ("running green"), he won by four lengths from Rushad. At the end of the year, he was given a rating of 91 by Timeform, whose editor described him as "sure to go on to better things".

Slip Anchor finished third on his first appearance as a three-year-old before winning the Heathorn Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse in May. On his next appearance, he was sent to Lingfield for the Highland Spring Derby Trial. Cecil had not regarded the colt particularly highly and treated the event as an easy opportunity to win a Group race, but Slip Anchor led from the start and won by ten lengths from Lord Grundy to establish himself as a leading contender for the Epsom Deby.

At Epsom on 5 June, Slip Anchor started the 9/4 favourite for the Derby, ahead of 2000 Guineas winner Shadeed and the Irish-trained colts Law Society and Theatrical. The race attracted a crowd of 250,000 spectators including Queen Elizabeth II on a warm, misty day. Cauthen sent Slip Anchor into the lead from the start and maintained a slight advantage until halfway when he accelerated clear of his thirteen opponents. He turned into the straight ten lengths ahead of the field and was never challenged, winning by seven lengths from Law Society, who was in turn six lengths clear of the rest. Theatrical finished seventh, Petoski eleventh, and Shadeed thirteenth. Slip Anchor was the first Derby winner to lead all the way since Coronach in 1926. His victory made Cauthen the first American jockey for 65 years to win the Derby and the first to ride the winners of both the Kentucky Derby (on Affirmed in 1978) and the Epsom original. After the race, Cauthen described Slip Anchor as the best horse he had ever ridden, including Affirmed, saying that "this horse kills them before they have a chance to get at him."

After the Derby, Slip Anchor sustained an injury to his left foreleg in training and missed an intended run in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes at Ascot Racecourse in July (won by Petoski). Slip Anchor returned to the track in the September Stakes at Kempton Park. He started the 1/2 favourite but was beaten half a length by the four-year-old Shernazar (Shergar's half-brother). On his final appearance of the season, Slip Anchor was brought back in distance to contest the Champion Stakes over ten furlongs at Newmarket on 19 October. In an exceptionally strong renewal of the race, he finished second to the filly Pebbles, with Palace Music in third and Commanche Run unplaced.

Slip Anchor stayed in training as a four-year-old but became increasingly temperamental and difficult to train: for a time, Cecil had to exercise the colt separately from his other horses. He was beaten by Phardante on his seasonal debut in the Jockey Club Stakes and did not race again. His retirement was announced in June, with Cecil saying that the colt had not "recaptured his brilliance of last year".

Assessment
Slip Anchor was given a rating of 136 by the independent Timeform organisation, making him the highest-rated horse of the year. He was also the top-rated racehorse in the official International classification. In their book A Century of Champions, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Slip Anchor a "superior" Derby winner and the sixty-sixth best racehorse trained in Britain and Ireland in the 20th century.

Stud career
Slip Anchor was retired to the stud duty at his owner's Plantation Stud at Exning near Newmarket,

Slip Anchor most notably produced the 1992 European Horse of the Year, User Friendly, winner of The Oaks and St Leger Stakes. His other good winners included Posidonas, (Gran Premio d'Italia, Princess of Wales's Stakes, Hardwicke Stakes), Morshdi (Italian Derby, Grosser Preis von Baden), Give the Slip (Ebor Handicap, 2nd Melbourne Cup) and Slicious (Premio Roma).

In later years, he began to suffer from arthritis but was exercised every day and described as "a charming character" and "a bit of a poser" by his handlers. Slip Anchor was euthanised at the age of twenty-nine on 22 September 2011 at Plantation Stud at Exning. The stud manager explained that "he just started to go downhill in the last few weeks ... it was due to the infirmities of old age." His body was cremated, and his remains were laid next to champion miler Kris.

title: Slip Anchor


text: User talk:24.211.174.208

title: User talk:24.211.174.208


text: User talk:192.18.1.9

title: User talk:192.18.1.9


text:
User talk:171.192.0.10

August 2013
Hello, I'm Pinethicket. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Pepperoni because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, you can use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks! Pinethicket (talk) 12:28, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

December 2013
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at David May (footballer). Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. Thank you. Mattythewhite (talk) 15:43, 11 December 2013 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

January 2014
Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Victor Moses, you may be blocked from editing. Mattythewhite (talk) 10:32, 7 January 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/NUFC Oilers concern
Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/NUFC Oilers, a page you created, has not been edited in 6 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it.

If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available at WP:REFUND/G13.

Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 02:10, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you add unsourced material to Wikipedia, as you did at Juan Mata, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Mattythewhite (talk) 15:25, 21 January 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for reverting your recent experiment with the page Juan Mata. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox instead, as someone could see your test before you revert it. Thank you. —    Bill W.     (Talk)  (Contrib)  — 15:25, 21 January 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Your draft article, Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/NUFC Oilers

Hello 171.192.0.10. It has been over six months since you last edited your WP:AFC draft article submission, entitled "NUFC Oilers".

