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Katrina vanden Heuvel

Katrina vanden Heuvel (born October 7, 1959) is an American editor and publisher. She is the publisher, part-owner, and former editor of the progressive magazine The Nation. She was the magazine's editor from 1995 to 2019, when she was succeeded by D. D. Guttenplan. She has frequently appeared as a commentator on political television programs. Vanden Heuvel is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a US nonprofit think tank. She is a recipient of the Norman Mailer Prize.

Early life and education
Katrina vanden Heuvel was born in New York City, the daughter of Jean Stein, an heiress, best-selling author, and editor of the literary journal Grand Street, and William vanden Heuvel, an attorney, former US ambassador, member of John F. Kennedy's administration, businessman, and author. She has one sister and two step-siblings. Her maternal grandparents were Music Corporation of America founder Jules C. Stein and Doris Babbette Jones (originally Jonas). Through Doris, vanden Heuvel is a distant cousin of actor and comedian George Jessel. Her mother was from a Jewish family and her father was of Dutch and Belgian ancestry.

Vanden Heuvel graduated from the Trinity School in 1977. She graduated summa cum laude with an A.B. in politics from Princeton University in 1981 after completing a senior thesis titled "American Victims: A Study of the Anti-Communist Crusade." While at Princeton, she served as an editor and eventually as editor-in-chief of the Nassau Weekly, a school publication, and had an internship at National Lampoon magazine in 1978. She then worked as a production assistant at ABC for two years.

At The Nation
By the end of her junior year, vanden Heuvel had already worked for nine months as an intern at The Nation, after taking the 'Politics and the Press' course taught by Blair Clark, the magazine's editor from 1976 to 1978, returning to the magazine in 1984 to serve as the foreign affairs assistant editor.

In 1989, vanden Heuvel was promoted to The Nation's editor-at-large position, responsible for its coverage of the USSR. In 1995, vanden Heuvel was named chief editor of The Nation.

By 1995, The Nation was losing $500,000 a year, and its editor Victor Navasky brought vanden Heuvel together with other investors in a for-profit partnership to buy the magazine from investment banker Arthur L. Carter. The investors included vanden Heuvel, Paul Newman, E.L. Doctorow, Alan Sagner (former Corporation for Public Broadcasting chairman), Peter Norton (Norton Utilities software creator) and others.

In a 2005 interview with Theodore Hamm in The Brooklyn Rail, vanden Heuvel describes the contents of The Nation and its larger role in news media:"'Ideas, policy, activism, reporting, investigative reporting, as well as cultural pieces, reviews, writing. I hope people understand that about a third of this magazine, every week, is a very well edited, fascinating, cultural section, featuring reviews to people's of the big books as well as some of the under-appreciated, under-the-radar, independent books and films and art. But the main part of The Nation is to put on the agenda the ideas and views and news that might not otherwise be there, to comment—from our perspective—on the news of the week—and to provide strategies and some measure of hope in these times.'"

In April 2019, vanden Heuvel announced that she would step down on June 15, 2019, with D. D. Guttenplan taking her place.

Washington Post
Katrina Vanden Heuvel has written over 140 articles for The Washington Post's Opinion Pieces section, from 2011 to as recently as 2022. She received criticism from fellow journalist Wendy Kaminer in 2019 based on the reporting standards of her article "Citizens United."

Other activities
With her husband, Stephen F. Cohen, vanden Heuvel edited Voices of Glasnost: Interviews with Gorbachev's Reformers (Norton, 1989). She also edited the compilation volume, The Nation: 1865–1990 (Pluto Press, 1987).

In 1990, vanden Heuvel co-founded Vy i My (You and We), a quarterly feminist journal linking American and Russian women, and elsewhere described as a Russian-language feminist newsletter.

She was editor for the collection, A Just Response: The Nation on Terrorism, Democracy and September 11, 2001 (New York : Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2002) and co-edited Taking Back America – And Taking Down the Radical Right (Nation Books, 2004), and, more recently edited The Dictionary of Republicanisms (Nation Books, 2005).

As of April 2021, she continues to write an op-ed column for The Washington Post.

In her several opinion pieces in the Washington Post after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, she advocated avoiding enlarging NATO and consequently starting a Second Cold War with Russia and China, and also advised to "sit down and talk" to end the War in Ukraine immediately. She also warned about war hawks who might impede the peace process.

Boards and other memberships
Vanden Heuvel is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

She also serves on the board of the Institute for Policy Studies, the World Policy Institute, the Correctional Association of New York, and the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and previously served on the board of the Institute for Women's Policy Research.

Awards
In June 1987, vanden Heuvel edited a special edition of The Nation, "Gorbachev's Soviet Union", which was awarded the New York University Olive Branch Award.

Vanden Heuvel was awarded Planned Parenthood's Maggie Award for her 2003 article "Right-to-Lifers Hit Russia", a report on the anti-abortion movement in that country. She won the NYCLU's Callaway Prize for the Defense of the Right of Privacy and the American-Arab Anti-discrimination Committee's "Voices of Peace" award in 2003.

Vanden Heuvel has also been recognized and granted awards by the Liberty Hill Foundation, the Correctional Association, and the Association for American-Russian Women.

Personal life
In 1988, vanden Heuvel married Stephen F. Cohen, a professor of Russian studies at Princeton University and later New York University. They were married by Presbyterian minister and peace activist William Sloane Coffin in a non-denominational ceremony. The couple had one daughter, Nicola, born in 1991. The family made their residence on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. Cohen died in September 2020.

In the 2016 presidential election, vanden Heuvel praised Senator Bernie Sanders as "the realist we should elect".

Edited

 * A Just Response: The Nation on Terrorism, Democracy, and September 11, 2001 (2002), edited by Katrina vanden Heuvel (ISBN 1-56025-400-9)
 * Taking Back America – And Taking Down the Radical Right (2004), edited by Katrina vanden Heuvel and Robert Borosage (ISBN 1-56025-583-8)

title: Katrina vanden Heuvel


text: User talk:24.24.165.239

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.24.165.239


text: User talk:67.101.226.254

title: User talk:67.101.226.254


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Neil Oatley

Neil Oatley (born 12 June 1954) is a British design and development director in Formula One teams.

Career
Born in Britain, Oatley graduated from Loughborough University in 1976 with an automotive engineering degree. He worked briefly outside motor racing before joining the Williams team in 1977. There he became one of many young engineers to have worked alongside Patrick Head early in their careers before moving on to other organisations. Oatley worked as a draughtsman before becoming a race engineer for both Clay Regazzoni and Carlos Reutemann.

In 1984 Oatley was recruited by Carl Haas to work on the FORCE F1 project, but the results were poor, and the team withdrew from Formula One in.

Oatley joined the McLaren team shortly after leaving FORCE and worked alongside John Barnard in the design office. After Gordon Murray replaced Barnard as technical director, Oatley was put in charge of the design of the naturally aspirated car for 1989—Steve Nichols having been appointed chief designer of the 1988 chassis—and remained chief designer after Murray moved to the new McLaren road car project. His cars secured titles in, , , and.

Oatley continued to work as chief designer at McLaren until 2003, when he became executive director of engineering.

title: Neil Oatley


text: Template:WWIIFrenchAFVs

title: Template:WWIIFrenchAFVs


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User:Peach tree

t

title: User:Peach tree


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Saharan languages

The Saharan languages are a small family of languages across parts of the eastern Sahara, extending from northwestern Sudan to southern Libya, north and central Chad, eastern Niger and northeastern Nigeria. Noted Saharan languages include Kanuri (9.5 million speakers, around Lake Chad in Chad, Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon), Daza (700,000 speakers, Chad), Teda (60,000 speakers, northern Chad), and Zaghawa (350,000 speakers, eastern Chad and Sudan). They have been classified as part of the hypothetical but controversial Nilo-Saharan family.

A comparative word list of the Saharan languages has been compiled by Václav Blažek (2007).

Internal classification

 * Saharan
 * Eastern
 * Berti † (a.k.a. Sagato; extinct)
 * Zaghawa (a.k.a. Beria )
 * Western
 * Kanuri
 * Kanuri (Bilma, Manga, Tumari, Central)
 * Kanembu (Tarjumo)
 * Tebu
 * Daza
 * Teda

External classification
Roger Blench argues that the Saharan and Songhay languages form a Songhay-Saharan branch with each other within the wider Nilo-Saharan linguistic phylum.

Reconstruction
Cyffer (2020:385) gives the following Proto-Saharan reconstructions:

Comparative vocabulary
Sample basic vocabulary of Saharan languages from Blažek (2007):

Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:

title: Saharan languages


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User talk:Peach tree

hello!~! Peach tree 01:42, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia
Are you just going to edit your user and user talk pages?? Try to think of a real Wikipedia edit to make. Perhaps you should try to do a test in the Sandbox. Georgia guy 01:45, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peach tree


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Talk:Communist state/Archive 6

Section 5:2 spelling error
"Marxst" =>> "Marxist". Thanks for the unbiased page providing viewpoints from first world and second world people. Unfortunately, having a spelling mistake, means that because More information is Better is a great axiom for wikipedia to strive towards, one person (myself) will spend quarter of an hour searching the internet for "Marxst" (haha.) Unless of course that was a purposeful neologism conveying the idea that "there's no I in Marxism" (similar to the euphemism "There's no I in team." In which case, great. Grazi.

