text:
Foster Hewitt Memorial Award

The Foster Hewitt Memorial Award is an annual accolade honoring ice hockey broadcasters in North America. It was named for the Canadian hockey radio broadcaster and newspaper journalist Foster Hewitt, and it has been presented every year at a media luncheon ceremony that occurs late in the year at the Hockey Hall of Fame in BCE Place, Toronto, Ontario, Canada since 1984. The winner is chosen by a committee of members composed of radio and television figures that make up the NHL Broadcasters' Association. It is given "to recognize distinguished members of the radio and television industry who made outstanding contributions to their profession and the game during their career in hockey broadcasting." Each recipient receives a glass plaque, which is put on display in the Hall of Fame's media section. The ceremony associated with the award is staged separately to the induction of players into the Hockey Hall of Fame because media honorees are not considered full inductees.

The first four winners were Fred Cusick, Foster Hewitt, Danny Gallivan and René Lecavalier in 1984. The award was given out twice in two further consecutive years to both Budd Lynch and Doug Smith in 1985 and Wes McKnight and Lloyd Pettit the following year. It has presented posthumously on four occasions, to Smith in 1985, McKnight the following year, Dan Kelly in 1989 and Bill Hewitt in 2007. Dave Strader was named the recipient in April 2017 but he died of a rare form of bile duct cancer called cholangiocarcinoma on October 1, 2017 before the ceremony to commemorate his career that was held the following month. His three children accepted the award on his behalf. It has been presented to broadcasters who have been affiliated with the CBC Television sports program Hockey Night in Canada seven times, followed by the Montreal Canadiens and the Toronto Maple Leafs on six occasions.

title: Foster Hewitt Memorial Award


text:
Alfa Romeo 159

The Alfa Romeo 159 (Type 939) is a car built by Italian marque Alfa Romeo between 2004 and 2011. It is a large family car in the compact-executive market segment with four-door saloon and five-door estate variants. Introduced at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show, as a replacement for the 156, the 159 used the GM/Fiat Premium platform, shared with the Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider as well as the Kamal and Visconti concept cars.

The 159 placed third in the 2006 European Car of the Year awards. Production of the 159 ended in November 2011, with 247,661 cars manufactured. The 159's late transition to what was fundamentally made as an E segment platform resulted in the 159 having excessive weight, a problem shared by the Brera coupé and Spider.

Styling
The 159 was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro in collaboration with the Centro Stile Alfa Romeo. The nose features a traditional Alfa Romeo V-shaped grille and bonnet, and cylindrical headlight clusters. Similar to its coupé counterpart, the front of the car was influenced by the 2002 Brera Concept also designed by Giugiaro, as Fiat asked Giugiaro to transfer the design of the latter on its future saloon.

A high waistline broadens until it reaches the rear "C" pillar. Several exterior design cues were intended to make the car appear larger, supposedly to appeal to potential buyers in the United States; where the 159 was ultimately never marketed.

Initial Centro Stile proposals of Tipo 939 exterior from 2001 were rejected but the interior design would be developed further. The interior recalls styling elements from earlier cars, including the 156, such as deeply recessed instruments angled toward the driver. Alfa Romeo intended for the 159 to compete more directly with BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Audi by using higher-quality interior materials.

Model year changes
Several levels of trim were available depending on the market. Four trim levels namely Progression, Distinctive, Exclusive, and Turismo Internazionale (TI) were generally available. In the United Kingdom, there were three available levels of trim: Turismo, Lusso, and Turismo Internazionale (TI). Among other options, the 159 was also available with the Blue&Me infotainment system. A Sportwagon variant was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2006. An automatic gearbox option for the 2.4 JTDM diesel model was also launched that year and later extended to other versions. In 2007, a four-wheel-drive diesel model was introduced, and the 2.4-litre diesel engines' power output was increased to 210 PS, with a newly reintroduced TI trim level also available as an option.

For the 2008 model year, the mechanics and interiors of the 159 were further developed. Dashboard, instrumentation and other aluminium components, reduced kerb weight by 45 kg. A 3.2-litre V6 model was offered in front-wheel-drive configuration, achieving a top speed of 250 km/h. All model variants were now equipped with Alfa Romeo's electronic "Q2" limited slip differential. The revised 159 range was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2008.

For the 2009 model year, Alfa Romeo introduced a turbocharged petrol engine variant badge as "TBi", this 1,742 cc unit has direct injection and variable valve timing in both inlet and exhaust cams. This new engine is rated at 200 PS and 320 Nm of torque. Eventually this unit would replace the GM derived 2.2 and 1.9 JTS units. Also in the same year, a new 170 PS JTDm diesel engine became available.

The 159 was discontinued in the United Kingdom on 8 July 2011.

Powertrain
The 159 was available in both front and four-wheel drive configurations. The "Q4" four-wheel-drive system utilises a Torsen Type-C twin-differential (front and centre differential in the same unit with an open front differential) and was available on the 3.2-litre petrol and 2.4-litre diesel engines.

Due to its platform, the 159 is 225 mm longer, 85 mm wider than its predecessor. The considerable growth in dimensions deterred many 156 owners from considering the 159 as a direct replacement model. Thanks to its new platform, a high level of passive safety was achieved, and the torsional rigidity of the chassis reached 180.000 daNm/rad.

The gearbox is a six-speed manual on most models (with the 1.8-litre model having a five-speed manual), and a six-speed automatic Q-Tronic gearbox (Aisin AW TF-80SC) was available for the 1.9 diesel, 2.4 diesel, and 3.2 petrol models. The Selespeed automated manual gearbox was available in some markets with the 2.2 petrol engine.

All petrol engines featured direct fuel injection (except the 1.8l), named as JTS (Jet Thrust Stoichiometric). JTD diesel engines have common rail direct fuel injection.

Performance
Sources:

Safety
The 159 is fitted with seven airbags as standard, with additional knee airbags also available as an option. The car performed well in rear end crash protection tests, benefiting from "anti whiplash" seats.

The 159 passed the Euro NCAP car safety tests with following ratings:

Awards

 * Auto Bild Design Award 2006
 * Design Award in the 2006 Fleet World Honours
 * Die Besten Autos 2007 Import category (Auto, Motor und Sport)
 * 'L'Automobile piu Bella del Mondo

Motorsport
The 159 contested the Bathurst 12 Hour race for production cars in 2007, 2009 and 2010. Competing with the 2.4 Litre JTDM diesel engine, it won the Alternative Energy Class in each of these three races.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alfa Romeo 159


text:
Bawm

Bawm or Bawm Chin may be,

 * Bawm people, a people of Bangladesh, India and Myanmar
 * Bawm language, their Sino-Tibetan language

title: Bawm


text:
Talk:Judeo-Berber language

judeo-berber speaking jews
is there an ethnic name for judeo-berber speaking jews? are they part of the mizrahim and/or maghrebim?

i'm finally getting around to signing the above post. Gringo300 07:51, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

ethnonym for Judæo-Berber speaking communities
Maghrebim is not a Jewish ethnonym, it refers only to the location of a large number of Jewish communities, which were predominantly Ladino or Judæo-Arabic speaking. The Ladino-speaking communities were sephardim, and the Judæo-Arabic speaking communities were either sefardim or "mizrachim". The Judæo-Berber speaking communities are mostly just considered mizrachim. You seem to have a penchant for wanting to classify Jews, almost to the point of obsession. I don't know why. You should understand, the term "Mizrachim" is not an ethnonym, it's actually an epithet used by the anti-religious elements in the 1950's ashkenazi community in Israel, and to a lesser within the sefardi community, to refer to "those strange eastern Jews". This is covered briefly in the article at Mizrahi Jew and on the talk page there. Tomer TALK 20:32, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * the question is: who started the idea of subclassifications of jews in the first place? i'm under the impression that it was the jews themselves, but i could be wrong.

 * i'm also currently working on documenting the names of all indian tribes (native american, not india) and african ethnic groups.

 * First, I hope you're not offended that I've altered your previous post's format slightly. Please refer to Talk:205.208.159.171 for more information, if you haven't already read what I've written there.
 * To answer your question, I think that you're concentrating too much on "classification" as opposed to "identification". Jews do not "classify" each other as "ashkenazi" or "sephardi", or even as "mizrachi" or "etyopi" or whatever.  These words refer to community origins first, and secondarily to community traditions, not to community identity.  An ashkenazi Jew might feel somewhat lost at certain points in a Parsi synagogue, but that's because the liturgy is slightly different.  For instance, the specific Psalms used to welcome some certain holiday in one community might be used in another community to welcome only the sabbath, or be used only on the 4th day of passover when the 4th day of passover is a monday.  In such a case, the Ashkenazi Jew in the Parsi synagogue would be equally confused as the Parsi would be in an Ashkenazi synagogue.  "Wha?  Why are we saying tehilim for chol hamoed pesach to welcome shabat!?"  In fact, even between various Ashkenazi communities there are numerous differences in liturgy, just as there are between various Sephardi communities.  If you want to try to understand divisions in Judaism from outside the Jewish world, it's best to first shuck the idea that such divisions will in any way be comprehensible through analogy with Christian divisions.  Next, shuck the idea that the divisions are geographical, regardless of how much homogeneity might be found in certain areas.  Many times, Jewish communities with vastly different traditions have coexisted quite peacefully within even the same city (cf. the Jewish communities in Saloniki and Istanbul...in both cases, there were three distinct Jewish communities, each maintaining its own distinct traditions, yet comfortably interacting with each other regularly as Jews).  That said, what you imagine as "classifications" were indeed first applied by Jews to each other, not as an indication of ethnic differences, but as geographic identifiers.  Hence, "Ashkenazi", from the Hebrew word "Ashkenaz", meaning "Germany".  To this day, "Ashkenazi" means "German".  "Tzarfat" is "France", and "Tzarfati" is "French(man)".  "Sfarad" is "Spain", "Sfaradi" is "Spaniard".  Over time, some of these geographic terms have taken on ethnic connotations, but evenso, they're not "classifications".  Tomer TALK  06:19, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * i know little about the berbers, except that i've heard that they are hamites. so far, i know far less about the hamites than i do about the semites(shemites), though i'm working on learning more about them.