The page will shortly be deleted. If you plan on editing the page to address the issues raised when it was declined and resubmit it, simply and remove the  or  code. Please note that Articles for Creation is not for indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you want to retrieve it, copy this code:, paste it in the edit box at this link , click "Save page", and an administrator will in most cases undelete the submission.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. — rybec   14:35, 12 February 2014 (UTC)

July 2014
Hello, I'm Discospinster. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to Dirt, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. ... disco spinster   talk  15:15, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Mark Lawrenson. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. Melonkelon (talk) 12:02, 18 July 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

June 2015
Please stop adding unsourced content, as you did to Tom Shaw (footballer). This contravenes Wikipedia's policy on verifiability. If you continue to do so, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Mattythewhite (talk) 08:30, 2 June 2015 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to violate Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy by adding commentary and your personal analysis into articles, as you did at Osnago, you may be blocked from editing. Mild Bill Hiccup (talk) 05:49, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

October 2015
Hello, I'm Oshwah. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to James Milner— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks.  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   09:45, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:171.192.0.10


text:
Bannock War

The Bannock War of 1878 was an armed conflict between the U.S. military and Bannock and Paiute warriors in Idaho and northeastern Oregon from June to August 1878. The Bannock totaled about 600 to 800 in 1870 because of other Shoshone peoples being included with Bannock numbers. They were led by Chief Buffalo Horn, who was killed in action on June 8, 1878. After his death, Chief Egan led the Bannocks. He and some of his warriors were killed in July by a Umatilla party that entered his camp in subterfuge.

The U.S. military, consisting of the 21st Infantry Regiment and volunteers, was led by Brigadier General Oliver O. Howard. Nearby states also sent militias to the region. The conflict ended in August and September 1878, when the remaining scattered Bannock-Paiute forces surrendered; many returned to Fort Hall Reservation. The U.S. Army forced some 543 Paiute from Nevada and Oregon and Bannock prisoners to be interned at Yakama Indian Reservation in southeastern Washington Territory.

Background
The Bannock people had developed as a distinct group from the Northern Paiute nation of northern Idaho. During the 18th century, these Paiutes had traveled south to the Snake River plain of present-day Idaho, attracted by the prospect of an alliance with the linguistically similar and equestrian Shoshone people. It was during this period that these Paiutes became known as Bannocks. The Bannocks quickly adopted the Shoshone equestrian culture and made other ties through intermarriage with the Shoshones. The Bannocks provided increased security and population for the Shoshone people, who had lost many members due to epidemics of infectious disease contracted from Europeans.

Arrival of European Americans
By the time the American Lewis and Clark Expedition arrived in this area of present-day southern Idaho in 1805, the Bannock-Shoshones had been trading for some time with representatives of the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company from Canada. They quickly opened trade with Americans for firearms and horses, as they had done with other European traders for years. The Shoshone-Bannock remained independent, despite their continued reliance on American trade. They participated in the Rocky Mountain fur trade, which ended about 1840. This era of positive cooperation with American trade declined in the 1850s, along with the fur trade, under pressure of increased migration of Euro-Americans to the Snake Valley plain. The discovery of gold in the Boise Basin and the Beaverhead country of Montana had attracted prospectors and traders, who moved through the Snake region, competing for game and water resources as they traveled. The American traders and migrants were an established presence in the Snake region by the mid-1860s, affecting a vast majority of the Shoshone-Bannock inhabitants.

The Shoshone-Bannock were dramatically influenced by arrival of Euro-Americans and the rapid expansion of the trade-based economy. On a cultural level, the Euro-Americans' way of life challenged the values and seasonal traditions of the Shoshone-Bannock. New practices of agriculture, managing livestock, and production replaced the traditional resources on which the Shoshone-Bannocks had relied. They became more dependent on Euro-American methods and products.

American leaders were eager to acquire lands from the Shoshone-Bannock and in the 1860s, began to work to trade goods for titles to the Snake River Plains. The land trade attracted new waves of migrants to the Idaho territory, especially in the Boise region of the Snake Valley. In 1866, in order to protect the Shoshone-Bannock groups in the Boise Snake Valley from fearful and aggressive settlers, Governor Lyon created a refugee camp for a few hundred of the Bannock near Boise City. The camp's lack of sufficient resources forced the Shoshone-Bannock to depend on the local settlers for work and food. Many Shoshone-Bannock asked to be given the security of their own reservation land.

The proposed relocation to eastern Idaho challenged the Shoshone-Bannock cosmology and their religious connection to the land, as their cultural practices were based in local seasonal changes in the Snake Valley. They believed their ancestors' spirits still resided in the land. Leadership among the Shoshone-Bannock was believed to be directly connected to the land which these ancestors inhabited, granting the chief his position. After complex and controversial deliberation, the Shoshone-Bannock leaders and American government officials formally agreed to relocate the Boise refugees to the Fort Hall Reservation. They completed relocation in 1869.

Life at Fort Hall
The Fort Hall Reservation was a 1.8 million-acre plot along the Upper Snake River in eastern Idaho, on the river's southeastern banks. The region had potential for irrigation and agriculture, but the Shoshone-Bannock faced immediate survival challenges due to their dependence on native foods and buffalo found off-reservation, and the government's encouragement for them to abandon this practice. The population was very dense for the land, numbering 1,037 in 1872. The Shoshone-Bannock struggled to live by subsistence.

While the government made sizable appropriations to purchase the supplies necessary to feed the community, food crises arose during the winters of 1874–1875 and 1876–1877, resulting from diminished game for hunters and a lack of adequate food supplies by the government. Many Shoshone-Bannock left Fort Hall to attempt survival on their own. Simultaneously, the 1877 Nez Perce War drove officials to crack down on the nation and require them to stay within the reservation boundaries.