Current communist states
Why does this section not include North Korea? The map does include North Korea though. North Korea may not be guided by Marxism-Leninism anymore, but it's still a communist state as far as I know.

Earlier in the article, it clearly states, "Today, the existing communist states in the world are in China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam."

This sentence in the section, "They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism" -> can be changed to "They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism except North Korea with juche idealogy." 2600:6C44:117F:95BE:0:0:0:10A9 (talk) 10:20, 15 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. The article mentions North Korea multiple times. Actualcpscm (talk) 23:28, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

I'm referring to this table in the "Current communist states" section. Why North Korea is not included? 2600:6C44:117F:95BE:B8E3:6E37:8761:4A85 (talk) 06:14, 17 November 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Please ensure that edit requests are clear and specific :) Actualcpscm (talk) 16:02, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

If we're going by the actual definition, no "communist states" exist or have ever existed. The list should be removed from this article, as it's also a poorer WP:REDUNDANTFORK of List of socialist states where North Korea is properly categorized. -Vipz (talk) 06:57, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 January 2023
Add North Korea to the table titled "Overview of current communist states" in the section Current communist states.

The preceding text says: "The following countries are one-party states in which the institutions of the ruling communist party and the state have become intertwined. They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism or its derivatives, such as Juche."

The accompanying map also includes North Korea.

However, North Korea is missing from the table itself. 2601:547:B05:3D9B:F157:B7D:A12B:D1EA (talk) 21:49, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

Not done: Not done for two reasons. First and foremost, that table is a template. That means that although it's INCLUDED in this page, it's not constructed here. If you want to discuss the content of the template, head over to Template_talk:History_of_Communist_Nations. Secondly, at the aforementioned template page, the current consensus seems to be to leave North Korea in its current location on the table. PianoDan (talk) 22:41, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Oops - I realize you weren't talking about the template, but about the table later in the article. In that case, I would say you need to develop a consensus here on the talk page before any edit to the main page would be made. PianoDan (talk) 22:44, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

North Korea
By almost any reasonable definition, North Korea is not a Communist country. This was explained in Template talk:History of Communist Nations. If there is no opposition to this, I will update this article to make it consistent with the template. --Antondimak (talk) 08:42, 20 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I should note that the situation is not the same as before. I wasn't aware that since last year North Korea has started reinserting Communist terminology into its ruling party documents. I don't think this is enough to qualify if as a self-proclaimed Communist state, as there is no proclaimed goal of Communism in the constitution anymore, but I think it's an important caveat to note. --Antondimak (talk) 11:07, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

Juche replaced Communism in the constitution however this was only a change of words, there wasn't any drastic change in government policy. Juche is also a derivative of Marxist-Leninism; a unique expression of it. Just like how Socialism with Chinese characteristics is also a derivative of Marxist-Leninism, but Juche is much closer to Marxist-Leninism than Chinese Socialism, & yet China is still considered Communist, & only because China still calls itself a Communist country. North Korea is still Communist even if they go by a different name. We shouldn't say that China is Communist but not say the same about North Korea. TheFriendlyFas2 (talk) 00:01, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

 * When it comes to policy North Korea was far from Communist long before the change to Juche. Almost the only reason we call China Communist is because it calls itself that. In North Korea's case we don't have that either.
 * I agree China isn't really Communist, it's non-Socialist society that calls itself Socialist, with the government claiming it intends to reach Communism. That's almost the closest we have however, as by using the basic definition, essentially no country is or ever was Communist. And just because China doesn't have a particularly strong claim to the name, it doesn't mean North Korea should be called that as well. In that case we may as well call Saudi Arabia, another contemporary absolute monarchy, Communist. --Antondimak (talk) 12:36, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

 * That logic would entail the removal of every country in that list. So why did you selectively remove North Korea, specifically? 2601:547:B05:1E9C:49D6:994F:BEBC:3070 (talk) 06:21, 13 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I see no way in which it would. The other countries officially proclaim Socialism or Communism somewhere, as a reality or a goal. There is almost zero reason to add North Korea specifically. Do we add formerly Communist countries? In that case we should also add Lithuania. Do we add "dictatorships"? In that case we should add Saudi Arabia. --Antondimak (talk) 11:34, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

 * It says "The following countries are one-party states in which the institutions of the ruling communist party and the state have become intertwined. They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism or its derivatives, such as Juche." Also, the Constitution of North Korea does officially proclaim Socialism and Communism. 2601:547:B05:3D9B:F157:B7D:A12B:D1EA (talk) 21:21, 13 January 2023 (UTC)
 * This is a remnant from an older version of the article. The claim of Juche being a "derivative" of Marxism-Leninism is pretty weak, pretty much only made to justify North Korea's inclusion. It would make a similar amount of sense to consider Russia's current system a derivative of Marxism-Leninism. The constitution of North Korea has no mention of Communism, either as a goal or a current description of the country. That's the whole point. You can see it in the article you linked. --Antondimak (talk) 23:34, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Where do the constitutions of Laos and Vietnam state Communism "as a goal or current description of the country"? 2601:547:501:8F90:B408:E8D3:C338:80EC (talk) 01:42, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The rules of the Workers' Party of Korea explicitly include a goal to building a communist society since 2021, though, and that the most important part. Additionally, the WPK has never officially turned against Marxism-Leninism; its party rules still state that it upholds the "revolutionary principles of Marxism–Leninism" (though this may be referencing to its historical status as another user has noted before). North Korean state media and Kim Jong-un himself also have started to make regular references to communism. Also, mentioning communism in the constitution is not strictly necessary to be considered a communist state; the East German constitution from 1949 had no references to either communism or Marxism-Leninism whatsoever, yet East Germany was still considered to be a communist state. The 1954 constitution of the People's Republic of China also didn't have references to communism or Marxism-Leninism. The current constitutions of Cuba and Vietnam don't have direct references calling the state Marxist-Leninist (and only indirect references calling their parties such) or having communism as a goal either. The Account 2 (talk) 09:46, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I did mention that on a previous comment. The decision on the template to which this article is now conforming was taken before Kim Jong-Un's decision to return some older language into the Party documents. Apart from becoming an xenophobic militaristic ultra-nationalist regime, North Korea had also removed all mentions of Communism from its constitution and Party documents. Kim Jong-Un has restored mentions to the Party documents, but I don't think that's comparable to Vietnam or China, where the parties are and have always have been explicitly Communist, partly in their constitutions as well. It is however worth some discussion and that's why I mentioned it. --Antondimak (talk) 17:16, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Maybe we can have a note that says many scholars dispute that WPK's claims of being communist and instead categorize it as adhering to an ethnic nationalist regime, similar to how it is in the main WPK page? That can be a reasonable compromise. We can also include to the note that WPK is not a traditional Marxist-Leninist system, and adheres to its own homegrown ideology. Another solution could be to change "communist states" to "Marxist-Leninist states", which would unambiguously mean that North Korea shouldn't be added, as the WPK has indeed formally abandoned Marxism-Leninism and has not attempted to reintroduce it (it is also better in the way that it's more precise; communist state sounds too vague). The Account 2 (talk) 20:11, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I think the latter would be better, but it would still have problems. The whole idea of a "Communist state" was always fuzzy and is now pretty outdated. It essentially has nothing to do with actual policy, but with Cold War alignments, and now with symbolic remnants of those. However the term does exist and it is what the article is about, and almost the only way it can be made to work is if we use the countries' official self-identifications. The problem there is that very rarely have countries which are generally called Communist officially identified as such, using terms such as "Socialist society" or "advancing towards Communism", or being governed by a party with the same official goals.
 * In this sense North Korea stopped being Communist as it dropped the pretense and officially elevated tradition, the army, and the ruling family as the main pillars of society and the state, only partially reversing it on the party level in 2021. Leaving it more open and making the section about Marxist-Leninist states would probably be better. --Antondimak (talk) 23:11, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you answer the question regarding Laos and Vietnam? Where do their constitutions state Communism "as a goal or current description of the country"? We need consistent criteria. 2601:547:501:8F90:8D4B:84E9:7971:1077 (talk) 19:26, 15 January 2023 (UTC)
 * They don't seem to currently do it directly. They have the Communist Party as the national authority and the party itself has that goal. The definition using Marxism-Leninism at least seems somewhat more robust as a criterion. --Antondimak (talk) 09:47, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Why is North Korea not listed?
The current version of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_state#Current_communist_states states: "The following countries are one-party states in which the institutions of the ruling communist party and the state have become intertwined. They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism or its derivatives, such as Juche." But North Korea isn't listed. 2601:547:B05:1E9C:49D6:994F:BEBC:3070 (talk) 06:19, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

 * It isn't communist 149.20.252.132 (talk) 15:01, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

 * That would mean that China, a comparatively more liberal country, isn't communist either. 2601:547:500:2090:1C83:C902:E6DA:1F96 (talk) 01:34, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

Reorganisation
I have restructured this article to clarify specifically the unitary state power of the legislatures and how a ruling communist party monopolises state power. I think the best way to improve the article is to merge the "Ruling party" section with the legislature since the ruling party has to legitimate power without a majority in the legislature. A section should also be written about how the ruling party, through its control of the legislatures, organises election that re-produces a majority in it. I have also changed the heading "Political system" to "The state system of unitary state power" since, in communist systems state system also encompasses the economic system.

