text:
Jackline

A jackline is a rope, wire or webbing strung from a ship's bow to stern to which a safety harness can be tethered, allowing a crewmember to move about the deck safely when there is risk of falling or being swept overboard. At sea, falling overboard is one of the leading causes of death in boating; fastening oneself to the ship with a safety harness tethered to a jackline reduces this risk.

Generally, the jacklines are run from the bow to the stern on both the port and starboard side of a ship. Jack lines are used in heavy weather and in periods of reduced visibility, i.e. fog or at night.

Jacklines may be rigged temporarily when bad weather is expected, or, especially on sailboats heading offshore, they may be left in place all the time and used as necessary. They are usually attached to strong padeye or cleat fittings at both ends of the boat, allowing the crewmember to move fore and aft by sliding their harness' clip along the line. Jacklines may be made of wire or low-stretch rope. More recently, sailors are using high strength nylon webbing. The reason is that flat webbing does not roll under foot while working on deck and there is less chance to confuse it with other lines in difficult conditions. This reduces the hazard that can be created by using rope.

A jackline is also a rope installed in the luff of a mainsail to allow the luff slides to migrate horizontally away from the mast when the sail is reefed. By allowing the slides to migrate, more space is left in the mast track for the upper luff slides to descend, making the operation easier.

title: Jackline


text:
Talk:Visual thinking

More POV
This article wears its opinion on its sleeve to the point that it will twist facts listed in the article to dismiss critics. Example: "Research by Child Development Theorist Linda Kreger Silverman suggests that less than 30% of the population strongly uses visual/spatial thinking, another 45% uses both visual/spatial thinking and thinking in the form of words, and 25% thinks exclusively in words. According to Kreger Silverman, of the 30% of the general population who use visual/spatial thinking, only a small percentage would use this style over and above all other forms of thinking, and can be said to be 'true' "picture thinkers"."

and "autism. However, given that current statistics by the National Autistic Society UK put the incidence of ASD around 1 person in 100 has an Autism Spectrum Disorder[2] and that up to 60%-65%[citation needed] of the population think in pictures, it cannot be concluded that visual thinking has any necessary connection with autism."

Grandin's theory appears to relate to thinking exclusively visually or the inability to think liguistically, which the article states is rare, only a few percent of the population. The 60-65% statistic includes those who think both visually and liguistically, but it is that statistic that the encyclopedia article uses to dismiss Grandin out of hand. Even were we supposed to argue the opposing viewpoint, that is a logical fallacy. -96.242.204.224 (talk) 18:39, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

I think one of the problems here is that many are lookiing at the same elephant but only at their own parts of interest. I am coming from another perspective from other contributors so far, I have Auditory Processing Disorder and near all of my coping strategies revolve around visual learning, and processing Visual Information to compensate for my auditory processing deficit. I am a natural visual-spatial laearner who thinks in pictures. The estimates of the size of population of Visual learners in comparison to Auditory and Kineasthetic Learners can be distort by waht your are trying to describe. We all have some visual, auditory and kineathetic learning ability, and many arwe able to switch their abilities to match the task needs of the task they are performing. Others for whatever reason have a learning or thinking dominance while having a learning and thinking abiliyt deficit with their other abilities. So the statisitcs can be about those who have a visual learning dominance (preferance) which wouold be the smaller population OR they can be about those who are able to use visual learning abilities, which would be the larger population.

I have compiled a list of doanloadable PDF files on this topic on the APDUK web site (we do have copyright permission) on our Learning Style Summary page, which may shed some light on some of the issues here. http://www.infosheets.apduk.org/learnstyles1.htm

dolfrog (talk) 11:41, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Geographical thinking
There is a whole section of geographical thinking that has not been added here. Whilst it is a stub, it has the ability to be expanded in a much greater capacity, given appropriate research with people such as Silverman but also with input from behavioural geographers. 01:55, 5 July 2006 (UTC) Parawirra

 * Could you have a look at my section on topographical thinking at the bottom of the talk page? Since you haven't elaborated on the topic of geographical thinking, I'm wondering if you are referring to the same thing. Zuiram 01:28, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Nice, this article is about me isn't it... thanks a lot, Haraldur.

POV
This article borrows liberally from The Visual-Spatial Learner: An Introduction. Has anyone asked Dr. Linda Kreger Silverman, Ph.D., for her permission to use her material like this?

Yes, I agree... it actually goes straight through to a PDF of her book!

which appears a blatant advertisement plus later stuff appears a lead to someone's private consulting business.

This reads like pseudo-scientific propaganda, complete with an MBTI-like enumeration of famous individuals that supposedly represent the characteristics of the model.

I resemble this. This sounds like an amped-up version of the common aptitude that the Johnson O’Connor Human Engineering Laboratory calls 'Structural Visualization'. (http://www.jocrf.org/) Simply stated, people with this talent can visualize structures in 3D and even manipulate that visualization. For the physician, this gives a sort of 'virtual x-ray vision', an engineer might experience it as an instant, mental, CAD-CAM program, while an interior designer would be able to simply look at a room and know what furniture will fit.

The current article may read like pseudo-science, but the... phenomenon is real, testable, and inherited.

Well being able to manipulate a 3d object in your head isn't a problem to picture thinkers. There is a lot more to it and that is what this research is all about. I have been tested for it as a kid as I came out positive. It's also important to know this for many reasons. It's def not fake. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.81.228.168 (talk) 23:09, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

As someone with high functioning autism, I find this article very defensive. The author seems offended that persons think differently than them. I'm a software architect, and my ability to communicate my ideas through pictures is quietly regarded as "brilliant". It's just normal to me. I accept most people learn through pictures, however, I don't think it is how most people think. I have subordinates who express their thoughts strictly in long-worded paragraphs, then get upset that no one cares what they have to say. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.69.85.28 (talk) 05:20, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

XPLANE listing
Should XPLANE really be included in see also? Timothy Clemans 21:23, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Removed this sentence
I removed the following sentence, "*Thinking at a subliminal rate of 32 concepts per second, as opposed to the 6-7 words per second experienced by typical verbal-sequential thinkers, thus appearing to intuitively come to conclusions that are very hard to reach by using typical linear reasoning". 32 concepts per second? This sounds like nonsense, I took it out. --Xyzzyplugh 04:23, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed, that sentence stuck out for me as well. A "subliminal rate" would probably be difficult to measure experimentally.  Additionally, 32 is a precise number, where a range like "25-35" would really be more appropriate.  If someone can find the study that spawned this concept, feel free to reference it.  pmj 22:07, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The exact figure seems odd, and would presumably be dependent on the task at hand as well as the dominating frequency band of the brain at the time (i.e. while visual thinking may persist at predominantly delta levels near sleep, it would likely be nowhere as fast as at predominantly beta levels during concentration).
 * That said, my "visual" thinking rate appears to be slightly faster in terms of cycles per second than my verbal thinking; however, the main advantage is not in the cycles per second domain (sequential speed) but rather in expressiveness (net bandwidth).
 * It is possible to process several "symbols"/"concepts" at the same time, depending on what is being considered, typically leading to a higher parallelism (for me, at least) as verbal thinking is hard for me to parallelize. That could be construed as a higher rate, but would need clarification with regards to iterations per second, as opposed to concepts per second. I have no difficulty accepting 32 nodes consciously visited in a second, but I do have difficulty accepting 32 stages of processing in a second.
 * Unconscious processing of this sort appears to be faster than conscious processing, and easier to commit to memory; this could have something to do with volume of intermediate nodes, selecting new nodes to commit, or simply a kind of resistance to the higher net throughput due to a feeling of less control if you're a visual thinker that has worked primarily in the verbal mode due to external interactions.
 * Zuiram 00:55, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In computer terms, you can't measure the performance of something just by looking at the 'clock rate' - you also have to consider the amount of parallelism that can be employed - the cost of communication between the parallel parts of the processor, the consequences of Amdahl's law, the number and nature of specialised processors that are uniquely suited to a particular task - and how efficiently the 'algorithm' is implemented on the hardware that's provided. Since we are not even close to knowing any of those things for verbal versus spatial reasoning in humans, it is utterly pointless to even discuss the 'clock rate' at which some parts of the brain are operating.  This is bogus - it is bad science, bordering on pseudo-science - and it doesn't belong in this article, either with exact number or a range of numbers or even without numbers at all. SteveBaker 02:10, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Problems
While this is certainly a valid and interesting concept, most of the article does not ring true, and amounts to nothing more than pseudoscience. What to do? —Viriditas | Talk 09:36, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

I'd agree that this article sounds somewhat pseudoscientific at the moment. It also comes across as npov in favour of visual thinking. Have a look at unsourced statements like: "Among gifted students, the proportion of visual-spatial learners may be much higher. In one small sample, more than three-fourths of the gifted students preferred visual-spatial methods." It really reads like a self help book written to sell copies improve the self esteem of visual thinkers rather than a clear well sourced article about an aspect of human psychology. Saluton 22:54, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Focus on disability
Is it just me or is the article an attempt to conflate several mental disabilities with a particular mechanism present in all individuals?

Its not just you its flagrantly obvious and is an embarassment to wiki.

If you had only one hand (the left), you could "prove" that you're not disabled, but merely left-handed. Similarly, this article points out in every second sentence that autism and dyslexia are concomitant with visual thinking. Obviously, if a certain mechanism (here, language) is damaged, similar tasks are handled by a another mechanism (here, visual thinking). That doesn't mean that mentally disabled people are just as gifted like the most skilled visual thinkers (with or without a language-related disability). --Vuo 16:00, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

yes, see my comments on visual versus verbal thought. visual thinking is the most common mode of thought among 5 major modes of thought (not 2) yet left handers are only 1 in 7 people

Grandin's connection of visual thinking with autism has been outdated and she's updated her work accordingly so the article is citing her based on work she has now updated to reflect that SHE rather than AUTISTIC people think in pictures.