The Bannock War of 1878 resulted from numerous factors. The terrible conditions caused divisions within the Shoshone-Bannock communities. The Bannock began to view the Shoshone as intruders and committed theft and other crimes against the group. Friction between the Native Americans and the Euroamericans increased as well, resulting in violence when Pe-tope, a Fort Hill Native American, shot and wounded two teamsters in August 1877. Agent William Danilson, the government-appointed agent of the Fort Hall reservation at the time, pressed the tribal leaders to charge Pe-tope for the crime. In response to the crackdown, a friend of Pe-tope, Nampe-yo-go, killed Alexander Rhodan, a beef contractor for the reservation.

Agent Danilson asked the nation to capture the killer and turn him over to the US officials, but he was resisted by the Shoshone-Bannock. According to their tradition of reconciliation, they said it was the duty of the family of Nampe-yo-go to resolve his crime, not the nation. That summer, a large number of the Shoshone-Bannock left the reservation, because of the lack of supplies, violence between the Native Americans and the Euroamericans, conflicts between the nations, and Danilson's actions. This sparked the Bannock War of 1878, as the US government ordered the Army to return the people to the reservation to control them.

Camas Prairie
In May 1878, Chief Buffalo assembled 200 Bannock warriors from Fort Hall at Payne's Ferry on the Snake River, moving to the Big Camas Prairie to set up camp. At that time the region between the Big Camas Prairie and the Snake River was occupied by a few white settlers, 2500 cattle, and 80 horses. On May 30 the Bannock group, after trying to sell a buffalo skin robe to cowboys on the plain, shot two in an altercation. Lou Kensler and George Nesby survived their wounds and traveled with the third member of their party, William Silvey, to the nearby Baker's camp. Not long after this incident, the Bannock at a camp near the Lava Beds were attacked by white men. They killed a settler in the conflict but lost their camp's resources.

The news of the increased violence spread to Idaho's territorial capital at Boise City. Governor Brayman notified Brigadier General O. O. Howard, commander of the Military Department of the Columbia. Brayman wrote in a May 30 letter that he had dispatched Col. Reuben F. Bernard's cavalry from Boise to the plains that evening as a show of force; he did not want to provoke further conflict. Bernard's cavalry reached the Bannock camp on June 2 and drove them to retreat to the Lava Beds. The military noted this was better for defense. The Bannock group moved west and raided Glenn's Ferry and King Hill station, both on the Snake River. Next, they moved along the river, killing several settlers along the way. Bernard's cavalry traveled by road to Rattlesnake station, where they joined with more military cavalry, as well as local militia volunteers from Alturas. At this time, Bernard claimed there were 300 Bannock warriors in the Lava Beds, plus 200 who had raided Glenn's Ferry and King Hill Station. The Bannock were rushing westward to meet with their Paiute allies, who were traveling down the Owyhee River to the Juniper Mountains and Lava Canyon.

Conflicts between Army and Bannock
On June 8 a group of 26 volunteer military men from Silver City, Idaho, led by Captain J.B. Harber, encountered Chief Buffalo Horn and his warriors. At South Mountain, a small mining village, they exchanged fire, resulting in the deaths of two Silver City volunteers and several Bannock, among them the chief. The Bannock selected a new leader, Chief Egan, and headed to Juniper Mountain in Idaho and Steens Mountain in southeastern Oregon to meet with the Paiute. Other states began sending militia troops to the region, including California, Nevada, and Utah.

As the Bannock traveled westward, they continued to raid camps, resulting in some settler deaths. People in Idaho and neighboring states feared that the violence would soon spread their way. Bernard arrived in Silver City on June 9 and quickly headed out to the Jordan Valley. The troops moved to meet the Bannock at Steens Mountain. Bernard's cavalry followed Chief Egan's Bannock west into Oregon, eventually meeting them in battle on June 23 by Silver Creek. The fight resulted in the deaths of three U.S. soldiers, the wounding of three others, and an unknown number of Bannock casualties. Col. Bernard moved to nearby Camp Curry to meet with General Howard on June 25.

On June 29, there was a skirmish between the Bannock warriors and Crescent City volunteer militia. Bernard and his cavalry of 350 arrived shortly after and secured the city. The Bannock were traveling toward Fox Valley, estimated to number between 350 and 400. US forces thought they intended to travel further north to join the Cayuse and other Native American groups in that region who shared their discontent.

On July 6, a volunteer group by Sheriff Sperry encountered hostiles near Willows Springs at the head of a small canyon, North of what is now known as Battle Mountain State Park in Oregon.

Gen. Howard encountered the Bannock at the junction of Butter Creek and the Columbia River on July 7, resulting in conflict. Five U.S. soldiers were injured, and one died from his wounds. The fight resulted in an unknown number of casualties on the Bannock side, and they left going to the southeast. The next fight occurred on July 12, when Captain Miles of the Umatilla Agency, a reservation near the Umatilla River whose people were potential allies of the Bannock band, accidentally encountered a large band of Umatilla warriors. Feeling threatened by the increased movements of state militias around their territories, the Umatilla had ridden out in defense. The Umatilla quickly surrendered and offered to fight with Miles against the Bannock. Historian Brigham D. Madsden suggested they were attracted to the high bounty that had been placed on Chief Egan's head. The conflict resulted in the deaths of five Bannock warriors and their eventual flight.