I would think a good structure would be:

 * 1) The state system of unitary state power
 * 2) Legislatures as the highest organ of state power
 * 3) Unitary state power principle
 * 4) Communist party control of the legislature
 * 5) Representativity and functions
 * 6) Government as the highest administrative agency of state power
 * 7) Clarify that the government are utterly subservient to the legislatures (and through the legislature, the Party)
 * 8) Judicial organs
 * 9) clarify that these organs are utterly subservient to the legislatures (and through the legislature, the Party)
 * 10) Military
 * 11) OK sections, but fails to mention that the legislature elects the leading state authority of the armed forces.
 * 12) Head of state and supervisory institutions
 * 13) Missing.

Does anyone disagree? Does someone want to help improve this article? --TheUzbek (talk) 08:58, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

Why is Venezuela not listed as Communist country?
I think it's pretty clear that Venezuela is also under a communist government due to the actions they have taken and are taking to this day. 186.15.23.55 (talk) 00:39, 25 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The article is an article on "communist state", not a list of countries that may or may not have been communist at some point. Drmies (talk) 00:42, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

 * It's on a more appropriate list instead: List of socialist states. –Vipz (talk) 09:23, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 18 January 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) estar8806 (talk) ★ 02:05, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

Communist state → Socialist state (communism) – While "Communist state" is a good term used by scholars, the common people and many in the Wikipedia community refuse to link the articles of China, the USSR to this article, but rather to the much worse article "Socialist state", which is badly written and deals everything and nothing at the same time. The best way to deal with this is to create the article "Socialist state (communism)", which is as correct as "Communist state". Hopefully, more in the Wikipedia community will link to this article instead of "socialist state". An alternative title would be "Socialist state (Marxism–Leninism)", but I feel that the average reader does not really know what Marxism–Leninism is, but they do know what communism is. All communist states have officially adhered to Marxism–Leninism.

These states officially called themselves socialist states; no state has ever called themselves communist states. --TheUzbek (talk) 07:28, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support TheUzbek (talk) 11:07, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * oppose current title is a WP:NATURAL and sources use it so no sense complicating it—blindlynx 15:25, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If so, why do articles on the USSR, China, et cetra, consistently link to socialist states? Why do constant discussions take place over the term communist state, which many believe to be an oxymoron and the consistent counter-argument that these states are socialist states? TheUzbek (talk) 15:29, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That's not an issue with this title but rather of people's behaviour, This article is well sourced and is a good fork but perhaps people don't thinks so? could you link to some of these discussions?—blindlynx 15:46, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Talk:China/Archive_16,, , , , , ,
 * Note that the "Government" description in the infoboxes uses the term "Communist state". I have changed it to "Communist state". The fact of the matter is that these states called themselves "socialist states" since the term communist state is an oxymoron (communism is generally believed to be stateless). TheUzbek (talk) 07:27, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Its an issue when users link to the wrong article making it harder for our readers to get access to proper information. TheUzbek (talk) 07:28, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * agreed but i don't think this is the ready for this porblem. The issue is that communism and socialism are different things sticking to official names or insisting that 'communism is stateless' both fail wp:v which isn't something we should address with a move that muddies things further—blindlynx 13:23, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * But how does "Socialist state (communism)" "muddies things further". It uses the official designation of these states "socialist state" and uses communism to clearly signify we are speaking about states governed by communist parties? I would think it clarifies more than it muddies.
 * I am open to other suggestions, but as things are it clearly doesn't work... TheUzbek (talk) 13:28, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think people will use the new title any more than this one, i don't know if there's an easy solution here unfortunately—blindlynx 16:57, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * here. I added communist state and a user has argued against the term. TheUzbek (talk) 13:06, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Here is another revert. I added communist state to the Polish People's Republic, and it was reverted based on this argument; "It wasn't a Communist State, if it was Communist, there wouln't be a State, because in an Communist society, there don't exist a State" TheUzbek (talk) 13:18, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose, no reasoned rational provided. --Yorkporter (talk) 21:36, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That these states call themselves "socialist state" is not a reasoned rationale? No communist state has ever called itself a socialist state. TheUzbek (talk) 07:13, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I don't really understand the rationale. The present title appears to be the WP:COMMONNAME for this and is also WP:NATURALDIS. — Amakuru (talk) 16:43, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose – I apologize, but the unwillingness of editors on the cited pages to reference the "Communist State" page sound like the problem, not this page. Agreed with Common Name concerns, I think prioritizing correctness in Marxist jargon over commonly-understood descriptors is unencyclopedic. Garnet Moss (talk) 01:43, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. If certain WP editors "refuse" to link to the correct article, that is a behavioral matter that needs to go to ANI probably.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  03:04, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:42, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak support; it would make the title less of an oxymoron. However, I think a title closer to “Marxist-Leninist state” would be preferable. – Gluonz  talk contribs 15:09, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

Pre-move proposal discussion
Should this article be moved to 'Marxist–Leninist state' and why or why not? Read lead sections of 'Marxism–Leninism' (by definition pro-statist to pave the way for an eventual communist society that would be classless and stateless) and 'Communism' (by definition anti-statist, an oxymoron - 'stateless state'). I would therefore argue WP:PRECISE policy should take precedence over WP:COMMONNAME. -Vipz (talk) 19:42, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Agree, it is completely oxymoronic. Not to mention that there have been socialist projects that were not Marxist-Leninist in nature, although were/are still in fact ideologically communist, for example, Revolutionary Catalonia, EZLN-controlled Mexico, Post-Independence Tanzania, etc. digiulio8 (talk) 16:00, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Agree with move to 'Marxist–Leninist state' per @Vipz (OP) and @digiulio8. -Gluonz (talk) 23:29, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Support Makes more sense TheUzbek (talk) 07:24, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

 * @Vipz Since it doesn't seem there's been any opposition, should a formal move proposal be initiated? -Gluonz (talk) 23:15, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

 * @Gluonz: I don't think it's worth initiating it at this time because it's going to get squashed by the "common name" argument, but you're free to act on your own accord. Cheers. –Vipz (talk) 23:21, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

 * @Vipz 👍 -Gluonz (talk) 23:24, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

 * What about moving the article to "Socialist state (Marxism–Leninism)"? --TheUzbek (talk) 11:01, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Firstly, North Korea's ruling party, the Worker's Party of Korea, is often described as communist but not Marxist-Leninist. Secondly, I don't think it's oxymoronic at all; "communist state" - or better yet "Communist state" quite clearly refers to a "form of government that combines the state  leadership of a communist party, Marxist–Leninist political philosophy, and an official commitment to the construction of a communist society" - emphasis mine; there is fundamental reference to the ideology of Communism, not communism as a political reality. References to "political philosophy" and "commitment" clearly reinforce the emphasis on ideology. Zilch-nada (talk) 11:29, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I totally agree with you, the problem is that the majority here on Wikipedia don't. Just look at the infobox description of the government at People's Socialist Republic of Albania. Users would much rather want a "Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic under a totalitarian dictatorship" than a "Communist state", which is, for me, absolutely amazing! TheUzbek (talk) 15:56, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