 * Again, PLEASE, stop using horizontal rules to separate your comments within a thread from those comments preceding them. If you haven't yet read them, PLEASE, review my comments at Talk:205.208.159.171. That said, I find your obsession with classifications to be uniquely disturbing.  The classification of the Berbers as "Hamites" is an outgrowth of the thoroughly-debunked racial theory nonsense of the late 19th century.  While the Berber languages are classified as the "Hamite" part of the "Hamito-Semitic" language family, this classification, not only of the Berber languages, but even of this name for the language family, has long since fallen into disuse, not because, as many pro-racist theorists presume, because of "political correctness", but because there is neither ethnological nor linguistic evidence sufficient to support such a division between the "Hamite" and "Semite" languages.  Tomer TALK  10:10, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

ok, now it's afro-asiatic instead of hamito-semitic. but then, i've long heard that the term "asiatic" is considered derogatory.

the hamitic thing... yes, about ham and a drunk, naked noah... whatever that is supposed to be about... i've always failed to see the alleged significance.

i'll sign this as gringo300. i'm finally getting around to doing so... Gringo300 10:15, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

individual judeo-berber languages
the article needs to list the individual judeo-berber languages. Gringo300 10:15, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There aren't any. It's not like Moroccan Judeo-Arabic. Article deleted and redirected to spurious languages per Hammarström (2015). — kwami (talk) 03:04, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Judeo-Berber language. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081219184242/http://www.dayan.org/articles/JewsandBerbers.pdf to http://www.dayan.org/articles/JewsandBerbers.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040813230951/http://www.mondeberbere.com/juifs/judeoberbere.htm to http://www.mondeberbere.com/juifs/judeoberbere.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101110111121/http://www.mondeberbere.com/juifs/haggadah.htm to http://www.mondeberbere.com/juifs/haggadah.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:49, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

Confusing Content
Almost the first thing this article says is that there were no monolingual speakers of this "contact" language (what is then described is not a contact language but a second language spoken with a few sociolectal influence features). Then in the section on phonology one feature is characterized by its occurance amongst the monolingual users who supposedly don't exist.

Also it describes its use in explaining in-group texts, while its main use is communication with outgroup people (supposedly). If its users all understood at least one other language better than this, and one at least sporadically written (Judeo-Arabic), why would they explain those texts in a less-well-known language used excluseively to communicate with outsiders? --Sukkoth 18:46, 17 June 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sukkoth Qulmos (talk • contribs)

Glottolog now says this language does not exist
The Glottolog entry on Judeo-Berber has two notices. One reads: "This entry has been retired and is featured here only for bookkeeping purposes. Either the entry has been replaced with one or more more accurate entries or it has been retired because it was based on a misunderstanding to begin with." The other reads: "E16/E17/E18/E19/E20/E21/E22/E23/E24 has an entry for Judeo-Berber [jbe ] originating in the High Atlas of Morocco. Although there were certainly Jews who spoken Berber, contra Galand-Pernet, Paulette and Zafrani, Haïm 1970, there is now a detailed investigation revealing that there was no normed Jewish variety that differed from the corresponding non-Jewish Berber ( Joseph Chetrit 2007 ). The entry presumably entered on analogy with Judeo-Moroccan Arabic varieties, which are real in the sense of being normed varieties that differ from the non-Jewish ones ( Lévy, Simon 1990 )." This article should probably have information about this, but it is not really my area of knowledge. Cheers, postleft ✍ (Arugula)  ☞ say hello!  22:23, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Judeo-Berber language


text:
Alfa Romeo Kamal

The Alfa Romeo Kamal is a crossover SUV (sports utility vehicle) concept car designed by the Italian car manufacturer Alfa Romeo. The Kamal was presented at the 2003 Geneva Motor Show. The vehicle used the Fiat Premium platform, which it shared with the 159, Spider and Brera, and was initially set for launch in 2007. The brand was also intended to have returned to the United States in 2007.

During the development stages, Alfa Romeo used the project name CXover. Kamal means 'lotus' in Sanskrit. The term means 'perfection' or the 'synthesis of opposites' in Arabic. Alfa Romeo eventually launched a new production crossover SUV, the Alfa Romeo Stelvio, in late 2016, with sales commencing the following year.

Exterior design of the see-through model was developed by Alessandro Dambrosio and Tori Odagiri of Centro Stile Alfa Romeo under the supervision of Wolfgang Egger. The model itself was constructed by Stola between 2002 and 2003.

title: Alfa Romeo Kamal


text:
Tomalley

Tomalley (from the Carib word tumale, meaning a sauce of lobster liver), crab fat, or lobster paste is the soft, green substance found in the body cavity of lobsters that fulfills the functions of both the liver and the pancreas. Tomalley corresponds to the hepatopancreas in other arthropods. It is considered a delicacy, and may be eaten alone but is often added to sauces for flavour and as a thickening agent. The term lobster paste or lobster pâté can also be used to indicate a mixture of tomalley and lobster roe. Lobster bisque, lobster stock, and lobster consommé are made using lobster bodies (heads), often including tomalley.

The hepatopancreas of a crab is also called tomalley, or crab "fat"; in crabs the tomalley is yellow or yellow-green in color. In Maryland and on the Delmarva Peninsula, the hepatopancreas of the blue crab is called the "muster" or "mustard", probably because of the yellow color, which is not the bright yellow of regular prepared yellow mustard, but closer to one of the brown mustards, such as Dijon mustard. Particularly when eating steamed or boiled crabs, it is considered a delicacy.

In Japan, tomalley is known as kanimiso ("crab miso").

Health risks
The tomalley in general can be consumed in moderation as with the livers of other animals. It can, however, contain high levels of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), dioxins, PFOA and mercury which can give rise to a number of negative health effects. It may also contain toxins that are associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (saxitoxin and gonyautoxin). These toxins do not leach out when the lobster is cooked in boiling water. The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings are heat- and acid-stable, and thus are not diminished by cooking.

In July 2008, a report from the Maine Department of Marine Resources indicated the presence of high levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in some tomalley from lobsters in that state.

Also in July 2008, Massachusetts Department of Public Health reminded consumers not to eat American lobster tomalley, because it can build up high levels of toxins and other pollutants. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration then issued an advisory against consuming tomalley from American lobster found anywhere in the Atlantic Ocean. In the same advisory the FDA stated that lobster tomalley "normally does not contain dangerous levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins" and that the current high toxin levels were probably "associated with an ongoing red tide episode in northern New England and eastern Canada".

As of 2009 Maine has had a consumption advisory on lobster tomalley tissue for women who are or may become pregnant and children, because of mercury, PCBs and dioxins accumulating in it.

In April 2023, the Maine Department of Environmental Protection released a report on their monitoring of surface water for ambient toxins, which included sampling marine fish and shellfish on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) compounds from 18 sites across the coast of Maine in 2021. Half of the sites had no detected perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in lobster meat. The other half from mostly the southwestern half of the coast had very low concentrations of PFOS that "should not pose risk in human consumption of lobster meat". Nine other PFAS compounds were detected in various samples at very low concentrations. As of May 2023, neither Maine, nor the EPA have yet established regulatory levels for PFAS in seafood. Maine has only established Fish Tissue Action Levels for PFOS for recreationally caught freshwater and estuarine finfish at 3,500 ppt while the EPA has set an interim health advisory for PFOS in drinking water at .02 ppt.

title: Tomalley


text:
River Calder

Calder River or River Calder may refer to:

Australia

 * Calder River (Tasmania) in north-west Tasmania
 * Calder River (Victoria)
 * Calder River (Western Australia) in the Kimberley region

England

 * River Calder, West Yorkshire, a major tributary of the River Aire
 * River Calder, Cumbria, flows into the Irish Sea near Sellafield
 * River Calder, Lancashire, a major tributary of the River Ribble
 * River Calder, Wyre, Lancashire, a tributary of the River Wyre

Scotland

 * River Calder, Highland, a tributary of the River Spey
 * River Calder, Renfrewshire, near Lochwinnoch
 * Tributaries of the River Clyde:
 * Rotten Calder, near East Kilbride
 * North Calder Water, from the Black Loch to Daldowie
 * South Calder Water, near Wishaw
 * Calder Water, near Strathaven, a tributary of the Avon Water

title: River Calder


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Colin

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 16:52, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Colin
We don't want articles on every first name, and there's nothing particularly notable about this one. sjorford →•← 15:41, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * We have good articles on some names, but not this. This is trash. Borderline speedy. Delete. -R. fiend 19:12, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "It has some meaning, which I wasnt thrilled with when I learned it, and have thus forgotten it." Now that's funny. Delete. DaveTheRed 21:06, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete though the above line is indeed funny. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 23:34, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, trivial, un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 00:25, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Colin


text:
User talk:Larman

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 15:42, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Larman


text:
Electric Honey (Luscious Jackson album)

Electric Honey is the third studio album by Luscious Jackson, released on June 29, 1999, by Grand Royal. It peaked at number 102 on the Billboard 200 chart, as well as number 99 on the UK Albums Chart.

Reception
AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine opined that Electric Honey "finds Luscious Jackson narrowing their focus, concentrating more on groove and texture than full-fledged songs", resulting in an album that is "breezy and enjoyable, to be sure, but nevertheless a little too lightweight to really take hold."

Track listing
All songs written by Jill Cunniff, except tracks 5, 7, 10, 12 and 14, by Gabrielle Glaser.