That night, Umatilla leaders pursued the Bannock. They entered the camp posing to conduct negotiations, and killed Chief Egan and several other warriors. On July 20, one of Bernard's battalions, under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Forsyth, met the Bannock forces in the canyon of the North Fork of the John Day River. The conflict did not result in many casualties, but interrupted the Bannock, forcing their retreat.

By July 27, Gen. Howard's strategy changed from one against a united enemy to pursuing the fractured Bannock groups. He had numerous Army units operating in Idaho. Most of the concluding conflicts between the remaining bands and the military were led by Miles in August and September. The rest of the Bannock returned to the Fort Hall Reservation or pursued peaceful hunting on their own in groups. A few more skirmishes between the scattered Bannock and military forces occurred, such as on August 9 in Bennett's Creek by the Snake River, but no casualties were recorded.

Aftermath
After the Bannock War of 1878, the American government restricted the movements of the Bannock in and out of the Fort Hall Reservation. Connections with other tribal groups were restricted, as well as the Bannock freedom to use local resources. Subdued from the battles and lack of resources, the Bannock worked to construct community within the reservation.

Other Bannock and Paiute prisoners were interned at the Malheur Reservation in Oregon. While the Paiutes had been more peripherally involved, in November 1878, General Howard moved about 543 Bannock and Paiute prisoners from the Malheur Reservation to internment at Yakama Indian Reservation in southeastern Washington Territory. They suffered privation for years. In 1879 the Malheur Reservation was closed, "discontinued" through pressure from settlers.

Northern Paiutes from Idaho and Nevada were eventually released and relocated from Yakama to an expanded Duck Valley Indian Reservation with their Western Shoshone brethren in 1886.

title: Bannock War


text:
HMS Challenger (1858)

HMS Challenger was a Pearl-class corvette of the Royal Navy launched on 13 February 1858 at the Woolwich Dockyard. She served the flagship of the Australia Station between 1866 and 1870.

As part of the North America and West Indies Station, she took part in naval operations during the Second French intervention in Mexico, including the occupation of Veracruz, in 1862. She was assigned as the flagship of Australia Station in 1866, undertaking a punitive expedition in Fiji before leaving the station four years later.

She was picked to undertake the first global marine research expedition: the Challenger expedition. She carried a complement of 243 officers, scientists and sailors when she embarked on her 68,890 nmi journey.

The United States Space Shuttle Challenger was named after the ship. Her figurehead is on display in the foyer of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.

1873–1876: Grand tour
The Challenger expedition, which embarked from Portsmouth, England on 21 December 1872, was a grand tour of the world covering 68,000 nautical miles (125,936 km) organized by the Royal Society in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh. British scientist Charles Thomson led a large scientific team which accompanied the crew.

 * Captains: George Nares (1873 and 1874) and Frank Tourle Thomson (1874 to 1876)
 * Naturalists: Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–1882), Henry Nottidge Moseley (1844–1891) and Rudolf von Willemoes-Suhm (1847–1875)
 * Oceanographers: John Young Buchanan (1844–1925) and John Murray (1841–1914)
 * Publications: C.W. Thomson, Report on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873–76... prepared under the superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson,... and now of John Murray,... (fifty volumes, London, 1880–1895). H.N. Moseley, Notes by a naturalist on the Challenger (1879). W.J.J. Spry, The cruise of the Challenger (1876).

To enable her to probe the depths, all but two of Challenger's guns had been removed and her spars reduced to make more space available for scientific instruments. Laboratories, extra cabins and a special dredging platform were installed as well.

She was loaded with specimen jars, ethanol for preserving samples acquired, microscopes and other chemical apparatus, trawls, dredges, thermometers, water sampling bottles, sounding leads and devices to collect sediment from the sea bed and great lengths of rope with which to suspend the equipment into the ocean depths. In all she was supplied with 181 miles (291 km) of Italian hemp for sounding, trawling and dredging. Challenger's crew was the first to sound the deepest part of the ocean, which was thereafter named the Challenger Deep.

Later service and decomissioning
She was commissioned as a His Majesty's Coastguard and Royal Naval Reserve training ship at the Harwich Dockyard in July 1876. In 1878, Challenger went through an overhaul by the Chief Constructor at Chatham Dockyard with a view to converting the vessel into a training ship for boys of the Royal Navy. She was found suitable and it was planned to take the place of HMS Eurydice which sank off the Isle of Wight on 24 March 1878.

The Admiralty did not go ahead with the conversion and she remained in reserve until 1883, when she was converted into a receiving hulk in the River Medway, where she stayed until she was sold to J B Garnham on 6 January 1921 and broken up for her copper bottom that same year. Only her figurehead now remains, kept at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.

title: HMS Challenger (1858)


text:
Carbon-based

Carbon-based may refer to:

 * Biology
 * based on Carbon
 * Carbon-based life
 * Carbon chauvinism

title: Carbon-based


text:
User:Sidneysee

I had done some reading and research on Buddhism. The 6 coloured Buddhist flag, first hoisted in 1885 in Sri Lanka, is a symbol of faith and peace used throughout the world to represent the Buddhist faith.

The original concept of Buddhist Flag was first conceived in the minds of the members of Colombo Buddhist Committee, some 75 years before the WFB Meeting. And the proposed flag was for the first time ceremoniously hoisted at a Colombo temple call Dipaduttamaramaya by Ven. Migettuwatte Gunananda - the well known debater on Vesak Day, 28 April. 1885.