Left handedness.
I have no proof - but it seems to me that an unusually large percentage of visual thinkers are also left-handed. It kinda makes sense because a larger proportion of dyslexics are left handed, as are the mildly autistic Asperger's syndrome people. Left-handers also dominate occupations such as architecture. This is really striking to me - and I'm surprised it's not in the article. Is there published evidence for this? (I wouldn't want to promote 'original research' here). SteveBaker 20:31, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Excuse me. The largest percentage of the population are visual thinkers. Yet only 1 in 7 people are left handers. I rest my case.

The article: Left-handed claims visual thinkers are statistically more likely to be left handed - and also backs up the link with dyslexia and mild autism. SteveBaker 20:36, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Interesting, on that coincidence I was diagnosed as dyslexic, I am left handed and a visual thinker too. --Nexii Malthus (talk) 23:59, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Visual and linguistic
This article seems to infer that one is either a visual thinker or a linguistic thinker. Could it be argued that certain individuals would be able to use both forms of thinking, albeit for different purposes. For instance, when one initially reasons out an idea in order to reach a conclusion, they do so linguistically, but when recalling their thought patterns, they would be perfectly capable of quickly resurfacing the idea to as well as how they came to there conclusion without requiring the time needed to undergo the every step of there reasoning process every time they recollect said idea? Further, could it also be argued that verbal thinkers do in fact use visual thinking to a lesser extent, even if it is secondary to their verbal line of thought? 66.24.236.62 01:14, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is the issue I was addressing in my paragraph above. This article 'dissects' a normal mechanism from a healthy system and associates it with mental disability. I also suspect that psychology is (at least nowadays) so primitive that only one mechanism is assumed to present in one individual. --Vuo 11:24, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think we need to see references for this. Are we looking at people with 100% visual thinking versus people with 100% linguistic skills - are we presuming that there are people with 50% of the visual thinking skills and 50% of the linguistic skills or are we imagining a 'superhuman' person with 100% of both sets of skills?   I have no clue.   I'm definitely a visual thinker - people at work know that I'm incapable of conveying a coherent thought without a white-board to scribble on. I certainly have linguistic skills (I'm able to use them right here and now) - but are they as good as 'verbal thinkers'...?  I suspect not - but it's hard to tell.   Without some kind of solid reference on this subject, I don't think we should be engaging in Original Research (WP:NOR). SteveBaker 18:04, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * "Visual" thinking in the sense that I interpret the term is qualitatively different from verbal thinking, and so much so that it would appear to be something you have or lack. It is certainly different from visualization/mind's eye/episodic memory. However, your proficiency in both will depend on what you train; there appear to be many people who "have" the ability to do "visual" thinking, but have relied exclusively on verbal thinking, at least for conscious thought.
 * Ease of communication depends on your ability to translate between modes, as well as whether the person(s) you are communicating with think "visually". I can totally relate to the whiteboard issue, but I have no problem communicating coherently with many "verbal thinkers". My main issue has been on the receiving end, in that verbal communication can sometimes have a large volume with little content, leading to difficulty consolidating what is being communicated into "nodes".
 * Being "on the same page" helps immensely, particularly with "visual" thinkers on the receiving end. If your internal topographies are fairly congruent, it becomes trivial to communicate the "visual" content verbally. The "visual" thinkers I know refer to this form of communication as a "brain dump"; rarely is there any significant divergence in the conclusions reached, the interpretation/understanding of the material, etc. after such a short session of verbally nonlinear communication.
 * I'd be hesitant to call "visual" thinking superior, though, with the notable exception of areas where the inherent parallelism and topographical organization is required to consolidate comprehension of the topic in a suitable timeframe. Systems design appears to be one such area, where I have yet to see a verbal thinker produce a large design that "feels" conceptually coherent; I'd love a counterexample, though.
 * Zuiram 01:10, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think in images, but they are on different levels depending on what I need. I do not need to smell a triangle for example while doing some math. And I do not realize full pictures while talking.. I just get a few flashes here and there and that's that. But when remembering or trying to anticipate a situation, it's in full color/smell/feeling. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.81.228.168 (talk) 23:16, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Visual and Linguistic among other fallacies

 * this article was full of supposition and fallacies.

Visual thinking is one of five main modes of thought, not two, the others being verbal, physical (kinesthetic), aural (musical), logical (mathematical/systems) with the last three also being non-linguistic.

Visual thinking has no necessary links with hemisphere dominance as it occurs in both global and details thinkers, left and right handers etc.

As the most common form of thinking has no necessary links with autism (although Temple Grandin promoted such a stereotype which is now outdated). As one of the most common modes of thought, there is also no necessary connection between visual thinking and dyslexia nor language disorder. The deaf blind can still learn language yet have neither verbal nor visual thinking.

Visual thinking should also not be confused with logical (mathematical/systems) which may also be visualised using lines and mind maps but is not pictorial, and the author had this confused, citing scientists and engineers as necessary examples of visual thinkers.

Visual thinking also has no necessary relationship to serial memory skills of those with photographical memory as even those with visual agnosia can have photographic memory.

Spatial-temporal reasoning
I am against merging Spatial-temporal reasoning into the present article. There is a whole body of research from computer science and psychology about spatio-temporal reasoning, see e.g.. --Tillmo 20:01, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

As an artist with high verbal skills who sustained a mild traumatic brain injury, I would like to make a few observations/connections that may refute some oversimplifications I read in the above discussion, where many types of thinking are blended rather indiscriminately. I hit my head at the point where the right eye coordinates vision with the rest of the brain. Because of our need to stay balanced, our vision is immediately synched with our hearing, so it makes no sense to split them for purposes of discussion. Visual& Aural thinking are strongly,intrinsically linked, giving us the speedy reactions that come before more complicated assessments of dangerous situations. When this area in me was damaged, I lost some hearing in my right ear, and lost the coordination of my right and left eyes for the purpose of reading. Unconsciously my brain suppressed information from my left eye in order to present a coherent, sequential world to me, but that habit of right-eye dominance left me confused, since my right side was damaged.In addition, using only 1 eye left me unable to perceive depth, so I became dizzy if I drove, or moved quickly, etc. In addition, all the words I learned as "sight-words" (in teaching special educ. we discriminate between words memorized eidetically, which for me are a large percentage, since I had eidetic memory) became scrambled in my typing. When I have a new thought to express, so I'm making intuitive leaps, I hear what I want to say & I'm visualizing abstractions, BUT, I can't picture the word anymore, or put the letters in sequence. It comes out scrambled, with my hands confused, placement of all the keys I visually learned inaccurate. In addition, I lost my internal map of my city, and got lost frequently. I wasn't aware of where I was in relation to the 4 directions, or landmarks.

I submit that we operate from internal maps --the hippocampus, the seat of our understanding, and become individuals, based on the needs/demands of our home & school environments, we learn the most optimum configuration or balance of types of learning inputs, to allow us to succeeed, if we are able to learn from our mistakes. Kinesthetic learning is required for any other learning to happen. Subject-object relationships, sensory-processing are basics. Visual learning is about input, visual thinking is about cognitive processing at a deeper level, but if the eyes don't coordinate, comprehension is much harder. Most of us learn internal focus visually, and it is required to use the executive function and coordinate the body in a useful response.

Having said that, object permanence is learned (by those who can see) with their eyes. Blind learners use auditory, proprioceptic and kinesthetic inputs to a greater degree, and store the information in the vision center at the back of the brain, as well as the hippocampus, jsut like the rest of us. This has been shown in the last 5-6 years, highlighted in Scientific American. (sorry no cit. off the top of my head). I must also note as one who has suffered from PTSD (as almost a third of Americans have at one point) stress and insecurity about safety or survival wreaks havoc with the thinking process. So to try to "divide and conquer" the brain and simplify it, is not terribly useful. We need to think in systems and dynamics and learn about the chemical reactions that constitute thought. We need to visualize sequences with logically consistent integrity AS WELL as hypothesize networks of associative connections, again, with FOCUS.

Tjejtanken (talk) 19:23, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

Merge proposal with Visual learning

 * Oppose - It is possible to teach people using pictures even if they are not visual thinkers. Visual thinkers can be taught using only words.  The two topics are pretty much unrelated.  I am a visual thinker - I read books and the words turn into pictures in my mind.  I don't necessarily want to be taught in pictures because it's such a long winded way of getting some concepts across.  Visual thinking is an attribute of human minds - visual learning is a teaching technique.  I just don't see any overlap whatever between the subjects. SteveBaker 17:44, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose - What Steve said. I prefer high-rate high-density verbal learning (150-300wpm) or high-rate multipass reading (1000+ wpm). It allows me to form the concepts and sensory images (pictures etc.) in a manner that meshes with the existing topography. A diagram or schematic can be illustrative and occasionally indispensable for a few things, but this has nothing to do with the visual/verbal thinking bits. Zuiram 01:14, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

As there are actually 5 main modes of thought, not 2 (visual, verbal, physical (kinesthetic), aural (musical), logical (mathematical/systems) the authors arguments on the need for visual instruction over all other forms is based on incorrect information. Even styles of learning among autistic people are now recognised to be diverse and Grandin's original thesis that all autistics think in pictures (as she claims to) has now been updated in her own work.