 * 1) "Nervous Breakthrough" – 3:47
 * 2) "Ladyfingers" – 3:27
 * 3) "Christine" – 3:30
 * 4) "Alien Lover" – 3:50
 * 5) "Summer Daze" – 3:31
 * 6) "Sexy Hypnotist" – 3:14
 * 7) "Friends" – 3:30
 * 8) "Devotion" – 3:14
 * 9) "Fantastic Fabulous" (featuring Deborah Harry) – 3:14
 * 10) "Gypsy" – 3:01
 * 11) "Beloved" – 2:58
 * 12) "Country's a Callin'" – 3:10
 * 13) "Space Diva" – 3:25
 * 14) "Fly" – 4:17
 * 15) "Lover's Moon" – 1:53

Personnel
Luscious Jackson
 * Jill Cunniff – vocals (tracks 1–4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15), guitar (1–3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15), bass guitar (1–9, 11, 13), keyboards (4, 6), backing vocals (10, 12), space opera (13)
 * Gabrielle Glaser – rap vocals (1, 4), keyboards (1, 7, 10), guitar (4, 5, 7, 10, 12–14), vocals (5, 7, 10, 12, 14), keyboard strings (5), piano (7, 10), lead guitar (9), backing vocals (9, 13), bass guitar (10, 12), drum programming (12), mellotron (14)
 * Kate Schellenbach – percussion (1), drums (3, 4, 6–14)

Additional musicians

 * Tia Sprocket – percussion (1), backing vocals (5, 7, 14), finger snaps (14)
 * Robert Aaron – horns (1, 6), flute (5, 6)
 * Tony Mangurian – programming (1–3, 6, 11), vocals (2), backing vocals (5, 7), drum programming (5), additional drums (7), guitar (11), piano (11), keyboards (2), "Jalfrazi guy" (10)
 * Emmylou Harris – backing vocals (2, 12)
 * G. Wise – talkbox (2)
 * N'Dea Davenport – ghost vocals (3)
 * Daniel Lanois – slide guitar (3)
 * Alex Young – DJ (3, 9)
 * Mickey Petralia – programming (4, 8)
 * Roger Manning – additional keyboards (4, 8)
 * Danny Frankel – percussion (4, 8)
 * Kym Hampton – backing vocals (7)
 * Diane Friedewald – backing vocals (7)
 * Irene Bremis – backing vocals (7)
 * Sean Raynor – backing vocals (7)
 * Deborah Harry – guest vocals (9)
 * Lisa Haney – strings (9)
 * 25 Ton – programming (13)
 * Petra Haden – violin (13, 15)
 * Josephine Wiggs – cello (13), upright bass (14)
 * Vincent Louis – percussion (14)

 * Technical

 * Andy Wallace – mixing
 * Jamey Staub – mixing (4, 8, 13–15)
 * Steve Sisco – assistant engineer
 * Tony Mangurian – co-producer (1, 2, 5–7, 10–12), engineer (2)
 * Jill Cunniff – co-producer (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15)
 * Serge Tsai – engineer (1, 3, 5–7, 10–12)
 * Mickey Petralia – co-producer (4, 8)
 * Phil Painson – assistant engineer (4, 8, 13)
 * Danny Madorsky – assistant engineer (4, 8, 13)
 * Robert Carranza – additional engineering (4)
 * Gabrielle Glaser – co-producer (5, 7, 10, 12, 14)
 * Jaime Candiloro – additional engineering (7)
 * Tony Visconti – co-producer (9), engineer (9)
 * Juan Garcia – additional engineering (9), assistant engineer (14)
 * 25 Ton – co-producer (13, 14)
 * Prince Strickland III – assistant engineer (13, 15)
 * Alex Kyriazsis – additional engineering (13)
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering
 * Danny Clinch – cover, back cover and equipment photography
 * Susan Alzner – Kate drum photo
 * Jeremy Creamer – Jill bass photo
 * Tommy Grimm – Gabby live guitar photo
 * Parents – kid photos
 * Orb Acton – country photo
 * Gabriel Trujillo – hair, make-up
 * Jeffrey Fernandez – styling
 * Bill McMullen – art direction, design

title: Electric Honey (Luscious Jackson album)


text:
User talk:DaeX

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Image:1 moskow biennale of contemprary art0038-2.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:1 moskow biennale of contemprary art0038-2.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:06, 9 December 2006 (UTC) (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 15:47, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DaeX


text: User talk:12.203.117.214

title: User talk:12.203.117.214


text:
Santiago Sierra

Santiago Sierra (born 1966) is a Spanish artist, known for performance art and installation art. Much of his work deals with the topic of social inequities. He lives in Madrid.

Career
Sierra's most well-known works involve hiring laborers to complete menial tasks. These works are meant to elucidate the nature of the laborer within Capitalist society, how the laborer sells his physical labor and thus his body, political issues such as immigration and continual immigrant poverty in Capitalist countries, the nature of work in Capitalist society, and the isolation of economic classes.

He achieves this through a number of techniques that present these themes and also question the nature of the art institution. While Sierra is critical of capitalism and the institutions which support it, he is also considered a successful artist. He is aware of this contradiction when he says, "self-criticism makes you feel morally superior, and I give high society and high culture the mechanisms to unload their morality and their guilt."

Some of Sierra's most famous works have involved paying a man to live behind a brick wall for 15 days, paying Iraqi immigrants to wear protective clothing and be coated in hardening polyurethane foam as "free form" sculptures, blocking the entrance of Lisson Gallery with a metal wall on opening night, sealing the entrance of the Spanish Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, only to allow Spanish citizens in to see an exhibition of left over pieces of the previous year's exhibition. Another of his well-known projects is a room of mud in Hanover, Germany, commemorating the job-creation measure origin of the Maschsee. In 2006, he provoked controversy with his installation "245 cubic metres", a gas chamber created inside a former synagogue in Pulheim, Germany. About the Biennale piece, Sierra said, "In the context of the biennial we are all playing at national pride, and I wanted to reveal that as the principal system of every pavilion...you can't forget that the countries that participate in the Biennale are the most powerful ones in the world. I mean, there's no pavilion for Ethiopia. So the theme was already a given." About his conception of nationalism for this work, Sierra has said "A nation is actually nothing; countries don't exist. When astronauts went into space they did not see a line between France and Spain; France is not painted pink and Spain blue. They are political constructions, and what's inside a construction? Whatever you want to put there."

In 2010 he received Spain's National Award for Plastic Arts but publicly rejected it, claiming his independence from a state which shows "contempt for the mandate to work for the common good".

In 2018 Sierra included a portrait of Carles Puigdemont into “Contemporary Spanish Political Prisoners” exhibition in Madrid. It was ordered to be removed on 23 February 2018.

In 2020 Sierra invited First Nations peoples from places colonised by the British empire to donate blood for an artwork called Union Flag; the Dark Mofo festival cancelled plans to show the artwork after a backlash led by Indigenous Australian artists.

Theme
In explanation of his work, Sierra has said, "What I do is refuse to deny the principles that underlie the creation of an object of luxury: from the watchman who sits next to a Monet for eight hours a day, to the doorman who controls who comes in, to the source of the funds used to buy the collection. I try to include all this, and therein lies the little commotion about remuneration that my pieces have caused." More specific to his questioning of art institutions and capitalism, he said "At the Kunstwerke in Berlin they criticized me because I had people sitting for four hours a day, but they didn't realize that a little further up the hallway the guard spends eight hours a day on his feet...any of the people who make those criticisms have never worked in their lives; if they think it's a horror to sit hidden in a cardboard box for four hours, they don't know what work is...And of course extreme labor relations shed much more light on how the labor system actually works." Sierra has a displayed interest in visibility and invisibility. He explains the result of his work that pursues these interests, saying "The museum watchman I paid to live for 365 hours behind a wall at P.S.1 in New York told me that no one had ever been so interested in him and that he had never met so many people. I realized that hiding something is a very effective working technique. The forgotten people want to communicate..."

title: Santiago Sierra


text:
Milton Shapp

Milton Jerrold Shapp (born Milton Jerrold Shapiro; June 25, 1912 – November 24, 1994) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 40th governor of Pennsylvania from 1971 to 1979 and the first Jewish governor of Pennsylvania. He was also the first governor of Pennsylvania to be eligible for, and re-elected to, consecutive four-year terms per the 1968 Pennsylvania Constitution.

Early life
Shapp was born Milton Jerrold Shapiro in Cleveland, Ohio, to Aaron Shapiro, a businessman and staunch Republican, and Eva (née Smelsey) Shapiro, a Democrat and outspoken suffragette. His family was Jewish, and all of his grandparents had emigrated from Eastern Europe. He attended the Case School of Applied Science. (In 1948, the Case School of Applied Science was renamed the Case Institute of Technology and in 1967 it federated with Western Reserve University to form Case Western Reserve University.) He graduated in 1933 with a degree in electrical engineering. Unfortunately, the effects of the Great Depression ravaged America, and Shapp, unable to find work in the engineering field, worked as a coal truck driver. In 1936, he took a job selling electronic parts and moved to Pennsylvania. It was during this time that he changed his name from Shapiro to Shapp to avoid prejudice, even though he continued to identify openly as being Jewish.

Military and business careers
During World War II, Shapp served as an officer in the U.S. Army Signal Corps in North Africa and Europe. After World War II, he moved to Philadelphia and founded Jerrold Electronics Corporation, a pioneer in the cable television industry, using a $500 loan subsidized by the G.I. Bill. Jerrold became one of America's first providers of coaxial cable TV systems in 1948. Jerrold Electronics became a major player in the television industry, and Shapp himself amassed a multimillion-dollar fortune. Shapp sold his interest in Jerrold Electronics in 1967 to the General Instrument Company to concentrate on politics. The Jerrold name, however, continued to survive on cable TV reception equipment into the 1990s when it became obsolete when General Instrument went out of business in 1997.

Entrance into politics
Shapp entered the world of politics in 1960 by campaigning for John F. Kennedy for President of the United States. Shapp is "credited with promoting the idea that eventually led to the creation of the Peace Corps." After Kennedy was elected President, Shapp served as an advisor to the Peace Corps as well as consultant to the Secretary of Commerce.

Pennsylvania gubernatorial elections
In 1966, he sought the Democratic nomination for Governor of Pennsylvania. The party in Pennsylvania was deeply divided that year and the party organization endorsed Robert P. Casey for the office. Shapp's large personal fortune allowed him to run an independent campaign, and he capitalized on an anti-establishment mood among Democrats and won the Democratic primary by about 50,000 votes with a slogan portraying him as "The Man Against The Machine." Shapp went on to lose the 1966 general election for governor by 250,000 votes to Republican Raymond Shafer.