The six colors are better interpreted as : 1. Blue: signifying the concept of loving kindness and peace in Buddhism 2. Yellow: signifying the Middle Path, that is, the complete absence of form and emptiness 3. Red: signifying achievement, wisdom, virtue, fortune and dignity. 4. White: signifying purity, emancipation, that the Dharma will always exist regardless of time or space. 5. *Orange: The essence of Buddhism which is full of wisdom, strength and dignity. 6. The combination of these five colors symbolizes that it is the one and only Truth
 * Orange replace Light Pink in Burmese Sasana Flag

Sidney (Siri) See www.sidneysee.com Singapore

title: User:Sidneysee


text:
Modern Art (game)

Modern Art is an auction game designed by Reiner Knizia and first published in 1992 by Hans im Glück in German. Players represent art dealers, both buying and selling works of art by five different fictional artists. At the end of each round, they sell the paintings they bought back to the "bank". More popular artists' works are worth more, and the value carries over into future rounds. Although the game is played entirely using cards, a board is used for scoring, so the game is sometimes referred to as a board game. 25 versions has been released for the game. It was also recommended for the 1993 Spiel des Jahres.

Rules
Each player is dealt a hand of cards, which represent works of art that the player may offer for sale. Players then take turns putting these cards up for auction. There are several auction formats; the one used is determined by the card offered for sale.

As soon as a fifth work of art by a particular artist is offered for sale, the round ends (the fifth painting is not sold). Players then sell purchased artwork back to the bank — the more paintings of an artist that were sold in the round, the more that artist's paintings are worth. Only the three most popular artists' paintings are worth money; the others are worthless. Ties are broken by a fixed artist precedence. The game has a board to keep track of the value of a given artist's painting. Each artist occupies a column. The leftmost artist is always preferred in case of ties. The number of paintings in the deck reflects this; with the leftmost artist having the fewest paintings, and the rightmost artist having the most paintings.

The game is played in four rounds. In the second, third, and fourth rounds the value of paintings at the end of a round depends not just on how the artist did in that round, but carry over from previous rounds as well. Players are dealt additional cards in the second and third (but not fourth) rounds.

The player with the most money at the end of the fourth round is the winner.

Reception
The game was recommended for the 1993 Spiel des Jahres, with the jury stating that "[the] unusual combination of different auction types makes Modern Art a challenging and varied game experience".

title: Modern Art (game)


text:
Constructor (video game)

Constructor is a 1997 video game released originally for MS-DOS computers and later ported to the PlayStation, macOS and Microsoft Windows-native DirectX 3. It was developed by System 3 and published by Acclaim Entertainment.

In the game, packed with humorous undertones, the player controls a construction company in a map split between several estates, and must deal with other teams to win the game.

On July 31, 2015, System 3 announced that Constructor was getting an HD re-release on consoles and PC in 2016, but it was delayed to May 26, 2017.

Gameplay
The player controls a construction company, and aim to drive the other players out of business. Using teams of workers and foremen, the player must build facilities to manufacture building materials (a sawmill, concrete works, etc.), in order to build houses (ranging from simple wooden cabins to large mansions) in which to house tenants who pay rent and thus fund the company, as well as producing new workers, tenants and other characters. Along the way, the player can build homes for undesirables such as gangsters and hippies, who work to undermine the enemy.

Development
Constructor's development was first revealed in a January 1991 issue of The One, where the player's role was described as "You play an architect on a planet subject to freak weather conditions. Like Jupiter it has a huge red spot which revolves every hundred years flattening everything in its path. While not being good news for most of the inhabitants of the planet it is very good news for you and your fellow architects ... From your sophisticated office console you control the planning and building of building of new properties and then attract the right sort of tenants to them." More information regarding Constructor was to be announced in the first quarter of 1992, but its development was delayed.

Fergus McGovern of Probe Entertainment said in 1997, "[Constructor] was a project that we'd been after for a long time, but it was originally with Warner. When they were going through some problems, we jumped in and snapped it up. We've been working on it ever since."

Releases
The game was originally released for MS-DOS computers in 1997.

Ports
The game was later ported to the PlayStation, Mac OS and Windows-native DirectX 3.

On January 14, 2010, System 3 Software re-released Constructor for Sony PSP and PS3 systems in Europe via the PlayStation Network.

A remake of the original was heading to tablets and other platforms in 2013. On March 29, 2013, it was announced that Constructor would make a return and also debut on tablets.

A HD version of Constructor was announced by System 3 on July 31, 2015. It was originally planned to be released on January 29, 2016, but was delayed six times. It was first delayed until April 29, 2016, then postponed to late summer 2016, January 31, 2017, February 28, 2017, April 28, 2017 with a new projected date of May 26, 2017, on PC, PS4 and Xbox One, with a Nintendo Switch version to be released later in the year. The delays with the release were attributed to new features being added to enrich the gameplay, as the game's development progressed.

The Nintendo Switch version, Constructor Plus, was eventually released in 2019.

Sequel
Constructor II was announced in April 1998; it would have players visiting the wasteland of an alien planet. The sequel maintained the style of humor present in the original, bringing back a cast of characters from the first game. New characters based on the alien theme were also added, including the Alien Egg which impregnates victims, later causing their guts to explode. Constructor Space was previewed years after the game was announced but was never completed. It was mentioned on June 29, 2016, as a possible sequel to Constructor if the HD re-release was successful.