"Visual" vs topographical thinking
As the article name and text indicates, it appears to deal explicitly in visual concepts. I relate to what is being said, but find it more accurate to describe this in terms of nodes that can contain any combination of sensory still- or motion-images along with an abstract cognitive context, organized into a topographical map which can be visually represented, but works faster and better for me if I don't do that intermediate "rendering" stage. Verbal data is only rarely included in a node. Is this an indication of a different kind of thinking, which should be linked from this article; that the article is dealing with a particular aspect of such thinking, not the whole; that such a mode of thinking has been shown to be the visual analogue of subvocalization; or that it is hard for "verbal thinking" researchers to recognize an abstraction that cannot be adequately described in a mode they are familiar with? If its just me, it doesn't belong in an encyclopaedia, but I doubt it is, so if anyone knows anything about this, it'd be nice if they could chime in here. Anyone who doesn't, but thinks this way, can put their anecdotes on my talk page, and I'll see if I can get around to organizing an article or wikibook about it. Zuiram 01:26, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Picture thinkers VS Visual learners
Somehow this article has morphed into a hodgepodge. Some parts are now about the completely different subject of "visual learning", instead of "picture thinkers", Originally this page was intended as a copy of the Dutch page about "Beelddenken" (Thinking in pictures). See the Dutch version, which still only talks about "beelddenkers" (picture thinkers), but after many recent edits it has become polluted with the very different subject of "visual learning". A "beelddenker" still (all children have this ability, but most lose it when they start to talk) has the ability to "solve problems" by (unconsciously) manipulating "symbols" in his head, rather than only being able coming to a conclusion by the "normal" linguistic step-by-step procedure most of us use. They are also able to think linguistically, but it is harder for them than normal, so they often have symptoms resembling dyslexia, but the upside is that they have abilities that "language thinkers" lack.

Perhaps it is true it that 60% of the population prefers visual methods of learning (although a site about Judo does not seem a reliable source), but that does -not- imply those 60% are "picture thinkers". A far smaller amount of people are -real- picture thinkers, no more than a few percent.

I would propose to move this article to "visual learning", and ressurect a -real- "picture thinkers" page in its place. Now in a way the real information about "picture thinkers" has been erased from the English wikipedia and replace by a different topic altogether. {re-worded} Mahjongg 01:16, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Current user is adding what amounts to advertisements
In the section:

Dutch and Belgian research into Picture thinking

the author has cited as reference a PDF of an author's book, amounting to an advertisement.

In the statement:

''Contrary to the current thinking in the US, in the Netherlands and in Belgium there is not much doubt among the general population that picture thinking is a real phenomenon, and that only a small percentage of the population are true picture thinkers. [12] [13] Persons who mainly think using pictures to the exclusion of thinking linearilly using language. Although there is resistance to the idea by some psychologists, a lot of empirical evidence was discovered for the existence of this phenomenon.''

the author has failed to provide any non-advertising refs re current thinking in the US - ie where's the proof, how does this differ from opinion?

the refs given go through to a pdf of an author's book and a not for profit Dutch business offering consulting relating, among other things, to LD and dyslexia.

If there is resistance to the idea, where's the ref re what psychologists think? Otherwise this is opinion.

if there is a lot of empirical evidence etc, then why only 1 ref going to an author's pdf and another going to a not for profit consulting business belonging to ONE particular therapist?

Re the following section

''Much research is being done into the phenomenon of “picture thinking”, (a literal translation of the Dutch term "beelddenken") by the Dutch nonprofit foundation the "Maria J. Krabbe Stichting Beelddenken" [1]. They are publishing documents, holding congresses and are funding scientific studies and have even devised a test, (the "Ojemann wereldspel") to recognize children that are picture thinkers. In this test children are asked to build a village using toy houses, and a picture is taken from the result. After a few days the child is asked to re-create the very same village. Children who are picture thinkers are found to be much more accurate in re-creating the village than the non picture thinking children.''

I visited the site, which is one for a consulting business of one particular therapist. It did not amount to 'much research'. If this much research exists, then profit valid academic sites to demonstrate this.

re:

''A mass of literature about picture thinking is now available in Dutch, but so far little has been published in English. However, the "Maria J. Krabbe Stichting", in co-operation with the child development theorist Linda Kreger Silverman of the Institute for the Study of Advanced Development, has published a reader in English "upside down brilliance" [3].''

this again works as a lead toward the pdf of an author's book and the consulting business refered to and hence should be considered an advertisement

re

Then there is also a small Dutch comic booklet published with the title "ben jij een beelddenker" (are you a picture thinker) that in a very clear way demonstrates to children and adults the difference in thinking between a "linear text thinker" and a "picture thinker" [14] Interestingly it is based on a comic first published in 1962.

whilst this comic exists on the consultant's home page, this acts as a lead in what amounts to an advertisement and is not an academic reference which meets wiki standards

re

''Many popular and scientific articles have been published about "beelddenken" in the Netherlands, and consequently most Dutch parents, and teachers in primary education now know how to recognize and handle children that are "picture thinkers", so these teachers are much better equipped to help these children. Also many Dutch adults, after reading about picture thinkers, have recognized that they are picture thinkers themselves. Many of them have also discovered that one or more of their children are also picture thinkers, so it seems there is a genetic pre-disposition involved.''

again, this is opinion as it provides no refs to valid academic articles as proof of 'many popular articles' nor impact on Dutch education, not any ref re genetic predispositions.. in other words it amounts again to only opinion. If these things are academic facts, then valid refs - which do not act as advertisements for particular author's books or particular consultants' business - must be provided. opinion alone is not valid as an academic standard of information.t

if such refs don't exist, then however strong the authors opinion, such venting only diminishes the reliability standards of wikipedia entries.

 * With all due respect, I think the above arguments are figurative, and amount to nothing more than an attempt to disqualify and sensor a point of view that the editor above (which is user:1210donna by the way) dislikes.
 * Let me be clear, i am -not- attempting in any way to "advertise" for a "book", (which is a free download so has no commercial value, so why is it "advertizing"?) or any other commerical item or service, and in fact I am not in any way connected to any of the things I am claimed to be "advertizing" for.
 * Instead the reader/book that is claimed I am "advertizing" for is actually just the transcript of a speach held for the Maria J. Krabbe Stichting, which is a well respected organisation, and not in any way just "a consulting business of one particular therapist"., perhaps it is because the page is in Dutch, but even a short visit will be enough to convince most people that the website of the "Maria J. Krabbe Stichting" is -not- the website of a single therapist, but of a foundation. The Dutch word "stichting" means foundation.

 * What in my view is happening is that an attempt is made to sensor the fact that in the Netherlands much more attention is given to the theory that a small percentage of the population are true "picture thinkers". It seems an attempt by many of the editors of this article to prevent this theory to also take a foothold in the US. That is why I said Contrary to the current thinking in the US...., it simply an observation of what is happening with this article. Why should I "provide non-advertising refs re current thinking in the US". What makes them more an "advertizing ref" than many similar links published in Wikipedia anyway, and why must the ref be to a US institution? The article in its current state, compared to the first year or so since this article was created tells the story of why I think many here are opposed to the idea. Please look through the history of this article and you will see why believe that to be true. Originally when this article was started it was much like the current Dutch version beeld denken (and the French version) and talked mostly about "picture thinkers", but for the last couple of years it has been systematically stripped from any reference to "picture thinkers", and turned into quite the opposite. I am simply attempting to restore a little bit of what the article was originally about, only to see my edit immediately removed with figurative arguments.

 * Wherever I could I tried to reference my "opinions", but all my references are simply disqualified as "advertizing", which is simply nonsense. The author above seems to think that only if i provide a link to an -American- source it is a valid link. Where is the logic in that?

 * yes, the website on which the first two pages of the booklet "are you a picture thinker" (my translation) can be found is from a therapist, what has that to do with anything? I am -not- advertizing this therapist, i am simply using what is available on the internet. There are other links that I could have used, but they only show the cover of the booklet, this one actually shows the relevant pages. Anyway, the only reason to show the booklet is to show that "picture thinking" is a well known subject in the Netherlands. I provided some other links as well to show that "picture thinking" is a well known and documented subject in the netherlands, but these too were systematically removed.

 * The claim above is also that my claims are considered "unscientific", and that I do not offer "scientific proof", which seems to me to be a much more honest reason than to claim that I am trying to be an "advertizer". But this too is simply untrue, as at the very least the link to the Maria J. Krabbe Stichting provides scientific studies. I have attended one of their earlier congresses, and during that congresses things like the apparent genetic pre-disposition was being talked about, and later my sister found out that two of her daughters apparently are picture thinkers too (yes, I consider myself to be a picture thinker, that is why I am so interested in this subject, and also explains my somewhat convoluted writing style).

 * By the way, wikipedia does -not- require that an article contains only scientifically undisputed theories, as long as the article is balanced and provides both POV. Note that I did not remove "anything" from the "this is disputed" part of the article.

 * It has never been only -my- material about "picture thinkers" that has been systematically removed, it has been going on for a long time, just recently the very last whole remaining sections about it were removed, my attempt of restoring some of the original material is partly a reaction to that.

 * If readers have doubts about the phenomenon of "picture thinkers", it is their good right to do so, but I think that -I- am also in my right to rapport that in the Netherlands (and in Belgium) the situation is very different from the US. There is nothing wrong with trying to make the article more "encyclopedic", as long as the essence of what I'm trying to make clear is not removed. the essence of my contribution is simply that in the Netherlands the phenomenon of Picture thinkers IS taken serious, both by the public at large, by teachers, and by therapists, and that research that supports the theory HAS been done here. Please do not attempt to sensor that. Mahjongg (talk) 14:02, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * P.S. my appologies for the many spelling errors above, which slipped through even after proofreading, I simply -am- a bit dyslextic :-) (in the mean time I hopefully removed most of the most irritating ones)Mahjongg (talk) 14:11, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * P.P.S. I have reworded much of the section and added a lot more reference links that are more difficult to disqualify as "advertizing" because they are more independant from any "single therapist", in an attempt to remove some of the more valid criticisms. I also tried to accomodate English only readers by providing a way to read many of the referenced articles through a translation service. Mahjongg (talk) 17:34, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Competing advertisements mutually disputed; this should be fun to sort out. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 18:06, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Please read WP:MEDMOS, WP:MEDRS, WP:FN on footnote placement *after* punctuation, WP:RS and WP:V (Wikipedia is not a source, please stop adding it), and WP:ADVERT. Please stop adding content to this article that does not meet WP:V. Thank you, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 18:16, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Dear SandyGeorgia, you know what.. Thanks! I think the section actually looks much better like this!
 * I must confess, because of the continuous removals I became so desperate that I went a bit overboard with links trying to "document my case", while in fact that was only detrimental to the point I tried to make, so thanks, my message is still intact, that was all I ever wanted, and the section is much less cluttered as well...