Campaign against Penn Central
At the time, Shapp was heavily involved in unsuccessfully trying to stop the merger of the Pennsylvania Railroad with the New York Central. He invested millions of dollars of his own money into the effort, traveling throughout Pennsylvania to convince local officials to oppose the merger. He pushed the issue into the federal courts and testified against the proposed merger in front of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The issue was prominent during his first run for governor in 1966. In the process, he made several enemies. Stuart T. Saunders, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, opposed Shapp at every turn. Friendly with the Lyndon Johnson administration, Saunders influenced Washington Democrats to sabotage the Shapp campaign.

Annenberg's opposition
Walter Annenberg, owner and publisher of The Philadelphia Inquirer and major shareholder of the Pennsylvania Railroad, used the pages of The Inquirer to cast doubt on Shapp's candidacy. The opposition from Annenberg-owned media and the Democratic political establishment helped contribute to Shapp's narrow loss that year to Republican Raymond P. Shafer.

Governor of Pennsylvania
As the 1970 election approached, Governor Shafer was term-limited under existing Pennsylvania law, which prohibited self-succession by him, and could neither run for re-election nor take advantage of the amended Commonwealth Constitution ratified in 1968. Furthermore, a fiscal crisis during his term plunged his popularity to a low point, hurting Republican chances of retaining the office. Shapp again sought the Democratic nomination and again defeated Robert P. Casey to win the Democratic nomination. Of his nemeses from the last election, Walter Annenberg had sold the Inquirer to Knight Newspapers, Inc. a year earlier prior to his appointment as Ambassador to the United Kingdom, while Stuart Saunders had vanished from the political scene as Penn Central entered bankruptcy in 1970. This time Shapp won the election to become Governor of Pennsylvania over Republican Raymond J. Broderick, the then incumbent lieutenant governor and later a well-respected federal judge, by over 500,000 votes.

Gubernatorial reforms
During Shapp's time in office, he solved a financial crisis by instituting Pennsylvania's flat, no-deductions income tax. He also signed into law the bill creating the Pennsylvania Lottery and instituted major reforms for the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The Governor oversaw new consumer rights legislation, welfare reform, and insurance reform including the controversial decision to enact no-fault insurance legislation in the state. In the wake of the Watergate crisis, he established a sweeping Sunshine Law for the state, the most comprehensive of any state at the time. He also faced a massive recovery effort after Hurricane Agnes caused widespread flooding in the state causing the death of 48 Pennsylvanians. The flooding was so bad and so rapid that Governor Shapp and his wife, Muriel, had to be rescued from the gubernatorial mansion in Harrisburg by boat as flood waters from the Susquehanna River inundated the building.

Second term
During the Shafer gubernatorial administration, the Commonwealth Constitution had been amended to change the permitted lengths of governors' administrations from one term to the present-day maximum of two consecutive terms at a time, with at least one term required between such gubernatorial administrations.

As Shapp was not term-limited, he successfully sought re-election as governor, winning by a large majority over his Republican opponent, Drew Lewis, in the election of 1974.

1976 presidential campaign
Governor Milton Shapp set his sights on the White House and ran unsuccessfully for the 1976 Democratic nomination for president, but failed to carry even his home state of Pennsylvania in the primary elections, and dropped out after an 89-day campaign. After that defeat, he settled into a lame-duck term as governor, enacting no further significant reforms.

Later years and death
In his last years, Shapp suffered from Alzheimer's disease, and died from complications of it on November 24, 1994, at the age of 82. After his death, the Motorola corporation established the Milton Jerrold Shapp Memorial Scholarship Fund, an engineering scholarship, in Shapp's honor. Motorola was the successor corporation to General Instrument, the company that had acquired Shapp's firm in 1967.

title: Milton Shapp


text:
Electric Honey (label)

Electric Honey was founded in 1992 and is Glasgow Kelvin College's in-house record label run by Ken McCluskey (The Bluebells), Douglas MacIntyre (Creeping Bent) and formerly Alan Rankine (The Associates) along with students from the HNC/D Music Business course. The label celebrated its 25th year in 2017 with many events including the release of the debut album "Any Joy" from Scottish six-piece indie rock band; "Pronto Mama."

The label was described by Uncut magazine as being "The most successful student-run label in the world", thanks to the history of artists having releases with the imprint, including Belle & Sebastian, Snow Patrol and Biffy Clyro. The 2012 album 'Self Help' by Young Aviators became the biggest selling CD album in the labels history.

Affiliate labels were also run under Electric Honey for a period of time. Gdansk, which released electronic-based artists and Root 8 which specialised in world music.

Early years
The label was founded by staff at Stow College with the idea of creating a platform for students in the HNC/D Music Business course, to gain the experience of working firsthand with record company operations, while also having a hand in the creation of a thriving music scene within Scotland by releasing local artists. The first release was in 1993 with Baby Chaos, later known as Deckard, and their Buzz EP. Baby Chaos would then go on to receive considerable recognition from their releases with their 1996 album Love Your Self Abuse, being named one of Kerrang!'s 100 Greatest British Rock Albums Ever. The 1995 release of The Moondials, featured Stevie Jackson on guitar, who would go on to join Belle & Sebastian alongside Stuart Murdoch later that year.

Belle and Sebastian
Electric Honey's first success came with the release of the label's first album release in 1996, Belle & Sebastian's Tigermilk, named after a track originally written for, but left out from, the album. Formed by Stuart Murdoch and Stuart David, later joined with Stevie Jackson, Belle & Sebastian formed in Glasgow in early 1996, recording their first demos in Stow College. Murdoch was involved early on with the University of Glasgow's Subcity Radio. Originally limited to 1000 copies on Electric Honey, the album was picked up by Jeepster Records who re-released it in 1999, and is now often cited as a classic influential album, with "The State I Am In" being placed at number 17 on Pitchfork Media's top 200 tracks of the 1990s. Belle and Sebastian recently played a special gig at Winfield House- the London residence of the US Ambassador to the United Kingdom.

Snow Patrol
Originally called Polarbear, Snow Patrol are the most successful of Electric Honey's signings having sold ten million albums worldwide. The band formed in Glasgow while front-man Gary Lightbody worked in the Glasgow venue Nice 'n' Sleazys. Starfighter Pilot came five years before their big selling album Final Straw, and featured Belle & Sebastian's Stuart Murdoch on piano and backing vocals. Starfighter Pilot was later featured on the band's debut album Songs for Polarbears and re-released as a single through Jeepster Records.

Biffy Clyro
Biffy Clyro were signed to the label while they were students at Stow College. In 2000, they released their debut EP Thekidswhopoptodaywillrocktomorrow through Electric Honey, featuring the tracks "57" and "Justboy". Both tracks reappeared on the band's debut album release, Blackened Sky, through Beggars Banquet Records.

Artists

 * Found
 * Ziggy Campbell
 * Mylo
 * Stafrann Hakon
 * We Yo Nee
 * Vin Landers
 * Beatmooks
 * ESC
 * Monkey Tribe
 * Mellow Sub Machine
 * Tetsuo
 * Kev Sim
 * Fudge Fingas
 * The Smash

 * Dullshiny
 * Reaz
 * Disciples of Panic Earth
 * Lyvonne
 * K Trouble
 * Cannon
 * Scientific Support Dept.
 * Spacewalker
 * C.D Jefferson
 * Cruiser
 * S-Type
 * Tycho
 * Provinylistkarim
 * Nordin Zaoui

Compilations

 * Lato 001 (2003)
 * Lato 002 (2004)
 * Lato 003
 * Lato 004
 * Lato 005 (2006)

Albums

 * Mellow Sub Machine – Los Machinos Mellos (2005)

Artists

 * Koshka
 * Mungo's Hi-Fi
 * Lee Patterson
 * Red Road Global Music Collective
 * Zuba
 * Roddy Hart

Discography

 * Welcome (2005)

title: Electric Honey (label)


text:
Ilioupoli

Ilioupoli (Ηλιούπολη, lit. "Sun City") is a suburban municipality and a town in Central Athens regional unit and located in the central-southern part of the Athens agglomeration. Its name is the modern form of the ancient name of Heliopolis in Egypt. Development of Ilioupoli started around 1924, when Greek refugees from Asia Minor settled there.

Geography
Ilioupoli is 6 km southeast of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 12.724 km2. It lies at the western foot of the forested Hymettus mountain, which covers the eastern half of the municipality. Its built-up area is continuous with those of neighbouring suburbs Ymittos, Agios Dimitrios, Alimos and Argyroupoli. The main thoroughfares are Vouliagmenis Avenue, which connects Ilioupoli with central Athens, and Venizelou Avenue, which connects with Motorway 64. Ilioupoli station is served by Line 2 of the Athens Metro. Ilioupoli is also linked by bus to downtown Athens (OASA 237 line), to Glyfada (OASA 140 line) and Piraeus (OASA 218 line).

Ilioupoli is subdivided into 11 quarters: Agia Marina, Agia Mavra, Agia Paraskevi, Agios Konstantinos-Kanaria, Ano Ilioupoli, Astynomika-Panorama, Kato Ilioupoli, Kentro, Nisaki, Typografika and Chalikaki. Ilioupoli has an uncommon street plan, characterised by 5 sets of concentric circular or oval streets.

Climate
Ilioupoli has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Ilioupoli experiences hot, dry summers and mild, wetter winters.

Current Weather (2021)
Weather records for 2021 in Ilioupoli (as of 1 November 2021) are given below:

Landmarks

 * Anapsiktirio "Demetrios Kintis"
 * Plateia Iroon (Iroon Square)
 * Koimisi tis Theotokou Church
 * Kentriki Plateia (Central Square or Hethnikis Antistaseos Square)
 * The Stouggaris Building (Sophia the fox, big one)
 * Plateia Kanaria (Kanaria Square)
 * Plateia Flemingk (Fleming Square)
 * Chalikaki Athletics Stadium

Sports
Ilioupoli is the seat of the clubs Charavgiakos F.C., club founded in 1949 and Ilioupoli F.C., club founded in 1953.