The sequel Constructor Plus was released on May 27, 2019, and features planets as playable maps alongside missions.

Mob Rule (known as Constructor: Street Wars or Street Wars: Constructor Underworld in some regions) was released in 1999, but failed to achieve the same success of the first game.

title: Constructor (video game)


text:
Talk:Area studies

Orientalism
I've just been reading Said's Orientalism, in which he suggests that Area Studies is a modern synonym for Oriental Studies. He doesn't seem to be aware of the phrase being applied anywhere except in the east. Is this the original reference, which was later widened? --Doric Loon 15:21, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Cultural Studies
Is there a distinction between Area Studies and Cultural Studies?--Doric Loon 15:21, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Have you seen the article on cultural studies? I think it makes the distinction pretty clear, along with the potential overlap in uses of the phrase "cultural studies" to mean "area studies". -- Rbellin|Talk 16:54, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, I should have checked that. So for enthusiasts it has its own flavours, but say in a Modern Languages department there's not much odds.  Thanks.  --Doric Loon 21:46, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Related category
Please note that I have created the Category:Area studies journals.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 03:19, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

History
Is there any existing effort to add a section on the historical development of "Area Studies" in any national context underway? The same for other categories (institutions/degree programs; funding agencies; criticism (of which the Said reference above is one), etc.)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Michaelwnau (talk • contribs) 11:20, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Area studies. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090227085005/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~scottj/socscot7.htm to http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~scottj/socscot7.htm
 * Added tag to http://globality.cc.stonybrook.edu/?p=158:

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:03, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:36, 5 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Diploma de Especialista Universitario de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid.jpg
 * Diploma-licenciatura-estudos-europeus-universidade.jpg

Suppression of various Fields
Hi, @Datu Hulyo. I noticed that you suppressed various area studies in your recent improvements to the article. For example, Classical studies (Classics), Assyriology, Egyptology, Seljuq studies, Chechen studies, Dagestan studies, Ossetian studies and Abkhaz studies were all suppressed from the list. I don't understand your methodology. A source describing Classics as a form of area studies can readily be found, while you kept the similar field of Byzantine studies on the list. I'll take the liberty of re-adding variant names of area studies that you preserved (Judaic studies, Turcology, Ryukyuan studies and Baltic Sea Region studies), and re-add the reminder that Central Asian Studies and Turkology overlap. But I wanted to give you a chance to explain your edits before re-adding other stuff. JECE (talk) 18:08, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Hello, JECE. I omitted the aforementioned studies if they solely focus on an ancient era civilization, considering that several universities offer area studies in the modern sense. However, I am amenable to re-adding Chechen studies, Dagestan studies (or more specifically Avar studies), Ossetian studies, and Abkhaz studies under Caucasiology. I do appreciate that you reached out to me for clarification and your comment in relation to my editing. Cheers. Datu Hulyo (talk) 23:48, 7 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm impressed that you were able to post a reply within ten just minutes. Something seems to be off with the timestamp in your signature, though! I'll go ahead and add those subdisciplines of Caucasiology, and Seljuk studies since the Seljuks weren't an ancient civilization. As for the studies of ancient civilizations, I think that it makes sense to add them somehow, especially given the source that I mentioned above. Maybe they would be better in prose at the bottom of this section? JECE (talk) 18:34, 29 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree that they would be better in prose at the bottom of this section. Datu Hulyo (talk) 04:06, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Area studies


text:
Gratian (disambiguation)

Gratian can refer to:
 * Felinus and Gratian (d. 250 AD), Christian martyrs and saints
 * Gratianus Funarius, Roman soldier, father of emperors Valentinian I and Valens
 * Gratian, Roman emperor from 367 to 383
 * Gratian, a 5th-century Romano-British usurper and emperor
 * Pope Gregory VI (died 1047), whose name was John Gratian before he assumed the papacy
 * the author of the 12th-century Decretum Gratiani
 * Gratian of Tours (Gatian), bishop of Tours

title: Gratian (disambiguation)


text:
N. G. W. H. Beeger

Nicolaas George Wijnand Henri Beeger (1884, in Utrecht – 1965, in Amsterdam) was a Dutch mathematician. His 1916 doctorate was on Dirichlet series. He worked for most of his life as a teacher, working on mathematics papers in his spare evenings. After his retirement as a teacher at 65, he began corresponding with many contemporary mathematicians and dedicated himself to his work.

He is known for having proved that 3511 is a Wieferich prime in 1922 and for introducing the term Carmichael number in 1950.

Beeger Lecture
In 1989 the board of trustees of the Mathematical Centre in Amsterdam established the Beeger lectures, in honor of N.G.W.H. Begger, to be held biannually at the congress of the Royal Dutch Mathematical Society. Their purpose is to promote research and exchange of ideas in the field of algorithmic and computational number theory. The first Beeger Lecture was delivered in 1992.