 * By the way I think you were spot on with your remark "competing advertisements mutually disputed; this should be fun to sort out".

 * My only regret now is that the single remaining link is to a page that is in Dutch, perhaps that one footnote pointing to a Babel Fish translation of the same web-site would fix that, but I am almost scared to add that now :-).
 * Now I only hope that nobody tries to remove (almost) the whole section again because someone thinks it's "unscientific" or something. That would not do, because as we both know (at least I have read-some- of these WP guidelines in the past),  WP:V states, "The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth", but I do agree that for a medical article the threshold should be somewhat higher than normal. That is not a problem at all, because I encourage sceptical thinking about this subject (instead of swiping it under the rug)  I would therefore encourage any and all truly scientific research into this subject. I am trying to be a truth-finder here not a zealot. Yes, I believe that picture thinking is real, and is the best theory at the moment to explain some observations. But if a better theory comes that is even better in explaining the observed facts, then I would be very happy to adopt it.  Mahjongg (talk) 22:56, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * There's more going on in this article than I can sort out, but I should have also added WP:COI to the list of suggested reading. I don't speak Dutch, so there's not much more I can add here, but I'm certainly concerned about all of the edits I'm seeing to everything related to Donna Williams.  Across the board, every one of those articles is a wreck; everyone editing these articles needs a firming grounding in Wiki policies and guidelines, including conflict of interest.  Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 23:02, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * can't say I have ever heard of Donna Williams, (I assume she is user:1210donna) or why she removed the core of my section. I have nothing against her. By the way, I have added a ref with the babel fish translation as I suggested. It is far from perfect, but at least an interesting party can get the gist of the page. I hope you don't disapprove :-) . Mahjongg (talk) 12:22, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Eidetic memory

 * "Visual Thinking and Eidetic Memory
 * Eidetic Memory (photographic memory) may co-occur in visual thinkers as much as in any type of thinking style as it is a memory function associated with having vision rather than a thinking style. Eidetic Memory can still occur in those with visual agnosia (meaning blindness) who, unlike visual thinkers, may be limited in the use of visualization skills for mental reasoning."

I'm not sure what relevance it has to this article, since the definition of an eidetic memory (something which has never been demonstrated to exist, except for one controversial case where the researcher then married the subject, who refused to ever be tested again) is based on an automatic process, where no real 'thinking' is involved. Given the fact that the existence of eidetic memory in humans is extremely doubtful, I think this whole section should be removed. I'm not completely sure what the author was even trying to say, anyway.
 * Destynova 01:34, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Art and Design
I'm interested in expanding the section on art and design education. I want to explore the links between our perceptions of space and our cognitive abilities, and how they influence our perception of design. I think there can be a useful link to help convey information. If these principles could be understood and analyzed, it could be ground breaking for many design disciplines. Joleung (talk) 19:32, 12 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Welcome!  Lova Falk     talk   11:20, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

Deza 2009
The first source, which is cited three times in the beginning is a rather weak one: In his book, Deza contributes only one paragraph to this topic without any further references.

See page here: http://books.google.de/books?hl=de&id=LXEezzccwcoC&q=Visual+thinking#v=onepage&q=Visual%20thinking&f=true

--hklinke (talk) 16:08, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I noticed the deeza references too. I was particularly amused by the citation [3] that had citation "[1]" as its source.  I am worried about there being just too much in this article left completely unsupported.Tgm1024 (talk) 21:10, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

Intelligence citations bibliography for updating this and other articles
There are many reliable sources not yet reflected in this article's content. You may find it helpful while reading or editing articles to look at a bibliography of Intelligence Citations, posted for the use of all Wikipedians who have occasion to edit articles on human intelligence and related issues. I happen to have circulating access to a huge academic research library at a university with an active research program in these issues (and to another library that is one of the ten largest public library systems in the United States) and have been researching these issues since 1989. You are welcome to use these citations for your own research. You can help other Wikipedians by suggesting new sources through comments on that page. It will be extremely helpful for articles on human intelligence to edit them according to the Wikipedia standards for reliable sources for medicine-related articles, as it is important to get these issues as well verified as possible. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 02:11, 14 October 2013 (UTC)
 * This means that you started with an article full of POV and then now ask help to find support for it? That's completely backwards.  You should always START(!) with the sources and from there derive an encyclopedic entry.Tgm1024 (talk) 21:08, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

Source Link Broken
The link to the second citation is no longer available. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.91.165.221 (talk) 01:43, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

Adapting to learning style produces no better outcomes -- contradictory
This general statement makes no sense, despite cited sources, because disylexia is an obvious counter example. If one kind of processing information is clearly not an individual's strength, and learning material is provided in this modality predominantly, learning success will be dim. Current approaches of using other modalities might not be successful right now, because a mere translation, without making use of the modalities typical strength (think of graphs vs a long row of numbers), won't take advantage of that modality.

Furthermore, the cited sources are literature reviews, and remain vague on how exactly studies were made. The full article is not accessible, and the abstract is vague. Their major claim is that there was little edvidence rigorous research, and that the few studies that did it, have not found any evidence, but which studies that were and how they were conducted cannot be verified (article is not accessible).

But since even the authors state that there was little evidence based research in favor or against this method, it seems to be really exaggerated to generally discredit the hypothesis that learning styles do matter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.219.148.180 (talk) 16:29, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

Citation 12
Saying citation 12 is a bad citation is a massive understatement. There is no link, DOI, or any other reference other then the names and date. A date that spans an entire year. Can this be fixed or the information using it as a citation deleted? Mrmola (talk) 18:45, 27 August 2021 (UTC)
 * (For future reference, that's citation 12 in this old version of the page, reading "Morgan (1896), Hinselwood (1900), Orton (1925)".) This reads to me like it's been copied from another article where the references were defined—usually when you see references like this, the full citation is under "Sources" or "Further reading" (or an equivalent). Or, maybe the references were removed for some reason, by an editor who didn't realise that it left this reference unexplained.
 * Since the citation is from a section which links Dyslexia as the main article, that's my first port of call, but I can't see the citations in that article either. My next step is to look through the history of the article. Through some trial and error of checking old versions (accessible by the linked dates and timestamps in the page history), I find that it was added somewhere in this 2012 stream of edits by, who by fortune happens still to be active as an editor and could possibly remember what was going on here (though it was almost a decade ago!). — Bilorv ( talk ) 00:53, 28 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Nope; those soyrces were already there; I just moved them into a reference. But:
 * Morgan (1896), A Case of Congenital Word Blindness
 * Hinselwood (1900), CONGENITAL WORD-BLINDNESS
 * Samuel Orton (1925), see A Brief History of Dyslexia
 * Regards, Joshua Jonathan  - Let's talk!  05:13, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Visual thinking


text:
Dotted and dotless I in computing

The Latin-derived letters dotted İ|İ i and dotless I ı, which are distinct letters in the alphabets of a number of Turkic languages, unlike in English and most languages using the Latin script, have caused some issues in computing.

Difficulties
Unicode does not encode the uppercase form of dotless I and lowercase form of dotted İ separately from their base letters, and instead merges them with the upper and lower case forms of the I|Latin letter I respectively. John Cowan proposed disunification of plain Ii as capital letter dotless I and small letter I with dot above to make the casing more consistent. The Unicode Technical Committee had previously rejected a similar proposal because it would corrupt mapping from character sets with dotted and dotless I and corrupt data in these languages.

Most Unicode software uppercases ı to I, but, unless specifically configured for Turkish, it lowercases I to i. Thus uppercasing then lowercasing changes the letters. Likewise, most Unicode software uppercases i to I, changing the letter in the process.

In the Microsoft Windows SDK, beginning with Windows Vista, several relevant functions have a NORM_LINGUISTIC_CASING flag, to indicate that for Turkish and Azerbaijani locales, I should map to ı.

In the LaTeX typesetting language the dotless ı can be written with the backslash-i command:.

Dotted İ and dotless ı are problematic in the Turkish locales of several software packages, including Oracle DBMS, PHP, Java (software platform), and Unixware 7, where implicit capitalization of names of keywords, variables, and tables has effects not foreseen by the application developers. The C or US English locales do not have these problems. The .NET Framework has special provisions to handle the 'Turkish i'.

Many cellphones available in Turkey (as of 2008) lacked a proper localization, which led to replacing ı by i in SMS, sometimes severely distorting the sense of a text. In one instance, a miscommunication played a role in the deaths of Emine and Ramazan Çalçoban in 2008. A common substitution is to use the character 1 for dotless ı. This is also common in Azerbaijan (see also translit), but the meaning of words is generally understood.

In some Ectaco translators, the letter İ was also treated as I (e.g. TRAFIK $\langletraffic\rangle$, when it is normally TRAFİK).

title: Dotted and dotless I in computing


text: User talk:68.20.223.218

title: User talk:68.20.223.218


text:
Anping

Anping may refer to:

China

 * Anping County, of Hengshui, Hebei
 * Anping, Cenxi, in Cenxi City, Guangxi
 * Anping, Anping County, in Anping County, Hebei
 * Anping, Xianghe County, in Xianghe County, Hebei
 * Anping, Zhecheng County, in Zhecheng County, Henan
 * Anping, Anren County, in Anren County, Hunan
 * Anping, Lianyuan, in Lianyuan City, Hunan
 * Anping, Chenxi (安坪镇), a town of Chenxi County, Hunan
 * Anhai, formerly named Anping, in Jinjiang, Fujian
 * Anping Bridge, near Anai, Jinjiang, Fujian

Taiwan

 * Anping, Tainan, a district in Tainan
 * Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan), or Fort Anping (安平古堡), the oldest colonial fortress in Taiwan
 * Pingzhen District, district in Taoyuan City, formerly the town of Anping

title: Anping


text:
Bosham

Bosham is a coastal village, ecclesiastical parish and civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex, England, centred about 2 mi west of Chichester with its clustered developed part west of this. Its land forms a broad peninsula projecting into natural Chichester Harbour where Bosham has its own harbour and inlet on the western side.