International relations

 * 🇪🇬 Heliopolis (Cairo), Egypt
 * 🇷🇴 Iași, Romania
 * 🇨🇾 Larnaca, Cyprus
 * 🇷🇸 Novi Sad, Serbia (1994)

title: Ilioupoli


text:
File:Bloodstone lands book cover.jpg

Licensing
This image is of a book cover.

title: File:Bloodstone lands book cover.jpg


text:
Susan Constant

Susan Constant, possibly Sarah Constant was the largest of three ships of the English Virginia Company on the 1606–1607 voyage that resulted in the founding of Jamestown in the new Colony of Virginia. Captained by Christopher Newport, she was joined by the Discovery and Godspeed.

History
Susan Constant was rated at 120 tons. Its keel length is estimated at 55.2 ft. The overall length from tip of its bowsprit to stern is estimated at 116 ft.

On the 1606–1607 voyage, it carried 71 colonists, all male, including John Smith. On June 22, 1607, Christopher Newport sailed back for London with Susan Constant and Godspeed carrying a load of supposedly precious minerals, leaving behind the 104 colonists and Discovery (to be used in exploring the area).

Susan Constant, which had been a rental ship that had customarily been used as a freight transport, did not return to Virginia again. She later served as a merchant ship through at least 1615. Her fate is unknown.

Name
The alternative name Sarah Constant has been cited, and is shown as being the name noted on the earliest document, leading to a belief that Samuel Purchas had the name wrong in his Pilgrims book. There is growing support for the name Sarah Constant. The article that cites Sarah Constant, presumably written by Sir Walter Raleigh, is as follows:

"He told me of three barques on route to the New World, those whose names are, as he told me thereon, be consisted of Godspeed, Discoverie or Discovery, and one whose name split twice, I think was Sarah Constant."

Replica

Replicas of Susan Constant and her sisters, Godspeed and Discovery, are docked in the James River at Jamestown Settlement (formerly Jamestown Festival Park), adjacent to Historic Jamestown.

In popular culture
Susan Constant is depicted in the 1995 animated film Pocahontas, where its captain was Governor Ratcliffe (who actually captained Discovery), instead of Christopher Newport.

In May 2007, the United States Postal Service issued the first 41-cent denomination first-class stamp. The stamp had an image of Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery. Susan Constant was also depicted on Virginia's coin of the 50 State Quarters, in celebration of the quincentennial of Jamestown.

The ship served as the inspiration for the ECS Constant in the 2023 videogame Starfield, a generational ship intended to found the colony New Jamestown.

title: Susan Constant


text:
Bawn

A bawn is the defensive wall surrounding an Irish tower house. It is the anglicised version of the Irish word bábhún (sometimes spelt badhún), possibly meaning "cattle-stronghold" or "cattle-enclosure". The Irish word for "cow" is bó and its plural is ba. The Irish word for "stronghold, enclosure" is dún, whose genitive case is ''dúin'".

The original purpose of bawns was to protect cattle from attack. They included trenches that were often strengthened with stakes or hedges. Over time, these were gradually replaced by walls. The name then began to be used for the walls that were built around tower houses.

English and Scottish names for the same thing include "pele" (hence pele tower) and "barmkin".

title: Bawn


text:
Heijō Palace

Heijō Palace (平城宮) was the imperial residence in the Japanese capital city Heijō-kyō (today's Nara), during most of the Nara period. The palace, which served as the imperial residence and the administrative centre of for most of the Nara period from 710 to 794 AD, was located at the north-central location of the city in accordance with the Chinese models used for the design of the capital.

The palace consisted of a daidairi (大内裏), a large rectangular walled enclosure which contained several ceremonial and administrative buildings including the government ministries. Inside this enclosure was the separately walled residential compound of the emperor or the Inner Palace. In addition to the emperor's living quarters the Inner Palace contained the residences of the imperial consorts as well as certain official and ceremonial buildings more closely linked to the person of the emperor.

The original role of the palace was to manifest the centralised government model adopted by Japan from China in the 7th century—the Daijō-kan and its subsidiary Eight Ministries. The palace was designed to provide an appropriate setting for the emperor's residence, the conduct of state affairs, and associated ceremonial functions.

After the capital was moved to Heian, the palace structures were either moved there or suffered several fires and other disasters and disappeared. The site was converted to agricultural use and almost no trace of it remained, however the location was still known. Excavations started in the 1970s and large-scale reconstruction based on contemporary literary sources and excavations starting in the 2000s.

The excavated remains of the palace and the surrounding area were established as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998 along with a number of other buildings in the area such as the "Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara."

History
One year after Empress Genmei's succession to the Chrysanthemum Throne in Keiun 4 (707 AD), a rescript was issued deciding on the move from Fujiwara-kyo near Asuka towards the northern edge of the Nara basin. In Wadō 3 (710 AD), the new capital was officially established, but the completion of the palace had to wait further. The new capital city's name was written Heijō (平城) but also pronounced Nara at the time.

The city, and the palace grounds, was based largely on Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the capital of China during the Tang dynasty, which was contemporary to the time when Nara was capital. Chang'an was in turn, like many ancient east Asian cities, based on a complex system of beliefs & laws of geomancy. This dictated the grid system of streets, as well as the necessity for spiritually protective shrines or temples to be placed at particular cardinal directions around the city. The city area measured 6 km from east to west and 5 km from north to south.

In accordance with this system, the palace was placed at the northern end, on an extended line from Suzaku Street, the main thoroughfare running north–south straight through the centre of the city. The street ended at the Suzaku Gate, and the rest of the palace buildings were then placed beyond to the north of this gate. The primary buildings of the palace compound were the Daigoku-den, where governmental affairs were conducted, the Chōdō-in where formal ceremonies were held, the Dairi, the emperor's residence, and offices for various administrative agencies.

The Nara period covers 75 years from 710 to 784 AD. Emperor Shōmu moved the capital to other places such as Kuni-kyo and Shigaraki-kyo in the period between 740 and 745 AD. The imperial buildings and government offices were drastically transformed around this period. In the later Nara period, the audience hall was erected in the eastern part, at the south side of the imperial domicile. This is called the latter audience hall. A number of buildings in the imperial domicile and the government offices were replaced and renovated several times. This was probably not due to the repair of the old buildings but due to another reason.

When the capital was moved to Heian-kyō (now called Kyoto), Nara's Imperial Palace was simply abandoned. Over the ensuing centuries, the ravages of time and the elements slowly destroyed the buildings, until by the beginning of the Kamakura period in the late 12th century there was practically nothing left above ground. However, those sections that lay underground were preserved, and re-discovered by modern archaeologists.

While the site was designated a Special Historical Site by the Agency for Cultural Affairs in 1952, archaeological efforts headed by the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, such as excavations are continuing since 1959. The Suzaku Gate and East Palace Garden have been restored and opened to the public in 1998. The Takenaka Corporation was mainly responsible for the reconstruction.

Heijō Palace was the main event site of Heijo Relocation 1300 Year Festival (平城遷都1300年祭) in 2010, and the First Great Hall (第一次大極殿) was restored for the occasion. In commemorative events of the 1300th anniversary, a variety of seasonal events were held throughout Nara Prefecture.

Suzaku Gate
The main entrance to the capital through the Suzaku Avenue was the Rajō Gate (羅城門). The main avenue was approximately 75 m wide and extended north for 3.7 km up to the Suzaku Gate (朱雀門). The name "Suzaku" derives from the Chinese name for the legendary bird which acted as a southern guardian. The palace was surrounded by great earthen walls and had twelve gates, with the Suzaku Gate as the largest gate and the main entrance. The southern open spaces was part of the main avenue, and the Nijo Oji (二条大路), the second great street, approximately 37 m wide was extending in the east–west direction in front of the gate.

The gate measured 10 x. Built on a platform, the gate was probably a two-storied structure, conspicuously larger than the other gates of the palace. The open space to the front was used for ceremonies such as New Year celebrations. It was reconstructed in 1997.

Second Street and Mibu Gate
The Second Street was a major thoroughfare running east–west along the southern side of the palace precinct. Around 35 metres in width, it was second only to Suzaku Avenue in size. The Suzaku Gate, which was the main gate, together with the Mibu Gate to its east and the Wakainukai Gate to its west, all opened onto this avenue.

In the latter half of the Nara period, the Great Hall of State and the Halls of State compound that comprised the centre of politics shifted to the eastern sector of the precinct. The Mibu Gate served in effect as the main gate to the palace.

The area immediately to the south of the Second street is known to have been used for state offices and detached residences located outside the palace grounds, and was thus a district rivaling the palace itself in importance.

Greater Palace
The daidairi was a walled rectangular area extending from north to south between the first and second major east–west avenues and from west to east between the north–south avenues.

The three main structures within the Greater Palace were the Official Compound (朝堂院) and the Inner Palace (内裏).

Chōdō-in
The Chōdō-in was a rectangular walled enclosure situated directly to the north of the Suzaku Gate in the centre of the southern wall of the Greater Palace. It was based on Chinese models and followed Chinese architectural styles, and archaeological evidence from earlier capitals shows that this building complex was present in earlier palaces and had a remarkably stable design from the 7th century onwards.

Former audience hall
The Great Hall of State (大極殿) was the most important state building in the palace. It was facing south at the northern end of the compound. It was the largest building, measuring 20 x 44 metres in width and 20 metres in depth, with a height of 27 metres. The hall was thought to have been a two-storey Chinese-style structure with a hipped and gabled roof, and an open front façade having no doors.

No data directly indicating the audience hall's true appearance have survived. For the reconstruction, locations of the pillars were inferred through reference to the building's remains at Kuni-kyō, to where it had been relocated. For the upper part of the building, research was conducted on the main hall of Hōryū-ji, the eastern pagoda of Yakushi-ji, and other buildings that survived from the Nara period. The depiction of the Heian Palace audience hall depicted in the Nenchu gyoji emaki (Illustrated scroll of annual events and ceremonies) was also consulted.

The reconstruction was started in 2001 and completed in 2010. For the reconstruction, Japanese cypress wood was used. The building's pillars and beams were painted in vermilion, the walls in white, the roof with ceramic tiles. The upper part of the interior of the hall was painted with symbols of the Chinese zodiac such as the Tiger, the Horse and the Ox alongside the walls, and floral pattern on the ceiling. The paintings were executed by the renowned painter Atsushi Uemura based on designs from the Nara period.