 * 2024 Andrew Sutherland
 * 2022 Shafi Goldwasser
 * 2021 David Harvey
 * 2018 Fernando Rodriguez Villegas
 * 2016 James Maynard
 * 2014 Daniele Micciancio
 * 2012 Yuri Bilu
 * 2010 Florian Luca
 * 2008 Daniel Bernstein
 * 2006 Manindra Agrawal
 * 2004 Manjul Bhargava
 * 2002 Bjorn Poonen
 * 2000 Peter Borwein
 * 1998 Hendrik Lenstra
 * 1996 John Conway
 * 1994 Hugh Williams
 * 1992 Carl Pomerance

Works

 * (N. G. W. H. Beeger ed.), Jakob Philipp Kulik, Luigi Poletti, R. J. Porter, Liste des nombres premiers du onzième million: (plus précisément de 10.006.741 à 10.999.997), Association française pour l'avancement des sciences, Ed. "Werto", 1951

title: N. G. W. H. Beeger


text:
Magheralin

Magheralin is a village and civil parish in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is on the main A3 road between Moira and Lurgan, beside the River Lagan. It had a population of 2,041 people in the 2021 census. The civil parish of Magheralin covers an area of County Down.

Its original name was Lann Rónáin Fhinn, "church of Ronan Finn", a saint from the medieval Irish tale Buile Shuibhne (The Madness of Sweeney).

Religion
Magheralin is home to people from both Protestant and Catholic backgrounds. However, Protestant denominations, when combined, are among the largest religious communities in the village.

Magheralin has two churches: one Protestant church and one Catholic church respectively. The Protestant church is Magheralin Parish, which also has a second church building in Dollingstown. Magheralin's Catholic church, Parish of Magheralin, contains two church buildings; similar to Magheralin Parish. These are St. Patrick's & St. Ronan's church and St. Colman's Kilwarlin church.

The Ducks of Magheralin
There is an old song called "The Ducks of Magheralin". The Ducks of Magheralin is an Irish Polka, with its namesake representing the 'ducks of Magheralin', who were the weavers of the town because they used duck grease to lubricate their looms. In the preface to a well-known version by the Glenfolk Four, the singers insist that the intent of the song is to address the "myth" that the capital of Ireland is Dublin. The first verse is as follows:

 * It is just about a year ago that I went to see the King/Queen,
 * And on my voyage in Ulster my troubles they were twin;
 * He/She decorated me with medals, and they were made of tin,
 * "Go home," says he/she, "you skitter ye. You're the Mayor of Magheralin."

Education
Magheralin has two primary schools. These include Maralin Village Primary School and St. Patrick's Primary School.

The Troubles
During the period of The Troubles (1960s–1998), a number of incidents occurred in the area. On 18 October 1989, Robert Metcalfe, a 40-year-old Protestant civilian, was shot and killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army while at his home in Drumnabreeze Road, Magheralin. And, in January 1991, Jervis Lynch, a 26-year-old Catholic civilian, was shot and killed by the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) while at his home in Acres Road, Magheralin.

Sports
St. Michael's GAC is a Gaelic football club and playing field in Magheralin.

Magheralin also has a football club, Magheralin Village F.C. In 2018, a member of the club, Niall O'Hanlon (25), died after being hit by a car on New Forge Road.

Daniel Wiffen is an Olympic swimmer who grew up and currently lives in Magheralin (as of May 2024). He has broken the 800m freestyle short-course world record. By doing this, he became the first Irish swimmer to break a swimming world record.

2021 census
Magheralin is classified as a village by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e with a population between 1,000 and 2,250 people). On census day (21 March 2021) there were 2,041 people living in Magheralin. Of these:

 * 24% were aged 0-14, 36% were aged 15-39, 28% were aged 40-64, and 12% were aged 65 and above
 * 49% were male and 51% were female
 * 98% spoke English as a main language, 5% had some knowledge of Irish and 7% had some ability in Ulster Scots
 * 27% were Catholic, 11% were Presbyterian, 25% were Anglican (Church of Ireland), 2% were Methodist, 11% adhered to other Christian denominations, <1% followed other religions and 23% followed no religion or did not state their religion
 * 98% were white and 2% were of another ethnic group
 * 38% identified as British only, 15% identified as Irish only, 25% identified as Northern Irish only, <1% identified as British and Irish only, 13% identified as British and Northern Irish only, 2% identified as Irish and Northern Irish only, 2% identified as British, Irish and Northern Irish only and 5% identified with another nationality
 * 58% held a UK passport only, 17% held an Ireland passport only, 8% held both UK and Ireland passports, 2% held other passport(s) and 16% held no passport
 * 90% were born in Northern Ireland, 5% were born in England, <1% were born in Scotland, <1% were born in Wales, 2% were born in the Republic of Ireland and 3% were born in other countries

Notable people

 * Peter Brush (1901–1984), a soldier, Northern Irish unionist politician and paramilitary leader, lived in the area.
 * Robert William Radclyffe Dolling, "Father Dolling" (1851–1902), was born in Magheralin.
 * John Macoun (1831–1920), a Canadian naturalist born, to James Macoun and Anne Jane Nevin and who emigrated to Canada in 1850, was born in Magheralin.
 * Daniel Wiffen (born 2001), an Irish swimmer, is from Magheralin.

title: Magheralin


text: Template:Health-stub

title: Template:Health-stub


text:
Nuns and Soldiers

Nuns and Soldiers is a 1980 novel by Iris Murdoch. The setting is England and two of the main characters are Gertrude, a widow, and Anne, an ex-nun.