Communist state
Did you read my rationale, or did you revert for the sake of revert? Nothing in that text I removed about material deals with the "communist form of government". It should be moved to communism or the criticism of communism article. If you want to add information about criticism about the communist form of government, please do, its warranted! TheUzbek (talk) 14:54, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The material you deleted pertains directly to the "communist form of government" and existing or formerly existing communist states, not communist ideology itself. This is why I found the mass deletion of this long standing material unjustified and restored it. For example: "Philipp Ther posits that there was an increase in the standard of living throughout Eastern Bloc countries as the result of modernisation programs under communist governments" was one passage restored. How is this not WP:DUE material for an analysis section in an article on Communist states?--C.J. Griffin (talk) 14:58, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * How does this paragraph deal with the communist form of government? It deals about victims of communist states, but not about the form of government of communist states. Don't you agree?
 * "'Monuments to the victims of communist states exist in almost all the capitals of Eastern Europe and there are several museums documenting communist rule such as the Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights in Lithuania, the Museum of the Occupation of Latvia in Riga, and the House of Terror in Budapest, all three of which also document Nazi rule.[155][156] In Washington D.C., a bronze statue based upon the 1989 Tiananmen Square Goddess of Democracy sculpture was dedicated as the Victims of Communism Memorial in 2007, having been authorized by the United States Congress in 1993.[157][158] The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation plans to build an International Museum on Communism in Washington. As of 2008, Russia contained 627 memorials and memorial plaques dedicated to victims of the communist states, most of which were created by private citizens and did not have a national monument or a national museum.[159] The Wall of Grief in Moscow, inaugurated in October 2017, is Russia's first monument for victims of political persecution by Stalin during the country's Soviet era.[160] In 2017, Canada's National Capital Commission approved the design for a memorial to the victims of communism to be built at the Garden of the Provinces and Territories in Ottawa.[161] On 23 August 2018, Estonia's Victims of Communism 1940–1991 Memorial was inaugurated in Tallinn by President Kersti Kaljulaid.[162] The memorial construction was financed by the state and is managed by the Estonian Institute of Historical Memory.[163] The opening ceremony was chosen to coincide with the official European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism.[164]'"
 * "Philipp Ther posits that there was an increase in the standard of living throughout Eastern Bloc countries as the result of modernisation programs under communist governments" ... This is not about the form of government; form of government means the political system. This is about something else, like the merits of communism.
 * Just to be clear, I want to have a good criticism/analysis section, but it has to deal with the topic at hand.
 * TheUzbek (talk) 15:22, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The material is an analysis of policies carried out by communist states, some of which yielded positive results and others negative, and therefore is relevant to this section. You are bending over backwards attempting to demonstrate that this is somehow undue for this article, which I strongly disagree.--C.J. Griffin (talk) 16:10, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @C.J. Griffin That is your interpretation of my edits. Policies are not the same as form of government, and I think this should be moved to the criticism of communism article.
 * Would you add failed capitalist policies in the article liberal democracy? I think we both know the answer to this question :) But leave it be. I'll rewrite. TheUzbek (talk) 17:02, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Your comments only seem to address that material in the Memory sub-section you want moved to criticism of communism, but you also deleted two paragraphs which appear before that sub-section on state policies which bolstered modernization, industrialization and an increased standard of living. That is certainly relevant here. If you wish to move the Memory section to Criticism of communist party rule I would not object to that, especially if there is consensus here on talk. However the two preceding paragraphs should remain as they are not criticisms and should not be moved there.--C.J. Griffin (talk) 17:14, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If we can agree on removing the memorials section, I say we do that. As for you're point on the standard of living and health that should be covered by articles devoted to that subject, such as Communism and health and Standard of living in communist states (or Economies of communist states).. Which are articles Wikipedia currently lacks. TheUzbek (talk) 17:57, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but until such articles are created the material is given its due weight here. In addition I think a brief summary of the memory section can be included here with a link to its new home in the other article if consensus allows for it to be moved.--C.J. Griffin (talk) 18:17, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Communist state/Archive 6


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Steve Garvey

Steven Patrick Garvey (born December 22, 1948) is an American former professional baseball player and candidate in the upcoming 2024 United States Senate election in California. He played in Major League Baseball as a first baseman for the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres from 1969 to 1987.

Garvey began his major league career with the Dodgers in 1969. He won the National League (NL) Most Valuable Player Award in 1974 and was the National League Championship Series MVP in 1978. Garvey won his only World Series ring as a member of the Dodgers' 1981 Series-winning squad.

Garvey signed with the Padres in December 1982 and remained with the team until 1987, when his playing career ended. In 1984, Garvey was once again named a National League Championship Series MVP; he hit a dramatic walk-off home run to win Game Four of the Championship Series for the Padres. Garvey was an National League All-Star for ten seasons, with nine selections as starter at first base, a mark that still stands for his position. He holds the NL record for consecutive games played with 1,207. The Padres retired Garvey's No. 6 in 1988.

During his time as a baseball player, Garvey also served as vice president of the philanthropic organization No Greater Love.

In October 2023, Garvey announced his candidacy as a Republican for U.S. Senate from California in the 2024 election for the term starting in January 2025. He finished a close second in the March 2024 "jungle primary", 3,478 votes behind Democratic Rep. Adam Schiff, advancing them both to the general election. Garvey finished first in the partial term special election primary to replace Laphonza Butler with that term ending in January 2025. He will face Schiff in that election.

Early life
Garvey was born in Tampa, Florida, on December 22, 1948 to parents who had recently relocated from Long Island, New York. Garvey is Irish-American on his father's side; his father's roots come from County Cork, Ireland.

From 1956 to 1961, Garvey was a batboy for the Brooklyn Dodgers, New York Yankees and Detroit Tigers during spring training. He graduated from George D. Chamberlain High School in 1966. At Chamberlain, he was a teammate of future Major Leaguers Tom Walker and Mike Eden.

Michigan State University
After graduating from Chamberlain High School, Garvey played football and baseball at Michigan State University. He was committed to play football and baseball in college despite being drafted in the third round by the Minnesota Twins in the June 1966 amateur draft at age 17. Garvey credited his choosing MSU to Spartan head football coach Duffy Daugherty's encouraging him to be a multi-sport athlete.

At MSU, Garvey recorded 30 tackles and earned a letter as a defensive back in 1967. His first at-bat in a Spartan uniform resulted in a grand-slam home run, with the ball landing in the Red Cedar River. Garvey continued to work towards completing his degree after beginning his professional baseball career, and in 1971 he received a Bachelor of Science in health and physical education.

Garvey was named Michigan State Baseball Distinguished Alumnus of the Year in 2009, he was inducted into the Michigan State University Hall of Fame in 2010, and his baseball jersey number 10 was retired from Michigan State University in 2014.

Los Angeles Dodgers
Garvey was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1st round of the 1968 MLB draft (June secondary phase). He made his Major League debut on September 1, 1969, at the age of 20. He appeared in the 7th inning to pinch hit for Ray Lamb and struck out in his one appearance at the plate. He had two more plate appearances in 1969 as a pinch hitter and recorded his first hit on September 10, off Denny Lemaster of the Houston Astros. He played third base for the Dodgers in 1970 and hit his first home run on July 21, 1970, off Carl Morton of the Montreal Expos. He moved to first base in 1973 after the retirement of Wes Parker.

Garvey was part of one of the most enduring infields in baseball history, along with third baseman Ron Cey, shortstop Bill Russell, and second baseman Davey Lopes. The four infielders stayed together as the Dodgers' starters for eight and a half years, starting on June 13, 1973.

Garvey is one of only two players to have started an All-Star Game as a write-in vote, doing so in 1974. That year, he won the NL MVP award and had the first of six 200-hit seasons. In the 1978 National League Championship Series, which the Dodgers won over the Philadelphia Phillies, Garvey hit four home runs and added a triple for five extra base hits, both marks tying Bob Robertson's 1971 NLCS record and earning him the League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award; Jeffrey Leonard would tie the NLCS home run record in the 1987 NLCS.

Garvey's cheerful personality, his availability with reporters, and his willingness to sign autographs for fans made him a very popular player, and the Dodgers took advantage of this, making him one of the main focuses of their public relations campaigns. This caused friction with some of his Dodger teammates, such as Cey and Lopes, who thought Garvey was only acting this way to get endorsement opportunities. Cey, Lopes, and another unnamed player criticized Garvey in a mid-June 1976 San Bernardino Sun-Telegram article, which prompted manager Walter Alston to call a team meeting. At this meeting, Garvey said, "If anyone has anything to say about me, I want it said to my face, here and now." No one said anything. Tommy John thought it was at this point that Alston, who retired at the end of the year, began to lose control of the team.

Late in the 1978 season, the rift resurfaced when The Washington Post published an article in which Don Sutton was quoted complaining that Garvey was the only Dodger to get publicity, and insisting that Reggie Smith was a better player. The day after the article appeared, Garvey confronted Sutton with a copy of it in the locker room of Shea Stadium, where the Dodgers were playing a series against the New York Mets. When Sutton affirmed that the quotes were his, the two got into a brawl. Garvey threw Sutton into Tommy John's locker, causing 96 baseballs John had been signing to fall out. Neither was hurt and the two managed to overcome their feud, making sure they were the first to congratulate each other on the field for the rest of the season.

With the Dodgers, Garvey played in 1,727 games over 14 seasons and hit .301 with 211 homers and 992 RBI. He was selected to eight All-Star Games and won the All-Star Game MVP Award for the 1974 and 1978 games. He also won four straight Gold Glove Awards from 1974 to 1977, won the 1981 Roberto Clemente Award, and finished in the top 10 in the NL MVP Award voting five times.