Geography
The parish has an area of 3400 acre. In the 2011 census its 4,256 people lived in 1,833 households, of whom 2,063 were economically active.

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward includes the civil parish of Chidham and Hambrook with a total population taken at the 2011 census of 4,256.

Broadbridge
Broadbridge, sometimes known as New Bosham more developed round the A259 road and the Coastway railway line including Bosham railway station as with most stations in the county with direct services to London as well as the cities of Brighton and Portsmouth. The locality is increasingly referred to by its earlier name, Broadbridge.

Bosham village and Bosham Hoe
Bosham is surrounded by varying width green buffer land, the vast bulk of which is the south of the peninsula. This includes the site of the original village centre on the harbour as well as the farmland and private property of Bosham Hoe. At spring tides the sea comes up high flooding the rural lower road and some car parking spaces.

Roman
The site has been inhabited since Roman times, and is close to the famous palace at Fishbourne. Several important Roman buildings have been found in northern Bosham around Broadbridge including a possible temple, a small theatre and a mosaic. The Bosham Head, part of the largest Roman statue from Britain was found nearby. A legionary's helmet was found in Bosham harbour and is now in Lewes museum. The helmet is of late Claudian date, the time of the invasion.

Tradition holds that Emperor Vespasian maintained a residence in Bosham, although there is no evidence of this. There are also said to be remains of a building popularly thought to be a villa belonging to Vespasian, at the Stone Wall in the parish. Pottery and tile fragments, of both Roman and early British period, have been discovered in the area, confirming pre-Anglo-Saxon activity. The possible Roman harbour here was part of the natural harbours between Portsmouth and Chichester known as Magnus Portus and its position, as latitude and longitude, was plotted as part of Ptolemy's Geography.

Anglo-Saxon and Norman periods
Much of Bosham's history during the Early Middle Ages is ecclesiastical. Bede mentions Bosham in his book The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, speaking of Wilfrid's visit here in 681 when he encountered a Celtic monk, Dicul, and five disciples in a small monastery. The village is one of only five places that appear on the map attached to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of around this time.

In 850, the original village church was built possibly on the site of a Roman building, and in the 10th century was replaced with Holy Trinity Church, situated beside Bosham Quay, that still serves as the local place of worship. There is a tradition that a daughter of Canute the Great drowned in a nearby brook and was buried here, although there seems to be little evidence for this. The tradition was originally linked to a fourteenth- or fifteenth-century effigy. In 1865 a coffin containing a child's skeleton was discovered, buried in the nave in front of what is now the chancel of Holy Trinity Church. This was thought to be Canute's daughter.

There is a legend that around this time Bosham Church was plundered by Danish pirates, who stole the tenor bell. As the pirate ship sailed away, the remaining church bells were rung. The tenor bell miraculously joined in, destroying the ship. The bell is still said to ring beneath the waters whenever the other bells are rung.

Harold Godwinson
Bosham is mentioned by name in the Bayeux Tapestry, referring to the 1064 meeting of Harold and Edward the Confessor on the way to meet William of Normandy to discuss who would succeed Edward to the throne:
 * "Ubi Harold Dux Anglorum et sui milites equitant ad Bosham ecclesia[m]"
 * (Where Harold, Earl of the English, and his army ride to Bosham church)

Harold's strong association with Bosham and the recent discovery of an Anglo-Saxon grave in the church has led some historians to speculate that King Harold was buried here following his death at the Battle of Hastings, rather than Waltham Abbey as is often reported. The speculation began in 1954, when the nave was re-paved, and the body of King Canute's reputed daughter was re-examined. It was discovered that the body of a richly dressed man was buried beside the child's. A request to exhume the grave in Bosham church was refused by the Diocese of Chichester in December 2004, the Chancellor ruling that the chances of establishing the identity of the body as that of Harold Godwinson were too slim to justify disturbing a burial place.

Domesday Book
The Domesday Book of 1086 lists Bosham as one of the wealthiest manors in England. It included the nearby village of Chidham. Bosham was confirmed to be in the possession of Osbern, Bishop of Exeter, who had been granted the land by his kinsman, Edward the Confessor. It possessed 112 hides (~13,000 acres) in different parts of the country. Unlike many places, lordship of much of Bosham remained in the same hands after the conquest as before, although the ownership of Earl Godwin's land was under the ownership of King William at the time of the survey.

Modern times
Bosham was the scene of a brutal murder in 2013 that was not solved for nearly six years. The case featured on the Sky documentary series Killer in My Village (Season 4, Episode 8).

Landmarks
The Holy Trinity Church is a historic building of some note – it has been in existence at least since Anglo-Saxon times, and is mentioned in the Domesday Book. It has been dedicated to the Holy Trinity since the early part of the 14th century; its previous dedication is not known. Much of the building retains its original Saxon architecture, dating from about the late 800s. The tower houses an original Saxon window. There is also a 13th-century crypt, which is speculated to have been a charnel house used to harbour the bones of those from the collegiate church nearby.

Holy Trinity occasionally hosts concerts and recitals.

Chichester Harbour, a Site of Special Scientific Interest is partly within the parish. This is a wetland of international importance, a Special Protection Area for wild birds and a Special Area of Conservation. The harbour is of particular importance for wintering wildfowl and waders of which five species reach numbers which are internationally important.

Notable buildings in Bosham include the Old Town Hall, built in 1694.

Bosham Sailing Club
Bosham Sailing Club (BSC) is the oldest sailing club in Chichester Harbour and was founded in 1907. Its clubhouse is the Old Mill on Bosham Quay with a terrace overlooking the picturesque harbour.

Bosham F.C.
Bosham Football Club was founded in 1901. They were one of the founding members of the Sussex County League Division Three in 1983. Bosham have won the Division Three title on three occasions – and finished runner-up once – earning promotion to Division Two, with their highest finishes being 7th place in 1985–86 and 1994–95 seasons. This period also saw the club take part in the FA Vase. In 2012, the club were demoted into the West Sussex League on ground grading issues, and now play in the League's Premier Division. Also known as 'The Robins', the team play their home fixtures at Bosham's local recreation ground on Walton Lane. The club also operates a reserve side, and youth team – known as the 'Bosham Cygnets', composed of local youngsters.

Bosham Cygnets
Bosham Cygnets is a youth football team who currently compete at both Under 15 and Under 18 level – where the club has two sides – in the Arun & Chichester Youth League. The club play their fixtures on a Sunday. Over the years, the Cygnets have been renowned for encouraging young footballing talent and acted as a feeder for regional Centre of Excellences at local professional Football League clubs, including Portsmouth, Southampton and Brighton & Hove Albion.

In media

 * The X-Files episode Fire (Series 1, Episode 12) has its cold open set in the village.
 * The Saint episode The Gentle Ladies (Season 2, Episode 25) refers to boating and the village.

title: Bosham


text:
Straight decker

A straight decker according to the original meaning of the term is a ship built with its pilothouse forward and engines aft to provide a continuous hold in between. This design originated to increase cargo capacity and facilitate loading and unloading of lake freighters on the U.S./Canadian Great Lakes routes. The current common meaning of "straight decker" upon the Great Lakes is a bulk/ore freighter which has not been equipped with self-unloading machinery.

Straight deckers are mainly owned by the Canadian fleets, such as Upper Lakes Shipping (ULS). One exception is the 730-foot U.S. lake freighter Edward L. Ryerson (nicknamed 'Fast Eddie' because of her 19-mph speed). Originally launched in 1960, she had a short layup from 1986 to 1988 due to a downturn in the industry. She went into long term layup in 1998 and joined the fleet once again in 2006, but has been laid up since 2009 at Lake Superior's Fraser Shipyard. The Edward L. Ryerson is one of only two remaining straight-deck bulk carriers still part of the American fleet on the Great Lakes, the other being the John Sherwin. The Ryerson was the last U.S. laker to be built as a steamer (with a GE 9,900 shp cross-compound steam turbine engine), the last to be built without a self-unloader, and the last lake boat to be constructed at the Manitowoc, Wisconsin, shipyards.

Straight deckers without self-unloading gear are loaded and unloaded by gantry cranes or Hulett unloaders. These giants use a clamshell bucket and counterweight system to scoop the cargo out of the holds, one scoop load at a time.

Self-unloading equipment is usually in the form of a boom on deck. The boom is usually positioned on the back half of the vessel, pointing forward. The boom is swung out to either side of the vessel, a conveyor system is started, and the offloading process begins. The boom is a much more efficient method of unloading and allows the boat to serve a wider variety of ports which have no shore-side unloading gear. This also allows a greater variety of cargoes to be hauled and, therefore, the opportunity to run more trips each season. Many historic straight deckers have been converted to self-unloaders or retired from service. For instance, the steam-powered straight decker James Norris was converted to a self-unloader in 1980, but by 2008 still had not been converted from steam to diesel. The largest straight-decker, the 806-foot John Sherwin, has not sailed under its own power since 1981, and its conversion to a diesel self-unloader in 2008 was suspended because of the world economic downturn.

Some self unloaders can have a rather straight decker look. For example, the 1000-foot Stewart J. Cort has a shuttle boom inside the aft deckhouse. The shuttle boom can be extended to reach hoppers on the docks, specially designed for the purpose.

History
Early in the 20th century, a new design was becoming prevalent on Great Lakes ore/ bulk cargo freighters. Instead of locating the pilothouse and deckhouses in the center of the ship, the new design placed deck houses at the extreme front and back of the boat. The name "straight deck" referred to the large flat cargo hold expanse in between. This design permitted higher capacity and easier loading and unloading.