Takamikura
In the middle of the audience hall was the emperor's throne, called Takamikura (高御座). This was an important item that symbolised the imperial office, and at state events such as the enthronement and New Year's Day ceremonies the emperor proceeded to the audience hall and took his seat on the throne. Nobles lined up in the inner court south of the hall and paid their respect.

With no records of the construction or design of the Takamikura of the Nara period, the details are unknown. The reconstructed model of the Takamikura was made after experts consulted various literature and historical materials, and based on the throne in the Kyoto Imperial Palace which dates to the Taishō era. Details of the design and patterns were created by referring to materials such as the treasure of the Shōsōin repository.

Office of Foods
This area, stretching northward from the centrally located Great Hall of State, is believed to have been the site of the Office of Foods. This office stocked foods other than the rice that was paid as tax, and was in charge of providing meals for state banquets and rituals held in the palace.

Surrounding a large well, itself provided with a roof and from which numerous eating utensils have been excavated, stood a group of buildings used as offices and storehouses. The first inscribed wooden tablet recovered from the palace site was found in 1961 in a rubbish pit belonging to this office.

Latter audience hall
The latter audience hall dates to the time after the capital was re-established after the relocation from Shigaraki.

Traces of the platforms of the latter audience hall and the eastern state halls had remained by the Meiji era, which led to the discovery of the site by Sekino Tadashi, a researcher of architecture history. Tanada Kajuro, a local gardener, worked on a public movement for protection of the site.

The area on the north side of the latter audience hall is the site of the imperial domicile.

Imperial Domicile
The emperor and empress lived, worked, and received visitors in the imperial domicile section. It was surrounded by a roofed walkway, divided lengthwise by an earthen wall. The Office of the Court Ladies was also located here.

Inside the imperial domicile was a stone-paved area containing a large well, of which remains were found in 1972. The well was lined with a solid cedar tube carved from a log 1.7 m in diameter. The water from this well was probably for the exclusive use of the emperor and empress. The site was reburied and the wall was reconstructed with new materials as an outdoor exhibit.

Office of the Imperial Household
In this section to the east of the imperial domicile, is what is thought to have been the Office of the Imperial Household (宮内省). It was surrounded by an earthen wall, 90 metres in length to the north and south and 50 metres wide from east to west. Six buildings stood in this compound. The main one was roofed with tiles, the others with cypress bark.

The building were reconstructed in accordance with the findings of the archaeological excavations, following the Nara period construction techniques.

East Palace Garden
Archaeological excavations uncovered remains of a large garden in the southeast corner of the palace in 1967. This was named "East Palace Garden" (Tōin Teien) because the neighbouring area is considered to be the site of the East Palace.

Within the area measuring 100 by. Several buildings were located around a curvilinear pond. In the vicinity of the site, Empress Shōtoku had the "Jewelled Hall of the East Palace" constructed, in which banquets were held.

The excavations revealed that the garden was originally built in the Chinese style of the early Nara period, and modified in a Japanese style of the late Nara period. The garden was reconstructed in 1998.

Museum
The Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties has conducted research and investigation of the site on a continual basis since 1959. The Nara Palace Site Museum exhibits the results of the excavations. It consists of galleries for the palace and its administrative offices, artifacts, archaeological science, and special exhibitions.

Transport
It takes 15 or 20 minutes to walk from Yamato-Saidaiji Station to Heijō Palace. And between May and August in 2010, the free shuttle bus runs between Yamato-Saidaiji Station, JR Nara Station and Heijō Palace every 10 or 15 minutes.

title: Heijō Palace


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ecce romani

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 01:35, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Ecce Romani
One of many Latin textbooks about a Roman family. Not notable. Radiant! 15:57, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hah! I used these, and so did a friend of mine in a different school system.  I remember when we discovered (five or six years later) that we'd used the same book, and started quoting... "Ecce!  In pictura est puella.  Puella est laeta."  Funny how things like this stick in your memory.  But I don't really think that makes the books notable. Isomorphic 16:21, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Do we have a policy on textbooks? Certainly a popular one. I had this as well. I can still remember Davus, or, as we called him, Dave the Slave. Meelar (talk) 20:31, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Being in an all male school, I was subjected to many utterly predictable jokes about that kid Sextus. Isomorphic 17:05, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, obviously. Over 9,000 google hits for the series. Kappa 20:59, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Popular textbooks are eminently article-worthy - David Gerard 21:21, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep most books should have articles, and this is even more notable than many. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 23:35, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Starblind.--Centauri 10:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * For the sake of argument, considering that there are dozens of different Latin textbooks, and all of them cover pretty much the same stuff, it would be nigh impossible to come up with an interesting article for all of them. I learned Latin from 'Liber' and 'Via Nova', and both of them would be described almost exactly as in this article. I believe merging them would be most appropriate, in that case. Radiant! 15:13, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree. I could see an article on English language Latin textbooks, or something like that. Isomorphic 17:05, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not so sure. I imagine articles could point out differences in the way they approach the language, the order of introduction of various points, etc. I'm not saying it's necessarily true, but I wouldn't want to rule it out without talking with a Latin teacher or someone else who would know the field. Meelar (talk) 17:52, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not every textbook is noteworthy.  If the textbook has some noteworthiness beyond being used in a school somewhere, then we want it.  Check out Votes for deletion/Ron Larson where it was recently decided that being the author of a textbook is not enough.  Lethe | Talk 16:07, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Every textbook is noteworthy. Are we running of hard drive space or something? We need to delete some of these ardent deletionists. Zantastik 23:33, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Rzeczpospolita

Rzeczpospolita is the official name of Poland and a traditional name for some of its predecessor states. It is a compound of the terms "thing, matter" and  "common", a calque of Latin rés pública (rés "thing" + pública "public, common"), i.e. republic, in English also rendered as commonwealth (historic) and republic (current).

In modern Polish, the word rzeczpospolita is used exclusively in relation to the Republic of Poland, while any other republic is referred to in Polish as a republika (e.g. Italian Republic – Republika Włoska).

Origins
The term rzeczpospolita has been used in Poland since the beginning of the 16th century. It was adapted for Poland, as it at that time had a unique republican system, similar to the former Roman rés pública. The famous quote by Jan Zamoyski, the Lord Chancellor of the Crown, on the importance of education is an example of its use:

"Takie będą Rzeczypospolite, jakie ich młodzieży chowanie.

Such will be the Commonwealths as the upbringing of their youth."

- Jan Zamoyski

The meaning of rzeczpospolita is well described by the term commonwealth. As a result, the literal meaning of Rzeczpospolita Polska is "Polish Commonwealth", or "Republic of Poland". Although the first Rzeczpospolita was an elective monarchy, the king had no real power, as most of the state affairs were regulated by the parliament and senate, known as the Sejm.

The Latin name for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is Rés Pública Poloniae.

Main usage
Rzeczpospolita is also used in a series of symbolic names referring to three periods in the history of Poland:
 * I Rzeczpospolita Polska (Pierwsza Rzeczpospolita) (sometimes translated as the "First Polish Republic"), in reference to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795). During this period, the commonwealth was ruled de facto by a privileged class called the szlachta, which had (among numerous others) the right to elect both the king and parliament (the Sejm). This political system is known as the Golden Liberty. It began with the Union of Lublin in 1569 and ended with the third and final Partition of Poland in 1795. Sometimes the term I Rzeczpospolita is used in reference to the country before the Union of Lublin too, because the szlachta started limiting king's autocracy starting in the early 1500s. The Constitution of 3 May 1791 established a common state, the Rzeczpospolita Polska (Polish Commonwealth), however the Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations was adopted on 20 October 1791 by the Great Sejm and modified the changes by stressing the continuity of binational status of the state.
 * II Rzeczpospolita Polska (Druga Rzeczpospolita), in reference to the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939). Used to refer to the interwar period, lasting from the regaining of independence in 1918 following the end of World War I up to the World War II-triggering invasion of Poland in 1939 by both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The renascent Polish State was initially called the Republic of Poland (Republika Polska). The title Rzeczpospolita was introduced by the March Constitution of Poland, the first article of which stated that Państwo Polskie jest Rzecząpospolitą, meaning "the Polish State is a Commonwealth".
 * III Rzeczpospolita Polska (Trzecia Rzeczpospolita), in reference to the current Third Polish Republic (1990–present). This is the title of the present-day Polish state, dating from the fall of the Polish People's Republic and the reintroduction of democratic elections in Poland – the 1990 local government elections (27 May 1990) were the first democratic elections in Poland after World War II.

Other usage
Expressions that make use the concept of rzeczpospolita include:
 * Rzeczpospolita szlachecka – Republic of Nobles (szlachta), another name for the I Rzeczpospolita;
 * Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów – The Commonwealth of the Both Nations, another name for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth;
 * Rzeczpospolita Babińska – Babin Republic, a satirical literary society, founded by a group of nobles during the second half of the 16th century;
 * Rzeczpospolita Krakowska – Free City of Kraków or Republic of Kraków (1815–1846);
 * Rzeczpospolita Zakopiańska – Republic of Zakopane, a short-lasting form of an independent state, established for about a month in October 1918;
 * Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa – Polish People's Republic, a name used formally from 1952 to 1990; was often abbreviated to simply Rzeczpospolita Polska or PRL. Sometimes refers (wrongly) to the post-war period 1944–1952.
 * Czwarta Rzeczpospolita – Fourth Polish Republic, a slogan used by the political party Law and Justice.

Nowadays, the terms Rzeczpospolita and Rzeczpospolita Polska are used interchangeably, so far as they relate to the Polish state by default.

Before 1939, Rzeczpospolita was sometimes abbreviated to Rzplita in written documents, while RP is still a common abbreviation for Rzeczpospolita Polska.