After Garvey signed with the San Diego Padres in 1982, the Dodgers kept his number 6 out of circulation for 21 years until it was given to utility player Jolbert Cabrera in 2003. It is Dodger policy not to officially retire a number unless a player who spent a majority of his playing days with the franchise gets inducted into the Hall of Fame.

San Diego Padres
In December 1982, Garvey signed with the Padres for $6.6 million over five years in what some felt was a "masterstroke" to General Manager Jack McKeon's effort to rebuild the team. Though San Diego had vastly outbid the Dodgers, McKeon noted Garvey's value in providing a role model for younger players. Additionally, Garvey's "box office appeal"—his impending departure from the Dodgers provoked some Girl Scouts to picket the stadium—helped San Diego increase its season ticket sales by 6,000 seats in Garvey's first year. Sports Illustrated ranked the signing as the 15th best free agent signing ever as of 2008.

His first season in San Diego allowed him to break the National League record for consecutive games played, a feat that landed him on the cover of Sports Illustrated as baseball's "Iron Man". In an unusual homecoming, Garvey tied the record in his first appearance back at Dodger Stadium in Padre brown. For breaking the record, he was named the National League Player of the Week. The streak ended at 1,207 consecutive games played (from September 3, 1975, to July 29, 1983) when he broke his thumb in a collision at home plate against the Atlanta Braves. It is the fourth-longest such streak in Major League Baseball history.

It was Garvey's second season in San Diego, however, that would be his highlight in a Padres uniform. In 1984, Garvey became the only first baseman in MLB history to commit no errors while playing 150 or more games. He handled 1,319 total chances (1,232 putouts and 87 assists) flawlessly in 159 games for the Padres.

Led by Garvey, who won his second National League Championship Series MVP award, the Padres won their first National League pennant over the Chicago Cubs in 1984. In Game 4, Tony Gwynn drew an intentional walk that Garvey converted into one of his four RBIs. After getting hits in the third, fifth, and seventh innings, Garvey capped off his efforts with a two-run walk-off home run off Lee Smith in the ninth inning. As he rounded third base, Garvey was met by fellow Padres who later carried him off the field in celebration.

The home run became popular among San Diego Padres fans and was captured in a sequence of three shots by Padres team photographer Martin Mann. He was the only photographer to get a sequence of shots of the swing, and went on to sell limited edition series photos of "The Home Run", along with appearances on local television. In an interview with The San Diego Union Tribune, Martin Mann said, "It was like nothing I've ever seen at a baseball game. It was just a magical night. There was something about that night, I don't know what it was. It felt like something was going to happen."

Garvey's career spanned from 1969 to 1987. He made his final appearance in a game on May 23, 1987, pinch-hitting for Lance McCullers in the ninth inning and flying out. In his 19-year MLB career, Garvey was a .294 hitter with 272 home runs and 1,308 RBI in 2,332 games played.

Hall of Fame candidacy
During his 15 years (1993–2007) on the National Baseball Hall of Fame ballot of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA), Garvey failed to reach the 75% required for induction. His highest percentage of votes was 42.6% in ; he received 21.1% in his final year on the ballot.

He was considered by the Hall of Fame's Expansion Era Committee (for the 1973–present era) in voting for and  and was not elected. In 2017, he was on the 10-candidate ballot that was considered by the Hall's Modern Baseball Era Committee (for the 1970–1987 era) in voting for and fell short of the 75% threshold. In the December 2019 voting by the Modern Baseball Era's 16-member committee for the Hall of Fame class, Garvey received six votes (37.5%).

Post-baseball career
In 1983, Garvey started Garvey Media Group while playing for the Padres. Its strength was in sports marketing and corporate branding. In 1988, he headed Garvey Communications, mainly involved in television production including infomercials. In addition, he did motivational speaking for corporations.

Since 1990, Garvey has served as a member of the board of the Baseball Assistance Team, a non-profit organization dedicated to helping former major league, minor league, and Negro League players through financial and medical hardships.

Garvey played himself on an episode of the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me!, and could also be seen in infomercials for products such as Fat Trappers and Exercise in a Bottle in 1999. Both supplements were produced by Enforma Natural Products of Encino, and both were involved in controversy, with both Sonoma and Napa counties in California filing lawsuits against the company.

On September 1, 2000, Garvey and his management company, Garvey Management Group, were charged by the Federal Trade Commission in the United States District Court for the Central District of California for false advertising related to a weight-loss product. In 2004, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that Garvey was not liable for the content of the infomercials as he was merely a spokesman. He had earned $1.1 million for appearing in the advertisements.

Garvey has mainly pivoted to being a spokesman, motivational speaker, and hosting meet and greet events to sustain himself post-baseball, but has had a variety of financial troubles, including millions of dollars of liens against his properties.

2024 U.S. Senate campaigns
On October 10, 2023, Garvey announced that he was running in the 2024 United States Senate elections in California as a Republican. Garvey is seeking the Senate seat that was held by Democrat Dianne Feinstein from 1992 until her death in 2023; following Feinstein's death, Democrat Laphonza Butler was appointed to the seat by California Governor Gavin Newsom subject to a partial term special election to fill Feinstein's remaining term. In the March 2024 "jungle primary" Garvey advanced to the November election for the term starting in January 2025 facing Democratic U.S. Representative Adam Schiff, the first-place candidate by only 3,478 votes. Garvey won the partial term special election primary to replace Laphonza Butler with that term ending in January 2025, and will face Schiff in that election.

Political positions
In April 2024, Garvey repeatedly called college students protesting the war in Gaza, "terrorists." He encouraged law enforcement to take action against the anti-war protestors, but his comments came the day following arrests at universities across the U.S. He claimed that interruptions to and obstruction of education are an act of terrorism.

Personal life
At age 22, Garvey married Cynthia Truhan in 1971. They had two daughters, Krisha and Whitney. Truhan left Garvey for composer Marvin Hamlisch; Garvey was already romantically involved with his secretary, which Truhan didn’t find out until after she had left him. Garvey and Truhan divorced in 1985.

In July 1988, Garvey discovered that Cheryl Moulton was pregnant with his child, Ashleigh Young. Despite this, Garvey proposed to Rebecka Mendenhall in November 1988, telling Mendenhall about Moulton at the time of the proposal. Mendenhall learned that she was pregnant that January. Garvey broke their engagement January 1, 1989. Garvey and Mendenhall had been in a long-distance relationship since 1986. Their only child, a son named Slade Mendenhall, was born in October 1989.

Garvey said he was in the midst of what he termed a "midlife disaster". Garvey sued his ex-wife, Truhan, for access to his two children when she had denied it, which he won. His daughters testified in court that they did not wish to see him, but a psychiatrist testified that they exhibited parental alienation syndrome. During the 2024 campaign, Garvey's oldest daughter Krisha stated that he cut contact with her 15 years ago while Young and Mendenhall also came out and stated Garvey had not made the effort to speak with them outside of contact placed via family court.

In January 1989, Garvey became engaged to Candace Thomas, whom he met at a benefit for the Special Olympics. Over the next few weeks, Garvey and Thomas began a courtship that included trips to the inauguration of President George H. W. Bush and the Super Bowl. Garvey and Thomas were married on February 18, 1989. They have three children together and four children from previous marriages. Garvey resides in Los Angeles and Palm Desert, California.

Honors

 * Steve Garvey Junior High School (1978), in Lindsay, California, was named for him, but was eventually renamed as part of Reagan Elementary in 2011.
 * In 1981, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included him in their book The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time.
 * Garvey's jersey No. 6, worn during his entire MLB career, was retired by the Padres on April 16, 1988.
 * California Sports Hall of Fame (2009)
 * Irish American Hall of Fame (2009)
 * Michigan State University Athletics Hall of Fame (2010)
 * Garvey's jersey No. 10 was retired by Michigan State in 2014.
 * He was selected to the initial class of "Legends of Dodger Baseball" in 2019.

title: Steve Garvey


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User:Bsnyder100

This is my awesome user space! Anyways I am knew to this Wikipedia thing and if anyone could help me get started that would be great! Peace!

title: User:Bsnyder100


text:
User:Drizzt2

=Hello=

Intro
I am Drizzt2, I have been with Wikipedia since early 2005 and have made a few minor edits but nothing huge. I am a member of the WikiProject Computer and video games. I hope to contribute to WWII topics, like famous battles, weapons, etc. I also hope to contribute to Macintosh topics since I am an Apple lover. If you'd like to help me with any of those things please let me know!