Self-unloaders were developed later and then the common meaning of the term evolved to mean a lake carrier without self-unloading equipment and capability.

title: Straight decker


text:
Liptauer

Liptauer is a spicy cheese spread from Slovak, Austrian and Hungarian cuisine. Liptauer is made with sheep milk cheese, goat cheese, quark, or cottage cheese.

Etymology
The name is derived from the German name Liptau for the region of Liptov in northern Slovakia.

Overview
It is a part of the regional cuisines of Slovakia (as Šmirkás, a form of the German Schmierkäse for cheese spread), Hungary (körözött), Austria (Liptauer), Slovenia (liptaver), Serbia (urnebes salata, "chaos salad"), Croatia, Albania (liptao), Italy (especially in the province of Trieste), and Romania (especially in Transylvania, where it typically goes by the Hungarian name, körözött).

The three main ingredients are spreadable white cheese like quark, chives and paprika. About one third of "traditional" Liptauer consists of bryndza, a sheep milk cheese. Other soft cheeses used include cottage cheese, quark and goat. These are mixed with sour cream, butter or margarine and finely chopped onions; sometimes beer is added. Usual spices include ground paprika, fresh parsley and whole (or ground) caraway seeds. Variants add others such as prepared mustard, Worcestershire sauce, capers and anchovy paste.

In Szeklerland and among other Transylvanian Hungarians, tarragon is also mixed in.

Consumption
Liptauer is traditionally eaten as an open sandwich, especially with rye bread or pumpernickel toast, or bagels, and also as an appetizer with crackers, served with beer or wine, or as a filling for cold dishes such as stuffed tomatoes, peppers, celery or hard boiled eggs. Ready-made Liptauer is generally available in small tinfoil packages and has a spicy, sharp taste.

In Austria, Liptauer is a typical snack served at Heurigen, Austrian wine-drinking taverns. In Slovakia and Hungary many families have their own recipe for the dish. In Serbia, Liptauer is available in most restaurants that serve local cuisine. It is often made spicy with paprika, roasted red peppers and egg yolks.

Another substitutes for bryndza:
 * Schlierbacher cheese (in German)
 * Mondseer cheese (in German)
 * Pálpusztai cheese

title: Liptauer


text:
Edward Castronova

Edward "Ted" Castronova is a professor of media at Indiana University Bloomington. He is known in particular for his work on the economies of synthetic worlds.

Biography
Castronova obtained a BS in international affairs from Georgetown University in 1985 and a PhD in economics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1991. In between, he spent 18 months studying German postwar reconstruction and social policy at universities and research institutes in Mannheim, Frankfurt, and Berlin. From 1991 to 2000, he worked as an assistant and then associate professor of public policy and political science at University of Rochester, after which he became an associate professor of economics in the College of Business and Economics at California State University, Fullerton. In the fall 2004, he joined the faculty of Indiana University Bloomington as an associate professor of telecommunication and cognitive science, later becoming a full professor and also the director of graduate studies in the department.

His works on synthetic worlds and their economies, and on EverQuest in particular, have attracted considerable attention. His paper on Norrath, a fictional planet in the EverQuest universe, Virtual Worlds: A First-Hand Account of Market and Society on the Cyberian Frontier (2001) is available on SSRN. It claims, for example, that Norrath has a GNP per capita somewhere between that of Russia and Bulgaria, higher than that of China and India, and that a unit of EverQuest currency is worth more than the Yen or Lira.

He is one of four founders (along with Julian Dibbell, Dan Hunter and Greg Lastowka) of the game research blog Terra Nova. He also created the Indiana University Ludium game conferences which were built on the structure of a collaborative game environment.

In 2008, he and his team finished work on a MacArthur Foundation-supported academic experiment in massively multiplayer online gaming, Arden: The World of Shakespeare. They documented that people in fantasy games act in an economically normal way, purchasing less of a product when prices are higher, all other things being equal. This finding may open the way for future study in synthetic worlds of real economic behavior. Castronova said of the results, "Being an elf doesn't make you turn off the rational economic calculator part of your brain.".

In 2014, he co-authored a book with economic sociologist, Vili Lehdonvirta, "Virtual Economies: Design and Analysis", which consisted of information regarding research, design, and the creation of virtual economies, published by MIT Press.

Papers

 * Castronova, Edward. "Virtual Worlds: A First-Hand Account of Market and Society on the Cyberian Frontier," CESifo Working Paper No. 618, December 2001.
 * Castronova, Edward. "On Virtual Economies," CESifo Working Paper Series No. 752, July 2002.
 * Castronova, Edward. "The Price of 'Man'  and 'Woman': A Hedonic Pricing Model of Avatar Attributes in a Synthethic World," CESifo Working Paper Series No. 957, June 2003.
 * Castronova, Edward. "The Price of 'Man'  and 'Woman': A Hedonic Pricing Model of Avatar Attributes in a Synthethic World," CESifo Working Paper Series No. 957, June 2003.

Media

 * BBC News - Virtual gaming worlds overtake Namibia
 * Norrath Economic Report Now Available - Slashdot.org on Castronova's report
 * The Walrus Magazine: "On-line fantasy games have booming economies and citizens who love their political systems. Are these virtual worlds the best place to study the real one?"
 * Video "Be A Gamer" TEDx (2011)

Books

 * Edward Castronova. Synthetic Worlds, University of Chicago Press (2005). ISBN 0-226-09626-2
 * Edward Castronova. Exodus to the Virtual World, Palgrave Macmillan (2007). ISBN 1-4039-8412-3
 * Edward Castronova. Wildcat Currency. Yale University Press (2014). ISBN 0300186134
 * Edward Castronova. Virtual Economies: Design and Analysis. (2014), With Vili Lehdonvirta ISBN 0262535068

title: Edward Castronova


text:
Sketches of Spain

Sketches of Spain is a studio album by the jazz trumpeter and composer Miles Davis. It was released on 18 July 1960 through Columbia Records. The recording took place between November 1959 and March 1960 at the Columbia 30th Street Studio in New York City. An extended version of the second movement of Joaquín Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez (1939) is included, as well as a piece called "Will o' the Wisp", from Manuel de Falla's ballet El amor brujo (1914–1915). Sketches of Spain is regarded as an exemplary recording of third stream, a musical fusion of jazz, European classical, and styles from world music.

Background
Davis's wife Frances Davis insisted he accompany her to a performance by flamenco dancer Roberto Iglesias. Inspired by the performance, Davis bought every flamenco album he could get at Colony Records shop in New York City.

The album pairs Davis with arranger and composer Gil Evans, with whom he had collaborated on several other projects, on a program of compositions largely derived from the Spanish folk tradition. Evans explained: "[We] hadn't intended to make a Spanish album. We were just going to do the Concierto de Aranjuez. A friend of Miles gave him the only album in existence with that piece. He brought it back to New York and I copied the music off the record because there was no score. By the time we did that, we began to listen to other folk music, music played in clubs in Spain... So we learned a lot from that and it ended up being a Spanish album. The Rodrigo, the melody is so beautiful. It's such a strong song. I was so thrilled with that."

The folk songs in the album were inspired by recordings made by Alan Lomax in Galicia and Andalusia, which were released in 1955 by Columbia Masterworks.

Concierto de Aranjuez
The opening piece, taking up almost half the record, is an arrangement by Evans and Davis of the adagio movement of Concierto de Aranjuez, a concerto for guitar by the contemporary Spanish composer Joaquín Rodrigo. Following the faithful introduction of the concerto's guitar melody on flugelhorn, Evans' arrangement turns into a "quasi-symphonic, quasi-jazz world of sound", according to his biographer. The middle of the piece contains a "chorus" by Evans unrelated to the concerto but "echoed" in the other pieces on the album. The original melody then reappears in a darker mode.

Davis plays flugelhorn and later trumpet, attempting to connect the various settings musically. Davis commented at rehearsal, "The thing I have to do now is make things connect, make them mean something in what I play around it". Davis thought the concerto's adagio melody was "so strong" that "the softer you play it, the stronger it gets, and the stronger you play it, the weaker it gets", and Evans concurred.

According to Davis' biographer Chambers, the contemporary critical response to the arrangement was not surprising, especially given the scarcity of anything resembling a jazz rhythm in most of the piece. Martin Williams wrote that "the recording is something of a curiosity and a failure, as I think a comparison with any good performance of the movement by a classical guitarist would confirm". The composer Rodrigo was also not impressed, but royalties from the arrangement brought him "a lot of money", according to Evans.

Critical reception
In a contemporary review for DownBeat, Bill Mathieu hailed Sketches of Spain as one of the 20th century's most important musical works so far and a highly intellectual yet passionate record. He found Evans's compositions extremely well crafted and Davis's playing intelligently devised, concluding in his review, "if there is to be a new jazz, a shape of things to come, then this is the beginning." Replying to suggestions that Sketches of Spain was something other than jazz, Davis said "it's music, and I like it." In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), J. D. Considine called it "a work of unparalleled grace and lyricism," while Q magazine said it "took orchestral jazz in a new direction." Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic about the record and recalled being a young listener when it was released: "In 1960 [it] catapulted Davis into the favor of the kind of man who reads Playboy and initiated in me one phase of the disillusionment with jazz that resulted in my return to rock and roll."

For Sketches of Spain, Evans and Davis won the 1961 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Composition of More Than Five Minutes Duration. The album was ranked number 358 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

Track listing

 * Sides one and two were combined as tracks 1–5 on CD reissues.

Song title meanings

 * 1) Concierto de Aranjuez was written about the gardens at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez.
 * 2) El amor brujo is often translated as "The Bewitched Love." It is a ballet by Spanish composer Manuel de Falla.
 * 3) "The Pan Piper" refers to the instrument (pan flute) played by a pig's castrator and knife grinder and the melody he used to play when arriving to villages in Galicia. "Alborada" is a traditional folk style from Galicia.
 * 4) "Saeta" is a type of religious song mostly sung during the Semana Santa (Holy Week) processions in Spain.
 * 5) "Solea" is a form of flamenco music.