The Lithuanian word Žečpospolita is a direct borrowing from Polish. The East Slavic cognates of the name are: Речь Посполитая; Річ Посполита; Рэч Паспалітая; the West Slavic cognates are ; Reč Pospolitá; and the South Slavic cognates are Reč Pospolita, Riječ Pospolita, Реч Посполита, Реч Посполита, Реч Посполита.

title: Rzeczpospolita


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Economic Militarism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. I count 2 delete and 4 keep (from 2 keep and 2 redirect & keep). Deathphoenix 18:59, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Economic Militarism
Seemingly neologistic term that doesn't google, and the article seems a bit propagandistic in nature. Keep or cut? Radiant! 15:58, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, seems to be a neologism as it only gets 50 Google hits. - SimonP 17:02, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Madeup neologism. —Lowellian (talk) 22:21, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Plainly not a neologism. The Google hits contain several references to a book called Germany Rampant: A Study in Economic Militarism written in 1939, for example. The Google hits look fairly scholarly. Perhaps just replace with a stub? Pcb21| Pete 22:44, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's a real term then redirect to war economy. Gazpacho 00:14, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I guess nobody can really call it a neologism if it's been around since 1939, but even so, it seems to barely be used outside of that one book (and its article). I wonder if there's a term for words that never took off... "nonstarterism" perhaps.  In any case, I support a redirect as above. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  01:15, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rewrite economic militarism has been used in a few generally read articles. Stirling Newberry 17:52, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC) (Rewrite attempted).

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Line search

In optimization, line search is a basic iterative approach to find a local minimum $$\mathbf{x}^*$$ of an objective function $$f:\mathbb R^n\to\mathbb R$$. It first finds a descent direction along which the objective function $$f$$ will be reduced, and then computes a step size that determines how far $$\mathbf{x}$$ should move along that direction. The descent direction can be computed by various methods, such as gradient descent or quasi-Newton method. The step size can be determined either exactly or inexactly.

One-dimensional line search
Suppose f is a one-dimensional function, $$f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$$, and assume that it is unimodal, that is, contains exactly one local minimum x* in a given interval [a,z]. This means that f is strictly decreasing in [a,x*] and strictly increasing in [x*,z]. There are several ways to find an (approximate) minimum point in this case.

Zero-order methods
Zero-order methods use only function evaluations (i.e., a value oracle) - not derivatives: Zero-order methods are very general - they do not assume differentiability or even continuity.
 * Ternary search: pick some two points b,c such that a<b<c<z. If f(b)≤f(c), then x* must be in [a,c]; if f(b)≥(c), then x* must be in [b,z]. In both cases, we can replace the search interval with a smaller one. If we pick b,c very close to the interval center, then the interval shrinks by ~1/2 at each iteration, but we need two function evaluations per iteration. Therefore, the method has linear convergence with rate $$\sqrt{0.5}\approx 0.71$$. If we pick b,c such that the partition a,b,c,z has three equal-length intervals, then the interval shrinks by 2/3 at each iteration, so the method has linear convergence with rate $$\sqrt{2/3}\approx 0.82$$.
 * Fibonacci search: This is a variant of ternary search in which the points b,c are selected based on the Fibonacci sequence. At each iteration, only one function evaluation is needed, since the other point was already an endpoint of a previous interval. Therefore, the method has linear convergence with rate $$1/ \varphi \approx 0.618$$.
 * Golden-section search: This is a variant in which the points b,c are selected based on the golden ratio. Again, only one function evaluation is needed in each iteration, and the method has linear convergence with rate $$1/ \varphi \approx 0.618$$ . This ratio is optimal among the zero-order methods.

First-order methods
First-order methods assume that f is continuously differentiable, and that we can evaluate not only f but also its derivative.

 * The bisection method computes the derivative of f at the center of the interval, c: if f'(c)=0, then this is the minimum point; if f'(c)>0, then the minimum must be in [a,c]; if f'(c)<0, then the minimum must be in [c,z]. This method has linear convergence with rate 0.5.

Curve-fitting methods
Curve-fitting methods try to attain superlinear convergence by assuming that f has some analytic form, e.g. a polynomial of finite degree. At each iteration, there is a set of "working points" in which we know the value of f (and possibly also its derivative). Based on these points, we can compute a polynomial that fits the known values, and find its minimum analytically. The minimum point becomes a new working point, and we proceed to the next iteration:

 * Newton's method is a special case of a curve-fitting method, in which the curve is a degree-two polynomial, constructed using the first and second derivatives of f. If the method is started close enough to a non-degenerate local minimum (= with a positive second derivative), then it has quadratic convergence.
 * Regula falsi is another method that fits the function to a degree-two polynomial, but it uses the first derivative at two points, rather than the first and second derivative at the same point. If the method is started close enough to a non-degenerate local minimum, then it has superlinear convergence of order $$\varphi \approx 1.618$$.
 * Cubic fit fits to a degree-three polynomial, using both the function values and its derivative at the last two points. If the method is started close enough to a non-degenerate local minimum, then it has quadratic convergence.

Curve-fitting methods have superlinear convergence when started close enough to the local minimum, but might diverge otherwise. Safeguarded curve-fitting methods simultaneously execute a linear-convergence method in parallel to the curve-fitting method. They check in each iteration whether the point found by the curve-fitting method is close enough to the interval maintained by safeguard method; if it is not, then the safeguard method is used to compute the next iterate.

Multi-dimensional line search
In general, we have a multi-dimensional objective function $$f:\mathbb R^n\to\mathbb R$$. The line-search method first finds a descent direction along which the objective function $$f$$ will be reduced, and then computes a step size that determines how far $$\mathbf{x}$$ should move along that direction. The descent direction can be computed by various methods, such as gradient descent or quasi-Newton method. The step size can be determined either exactly or inexactly. Here is an example gradient method that uses a line search in step 5:

 * 1) Set iteration counter $$k=0$$ and make an initial guess $$\mathbf{x}_0$$ for the minimum. Pick $$\epsilon$$ a tolerance.
 * 2) Loop:
 * 3) Compute a descent direction $$\mathbf{p}_k$$.
 * 4) Define a one-dimensional function $$h(\alpha_k)=f(\mathbf{x}_k+\alpha_k\mathbf{p}_k)$$, representing the function value on the descent direction given the step-size.
 * 5) Find an $$\displaystyle \alpha_k$$ that minimizes $$h$$ over $$\alpha_k\in\mathbb R_+$$.
 * 6) Update $$\mathbf{x}_{k+1}=\mathbf{x}_k+\alpha_k\mathbf{p}_k$$, and $ k=k+1$
 * 7) Until $$\|\nabla f(\mathbf{x}_{k+1})\|<\epsilon$$

At the line search step (2.3), the algorithm may minimize h exactly, by solving $$h'(\alpha_k)=0$$, or approximately, by using one of the one-dimensional line-search methods mentioned above. It can also be solved loosely, by asking for a sufficient decrease in h that does not necessarily approximate the optimum. One example of the former is conjugate gradient method. The latter is called inexact line search and may be performed in a number of ways, such as a backtracking line search or using the Wolfe conditions.

Overcoming local minima
Like other optimization methods, line search may be combined with simulated annealing to allow it to jump over some local minima.

title: Line search


text:
Richard Fiedler

Richard Fiedler was a German scientist who invented the modern flamethrower. This is a weapon that projects a stream of nitrogen. He submitted evaluation models of his Flammenwerfer to the German Army (German Empire) in 1901. The most significant model submitted was a man-portable device, consisting of a vertical single cylinder 4 feet (1.2 m) long, horizontally divided in two, with pressurized gas in the lower section and flammable oil in the upper section. On depressing a lever the propellant gas forced the flammable oil into and through a rubber tube and over a simple igniting wick device in a steel nozzle. The weapon projected a jet of fire and enormous clouds of smoke some 20 yards (18 m). It was a single-shot weapon - for burst firing, a new igniter section was attached each time it was used for battle or other uses of any sorts. It was first used on the western front both by the Central Powers and the Entente.

It was used extensively in World War II by both Allied and Axis troops.

Biography
Prior to the First World War, Fiedler studied engineering and worked as an engineer in Berlin. The development of the flame thrower resulted from his focus on nozzles for spraying liquids.

Fiedler originally performed a trick called "Brennender See" (Burning Lake) at festivals in Berlin-Weißensee. The trick entailed pouring a flammable liquid onto a water surface and setting it on fire. A first flamethrower patent was granted in 1901, and Fiedler turned to the German army who granted him financial support for continuing development of the device. In 1905, he presented his flamethrower to the Preußisches Ingenieurs-Komitee (Prussian engineering committee) at the Garde-Pionier-Bataillon in Berlin and received suggestions for improving the device.

Independently of Fiedler, Bernhard Reddemann (1870–1938) had also begun developing flamethrowers, prompted by reports of kerosene pumps that the Japanese had used against bunkers in the siege of Port Arthur. Fiedler and Reddemann met for the first time in 1908 and cooperated at the onset of the First World War on further developing the flamethrower. Reddemann advanced to the rank of major of the Pioniere (pioneers), was chief of the firefighters of Breslau and Leipzig and was the author of monographs on firefighting. After the war, he wrote a book on the history of the flamethrower.

Fiedler founded the Fiedler Flammenapparate G.m.b.H. (Fiedler Flame Devices, limited liability company), which he managed as director until 1917. His successors were to be Hauptmann (Captain) Arthur von Steynitz, Kaufmann (merchant) Arthur Bock and Kaufmann (merchant) Kurt Mayen. Fiedler was granted 11 German patents on flamethrowers, from 1901 until 1918, the last one being for an airplane flamethrower.

title: Richard Fiedler


text:
Talk:Internet terrorism

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Internet terrorism. The consensus was to redirect it. dbenbenn | talk 16:01, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Internet terrorism


text:
List of bridges in Singapore

This is a list of flyovers, bridges and viaducts in Singapore, including those for pedestrians and vehicular traffic.

In Singapore, a "flyover" is an overpass that crosses over another road, while a "bridge" is a structure that crosses a body of water. A "viaduct" usually refers to a flyover that crosses over multiple roads and spans several kilometres.