Belong To
WikiProject Computer and video games

Pages Made
Satchel Charge

Like I said, I do lots of minor stuff!

title: User:Drizzt2


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Partido Demócrata Cristiano

Partido Demócrata Cristiano may refer to:

 * Partido Demócrata Cristiano (Argentina), a political party in Argentina
 * Partido Demócrata Cristiano (Bolivia), a political party in Bolivia
 * Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile, a political party in Chile
 * Partido Demócrata Cristiano (El Salvador), a political party in El Salvador
 * Partido Demócrata Cristiano, former name of the People's Party in Panama
 * Partido Demócrata Cristiano (Paraguay), a political party in Paraguay
 * Christian Democrat Party (Peru)
 * Partido Demócrata Cristiano del Uruguay, a political party in Uruguay

title: Partido Demócrata Cristiano


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Kannemeyeria

Kannemeyeria is a genus of dicynodont that lived during the Anisian age of Middle Triassic period in what is now Africa and South America. The generic name is given in honor of Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer, the South African fossil collector who discovered the original specimen. It is one of the first representatives of the family, and hence one of the first large herbivores of the Triassic.

Description
Kannemeyeria was about 3 m in length, about the size of an ox. Although it had a large head, it was lightweight due to the size of the eye sockets and nasal cavity. It also had limb girdles which formed massive plates of bone that helped support its heavily built body.

Kannemeyeria was well-adapted to living as a herbivore; it had a powerful beak and strong jaw muscles built for shearing plant material. Kannemeyeria had a massive head with unusually large openings for the eyes, nostrils and jaw muscles. It evidently tore up roots, stripped leaves from the vegetation with its horny beak and ground them up with its toothless jaws.

In a zone of Karoo Supergroup, Kannemeyeria is found alongside large carnivorous archosaur Erythrosuchus.

Distribution
Kannemeyeria is known from the Subzone B of Burgersdorp Formation of South Africa, the Ntawere Formation of Zambia, the Omingonde Formation of Namibia, the Lifua member of Manda Formation of Tanzania, and the Quebrada de los Fósiles Formation of Argentina.

Classification
Below is a cladogram from Kammerer et al. (2013):

title: Kannemeyeria


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Eighteen Visions

Eighteen Visions is an American metalcore band from Orange County, California, formed in October 1995. The band broke up in April 2007, less than a year after their major label debut was released through Epic and Trustkill Records. After over a decade of absence, the band reformed in 2017. They announced their sixth album, XVIII, would be released via their new label home at Rise Records.

Beginnings, Yesterday Is Time Killed and Until the Ink Runs Out (1995–2000)
Eighteen Visions was founded in October 1995 by James Hart, Dave Peters, Billy Sisler, and Kenneth Floyd under the name "Macabre". The band wrote a bit of material and started to play shows, beginning at the "Koo's Cafe" in early 1996, in their local area. Soon after, Excessive Force's Jeff Boullt was added to the mix as a second guitarist, and in March, Sisler left the group and was replaced by Richie Taylor. Taylor only lasted a short while, and Javier Van Huss soon took over the bass duties. Later in the year, Boullt also left the band, and Brandan Schieppati was added to complete the group's first stable line-up.

In a 2017 interview, Hart explained that the band got the name Eighteen Visions from a lyric off the song "Slipping Through the Hands of God", though he could not recall the name of the song. The lyric stated "I depict eighteen visions for its demise". Hart explained that the number eighteen came from the number of the beast, as 6+6+6 = 18. Hart elaborated that at the time he was anti-religion and anti-Christianity, and as a 16 year old metalhead, was trying to write the most evil thing he could think of. He stated that the name holds no weight or depth towards the band or any of its members, but was "something that sounded super cool back in 1996."

Their debut release, Lifeless was released on Life Sentence Records in 1997. Shortly after, Peters left the band to focus on playing with Throwdown (which Schieppati also played with), and Steve Parilla replaced him for the EP's tour. The first full-length album, Yesterday Is Time Killed was released by Cedargate Records (the label of Zac Phelps, who was at the time a temporary bassist in the band) in March 1999. The band was brought to the attention Trustkill Records, which was still in its early beginnings. The label released the No Time for Love 7-inch in October 1999. Keith Barney, Schieppati's bandmate in Throwdown, then joined the band to replace Parilla. Ten months after the 7-inch, their second full-length Until the Ink Runs Out was released. It became one of the label's best-selling albums, which led to a lot of the band's earlier material getting bought out and going out of print.

In November 2000, it was announced that Eighteen Visions would be doing a split 7-inch vinyl with Poison the Well for Undecided Records. The split for Undecided Records was to feature a Metallica cover from each of the bands as part of the record label's Crush 'Em All series, which had already seen a split by Shai Hulud and BoySetsFire released as Volume 1 in March 2000. Poison the Well and Eighteen Visions were to be the third release in the series with a tentative release date for the summer of 2001. In January 2001, the Crush 'Em All series switched from 7-inch vinyl to compact discs. Due to complications with Trustkill Records the two bands were unable to recorded their songs and the split was shelved. Javier was asked to leave the band after touring for Until the Ink Runs Out, and was told he would be replaced by Mick Morris of the band xClearx. Javier played two remaining shows with the band and went on to tour for Poison the Well.

The Best of and Vanity (2000–2004)
For their next album, The Best of Eighteen Visions, the band re-recorded some of their earlier material, some of which was out of print, with the addition of a new song, "Motionless and White". Trustkill and the band felt it would feel much more like a new record, rather than re-releasing the two previous albums on the label. The vinyl version was released in Europe through Sober Mind Records. Despite raw production where mistakes weren't always edited, the album was a vast improvement in production values. This would mark the beginning of the band's tentative approach to more melodic hardcore, rather than their older metalcore approach.

They went on to record Vanity in 2002, which, while still containing heavy breakdowns, metal riffs and odd time signatures, featured better production work, and bits of melodic vocals in nearly all of the songs, complete with hints at balladry with the songs "Gorgeous", an acoustic piece written and performed by then-drummer Ken Floyd, and "Love in Autumn", the album's closer. While the fanbase grew after this release, this was the last album to feature guitarist Brandan Schieppati, who left the band in order to handle full-time vocal duties in metalcore OC band Bleeding Through. Eighteen Visions went on to tour for Vanity as a four-piece. A video was made for "You Broke Like Glass", which played in heavy rotation on MTV2's Headbangers Ball.

Obsession (2004–2006)
After touring, they went into the studio to record Obsession with producer Mudrock. Material was equally written by Keith Barney and Ken Floyd, who not only played drums, but also played guitar on a fair number of songs. Dramatically changing styles, the album showcased a new sound that was much more accessible to a wider audience, featuring hard rock riffs, but also an arena rock feel to it, with less complex song structures and a much more diverse and melodic range of vocals.

The band then went on a worldwide tour as a supporting act for bands like HIM, Lostprophets and Killswitch Engage, with Ken Floyd switching to second guitar, and Jason Shrout (later replaced by Trevor Friedrich) being added to the band's line-up for all drumming duties. The songs "Waiting for the Heavens", "Tower of Snakes", and "I Let Go" were released as singles on United States and UK pressing and had videos made for them. The album went on to sell a disappointing 200,000 copies, which is twice what the previous record had sold, but was still not enough to break the band into the mainstream.

Obsession went on to be the band's last album for Trustkill Records, after they signed a contract with major label Epic Records for their next effort. Obsession would become Eighteen Visions's most successful album and would give them their new sort of depressive/apathetic image, which would prove hard to be rid of. Around that time, they also recorded a cover of Marilyn Manson’s “The Beautiful People” for the compilation album Punk Goes 90's.

Eighteen Visions and mainstream success (2006–2007)
Now a solidified five-piece band, Eighteen Visions went into pre-production with producer Machine and 32 demos to work on. On July 18, 2006, they released their self-titled major label debut, which featured slick production, anthemic choruses à la Def Leppard, dark industrial electronic programming and all-melodic vocals reminiscent of the then-current hard rock trend successfully embraced by fellow OC band Avenged Sevenfold. Although a video and a promotional ad campaign had been made for the radio friendly song "Tonightless" (which was a leftover from the previous album writing session), the band decided to scrap it all in order to go with the more hard-rocking "Victim", supposedly against the record label's will. Still, a video was made for "Victim", with little effort from Epic to promote it, even though the song was featured in the WWE Vengeance (2006) pay-per-view event.

Witnessing album sales not taking off and dropping off the Billboard 200 after only one week, the band embarked a variety of tours to promote the record, as a supporting act again. They played opening slots for Avenged Sevenfold, Coheed and Cambria, Hinder, and Bullet for My Valentine, among others.

Even though the catchy power ballad "Broken Hearted" was released to radio stations and managed to get some airplay, no video was made, and the album ended up as a commercial flop. Even though the number of total sales has not been made official, it is widely rumored to have ended below the 100k bar.