Personnel

 * Miles Davis – arranger, trumpet, flugelhorn
 * Gil Evans – arranger, conductor
 * Johnny Coles – trumpet
 * Bernie Glow – trumpet
 * Taft Jordan – trumpet
 * Louis Mucci – trumpet
 * Ernie Royal – trumpet
 * John Barrows – French horn
 * James Buffington – French horn
 * Earl Chapin – French horn
 * Tony Miranda – French horn
 * Joe Singer – French horn
 * Dick Hixon – trombone
 * Frank Rehak – trombone
 * Bill Barber – tuba
 * Jimmy McAllister – tuba
 * Danny Bank – bass clarinet
 * Albert Block – flute
 * Eddie Caine – flute
 * Harold Feldman – clarinet, flute, oboe
 * Romeo Penque – oboe
 * Jack Knitzer – bassoon
 * Paul Chambers – bass
 * Jimmy Cobb – drums
 * Elvin Jones – percussion
 * José Mangual Sr. – castanets (track 1-2)
 * Elden "Buster" Bailey – percussion (tracks 3-5)
 * Janet Putnam – harp

title: Sketches of Spain


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Chichibu Tama Kai National Park

Chichibu-Tama-Kai National Park (秩父多摩甲斐国立公園) is a national park in Japan at the intersection of Saitama, Yamanashi, Nagano and Tokyo Prefectures.

With eight peaks over 2000 m scattered over 1250 km2, there are numerous hiking trails and ancient shrines. The best known landmarks are Mount Mitsumine (三峰山), home to the 2000-year-old Mitsumine Shrine; and Mount Mitake, with the Musashi-Mitake Shrine. The park has sources of major rivers such as the Arakawa River, Shinano River, Tama River, and Fuefuki River (Fuji River).

Tokyo Metropolis side
The major points of interest are Mount Mitake (929 m), Mount Odake (1,266 m)and Mount Mito (1,528 m).

Mount Mitake is positioned on the eastern border of the national park. It has been worshiped as a sacred mountain from the time of antiquity. On its peak stands a Shinto shrine, Musashi-Mitake Shrine (武蔵御嶽神社), which was established during the reign of Emperor Sujin in 90 B.C. The building houses a Zaōgonge Statue made in 736. At present, a cable-car service allows visitors easy access.

Mount Mito consists of three peaks: the Western Peak (1,527 m), Central Peak (1,531 m), and Eastern Peak (1,528 m). The mountain is part of a northern section of the Oku-takao Ridge (奥高尾縦走路) that runs northeast from Mount Takao, Hachiōji, Tokyo. The mountain is famous for its forest of Fagus japonica and was voted to be one of the best 100 mountains in Japan in 1997. It is also the source of the Aki River, a major tributary of the Tama River.

Saitama Prefecture side
The main attractions are the Tochimoto Sekisho Historical Site (栃本関所跡) and Nakatsu Canyon (中津峡).

The location of the Tochimoto Sekisho Historical Site sits at the junction of the Chichibu Trail that goes through the Karisaka Pass toward Kōshū and the Shinshū Route heading for Shinshū through the Jūmonji Pass. Although the site at present is located in a small settlement on the mountains, at its heyday, many travelers went through this location. The historic site offers a glimpse of that period when the path was frequented by travelers.

Nakatsu Canyon is a canyon that extends roughly 10 km and is carved by the Nakatsu River, a tributary of the Arakawa River. In particular, around in November many visitors are attracted to this location for fall foliage.

Yamanashi Prefecture side
Major attractions include the Daibosatsu Pass (大菩薩峠), Mitake Shosēn Gorge (御岳昇仙峡), and Nishizawa Canyon (西沢渓谷).

The Daibosatsu Pass is a pass that is famous from the novel The Sword of Doom by Kaizan Nakazato. The pass resides between Kōshū, Yamanashi and Kosuge, Yamanashi and rises to 1897 m. North of the pass along the ridge stands Mount Daibosatu (大菩薩嶺), 2,057 m in height above sea level. The pass is sometimes called the “Hagiwara Road”, “Daibosatu Road”, or “Oume Way”. Historically, it was used as an important but most strenuous leg of the Oume Route, an alternate route to Kōshū Kaidō, which connects Musashi Province and Kai Province. In 1878, a renovation to the nearby Yanagisawa Pass shifted traffic away from the Daibosatsu Pass. In recent years, a mountain hut has been constructed. The ridge provides magnificent vistas with a grass land with fireweed flowers. Around May and October the site is visited by many hikers to see fireweed flowers and autumn foliage with the cable car extending to the Kamihikawa Pass.

The Mitake Shosēn Gorge is a gorge carved by a tributary of the Fuefuki River located on the northern side of the Kōfu Basin. It is often shortened to the Shosēn Gorge. Granite rocks curved into various shapes by the river embellish the gorge. In 2008, the location was ranked in the best 100 waterways by the Ministry of the Environment. The location is inhabited by a large population of birds. Visitors started to come to the gorge through the Kōshū Kaidō during the Edo period. In 1964 and in 1972 opened Shosēn Gorge Ropeway and Mitake Shosēn Gorge Turnpike, respectively, making it a major tourist destination year around. During the holidays seasons, traffic jam on the turnpike and difficulty with parking due to limited availability often take place. In 1992, the Shosēnkyō Museum of Art, which mainly displays shadow play and kirigami exhibits, was built nearby.

The Nishisawa Canyon is a canyon carved by the Fuefuki River located upstream of Hirose Lake. It is situated at the northern part of Yamanashi Prefecture to the northeast of Hirose Lake, to the north of Mount Kurogane, to the east of Mt. Kokushi, Mt. Kita Okusenjō, and Mt. Okusenjō, and to the south of Mt. Tosaka and Mt. Kobushi. The entrance to the canyon is located along National Route 140. In the proximity a rest area, the Roadside Station Mitomi, and the Karisaka Tunnel. The canyon features falls and stream pools with a well-maintained trail. Toward the end of the trail is the Nanatsugama-godan Fall (七ツ釜五段ノ滝), one of the best 100 falls in Japan. A portion of old railway tracks, Shirnrin Railway, is visible on the opposite side of the river.

Nagano Prefecture side
The major point of interest is the Chikuma River Upstream Course (千曲川源流コース). The popular route is a mountainous trail stretching from Mōkiba (毛木場) to Mount Kobushi (甲武信岳). Mōkiba is famous for azaleas in June and an entrance to the Jūmonji Pass (十文字峠). Mount Kobushi is a mountain that sits between the border between Saitama Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture, rising to 2,475 m above sea level. One theory for the origins of the name accounts that the three characters Ko (甲), Bu (武), and Shin (信) stand for the initial characters of the old provinces Kōshū (甲州), Bushū (武州), and Shinshū (信州). The mountain is also known as the source of the Chikuma River, the Nagano Prefecture portion of the Shinano River.

Visitor centers
There are three visitor centers Mitake Visitor Center, Okutama Visitor Center, and Yama-no-furusato Visitor Center.

title: Chichibu Tama Kai National Park


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Agios Dimitrios, Elis

Agios Dimitrios (Greek: Άγιος Δημήτριος meaning Saint Demetrius) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Amaliada, northern Elis, Peloponnese, Greece. It is situated on the left bank of the river Pineios, 3 km west of the Pineios reservoir. It is 3 km west of Kentro, 3 km northeast of Archaia Ilida (ancient Elis), 12 km east of Andravida and 12 km northeast of Amaliada. The community Agios Dimitrios includes the village Kolokythas.

title: Agios Dimitrios, Elis


text:
DR (broadcaster)

DR, officially the Danish Broadcasting Corporation in English, is a Danish public-service radio and television broadcasting company. Founded in 1925 as a public-service organization, it is Denmark's oldest and largest electronic media enterprise. DR is a founding member of the European Broadcasting Union.

DR was originally funded by a media licence, however since 2022, the media license has been replaced by an addition to the Danish income tax.

Today, DR operates three television channels, all of which are distributed free-to-air via a nationwide DVB-T2 network. DR also operates seven radio channels. All are available nationally on DAB+ radio and online, with the four original stations also available on FM radio.

History
DR was founded on 1 April 1925 under the name of Radioordningen, which was changed to Statsradiofonien in 1926, then to Danmarks Radio in 1959, and to DR in 1996.

During the German occupation of Denmark in World War II, radio broadcasts were censored – under particularly harsh conditions from August 1943 – leading many Danes to turn to Danish-language broadcasts from the BBC or the illegal press, as well as Swedish radio in 1944–1945.

Statsradiofonien's second FM radio station, Program 2 (P2), was added in 1951, followed by P3 in 1963.

Experimental television broadcasts started in 1949, with regular programming beginning on 2 October 1951 with the launch of Denmark's first television channel. Daily programming began in 1954. Colour television test broadcasts were started in March 1967, with the first large-scale colour broadcasting occurring for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France. Danmarks Radio officially ended its "test" transmissions of colour television on 1 April 1970, although it wasn't until 1978 that the organisation's last black-and-white television programme (TV Avisen—The News) went over to colour.

In 1968, Danish television introduced television satire as a new entertainment genre. The production of satirical series by the entertainment department at DR occurred during a time when DR held a monopoly on radio and television broadcasting from 1925 to 1988, and from 1951 onwards, respectively.

At 14.00 local time on 16 May 1983 DR launched its first teletext information service, which is still available on all DR channels.

Danmarks Radio's monopoly on national television lasted until 1988, when TV2 started broadcasting. 8 years later DR launched their second television channel, DR2, on 30 August 1996. It was sometimes called den hemmelige kanal ("the secret channel") in its early years because it could not be seen nationwide at its launch.