Plot
Guy Openshaw is 44 years old and on his death bed. Cancer is coming down hard on Guy, and he cannot stand the stream of visitors to his London flat. His wife Gertrude entertains the drop-ins, who were once part of a lively set that came by after work hours for a drink and chat. The visitors all relied on Guy for advice and money, and as he dies the varied people in the novel begin to fray. Gertrude is assisted in looking after Guy by Anne Cavidge, an old friend who has recently left the nunnery she had entered fifteen years earlier.

One of the visitors to the Openshaw flat is the youngish Tim Reede, an artist who cannot sell his work and who is lost without Guy’s support. He has a girlfriend named Daisy who dresses like a punk and talks and drinks like a sailor; they’re a perfect pair of starving misfits. Daisy makes Tim visit Gertrude once Guy has passed and ask her for money, but Gertrude begins questioning Tim about his craft and winds up wanting to support him in other ways, namely giving him run of her home in the French countryside. This development upsets the plans for the future that the newly-wealthy Gertrude had begun to make with Anne.

The Tim-Gertrude affair and subsequent marriage is the heart of the book, and it is a good study of class relations and the younger man-older woman romance. Tim is both a hero and a colossal screw-up, but he is also kind and lets Gertrude’s friends run him down because it doesn’t bother her and he still gets to be with her at the end of the day. Some of Gertrude’s circle are genuinely concerned, but most are either in love with her or what she could do for them with Guy’s inheritance.

There is a fair amount of treachery and coincidence in the novel, but the heavy touches are softened by consequences which Murdoch lets play out in natural time.

Critical reception
Writing in The New York Times, George Stade found: "There are lots of symbols in this novel. There are symbolic rocks, rugs, birds, an orchestra of china monkeys, a patch of cliff that looks like 'a head wearing a crown', its brow creepy with vines and its cheeks weepy from a hidden spring, things like that. When standing there before that face, even Tim feels 'full of grace'." Noting references to James Joyce's Ulysses he added, "Speaking of Joyce, I should mention the prose of Nuns and Soldiers. Mostly it is nondescript. But when it dwells on the characters' transports of silent suffering or loquacious rapture ('He wanted to cry aloud and fall down and embrace her knees and kiss her feet'), when it dwells on the costumes of the women, then the prose is like that in the Nausikaa episode of Ulysses, but without the irony. Joyce himself, in a letter, described it as 'a namby-pamby jammy marmalady drawersy ... style with effects of incense, mariolatry, masturbation, stewed cockles. ...' Iris Murdoch's style is more genteel, however: stewed prunes instead of cockles". Unimpressed, Stade concluded, "Writing this bad cannot be faked; more likely it gushes straight from the unrelieved sincerity of an author who needs mostly to deceive herself. A (rhetorical) question of Anne's, I take it, puts into words the conscious informing sentiment of these novels: 'Can anyone who has had it really give up the concept of God? The craving for God, once fully established, is perhaps incurable.' No doubt, but my own feeling is that sex this far sublimated is not more than the thing itself, but less. I much prefer to take my erotic fantasies raw. They are more nutritious that way."

Graham Hough was also unimpressed, beginning his review in the London Review of Books by stating: "Even to Iris Murdoch fans, of whom I am one of the most constant, Nuns and Soldiers will be a disappointment. It is a long solid book, purposely digressive, and there is a good deal of hard slogging before we get to the main theme. The title promises more than the performance. There is only one nun and no soldiers at all." He added, "The married life of Gertrude and Guy is presented as so insufferably mature, cultivated, public-spirited and smug that the reader's first instinct is to close the book before it has begun and forswear the society of mature, cultivated, public-spirited persons for the rest of time." Hough concluded, "But Iris Murdoch's writing has the power to engage the reader in its conflicts, even without the pleasures of recognition or sympathy; and though they are slow in developing, the conflicts are not absent. […] And as always with Iris Murdoch, the apparent moral simplicities prove ambiguous or uncertain."

title: Nuns and Soldiers


text:
User talk:Hjuka

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 15:32, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thank you, I appreciate that...

Your input
Your input and contribution would be helpful at Irminenschaft and Wotanism. Please see the talk pages for these entries for relevance. Thanks! - WeniWidiWiki 16:29, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Irminenschaft
Please don't copy and paste material from other websites. Copyright violations are not acceptable. RickK 20:25, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

I appreciate your (Wikipeida's staff's) vigilance!! I am the copyright holder..

 * I can't see a copyvio flag - seems to have been removed Brookie 13:59, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

AfD nomination of James Hjuka Coulter
An article that you have been involved in editing, James Hjuka Coulter, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you. --B. Wolterding 15:27, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Conflict of interest
If you have a close connection to some of the people, places or things you have written about, you may have a conflict of interest. In keeping with Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy, edits where there is a conflict of interest, or where such a conflict might reasonably be inferred from the tone of the edit and the proximity of the editor to the subject, are strongly discouraged. If you have a conflict of interest, you should avoid or exercise great caution when:
 * 1) editing articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with,
 * 2) participating in deletion discussions about articles related to your organization or its competitors,
 * 3) linking to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see Spam);
 * and you must always:
 * 1) avoid breaching relevant policies and guidelines, especially neutral point of view, verifiability, and autobiography.

For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have conflict of interest, please see Business' FAQ. For more details about what constitutes a conflict of interest, please see Conflict of Interest. --B. Wolterding 15:27, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hjuka