Only structures that are officially named are listed below. There are many more bridges in various parts of Singapore and its outlying islands that exist without names.

title: List of bridges in Singapore


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Edwin Acosta-Diaz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 21:49, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Edwin Acosta-Diaz
Tennis player that has won a large number of local tournaments but doesn't seem to have a media presence yet. Radiant! 16:04, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Amateur athlete. Come back when you go pro. -R. fiend 19:07, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - no verifiability - David Gerard 21:21, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable, possibly vanity Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 23:54, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 00:24, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not in the ATP tournaments, not notable (and even then I'd say you have to at least get past the first round). Actually, this chap doesn't appear to be even at the Challenger level. Average Earthman 00:42, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It seems that readers are mistaken the nature of the listing: i.e., list of Dominicans, with a listing that says, for instance, the list of Dominicans they know. Those who lived or played tennis in the Dominican Republic between 1981 to 1989 could easily attest to the fact that Acosta-Diaz monopolized the news media with his tennis victories. Those who would like to seek verification only need to contact the Listin Diario or any other major newspapers in the Dominican Republic. But again, the listing is not about a person who "made" in the U.S. or the world tour but rather a famous dominican- in the Dominican Republic. I can only assume that none of the voters here know Rafael Moreno, Genaro De Leon, Menlith Acosta, Joel Schwab or Madeline Sanchez. All those individuals were also great Dominican tennis players and will also EQUALLY qualify to be listed. Milton Nunez

 * above comment by 70.19.46.41. -R. fiend 22:55, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Considering that the ATP's database is very large, this seems like a very strong "below the bar" case. By the way, I couldn't verify it either: "Edwin Acosta-Diaz" googles to 25 hits: those who are not from Wikipedia refer to a runner, not a tennis player. vlad_mv 04:56, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Edward TJ Brown (0th nomination)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 21:53, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Edward TJ Brown
Kind of a politician, but google says that his most relevant work has been on a student senate. Radiant! 16:05, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * In my view, if you want to be a politican in any notable sense, you have to be elected to something. A few quotes from this article seem to indicate a certain lack of notability. "Brown has been outspoken on numerous political issues, and has achieved small notice in the Fargo-Moorhead area." Even big notice in the Fargo-Moorhead area isn't much. And placing "fourth place out of five candidates with 40 votes" in a race for mayor of what is by no means a large metropolis undermines claims of notability. I'm thinking this is vanity, and I really don't like vanity on Wikipedia. delete. -R. fiend 19:03, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, 40 votes for mayor of a small town is not notable. Meelar (talk) 20:32, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I hope this doesn't sound mean or anything, but 40 votes in an election, even a local one, is pretty pathetic. Most of us, if we were running for something, could do better than that just with support from family, friends, neighbours, co-workers, and the like.  As a result, I suspect he was running as a political exercise or as a joke,  with no serious hope of winning, which does not equal notability.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  00:14, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Just imagine how badly the fifth place guy must have done (his article coming soon, probably). -R. fiend 00:15, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It was the fifth-place guy's own fault, actually. He fell for that old "I'll vote for you if you vote for me" trick. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  01:19, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ed Korfanty

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 05:07, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Ed Korfanty
I know Olympic athletes are notable, but what is the consensus on their trainers? Radiant! 16:05, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, from a news report, he's a three times Olympian himself (for Poland, I'd imagine), and he's trained an athlete to Olympic gold. Multiple Olympian and trainer of Olympic Gold medallist qualifies, I feel. He's also been world veterans champion twice in his age category. Average Earthman 18:47, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Are all Olympians notable? I'll grant you medal winners and other high-profile competitors, but everyone? Well, won't get involved in that now. Trainers I'd say are notable if they train multiple medalists are are actively sought out as being the person to go to. I'm not sure on this guy. I was going to vote delete until I saw Earthman's comments about him being a three time Olympian himself. No vote at present, though if all he had done was train a single winner (especially since saber, while one I like, isn't really the most popular Olympic sport) I would have voted delete. -R. fiend 18:54, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep seems notable based on above info supplied by Average Earthman. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 19:36, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 21:22, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Olympians. Kappa 21:24, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Remich

Remich (Réimech ) is a commune with town status in south-eastern Luxembourg with a population of 3,645 inhabitants. It is situated in the canton of the same name. Remich lies on the left bank of the river Moselle, which forms part of the border between Luxembourg and Germany. The commune is the smallest in Luxembourg by surface area.

The Moselle valley is dominated by wine-making and many small wine-making towns, of which Remich is one of the most picturesque and frequented by tourists.

History
In the 5th century, after the withdrawal of Roman troops, the Roman settlement of "Remacum" gradually turned into "Remich".

In the 8th century the King of the Franks, Pepin the Short ceded his crown estate "Hof Remich" to the Benedictine St. Maximin's Abbey in Trier and to Prüm Abbey. In 882, the Normans destroyed the settlement. Fragments of the medieval town fortifications from 952, such as the St. Nicolas gate, are still visible today. Originally the town gate, it is dedicated to the patron saint of fishermen and sailors, and is registered as a national monument today, as is the decanal church, whose rectangular tower is a former defensive tower from the 12th century. In 1687 the town's fortifications were demolished by the army of Louis XIV.

There are still various coats of arms and guild symbols on some of the houses today.

Remich was visited by William II, Grand-Duke of Luxembourg and King of the Netherlands, on 16 July 1844. It received another royal visit on 28 May 1855 by his son, William III, who was accompanied by his brother, Prince Henry, the Governor of Luxembourg.

In 1866 the first bridge was built over the Moselle. After its destruction in World War II it was replaced first with a wooden construction, then in 1958 with the bridge that still stands today. Since its canalisation in 1964, it has been possible for boats to sail on the Moselle all year round.

Climate
Remich has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). The annual average temperature is 10.7 C, the hottest month in July is 19.6 C, and the coldest month is 2.4 C in January. The annual precipitation is 711.8 mm, of which December is the wettest with 78.9 mm, while April is the driest with only 43.1 mm. The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from -15.2 C on January 1, 1997 to 40.6 C on July 25, 2019.

Remich Fuesend Karneval
Remich annually holds a three-day-long celebration for Carnival (called Fuesend Karneval in Luxembourgish). Remich is notable for two special events in addition to its Fuesend Karneval parades. The first of these is the Stréimännchen, which is the burning of a male effigy from the Remich bridge that crosses the Moselle separating the Grand Duchy from Germany. The Stréimännchen symbolizes the burning away of winter. The other special event at the Remich Fuesend celebrations is the Buergbrennen or bonfire that closes the celebration.

Current composition
The communal council is composed as detailed below. The results are those of the most recent communal elections on 11 June 2023. NB: The "Change" column refers to a party's number of seats gained/lost since the 2017 communal elections.

2017
Elections were held on 8 October 2017. NB: The "Change" column refers to a party's number of seats gained/lost since the 2011 communal elections.

List of mayors

 * Jacques Sitz (2017–)
 * Henri Kox (2009–2017)
 * Jeannot Belling (1997–2009)
 * Fernand Kons (1970–1993)
 * Jean-Auguste Neyen (1888–1890)
 * Joseph-Chrétien Gretsch (ca. 1870)
 * Willibrorde Macher (ca. 1849–1856)

Notable people

 * Pierre-Ernest Dams (1794–1855), a Luxembourgish politician, judge, and journalist.
 * Mary Alfred Moes (1828–1899), American Roman Catholic nun, born in Remich.
 * Léandre Lacroix (1859–1935), a Luxembourgish politician and jurist; Mayor of Luxembourg City, 1914/1918.

Twin towns — sister cities
Remich is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Bessan, France

title: Remich


text:
Godspeed (ship)

Godspeed was one of the three ships on the 1606–1607 voyage to the New World for the English Virginia Company of London which resulted in the founding of Jamestown in the new Colony of Virginia. Captained by Bartholomew Gosnold, she was joined by the Susan Constant and Discovery on the journey.

History
The Godspeed was a 40-ton fully rigged ship estimated to have had a hull 68 ft in length. "She is Thy Ruler of the seas, with her mightyfulle velocitie moure veloce than the wynd, and mightyer than the rocke, she is, my Deare Godspeed"

As part of the original fleet to Virginia, leaving on December 20, 1606, she carried 39 passengers, all male, and 13 sailors. The route included stops in the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico and, with better wind, would have taken about two months to traverse; instead, the voyage lasted 144 days. On June 22, 1607, Newport sailed back for London with Susan Constant and Godspeed carrying a load of supposedly precious minerals, leaving behind the 104 colonists and Discovery (to be used in exploring the area).

Replicas
In 1985, a replica of Godspeed (rigged as a barque, only 48 feet on deck) sailed from London back to Virginia. She had a crew of 14 and stopped at many places that the original Godspeed visited, including the Canary Islands and various places in the Windward Islands, before sailing to Jamestown.

The most recent replica was built at Rockport Marine in Rockport, Maine, and completed in early 2006. Its length overall is 88 ft, with the deck 65.5 ft long, and the main mast 71.5 ft tall, carrying 2420 sqft of sail. Replicas of Godspeed and her sisters in the 1607 voyage, the larger Susan Constant and the smaller Discovery, are docked in the James River at Jamestown Settlement (formerly Jamestown Festival Park), adjacent to the Jamestown National Historic Site.

Modern depictions
In May 2007, the United States Postal Service issued the first 41 cent denomination first class stamp. The stamp had an image of Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery. Godspeed was also depicted on Virginia's coin of the 50 State Quarters, in celebration of the quadricentennial of Jamestown.

title: Godspeed (ship)


text:
Talk:Robert Banks (filmmaker)

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Robert Banks (filmmaker). There was no consensus. dbenbenn | talk 16:10, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

§ For what it's worth, and to dispel doubt about this article, I have been a friend of Mr. Banks for over 25 years and I can verify that information in the main article, the biography of experimental filmmaker Robert C. Banks, Jr., is true, correct and worthy of its inclusion on Wikipedia as of the date of my writing here. I place my vote for the page to be KEPT (LIVE), i.e., DO NOT DELETE.

Thank you.

108.69.216.251 (talk) 09:59, 4 May 2023 (UTC)Michael P. § — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.69.216.251 (talk) 09:50, 4 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Banks (filmmaker)