The first trials of DAB were carried out in 1995, with eight channels officially launching in October 2002.

On 7 June 2007, DR launched an online-only news channel DR Update. It was later added as a traditional channel. With the switch to over-the-air digital signals on 1 November 2009, DR added three new channels to its lineup
 * DR K - an intercultural, documentary and "odd-film" channel.
 * DR HD – Denmark's first free-to-air high-definition channel intended to air successful shows from the other DR channels in true HD only, with no upscaling.
 * DR Ramasjang, a children's channel.

In 2013, a new logo in which the letters "DR" featured in a white sans-serif font on a black background was introduced, and the line-up of television channels was changed once again. A new channel targeting young people, DR3 replaced DR HD. Another channel for children, DR Ultra replaced DR Update. The closure of DR Update was the start of a revamping of DR 2 as a channel for news and society.

A nationwide switch from DAB to the newer DAB+ format took place on 1 October 2017. All of DR's stations plus the privately owned, public service channel - Radio24Syv, moved to the second national DAB+ multiplex (DAB-blok 2).

Financing
The principal means of funding DR is through the media licence, costing 2,492 DKK ($356 USD) per year per household since 2017. Traditionally it was the owners of radio and television receiving sets who were obliged to pay the licence fee. The increased availability of online streaming, however, led to the replacement on 1 January 2007 of the television licence by a more widely payable "media licence". This licence is mandatory not just for those with television sets but also for all those who own a computer, smartphone, or any other device enabling access to the internet.

In 2007, approximately 180,000 households did not pay the media licence.

Additional revenue comes from such commercial activities as the mounting of DR-organized concerts and other events in the Koncerthuset, the sale of books, CDs, and DVDs, as well as overseas sales from the catalogue of DR-made programmes.

Over a period of four years, starting in 2019 through 2022, the media licence was replaced by general taxation, as announced on 16 March 2018 by a majority in the Danish Parliament consisting of Venstre, the Conservatives, the Liberal Alliance, and the Danish People's Party.

DR productions
Some notable DR productions include Better Times, Borgen, Dansk Melodi Grand Prix (the Danish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest), Follow the Money, Gift ved første blik (remade in other countries as Married at First Sight), Matador, The Bridge, The Legacy and The Killing.

DR has organised three editions of the Eurovision Song Contest, all in Copenhagen: in 1964, 2001 and 2014; Eurovision Young Musicians 1986, and the inaugural edition of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in 2003. It was also the host broadcaster for Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005.

Radio

 * DR P1 – "Thought-provoking radio": factual programming, reports, discussion and debate on public affairs, society and the community, plus in-depth news.
 * DR P2 – "Music and cultural radio": classical music, opera, jazz, radio drama, and coverage of other artistic performances and events.
 * DR P3 – Hit radio, with popular entertainment shows and hourly three-minute news bulletins. P3 also covers major sporting events.
 * DR P4 – DR's most popular radio channel: a "modern public service station" broadcast in 10 regional versions, mixing popular music with national and local news. P4 also provides a Traffic Message Channel for delivering traffic and travel information.
 * DR P5 – Focuses on older music from the 1950s and 1960s mixed in with some newer music.
 * DR P6 Beat – In depth focus on underground and popular music scene.
 * DR P7 Mix - Was in depth of Pop music it was last broadcast on 2 January 2020
 * DR P8 Jazz – Jazz.
 * DR Langbølge – The 243 kHz longwave radio, used to cover nearby maritime areas, with news and weather broadcasts. The transmissions are only four times daily at 05:45, 08:45, 11:45 and 17:45 local time. The service ended on 31 December at circa 1705z.

Television

 * DR1 (24h, HD): the main channel, this is the home of drama series (including DR's own high-profiled productions), entertainment shows, films and documentaries, as well as the flagship evening news, sport, and weather programmes.
 * DR2 (24h, HD): breaking news, documentaries, debate, comedy, and films.
 * DR Ramasjang (5.00–20.00, HD): TV for children aged 3–13.

Online

 * DR3 – Innovative programming, chiefly aimed at viewers aged between 15 and 39.
 * DR Minisjang – For children aged 1–3.
 * DR Ultra – For children aged 7–12.
 * DR Bonanza – Was where you can watch the best - and the worst of all DR broadcasts (TV and Radio). It closed on 15 March 2024
 * TVA Live – News channel

Geographical terrestrial coverage

 * Denmark: All of Denmark is covered by digital terrestrial reception through a nationwide DVB-T2 and MPEG-4 network comprising five multiplexes (MUX). DR owns MUX 1, which broadcast all DR channels unencrypted.

 * Greenland: Every populated place in Greenland can receive DR1, DR2 and DR Ramasjang free-to-air via a public DVB-T network. In the capital Nuuk, the radio station DR P1 is available on FM.

 * Faroe Islands: Televarpið, a subsidiary of Faroese Telecom, covers the Faroe Islands with a DVB-T network broadcasting DR1, DR2 and DR Ramasjang.

Orchestras and ensembles

 * Danish National Symphony Orchestra
 * DR Big Band
 * Danish National Vocal Ensemble
 * Danish National Concert Choir
 * Danish National Girls Choir
 * Danish National Choir School

Disbanded DR orchestras
 * Danish Chamber Orchestra

Rosenkjær Prize
Since 1963, DR has awarded the Rosenkjær Prize to a person who has proven an ability to make a difficult subject accessible to a wider audience in an understandable and vivid form. The prizewinner commits to hold a number of radio lectures. The prize is named after Jens Rosenkjær (1883–1976), Head of State Broadcasting 1937–53. The prize is now DKK 50,000, up from 25,000 in 2008, and 40,000 in 2009.

Board of directors
DR's board of directors comprises 11 members appointed for a four-year period. Three members, including the chair, are appointed by the Minister of Culture, and six by Parliament, while the employees of DR elect two members. The board has overall responsibility for DR programs and for the hiring of DR's chief executive, the director general, and the remaining management positions. Their names are unknown.

Relocation of DR and funding crisis
DR moved in 2006–07 all its activities from Radiohuset in Frederiksberg and TV-Byen in Søborg to a new complex in the Ørestad area of Copenhagen. The new building, called DR Byen (lit. 'the DR city'), covers an area of approximately 133000 m².

The project became more expensive than planned, forcing DR to make drastic budget cuts. In April 2007, it was announced that 300 employees would be laid off, meaning that most of the sports department would be closed down as well as most of the educational department, several programmes and the radio channel DR X. DR would also give up its rights to the Olympic Games and attempt to sell the rights to a number of other sports events including football.

As the major recipient of license funds, DR operates under a public service contract with the government which it was unable to fulfil in the wake of the budget crisis related to the move. The budget overspends caused a major scandal which saw senior management of DR replaced, and was followed by a heated political debate over whether the service should receive additional emergency funding. Various measures to mitigate the impact on the public service obligations of the institution were contemplated by the Danish Parliament, and a compromise was agreed to limit the impact of the deficit.

Accusations of bias
For over a decade, the Danish People's Party, a nativist and anti-immigrant political party, has criticised DR for alleged bias in its political news coverage, citing the process for appointment to DR's board of directors. In response, DR set up a "watchdog committee" intended to detect and report upon any bias. Members of the watchdog committee are unknown.

The first large-scale scientific content analysis of political news coverage on DR published by the Centre for Journalism at the University of Southern Denmark, studying election news coverage in the years 1994–2007, documented no persistent political bias towards either the left or the right. News coverage of political actors and parties was found to be largely similar to the news coverage on DR's competitor TV 2. The study concluded that political news coverage on both broadcasters was guided by journalistic professional criteria as to the newsworthiness of political actors and political issues, not by partisan considerations.

In 2008, Mikael Rothstein, Jewish author and professor of religious history at the University of Copenhagen, was highly critical of DR when it issued a Christian values policy, declaring that Muslims would feel excluded.

title: DR (broadcaster)


text:
Jeroen Tel

Jeroen Godfried Tel (born 19 May 1972), also known as WAVE, is a Dutch composer. He is best known for numerous computer game tunes he wrote in the 1980s and early 1990s for the Commodore 64. His most popular compositions appear in the following Commodore 64 games: Combat Crazy, Cybernoid, Cybernoid II, Dan Dare 3, Eliminator, Hawkeye, Myth: History in the Making, Nighthunter, Robocop 3, Rubicon (title music), and Supremacy.

Maniacs of Noise
Alongside Charles Deenen, who Tel met at computer meetings in Venlo, Netherlands, Tel is a founding member of the computer music group Maniacs of Noise,  a company devoted to composing music and designing sound effects for videogames since 1987. He worked for several years at Funcom in Norway. In addition to being a game musician, he has composed lots of modules in the context of demo scene.

Tess & Tel
In late 2014 Jeroen Tel joined forces with Swedish singer and songwriter Tess Fries and formed the Pixel Pop music group Tess & Tel. They first met at a Space Invaders concert in Odense, Denmark on October 4, 2013.

Tess & Tel discography
• Buy the Sky (2015)

• Battle Valley (2015)

• Spank Me Hard & Call Me Susan (2016)

• Anywhere (2016)

• Dream Just Dream (2016)

• Complex (2016)

Tel Me More
In the summer of 2015, Tel launched a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo in order to produce a remix album (called 'Tel Me More') of his best C64 music. Of the $38,911 (a nod to the amount of free memory bytes when starting up a Commodore 64) goal, $27,420 was reached by a total of 699 backers. On August 8, 2015, Tel gave an update on his Indiegogo page stating that this was sufficient to create the album and deliver all the promised perks. In posts on the campaign page, he claimed to still be working on completing the project as of February 2020. However, in the beginning of February 2022, the project was marked as closed without any comment from Tel. In a June 2023 comment on SoundCloud, Tel stated his intention of getting the project "out of the way".

Soundtracks by Jeroen Tel
The following are soundtracks composed by Tel.

title: Jeroen Tel