Break-up (2007)
In 2007, while still playing a few shows in Australia and posting daily MySpace bulletins asking fans to request "Broken Hearted" on the radio, band coverage, press and blog updates started decreasing considerably, leading fans to believe the band had been dropped by Epic Records, though no official word on that has been released. This also led to break-up rumors, which were soon confirmed. On April 9, 2007, bassist Mick Morris confirmed the band's breakup on MySpace through this statement:

"After several years of touring and quite a few album releases we have decided that it is time to go our separate ways. We have been a band for a very long time and feel good about everything we were able to accomplish. At this point in our lives and our careers we feel its time to move on to something fresh and new. Whether it be music, touring or just being at home to live and enjoy life. We would like to thank all of our fans, friends and families for all of the great support over the years. We would also like to thank all of the bands we have shared the stage with and everyone who has ever worked with the band, opened a door or reached out a hand. We will be playing our final two shows in April. One in San Diego and one in Orange County. Come rock with us one more time."

While the break-up might have appeared somewhat abrupt, frontman James Hart stated on his MySpace blog that this was not the case on July 13, 2007: "18V had been a band for 10+ years, [...] it just got to the point where we all had different goals and ideas for the band on a musical and touring basis. We all felt it was time to move on to something fresh and new."

Post-breakup (2007–2017)
Trevor Friedrich was hired by Eleven Seven recording artist Sixx:A.M. for the "Accidents Can Happen" video. He is now the drummer in the band Never Enough with Eighteen Visions' Keith Barney on guitar. He also drums for the industrial acts Imperative Reaction and Combichrist. He is currently the singer of The Witch Was Right. He also formed a band called Monkeys Are Machine Guns. Trevor was also the drummer for Suffer Well with Bleeding Through's Brandan Schieppati on vocals.

Keith Barney also recently joined hardcore band Monument to Thieves. He also joined California hardcore band Love Thyne just before they officially disbanded. He is currently working as a graphic designer.

Ken Floyd is currently working on a new wave band called Hi-Deaf. He was touring guitarist for Saosin in 2010.

Mick Morris joined Hatebreed on tour, doing tech work. He also launched Dethless Clothing, held a popular weekly updated eBay store, and modeled for several clothing lines. Morris stated that he would be willing to have an Eighteen Visions reunion if the other members were willing to. This never came to fruition, however, as Morris died on June 3, 2013, almost four years before the actual reunion he wished for.

Hart has been working with former Nixons frontman Zac Maloy on a project named Burn Halo. Maloy's previous collaborations include songwriting credits for Chris Daughtry and Bowling for Soup, among others. Keith Barney and Avenged Sevenfold lead guitarist Synyster Gates appear to have also contributed to the project, which has evolved from a solo project into a full band. Burn Halo signed to Island Records, but after the album was completed in early 2008, Island elected not to release Burn Halos debut, leaving Hart with the tough job of finding a new home for his project. Burn Halo's manager, Bret Bair, formed his own label through Warner Music Group, Rawkhead Rekords, to release the record. Burn Halo played their first ever live show, opening for Avenged Sevenfold on December 9, 2008, at Ram's Head Live in Baltimore, Maryland. The band released their debut record on March 31, 2009. It also released full-length albums in 2011 and 2015 before amicably parting ways with Hart who allowed the other members to use the band's name and the entire music catalog for live shows.

Reunion, XVIII, and other releases (2017–present)
On February 9, 2017, an official Instagram account of the band was launched, with James Hart, Keith Barney, and Trevor Friedrich being tagged on the first picture that contained the message "the countdown begins...". All three members uploaded the same picture onto their respective private accounts as well. The band have since shared some footage of them working in the studio, along with a 15-second long clip of a new song. Mick Kenney was chosen by the band to do production, mixing, and mastering of the comeback record.

On April 20, 2017, ten years from the day of the farewell live performance, the band confirmed the details surrounding their new album, XVIII, which would be released on June 2, 2017, via their new label home at Rise Records, and released a full stream and music video for the album's first single, "Oath". On May 9, 2017, "Crucified", the second single off the new record, was released as a lyric video on YouTube. Both songs were under two minutes in length and marked the return of heavy screaming as a prominent element of the band's sound. The band also confirmed that one of the album's tracks, "Live Again", is a tribute to Mick Morris. On May 25, 2017, "The Disease, the Decline, and Wasted Time", the third single off XVIII, was released.

In June 2017, it was revealed that a founding member, guitarist Ken Floyd, could not take part in the reunion due to his full-time job as a tour manager for Zedd. It was also reported that the band decided not to replace the late Mick Morris with any other bass players, primarily out of respect for him. Instead, his bass tracks will be used at live shows for the songs released prior to 2017. Keith Barney, however, ruled out the possibility of an extensive touring in the near future due to full-time jobs that band members have.

XVIII was released as planned on June 2, 2017. It is the first album since 2002's Vanity to feature movie quotes at the beginning of some songs. A music video for the song "Live Again" was also released on the same day.

On August 28, 2017, Josh James was announced as an official member of the band.

In September 2017, it was revealed that the band contemplated reunion as early as 2010 and, later on, in 2013. However, the idea was eventually called off due to various reasons. It was also stated that the track "The Disease, the Decline, and Wasted Time" was written back then.

On July 10, 2019, The band posted a new photo from a recording studio, leading many to believe a new album was being worked on. On January 29, 2020, the band was announced as one of the performers for Furnace Fest 2020. On September 8, 2020, the band announced their new EP "Inferno", and debuted their new song "Sink". The new album is said to be inspired by Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy.

In June 2021, Eighteen Visions put out two covers; "Them Bones" by Alice In Chains and "D.T.O." by Vision of Disorder. Those covers are part of a 90s rock cover album, 1996, surprise-released on July 9, 2021.

On July 5, 2022, the band released a new recording of their album Vanity in support of the 20th anniversary of the original album.

On June 1, 2023, the band released a new single, "Rot of Humanity", and noted on social media there was "so much more to come...". They released another single, "Reality Killer", on July 1, 2023.

Legacy and influence
In 2011, in an article, "Stealing 18 Visions' ideas: A Book by the 2011 Metalcore Scene", MetalSucks praised the band as pioneers of the metalcore and deathcore sound, as well as one of, if not the first, metalcore band to incorporate clean vocals. The article concluded, "without them, there would be no keyboards in metalcore, no screaming mixed with clean vocals, no tights pants, and no fancy hair in hardcore. There would be no Rise Records, no Attack Attack! and certainly no Avenged Sevenfold or Escape the Fate." Other sources have regarded as being influential on the development of the metalcore genre as well as on contemporary metalcore bands. In 2020, Loudwire ranked the band's 2001 release, Until the Ink Runs Out, at 21 on its list of the 25 best metalcore albums of all time.

In addition to establishing a unique sound, the band was also one of the first metalcore bands to establish a unique image. They broke from mid-1990s hardcore trends by donning high-end attire and styled hair on stage. As a result of this the term "fashioncore" was often applied to band in a derogatory manner (Hart noted that he found this comical). Hart explained the band sought to differentiate itself via its appearance to stand out and leave an impression on fans. Before the band started touring, Floyd and Hart worked at Banana Republic, allowing them to acquire luxury clothing at a discount price. Hart's exposure to fashion was furthered by his employment as a hair stylist (former bassist Javier Van Huss had also gone through the hair academy with Hart). This allowed the band to adopt a high-end look not present in the scene at the time.

Band members
Current members Touring musicians
 * James Hart – lead vocals (1995–2007, 2017–present)
 * Keith Barney – guitars, keyboards, piano, programming, backing vocals (2000–2007, 2017–present), bass (2017–2023)
 * Josh James – guitars, bass, backing vocals (2017–present; touring 2017)
 * Matt Horwitz - drums (2023-present; touring 2022)
 * Dan Smith - bass (2023-present)
 * Scott Danough – guitar (2001)

Former members
 * Ken Floyd – drums, percussion (1995–2003) ; guitars (2003–2007), keyboards, piano, programming, backing vocals (1995–2007)
 * Dave Peters – guitars, vocals (1995–1998)
 * Steve Parilla – guitars, backing vocals (1998–1999)
 * Jeff Boullt – guitars, backing vocals (1996–1997)
 * Brandan Schieppati – guitars, vocals (1997–2002)
 * Billy Sisler – bass, backing vocals (1995–1996)
 * Richie Taylor – bass, backing vocals (1996)
 * Javier Van Huss – bass, keyboards, piano, programming, backing vocals (1996–1997, 1997–2000)
 * Zachary Phelps – bass, backing vocals (1997)
 * Mick Morris – bass, backing vocals (2000–2007; died 2013)
 * Jason Shrout – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2003–2004)
 * Trevor Friedrich – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2004–2007, 2017–2022)

Timeline

Discography
Studio albums
 * Yesterday Is Time Killed (1999)
 * Until the Ink Runs Out (2000)
 * The Best of Eighteen Visions (2001)
 * Vanity (2002)
 * Obsession (2004)
 * Eighteen Visions (2006)
 * XVIII (2017)
 * 1996 (2021)

title: Eighteen Visions


text:
Talk:House of Angostura

Bitters
An anon created this link, and made it into a redirect to Angostura Bitters, which itself re-directs to Bitters. I created the page, since it is the largest distiller in Trinidad, and it is a company with a notable history. I probably shouldn't have created the redlink in the Rum article - then this page would never have been created. But once it is...it's worth an article. Guettarda 01:48, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Guettarda, congratulations for this excellent and very interesting article! Regards, AVM 21:52, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Dangers
I seem to recall that it is lethal to drink this type of bitters unadulterated/from the bottle. I may well be wrong, can anyone enlighten? -max rspct 13:43, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I gather that is just nonsense: there are no toxins there, it is just a matter of taste. If you can tolerate such a pungent bitter flavor and the high alcoholic content, then you can drink it. I did it as a kid (yeeeeccch!!!, never again), and that was 45 years ago! But then, who would do that, and why? The keen flavors and subtle scents of Amargo de Angostura are enjoyed most as much as the benefits of Homeopatic medicines are reaped best: in small, minute quantities. AVM 21:52, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Angostura bitters has a similar alcohol content to vodka so it would be toxic in larger quantities. cyclosarin 01:51, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Oversized Label
In Difford's Guide to Cocktails, he states the story of the enlarged label: "It was Trinidad's laid back attitudue that affected Angostura's packaging. One day a new batch of labels was ordered and a simple mistake led to them being too big for the bottles. The error was spotted in time but everyone thought somebody else would deal with the problem. No one did, so they simply stuck the labels on the bottles intending to fix the next batch. No one quite got round to it and the oversized label became a trademark of the brand". 81.208.160.105 18:46, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:House of Angostura


text:
Calomel

Calomel is a mercury chloride mineral with formula Hg2Cl2 (see mercury(I) chloride). It was used as a medicine from the 16th to early 20th century, despite frequently causing mercury poisoning in patients.

The name derives from Greek kalos (beautiful) and melas (black) because it turns black on reaction with ammonia. This was known to alchemists.

Calomel occurs as a secondary mineral which forms as an alteration product in mercury deposits. It occurs with native mercury, amalgam, cinnabar, mercurian tetrahedrite, eglestonite, terlinguaite, montroydite, kleinite, moschelite, kadyrelite, kuzminite, chursinite, kelyanite, calcite, limonite and various clay minerals.

The type locality is Moschellandsburg, Alsenz-Obermoschel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

History
The substance later known as calomel was first documented in ancient Persia by medical historian Rhazes in year 850. Only a few of the compounds he mentioned could be positively identified as calomel, as not every alchemist disclosed what compounds they used in their drugs. Calomel first entered Western medical literature in 1608, when Oswald Croll wrote about its preparation in his Tyroncium Chemicum. It was not called calomel until 1655, when the name was created by Théodore de Mayerne, who had published its preparation and formula in “Pharmacopoeia Londinensis" in 1618.

By the 19th century, calomel was viewed as a panacea, or miracle drug, and was used against almost every disease, including syphilis, bronchitis, cholera, ingrown toenails, teething, gout, tuberculosis, influenza, and cancer. During the 18th and early 19th centuries pharmacists used it sparingly; but by the late 1840s, it was being prescribed in heroic doses —due in part to the research of Benjamin Rush, who coined the term "heroic dose" to mean about 20 gr taken four times daily. This stance was supported by Samuel Cartwright, who believed that large doses were "gentlest" on the body. As calomel rose in popularity, more research was done into how it worked.

J. Annesley was one of the first to write about the differering effects of calomel when taken in small or large doses. Through experimentation on dogs, Annesley concluded that calomel acted more like a laxative on the whole body rather than acting specifically on the vascular system or liver as previous physicians believed. In 1853, Samuel Jackson described the harmful effects of calomel on children in his publication for Transactions of Physicians of Philadelphia. He noted that calomel had harmful effects causing gangrene on the skin, loss of teeth, and deterioration of the gums. On May 4, 1863, William A. Hammond, the United States' surgeon-general, stated that calomel would no longer be used in the army as it was being abused by soldiers and physicians alike. This caused much debate in the medical field, and eventually led to his removal as surgeon-general. Calomel continued to be used well into the 1890s and even into the early 20th century. Eventually calomel’s popularity began to wane as more research was done, and scientists discovered that the mercury in the compound was poisoning patients.

Calomel was the main of the three components of the pill number 9 of the British army during the First World War.

Electrochemistry
Calomel is used as the interface between metallic mercury and a chloride solution in a saturated calomel electrode, which is used in electrochemistry to measure pH and electrical potentials in solutions. In most electrochemical measurements, it is necessary to keep one of the electrodes in an electrochemical cell at a constant potential. This so-called reference electrode allows control of the potential of a working electrode.

Chemical properties

Calomel is a powder that is white when pure, and it has been used as a pigment in painting in 17th century South Americas art and in European medieval manuscripts. When it is exposed to light or contains impurities it takes on a darker tint. Calomel is made up of mercury and chlorine with the chemical formula Hg2Cl2. Depending on how calomel was administered, it affected the body in different ways. Taken orally, calomel damaged mainly the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Mercury salts (such as calomel) are insoluble in water and therefore do not absorb well through the wall of the small intestine. Some of the calomel in the digestive system will likely be oxidized into a form of mercury that can be absorbed through the intestine, but most of it will not. Oral calomel was actually the safest form of the drug to take, especially in low doses. Most of the calomel ingested will be excreted through urine and stool.

Powdered forms of calomel were much more toxic, as their vapors damaged the brain. Once inhaled, the calomel enters the bloodstream and the mercury binds with the amino acids methionine, cysteine, homocysteine and taurine. This is because of the sulfur group these amino acids contain, which mercury has a high affinity for. It is able to pass through the blood brain barrier and builds up in the brain. Mercury also has the ability to pass through the placenta, causing damage to unborn babies if a pregnant mother is taking calomel.

Calomel was manufactured in two ways - sublimation and precipitation. When calomel first started being manufactured it was done through sublimation. Calomel made through sublimation tends to be a very fine white powder. There was some controversy over the sublimation of calomel. Many argued that the more times calomel was sublimed, the purer it got. Opponents believed that the repeated sublimation made calomel lose some of its therapeutic ability. In 1788 chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele came up with the mechanism to make precipitated calomel. This became rapidly popular in the pharmaceutical industry because it was both a cheaper and safer form of production. Precipitation also tended to form very pure calomel salts.

Medicine
Calomel was a popular medicine used during the Victorian period, and was widely used as a treatment for a variety of ailments during the American Civil War. The medication was available in two forms, blue pills and blue masses. The blue pill was an oral form of calomel containing mercury that was often mixed with a sweet substance, like licorice or sugar in order to be taken by mouth. The blue mass was a solid form of calomel in which a piece could be pinched off and administered by a physician or other medical provider. Neither form of the medication came with a standardization of dosing. There was no way of knowing how much mercurous chloride each dose contained.

Uses
Calomel was marketed as a purgative agent to relieve congestion and constipation; however, physicians at the time had no idea what the medication’s mechanism of action was. They learned how calomel worked through trial and error. It was observed that small doses of calomel acted as a stimulant, often leading to bowel movements, while larger doses caused sedation. During the 19th century, calomel was used to treat numerous illnesses and diseases like mumps, typhoid fever, and others—especially those that impact the gastrointestinal tract, such as constipation, dysentery, and vomiting. As mercury softened the gums, calomel was the principal constituent of teething powders until the mid-twentieth century. Babies given calomel for teething often suffered from acrodynia.

Side effects
It became popular in the late 18th century to give calomel in extremely high doses, as Benjamin Rush normalized the heroic dose. This caused many patients to experience many painful and sometimes life-threatening side effects.

Calomel, in high doses, led to mercury poisoning, which had the potential to cause permanent deformities and even death. Some patients experienced gangrene of the mouth generated by the mercury in the medicine, which caused the tissue on the cheeks and gums inside the mouth to break down and die. Some patients would lose teeth, while others were left with facial deformities.

High doses of calomel would often lead to extreme cramping, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea; however, at the time, this was taken as a sign that the calomel was working to purge the system and rid the disease. Calomel was often administered as a treatment for dysentery; the effects of calomel would often worsen the severe diarrhea associated with dysentery and acted as a catalyst in speeding up the effects of dehydration.

One victim was Alvin Smith, the eldest brother of Joseph Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Alvin was suffering from a "bilious colic" better known as abdominal pain.

It was also used by Charles Darwin to treat his mysterious chronic gastrointestinal illness, which has recently been attributed to Crohn's disease.

Discontinuation
By the mid-19th century, some physicians had begun to question the usefulness of calomel. In 1863, the Surgeon General of the U.S. Army forbade calomel from inclusion in army medical supplies, a decision that angered many practicing doctors. The use of calomel gradually died out over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, although its use persisted longer in the American South and American West.

General bibliography

 * Palache, P.; Berman H.; Frondel, C. (1960). Dana's System of Mineralogy, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. (Seventh Edition). John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 25–28.

title: Calomel